CIHM 
Microfiche 


(l\/lonographs) 


iCMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  csnadien  da  microreproductions  historiquas 


D 


D 


lOx 

□ 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I   Covers  damaged  / 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul^e 


D 

I         Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 
\J    Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  g6ographiques  en  couleur 

0 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 


D 
D 
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D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
ReliS  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
int6rieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajout6es  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  etait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  6t6  film6es. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
6\6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-6tre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m6tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 

I     I  Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I     I  Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommag6es 

□  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 

0  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

I     I  Pages  detached  /  Pages  d6tach6es 

[7]  Shovirthrough  /  Transparence 

□  Quality  of  print  varies  / 
Quality  in^gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  mat6riel  suppl6mentaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  tolalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuiliet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  h  nouveau  de  fa^on  k 
obtenir  la  meilieure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
film^es  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilieure  image 
possible. 


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D 


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0 


Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


Pagination  is  as  follows:  p.   [4],  797-1586. 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  rat'o  checked  below  / 

Ce  document  est  iWmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 


10x 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

y 

lOv 

1Ry 

?0x 

2^x 

28x 

32x 

Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  b««n  raproduod  thanks 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Stauffer  Library 
(^leen's  University 


L'axampiaira  filmt  fut  raproduit  grica  i  la 
g*n4rosit4  da: 

stauffer  Library 
(kieen's  University 


Tha  imagai  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bait  quality 
poasibia  eonaidaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filnting  contract  apocificationa. 


Las  imagaa  tuivanta*  ont  At*  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nanatA  da  t'axamplaira  film*,  at  tn 
eonformit*  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
flimaga. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covara  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  covor  and  anding  on 
tha  last  pag''   vith  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion.  or  th^      xk  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  »f  filmad  beginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illuatratad  impraaaion. 


Laa  axamplairaa  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  aat  imprimia  sont  filmis  %n  commancant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  la 
darni*ra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  caa.  Tous  las  autres  axemplairas 
originaux  sont  filmis  an  commen9ant  par  la 
pramiire  page  qui  comporta  una  ampreinte 
d'impraaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  en  terminant  par 
la  darniire  page  qui  comporta  una  telle 
empreinte. 


The  laat  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shell  contain  tha  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED').  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  das  aymbolas  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  da  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  «^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Mapa.  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  *tre 
film*s  A  des  taux  da  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  *tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich*,  il  est  film*  *  partir 
do  Tangle  supiriaur  gauche,  de  gauche  *  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  baa,  an  prenant  la  nombra 
d'imagea  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrant  la  mAthoda. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MKIOCOTY    RESOIUTION   Till   CHAIT 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2 


1.0    !:■-  1^ 

_u_  l^  m 

1.6 


125  i  1.4 


^     APPLIED  I^A>1GE     In 


HISTORY 
FOR  READY  REFERENCE 

FROM  THE  BEST 
HISTORIANS,  BIOGRAPHERS,  AND  SPECIALISTS 

THEin  OWN   WORDS   Is    A   COMPLETE 

SYSTEM  OF  HISTORY 

FOR  ALL   USES,   EXTENDING  TO   ALL  COUNTRIES   AND   SUBJECTS, 

AND   KEPKESENTINO    FOR  BOTH    READERS   AND   STUDENTS   THE   BETTER  AND 

NEWER    LITEUATIRE    OF    HISTORY    IN    THE 

ENGLISH    LANGUAGE 

BY 

«T.  N.  I.ARNED 

WITH  NUMEROUS  HISTORICAI-  51 A  PS  FKOM  OKlotNAL  STUDIES  AND  DRAWINaS  HI 

ALAN  r.  REILEY 

ttKVlSEl)  A. Ml  HSLAHGED  EniTlOX 

I.N  ^IX   VOLUMES 


VOLl'.MK    II— KLKCTIMCAT-  to  GP:HrSlA 


SPRIN<iFIELI),    MASS. 

THE  C.  A.  NICHOLS  CO..  PUBLISHERS 
l!»Ol 


r.iTTRIOIIT.    I*»4. 

BY  .)    N.  LAIINKD. 


C'oPVBiaflT.    litiit, 
BT  J.  N    LAKKKU. 


rriiiUnl  by  II.  O.  Houitliti  ii  Si  Cotii|aiiv 


I 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 

M«p  of  E.m.p.^  at  the  close  of  the  T.^ntl,  (Vnturj To  follow  piiRc  HMn 

Map  of  E,iro,M.  In  1788 To  follow  ,,,,.,.  1 11 1 

Kourmapsof  rrame,  A.  n.  ll.M.  IIW),  lliUaml  Iimo To  follow  pimr,.  i-,.,k) 

Two  nuips  of  tViitral  Euro|H;,  A.  I).  843  and  HMN (In  in  i'  IIP 

Mapof  Germany  at  the  Peace  of  W.St phullii To  follow  pi.^e  l.-,ll'. 

Maps  of  flernmny,  A.  D.  IBin  and  IH6(1;  of  the  Netherlands,  1830-1839;  and 

of  the  Zollverein To  foll.>w  ,,n^-e  L.Tfi 


LOGICAL  OUTLINES,  IN  COLORS. 


English  history, 
French  history, 
Qerman  history. 


To  follow  page  H07 
To  follow  pairi!  llNh 
To  follow  pimc  11(1'-' 


ELKCTHICAL.  DIH<'«)VEI(Y 


rrankUn. 


ELECTRICAL  DIBCOVKKY 


?« 


ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY  AND  IN- 
VENTION.—TImi  iiiiiUr  will  II  iiitilMil  iiiir»ct» 
liirbt  lyMv*  win  kiuiHii  In  ilic  cnrllint  tlnii'«. 
"  It  In  tlif  iiiif  niiiKlr  I  xinTlmiiii  In  ilictricity 
wlitrli  lua  cmiii'  ilimii  ti)  iia  frmii  llii)  rimiiti'iit 
willciiiily.  .  .  .  The  I>iiwiriifiiftj(liil1»liiii.  noU- 
My  wlint  I*  known  im  IIh;  liirin'ilii,'  to  iirmliice 
tifrtrlrlty.  WftM  kiii>«n  at  un  nirly  i>irli«l,  miil 
wu«  iKinnii'ntiil  miliy  I'linyMHl  Arlnluilr  '■  I'n- 
III  till'  lltili  century  then'  him  no  «l<nllrti'  ituily 
iif  lliiw  |ilii'iMiiiii'iin.  ••  l»r.  (iillM  rt  citn  tiiMly  ln' 
ckIImI  till'  1  rniliir  nf  the  pMJrmi'  of  I'lcctrli'llv 
mill  niiiK>ii'll»tn.  Ilia  rxixTlnirnUi  wrre  priKll 
uliHia  in  niinilH'r  .  .  .  'In  lilin  wi'iirr  Inilchtiil 
fur  till'  niiiiii'  rli'i  tricily,'  wlilili  lie  iHHloniiil 
iilmn  till'  iMiwiT  iir  propi  riy  wlilrli  hhiIiit  fX 
liflilti'il  In  Httravtlnt;  IIkIiI  Ixxlica,  IxirniwIiiK  ilir 
iiiinii'  friuii  till'  Milintiinrc  it-Klf.  in  nntir  tn  ili' 
tin.' Mill'  .if  ita  iiitrihiiti'a  .  Tliia  aiipllcatioii 

of  I'xpiriini'nt  In  llii'  atiuly  of  I'lcitricity,  Im'xhii 
by  Ollliirt  tlire'i'  liiimln'il  yinn  a({o,  whb  Inilua 
trioiialy  piiraiu'il  liy  lli(au'°wlio  cbiuc  after  him, 
anil  till'  ni'Xt  two  ii'ntiirii'a  wltni'ani'il  i.  rapiu 
(li'viliipnirnt  of  wli'iRf.  Anion({  ilii-  I'lirlli'r  am 
(li'nta  of  tills  pi'rital  wre  tlit'  Kii)rliali  plillimO' 
phcr,  HolxTt  IJiiyli',  anil  the  rfli'lmttiil  liiirno 
iimaii'r  of  MuK>lvliiir)C.  Otto  von  Ciicrirki'  The 
luttir  flrat  noted  the  aDiitnl  anil  ll»;lit  iieeoiu- 
panyini;  clertrical  eicltatton.  Theae  were  after 
wanli  lnilep«D(li  ntly  iliicnvereil  hy  I>r.  Wall,  an 
EnKllahmaii,  who  niaitc  the  loniewlint  prnplietic 
obu'rvation,  ' Thia  light  and  craeklinic  ai'iina  in 
Homo  degree  to  represent  thunder  and  llghlnlug.' 
Sir  lisac  NewtoQ  msilu  a  few  experinienta  in 
electricity,  which  ho  exhibited  to  the  Koyal  So- 
ciety, .  .  .  Krancia  llawkalice  was  an  active  and 
useful  coDtributor  to  experimental  inveatigation, 
and  he  also  (-ailed  attention  to  the  reaemblanrc 
between  the  electric  spark  and  lightning'.  The 
most  ardent  student  of  electricity  in  the  early 
years  of  the  eighteenth  century  was  Stephen 
Gray.  He  performed  a  multitude  of  cxperimenta, 
nearly  all  of  which  added  something  to  the  rapidly 
accumulating  stock  of  knowledge,  hut  doubtless 
his  most  important  contribution  was  his  discovery 
of  the  distinction  between  conductors  and  non- 
conductors .  .  Some  of  Oray 'a  papers  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Dufay,  an  otBcer  of  the  French 
army,  who,  after  several  years'  service,  had  re- 
signed his  post  to  devote  himself  to  scientillc 
pursuits.  .  .  .  Ills  most  important  discovery  was 
the  existence  of  two  distinct  species  of  electricity, 
which  he  nameil  ' vitn-ous '  and  'resinous.'  .  ,  . 
A  very  important  advaoco  was  made  in  174S  ii 
the  inventiou  of  the  I^eyden  jar  or  phial.  As 
has  so  many  times  happened  in  tlie  history  of 
scientitlc  discovery.  It  seems  tolerably  certain 
that  this  interesting  device  was  hi*,  upon  bv  at 
least  three  persons,  working  inde|)endi'ntly  of 
each  other.  One  Cuneus,  a  monk  named  Kleist, 
and  I'rofessor  Muschenbroeck,  of  Levden,  are  all 
accredited  with  the  discovery.  .  .  .  Sir  William 
WatMn  perfetteil  it  by  adding  the  outside  meWl 
lie  coating,  and  was  by  its  aid  enabled  to  lire 
gun|iowiler  and  other  InHammables. "— T.  V. 
Mendenhall,  A  Century  of  Klretririti),  rh.  1 
,\.  D-  i74S-'747— Franklin's  identification 
of  Electricit7  wtth  Lightning.— "  In  174.-)  .Mr. 
I'eter  Collinson  of  the  Uojiil  Sociilv  si'iit  a 
tUyden]  jar  to  the  Library  Society  ofl'liiladd- 
phw,  with  instructions  how  to  use' it  This  fell 
into  the  bands  of  Uenjamin  Franklin,  who  at 
once  began  a  series  of   e'.ectrical   exiK'rimeuts. 


On  Marrh  38.  IT4T,  rrankllD  lirfan  hia  fanwiui 
letters  to  ('olllnsiin.  .  .  In  these  letli'ra  he  pro- 
poundnl  the  single  fluid  theory  of  i  lecirlclty, 
ami  n'fem-d  all  electric  phenomenii  to  ila  aceu 
mulallon  In  laalles  In  i|UHnlitles  nmre  than  their 
natural  Bliari',  or  to  Its  lalng  wlilulrann  from 
them  IK>H8  to  leave  tliem  minus  tlieir  proper  por- 
tion." Mrantlme.  numerous  exiMrlinihta  nllh 
the  Lryilen  jar  hail  convinced  Franklin  of  the 
identity  of  lightning  and  eleetriilly,  and  be  set 
about  the  demoiiatration  of  the  fact  "The  ac 
count  given  by  Dr.  Stiiber  of  I'lilladelphia,  an 
Intimate  personal  friend  of  Franklin,  and  pub- 
ilaheil  In  one  of  the  enriiest  eiiiliona  of  the  works 
of  the  gn'ttt  philiMopher,  is  as  follows:  — •  The 
plan  wbli'h  he  hail  orlginnliy  pr<i|Mmed  was  to 
em't  on  samiu  high  tower,  or  other  eh'vated 
place,  a  sentry-lxix,  fmni  wlileli  abould  rise  a 
[Hiinted  iron  rod,  iiiaiilitleil  by  bi'lng  tited  in  a 
cake  of  resin.  Electrillett  clouds  pnaaing  over 
tills  would,  he  conceived,  tinpart  to  it  a  (Mirtlon 
of  their  electricity,  which  would  Iw  n-ndered  evi- 
dent to  the  senses  by  sparks  being  emitted  when 
a  key,  a  knuckle,  or  other  conductor  was  pre- 
sented to  it.  Philadelphia  at  this  tinu  olTered 
no  opportunity  of  trying  an  experiment  of  this 
kind.  Whilst  Krankllu  was  waiting  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  spire,  it  ixcurmil  to  hliii  that  he  might 
liave  more  nady  acccu  to  the  region  of  clouds 
by  means  of  a  common  kite,  lie  prcpariil  one 
by  attaching  two  cross-sticks  to  a  ailk  handker 
clilef.  which  would  not  suffer  so  much  from  the 
rain  as  pa|M'r.  To  his  upright  stick  was  fixed 
an  iron  |>olnt.  The  string  was.  as  usual,  of 
hemp,  except  the  lower  end,  which  was  silk. 
Wliere  the  hempen  string  terminated,  a  key  was 
fastened.  With  this  apparatus,  on  the  ap|H-ar- 
ance  of  a  thunder-gust  approaching,  he  went 
into  the  common,  accompanied  by  his  aoa,  to 
whom  alone  he  communicated  his  intentions,  well 
knowing  the  ridicule  which,  too  generally  fol 
the  Interest  of  science,  awaits  unsuccesafiil  ex 
(H'r:ments  In  philosophy.  He  placeil  hinisi'lf 
under  a  shed  to  avoid  the  rain.  Uis  kite  was 
raised.  A  thundercloud  passnl  over  it.  No 
signs  of  electricity  appeared,  lie  almost  de- 
spaired of  success,  when  suddenly  he  oinervcd 
the  loose  flbrcs  of  bis  string  move  toward  an 
eri'ct  piwition.  He  now  pressed  bis  knuckle  to 
the  key,  wil  'nrived  a  strong  spark.  How  ex- 
HiilslU'  must  !»,-»  senainions  have  been  at  this 
moment'  On  )ii»  cx|m  -"nient  dependiHl  the  l.'t« 
Ivspair  hud  liegun  lo 
-,  *»<ertalned  in  so  dear 
aost  Incredulous  could 
leir  aswnt.  Uepcated 
a  the  key,  a  phial  was 
ml  all  the  i  jp-  'iments 
wrformeii  i  :|,  ,-|ec- 
'itv  of  lij;  iin^  and 
-iiiklii  ,  projuisl- 
« "lid  convey 
!  -  '  protect  the 
M<  lieil,  found 
"iifless.  public 
I  !  they  dill  pro- 
piiilii-'iphcrs  raisi'ii 
her  IK.'  conductors 
■uik;,;  Cavenilisli. 
;ii.l  VVil-xiii  blunt 
iiiuij  '.invever. 
■'li.lii,  •■■rs;  and 
"tu-ui       ■  they 


of  his  tiiK 

Ih.ubl 

prevail,  * 

the  .* 

I  inanPif. 

hat  evcii 

no    longer 

withhui.: 

sparks  were  drawn 
charged,  a  sb'K'k  ,'ivi  n 
mwlc  which  nrv  .i<.-  •! 
trii  iiy.'     And  thus  r- 
elii  tricity  was  iiriv! 
tidii  to  erect  llglitnti 
the  lightning  to  \^ 
buildings  to  whirb 
abundant  opponenii 
opinion  became  hiiiii 
tect  buildings.     ,     Th.- 
a  new  controversy  as  t<.  u 
should  l>e  blunt  or  pointeij 
and  Watson  advocatini.'  ji 
ends.  .  .  .  The   logic  "..f 
showed  the  advantage  of  ■^'  ■, 
people  persisted  Ihcu  i*  frcU 


797 


KI,E(TIUC'AI.  DIW-OVEIIY 


I'olta 


KLKCTIUrAI,  ntHTOVRRY 


Imvr  ilMiir  ruT  •Inci-  "— I*   IVnJuniln.    I'hi  Agtof 
Klrflrinly    M    » 

A.  D.  i7)3-iSao.— Th«  bcfinninf*  e(  th« 
BItctric  TtTtgraph.  —  'Tlii'  tlr<t  iwnuil  *»gtf 
lii'ii  i>f  mi  i'l<(irl<'  uwtnyh  »iu<  miwli'  In  »ii 
nnnhviiKMii  Icllir  ihiIiIIhIkiI  In  IIm'  t*<i>l<  MniCH 
Jin.'  Ill  Killiiliiiruli,  Ki  tirimry  17ili,  IT.Vt  Tim 
li'ltr  li  Iniihilvl  •('  M  .'  iiml  iimny  «ii.>m|il« 
bnvi'  Ih  in  niiuli'  In  iIImiimt  IIio  iiiillii>r'ii  lilintity. 
Till'  »ii;;i{i-.ili>ii4  niiiili'  In  thia  litlir  «■'»■ 
timt  II  u'tiif  Iwtnly  kIx  Klriimliiiiilil  Ih-  ninti  liril 
ii|Miii  InNUlatiil  miiiportii  tH'twi-t-n  llir  two  ptnrrn 
nhii  li  il  niu  iliniri'il  In  put  in  ronnri  linn,  ami  itt 
cm  li  I  nil  iif  iviry  >»iri'  ii  nntuilii'  Imll  »ii»  I"  I* 

•ii<i|K  I il.  Iiii\lii|r  timli  r  it  «  li'llrr  <>l  lln'  iilplui 

l»t  lri»<  rlUil  upiMi  II  pinr  ii(  pii|Hr    .  Tlif 

nir^iiii'  HUH  I.I  lii'ri'iiil  olT  nl  tiic  ri'iiivinK  ■>* 
linn  liy  nliiurvliiK  llif  litttTn  wlilili  wire  iiirrr* 
•Ivi  ly  ailrarii'il  l>y  tlitlr  riirri'ipomllntr  tmlU,  *• 
•KKiiiinlhr  wiri'H  iillarlii'il  to  till'  liilliT  riTiivcil 
H  I'lmriri'  Cum  the  iliitttint  nimliictiir.  In  17N7 
Miinsliiir  Liiinnml.  nf  I'ri-lii.  iniuli'  llir  -I'ry  lin- 
IMirtiinl  nirii  iif  niliK'liii;  llic  twenty  >ix  Winn  to 
one.  iinil  imliiallnit  llieilineri'nt  letters  l>y  vurloiiH 
riiMihiiialiiiim  of  niniple  moveniiiil*  of  an  liiili 
I'litor.  ennalatlnK  of  ii  pilli  Imll  niDipenileil  by 
mianx  of  u  tlireml  fniiii  »  ((imlurtor  In  rontuit 
witli  the  wire.  ...  In  thu  yeur  ITIHI  C'liHp|H>, 
the  Inventor  of  the  Meniiipliore,  oroptiro  meelmii- 
iriil  lili'LTiiph.  whirh  wiu  In  prnetiial  \\m  pre- 
vious lolhe  IlitnHluetlon  of  the  eleetrir  leleitnipll. 
(levlsiil  II  fui-ani  of  eoniiiiiinieiitloii,  roiiNlNtlnK  of 
two  <  liHkn  re;{ulate<l  w>  that  the  neeonil  liiimU 
Mioveil  In  unlxon,  ami  |uilnliil  at  the  aume  Inntan'. 
to  llie  Kline  llitures  .In  the  (iirly  form    if 

the  Hpiiaratuh.  the  exuet  moment  ut  whieh  t  le 
oimerver  at  the  reeeivin^  Rtation  hIiouIiI  ri'ail  ofT 
the  tli;ure  to  wlilih  the  hanil  pointed  wiin  Inili 
ruliil  liy  nieann  of  ik  Kounil  bIkuiiI  prmlureil  hy 
the  primitive  indhoil  of  strikiiiK  n  eoplHT  uti^w- 
pan.  Iiul  the  invi  ntor  wm  ailopteil  tile  plan  of 
giving  eleetrirai  hi^nalH  inHtiikil  of  mmuhI  ttig 
nnU.  .  .  In  KU^  |)on  Kraneiseo  Salvii  .  .  . 
•liKtfi '"'l  ■  ■  that  iiiHteiiil  of  twenty  »i.\  wIn'H 
Ixind  iiseii.  one  for  I'lii'h  hiter.  "it  ..r  eight  wire* 
imly  Bhoulil  Ih'  iniploveil,  eaeh  charKed  liy  a 
Uyclen  Jar,  anil  that  (lllteri'nt  letters  shoulil  lie 
fornieil  hy  niean,s  of  various  eomliinHllonii  of  niir 
nail*  from thi'M'  .  .  .Mr.  (nflerwaniiiSirKram  U) 
KoiiahU  .  took  up  Ihe  Kuhleet  of  telegraphy 
III  till'  year  IHHt,  ami  piililislieil  an  aiiiiunt  of 
his  e\|ii'riiiii  iit.H  in  |H'J:|,  '  lnvil  im  the  Mime  lilia 
as  that  of  Chaiipe.  .  .  .  "  Honalili  ilrew  up  ti 
hort  ot  i(  li-ixraphieciHleliy  which  wonis,  amlHonie- 
timcH  c\ch  complete  Hcntenccs.  eouhl  U'  trans- 
mittdl  liv  only  three  ilis<  ImriicH.  .  .  .  KoualilH 
coinpli  N  ly  |irovci|  the  pracliialiilit v  of  his  plan, 
not  onl\  on  |a|  ^hort  umlergrouiid  line.  .  .  .  hut 
also  upon  ail  o\i  rhcad  line  home  elLfht  niili-s  in 
Icnirth.  CMii>trucii-cl  hy  carrying  a  teh-ijraph  wire 
1  ickv\ariis  and  forwarti.s  over  a  womlcn  fnimc- 
wiiik  ircctcil  in  Ills  garden  at  llanimersniltli. 
Till-  lirst  allellipt  to  eliipJMy  voltaic  elei-tric 
ily  ill  IcIe.Tapliy  was  made  l.y  Din  Kraiicisco 
Salva,  wliijse  Irictional  li  Icfrrapli  has  alrciilv 
liccii  refi  rrid  lo.  On  ilie  Htliof  .May.  Ihimi,  Salv'i 
read  a  paper  on  '  tijlvaiiism  and  its  application 
to  Tt  li'crapliy  '  licfore  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
at  Harceloiia.  In  vvhicli  he  dcscrilicd  a  miiiilier  of 
expennicnts  wiiicti  he  liad  made  in  Iclcgraphiiig 
over  a  line  some  :tl(i  iiieiies  in  hnnlh.  ...  A 
few  years  later  lie  applied  the  then  reicnt  ilis- 
t'overy  of  tlit  Voltaic  pile  to  the  same  purpose, 

IB 
i 


Ihr  llhrnitinn  of  tiiilihlni  of  gM  hjr  lh«  ilroomiMi 
■Itlon  of  water  at  tli»  mvlvluK  ilathm  iH'intr  th* 
nii'lh<al  ailopti'il  for  liuUealing  thr  iMUMgr  of  lli« 
•IgiiuU  A  teh'Krapli  of  a  vrry  alniilar  chamcter 
was  lU'iriMsl  liy  8l>mmerlng.  and  di'MrilHil  In  • 
III.  r  I'ommunlcateil  liy  llui  invrnlor  to  Ih* 
Miinirh  Acailemy  nf  H<  Irncef  in  1MI0  Ht'iinmrr 
Ing  iiH'il  a  M't  of  thirty  live  wlrea  rom-ii|iondln^ 
to  till' twenty  Ave  leitera  of  the  Herman  nlphatxit 
and  llie  ten  niimerala.  .  .  Otr«led'«  dlmsivery 
of  the  anion  of  the  electric  ciirnnt  U|Hin  a  nui 
|H'iided  iniignctle  lusslle  ;rovlded  a  new  anil 
iniK'h  more  lio|H'ful  iiu'IIkki  of  applying  the  cler 
trie  current  lo  lelegnipliy.  Tlio  great  Kri'mh 
aHlronoiniT  Lapliiii*  apiM-ara  to  have  la-en  tlm 
tlr^t  to  miggest  thU  apjiilralhm  of  I  trmli'd'a  ill*- 
lovcry.  nnd  lie  waa  fonowed  nhortly  aflcrwanli 
liy  AmiM're.  who  In  tlir  year  |H',>0  reail  a  injimt 
iK'fon'  the  I'arU  Acaihniy  of  Sclrnci'a. "— U.  W 
IH'  Tun/clniann,  Ktrftrifiln  in  MmUrn  l.i/t, 
eh   V 

A.  D.  17I6-1800.— Ditcovtries  of  Oalvani 
and  Votta.  — "  Tim  fumlamentHi  ex|H'riment 
which  hil  to  the  dlarovery  of  dynamical  elec- 
tricity [ITHfl]  Uilue  toOalvanl.  pnife«a<irof  anat 
oniy  In  lloloitna.  decupled  with  Invenllgatlona 
on  till'  Intliii'iice  of  elcelriclly  on  the  iiervoiia  ex- 
citaliillly  of  nnlmaU.  and  eaJHchiliy  of  the  frog, 
he  olwrved  that  w-hen  the  liimlitir  nerves  of  a 
demi  frog  were  ronuccted  with  the  crural  niu»- 
iU»  hy  a  metallic  circuit,  the  latter  la'came 
hrUkly  contracted.  .  .  .  Oalvanl  had  winie  lime 
iM'forc  olmerved  that  the  eleclricity  of  machine* 
priNliiceil  ill  (lead  frogs  analogous  contractions, 
and  he  attriliuted  the  phenomena  first  dewrilnsl 
to  an  eliTiricily  inherent  In  tlii<  aniiiml.  lie  as 
Slimed  that  this  electricity,  which  he  calhsl  vital 
lluid.  passi'd  from  the  nerves  to  the  musiles  liy 
the  melalUc  arc,  and  waa  thus  the  cause  of  cou- 
tmction.  This  theory  met  with  great  supixirt, 
cspeclaily  among  physiologists,  liiit  it  was  not 
without  opponents.  The  most  consldcrahle  of 
these  was  Alexander  Volla,  profeshor  of  physics 
ill  I'avia  Oalvanl's  attention  had  Iseii  exclu- 
sively devoted  lolhe  nerves  and  muscles  of  the 
frog:  Volta's  was  directed  upon  thu  connecting 
metal.  Keslingon  the  olwrvatlon,  whiili  (ial- 
vani  had  also  inaile,  that  the  contraction  is  more 
energetic  when  the  connecting  arc  is  compoM>d  of 
twci  metals  than  where  then'  is  only  one,  Volta 
atlriliutcd  tu  the  metals  the  active  part  in  the 
phenomenon  of  contniclion.  lie  asaumed  tiiut  the 
disi'ngagenieiit  of  eleclricity  was  due  to  their 
con'act.  and  tliat  the  uuimal'parls  only  olllciateil 
as  conductors,  and  at  the  same  time  as  a  very 
Bcnsilive  ehclniscope.  Hy  means  of  the  then 
recently  invented  cicctrosiope.  V'ollii  ilevisj-d 
M  venil  modes  of  showing  llie  disengagement  of 
eleclricity  oil  the  coniaci  of  metals.  ,  .  .  A  meni- 
nralilc  coiilrovcrsy  arose  Ikiw.cii  (ialvanl  and 
Volla.  The  latter  was  lid  to  give  greater extcn- 
sinn  lo  ilis  lontact  theory,  and  propounded  the 
primiplc  tliat  wlien  two  hetcnik'eiicous  suh- 
Malices  arc  placed  in  conlacl.  one  of  lliem  always 
Hssiiiiu-'  Ihr  positive  ami  the  oilier  Ilie  iieualive 
electrical  1  ondllioii  In  tliis  form  Volla's  iliiory 
ohi.om  d  the  assciil  of  ihc  pr:  .cipal  philosophers 
of  his  lime." — \  (lallol,  Khiiti  nlniy  liniliv  on 
/'',i,.,,-K  ;  Ii:  >■!/  AHins,,,!,  U-.  10.  rli.  1— Volla's 
Ilicory.  liiiwcMT  Ihoiiiih  somewhat  misleading, 
did  not  prevent  his  making  wliat  was  proliahly 
the  gii  all  st  step  in  tlie  science  uii  to  tills  time, 
in  tiie  iuveutiua  (about  IHOU)  of  the  Voltaic  pile, 

'J8 


KtKTKK  Al,  DlnroVElO 


---j 
;* 


in4A  < 


KI.KCTUirAL  DIW'OVEHY 


llu'  (Int  Krnrratiir  "f  '  I'l-trlinl  inirity  by  rli'-ml 
ml  rnrmia,  Nn'l  I)h>  (nn  riinrii  r»(  lli<'  VHt  niimlN'r 
<if  |y|M»iif  rh)- mialrrti     Imit.  rv  " 
A.  D.   ilii>-i«9e.-Tb«  Arc  IlKbl.-'Trii' 

i-Mlli-nt  Inst  in. .  ,if  u|i|ihiiiK  Kli^ilrTillir  lii  llii> 
piiHliii'tluh  ,,(  lijjhi  »,i.  III  l«(|l(,  hy  «lr  lliiiii 
phrvy  l>nvy,  wIki  foiiu.l  timt  win  il  tli<'  |hiIiiI«  ii( 
twii  rarlNiii  pmU  wh(Hw>  otiii'r  i'ihN  wfrtM-nniH'clf't 
by  wlri«  wiih  «  |hiwi  rfiil  |-  .  iry  buttery  ncri' 
brmiKliI  liiiiM'iiiiiiu  t,  niiil  tli.  n  .IruWii  n  llltli!  way 
Hjiitrt,  till'  Kill  trie  I'urrint  ntlil  roiilliiiii'il  to  Jiiinp 
»rri>«i<  till'  ijitp,  birmliiK  wliiil  in  now  lirniiil  an 
Klt'itrlr   Arr.  V iirlMim    iiiiilrlviinrrii    Imvi- 

Ihmii  iliviMil    fur  itiitiiiiiiitU'«lly   ritfiil«llii»  llii- 

fHwilliiii  of  till'  iwii  I'lirlHiim.  A*  I'Hrly  oa  IH47,  n 
amp  waa  pulcntiil  by  Sislli',  In  wlili b  tli«  rar 
lain  ri"l»  wire  fiil  tii){i'tlifr  by  rliakwork.  ,  , 
Hlnillar  ill  villa  were  priMliirril  by  Kmiiault  anil 
ntliira,  btil  llm  Unit  really  aticeeaafiil  are  lamp 
wiia  Serrin  n.  paliiiliil  In  ikl*.  wbleh  Ima  not  only 
Itaelf  iurvivnl  until  tin-  pnwnl  iliiy,  but  Ima  lioil 
its  main  feiiturea  n  iinaliieiHt  In  nianv  otiier 
lamp*.  .  .  The  Jitblia likolT  Canille  (I'mT)!).  In 
wlili'li  the  are  waa  (urmi^l  lK>tweeo  the  enila  of  a 
pair  of  earlNin  riHla  plai-nl  tide  by  lide,  ami  aepii 
rated  by  a  layer  of  Inaulallng  material,  which 
•lowly  eonauniiil  ita  the  eurlKina  burnt  dmvn,  did 
kinrI  aervlet?  In  aeeuatiiinlUK  the  publlr  to  the  new 
illumlnuul  Hlnee  then  ttin  Inrentiona  by  liruah. 
Thumaonllimitiin,  and  otbera  have  ilono  much  to 
bring  about  ita  aitopllun  for  llt;htluK  lari(e  nxinm, 
•tnieta,  and  apaeea  out  of  doora."— J.  if  Verity. 
Klrrtrinln  up  to  Ik.tf/'tr  Light.  Pitiftr,  unit  True 
tion,  fh.  il. 

A.  D.  iBm-iSjs.— Otrcttd.Amptrc,  and  the 
c.Koverj  of  the ^Itctro-MsKntt.— "There  la 
little elmnre  .  .  that  the  diatoverer of  the  mag- 
net, or  the  diicoverer  and  Inventor  of  the  mutf 
netic  needle,  will  ever  be  known  by  name,  or 
that  even  the  locality  and  date  of  the  diaeovery 
will  ever  Iw  determined  [sec  C'ojipabb).  .  .  .  The 
mai^net  and  niaKUetlsm  received  their  drat  arleu- 
tillc  treatment  at  the  Imnda  of  Or.  (IIINtI.  l)ur 
InK  the  two  eiuturiea  aueeeeding  the  publication 
of  hla  work,  the  acience  of  niiij;netisni  wua  niui  h 
cultivated.  .  .  .  The  development  of  the  acienre 
went  alonj;  parallel  with  that  of  the  aileniv  of 
elcctrieily  .  .  .  although  the  latter  wua  more 
fruitful  In  novel  disioverlea  and  unex|H'Cleil  ap 

fdicatlona  than  tlic  for   ler      It  U  not  to  Ik'  ima;;- 
neil  that  the  many  close  rewmblancea  of  the  two 
elaaaea  of  phcnumenii  were  allowed  to  pass  un 
noticed.   .   .   .  There  wiui  enough  rewmblunre  to 
•Uljgest  un  intimate  relation  ;  and  the  connectliiK 
link  WHS  sought  for  by  numy  eminent  philoso- 
phers iluriiit-  the  last  years  of  the  eighteenth  and 
the  curlier  years  of  the  present  century.  "—T.  ('. 
Mindcnliiill.    ,1    Century  of  Klfrtricil'y.  eh.    a. — 
"The  ellect  which  an  electric  current.  ttowlnK  in 
8  wir",  can  exerciie  upon  a  neiiihlMiiirinj,'  com 
pass  needle  wiis  discovered    ly  Uerslid  in  18iO. 
This   ttrst   anuouiiicnicnt   of  "the   pi)s.sca.siiin   of 
ni:i(,'nilic  properties  by  an  electric  curn  nt  was 
followed  spieiiily  by  liie  rcsi  anlics  of  Ani|iire.    | 
Arai;o,  Uavy,  and  liV  the  ilcviiesof  sevenil  oiliur   '■ 
exiHTiniciilcrs,    inchiiliiii;  l(e  la   Hive's  llontiiiu'   i 
battery  and  coll.  Scliwi  icjier's  niuitipliir,  I'uiii-    ' 
ininjr  s  uMlvanomciiT.  Faniilay's  appiini'us   for 
rotiitlon  of  a  perinaneni  iiuij,iiil.  Miirsh  s  \ilir;il     I 
Inir  pcniluluiii  and  Barlows  rotatinir  star  wliii  I. 
But  it  was  not  until  Wij  that  the  eli  itnuiKijrnit   ! 
was  Invented.     Arajio  announced,  on  a.">tii  tSi|i-   | 
tember  1820,  that  a  copper  wire  uniting  the  poles 


o,i»lc  itII,  and  coniMiiurntly  Iniverwd  by 
an  electric  current,  could  iitniit  Iron  lllinK*  Ui 
Itw'lf  laterally  In  the  sitnu-  commuiilititlon  lie 
dew  rilad  how  he  had  miinedid  in  i  niiiniiiniral 
liiK  |M'riiianeiil  mnKni'li-.m  to  ntcel  nmlli  a  hiid  at 
riiflil  analis  111  the  rop|ier  wire,  and  liow  i.n 
•linMlnit  ll'la  r>|<i'rlmi'nt  to  Ani|H're.  ili.  Iiiiir 
b'ul  «iii;jt"ti..|  that  Ihr  iiiaj;n''ll/iiii;  m  lion  woidd 
Iw  more  Int  .i«it  If  for  the  alralvlil  i  o|i|m  r  »ire 
then'  were  aulMtitiilid  onr  wnip|N'il  in  a  hrlix. 
In  the  centre  of  whirh  the  stnl  m  idle  mlijlil  \w 
jiluceil  This  ■utrgestion  was  at  oni  i-  mrrlid  mil 
liy  the  two  philoaophers  '  A  copper  wire  noiind 
In  a  liellt  was  terminated  by  two  rii  tiliiii  iir  |Kir 
lions  which  could  Ih>  adatilril.  at  will,  to  the  i.p 
(HMille  pules  of  a  powerful  borUontiil  voltaic  pile; 
a  siiil  net^lle  wrapped  up  In  pa|H  r  was  Intro 
duel  d  into  the  bellx.  '  Now,  after  sonic  minutes' 
sojourn  In  the  helix,  the  alerl  ni-eilh'  had  reei  iveil 
8  siillli  ienlly  strong  diweof  tnagnetinm.'  Anigo 
thin  wound  u|)on  a  little  glaaa  tula'  sonie  short 
helices,  each  alsiut  'H  luchet  hing,  coiled  allern 
alely  right  handctlly  and  left  liandedly,  and 
found  that  on  Intnahicing  Into  the  cli-s  iiils'  a 
•twl  wire,  he  wim  able  to  prisluie  lonwiiui  lit 
polea'  at  the  iilaeea  wlierv  the  winding  was  re 
vened.  Ampiri'.  on  October  Silnl.  is.'o.  read  a 
memoir,  claiming  that  tlie»«'  facts  lonllrimd  Ida 
theory  of  magnetic  actions.  Itiivy  had.  also.  In 
IHJii.  surrounded  with  temporary  coils  of  win- 
the  stM'l  neeiiles  upon  which  he  was  i  xis  Hment- 
I  ig,  and  hiul  shown  that  the  How  of  eleelrliily 
around  the  eoll  couhl  confer  magnetic  power 
u|Min  the  stirl  needlea.  .  .  .  The  elei  tromagnel, 
in  the  form  which  can  first  claim  recognition  . 
was  devlstsl  by  William  .Sturgeon,  anirisdcscribisi 
by  him  In  the  paper  which  be  contributed  to  the 
Society  of  Arta  in  183.1.'— tl,  I',  Thompson,  Tht 
Ktrrtr'ttmwnet,  rh.  1, 

A.  D.  t8as-iS74.-Th*  Perfected  Telegraph. 
— "The  Kuropcan  phllosopheni  ke|it  in  groping. 
At  the  end  of  live  years  [after  Oersted's  disiov- 
cry  I,  one  of  them  reachnl  an  obstacle  whiili  he 
made  up  his  mind  was  so  entirely  iusiinnounUiblc, 
that  It  rendered  the  electric  telegraph  an  linpossi 
tiility  for  all  future  time,  This  was  [IH'J.'j]  Mr. 
I'etcr  Harlow,  fellow  of  the  Hoyal  Smletv,  who 
had  encounterwl  the  qucstlnii  whether  the  fengtli- 
ening  of  the  conducting  wire  would  pn since  any 
elTcct  in  dimini.shing  the  energy  of  the  current 
trunsmltU'd,  and  had  undertaken  to  resolve  the 
liroblein.  .  .  •  I  found  [ho  said]  such  u  consid 
cralile  diminution  with  only  2(W  feet  of  wire  as 
at  once  to  convince  mc  of  the  impracticability  of 
the  scheme.'.  .  .  The  year  following  the  an 
nouncemcnt  of  Barlow's  conclusions,  a  young 
graduate  of  the  Albany  (N.  Y.)  Academy  —  by 
name  Josi'ph  Henry  —  was  apiMiiiiiid  to  the  pro 
fissorship  of  mathematics  in  that  iiistitulion. 
Henry  there  liegan  the  seriesof  siientilic  invcsli 
gations  wliich  is  now  hi.-.toric.  .  .  .  Up  to  thai 
time,  eleiirotnagncts  had  been  made  with  a 
single  coil  of  naked  wire  wouud  spiriillv  around 
thecorc.  with  large  Intervals  iHtweeii  the  Mranilv 
The  core  wits  iiisulalcilas  a  whole:  the  wire  was 
not  insulated  at  all.  I'rol'i  s.Hor  Si  hu  i  iL'i:i  r.  w  ho 
had  previously  invented  the  nmlliiilyin^galvano 
niitcr.  had  covered  his  wins  Hiili  "silk,  llcnrv 
followed  this  i.lea.  and,  in>lca.l  of  a  siii^!.  mil  ,',r 
wire.  Used  siverid.  .  .  .  Harlow  had  s.iid  that 
llic  gentle  current  of  the  galvanic  lialtir\  iK.-aiiii- 
.so  weakened,  after  traversing  2(K)  fci  t'of  wire, 
that  it  was  Idle  to  consider  the   possibility  of 


799 


ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY.       The  Ttletraph.       ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY. 


making  it  pass  over  even  a  mile  of  conductor  luid 
tlien  affect  a  magnet.  Henry's  reply  was  to 
point  out  tliat  the  trouble  lay  in  the  way  liar- 
low's  magnet  was  maile.  .  .  .  Make  the  magnet 
so  that  the  tliminislKtl  current  will  exerei«?  its 
full  effect.  Instead  of  using  one  short  coil, 
through  which  the  current  can  easily  slip.  nn<l 
do  nothing,  make  a  coil  of  many  turns  :  tliat  in- 
creasi'S  the  magnetic  field :  make  it  of  fine  wirt-, 
and  of  higher  resistance.  And  then,  to  prove 
the  truth  of  his  discovery,  Henry  put  up  the 
first  electromagnetic  telegnpli  ever  constructed. 
In  the  academv  at  Albany,  in  WA\.  he  suspended 
1,060  feet  of  lieil-wire,  w"illi  a  battery  at  one  end 
and  one  of  his  magnets  at  the  other;  and  he 
made  the  magnet  attraet  and  release-  its  armature. 
The  armature  struck  a  bell,  and  so  made  the 
signals.  Annihilating  distance  in  this  way  was 
only  one  part  of  Ilinry'a  discovery.  He  had 
also  foun<l,  that,  to  ot)tain  the  greatest  dynamic 
effect  close  at  hand,  the  battery  should  be  com- 
posed of  a  very  few  cells  of  large  surface,  com- 
bined with  a  coil  or  coils  of  short  coarse  wire 
around  the  magnet. — conditions  just  the  reverse 
of  those  necessary  when  the  magnet  was  to  tw 
worked  at  a  distance.  Now,  he  argued,  suppose 
the  magnet  with  the  coarse  short  coil,  and  the 
large-surface  battery,  be  put  at  the  receiving 
station :  and  the  current  (  'ming  over  the  line  lie 
used  simply  to  make  and  break  the  circuit  of  that 
local  l)attery.  .  .  .  This  is  the  principle  oi  tlie 
telegraphic  'relay.'  In  183.1  Heniy  worked  a 
telegraph-line  in  that  way  at  Princeton.  And 
thus  the  electro-magnetic  telegraph  was  com- 
pletely invented  and  <lenionstmted.  There  was 
nothing  left  to  do,  but  t  -iit  uptlie  posts,  string 
the  lines,  and  attach  the  mstnmients."— I'.  Ben- 
jamin, The  Age  of  Electrinti),  eh.  11.— "At  last 
we  leave  the  territory  of  theory  and  experiment 
and  come  to  that  of  practice.  'The  merit  of  in- 
venting the  nio<lem  telegraph,  and  applying  it 
on  a  large  sci 'e  for  public  use,  is,  iM'yond  all 
question,  due  i  )  Professor  Morse  of  the  United 
States.'  So  writes  (>ir  David  Brewster,  and  the 
best  authorities  on  the  question  substantially 
agree  with  him.  .  .  .  Leaving  for  future  con- 
sidenilion  Morst^'s  telegraph,  which  was  not  in- 
troduced until  five  years  after  the  time  when  lie 
was  impres.«d  with  the  notion  of  its  feasibility, 
we  mav  mention  the  telegraph  of  Gauss  and 
AVelK'r"()f  Gftttingen.  In  1833,  they  erccleil  a 
telegraphic  wire  tu'tween  the  Astronomical  and 
Magnetical  Oliservatory  of  Gottingcn.  and  the 
PhysicaK'abinet  of  the  Cni  versify,  for  the  purpose 
of  carrying  intelligence  from  the  one  looalily  to 
the  other.  To  these  great  philosophers,  howi'ver, 
nither  the  theory  than  the  pnieticc  of  Electric 
Telegraphy  was  indebted.  Their  apparatus  was 
so  improved  as  to  be  almost  a  new  invention  by 
Steinhill  of  Munich,  who,  in  1837  .  .  .  succeeded 
in  8«'nding  a  current  from  one  end  to  the  oilier  of 
a  wire  3tl,(HK)  feet  in  length,  the  action  of  which 
caused  two  needles  to  vibrate  fnmi  side  to  side, 
and  strike  a  IkII  at  eacli  movement.  To  .Sicin- 
hill  the  honour  is  due  of  having  discovered  the 
Important  and  extraordinary  f.ic  t  that  the  earth 
might  1h'  used  as  a  part  of  the  circuit  of  an 
electric  current.  The  introiluetion  of  the  Klec- 
tric  Telegraph  info  England  dati's  from  the  same 
year  as  tlml  in  which  Steinhills  exi)erimcnts 
t(H)k  place.  William  Fotliergill  t'<Kike,  a  gentle- 
man who  held  a  commission  in  the  Indian  army, 
returned  from  India  on   leave  of  aliseme,  anil 


afterwards,  because  of  his  bad  health,  resigned 
his  commission,  and  went  to  Heiilelberg  to  studv 
ani..cMny.  In  1838.  Professor  MOnke,  of  Heidel- 
berg, I  .xhibited  an  electro-telegraphic  experiment, 
'in  which  electric  currents,  passing  along  a  ecm- 
ducting  wire,  conveyed  signals  to  a  distant  station 
by  the  deflexion  of  a  magnetic  needle  enclosed 
In  Sehweigger's  galvanometer  or  multiplier. ' .  .  . 
Cooke  was  so  struck  with  this  experiment,  that 
he  immediately  resolved  to  apply  it  to  puriM>ses 
of  higher  utility  than  the  illu.stration  of  a  lecture 
.  .  .  In  a  short  time  he  pnKluced  two  telegniphs 
of  different  constructiim.  When  his  plans  were 
completed,  he  came  to  England,  and  in  February. 
1837,  having  consulted  Faraday  and  Dr.  Roget 
on  the  constructiim  of  the  ele<'tric-magnet  em- 
ployed in  a  part  of  his  apparatus,  the  latter  gen- 
tleman ailviseil  him  to  apply  to  Professor  Wheat- 
stone.  .  .  .  The  result  of  the  meeting  of  Cmiko 
ami  Wheatstone  was  that  they  resolved  to  unite 
their  several  discoveries;  and  in  the  month  of 
May  1837,  they  took  out  their  first  nafent  'for 
improvements  in  giving  signals  and  soimding 
alarms  in  distant  places  by  means  of  electric  cur- 
rents transmitted  througli"  metallic  circuits.' .  .  . 
By-and-by,  as  might  pn>bably  have  been  antici- 
pated, dillicidties  arose  tx'tween  Cooke  and 
Wheatstone,  as  t<>whomthcmaincre<lit  of  intro- 
(lucing  tile  Electric  Telegraph  into  England  was 
due.  .  .  .  Mr.  Cooke  accused  Wheatstone  (with 
a  certain  amount  of  justice,  it  should  seen>»  of 
entirely  ignoring  his  claims;  and  in  doing  so  Mr. 
Cooke  appears  to  have  rather  exaggenited  Ids 
own  services.  Most  will  readily  agree  to  the 
wise  words  of  Mr.  Sabine:  '  It  was  once  a  popu- 
lar fallacy  in  England  that  Messrs.  Cooke  and 
Wheatstone  were  the  original  Inventors  of  the 
Electric  Telegraph.  The  Electric  Telegraph  had, 
properly  speaking,  no  inventor;  it  grew  up  as 
wehaveseenlittleby  little."— 11.  J.  Nicoll,  (Ireat 
UitfrnfiUn,  pp.  4'J-l-4'29.  — "In  the  latter  part  of 
the  year  1832,  Samuel  F.  B.  M(.rse.  an  American 
artist,  while  on  a  voyage  from  France  to  the 
United  States,  conceivi'd  the  idea  of  an  electro- 
magnetic telegraph  which  shotdd  consist  of  tlie 
following  parts,  viz:  A  single  circuit  of  con- 
ductors from  some  suitable  genemtor  of  elec- 
tricity; a  system  of  signs,  consistinir  of  dots  or 
points  anil  spaces  to  represent  nunu-rals;  a  method 
of  causing  tl>e  electricity  to  mark  or  imprint 
thes<'  signs  uyxm  a  strip  or  riblMui  of  paper  by 
the  mechanical  action  of  an  ilertro-magnef  oper- 
ating upon  the  paiier  by  means  of  a  lever,  anneil 
at  one  end  with  a  pen  or  pencil ;  and  a  methisl  of 
moving  the  paper  rilibun  at  a  uinform  rite  by 
means  of  cliK'k-work  to  receive  tlie  characters. 
...  hi  the  autumn  of  the  year  WVi  he  con- 
structed the  first  rude  working  model  of  his  in- 
vention. .  .  .  Tlie  first  public  exliibition  .  .  . 
was  on  tlie  2d  of  September,  18;!7.  on  which  oc 
casion  the  marking  was  siiciessfully  t'tTecfed 
throughonethirlof  amileof  wire.  Immediately 
afterwanls  a  recording  instriimeiit  was  con- 
structed .  .  .  which  was  subsi'iiuently  employed 
upon  the  tint  exiierimentai  line  iK'twein  Wash- 
ington and  Baltimore.  This  line  was  construefed 
in  184;J-44  U'jiler  an  appropriation  by  Coiigriss, 
and  was  comi)leled  by  May  of  the  hilli  r  year. 
On  the  '.i'tli  of  that  month  "the  first  dispatch  was 
transmillei!  from  Washingtnii  tcv  Baltimore.  .  .  . 
The  experimental  line  was  originally  i'oi:,trueted 
with  two  wins,  as  Morse  was  not  at  tliat  time 
acquainted  with  the  discovery  of  Steinheil.  that 


800 


ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY.        ne  Dynamo.        ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY. 


the  earth  might  be  used  to  complete  the  circuit. 
Accident,  however,  soon  demoostnited  this  fuct. 
.  .  .  The   following  year  (184.'))  telegraph  lines 
began  to  lie  built  over  other  routes.  ...  In  Oc- 
tober, 1851,  a  convention  of  deputies  from  the 
German   States    of  Austria,    Prus-sia,    Bavaria, 
WQrtemberg  and  Saxony,  met  at  Vi.'nna,  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  a  common  anri  uniform 
telegraphic  system,  under  I  lie  name  of  the  Ger- 
man-Austrian Telegraph  Union.      The   various 
systems  of  ti  legraphy  then  in  use  were  subjected 
to  the  mo.st  thorough  examination  and  discussion. 
The  convention  decided  with   great  unanimity 
that  the  Morse  system  was  practically  far  superior 
to  all  others,  and  it  was  accordingly  adopted. 
Prof.    Steinheil,   although  himself  .  .  .  the  in- 
ventor of  a  telegraphic  system,  witli  a  magna- 
nimity that  does  liim  high  honor,  strongly  .irged 
upon  the  conventi(m  the  adoption  of  llie  Ameri- 
can system.".  .  .  The  first  of  the  priming  tele- 
graphs was  patcnu-d   In  the  United   States  by 
Royal  E.  House,  in  1848.     The  Hughes  printing 
telegraph,   a  remarkable  piece  of  mechanism, 
was  patented  by  David  E.  Hughes,  of  Kentucky, 
In  1855.      A  system  known  as  the  automatic 
method,  in  which  the  signals  representing  letters 
are  transjiitU'd  over  the  line  through  the  instru- 
mentality   of   mechanism,    was   originated    by 
Alexander  Bain  of  Edinburgh,  whose  first  patents 
were  Uken  out  in  1846.     An  autographic  tele- 
graph, transmitting  despatches  in  the  ri'produced 
hand-wnting  of  the  sender,  was  brought  out  in 
1850  by  F.  C.  Bakewell,  of  London.     The  same 
result  wag  afterwards  accomplished  with  varia- 
tions of  method  by  Chas.  Cros,  of  Paris.  Abbe 
Caseli,   of    Florence,   and  othera;  but  none  of 
these    inventions    has    been    extensively    used. 
■'  The  possibility  of  making  use  of  a  single  wire 
for  the    simultaneous  transmission  of    two  or 
more  communications  seems  to  have  first  sug- 
gested itself  to  Moses  G.   Farmer,  of  Boston 
about  the  year  1852."     The  problem  was  first 
solved  with  partial  success  by  Dr.  Gintl.  on  the 
line  between  Prague  and  Vienna,  in  1833,  but 
more  perfectly  by  Cari  Frischen,  of  Hanover  in 
the  following  year.     Other  inventors  followed 
in  the  same  field,  among  them  Thomas  A.  Edison 
of  New  Jersey,  who  was  litl  by  his  experiments 
flj  ally,  m  1874  to  devise  a  system  "which  was 
destmed  to  furnish  the  basis  of  the  first  practical 
Boluti<m  of  the  curious  and  interesting  problem 
of  quadruple!  telegraphy."— G.  B.  Prescott,  Eke- 
trinty  and  the  Eltetric  Telegraph,  ch.  aSMO. 

A.  D.  1831-1872.— Dynmmo-Electricai  Ma- 
chines, and  Electric  Motors.— '  The  discovery 
of  induction  by  Faraday,  in  1831,  gave  rise  to 
the  construction  of  magneto-electro  machines 
The  first  of  such  macliines  tliat  was  ever  mode 
was  probably  a  machine  that  never  came  into 
practical  use,  the  description  of  whit  h  was  given 
to  a  letter,  signwl  •  P.  M.,'  and  .lirected  to  Fara- 
day, publishe.1  in  the  Philosophical  .Magazine  of 
2nd  August,  1832.  We  learn  from  this  desi  rip 
tioii  that  the  essential  parts  of  this  machine  were 
six  horse-shoe  magnete  attached  to  a  disc,  which 
rotated  in  front  of  six  coils  of  wire  wound  on 
bobbins.  Sept.  3rd,  1832,  Pixii  constructed  a 
machine  in  which  a  single  horse-shoe  magnet 
was  tnade  to  rotate  before  two  soft  inm  cores 
wound  with  wire.  In  this  machine  he  inlnnluced 
the  commutator,  an  essential  element  in  all  mod- 
ern continuous  current  machines.  "Almost  at 
the  some  time,  Ritchie.  Saiton,  aad  Clarke  con 
51 


801 


structed  similar  machines.  Clarke's  is  the  best 
known,  and  is  still  popular  in  the  small  and 
portable  '  medical '  machines  so  commonly  sold. 
...  A  larger  machine  [was]  constructed  by 
StOhrer  (1843),  on  the  same  plan  as  Clarke's,  but 
with  six  coils  instead  of  two,  and  three  com- 
pound magneU  instead  of  one.  .  .  .  The  machines, 
construcU-d  by  Nollet  (1849)  and  She,jard  (1856) 
had  still  more  magnets  and  coils.  Shepard's 
machine  was  mo<litied  by  Va-i  JIalderen,  and 
was  called  the  Alliance  machim ....  Dr.  Wer- 
ner Siemens,  while  considering  n.)W  the  inducing 
effect  of  the  magnet  can  he  most  thorouglily 
utilised,  and  how  to  arrange  the  coils  in  the  most 
efliclent  manner  for  this  purpose,  was  led  in  1857 
to  devise  the  cylindrical  armature.  .  .  .  Sinste- 
den  in  1851  pointed  out  that  tlie  current  of  the 
generator  may  itself  be  utilised  to  excite  the 
magnetism  of  the  field  magneU.  .  .  .  Wilde  [in 
1863]  carried  out  this  suggestion  by  using  a  small 
steel  permanent  magnet  and  larger  electro  mag- 
neU. .  .  .  The  next  great  improvement  of  these 
machines  arose  from  the  discovery  of  what  may 
be  called  the  dynamo-electric  principle  Thfs 
principle  may  be  stated  as  follows:  — For  the 

feneration  of  currents   by  magneto-electric  in- 
uction  it  is   not   necessary  that   the    madiine 
should  be  furnished  with  permanent  magnets- 
the  residual  or  temporary  magnetism  of  soft  iron 
quickly  rotating  is  sufficient  for  the  purpose. 
In  1867  the  principle  was  cleariy  enunciated  and 
used    simultaneously,    but    independently     by 
Siemens  and   by  Wheatstone.  ...  It  was   in 
iebruary,  1887,  that  Dr.  C.   W.   Siemens'  clas- 
sical paper  on  the  conversion  of  dynamical  into 
electrical  energy  without  the  aid  of  permanent 
magnetism  was  read  before  the  Roval  Society 
Strangely  enough,   the  discovery  o"f  the   same 
principle  was  enunciated  at  the  same  meeting  of 
Uie  Society  by  Sir  Charies   Wlicatstoue.      .  . 
The  starting-point  of  a  great  improvement   in 
dynamo-electric  machines,  was  the  discovery  by 
Pacinotti  of  the  ring  armature  .  .  .  in  1860.  .  .  . 
Gramme,  in  1871,  modified  the  ring  armature 
and  constructed  the  first  machine,  in  which  he 
made  use  of  the  Gramme  ring  and  the  dynamic 
principle       In    1872,   Hefner-AIteneck,   of    the 
firm  of  Siemens  and  Halske,  constructed  a  ma- 
cliine  in  which  the  Gramme  ring  is  replaced  by 
a  drum  armature,  that  is  to  say,  by  a  cylinder 
round  which  wire  is  wound.  .  .  .  Either  tlie 
Pacmotti-Gramme  ring  armature,  or  the  Hcfner- 
Alteneck  drum  armature,   is   now   adopted  by 
nearly  all  constructors  of  dynamo  electric  ma- 
chines, the  parU  varying  of  coursti  in  minor  de- 
tails.      The  history  of  tlie  dynamo  since   has 
beeii  one  of  a  gradual  perfection  of  parts,  result- 
ing in  the  production  of  a  great  nunilKr  of  tvpes 
which  can  not  here  even  be  mentioned.— A   R 
von  I  rbanitzky,  Eleetrinty  in  the  .Serrw  „f  V.in 
pp.  227-242.— S.  P.  Thompson,  l^iiamo Eheti-i^.d 
ifaehtnet.— Eltetric    Motors.— "It    has    Urn 
known  for  forty  yeara  that  every  form  of  elec- 
tric motor  which  operated  on  the  principle  of 
mutual  mechanical  force  between  a  magnet  and 
a  conducting  wire  or  coil  could  also  be  made  to 
act  as  a  generator  of  induced  currents  by  the  re- 
verse operation  of  pro<iucing  the  iiioti(.n  "mechan- 
Ically.     And  when,  starting  from  tlie  researches 
of  Siemens,  Wilde,  Nollet,  Ilolmes  and  Gramme, 
the  modem  forms  of  magneto-electric  and  dyna- 
mo-dectric  machines  began  to  come  into  com- 
mercial use.  It  was  discovered  thai  any  oue  of 


ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY. 


Light 
and  LocimiotioH. 


ELECTRIC  A  I,  DISCOVERY. 


Ilic  niodiTn  nmrhines  dpsigmil  M  a  (fencrator  of 
<iirriiil8  (iinsliintert  a  far  more  ctilcicnt  tU-ctnc 
iiiiitor  than  aiiv  of  the  pri'Vidiis  fonns  which  hail 
iHiii  ilfsigncd'  specially  as  motors.  It  rcquircil 
no  new  (iisciivcrv  of  the  law  of  reversibility  to 
enable  the  clectfiiian  to  understand  this;  but  to 
convince  the  world  reiiuireil  actual  experiment.' 
—A.  Guillemin.  EUetrieity  ami  Magnetmn,  j>t.  2. 
eh.  10.  Kcl.  3. 

A.  D.  1835-1889.— The  Electric  Railway.— 
■Thomas  Davenport,  a  poor  blacksmith  of  Bran- 
don, Vt.,  constructed  what  micht  lie  termed  the 
lir<t  electric  railway.     Tlic  invention  was  crude 
md  of  little    practical   value,  but  the  idea  was 
there.     In  ll^l!.")  he  exhibited  in  Springtield,  Mas.s.. 
a   small    model  electric  engine  running  \ipon  a 
circular  tnick.  the  circuit  Ining  furnished  by  pri- 
mary batteries  carried  in  the  car.     Three  years 
later.  Robert   Davidson,  of  AWrileen,  Scotlaixl, 
began  his  experiments  in  this  direction.   .       .    He 
C(aistru<tcd  <iuite  a  powerfid  moKrr,  which  was 
mounted  upon  a  truck.     Forty  battery  cells,  car 
ried  on  the  car,  funnshed  power  to  propel  the 
motor.     The  battery  elements  were  composed  of 
amalgamated  7.inc  and  iron  plates,  the  exciting 
liquid  being  dilute  sulphuric  acid.     This  locomo- 
tive was  run  successfully  on  several  steam  rail- 
roads in  Scotland,  the  speed  attained  was  four 
miles  an  hour,  but  this  machine  was  afterwards 
destroyeil  by  some  malicious  person  or  persons 
while  It  was  l)eing  taken  home  to  Alierdeen.     In 
1849  Mosi'S  Farmer  exhibited  an  electric  engine 
which  drew  a  small  ear  containing  two  persons. 
In  1*<.")1,   Dr.   Charles  Grafton   Page,  of  Salem. 
Mass.,  perfected  an  electric  engine  of  consider- 
able power.     ( )n  April  29  of  that  year  the  engine 
was  iittachcil  to  a  car  and  a  trip  was  made  from 
Wasiiinglon  to  Uladensburg^  over  the  Baltimi>re 
and  Ohio  Railroad  track.     The  highest  speeil  at- 
tained was  ninetien  miles  an  hour.     The  electric 
pow.r  was  furnisheil  bv  one  hundred  Grove  cells 
carried    on    the    engine.  .  .  .  The    same   year, 
Thomas  llall,  of  Boston.   Mass.,  built  a  small 
electric  locomotive  called  the  Volta.    The  current 
was  furnished  bv  two  Grove  battery  cells  which 
were  conducted  "to  the  rails,  thence  through  the 
wheels  of  the  l.K-omotive  to  the  motor.    This  was 
the  first  instance  of  the  curn'nt  ln'ing  supidied 
to  the  motor  (ai  a  locomotive  from  a  stationary 
source      It  was  exhibited  at  the  Charitable  Me- 
chanics fair  bv  him  in  1H«0.  .  .  .   In  1S79,  .Messrs. 
Siemen  ami  llalske,  of  Berlin,   constructed  and 
operated  an  electric  railway  at  the  Industrial  Ex- 
position.    .V  thinl  rail  [ilaced  in  the  centre  of 
the  two  outer  rails,  supplied  the  current,  which 
was   taken   <ip   into  the  motor  through   a  slid 
i:ig  ccaitact  under  the  Irn'omolivc.  ...   In  1S80 
Tiionias  A.  Edison  cohstrucied  an  experimental 
road  near  his  laboratory  in  .Menlo  Park,  -N.  ,1. 
The  pciwer  from  the  locomotive  was  transfcrreil 
to  the  car  bv  l)clts  running  to  and  from  the  shafts 
of  each      file  current  was  taken  from  and  re- 
turned throuirh  the  rails.     Early  in   the  year  of 
IHSl  ilu-  Lichtertelde.  Germany,  electric  railway 
wus  put  into  iiperation.     It  is  a  third  rail  system 
and  is  still  running  at  the'  present  time.     This 
iiiav  U-  said  to  be  the  first  coiiiniercial  electri<' 
railHiiv  (■■•ristrucled.     In  IHHH  the  Daft  Electric 
Co   ecjuipped  and  iiperated  <iuite  successfully  an 
electric  svstem  on  the  SaraUiga  &,  .Mt.  McGregor 
I{;iilroad,"at  Saratoga,  N.  Y."     During  the  next 
;ive   f.T  six    vears   numerous  electrii'    railroads, 
more  or  less 'experimental,  were  built.     "OcU)- 


IwrSl,  tSKS,  the  Council  Bluffs  &  Omaha  Rail- 
way and  Bridge  Co.  was  first  operated  by  elec- 
tricity, thev  using  the  Thomson  Himstim  sys- 
tem. 1  he  same  year  the  Thomson-Houston  ('o. 
c<luipiH'd  the  Iligidand  Division  of  the  Lynn  & 
Boston  Horse  Railway  at  Lynn,  Mass.  Horse 
railways  now  began  to"l«'  equipped  w  itli  electric 
itv  all  over  the  world,  and  especially-  in  the 
United  States.  In  Febnniry,  1889,  tlie  Thomson- 
Houston  Electric  Co.  had  eijuipped  tlie  line  from 
Bowdoin  Sqiuirc.  Boston,  >o  Harvanl  Square, 
Cambridge,  of  the  West  End  Railway  with  elec- 
tricity and  operated  twenty  cars,  sini c  »  hich  time 
it  has  increasc'd  its  electrical  apparatus,  until  now 
it  is  the  largest  electric  railway  line  in  the  world. " 
— E.    Trevert,    Eleetrie    liailvay    Enginterinij, 

"I'l'-  -'■  ^, 

A.  D.  1841-1880.— The   Incandescent  Elec- 
tric Light.— •■  While  the  arc  lamp  is  well  adapted 
f<ir  lighting  large  areas  requiring  a  powerful, 
dilTu-sed  light,  sinular  to  sunlight,  an(l  hence  is 
suitable  for  outdiK>r  illumination,  and  for  work 
shops,    stores,    ptiblic  buildings,  and  factories, 
especiallv  those  where  colored  fabrics  are  pro- 
duced, its  us»'  in  ordinary  dwellings,  or  for  a 
desk   light  in   otilccs,  is  impmetieal,  a  softer, 
steailier.    and   more  econonucal  light  b<nng  re- 
quired.     Various    attempts  to  mwlify  the  arc- 
light  by  combining  it  with  the  incandescent  were 
made  in  the  earlier  stages  of  electric  lightiiig. 
.  The  first  strictly  incandescent  lamp  was  in- 
vented in  1841  by  Frederick  de  Molyens  of  Chel 
tcnhain,  England,  and  was  constructed  on  the 
simple  principle  of  the  incandescence  produced 
by  tlw  high  resistance  of  a  platinum  wire  to  the 
passage  of  the  electric  current.     In  1849  Petrie 
employed  iridium  for  the  same   purpose,  also 
alloys  of  iridium  and  platinum   and  iridium  and 
carbon.     In  1845  .1.  W.  Starr  of  Cincinnati  first 
proposed  the  use  of  carton,  and,  associated  with 
King,  his  English  agent,  produced,  through  the 
financial  aid  of  the  philanthropist  Peabody,  an 
incandescent  lamp.  ...  In  all  these  early  ex- 
perimerts,  the  battery  was  the  source  of  electric 
supply;  and  the comparativelv  small  current  re- 
(luired  for  the  incandescent  light  as  compared 
with  that  required  for  the  arc  light,  was  an  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  the  'ormer.   .  .  .  Still,  no  sub- 
stantial progress  was  made  with  either  system 
till  tlie  invention  of  the  dynamo  resulted  in  the 
practical  development  of  both  systems,  that  of 
the  incandes<ent  following  that  of  thearc.   Among 
the  first  to  make  incan(iescent  lighting  a  prac 
tical  siKccss  were  Sawyer  and  Man  of  New  'V  ork, 
and   Ellison.     For  a  long   time,   Edison  experi- 
mented witli  platinimi,  using  tine  platinum  wire 
coileil  into  a  spiral,  so  as  to  concentrate  the  heat, 
and   jircsluee  incandescence;    tlie  same   current 
producing  onlv  a  red  heat  when  the  wire,  whether 
(jf  platinum  of  other  »-.etal.  is  stretched  out.   .  .   . 
Failing  to  obtain  sitisfactory  results  fnim  plati- 
num, Edison  turned  his  attention  to  carbon,  the 
superiority  nf  which  as  an  incandescent  illuniin- 
ant    had  "already    been   d.iuonstrated ;    but     its 
rapid   cnnsumption.  as  shown   by   the    Riviiii'r 
and  similar  lamps,  being  uufavoRible  to  its  use 
as  comparid  with  the  durability  <if  platinum  and 
iridium,  the  problem  was.  to  seciiri'  the  superior 
illiuninatiiiu  of  tlic  carlxm.  and  reduce  or  pre 
vent  its  consumption.     As  this  consumption  was 
due   chiefly    to  oxidation,    it    was  questionable 
whether  tlie  superior  illumination  were  not  due 
to  the  same  cause,   and  whether,  if  the  carliou 


802 


ELECTHICAL  DISCOVERY.       The  Telephone.       ELECTRICAL  DISCOVERY. 


were  incloB^  in  a  slau  globe,  from  which  oxy- 
geo  was  climinatccr  the  sninc  iliumination  could 
be  obtained.  Anutlier  difHrulty  of  equal  mag- 
nitude  was  to  obtain  a  sufficiently  perfect  va- 
cuum, and  maintain  it  in  a  hermetically  xcaled 
glol>e  inclosing  the  carbon,  and  at  the  same  time 
maintain  electric  connection  with  the  generator 
thn)ugli  the  glass  by  n  metul  conductor,  subject 
to  expansion  und  contraction  dilTerent  from  that 
of  tlic  glass,  by  the  change  of  temiwrature  due 
to  the  passa^'c  of  the  electric  current.  Sawyer 
ond  Man  attempted  to  solve  this  problem  by  till- 
ing the  gldte  with  nitrogen,  thus  preventing 
comt'ustion  l>y  eliminating  the  oxygen.  .  .  .  The 
results  obtained  by  this  nietlKHl,  which  at  one 
time  attracte<i  a  great  deal  of  attention,  were 
not  sufticiently  satisfactory  to  Ucoine  practical; 
and  Edison  and  others  gave  their  preference  to 
the  vacuum  method,  and  sought  to  overcome  the 
<iiBicullies  connected  with  it.  The  invention  of 
the  mercunal  air  pump,  with  its  subsequent  im- 
provements, made  it  possible  to  obtain  a  suf- 
ficiently perfect  vacuum,  and  the  difficulty  of 
intrcxlucing  the  current  into  the  interior  of  the 
globe  was  overcome  by  imbedding  a  line  plati- 
num wire  in  the  glass,  connecting  the  inclosed 
carbon  with  the  external  circuit;  the  expansion 
and  contraction  of  the  platinum  not  diifering 
sufficiently  from  that  of  the  glass,  in  so  line  a 
wire,  as  to  impair  the  vacuum.  .  .  .  The  car- 
bons made  by  Euison  under  his  lirst  patent  in 
1879,  were  obtained  from  brown  pa|)cr  or  card- 
board. .  .  .  They  were  very  fragile  and  short- 
lived, and  consequently  were  soon  abandoned. 
In  1880  he  patented  the  process  which,  with 
some  modifications,  he  still  adheres  to.  In  this 
process  he  uses  filaments  of  bamb(x>,  which  are 
taken  from  the  interior,  fibrous  portion  of  tlie 
plant." — P.  Atkinson,  KUmentt  of  Electric  Light- 
ing, e/i.  8. 

A.  D.  1854-18M.— The  Atlantic  Cable.— 
"  Cyrus  Fiehl  .  .  .  established  a  company  in 
America  (in  IH.'M),  which  .  .  .  obtained  the  right 
of  landing  cables  in  Newfoundland  for  fifty  years. 
Soundings  were  made  in  1856  between  Ireland 
and  Newfoundland,  showing  a  maximum  depth 
of  4,400  metres.  Having  succeeded  after  several 
attempts  in  laying  a  cable  between  Nova  Scotia 
and  Newfoundland,  Field  founded  the  Atlantic 
Telegraph  Com|Any  in  England.  .  .  .  The  length 
of  the  .  .  .  cable  '[used]  was  4,000  kilometres, 
and  was  carried  by  the  two  ships  Agamemnon 
and  Niagara.  The  distance  between  the  two  sta- 
tions on  the  coasts  was  3,640  kilometres.  The 
laying  of  the  cable  commenced  on  tlic  Tth  of 
August,  185".  at  Valentia  (Ireland);  on  the  tliini 
day  the  cable  broke  at  a  depth  of  3,600  nietres,and 
the  expedition  had  to  return.  A  second  expedi- 
tion was  Sint  in  1858;  tlie  two  ships  met  eacli 
other  half  way,  the  ends  uf  the  cable  were  joined, 
and  the  lowering  of  it  comnn  need  in  Ixith  direc- 
tions; 140  kilometres  were  ll  ;s  lowerid.  when  a 
faidt  in  the  cable  was  discovircd.  It  liad,  tliere- 
fori'.to lie broiisrht  on  bo;ird  again,  and  w u» broken 
during  the  process.  After  it  had  been  repaired, 
and  when  47ti  kilometns  liad  been  already  laid, 
another  fault  was  discovered,  which  caused 
another  breakage;  this  time  it  was  inipovsilile  to 
repair  it.  and  llie  expedition  wu.s  again  unsuccess- 
ful, and  had  to  return.  In  spite  of  tlie  repeated 
failures,  two  ships  were  again  8<iit  out  in  tlie 
same  year,  and  this  time  one  end  of  the  cable 
was  landci!  in    In  hwid,  snd  the  r.tht  r   it  New- 


foundland. The  length  of  the  sunk  cable  wai 
8,745  kilometres.  Field's  first  telegr  im  was  sent 
on  the  7tb  of  August,  from  America  to  Ireland. 
The  insulation  of  the  cabli',  however,  became 
more  defective  every  day,  and  failed  altogether 
on  the  1st  of  September.  From  the  experiena' 
olitained,  it  was  concluded  that  it  was  possible 
to  lay  a  trans- Atlantic  cable,  and  the  company, 
after  consulting  a  numlier  of  profe8.sional  men. 
again  set  to  work.  .  .  .  The  Great  Eastern  Wh.f 
employed  in  laving  this  cable.  This  ship,  which 
is 311  metres  long.  35  metres  broad,  and  16  metres 
in  height,  carried  a  crew  of  ,500  men.  of  which 
130  were  electricians  and  engineers,  179  mechan- 
ics and  .stokers,  and  115  sailors.  The  manage 
nient  of  all  atfairs  relating  to  the  laying  of  the 
cable  was  entrusted  to  Canidug.  The"  coast  cable 
was  laid  cm  the  31st  of  July,  and  tlie  end  of  it 
was  connectiil  with  the  Atlantic  cable  on  the  3;ird. 
After  1.336  kilometres  had  lieen  laiil,  a  fault  was 
discovered,  an  iron  wire  was  found  stuck  right 
across  the  cable,  and  Canning  considered  the  mis- 
chief to  have  been  done  willi  a  malevolent  pur- 
pose. On  the  3nd  of  August,  3,196  kilometrcs 
of  cable  were  sunk,  when  another  fault  was  dis- 
covered. While  the  cable  was  being  repaired  it 
broke,  and  attempts  to  recover  it  at  the  time  were 
all  unsuccessful ;  in  consequence  of  this  the  Great 
Ea'^'ern  had  to  return  without  having  completed 
the  task.  A  new  company,  the  Anglo-American 
Telegraph  Company,  was"l'ormed  in  1866,  and  at 
once  entrusted  Messrs.  Glass,  Elliott  and  Com- 
pany with  the  construction  of  a  new  cable  of 
3,000  kilometres.  Different  arrangements  were 
made  for  the  outer  envelope  of  the  cable,  and 
the  Great  Eastern  was  once  more  equippeil  to 
give  effect  to  the  experiments  whicli  had  just 
been  made.  The  new  expi"dition  was  not  only 
to  lay  a  new  cable,  but  also  to  take  up  the  end  of 
the  old  one,  and  join  it  to  a  new  piece,  and  tliua 
obtain  a  second  telegraph  line.  Tlic  sinking  again 
commenced  in  Ireland  on  the  13th of  Julv,  1866, 
and  it  was  finished  on  the  37th.  On  the  4tli  of 
August,  1866,  the  Trans- Atlantic  Telegraph  Line 
was  declared  open." — A.  U.  von  Irbaiiitzky, 
Eltctricity  in  the  Serricc  nf  .Van,  pp.  767-768. 

A.  D.  1876-1892.— The  Telephone.— "The 
flr^it  and  simplest  of  all  magnetic  telephones  is  the 
1{<1I  Telephone."  In  "  the  first  form  of  this  iustru- 
nient,  constructed  by  I'rofcssor  Graham  Ikll,  in 
1876  ...  a  harp  of  steel  rods  was  attached  to  the 
pole-sofa  permanent  magnet.  .  ,  .When  we  sing 
into  a  piano,  certain  of  the  strings  of  the  instru- 
ment are  set  in  vibration  sympathetically  by  the 
action  of  the  voice  with  different  degrees  of 
amplitude,  and  a  sound,  which  is  an  ajjpro.vima- 
tion  to  the  vowel  utten'd,  is  proiluced  from  the 
piano.  Theory  sliows  that,  hiul  the  piano  a 
much  larger  number  of  strings  to  the  octave,  the 
vowel  sounds  would  be  perfeetlv  reprisluced. 
It  was  upon  this  principle  that  Bell  c(>ustructe<l 
his  first  telephone.  The  expense  of  constructing 
su( h  an  apparatus,  however,  deterrid  Bell  fnmi 
making  the  attempt,  and  he  sought  to  simplifv 
tlie  apparatus  Ix'fore  proceeding  further  in  tliis 
direction.  After  many  L.xiierliiietits  witli  mori- 
or  less  unsatisfactory  fesuli.;,  hr  iiin>itriicte.i  the 
instrunient  .  .  .  which  he  e.\liiliited  at  I'hiladel 
pliia  in  1876.  In  this  apparatus,  the  transmitter 
was  formed  by  on  electromagnet,  through  which 
a  current  flowed,  and  a  membrane,  made  of  gold 
beater's  skin,  on  whicli  was  placed  as  a  sort  of 
itrmaturf,     a    piece    uf    soft    iruu.    which   tiius 


803 


ELECTHICAL  DISCOVERY. 

viliratoil  In  front  of  Die  pU'rtrom«Knpt  when  tlic 
nicnibmni'  was  thrown  into  sonorous  vilinition. 
.   .   .   It  fs  quite  tli'iir  thiit  wliin  wo  sfwnk  into  ii 
Bfll  transmitter  only  a   sinall   fraction   of  the 
encTgy  of  tlie  sonorous  vilirations  of  tlie  voice 
can  l)e  oonverted  into  electric  currents,  unci  that 
these  currents  must  lie  extrt-nielv  weak.     Kdison 
niiplied    hini.self    lo   iliseiiver    some    means    hy 
wliich  he  could  increase  the  strength  of  thes<>  cur- 
rents.     KlishatJray  had  proposed  to  use  the  varia- 
tion of  resistance  of  a  fine  platinum  wire  attached 
to  a  ili.iphrairm  dipping  into  water,  and  hoju'd 
that  the  variation  of  c.vtent  of  surface  in  contact 
Would  so  vary  the  stnnjrth  of  c   rrent  as  to  le- 
pnsluci'   .sonorous   vilirations;  but    there    is   no 
ncord   of    this  experiment    having    iK-cn   tried. 
Ellison  proposed  to  utilise  the  fact  that  the  resist- 
ance of  carlHin  variiil  under  pn.ssnre.     He  had 
independently  dis<ovcred  this  peculiarity  of  car 
lion,   hut  it  liail   iH-en   previously  descrilied    liy 
Dii  Moncel.  .  .  .  The  first  carlxm  transmitter  wa"s 
coiisiructed  in  l.sTS  by  Edison."— W.  H.  IVece 
and  .1.  llaier,  T/ie  Tilei'liime.  ch.  3-4.— In  a  jiain- 
phlet  distributed   at  the  Columbian  Exposition 
Chica);o,  1S93,  entitled  "  EMMt  o/tlif  Amtricin 
Jill  lekji/ioiie  To,"  the  foHowlng'stiitemonts  are 
made :     "At  the  Centennial  E.xposition,  in  Phila- 
delplda,  in  IHTB,  was  given  the  tirs.  gcnend  pub- 
lic exhibition  of  the  telephone  liv  its  inventor, 
Ah'xanderGrahaip  Ik'Il.    To-day,  wventwn years 
latir,  more  than  half  a  million  instruments  are  iu 
daily  use  in  llie  Viiited  States  alone,  six  hundred 
nnlliiin  talks  by  telephone  are  held  every  year,  and 
the  human  voice  iscarriedovera<listance  of  twelve 
hundred  milis  without  Uns  of  sound  or  syllable. 
The  first  use  of  the  telephone  for  business  pur- 
poses was  over  a  single  wire  connecting  onlv  two 
telephones.     At  once  the  im  ed  of  general  inter- 
communication  made  it.silt   felt.      In  the  cities 
and  larger  towns  ext  hanges  were  established  and 
all   the  subsjrilKrs  to  any  one  exchange  were 
enabled  to  talk  to  one  another  through  a  central 
ollice.     .Means  were  then  devised  to  connect  two 
or  more  exchanges  by  trunk  lines,  thus  affording 
means  of  conununieation   In'tween  all  the  sub- 
scribers of  all  the  exchanges  so  connected.     This 
Work  has  been  pushed  forwanl  until  now  have 
iMin   gatliered  into  what  mav  be  termed  one 
great   exchange   all   the  important  cities  from 
Augusta  on  the  east  to  Milwaukee  on  the  west 
and  from  linrlington  and  Buffalo  on  the  north  to 
Washington  on  the  south,  bringing  more  than 
one  half  the  people  of  this  country  and  a  much 
larger  proportion  of  the  business  interests,  within 
talking  distance  of  one  another.  .  .  .  The  lines 
whi(  h   connect  I'hiiago  with  Boston,  via  New 
1  ork,  are  of  copjier  wire  of  extra  sire.     It  is 
about    one  sixth  of  an   inch   in  diameter   and 
weighs  43.'>  pounds  to  the  mile.     Hence  each  eir-    i 
cult  contains  1.(I44.(XH»  pounds  of  cop|H-    .  .  .    i 
In  the  Iniled  Males  then'  are  over  a  (juarter  of  a 
million  exeliaugesubscrilMTs.  and  .  .  .  these  make   ■ 
use  of  the  telephone  to  carrv  on  6(H),0(I0,(X)()  con-   i 
versations  annually.     There  is  hardly  a  city  or  i 
town  of  5,000  inliabitants  that  has  not  its  tele-   j 
phone  Exchange,  and  these  are  so  knit  together  i 
by  connecting  lines  that  inU'rcommunication  is  ( 
constant. "    The  number  of  telephones  in  use  in   ' 
the  Inited  States,  on  the  20th  of  IK'cemlier  in   I 
ea<li  year  since  the  first  introduction,  is  given  as  ! 
follows:   1HT7,  5.187;  1878,  17,567;  1879   52  517-    ' 
1880.  123.380;  1881,  180,592;  1882.  237  728    1883' 
298.580;  1884,  325,574;  1885.  380.040:  188B  353  !    I 


ELECSINIAN  MYSTERIES. 

I    518;  1887,380,277;  1888,411,511;  1889,  444,861  ■ 
1890,  483,790;  1891,  512,407;  1892,  552,720. 

!       ELEPHANT, Orderofthe.— A  Danishonler 
]   of  knighthood  instituted  in  1«93  liv  King  Chris- 
tian V. 

ELEPHANTINE.    See  Eotpt:   The  Old 
Emi>ikk  AM)  TiiK  MiDni.K  Emimiir 
ELEUSINIAN    MYSTERIES,    The.- 
,    Among  the  ancient  Greeks,  •■  the  invsteries  were 
',  a  source  of  faith  and  hope  to  the  initiated,  as  are 
the  clinrches  of  misleru  times.    S<cret  d<«triues 
I   regarded  as  holv,  and  to  U-  kept  with  iiiviolabie 
fidelity,    were   handed  down   in   these   brother- 
j    hoods,  and  no  doubt    were  fondlv  believed   to 
contain  a  saving  grace  by  those  who  were  ad- 
!   milted,  amidst  solemn  ami  imposing  rites,  under 
I   the  veil  of  midnight,  to  hear  the  tenets  of  the 
ancient  faitli,  and  the  promises  of  blessings  to 
come  to  those  who,  with  sincerity  of  heart  and 
pious_  tnist,   tiHik   the  obligations   upon  Iheni. 
j   The  p:ieusinian  mysteries  were  the  most  impos- 
ing and  venerable.     Their  origin  extended  back 
I   into  a  mythical  antiipiity,  and  they  were  among 
,   the   few  forms  of  Greek   worship   which  were 
under  the  suiicrintendence  of  hereditarv  priesl- 
I   IkkhIs.     Thirlwall  thinks  that  '  thev  wc'fe  the  re- 
mains of  a  worship  which  pri-ceiled  the  rise  of 
the  Hellenic  mythology  and  its  attenilant  rites, 
;   grounded  on  a  viev  of  Nature  less  fanciful,  more 
'  earnest,  and  better  fitted  to  awaken  iKith  philo- 
sophical thought  and  religious  feeling. '  This  con- 
clusion is  still  further  confirmed  by  the  moral 
and  religious  tone  of  the  poets,—  such  as  .Eschy- 
lus.— whose  ideas  on  justice,  sin  and  retribution 
are  as  solemn  and  elevated  as  those  of  a  Hebrew 
prophet.     The  secreU,  whatever  thev  were,  were 
never  revealed  in  express  terms;  but  Isocrates 
uses  some  remarkable  expressions,  when  speak- 
ing of  their  imptirtancc  tc  the  condition  of  man 
'Those  who  are   initiated,'  savs  he   •entertain 
sweeter  h<ipes  of  eternal  life';  and  how  could 
this  be  the  ca.s<',  unless  there  wen'  imi>arted  at 
Eleusis  the  doctrine  of  eternal   life,  and  some 
idea  of  its  state  ami  circumstances  more  compati- 
ble with  an  elevated  conception  of  the  Deity  and 
of  the  human  soul  than  the  vague  and  shailowy 
images  which  haunted  the  popular  mind.     The 
Eleusinian  communion  embraced  the  most  emi- 
nent men  fnnn  every  part  of  Greece,—  statesmen, 
poets,   philosophers,   and    generals;    and   when 
Greece  became  a  part  of  the  I{oman  Empin,  the 
greatest  minds  of  Home  dn'W  in.<tructiou  and 
consolation  fnim  its  dm^trines.     The  cen'monies 
of  initiation — which  tiMik  place  everv  vear  in  the 
early  autumn,  a  lieautiful  season  in  A'ttica-  were 
a  splendid  ritual,  attracting  visitors  from  every 
part  of  the  world.     The  processions  moving  froiii 
Athens  to  Eleusis  ovei  the  Saend  Way,  some- 
times numljered  twenty  or  thirty  thousand  peo- 
ple, and  the  exciting  scenes  were  well  calculated 
to   leave   a  durable    impn'ssion   on   su.sceptilile 
niiiuLs.  .  .  .  The  formula  of  the  dismissal,  after 
the  initiation  was  over,  consisted  in  tlie  mvsleri- 
nus  wonls  •  konx,'  '  ompax  ' ;  and  this  is  the  onlv 
Eleiisiniun  secret  that  has  illuminated  the  world 
from  tlie  n'cesses  of  the  temple  of  Demeter  and 
Persephone.     But  it  is  a  striking  illustration  of 
the  value  afiaehed  to  these  rites  and  doctrines, 
that,  in  moments  of  extreniest  peril  — as  of  ini 
pending  shipwn'ck,  or  massacre  by  a  victorious 
enemy, —  men  askecl  one  another,   •  Are  you  in- 
itiated ? '  as  if  this  were  the  anchor  of  tht  ir  hopes 


804 


ELEUSINIAN  MYSTERIES. 


ELTEKEII. 


(or  UDother  life."— C.  C.  Felton,  Oreece,  Anei-.nl 
and.Vuilirii,  c  2,  Ifft.  10.—"  The  Eli'Uginian  iiiys- 
t«ri<-8  continiii'd  to  \k  <'clfbrato<l  durinff  the  wliolo 
of  the  second  half  of  the  fourth  century,  till  they 
were  put  an  end  to  liy  the  destruction  of  the  tcni- 

f)lc  at  Elew.sis,  and  by  the  devastation  of  Grwce 
n  the  Invasion  of  the  Goths  under  Alaric  in  Sftl" 
(see  GoTiis:  A.  I).  395).— \V.  Smith,  XoU  to  Gih- 
biin't  Ueeline  mill  Fall  of  the  Iloman  Ktnptre,  eh.  25. 
Also  in  :  It.  Brown.  The  (Irmt  Dionyriitk  Myth, 
eh.  6,  Met.  2. — I.  .1,  I.  von  Dollinger,  The  OeiitUe 
anil  the  ,/iir.  hi:  3  (r.  1). — S'e.  also,  Eleisis. 

ELEUSIS. — Eleusis  was  originally  one  of 
llie  twelve  c'onfcilerale  townsliips  into  which 
Attica  was  sidd  to  havi  Ixtn  divided  before  the 
time  of  Theseus.  It  "  w.is  advantageously  initu- 
atcil  [about  fourteen  miles  X.  AV.  of  Athens]  on 
a  height,  at  a  small  distance  from  the  shore  of 
an  extensive  bay.  to  which  there  is  access  only 
tlmmgli  narrow  channel;-.,  at  the  two  e.vtnnnties 
of  the  island  of  Salamis:  its  position  was  import- 
ant, as  comnntnding  the  shortest  and  most  level 
route  by  land  from  Athenstothe  Isthmus  by  the 
pass  which  leads  at  the  f(X)t  of  Mount  C'erata 
along  the  shore  to  Megara.  .  .  .  Eleusis  was 
buik  at  the  eastern  end  of  a  low  riK'ky  hill,  which 
lies  parallel  to  the  sea-slmre.  .  .  ,  "The  eastern 
extremity  of  the  hill  was  levelled  artiticiallv  for 
the  reception  of  the  Ilierum  of  Ceres  and  the 
other  sjicred  buildings.  Alwvc  these  are  the 
traces  of  an  Acropolis.  A  triangular  space  of 
alxiutSOO  yanls  each  side,  lying  b«'tween  the  hill 
and  the  shore,  was  occupie<l  by  the  town  of 
Eleusis.  ...  To  those  who  approached  Eleusis 
from  Athens,  the  sacred  buildings  standing  <in 
the  eastern  extn'mity  of  the  height  concealed  the 
greater  part  of  the  town,  and  on  a  nearer  ap 
proacb  presented  a  succession  of  niagniflcent  oli- 
jects.  well  calculated  to  heighten  Che  solemn 
grandeur  of  the  ceremonies  and  the  awe  and  rev- 
erence of  the  .Mysta;  in  their  initiation.  ...  In 
the  plurality  of  enclosures,  in  the  magnidcenre 
of  the  pyla;  or  gateways,  in  the  absence  of  any 
general  symmetry  of  plan,  in  the  small  auxiliary 
temples,  we  recognize  a  great  resi'mblancc  be- 
tween the  sacred  l>uildings  of  Eleusis  and  the 
Egyptian  Hiera  of  Thel)es  and  Phihe.  And  this 
resemblance  is  tbc  more  remarkable,  as  the  De- 
meter  of  Attica  was  the  Isis  of  Egypt.  We  can- 
not suppose,  however,  that  the  plan  of  all  these 
buildings  was  even  thought  of  when  the  worship 
of  C'eri's  was  establisheil  at  Eleusis.  They  were 
the  progressive  creation  of  successive  ages.  .  .  . 
Under  the  Ko.nan  Empire  ...  it  was  fashion- 
able among  the  higher  order  of  Homans  to  pass 
some  time  at  Athens  in  the  study  of  philosophy 
and  to  be  initiated  in  the  Eleusinian  .nysliries. 
Hence  Eleusis  '  ecame  at  that  time  one  of  the 
most  frequented  places  in  Greece;  and  perhe" ' 
it  was  never  so  populous  as  under  the  enipc 
of  the  first  two  centuries  of  our  lera.  Durin; 
two  following  centuries,  its  mysteries  were 
chief  support  of  declining  iMilytheism,  and  alnu>» 
the  oidy  remaining  bond  of  nation.il  union  among 
the  Greeks;  but  at  length  the  destructive  visit  of 
the  Gotlis  in  the  year  396,  the  extinction  of 
pag.inism  and  the  ruin  of  maritime  commerce, 
left  Eleusis  deprived  of  every  source  of  pros- 
jurity,  except  those  which  are  inseparable  from 
Its  fertile  plain,  its  noble  bay,  and  its  position  on 
the  roail  from  Attica  to  the  Isthmus.  .  .  .  The 
villagr'  still  preserves  the  ancient  name,  no  further 
altered   than  is  customary   in   Komaic  conver- 


sions. "—  W.  M.  iA'ukf,  Topnyraphy  of  Athen; 
t,  2 :   The  Demi.  neet.  5. 

ELGIN,  Lord.— The  Indian  admioiitration 
of.     .See  India:  A.  1).  lHB2-lHTt). 

ELIS.—  Elis  was  an  am  lent  Greek  state. 
<K-cupying  till-  country  on  the  western  coast  of 
l'eloi«)nuesus.  adjoining  Areailia.  and  iM'tween 
-Messenia  at  the  south  and  Achaia  on  the  north. 
It  was  noted  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil  and  the 
rich  yield  of  its  tisherit  s.  Hiit  Elis  owed  griater 
iniportame  to  the  inclusion  within  its  tciritury 
of  thesaind  ground  of  Olympia.  wlicrc  the  eele- 
bralioii  of  tlii'  most  famous  festival  of  Zeus  came 
to  Ik-  I  stablishi  (1  at  an  early  time.  The  Kliaiis 
had  aciiuired  Olympia  by  coni|iicst  of  the  city 
and  territory  of  I'isii,  to  "which  it  origlnallv  be- 
longed, ami  the  presiihncy  (^f  the  OK  inpie  giimes 
was  always  disputed  with  them  by  the  hitter. 
Klis  was  the  close  ally  of  Sparta  dowii  to  the  year 
H.  C.  421.  when  a  bitter  quarrel  arose  between 
Iheni.  and  Elis  suffered  heavilv  in  the  wars 
which  ensued.  It  wiis  afterwards  at  war  with 
the  Arcadians,  and  joined  the  -Etolian  I^eague 
against  the  Achaian  League.  The  city  of  Elis 
was  one  of  the  most  splendid  in  Greece ;  "but  little 
now  remains,  even  of  ruins,  to  indicate  its  de- 
parted glories.     See.  also,  <)|,VMI'IC  0.\MKs. 

ELISII,  The.     See  Lvohns. 

ELIZABETH,   Czarina  of  Russia,  A.  D. 

1741-lTtil Elizabeth,   Queen  of  Bohemia, 

and  the  Thirty  Years  War.  See  Gkk.manv: 
A.   I).    1B1H-1«20;   1620;    1821-1023;    1031-1632, 

and   164tS Elizabeth,   Queen    of    Engrland, 

A.  I).  l.V>8-l<i03 Elizabeth  Farnese,  Queen 

of  Spain.  See  Italy:  A.  D.  ni.">-l(35;  and 
Spain:  A.  I).  1713-1T2."(,  and  1726-1731. 

ELIZABETH,  N.  J.— The  first  settlement 
of.     See  New  Jehsey:  A.  I).  1664-1667. 

ELK  HORN,  OR  PEA  RIDGE,  Battle  of. 
See  I'nited  States  ok  Am.  :  A.  I).  1S(>2  (.Iam:- 
AHY — MaRCU  :  MlBSOIRI — Akkansas). 

ELKWATER,  OR  CHEAT  SUMMIT, 
Battle  of.  See  United  States  ok  Am.  ;  A.  I). 
1861  (ArorsT— Decembek:  West  Viuoinia). 

ELLANDUM,  Battle  of.- Decisive  victory 
of  Ecgt)erlit,  the  West  Saxon  king,  over  the 
Mercians,  A.  D.  823. 

ELLEBRI,  The.    See  Ireland,  Tkibes  ok 

EaHLV  (   ELTIC   INHABIT.VNT8. 

ELLENBOROUGH,  Lord,  The  Indian  ad- 
ministration of.     See  India:  A.  D.  1836-1845. 

ELLICE  ISLANDS.     Sec  Polynesia. 

ELLSWORTH,  Colonel.  See  U.mtei) 
Statks  op  Am.  :  A.  D.  1881  (May  :  Vikoinia). 

ELMET. — A  small  kingcloni  of  the  Dritons 
which  was  swallowed  up  in  the  English  king- 
dom of  NorthunilTin  earlv  in  the  seventh  cen- 
tury. It  answered,  roughly  speaking,  to  the 
I)re8ent  West-Hiding  of  Yorkshire.  .  .  .  Leeds 
•■  preserves  the  name  of  I.oidis.  by  which  Elmet 
seems  also  to  have  been  known." — J.  U.  Green, 
The  Miikiini  of  Hiuj..  ji.  2.")4. 

ELMIRA,  N.  Y.  (then  Newtown).— Gen. 
Sullivan's  Battle  with  the  Senecas.  S<'e 
United  St.\te8  ok  Am.  :  A.  D.  1779  (AcorsT— 
Seitkmiiek). 

ELSASS.     SeeAi.s.\CE. 

ELTEKEH,  Battle  of.— A  victorv  won  by 
the  Assyrian,  Sennacherib,  over  the  figyplians, 
iH-fore  the  distister  befel  his  arniv  which  is 
related  in  2  Kinss  xi.\.  35.  Sennaciicrib's  iiivn 
account  of  the  battle  has  been  found  among  the 


805 


Et.TEK£U. 


ENGLAND,  A.  D.  44«MH7. 


Awyrinn    rcconls— A.   !I.  Hayw,   /VwA    light  j 
friiiH  Ihr  Anririit  .ifoniiiiwiiti,  i-n.  8. 

ELUSATES,  The.    Sw  A<itrrAiNK.  Tribes 

OK  AMIKNT.  .      ,, 

ELVIRA, Battle  of  U319I'  S.f  Spain  :  A.  I). 
127;t-14B(l. 

ELY,  The  Camp  of  Refuge  »t.  Stf  Eno 
LAM):  A.  I).  imm-KiTl 

ELYMAIS.    S,r  KiAM. 

ELYMEIA.     S(c  Macedonia. 

ELYMIANS,  The.     Sec  Sicily:  Eablt  in 

IlAlllTAMS 

ELYSIAN  FIELDS.    S.  t  fANAiiY  Iblasiw. 
ELZEVIRS.     Sc  PiiiNTiNo:    A.   1).   1«17- 
ItWI). 
EMANCIPATION,  Catholic.   8ecIUKi.ANi): 

A.  I),   If<ll-1M'.".I. 

EMANCIPATION,    Compeniated ;     Pro- 

Sosal    of    President    Lincoln,      rttc    Lnitku 
T.\TE!<  i)K  Am.  :  A    1).  1H«3  (Makcd). 
EMANCIPATION,  Pnitiian  Edict  of.    S<e 
Gkiimany:  a.  D.  1H(I7-1H(W. 

EMANCIPATION  PROCLAMATIONS, 
President  Lincoln's.  Sec  U.nitku  Statk»  ok 
Am.  :  A.  I).  1863  (Septemheb),  and  1863  (.Jani- 

AIIY). 

EMANUEL,  Kinit  of  Portugal,  A.  1)    149.')- 

l.V.n Emanuel  Philibert,  Duke  of  Saroy, 

A.  l>.  i.V);t-i.")H(). 

EMBARGO  OF  1807,  The  American.     See 

I'mtkd  States  ok  Am.  :  A.   1).   18U4-180B,  and 

IHOM 

EMERICH,  King  of  Hungary,  A.  D.  1106- 
1'.'04 

EMERITA  AUGUSTA.  — A  colony  of 
Uciiiiaii  vcteriiis  wttlecl  in  Spain.  B.  ('.  27,  by  the 
eniinriir  .Vuir.istu.s.  It  i*  Idcntilied  with  mo<lem 
Miriila.  in  Kstreniaduni.— ('.  -Merivale,  Hiat.  of 
ifte  U*">tttini.  rfi.  'M.  n"ft'. 

EMESSA.—  Capture  by  the  Arabs  (A.  D. 
636).  Sic  Mahometan  I'oNcjfEBT:  A.  D.  632- 
6:«i. 

EMIGRES  OF  THE  FRENCH  REVO- 
LUTION. Sir  KiiANcE:  A.  I)  ITWt  (.Ki.Y— 
-Vii.r^T).  (.\i  OUST— <>i  roiiK.m;  17XH-17ai  ;  17U1 
(.III  Y— Sei'TKMHEi:)  ;  ami  1791-171t2. 

EMITES,  The.  Scc.Ikws  ;  Kakly  Hebkkw. 

EMMAUS,  Battle  of.  — Defeat  of  a  Syrian 
army  uiidi  r  tioriiias  l>y  .ludas  MacTaba;u.s,  B.  ('. 
16B.— .losephus,  A'ltiii.  of  the  Jeifn.  bk.  12,  eh.  7. 


EMHENDINGEN,  Battle  of.    SeePRASCE: 

A.  I).    nWKAl'BII.— OCTOBKB). 

EMMET    INSURRECTION,  The.      See 

iBEI.ANl):   A,   I).   1801-18<)3. 

EMPEROR.—  A    title     derived     from    the 
Itoiimn  title  Iinperator.     See  Impekatok. 

EMPORIA,    The.       S<c    t'ABTiiAOK,    Tiik 
Dominion  ok. 

ENCOMIENDAS.     S<e  Si.avehy,  Modebn: 
ok  THE  Indiank;  alwi,  Uepahtimik.ntoh 

ENCUMBERED  ESTATES  ACT,  The. 
See  Ihei.and:   A.  D.  1H43-I848. 

ENCYCLICAL  AND  SYLLABUS  OF 
1864,  The.     Sec  I'APAcv:  A.  D.  U'W 

ENCYCLOPiEDISTS,  The.  —  •  French 
literatUR-  had  never  tweu  so  brilliiint  an  in  the 
weond  half  of  the  IWthccntury.  BulTon.  Diderot, 
D'AleinlM'rt.  Hou««'au.  Ducloa,  Condillac,  llel- 
vetiiis,  llolbacli,  Uaynal,  C'ondorect,  Mably,  and 
many  others  adorniil  it,  and  the  '  Encyclopedia.' 
which  wan  U-gun  in  ll'il  under  the  direction  of 
Diderot,  iKcamc  the  fi-cii»  of  an  intellectual  in- 
llueiMe  which  has  rarely  Ih-cd  e<pi:dlcd.  The 
name  and  iilea  were  taken  from  a  work  published 
liy  Ephraini  ('hainliers  in  Dublin,  In  1728.  A 
noble  preliminary  discourse  was  written  by 
D'.VIenil)ert ;  and  all  the  U'st  pens  in  France  were 
enlisted  in  tlic  enterprise,  which  was  constantly 
encouraged  and  lar^rely  assistinl  bv  Voltaire. 
Twice  it  was  suppressed  by  authority,  but  the 
interdict  was  again  raLsed.  Popular  favour  now 
ran  with  an  irresistible  force  in  favour  of  the 
pliilosoiihcrs,  and  the  work  was  brought  to  its 
conclusion  in  1771."— \V.  E.  H.  Lecky,  Ilint.  of 
Jim/,  in  the  18M  Century,  eh.  20  (r.  ."i). 

Also  IN:  J.  Morley,  JHderol  antl  the  Eneycto- 
jKKliutt,  eh.  5  (r  1)  — fc.  .1.  Lowell,  The  Eve  of  the 
Freneh  Ueroliiti-in,  rh.  16. 

ENDICOTT,  John,  and  the  Colony  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  See  Massachcbetts  ; 
A.  D.  l(i2:H629,  and  after. 

ENDIDJAN,  Battle  of  (1876).  See  Russia: 
A.  1).  18.")«-187ti. 

ENGADINE,  The.  See  Switzebland; 
A.  D.  i;t96-1499. 

ENGEN,  Battle  of  (1800).  See  Fbasce: 
A   D.  1800-1801  (May— Febbcahy). 

ENGERN,  Duchy  of.  See  Saxony;  The 
Old  I)t(iiv. 

ENGHIEN,  Due  d',  The  abduction  and 
execution  of.     SeeFnisCK:  1804-1805. 


ENGLAND. 


Before  the  coming  of  the  English.— The 
Celtic  and  Roman  periods.     See  HiiiTAiN. 

A.  D.  449-547.— The  three  tribes  of  the  Eng- 
lish conquest.— The  naming  of  the  country.— 

"llw;isliy  .  .  .  llinitiilHS  I  from  Northwestern 
(iirin:in\  i.  llic  Sii.xcuis.  ilic  Ant'lcs,  amltlic  .lutes. 
Iliac  soiitlicrn  liriliiiii  was  coiuiuered  and  colo- 
nized in  till'  liftli  .111(1  .si.\ih  centuries,  acconliiig 
to  til'-  most  amicnl  tcstimnny.  ...  Of  the 
tlirte.  Ilic  .Viiirli  ;ilm'i...t  if  net  'alloi;ctlier  pass 
away  into  tlic  niiirratioii :  llic  .Iiiles  and  the 
Sa.\oiis.  iiltlioiiirh  miirratiiif;  in  irrcat  niiinlHTs. 
had  vet  a  meat  part  io  play  in  Ilicir  own  homes 
anil  in  oilier  riMrioiis  liisides  lirllaiu;  the  fiirnier 
at  a  later  period  in  the  train  and  under  the  name 
111  llir  li.iiii.s,  th(  iattiT  in  (jeniian  history  frnm 
the   eighth   century    to  the   present  day."— W. 


St'ibbs,  C'lniit.  lliat.  of  EnijUiml.  r.  1.  eh.  3.— 
■•  Amonn  the  Teutonic  sittlcrs  in  Brituiu  some 
trilK'S  sland  out  conspicuously  •  Angles,  Saxons, 
and  Jiilis  stand  out  eonspicuou.sly  above  all. 
The  .Jutes  led  Ilic  way  ;  from  the  Angles  the  land 
and  the  united  nation  li«ik  their  name;  the  Sax- 
ons gave  us  the  name  by  w  hich  our  Celtic  ncigh- 
liovirs  have  ever  knonn  us.  Hut  then'  is  no 
rcasiiii  111  confine  the  ari;i  from  which  our  fiirc- 
fallicrs  came  Io  the  space  which  we  shniitd  mark 
on  the  map  as  the  land  of  the  contiiicnl:il  .Vnglcs, 
Saxons,  .■ind  .Iiilcs,  So  great  a  migration  is 
always  likelv  Io  lie  swollen  by  some  who  are 
quite  alien  lii  the  leading  tribe;  it  is  always  cer- 
tain to  Ik:  swollen  bv  niiinv  who  are  of  stocks 
akin  to  the  leitdingtrfl-*'.  l>-.i;  -Abode,  im!  actually 
belong  to  it.     As  we  in  Britain  are  those  who 


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KNULANU.  A    U    UiM7a 


4. 

iS 


•t«yi(l  Ix'liiriil  111   III!'  limi-  i.f  ihi'  MTonil  i{rr»t  1  thru.  Ilii' min  of  tlu' t.  nth  uiil  I'lnvriith  ri'nttirl<'« 

mik'mtliiii  cif  iiiir  inopli-  Jt..  AiimtIchI,  mi  I  vrn  I  kiiiw  lIu'mM'lvt'n  In    nii  niuw   liiit    KiikIUIi  " 

tiirr  In  I.K.k  i.ii  nil  niir  l,n«  l>iitrh  kliiafiiik  on  i  K    A.  Krcimnn.    7'.    hm/lm/,   IS.,i,U  in  ilt  Thr 

till'   i-.inllniiil    iif   Kiirn|H'   in   thn-u'   who  aluyctl  j  Ihmrt  ll.relunt  I..   .1       '  ' 


Inlilnil  III  IIm   liiiii'  of  ihr  llr  I  ^'n  iil  iiilifmllon  of 


lit    .\*nfii'hf'iM,  ftp    ',\ti 


t\.   illtil     l.%-4Tl        Sr    AMiI.M     AMI)    .It  TK 


Ullil 


our  |>iii|p|.       iiiir  «|Hrliil  li.iirlli  iiml  rraillu  in  !  Ha»omi. 

iloiihilr«,  ii,  1«.  louncl  In  Ihr  inini..lliii.  iimrih  |  A.  D.  449-473-     The  Bcrinninc  of  Engliih 

luml  of  t.iriiiiiin   iinil  Ihniimrk,  Imii  the  guat  >  hiitonr.-Thc  conaueit  of  Kent  by  the  Jutes 

coninmn  li.inic  of  our  iiiiipli-  I,    o  h.   lookiil    ■  ■■'-  "  -  ■"■         "•  ■       '       .'    -      •" 


UN  •itri'tt'liiiii;  nloiit:  tli 


tholi'  of  iliMt  I. 


wliirc  viiriixiniliiili'i  I1  of  thr  l.o«   hiiirh  loiiK 
iirr  h|MtkrM      If   Ani^lf's  iinil   S:i\i)ii.i 


In  till' M'ur   Hll  ..r    |."i(l  a    IhuhI   of  wiirri.,™ 
ng  iiHiBt       wait  ilriiwn  to  ilic  shoris  of  llriialii  In  ihi-  iiMml 


know  Ihiil  Prlxl: 


>nH 


H\IH    linil     ^;l\i>ll.4     Clinir,     »l' 

<iiiiii'  iilso.  mill  with  Krl»lun!i 
n»  iin  ihnii  Ml  uinoni;  ii«.  II  In  hiinlly  li«i  ImiM  to 
chiiiii  Ihr  Mholi-  Nilhi  rliinili  iis  in  Ihc  «lili»l 
MUSI'  <  )lil  Kiu'liinil,  UK  Ihr  liiml  of  onr  purl  of  llii' 
klintolk  who  »i,iyiil  Ixhlhil  Thriir),'h  Ihiil 
wIkiIi*  region,  froiu  ihi-  i-pniul  Ani;lluii  lormr 
fur  Into  what  is  now  iiortliirn  Kranir,  Ihi-  inn- 
lonKiii-  of  ilii  piopli,  winiiiinii'N  o\cr hiulowiil 
liy  othiT  toML'ui'H.  In  miiiif  iliali-rt  or  other  of 
that  limiich  o|  thr  jtrciit  Tiiitonir  fmiill}-  whirh 
I-  rvviilla'ly  Ihr  viini'iiK  our  own  nimih  h.  Kmni 
KhinilrrM  To  Slr»VMi  k  thr  iialiinil  lonRur  Is  onr 
whic  li  ililTi m  from  Kiij;li»h  only  us  thr  liisloriral 
rvrnts  of  fourtrrn  hunilrnl  yrant  of  wpuralioii 
have  inrvilulily  inailr  thr  two  inaifurs  — twoiliu 
111  l»,  I  thonlil  ruthrr  hay,  of  thr  miinr  liinviii  — 
to  ililTrr.  Front  IhrHr  lanila  wr  riiinr  an  a  proplr. 
That  wim  our  llrst  liistorlrul  niij{nilion  Our 
rrnioir  fonfallirrs  iniml  havr  niailr  riiilli»M 
rarlirr  niJKralionji  an  parl.H  of  thr  ^rrat  Arvuii 
ImhIv.  a.H  parln  of  Ihi-  mnallrr  Trulonlr  IkJiIv, 
Hut  our  voyu),'r  fnmi  '.hr  Low  Dulrh  inainluiiil 
to  thr  i»lr  of  llritain  ."as  our  llrNl  nilKnitlon  as  u 
|«ojih'  .   Anr  r  Trulonir  trilMH  whirh 

Kiltlnl    in    Brita'  ,    thr    AhkIih    anil    Ihr 

Saxons,    sIikkI    ou  ,mo»l      Thrsc    two    lir 

Iwriii  thrin  orrupi  iiy  far  Ihr  gn-atrr  pari  of 
thr  lauil  that  was  m  riiphil  at  all.  Kuih  of  thr>r 
two  Kuvr  iu  iianir  to  Ihr  unitiil  nation,  hut  .ai  h 
Kuvr  it  on  iliirrrnit  lips.  Thr  Ma.xons  wirr  Ihr 
rurlhr  iuvailrrs;  lliry  hail  niorr  to  ihi  with  thr 
Crllir  rrinnaiH  whiih  alxslr  In  Ihr  lanil. 
Ihr  lii'S  till  n  of  thr  Crlth'  iiihahilants  of  Hrh 
Ihr  wliolr  of  Ihr  Trulonir  inhaliilaiits  of  Hn,  .,11 
wrn^  know  II  from  thr  Im  f;innin^'.  ami  arr  known 
still,  a.s  Sa.voiis.  Hut.  us  thr  various  Trulonir 
srttlrinrnts  ilrrw  toirithrr,  as  ihrv  (Hjiaii  to  havr 
romnion  national  frrliiu;s  anil  to"tVrl  Ihr  in  1  il  of 
a  roiuinoii  nalional  nainr.  thr  namr  which  Ihrv 
clioM  was  nut  Ihr  sainr  as  that  hv  whirh  tin  ir 
Crltir  nriiihlMiurs  rallril  llinn  'fhrv  iliil  mil 
rail  lhiniS4'lvrs  Saxons  ami  Ihiir  lanil  Saxonv  ; 
thry  rallril  IlirinsrjMs  Kniilish  ami  ilnir  lanil 
Kiinlaml,  I  UMil  till  wonl  Sa.Mmv  in  all 
nrs.s;  it  is  a  rral  namr  lor  Ihr  Trulonir 
llritain,  ami  il  is  an  olihr  namr  than  Ihr  nam 
Kni;lanil.  lint  it  is  a  namr  iisnl  only  from  Ihr 
oul.-iilr  hy  Crllir  nrii;hlMMir~  imil  rnmiiis;  il 
was  not  u.sril  from  tin-  iiisiilr  hv  Ihr  Trutuiiir 
proplr  Ihrnisrlvrs.  In  tlirir  inoiiihs.  as  soon  as 
liny  took  to  thrmxhrs  a  ronimim  namr.  thai 
namr  was  Kriirlish;  as  m sin  as  liny  );avr  ilnir 
laiul  a  ronimnii  namr,  that  iiaiiir  w'as  KiiL'l.iini. 
.  Anil  Ihis  is  ilir  morr  rvmaikal  Ir,  Inrausr 
thr  airr  whrn  Km,'iish  was  fullv  rslahlishnl  a-, 
thr  namr  of  ihr  proplr,  ami  Kmrlanil  as  Ihr  namr 
"I  Ihr  lanil.  was  an  anr  of  Saxon  suprrmurv,  an 
ajlr  whrn  a  Saxon  stair  hrlil  thr  hrailsliip  of 
Kniilunil  anil  of  liriiain,  whrn  Saxon  kiims  L'rrw 
st(  p  i,y  .-Irp  to  Is.  kiu^s  of  Iin-  KnL'iish  anil  lorii.s 
of  the   wholr   British   islanii.     In  roniiuon  use 


On 


rrlous 
part  ol 


Injurs  of  lanil  ami   pay        Thr    warriors   «iri' 
uirs,  iinii  of  u  Irilpj'  whh  h  has  hfl   its  iiai 


.luirs,  iinii  III  u  iniK>  Willi  II  lias  Irll  Us  liallii  to 
Jutlanil,  III  Ihr  rxirrinily  of  Ihr  |m  ninsiila  that 
pi..|iiis  from  Ihr  .hon  1  of  North  limnany,  Iml 
who  wirr  proliulily  akin  to  thr  ran-  thai  wiw 
ItUihiwk  Ihr  oppos'ilr  roast  of  Sriiiiilinavia  ami 
srlllini;  in  ihi  Danish  Ishs  In  thm  ■  kn  Is  ' - 
so  ran  the  Ir  ;rnil  of  Ihrlr  romiui  si  —  unit  .ilh 
Ilnir  Kalilornnu.  Ilrni;rst  ami  llorsii,  at  tliiir 
Iniul,  llu'sr  Jutrs  lamlril  ut  Khimllril  in  thr  Islr 
of  Thanrt.  With  thr  lunilinK  of  llrncrst  ami 
his    war  lianil    Knjjilsh    history  lH-;;ins.  In 

Ihr  llrst  vrarHtluit  followril  afirr  Ihrir  hiinlinK, 
.lull-  ami  llrlloii  foii^'ht  siilr  bv  siilr,  anil  tlir 
I'iils  arr  saiil  to  havr  Urn  wuttrnil  totlir  wiiuU 
ill  u  jirrat  liattir  oa   thr  riistrm  roiisi  of   Bril.iin. 

Hut  ilanjfrr  fr Ihr  I'll  t  wiw  liarillv  ovrr  whrn 

ilanitrr  rainr  from  Ihr  Juira  llniiiM.-1vrs  "hrir 
nunilxrs  prohalily  jtrrw  fu»l  iw  thr  inivs  of  thrir 
srttlrinrnt  In  Thanrt  sprruil  aiiioutf  Ilnir  frilow 
pirairs  w  ho  wrrr  haiinlin);  Hit'  rhaimrl ;  unil  with 
Ihr  imn  asr  of  thrir  iiuiiiIht  must  havr  grown 
thr  (lilllrulty  of  supplyln;,'llHin  with  rations  and 
pay,  Thr  ilispulr  whirli  row  ovrr  tlirsr  iiura- 
tioiia  wus  at  last  rli>a<il  liy  llrugrsl'a  turn  with  a 
thrrat  of  war."  Thr  thrrut  waa  »i«in  rxrciitnl; 
Ihi'  fonrsof  Ihr  .Intra  Wrrr  sui'crssfiilly  truiis- 
frrrril  from  tin  ir  islaiiil  ramp  to  Ihr  main  ahorr, 
anil  thr  town  .  '  Diirovrrnum  (larupying  thr  aite 
of  miMlrrnl  i  iwas  thr  llrst  torxprrirnro 

thrir  ragr  waa   Uft  in   lilarkrnrd 

mill  solitary  ruo,  iilrrs  |)Uahril  along 

thr  roail  to  l.imihm  ^tiulr  arrma  to  have 

rhrrkril  thrir  marrh  ti.  ihr  Stour  to  tlm  .Mril 
way  ■  At  Avhsfonl  (A.  I>.  4.V>).  thr  hiwr.st  ford 
rrossing  Ihr  .Slrilway,  •Ihi-  Briliali  Iraihrs  must 
havr  takrii  post  for  thr  ilrfrnrr  of  West  KrnI 
hut  Ihi'  Chronirlr  of  thr  i  iiiniurring  proph-  till- 
only  that  llorsa  fill  iu  thr  monnnt  of  vir 
lory;  ami  thr  Hint  hra|>  of  Ilorsiril  whirli  lias 
loim  prrsrrvril  Ilia  nunn'  .  .  .  was  hrhl  in  aftrr 
turn'  to  mark  hia  gravr.  .  .  Thr  virtorv  of 
Aylrsforil  was  followril  liy  a  poliliial  ihaugr 
among  thr  u.s,suilants,  whosr  |.si.,r  organization 
arounil  ralilormin  was  rxihani:ril  for  a  strhtrr 
union.  Aylrsforil,  -  arr  lolil.  was  no  soontT 
Won  than  'Ilrngrs:  ;sik  to  thr  kii'gilom.  and 
.Kill',  his  son.',  .  .  '  ir  two  kings  puslinl  for- 
ward in  4.1T  from  II.  drdway  to  ihr  1  om|iirsl  of 
Ursl  KrnI."  Anoihrr  halllr  at  thr  passagr  of 
Ihr  tray  was  anothrr  viriory  for  Ihr  invadrrs. 
and.  "  a.■^  Ihr  (  hronirlr  of  ilair  1  oii,|iirrois  Irlla 
us.  the  liriions  •  forvouk  'ml  land  and  llnl  with 
nimh   frar  lo  London  '  If  wi    iiu,i   British 

Iraiiilion.  Ihrhaillral  t'nivford  was  follownl  liy 
a  poliliial  rrv..lutioii  in  "itrilain  it.-i  If,  ...  ft 
would  sirni  .  .  that  thr  UoTiiani/.ril  Britons  ros«! 
in  rrvolt  iindrr  Aiirrliis  .Vmlirosianiis.  adrsrrml 
ant  of  Ihr  last  Homan  grnrral  who  rlaimrd  Ihr 
purpir  iia  au  Kmprror  in  Britain    .  Tin-  nvo 

lulioii  rrvivril  for  a  whilr  tlii.  rt^.r^rv  ,,;f  tj;..  'irov 
lurr  Thr  .Iiitrs  wrrr  drivrn  hark  into  thr  Islr 
of  Thanrt.  and  hrld  thrn'.  apparently,  for  soinr 


807 


KNOLAND,  A    P    44»-478. 


KNULANt).  A    I>    U7-<Sa. 


vi'Hn.  wllli  111"'  hrlp  of  thr  •tninit  fortrrMrn  nf 
Kli  lilKiruiiKli  iiikI  Rri'iilvir.  Kiiunllnir  tlii'  l»'> 
niKiiii'n  iif  till'  iiili't  wliii'li  iIh'ii  piirtril  Tliiiiii  I 
frnMi  t.u'  ntiitnliiiMl  "  Iti  iW\  howt'vcr  the  |><-liy 
i-untllctH  ulil''h  hml  ^nuf  ipii  nlmitr  tlii'  nhiirrn  nf 
llir  WutitMiiiii  iiuiili'  way  fur  ii  ili  i  Ulvf  ulriiirtili' 
Till'  iivi  riliMW  iif'  till'  llrli<>ii>  ut  Wl|i|n'il  « 
lliit  »ii«  •.!  Ii  rrtlilf  llml  all  lio|«  nf  priMrvinu 
till  liiilk  iif  Ki  III  M'tihi  frmii  tlili)  iiiiiiiii  lit  tiiliiiM' 
In  in  iiliiiiiiloii'il.  ahil  .  .  no  furl' IT  i.triii.'iil'' 
I'lnliirlH'il  I  lie  ,liiti  H  in  ii»  roni|iii  >l  ami  ultliiiii  nl 
It  \Min  only  iilniitf  its  muuiIhti)  *>lii>n'  lliat  tlir 
lirlli'im  nun  III  III  tlnli' Kriiiiinl  A  filial  \li 

tun  of  till'  ■liitm  III  4Til  niiiy  mark  llii'  iiinini  nt 
nliiii  llirv  nailiril  tlir  rlrli  iiaaliinii  nhii'li  iIk' 
Ki'iii  III  liiKiiiiiTH  liail  rn  laliiii'il  fnmi  idiiiiiK  y 
Maioli  Willi  llii»  ailvaiiii' til  till'  iniiiilli  iif 

tlir  Wi-alit  till'  Murk  iif  llrn^i'i^lN  inrii  laiiir  to 
an  I  ml ,  imr  iliil  tlif  .tiiti'ii  fnini  tills  tiini-  play  any 
iin|u>r1aiit  part  in  tlii'  atlark  lai  tlir  loiaiiil.  f>ir 
ll't'ir  aflir  tcainnuiri'  liniilnl  lullir  Mr  of  Wiirlit 
iinil  a  frw  iliKlrii  Ik  nil  tlir  Siiilliaiiipliai  Walir  " 
—J     It.  (Irrni.    Tli4-.}f,ikii,'/ntl-:i,,jl,(i„l.rl,    1 

Also  IN     ■!     M.  |jip|Mnli<ri;,    IIikI.   «/  F.mj 
illi'lir  Ihr  Aii'/li)  Slt'iii   ni".'/»,  r    I    I'ji    (17-1111 

A.  D.  477-527.— The  cooqueitt  of  the  Sax- 
oni.— The  foundniar  of  the  kingdomi  of  Sui- 
tea,  Wciiex  and  Eiies.-  '  W  liil>t  lln'  .liilm 
wrri'  <'i>ni|iii'rini;  Krnt.  tlirir  kiniiri  il  timk  part  In 
till'  war  Ship  uflir  nlilp  Miili'il  fniiii  till'  Nurlii 
Win,  tillnl  «itlii'ai;rr  warrlnm  TlirSaxmis  imw 
Hrrlvi'il  —  Klla  ami  liU  tlirrr  Mini)  litmlril  in  tlii' 
uiiilinl  tirriiiiry  nf  tin-  Iti'Kiil  (A.  D.  477  Ull». 
Till'  Hritiiiis  Hcfi' ilorrati'il  witli  grfiU  iilaui.'liti'r, 
Hiiil  ilrivt'ii  iiitii  till'  fori'ht  of  Anilruaiit',  wIiom' 
cxtint  U  fainltr  Imlicntrd  by  thu  wiiHtin  anil 
C'cniiniiiis  of  llu'"\Vialil.  A  (frmriil  ronfiilinii'y 
ii(  till'  Ki  jn  Hiiil  'TynintHiif  tin'  Itrltium  huh 
fornirii  a>:iiin»t  tiii'  InvailiTN,  Init  fnsii  rilnfiinc- 
mints  arriMil  fniiii  tirrniaiiy ;  tlir  1  ily  of  Aiiilri' 
ili'H  Ciaslri'  was  l^ikrn  liy  Moriii,  nil  Its  liilialilt 
ants  wtri'  lilaiii  ami  tlir  biillilin^'r'  ra/.iil  tii  tlir 
trroiinii,  Ml  that  Its  sitr  is  now  I'l.tiniy  iiiiknonn. 
From  this  piriisl  tlir  kin^iioni  of  thr  South  fiax- 
(>ni4  WHS  rslalilishril  in  thr  prreon  of  Klla;  unil 
though  rilling  only  ovir  thr  narrow  iHninilary  of 
liiislrni  .SiiMW'Ji,  hr  was  Hnrpliil  an  thr  tlr-t  of 
till'  Saxon  Itri  Iwalilas.  or  Kinprrors  of  thr  Islr  of 
Hrilaln.  Knroiirapil,  prrliaps.  Iiy  thr  pssl  till 
In^s  rit'i'lvril  from  lillii,  aiiotiirr  lianil  of  Saxons, 
coiiiMiatiili'il  liy  ('iTilir  anil  his  son  Cynrir,  lamlisl 
on  tlir  iiriifhlHiiiriii;;  sliorr,  in  thr  niiNlrrn  Ilaiiip- 
shirr  (A.  i».  41t4l  At  llrsl  thrv  iiiailr  hut  littlr 
r)roi.'rrss.  Tliry  wrrr  opposiil  liy  thr  Britons; 
iiul  (irraint,  whom  thr  Saxon  t'lironirhrg  crlr- 
Iinitr  for  Ills  iioliilily.  ami  thr  Ilritisii  lianls  ixtol 
for  his  Isaiily  anil  Valour,  was  slain  (A.  I),  .'i'll) 
Thrihath  of  Ihr  I'rinrr  of  thr  '  W.sullamls  of 
Dyfnaint.'or  Oamnonia,  may  liavr  Is'rn  nvriiLfril, 
but  till'  powrr  of  thr  Saxons  ovrrw  hrlniril  all 
opposition;  anil  Crrilli',  assisiatiii^'  liis  son  Cyn- 
rir in  thr  ilisinily.  Iki  aiiir  thr  Kiiij;  of  thr  trrri- 
tory  wliiih  hr  piinnl  L'mirr  Cynrir  anil  hi8 
son  Craiilin.  tlir  Saxons  slowly,  yrt  strailily, 
gainril  ^roiiml,  Thr  utmost  rxtrnt  of  tlirir  ilo- 
mlnions  towanls  thr  North  runnot  br  asrrrtaiiit'il ; 
but  thiy  bail  rompirrnl  tlir  town  of  liriiforii: 
anil  it  was  probably  in  ronsi'ijiiinrr  of  Ihrir  >;ro- 
yruphii'ul  pofitiou  lA.  1).  .'i71)  with  nsprrt  to  thr 
coiintrirs  of  thr  .Miihllr  uml  Eiust  Saxons,  that 
thr  namr  of  tlir  Wrst  Saxons  was  jxivrn  to  this 
(-..J.-.r,;.-  Tlw  !rii.-t  w.rtii  ^-.f  Hi;'  TliHni*--  •*« ;  ---n 
lost;  but  on  thr  south  of  that  rivwr  unil  of  the 


Hprrm.  till"  siHrriiimni  of  Crnllr.  KinK<  of  Wm 
MX,  riintlniti'il  In  rxU'iiil  llirlr  ilomlniona  Tliv 
llainpshirr  ,\vim,  wlilih  nlalna  Ha  olil  Crlth' 
iiaiiii ,  siirnlfylnK  'thr  Watrr,'  Mrma  »(  tlrat  l« 
liuvr  lain  Ihrir  laiiiiiilary  llt'toml  thia  rivrr, 
tlir  llrltiah  priuira  of  t>aniiioiiia  ntulnril  tlirir 
liiiwrr.  anil  it  wna  loni;  laforr  thr  loiintry  iia  fur 
an  thr  K\r  iNfatiir  a  Stixoii  Man  li  laml.  or  Uir- 
ilir  .Msiiit  tlir  liiiir  that  thr  Suxoiis  uiiiUrCrr 
llir  ami  ( '\  iirlr  w  rrr  Niirrrsffiilly  w  arrlnu  aifainst 
till-  Itrili'iia,  anotlirr  rolony  was  M'rti  III  rsiiiliiiMh 
il»<  If  In  Ihr  trrrlli  y  or  kinuiloin  wliiih,  from  It* 
jli'oifrapliir.'ii  |Misiiioii,  iilitaiiini  thr  namr  of  flast 
Saxiiiiy.  but  whrrriif  Ihr  illslrlrt  of  thr  Mlilill« 
Saxons,  now  Miihllrsix,  formnl  a  part  I.oiii|on, 
aa  you  hi  II  know,  ia  haallv  Ini  linlril  in  .Miililh' 
Saxony,  ami  thr  Kinns  of  ^smx,  anil  thr  otlirr 
aovrrrlifna  »  hu  afti  rwanla  aii|iiin  .1  tlir  roiintry, 
rrrtllilllv  |Mpaa»'sai'litllaIiyi'Xtrnsivr  rilflltsof  sovrr 
I  liriity  fii  till' lily  Vrl,  I  iloiibt  nun  h  whrthir 
l.i'iiilon  Was  r\rr  iiirorporatnl  In  any  AiikIo- 
Saxoii  kiiik'iloiii ;  anil  I  lliliik  wr  iiiiiat  virw  it  iia 
a  wrak,  triliiilary,  vassal  slatr,  not  vrry  wril 
abir  to  rrsist  thr  usurpations  iif  thr  aiiprriiie 
l.oril  or  Siizrralii,  .Ks<  win,  or  Knrnwinr,  who 
was  tlir  tlrat  Kini{  of  tlir  Kast  Saxonsl.V.  I>.  <>27) 
llis  son  Siriia  was  marriiil  to  Kirola,  ilau)rhti'r 
to  Kthi'ilM'rt  of  Krnt,  who  aftrrwanla  up|H'ara  us 
tlir  siiprrinr,  or  wivrri'l^rn  of  thr  rountrv  ,  iinii 
tliiiiiKli  Sliila  was  KiiiK.  yrt  Kthrllart  Jornril  In 
all  Important  arts  of  ^ovrrnnimt.  This  was  *lir 
fair  of  KsM-x  — it  Is  atyhil  a  klntfiliiii,  bii  t 
III  vrr  rnjoy  I'll  any  pnlltiral  Imli  pi  iiiii m  r,  in 
always  siibjrrt  to  tlir  KilioiiiiiiK  kinxs  ' — K.  I' 
ffravr,  Jlijit.  I'f  the  Aiii/hi  Sir'nm,  rli.  i — "1  .^ 
ilrsrints  of  [thr  Wrst  kuxiiiis|.  Crnlii'  anil  Cyn- 
rir, in  'lU.'V  nt  thr  miuilh  of  tliv  Itrlirn,  uni^  » 
frrsli  ih'sirnl  on  I'lirtrlirslrr  in  5111,  ran  havii 
lain  littlr  iiion'  than  pbimlrr  raiils;  uml  tlioiit:h 
in  AOH  a  far  niorr  srrious  rnntllit  rmlril  In  thr 
fall  of  .'i.iKNl  Hritons  uml  tlirir  rhirf,  it  was  nut 
till  ni4  that  tlir  trila'  wlnair  iiiilrr  nanir  srrms  to 
littvr  larii  that  of  thr  Urwissiia,  but  who  wrrr  to 
1m'  iniirr  » lilrly  know  n  us  tlir  Wrst  Haxoiis,  iiitu- 
ally  lunilril  witli  a  virw  to  ilrtinitr  ronipirst." — 
J.  It.  (inrn,  Tin'  M'lkiiig  of  Kiifiliiiiil.  eh.  3. — 
"Thr  (tri'atnrsii  of  Siissrx  liiil  not  last  layonil 
till'  ilaya  of  its  foiimlrr  .t:ilr,  thr  Ural  Hntwahla. 
Whatrvrr  iniportaiirr  Ksai'X,  or  Its  olTalnait,  Miil- 
illrsix,  roulil  riaim  as  lontuininK  thr  atrial  rity 
of  l.oiiilon  was  of  no  Ioiik  iluration.  Wr  siain 
tinil  Lonilou  lliii'tuatinK  iMtwrrii  thr  ronilitioo 
of  an  ImlriHiiilrnt  romnionwraltli,  ami  that  of  a 
ih'prmlrni  y  of  thr  .Mrrrian  Kinjrs.  Vrry  liillrr- 
rnl  was  thr  ilrstiny  of  thr  thinl  Saxon  KinKiloin. 
Wrssrx  lia-s  ^'rowii  into  Knciaml,  Kn^laml  into 
(irriit  Uritain.  (irrat  Hritiiin  into  tlir  I'nitril 
KinKilom,  Ihr  rniiiii  Kiniriloiu  into  tin  llritish 
Knipirr.  Kvrry  prinrrwho  has  riilril  K.. 'land 
bcforr  unil  sinir  llir  rlrvrntli  rriitury  |llir  intrr- 
vul  of  thr  nanisli  kiii^s,  Harolil,  Hon  of  (tislwinr, 
anil  William  thr  Coni|iirror,  who  wrrr  not  of  the 
Wrst  Saxon  liousr]  hii-s  had  thr  blissl  of  Crrilic 
thr  Wrst  Saxon  in  his  vrins.  At  thr  1  losr  of  the 
sixth  rrntury  Wrssrx  had  risen  to  liiL'h  iin|M)rt- 
nnrr  Hmoni;  thr  Kn^lisli  Kini:ilonis.  tiioitirh  the 
days  of  its  iirrmanrnt  suprrniary  wrrr  slill  far 
distant.  " — K  A.  Krrrnian,  Hint.  «j'  the  Xiniiuii 
t'nit(f.  tif  Enj.,  eh.  !i.  Ktet  I. 

A.  D.  547-633.— The  conquests  of  the  An- 
gles.—The  founding;  of  their  kingdoms.— 
••  N..rtbw.ir;|s  ;.f  \\,.-  Y:a^\  S.iXi.r,--,v,i-i'-tsb!!=h«l 
the   kingdom  uf  the   East  Angles,   in  which  a 


808 


ENOLANn.  A    n    947-M3. 


n*  Antif 


RNOLAXn,  A    li     »7-»t» 


t 
,1 


J 


nnrthrrn  nnil  ii  Kiiithirn  pi'onlr  (N'orthfnlc  and 
Siitlif<i|i')  wrn'  illatlntciiiKlK'M  It  I*  prolNililo 
llMt,  I  vin  ilurlnK  llic  laal  iH'rlial  nf  Ihc  Ki.ninn 
•wity.  (kniiniM  wn-  attlliil  In  Ihia  imrt  of 
Hriliiiii;  »  mililHwilliin  llml  Kuiim  iinitmlilllty 
fniili  M-vrml  iilil  Sadiii  mikiw,  whirl)  lm«i'  nfir 
lefuv  to  Yiiuit  AtiKlItt  lit  II  (Mfrioil  mitarior  to  ilii< 
roniliiK  of  il<'i<K'"'t  ■"xl  ilnrvi.  The  luml  uf  lli» 
Oyrwiu),  rontiiinliiK  l.'iiN)  lililcii  .  .  (oiiiiirliiil 
ll»'  iK'ltililHinrlnK  ninrnb  illntrlrtu  of  Kly  anil 
iliii'tlnnilonxliin'.  Hlmoat  .ix  fur  im  l.imolh.  Of 
till'  Kii»t  Anuli  t  Wi'liwn,  or  \\  iwii.  or  nuiri'  nun- 
nionly  lil>  win  I'lTii,  or  WiifTu,  rmm  whom  hln 
riirc  ili-rlviil  ilii'lr  |ii«in>n>  niir  of  rillnt{i>  or 
WiilllnifH.  In  nriiriliil  iia  ilic  tirxt  kliiit  Tlii' 
ni'iKhlNiurinK  Kta'i'S  of  Mircia  iirl^'lnutiil  In  the 
ni  irth  ilintrirlii  of  the  LInillHwari'.  or  liilmlillantii 
of  MnilM')'  (l.lniliiilir).  tlii'  norlliirn  part  of  Un- 
rolnahinv  With  Ihcw  win'  unltcil  Ilic  MMille 
AhKlia.  ThU  khiKiloni.  illvliliil  liy  the  Trent 
Into  a  norlhi'm ami  a  Miiiihini  iiortloii,  grmlually 
cuti'mlitl  liwlf  to  till-  iKirili'mof  Wnlia.  Atnonlf 
(he  utalf*  which  It  nimprlMHl  wa>  Ihi'  Utile  kinn 
iloni  of  the  llwircni.  eoiiternilniiiiii  w  ilh  the  later 
(ll<Ht'«'  of  Worct'tler,  or  the  lotinlleii  of  (ilmie)!!' 
tir.  Woneiter.  ami  a  part  of  Warwick.  TliU 
•late,  to|{ether  with  that  of  tlip  lleeaniiH,  Ixire 
the  romnion  Oernianle  appellation  of  the  laml  of 
the  M«K<'<«t'taa.  .  .  .  Theeminlry  to  the  northof 
the  lliunlar  ha<l  milTereil  the  moat  aeverily  from 
the  innatila  of  the  I'lcta  and  Hiola.  It  iH-oaniu 
at  an  early  ihtIihI  aeparateil  Into  two  llrilUh 
•talea.  the  naniea  of  whUh  weru  relalne<l  for 
wnie  renturiea.  vU. :  IVIfyr  (Deora  rire),  after- 
wiinia  Ijillni/.e<l  Into  Delra.  extending  from  the 
lltimlar  to  the  Tyne.  anil  Uerneleli  (Ileorna 
rtre).  afle.  ttarila  Ih'nihla.  from  the  Tyne  to  the 
C'lyile.  Here  aino  the  aettlenienta  of  the  German 
rari'H  ap|u'ar  anierior  to  the  dale  tllven  In  the 
common  aeeounta  of  the  tl rut  Anjrllan  kinjra  of 
thuHV  terrltoriea.  in  the  ndilille  of  the  sixth  een- 
tnry." — ,1.  M.  Lap|M'nla'rif,  Hint,  of  Knij.  timlrr 
the  An^hSiiion  hingtiTnorpr),  r.  I,  iip.  113-117, 
—The  Ihne  Anirlhm  klnRdoma  of  Norlhumlar- 
land,  Meri'la  and  Kaat  An^'lia.  "are  altoiceiher 
much  larger  than  the  ^iaxon  and  Jutish  Kin*; 
doma,  ao  you  aee  very  well  why  the  land  was 
laUol  'Kn^lanil'  and  not 'Saxony'  .  .  '.Sax- 
onia'  diKH  iKTur  now  and  then,  anil  ll  wiis  really 
an  older  name  than  '  AnKlla,' liul  ll  soon  went 
(|ulte  out  of  iiae.  .  .  Hut  wime  aay  Ihal  then' 
wen'  ellher  JutiH  or  Saxons  in  the  X'orth  of  Kni;- 
laiiil  as  wHin  or  WKincr  than  there  were  in  tlu' 
aoulu.  If  ao,  then'  la  iinolher  reason  why  the 
Scotch  Cells  US  well  iisthi'  Welsh,  call  ua  Saxons. 
It  Is  not  unlikely  thai  then'  may  have  Ih'cu  some 
amall  Saxon  or  Jutish  aettlementH  there  very 
early,  but  the  unnl  Kinplom  of  NortliumUr- 
land  wiw  certainly  fonnde<l  hy  Ida  the  MigU-  in 
'■MT.  It  is  more  likely  that  then'  were  some  Teu- 
tonic settlcmentH  there  iM'fore  him,  lieeause  ihe 
('linmicle  iUk  s  not  say  of  liini,  as  it  diM  s  of  Htii 
Kist.  Clssa  and  C'cnlic,  that  he  ciinie  into  ilic 
land  liy  the  aea,  liut  only  that  he  Ix'tran  the 
Kiniidoiu  .  .  .  You  mu,st"fully  undcr'^taml  tlm 
In  the  old  limes  Northunil>erliitid  iiicanl  tl 
whole  hiiiil  north  of  the  Ilumlwr,  nacliinc  i 
far  us  the  Flrtli  of  Forth.  It  thus  takes  in  pai 
of  what  is  now  Nolland,  includiiu;  the  city  of 
Kilinliur;:h,  that  is  Eadwineshurh.  the  lo»n  of 
the  jiniit  Northumhrian  Kinjf  Eudwine  or  Kd- 
•  i"  [IMwli.  t.f  iH-ira,  A.  I).  61?  fi:;.;j.  .  .  .  V.^u 
inu»'  not  forjiet  that  bithinn  and  all  that  part  of 


Hrotlanil  waa  |Mrt  of  NorthumlH'rland.  and  that 
the  iM'ople  there  are  n  allv  Knullah,  and  sllll 
a|N'nk  atonKUe  whh  h  haa  ilmnKeil  less  from  the 
<Md  Knuliah  than  lln'  tonitue  of  any  oIIh  r  part  of 
Knitlanil  And  Ihe  nul  Seola,  the  (liii  I  In  Ihe 
IHllhlaniU,  call  the  Lowland  Scota  '.'^ixona.' 
Jiiat  ua  much  na  Ihiy  do  (he  iHiiple  of  Kniilaiid 
Itself  Thia  Norihiinilirlun  Klnitdom  was  one  of 
the  f^reatest  Kinifdnina  in  Kntfland,  hut  It  H-iia 
often  divlileil  Into  two,  Ikornli  la  [or  Iternicla] 
and  IK'Ira,  the  lattir  of  which  anawen'd  im'tty 
IM'nrly  to  Vorki>hln'.  Tl .'  chief  city  wiia  the  ohi 
Itonian  town  of  KlHiraruni.  which  In  Old  KiiKUsh 
la  Koforwic.  and  which  we  cut  ahort  Into  Vork. 
York  waaforalonK  lime  Ihe  Krealot  town  In 
the  North  of  Knitlund.  There  an-  now  many 
othem  much  lari;er,  liiit  York  la  atlll  thi'  accond 
rlly  In  Kni;land  In  rank,  and  It  iiiw*  Ha  chief 
maKislmte  the  title  of  I,onl-.Mayor,  aa  London 
diH'a,  while  in  other  citlea  and  lowna  the  chUf 
m.  iciatnite  la  menly  the  Mayor,  without  any 
I.o'il.  .  .  The  Kri'ut  Anirllaii  KiUKdom  of  the 
Ml  relaiia.  that  la  the  Murchmen,  the  people  on 
tl>  manh  or  fnml!  r,  ai'ema  to  have  laen  the 
y  unitcsi  of  all,  and  to  have  yniwn  up  icraduallv 
liy  Jolnln){  loKctlieraeveralHinalleratatea,  Includ- 
ing all  the  land  which  the  WestSaxona  had  held 
north  of  the  Thamea,  Such  little  Irlla'a  or  stalea 
wen'  the  LInde.ifanM  and  the  (lalnaa  in  I.lncoln- 
ahln',  the  MaKcaietaa  In  Ilerefonlshire,  tin-  llwlc- 
ciia  In  Oloucester,  Worcester,  and  part  of  War- 
wick, and  aevenil  otlieni.  .  .  When  .^'ercla 
waa  fully  joined  underline  Kin^v  It  miule  one  of 
the  Krealeat  atatea  In  Knicland.  and  aome  of  the 
Mercian  KluKa  were  very  powerful  princes.  It 
wuH  chietly  an  Anglian  Kingdom,  and  the  Kinga 
were  of  an  AnKlian  atiak,  hut  among  the  llwic 
caa  and  In  aome  of  the  other  ahirea  In  southern 
and  western  Mercia,  most  of  the  iwople 
nallv  have  la-en  Saxons.  " — E.  A.  Freeman 
/,■«<//('«/)  Hint,  fur  Cliililrrn,  rh.  ,1 

A.  O.  s6o.— Ethelbcrt  bccomea  kins  of  Kent. 

A.    D.    593.— Bthelfrith    becomes    king    of 
Northumbria. 

A.  D.  W7-68S.— The  conversion  of  the  Eng- 
lish.—"It  hap|H-neil  that  certain  Saxon  chil 
dien  were  to  Ijc  sol  1  for  slaves  at  the  market- 
Iilace  at  Home ;  when  Oivine  I'rovidence.  the  great 
dmk  keeper  of  time,  onlerlng  not  only  hours, 
but  even  Instants  (Luke  II.  3S|.  to  Ids  own 
honour,  so  disposed  it.  that  Un'gory.  afterwunia 
first  bishop  of  Koine  of  that  name,  was  present 
to  Ishohl  them.  It  grieved  the  gissl  man  to  sec 
th(  ilispmiMirtion  lietwixt  the  faces  and  forliines, 
the  complexions  and  conditions,  of  thcs<>  children, 
condemned  to  a  servile  estate,  though  carrying 
lilaral  liKiks.  so  legible  was  ingenuity  in  their 
faces.  It  adilisi  more  to  his  sorniw,  when  he 
conceived  that  those  youths  wen'  twice  vassals, 
lHiui:ht  by  their  masters,  and  'sold  under  sin' 
(Hum.  vil.  U),  sirvanis  in  their  ls«lies,  and 
slaves  In  their  souls  to  Satan  ;  which  occasioned 
the  gisxl  man  to  enter  Into  further  imiuiry  with 


must 


the  merchants  (which  .set  thi'iii  to  sale)  whiit  the} 

were  anil  whence 

ensu  ng    dialogue:  — (iregory.  —  '  Whence   come 


were  and  whence  they  lanie,  aceonling  t< 


they 
I  this 


these  captives  ? '  Mercliants. — '  Fmm  the  isle  of 
Hr'tain  '  (Jregory.  — '  Are  those  islanders  Chris- 
tiansY'  Men'hants.  —  '(I  no,  they  an'  Pagans.' 
Ongory  — '  It  Is  sad  that  the  autlior  of  darkness 
should  |)os8e.sa  men  with  so  bright  faces.  But 
nh,it  ii  the  uanii  of  tin  ir  panuui.ir  naiiouT 
i  Auj: 


Merchants. — •  They  are  callctl  Augli. '     Orugory. 


809 


KNGLAND.   A.  D.  597-885. 


Chrulianily.        ENGLAND,  6TH  CENTUKY. 


—  'Anil  well  may,  fur  tlicir  "unjrcl  like  faros"; 
it  lic'comclli  sikU  to  111'  I'oliiirs  with  tlic  aiip'Is 
in  licavcn.  In  what  pniviiicc  iif  Kn;;lan(l  did 
they  livi  •;'  Mirclianls.  —  'In  Dcira.'  Gri'pnry 
— '  Tiny  ari'  tci  Ih-  frrcd  dc  Oii  ira,  "  from  the 
unirtriif  (!iid."  flow  call  ye  the  Kinj;  of  that 
rountiy  '.' '  Mcrihaiils.  —  '  Klla. '  Grccdry. — 
■Siirt'ly  hallrlujah  ouiihl  tii  1h'  siinp  in  his  kin;; 
iliiin  111  the  |>raisc  nf  that  (hid  wlio  created  all 
thiiiL's.'  Tims  (Jrcjinry's  );r!iciiins  lii'art  si't  the 
simiid  iif  every  wurd  tn  the  liini'  <it'  spirilii.'il 
jyiimiiiess.  Nor  can  his  words  he  justly  censured 
for  levity,  if  we  consi<ler  how,  in  that  iii:e,  the 
elcLMiiee  of  poetry  coiisi>ted  in  rhylhin.  and  the 
i'lo(|U(nee  of  prose  in  allusions.  And  which  was 
the  main,  whire  his  pleasant  conceits  di<l  end, 
there  hi^  pious  endeavours  heiran ;  which  did 
not  terniinate  in  a  verlial  jest,  liut  prmluee  real 
elTccts,  which  ensued  hereupon." — Thomas  Ful- 
ler, T/ir  Cluir.-li  Ithliirii  „f  lliil:lin.  hk.  i.  nrt. 
1. —  til  -"ilto  the  ii:ood  (ire^rory  became  IJishop 
of  Home,  or  I'ope,  and  si.\  years  later,  still  re- 
tainim.'  the  interest  awakened  in  him  liy  the 
captive  I'.nirlish  youth,  he  dispatched  a  band  of 
missionary  monks  to  lirilain,  with  their  prior, 
Augustine,  ,'it  their  head.  Once  they  turned 
back,  afTri','hted  by  what  tliey  heard  of  the 
ferocity  of  the  new  heathen  posses.sors  of  the 
(ince  Christian  island  of  Hritaiu;  but  (irij;ory 
laid  his  coiniiiands  upon  them  a^'ain.  and  in  the 
sprin!»of  ."I'.IT  thevirossed  tin  channel  from  (ianl, 
lauding;  at  Khlistlei't,  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  where 
the  .lutish  invaders  had  made  their  first  laud- 
inir.  a  cenlnry  and  a  hidf  Infore.  They  found 
Etlielliert  of  Kent,  the  nio.st  powerful  of  the 
Kiii;lish  kind's  at  that  time,  already  prepared  to 
receive  them  with  tolerance,  if  not  with  favor, 
throuirh    the    iiitluenee   of    a   Christian    wife  — 


queen  lierllia.  ol  tile  I 

The  conversion  .iiid  lii 


liiiptism  of  the  Kintish  kinjr 
and  court,  and  the  acc('|ilaiice  of  the  new  faith 
by  irreat  numhiTsof  the  people  folhiwed  (piickly. 
In  Novemher  of  the  same  year.  ,"ilt7.  Autxustine 
returned  to  tiaiil  to  receive  his  consecration  as 
"  Arclilii^hop  of  the  Kiiirlisli."  establishini:  the 
See  of  C:inii  rliury,  with  the  primacy  wliieh  has 
remained  in  it  to  the  present  day.  The  Kast 
Ha.\ons  Were  the  ne.\t  to  bow  to  the  <-ross  and  in 
6(M  a  bishop.  Mellilus.  was  sent  to  London. 
This  eiidi'd  .Vuu'usliiie's  work — and  tJrcL'ory's  — 
for  lioth  died  lliat  yen  Then  followed  ail  in- 
terval of  little  proLfi'  ~>  in  the  work  of  the  mis- 
sion, and.  afterwards,  a  re.iction  towards  iilolatry 
which  threatened  to  de-troy  it  altoirether.  liiit 
just  at  ihis  lime  of  diseoura;:ement  in  the  south, 
a  jireat  lriuiii|ih  of  Chri-liaiiily  w:is  bron!,'ht 
about  in  Norlhumberlaiid.  .uid  due,  there,  as  in 
Kent,  to  the  inllui  nee  of  a  Christian  'pieen. 
Kdwiii.  Ilie  kiiiL'.  witli  manv  of  his  nobles  and 

his  I pir,  were  bapliM.I    .11'  Kasler  I'.ve,  A    I). 

(i'J7.  aid  a  new  (enter  of  1,  '  -ioiiary  work  .as 
cslalili  lied  al  York,  There,  too.  an  appallini: 
nver-e  oreuri'id,  when  Northiiiulierland  was 
in.  rniii.  ill  ii:j:i.  by  I'l  iida.  tl.e  heathen  kimx  of 
Meieia  ,  but  the  kin^''loin  rallied,  and  tile  Chris- 
tian Cliiinh  was  rel'-t.ibli-luii.  not  wholly,  as  be- 
fore, under  the  palroriai;c'  and  rule  of  Uome.  but 
p.irtl>  I'v  ,1  mi"i,ti  tr,an  tie  am  lent  Crltie 
Cbiiii  h.  which  did  not  aeUiMwIedLTe  the  suprem- 
acy of  jioiiie.  In  the  euil,  however,  the  lionian 
forms  ol  cliristiaiiiiy  jirevailed.  tliroiiirhoiit 
lirilain,  as  elsew  here  in  western  I-airope,  Itefore 
the  end  of  the  7th  century  the  religion  of  the 


C'roso  was  cstahlislied  flmily  in  all  parts  nf  the 
island,  the  Houtli  Saxons  iHini;  the  latest  to  rr- 
reive  it.  In  the  Hth  century  Kn^lisli  niissioimrics 
weTe  lalMirini;  zealously  for  the  conversion  of 
their  Sa.xon  and  Frisian  brethren  on  the  con- 
tinent.— (J.  F.  Maclear,  ('inwrin'oH  nf  the  Wt'tt  : 
Thi'  EnfjUnh. 

Al.8<)  IN:  The  Yenerable  liede,  Ki-flii-i^mtiotl 
Iliittory. — II,  Sonnies,  Tlif  AtujI'*  Sixmt  Churrh. 
—  It.  C.  .lenkins.  ('iintir'niri/,  eh.  i. 

End  of  the  6th  Century.— The  extent,  the 
limits  and  the  character  of  the  Teutonic  con- 
auest. —  "  Hefore  the  end  of  the  (ilh  century  the 
Tentonie  eloiniiiion  Btretched  from  the  (ii-rman 
ocean  to  the  Severn,  and  from  the  Kn.i^lish  Chan- 
nel to  tin'  Firth  of  Forth.  The  northern  part  of 
the  island  was  still  helil  by  I'letsand  Scots,  Celtic 
tribes,  whose  exact  ethnual  relation  to  each 
other  hardly  concerns  lis.  And  the  wholi'  west 
side  of  the  island,  inclndiiii;  not  only  niodern 
Wales,  but  the  jjreat  Kingdom  of  Stratliclyde, 
stretchiiia:  from  I>unibarton  to  Chester,  and  the 
L'reat  peninsula  eontaininit  Cornwall,  Devon  ami 
part  of  Somerset,  was  still  in  the  hands  of  imle- 
pendent  Hritoiis.  Tin'  strnufjle  liaii  been  a  long 
and  severe  one,  and  the  natives  often  retaineil 
possession  of  a  defensible  district  lon^  after  the 
surroiiinlinK  country  had  been  orcupied  by  the 
invaders.  It  is  tlierefore  probable  that,  at  the 
end  nf  the  Otii  centiirv  a  id  even  later,  there  may 
have  Im'cii  .vitliin  the  kusilish  frontiir  in,'ncessibl(! 
jioints  where  detached  bislies  of  Welshmen  still 
retained  a  precarious  independence.  It  is  proba- 
ble also  that,  within  the  same  frontier,  there  still 
were  Unman  towns,  tributary  to  the  ooniiuerors 
rather  than  occupied  by  them.  Hut  iiy  the  end 
of  the  6tli  century  even  these  exceptions  must 
have  iM'cn  few.  The  work  of  the  Conijuest,  as  a 
whole,  was  accomplished.  The  Teutonic  settlers 
liaileie-eupieel  by  far  the'  (iriater  part  eif  the  tirri- 
tory  wliieli  they  eveT  were,  in  the'  strictest  se'nse', 
to  eicrupy.  1*he'  i'einipK'te  supre'iiiacy  of  the 
island  was  vet  to  lie  wem;  but  that  was  to  be' 
won,  when  it  wa.s  won,  by  epiite  aneither  process. 
The  Kn:;lisli  Ceiiniue^st  e)f  lirilain  elitrered  in  sev- 
eral imiMirtant  re'spee'ts  from  every  otiie'r  se'ttle- 
nient  of  n  Teutemic  pe.-ple  within  the'  limits  of 
the  Human  Empire.  .  .  .  ThouL'h  the  literal  ex- 
tirpation of  a  nation  is  an  impossibility,  there'  is 
every  re'ikson  to  believe'  that  the  Celtic  inhabitants 
eif  those  parts  of  liritain  whieh  had  become 
Lnulish  at  the  (ilh  eentury  hael  Iwen  as  nearly 
extirpate'd  as  a  nation  can  be.  The  women  wiaild 
iloubtle'ss  be  larjii'ly  spare'd,  but  as  far  as  the  male 
.sex  is  e'line-e-rni  d.  we  may  fi'el  sure  that  ele.ith, 
einiirration  or  personal  slavery  were'  the  einly 
alte'rnalivis  which  the'  van',nislied  found  at  the 
hands  of  our  fathers.  The  nature' eif  the'  small 
Celtic  e'leinent  in  our  lani.'uai;e  would  of  itsi'lf 
prove'  the  fait.  Nearly  e-vcry  Welsh  word  whie-li 
has  found  its  way  inio  Knirlish  e'\prev-cs  some 
small  domestic  lii.itti  r,  such  as  woiin  n  ami  slaves 
Would  111'  eoiiii  Tiled  with." — V.  A.  Fn -'iian, 
IIiKt.  •■fth,  \.irtii,iit  Coiifi'h^t  ■■!■  l-:„:i..  ell.  2,  '•et 
1.  —  "A  jrlane-e' at  the'  map  shows  that  the  mass 
of  the-  local  iionn-uclalure  of  l-aiuland  bi-L:iiis 
with  the  Teutonic  e,iniiui".t.  while  the  ma.-s  of 
till-  loe.il  tiKiiu  IH  latiirr  of  I'r.iie  i  is  oKh  r  Iii.iii 
the  Te'UIonir  eonipii  --1.  .\iid.  if  we  turn  from 
the  ii.imis  on  the'  map  to  the  liviiii;  speech  of 
inin.  there  is  tin'  nmst  obvious.  Imt  the  most  iin 
porlaiil.  of  all  fai'ts.  the  fact  that  Knirlishmen 
spe'ak  KiiKlish  and  that  Frenchmen  speak  French. 


810 


ENGLAND.  6Tn  CENTL'HY. 


TKeConqumt. 


ENGLAND,  A.  D.  6.M. 


Tlmt  1»  to  Biiy,  in  Gaul  the  Rpeoch  of  Homp  lived 
tliroiiKli  tlie  Teutonic  cniiquest,  wliilr  in  Britain 
it  piTislied  In  tlie  Teutonic  confuicst.  if  it  liail 
not  piisserl  away  iH^fore.  And  Ik  uind  tliin  is  tlie 
fact,  very  niuiii  less  obvioim,  a  >,'ixxl  deal  less 
important,  hut  still  very  importjint,  lliat  in  Gaul 
tongues  oIiUt  than  I.arin  live  on  only  in  eorners 
as-  re  survivals,  while'  in  Britain,  while  l.alin 
ha  Iterly  vanished,  a  tongue  older  than  Latin 
still  lives  on  as  the  eoniinon  speech  of  an  apprc- 
cialili'  part  of  the  lanil.  Here  then  is  the  final 
result  o|ien  to  our  own  eyes.  And  if  is  a  tinal 
result  which  could  not  have  come  to  ]mss  imless 
the  Teutonic  compicst  of  Britain  had  lieeu  sonic- 
thinj;  of  an  utterly  dilTerent  character  from  the 
Teutonic  coni|uest  of  Gaul— unless  the  amount  (.f 
change,  of  destruction,  of  havin' of  everv  kind, 
alxiveall,  of  slauirhtcr  and  driving  out  of  the  ex- 
isting inhahitants.  had  liei  n  fargreiiter  in  Britain 
than  it  was  in  Gaul,  If  the  Amrles  and  Saxons  in 
Britain  had  been  oidy  as  the  Goths  in  Spain,  or 
even  as  the  Franks  "in  Gaul,  it  is  incoi.ceivalile 
that  the  final  results  should  have  lii'cn  s.i  utterly 
dilTerent  in  the  two  <'ases.  Then'  is  the  plain 
fact:  Gaul  remained  a  Latin  speaking  laud;  Kng- 
land  iMcamc  a  Teuti>nics|K'aking  laiiil.  The  oh- 
vious  inference  is  that,  while  in  Gaul  the  Teu- 
tonic coii(|Uest  led  to  no  general  displacement  of 
the  inhahitants,  in  England  it  did  lead  to  such  a 
general  displacement.  In  Gaid  the  Franks  simply 
settled  among  a  subject  people,  among  whom 
they  fhemsi'lves  were  gradually  merged;  in 
Britain  the  Angles  and  Saxons  slew  or  <irove  out 

the  1 pic  whom  they  founil  in  tlie  hind,  and 

settled  it  again  as  a  new  people." —  E.  A.  Frei- 
man,  77.,-  A'/if/^Vi  7V-<;,/c  in  iLi  Tin;,  J/„i,„.i 
(Urliirin  ti>  Anien'oin  Anduiicn).  pp.  11-1-11."). — 
"Almost  to  the  clo.se  of  the  Oth  centurv  the 
English  conquest  of  Britain  was  a  sheer  dispos- 
ses.sion  of  the  coniiuered  people;  and.  so  far  as 
tlie  English  sword  in  these  earlier  davs  reached. 
Drilain  became  Ent'laiid,  a  land,  that  is,  not  of 
Britons,  but  of  Englishmen.  There  is  no  need 
to  helieve  that  the  clearing  of  the  land  meant  the 
general  slaughter  of  the  men  who  lielil  it,  or  to 
account  for  such  a  slaughter  liv  supposed  dilTcr- 
ences  between  the  temper  of'  the  English  and 
those  of  other  coni|ueror^  .  .  .  The  liisplace- 
ment  of  the  coniiuered  people  was  onlv  made 
m)ssilile  by  their  own  stuhliorn  resistance,  and 

by  the  slow  progress  of  the  ( pierors  in  the 

teeth  of  it.    Slaughter  no  doubt  flare  w.is  on  the 
battlefield  or  in  towns  like  Anderiiia,  whose  long 
defence  weike  wrath  in  their  besiegers.     But  for 
the    iiiost   part    the    Britons   cannot    liave   been 
slaughtered;    they    were    siniplv    defeated    and 
drew  iiack."— .1.  |{.  (ireeii.  77,,"  M.diii'j  uf  Kii'i- 
lam!,  eh.  4._The  view  .stronL'lv  staled  aliove,  as 
to  the  minpleteness  of  the  enispire  of  Homano- 
Brilisli  society  ami  inllueiiee  from  the  whole  of 
England    exeepf    its    soulliwesleni    and    north- 
western  enunlies.    by   the    English  ii.n(|Uest,    is 
eiMiibated  as  sirori;:ly  by  another  Ics  pr.iniiiieril 
school  of   ri'cent  bi-lorians.  n  pnsenled.  for  ex- 
ample, by  .Mr.  Henry  C.  footc  (Tli,-  l;„m,ni>  ,J 
Hnt.iiia  and    In    .Mr.  Charles  II.    Pearson,   who   | 
says:    "We  know   that   fugitives   from   iiritain   j 
settled  largely  during  the  ."illi  c(  iiturv  in  Ainim     I 
lea  and  in  Irelaml;  and  we  mav  periiaps  aeivpt 
the  hirencl  of  St.  I'rsula  as  proof  that  tlie  |lii.r|it.    ' 
in  soiui-  instances,  was  directed  to  tlie  nmre  civil-    I 
ued  parts  of  the  continent.     But  even  ihi'  pious   i 
Btory  of  the  1I,(K)0  virgins  is  sober  and  credible   I 


by  the  side  of  that  history  which  assumes  that 
some  million  men  and  women  witc  slaughtered 
or  made  homeless  by  a  few  ship-loads  of  con- 
querors."—(',  H.  Pearson,  Hint,  if  Eii^.  during 
the  Emlji  and  .\fiddlf  A;ic,  r.  1,  c/i.'B.— The 
opinhm  niainfaineil  by  I'rof.  Freeman  and  .Mr. 
Green  (and.  no  less,  by  Dr.  Stubbs)  is  the  now 
generally  ii-cepted  ime. 

7th  Century.— The  so-called  "  Heptarchy." 
—  "The  old  iiofion  of  an  lleplarcliy,  of  a  regu- 
lar .system  of  seven  Kingdoms,  united  under  the 
regular  supremacy  of  a  »iiii;le  over-lord,  is  a 
di-eain  whicii  has  jia-ssi'd  away  before  the  light  of 
historic  criticism.  The  English  Kingdoms  in 
Britain  were  ever  tluetuating.  alike  in  their 
number  and  in  their  relations  to  one  another. 
Thi!  number  of  perfectly  indepeialent  states  wiis 
sometimes  greater  and ',soiiietinies  less  than  the 
mystical  seven,  and,  till  the  beginning  of  the 
ninth  century,  the  whole  natioir  did  not  ailmit 
flic  regular  supremacy  of  anv  fixed  and  per- 
manent over-hird.  Yet  if  is  no  less  certain  that, 
among  the  mass  of  smaMcr  and  more  ob.s<iire 
principalities,  seven  Kingdoms  do  stand  out  in  a 
marked  way,  .seven  Kingiiimis  of  which  it  is 
possible  to  recover  soniefiiing  like  a  continuous 
history,  seven  Kingdoms  which  alone  supiilied 
candidatisforthe  dominion  of  the  whole  island." 
The.s»-  st'ven  kingdoms  were  Kent.  Sussex,  Essex, 
\Ves.s(  X,  East  Anglia,  Norfhuniberland  and  .Mer- 
cia.— E.  A.  Freeman,  Hint,  of  tin:  Sorman  Cnnij. 
if  Kn;/.,  rli.  2.  —  "  After  the  territorial  boundaries 
had  become  more  .settled,  there  appeared  at  the 
commeiK-emeiif  of  the  seventh  centurv  seven  or 
eiglit  greater  and  .smaller  kingdoms.  . ".  .  Histo- 
rians have  described  tliis  condition  of  things  as 
the  Heptarchy,  disregarding  the  early  disapjiear- 
aiiee  of  Susm'X,  and  the  existence  of  still  smaller 
kingdoms.  But  this  grouping  was  neither  based 
upon  eipiality,  nor  destined  to  last  for  anv 
length  of  time.  It  nas  the  common  interest  o"f 
these  smaller  states  to  witlisfand  the  sudden  and 
often  dangerous  inviusions  of  their  western  and 
northern  neighlmurs;  and.  accordingly,  which- 
ever king  was  capable  of  successfully  combating 
the  common  foe.  acquired  for  the  time  a  certain 
supirior  rank,  which  some  historians  denote  by 
the  title  of  Bretwalda.  By  this  name  can  only 
be  understcMid  an  actual  and  recognized  tempo- 
rary superiority  ;  llrst  a.serilx'd  to  .Ella  of  Su.ssex, 
and  later  pa.ssing  to  Xorthumbria,  until  Wessex 
finally  attains  a  real  ;>nd  Listing  supremacy.  It 
was  geographical  position  wliielnleterniined  these 
relations  of  superiority.  The  small  kingdoms  in 
the  west  were  shiehh'd  by  the  greater  ones  of 
Nortliumberl.iiid,  .Mercia  and  Wes-sex.  as  though 
by  crescent  sh.iped  forelands — which  in  their 
struggles  with  the  Welsh  kingdimis.  with  Stratli- 
( lycU-  and  Cumbria,  with  I'iefs  anil  Scots,  were 
continually  in  a  slate  of  martial  activitv.  And 
so  tlie  smaller  western  kingdoms  followed  the 
threi' w.irlikeones;  .iinl  roiinO  tlie.'-e  Aiil'Io  Saxmi 
hi.story  revo'ves  for  two  whole  centuries,  uniil  in 
Wessex  we  find  a  eombiiialion  of  most  of  liie 
(■..iiditi- ins  which  are  necessarv  to  the  e.xisieiuv  of 
a  great  Si;ite."—I{.  Gueist.  ili.it.  if  tin  En-i.  f„„. 

nlililti,-:!.  rh.  3. 

A.  D.  617,— Edwin  becomes  king  of  North- 
umbria. 

A.  D.  634.— Oswald  becomes  king  of  North- 
umbria. 

A.  D.  655.— Oswi  becomes  king  of  Northum- 
bria. 


811 


ENGLAND,  A.  D.  670. 


TV  Dane$. 


ENGLAND,  A.  D.  885-880. 


A.  D.  670.— Egfrith  becomei  king  of  North- 
umbria. 

A.  D.  688.— Ini  becomes  king  of  the  Weit 
Saxons. 

A.  D.  716.  —  Etbelbald  becomes  king  of 
Mercia. 

A.  D.  758.— Offa  becomes  kinr  of  Mercia. 

A.  D.  794.— Cenwulfbecomesking  of  Mercia. 

A.  D.  800.— Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 
king  Ecgberht. 

A.  D.  800-836.— The  supremacy  of  Wessex. 
—The  first  king  of  all  the  English.-"  And  iimv 
I  have  ooiiif  t(i  tlie  rcisn  of  Kcj^litrht,  tlii'  trrciit 
Bntwaldu.  Uv  was  an  .tthcliii;; of  the  bl(Hi<l  of 
(Vrilic,  and  lie  is  said  to  have  iK'cn  tlie  son  of 
Ealliintinil.  and  Eallimund  is  said  to  havi!  iN'in 
an  I'lidcr  kint;  of  K'nt.  For  the  old  line  of  the 
Kinirs  of  Ki'nt  liad  conie  to  an  end  and  Kent  was 
now  soinelinics  under  Wessex  and  sometimes 
wn<ler  .Mereia  .  .  .  When  lleorhtric  diecl  in  800, 
he  [Ee);l«'rht]  was  rhosi^n  Kinj;  of  the  West- 
Saxons.  He  reiiined  until  H*l,  and  in  that  time 
he  hrouiiht  all  the  En;;lish  Kingdoms,  and  tlie 
jtreater  part  of  Britain,  more  or  less  under  his 
power.  The  southern  part  of  the  island,  all 
Kent.  Sussex,  and  Essex,  he  joined  on  to  his  own 
Kin<;ilom,  and  sia  his  sons  or  other  .^fithelintrs  to 
rciijn  oviT  tliem  as  his  I'nder-kinjrs.  But  Nor- 
thumberland, Jfereia,  and  East-Anclia  were  not 
lirouiilit  so  completely  under  his  power  as  this. 
Their  Kini,'s  suhmittinl  to  Eej;l>erlit  and  arknowl- 
edtfeil  him  as  tlieir  over  loni,  but  tliey  went  on 
reifinin!.'  in  their  own  Kiniidonis,  and  as-semblini; 
their  own  Wise  .Men,  just  as  they  did  before. 
They  became  what  in  after  times  was  calltil  his 
'vassils,'  what  in  English  was  called  Iwing  his 
'men.'.  .  ,  Besides  the  English  Kinirs,  Ecgiu'rlit 
brought  the  Welsh,  both  in  W.nles  and  in  Corn- 
wall, more  completely  undir  his  power.  ...  So 
King  Ecgberht  w;is  l".onl  fmm  the  Irish  Sea  to 
the  Cierman  Ocean,  and  from  the  English  Chan- 
nel to  the  Firth  of  Forth.  So  it  is  not  wonderful 
if,  in  his  1  barters,  he  not  only  <alliil  himself  King 
of  the  Wist  Saxons  or  King  of  the  West-Saxons 
and  Kentishm.-n,  bin  sometimes  '  Hex  .\nclonim.' 
or  'King  of  the  English.'  But  amidst  all  this 
glory  there  were  siirns  of  irreat  evils  at  hand. 
The  Danes  came  several  times."— E.  A.  Free- 
man, (Ihl  HiiiiUiih  IIM.  fnr  V/iililiYii.  eh.  ". 

A,  D.  836.— Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 
king  Ethelwulf. 

A.  D.  855-880.— Conquests  and  settlements 
of  the  Danes.  -The  heroic  struggle  of  Alfred 
the  Great.— The  "Peace  of  Wedmore"  and 
the  "  Danelaw."— King  Alfred's  character  and 
reign. — "The  DaniNli  inva.sionsof  Eiighmd  .  .  . 
f.ill  natunilly  into  three  jieriods,  each  of  which 
tinils  its  piinllel  in  tlieci>urseof  the  Englisli  Con- 
<iuist  of  Britain.   .  .  .  We  first   find  a   pcrio.1  in 


whidi    the 


I'f  of  the  invaders  seems  to  be 
siiniile  plunder.  Tliev  \:nv\.  Iliev  liarrv  the  coun- 
try, tliey  liirhl.  if  necil  be,  to  se'i'ure  tiieir  iMHitv, 
but  whiihrr  defeaied  or  viciorious,  they  equally 
return  lo  liii  ir  ships,  and  sail  awav  witli  wha't 
Ihey  have  L'lilhered.  This  period 'includes  the 
lime  from  the  lir.t  rei'onled  invasion  |.\.  I).  7M7| 
till  the  latter  liulf  of  the  ninth  century.  Next 
ccitiii  s  a  liiiii'  in  which  the  objeit  of  the  .Ndrth- 
mi  M  is  elcarlv  no  loiiircr  mere  plunder,  but  si'ttle- 
ment.  .  .  .  In  till' niirnof  .t:thclwulf  thesonof 
KcglM'rht  it  is  recorded  tiiat  tlie  hi:itlien  men 
wintered  for  tlii'  \\r>\  time  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey 
[A.  I).  8.5.'5].     This  marks  the  tnin^iijou  frjui  the 


first  to  the  second  period  of  their  inraslnng.  .  . 
It  was  not  however  till  about  eleven  years  from 
this  time  that  the  settlement  actually  l)rgan. 
Jleunwhilc  the  sceptre  of  the  West-Sttxons  passed 
from  one  hand  to  another.  .  .  .  Four  sons  of 
-•Ethelwulf  reigned  In  succession,  and  the  reigns 
of  the  first  three  among  them  [Ethelbaht,  A.  I). 
8,')8,  Ethelberht,  860,  Ethelred,  86«]  make  up  to- 
gether only  thirteen  years.  I.i  the  reigu  of  the 
third  of  these  princes,  .fitheln'd  I.,  the  second 
periixl  of  the  inva.si<ma  fairly  iK'gins.  Five  years 
were  spent  by  the  Northmen  In  ravaging  an(I  con- 
<iuering  the  tributary  Kingdoms.  Northuml)er- 
lanil,  still  disputed  between  rival  Kings,  fell  an 
easy  prev  [867-869],  and  one  or  two  puppet 
princes  did  not  st-rtiplc  to  receive  a  tributary 
crown  at  the  hands  of  the  heathen  Invaders,  They 
next  entered  Mercia  [868],  they  seized  Notting- 
ham, and  the  West-Saxon  King  hastening  to  the 
n'lief  of  his  vassals,  was  unable  to  dislodge  them 
from  that  stronghold.  East  Anglia  wascompletely 
concjuercd  [860-870]  and  lU  King  Eodniund  died 
a  martyr.  At  last  the  full  storm  of  invasion 
burst  upon  Wcss«'X  itself  [871],  King  .iEthelred, 
the  iii.it  of  a  long  line  of  West-Saxon  hero- Kings, 
supported  by  his  gn'atcr  brother  vElfred  [Alfred 
the  Or-  at]  met  the  invaders  In  battle  after  battle 
with  ■  iried  success.  He  died  and  Alfred  suc- 
ceei  ,  in  the  thick  of  the  struggle.  In  this  year 
[H'lil,  tlic  last  of  .^thelrcil  and  the  first  of 
-•Elfred,  nine  pitched  battles,  besides  smaller  en- 
gagements, were  fought  with  the  heathens  on 
West -Saxon  ground.  At  last  peace  was  made; 
the  Northmen  retri'ated  to  London,  within  the 
Mercian  frontier;  Wessex  was  for  the  moment 
delivered,  but  the  supremacy  won  by  Ecgberht 
was  lo.st.  For  a  few  years  Wessex  was  subjected 
to  nothing  more  than  temporary  incursions,  but 
NorthumlK'rland  and  part  of  Mercia  were  svstem- 
aliciilly  occupied  by  the  Northmen,  and  tlic  land 
was  divided  amimg'theni.  .  .  .  At  last  the  North- 
men, now  settled  in  n  large  part  of  the  island, 
made  a  second  attempt  to  add  Wessex  Itself  to 
their  posscssums  [878],  For  a  moment  the  land 
seemed  eonquerecf ;  Alfred  himself  lay  hid  In  the 
marshes  of  Somersetshire ;  men  might  well  deem 
that  the  Empire  of  Ecgberht  and  the  Kingdom  of 
Ccrdic  itself,  had  vanished  for  ever.  But  the 
strong  heart  of  the  most  renowned  of  Englishmen, 
the  .saint,  the  scholar,  the  hero,  and  the  law^givcr, 
carried  his  people  safely  through  this  most  terri- 
ble of  dangers.  Within  the  same  year  the  Dragon 
<if  Wcs.sex  was  again  victorious  [at  the  battle  of 
Kthandun,  or  Ellington],  anil  the  Northmen  were 
driven  to  conclude  ,1  peace  which  Englishmen, 
fifty  years  sooner,  would  have  deemed  the  lowest 
depth  of  dcgn.dation,  but  «  hich  might  now  be 
fairly  liHiked  upon  as  honourable  and  even  as 
triumphant.  By  the  terms  :)f  the  Peace  of  Wed- 
more  the  Northmen  were  to  evacuate  Wessex  and 
the  ptirt  of  .Mercia  south  west  of  Watling  Strt'et; 
they,  oral  leasl  tlieir  cliicfs,  were  to  submit  to 
biiiitism,  and  they  were  to  receive  the  whole  land 
beyond  Walling'Strect  as  va-ssals  of  the  West- 
Saxon  King.  .  .  .  The  exact  boundary  started 
from  the  Thames,  along  the  Lea  to  its  source, 
then  right  to  Bedford  and  along  the  Ouse  till  it 
meets  Watling  Street,  then  alimg  Watling  Street 
to  the  Welsli  bordir.  Sec  '.iCIfred  and  Uuthrum's 
Peace,'  Thorpe's  '  Laws  and  Institutes,'  i.  152. 
This  frontier  gives  Lomhm  to  the  English;  but  it 
seems  tliat  .Elfn'd  did  not  obtain  full  possession 
of  London  till  88«. "    The  territory  thus  r.-nceded 


811 


ENGLAND,  A.  I>.  8,55-880.       Alfn4  tht  Onat.       ENGLAND,  A.  D.  855-880 


to  tlie  Danoii,  wlilcli  incliuli'd  all   nnrtlicostcrn 
Engliind  from  tlic  Tlmmt'S  to  the  Tyne,   wiig 
thi-nccfortli  known  liv  llif  name  of  the  Uanclttgli 
or  iMnelaw.  signifying  the  country  snhjuct  to 
the  law  of  the  l)an<«.     Tlie  Pence  of  Wcdmorc 
ended  the  second  pericKl  of  the  Danish  invasions. 
Tlie  third  pericHl,  which  was  not  opened  until  a 
full  century  luler,  enihniced  the  actual  conquest 
of  the  whole  of  Kntflar/d  liv  a  Danish  king  and  its 
temporary  annexation   to  the  dominions  of  the 
Daidsh  crown.— E.  A.  Freeman,  Hint,  of  tlie  Xur- 
man  Cmiq.  nf  Ewj.,  eh.  2,  itith  fmit-wt'  —"Nhw 
that  peace  was  restoreil,  and  tlie  Danesdriven  out 
of  his  dcMiiains,  it  remiiiiied  to  he  si-en  whether 
Alfred  w.i.s  as  g(HKl  a  ruler  as  he  was  a  soldier 
.  .  .  What  did  lie  8<'e  ?    The  towns,  even  London 
itself,  i)illaj;ed.  ruined,  or  burnt  down;  the  mon- 
a-steries  destroyed;  the  pe<iple  wild  and  lawless; 
Ignorance,  roughness.  insc(urity  every  where.    It 
is  almost  incredilile  with  what  a  brave  heart  he 
set  himself  to  repair  all  this;  how  his  great  and 
noble  aims  were  still  iH'fore  liirn;  how  hard  he 
strove,  and  how  much  he  achieved.     First  of  all 
he  Slims  to  have  sought  for  helpers.     Like  most 
clever  men,  he  was  giMai  at  reading  cliaracters. 
He  8<Hin  saw  who  would  iic  true,   hiave   wise 
friends,  and  he  C"llecteil  thesi'  anmnd  liim.    Some 
of  Iheni  he  fetched  from  over  the  .sea,  from  France 
and  (fenuany:  our  friend  Asscr  from  Wales  or 
as  he  (alls  his  country,  •Western  Britain,'  w'lille 
."-'■',""'•.  '"'  '"'"^  '  Wa.xony.'    lie  savs  he  first  saw 
Alfred  '  in  a  royal  vill,  which  is  called  Dene  '  in 
isussex.     'lie  reieiveil    me   wiih  kiial.iess,    and 
askeil  me  eagerly  to  devote  mv.self  to  his  .service 
and  iMcome  his  friend ;  to  leave  evervlliin  ■'  n  hii  li 
1  possessed  on  tl,e  left  m-  western"  bar  li  of  the 
Sever-   and         ...sed  that  he  would  give  more 
tlianane(|u  „t  f,,r  it  in  his  own  dnninions. 

1  replied  til  .uld  n„t  lashlv  ami  ineautiously 

proiiiisi' suel,      lags;  f.ir  it  seemed  to  be  unjust 
that  lsli<mldl,a\e  those  »:ier(il  places  in  which 
J  had  larii  bred,  educateil,  crowned,  and  ordained 
for  the  sake  of  any  eirthly  honour  and  power 
unless  upon  compulsinn.      I'poii  this  he  said    "  If 
you  cannot  accede  to  this,  at  least  h  t  me  "have 
your  service  in  part;  spend  .si.x  months  of   the 
year  with  me  lure,   and  the  other  si.x   nioiitlis 
in  Bntaiii   ' '    And  to  this  after  a  lime  Assercon- 
sc;nted.    \\  hat  were  the  princip.il  tilings  he  turned 
us  mmd  to  after  providing  f„r  the  def.ncc  of  his 
kingdom,  and  colleciing  his  friends  an.l  counsel- 
lorsaboutlum?    Law  — ju.stiee  — religion  — edu- 
cation.    He  collected  and  studied  the  old  laws  of 
us  nation;  what  ho  th.mght  go<Kl  he  kept,  what 
lie  dusapproved  he  left  out.     He  adili d  others 
espeei.illy  the  ten  eoinniandmcnts  anil  some  other 
parts  of  the  law  of  Moses.     Then  he  lai.l   them 
all  iKforc  Ins  Witan,  or  wise  men,  and  with  their 
approval  published  them.   .  .   .  The  .itale  of  jus- 
tice Ml  Lngland  was  dreadful  at  this  time 
A  fnd  s  way  of  curing  this  was  bv  iniiuiiing  into 
all  cases,  as  far  as  lie  possibly  couid.  himsell-  and 
Asser  says  he  did  this  ' especially  fur  tlie  sake  of 
the  i««ir,  to  whose  interest,  day  and  niglit    he  ever 
was  wonderfully  attintive;  f.ir  in  the  whide  king- 
■lom  the  poor,  besides  him,   had  few  „r  no  iiro- 
teclors.'.   .  .   When  he  f<mnil!ba!  the  iiid'.  shad 
made  mistakes  Ilirough    ignorance,  he  rebuked 
them,  and  t..ld  tl„.„i  ,|„,v  ,„„^,  either  grow  wiser 
or  give  up  their  posts:  and  soon  the  old  carls  and 
other  judges,  who  had  been  unlearned  from  their 
cradles,  began  to  study  diligently.  .   .   .   I-\ir  re- 
viv.ng  iiiid  spa-udiug  rciigion  «m"o„g  i,i,  people 


he  u.seil  the  best  means  that  he  knew  of;  that  fa, 
lie  founded   new   monasteries  and   restored  old 
ones,  and  did  his  utmost  to  get  good  bishops  and 
clergymen.     For  his  own  part,  he  strove  to  prac- 
tise In  all  ways  what  he  taught  to  others. 
Education  was  in  a  still  worse'  condition  tliaa 
everything  else,   ...  All  the  seli,«d»  had  been 
broken  up.     Alfred  s-ays  that  when  he  began  to 
nign  there  were  very  few  clergymen  south  of  the 
number  who  could  even  uuderstiind  the  Prayer- 
b<M)k.     (That  was  still  in  Latin,  as  tiie  Homan 
missionaries  liad  brought  it.)    And  south  of  tho 
Thames  he  could  not  remcmlicr  one.     His  first 
care  was  to  get  iMlter  educated  clergy  and  bish- 
ops.    And  next  to  get  the  hiymen  taught  also. 
.  .   .   He    founded   monasteries  and  schools,  and 
restored  the  old  ones  wliieh  had  been  ruiiieil.    He 
had  a  schiHiI  in  his  court  for  his  oh  n  cliildrcn  and 
the  chddien  of  his  nobles.     But  at  the  very  out- 
set a  most  serious  dilllcultv  confronted  Alfred 
W  here  was  he  to  g.a  bo,)ks  ?    At  this  time,  as  far 
as  we  can  judge,  there  can  only  have  been  one, 
or  at  most  two  books  in  the  Knglish  language  — 
the  long  poini  of  C'icdnion  about  the  creation  of 
tho  world,  Ac.,  and  the  poem  of  Beowulf  alamt 
warriors  and  ticry  dmgons.     There  were  many 
English  balladsand  songs,  but  whether  these  were 
WTittcn  down  I  do  not  know.    There  w  as  no  book 
of  history,  not  even  English  history;  no  biMik  of 
geography,  no  religious  btniks,   no  philcpsophy. 
Bede.  who  had  written  so  many  biK.ks,  hail  writ- 
ten tliemallin  I.aliii.  .  .   .   So'when  they  liad  a 
tune  of  ■  slillni  ss  '  the  king  and  his  learned  friends 
set  to  work  ami  translated  books  into  English; 
and  Airiid,  who  was  as  nioilest  and  candid  as  he 
was  wise,  put  into  the  prcfaccof  one  iif  his  irans- 
hitions  that  he  iiopeil,  if  any  one  knew  Latin  Ixt- 
ter  than  he  did.  tliat  he  would  not  bl.inie  him   for 
he  could  but  do  ai cording  to  liis  abililv.  . 
Hesiile  all  this,  lie  had  a  great  many  oiher  laeu- 
pations.     A.sser,  who  often  lived  "wiili  him  for 
months  at  a  time,  gives  lis  an  aeeount  of  his  busy 
ife.     Neitwiilistanding  Ids  infirmities  and  other 
liuiilranees.  '  he  continued  to  carry  on  the  govern- 
ment, and  to  exercise  hunting  in  "all  iis  liranches; 
to  teach  his  workers  in  gold  and  artilicers  of  all 
kinds,  his  falconers,  hawkers,  and  dog-keepers; 
to  build  houses,  ni.ijestic  and  good,  Uyoiid  all 
the    precedents  of  his  aiicest.irs,  by  Ids  new  me- 
chanical  inventions;  to  recite  the  S.ixon  books 
(Asser.  being  a  Welshman,  always  calls  the  Eii"- 
lisli.  Saxon),  and  especially  to  learn  by  lie.irt  the 
Saxon  poems,  and  to  make  others  learii  them  ;  ho 
never  desisii  d  from  studying  most  diligently  to 
the  liest  of  his  ability;  he  attended  the  mass  "and 
other  daily  services  of  religion;  lie  was  freiiuent 
ill  p.saliii-Miiging  and  prayer;  .   .   .   he   besi.iwed 
alms  and  l.irgesses  on  both  n.ilivesand  forei^'iiers 
«'f  all  coiinlries;  he  was  alTable  and   pleasant  to 
all.  and  curiously  eager  to  investigate  things  un- 
known.'"-M.  .1.  Uiiest.  l.,rt'ii;.i  „n  t!„-  lli.-l.  „f 
l:ii;i.,  hcl.  !».—••  It  is  no  easy  task   for  anyone 
who  has  been  sludying  his"l Alfreds)    life  and 
works  to  set  rea.sonable  bounds  to  their  revereme 
and  enthusiasm.  b,r  the  man.      I.r-t   tlie  ivader 
should  think  my  estini.ite  tainted   wiih   H,,.  pro- 
verbial weakness  of  bin^'nipliers  fur  He  ir  b.  r..,  s 
let  them  turn  to  the  w.nlsiii  w  lii,  h  ih,.  earlict' 
and  the  l.i-t  of  the  Kn-lisl,  hisinriaiis  of  ihal  liii;e' 
sum   up  the  charaetir  of  .VHied.     Floniiee  of 
Worcester,  writing  in  the  eeiiturv  after  bis  death 
speaksof  liinias 'lliai  f.inu.n-.  warMki'.  viir^.ri;-.!!^ 
king;  tlie  zealous  protector  of  widows,  .seholar.s. 


813 


ENGLAND,  A.  D.  85V880.         Al/rrd  the  oreai.        ENGLAND,  A.  D.  M5. 


S)hRns  and  the  poor;  akillnl  in  tlii'  Saxon  poets; 
ship  and  liln'nil  to  all ;  endowed  with  prudenre. 
fortituile,  justire,  iind  tenipeninee:  most  patient 
tinder  tlie  inlirmily  wldeh  he  daily  suffered:  n 
most  stern  iniiuisilor  in  exeeiitintr  justice:  vici- 
Innt  and  devoted  in  the  Berviee  of  (](m1,'  Mr. 
Freeman,  in  his  '  History  of  the  Norman  Con- 
quest.' has  laid  down  the  portrait  in  Ixihl  anil  last- 
Ui}i  colours,  ill  :i  p.-issji^e  as  truthful  as  it  is  elo- 
quent, whii  h  lhos<'  who  an'  familiar  with  it  will 
Ix'  friad  to  meet  a^ain,  wlule  thi>se  who  do  not 
know  it  will  he  grateful  to  me  for  suhstitutini; 
for  any  poor  words  of  my  own.  'Alfred,  the 
unwiliini;  author  of  these  (ireat  ehani;es,  is  the 
most  perl'eel  eliaraeter  in  history.  He  is  a  sin- 
gular instaiK-e  of  a  prince  who  has  i)ecoine  a  hero 
of  romunee,  who.  as  such,  has  had  countless  im- 
a).;iiiary  I'Xplnils  atlrihuted  to  him,  hut  to  whose 
cliar.icler  romanii-  has  done  no  more  than  justice, 
and  H  ho  appears  in  ixaetly  the  .sjime  liijlil  in  his- 
tory ;ind  in  fahle.  No  other  man  on  rect>rd  has 
ever  so  thoroii^ldy  united  all  the  virtues  hoth  of 
tlie  roll  r  :ind  of  tlie  jirivate  man.  In  no  other 
man  on  record  were  so  many  virtues  distitrured 
h\  so  liitle  alloy.  V  saint  without  superstition, 
a  s(  holar  williout  o'.tentalion,  a  warriorall  whose 
wars  were  fouiihf  in  the  defence  of  his  country, 
a  <-nnipieror  w  hose  laurels  were  never  stained  hy 
iruiliy.  a  prince  never  ca.>-t  ilown  hy  adversity, 
never  lifted  up  to  insolence  in  the  d.ay  of  triumph 
—  Iliere  is  no  other  name  in  '  TV  to  compare 
Willi  his.  Saint  Lewis  comes  .-est  to  him  in 
the  union  of  a  more  than  mona-^'ic  piety  with  the 
hii:hest  civil,  military,  and  loniestic  virtues. 
Both  of  them  stand  forth  in  honourahle  contmst 
to  the  alijeit  superstition  of  some  other  royal 
Bunls,  who  were  so  si  Itishly  en^a^ed  in  the  rare 
of  their  own  souls  that  liiey  refused  either  to 
raise  up  lieir.s  for  tlair  throne,  or  to  strike  a  hlow 
on  hehalf  of  their  people.  But  even  in  Saint 
Lewis  we  see  a  disposition  to  forsake  an  immedi- 
ate sphere  of  duty  for  the  sake  of  distant  and 
unprotitahle,  however  pious  and  glorious,  under- 
takiiii's.  Tlic  true  duties  of  the  Kini;  of  the 
French  clearly  lay  in  France,  ami  not  in  E^^ypt 
or  Tunis  No  sucii  cliarire  lies  at  the  door  of  "the 
great  Kim;  of  the  West  Saxons.  With  an  inipnr- 
in;r  spirit  which  took  in  the  whole  world,  for 
purp"sc^.  alike  of  s<ientilic  incpiiry  and  of  Chris- 
tian henevcilcni-e.  Alfred  never  iorj,'ot  that  his 
liist  <luty  was  to  Ills  own  fople.  He  fo.estaHed 
our  own  ace  in  sendini;  expetlitions  to  explore 
th('  Northern  Ocean,  and  in  sendinir  alms  to  the 
di.stant  Churcliesof  India:  hut  he  neither  forsook 
his  iTown.  like  some  of  his  predecessors,  nitr  neg- 
lected ills  duties,  like  sonic  of  his  successiirs. 
Tlie  virtue  of  Alfred,  like  the  virtue  of  Washing- 
ton, eiiiisi--le'l  ill  no  niarvcllousdisplaysof  siiper- 
liiiiiian  f;eiiiiiH,  hut  ie  thc>  simple,  slraiu'litfor- 
Wiird  di^i  liai  LTe  of  the  duly  of  the  nione  lit.  But 
Wj>hiuL'loii.  soliliir,  ^talisman,  and  patriot,  like 
Altred,  has  ii.n  iiiini  to  .Mind's  furl  In  T  cliantclirs 
of  >.iim  and  scholar.  William  lln  Siliiit,  too.  h'-, 
iiotliiiiL' to  sit  airainst  Alfred's  literary  iiiei.is; 
and  ill  lii-i  I  ireer.  L'lorii'ii-;  as  it  is.  thirc  i-,  an  eli-- 
mc  111  lit  iiiiriiine  and  c  hirnnery  utterly  alii  n  to 
tlie  ii.ililc  -iinplii  iiy  n)  li.iili  .\lfred  and'Washin^- 
tnii  I'lir  vninr  iinina  ,,|  Zeal  f(tr  religion  and 
liMriiiii!;  »iili  till'  lii:_'iiisi  L'ilis of  tin' w arrior and 
till'  ^lali'viiiali  i>  t' HI  I  id,  nil  a  -.x  idiT  li'ld  nf  ai'Iinn. 
in  I'llarles  llli'  (ileal.       liul    even    ( 'liarli  s    caillli'f 


not  Im'  hiind  to  an  alloy  of  personal  amhitinn,  of 
poDxinnl  vice,  to  (M'casiimal  unjust  aggressions 
and  occasional  acts  of  cruelty.     Among  our  own 
later  princes,  the  great   EdwanI  alone  can  iMiar 
for  a  moment  the  comparison  with  his  glorious 
ancestor.     \m\.  when  tried  hy  such  a  standani, 
evi'n  the  great  EdwanI  fails.     Even  in  him  we  do 
not  i«'e  III!'  same  wonderful  union  of  gifts  and 
virtues  which  so  seldom  mi'ct  together;  we  can- 
not acipiit  EihvanI  of  iH'casiona!  acts  of  violence, 
of  (K'casional  recklessness  as  to  means;  we  can- 
not attrihuti'   to   him   the  pure,  simple,    almost 
chilillike  disinteresti'dnesa  w  hieh  marks  the  char- 
acter of  Alfred.'     Let  Wonlsworth,  on  Udiulf  of 
the  pcH'ts  of  England,  complete  the  picture: 
'  IV'hold  a  pupil  of  the  monkish  gown. 
The  pious  Alfreil,  king  to  justice  dear  ! 
Lord  of  the  harp  and  lilM'ntting  s|>i'ar; 
Mirror  of  princes  !    Indigent  renown 
•Might  niniie  the  starry  ether  for  a  cniwn 
Eipial  to  his  desi'rts.  who,  like  the  year. 
Pours  forth  his  bounty,  like  the  day  doth  cheer. 
And  aw cs  liki'  night,  viith  mercy-tempered  frowiL 
Ea.se  fniin  this  nolile  miser  of  Ids  time 
No  moment  steals;  pain  narrows  not  his  cares  — 
Though  small  his  kingdom  as  a  spark  or  gem. 
Of  Alfrid  hoiusts  ninote  Jeruijilem, 
Anil   Christian   India,  through  her  widespread 

clime. 
In  sacn'd  converse  gifts  with  Alfred  shares.'" 
— Thos.  Hughes.  Alfred  the  Orent,  eh.  24. 

Also  is;  K.  I'auli,  Life  of  Alfred  tht  Great. — 
Asser,  Life  if  Alfreil.— Ove,  also,  Nohmanb,  and 
Edcc.xtion,  Meui^.val. 

A.  D.  901.— Accession  of  the  West  Suioa 
king;  Edward,  called  The  Elder. 

A.  D.  925.— Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 
king  Ethelstan. 

A.  D.  938.— The  battle  of  Brunnaburgh.— 
Alfred  the  Great,  dying  in  001,  was  succeeded  by 
his  son,  EdwanI,  and  Edward,  in  turn,  was  fol- 
lowed, A.  I>.  il'ia.  hy  his  son  Athclstane,  or  AUth- 
alstcn.  In  the  reign  of  Athclstane  a  great  league 
was  formed  against  him  by  the  Northumbrian 
Danes  with  the  Scots,  with  the  Danes  of  Dublin 
and  with  the  Britons  of  Strathclyde  and  Cumbria. 
Athclstane  defeated  the  confederates  in  a  mighty 
battle,  eelelinited  in  one  of  the  finest  of  Old- 
English  war-.songs,  and  also  in  one  of  the  Sagas 
of  the  Norse  tongue,  as  the  Battle  of  Brunna- 
burt'li  or  Brunanhurh.  hut  the  site  of  which  is 
unknown.  "  Five  Kings  and  seven  northern 
larls  or  earls  fell  in  tlie  strife.  .  .  .  Constantino 
the  Scot  Med  to  tlie  north,  mouniing  his  fair- 
hainil  son.  wlio  perished  in  the  slaughter.  Aniaf 
[or  Olaf,  the  leader  of  the  Danes  or  Ostmen  of 
l>uliliii],  will)  a  :.ad  and  scattered  remnant  of  his 
forces,  escaped  to  Irclaiid.  .  .  .  The  victory  was 
so  decisive  tliat.  during  the  remainder  of  the 
I'eign  of  Atiielstane,  no  enemy  dared  to  rise  up 
against  him;  his  supri'iuacv  W'as  acknowledged 
without  coiili'sl,  and  his  glory  extended  to  dis- 
t.iiit  realms." — F.  I'alL'rave.  '/Ii'l.  if  tin  Ani/lo- 
Si.f'ii«,  I'll.  III. —  .Mr.  Skene  is  of  opinion  tlint 
llie  battle  of  Briimiabiirgh  was  fought  at  \M- 
borouirh.  near  York.  —  W.  F.  Skene.  (Vltir  .Sr//^ 
liiiiil.  1:  1,  ,.   :i.-i7. 

A.  D.  940. —Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 


a.'^i'ir 


Ami'! 


the  -spieiiiliiur  of  eonipiest  and  legislation,  we  can- 


kin((  Edmund. 

A.   D.  946.  - 
king  Edred. 

A.   r>.  955 
king  Edwig. 


Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 
Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 


8U 


M 


ENGLAND,  A    I).  958.  IV  mienanemot.  ENGLAND,  A.  D.  988. 


A.  p.  958.— Acceition  of  the  Weit  Saxon 

king  Edg;ar. 

A.  D.  958.— Completed  union  of  the  realm. 
-Increase  of  kmgly  authority.- Approach  to- 
wardi  feudaliim.-Rise  of  the  Witenaeemot. 
-Decineof  the  Freemen.-'   Ikforc  Alfnds 
son  hdwiml  dlfd,  the  wliole  i,f  SUrrki  was  in- 
cor|«iralc<l  with  his  imni<;Hutc>  iloniinions.     The 
way  ill  wliirh  Ihc  tliinij  was  done  was  nuiri'  re- 
marlial)le  llian  thr  liiiiiK  itself.    Like  the  Honiana, 
he  made  tlie  fiirlitied  towii.s  the  nieaiisof  iiplmld- 
injr  Ins  iHiwer.     Hut  unlilie  the  Uoinans.  lie  did 
lint  pirnson  llieiii  with  eolonists  frmn  nmonKSt 
his  iiwii  inimeiliate  dipendeiit.s.     He  til],,!  thein 
us  lieiiry  tlie  Fiiwler  did  afterwards  in  Sax.my' 
wil  I  free  townsmen,  wliose  hearts  were  at  <.ne 
Willi  tlair  fellow  rountrvnien  around.      Hefnre 
he  died  lu  at>4,  the  Danish  elii.fs  in  the  land  !«■. 
vend  l!ie  lluinlier  hail  aeknowledced  his  over- 
ordsliip  and  even  tl'e  Celts  of  Wales  and  Se.it- 
land  had  given  in  their  siilimissioi,  in  some  form 
whieh  they  were  not,  likely  to  interpret  ti«strietlv 
His  soil  and  his  two  jtrand.sons,  Athelslan    Eii- 
muiid,    and    Kdred   completed    the    w,,rk  '  and 
when  alter  the  short  am!   troulihd   interval  of 
tdwv  s  rule  in  Wessex,  Edcar  united  the  umli- 
vided  realm  under  his  swav  in  O.W,  he  had  no  in- 
ternal  emniies   to  suppress.      He    allowed    the 
leltie  Sidttish  kuiK  who  had  sueeeeded  to  the 
iiiheritanee  of  the  Pietish  race  to  pos,s<.ss  the  old 
Nortliuinlirian  land  north  of  the  Tweed    where 
they   ami    their  descndants   learned   tlie  hahits 
an.    speech  of  Englishmen.     But  he  treated  him 
and  the  ..lliir  Celtie  kings  distin.tlv  as  his  in- 
feriiirs   tli.uigl,  it  was  perhaps  well  for  him  that 
he  di.1  n.)t  attempt  to  imp.ise  up<m  them  any 
verj-   tangilile  tok.ns  .if  his  supremacy      'n,',- 
story  of  his  beiiij;  rowed  l,y  eight  kings  on  the 
Dee  is  doubtless  only  a  legem!   hy   whi.  1,    the 
peaceful  king  was  gloriiie.l  in  the  troubled  times 
whicii  fol  owed.    Such  a  struggle,  so  sucrssfullv 
condiicte.1,  could  not  fail  to  be  iice.inipanie.1  bv 
a  va-st  increase  of  -.hat  kinglv  auth.irilv  which 
had  iKen  on  the  growth  from  the  time  of  its  first 
establLshnu-nt.      I  lie   hereilitarv  ealdornien    the 
reprcM'nlalives  ..f  the  old   kiiigly   housi's    had 
pasjHd  awav.     The  old  tribes,  or  -  wliere  their 
limitations  had  been  obliterati-.!  by  the  tide  of 
Danish  con.iuest,  as  was  the  ca.-..'  in  cntral  and 
northern     uglaml- the  new  artificial  .livisiona 
wlii.h  ha.   taken  their  place,  were  now  known  as 
8hir.s  ami t  le  very  nam.'  testitied  that  they  were 
reganleii  ..nly  as  parts  of  a  gr.at.r  whole.     The 
shire  mote  still  c.,ntinu.-.l  the  tra.lition  of  the  .il.I 
popular  as.s.mblies.     At  itsliead  as  presi.I.nls  of 
Is  deliberations   were   the   .aldorman   an.l    the 
liishop,  each  of  tliem  owing  tli.irapp,.intm,.nt  to 
tlie  king,  ami  it  was  siimmon.-.l  by  the  Mn-- 
n-pr  .If  sli.rifT,  liiins,.|f  cv,„  more"  din'ctly  an 

h.U  all  ilie  royal  d.us  were  paid  wiil.iu  the  shire 
in  l,e  more  g.n,;ral  .-.m.-i  rns  of  t|„.  king.lom 
the  king.nnsult..,!  will,  ins  \\  itan,  whose  mct- 
iiif-'s  wen- ,  al  1 .1  111,.  \ViI,„a-,-mot,  a  IkkIv,  which 
at  Last  l„r  all  ..r.lmary  purposes,  was  .;imp„scd 
nw  ol    ai,>    rrpr|.s,.ntaliv,s  of  the   shin-moles, 

'."'''   '"-""»  'I'lnmirnls.  1 ahh.rm.n,  the 

insliops.  ami  a  .erlaiii  numb,  r  of  tlie-ns  whose 
name  meaumg  ■servants',  imp|i,d  at  hast  at 
hrst,  that  tli.y  .r.her  «  er,.  „r  had  at  our  ti.n,.  bivn 
in  Mime  wav  m  the-  .•mnlovnien!  of  the  kUi- 
Tile  M,  r.vMii.s  ot  waV  .  ,  .  .•oii'ilii'ned  with  the 
iluggislmess  ,,f  the  mas.s  of  the  population  to 


Sir, 


favour  the  growth  of  a  military  force,  which 
woiil.l  leave  the  lilhra  of  the  soil  to  their  own 
peuKful  occiipaii.ms.     As  the  conditions  which 
make  a  staniling  army  possible  .in  a  large  wiile 
di.l  n..t  yet  .xist,  such  11  force  must  be  affonleil 
by  a  spicial  class,    ami  hut  class  mu.st  1m-  com- 
pos. <I  .u  those  who  either  had  t.xi  niu.li  lan.l  to 
111  tliem9elv..s,  .ir,  having  no  lamlatall,  were  rc- 
las-l  from  th..  b.mds  whieh  tle.1  the  cultivator 
to  til,  soil,  in  other  wonis,  it  must  bo  omposed 
or  a  lande.1  arist<Kracy  an.l  its  .lepeu.lenU      In 
working  .ml  this  .hange,  England  was  only  aim- 
ing at  til.'  risiilts  whi.h  similar  condithins  were 
pr.sluciiig  on  the  Contiii.nt.     But  just  as  the 
h.iniogen..)u.sness  of  the  po|>ulati.m  drew  even 
h.'  f.inign  .hmeiit  of  th..  church  into  harmony 
with  the  establislie.1  institutions,  so  it  was  with 
1.'  military  arist.Kraey.     It  grmipi-d  itself  ro.m.l 
I.'  king,  and  it  supplemented,  instead  of  over- 
tlirowing,    the    ..I.I    popular    assemblies.     Two 
.■las.s,s.,f  men,  the  eorlsaiid  the  gesiths,  had  Iwen 
marke.l  out  fr.im  their  feU.iws  at  the  time  of  the 

fnim  both,  but  he  ha.l  .s<iinc  of  the  distinguish- 
ing marks  of  either.     He  was  not  like  the  gesith 
a  in.'re  pers.inal  foll.iwerof  the  king.     He  dl.l  not' 
Ike  th.-  e..rl,  owe  his  position  to  his  birth      Yet 
IIS  r.  lati,,,,  to  the  king  was  a  close  one,  and  he 
ha.i  a  hold  iip„n  th.-  I.iml  as  firm  as  that  of  the 
oh  IT  e..rl      Uv  may    p.  rliaps.  liest  lie  described 
as  a  gesith,  who  ha.l  acpiired  tin-  rosition  of  an 
.•orl  wiiliout  entinly  thmwingoff  his  own  charae- 
nrisii.s    .  .  .  There  can  be  little  d.iubt  that  the 
.liange  iKgan  in  the  practice  ..f  granting  special 
estates  in  the  folkland.or  common  undivi.ied  hind 
o  sp..,ia|  persons.     At  first  this  lami  was  .loubt- 
less  luiii  to  b.-  the  pr.iperty  .if  the  tribt-.     [This  is 
now  .,iiestioii..,l  by  Vin..grad.>ff  and  othm     See 
Foi.  I.AM..]  .  .       When  the  king  rose  above  the 
I  ril..s.  he  granu-.!  it  hiiiiM-lf  with  the  concent  of  bis 
» Itan.     A  large  portion  was  grante.1  to  churches 
and  inona.st,ri.s.     TJut  a  large  portion  went  In 
pnvat.s  .■states,  or  iKMik  lan.l,  as  it  was  called 
from  the  b.n.k  or  charter  which  convey.d  thenl 
to  th<-  king  s  own  gesiths,  or  to  members  of  his 
own  family.     The  gesitli  thus  ceased  to  be  a  mere 
m.nilKr  of  the  king's  military  household      He 
K'canie  a  lan.iowner  as  well,  with  special  duties 
lopirformtotheking.  .  .  .  He  had  special  juris- 
iliclion  giv.n  him  over  his  tenanU and  serfs  ex- 
empting him  anil  them  from  the  authority  of  the 
humlnd  mote,  though  they  still  remained,  except 
ill  v.Tj-  exceptional  cases,  under  the  authority  of 
he  sure  mote.  .  .  .   Ev.-n  up  to  the  Nomian  con- 
quest this,  hange  was  .still  golngon.    Totheend 
in.l.i.l,  I  he  ohl  .■onstitutional  forms  were   not 
broki_ii  .lown.    Til.'  Iiim.lre.1  m.itc  wiw  n.it  aban- 
il..ii<'(l.  wli.re  friiimn  imough  remuin.il  to  iill  It 
l-.v.  n  w-lii'r.'  all  th.-  lami  .,f  a  huii.lre.l  had  passe.: 
uiid.Ttli,-  prot.rti.in  of  a  lor.i  tli.r..  was  little  out- 
war.1  .han^..  .  tIi.tc  was  thus  n,.  actual 

brea.h  <.f  .•ontmuily  in  the  natum.  The  thegn- 
lood  p..^ll,•d  Its  rm.ts.lown,  as  it  were,  amongst 
111.'  fr.','  .■  as.s._s.  ^ev.■rtllel,■ss  there  was  a  ilan- 
L'l  rol  SIM  li  a  breach  of  continuity  coming  alMiiit 
111.'  fre.111,11  cm.r.'.l  more  ami  niori'  largely  into 
a  ...ndnioii  of  depcii,l.'ii.v,  an.l  there  w,us  a 
gn-.it  risk  1,-st  such  a  <i)ii.liti,.u  of  depeii.l.n.-c 
-liiMiUI  l.,.-ome  a  .-ondition  of  s.'rvitu.le.  Il.re 
:ni.l  Ih.  re,  by  soim-  e.Mni,  -.linary  stioke  of  luck 
•t  •:'-:nan  migm  11.,..  1,,,'.,  ,.i!,.-g„.     But  tlicon- 

''"! '!  •'"'  <'l:'ss  t"  whirh  l„.  l,el.>nged  was  de- 

ten..rating  every  day.      Tii.  .lownwani  progrt-as 


ENGLAND,  A.  H.  ».W.        l>anWi  conqu.,1        ENGLAND.  A.  D.  1016-1M8. 


J'  '; 

f: 


to  M-rfclom  wiia  too  cany  to  take,  ami  liv  large 
miiwH.-8  of  llif  iHiixilatlon  it  was  almidv  lakcii. 
Below  till-  iii(Tca.siii>{  niiiiilM'reor  the  wrfawas  to 
he  found  tlic  lowir  <liuin  of  niavis.  who  v.fn-  ue- 
luttlly  the  pro|HTty  of  thi'ir  iimslcr«  The  Witen- 
■gemot  was  in  reality  a  mleet  lioilv  of  thegnH.  if 
the  bishopK,  who  hekl  Ih  Ir  hincli*  in  nnieh  the 
lame  way,  Ik'  reKanleil  as  Ihegns.  In  wag  rather 
aninrlioalelloiixeof  Lonls,  than  an  inrhoate  Par- 
liament, after  <air  niiHleni  ideaH.  It  was  iiatiinil 
that  a  hiKly  of  men  which  united  a  great  part  of 
the  wealth  with  almost  all  the  inlliienre  in  the 
kiiiirdom  sliouK'  Ik-  possess,,!  of  high  eonstilu- 
lional  powei*.  The  Wilenagemot  elected  the 
king  Ihoiigli  as  yet  they  always  chose  him  out 
of  the  royal  family,  which  was  held  to  have  sprung 
from  the  gixl  Wcslen.  There  were  eviii  (  ases  in 
which  they  deposed  unworthy  kings.  "—.S  |{ 
Gardiner  and  .1.  U.  Mulliuger,  Inlrfil.Ui  thi'  Stmlu 
•>f  Kn;i.  IIM.,  j,l.  1,  c/i.  i.  nrt.  ltl-21. 

A.  p    975.— Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 
king  Edward,  called  The  Martyr. 

A.  D.  979.— Accession  of  the  West  Saxon 
king  Ethelred,  called  The  Unready. 

A.  D.  979-'<»6.— The  Danish  conquest.— 
■' Thill  |.\.  I)   lITlt)  commenced  one  of  the  longest 
ioid  nio>t  ilisnstnvus  reigns  of  the  Saxon  kings 
rtilli  111,'  aiccsslon  of  Kthelred  II.,  justly  styled 
Klhelrcd  the   I  iiri  ady.     The  Northmen  "now  re- 
newed their  plundering  ami  conqiiiririg  expedi- 
tions  against    Knglaml;    while    England   hail    a 
worthle.'is  waverer  for  her  ruler,  andmanv  of  hir 
chief  mill  turned  traitors  to  their  king  aiid  coun- 
try.    Always  a  lagL-art  in  cipcii  war.   Klliilriil 
tried  ill  KHIl  the  cuvardly  and  foolish  policy  of 
huyiiig  oir  the  cncmiis  whom  he  ihiri'd  not  en- 
c.iuiitiT       The   tax    called    Dam -gelt  was  then 
levied  10  pnivide  'a  Iriliute  for  the  Danish  men 
;>ii  account  of  llie  gn-at  terror  wliii  li  tliey  caused.' 
To  pay    money    tlius  was   in   elTect  to'  hire  the 
eiuiuy  lo  renew  ilie  wa-      In  100-,>  Kthelred  Irieil 
llie  still  more  weak  and  wicked  measure  of  rid- 
'Img  hiiusrlf  of  his  1  nemies  In  tre.icherous  mas- 
sii:a'      Great  numliers  of  Daiiis  were  now  living 
111  Kiiglaiid,    iiilermixcd    with  tlic   .\nglo-Saxon 
population.      Kllielred  resolve.l  to  relieve  himself 
fiuiiiall  n'al  or  siippo.seil  danirer  of  these  .San- 
.Im.ivian  settlers  taking  part  with  their  invadiio' 
kinsmen.    Iiy   sen  ling  wcret  orders   throughout 
liisdoiiiiiiious  for  the  pullinL'  to  death  of  every 
Dane.    man.  woman,   and   child,   on   St,    lirice's 
Day.    Nov.    I;t.      This  atnx  ions  order  was  exe- 
cuted only  ill  Houthern  Knirlaud,  that  is,  in  the 
West  S,i\on  territories;  hut  large  numliers  of  the 
DaiUsli  race  were  murdered  tliere  while  ilwelliii" 
III  full  .seciiiity  among  their  .Saxon  iieiL'hlsiurs"' 
.          .Vnioiig   the    vielims    was   a   rovaj    Danish 
l:»ily.  niuied  (iiinhilde.  who  w.is  sister  of  Sweyn 
''i'lf  "'■  De ark.  and  who  had  iieirriiil  and  set- 
tled 111  Lii-luel    .   .   .   The  news „f  the  massacre 
ol  .si    liricv  suMii  spread  over  the  Caitiiieiit.  ex- 
clllll;:  the  deepest  lM,lii;ij;iti,, 11  ai;aillst  the  Kli-lish 
.^uid  their  kiiiL'      iSweyu  cnllect.d  in  Deniuaik  a 
lirgerlleet  and   iniiy  than  llie  north  had  ever  lie- 
tore  . sent  I.. rlh,  ;iiid   .sohinnlv  vowed  to  comiuer 
l-.iiL'land  or  |.. n^li  in  the  attempt.     He  hunlediiii 
the.simlh  c.MM  „f  Devon,  ol.laim'd  ['ossi.ssinn  of 
i-Aeter  liy  the  treachery  of  its  -overnnr.  and  then 
marched  tliroii[;h  weslirii  and  .southern  Ku'dand 
marking  every  shire  with  tire,  faiiiin.  mid  sh,ii,rh^ 
ter;  liiit   he  wxs  iiiiahle  t„  take   London    whicii 
was  defeoded  :,^,i„.=  :;.,.  „.p,a;r:i  m;;.,,  Ks  ,,I  ||,e 
D.iiies  with  strong  eoiiiage  and  palridtism    such 


as  seemed  to  have  died  out  In  the  rest  of  Saioa 
hngland.     In  lOIS,  the  wretched  king  Kthelred 
tied  the  realm  and  sought  shelter  in  Noruianily 
Sweyii  wnsaeknowleilged  king  in  all  the  northern 
ami  western  shires,  hut  he  died  in  1014,  while hU 
vow  of  connnest  was  only  partly  accomplished 
The  English  now  sent  for  Ethelred  hark  from 
Normandy,   promLsing  hiyalty  to  him  as  their 
lawful  king,  'provided  he  would  rule  over  them 
more  justly  than  he  had  done  iK'fnn.'     Kthelred 
willinirly  promised  amendment,  and  returned  to 
reign  amidst  strife  and   misery   for  two  yean 
more.       Ills  imphiealile  enemy,  Sweyn,  was  In- 
deed dead:  but  the  Danish  host  wfiich  Sweyn 
had  led  thither  was  still  in  Knglaml,  under  the 
command  of  Hweyna  son,  t'annte  [or  C'nutl.  a 
prince  equal  in  military  prowess  to  his  father 
and  far  superior  lo  liini  and  to  all  other  prineea 
of  the  time  in  stiitesmaiiship  and  general  aliility 
fcthelred  died  in  IDIO,  while  the  war  with  Canute 
was  yet  raging.      Kthelred's  son,  Edmund,  snr- 
immed  Ironside,   was  cliosin  king  liy  the  great 
council  then  a.ssenil)led  in  London,  hut  great  niiin- 
Isrs  of   the   Saxons   made  their   suliinission   to 
Caiiiile.     The  remarkalile  personal  valour  of  ¥A- 
miind,  stmngly  aided  hy  the  liraveryof  his  faith- 
ful Londoners,  mainlaiiied  Hie  war"  for  nearly  a 
year,  when  Canute  airned  to  a  compromise,  hy 
which  he  and  Eilmiiud  divided  the  land  hi  twecn 
them.     Hiitwitliin  a  few  innnlhs  after  this,  the 
royal  Ironside  died  hy  the  hand  of  an  assassin 
and   Canute  ohtained    the  whole   realm   of   the 
English  nee.    A  Danish  dynasty  was  now  (.V.  I). 
lilKij  established  in  Knglaml  for  three  reigns."— 
Sir  h.  S.  Creasy,  IHhI.  nf  Emj.,  r.  1,  eh.  T>. 

Also  I.N:  ,1.  M.  Ijippeiilierg.  Kiir;.  under  ths 
Aw/li-Sixi'it  Kiffju.  r.  'J.  ;,/..  l.-il-',':j;t'.— See.  also, 
Mai.dks.  and  Ass.tMiiN.  II.vtti.ks  ok. 

A.  D.  1016.— Accession  and  death  of  King 
Edmund  ironside. 

A.  D.  1016-1042.— The  Reign  of  the  Danish 
Icines.  —  "Cniit's  rule  was  not  lis  terrilili  as 
might  have  iK'cn  feand.  He  was  perfeitiv  un- 
scrupulous in  striking  down  the  treacherous  anil 
iiiisc'iievoiis  chieftains  who  hail  made  a  trade  of 
hthelred's  weakness  and  the  counlrv's  iiivLsioiis. 
Hut  he  u. IS  wi.se  and  strong  eiiouirh  to  m:-  nut 
by  incri  Msiiig  but  by  allaying  tieise  divisions, 
liesting  liis  power  upon  his  Scaii.iinavian  king- 
doms beyond  tlie  sea,  iipiiii  lii.s  Danish  country- 
men ill  England,  and  his  Danish  liuscarles,  or 
specially  trained  soldiers  in  his  service,  he  was 
able,  without  even  theappearance  of  weakness  to 
do  what  in  him  lay  lo  bind  Dane  and  Englishman 
lo.netlier  as  common  iiistniiiii  iits  of  his  power 
Kidclity  coniiied  mere  witli  liim  than  birth.  To 
bring  England  itself  into  unity  was  beyond  his 
power.  The  ihvice  wliicli  he  hit  upon  was 
ojieralive  only  in  hands  as  strong  as  Ids  own. 
There  were  to  be  four  great  e.irls,  deriving  their 
name  from  IheDaiiisli  word  jarl,  ceiitrali/ing  llio 
forces  of  goveniMieiit  ill  Wessex,  ill  .\Iercia  in 
East  Aiiglia.  and  in  .N'.irlliiimberlaiid.  With 
Ciiut  the  four  were  nHiei;ils  ,,f  tlie  liiihest  class. 
They  were  there  bccaiisi'  he  placed  liieni  there. 
'1  hey  would  cease  to  be  tlieie  if  he  so  willed  it 
lint  it  could  hardly  be  thai  it  w.mlil  always  lie 
s(,.  Some  day  or  another,  iiulevs  a  irreat  c.ilas- 
triiphe  swept  away  Ciiiit  :iii,|  his  cre:itii>n,  the 
e:irMoiiis  Would  pass  iiit.i  lerrilnrial  sovereiirnties 
and  the  divisions  of  EiiL'laiid  w.iiild  be  mad'-evi. 
ileiu  i.peiily.— .>  It.  (ianliiier  aihl  .1.  H  .Mid- 
Imger.  Lit   la  the  Stu.ljf  rf  Ei,y,  /.'int.,  eh.  i,  »«i 


816 


ENGLAND.  1018-1012.  TH,  Uut  Sa«m  King.        ENOLAND.  104a-10M. 


».— "  He  [Ciniitc]  ruled  nonilimlly  nt  IcMt    a 
liirRcr  hiini|)<ttii  iliiniiiiiiin  timii  any  KiikMsIi  m'lv- 
e'l'ijjn  liiiN  cvirdom':  and  iMrliapM  uIm)  a  more 
honiotfi'iifDiisoiir.    N.i  iMUrnhitci.f  tin-  liiiirrame 
near  liim  except  llie  kliiK  <.f  (iermany.  Ihe  im- 
JWTor     with  whom   |,e  wag  nllierl  as  an  eciiial 
The  kiiijr  of  the  Ni>rweKianH,  Ihe  Daiien,  aixl  a 
creat  pari  of  ihe  Swedes,  was  in  n  ixwitioii  to 
fiMinil  a  Scaiidiiuiviaii  empire  with  Hritaiii  an- 
mxnl     (aiiiiie'B  .livisioii  of  ]m  doininions  on  his 
.iiatli  tM(l.  showed  that  lie  saw  this  to  1m'  imi)OS- 
wide;  Norway,  for  a  eenlurv  and  a  half  after 
his  stron;;  ham!    waH  n moved,   was  hroken  up 
nriioriur.st  an  niiarehieal  rn-wof  piralieuiid  IjIcmxI- 
Ihirsly  prine.s.  nor  eon  mI   Denmark  he  rcL'ardeil 
lis  hkely  to  eonliniie  united  witli  Kniiland      The 
hn);li»h  iialnai  was  tiM)  iniieh  divided  ami  de- 
iiioralis.|cl  to  retain  hohl  on  Weamliiiavia.  even  if 
Ihecomlitionof  the  latter  had  aMowed  it      lleiiee 
(aniitu  determined  that  during  his  life,  as  after 
his  death.    Ihe   njli.ns  shonid  l«-   governed  on 
Ih,  ir  own  prineiples.   ,   .   .  The  four  nations  of 
the  Liijrlish.  Northumbrians.  East  Anjjhs   Mer- 
cians and  W  est  Saxons.  ndj,'ht.  eai  h  uniler  their 
own  u.itional  hader.  oU'y  a  sovereijrn  who  was 
Jlrcai!;  enoii:;h  to  enf.iree  peace  amongst  th.-ni 
The  great  earhhiins  of  Canutes  reli;n  were  per- 
haps a  nearer  approach  to  a  feudal  division  of 
tn-land  than  aiiythin;,'  whieli  follownl  Ihe  Nor- 
m;|n  Coniiucsl.   .  .   .   And    Ihe  extent  to  which 
tins  creation  of  the  four  earldoms  nfTected  tlic 
liistory  of  th|.  next  half-century  cannot  he  c\- 
ngserateil.     The   certain   tendency   of  such    an 
arrint'cment  to  iK'coine  hereditary,  and  the  cer- 
tain lemlency  of  the   hereditary  occupation   of 
great   llefs   ultimately   to  overwhelm  Ihe  roval 
p.iwer.  are  well  cxeniplilied.  .   .  .  The  Norman 
tonquest  resU)rcd  national  unity  at  ntremeiiilous 
Umimniry  sacrillce.  just  as  tlic  Danish  Conquest 
In  other  ways,  and    hy  a  reverse   process,    had 
heliKil  to  create  it."-  \V.  Stubhs,  Om.l.  Iliit  of 
i-iifj..  eh.  1  »rt.  77.— Canute  dieil  in  I03,j      He 

mt  mo     T'    ","."""■"""•    ">•    llanlieantile 
(1040-1042).  after  winch  tlie  Saxon  line  of  kincs 
was    monienlarily   restored.  -  E.    A.    Freeman, 
Jlttt.  of  the  Mnnitu  Comj.  of  Eur,,    ch    0 
Cnu't  °'  '"^o- -Accession  of  Harold,  son  of 

Ha'^rdi?.n«°tt°~*"'"""'  "'  "•rth.cnut,  or 

Cotfe^ioJ.'"*'"*"'"''"'     °'    ='•''•"•     ">« 
A.  D.  i042-io66.-The  last   of  the  Saxon 

h^vitZi    ""■'""■  i^.''"'"'  (■■""'t'^  l''"l  inspired 

hi    I     \     ,  '""'  '^^'''^""'■y  rule  was  .lissipaled 

by  he  bad  Moyerninent  of  his  sons.  Harold  and 
llarilu.hut,  who  ruled  in  liirn.  After  seven 
vnirs  ol  inispuernnienl.  or  rather  nnarrhv.  Enir- 
and,  freed  from  the  hated  rule  of   Harthacnut 

■  n,  '■  ,i'i  .  1  '■  ■;'""■"',■''  '"  ii-  "I'l  line  of  kinirs, 
.Old  all  lulli  e  ,„se  Edward  |Miniamed  The  Coii- 
fe-.r,  .son  of  Et  Kireil  the  Inreadv)  to  kin.-,'  as 
i>  Ins  n._-l,r  l,y  hirth.  N,.,  Hut  he 'was,  aer.ord- 
'■-""  "'"  }:\-'--  ll'c  'lireet  lair,  si„,.e  Edward 
lie -not  E,lm„nd  Ir.aiM.l,,  Mill  live.l.  an  e''l  e 

«oi|  I,.  (  ,„it,.s,,or.  reas,seried  ■■  r  Ihe  U.x  |i„„. 
"irn.htloeKcllhaloiieofll,.  ,i,Te,lil,,rv  ■ 
In   «:.,    nioM    availalde.      Wiih    tl„.    nrV,,      f 

\:'rt±  ^'r;--  ""•  ^."" •■"-,"-; 

iweca    England   and    Nonnandv    Ik-^'uh   by  the 


817 


marrlafTf  of  Eiheln.l  the  Unnwiy  to  Emma  the 
dauKhler  of  Ulclmnl  the  Feurl.™,  and  cemented 
by  the  riTuRe  ofTert^l  to  the  English  exiles  in  the 
court  of  the  Norman  duke,     filwanl  hail  lonr 
found    a    home    there    in  Canute's    time 
IlroiiKlit  up  under  Norman  intluencp,   tilwnnj 
had  contracted  the  ideas  and  sympathies  of  his 
adopted  home.     On  bis  election  to  the  Enallsh 
tlin.ne  the  French  lonBUe  iKcamc  the  lanifuaw 
of  the  court   Norman  favourites  followeil  in  hit 
tram   to  be  folstwl  into  imiK)rtant  olIU^s  of  Htate 
andthurch,  am    thus  Inaugurale  that  Norman- 
i/.uiK  poicy  which  was  to  ,|raw  on  the  Norman 
toiiquest.     Had   It   not  Ux-n  for  this,   William 
would  never  have  had  any  claim  on  England  " 
The  Normanizing  policy  of  kinif  Edward  nmscd 
h..  opp.«iii,m  of  a  stnmjf  Emrlisli  party,  liea-led 
by   the  great   West  Saxon   E.rl   (5o<lwine,  who 
Had  iRen  lifted  from  an  obscure  oriirin  to  vast 
I«.wer  in  Lnglaml  by  the  favor  of  Canute,  and 
whose   son   jlarohl    field    the  earldom  of    Ea«t 
Anglia      "Edwanl,  raisi'd  to  the  throne  chiefly 
tirouirh  the  InHuence  of  Ooilwine,  shortly  mar 
ried   his  daughter,  and  at  Drst  ruhd  England 
leaning    on    the    a-ssisUuice,   and    almost    over- 
shadowe.1  by  the  power  of  the  great  earl. -     But 
E<lwanl  wa.s  Nonnan  at  heart  and  'Jcnlwlne  was 
horoughly  English;  whence  quamda  were  not 
long  in  ansmg      They  came  to  the  crisis  in  1051 
by  reiLson  of  a  bl.KKly  tumult  at  Dov.r,  provoked 
^y  ins,)lent  conduct  on  the  part  of  a  train  of 
trench  visitors  returning  home  from  Edward's 
Court.     0(Mlw-ine  was  coinmande.1  to  puiiisli  the 
townsmen  of  Dover  and  refused,  whe/eupon  the 
king  obtained  a  senU'nce  of  outlawry,  not  only 
against  the  earl,  but  against  Iiia  sons.     "Ood. 
wine,  obliged  to  Ix.w  before  the  unite.1  power  of 

went  o  !■  landers  with  his  son  Swegen,  while 
Ilarol.l  and  Leofwinc  went  to  Irelan.l.  to  be  wcH 
ree,.,v,.,l  by  Dirmot  king  of  f^inster.  Many 
Englislimen  seen,  to  have  followe.l  him  in  h& 
ex  le:  for  a  year  the  foreign  party  was  triumnb. 
ant,  and  the  Hrst  sUige  o(  the  NoVmai,  ConZest 
wu,^''^..'^  "■"?  ^>  ""'^  '-"portant  crisis'  hat 

Ws  ..^l"h L""-'  •"'  ??^'""?<'>'  .  "^'e^fe  «t  home, 
usited  his  cousin  Edward.  .  .  .  Friendly  rt'lal 
ions  we  may  be  sure  bad  existed  betw«.n  .be 
two  cousins,  an<l  if,  as  is  not  improbable    Wil" 

Mitcee.1  to  the  English  throne,  what  more  favour- 
able opportunilv  for  a  visit  could  have  been 
fV.nndY  Edwanf  bad  lost  all  bop..9  of  eVer  mv 
ng  any  chddrtn.  .  .  WiliiaiA  came,  an.l  it 
would  seen,,  gained  ail  that  he  .lesired.  For  this 
most  probably  was  the  .late  of  some  promise  on 
Kdward  s  part  that  William  should  succcj-^hrm 

',        i     •^'"'  ^'!""»n  el'i-oniclers  alone  mcn- 
lo    1    and  give  no  .lates.     Edward  ha.l  no  right 

V  with  kI?;  '  7u-"'  "''■  '"-^P-^i'i""  of  whih 
Wis  \  ,  -  "'"'  ^)  "™"'?"'>"t  (-T  assembly  of 
I  ,s  ,  ;  "■  '■'■^""'"■^  "f  ""■  <ountry).  an.f  his 
l.ist  art  was  to  rev,.r.„.  the  promise,  if  ever  given 
n  au.ur  of  Harold  (Jodwines  sm,.  Mntl^^rl: 
,  "",.'•;,':  """"'  »'"''  Pi-oinise.  it  is  hanl  to  see 
l.ow  W  illia.n  couM  have  .ihsequentlv  m  ul  elTc 
NormaiisaMd  the  world  b..|i,.ve  in  the's^ure  ne^ 

h  s   caim Willi.on   returnci    to    Xor- 

"■""     .     "U   next  year   IMwanl   was  forced  to 

cii,in-e  bis  p,,li,v  ■'     (;,„l>v ,...j  ).: . 

lunied  to  Kn-laml.  with  a  lict'a'i  their"ba,k^'- 
LoiHlou   declared   fur  them,  ;md  the  king  "uS-' 


II' 


KNULAND,  IMS-KIM 


f1aim»  of 
WiUittm  u/  Normandt 


ENGLAND,  lOM. 


nutU'd  liinuicK  to  n  tvcuorilintion.  "Tlic  \i*Hj 
uf  0(Hl»iiii'  onci"  imirc  ruliil  Kiiprcnic.  niiil  iii> 
iiii'iiliciii  wiDi  iiiiidr  (if  the  nitl  III  till'  iriiwiilo 
Williuin  OiHlwiiic,  iriilo'il,  illcl  nut  loiiK  Hiir- 
vlvc  liU  rcKtonitldii,  liiil  1I5  lii«  il"'  \'iir  nflrr, 
10.",:l.  l<ft  hilt  win  lliiri.lil  Kiirl  of  tlic  Wixt  Siix- 
oiin  uml  till'  iiiiwl  im|iiirliii>t  nmn  in  KhkIihkI  " 
KliiK  Eilwunl  Ilir  (Viiifiitsor  liviil  yit  lliirtiTn 
yi'iirs  HfliT  lliis  linif,  duriii);  wliiili  pcrlixl  Eiirl 
llanilil  grew  rontiiiuiilly  in  inllurmc  lUiil  niM 
spliMKiiis  lii'tiilsliip  of  the  Knclisli  party.  In  11)02 
It  wiiH  llurolil'H  miNfortiinr  tii  Ix;  ulilpwri'iliiil  un 
tlic  roast  of  Kramc.  luid  lie  wim  niiuli' ciiiilivi'. 
I)ul«r  Williitin  of  Norniiimly  intiTvcniil  in  lii» 
liiliiilf  mill  olitiiincil  Ills  nli'iiMi';  siiil  "  lliiii,  iiH 
till'  prill'  of  IiIh  asui'.lanri',  I'Xlortiil  iin  oiilii  from 
iliirolil.  MHiM  to  Ih'  iisciI  iif;iiinst  liiin.  Iluroiil.  it 
Is  siiici,  iM'cunii'  his  nmn.  pronii.si  il  to  nmrry  Wil 
Hani's  liuiiKlilir  Aihla,  to  pliui'  Dovrr  ill  onii'  in 
Williiiin's  liaiiils,  and  Hiipport  his  <laini  to  the 
Knglisli  Ihronr  on  Kilwanrs  ilcath.  Hy  a  strata- 
fjiiii  of  WiilianiM  tlir  oatli  was  uiiwiltint:ly 
taken  on  holv  relics,  liiililen  liy  tin'  ilulte  unili  r 
the  lahle  on"  whieli  llariilil  Iiiiil  hands  to  swear, 
whereliy,  aicordiiiK  to  the  notions  of  thosi'  ilay.s, 
the  oath  was  r<'r«lered  more  hinding."  But  two 
years  later,  wlieii  Kdward  the  Confessor  (Hcd, 
;lie  English  WilenaKemot  eliose  llarolil  to  he 
king,  (lisrigariling  Edwanl'H  promise  and  liar 
old's  oath  to  the  IKike  of  Normandy. —A.  II. 
.lohuaon.  Till-  ,\nnininii  in  Knmiie,  rh.  10  niid  12. 

A1.80IS:  E.  A.  Freeman,  IliHt  of  the  Xormim 
doitq.  of  Kn:/..  rh  7-10  —.1.  Il  Oreen,  The  Vnnq. 
of  Kiia.,  eh.  10. 

A.  D.  1066,  — Election  and  coronation  of 
Harold. 

A.  D.  ToW  (tpring  and  summer).— Prepara- 
tions of  Duke  William  to  enforce  his  claim  to 
the  English  crown.— t)n  receiving  news  of  Ed- 
ward's ilealli  and  of  I larolds  acceptance  of  the 
crown,  Duke  William  of  Normandy  lost  no  time 
in  denianiling  from  Harold  the  performance  of 
the  cngagemeiitJf  to  which  he  had  pledged  him- 
self liy  his  oath,  llarml  answered  that  the  oath 
had  no  liinding  effect,  liy  rca-son  of  the  ci  mpul- 
»ion  under  whieli  it  was  giveu;  that  the  crown  of 
Engl.ind  was  not  his  to  iH.stow,  and  that,  being 
the  chosen  king,  he  could  not  marry  without 
consc  lit  of  the  Witeuagemot.  When  the  Duke 
had  this  reply  he  priKceded  with  vigor  to  secure 
from  his  own  kniglits  and  barons  the  support  he 
would  need  for  the  enforciioj  of  his  rights,  as  he 
deemed  them,  to  the  sovireigiitv  of  the  Englisli 
realm.  A  greut  parliament  of  the  Xornmn 
barons  was  held  at  Ijlhlmniie,  for  the  consider 
ati' in  of  the  matter.  "In  this  niemoralile  meet 
Ing  lluTi' «as  iiiwcli  ilivcrsity  of  opinion.  The 
Duke  could  ii'.t  iiiiiiniand  his  vassals  toerossthe 
sea,  llic'ir  liiiuris  did  not  compel  them  to  such 
mrvicc.  William  conlil  only  reipicst  their  aid  to 
fii;lit  his  battles  ill  England:  many  refused  to 
C'iiga;;c  in  lliis  daiigermis  (xpedilion,  and  great 
deliates  arose.  .  .  William,  wlio  could  not  re- 
store order,  withdrew  iiiio  another  apartment: 
and,  calling  tlic  barons  to  him  one  by  one,  he 
argued  and  reasoned  with  cad  of  these  sturdy 
vassal-  SI  [i.irately,  ami  apart  oni  the  others, 
lie  ixhauslid  all  the  art.-,  of  |  ,  .Miasicin;— their 
present  courtesy,  lie  engaged,  should  not  be 
t:iriii'd  into  a  precedent,  .  .  and  the  fertile 
fields  of  Eiii-'laiid  sliciuld  be  tlic  n-conipense  of 
their  fiili-iiiy.  L'poii  Iliis  piosp.. ;  ,.:  riiiuiiuT 
ation,  the  barons  a.ssiiitc(l    .      .   William  did  not 


conflnr  himself  to  his  own  siilijcct*.  All  the 
ailventiirenand  iiilventiiroiiiiitpiritsof  tlit;  nt'lKh 
Uiurlng  states  were  invited  to  Join  his  standard. 
...  To  all,  such  pMniiws  were  niadi'  us  should 
ta'st  incite  them  to  the  eiiUTprls<' —  lam)',,— 
liverUs,  —  money, —  aicordlng  to  their  ""'.:. li  and 
degree;  and  the' port  of  .St  I'ierre  siir  Dlye  was 
up|Hiinleil  asthepline  when' all  the  forces  should 
asMiiihle.  William  hail  discovered  four  most 
valid  reasons  fur  the  prusi  eullon  of  his  olTenslvo 
warfare  against  a  neighlHuiring  ixople :  —  tho 
iM'ipiest  iniide  by  his  cousin;  — tlie  perjury  of 
Harold;  — the  expulsion  of  the  Normans,  at  the 
instigation,  us  he  alleged,  of  (lislwln;  —  and, 
lastlv,  the  iiiassiicre  of  the  Danes  by  F-  -Ireil  on 
St.  ftrii  I  s  Dav.  The  alleged  perjury  '  irold 
I  iiablcil  Williiim  to  obtain  the  sanctlo.i  of  the 
IVipal  See.  Alexander,  the  Itomiin  Pontiff,  ul 
lowed,  iiav,  even  urged  him  to  punish  the  crime, 
provided  "l':ngland,  when  connuered,  should  be 
held  as  the  tief  of  St.  I'lter.  .  .  .  Ilihicbrand, 
Archileaeon  of  the  Church  of  Itome,  afterwards 
the  celebnited  I'ope  (Iregory  VII.,  greatly  as- 
sisted bv  the  support  which  he  gave  to  the  decree. 
As  a  vi'*ilile  token  of  protection,  the  Pope  trans- 
mitted to  William  the  consecrated  banner,  tho 
Oonfanon  of  St.  Peter,  and  a  precious  ring,  in 
which  a  relic  of  the  chief  of  the  Apostles  was 
emlosed."— Sir  F.  Palgmve,  Ili»l.  if  Sormniulji 
anil  Eni)..  t.  3,  ;(/!.  ilOO-lili:!—"  William  con- 
vinced, or  seemed  to  convince,  all  men  out  of 
England  and  Scandinavia  that  his  claim  to  the 
English  crown  was  just  and  holy,  and  that  it 
was  n  goiKl  work  to  help  himtoassirt  it  in  arms. 
.  .  .  William  himself  doubtless  thought  his  own 
claim  tlic  Is'tter;  he  deluded  himself  as  he  de- 
luded others.  But  we  are  more  concerned  with 
William  as  a  statesman;  and  if  it  be  statesman- 
ship  to  adapt  means  to  ends,  whatever  the  ends 
may  be,  it  it  1h'  statesmanship  to  make  men 
believe  the  worse  cause  is  the  better,  then  no 
man  ever  showed  higher  statesmanship  than 
Willi:im  showed  in  his  great  pleading  berore  all 
Western  Christendom  .  .  .  Others  had  claimed 
crowns;  none  had  taken  such  pains  to  convince 
all  mankind  that  the  !aim  was  a  good  one. 
Such  an  appeal  to  pii  .c  opinion  marks  on  one 
side  a  great  advance."— E.  A.  Freeman.  William 
tht  Couquernr,  eh.  fl. 

A.  D.  1066  (September).— The  ioTaston  of 
Tostig  and  Harold  Hardrada  and  their  over- 
throw   at    Stamford    Bridge.—"  Harold    [the 
English  king],  as  ime  of  his  misfortunes,  had  to 
face  two  powerful  armies,  in  distant  parts  of  the 
kingili  in,    almost    at   the  same  time.     Uiimours 
concerning  the  intentions  and  preparations  of  the 
Duke  of  Norinnndy  sixin  reaclie.l  England.    Dur- 
ing tlie  greater  part  of  the  sunimcr,  Hanilil,  at 
the  head  of  a  large  naval  and  military  force,  liad 
iHcn  on  the  watch  along  the  English  coast.     But 
iiiontlis  passed  away  and  no  enemy  became  visi- 
ble.    William,  it  was  said,  had  been  apprised  of 
the  measures  whieli  had  been  taken  to  meet  him. 
.  .   Many  suppnsid  that,  on  various  grounds, 
'   the  enterprise    had  been  abaiiiloned.     Provisions 
I   aljo,  for  so  great  an  army,  liecime  scarce.     Tlic 
men  began  to  disperse;  ."ind   Harold,  disbanding 
'   the    reinainiler,    returned   to    l.onilnn.      But  the 
j   news  now  came  that  ib.rold  Hardnida,  king  of 
1    Norway,  had  landed  in  the  north,  and  was  nivag- 
i   iiig  the  country    in  conjunction    with    Tostig, 
j    Il.o-uld'.s  ( iucr  bnitlicr.     Thi:;  event  i-,imv  fr-'m 
I  one  of  those  domestic  feuds  which  did  so  much 


818 


(• 


ENGLAND,  lOM. 


BallU  o/ Stnlae. 


ENGLAND.  lOM. 


■t  thii  Junrlure  to  wmkrn  thp  power  of  the 
KnglUh.     T(iatlK  biiil  vxcrcimMl  lili  authority  in 
Northunibriii  [iMeiirl]  In  tlic  niint  nrbitmry  man' 
ncr,   anil  Iih<I   |>"r|>c>tret('(i    atriK'loiis  crimci  in 
furtherance  of  lila  oliJi'itH.     The  result  whs  an 
■mount  iif  (lisaffertioii   n  lilrli  M'enis  to  hiive  nut 
It  out  iif  the  power  nf  hl»  frirmls  to  sustain  him. 
He  hail  mnrrleil  a  ilmiKliter  of  Itiililwin,  count  of 
Flanders,  nnil  so  became  l>n>tlii'r  In  law  tu  the 
duke  of  Normnnily.     His  tinitlur  Hiirnld,  as  lie 
aftlrmeil,  had  not  iliine  a  briithir'H  part  tiiwanls 
him.  mill  he  was  iiinri!  liispoM'il,  in  ronsi'i|ueni'e, 
to  dlile  with  the  Niirman  than  with  the  Haxon 
In   the  iippniaehInK  sIruKgh'      The  armv  with 
whirh  lie  now  iippearnl  consisted  mostly  of  Nor- 
wegians mill  KleniinKs,  anil  their  hviiwciI  olijei  t 
was  to  divide  nut  less  than  half  (lie  kinKduni  Ih'- 
twien   them.    .    .    .    (The  youii(f    Mercian  curls 
Edwin  iiuil  Morcar)  Hiimmoned  their  furies  .   .  . 
to  repel  the  invasion  under  Tosti^.     Kefiire  Hnr- 
old  could   reach  the  north,  they    haznrileil   lui 
cngaKement  at  a  place  named  Kulford.  on  the 
Ouse,  nut  fur  fnim   Ilishiipstiike.     Their  meas- 
ures,   however,    were  nut   wisely  taken.     They 
were  defiuteil   with   ({"'ut  hiss.     The   Inviiili  rs 
seem  to  have  reKuriliil  this  victory  as  dccidiiiff 
the  fale  of  that  part  of  the  klnj^iliim.     They  nb 
taincd    lioKt..Kes  at   York,    and   then   ninved   to 
Slamfiinl  Uridge,  where  they  Ik'kuii  the  work  of 
dividing  the  northern  parts  of  England  lictween 
them.     Ihit  in  the  midst  of  these'  priKeedings 
clouds  nf  duf.t  wi're  si^en  In  the  distance.     The 
first    thimglit  was,    that    the  multitude   which 
seemed  to  lie  ipproucliing  must  lie  friends.     But 
the  illusion  was  soon  at  un  end.     The  dust  ruiscd 
was  by  the  march  of  an  army  of  West  Saxons 
under  the  command  of  llanild." — H.  Vaunhun, 
liiriihitioits  of  Kng.  l/ut.,  Iik.  3,  rh.  t.—  'Of  the 
details  of  that  awful  iluv    lS<'pt.   23,    lOflfl]   we 
have  no  authentic   riconl.      We   have   indeed  a 
fehirimis    description    [In    the    lleimskr;ni;la  of 
Snorro  Sturleson],  conceiveil  in  the  Highest  spirit 
of  the  warlike  |«>etry  of  the  North;  Imt  it  Is  a 
ilescription   which,    wheu    critically    examined, 
proves  to  be  hardly  mori  worthy  of  belief  than 
a  buttle-plecc  in  the  Iliad   ...  At  least  we  know 
that  the  long  struggle  of  that  day   was  crowned 
by   romiilete   victory  on   the  slile  of   Kiii;liind. 
The  leaders  of  the  invailing  host  lay  each  man 
ready  fur  all  that  Engluiid  had  to  give  him,  hi.'; 
seven  feet  of  Engli.sh  Kroi.ml.     There  lliirolil  nf 
Norway,   the    la.st    of    the    uiiiieiil     Sia-Kings. 
^■ieldi'd  up  that  fiery  soul  which  hud  bnivid  dcith 
\\\  SI)  muny  forms  and  in  so  many  I. mils.  . 
There  Tostig,  the  sou  of  (iiKhvine,  an  exile  and 
a   traitor,    ciiilid    in   crime   and    sorrow   u    life 
which  had  begun  with  promises  not  less  brii;lit 
than  that  of  his  royal  hrotlier.  .   .   .   The  wlioh' 
strength  of  the   Niirthern  army   was  broken;  a 
few  only  escaped  by  lliirht,  ami  found  means  to 
reach   the   ships  at    IJiccall.  "— E.    A.    Freenmn, 
llif     -f  the  I,'ormau  Com/,  of  Kk;/.,  r/i.  14,  «.7.  4, 
A. ..    io66  (October!.— The  Norman  invasion 
•nd  battle  of  Senlac  or  Hastings.—  The  liattle 
of  .'<tamforil-liii:lp'  «asfouj;lit  ou  .Mnnilav,  .S'pt 
2"i,A.  1).  IiKirt.   Three  days  later,  on  the  Thursilay. 
Sept.  28,  William  of  Nnrmundv  landed  his  mure 
formidable  army  of  invasinn  n(  I'eveusey,  on  Ihe 
extreme  southeastern  coast.     The  news  of  Wil- 
liam's landins.'  reached  Harohl.  at  York,  on  the 
fnllowiiii;  Sunday,  it  is  thouixht.  and  his  victori 
Qua  hut  v.r.ni  and  waM^'-i  :irmy  na.,  k-t!  iiijfanliv 
back,  by  forceJ  marches,  over  the  route  it  huii 


trmrenml  no  lonircr  than  the  week  U'fore.    Wklt- 
ln«  at  I^onilon  a  few  days  for  fresh  musters  t« 
join  hini,  the  English  king  set  out  fmni  that  citjr 
Im.  12,  and  arrived  on  the  folh)wln/{  day  at  k 
|Milnt  s«'ven  miles  from  the  camp  which  Ida  an- 
tagonist had  entrenched  at  Hustings.     Meantime 
the  Normans  hail  Isen  cruelly  ravaging  the  coaat 
country,  liy  way  of  provoking  attack.     Harold 
felt  hinisi'ir  driven  by  the  devastation  they  com- 
mitted to  face  the  Issue  of  battle  without  wait- 
ing   for  a  BlronKcr    rally.     "  Advuiicing    near 
enough  to  Ihe  const  to  ihiek  William's  ravuKea, 
he  Intri'iicheil  lilnisi  If  on  Ihe  hill  of  .Si'nlac,  u  low 
spur  of  the  Sussex   Kowns,   near  Hastings,  In  a 
posilion  whhh  covered  London,  and  forced  the 
Nnrinan  army  to  coiiceiitrute.      With  a  host  sub- 
sisting hy  plllat'c,  to  cnncintratelslostarvp,  and 
no  uliernative  wiis  hft  to  William  but  a  decisive 
viclorv  or  ruin.     Along  the  higher  ground  that 
hads  from  Hastings  the  Duke  led  his  men  in  the 
dim  dawn  of  an  OclolMr  morning  to  Ihe  mound  of 
Telhani.     It  was  fnnn  this  point  that  the  Nor- 
mans saw  the  host  of  the  English  gathered  thickly 
iKhinil  a  rough  trench   and  a  stockade  on  the 
height  of  Senlac.     Marshy  ground  covered  their 
right.  .  .  .  A  general  charge  nf  the  Norman  foot 
ojiened   the   battle;    In  front   nule  the  minstrel 
Tulllefur,  tossing  his  sword  in  ilie  air  and  catch- 
ing it  again  while  he  chanted  the  song  nf  Hnland. 
He  was  the  first  of  the  host  who  struck  a  blow, 
and  he  was  the  first  to  fall.     The  charge  broke 
vainly  on  the  stout  stnckade  behind  which  the 
English   warriors   plied    axe   and    javelin   with 
liene  cries  of  '  Out.  Out.'  and  the  repulse  of  the 
Norman  fixitmen  was  followed  by  the  repulse  of 
the  Norman  horse.     Again  and  again  the  Duke 
rallied  and  led  them  to  the  fatal  stiK'kude.  .  .   . 
His  Breton    trmiiis.  entangled    In    the  marshy 
ground  on  his  left,  broke  in  disorder,  and  a  cry 
arose,  as  the  panic  spread  through  the  army, 
that  the  Duke  was  slum.     '  1  live.'  shouted  WII- 
liuc  us  he  tore  oil  his  helmet,  '  and  by  God's  help 
will  conquer  yet.'     Muddened  by   repulse,  the 
Duke  spurred  right  ut  the  stjinilanl;  unhorsed, 
his  terrible  mace  struck  down  Oyrth,  the  King's 
brother,   und  stretched    U'ofwine,    a  se'cond  of 
Ooilwine's  sons,  beside  him;  again  dismounted, 
u  blow  fnim  his  hand  hurled  to  the  ground  an 
immannerly  rider  who  would  not  lend  him  hii 
sleed.     Annd  the  roar  and  tumult  of  the  battle 
he  turned  the   flight   he  hud  arresti-d  Into   the 
means  of  victory.     Broken  us  the  stockade  was 
by  his  'iisperate  onsit,   the   sliieldwull   of   the 
warriors  lie'  ind  it  still  held  the  Normans  ut  bay, 
when  William  by  a  fiint  of  lliglit  drew  a  part  of 
the  English  force  from  their  post  of  vantage. 
Turning  on  his  di.Mirderly  pursuers,  the  Duke 
cut  them  to  pieces,  hroke  through  the  abandoned 
line,  and  was  muster  of  thecentrul  plateau,  while 
French  and  Bretons  made  good  their  Hscent  un 
eitlier  flank.     At  three  the  hill  seemed  won.  at 
sl.\  the  flght  still   raged  aroiiiid   the   standard, 
where   Harold's  hus-carls  stood    stulibomly   at 
bay  on  the  spot  marked  afterward  by  the  high 
allar  of  Battle  Abbey.     An  order  frnin  the  Duke 
at  last  lirought  his  archers  to  the  front,  and  their 
arrow-flight  tohl    heavily   on  the  dense   masses 
crowded   around   the   Kin;;.     As  the  sun  w-rit 
down,  a  shaft  pierced  Harold's  right  eve;  he  fell 
bitwein  tlie  royal  ensiiins.  and  the  battle  closed 
with  a  desperate  melee  over  his  corpse."— , I.  R 
Green,  .i  Uruir:  IlUZury  „f  tU  Ei.yluh  i'cvule,  ck 
2.  KCt.  4. 


819 


Si' 

li 


«r 


KNOLANi),  loee 


Apnib  >■/  Ikt 


ENOI-AND,  1067- 1(»7 


Ai.no  iM  E.  A.  Furmitn.  /U>t.  nf  tht  Xufnitn 
r<imi  .,/■  h'lii)  .  rh  1.1.  •«<•/  4  — E  H  Cn-HKV, 
fytrrn'lhfitiiv  lUlUltaiiflhr  \V;llil.  rh.  H.— WlliV, 
Hi'iU'tn  tfi'  li"n  ;  tnniM.  f'lf  Sir  A.  Miilit. 

A.  D.  io66-io7i.~Th'«  Finiihinr  of  the  Nor- 
man Conquctt.—"  It  iiiiiHt  lit'  wi'M  iiihIi'MomI 
tliiil  iIiIh  irri'iil  vidiiry  |(if  Snlucj  <liil  nut  nmkr 
Iliiki'  WllliaiM  Kln^'  nor  imt  hint  In  jHHuMiMlim  of 
(III- uholi'  lanil  III- Mill  lii'lil  iinly  imrt  nf  Sua 
MX.  llllil  llir  |irii|ili'iir  III!'  ri'Xt  nf  III!'  klriKilnni 
•liiiHiil  111  yi  t  nil  niinil  In  Milmilt  tn  liliii  If 
Knu'liiml  iLiJ  liiiil  a  Iniili  r  left  like  llamlil  nr 
()\rili.  W  illiani  nil/u'lit  have  liuil  tn  tl),'lit  ii»  iimny 
tmtlirs  us  (nut  liail,  and  that  with  niiuli  Iikh 
cliand' nf  uinninf:  in  III!' riiil.  Knr  ii  lar^c  part 
nf  Knt'laml  fniiulil  nillinciy  nn  ('niilH  Kiilr. 
wliili'  William  hail  nn  rriiiiilK  in  Knu'lunil  at  all. 
rxri'|it  It  fi'W  Nnrniiiii  M'ltlrrs.  William  iliil  nni 
cull  liimmlf  Kin^  till  lie  uaH  rt-^Milarly  i-rnwnril 
ninri'  than  twn  innntliM  later,  anil  even  tlii-ii  lir 
had  rial  pnHMhiiiiin  nnly  nf  alimit  ii  thini  nf  tlir 
kin^'ilnm.  It  was  ninri'  than  thnr  yram  iKfnrr 
III'  hail  full  pnsM'-'sinn  nf  all.  Htlll  the-  ^rrrat 
llKlit  nn  .S<  nlar  nunc  tho  li'ss  M'ttliil  thi'  fate  nf 
KiiKlaiiil.  Fur  aflir  that  tl^lit  WilMain  iicvir 
nii't  with  any  vinml  n  si^tanci'.  .  .  .  Diirini; 
till'  year  IIMIT  William  niaile  nn  fiirlher  <  nn 
()nrNtH:  all  we>li'rn  anil  imrthern  Kiii;lanil  re 
inaini-il  uiihuIhIui-iI  ;  hut.  exeept  in  Kent  ami 
lien  fnrilshire.  there  was  no  tlK'hliiih'  in  any  part 
of  the  land  which  had  really  sidiniilteil.'  The 
next  twn  years  were  the  time  in  w  liii  h  all  Knj;- 
lanil  WHS  reallv  ninipjered.  The  fnrrner  part  nf 
KHIM  j;uve  him'lhe  West.  The  hitler  part  nf  that 
ye.ir  n'lve  him  eentral  anil  nnrtliern  I'JiL'lanil  as 
far  as  Vnrkshin'.  the  exirenie  iinrth  and  iinrlh- 
west  liein;;  still  iinMilMliied.  Theallenipt  tnwin 
Durham  in  the  lii;:innin^'  nf  liHi!)  led  tn  twn  re 
vnlls  at  Vnrk.  I.aler  In  the  year  all  Hie  iinrth 
nnil  west  was  a^ain  in  arms,  and  the  Danish  tieet 
(nf  KinK  Sweden,  hi  league  with  the  Kiitrlish 
piiirinisj  came.  But  the  revnlia  were  put  ilnwn 
mic  liy  niic,  and  the  gR'iit  winter  campaijrn  nf 
lOdU-lllTl)  iiiiKpieri'd  the  still  iinsiilMlncd  parts, 
ending  wilh  Hie  taking  of  Chester.  Karly  in 
107(1  till'  wIkiIc  land  was  fnr  the  tlrst  time  in 
Williim's  p<)s.sissiiin;  there  was  no  mure  tlght- 
Ing,  and  he  was  ahic  tn  jilve  his  nilriil  tn  the 
ninrc  peaceful  jiart  n'  his  schemes,  what  we  may 
call  the  enn(|Uist  of  ;he  native  Church  hy  the 
ap|ininlmenl  of  foreit;ii  liishnps.  Hut  In  the 
BUinmer  nf  1070  In'gan  the  revnlt  of  the  t'enliind. 
and  Ihe  defence  of  Kly.  which  lasted  till  the 
autumn  nf  1071.  Afler  that  William  was  full 
Kinj,'  evcrywheri'  withnnt  dispute.  There  was 
nn  more  naliiinal  ri'sislaiiec;  there  was  nn  revnlt 
of  any  laiL'e  pari  nf  Ihe  cniinlry.  .  .  .  The  enn- 
quesl  nf  Ihe  land,  as  f.-ir  as  lluhlini;  ;;ii  i,  was 
now  linivhed.  "— K.  .\.  Kricnian,  Slr.it  lli'l.  ■;/' 
the  \'.rmiiii  ('■•h'/.  ff  HiiQ.,  cli.  H,  «w.  U;  r/i.  lii, 
tect.   10. 

A.  D.  io67.io87.— The  spoils  of  the  Con- 
quest, "'Ihe  Nnmian  army  .  .  .  reinaiiieil  cnn- 
ciiiliMlid  .'iinuiiil  l.nndnn  lin  the  winter  nf  1067], 
and  u'M.n  the  sniilhern  and  eastern  enasts  nearest 
Gaul  The  pMiiiiinn  nf  the  wealih  nf  the  invaded 
territory  now  alniiiM  sniely  neeu|iii'il  them.  Cnm- 
inis>iniii  rs  wcnl  over  Ihe  whole  extent  nf  cnnnlry 
in  wiiii  li  the  army  hail  left  pirri.snns;  they  tonk 
an  exact  inventory  if  properly  nf  every  kind, 
pulilic  and   private,  earefully   fe^'isterini;  ciery 


pari'.i 


i.|- 


the  names  of  ull  the  KuglLsh  parti.suiis  nf  Ilurnhl, 


w  III!  Iiiul  clihrr  died  In  Initth'.  or  niinrlrpil  Ihede 
feat,  nr  liy  InuilunlHry  di  hits  had  Uen  prevent4'<l 
from  JiilniiiK  the  myal  stamhinl.  All  the  pnp 
erty  of  iIicm'  three  classi  s  nf  ineii,  lands,  reve- 
nues, furniture,  Imuses,  wen*  enntlsi'atetl ;  the 
ehildriii  nf  the  first  class  weri'  4tet  lartsl  fnrever 
illsinheriled;  Iheiu'eonil  i  lass,  weri',  in  like  nian- 
in-r,  wholly  dlsposH«'sM-d  of  their  estates  anfl 
i>ro|H'rty  of  etry  kind,  and,  Niys  one  of  llie 
Norman  wrllcrs,  were  only  tisi  ur.ileful  fnr  Inlng 
alhiHed  In  relain  their  litis.  Tjistly,  thim<>  who 
had  nni  i.-ikcn  np  arms  were  iilsn  desiHiiled  of  all 
tliev  iHisM'ssed,  Inr  haviiift  had  Ihe  intenllnii  of 
takin>;  up  iinns;  hut,  hy  s|H'cial  ^raee,  they  were 
allntti'l  tn  enlirtain  Ihe  hope  that  afler  many 
Inii^  years  nf  nlieilienie  and  devniion  In  the  for- 
elun  pnwcr,  imt  Ihiy,  inileeit,  hut  their  mins, 
nii>:ht  perhaps  nlitain  fmm  tlieir  lu'W  iiniHters 
some  pnrtion  m'  their  palcrind  heriliige.  Siieli 
ttas  the  law  of  the  compiesl,  neennlin)(  to  the 
unsiispeeted  leslimony  of  ii  man  nearly  eon- 
lempnrary  wilh  and  ol  the  race  of  the  eoniiiicr- 
orsllihhard  Lenoir  or  Noirot.  hishop  of  Kly  In 
Ihe  U'tli  eeiilnry{.  The  i>  inense  prisluct  of  thU 
uiiiviTNiU  spniiatinn  Ineame  the  pay  nf  those  ad- 
venlurersnf  every  nulion  who  had  enrolled  under 
Ihe  lianner  of  Ihe  duke  of  Nnmiandy.  .  .  . 
Some  received  their  pay  in  i.ioiny,  othem  had 
slipulalcd  thai  they  shoiihl  have  a  Saxon  wife, 
and  William,  sats  the  Nnrman  ehronicte,  ^avG 
them  in  marriage  nnhle  dames,  great  heiresw'S, 
whose  liushands  had  fallen  ill  the  hattle.  One, 
nnly,  aniniig  the  knights  whn  had  acronipanied 
Ihe  (nnipienir,  elainieil  neither  land.s,  gnid,  Dor 
wife,  iind  would  aceeiit  nniie  nf  the  B(i<iils  of  the 
cninpierid.  His  imnie  was  (iuillH'rt  Kitz  Kirh- 
ard:  he  said  lliat  he  had  iiecompanied  his  lord  to 
Kngland  iH'cause  such  ttas  his  duty,  hut  that 
stolen  giMsIs  had  no  allniethm  for  him-" — A. 
Thierry,  Hint,  nf  the.  i  iini/.  nf  Hnij.  hy  the  Xur- 
tiiiitiM,  hi-.  4. — "  riiotigh  many  oontlscations  took 
place,  ill  order  to  gratify  the  Norman  army,  yet 
Ihe  mass  of  property  was  left  in  the  hands  of  its 
former  iinssissnrs.  Olliees  of  high  trust  were 
iH'stotted  U|ion  Englishmen,  even  upon  those 
whose  family  rennw  n  might  have  raised  the  most 
as.jiring  thoughts.  Uiit,  partly  through  the  in- 
soleiice  and  injuslhe  of  Willhim's  Norman  vas- 
sals, partly  through  the  suspich>iisness  natural 
to  a  man  ronseiniis  nf  having  nvertunied  the 
natinnal  gnverninent,  his  ynke  siKin  iK'Came  more 
heavy.  The  English  were  oppnssed;  they  re- 
Is'lled,  were  sulsiued.  and  opprcs.scd  Kgain.  .  .  . 
An  extensive  siinlialinn  nf  i>ro)H-rty  aceompanied 
these  revniiilinns.  It  ajifiiais  liy  the  great  na- 
tinnal survey  of  I)nme.s<hiy  Ucsik.  conipleted  near 
the  einse  nf  Ihe  Cnnqiierors  reign,  tliat  the  ten- 
ants in  capite  of  Ihe  cmtvn  ttere  generally  for- 
ligiKTs.  .  .  .  Hut  inferinr  fill  Ii' III  rs  tvere  much 
less  disturhed  in  lliiir  eslales  i   Ihe  higher. 

.  .  .  The  talualilc  laliours  nf  ."^i.  Ili  nry  Kllis,  in 
prcsi-nting  us  wilh  a  coniplcic  analysis  of  Domes- 
day HiHik,  alToril  an  opportunity,  hy  his  list  of 
mesne  lenanls  at  llie  lime  of  llie  survey,  to  fnnii 
some  approximation  tn  llie  n  lalive  nuinhers  of 
English  and  foreigners  holding'  manors  under  the 
iininediate  vas.sals  of  theemttn.  .  .  ,  Though  I 
will  not  now  illirm  or  deny  Ihat  they  were  a 
majority.  Iliey  [ihe  Knixlisiij  form  a  large  pni- 
portion  of  nearly  .s.Ooo  incsiu'  lenanls,  who  are 
summed  up  liy  the  ililii.'cnie  of  Sir  Henry  Ellis. 

.    .    .    T!::-  irii;:!il  i:ni!ue  u:i  in  st.'^pvvi  ihul,  ;;rrat 

US  the  spniiatinn  must  apjiear  iu  mi>deru  times, 


820 


I'l 


ENULAND,  1067- KMT. 


H'/oy 


KN(iI.ANI>,  MMH-nm. 


(ml  nlmiiot  riinipli'ti'ly  im  iIii'  nntiim  wnii  rxrliidcil 
fniiiiiltll  poHir  III  llii' riiiiiiiiiiiivriillh,  llu'ri'  !'• 
■fiiiH-  <-Xii>rKrrulii)ii  in  iIm>  ltiM|;iiiiK<'  "f  liiimi' 
writi'tn  hImi  ri'|>ri'M'iil  llinii  ii>  uiilviTMilly  n- 
diiciil  toil  Kliiti'  iif  iHiiiiry  iiiiil  Mrvlliiili'.  Ami 
tlilH  aiiM|»i(-ioii  iiiiiv  !>«'  ill  M>iiH-  ilcKh'i-  liiHl.  Vi  t 
tliimc  writiTH,  tiiHi  i'M[M  <  iaily  ttic  iixmt  Kii^flinli  in 
fii'liMK  <if  llii'iii  iill.  .M  Tliii  rry,  iirc  »  iriiinli  il  liv 
the  liiii^'iiiiur  of  rimti'iii|>i>riirv  iiiitlH'rillin  '— il. 
itiillaiii.  Ilir  MiMh  Aiji:  r'l,  H.  jl.  '.•— 'Hy 
riiflit  of  <iini|iii'Kt  Wllliuiii  (liiiiiii'il  iiiiililnir.    Ilr 

llllil  iMlllr  Inlakl'  llii<  lii»ll,llllil  lll'llllll  iiiiluikily 
nut  uilli  Miiiii'  <i|>|>initiiiii  In  t.4l>lr>|{  Il  'lilt' 
CTuwii  taiMl-4  of  Kiii^  I'ittuard  |iai*M'il  of  rniir^' 
to  UU  SUM'  'SMir.  A^  for  Ihc  lamlN  of  nilti-r  iiicii, 
ill  William  4  Ihiory  all  wan  forfiiliil  In  lliii  rouii. 
Till'  l.iHfiil  III  ir  liail  Ih en  ilrivi  ii  tohn  k  liii  kiiit: 
(loin  ill  nrins;  no  i-jiiflisliiiiaii  liail  IhI|miI  liiiii: 
n  any  l'.iii:li><liinrii  liiiil  fou;:lit  ai;ainsl  him.  All 
tliiii  »irr  iliri'illy  or  Imlinilly  iniilorit.  'I  lie 
Kill);  iiil|,'lit  lawfully  ileal  hIiIi  llir  hiiiiln  of  all 
ttnliisimn.  .  .  .  Afiirtlii' Kinrral  ri  iliniplioii  of 
iunils,  K''"<liii>"y  <  irrircl  mil  jis  Williainn  jioui  r 
ailviinii'd.  nil  nc'niral  lilnw  wasilrall  at  Kiiwli^li- 
nun  as  Mill  II.  .  .  .  Tliiiiii!li  ilic  laiiil  liail  invrr 
M'l'ii  KM  >;ri'iit  II  rontl.'M-iitioii,  or  oik-  wi  laririly  for 
till'  lirlicKif  of  fori  i).'nrrH,  yit  llu  re  wiw  nolliin^ 
nrw  ill  llii'lliiiiK  ilM  If.  .  .  .  Conlisiation  ..r  lanil 
wax  llir  I'Viry  ilay  piinisliniiiil  for  mrioiiH  |iiililii' 
mill  privali'  iriiiicn.  .  .  .  Onii-  v'raii'inK  tl"' 
uri^'iiial  uninK  "f  IiIh  (liming  al  all  ami  lirini;inK 
B  lio>t  of  striini.'1'rs  witli  liini,  ilnri'  in  hini;iilarly 
iittli' to  lilaiiii'  in  the  iii'is  of  till*  ('onitiii-nir." — 
E.  A  Kri'i'iiian,  Milliniu  Ihr  ('•niiiiieinr,  yi/i.  lO'i- 
IIH.  I'.'H.  — "After  each ilTort  lof  remit)  llie  royal 
liiiiiil  »ait  liilii  on  more  liiavily:  niiire  anil  niiin' 
himl  elianKi'il  o»iii  r<.  iiml  wiili  Ilie  <  liaiiKe  of 
owners  the  lilh'  (Imiitii'd.  The  eoriiplhaliil  ami 
uiiinli'llli;ilili'  irri'>;iilarlties  of  the  An),'lo  iSii.voii 
teiiims  were  ekelian|u;eil  for  the  Kiinple  anil  mil 
fiirin  feiiilul  theory.  .  .  .  Itwiisiiol  the  elnince 
fniin  alislial  to  feiiiiiil  ho  iiiiieli  as  fioin  eunfiiMion 
to  onUr.  Tile  iietiiiil  iiinouiit  of  ili^piMiu  union 
wnn  mi  ilmilit  greatest  in  the  higher  ranks.  "—\V. 
Stiililw.  f  •',;„/.  Ilht.  of  Knij..  eh.  »,  Mft.  «5. 

A.  D.  1069-1071.— The  Camp  of  Refuge  in 
the  Fent. — "  In  llie  northern  part  of  ('anihriil^'e' 
shire  there  is  n  vast  e.xtent  of  low  iiiiil  niureliv 
liinil,  iiitenn'i'ti'ii  in  every  ilireelion  by  rivern.  All 
the  waters  from  the  (tntre  of  Eii^'lami  wliiili  <h> 
not  How  into  the  Tliiimes  or  tlie  Trent,  einnty 
themselves  into  these  marshes,  wliieliin  the  lat- 
ter emi  of  aiiliinin  overllow,  eover  th;;  hinil.  nmi 
are  <har>:eil  wiili  fofts  iinil  vaiMiiirs.  A  portion 
of  this  ilanip  nn>l  sviaiiipy  eoiinlry  was  then,  us 
now,  ealleil  Ilie  Isle  of  Kly:  another  the  Isle  of 
Tliorney.  u  tliir.l  the  Isleiif  Croylaml.  Tliisilis- 
trid.  nlmoslii  nioviiij;  Iki>;.  inipr'aeliealile  foreav- 
airy  ami  for  soMiiis  heavily  armeil.  hail  more 
than  oiiee  served  as  a  rifiijie  for  the  Sa,\o'i»  in 
tile  lime  of  till'  l>aiiisliioni|iii'st ;  towards  I  he  eh  ise 
of  llie  year  liMiil  ii  iK'eame  the  rendezvous  of  .sev- 
eral bands  of  patriots  from  various  iptarli-rs.  iis- 
wiiiblini;  in.Miiisl  the  Normans.  Former  i  liiif- 
taiiis,  now  ili>po<s<'sseil  of  their  lands,  suet  es- 
sivcly  ri'p.iirr.l  hitliir  w  itii  tin  ir  elicnls.  some  by 
land.  Ill  hers  liy  water,  by  the  mouths  of  the  rivi  r-i. 
Tliey  111  re  enlist  riielede'iitreiiehments  of  earth  and 
woihI.  and  i-siabli-hed  all  extensive  a riiii'd  station, 
whieli  took  liie  name  of  llie  Camp  of  liefui;!'. 
The  foreigners  at  first  liesiiat.il  to  attack  llieiii 
ii'!!i-:-i  i'leir  rushes  :i:;ii  w:;i.^\v>.  aii.i  liiu.,  ui^. 
llieni  time  to  transmit  niessiijres  in  every  diruetion. 


at  liomrnnil  abroml.  lotlir  friemlaof  old  EnfUnd 
III  eonie  |mi«i  rfiil.  they  undirtiMik  11  partisan  war 
by  land  ami  bv  si  a.  or,  us  the  ennipierors  culled 
It,  rolilH-ry  ami  piracy  '  — .\.  Thierrv.  //i»/  i/M« 
'""'/  "/  A'"/  ''.V  ""^  S'lrmiint,  hk  k  — "  Axaluit 
the  new  hi  liny  llie  fn  e  mill  of  Ihe  Oiineluuh 
Hiiil  of  N'orlhiiinbrlii  roM<  If  Ijlnanl  the  ile< 
Ml  ndant  of  (erilie  had  Uen  litlh'  to  itn  in.  VVII- 
liani  the  ihsiendaiit  of  Uollo  was  still  hita.  .  .  . 
ho  they  rime,  and  finikin:  tisi  late,  il  may  U',  and 
without  unity  or  piirpimi  .and  they  were  worsted 
by  an  enemy  who  hail  IhiiIi  unity  and  piiriHnie; 
whom  siipi  rslitioii.  );ried.  nmi  feudal  ilisiipliiic 
kept  together  at  least  in  l)ii;;laml.  in  oneeoiiipact 
I  IhhIv  of  iiiisi  rupiiloiis  and  li  rrible  ciiibdi  rates. 
{  Ami  I  III  irs  was  a  land  worth  Ii;,'litiiii;  for  —  iikinhI 
i  land  and  lar;,'e:  from  IIiimlM  r  inoiilli  Inland  to  the 
j  Trent  and  merry  Shi  tuoihI  across  lot  hesiir  anil 
I  the  Dee.  round  by  I.iii  csii  r  and  the  tlve  liiirKlis 
I  of  the  Dams,  eastward  iil'  liii  to  lliintinu'donaml 
(  aiiibrid;ie  (then  u  pisjr  villai.'e  on  the  site  of  un 
ohi  Itoinan  lowni:  and  tin  n  northward  iipiiii  into 
Ihe  wide  fins,  the  land  of  the  (iir\ii.  w  lure  the 
Kreat  ceiilral  plateau  of  Iji^land  sliiii  s  into  llic 
hi  11.  to  birm.  from  the  rain  and  livt  r  washings  of 
ei);lit  shins,  lowlands  of  11  ti  rlility  iiic\liaiisti< 
ble.  lH'iausee\er  growiiiKlolhisdiiy  .  IntotlioM 
fens,  as  into  11  naliiral  birlres.s.  llie  Anglo  Danish 
nolilemi  n  crowdeil  down  inslinclivcly  from  the 
i.ilaud  to  make  tlicir  last  stand  against  the  Kri  ncli. 
.  .  .  Most  gallant  of  Iheiii  all.  and  till  ir  hailir  in 
till'  fatal  struggle  against  William,  was  llerewaril 
llie  Wake.   I.oid  III  lloiirne  iiiid  ancestei  of  that 


family  of  Wi  ke,  tlieiirmsof  v\  lioni  iiplHiir  on  the 

ley.  iltrrttiinl  tht 

Wiike.  /Vr//(i/i'.  — Tliodefcneeof  the  (amp  of  Itef- 


ivcr  of  tills  Um)'(.  " — ('.  Klngsle 


iige  wits  niHiiitaineil  until  ()>lolxr.  IU7I.  when 
the  stronghold  is  anid  to  have  been  latraveil  by 
the  monks  of  Ely.  w  ho  grew  tired  of  ilie  ilisturli- 
nnee  of  tlieir  iieace.  Itiit  Ilerewurd  did  not  sub- 
mit, ile  inaile  his  esrajie  and  various  iiceoiinia 
are  given  of  bis  Kiibsei|neiit  caner  iinil  ills  fute. 
—  E.  A.  Ereeman,  //<«(.  </  the  Aurmmt  Oini/.  0/ 
Knij..  (h.  20.  lurt.   1. 

Alsoin:  ('.  M.  Yonge.  ('anutufnnn  Eng,  Ilia., 
Jtrnt  MffiiK,  r.  8. 

A.  D.  1085-1086.— The  Dometday  Survej 
and  Domeiday  Book.— "The  ilistinetive  char- 
acteristic  of  the  Norman  kings  [of  Eughiiiil)  win 
their  exceeding  greed,  and  the  iidniinistrutive 
system  was  so  ilireeteil  ut  to  insure  the  exaction 
of  Ihe  liigliesl  posBible  iiii|>osts.  From  this  lient 
originated  the  great  registration  that  William 
(the  t'onipieror]  euiiseil  to  be  taken  of  all  lands, 
wiielher  liohlen  in  fee  or  at  rent;  as  well  as  the 
census  of  the  entire  population.  The  respective 
registers  were  preserved  in  tlie  C'alhedriil  of 
Winchester,  iiiid  liy  the  Norman  were  designated 
'  le  gniml  role.'  "  le  role  loyal.'  '  le  role  ile  Win 
Chester';  but  by  the  yaxmis  were  termed  'tlie 
liiMik  of  the  Last  .liidijiiienl.' '  Disimesilacgc  Him'.' 

•Do silay  Hook.'"— E,   Kisilid.    y/„    Ki.,Ji,h. 

(.'"ii^titntii'iiL.  ch.  I.  — For  a  ililTiniil  statement 
see  the  following:  "'ilie  nceiitly  attempted 
invasion  from  Denniark  seems  to  have  iiiipressed 
llie  king  Willi  tlie  clesiraliiliiy  of  an  accurate 
know  li'ilL'e  of  his  rexairci'S.  militjiry  and  tis'-;'!. 
bolli  of  whiili  were  lia-ed  ll|ioii  llie  land.  The 
survey  was  eoiiiplctid  in  ilie  lemarkalilv  short 
space'  of  a  >iii:.'le  year  IliKI-loSllj.  l"ii  each 
shire  the  eommissioiuis  made  tiieir  iiiipiiiies  by 

iix     ...illin   1.1    till     .-.liilil!.,    (il,:    l..iniiin   .Old    llieir 

Nornmu  retainers,  the  parish  priests,  llic  reeves 


821 


ENni.ANT).  vm  tOM 


MftTwir 


ENULANi).  i«rr  UIW 


•idI  «I«  riiirl*  iif  null  timnahlp  Thi-  rmiilt  iif 
lliair  liilNiiirx  WHO  It  iiiiiiiilt'  iliMrlptliiii  nf  »]l  llm 
Imiila  nf  ihi'  kliiir<li>m.  mIiIi  iIh-  i'Xr<'|illi>ti  ■>(  tin- 
fiMir  iiiirthirn  iniiiillf*  nf  NnrlliiinilarlHnil,  Ciiiii 
iNrliinil,  Winlmiirrlniiil  iiml  Diirliniii.  niul  pitrl 
of  wliitt  is  iMtw  tuiiiciwlitrt'  It  riiuiiu-mti>a  till- 
trimniK  In  i  lilrf,  iimli  r  linniiN.  rnilioldin.  vll 
1*'|||H,  tiihl  m'rf>«.  tli'M-rUNPt  tin-  niiliirr  iititl  oIiMkh- 
II' III* of  iIk'  triiimo.  Ill)'  viiliii'  III  llii'  timiMir  KiiiK 
KiiilHiinl,  at  Ilii'  <ii|ii|iii<»t,  mill  iit  tlii'  ilnl.'  nf  tlu' 
«iirviv.  mill.  hIiIiIi  ^Mvih  llir  kiy  In  llii' wlmli' 
iiii|iilf,v.  Iiifiiriii*  llii'  kliiir  uhrlliir  nnv  Hilvniiii' 
ihtlir  (iiliiiiliiiii  rniilil  Ik' iiiJiili'  ,   T)ii' n  liiriiH 

«1  rr  tnitlnllllllnl  In  \Vilirlir«liT.  lllirfxliil,  niiil 
rrnirilril  111  lun  viiIiiiiii'M  kIiIi'Ii  liitvi' iIi-mi-iiiIi-iI 
to  |Mmt('iity  niiilrr  tlir  imiiic  of  Dotiii'inltiy  llook. 
Till'  iiiiiiii'  itiM'lf  JH  prolmlily  ilciivcit  from  IIoiiiiik 
1*1  i.  till'  ii|i|ii  Million  of  II  c'liii|Hi  or  vniilt  of  llir 
iiitlii'ilriil  lit  WlnrliiKti  -  I'l  «lili  li  llii'  Ktirvry  wiiit 
lit   (lr«l    ilrpoitllril   "-  :'    Tiiiwi'll  (jinitnii'Hil. 

A.';,V/|«A     (V-/i»f      //in.  'J— ■Oflllr    llnit 

ulijcli  iniliinil  till'  ('iini|iirror  mul  IiIh  roiinrll  to 
iiiiilirtiiki'  till' Hiirviy  »i-  Imvi'  viry  littli' nlln 
lili'  informution.  iiiiil  iiiiii  li  tlmt  Ims  iM'in  writti  n 
on  till'  Kiiliji-rt  hiivotin  more  of  u  ilriliirtion  from 
till'  nmill  lliiin  of  ii  knowliilci-  of  tlii'  inimi'iliiiti' 
flirt".  We  liiivr  tlir  xtnti'nirnt  from  tlii'  t'lmr 
Injury  of  St  Miiry  1.  Worci^lcr.  of  tlii'  mijiolMi 
nil  lit  of  till'  ConiiiiliutloiiirK  liy  •'  ii  kln^  lilniiulf 
to  iniikr  till'  .Siirny.  Wi'  liuM'  iilwi  tlio  lii'iiillni( 
of  till'  '  |iii|iiUlliii  Kliinsiit '  hIiIiIi  iiiiriiortK  to 
k'ivr.  mill  pi-'iliiiMy  ilm  i  truly  nivr,  llii'  lliiiiit  of 
till' urllrli'-.  if  iii<|iiiry.  whiili  wi!i  forth  an  fol 
loHs  I  Wliiilis  thi'  nmiior  'iilli'ili;  II.  Who 
lull!  It  in  till'  llnii'of  Kif  r  KilwiirilT  III.  Who 
now  hol.Uii  ?  IV  How  h. liny  hiiUst  \.  Whiit 
tniniM  iiri' till  ri'  In  i|iini«nr?  VI  Whiit  ti'iims 
otlh.-niinv  Vll  Wluit  villiiiiH?  VIII.  Wliiit 
lottiinirxV  IX.  Wliiit  ln.nilinin?  X.  Wlnil  fn  i- 
nu'n  mill  wlmt  .«okiinrnl'  XI  What  wmiilsf 
Ml  Whut  niiiiilow  ?  XIII.  Wlmt  |)iuttnriHT 
XIV.  WliHtnilll.'*'  XV.  Whiit  tlsliirii's?  XVI. 
Wlmt  in  iiililiil  or  takin  awiiy  ?  XVII  Wlmt 
till' u  hull  Hill  Worth  loK'lli' r.  snd  what  now? 
XVIII     ll'iw    '1  :■,!■'  h    friMiinr    ir  sukrnmii 

hail  or  hill  Y  .MIIIiih  ic  I'Htiiniitiil  ihri'i' liiiics. 
vi/.  in  till'  tiinr  of  Kinv  Kilwanl.  anil  when 
Kini;  William  n:t\r  it,  iinil  !iiiw  it  U  now,  hiiiI  if 
iniiri'  Clin  In'  hail  for  it  than  has  luin  Imil.  Tliin 
ilixiinii  nt  Im.  I  think,  thr  iK'.t  fviilinci'  wr  havi' 
of  till'  form  of  the  iiii|iiirv,  iinil  it  tiilliisulrictly 
Willi  till*  form  of  till'  varfoii.s  rctiirnii  ua  wi'  now 
havi'  Ihiiii.  .  All  cxtirnal  cviilcnic  failinj;, 

wi' an- ilrivin  hill  k  to  Ihi'   Hiroril  itsilf  forivi 

ill- f  till'  ('oiii|iirriir's  inti'ntiiin  in  frainini;  it, 

iiii'l  uMM'Mi'  w  ho  ran  I'lilly  sliiiliin  it  will  Ik'  ilrivrn 
to  llii- ini\ii,ilili-  I'oiii'liiNJon  that  it  waH  frainrd 
mill  ili>ii.'iiri|  ill  till'  hiiirit  of  prrfrrt  riiuity. 
Loni;  liiforr  till*  ('oni|iii'st,  in  ihi*  iirrioii  iM-twrrn 
tlu'ilialli  of  Alfriil  anil  that  of  Kilwiinl  tin'  Con. 
fi'ssor.  till'  kinixiioni  ha<l  l«'rn  nipiill"  iliclinini; 
into  a  hiaii'  of  ili'^oriiiinisaiion  anil  ih'ray.  Tlir 
ilifi'nii- iif  thr  kiiiL'iloMi  ami  llii'  iiilini'iislmtion 
of  jiistiii'  luiil  kii  piiii:  of  ihr  praii'  foiilil  not  Im' 
inainlaiiinl  liy  tlir  KIhl' -^  nv.niii"*.  'I'hi' lax  of 
I)aiii;.'il,l.  iiiMiniiiil  l.v  Klliiln-il  at  llrvt  to  Imy 
pi  ail' of  till-  Dani's.  ainl  aflrrwanls  to  niaiiilain 
thr  liilVni'i- of  till- kiiiL'tloin,  hail  inorr  anil  niori' 
ci'ini' to  l.i- li-vii  il  iini'ipially  anil  unfairly.  The 
t'hurrh  hail  olitainril  iiioriiioiis  ri-mi>niiins  of  its 
lialiilitv,  anil  iH  possi's^ions  wi-ri*  ("iistimilv  in- 
t-ri'asiiiV  I'owirfii!  -.iiliji-;  !^  !iaiioh;:ii:ii ;!  fnvih'  r 
niiilMJiion,  anil  Ihe  tu.x  hail  come  to  In-  irregularly 


I'lJkTtnl  ami  wa*  liimlrniiome  iipun  fh*  •malU-r 
hi  ill  hn  ami  their  |Hi<ir  linantn.  while  IIh'  nohilltjr 
anil  llii'  Cliiinli  eM'a|Mtl  with  a  •nmll  alian' In 
the  liimhii  In  i<liort  the  ta«  hiiil  eoiiii-  to  Im 
eolleeteil  iitxin  all  olil  anil  imeorrerteil  aiwu'Mi 
iiieiil  It  hail  p^lll«llly  ilwlmlh  ■!  In  'Mnoiint,  ami 
nt  lax  liail  Int-n  ultimately  riniitieil  hy  KilwunI 
the  Confi'iMor  Aiian  hy  ami  lonfunloii  appear* 
oihave  relKiieil  IhroUKhout  the  realm  TlieCiin' 
ipieror  waa  thnateneil  with  forel^fn  liivaalon, 
ami  prenMil  on  all  aiilea  hy  lomplainln  of  unfair 
taxation  on  the  |iart  of  hli  hiiIijiiIh  Kitat-a 
liiul  la-ell  ilivlileil  iiinl  ■iiliillvhleil,  ami  the  inil 
ill  nee  of  the  tax  wiia  iineipial  anil  iinjiint.  He 
hail  to  fine  the  ■llllleiillliii  Infore  liiiii  anil  In 
lo'inl  Iherewiureea  if  lila  kinitilom  for  llailrfenee, 
anil  the  ineana  of  ih  Intt  an  weri'  not  at  liaml  In 
llila  tiltuatlon  hia  iiiiuiterly  ami  ohier  Invlii);  Nor 
man  miinl  inalltiileil  tfila  ^nat  lni|iiiry,  liiit 
orileriil  it  to  In*  taken  (na  1  maintain  the  atiiily  of 
the  lliHik  will  show)  in  the  iinait  |iiililii  mul  o|N'n 
iiianner,  ami  with  tiie  iitmoat  imparlialitv,  with 
the  view  of  livyinic  the  taxea  nf  the  kinirihim 
ei|Ually  ami  fairly  upon  ail  The  artielea  nf  hU 
hiipilry  allow  that  lie  wiia  pn'pareil  to  atinly  the 
riMoiiriea  of  'lia  kiiiKiloni  ami  iiinniihr  the  lia 
liilitv  of  hit  Ktiliji'i  ta  from  every  poaHlhle  |Niiiit 
of  view  "— Stimrt  Moon'.  On  llu'st'iiliiof  lt,„iuii- 
(I'll/  ll-ik  (Itmimliiif  f^ iiilim,  r.  I). —  "  l>onii  "ulay 
ItiKik  la  II  vast  mine  of  materiala  for  the  mm  iiil  anil 
eeonomieiil  hii>lor.\  of  our  loiintry,  a  niliiv  Himiwt 
Inexhaiiatihle,  anil  In  n  )innt  extent  aa  yet 
unworkeil.  Anions  tmllonul  iIih  iimenta  It  la 
iiniipn'  There  la  nothing  that  apprniu  Ilea  It  In 
Intenat  ami  value exrept  the  l^nilniinmlH'ik.wliieh 
reeiirih  the  naiiiea  of  the  nri|,'inal  Mtth-ra  In  lee 
liinil  anil  the  deslifiiationa  tlii-y  iH-htoweil  u|hiii 
the  iiliieea  when-  they  wtlleil,  ami  lella  ua  how 
the  inlaml  waa  taken  up  anil  npiNirtiuneil  amoni; 
them.  .'^111  li  a  iliH'ument  for  KiiKland,  ileM-rih 
Inij  the  way  In  wliieli  our  fonfathera  divided  the 
territory  they  <iiiii|iiered,  unil  how  'they  ealled 
the  lamia  after  their  own  iiamea,'  wniild  inilewl 


Ik>  prlieleaa.  Kut  the  Donii-sihiy  liook  dia-a.  In- 
direetlv,  supply  iniiterlala  for  the  history  of  the 
Kn^ilUli  as  WI  lliiaof  theNiiriiiiin  ('ompiest  for  it 
reeonis  not  only  how  the  lanila  of  tniiiaiul  wert? 
divided  iimoiii;  the  Nomuin  lioat  wliieli  coii' 
ipiereil  nt  Senlar,  hut  it  kIvcs  ua  nlan  the  nanua 
ntlheSaxnnand  |)anialihohler9  wliopiMKea.s('il  the 
lands  lafore  the  i;reat  hiittle  wlih  h  elimi|;i-il  all 
the  future  hislor  of  KiiKland,  and  emilihs  iis  to 
trai-e  the  extent  of  the  transfer  of  the  land  fnini 
Kn);lislimen  tii  Noriiimis:  it  shows  liow  far  the 
earlier  owners  were  ridiieed  to  tenants,  and  hy 
its  eniiinerution  nf  the  i  la.s.s4.s  of  (>o))iiliition  — 
fri'i'ineii,  sokemeii,  villans,  rottii-rs.  and  niavea 
—  it  indieates  the  nature  and  e.Meiit  of  the  earlier 
i-iiniiuesti'.  Thus  we  learn  that  in  tin  West  of 
Enirland  slaves  were  iiiiineMus.  while  in  llie  East 
tliiy  were  alinosl  iinkniiun,  mid  heme  »e  eather 
that  in  the  ilislrieta  tirst  siiliiliied  iln-  itritish 
popiilalion  was  extenninated  or  driven  olf.  while 
in  the  West  it  was  rediiieil  tosirvitiidi-  "1  Tay- 
lor, ll-iii'iKhiii  S'lrriritlmlifiiiifth.!)  Stiiiliii',  r.  1), 

Ai.so  IN:  K  A  Krei-iiian,  llht  of  I  In  Snrman 
Ciinijiifit,  rh.  ','l-'i2  iiiii'  'i/'/i.  .1  iz/'r  .I.  — W.  dc 
Orav  Hirili.  Il'iniemlnn  ll,mk  —V.  W.  Maillaiid. 
U,n..«'.iy  ll.,ukU>iel.  iW.  Kcon.). 

A.  D.  1087-1135.  -  The  soni  of  the  Con- 
queror and   their   reiKns.  — William    the  Con 

to  Ills  ehUr   son  Uolart,  the  English  erown  to 


822 


BNOI.AND,  IWT-ltSS. 


Xtau  at 


INULA ND.  IO«7-lt«S. 


hia  itmngiT  lum.  Wlllliim.  c'iill)'il  Iliiriiii,  nr  tlir 
Kitl.  iinil  imly  n  Ii'khiv  nf  Ct.iNN)  In  lila  ililnl  aiin, 
llinrv,  ('hIIciI  Ihiiiicfi  ri-.  or  The  H<  liiilHr  Tlif 
('otiqiH-ritf «  Itiilf  )irf>t|irr.  <)tl(i,  imn)|i  U'KAII  to 
|Mr»iiiiili'  ilic  Nnniinii  l>iir>n«  In  Kiik'hixI  <<■ 'li* 

Iiliirr  Wllllitin  Kilfim  niiit  iitniit  llnln  rt  i>n  IIh' 
:iiitll»ll  lliriint'  "The  i  Inim  of  Kulnrt  In  mic 
irril  III*  fttlhtr  ill  Kiitil'OKl,  wiiK  •iipiKirti'il  liy 
till'  riaiH'ttrtl  rlKliI*  of  |>rliii<iKi'tilliin'  Hut  llir 
Aiik'"  ^Niiin  rniwn  liitil  Hlwiiyit  Im'I'Ii  i'!i'<  iIviv 
I'rIiiinKriilliin'  .  .  Kiivi'  hi  iIihI  linic  iiii 
rlKlit  In  llif  I  riiwii  nf  KtiKlmiil,  InilclH'iiili  ill  iif 
till'  I'lirliim  of  itii  imrlliiniintiiry  ikmiiiIiIv  IIav 
lii)(  M'ciiri'cl  tliU  iMlc,  till'  |HiHrr  nf  Kiifi'ia  nolril 
•III  till' fiiiitiilnlliiii  tiiiwi  cniiKi'iilnl  nllli  tlii'  ri'cl 
liiKKHiiil  iiixlitiitliiiiiiiif  ilii'  iiu-iiin.  iinil  rmin  tlii'lr 
imrliiillly  nn  Ivc'  «  iiopiiliir  i<ii|>|Hirl.  Hhldi  w.u 
KMin  iJiKTlinrtil  111  U'  liii|in-(.'imlili'.  Tlir  ilnii 
({IT  niliilN'lli'il  the  kinK  li -'  ''  '    '- 


f» I *    "'"n     ••■    •■■•••»    ■••"    I"     _ 

liniiiilMH  to  illnilnJHli   lliiir   );rli'viiiiii»;    wli 

.1......         •Ill     lUUl        I       ..1..I.*..        ..>... I..         A  1 


iiirt  III*  iM'iipli'  liy 

I ™-    ■•'   -■■ nil    III.  II     ^rli'VHIIl'i'n;     wllll'll 

Iriw  im.lHIO  knlilliN  ii|Kiiitiiiiiiiimly  to  lila  Iihii 
111  r<,  liii|i|iv  111  liHVi'  (ft  11  wmrrlirn  illntlmt 
friiiii  Imli  1  Nnrniuiiily.  Tln' iiivimiim  i.f  idilicrt, 
lliiiit  rr«l»tril  liy  llir  KukIIkIi  imiplf.  i  ITrcti'ii 
iiiiililiiK  lull  Miniii  ii'm|ii>nirv  iliviuiliitliiiiit.  .  .  . 
Till-  biiiU'  nf  Niirmiiiiily,  iiiiilcr  Unlicn  »  iiiliiiliiU 
triitliiM.  fiirMinii-  liiiu-' fiiriilalinl  nil  iiiii|ilr  llilil 
fur  liU  nmlilliiiim  iimli'ii  mtlvily.  It  kiiiiIiiiiiiI 
111  rxlillilt  II  inKlln'iit  Kovirimii'iit  In  lln  niiwt 
villi. un  fi.rni  .  .  (iilii'ii  iMiliilis  iinly  fiullllali'il 
till'  ri  lUiiii'kiiiliiii  nf  Noriiiiinily  In  Kiikfliinil.  liiit 
tlikrvint  win  iinl  iiiniiililiil'ln  \\  lllliini  ■  ril)(n. 
Will  n  lit' rilnrtril  Ihi' nlli  nipt  nf  HhImtI.  liy  iin 
inviininn  nf  Niirnmiiily,  llii'j!r<'Ht  liiimiH  nf  IkiIIi 
(iiiiiitrlrH  foiiiiil  llii'iiiM  l\i'4  I  nilniitfiri'il  liy  llie 
cimllUt.  mill  rnnililiiiil  lliiir  InliriHt  In  piTniiitili' 
tliilr  resell  ctivc  wivi  riiL'iis  to  ii  fnilcriml  pnrlll 
culliiii.  riic  niiwt  liiii«.rl:iiit  iirlii  If  nf  ilii  Ir  rr 
('•nil  iliallnn  pMvliliil,  Hmt  if  litliir  sliniilil  ilii' 
witliiiiil  iwiiii',  llir  Kiirvivnr  Blmulil  iiiliirit  his 
ilnniinii«H  llosllliiiis  wcri'  tliin  iil'iinilniiril; 
miitiml  <i)iirti>lis  inmiiil;  anil  Unlart  vUlti'il 
KiiL'larid  iih  IiIh  lirnthir «  ).'in»t.  Tlu'  niliiil  nf 
Williiim  llir  lii'il  Kin;;,  wii»  cast  In  nn  innininn 
mmilil.  It  liail  all  tlii'  frrnitmsM  anil  llii'  ilificlH 
nf  111!'  I'liivalrir  rlianictir.  in  its  stmni!  ''I't  niilrst 
:  •r.  liiipi'liiniiH.  ilarin^.'.  nrij,iiml.  niatrnanl- 
mulls,  anil  iminitlcinl ;  it  wan  mImi  liarsli,  lynin- 
nlnil.  anil  mIiWi:  inmiiiiil  of  In  nwn  iMiwint, 
IniiM'  In  its  iniiral  iirjiuipliii,  anil  illmlainiinr  <nn 
wijinnri's.  .  .  .  \Vliilii  l.aiifmiir  Iinil,  William 
liail  a  .iMinwllnr  wlinin  lu'  nxprili'd,  anil  wliniti' 
j;i«k1  npiiiiiui  lie  was  rarifiil  In  pnsirvi-.  ,  .  . 
Till'  ilialli  nf  I.anfiiinr  ri  ninviil  llii'  nnly  man 
wlinsf  wisilnni  mill  inllui  111  1' riiiilil  liiivi-  nnliiir 
aliil  till'  kintjH  anlnit.  Inii  iiiiiliMipliiii.,|  tmi- 
piT.  It  Was  his  inisrnrtiini'.  im  this  I'vint,  In 
cliiHt»i'  fi.r  his  favnuriii'  minister,  an  alilc,  Init  nn 
unpiini  iplnl  man.  .  .  .  Tlir  minisliT  lulvisiil 
till-  kin;:,  nil  till.  iliMili  nf  iviry  |iiilali'.  In  «i/c' 
all  liisli  inpnral  pns>cs.siuiis.  .  ".  'I'lii' i;nat  rrvr- 
niiiH  iihlainid  fnun  tliis  \M.li'nl  iniinvalinn. 
tinipti-il  ImiIIi  till'  kini;  anil  liis  mini.slcr  In  in 
(■ri'asi- its  piiHlmtivrncss,  liy  lii  fiTrinia;  tin'  iinm. 
ination  nf  im  ry  iiiw  pnliitf  fir  an  inili-tiiiiii' 
IHTi.sl.  Tliiis  he  kipt  iiiaiiv  hisiinpiiis.  ami 
amnnj,'  tlii'in  Ilir  svr  nf  Canlc  rluirv,  vuinnt  for 
unmr  yi'.irs:  till  a  Mvcri'  illniss  ;ilarniini:  liis  nn 
8<ii  nil-.  111-  sniiiii'iily  ap|Hiiiiti'i|  Ansilni  In  tin' 
iliunily.  His    ilisajtriinunl    willi    Ann  liii 

BiH.ii  iK-iraii.  Till'  :  ~],:iv  inji'.i'..  ..iisly  lii'irnii 
■..;c  b.iiin  :,y  «»iviiiy  lliu  kini;  i-  -  nrr,  nm  miiv 
the  piissc'ssi.ius  nf  his  ac,  wl.         .eri'  injnyisl 


liy  I.Knfninr      «  fiilr  niiiu'iil  —  liiil  nlwi thp  I*ihU 
wlili'li  Imil  U'fiiri'  lliHl  tmii'  Inlnniii'il  >i,  It .  n  ilf. 
iiiHiiillliiil,  nflir  uiinnny  yriirvnllrniilnn  nf  prop- 
rrly,  niiilil  iml   Ih' ('nnipllril  wllli  wlllinni  gn'itt 
ilUturlHini'iif ntlu'riHrkniiii.   AiiM'ImaUii'Xnctnt 
nf  Ihi'  kiuK  that  In  all  tlilnvK  wlilrli  iiiturrm'*) 
Ilic  rliiiri'li,  Ilia  i'iiiiiimN  alinulii  l/i'  taken  In  pref 
erenee  In  every  ntlii  r.  .   .      Tlmmrli  An*  Ini,  M 
It  literary  man.  wiia  an  linnmir  ami  a  Unelll  In 
Ilia  »H'\   yet   Ilia  mnmialie  anil   alniliniia   lialilla 
prrvinleil  lilm  tnmi  Imvlnx  llial  aiK  lal  wlsilnm, 
lliHt  kniiwleilitr  nf  liiininn  nati.n'.  that  iIIm  net 
UHiMif  Ilia  nwn  vlttiiniia  flrmiie«».  anil  llnit  nillil 
innnaKinienl  of  liirliiileiit  |Miwer,   v  lili  li  niixlit 
have  I  iiulilisl  Mm  In  have  evertiil  niiieli  nf  llir 
InHiienee  nf  l,iiiifraiir  nver  the  minit  nf  his  anv- 
erelgn    .      .   Ansilni,  melnjj   the   ;  liuri  hi  a  ami 
aliUya  npi    eaaiil  In  tin  Ir  iiriiperty,  liy  the  rnyal 
nnlira.    lesnlvell   In   vlail    l{nnie.   anil    In  enmeft 
Willi  the   iinpi'   the   meiiaiina  nnmt   nilapt.il   to 
nveniwe   llie    kirir     ,    .    .    William    tlireali  neil, 
that  if  he  illil  Kii  tn  Knnie,  he  wniihl  M'ijv  all  the 
piwM'salniia  nf   the   arehlilalinprh-.       Aiiwim  de 
flared,  lliat  he  wniilil  rat  her  Imvel  naked  and  nn 
fnnl.    than   desist    frnm    Ilia   resniiilinn;   and    ha 
went  In  Jti'ver  Willi  Ida  plU'rlma  slalT  and   wal- 
III       lie  wiisNiirehed  Im  fiire  his  ili  iiartnre.  that 
lie  nilxlil  earrv  a«  ay  nn  ninney,  iiiiii  was  at  laat 
allnwed  In  sail.      Itii'l  Ihe  kinv' iniiiieillalely  ene- 
eiiled  Ilia  threat,   and  aeipieslired  all   hia  laiidl 
and  prnpirlj       This  waa  alHMit  lime  yeant  lie- 
fnnllii'ind  nf  the  relirii    .      .   Aiii^i'lminnliniicd 
in  Italy  till  William's  death.     The  pimM'sMnn  iif 
Nnrmandy    was  n   leiidinif  nhjiel   nf  Willlam'a 
aniliilinn.  and  he  (inidiiariy  ailaineil  n  pnpim- 
ileninii  in  It.     Ilistlrat  iiivaiilnnenni|H'lleil  KnlHTt 
In  make  annie  eesninna;  llieae  wen-  Imnaaed  nn 
his  III  \l   atiaik:  and  whin  Itiilart  delermineil 
111  jnlii  the  (  riisHilera.  lie  ninrtnaKeil   the  whnic 
nf  Nnrmandy    In   William    fnr  lime  yearn,  fur 
Itl.lHH)  marks.      He  nlilalneil  the  iisiiul  inieiesii  of 
a  piiwerfiil  Invasinn  in  Walia.     The  milivea  were 
nverimwi  n  d  nn   the  plalna,  Imt  annnyed  the  in- 
vailera  in  llieir  mnnntiiina.    lie  man  lied  an  army 
auainst  Malenlm.  kin^  nf  Senlland,  In  punish  hia 
liieiirsiniis      Itnliert  advised  the  Hentlisli  kiiiK  to 
eniiiiliale  William:  Malenlm  yiehhil  In  his  ,nun- 
N'l  and  aiennipanied  HilH'rt  In  the  Kiij,'lisli  eniirt, 
liiit  nn  Ilia  ntiirn,  was  tnaelieninslv  allaeked  by 
Mnwiiray,  the  earl  nf  Xnrthiimliriii.  and  killed. 
William  nunlled  the   pertldinna  eriielly  nf  the 
aetinn.   .       .  The  Knviriiinent  nf  William  Hp|  ears 
In   have   lain    lunetleial.    Iinlli  In  KiiKland  iin'l 
Xnrmanily.     Tn  the  rliim  li  it  waa  nppnasive. 
.    He  had  wareely  reigned  twelve  years,  when 
lie    Ml    by  H    vinhiit    deiilli.  '     lie    was    hum- 
in«  with  a  few  attendants  In  the  New  Knnat. 
■  It    huppeiKil    thai,    his    frienila   dispersiii);   in 
pursuit    nf  Kami-,    lie   was   left   i.inne.   "s  snme 
a.ithnritiis  inliniale,  with  Waller  Tyr       a  nnhle 
kniirlil.    wlmm  he  had   lirniii:i||   .,„t  nf   Kninee, 
and  ailniilted  to  his  Inlile.  and  tn  whnni  he  was 
niiieli  altaeliid.      As  the  sun  wusaliniil  Inset,  a 
stai;  piissed  lufnn'  the  kin;.'.  « Im  ili»i  harjred  an 

i.rrnw  at  it.   .   .   .   At   the  s:!ine  inninenl iiln-r 

slar  eriwsinL'.  Waller  T.v  ml  ril-eliart.'id  aiiarrnw 
■It  it.  At  this  pn  else  "iuiirtuie.  a  shaft  sinii  k 
Ihe  kinj:.  and  liiirinl  itself  in  his  lireasl.  lie 
fi  II.  wilhniil  a  wiml,  upon  the  arrnw.  and  ex- 
pired on  the  siiiit.  .  .  Il  siiins  In  la'  a  ijues- 
tiniialile  imint.  whether  Wilier  'lyrnl  lu  in^ny 
slinl  ilie  kin).'.  I  hat  npinii.n  w.is  ii  rtainly  the 
most  pn'valent    at   the   time,  Istli   here  arid  In 


823 


ENGLAND,  1087-1188. 


Reign  of  Steplun. 


ENGLAND,  1135-nM. 


rnmoe.  .  .  Nimc  of  the  milhoritics  Intiiniitc  ii 
belief  of  II  piiriiostil  iissiiiwinatioii ;  anil,  therefore, 
It  woulil  iHf  unjust  now  to  iniputc  it  to  iiny  one. 
.  .  .  Ilenrv  ^^IlH  liuiitini;  in  ti  ditTerent  part  of 
tlie  Niw  Forest  wlien  Uufii'*  fell.  .  .  .  He  left 
the  lioily  to  tlic  ousnal  eharlty  of  the  patwinj; 
riistie.  anil  ri"li'  priripitately  to  Winchester,  to 
•oi/e  tlie  royal  treasure.  .  .  lie  olitaiiii.l  the 
treasure,  ami  proceeilini;  ha.stily  to  l.onilon,  wan 
on  the  f"llowinf;  Snnilay.  the  thiril  Jay  lifter 
\Villiaiii's  liiatli.  eleeteil  kinir.  anil  crowneil.  .  .  . 
He  heu'aii  hi-*  rei^n  l)y  removing;  the  unpopular 
«;j:e.its  of  his  iinfortniiali'  lirolher.  lie  recalleil 
Aiiselin.  anil  eoncilialiil  llie  <lerf;y.  He  ^rati- 
fleil  tlie  nation,  hy  aholishiiiK  Hie  opp"'""'^"' ''^' 
actions  of  tlie  jirevions  rei^ii.  lie  assnreil  iintny 
bcnetlts  to  the  liaroiis.  anil  hy  a  charter,  sIkiiciI 
on  the  iliiy  of  his  coronalion,  resloreil  to  the  peo- 
ple their  .Viu'lo  ."Saxon  laws  anil  privil  n  i.  as 
anunileil  hy  his  fatliir;  a  measure  wliicli  enilnl 
the  peinni.iry  oppressions  of  his  lirother.  ami 
which  f.ivoiireil  tlie  ^rowinj;  lilicrtics  of  tlie  na- 
tion. The  Compnnir  hail  iiolieeil  lleury'8  e.\ 
paniliiii:  iii'iilic'  very  early;  hail  iriven  him  the 
best  iilui  iiimi  "hich  Hie  aj;e  conlii  supply.  .  .  . 
Ill'  iH'iaiiie  till-  incisi  Icarneil  monarch  of  Inn  ilay, 
ami  aei|niri  <1  ami  ihserveil  the  surname  of  Heau- 
dere,  or  line  silinlar.  No  wars,  no  ean-s  of 
state,  coiilil  aflcrwanls  ileprive  him  of  his  love 
of  literature.  Tlie  nation  soon  felt  the  impulse 
ami  the  iKiielit  of  their  sovereifrn's  iiitelhctual 
tiiste.  He  ucceileil  at  the  at'e  of  I!',',  anil  pralilieil 
the  nation  hy  marryini;  ami  crowniii);  Mathilila. 
daiifthter  of  the  sistirof  Kiluar  Kt'  eling  hy  Mai 
f'olin  the  king  of  .sicotlaiKl,  who  hail  heen  waylaiil 
ami  killeil." — S.  Turner.  IHnl.  'if  Kiujltnul  ilurimj 
thf  Miihlle  A;/",  r.  1,  rli.  !>-i\.  —  The  Niinnaii 
lirils.  lialiiit;  the  "P^ntlish  ways"  of  Henry,  were 
Foiin  in  relK-llinii,  iiiiilerti.!;inir  to  put.  UolK>rt  of 
Nonnunily  (who  hail  retiirneil  from  the  Crusjtile) 
in  his  place  The  iiuurrel  went  on  till  the  buttle 
of  Tiniheliray,  1 IIW,  in  which  HoIktI  whs  de- 
feateil  anil  taken  prisoner  He  Wiis  iniprisoiieii 
for  life.  The  iluchy  anil  the  kin^'tloni  were 
again  nniteil.  The  wiir  in  Nonnunily  leil  to  a 
war  with  Louis  king  of  France,  who  hail  es- 
piusiil  Uohert's  cause.  It  was  cnileil  hv  the 
buttle  of  Urcmule,  UIH,  where  the  Frencli  suf- 
fen  <1  a  hail  defeat.  In  Henry  8  nign  all  south 
Wales  was  coiniuereil;  hut  the  north  Welsh 
princes  held  out.  .\notlicr  e.xpedition  against 
till  in  was  preparing,  whin,  in  li:i."i,  Henry  fell 
ill  at  the  Castle  of  Lions  in  Normandy,  and  died. 
—  K.  A.  Fri'einan,  y'Ae  nigii  if  William  Uiifiit 
antl  arrrMvtn  of  llrnnt  I. 

Also  in:  ."sir  F.  I'ulgrave,  Ilist.  af  Xuniuiruly 
ait'l  En'j.,  r.  4 

A.  b,  1135-1154,— The  miserable  reign  of 
Stephen.  -  Civil  war,  anarchy  and  wretched- 
ness in  England.— The  transition  to  heredi- 
tary monarchy.— Aliir  the  death  of  William 
the  foiiqui  rof.  the  Kngli^h  throne  was  occupied 
in  suciissioii  hv  tvMiof  his  sons,  William  II.,  or 
Williiiiii  liiifus  (losT-iiiHH.  and  Henry  I.,  or 
Ileiiry  Hi  am  li  rk  (IKKi-nar)).  The  lal'lir  oul- 
liviil  111,  one  hgitimale  son,  and  liei|niallied  the 
iToiMi  ill  his  diMlh  tn  his  daughter.  Matilda, 
widow  of  the  Kmperor  Henry  V.  of  (iermuny  ami 
now  wife  of  tieoirrey,  (.'oiint  of  .\njiiu.  'I'liis 
lallir  iii:irn;i::e  imd  Imn  very  unpopular,  both 
111  IJiL'laiid  ate'  Noniiamiy.  and  a  strung  party 
refii.sed  to  n  1  ■  .1-  ilie  F.mpress  Matilda,  as  she 
was  euuiuiuui        tiled.     This  party  luuiutaiued 


the  superior  rlaiins  of  the  family  of  Adela, 
daughter  of  William  the  (  onipKror,  who  liiul 
married  the  Earl  of  Hlols.  Naturally  their  choice 
would  have  fallen  ipon  Theolmhl  of  lihiis,  the 
eldest  of  Adda's  sons;  but  his  more  enterpris- 
ing younger  brother  Stephen  supplanted  liini. 
Hastening  to  England,  aial  winning  the  favour 
of  the  I'iti/.ens  of  London,  Stiphen  sieured  the 
royal  treasure  and  pi-rsiiadeil  a  council  of  peers 
to  elect  him  king.  A  nmst  grievi  us  civil  wur 
ensneil,  whicli  lasted  for  nineteen  terrihie  ,  e-rs, 
during  which  long  periiHl  there  was  ne  ..i  :  ■  i,.i,i 
great  wretchedeess  in  England.  '  ■  :■  i.iiin  ,.  ::r 

tilled  with  eustles,  and  the  castle  \.itli  .irined 
lianditti,  who  seem  to  liaM'  carriei  >ii  iin-,r  ex- 
tortions under  colour  of  the  Inilit  ('  .'nan. Is 
hestowed  hy  Stephen  on  every  pe  ■  .  t-  ilai 
Often  the  very  helfriesof  churches  \.  ■  "rtjiiil 
On  the  piHir  lay  the  hnrilen  of  builiiing  tiK.>j 
strongholds;  the  rich  snlTered  in  their  donjcons. 
.Many  were  starved  t'l  death,  and  these  were  the 
happiest.  Others  were  tiling  into  cellars  filled 
with  reptiles,  or  iiiing  up  by  the  thiiiiibs  till  they 
told  where  their  treasures  were  <*oiii-ealeil,  or 
crippU-d  in  frames  whii-h  did  not  suiter  them  to 
move,  or  held  just  resting  on  the  ground  by 
sharp  iron  <-ollars  round  the  neck.  The  Earl  of 
Essex  used  to  send  out  spies  who  begged  from 
door  to  iliHir,  and  then  reported  in  what  houses 
wealth  was  still  left;  the  alms  givers  were  pres- 
ently seized  and  Imprisoned.  The  towns  Hint 
could  no  hinger  pay  the  bluckniuil  (hniandeil 
from  them  were  burned.  .  .  .  Sometimes  the 
peasants,  maddened  by  misery,  crowdeil  to  the 
roads  that  led  from  n  fleld  of  battle,  and  smote 
down  the  fugitives  without  any  distinction  of 
siiles.  The  bishops  cursed  vainly,  when  the  very 
iliiirehes  were  burned  and  iniinks  robbed.  'To 
till  the  ground  was  to  phiiigh  the  sea;  the  earth 
bare  no  jorn,  for  the  land  wus  all  laid  wiiste  by 
BUI  '1  deeds,  and  men  said  openly  that  Christ  slept, 
nn  I  his  saints.  Such  things,  and  more  than  we 
can  suy,  suftered  we  ninetien  winters  for  our  sins ' 
(A.  8.  Chronicle).  .  .  .  Many  soldiers,  sickened 
with  the  nnnutural  war,  put  on  the  white  cross 
and  sailed  for  a  nobler  buttlelield  In  the  East." 
As  Mulildu's  son  Henry — afterwards  llcnry  II. 
—  gnw  to  manhiHid,  the  feeling  in  his  favor 
gained  strength  and  his  party  made  head  against 
the  weak  and  inconipitent  Stephen.  Finally,  in 
ll.W,  peace  was  bniught  alniut  under  au  agree- 
ment "that  Stephi-n  slioiild  wear  the  crown  till 
his  death,  and  Henry  ri'ceivc  the  homage  of  tlic 
lords  and  towns  of  the  realm  as  lieir  sppurent. " 
Stephen  died  the  next  year  and  Henry  came  to 
the  throne  with  little  further  dispute— C.  H. 
IN-arson.  Ifint.  of  Kwj.  thn-iii'j  the  K>irfi/  and 
Miilillf  A:ii'.  eh.  2S.  —  ■■  Stephen,  as  a  kiiur,  was 
an  admitted  failure.  I  cannot,  however,  but 
view  with  suspicion  the  c.iiiscs  assigned  to  his 
failure  by  often  unfriendly  clironicU'rs.  That 
their  criticisms  had  some  foundation  it  woiiM  not 
be  possible  to  deny.  Hut  in  tlie  tirst  |>lace,  had 
he  enjoyed  belter  fortune,  we  should  have  lieani 
less  of  his  incapacity,  and  in  the  second,  tii'-se 
writers,  not  cnjoung  the  same  stand-iMiint  as 
ourselves.  Averc.  I  tliiiik.  souiewliat  inclitied  to 
misiake  cllccts  for  eaiisi-s.  .  .  .  His  weakness 
tliroii;;lioiii  hisn-igu      .   .   wasilne  totwocan.si-s, 

each  supple nling  ilie  other.     These  wen — (I) 

till-  essiiiii.illy  iiiisalisfaclory  character  of  his 
posilion.  as  resting,  virtually,  on  a  compact  that 
lie  should  be  king  so  long  only  as  he  gave  satis 


8:i4 


.-4 


ENGLAND,  113R-1154 


Reiffn  »/  Stephm. 


ENGLAND,  1135-1154. 


faction  til  thoso  who  hud  plnrc<l  him  on  the 
throiii';  ('.')  tlic  existence  <if  n  rival  claim,  hnnjf- 
ini;  over  him  from  the  first,  lilie  tlic  sword  of 
DiinKK'lcs,  anil  alTorilinf;  a  h'ver  hy  whicli  the 
malcontents  coulil  cnniiul  him  to  nilherc  to  the 
ori^'inal  iiinlerHtaniiin);,  or  even  to  submit  to 
fiirlliir  demanils.   .  .  .  The  |iosition  of  his  op- 

fxtnenta  throiif^hout  his  rei^n  would  seem  to 
lave  resteil  on  two  assumptions.  The  first,  that 
a  lireach,  on  his  part,  of  the  'eontmet'  justi- 
fied ipso  facto  revolt  on  theirs;  the  8e<ond.  that 
thi  ir  alleni.inre  to  the  kintt  was  a  purely  feudal 
re)  i'iori.  and.  aa  such,  could  l>e  thrown  olT  at  any 
motiient  by  performing  the  famous  diflidatio. 
This  essential  fialure  of  continental  feudalism 
had  been  rijiidly  excluded  by  the  Coniiueror. 
He  had  taken  advanta;:e,  as  is  well  known,  of 
hia  position  as  an  Knulish  kin);,  to  extort  an 
allciiiancc  from  his  Norman  followers  more  abso- 
lute than  he  ould  have  claimed  as  their  feudal 
lord.  It  was  to  .Stephen's  peculiar  position  that 
was  due  the  intrtMluction  for  a  time  of  this  per- 
nii  ions  principle  into  Kn^dand.  .  .  .  I'assinp 
now  to  the  other  i"iint,  the  existence  of  a  rival 
claim,  we  approach  a  subject  of  preat  interest. 
the  theory  of  the  sui-cession  to  the  Entili-'li  Crown 
at  what  "may  be  tenncd  the  crisis  of  transition 
from  the  principle  of  eliction  (within  thi'  royal 
house)  to  that  of  herciiitarv  ri>rht  acconiin^  to 
feudal  rules.  For  the  ripjit  view  on  this  sub 
ject.  we  turn,  ns  ever,  to  Dr.  Stubbs.  who.  with 
liis  usual  souiiil  jud^rnient.  writes  thus  of  the 
Norman  jieriod  :  — '  The  crown  then  coiiiinued  to 
be  elective.  .  .  .  Hut  whiNl  the  eliclive  prin 
ciple  was  maiiilaitied  in  its  fulness  where  it  was 
nece.ss.-iry  or  pu.ssibli'  to  maintain  it.  it  is  (|uile 
certain  that  the  riudil  of  inheritance,  and  inherit - 
ano'  as  primoL^eniture.  was  reci>i;ni/.ed  as  co- 
ordinate. .  .  .  The  ireasures  taken  by  Henry  I. 
for  sKurinfr  the  crown  to  his  own  chililren. 
whilst  they  prove  thi'  aii'cplance  of  the  Inredi 
tary  priiu  iple,  prove  also  the  importance  of 
slreiifrlheninj;  it  by  the  recov-nition  of  the  ilec- 
tive  theory.'  Mr.  Kn cman.  thouL'h  wrilini;  with 
a.slroni;  bias  in  favour  of  the  elecliie  theory,  is 
fully  jusiitied  in  his  m.iin  ari,'umeMt.  namely, 
that  Stephen  'was  no  usu.-per  in  the  sense  "in 
which  the  word  is  vulgarly  used.'  He  ur;;es, 
apparently  with  perfect  truth,  that  Stephen's 
olTenee,  in  the  eyes  of  his  conteinpfiraries.  lay  in 
his  bre.ikini:  his  solemn  oath,  anil  nit  in  his  su|i- 
pl.-inliMi-  a  rightful  hi  ir.  .\nd  he  aptly  sujiirests 
tleil  ihe  wrelcheilness  of  his  rei;:n  'may  have 
hastenid  the  growth  of  that  new  belief"  ii\  the 
divine  rij;ht  of  the  In  ir  to  the  throne,  w  liicli  first 
appears  nmlir  Henry  II..  and  in  the  paires  of 
William  of  Newhur;;li.  So  far  as  Stephen  is 
concerned  the  case  is  clear  eiiouixh.  Hut  we 
have  aKo  to  (..nsiilir  llie  Knipiess.  On  what  did 
she  base  her  claim  ■;  I  think  that,  as  implied  in 
Dr.  Sliibbs'  words,  she  based  it  on  a  double,  lint 
a  single,  (rroiind.  She  claiTiied  tlie  kinL'dom  as 
King  Henrys  dauijliter  c  reuis  llenriei  lilia). 
hut  she  claimed  it  fiiriher  because  the  sueeesvinu 
li.id  been  assured  to  la  r  by  oath  C  sibi  juratuiu  ') 
as  such  It  is  important  to  observe  that  the  oath 
ill  i|Ue>,liou  lan  in  no  way  Ik-  reiiarded  in  the 
li,;;iil  of  an  I  lection.  .  .  .  The  Kmpress  ami  la  r 
partisans  must  have  lar.irely.  to  say  the  lea.sl. 
bused  their  claim  on  her  rifjlit  to  llie  throne  as 
her  father's  heir,  and  .  .  she  and  they  appealed 
totheoaih  as  tlie  ailmission  and  recof;nition  of 
that  rit'lit.  rather  than  as  partakiuL'  in  anv  way 


whatever  of  the  character  of  a  free  olrrtlon.  .  .  . 
The  sex  of  the  Emprea,s  was  the  drawback  to  her 
claim.  Had  her  brother  lived,  there  can  Ih'  little 
question  that  he  would,  as  ii  matter  of  cotirse, 
have  Rticceeded  his  father  at  his  death.  Or 
again,  had  Henry  II.  been  old  enough  to  suc- 
ceed Ills  gratidfathcr.  he  would,  we  nniy  be  sure, 
have  done  so.  .  .  .  Broadly  speaking,  to  sum  up 
the  evidence  here  collected.  It  tends  to  the  belief 
that  the  obsolescence  of  the  right  of  elecliun  to 
the  English  crown  presents  considendile  analogy 
to  that  of  ranonhal  election  in  the  lase  of  Kng- 
lish  bishoprics.  In  Isith  cases  a  free  election  de- 
generated into  a  mere  a.ssent  to  a  (  hoiee  aln  ady 
made.  \Ve  see  the  process  of  change  already  in 
full  operation  w  hen  Henry  I.  endeavours  to  ex- 
tort beforehand  from  the  magnati'S  their  assint 
to  his  datighter's  succi'ssion,  and  wlien  they  sub- 
sequently (oniplain  of  this  attempt  to  du  tate  to 
theiti  on  "the  subject.  We  cati  h  sight  of  it  again 
when  his  daughter  bases  her  claim  to  the  crown, 
not  on  any  free  election,  but  on  her  rights  as  her 
fathers  heir,  contirmed  by  the  alxive  as.si  nt. 
We  see  it,  lastly,  when  Stephen,  though  owing 
his  (Town  to  election,  claitns  to  rule  liy  Divine 
right  ('  Dii  gratia  ').  and  attempts  to  reduce  that 
election  to  nothing  more  than  a  national  'assent' 
to  his  succession.  Oluiously,  the  whole  ques- 
tion turned  on  whether  the  eleclioii  was  to  Im 
held  first,  or  was  to  be  a  mere  ratification  of  a 
choice  already  tuade.  .  .  .  In  comparing  Stephen 
with  his  sudissor  the  dilTerenee  between  their 
eircunislances  has  been  insutlli  iently  allowed  for. 
At  Stephen's  accession,  thirty  years  of  legal  and 
tinaiieial  oppression  had  rendered  unpopular  the 
power  of  the  Crown,  and  had  led  to  an  im- 
palieiiee  of  ollicial  restraint  which  opem  d  the 
path  to  a  feudal  ri'aiticm;  at  the  accession  of 
Henry,  on  the  lonlraiy.  Ihe  evils  of  an  enfeebled 
ailniinislralion  and  of  feiidali-m  run  mad  had 
made  all  inin  ragir  for  the  advent  of  a  strong 
kimr.  and  had  prepared  them  to  welcome  the  in- 
troduction of  his  centralizing  administrative  re- 
forms. He  nntii  ipatid  the  position  of  the  house 
of  Tudor  at  the  dose  of  the  Wars  of  the  Hoses, 
aial  combined  with  it  the  advantages  which 
Charles  II.  derived  from  the  Puritan  tyranny. 
Again,  Sti'lihen  was  hanipereil  from  thetirst  by 
his  weak  position  as  a  king  on  sutl'i  ranee,  whereas 
Henry  came  to  his  work  unhampered  by  com- 
pact or  concession.  Lastly,  Stephen  was  con- 
friailed  throughout  by  a  rival  claimant,  who 
foniied  a  splendid  rall,\"in,L'  point  bir  all  the  dis- 
eoiiient  in  his  realm:  but  Henry  reigned  b>r  as 
long  as  Stephen  without  a  rivalto  trouble  him; 
and  when  he  found  at  leiiglh  a  rival  in  hi'-  ■ 
son.  a  claim  far  weaker  than  that  wlr  :,  . 
Ihrealeliid    his    precleiessor   seemed    likl  a 

time  to   break  his  power  as  elVietuall)  ,lr, 

followers  of  the  Knipri'ss  had  broken  iha'  of 
Stephen.  He  may  only,  indeed,  have  owed  his 
escape  to  that  eilieieiil  ailniinislralion  whieh 
years  of  strength  and  .safety  had  ;;ivi  n  him  ilic 
lime  to  construel.  It  in  no  wiiy  follows  from 
these  coiisiileralions  that  Henry  was  not  superior 
to  Stephen;  but  it  does,  surely,  suggest  itself 
lliat  Stephen's  disadvantages  were  gieat,  and 
lliat  had  he  enjoyed  belter  birtune.  we  might 
have  heard  less  o'f  his  debcls.  "-.I,  II.  Hound, 
(iinffriy  lie  Miri,ilrrilli\  fh.  1. 

At.so  IN:  Jlrs.  ,1.  I{.  C.reen.  lliiirii  tin-  .<,roi,it, 
rh.  1  —See.  also,  Staxdahh.  li.xTTi.i-;  ok  Tim 
(A    I)    lis?) 


825 


ENGLAND,  1 154-1 IHO 


fVr»(  o/  Ikr 
Angevin  King*. 


ENGLAND,   1163-1170. 


A.  D.  1154-1189.— Henry  11.,  the  first  of  the 
Angevin  kings  iPlantagenets)  and  his  empire. 
—  lldiry  II.,  «h<i  (■.line  In  tliv  Kiit;lisli  Ihruiu-  lui 
Bti'pliin's  (lia'li.  WHS  iilrcadv,  In  the  dciilh  of 
his  fiilhrr,  OiiilTrry,  ((Hinl  i.f  .Viijnii.  Ilic  liiiul 
of  the  ^rrciit  house  uf  Anjoii,  in  Kraiici'.  Fmiii 
hU  falliir  ho  iiihiritid  Anji  11.  TiMiraiiic  tiiul 
Maim-;  Ihrmifili  his  mother,  .Malilil;i,  ihiiijililcr 
of  Il(:ir>  1  ,  hv  riccivcd  tli"  diikichun  01"  Nor- 
nmndyaswill  as  Ihc  kinirdoni  of  Kiiillaiid;  liy 
marriage  wilh  Kliarior,  of  ,\(|iiilainc.  rCuicnni", 
he  addid  t..  Ids  iiii|iiri'  the  priiu  y  domain 
which  ini'ludid  (!a.s(ony,  I'oiloii,  S,iintonj;c, 
Periirord,  I.inionsin,  .\n\.'onmois.  wiili  claims 
of  Hiizcraiiity  over  Awvcr;;iie  anil  Toidonse, 
"Henry  fonnd  himself  at  tweiily-one  rider  of 
dominions  sndi  as  no  kin.i;  liefore"him  had  evi  r 
dreamed  of  iinitim;.  lie  was  miuster  of  liolh 
■ides  of  the  Kn,!.'lish  Channel,  and  liv  his  alliance 
with  his  iimle,  the  Connt  of  FlainUrs,  he  hiid 
connn.kiid  of  the  French  eo.ast  from  the  Scheldt 
to  the  Pyrenees,  while  his  <laims  on  Tonlous<' 
would  carry  him  to  the  slions  of  the  .Mediter- 
ranean. Ifis  siihjeds  told  with  pride  how  'his 
empire'  reached  from  the  Ardic  Ocean  to  the 
Pyrenees';  there  was  no  monarch  Siive  the  Em- 
penjr  himsilf  who  rided  ovi  r  sue  h  vast  domains. 
.  .  .  His  aim  (a  few  years  later|  seems  to  have 
iH-en  to  rival  in  .some  w.rt  the  Empire  of  the  West, 
and  to  reiiin  as  an  ovi  r  kin^'.  with  suh-kings  <.f 
his  various  provirae.s.  anil  Enjrlanil  as  one  of 
them,  around  him.  He  was  cormecteil  with  all 
the  great  riilinj;  houses.  .  .  .  England  w, is  forced 
out  of  her  old  isolation  ;  her  interi'st  in  the  world 
without  wassuddeuly  awakened.  Enj.'lisli  schol- 
ars thronireil  the  foreiu'u  universities;  Enijlish 
chroniclers  qucstioneil  travellers,  scholars,  am- 
hii.s.sadors.  as  to  what  was  pa-s.sin(;  ahroad.  T'le 
inlliienee  of  EiiL'lish  learniii!.' and  Etiijlish  state- 
craft made  itself  felt  all  over  Europe.  Never, 
perhaps,  in  all  the  liisiory  of  Enjrland  was  there 
a  time  when  Euirlishmi  n  played  so  great  a  part 
aliroad.  "  The  king  who  gathered  this  wide,  in 
congruous  1  nipire  under  his  seei  're,  liy  mere 
circumstances  of  hirlh  and  marr  age,  "proved 
strangely  eipial,  in  many  respects,  to  its  great- 
ness. ■■  He  was  a  foreign  king  who  never  spoke 
the  English  tongue,  who  lived  and  moved  forllie 
most  part  in  a  foreign  camp,  surrounded  with  a 
motley  host  of  Jtrahancons and  hirelings.  ...  It 
was  under  the  rule  of  a  foreigner  such  as  this, 
however,  that  the  races  of  ci>iM|Ucrors  and  emi- 
quered  in  England  lirst  lianit  to  feel  that  Ihev 
were  one.  It  w :is  liy  his  power  that  EnL'lanif, 
Scoilariil  and  In  land  were  la-oiiglit  tosome  vague 
ickno«|icl!;enii  nt  of  a  lonimon  suzerain  lord,  iind 
the  foiiralalioiis  laid  of  the  I'liiled  Kingdom  of 
(Jreat  Itrilain  and  Irehind.  It  was  he  who  ahol- 
ished  fi  uclali-ni  as  a  svsdni  of  gr.venimeni,  and 
left  it  little  mnie  than  a  svsiem  of  land  tenure.  It 
was  he  wliodilimd  llic'n  lations  estalilislied  lie 
twei  n  Chun  h  and  ,'^latr.  and  decreed  that  in  Eng- 
l.inil  churi  liniaii  as  wi  11  as  liaron  was  to  tie  held 

"■iihr  ll„C.. Law.   .   .   .    His  reforms  eslali 

lished  the  jililii  ial  sy,^^em  whose  main  oiilliiies 
have  111  in  ]pri  served  to  our  own  day.  It  was 
Ihrougli  his  ■  Const  it  111  inri~' and  lii^  '  As^iz.  s 'thai 
it  came  111  pass  tieil  ovi  r  .•, II  the  World  t  lie  Enu'li-h- 
speakiiig  ran  sale  govirned  l.y  lai-li-li  and  not 
liy  H'.manl.iw.  Ii  was  liv  hi- L'eiiiiis  f,,r  goM  rn- 
niinl  that  the  servants  "of  the  roval  hoii.si  hold 
hecainc  Iranslniiniil  into  Ministers  of  State.  It 
wss  he  iviio  gMV.-  i:ng];:i:,!  a  IVn  i-:i  poiicv  which 


ilecideil  our  continental  relations  for  seven  bun- 
drill  years.  The  impress  which  the  personality 
of  Henry  II.  left  upon  his  time  meets  us  wherever 
we  tuni,"— Mrs.  J.  H.  <  n-rn,  llfiiiy  the  Second, 
fh.  1-2. —  Henry  U.  ain  is  two  sons,  liiehiird  I. 
(Cu'ur  lie  Lhm),  and  .;  Iin,  are  ilistingnished, 
sometimes,  as  the  Angevin  kings,  or  kings  of 
the  House  of  Anjoii,  and  siinietiine.s  as  the  Phin- 
tagenets,  the  hitler  name  lieiiig  derived  from  a 
lioyish  habit  ascriluil  to  Henry's  father.  Count 
(ieollrey,  of  '■adorning  his  cap  wi'h  a  sprig  of 
'Jilantagenista,'  the  liroom  which  in  early  sum- 
mer makes  the  open  country  of  An jiiii  and  .Maine 
a  hla/.e  of  living  gold."  "Richard  retained  and 
ruled  the  great  realm  of  his  father;  hut  John 
lost  most  of  his  foreign  inheritance,  hicliiding 
Norniandy,  and  iMcanu'  the  unwilling  iK'nefac- 
tor  of  England  hy  stripping  her  kings  of  alien 
interests  and  alien  powers  and  iMntling  their 
necks  to  Magna  Charta.— K.  Norgate,  England 
vitihr  thf  Aittjt'rin  Kihfjf. 

Also  in:  W.  Stulihs,  The  Early  Planlagenett 
—See,  also,  Aijiitaink  (Omennk):  A.  I).  1137- 
1152;  Ikf.i.am>;  A.  D.  11«!(-1175. 

A.  D.  1 162-1 170.— Conflict  of  King  and 
Church.— The  Constitutions  of  Clarendon.— 
Murder  of  Archbishop  Becket— "  Arclihishop 
Theotmlil  was  at  tirst  the  King's  clihf  favourite 
and  adviser,  liut  his  health  and  his  intluence  de 
dining,  Becket  [the  Archdeacon  of  Canterbury] 
was  found  apt  for  business  as  well  as  amusement, 
and  gradually  became  intrusted  with  the  exer- 
cise of  all  the  powers  of  the  crown.  .  ,  ,  The 
exact  lime  of  his  appointment  as  Chancellor  has 
notbien  ascertained,  thu  reconls  of  the  transfer 
of  the  (Jreat  Seal  not  beginning  till  a  subsiiiuent 
reign,  and  old  biographers  iK'ing  alwo'  quite 
careless  alioiit  dates.  But  he  certainlj  1  this 
dignity  s<wn  after  Henry 'sacee.ssion.  .  .  .  Uccket 
continued  ChanceUor  till  the  year  1I6'2,  without 
any  ahatenient  In  his  favour  "with  the  King,  or 
in  the  power  which  he  posscs.sed,  or  in  the 
energy  he  displayed,  or  in  the  siilendourof  his 
career.  ...  In  April,  lllil,  Arclihishop  Theo- 
bald died,  Henry  declared  that  Meckel  slioulil 
succeed,  —  no  doulit  couniing  upon  his  10  opera 
lion  in  carrying  on  the  pnjiiy  hillicrlo  pursued 
ill  checking  the  eucroachmenis  of  the  clergy  and 
of  the  sec  of  Home.  .  .  .  The  same  opinion  of 
Heeket's  pnibalile  conduct  was  generally  cnler- 
taineil.  and  a  cry  was  raisiil  that  'the  Church 
was  in  danger.'  The  English  hi.shops  sent  a 
representation  to  Henry  against  the  appointment, 
and  the  electors  long  refu.sid  to  oliey  his  man- 
date, saying  that  'it  was  indeient  t"hat  a  man 
who  was  rather  a  .soldier  than  a  priest,  and  w ho 
had  devoted  himself  to  hunting  and  falconry  iii- 
sleiiil  of  the  study  of  the  Holy  .Scriptures,  sh'oiild 
1m'  plaocil  in  the  chair  of  Si.  Augustine.'.  .  . 
The  universal  cxpeelalion  was.  that  liccket 
would  now-  altcmpt  the  pari  so  sueeessfiily 
played  liy  Cariiinal  Wolsey  in  a  suneeding  age; 
that,  Chanedlor  and  An  li'hishop,  hi  wouid  eon- 
tinue  the  iiiinistir  and  pirsonal  friind  of  the 
King;  that  he  would  .study  to  siipporl  and  ex- 
tend all  the  prerogatives  of  "the  Cniwu,  which  he 
himself  » lis  to  exerci.se;  and  that  in  tiic  [lalaiis 
of  which  he  was  now  master  he  vmmiIiI  live  with 
increased  magnitieence  and  luxury.  .  .  .  Never 
was     thiTc    so     wonilerful     a     transformation. 


Wlidlier  fniin  ;i  iindetirniineil  piirposi',  or  fmm 
a  sudden  change  of  inclination,  he  immediately 
bccauh   ill  t  \el^v   lislml  an  aiiereil  lliuu.    lusleail 


82G 


BNGLAND.  1163-1170.        Henry  IL  and  Dtcktt.        ENGLAND,  1102-1170. 


of  the  stately  n\v\   fastidiDiis  courtier,  wiw  seen 
the  humlile  ami  w|uali(l  penitent.     Nc.\t  lii^  skin 
he  wore  liaircliith,   noimloiis  willi  vermin;  lie 
I'veil  upon  HHit.t,  and  liis  drink  wa.s  water,  ren- 
dered naiiseciiis  l)y  an   infusion  of    li  nnel.     Hv 
way  of  fnrtlier  penanee   and    nii>rtilieation.    lie 
freiiuenlly  inllieleil  .stripes  on  liis  naked    liack. 
.  .  .   He  sent  t'le  (treat  !<eal  to  Iletirv,  in    .Nor- 
mandy,  witli  lliis  sliort  ine.s.saw    'I  desin-  lliat 
ynii  will   proviile  yourself  witli  anotlier  Cliaii- 
•ellor,  as  I  tin.;  myself  lianlly  sultieient  for  tlie 
duties  of  one  ollii-e,  and  niueli  less  of  two."     The 
fond  patron,  wlio  had  heen  soeairer  for  his  eleva 
tioii,    w.is    now    grievously    disappointed    and 
alanned.   .   .  .   Me  at  once  Siiw  that  he  had  been 
deceived  in  his  ciioiic.  .   .   .  The  ^rand  stru",-:- 
whi(  h  111',  Chureh  was  then  makiri;;  was,  tin     all 
chunhinen   sliouhl    !■  ■   entirelv  <'.\enipte<l   from 
the  jiiristliction  of  the  secular  courts,  wh.itcni  r 
crime  they  nufiht  have  committed.  .  .  .   lli'iirv 
thiukinir  that  he  had  n  favouralile  opportunity 
for  hrinsinj;  the  dispute  to  ii  crisis,  summoned 
an  assemlilv  of  all  the  jirelales  at  Westminster 
und   hinis<lf  jjut  to  th<Mn  this  plain  ipiestion 
'Whith.i     hey  were  willini;  to  sulimit  to  the 
ancient   laws  ami  customs    of    the    kinKilom*' 
Their  reply,  framed  hy  Ikcket,    was:  •  We  are 
willini;.  saving  our  own  onhr.'.  .  .  The  Kiiijr 
seeintr  what  wiis  Comprehended  in  the  reserva- 
tion, retired  with  evident  marks  of  displeasure 
deprived  Becket  of  the  government  of  Kye  and 
Berklmmstfiid,  and  all  the  appointniiuts" which 
be  la  111  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Crown,  and  uttered 
threats  as  to  seizing  the  temporalities  of  all  the 
bishops,  since  they  wouhl  not  acknowhdi;e  their 
allegiance  to  him  as  the  lu'ad  of  tlie  statq      The 
H'ale  of   I'opo   Ale.vani.er,  driading   a  breach 
with  so  powerful  a  prince  at  so  un.seasonable  a 
junetiiri',  advised  Heeke'  M  suliinit  for  the  mo- 
ment; ami  he  with  his         hn  n,  retnicting  the 
saving  clause,  absolute..         milsed  'to  oliscrve 
the  laws  and  cust(mi3  o.    the   kingd  um  '     To 
avoid  all  futuie  dispute,  Henry  resolved  to  fol- 
low up  his  victory  bv  having  these  laws  ami 
customs,  lus  far  as  the  {■liurch  w as  concerned,  re- 
duced into  a  cim!.>,  to  be  sanctioned  l)y  the  le'pis- 
latur.',  and  to  be  sp<"    .cally  acknowledgid  by 
all  the   bishops,     this   was  the  origin  of   the 
famous  •  Constitut.     s  of  Clarendon  '  "     U<.eket 
left  the  kingdom  (1 1(j4).     S<veral  years  later  he 
made  peace  with  Henry  and  retunied  to  Canter- 
bury; but  soon  he  again  displeased  the  Kinir 
who  cried  in  n  rage,  ■  Who  will  rid  me  of  tliis 
turlmlent  priest? '     Four  knithts  who  were  pres- 
ent immedialely  went  to  Canterburv,  where  tliev 
sh'W-  the  Archbishop  in  the  calhedml  (I)eeemlier 
^,  Udt).      '■  1  he  government  tried  to  justifv  or 
palliate  the  murder.     The  Archbishop  of  York 
likened  1  homanil  Hecket  to  I'lmmoh.  who  died 
by  the  Divine  vengeance,  as  a  punishment  for 
his  hardness  of  heart;  and  a  i'ro<liiiiiiiii,,ii  was 
Issued,  forbidding  any  one  to  spe.ik  of  Thonias 
ot  (irilerbury  as  a  niartvr:  but  the  feelinirs  of 
men  were  too  strong  to  be  clieiked  bv  authoiiiv  ■ 
pieces  of  linen   which   |,„d   b.-.-n  elijoM.,!  i„   [lis 
bliKK   w,w  pres,-rveii  as  relics;  from  the  time  of 
his  death    it    was   l«-lieved   that    miracles  were 
worked  at  Ins  toml,;  thither  Hocked  hundreds  of 
thoiis.-im|s.  in  spile  of  il,,.  most  violent  threats  of 
punis  inient ;  at  the  end  of  two  years  he  wascaii- 
onisdl  at  Home:  and,  till  the  liieakinij  out  of  the 
l«ef'>rmation,   .St.    Thonias  of    Canterburv     for 
pi ;;.  images  and  prayers.  \Ya3  the  m.-.-t  di^tin- 


guiahed  Saint  in  England. "— Lord  Campbell, 
l.iret  if  llir  I... Ill  C/iiiiii-illiirK,  rh.  ;).  — "  What  did 
Ileury  11.  p'opose  to  do  with  a  clerk  who  was 
accused  ol  a  i  rime  ?  Without  doing  much 

violence  to  the  text,  il  i-.  ,iossiMe  to  jiiil  two  dif- 
fen'nt    interpretations  upon  that   faiimus  clause 
in    the   Constitutions  of  Clarendon  h  hi(  li  deals 
wiih  criminous  chrks.   .  .  .   .\ceorcliiig  to  what 
seenih  to  be  the  commonest  opinion,  we  might 
(iininient  upon  this  eliui.se  in  si  .iie  such  words 
as  these:— Ollinces  of  which  u  clerk  may  be  ac- 
cused are  of  two  kinil.s.     They  are  temporal  or 
they  are  ecelesiasliial,      L'lider  the  forim  r  head 
fall  murder,  robbery,  larceny,  rape,  and  the  like; 
under   the  latter,  incontinence,  heresy,  disoUdi 
encu  to  superiors,  breach  of  rulis  relating  to  the 
coiii.uc*  of   divine   service,   and   so  forth.      If 
ch:irged  with  an  oirence  of  the  temporal  kind, 
the  clerk  must  stand  his  trial  in  the  king's  court; 
li's  trial,  his  s<'ntence,  will  be  like  that  of  a  lay- 
man.    Koran  ecclesiastical  olfcn"",  on  the  other 
hand,   he  will  be   tried  in  the  (oiirt  Christian. 
The  king  reseTves  to  his  court  the  right  to  decide 
what  olfeuces  are  temporal,  what  ecclesiastical; 
also  he  as.serts  the  right  to  .send  delegates  to  super- 
vise the  proceedings  of  tlie  spiritual  tribunals. 
.  .  .   Let  us  attempt  a  rival  commentary.     The 
author  of  this  clause  is  not  thinking  of  two  dif- 
ferent classes  of  ollences.     The  purely  eci  Icsl- 
aslieal  olfences  are  not  in  debate.     No  one  doubts 
that  for  these  a  man  will  be  tried  in  and  punished 
by  the  spiritual  court.     He  is  thinking  of   the 
grave  crimes,  of   munhr  and   the  like.      Now 
every  such  crime  is  a  breach  of  temporal  law, 
and  It  is  also  a  breai  h  of  canon  law.     The  clerk 
who  commits  murder  breaks  tlii'  kings  peace, 
bui    he  al.so  infringes  the  divine  law,  and  -no 
oiinoni.st  will  doubt  this— ought  to  be  degraded. 
Very  well.     A  clerk  is  accu.sed  of  sin '   a  crime. 
He  IS  summoned  liefore  the  kings  coi.,t,  and  he 
Is  to  answer  there- -let  us  mark  this  wo'-d  re- 
tlHindere  —  for  what   he  ought   to  answer   for 
there.    What  ought  he  to  answer  for  there  ?    The 
breach  of  the  king's  peace  and  tiie  felony.    When 
he  has  answered,  .  .  .  then,  wiilmut  any  trial,  he 
Is  to  be  sent  to  the  ecclesiastical  court.     In  that 
court  he  will  have  to  answer  as  an  ordained  clerk 
accused  of  homicide,  and  in  that  court  there  will 
be  u  trial  (res  ibi  tractabitur).     If  the  spiritual 
court  convicts  him   it   wil".  degrade  him,   and 
thenceforth  the  church  mii.st  no  longer  protect 
him.     He  will  be  broiiglit  back  into  the  king's 
court.  .  .  .  and  having  been  brought  back,  uo 
longer  a  clerk   but  a  mere  layman,  he  will   be 
sentenced  (proliably  wiihout  any  further  trial)  to 
the  layman's  punishment,  death  or  mutilation. 
The  scheme  is  this:  accusation  and  plea  in  the 
temporal  court;  trial,  conviction,  degradation,  in 
the  eci  lesiastieal  court;  senleiKe  in  the  temporal 
court  to  the  layman's  punisluuent.     This  1  be 
lieve  to  be  the"iiieaning  of  the  i  lause." — F.  W. 
Maithind,   Ihnry  II.  untl  Ihr   Cn'iiiii,„iiii   rl,ik» 
'  Kiii/UkIi  Ilinturii-iit  Hirifit,  A/iril,  lM)',!l.  ;;>.  L"24- 
:.".;(').— The  A.s.si7.e  of  Clareudon,  someliiiies  con- 
fused wiih  <la  Constitutions  of  C  laremlon.  was 
an  important  decree  approved  two  \ears  later. 
It   laid   down   Ihe    ptimiplis  on  uhuh  the  ad- 
ministration of    justice  was  to  be  carried   out, 
in  twenlytHo  .irlii  les  drawn    up    for    the    u.se 
of  the   judges. —  .Mis.   .1.    1{.  Green,   //,i,ri,  Ihe 
SeOiiiiil,  i-h.  5-(i.  — '-It   niav  not   be  withou't    n- 
struction   to  remember  that    the   Constitutions 
uf  CLircntiuu,   wiiich  Bctket    speUl    hio   iife   ia 


827 


1; 


11 

u 


ENGLAND,  1163-1170. 


Richarii  Corur  tU 
LiOn. 


ENOLAND.  120IH2IS. 


opposinc  nnci  of  whirh  liis  (lc:i!h  i  rorurrd  llio 
8un|ifii»i()n,  iiri'  miw  iiHDrpnriit.  „•  Kiinlish 

law,    1111(1   iiri'   rciriinU'il,    will  .liNScntiriil 

voice,  as  iiiiiunL'  tii(!  wisest  ii  i  nt-ctawiry 

of  Eii)iliali  iiisliiiitiiiiis;  tliiit  i  .spiii.,!  point 
for  wliicli  he  siirreiukreil  IiIh  lilu  was  tmt  Ilie  iii- 
dependeiKv  of  llie  clerj.'v  from  the  i  neroach- 
nieiits  of  ihe  frown,  hut  the  personal  and  now 
foru'ot'en  iiiiesti(jn  of  the  sii|MTioritv  of  the  sec 
of  C'anterlmry  to  the  see  of  York.  "— .\.  I'.  .Stan- 
Icy,  IliHlin-iri'il  M,  m.iri.iln  „f  Cml,  rl.riry.  p,  134. 

Ai.»<>  IN;  W.  Stiilihs.  l''>,iitt.  l/itil  „}■  Kiig..  eh 
13,  «-cr  i;!n-14I. -The  same.  S:l,ct  C/i,trl/r».  pi. 
4.— .1.  ('.  HoUrlson.  /i.X,(  — ,J.  A.  Oiles.  Life 
ami  l.itl,riinf  Thun„i»  li  /lerhl.—H.  11.  Fronde, 
//iV.  ■■fiy  OnitiKt  If,  lire,  II  .\relthi„l,„p  Tl,„ii,„»  ,\ 
Il>-k,l  mill  llenrji  II  ( l!riii,iii,»,  pi,  2,  r.  2).— ,1.  A. 
Fnmde.  /.,/e  ,i,iil  Tim,'  nf  T!ii,ii„i.^  ll<eK,l~{- 
II.  l'carH..ii,  lli-l  •■(  E.,iii,i,i,l  ilirimi  l/,e  Kirl,/ 
anil  Miil.lh  .\,„x.  :■  'i,  ,-l,  ■»!.  — See,  al.^o,  IIk.nkkit 
OK  Ci.Kiiov,  aii.l.liiiv.    TiiiAi.  piv 

A    D.  Ii8g.— Accession  of  King  Richard  I. 
(called  Cceur  de  Lion). 

A.  D.  1189-1199.  — Reign  of  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion.— His  Crusade  and  campaigns  in 
France.  — "  The  Tiiinl  Criisaile  \^tv  I'kisadks  ■ 
A  I).  ll'<'<-ll!ie],  iindrrt.ikiri  f,,r  ihu  deliver 
iince  of  rahstini'  from  the  disasters  liroiii.'ht 
upon  the  Cru'.aders'  Kinirdoin  hv  Saladiii.  was 
tlie  tint  to  111- popular  in  Kiijrland!  .  .  .  Hiehard 
joine.l  the  Crusade  in  Ihe  very  first  year  of  his 
reiiin,  and  every  p.irtion  of  liis'siilLseifuent  career 
was  eoneerned  with  ils  conwiinenees.  Neither 
In  the  lime  of  William  Uiifus  imr  of  Slephen 
had  the  First  or  .Sr..rid  frusades  fnund  Kn^larid 
-sullieienlly  sellled  for  siieli  e.\pi'ditions.  .  .  . 
But  the  palrcinaire  of  Ihe  I'nisaihs  was  a  hereili 
tary  disiineii.m  in  the  Anireviii  familv  now  rcij;!!. 
iiii;  in  KiifTlan.l:  ihiy  had  founded  the  kiiifidom 
of  I'ale-tine;  Henry  II.  Iiiinsi.lf  had  often  pre- 
pared tn  set  oiil ;  and  liiehard  was  eonlidinlly 
expected  hy  the  ureat  l.iidy  of  his  siilijeets  to  re- 
deem the  family  pl.iU'e,"  .  .  .  Whollv  inferior 
in  stall  snianlike  ipialilics  to  his  father  as  he  was, 
the  fienernsity.  noinilieinee.  and  ea.^y  ennlidenie 
of  his  charai  ler  made  him  an  almost" perfect  rcji- 
resi-nlali\c  of  tile  chivalry  of  that  a:;e.  He  was 
scariely  at  all  in  Knclanil,  hut  his  tine  exploits 
both  hy  land  and  sea  have  made  l.im  dc'servedly 
a  favourite.  The  ilcpnaiation  of  him  which  is  to 
b<'  found  in  certain  modern  hooks  must  in  all 
fairness  he  considir.d  a  liiili'  mawkish.  A  Kiiii; 
who  leaves  1m  hincl  him  such  an  example  of  ap- 
parently reckless,  liui  ■■■ally  prudent  valour,  of 
patience  ijiMlcr  jcah.u-  ill  treatment,  and  perse- 
verance in  Ihe  laic  of  extreme  dillieiilties,  shin- 
ini;  out  as  the  head  of  the  manhcHsl  of  his  dav, 
far  ahove  the  (cimmon  race  of  kinu's  and  emper- 
ors.—such  a  man  leaves  a  heritaire  of  example 
as  well  as  L'liiry,  and  ini  iics  posterity  to  iiolile 
deeds.  His  irriat  moral  faulr  v.  as  his  "conduct  to 
Henry,  and  lor  this  he  was  sullicienllv  punished; 
hut  his  parents  must  cadi  hear  Ihiir  share  of  the 
blame.  .  .  The  interest  of  Fnirli^h  alfairs  dur- 
ing Kichard's  ahscnce  lanLMii-lns  umlcr  theex- 
citenii-nt  which  aitcnds  his  alino>t  eoniiiiuous 
canipai.i;ns.  .  .  .  Hnih  on  Ihe  Crusade  and  in 
France  liiihard  was  li-hlim:  the  hatile  of  the  • 
House  which  the  Kn^lish  had  vitv  dcliheralelv 
placed  upon  its  throne;  and  if  the'war  was  kept  ' 
ull  its  hhores,  if  the  tniulilcs  of  Siephcn's  reitrn  1 
were  nil!  a!!ow:.d  :..  ncor,  tl:-  .-unlrv  h::d  no  ; 
right  tocoiiiplain  of  a  ta.xation  or  a  riiviil  rausoin    I 


I  which  times  of  peace  enaliled  it.  after  i\ll,  to  l«'ur 
tolcrahlv  well.  .  .  .  The  jfreat  maritime  po-iilon 
of  the  I'lantaKeiK'ts  niinle  these  siiviieiijns  taku 
to  the  sea. "— .M.  Hurrows,  I'mniiieitliii-iiK  mi  th« 
j  lli.-l.  „f  Kii'/liiwl.  liL  I,  <7i.  IS.  —  Uiclmrd  "was  a 
I  had  king;  his),'n'at  exploits,  his  military  skill,  his 
^idenilour  anil  extravajjanee.  his  poelieal  tastes, 
his  adventurous  spirit,  do  not  serve  to  cloak  his 
entire  want  of  sympathy,  or  even  eotiHideratiun 
for  his  people,  "lie  was  no  Eni;lishuian.  .  .  . 
His  umliitioii  was  that  of  a  mere  warrior."— 
\\  .Stulihs,  i;iii„t.  Ili„l.  „f  fC„f/.,  Meet.  l.")0  ((•.  1), 
Also  [N:  K.  Xoririte,  Kinjlititil  uitiler  the  An- 
geeiii  liiniin.  r.  3,  ,■/,.  '-H. 
A.  D.  1 199.— Accession  of  King  John. 
A.  D.  1205.— The  loss  of  Normandy  and  its 
effects.—  In  1303  Philip  Aiii;iisius.  kin^'  of 
France,  sumii.oneil  .loliii  of  Eimland,  as  Duke  of 
.Normandy  (therefore  the  feudal  vii.s.sal  of  tho 
French  crown)  to  appear  for  trial  on  certain  (;mve 
eharjies  liefore  the  aiiuust  court  of  the  I  Vers  of 
France,  .lolm  refused  to  olH-y  Ihesuiiimons;  his 
French  tlefs  were  ilcclareil  forleitcil.  und  tho 
armicsof  the  French  kin-  look  |ios.sessionof  ihem 
(si'c  Fu.x.NCE;  A.  U.  1IMI)-1334).  This  proved 
to  lie  a  lasting  separation  of  N'ortnandy  from 
Knu'land, — except  11s  it  w.is  recovered  iiioment- 
arily  loii!;  afterwards  in  the  conipiesis  of  Henry 
V.  "The  Xorman  li;irons  had  had  no  choice 
liut  hetwecn  .lohn  and  I'hilip.  For  the  tirsl 
time  since  theConipicst  there  was  no  competitor, 
son,  hrothcr.  or  more  distant  kinsman,  for  their 
iilleuiance.  .lohn  could  ncilher  rule  nor  defend 
them.  liishops  and  liaioiis  alike  wileomcd  or 
specililyacccpud  their  new  lord.  The  families 
lli.it  'od  estatis  on  lioih  sides  of  ilie  Channel 
divided  into  two  hranclus,  inch  of  which  made 
terms  for  ilsilf;  or  ha  vinu' ha  lanced  their  inter- 
ests in  the  Iwii  kiiiL'tlonis.  tlirew  in  their  lot  with 
one  or  oilier,  ami  lenouiiced  what  they  could  not 
save.  .Vlniost  immeilialcly  Normandy  settles 
down  inlo  a  (piiet  pnivince  of  Franco.  "  .  .  For 
K]i,i;land  Ihe  result  of  the  separation  was  more 
imporiaiit  still.  F.vcn  within  the  reifrii  of  John 
it  liecame  i  liar  that  the  rclea.se  of  the  liamns 
from  their  connexion  with  the  continent  was  all 
lliat  was  wanted  to  make  them  Kimlishinen. 
Willi  Ilie  last  vestigis  of  the  Norman  inherit- 
ances vanislicd  the  last  idea  of  inakinj;  Englanila 
feudal  kingdom.  The  Great  Charter  was  won 
liy  men  who  were  niainluining,  not  the  cause  of 
a  class,  as  had  hecn  the  case  in  every  civil  war 
.since  luTll,  liut  the  cause  of  a  nalion.  From  the 
year  13o;t  the  king  slixnl  before  the  English 
people  face  to  face." — W.  Stulihs,  Ciinslitiiliniuil 
Ilitt.  ,if  h'lir/..  eh.  13,  acel.  153— Sc«j  Fkasck: 
.\.  I).  llNII-1334. 

A.  D.  1205-1213.— King  John's  quarrel  with 
the  Pope  and  the  Church.— On  the  death,  in 
I3u."i,  of  ArchliLshop  Hiilicrl,  of  Canti  rliury,  who 
had  long  been  chief  iiiinister  of  the  crown,  a 
(omplicated  i)iiarrel  over  the  appointment  to  the 
vacant  see  arose  between  the  monks  of  the  cathe- 
dral, the  sulfragan  bi-hoiisof  the  province.  King 
.lohn,  and  the  powerful  I'ope  Innocent  III.  I'opa 
IimiKcnt  |iut  forward  as  his  candidate  the  after- 
wards f.imous  >Stephcii  L.ington,  secured  his 
election  in  a  somewhat  irregular  way  (A.  U. 
13(17).  and  consecraltd  him  with  his  own  lianda. 
King  ,lolin,  bent  on  tilling  the  primacy  with  a 
creature  of  his  own,  resisted  the  papiil  action 
with  iiion  fury  tii.m  di,~.  icliou,  and  proceeded 
to  open   war  with   the   whole  Church.     "The 


828 


ENGLAND,  1205-1818. 


Kini/  Jnhn 
and  Magna  Carta. 


ENGLAND.  1216. 


monks  of  CanUThury  were  driven  from  their 
moniwtcry,  and  when,  in  the  foUowinj;  j-cnr,  an 
InUTdlct  which  tlie  I'oim;  liad  intruatetl  to  the 
Bisjiops  of  London,  tly  and  Worcester,  wa.s 
published.  Ids  hostility  to  the  Church  became  .so 
extreme  that  almost  all  the  bishoiis  Hed;  the 
Bishops  of  Wiuche.'itcr,  Durham,  and  Norwich, 
two  of  whom  beh)n>;ed  to  the  ministerial  IxhIv, 
being  the  only  prelates  left  in  England.  The  in- 
terdict was  of  the  severest  form;  all  services 
of  the  Church,  with  the  exception  of  baptism 
and  extreme  unction,  Iwing  forbidden,  while  the 
burial  of  the  dead  was  allowed  only  in  unconse- 
crated  ground ;  its  effect  was  however  weakened 
by  the  conduct  of  some  of  the  monastic  orders, 
who  claimed  exemption  from  its  o|KTation,  and 
continueil  tlieir  services.  The  king's  anger  knew 
no  boiuids.  The  clergy  were  put  iHVond  the 
pmtectionof  thtt  law ;  onlers  were  issued  to  drive 
them  from  their  laMietices,  and  lawless  acts  com- 
mitted at  their  expense  met  with  no  jiunishment. 
.  .  .  Though  aclingthua  violently,  .John  showecl 
the  weakness  of  his  character  by  continued  com- 
munlLalion  with  the  Pope,  and  occasional  fitful 
acts  of  favour  to  the  Church;  bo  much  .so,  that. 
In  thj  following  year,  Langton  prepared  to  come 
over  to  England,  and,  upon  the  continued  ob- 
stinacy of  the  king,  InniH'ent.  feeling  sure  of  bis 
final  victory,  did  not  slirinlt  from  issuing  bis 
threnened  excommunication.  John  had  hoped 
to  \k  .ible  to  exclude  the  knowledge  of  this  step 
froui  tiie  Island  .  .  .  ;  but  the  rumour  of  it  s'K)n 
got  abroad,  and  its  effect  was  great.  ...  In  a 
state  of  nervous  excitement,  and  mistrusting  his 
nobles,  the  king  himself  perpetually  moved  to 
and  fro  in  his  kingdom,  si'ldom  staying  more  than 
a  few  days  in  one  place.  None  tlie  less  did  he 
continue  his  old  line  <if  policy.  .  .  .  In  1211  a 
league  of  cxconmiunicated  leaders  was  formed, 
including  all  the  princes  of  the  North  of  Europe ; 
Ferrand  of  Flanders,  the  Duke  of  Brabant,  John, 
and  Otho  [John's  Ouelphic  Saxon  nephew,  who 
was  one  of  two  contestants  for  the  imperial 
crown  in  Gennany],  were  all  memliers  of  it, 
and  it  was  chiefly  orgaidzed  by  the  activity  of 
Ueinald  of  Damniartin,  t'ount  of  Boulogne.  The 
clnef  enemy  of  these  confederates  was  I'hilip  of 
France;  and  John  thought  he  saw  in  this  league 
the  means  of  revenge  against  his  old  enemy.  To 
complete  the  line  of  demurcation  laaween  the  two 
parties,  Innment,  who  was  greatly  moved  by  the 
description  of  the  disorders  and  persecutions  in 
England,  iledarwl  John's  crown  forfeited,  and 
intru.sied  the  carrying  out  of  the  sentence  to 
Philip.  In  1213  armies  were  collected  on  both 
sides.  I'hilip  was  already  on  the  Channel,  and 
John  luul  ass»'iiil>led  a  large  army  on  liarham- 
down.  not  far  from  Canterbury.'"'  But,  at  the 
last  moment,  w  hen  the  French'klng  was  on  the 
eve  of  embarking  his  forces  for  the  invasion  of 
England,  John  submitted  himself  abjectly  to 
Paiidulf,  the  legate  of  the  Pope.  He  not  only 
surrendenil  to  all  that  he  had  contemledii gainst, 
Imt  Went  furtlier,  to  the  most  shameful  extreme. 
"On  tlie  I.'ith  of  May,  at  Dover,  he  formally  re- 
signed the  crowns  of  tngland  and  Ireland  into  the 
hands  of  Pandulf,  and  receive<l  them  again  as 
the  Pope's  feudatory."— J.  F  Bright.  Witt,  of 
Eng.  {Mol).  r.  1,  »/,.  130-134. 

Al.st)iN:  C.  11.  Pearson,  Hint,  of  Eng.  during 
tht  Eirly  and  Middle  Aget,  r.  2,  eh.  2— E  F. 
!!ei!,k-r^un,  ixUci  Ilisi.  Loci  of  the  Middle  Agu. 
ik.  4,  no.  5. — Sec,  also,  BouvmKs,  Battle  of. 


A.  D.  1306-1330.— Attempts  of  John  and 
Henry  lU.  to  recover  Anjou  and  Maine.  See 
A.NJor:  A.  I>.  r.'mi-144'.'. 

A.  D.  1315.- Magna  Carta.  — "It  is  to  the 

victory  of  Ilouvines  that  England  owes  herGr«at 
Charter  [see  Boivi.nks].  .  .  .  John  sailed  for 
Poitou  with  the  dream  of  a  gn'at  victory  which 
should  lay  Philip  [of  France]  and  the"  barons 
alike  at  his  feet.  lie  returned  from  hisdefeat  to 
find  tlie  nobles  no  longer  banded  together  in 
secret  e(mspinicies,  but  openly  united  in  a  ilefln- 
ite  claim  of  lilarly  ainl  law.  The  author  of  this 
great  change  was  the  new  Archbishop  [Lang- 
ton]  whom  Innocent  had  set  on  the  tlinme  of 
Canterbury.  ...  In  a  private  meeting  of  the 
barons  at  St.  Paul's,  he  prcMluccd  the  Charter  of 
Henry  I.,  .iiul  the  enthusiasm  with  which  it  was 
welciiiiied  showed  the  sagacity  with  which  the 
I'rimati^  hail  chosen  his  ground  for  the  coming 
struggle.  All  hope,  however,  hung  on  the  for- 
tiinisof  the  French  cam|)aign;  it  was  the  victory 
at  Houvines  tliiit  broke  the  spell  of  terror,  and 
K ilhin  a  few  clays  of  the  kings  landing  the  bar- 
ons again  met  at  St.  Edmundsbury.  ...  At 
Christmas  they  presi'nted  Ihemselveii  m  arms  be- 
fore the  king  and  preferred  their  claim.  The  few 
months  that  followeil  showed  John  that  he  stood 
alone  in  the  land.  ...  At  Ea.ster  the  barons 
again  gathered  in  arms  at  Uraekley  and  renewed 
their  claim.  '  Why  do  they  not  ask  for  my 
kingdom?'  cried  John  in  a  burst  of  passion;  but 
the  whiWe  country  rose  as  one  man  at  his  nfusal. 
London  threw  open  her  gates  to  the  army  of  the 
barons,  noworcani/ed  under  HoIhtI  Fitx"Walter, 
•the  marshal  of  the  army  of  iim\  and  the  holy 
Churili.'  The  example  "of  the  capital  was  at 
once  followed  by  Exeter  and  Lincoln;  promises 
of  aid  came  from  Scotland  and  Wales;  the  north- 
ern nobles  marchcHl  hastily  to  join  their  comrades 
in  London.  With  seven"  horsemen  in  his  train 
John  found  himself  face  to  face  with  a  nation  in 
arms  .  .  .  Nursing  wrath  in  bis  heart  the  tyrant 
iKiwed  to  necessity,  and  summoned  the  barons  to 
a  conference  at  Kunnymede.  An  island  in  the 
Thames  Iwtween  Staines  and  Windsor  had  been 
chosen  as  the  place  of  conference:  the  king  en- 
camped on  one  bank,  while  tlie  barons  covered  the 
marshy  flat,  still  known  by  the  name  of  liiinny- 
mede,  on  the  other.  Their  delegates  met  In 
the  island  between  tbeni.  .  .  .  The  Great  Charter 
was  discus.sed.  agreed  to.  and  signed  in  a  single 
day  [June  1.5,  A.  D.  12151.  One  copy  of  it  still 
remains  in  the  British  Mu.seum.  injilred  by  age 
and  tire,  but  with  the  royal  wal  still  hanging 
from  the  brown,  shriveled  parchment." — J.  K 
Green,  Short  Hint,  of  the  English  I'lo/ile.  eh  3, 
feet.  2-.3.— ".Vs  this  was  the  first  effort  towai.is  a 
legal  governnieiit,  so  is  it  beyond  coinpa.-ison  the 
most  important  event  in  our  hi.st  iry,  except  that 
Kevolution  without  which  its  lienefits  would  have 
been  r.ipidly  anniliihited.  The  constitutiem  of 
Englanil  has  indeed  no  .single  date  from  which 
its  eiuratiem  is  to  be  reckoned.  The  institutions 
of  positive  law,  the  far  more  important  eh  inges 
w  hicli  time  has  wrought  in  the  order  of  society, 
iluriiig  six  hundred  years  sul).sequent  to  the 
Great  Charter,  have  "undoubtedly  lessened  its 
direct  application  to  our  present  eircumstancea. 
T!ut  it  is  still  the  keystone  of  English  lilierty. 
All  that  has  since  In-en  obtaine'd  is  little  more 
than  as  confirmation  or  commcutarv.  .  .  Tlii' es- 
(>eli!lal  ilaUM-n  of  Magna  Chaila  ale  (hose  which 
protect  the  personal  liberty  and  property  of  all 


Si 


829 


ENGLAND,  J215 


Uatpitl  Ciiilii 


ENGLAND,  1315. 


freemen,  liy  plvinp  nenirily  from  urbitrnry  iiii-  I 
prisonriM'nt  iiiul  iirhitniry  simliiition.     '  N"  fr<i;-   1 
miin    (wiv»    till'  2tttli   cimpUr  of    Henry   HI.  »   ; 
churt.r,  wliiili.  (13  llie  existint?  liiw.  '   (luole  In 
prcfin  ii.T  til  timt  (if  .Inlin,  the  VBriiitiims  nut  Ik- 
[an  vcrv  ni.iteriiil)  sliiill  U-  taken  iir  imprisiineil, 
or  lie  ili'ssiisiMl  (if  his  fr((  licihl,  or  lilKTties,  (ir  free 
eii»l(ims.  or  Ih-  (lutliiwcd.  (ir  exMed.  (ir  liny  (ithcr- 
wise  (h'stnncd;  nur  will  we  pass  iip<in  liini.  nor 
wild  (ipun.liiit  liv  lawfid  judgment  (if  his  peers, 
or  In    tlie  law  ('.f  the  land.     We  will  nell  M  no 
man"  we  will  luit  denv  or  delay  tonny  man.  jus 
tice  or  riirht.'    It  is  (ilivhms  that  these  words, 
Interpreted  liv  aiiv  honest  coiirl  of  law,  conycv 
an  ample  seeiirilv'for  the  Iwomaln  ritflitsof  dvd 
tncivW  "—It.  llallam.  7V.e  .ViMlf  Afii'.rli.  H.  /•'. 
8._'-The  Great  Charter.  altlKHiKli  drawn  iili  in 
tiie  form  of  a  roval  ^-nint.  was  really  a  treaty  Iw 
tween  the  kintf  and  his  sulijeets.   •   •   ■   ]'  '*  !'"' 
coUeetive  people  who  really  form  the  other  lii.'ii 
contracting  partv  in  the  gn'at  capituhition,—  Ihi' 
three  esUitesof  the  realm,  not.  it  is  true,  arranged 
In  order  according  to  their  profession  or  rank 
but  not  the  less  certainly  eomliined  in  one  national 
nuriiose.  and  sicuring  by  one  IkhxI  the  interests 
and   rights  of  each  other,  s<'verally  and  all  to- 
gether.  .   .   .  The    barons   maintain   and   secure 
the  right  of  the  whole  peojile  as  against  them 
selves  as  well  as  au'ainst  their  master.     Clause  by 
clause  the  rights  of  the  commons  arc  provided 
for  as  well  as  the  lights  of  the  iioliUa.      .   .  The 
knight  is  protected  against  the  conipulsory  e\ac- 
tion  of  I's    ■rvices,  and  the  horse  and  cart  of  tlu!   i 
freeman  against  the  irrciiular  re(piisiti(-i  even  of 
the  sherilT.   .   .   .  The  (Jreat  Charter  is  the  first 
great  public  act  of  the  nation,  after  it  has  realised 
Its  own  identilv    .   .   .  The  whole  of  the  consti- 
tutional history  of  England  is  little  more  tlian  a 
commentarv   I'm    Magna  Carta  "—W     '^"''ilj''' 
Ciin»Hlnli.m,il  lIM.„f  Kioi.ch.  12,  *c^  l.'i.X— The 
following  is  the  text  of  Magna  C»rta:     "John, 
by  the  Grace  of  G(k1,  King  of  England,  Lord  of 
Ireland,    Duke    of    Xormaudy,    A(iuitaine.   and 
Count  of  Anjou.  to  his  Arelibishops,  Bishops. 
AhlMits.    Karls.    Barons.    .lusticiaries.   Foresters, 
Sherills,  Governors,  Oltlcers,  and  to  all  BaililTs, 
and  his  faithful  subjects,  greeting.      Know  ye, 
that  we.  ill  the  presence  of  G(h1.  and  for  the  sal- 
vation of  our  soul,  and  the  souls  of  nil  our  an- 
cestors and  heirs,  and  unto  the  honour  <if  G(kI 
and    the    advancement    of    Holy   Church,   and 
amendment  of  our  Uealm,  by  advice  of  our  ven- 
erable Fatlicrs,  Ste|ihen.  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury   rrimate  of  all  England  and  Cardinal  of 
the  Holy  Uoman  Church;  Henry,  Archbishop  of 


oly 

Dublin;  William,  of  I,on(hm;  I'eter.  of  Winches- 
ter JiHclin.  of  Bath  and  Glastonbury;  Huiih.  of 
Linoiln;  Walter,  of  Worcester;  William,  of  Cov- 
cntrv  Benedict,  of  HiK-hcster— Bishops:  of  Mas- 
Ur  I'ai.  bdph.  Sub-Deacon  and  Familiar  of  our 
Lord  the  I'oiie;  Brother  Aymeric,  Master  of  the 
Knights-Teinplars  in  England;  and  of  the  noble 
I'ersiins,  William  Marescall,  Earl  of  IVmbroke; 
William.  !  iri  of  Salisbury;  William,  Earl  of 
Warren;  William,  Earl  of  Arundel;  Al.in  de 
Galloway.  Constable  of  Scotland;  Waiiii  Fitz- 
Gerald  I'llir  Filzllerl  >  rt,  and  HulHrl  de  Burgh. 
Seneschal  of  I'oitou;  Hugh  de  Neville.  Matthew 
FitzHerliert,  liioinas  Bassit,  Alan  Bas.set,  I'hilip 
of  Alliinev.  Holnrt  de  Uoppell.  .lohn  Maresch  d. 
John  Ki;?.il;i;.-ii,  -.u-A  "Iht-r-.  -^.r  !;'>rimin.  \v.::v. 
In  the  tii-st  place,  granted  to  Gud.  and  by  this  our 
present  Cliart«T  coulirmcd,  for  us  aud  our  Lelrg 


f„n.vcr;  — I.  That  the  Church  of  EnRland  ihall 
1r>  free,  and  have  her  whole  rights,  and  her  Ubcr- 
tUs  Inviolalde;    and   we  will   have  them  so  ob- 
served, that  it  may  appear  thence  that  the  free- 
dom of  elections,  which  is  reckoned  chief  and 
indisiHusiible  to  the  English  Church,  and  which 
we  granted  and  contlrmed  by  our  Charter,  and 
obtained  the  conllrmalion  of  tlie  same  from  our 
Lord  the  I'ope  IiuKaent  HI.,  lafon;  the  discord 
iHtween  ua  and  our  barons,  wis  granted  of  mere 
free  will;  which  Chiirter  we  shall  observe,  and 
we  do  will  It  to  lie  faithfully  oliscrvcd  by  our 
heirs  for  ever      2.  We  also  have  gninted  to  all 
the  freemen  of  our  kingdom,  for  us  and  for  our 
heirs  for  ever,  all  the  underwriilen  liliertic",  to 
lie  had  and  holih-n  bv  them  and  iiieir  heirs,  of  ui 
aial  our  lairs  for  ever:  If  any  of  our  earls,  nr 
banms.  or  others,  who  hold  of  us  in  chief  by 
military  service,  shall  die.  and  at  the  time  of  'lis 
(I.atli  his  heir  shall  lie  of  full  age.  and  owe  a  re- 
lief  he  shall  have  his  inheritance  by  the  ancient 
ri  lief  —  that  is  to  sav.  the  heir  or  heirs  of  an  carl, 
for  a  whole  carldoni,  bv  a  hundred  imunds;  the 
h,  ir  or  heirs  of  a  baron,  for  a  whole  barony,  by 
a  hundred  pounds;  the  h(  ir  or  heirs  of  a  knijjht, 
for  a  whole  knight's  fee.  by  a  hundred  shillings 
at  most ;  and  wlaH'ver  oweth  less  shall  give  less, 
according  to  the  aii(  lent  custom  of  fees.     3.  But 
if  the  h(Tr  of  any  such  shall  lie  under  age,  ami 
shall  U'  in  ward,  when  he  comes  of  age  he  slmll 
have  his  inlieritance  without  relief  and  without 
line      4.  The  keeiier  of  the  land  of  such  an  heir 
Uing  umler  age.  shall  take  of  the  land  of  the 
heir'none  but  reasonable  Issues,  reasonable  cus- 
toms, and  reawmalile  services,  and  that  without 
destruction  and  waste  of  his  men  and  his  gixMls; 
and  if  we  commit  the  custiKly  of  any  such  lands 
to  the  sherilT,  or  any  other  who  Is  answerable  to 
us  tor  the  issues  of  the  land,  and  he  shall  make 
destruction  and  waste  of  the  lands  which  he  hath 
ill  custody,  we  will  take  of  liiin  amends,  and  the 
land  shall  be  (ommitted  to  two  lawful  and  dis- 
creet men  of  that  fee,  who  shall  answer  for  the 
issues  to  us,  or  to  liiiii  to  whom  wc  shall  assign 
them;  and  if  we  sell  or  give  to  any  one  the  cus- 
t(xlv  of  any  such  lands,  and  he  therein  make  de- 
struction or  waste,  he  shall  lose  the  same  custody, 
which  shall  be  committed  to  two  lawful  and  dis- 
(rect  men  of  that  fee,  who  shall  in  like  manner 
answer  to  us  as  aforesaid.     S-  But  the  keeper,  so 
long  ns  he  shall  have  the  custody  of  the  land, 
shall  keep  up  the  houses,  parka,  warrens,  ponds, 
mills,  anil  other  things  i>ertaining  to  the  land,  out 
of  the  is.sues  of  tl'C  same  land;  and  shall  deliver 
to  the  heir,  when  he  comes  of  full  age,  his  whole 
land,  stoj'kcd  with  ploughs  and  carriajtes,  aeconi- 
ing  ns  the  time  of  waimige  shall  rciiuire,  and  the 
is,siies  of  the  land  can  reasonably  iK-nr.     6.  Heirs 
shall  1h>  married  without  dispanigement,  and  so 
that  Ix'fore  matrimony  shall  lie  contracted,  those 
who  are  near  in  blood  to  tlie  heir  shall  have  notici^. 
7     A  widow,  after  the   death  of  her  husband, 
shall  forthwitli  and  without  difficulty  have  her 
marriage  and  inlieritance ;  nor  shall  she  give  any- 
tliing  for  her  dower,  or  her  marriage,  or  her  in 
lieritan(r.  w  hicli  her  husband  and  she  held  at  the 
day  of  his  death;  and  she   may  rcinain  in   the 
mansion  house  of  her  hustiand  forty  days  after 
his  death,  within  which  time  her  dower  shall  lie 
as.signe(l.     8.  No  widow  shall  he   distrained  to 
marry  herself.  «o  long  as  she  has  a  mind  bi  live 
witliinit  a  husband;  imt  yet  she  shall  give  se 
curity  that  f  he  will  not  marry  without  our  assent, 


830 


■1 


KNOLAXD,  1215. 


Magna  Caria^ 


ENOLAND,  iai5. 


If  she  holil  of  iin;  or  without  tlic  consrnt  of  the 
iunl  of  whom  ftlie  holds,  If  hIic  hoUl  of  anolhir 
9,  Ni'lthcrwu  nor  our  liuililT)!  hIiiiII  mI/cuii)'  luiiil 
ur  n'lit  for  any  ilfht  ko  Ioii^  its  the  <'h:itti'lH  of  the 
dclilor  ari!  siillU  irut  to  piiy  thr  dclit :  nor  shiill 
the  suri'ths  of  till!  lUhtor  i)c  (lislraincd  so  loni? 
as  tlit>  nriiicipHl  ihlitor  liiis  snnicicnt  to  ]my  tlii' 
delit;  Huil  if  the  priniipiil  di  litor  shall  fail  in  tlii' 
payment  of  the  deht.  not  havlne  whirew  itiial  to 
jmy  it.  tlien  the  sureties  shall  answer  the  (h  lit ; 
and  if  they  will  they  shall  have  the  lands  ami 
nuts  of  the  delitor,  iiutil  they  -hall  Ik'  salisliid 
for  the  deht  whl<  h  they  paiil  for  him,  uidess  the 
prineipal  dehlor  eau  show  hi.iMlf  H('i|uitted 
thereof  against  the  said  sureties.  10.  If  anyone 
have  horroweil  anything  of  the  Jews,  more  or 
less,  and  die  hefure  Ihi'  deht  lie  batialled.  there 
shall  Ih'  no  inti  n  st  paid  for  that  deht.  so  loni;  as 
the  liiir  is  undir  aj;e.  of  »  homsiM'ver  he  inav 
bold;  and  if  thedel>t  falls  into  our  hands,  we  will 
only  take  the  cimllel  mentioned  iu  tlic  deed.  11. 
Anil  if  any  onesliidl  die  indelihd  to  the  Jews,  his 
wife  shall  have  hir  dower  and  pay  nothing;  of 
that  deht;  and  if  the  deeea.'.ed  left  ehildren  uudi  r 
agi'.  they  shall  have  ueeessarit-s  [tntvideil  for 
them,  necording  to  the  tenement  of  the  deceased ; 
and  out  of  the  residue  tin;  deht  shall  he  paid, 
sa\  ing,  however,  the  fci'rvice  due  to  the  hirds,  and 
iu  WWv  manner  shall  it  he  done  touebhi);  dehls 
due  to  others  than  the  Jews.  12.  No  wutiige  or 
aid  shall  Ih!  impost  d  in  t>ur  kiiiKihini,  unlevs  liy 
the  general  count  il  of  our  kingdtini;  except  for 
ransoming  our  jhtsou,  making  our  elilest  sou  u 
knight,  and  once  for  marrying  t)ur  chles*  ilaugh- 
ter;  auti  for  these  there  shall  l)e  paitl  no  more 
than  a  reasonable  uitl.  In  like  manner  it  shall  be 
concerning  the  aiils  of  the  City  of  Lonthm.  13. 
And  the  City  of  Limihin  shall  have  all  its  ancient 
liUrlies  and  free  customs,  as  well  by  land  as  by 
water:  furthermore,  we  will  ami  grant  that  all 
other  cities  antl  btirttughs,  antl  towns  antl  )>ort8. 
shall  have  all  their  lilnrties  and  free  customs.  14. 
And  for  btilding  the  geuenil  council  of  the  king- 
dtim  concerning  the  assessment  t>f  iiitls,  except  \i\ 
the  three  cases  aftiresaid,  and  for  the  a.s,sessingof 
icntji(^es,  we  shall  cause  to  hv  Bummoncd  the 
archlashops,  bishops,  abbots,  earls,  antl  gn-ater 
barons  of  the  realm,  singly  by  our  letters.  And 
furthermore,  we  shall  catise  to  be  summonetl 
generally,  by  our  sheriffs  and  bailiffs,  all  others 
who  hold  of  us  in  chief,  ftir  a  certain  tluy,  that  is 
-a  say.  forty  tiays  U'fore  their  meeting  "at  least, 
anil  to  u  certain  |)lace;  and  in  nil  letters  of  such 
Euininous  we  will  ileclare  the  cause  of  such  sum- 
mons. Ami  summons  being  thus  maile,  the  busi- 
ness shall  proceetl  on  the  day  appointed,  accord- 
ing to  the  udvice  of  such  as  shall  be  present, 
although  all  that  w  ere  suiumi>iietl  ct)!ne  not.  15. 
We  will  not  for  the  futun;  grant  to  any  ime  that 
he  may  take  ai.l  of  his  own  free  tenants,  unh'ss 
to  ransom  his  body,  and  to  make  his  eldest  son  a 
kni^iit,  anilonie  to  marry  his  t  Idist  ilaiighter; 

aii'l  ior  this  there  shall  he'oiily  paiil  a  rcas ible 

aid  16.  No  man  shall  Ik'  distraiiiid  lo  perform 
more  service  for  a  knights  fee,  t)r  other  free  tene- 
ment,  than  i-i  due  from  thciice.  17.  Common 
pl'as  shall  not  ftdlow  our  court,  but  shall  be 
h..lilrn  in  some  place  certain.  18.  Trials  upon 
the  Wrils  of  Novel  Disseisin,  and  of  .Mort  tl'an- 
cestor,  and  of  Darrein  Presentment,  shall  not  be 
taken  l.u!  i,)  t!i,.;r  proper  cnuf.' ii-;.  and  aflir  llii; 
niauner:  We.  or  if  we  should  l>e  out  of  the  realm, 
our  chief  justiciary,  will  send  two  justiciaries 


through  fveiy  county  four  Umca  a  year,  who, 
with  four  knights  of  vwh  county,  chiMcn  by  the 
county,  shall  htihl  (he  saiti  iisHizes  in  the  coiiDty 
on  the  day,  antl  at  thi!  place  ap|Hiinted.  19, 
Anil  if  any  matters  cannot  U'  lietermlDeil  on  the 
tlay  appointetl  for  holtling  the  assizea  in  each 
coimty.  so  many  of  the  knights  anil  fieeholders 
as  have  Ihiu  at  the  assizes  aforesuiil  shall  stay  to 
decide  them  as  is  necessary,  luconling  as  there i* 
mon- or  less  business.  36.  A  frejmau  shall  not 
be  amen  til  for  a  small  offence,  but  only  accord- 
ing to  the  tlegree  of  theolTenee;  and  for  a  great 
crime  lU'conling  to  the  ht'inousnes.s  of  it,  saving 
to  him  his  contenement ;  and  ufur  the  same  nun- 
ner  11  merchant,  sun  iiig  to  him  his  merchandise. 
And  a  villein  shall  Ik'  anurceil  after  the  same 
manner,  sitving  to  him  his  wainage,  if  he  fulls 
untler  our  nurcy ;  and  none  of  the  aforesaid 
amcrciamenls  shall  be  assessed  hut  by  the  outh  of 
honest  men  in  the  neighlHiiirhootl.  31.  Kurlsand 
barons  shall  not  lie  amerced  but  by  their  |H'er», 
and  after  the  degree  of  the  offence.  33.  No 
ecclesiastical  person  shall  Ixi  amerced  for  his  lay 
tenement,  but  according  to  the  proportion  of  the 
others  nforesaiti,  and  not  acconling  to  the  value 
of  hisecclesiasticid  Iwiiellce,  33.  Neither  a  town 
nor  any  tenant  shall  be  ilistniineil  to  make  bridge! 
or  embankments,  unless  that  anciently  and  of 
right  they  are  hound  to  do  it.  34.  No  sherilT, 
constable,  coroner,  or  other  our  bail.ffs.  shall  liolci 
"  I'leas  of  the  Crown."  35.  All  counties,  hun- 
dreds,  wapentakes,  aiul  tri'things,  shitll  stand  at 
the  ohl  rents,  without  any  Increase,  except  in  our 
tlemesne  manors.  36.  If  any  one  holtling  of  ut 
a  hiy  fee  die,  antl  the  sheriff,  or  our  bailiffs,  show 
our  letters  patent  of  sunmions  for  ilcbt  which  the 
ilead  man  did  owe  to  us.  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the 
sheriff  or  our  bailiff  to  attach  antl  register  the 
chattels  of  the  dead,  found  uptm  his  lay  fee,  to 
the  amount  of  the  licbt,  by  the  view  of  lawful 
men.  so  as  nothing  be  renmvcil  until  our  whole 
clear  tiebt  l>e  pahh  anil  the  rest  shall  be  left  to 
the  executors  to  fidlil  the  testiimcut  of  the  dead; 
and  if  there  Ik-  nothing  tliie  from  him  to  us,  til 
the  chattels  shall  go  to  the  use  of  the  dead,  sav- 
ing to  his  wife  and  children  their  reasonable 
shares.  37.  If  any  freeman  shall  tlic  intestate 
his  chattels  shall  be  distributeil  by  the  hantis  ol 
his  nearest  relations  antl  frientls,  by  view  of  the 
C'hurth.  saving  to  every  one  his  debts  which  the 
tlcceascd  owed  to  him.  38.  No  constable  or 
bailiff  of  ours  shall  take  corn  or  other  chattels  of 
any  man  unless  he  presently  give  him  money  for 
it,  or  hath  respite  of  payment  by  the  good-wil> 
of  the  seller.  39.  No  constable  shall  dLstntin  any 
knight  to  give  money  for  costle-ginirti,  if  he  him- 
self will  ill)  it  in  his  person,  or  by  another  able 
man.  in  case  he  cannot  do  it  through  any  reastm- 
able  causi'.  Anil  if  we  bavt:  carritd  or  sent  him 
inio  the  army,  be  shall  Ik-  tree  from  su(  li  guard 
for  the  tiiiu'  he  shall  be  in  tin-  army  by  our  com- 
niaiiil.  30.  No  sheriff  i>r  bailiff  of  ours,  or  any 
olher,  shall  take  horsi'S  or  carts  of  any  freeman 
for  carriage,  without  the  ass»nt  of  the  said  free- 
man. 31.  Neither  sliall  we  nor  our  bailiffs  take 
any  man's  timber  for  our  caslUs  or  other  uses, 
ludcss  by  the  consent  of  the  owner  of  the  timber. 
32.  We  will  retain  the  lands  of  those  convicted 
of  friony  only  one  vear  and  a  dav.  and  then  they 
sliall  be  dilivereil  to  the  lord  of  the  fee.  33.  All 
Uyiii-!!  .  iivi-an;'.  f;-.r  !bi'  tint-  t.>  Ci'tli"'  =!in!l  I"'  put 
down  iu  the  rivers  of  Thames  ami  .Medway,  and 
throughout  all  England,  except  upon  the  se»- 


831 


ENGLAND,  lits. 


Mttgna  Carta 


ENGLAND,  1318. 


ri'idt  34.  The  writ  wlilcli  is  cnlUil  jirirrii<f,  for 
'He  fuliin'.  hIiuII  not  tw  imiiU-  iiiit  Ui  any  oni',  of 
any  a'Di'imiil,  wlicnliy  n  fri'riimii  limy  limf  lii* 
court.  35.  Then'  »liall  Ih-  diii'  iiinuiurr  of  wine 
and  OIK-  of  iilr  IhrnuKli  our  wliolc  n'aliii;  ami 
oiiu  mi'iwurf  of  com.  tliut  in  to  wiy,  tin*  Uindoii 
quartiT;  hikI  omi'  Imiultli  of  ilyi'd  cloth,  and  run 
wt«,  nml  lmlNrji'otj<,  tliiit  isto.siiv,  twot'lla  witliin 
tliu  liaU;  anil  it  iliiill  Iw  of  wcl^Mits  it  iit  1 
■Diiisun's.  36.  Notliing  from  lienrifortli  aliall  I 
pivi'ii  or  tiiki'n  for  a  writ  of  imiuisitiou  of  life  or 
liinli,  l>ut  It  simll  lio  eruntcil  frifly,  nnil  not  df- 
iiled  37.  If  liny  ilolioUl  of  us  liy  fir  farm,  or 
l>y  WH'iiKi'.  or  by  bur)raKi'.  uiid  he  hold  ulso  luniU 
of  liny  oilier  liy  knif;ht'M  wrvlre,  wo  will  not 
have  llii^  eiiHliMly  of  the  heir  or  liind,  wliiih  in 
holdeii  of  iiiiotlier  man's  fir  liy  reiisim  of  that 
fee  farm,  WH'ajjo,  or  litir|fage;  neither  will  we 
have  the  eiiHliKly  of  the  fee  farm,  or  8iH«Ke,  or 
tiur/iiiKe,  uuhss  kiiiuht'H  service  was  due  to  uh 
out  of  the  same  fee  farm.  We  will  not  have  the 
mstCHly  of  an  heir,  nor  of  any  land  which  he 
holiU  of  anolher  liy  knights  service,  liy  ri'iuion 
of  any  petty  nerjeaiity  by  which  he  lioliU  of  us, 
by  the  sirvice  of  iinyfnff  a  knife,  an  arrow,  or  the 
like.  38.  No  ballltl  from  henceforth  shall  put 
any  man  to  liU  law  upon  his  own  bare  Baying, 
without  rredilile  w  ItnesscH  to  prove  it.  39.  No 
freeman  Hliall  Ik' taken  or  Imprisoned,  or  ilisneiacd, 
or  outlawed,  or  banislied,  or  any  ways  destroyed, 
nor  will  we  pasH  upon  him,  nor  will  we  send 
upon  him,  unless  by  the  lawful  judgment  of  his 
peers,  or  by  the  law  of  the  land.  40.  We  will 
sell  to  no  man,  we  will  not  deny  to  any  man, 
cither  justice  or  riglit.  41.  All  merchants  shall 
have  safe  and  secure  conduct,  to  go  out  of,  and 
to  come  into  Kiigland,  and  to  stav  there  and  to 
piLss  as  well  by  land  us  by  water,  for  biiyiiig  anil 
nlliiig  by  the  ancient  and  allowed  riistoms,  with 
out  any  unju.st  tolls;  except  In  time  of  war,  or 
when  they  are  of  any  nation  at  war  with  us. 
And  if  liiere  Ih'  found  any  such  in  our  land.  In 
the  bei.'iiinlngof  the  war,  they  shall  be  attached, 
without  damage  to  their  luulies  or  goixls,  until  it 
Ih;  known  unto  us,  or  our  chief  jiistieiary,  how 
our  nierchanls  be  treateil  in  tlie  nation  at  war 
with  us;  and  if  ours  be  safe  there,  the  others 
sliall  1h>  safe  in  our  dominions.  4a.  It  shall  be 
lawful,  for  the  time  to  come,  for  any  one  to  go 
out  of  our  kingdom,  and  return  safely  and  se- 
curely by  land  or  by  water,  s  ving  his  allegiance 
to  us;  unless  In  time  of  war.  by  solium  short  space, 
for  the  common  iMneflt  of  the  realm,  except 
prisoners  and  outlaws,  according  to  the  law  of 
the  laiiil,  and  people  in  war  with  us,  and  mer- 
chants  who  shall  Is-  treateil  as  isabove  mentioned. 
43.  If  any  man  hohl  of  any  esoheat.  as  of  the 
honour  of  Wallingford,  Nottingham,  IJoulogne, 
|j,ini n.*!!  r,  or  of  other  escheats  which  lie  in  our 
hands,  and  are  baronies,  and  die,  his  heir  shall 
give  no  otliir  relief,  a. id  perform  no  other  service 
to  us  than  he  would  to  the  baron,  if  it  were  in 
the  IparoMs  Ijaiid ;  am!  we  will  liold  it  after  the 
same  inanricr  as  the  baron  lieid  it.  44.  Ttiosi- 
men  who  dwell  without  the  forest  from  henee 
forlh  shall  not  ci.me  before  our  justiciarii  s  iif 
the  forest,  upon  common  summons,  hut  sucli  as 
are  impleaded,  or  are  sureties  fcir  any  that  are  at- 
tached for  something  concerning  the  forest.  45. 
We  will  not  make  any  justices,  constables,  sher- 
iffs, or  bailifTs,  but  of  such  as  know  the  law  of 
the  realiii  anti  incari  duly  lu  ubse.'-i  e  ii.  46.  All 
barons  who  have  founded  ablicys.  which  they 


hold  by  charter  fniin  the  kings  of  England,  or  by 
ancient  tenure,  shall  have  the  keiping  of  them, 
when  vacant,  as  they  ought  to  have.  47,  All 
forests  that  have  Is-eii  made  forests  In  our  time 
shall  forthw  llh  Is'  ilisforested  :  and  the  same  shall 
Im'  done  witli  the  water  banks  that  have  Um 
fenced  in  by  us  In  our  time.  48.  All  evil  cus- 
toms concerning  forests,  warrens,  foresters,  anil 
warrenera.  al'eriffs  and  ilieir  otHccrs,  water  banks 
and  'heir  kci  [Mrs,  sh.ill  foriliA'ith  Is'  iniiiiirisl 
into  in  each  county,  by  twelve  swoni  knights  of 
the  Willie  county,  cliost'n  by  cri'diluble  person*  of 
the  same  county ;  and  within  forty  days  after  the 
said  inquest  is;  utterly  abolished,  so  as  never  tube 
restored :  so  as  we  are  first  iici|uainted  tlierewitb, 
or  our  Justiciary,  if  we  should  not  be  in  England. 
49.  We  will  immediately  give  up  all  hostages 
and  charters  delivered  unto  us  by  our  Kngllsb 
subjects,  as  securities  for  their  keeping  the  jieace, 
and  yielding  us  faithful  service.  50.  We  will 
entirely  remove  from  their  bailiwicks  the  rela- 
tions of  Oerard  lie  Atheyes.  so  that  for  the  future 
they  shall  have  no  bailiwick  ill  Kngland;  we  will 
ftlsori'move  KngelarddeCygony,  Andrew.  Peter, 
and  Oyou.  from  the  t'hanccry;  tJyon  de Cygony, 
Oeolfrey  de  Martvn.  ami  his  brothers;  I'hillp 
Mark,  and  his  brotliers,  and  his  nephew,  Ocoffrey, 
and  their  whole  retinue.  51.  As  sisin  as  peace  is 
restored,  we  will  send  out  of  the  kiugilom  all 
foreign  l<niglits.  cross  bowmen,  and  stipendiaries, 
who  are  come  with  liorsis  and  arms  to  the  mol- 
estation of  our  people,  u.  If  anyone  has  Ihu'D 
dispi.ssi's.setl  or  deprived  "liy  us.  without  the  law- 
ful judgment  of  his  peers,  of  his  lands,  castles, 
libirlies,  or  right,  we  will  forthwith  n-storc  them 
to  him;  and  if  any  dispute  arise  upon  this  head, 
let  the  matter  be  decided  by  the  tive-and-twenty 
banins  hereafter  mentioned,  for  the  preservation 
of  the  peace.  And  for  all  those  things  of  which 
any  persim  hits,  without  the  lawful  judgment  of 
bis  peers.  Ih'cii  ilispossi'ssi'd  or  deprived,  either  by 
our  father  King  Henry,  or  our  brotlier  King 
Uiehanl,  and  which  we  have  in  our  hands,  or  are 
pos.sess<d  by  others,  and  we  arc  iHiund  towi.rrant 
and  make  gooil.  we  shall  have  a  respite  till  the 
term  usually  allowed  the  crusaders;  excepting 
thos«!  things  alsiut  w  hieh  there  is  a  plea  depend- 
ing, or  whereof  an  inquest  hath  been  made,  by  our 
order  iH'fore  we  undertook  the  crusaile ;  but  as  soon 
as  we  return  from  our  exiH'dition.  or  if  perchance 
we  tarry  at  home  and  do  not  iiiiike  ■  cxpeill- 
tion.  we  will  iinmeiliately  cause  full  ji.  .e  to  bo 
administereil  therein.  53.  The  same  respite  wo 
sliall  have,  and  in  the  same  manner,  nlsiut  ad- 
ministering justice.  disalToresting  or  letting  con- 
tinue the  forests,  which  Ilenrv  our  fatlier.  and 
our  brother  Kichard.  have  altorested;  and  the 
same  concerning  the  wardsliip  of  the  lands  w  hieh 
are  in  another's  fee.  but  the  wanlship  of  which 
we  have  hitherto  had.  by  reason  of  a  fee  held  of 
us  by  knight's  siTvice.  and  for  the  abU-ys  founded 
in  any  other  fee  than  our  own.  in  wliicli  the  lord 
of  the  fee  s;iys  he  has  a  riglit ;  and  when  we  re- 
turn from  our  cxpcdilion,  orif  we  tarrv  at  home, 
and  do  not  make  our  expedition,  we  will  iinmedi- 
alily  d  I  full  justice  to  all  the  comphiin.inLs  in 
this  lichair.  54.  No  m.-in  shall  be  taken  or  ini- 
pri.soned  upon  the  appeal  of  a  woman,  for  the 
■hath  of  any  iithir  tnan  her  liu.sliand.  55.  All 
unjust  and  \\\i  gal  tines  maile  by  us.  and  all  amer- 
ciaments imposed  unj(.-,tly  and  contrary  to  tlio 
l:i\v  of  the  3:::n!,  rfia't  N*  .  Iiliruiy  gri-..-:i  U|r,  of 
else  be  left  to  the  decision  uf  the  nve-and  twenty 


832 


ENGLANn.  131,V 


U'lana  Cttrtn 


ENGLAND,   1215 


hiiri>n»  hcri'uftrr  niMilloncd  for  the  pn-wrvullon 
of  iIm'  |icii<i\  ur  iif  till    im.jor  purt  of  tliciii,  In 
(fillur  with  till-  iifonwilil  .Sti'pliiii,  Arilililsliop 
of  Caiilirlpiirv,  If  lir  curi  }»■  priMiit,  uiiil  dtlii  rs 
wliiiin  III'  hIiiiII  lliiiik  lit  ti>  invili';  ami  if  hi-  run 
lint  lie]  ri'si'iil,  till'  liiisini'xxHiitill  iicitwitlmlamlin:,' 
(Tiiim  witlidiit  him:  hut  mi  that  If  mio  or  iiinri' 
(if  thr  iifiircaiiiil  llvi'  mul  twiiily  lianiiis  In'  plain 
tilts  in  till'  wiini'   cuiisi'.  Ilii-y  »|iull  he  w  t  iiniili' 
lis  III  what  niiuiriis  lliis   parlii  iilar  iilfair,  unil 
(itliirs  1h' rhiiscii  In  tlicir  rmmi.  nut  iif  tin'  miiil 
tln'  ami  twiiily.  ami  sworn  liv  llir  rest  to  ilii  iih' 
the  mailer.       <6.    If  we  liav'i'   ilisstiscil  or  ills 
IHi»M'«iMil  Ihi-  \VrI»h  of  any   laiiili,  liUrlii'H,   or 
Dthi'r  thiiit's,  wiiliout  till'  li'L'iil  jiiiljimintof  tin  Ir 
pirs.  lithiTlii  Kiitflaml  or  in  Wali'M,  liny  Khali 
k'  inimciiiatily  rcMonil  ici  tliini,  ami  if  aiiv  i\U 
pule  ariM'  upon  iIiIh  liiail,  tlio  mallir  sha'll    he 
(U'tirinimil  in  the  Marchi'S  hy  the  Juilfmint  of 
thrir  pcirs;  for  tcninuuts  in  ftiiKlaml  acconlim,' 
to  till'  law  of  EnKlaiiil,  for  liiiiiiu'iil»  in  Walrs 
Bci'onlin).'  to  the  law  of  Wah'M,  for  ti'niniiiits  of 
till'  Marciicu  aroorillni;  to  tlif  law  of  the  Marchi's: 
the  saiiif  khail  tin'  \Vi'l<li  ilo  to  us  ami  our  huIi 
jiiti.      57.  As  for  all    Ihosi'  tliini's  of  wliiih  a 
Wilsliinaii  hath,  wilhout  Ihi' law  ful  jiKlKminl  of 
his  prcrs.  Ixi n  liissM'isiil  or  dipriviif of  liv  Kini; 
Hfnry  our  father,  iir  our  liroiliir  Kin)<  Ulelianl, 
ami  whieh  we  either  have  In  our  hands  or  others 
trc  possessed  of,  and  wp  are  olilljtid  to  warrant 
It,  we  shall  huvu  a  respite  till  the  lime  Kenerally 
allowed  the  enisaders;   rxeeptliiif  tliose-  lliin^js 
ahout  nhieli  n  suit  is  depemliiig,  or  whenof  an 
Inipiesl  has  lieeii  made  liy  our  order,  Ixfore  we 
undertook  the  crusuile:  hut  when  we  return,  or 
If  wc  stay  at  lioiiie  without  perfonninif  our  ex- 
jH'dition,  we  will  Immediately  do  tliem  full  jus- 
tice. iK'eonlinK  to  the  laws  of  the  Welsh  and  of 
tlie  parts  iH'fore  iiientioned.     58.   We  will  wiili- 
out delay  dismiss  the  sou  of  I.lewellin,  and  all 
the  Welsh  liostajres.  and  nleas*!  them  from  the 
engagements  they  have  entered  into  with  us  for 
the  preservution  of  liiepeace.     59.  We  will  treat 
with  Alexander,  King  of  Scots,  comerning  the 
restoring  his  sisters  and  li(>stages.  ami  his  right 
and  lilierties,  in  the  same  form  and  manner  as  we 
■liall  do  to  the  rest  of  our  haronsof  England ;  un- 
less hy   the  charters  whieh  we  have  from   his 
father,  Williiun,  late  King  of  Scots,  It  ought  to 
beollierwise:  and  this  sliail  tie  left  to  the  deter- 
mination of  his  peers  in  our  court.     60.  All  the 
aforesaid  customs  and  lilMrties,  which  we  have 
granted  to  Is'  holdeii  in  our  kingdom,  as  much  as 
it  1m  loii;;s  to  us,  all  people  of  our  kingdom,  as 
w(  11  clergy  as  laity,  shall  olisirve.  as  far  as  they 
are  concerned,    towards  their   dependents,     61. 
And  whereas,   for  the  honour   o-r  Ooil  and   the 
aiiunilnieut  of  our  kingdom,  ami  for  the  Is'ller 
ciuieluigthediscordlli.it  has  iiriMii  iMtween  us 
and  our  liarons.  we  have  granted  all  lliesi'  things 
iif.reNiid;  willing  to  render  them  linu  and  la-t- 
iiiL'.    we  do  give  ami   grant   our  sulijecis   the 
umlerwrilteii    security,  nanuly  thai   the  liarnns 
may  cIioom'  live  amitwcutv  lianuis  of  Ihe  kiim'- 
dnui.   whimi  lliey  tliirik  ci'inveuiiiit ;    w  ho  shidi 
take  care,  with  all  their  iiiiL'hl,  to  hold  and  oh- 
serve,  and  cause  to  lie  oIimtvi'iI.  tiie  peace  and 
hlpirlii's  we  have  granted  tlieui.  and  Iiy  this  nur 
rriseulChartercontirriied  in  Iliis  manner;  that  is 
to  say.  that  if  we.  our  justiciary,  our  liaililfs.  or 
any  of  our  olllrers.    shall  in  any  <iri'uui>lan((' 
have  f;,,!,.,i  1,.  ;!„.  ,,..rf.;n„,j„, ,.  J  .,,,.,,,  i„„  an::; 
any  person,  or  shall  have  broken  through  any  of 
."ill 


thesT  artlch'a  of  |M'ine  and  security,  and  thf 
I'lTence  Ih'  noiiiled  In  four  liarons  chosen  out  of 
llie  live  and  twenty  Isfnre  iiiinlhined.  Ihe  snhi 
fnur  liumiis  shall  repair  In  us.  or  our  justiciary, 
if  tte  are  out  of  tlie  realm,  and,  laying  open  iho 
grievame.    shall    |ietiiion    U)   have   it   redressfil 

»i'l t  delay:  ami  if  it  Im-  not  redn'swd  hy  us. 

or  if  we  slioiild  I  haiice  to  Is'  out  of  tin 


it  slioulil  lint  lieredresMil  liy  our  justiciary  

forty  days,  reckoning  frnni  the  time  it  has  hi 


reiifin.  if 
withi  • 


nniitii>l  1,1 


us.  nr  In  nur  JiisHciury  (If  we  slinidd 


he  nut  nf  the  realm),  the   fniir  liarons  aforesaid 
shall  lay  Ihe  cause  liefnre  the  n'st  of  the  tlve  anil- 
Iweiity  liarons;  amlllie  said  live  undtwenty  liar- 
ons. lo>.'ether  with  the  coniniiinity  of  tlie  whole 
kingdom,  shall  distrain  and  distress  us  in  all  the 
ways  In  which  they  shall  he  aide,  liy  seizing  our 
castles,  lands,  possessions,  and  in  any  other  man- 
ner they  (an.  till  the  grievance  is  redressed,  ac- 
coriling  to  their  pleasure;  saving  liarndess  our 
own  person,  and   the  isrsons  of  our  (^ueen  aiul 
children,  and  when  It  is  rt'dn'ssed,  they  shall  Isi- 
have  to  us  as  Isfore.    And  any  person  whalsiM'ver 
in  the  kingdom  may  swear  that  he  will  ol«'v  the 
orders  of  the  five  and  twenty  lianina  aforesaid  in 
tlie  execution  of  the  premises,  and  will  distn'sa 
1I.S.  jointly  with  them.  In  the  utmost  of  his  power; 
and  we  give  piililic  and   free  lilMrty  to  any  one 
that  shall  pleii.se'  to  swear  to  this,  and  never  will 
hinder  any  person  from  taking  the  same  oath. 
6a.  As  for  all  those  of  our  suhjects  who  will  not, 
of  their  own  acconl,  swear  to  join  the  flyeand- 
twenty  hanins  in  di.slralnlng  and  distressing  us, 
we  will  issue  orders  to  make  them  take  the  same 
oath  as  aforesaid.     And  If  any  one  of  the  live- 
ami  twenty  barons  dhs,  nr  goes  out  of  the  king- 
dom, or  is  Idndered  any  other  way  from  carrying 
Hie  things  afon'said  into  execution,  the  rest  ol 
the  said  five  and  twenty  barons  may  chisise  an 
other  in  his  room,  at  their  discretinn.  who  shall  lie 
sworn  in  like  manner  as  the  rest.     In  all  things 
that  are  commilted  to  the  execution  of  these  Hvo- 
aml  twenty  baroii.s,  if,  when  they  arc  all  asaem- 
lilcd  together,  they  should   happen  to  disagree 
alMiiit  any  matter,  and  some  of  them,  when  sum- 
moned,   will   not  or  cannot  come,  whatever  is 
agreed  upon,  or  enjoined,  by  the  major  part  of 
those  that  are  present  shall  be  reputed  as  Arm 
and  valid  as  it  all  the  five  undtwenty  had  given 
their  eonseiil ;  and  Ihe  aforesaid  five-and  twenty 
shall  swear  that  nil  the  premises  they  shall  faith- 
fully oliserve,  and  cause  with  all  their  power  to 
1m' olist rved.     And  we  will  prmure  nothing  from 
any  one,  hy  ourselves  nor  by  another,  whereby 
any  of  Ihesc  concessions  and  liberties  may  be  re- 
voked or  lessened;  and  if  any  such  thing  shall 
h:ive  Ik  en  obtained,    let   it    be   null   and   void; 
111  illier  will  we  ever  make  use   of  it   either   by 
ourselves  or  aiiv  other.     And  all  the  ill  will,  in 
diirnalioiis,  and   rancours  that   have   ari.scn    be- 
tween us  and   our   subjects,  of  the  clergy  and 
hiily,  from  the  tlrsl  breaking  out  of  Hie  ilissen- 
siniis  between  us.  we  do  fully  remit  and  forgive: 
iiinienver.  all  In  spasses  occasioned  by  the  saiil 
di-si  iisjoiis,  from  Ka.sler  in  the  si.Mcenth  year  of 
our  lei;;!!  till  tlie  restoration  of  peace  and  trau- 
iinillilv.  we  hereby  entirely   remit   to  all,  both 
cleiL'v  ami  laity,  and  as  far  :is  in  us  lies  do  fully 
forgive      We  have,  moreover,  caused  to  lie  made 
li.r  them  the  letters  patent  te.-limouial  of  Stephen. 
I.oid    .\n  hbishiip  nf   ('anterliury,   Henry,   Lord 
Anii:i;.^ii..j, ,,:  iiui.lii,.  and  Hie  bi^iiops  aforesaid- 
as  al       '  '"     ■      "      


of  .Master  I'andulph.  for  Ihe  security  and 


833 


ENOI.ANO,   lai.l 


rlU  Barons*  Wrir 


KNOI.ANn,   iailH874. 


riimi««l.Hm  itrnriNiiil  63.  \Vliinfiin>  wi-  will 
«li<l  tiriiilv  rii|i>ili.  Ilnil  Mil'  t'liiinh  ol  Kli|rliill<l 
In'  fni-.  iiiiit  liint  nil  iiii  11  In  imr  kliic'l"!"  Imvr 
»imI  IkiIiI  hII  iIii'  iifiin  will  lllMrllia,  rli;lil<i.  iiikI 
riiiiiiH'.iiiiK.  trulv  mill  inimiilily,  (ri'ily  iiinl 
qiilrlly.  fully  llllif  Hlmlly  In  lIllllwlviH  llllll  lliiir 
liiin.  iif  11"  .mil  our  li(lr«,  in  nil  tliiniTM  iiiiil  |ihui!t, 
fur  tiir.  iiH  i-*  afiirr>4iiiil.  It  In  also  Hworn.  h^ 
wi  II  oil  our  iiiirl  «»  on  Ihr  (uirt  of  tlio  luirorii. 
tlial  nil  till-  lliiiiifii  iifori-aiil  bIuiII  !"•  oIimtviiI  In 
L'ooil  failli.  ai.il  Hitlioiit  r\il  Kulililly  tilvin 
(iiiliToiir  liiiiil.  in  llir  iin'wmr  of  llir  »itm"-Hi  t 
iilx'M  niniril.  ami  many  oiIhtk,  in  tlir  nirailnw 
lalhil  ItiiniiiKMirili'.lH'lHit  11  WlnilKoranilSl.iinii. 
till'  I'iiliiiav  of  .liinc.  in  llii'  ITili  yiar  of  our 
^  ii:n  "-  W  Sliililis,  S,l,rt  <'li,irl,ra.  /,r  :..  — W,f 
S"iffi  l^iifUii,^  tlftu  rill  S  ritii,  /Ml.  \ 

.\\.M-i  in:  K.  i.  Ilcnilirwin,  Slirt  llii-t  /<« '« 
-f  th,  )t,il,Ur  .\<j.:  hk  1.  „,.  7  -('.  II  Piarson. 
Ilii-t  "f  Hiiij  •hiniit/  thr  hjirly  iiiul  .Viitillr  .1,7. », 
'    '.'.  r/i    ',\ 

A.  D.  1216-1374.  Character  and  reign  of 
Henry  III.— The  Baron*'  War.  Simon  de 
Montfort  and  the  evolution  of  the  Ensliah  Par- 
liament. Kiiii;  .lolin  ilinl  ( )i  loin  r  IT.  I? 1 11  '  IIU 
li'iriliinalr  kiih  r.'.sor  was  a  cliilil  of  iiiiii'  yi  arn 
of  ncf.  Korlhi-  llrsi  liriir  sinrr  Ilir  ('oTii|lli'St  llii' 
iMrioiial  i;ovirnini'iil  «  an  in  Ilir  li.iinl-  of  a  minor. 
In  lliat  slormy  linii'  llio  i;na|  Karl  of  I'l  inlirokr 
iiiiilcrlook  llio  i;mi  rnmriil.  ai>  I'rolirlor  .  .  At 
till'  foiinrll  of  Ilrislol,  Hidi  >;iriiril  approlialion 
mill  fvi  n  with  llial  of  llir  papal  li  lmIi-.    Mnirna 

Cliart.-i  was  ronlirini'il.  tlioui-'li  willi  tl ik-ion 

iif   cirl.iiri   arlii  lis  AfliT   somo   ilr:;rii'  of 

tnimpiillin  liail  Ik  in  rrstorid.  a  hi  ronil  riiiiliriua 
lion  of  iliilirial  Cli.irtir  l.»ik  |>laii  in  the  aiiliiinn 
of  I '.'1 7,  Willi  I  111'  omission  of  liii  rlausi's  rifirriii!.' 
to  ihr  istalis,  lull.  Willi  Ilir  trani  of  a  mw  rliart.i 
ilf  forisi.i,  iulriKliniiii:  a  vi-oroiis  .iilministralioii 
of  Ihilorcsl  laws  Inltlliiiry  III  Maijiia  Cliarla 
was  airain  ronlirini'il.  ami  Mils  is  llio  form  in 
whirli  11  aflirwarilslisik  ils  plaro  anion  1;  iho  si.ii 
nhsof  llii' nalin.  Two  m  ars  latir.  lliiiry  III 
pirMtiially  asHumrs  llii'  niiis  of  jroviriiininl  it 
Ilii-  I'arlianii'Ml  of  Oxforil  d'J-.'T).  ami  l)i'i,'ins  Ills 
riih-  wiilHMil  ronlirniiiiL,'  Ilir  Iwoi  harti'rs.  At  lirsl 
till'  liilorial  ).'ovi  riiiiunl  slill  lonliniirs,  w  liii  li  hail 
iniainvliili'.  I'Vinaflir  Ilir  ilialli  of  llii'  );ri'at  Karl 
of  rniiliroki' (l-Jllti,  ri'iuaiiii'il  in  a  fairly  orilrrly 
ronililion  Tlir  lirsl  ipm  li  of  siMiiii'yiars  of 
this  r.  i^'ii  must  ilicrifori'  ho  ri';,'arili'il  piirilv  as 
»  >:o\rriiminl  li\  the  iiohililv  unilir  iIt  naiiii' of 
lliiii'\  III  'I'lir  ri'L'i  my  liaiismri'i'ili'.l  in  riniov 
iriL- lia- li.aiiiiiaiil  iiillui'nii'  of  tlii'  Knnian  Curia 
hylliir.i.illoflhi'p.ipalli'L'ali'.  I'anilulf.  to  Itonu' 
IT,':.' 1 1.  .111.1  in  p'liiiii;riil  of  tlii-ilanixiroiis  foriiL'n 
iiiiTiiiiary  solilii  ry  d'.'','!),  .  .  Willi  lln'  ilis 
uTan  till  iliMiiis.sal  of  ihi'  ihiif  ju.-liri.iry,  Ilulnrt 
ilr  liiifL'li.  iliiri'  lit'L'ins  a  sii  011,1  ipmli'of  a  per- 
■sonal  mil'  of  lli  nry  III  ( IJ:l-'-l'J'V.'i.  w  hii  li  for 
Iw'iiily  I  oiiliniioiis  yi  .irs.  pri'Si'iil.s  tin-  pirluri' of 
aroiiliis.il  ami  uuilii  i.h'il  hlrui:i;li'  hrlwi'm  Ilir 
kiui;  .'III. I  his  f.iri'iu'ii  favoiirilrs  ami  porsoiial  ail 
liinnlsoii  Ihi'  nil' siih  .  .'iiiil  Ihi'  L'ri'iit  liarons,  ami 

with  thiiK.s.s.ii  ihi'  pri  l.ilis.  on  Ihr  otliir 

In  -'I  llinry  HI  lln  Kin.,-  lin.ls  himsilf.  in  lon- 
.siijudiit'  uf  piissiiiL'  iiioiii'y  rmliarnissmi'ins. 
Htj.iiii  ('.impi'lli'il  to  m.iki' a  s.'.liinn  i-oiitirmalion 
of  till'  rharlir.  in  wliii  li  ..mi'  mor.'  Ihiclaiisis  n 

ImiiiU'  to  Ihi'i^talrs  an litlnl.     Shortly  afi.  r 

warils,  as  hail  liappi mil  jusl  om-  hiiiiilriil  vi-.irs 
pri'vii.ii^ly  ill  Kr.'ini'i'.  Ihr  ikuiii'  ■  parliamin'lum  ' 
ucrurs  lor  till'  lirsl  imii'  ifhron.' IMmst.,   r,Ml;   ; 


MiKlh  I'aris.  rjllt),  niiilriirlounlv  rnoiiKli.  Ilrnrjr 
III  himsi'if.  in  II  wril  aihlri'iwirto  thr  Hhi'rifT  iif 
Norllianipton.  ilisii-nali's  with  this  tiriii  tlir  a* 
sinilily  whlih  oriL'inaliil  till' MaKiiiit  hurl*.  .  .  . 
Thr  naini*  '  parllami'iil.'  now  orriirH  niiirc  frii 
ipii'iilly.  hut  iliH'4  not  Hiipplaiit  llio  iiiori'  iIi'HhIUi 
li nils  mill  iliiiin.  iiilloi^iilum.  itr  In  Ihi'  nii-iin 
whih'  th,'  nlalioiis  wilh  Ihr  Continiiil  iHtiiMMi 
loiiijilir.ili'il.  In  iiinsi'ipii'iii  I'  of  ihi'  family  iiHi- 
ni'i  lions  of  ihi'  nioilnr  ami  wifi-  of  Ihr  Klnir.  iiiid 
Ihi'    L'ni'il  of  till'  papal  invoys    .  From  tba 

jiar  r.Mt  onwarilH.  miilii  r  a  1  liiif  Jiistiir  n.ir  a 
rhamillor.  iiorrvin  a  In  lumnr.  Isappoinliil,  Init 
till'  Hilmitiistralioti  of  tlu'  loiinirv  is  1  omiui  tnl  ut 
Ihi' Court  hy  Ihirlirksof  Ilii' ollli'is  —  U  (imlHt, 
Hint  I'f  Ilir  Hhiilhli  r.,i,.t  ,  r.  I.  y./i  ;IM-:1-Jl._ 
"  Not  hint'  is  so  har.l  |.i  nalisoasihaoii;  anil  iiiith- 
Ini;  iiianrlorha.'siin  lir  1.  .m  liviil  than  Ihi'noy- 
rrnmiiilof  hiiiry  III  Ilniry  was.  likr  all  tlie 
riaiilai?i'ni'ts.  rlrvir;  liko  Mry  frw  of  lliiiii.  Iip 
w  as  lU'Voiit ;  anil  if  Ihi'  pow  1  r  1  .i  1 .  .iiniv  iiii;  a  tnat 
polirv  woulil  ('on-tituii' a  ijn'Mt   Kiiii;.  ho  woiihl 

I I  riainlv  have  Im'i  n  oni'  .  .  .  Mr  aimi.l  at  mak 
inj;tln'l'n>wn  virtually  imli'iHiiilint  of  Ihi' hamiw. 

His  I'oniii'vion  with  I.oiiis  I.\.  whosohnilhir 
in  law  111'  I"  rami',  was  (irlainly  it  misforliini'  to 
liini  In  Knni  I'  ilir  n.yal  piwi  r  lunl  iluriiiK  tin- 
last  lifly  viars  Ini  11  sirailily  on  tin'  ailvanii';  In 
Kni;lan.l  11  li:ii|  as  sii  ailily' ni  iilnl ;  ami  Ilinry 
wasi'vi  r  h.ariiii;  fn.ni  llii''ollii  r  snlr  of  thr  Chan- 

III  I  iiia\imsof  mm  rum.  Ill  ami  iiliasof  niyal  au- 
Ihorilv  «liiili  ni  n'  utttrlv  iiiapplinihli'  In  lli« 
ai  liial  slali'  of  his  own  klni.'.loin.  This,  likr  u 
prinialiin' Stuart.  Iliiiry  was  iiii'a|ialilr  of  prr- 
ii'i\  ill',' ;  a  Kiut'  hr  was,  ami  a  Kini;  hr  wiiulil  Ih', 
in  his  own  SI  iisi- of  Ihr  w.n.l.  It  is  rviilmt  that 
w  iiji  suih  a  task  lii'f.in'  him.  hr  iiiri'ril  for  lliu 
most  sha.lowy  rhanrr  of  sm  rrss.  an  inm  slniiirlli 

of  will.  .Hiin;iilar  .silf  I'onln.l,   ^n-al   fonll L'ht 

an. I  ran'  in  lollrrtiiu;  ami  liiisliamlini;  his  rr- 
soiirri's.  a  rarr  lal.  in  f.ir  a.lmitiisirali'.n,  thr  sa- 
K'li  ily  lo  rliisisr  an. I  thr  si  If  nliaiirr  to  trust  his 
I  ..iiii'.i  llors  An. I  iiol  oiirof  llirsr  various  ipiall- 
I  Irs  iliil  H.riry  possess.  .  .  .  Ilrnry  lia.l  imliihril 
fnim  Ihr  rvi'iiis  ami  Ihr  tutors  of  liis  1  arly  rhilil- 
111  Hill  twoinaxinisof  stair,  ami  two  a  lour ;  to  trust 
IConir.  ami  l.i  ilisirii'.t   thr   liannn  of   Kni;laml. 

.  Hr  lill.il  thr  plari'sof  trust  ami  p.. wrraliont 
hiinsilf  Willi  iiliins,  to  whom  thr  iimiiitrnanrr  of 
I'apal  inlluinri'  was  likr  an  insiinrt  of  srlf  pre- 
si'rv.'iiion.  Thus  win'  ili'linitrly  forinnl  thr  two 
irnat  partirsoutof  w  liosr  aiitai.'oiiism  the  War 
..f  thr  Itaronsarosi',  tin. Irr  win isr  iiitliirnrr  ilir  ru- 
lations  hrlwrrn  tliriniwii  anil  proplr  of  Kn^laml 
win'  n-tmsl.  Mill,  ami  oiil  of  w  hosr  riiilurint' ron- 
llii  I  r.isr,  imlin'rtly.thr  poliiiral  prim-ipli-s wliirli 
loiitriliuti-.l  so  larj;i-ly  to  liriiii;  almiit  thr  Ue- 
foriiialionof  thr  Kiii;li«li  Chunli.  Thr  fi'W  vrani 
whii  h  followi'il  thr  fall  of  lliihrrl  ilr  liurnhwrro 
Ihr  hryilay  of  I'a|)al  triumph.  Ami  no  Iriiiniph 
i-oul.l  liavr  lirrn  \\.irs.'  usr.l.  .  .  .  Thus  was  the 
wli.ilr  country  lyitiira  pny  to  thr  iirlrsiasiiral 
alii'iis  iiMiintainril  hy  thr  "I'opr.  ami  to  Ihr  lay 
a'ii  lis  ni.iiiilain.il  liy  thr  KiiiL'.  .  .  .  whin  Simon 
ill' Montl.irt  l.i.aiiir  .  .  .  iiiNiparalily  iiiirrniiM'il 
with  Ihr  ii.urs.' of  our  history.  .  .  .'  In  Ihr  year 
l-'''iM  opriir.l  Ihr  tirsi  art  oV  Ihr  jmat  ilr'ama 
whirli  has  in.-tilr  Ihr  nam.'  ..f  .sim.in  ilr  .Nlont- 
f.irl  imiii..rtal.  .  .  .  Tin-  li.u-ons  of  Knirlanil, 
at  I.riii^tirs  suirt'istion.  Ii.i.l  lrai;iii'.l  f.>r  thn 
.1.  f.m.'  of  thiir  riirhls.  Th.'V  a|i|iran'il  arini'il 
at  Ihr  Cn.it  (■...im-il.       .       TliVv  r.."0.i!rr..l  as.  the 


1 
I 


r..ii.|iti.iii    of    tlirirassistanrr  that    Ihi 


griir 


ml 


834 


K.NOLAXI).   I2lfl  li7« 


.Sim"n  itr  Montf'trt 


KN(ii,ANr>,  i.'iiv  un 


n'fi>riiuili>>n  of  llii>  reolrn   nhimlil   Ih'   i  iiiriiiiKl       In  tliii  i;r<'>it   riinvi'.    lli>'  uh>>li'  Hlnni;lli  nt  llii 


1 


Ici  n  Cimiiiilwiion  of  tuiiity  four  nii  iiiIh  r'<.  Ii:iir       hiiriiUH  »,>»  uiiiiol .  Imt  >HlTi  r<  i 


to  Im*  rliiHM'ii  hy   \\\v  cronn.   hikI  half  h\    tlii'iii 


K'lvi' 


tiM 


I'l  lllfilllitt  illvidiil  (nillfi  U  lilt 


'II  nliirniil. 
lily 


rroMli    Mtlltl 


Iccli.in  of   tliin  Ii.hIv.   |iriin;i         prrviiliij      In  .liiiii',  I'.'it.'   »<' llml  iitan' rinion 


■ily,  mill  for  II  iii  irr  i  xpljiit  uliiiniiriii  of  itrii 


I'Im'  iiiorr  iTioili  riiii't'f  (In-  li.irc 


.  h.iil 


'"'I 


nil- 


1 1 


aiiiri.  Mil'  iirriii  t  oiiiiiii  tvax  I I'l  h.    '11  111  III  iiii'  i>  riiiH  i>ii<ri>l  iiy   llriirv.  Aloiinori,   Him 

0\fi  "-il  on  llii'    mil  of  .liiiii-.    li'."*      Will  n  till'  n  fiix  i|  till  in.  K.KiilinMil  In  voliinl.irv  I  vili'.       .   . 

Iliironi  ciiini',  tin  >  >i|i|n  Mml  iil  tin'  In  ml  of  tin  ir  Smlilriih  .  in  .Inly,  ilir   K.irl  of  <iloi'ii  r.ii  r  iliiil, 

rrliiiniTM,     Till'  liiMfl f   till'  WiKli   mmj.  tin'  innl  ilir  »..|i   I.  .ii|i'r^hi|i  of  Ihr  li.in.i  ■!  |iii»«  i|  Into 

pli'ii.  Imt  tilt  ri  al  ijiiiijrir  w:is  iii  an  r  lioiiif.     'I'lii'V  Hit'  li.iii<U  itf  M'liilf.irl       W  iili  ihii  r.iiii  al  rviiit 

N'i/i'tl  on  till'  I    'Hint'  I'orti .  tin'  nnnni'Mitj  trnii'  o|h  ii^.  tin'  la^l  at  I  in  llii'  i  an  i  r  of  tiir  L'nat  Karl. 

»itli  KraU't'   was  thr  cxiiw,  tin  v   ri  iiiiinU  n  ■!  In  I  it  lolnr  In- rt  tiiriiH  |iri\  .iii  ly  to  Knvl.iinl      Tho 

liHi  vivitllv   Kinif  .lolni  iiihI   liii  fon  iirn  tin  mria-  « liolf  wiiiti  rls  |i,i»«i  i|  in  tin'  jiatiint  ri'..r>;aiii«ln){ 

rii'H.     Tlii'V  lliiii  |in"«tntit|  tin  ir  i"  titioii.     Tlii^  of  tin'  |iiirty.  iiml  thr  |iri  iiaralioii  for  ii  tltilsivi) 
wiw   iliri'iinl   to  thr  ntlri'ti  of  virions   iiliii'* 


'I'll  i-ai'll  11  111  I  cvrrv  I  I. una-  tin-  Kill;;  L'av  i-  hi-l 
ini'vitalilra«'«'nt  (iniinori'  ri'timi^^ililfrniniaih 
lilt  lit  wat  inatli'  ll|ion  tin  loy.il  |in  nnialivi' ,  tin' 
t'lirtioii  In  l*arliiiini  III  of  it  iliii  f  Jll^lit  lar.  . 
Tilt'  I  hit  f  jii^iit  i  ir  »aH  tin'  tirsi  oltli  i  r  of  ilif 
Crtnvn.  ill'  Has  Hot  ti  tin  rn  rliii'f  jnsliri',  afti  r 
till'  fa^hi"ii  of  till'  |in"«'nt  ilay.  Imt  tin'  ri'im'v  nt.i- 
till'  of   till'  CroHii  ill  its  liit'li  ili.inntir  of  tlm 

foiini.iin  of  |ii»liri',  .  ,  .  lint  thr  point  iip<tn  I  .'li^i.  Hit- haront  iippi  alt 'I  to  nn 
Hint  h  lilt' li.iroiiH  laiil  till' ijri'ati'sl  Mn'v-i.  fniin  thf 
liia:iiiniiii;  to  tin'  iinl  of  tlnir  ^iniLru'li-.  w  is  ihr 
ipn  -lion  of  Ihf  I'liiploynniil  of  alit'n'<  Th.it  thf 
slroniri'-l  t  aalh's  ami  tlif  laiit'-t  lamltof  Kn-l.tinl 
slionlil  hf  in  till'  li.iiiils  of  fort  it'iit  r-.  was  an  in 
suit  to  lilt'  ii.itioii.il  spirit  Hliiili  no  fn  I'  pifplf 
t.iiiltl  f.iil  to  ri'^nt,  .  .  .  Kni;l.'ini|  for  tlin  IIiil' 
ii-h.  lilt'  irnal  »ar  try  of  tin'  liarons.  hi  nt  lioiiii' 
to  Iht'  111  art  of  till-  'hiiinlilt'-t.  .  .  .  Thf  ^:rt'at 
ipit'-li.iiitif  thi'i'oii-iitiiiionof  rirliaini'iil  ui-  not 
lirarilal  I  Ixfonl ,  it  t'lin'ri^i'il  into  liiiporlatnt-  h  In  n 
llir  strni,'i;lt'  ;;ri'W  litnt  r.  iiiitl  llic  li.intiis  foiinti 
il    ih'tt'«.~aiy   to    LMtliir  allit's  roiiiiil  tlniii.   .   . 

Ill tlnr  linasiMi'  rolnpltlttl  thf  pniLTalnini'  of 

thf  Iiarons.  n.tinrly.  thf  ap|ioiiilnn'nt,  aln-atly  rf 
firrftl  to.  of  a  roniniiitif  of  nMiity  four.  .  .  . 
Il  anioiinli'tl  to  platini:  tin'  itohii  ninli  r  tin' it.n 
Irol  ol  a  ttniporary  Coiintil  of  KfLrinty  |.if  (l\ 
►  inin,  I'iniM-itiNs  (ik|  .  .  .  Part  of  thf  liaroii-.' 
Work  Has  sinipli'  inoiiL-h.  Thf  jii-litiar  h.is 
iiinifil,  anil  Ihf  roinniini-i' of  twrnly  four.  To 
I  \pi'l  tlif  foti'i;;in'rs  was  It -s-.  tasy.'  Simon  tif 
Monlfort.  hiin-flf  an  alifii  by  liirlli.  rf>i:;iitil  Ihf 
two  ia>tlfs  H  liifh  111'  hfltl.  anil  I'.iUiil  upon  Ihf 
p'sl  to  follow.  Tlify  simply  rffiiM-il.  .  .  .  lint 
Ihf  liaroiis  wnrr  in  iirins.  ami  pn'partil  to  n~t' 
llifiii.  Ti.f  alii'iis.  with  tilt  ir  ffw  Kimli-li  sup 
porltrs,  llftl  to  Wiin'hfslir.  Hlnrc  thf  tasilf  na. 
In  thf  liainlsof  Ihf  fonitii  liislmp  Ayiin  r.  Thf  v 
WIT  iH'sifijfil,  liroiii.'lil  toiiTiiis.  1111111' villi!.  Thf 
liaron.s  wiTf  now  mastirs  of  thr  silualion.  .  .  . 
Anioni;  thf  priToL'atiMs  of  thf  irowii  Hhiih 
passi'il  111  thn  (>.\ftiiil  Coniinission  not  thf  lia-l 
^alnalllt',  for  thf  lioM  whit  h  it  (.'avn  on  the  1:1  n 
iral  t'ournini'iit  of  tlin  lountrv.  was  thf  rii;lit  to 
iioininalf  tin'  sln-rills.  In  r.'lil  thf  KiUL'.  who 
hail  pi.ii'iinil  II  Papal  Inill  to  iiliro^Mlf  thf  Pro 
visions  of  O.vftinl,  anil  an  army  of  niirctnani  s 
to  ^;i\f  thf  Inill  I'iri'il,  pnifi'i'ilttl  to  rxpil  thf 
shf  rills  who   liatl   liiiii   planil   in  ollii  n   hy    ihf 

li.'irons.   Till' rt'ply  of  thf  Iiarons  Hasniost  nn 

ralilf;  it  wa.s  a  iliri'Ci  ap|ifal  to  llif  onltr  lit'l..w 
Ihi'irown.  Tht'y  sniiunontti  ihrif  kni.i;lilsilt'fti'il 
from  tacli  i-onnly  in  Knulaml  to  iiiiti  tlniii  at  St. 
Alhaiis  to  ilisiiiss  till'  stall'  of  tin-  rialm.  It  w.is 
rlfiir  thai  the  ilav  of  thf  llousi.  of  Coinnioiis 
coultl  not  Ik'  far  illsiaiil.  wlnn  al  sui  h  a  t  ri-is  an 
appeal  In  tlif  knights  of  ihf  sliirf  1  mihl  III'  111. 11  If. 
unUt'ViUiiUtly  uiuile  h illi succiss.    Forii  luoiiunt. 


.truu'i;lf-  .^|olltr■  n.  fiTMut.  ilotpitnt.  anil  tin- 
voti'il.  swayi'il  w  iih  iltsptaif  Intlui  iitf  thf  Inarls 
of  1  III'  youn>:irnoliit'siani|  ff  w  in  ihosf  il  i\  s  livi  i| 
to  l.f  |Vnyi  anil  taiiu'lit  tlniii  to  ft  t  I  ih.ii  thf  I'lo. 
\itions  ol' I  Ivforil  win'  to  tin  111  whal  Hit'  (in'at 
I  liarli  r  hail  l"fn  to  ihtir  f  iilnrs  Tlmy  nrri' 
iImvmi  lo^r,  III,  ,'  with  an  nnaiiiiniiy  nnknoHii  Ih'- 
fori'  rill  yilt'in. mill  il  till- rt-loraii.in  of  till' 

•  In  at  Priiv  i-ioiis     Thi'  Kin:.'  n  fiisitl.  anil  in  May. 

Ill  nry, 
H  iih  a  ri  Ini  taut  li.inil.  suli-i  rilail  oini-  inort'  in 
Ihf  Provisions  of  Iivfonl,  niih  a  savlni;  1  laiisc, 
howi'Mr.  that  llifv  slioiihl  tii-t't  \  i^'il  in  thf  t'oininif 
Parli.iini'iil.  (In' Ihf  !llh  of  .St  pii  niliir.  aifonl 
in/!\ .  Pill  lianifiit  wasassi'inliifil  .  ,  .  TlifKini; 
aii'l  Ihf  liai'tai^  lUTfi  il  lo  sitliinii  llnir  tlilli  ri-ni  I'i 
to  Ihf  arliitralionof  l.oiiisof  Kriini'.  .  .  .  I.ouin 
l.\.  hail  iloni'  niori'  than  any  oni'  kiiii;  t  f  Krainn 
to  in!  ifL'f  till'  ro\  .il  pit  r'iLMti\f  .  aii'l  l.'iiiis  was 
thf  In-oilit  r  in  1  iw  of  II.  nry.  His  awar.l.  L'ivfii 
at  .Xinii'iis  oil  Ihf  'Jot I  of  .),inii.'ir\ .  I'.'ill.  wa*.  as 
Hf  shoiiM  liav.'  I  spit  till,  alisoluii'ly  in  f.ivoiir 
of  thf  KiiiL'  Thf  wliolf  Provi-ions  of  tixfonl 
Hiri'.  in  lii^  vit  H  .  an  in\a^ion  of  thf  ro\al  poHi'T. 
.  Thf  li.inais  \w Tf  aslonii'lfl  .  ,  Tht.X'  at 
ontf  s.ii.l  that  Ihf  ipitsthiii  of  tlif  I  inployini'lit 
of  alii  IIS  H  a-  nt  \t  r  lilt  ani  to  hf  iinliiihil.  .  .  , 
Till'  appial  was  iiiailf  oni'i'  iiL'aili  to  thf  swonl. 
>ut  t'f-s  f..r  a  inonitnl  iin  liiiftl  to  thf  r.iyal  sitlc, 
hut  il  wa-onlv  lora  nioini'iit ;  ami  on  thf  nn  iiioni- 
hlf  iiflil  of  i.t'Hi.  Ihf  i:fnius  of  l.t  ifistt  r  prf- 
\ailiil.  .  .  .  \\  iih  Ihf  I  wo  Liinrsof  Knirlaml  ami 
ot  llif  Uolnans  pii^<aii*-s  In  his  lialiiU.  .Moiitfort 
llii  talfil  tilt  tirin-of  llif  so  t  allt  ■!  .MiMof  l.i  wis. 
.  Snlijfti  to  thf  approval  of  P.irliann  ill.  all 
ililff  ri' nt  f -.  Hilt  lo  Is'  siiliiniltfil  ontf  tnori'  t'» 
I'ri  ni  h  aihilraliou  .  .  .  ( In  llif '.Mil  of  .Inlif  Ihn 
Pariiann  ni  iiiil.  Il  w  asno  loui:ir  u  I  In 'at  Coiiti- 
fil.  aflir  Ihf  fashion  of  pro  \  ions  ii..sfinhlif>.;  it 
ini  luiliil  four  kiii:;hi-.  ilii'ii'il  hy  laih  Kni'lisli 
lounly.  This  Pai'lianifiil  .lmm*  sin  h  ^amli'ai  as 
it  H.is  ahlf  lo  thf  I'Vi  f  plioiial  aitlliorily  of  Mmit- 
f.TI.  an. I  or. It  nil  thai  niiiil  Ihf  propo-'iil  arhiira 
lioiii  I'iilil  lif  I'arrii'iloul.llif  Km:.'  s  1  oiiniil  shoulil 
t  oiisi^i  of  nin.  pt  isoiiH,  to  111-  11a  11  It'll  li.\'  till'  lii'liop 
of  I  llii  lifsti  r.  anil  thf  l^irls  of  tili'.ui  isli  r  anil 
I.i  iff-iiT.  Thf  flTi  1 1  H:is  to  uivf  >iinoii  for  tin' 
litiit  lif^potif  p.iwi  r.  ,  .  It  Hiisal  It  iiL'ihaL'ri'fil 
Ihal  ,'ill  ijnisiion- w  Ifiif  \fr.  thf  I'lnploxnii'lll  of 
alit  lis  :il,aif  iMi'pli.l. -hoiil.l  hf  nhrn'il  lo  thn 
i;i-hopof  l.on  1,111.  Ihf  jii^iii  iar  lliiirh  If  lii  spi  n- 
SI  r,  rharlf-of  Anjoii.aii,!  thf  Ahhoiof  litf  If  on 
any  point  lln-y  foiihl  ma  a'^Tff.  thf  .Xrihliishop 
of  KoUfii  was  to  ;n  t  as  rt  I  ri  t'  .  .  .  It  was  .  .  , 
11"!  ~i  111  ply  tlif  t'xpi'ilitn!  ft  a  rt' \oluiionary  1  hiif 
in  iliilit  uliit'-.  hut  thf  fipri^-iMnot  a  sfi  nl  ami 
maliinil  polity,  h  In  n.  in  1  lit  t  niisr  I'.Mil.  j.Mont- 

fxl'l  )    i-slli'il  ill   thf  Kind's  Ti'iliif  thf  f  VI  r  in.  niorii- 

blc  HTita  whii'li  sniumoiit'il  llu  lirst  1  oinpktL'  I'lir 


835 


RNaL.ANn.  iai»^iaT4 


ENOI.ANO.   137n  I10.V 


Hainrnt  whirh  fm'T  mi  in  Knitlnn'l  Thr  r»rU, 
banin*.  nml  liUlmpa  rinlvKl  lh>  Ir  •iimniimii  im 
of  rniirM' ,  iinil  m  (III  llu-iii  tin-  tti-iin«  nf  t'titlii-<lntl 
rlitiri-liro,  all  >iti|in'rf<lfiili'il  iintiilNr  nf  ittitHttii 
ikiiil  priori,  luiil>i>iu'lilH  f^lllll'V)'ry  nliin',  anillmi 
rlil/i'im  or  Itiirifr^'*!')*  frttm  i-vrry  rity  or  iMirnii^li 
In  Kiitfiiuiil  "f  iliiir  iiriwri'iiinKK  »i'  lumw  liiil 
littli  lull  liny  ii|i|t)iir  III  liiiM-  ii|>|H>liiirii  Sliiiiiii 
cic  Monlfort  li  llii'  iilllniif  .Iii»lii  iiir  of  KiihIiiimI. 
Ali'l  to  liinr  ttiiH  III!. lit-  iiini  ill  Miiii,  wliiit  Im-  ii.ul 
l»  fori'  l»'i  n  ill  iiowir,  llii'  tlr^l  »iili|irl  in  lln' 
riiilin  Motilforl  liiiii  iiiiw  Koi"' no  f'li', 

111-  liMil  r«  nl-xil  «m  li  ixlrnoriilimry  powrm,  hi' 
liml  iloiii'Mi  iiiiiiiy  ililiiKi  Willi  ii  riiiililiii'Vi  rn  iiily 
1m'  piiriioiit'ii.  liijtt  |H-riiii|Ki  hilt  oiiiy  liiaiiir  of 
Mlfi'ly  Itiy  ill  tlh'  piMM'^tNiiill  of  Konil'  nllill  ollirl*  hi 
liiii  It  1-4  (I Ttfiiii,  iiion-ovrr,  tiirit  iMinirtiiinif 
Hiilrii  pii'i-Kl  ill  tills  riirlliiiiii'iit.  iirtilniiMt  cxintly 
lit  Ihr  tlliir  of  lis  Mill  tillK.  liiil  cnllM'iliip  iilTrlliT 
toil  roimiiiirilili' MTtloiiirf  till' liiirniiH  .  .  IHllI 
riillMHHrn'  vi>ilily  itiiiliiriiiir  tiiii  ki  r  iiroiiiiil  liliii, 
*iiil  III'  tvai  I'viili'iiiry  nitiM  ioiit  llijil  lilHiilfirtion 
WUH  Hprt'iiilini;  fiiHt.  .  .  .  Ni'ifiH  iiitioii.i  ui'itt  for- 
wanl,  not  viry  niiixitiily.  for  llii'  rilniM'iif  I'rliirp 
EilwunI  Tli.y  wi'ri'  Irriiiiiiiitiil  In  Miiy  liy  liiK 
t>Kiii|H'.  !t  MiiH  till-  KiiTiitil  for  n  niViiii^t  risini^. 
Kiluanl  liKik  tlif  rnniinnhil  of  tin-  \Vil«ii  iHCiIrr; 
ln'forv  liir  Miiilillr  of  Jiini'  In'  liuil  niailu  llii'  Imr 
ill  r  hii  own  On  tin'  '.'IMIi  (iloiiriitlrr  o  mil  Iih 
flnlvn  to  lilin  III*  iiail  iiiiiny  M't-n-t  frii-niU.  Ik' 
piNin  il  fi  arii'wly  riiitwanl.  ami  Hiiriiriix'il  tin'  jfiir- 
risoii  of  Ki'iiilniirlli.  coninmnilnl  liy  Simon,  tlie 
Kari'iM'conil  MM).  Tlif  I-Iarl  liiniM'lf  lay  at  Eves- 
liani.  awaiting  tlii'  triH'pn  wiiicli  liin  tion  wiu  to 
lirinn  lip  from  Ki'niiwortli.  ...  On  tin"  fat*l 
III  III  of  Kvi'sliiini.  tlclitin^ni'li'  liy  riili' to  tlie  laitt, 
fill  till-  Karl  lilniHi'ir.  IiIh  iliiiKt  Hon  lli'nry,  Dr 
»pi  i.'xr  tin' latf  .ln'<lii  i:ir,  l.iiri'  !»»».•:  of  Kray 
Ion,  iini'  of  lih  limn  Ml  friinil?!  uiiil  a  Ini'-t  of  minor 
nami'.  Willi  lluiii,  lo  •■"  apinarami',  fill  tlir 
can-.!'  for  tthirli    tlii-y  liail  fiiu^fiit." — Sinutu   ilr 

M'llilfnii  [Qn.irlrilil  It,  r  ,  .l.lii.,  1H6«I.  —  Sit 
I'AKi.iAMK.vr.  TiiK  Km.i.ikii:  K.\llt.Y  SrvllKIOK 
ITU  Kviii.iTHiN  —"Important  ai  tliis  aKwinlilv 
[tin.-  I'arliami'iit  of  \iM\  in  in  liic  iiiitory  nf  tlii' 
ciiiiiitltnlliin.  It  wan  mil  primarily  itiiil  rsw  ntlally 
a  conaliliitliinal  nnvmiily.  It  wim  not  a  ui'iii' 
ral  riMivt-ntiim  nf  tin'  tcimntii  In  cliiif  or  of  tin' 
tliri'c  i*8tatt'}i,  but  a  parlianu-ntjiry  aiwcinlilv  of  tln- 
»iipporti'r»  of  till'  cxisliiiij  K"*!*"'""'"  '  —  W 
Stulilw,  Cimtt   Hint.  >if  Kiiij  .rh.  11.  wr  177  (r  'Ji 

Alwi  IN:  Till'  siuni'.  The  Hirli/  l't,iiit<i</eiiil». 
— (1.  W.  I'mllnro,  l.ifr  nf  si,ii>,i,  ,!,■  M^mtfort.  e/i. 
II-lJ-ll  lllaaiiw.  /V;,'  /*.-..,„■  »'.ir-C.  11 
Pt'an*oii,  Kti,/t<itiit,    Ktr/ij  iiu't  MtililU  A^itn,  t.  2. 

A.  D.  1371.— CruMde  of  Prince  Edward. 
8t'i'Cliis.»IiM;  A.  I>.  r.iTlH-'71 

A.  D.  1272.— Accession  of  King  Edward  I. 

A.  D.  1275-1395.— Development  of  Parlia- 
mentary representation  under  Edward  I. — 
"Happily,  Karl  .Simon  [lic  .Moiiifort|  foiiiL.l  a 
8iicn's.s4'r.  anil  inon'  tliiin  a  Hiici-csMir,  in  the 
kini;  1  (ili'iiry  lll.'>|  son.  .  ,  .  KiKvaril  I  sliuxl 
on  lilt'  vaiil.'ii;i'  uroiiinl  of  tlii'  tlirmii',  .  .  .  llr 
Ciiillii  ilii  Ihiit  lasily  Mini  uitlioiil  1  iTnrt  wliirli 
Simon  I'oiilil  only  <lo  lalmrioiisly,  ami  witli  Ihr 
riTtainiy  of  riii'-ini.'  opposition.  Kipi'i-utUy  was 
tlil.s  tliL- ca.'^'  with  till'  riicourau'i-nii'm  t:i\in  hy 
till'  two  mm  lo  thi'  ^Ti'wini;  aspiration^  afli-r 
parllamrntary  ri'pri'si'iitalloi!.  Karl  J^imon's  a-. 
Si'inblirswiTr  instnimiiits  of  warfan'.     Kiiwanrs 

atiNl'inhlii'M  wirr  invitations  to  IM'Mic  Itiinnis 

tDit    prrlati's.   kni^lils  ami  lownsmin,  cumu  to 


frillnr  only  lit  >iip|Mirt  a  klnij  wlm  took  lli» 
iiitlaiivi'  >o  wist'lt  ami  who.  knowiiiK  what 
Han  In'sI  for  all.  wniu'lil  lln'  ^<shI  of  Ills  kinttilom 
witiioiit  tlioiijjlit  of  Ills  own  raiM'  Yi't  rvi-n  mi, 
Kilwaril  was  Iini  prinlrtil  at  otiri*  tii  Katlii'r  tii- 
(tithir  mnh  a  iKsIt  as  that  whlih  I'^trl  Himon 
liail  iilamnil  lli'  pi  nmonril,  iinhsil,  all  llie 
I'insiitiiinl  parts  ot  inon  s  parllamrni,  lint  li« 
st-|i|oin  Hiiiiiinoin-il  tlniii  In  tiu-i-l  in  niii'  pinri'  of 
at  onr  llinr  .*soini'tiiiii'S  Ihi'  lian-its  iirnl  pri-lati-A 
tint  apart  from  tin-  lownsiinn  nr  tin'  ktiltflitii, 
Homi'liini-N  onr  i>r  tlir  nllirr  I'liiHs  mrl  rnltrrly 
aloiir.  .  .  In  this  way,  ilnrine  till' first  twintjr 
viars  of  Kilwaril'ii  rl'i^'rl,  tin'  n.iiion  rapliliy  Ki'''"' 
in  tlial  ronM'liiiisni'ss  of  naii<aiHl  unity  whirti 
wiiiilil  mil'  ilay  tninsfrrthr  fiiiniion  nf  ri'ifiilation 
from  till'  irowii  to  thr  n'pn'M'ntallvr^  of  Urn 
(Hoplr  -S  It  lianlin.  r  ami  .1.  it  Miillinitir, 
l,.t  l,>  III,-  Sluil,/  nf  Hmi  lli'l  ,  cA.  4.  •ri-f.  l7  — 
"  In  r.'itl  .Sinn  11  ilr  Montforl  hail  lallnl  up  from 
liotli  slilri'S  ami  iHiroii^'hs  rrprrsriitatlvi'S  to  aiil 
him  in  Ihr  mw  work  of  ^ov  rnnn'iil  That  part 
of  Karl  Simon's  work  hail  not  Ihiu  lantiuK  I'ha 
task  wa»  li  ft  for  Kilwanl  I.  to  Ih'  ailvanct'il  lijr 
).'railual  nafr  utips,  lint  In  1k'  tlnirnuKlily  dim- 
plili'il,  as  a  part  of  aihttnilo  ninl  nnlrrly  arranKO- 
mint,  aiiorillni;  In  wliiili  tlic  Kmilish  tmrliamrnt 
was  111  111'  tin'  pi  rfni  rrprrstiitalhin  nf  thi'Thn'O 
Ksiairs  of  thr  Itralm.  assinililril  for  puriMHut  <)( 
laKallon,  li^-islallon  ami  iinitnl  polilhal  aitlnn. 
.  ,  .  Kilwanl's  first  parllanniit,  in  Xi'ft.  I'lialihsl 
him  111  pa.s.sa  (.'"'"ii't'iliili'o'  li'tfal  riform.  lallri! 
thn  Statiitr  of  Wi'stminstrr  tin,'  Kimt.  ami  ti) 
rxart  the  iirw  ciiHtnm  on  wisil;  anotlKT  asM'iii- 
lily.  thr  Ki'.mr  yrar,  Kraiiti'il  lilma  flftii'nih  .  .  , 
Tlnn'  is  no  c'viili-nrr  that  tlii'  f-ointnon»  of  I'illit'r 
Inwn  nr  1  niiiily  wi  rr  rrpnsinli'il.  ...  In  1283, 
whrn  Ihr  I'Xprnsi-s  nf  thr  Wi'lsh  war  wrrc  he* 
loinluK  liravy,  Kilwai'l  ai:aiii  Irliil  the  plan  of 
nhtalniiiK  mniiry  from  tin'  towns  ami  roiintira  by 
M'paratr  in'^ntiation,  but  as  that  illil  mil  priiviile 
liiiu  with  fiiniU  Kufllrirnt  for  his  puriHisr,  he 
lallril  toi;ithi'r,  tarly  in  V2M,  two  (jriat  asscm- 
blii'S,  nnt'  at  York  aint  anntiirr  at  Northampton, 
in  wliicli  four  knights  from  racli  .ihlrr  anil  four 
mrmlH-ni  from  i-aih  '■'■■  anil  Imnni^h  wrrr  or- 
ill  ri'il  til  allruil,  Ihr  <  nilral  ami  ronvi  ntiial 
rh-rcy  also  of  thr  two  pmi'lnrrii  wrrr  rrprrsi'iilfil 
at  till'  samr  plari's  by  llirir  I'lri'tril  pns'tnn*.  .\t 
thi'M' a.sMinblirs  thrrr  was  no  attrmlanie  of  the 
bamns;  tiny  wrrr  with  Ihr  kiiii;  in  Walos:  but 
the  romnii'iis  iiiailr  a  ^f't^it  of  onr-thirtirtli  on 
thr  uniirrstanilini;  that  thr  lonis  shoiilil  ilo  thu 
samr,  .Vn.ithiT.'issi'nilily  washrlilntShrrwsbury 
thr  samr  yi  ar.  I'2m:|.  m  witiirss  Ihr  trial  nf  Daviil 
of  Wall's."  to  this  Ihr  bishops  ami  ilrr^ry  wrr"  not 
ralliil,  but  twinly  towns  ami  all  thr  rnnnlics 
rvrir  nrilt ml  to  srtiil  rrprrsi'iital ivi'S,  Annthrr 
sti'p  was  i.iUiii  ill  I'^ltO:  kiiiulils  of  thr  sliiro 
wi  ir  a^ain  suninionril ;  but  still  inurh  rrmainril 
to  l)r  ilnnr  Uforr  a  prrfri'l  parliamrni  wasrnn- 
stilutt'il.  (ounsil  was  wanliil  for  lri;islatinn, 
rolls!  ut  was  waiitril  for  ta-\alinn.  Thr  lorils 
Hrir  siinnnoniil  in  May,  nml  iliil  thrir  work  in 
.Iiinr  anil  .Inly,  ^'rantinu:  a  frinlal  aiii  ami  passim^ 
thr  siaiuir  't^iiii  Kmptnn's,'  bill  Ihr  kniirlit.s 
only  lanir  to  \otr  or  to  proinisi'  a  t;tx,  aftrr  a 
laW'  hail  brill  passi'il;  anil  Ihr  towns  wrrr  a.i^ain 
tiMil  by  spiii.il  1  oiiiinissions.  In  I'JIU,  .  .  . 
umli  r  tin  alarm  of  war  with  Kranrr,  an  alarm 
whirh  In!  Kilwaril  into  si'M-rai  brrachrs  of  ron- 

~;  iti{tinni{j  Tiw,   Ilr  wijiil  utiM   fiit'llirr.  iisi^.'inliliiiir 

liir  rlrri'"   by  thrir  rrprest'iitativrs  in  August, 


836 


KNflr.AND.   irniUM 


KNOi.ANi).  isn-imv 


mkI  the  uhlrii  liy  llirir  n'priiw'iitJiilvi'  kniitlila  In 
Oit  r  TIh'  iii\t  yciir.  I'.'WI.  Mitiii"utt'fl  iln' 
flrm  iimoimif  n  |»  rfii  I  iiri<l  mukIi  I  |i>irlluiiii'iil , 
Ihc  ricray  npn-iMiiiiil  liv  tin  Ir  hUlinpi,  iliiuit, 
nn  ImI<imiim«,  mill  rlt<ii.f  pr<Hiiir'>,  lln'  haniiH 
•iiriiinoni'il  acviruilv  In  |»t<miii  liy  llii'  kliiijH 
ii|M-riiil  Mril.  uttil  till*  I  iittit«ii>ii4  Hiiinnioni'il  hy 
»rli«  lUJ.l-ixiM'il  III  llic  «lii  rll'<.  illri  I  lliitr  thini  In 
Kiiil  up  Inoiliiii'il  knlclil^  (rmii  I  ;ii  li  >.|iin'  l»ii 
fldli.l  lill/ini  fniiii  null  illy,  iiml  Iwn  i  In  tnl 
burKliirt  friiin  riirli  iKirniiiili  I'lir  «rlt  liy 
whirli  till'  prrliiti'H  win'nilliil  t,i  tlili  parllaiiii  nt 
rniiliiini •!  II  riiniiiiM  Huitiiiri'  litki'ii  from  tlif 
Hiiniilll  Ian.  'I'lial  wlili  h  iMiirlirt  iill  hIioiiIiI  Ih' 
Kppmvril  liv  ull,'  i>  Miiixlm  whlili  niUhl  mrvr  ii^ 
>  nuillo  fnrV.ilwaril  niMiiillliilliitial  >m  lumr.  Imw 
.vrr  ulnwly  It  xriw  iipnii  liiin.  n.nv  pi  rmiininlly 
ami  riiimlniinlly  nmipli  ti  il  "  -W  .siiililm.  /'>,r 
Kirlfi  I'liihl-njriiita,  eh  In  — "  ('niiipurln;;  Ihi' 
lilnliiry  of  llii>  following  iit^is  willi  Ih.ii  of  ihi' 
pnut  wi' nm  w  uri  I'ly  iloiilit  tliut  Kilwiinl  liml  ti 
iti'll.iiti'  iilrii  of  irovirnini'iit  I  h  fori'  lii«  ixii.  ur 
Umt  Unit  I'tt'ii  wiiNKiiri'i-MNfiil  Ihtiiiihi' il  up'|ir>iv(-il 
lUulf  111  llir  J(illlll»  illlil  t'rrw  nut  of  till'  hiiliils  of 
llif  [Mopli'  Kilwiiril  »ii«.  Ill  furl,  wliiit  t|i,> 
nulioii  Will  rupiilili' of.  iiiul  iiuiipiiil  liln  loiislilii 
tliiiial  nforini  to  tliut  lapiirily  lint  iiltliiniK'li 
we  may  not  nfii*'  liiiii  Ihr  rrnlit  of  i|i«li;ii.  it 
ni.iy  ulill  Ih'  i|nrNlii>ni'i|  hIiiIIiit  tlii'  i|i«l>,'ii  wan 
111'  iiritlirr  voliiiiiary.  nliiiliir  It  v.iii  iiol  fonnl 
upiiii  lilni  liy  ilri'iimslanrrH  anil  ilivi  li^pnl  hy  >i 
«  rill  of  larrfnl  I'tiHrliiirnli  .  Tin    i|rsii;n, 

a.<  Inlrrpntiil  liy  iW  ri«iill.  Mas  tin' rnalioii  of 
»  nailonal  piirllanniit.  i'iiin|>oui|  of  Hm'  iliiii' 
istjilis.  .  .  TIiIh  ili»i;h  was  pirfi'ili'il  in  I'.'U'i 
It  was  not  Itir  ntinit  of  (iiinpiilsioii.  Iiiii  tin'  ion 
nnnunalion  of   ii  KroHiiiK  poliry  jjut  llii> 

I  lost'  union  of  r.'U.l  was  followiif  hy  llii<  coinpiil 
"Ion  of  12117;  out  of  till' ortiaiiif  iiim|ilitiiii'»s  of 
till' conslitnllon  Kpranif  till-  power  of  ri'^iilani  r. 
mill  out  "f  till'  nslslanri'  Ilii'  viilory  of  llie  priii 
riplis,  wliiili  hjlwanl  ini);lit  Kuiilr.  lint  wliicli 
111- failiil  III  coeni' "— \V.  .Siiililis.  ('■iimlit'iti'imil 
lift  :f  KiKi  .  M.  1.1,  mi-t  244  <in-/  eh.  14,  uri-t. 
;-i|>  1>«2— Till'  fuimr,  S,t,rl  C/i.irlrn.  ,,l,  7.— 
"Tlic'  Mtli  ii'ntury  was  nlmvi'  all  lliiiii;s  tlif  iiki- 
of  Ull'  lawyiT  Hiiil  till'  li'nUlalor.  Tlir  ri-vivnl 
uliiily  of  Komaii  law  liiiil  Imch  iiiii'  of  tin-  gnulrsl 
n'Siills  of  the  Intilli'Ctual  niiaissaiiir  of  tin- 
Iwilfih  ii'iiiury.  The  onorniiMia  >;rimili  of  tlir 
unuiTsiiiiit  In  the  early  part  n'  llie  tliirtei'iitli 
einlnry  was  in  no  mnall  niiasiiri'  iliie  to  the  zeal, 
nnloiiruiiilsniiesnof  llnir  lenal  families.  Fnini 
Ho|oi.'iia  there  rtoweil  all  over  Kuropi' ,i  ureat 
iiiiimlse  lowarils   Ihe   svslenialii     anl    seimlilte 

"tiiily    of    the  Civil     l..'iw  of    |{, .   ,   The 

ni.riliirii  lawvers  were  inspireil  l.y  iluir  enml.i 
linn  of  Iheiiviliaii  ami  lammiMs  In  look  al  Hie 
ruile  ih.ios  of  file' -I  iisloni  with  more  erilie.il 
eyes.     They  noiii'lu  to  jrive  it  more  svsirin  ami 

'.hi«l.  Ill  elicit  iis  leailiiii;  prineiples.'aiiil  to  en 

erilinate  iis  ela.shini;  rules  inio  a  harnioiiioiis 
l"»ly  of  iliKlriiie  woriiiy  111  lir  put  siilo  by  sii,|,. 
«iUi  the  more  prelinlioim  e.|i|ii-,  s  of  the  Civil 
iuiil  Canon  l,aw.  In  lliis  spiril  lliiiiy  de  lirae 
1^11  v.role  II.  '  first  aysleiiialie  e\|iosiiion  of  Kii'.'- 
h-^h  !a»  ill  ilie  reijruof  Umrv  111.  Tlie  iiiil;,'es 
inel  lawversof  the  reiu'ii  of'Kihvar.l  soii;;lii  p. 
I'lil  llie  priiieiples  of  liraelon  inln  piaeiiee  Kil 
wiir.l  himself  strove  with  no  .small  .siieeess  to 
esrry  on  Ihe  same  (treat  work  liy  new  lej,'i,,lalioii. 
■  Ills  well  known  liile  of  i"li»  '  Knirli-li  Ju;!- 
imian     is  not   si,   ulismnl   u.s  il  appears  at   tirst 


uliihl.  He  iliil  not  mert-lv  «•«  inhh'  .fimlinlnn  In 
U'lnir  II  If n  al  leirlslalor  Like  Ihe  famoiinenilllier 
of  the  Itonian  law.  ijlwanl  sIikhI  al  Ihe  eiiil  of  « 
lon^r  |H  rlixl  of  |i  ;/al  ■linliipinihi.  aiiil  wiiiKhl  ti> 
iirniiifc'e  ami  »v  .li  niali-j'  wli.il  hail  none  iHfoio 
him.  Honii-  ,,t  his  Knal  la»«  are  aliiioat  In  form 
illeiii|il«  al  Ihisisleiiialliii.llllialionof  varliiiu 
I'ranihes   of   fi mlal   i  iisluni  KihvanI    wan 

i-neily  for  |Miwir.  aiel  a  loiiiiant  ohji  1 1  of  liln 
li  iflsl.ilioii  was  the  1  \iiiialliin  of  llie  royal  pri' 
rocalive  Iliil  he  nearly  uKv:i>  s  took  ii  liroinl 
ami  iom|ireliensive  view  of  his  aiilhnrilv.  "nil 
Ihiiroiijthlv  itraspeil  llie  triilh  llial  ilir  U-.t  In 
leresis  of  kinif  ami  kiiii;i|oiii  were  i.l.  nlieiil.  lie 
wlslieil  to  rule  Ihe  sl.ite.  Iiiii  wasMiljiii^  to  lake 
his  siihjeits  Into  iiarlMiMhIp  with  him.  if  lliev  in 
nliirii  reeojfiiiseil  his  royal  riithls  .   TlieiJuiio 

prliii  iplis  «hii  h  inlliieiiieil  Kilwanl  ii»  n  law 
1,'lvir  slami  out  eharly  in  his  n  laiions  to  eviry 
ila^s  of   his  milijeets.  It   was  Ihe  unalest 

work  of  Kilwanl  »  life  In  iiiak.'  a  ih  rmaneiil  ami 
or.liiiary  part  of  the  iiiai  him  rv  of  KiikIIsIi  jfov 
iniineiil.  Hhal  in  his  fallii  r  s  lime  hail  Ihiii  hut 
the  leiiiiiorarv  i'V|Milleiit  of  It  iieeily  ta.itfallierer 
or  the  last  ilespairinit  elTort  of  a  revolutionary 
partisan  K.lwanl  ]  is —  mi  nun  h  us  one  man 
eaii  Ik'  — Ihe  enalor  of  the  hisinrieal  Knglish 
eoiisiiiiitioii  It  is  true  thai  Ihe  materials  weru 
reaily  lo  his  haml  lint  Ufore  he  eame  to  IImj 
Ihrone  the  parts  of  the  eonstitiition.  IIioiikIi  al- 
reiiily  rniii-lilv  worke.l  out,  weru  ill  ilelliieil  ami 
ill  iinilerslisiil  Itefore  his  ileath  the  naliomil 
eoiineil  was  no  longer  n'tfunleil  as  eomplete  un- 
less It  eonlaineil  a  syslemalie  npnsi'iilatlon  of 
the  time  estates,  .\llover  Kurnpi.  the  thirteenth 
eentury  saw  Ihe  eslalili^liineiit  of  it  nysteni  iif 
estates  Tlie  various  classes  of  the  eoininunity, 
which  hail  n  si'parale  social  stalusanil  iieoinmiin 
politu-nl  iiilen'st,  iKcaine  orKaihseil  eominunitien, 
iiml  Bent  their  repnsentalivcs  In  swell  theeimncll 
of  the  nation.  Hy  Kilwanls  time  there  Imil 
alniiily  (frown  iii'  in  Kii){laml  wimo  roii({h  iin- 
tieipalion  of  the  three  estates  of  later  history. 
.  .  .  It  was  with  no  ill  .  ntion  of  iliiiiinisliiug  hit 
[Kiwer,  hut  rather  wiili  the  oli|ect  of  enlarging 
it.  that  Kilwanl  caiUil  the  iialioii  into  some  sort 
of  partnership  wiili  him.  The  s|Kcial  due  lo 
this  a.i«ct  of  his  jiolicv  I.S  his  constant  Himiieliil 
emli.irra.ssiiient.  lie  f'ounil  that  he  coiilil  get 
lartfer  ami  more  cheerful  Hiilisiilies  if  lie  laiil  his 
tlnamial  comliiioii^  Ufore  the  ri'presentiilives  of 
his  |«-iple.  .  The  really  iin|iortaiit  tiling  was 
lliat  Kilwanl,  like  .Monlfort,  liniiij;lit  shire  ami 
lion)iii;li  n'pn'.si-iitatives  toncther  in  a  Rinjile  es- 
tate, ami  so  taiiu'lit  the  couiilry  geiilry,  the  lesser 
lamlowni  rs.  who,  in  a  lime  vVhcn  ili'nct  partici- 
|i!ilion  in  politics  was  impossililc  for  a  lower 
class,  were  the  real  conslitiiem  lis  of  the  shire 
iiicmlKr-.  to  look  upon  their  inliTi-Ms  as  more  in 
eoiiinioii  with  the  trailers  of  lower  soci.il  status 
than   Willi  the  gn'aUr  lanillonis  with  whom  in 

imM  liiienl.il  loiiiilriis  ilie  lessir  uiiilry  w  .'rB 

foneil  lnassi«iale  llieir  lol.  The  n'siiit  sin  ni;lh- 
eiieil  the  union  of  ch  ssi-s.  prevciiicil  the  urowth 
of  liie  alinornially  niimeniiis  pri\ilci;eil  uoliiiity 
of  most  fon'ii.'n  countries,  ami  Imiaileiieil  anil 
iheiH'iieil  the  main  current  of  the  national  life." 
— T.  F.  Tout.  Hilir.iriltlie  Fiii,t,  r'l.  7-,s  —"  There 
was  iioihini;  in  Knglanil  which  aiiswereil  to  the 
lliinl  I'slale'  in  Knince  — a  clas.s,  that  i.s  to  say, 
liotli  isolaleil  ami  close.  comjKiseil  e.xelusivelv  iif 
i.;iv..^i;!.;!'(!e,  enioviiif  no  conini;  r.-.-  -.vitj} '  t!:;-- 
rurul  populalion  (e.xctpt  such  as  consisteil  in  Ihe 


837 


ENGLAND,  1275-1295. 


Papai  pretentions 
rewuted. 


ENGLAND,  130«J-18»8, 


rpccplioiiiif  fugitives),  ami  nt  nnco  dftestinR  nnil 
dmtjliiiK  the  iinliiliiy  by  whom  it  w.ii* sum.unihil. 
Ill  KiiKhiiiil  tiw  contnirv  was  the  ca»i\  The 
townsfolk  anil  the  dthir "cJiLssj-s  in  each  coiinly 
wtw  thniwn  tofjctliiT  ii|x>n  nnnilKTlessocciisions; 
»  lung  ihtIimI  of  coninion  uitivity  created  a  cor- 
dial iinderstandinK  Ixt  ween  the  biirRhers  on  llie 
one  hand  and  their  nei);hU)iirs  the  kuiglils  and 
landowners  on  the  other,  and  llnallv  prepanil 
the  way  lor  the  fusion  of  the  two  cfiLsses  "— fe 
Bouliny,   T/ic  Kiii/lh/i  (':>i,i,liliilioii   eh   3 

A.  D.  1279.- The  Statute  of  Mortmain.— 
'  hor  many  y.ars  i)a.st.  llieKreal  dan|i;er  to  the 
balance  ot  power  ap|H'aied  to  come  from  the 
reiiular  cleri.'y,  who.  favoured  bv  the  success  of 
llienn  ndicant  onlers,  wereachling  house  to  h.aise 
8111  tichl  lo  tield.  Never  dyinn out  like  families, 
and  larcly  losirii;  by  forfeiluns,  the  monasteries 
might  Well  nigh  calculate  the  time,  when  all  the 
soil  of  Knglaiid  shouhl  1h'  their  own  \c 

conlingly,  oi„.  of  the  first  acts  of  the  bariais 
under  llcnrv  111.  had  lacn  lo  enact,  that  no  fees 
shcmld  !«■  aliened  ti>  religions  perwjiis  or  eoriM)- 
rati.ms.  hdw,iid  re  inacted  and  sirengthened 
this  liy  various  provisions  in  the  famous  Statute 
of  .M.irlinain.  The  fee  ilhgallv  aliened  was  miw 
to  be  fnrlciled  to  the  <  liicf  l,,rd  under  the  King- 
and  if.  by  collusion  or  neglect,  the  lord  oiiiitte.1 
to  claim  Ins  right,  the  crown  might  enter  upon 
It.  >ever  was  statute  more  unpopular  with  the 
I  ass  at  whom  it  was  aiiii.-.l.  more  reasclcssly 
eluded.  orni.ire.ir.cHial,  ■— C.  11.  I'e.-irsnn  ///,/ 
"t  hi,'il,f,i,l  ,/.„,„.,.  tlie  Ktrlij  „„il  Midlle  Am> 
r.  •'.  ■•/(    U,  ' 

,.  \.P-  "82-1284  -Subjugation  of  Wales. 
>>ie  Walks:   .\    |)    rJ-il-.Nj. 

A.  D.  i29o-i305.-Conquest  of  Scotland  by 

Edward  I,      .See  Scon  .wo  :    .\,    I)     pjlK)    l,i|).-, 


tallii.gcs 
order   10 
was  in  constant 


A.  D    1297.— The  ConlirmatioChartarum  of 
Edward    I.  — "It     was    long    bef.irc    the   KiiO' 
Would    suiriiiliT  the    riL'ht  of  takinu 
without    a    p.irlianeiit  irv    grant.       In 
c.irrv  on  bis  e.x!in-i\e  wars  Ik 
n.ed  of  lari:e  sums  of  monev,  whic  h  he  raised  by 
arbitrary  e.\a.H..iis  r,-,.m  ail  classes  of  his  sub 
jccls.   lay  an.l  cl.-rical.-     The  disput.'S  and  tin- 
ri'sistancc   to  whic-h    thes..    enactions  gav,-  rise- 
grew  violent  in  1-.MI7,  and  Kdivard  was  at  leiiuMli 
persuad.-d  to  assent  to  what  w.is called  the  ■■Cm 
tirniatio  Cbarlaniin    — conlinnalion  of  the  (Jreat 
C  harter  an.l  the  Cli.irler  of  Kcrests.      ■'The  Cm- 
hrinatio  ( 'bait;, ruin,   wliicli,  although  a  statute 
IS  drawn  up  in  llir  f,,riii  .,f  a  <  hartcT,  was  passed 
on  the  liilhofOctolHT.  1-J'ir.  in  a  I'arli.^ment  at 
wliiih    kiUL'hts  of   the    shire  atteiid.^d  ,is  rcore 
seiit.iiivcs  of  the  C.iMimons.  as  well   as  the  1 IV 
and     clerical     lianmagc.       .   ,   The     ronlininii,, 

(  liart.-iriim  was  11. .1   m.relv  a  n-  iss f  Mairiii 

<  harlaa^.d  the  CI,  irter  of  the  Furisi.       .   .   biii 
the.  n,.!  in- III  of  a  s.rie.  of  n..w  provisions, 
liy  111,-  .'.111   s.,ii.,n  .,t  Ibis  -!:ii,iie  111.-  Kinirex 
pr--.,ly  r.nn'i'.cel  as  pn-.-d-nls  the  ;,i  is   ta^ks 
an.lpns.-sb,.i-,„-,  ,.,!.;,,„  Tlieexehisiv.ri-lil 

1  I  I  arli.-im.-m  1..  iin;,.,.,.  tasaiioii.  tlio:i  h  ofl.-ii 
minn::.-.!  by  tl„  i|l,.:;:ii  ..^.r,  is.-  of  prero-,iiiv,- 
l>.-.-.-ini.-  In.iu  tills  till,,-  an  axiom  of  tie-  ('..nstiiii- 
li"'i     -    r.  1'  Tas.v.ll  |.an-iii..a,|,  A-,,,,7/..,',  r,„,.v/, 


14th  Century.— The    fonndinir  of  manufac- 
tures  and    tr.ade.      S.,     K,   4M,|  „^.     \     J,     ,;|;;-, 

i:i:i7.  aij.l   I'l:  M,i.,  .Mkim  1..VM. 
AD.  1306-1393— Resistance  to  the  Pope 

-'■h..rone  hundre-Uaua  tifly  vears  succeediii- 


I   the  Conquest,  the  right  of  nominating  the  arch- 
i   bishops,   bishops,   and  mitred  ablMita  had  l)ecn 
claimed  and  exerelsed  bv  the  king.     This  right 
hiid   been  s|«iially  contlrmed  by  the  foiistitu- 
lions  of  Clart'iidon,  which  also  providiHl  that  the 
revenues  of  vacant  sees  should   Ixlong  to   the 
Crown.     Hilt  .lolin  admitted  all  the  Papal  claims 
surrendering  even  his  kingdom  to  the  Poix',  and 
reciiving  it  back  as  a  ttef  of  the  Holy  .See.     By 
the  (Jreat  Charter  the  Church  reeovercil  its  IIIkt- 
tiea;   the  right  of  fn-e  eh'ction  In-ing  spe(-ially 
eoncediil  lo  the  CHthedral  chapters  and  the  re- 
ligious liou.s<.s.      Kvery  eh-ction   was,   however, 
subject  to  the  appnival  of  the  I'ope,  who  also 
claimed  a  riirlit  of   veto  (m  iustitiitions  to  the 
smaller  church  lienelices.  .  .   .    Under  Henry  III 
the  power  thus  vested  in  the  I'ope  and  f.'inlga 
superiors   of   tlie   monaslie   onlers   was   greatly 
abused,  and  sihiii  ilegenenited  into  a  mere  chan- 
nel  for  dndning  money  into  the  Komaii  excheii- 
ucr     Kdward  1.  lirinlv  withstood  the  exactions 
of  the  IN.pe,  and  reass<rted  the  indeiicndenee  of 
both  Cliurdi  and  Crown.  ...   In  the  nign  of 
the   great    Kilward    iM'gan   a    series  of  .statutes 
piussed  to  check  the  aggressi.ins  of  the  I'ope  and 
ristore  the  indcpi  ndence  of  the  natiiunil  church, 
riie  first  of  the  series  was  |)assed  iu  i;iiHJ  7.   .   .   ] 
This  statute  was  eonllrmed  undir  E.lward  ill 
in  the  4lh,  and  again  in  the  .lib  vear  of  bis  reign- 
and  in  the  S.^th  of  his  r,  ign  (.V.  "D.  brd  |,  roused 
•by  the  grievous  complaints  of  all  the  commons 
\   of  his  realm,'  the   King  anil  I'ariiaiiient  passed 
the  famous  Statute  of  I'rovisors,  aimed  diieetly 
at    the   I'ope,    and  emphatii-allv  forbiilding   his 
n..niinations  to  Knglish  iH-neticcs.    .    .        three 
yi-ai-s  afterwards  it  was  found  neeess:,rv  to  pass 
a  statute    forbidding   cilatiims   to   the  Vouit   of 
l!..iiic  — [the  pi-elude  to  the  Statute  of  I'r.emu- 
iiire,  (h-s(-ribed  below].   ...   In   i;W!),  Miere  was 
an  expectation  that  the  I'ope  was  aboiil  to  at- 
li-inpt  to  enfon-e  Ids  chiims,  bv  e.xcoinmunii-ating 
those  who  n-ji-cted  them.   .   .   .   The  Parliament 
at  once  passid  a  highly  penal  statute.   .   .   .  .\|at- 
ters  were  shortly  afterwards  bioiiglit  to  a  crisis 
by  Honifai-e  l.\.,  who  alter  declaring  the  stat- 
utes enacted  by  the  Knglish  I'arliam.-iit  null  and 
Void,  granted  loan  Italian  (urdinal  a  prclH-n.lal 
stall  at  Wells,  to  which   the   king  had  alieaily 
jiresented.     Cross  suits  were  at  ome  instituted 
by  the  two  claimants  in  the  Papal  and   English 
courts.     A  decision  was  given  bv  the  lalter,  in 
favour  of  the  king's  nominee,  and  the   bishops, 
having  agreed  lo  support  the  Crow  n,  weri'  forlh- 
with  eX(-oiiiinuiiii-ateil  bv  the   Pope.     The  Com- 
mons were  now   rouseil  to  the  highest  pili-h  of 
indignati,,n.  "  — ami    the   final    great   Stalule   of 
I  r.emiinire  was  passi-d,  A.  I)    l:)!);t.      •The  firm 
and   nsolute  attitude   assumed    bv  the  (ountry 
eanseil  Itoniface  lo  yiehl ;  'and  for'tlie  moment ' 
obsi-rves  .Mr  Froude,  'and  indee.l  f,.rev,-r  iinde'r 
this  cspi-cial  form,  the  wave  of  papal  em  r.iacli- 
ment  Has  roMcil  baek."'-T,    P.    Tasw,-ll-I,ang- 
ineail.    h:i,;i.    C.i,,/.    J/,„i.,r/,.    II.-"  The  treat 
Slaliileol  Provisors.  p,isseil  in  i:t.-,I,  was  avery 
solemn  ex|,n-ssioii  of  th,.  \ation;il  di  lenniiiatioii 
not  to  give  »,iy  lo  ihe  popes  Usurpation  of  pat- 
ronage. .   .   ,   All  persons  pi-ocuri'ig  or  accc|>ling 
l..i])al  iiromi.iioiis   were  to  Is-  ;irrt-siei|.   .  in 

l:i")-.'  Ihe  purchasers  of  Provisions  wen.  di-clarcd 
iiutlaws;  ill  i;t(i.-,  another  act  n-pialt-d  the  pr..hi. 
bitioiisan.l  penalties;  and  in  i:!l«t  the  parliament 
of  liichird  II.  reh.-arsid  and  conlirnied  Ihe  stat- 
ute     liy  this  ad.  forfeitun.  and  Lmnishmeul  wer.? 


i 


838 


ENGLAND,   r3(«-Ii»3. 


Bdvmrd  III. 
and  hia  icfirt. 


ENGLAND,  1333-1380. 


decreed  against  future  lran»frrcssf)r». "  The  Stat- 
ut<'  i)f  Priemunire  iih  cnaotfil  Himlly  in  1393.  pro- 
vi<lc<l  that  "all  ptrsoim  pnx'uriiiKiu  llie  timrt  of 
Rome  or  elsewhere  such  tniiislatioiis,  pnxvsses, 
sentences  of  excommunication,  bulls,  instru- 
ments or  other  things  wliicli  touch  the  king,  his 
crown,  regality  or  n'alm.  shoulil  suffer  the  pen- 
alties of  praemunire"— which  iiiehided  imprison- 
ment and  forfeiture  of  giKxls.  "The  name  prie- 
munire  wliich  marljs  this  form  of  legislation  is 
taken  from  the  opening  word  of  the  writ  by 
which  the  shcrilT  is  charged  to  summon  the  de- 
lin(iuent."— W.  Slubhs,  Gmnl.  I/ixt.  of  Kim  ,  ch 
lU,  tet.  7ir)-716. 

A.  D.  1307.— Accession  of  King  Edward  II. 

A.  D.  1310-1311.— The  Ord»tners.—  •  At  the 

fiarliament  «lii< li  met  in  iMareh  IIJIO  [reign  of 
J<lwanl  II,]  a  new  scheme  of  reform  was  pro- 
mulgaled,  which  was  framed  on  the  nuxlel  of 
that  of  12.")S  and  the  Provisions  of  Oxford.  It 
was  determined  that  the  task  of  regulating  the 
affairsof  the  realm  and  of  the  king's  liim«diol<l 
shouhl  1)0  committed  to  an  electcil  luHlvof  twentv- 
one  memb<TS,  or  ()rdaini-rs,  the  chief  of  whoni 
was  Archbishop  Winchelscy.  .  .  .  The  Onlain- 
ers  were  empowcn-d  to  riniain  in  otllee  until 
Michaelmas  i:ill,  and  to  make  orilinances  for  the 
goinl  of  the  realm,  agn-eable  to  the  tcnour  of  the 
king's  coronation  oath.  The  whole  adniinistni- 
tioD  of  the  kingdom  thus  pa.s.spd  into  their  hands. 
.  .  The  Ordainers  immediately  on  their  appoint- 
ment issued  Ki.\  articles  directing  the  observance 
of  the  charters,  the  careful  <-olle<tiori  of  the  cus- 
toms, and  the  arrest  of  the  foreign  merchants; 
but  the  great  body  of  the  orilinances  was  re- 
served for  the  ]>arlniment  whii li  met  in  ,\ugust 
1311.  The  famous  docunu  nt  or  statute  known 
as  the  Ordinances  of  l;ill  containeil  forty 
one  clausj's,  all  aimed  at  existing  abuse.-.  '—VV. 
Stubbs,  The  Kurly  }'lautiigi  >ul».  eh.  Vi. 

A.  D.  1314-1328.— Bannockbum  and  the  re- 
covery of  Scottish  independence.     See  .Sror- 
LAM>:  A.  1).  1314;  ISl-t-lfcs. 
A.  D.  1327.— Accession  of  King  Edward  III. 
A.  D.   1328.— The    Peace  of   Northampton 
with  Scotland.     See  S(OTi..xmi:  .\.  |i.  l:),',s. 

A.  D.  1328-1360.— The  pretensions  and  wars 
of  Edward  III.  in  France.  See  Fn.vsi  k  .\  1) 
13JH-l;t39;aml  1337-13(ii). 

A.  D.  1332-1370 —The  wars  of  Edward  III. 
with  Scotland.  See  Scotland:  A.  1)  133i- 
V-K.\.  and  1333-1370. 

A.  D.  1333-1380.— The  effects  of  the  war  in 
France.— ".V  pcriwl  of  ;;rcat  wars  is  gcuenillv 
favourable  to  the  growth  of  a  noliiliiv.  .Meii 
who  eipiipiM'd  large  ImmUcs  of  troops" for  the 
Sciildior  Frcn:h  wars,  or  who  bad  served  wiili 
distinction  in  ijicni,  naturally  had  a  claim  for  ic 
ward  at  tile  hands  of  their  "sovcnign.  .  .  'I'lic 
liilh  (intury  bad  broken  up  estates'all  over  V.w 
huel  iiiiil  iiudliplied  families  of  the  uppirilass; 
the  Uih  century  was  innsolidatiug  iimpertics 
ajaui,  ami  estalilishing  a  broad  division  betwim 
a  few  powerful  nobh-s  and  the  mass  of  tlu' (-..ni 
muriily.  But  if  llie  gcnlrv.  as  iiu  order,  lust  a 
hill  ui  relative  importance  liv  the  formati.ai  of 
a  I  lass, ,f  jrr,.;it  nobles,  more  distinit  than  had 
c.Mstid  before,  the  niiihlle  el;is,ses  of  Kni.'land.  its 

""■'''■''•'i"s I  yeomen,  gaimd  very  n:ucli  in  ini- 

porlance  by   il,,-  war.     Tniler  the  tlrm  ruh'  of 

11    1     '^^"'  ""'  '"*''''     •'■''  '"''  si'lijcets  lovingly 

railed   KihvanI    III,    our  eoniniene  expanded". 

tiiijiishmen   rose   lo  un  equality  with  the  mer- 


chants of  the  Hanse  Towns,  the  Cienoese,  or  the 
Ivombanis,  and  England  for  a  time  overflowed 
with  treasure.  The  first  periiKl  of  wnr,  ending 
with  the  capture  of  Calais,  secured  our  coasts; 
the  second,  tenninaled  bv  the  peace  of  Hretigny 
brought  the  plunder  of  half  France  into  the 
Lnglish  markets;  anil  even  when  Edwanl's  reign 
half  closi'd  on  defeat  and  liankniplcy,  and  our 
ovyn  shores  were  nivaged  by  hostile  ffeels,  it  was 
still  possible  for  private  adventunrs  to  retaliate 
invasion  upon  the  eiu'my.  .  .  .  The  nananee  of 
foreign  conquest,  of  fortunes  liglitlv  iraineil  and 
lightly  lost,  intluenced  i;nglish  enlerprisi-  for 
many  years  to  come.  .  .  .  The  change  to  the  lower 
orders  during  the  reign  arose  miher  from  the 
freijuent  pestileneis,  which  i-eiluied  the  num- 
ber of  working  men  and  made  hdiour  valu- 
alilc,  than  from  any  innneiliale  participatiun  in 
the  war.  In  fact, "English  sirfs.  as  a  rule,  did 
not  serve  in  Edwanl's  annies.  They  could  not 
be  men-at-nnns  or  archers  for  want  of  training 
and  equipment;  and  for  the  work  of  li'.'hl  armed 
troops  and  foragers,  the  Irish  and  Welsh  seem  to 
have  iH'cn  preferred.  The  opporlunitv  of  the 
serfs  came  with  the  Black  Heath,  while  districts 
were  depopulated,  and  evervwhere  tbire«;isa 
want  of  hands  to  till  the  ifelds  and  get  ill  the 
ero|is.  The  imiueiliate  elTeet  was  unlortunate. 
.  .  The  indiirercii.  e  of  l.ite  years,  when  men 
were  careless  if  their  villaiis  »ta"yed  on  the  prop- 
erty or  emigrated,  was  suceceded  by  a  sharp  in- 
iiui.silion  alter  fugitive  sirfs.  anil  eo'iisiaiit  h'gis- 
lalion  111  bring  tliciii  li.iek  to  their  m.isierH.  . 
The  hading  idea  of  tlie  leirislator  w.is  that  the 
labourer,  wliosi'  work  had  ilouliled  or  trebled  in 
value,  was  to  receive  the  same  wages  as  in  years 
past;  and  it  was  cnaclid  that  he  iiiiL'ht  be" paid 
in  kind,  and,  at  last,  that  ill  all  eases  of  con- 
tumacy he  should  be  iiuprisoiied  witlioiit  tl p- 

tiiai  of  a  line.  .  .  .  The  Kivm  h  war  coiitnbiited 
in  maiiv  ways  to  lieighien  the  leeliiig  nf  Eniilish 
ii.iliiuialily,  Oio-  trade,  our  language  ami  our 
(liiirch  received  anew  and  powerful  inlluence. 
In  the  early  years  ot  Edward  Ills  ivign,  Italian 
nierchanis  were  the  great  tiiianciers  of  England, 
farming  the  taxes  and  advaniiiii.'  loans  to  the 
Crown.  Cradually  the  instinei  of  race,  tfie  intlu- 
ciice  of  the  Pope,  and  geoirniphieal  position, 
contributed,  with  the  mistakes  of  Edward's 
liolicy,  to  make  Frame  the  head,  as  it  were, 
of  a  confederation  of  i.alin  iialions.  (JeiiiK-se 
ships  sirved  in  the  Freiiili  fleet.  OiniHse  bow- 
iiieii  fought  at  Irecy,  and  English  privateers 
rilorted  on  (ienis'se  comiiierce  Ihiougliout  the 
(ouisi-  of  the  reign.  In  137(1  the  Coniinoiis  peti- 
tioned that  all  Lombards  might  U- expelled  the 
kiii'.'dom,  bringiiiiramonirst  other  chai ires ag.iinst 
them  that  tliey  were  French  spies.  The  Kloren- 
tinesdo  not  seem  lo  have  Ueii  equally  islioiis, 
but  till' failure  of  the  givat  linn  of  the  Barili  in 
131.').  cliielly  through  its  Kiiglisli  engageineiits, 
oliliged  Edward  to  seek  assisiame  elseviliere;  ami 
he  transferred  the  privil.!.'e  of  hinlini;  to  the 
crown  to  the  merchants  of  the  rising  Ilanse 
ToMiis."_C.  II,  Pearson.  A'/,'/.  Ilht  i„  ih,  I'n'ir- 
li,  nth  I'liilnrii.rli.St  —  '  We  may  tr.iee  the  1  lest  rue- 
live  naliiri'  of  the  war  with  Irance  in  the  notices 
of  adjoining  [larishes  flu-own  into  one  for  want 
of  sutliiient  inhabitaiits.  'of  people  impoverisluil 
tiy  frequent  taxation  of  our  lord  the  king.'  until 
they  had  tied,  of  eliiirclies  aUowed  to  fall  into 
ruin  Is'iaiise  there  were  none  to  wnrsliiii  within 
j   tlieir  wall.s,  and  of  nligious  houses  cxliuguished 


830 


ENGLAND,  1333-1380. 


n*  Black  Dralh. 


ENOLAND,  13S0-1400. 


*i 


horaiisw  the  monks  ami  niins  had  died,  and  ni)ne 
bad  Ihcii  found  to  supply  their  places.  ...  To 
the  poverty  of  the  eountry  anil  the  consequent 
Inability  of  the  nation  to  maintain  the  costly 
wars  of  Edward  III.,  are  attributed  the  enact- 
ments of  sumptuary  laws,  which  wen:  passc^d 
lM'caus<>  men  who  spent  much  on  Ihcir  table  and 
ilrcss  were  unahio  'to  help  their  liege  lortl' in 
the  battle  field."— W.  Denton,  Kng.  in  the  15th 
t't'iitiiftf,  inf..  pt.  2. 

A.  b.  13^-1349.— The  Black  Death  and  iti 
effecti.— 'The   plajrue  of   134U  .  .  .  prcKlueed 
in  every  country  some  marked   social  changes. 
...   In  Kn),'land  the  clfccts  of  the  plaRuc  are 
historically  prondnent  cliielly  among  the  lower 
clas.S4S  of  .stx-iety.     The  popidation  was  dimin- 
ished to  an  extent  to  which  it  is  impossible  now 
even  to  ap|)roximute,  but  which  Iwwihieretl  and 
appalled  the  writi>n<  of  the  time;  whole  districts 
were  tlirown  out  of  cultivation,  whole  parishes 
de|)opuhited.  the   number  of  lalH)unrs  was  so 
mucli  diminished  that  on  the  one  hand  the  surviv- 
ors demundeil  an  e.xtnivagant  rule  of  wages,  and 
even  comliineil  to  enforc'e  it,  whilst  on  the  other 
hand  the  landowners  had  to  ri'sort  to  every  anti- 
quated claim  of  service  to  get  their  estates  culti- 
vated at  all;  the  whole  system  of  fanning  was 
changed  in  conseiiucnce,  the  great  landlonis  and 
the  monastic  corporations  ceased  to  manage  their 
estates  by  farming  stewards,  and  after  a  short 
Interval,  during  which  tlie  lands  with  the  stock 
on  them  were  let  to  the  cultivator  on  short  leases 
the  imxlern  system  of  letting  was  intr<xluce<li 
and  the  permanent  distinction  between  the  farmer 
and  the  lalH)urer established. "—W.  Stubbs,  Voiut. 
Hint.  >■/  Kii'i.,  eh.  18,  «■<■/.  2.W.— "On  the  first  of 
August  134«  the  disj'ase  appeared  in  the  seaport 
towns  of  Dorsetshire,  and  travelled  slowly  west- 
wards and  northwanls,  thnmgh  Devonshire  and 
Somersetshire  to  Bristol.     In  ottlcr,  if  possible, 
to  arrest  its   pmgress,  all  interccmrse  with  the 
citizens  of  Bristcd  was  prohibiUil  by  the  authori- 
ties of  tlie  coimty  of  Oloucester.     These  pre- 
cautions were  however  taken  in  vain;  the  Plague 
continued  to  Oxford,  and,  travelling  slowly  in 
the  same  measured  way,  reached  London  by  the 
first  of  XovemlKT.     It  appeared  in  Norwich  on 
the  first  of  ,Iimuary,  and  thence  spread  north- 
wanls. .  .  .  The  mortality  was  enomums.     Per- 
haps fnim  one  third  to  one-half  the  population 
fell  victims  to  the  disease.     Adam  of  Jlcmmoulh 
mys  that  only  a  tenth  of  the  population  survived 
Similar  amplilications  are  fcmnd  in  all  thechnmi- 
Clcrs.      We  are  told  that  6(»,(M»  persons  pi^rished 
In  Norwich  iMtween  .lanuiiry  and  July  lit49.    No 
doubt  Norwich  was  at  that  time  the  second  city 
in  the  kingdom,  but  the  iniiidicr  is  impossible 
.  .   .   It  is  stated  that  in  England  the  weight  of 
the  calamity  fell  cjii  the  piKir,  and  that  the  higher 
classes  were-  less  severely  alTec  liel.     Hut  Edwards 
daughte  r  ,Ie,an  fe  II  a  victim  to  it  and  three  arcli- 
bishopsof  Caiitciliury  perislicil  in  llie>  same  year. 
.  .  .  All  contemporary  write  r>4infeirni  usthat  the 
imnieiliate   c  ..nsciiiiiiice   of    the    I'higue    was  a 
dearth  of  labour,  and  excessive  cidi.mcement  of 
wages,  and  tlicriup.in  a  serious  loss  to  the  land- 
owners.    To  iiicit  this  .SI  arcitv  the  liing  issued  a 
proclaiiialioriilirceii-,lt.)llic  slierilTs  of  tlie- several 
comiti.s.  which   forbad   tin.   pa\  nient  of  liighc  r 
than  Ihe-e-usteiniary  wages,  unde'r  the  penaltiisof 
»me  rccnient.     Hiit  the  kings  mandate  was  every 
where-   elise.bcveel.       .  .  Many   of   the   lal)ouriTs 
Were  thrown  into  prison;  many  to  avi.id  piiejjsh- 


840 


ment  fled  to  the  forests,  but  were  occasionally 
captured  and  fined ;  and  all  were  constrained  to 
disavow  under  oath  that  they  wonhl  take  higher 
than  customary  wages  for  the  future." — .1.  K.  T. 
Uogers,  Hint,  nf  Ajrir'iltiire  :in,l  I'l-ieo  in  Hng' 
r.  1,  rh.  Wt.      See  lii..\CK  Ubatd. 

Al-so  IN:  V.  .V.  Uasepict,  I  lie  (Irmt  Pei>lilenn. 
— W.  Longman,  Kiliranl  III.,  r.  1,  c/t  10.— ^V. 
Jcssop,  The  VomiiKj  of  the  Friurn,  if-c,  ch.  A-Tt 

A.  D.  1350-1400.— Chaucer  and  his  relations 
to  English  language  and  literature.—"  At  the 
time  when  the  contlfet  between  church  and  slate 
was  most  violent,  and  when  Wyclif  was  U'gin- 
ning  to  draw  upon  himself  the  eyes  of  patriots, 
there  was  considerable  talk  at  the  English  court 
about  a  young  man  named  GeolTrey  Chaucer, 
who  belonged  to  the  king's  houscliolcl,  and  who 
both  by  his  personality  and  his  connections  en- 
joyed the   favor  of  the  royal  family.  ...  On 
many  occa.sions,  even   thus  early,  he   had    ap- 
peared as  a  miracle  of  learning  to  those  alx)ut 
him  — he  read   Latin   a-s  easily  as  French;    ho 
spoke  a  more  select  English  than  others;  and 
it  was  known  that  he  had  composed,  or,  as  the 
expression  then  was,  'made,' many  beautiful  Eng- 
lish verses.     The  young  poet  belonged  to  a  well- 
to-do  middle-class   family  who  had  many  far- 
reaching  connections,  and  even  some  Intfucnce 
with  the  court.  .  .  .  Even  as  a  l)oy  he  may  have 
heani  his  father,  John  Chaucer,  the  vintner  of 
Thames  Street,  London,  telling  of  the  marvelous 
voyage  he  had  made  to  Antwerp  and  Cologne  la 
the  brilliant  suite  of  Edward  III.  in  1338.    When 
a  youth  of  sixteen  or  seventeen,  Geoffrey  served 
as  a  page  or  8C|uire  to  Elizabeth,  duchess  of 
Ulster,  tiret  wife  of  Lionel,  duke  of  Clarence,  and 
daughter-in-law  of  the   king.      He  Imro  arms 
when  about  nineteen  years  of  age,  and  went  to 
Franco  In   13.')9,   In  the  army  commanded  by 
Edward  III.  .  .  .  This  epoch  formed  a  sort  of 
'Indian  summer'  to  the  age  of  chivalry,  and  Its 
spirit  found  expression  in  great  deeds  of  war  as 
well  as  in  the  festivals  and  manners  of  the  court. 
The  Uleal  which  men  stmve  to  realize  did  not 
quite  correspond  to  the  spirit  of  the  former  age. 
On  the  whole,  i>eople  had  become  more  worldly 
and   practical,  and   were  generally  anxious  to 
protect  the  real  interests  of  life  from  the  un- 
warranUcI  interfen^ncc  of  romantic  aspirations. 
The  spirit  of  c'Mvalry  no  longer  formed  a  funda- 
mental element,  but  only  an  ornament  of  life  — 
an  ornament,  indeed,  which  was  made  much  of, 
and  which  was  looked  upon  with  a  se'niinient 
partjiking  of  enthusiasm.  ...  In  tlie  midst  of 
this  outside  woriel  of  motley  pomp  and  throbbing 
life  Geoffrey  could  ohsc-rve  the  chiinga  of  high 
and   low  in   various  situations.     He   was  early 
initiated  into  court  intrigues,  and  even  into  many 
political    sccix'ts,    anel    found    oppeirtunities  of 
studying   the    human    t\  pi'    in    numerous   in.li- 
viiluals  and  acciireliiig  to  the  varieties  ih-veh)iied 
by  nink  in   life,  cduealion,   age^,  a,  1  sex. 
Nothing  has  liein  preserved  from  liisearlv  writ- 
ings.  .   .   .  The  fac  t  is  very  leinarkalilc  thu"l  fnim 
llie  first,  or  at  least  from  a  verv  earlv   jieriod 
Chaucer  w rule  in  the  English  language'- how- 
ever natural  this  mav  sec'in  to  sue  eieiling  a"es 
in  'The  Father  of  English  I'lttrv.'     Tliee.mrt 
of  Kelwarel  III.  f.ivonil  the  lanL'in'iL'e  as  well  as 
the  Mtinilureof  France:   a  cousiclcmlile  numlier 
of   French   piHls  and   '  niinestnls'  were  in  tho 
si'rvice  and   pay  of  the  Enirlish  king.      Queen 
1  hihppa.  in  partiruliir,  sho>^  iii-,'  herscif  io  this  a 


j 


ENGLAND,  18SA-1400 


Chaucer. 


ENGLAND,  1360-1414. 


.i 


triir  (laughter  of  her  native  Ilainault,  formed 
till'  M'ntrc  of  n  sm-lety  cultivating  tlie  French 
lan;;ungc  and  poetry.  Slie  had  in  lur  )H'rHonal 
(rrvice  Jean  Froissart,  one  of  the  most  eminent 
rc'pn'si'ntativeKof  that  language  and  i)oetry;  like 
herself  lie  lielonged  to  one  of  the  most  northern 
districts  of  the  French-speaking  territory;  he 
bad  made  liimM'lf  a  great  name,  as  a  prolilic  and 
clever  writer  of  erotic  and  allegoric  trilled,  lie- 
fore  he  sketched  out  in  his  famous  chronicle  the 
motley-colored,  vivid  picture  of  that  eventful 
age.  We  also  see  in  this  iwriod  young  English- 
men of  mnk  and  education  trying  their  Higlit  on 
the  French  Parnassus.  ...  To  these  Anglo- 
Fn'nch  p<K'ts  there  l>elongcd  also  a  Ki'ntisliman  of 
noble  family,  named  John  (Jowcr.  Though  some 
ten  years  the  senior  of  Chaucer,  he  had  probalily 
met  him  alwut  this  time.  Tliey  were  ixTtainly 
afterwanls  very  intimately  aci|uainted.  Gower 
.  .  .  had  received  a  very  careftd  e<lucation,  and 
loved  to  devote  the  time  he  could  spare  fn>ni  the 
management  of  his  estates  to  study  and  poetry. 
His  learning  was  in  many  respects  greater  than 
Chaucer's.  He  had  studied  the  I.,atin  poets  so 
diligently  that  he  could  easily  express  himself  in 
their  language,  and  he  was  ei|ually  giMxl  at 
writing  French  verses,  which  were  able  to  pass 
muster,  at  least  in  England.  .  .  .  Uut  Chaucer 
dill  not  let  hims<'lf  be  led  aslrav  by  examples 
Buch  as  these.  It  is  possible  that  lie  would  have 
found  writing  in  French  no  ca.sy  task,  even  if  he 
had  attempted  it.  At  any  rate  his  bourgeois 
origin,  and  'lie  seriousness  of  his  vocation  as 
poet,  threw  .  determining  weight  into  the  scale 
and  secured  his  tidelity  to  the  English  language 
with  a  commendable  consistency." — B.  Ten 
Brii.k,  Hut.  of  Emjlinh  IJttratiire,  bk.  4,  ch.  4 
(c  2.  pt.  1). — "English  was  not  taught  in  the 
si'liiHils,  hut  French  only,  until  after  tlic  acci's- 
sion  of  Kichard  II.,  or  possibly  the  latter  years 
of  Edward  III.,  and  Ijitin  was  always  studied 
thn>ugh  tJie  French.  Up  to  this  period,  then,  as 
there  were  no  standanls  of  literary  autlioritr, 
and  probably  no  written  collections  of  estali- 
lisliicl  forms,  or  otiier  grammatical  essays,  the 
lan-'iagc  had  no  fixedness  or  uniformity,  and 
har.lly  deserved  to  be  called  a  written  speech. 
.  .  .  Prom  tills  Babylonish  confusion  of  speech, 
the  iiiHuence  and  example  of  Chaucer  did  more 
to  res<iic  his  native  tongue  than  any  other  single 
cause;  and  if  we  compare  his  dialect  with  that 
of  any  writer  of  an  earlier  date,  wc  shall  fln(l 
that  in  compass,  flexi'>ility,  expressivenes,s.  gnice, 
and  all  the  higher  qualities  of  pcH-lical  diction, 
he  gave  it  at  once  the  utmost  pcrfe<tion  which 
the  materials  at  his  hand  would  |M'rniit  of.  The 
English  writers  of  the  fourteenth  ccnturvhad  an 
advautuge  which  was  altogctlicr  peculiar  to  their 
age  and  country.  At  all  previous  pcrio<ls.  the 
two  langiiagi>s  had  co  existed,  in  a  groat  <liL'rce 
indc|x'ii(lentlyof  each  other,  with  little  tendencv 
to  intermix ;  but  in  the  earlier  part  of  that  ci'ri- 
tiiry,  they  began  to  coalcs<e,  and  this  jinicess 
was  going  on  with  a  riipidily  that  threatened  a 
predominance  of  the  French,  if  not  a  total  c\- 
tirK'lion  of  the  Saxon  element.  .  .  .  Wlieii  the 
naliiinal  spirit  was  arouse<i.  and  impelled  lo  lln- 
creation  of  a  national  literature,  the  pent  or  prose 
writer,  in  selecting  his  diction,  had  almost  two 
whole  vocabularies lafori' him.  That  the  syntax 
should  lie  English,  national  feeling  demanded; 
but  French  was  no  familiar  and  hiibituul  t'>  all 
who  were  able  to  re»d,  that  probably  the  scholar- 


ship of  the  day  would  scarcely  have  been  able  to 
determine,  with  respect  to  a  large  proportion  of 
the  words  in  common  use,  frt>m  which  of  tba 
two  great  wells  of  speech  they  had  proceeded. 
Happily,  a  great  arbiter  arose  at  the  critical  mo- 
ment of  severance  of  the  two  peoples  and  dia- 
lects, to  preside  over  the  division  of  the  common 
pro|K'rly,  and  to  determine  what  share  of  the 
contribittions  of  France  should  he  permanently 
annexed  lo  the  linguistic  inheritance  of  English- 
men. Chaucer  did  not  intnNlucc  into  the  Eng- 
lish language  words  which  it  liad  rejected  as alieiu 
liefore,  but  out  of  those  which  hail  lieen  already 
receiviHl,  he  invested  the  lietter  portion  with  the 
rights  of  citizenship,  and  stam|>ed  them  with 
tlie  mint-mark  of  English  coinage.  In  this  way, 
he  formed  a  vocabulary,  which,  with  few  ex- 
ceptions, tlie  taste  and  opinion  of  succeeding 
genenilions  has  approved;  and  a  literary  diction 
was  thus  established,  which,  in  nil  the  qualitiei 
recpiiri'd  for  tlie  poetic  art,  had  at  that  time  no 
superiiir  in  the  languagi's  of  niixiern  Europe. 
The  soiindnessof  Chaucer's  iudgnient,  the  nicety 
of  Ids  philohigical  appreciation,  and  the  delicacy 
of  his  sense  of  adaptation  to  the  actual  wants  of 
the  English  people,  are  siilliciently  proved  by 
the  fact  that,  of  tlie  liomance  words  found  in  his 
w  ritings.  not  much  aliove  one  hundred  have  been 
suffered  to  iR'conie  obsolete,  while  a  much  larger 
nunilMT  of  Anitlo-Saxon  words  employed  by 
him  have  passeit  altogether  out  of  use.  ...  In 
tlie  three  centuries  which  elapsed  between  the 
Conquest  and  the  noon-tide  of  Cliaucer's  life,  a 
large  proportion  of  tlie  Anglo-Saxon  dialect  of  re- 
ligion, of  moral  and  intellectual  discourse,  and  of 
taste,  had  Income  utterly  olisolete, and  unknown. 
'the  iilace  of  the  lost  words  had  been  partly  sup- 
plied by  the  importation  of  Continental  terms; 
but  the  new  wonis  came  without  the  organic 
power  of  composition  and  derivation  which  be- 
longed to  those  they  had  supplanted.  Conse- 
quently, they  were  incapable  of  those  modifica- 
tions of  form  and  txtensions  of  meaning  which 
tlie  Anglo  Saxon  roots  couhl  so  easily  assume, 
and  wliich  fitted  them  for  the  expression  of  the 
new  shades  of  thought  and  of  sentiment  born  of 
every  hour  in  a  mind  and  an  age  like  those  of 
Cliaucer.  ' — G.  P.  Marsh,  Origin  and  llist.  of  the 
Eng.  iMng.,  leet.  9. 

Also  in  :  T.  U.  Lounsbury.  Stadia  in  Cliaueer. 
— A.  Vi.  Ward,  C/iaurtr.—W.  Ooflwin,  Life  of 
Oeoffny  i  Vni  ttn-r. 

A.  D.  1360-1414.— The  Lollards,— "  The  Lol- 
lanls  were  the  curliest  '  I'roteslants '  of  England. 
They  were  tlii'  followers  of  .John  Wyclif,  but  be- 
fore his  lime  the  nil  kiiunie  of  Lollard  had  been 
known  on  the  continent.  A  lillle  brothcrhtxKl  of 
pious  people  had  sprung  up  in  Holland,  about 
the  year  IJilK),  w  ho  lived  in  a  half -monastic  fashion 
and  devoted  themselves  to  helping  the  poor  in  the 
burial  of  llieir  dead;  and.  from  the  low  chants 
they  s;ing  at  the  tunemls  —  lollen  licing  the  old 
word  for  such  singing  —  tliey  were  called  Lol- 
l.irds.  The  priests  and  friars  haled  them  and 
arc  usi d  llicm  of  heresy,  ami  a  Waller  Lollard, 
iin>liably  one  of  them,  was  burnt  in  ll'i'J  at  Co- 
logne as  a  heretic,  and  gradually  the  name  became 
a  nicknanic  for  such  people.  So  when  Wyclifa 
■  simple  priests '  were  |>reacliing  the  new  docirincs, 
the  name  already  familiar  in  Ihdland  and  Ger- 
many, wjis  given  to  tliem,  ami  gradually  liecame 
the  name  fcr  that  w!i"Ie  movement  of  religious 
reformation  which  grew  up  from  the  seed  WycUf 


841 


I 

i 


ENGLAND,  1860-1414. 


Wyrtiffe  and  (JU 
lAdiards. 


ENOLANP,  1360-1414. 


iowcd."— U  llcrford,  Slon/'ifKiligion  in  Eit!i.,eh. 
16. — '■  A  tiirniiii.'  |H)iiit  iirrivnl  in  ic  history  of 
the  ri'forniiiin  pnrly  iik  llu'  iiciTssio,  if  the  house 
of  Ijiiiciistcr.  Kiiij!  Ilciiry  the  Fourth  was  not 
only  11  ilcvotiil  win  of  the  C'lmrch,  Imt  he  owihI 
his  HUiii'ss  in  no  sli;,'lil  nii'iisnru  to  the  iis.sistaiu'u 
of  Hie  Chun  liiiU'U.  anil  alnive  all  tothatof  Arrh- 
bishop  Arunikl.  It  was  filt  that  the  new  dy- 
nnMy  and  tiie  liierarcliy  sIikkI  or  feK  toiri'lUer. 
A  niixliire  of  relii^ious  and  political  motives 
RkI  to  the  passini;  of  the  well  known  slalute 
'l)e  liii'ii'liiiMiinibunndo' in  1401  ami  Ihemvfor- 
ward  l.oihody  was  a  capital  olTcniv." — U.  L. 
I'iMih'.  \\'//i'liffrifni(  MiirtliirlilH  fnr  Uifiinil,  eh.  8. — 
"Thealiorlive  insurrection  of  the  I.ollarils  at  the 
coniinincenunt  of  Henry  V.'s  reign,  under  the 
leadership  of  Sir  John  Uldeiuslle,  had  the  elTeet 
of  aildiuj;  to  the  penal  laws  already  in  existence 
apiinst  Hie  sei  t."  Thispive  to  Uillardy  a  p<iliticul 
character  and  made  the  hollards  enemies  against 
the  State,  as  is  evident  from  the  king's  prwIaniU' 
tiiin  in  which  it  wasasserled  "that  the  insurgents 
intended  to  '  destrov  him,  his  lirothers  and  sevcal 
of  the  spiritual  anit  Ieui|Miral  lords,  to  confiscate 
till'  poSM'ssiiiiis  iif  the  Church,  to  secularize  the 
religious  iinlirs.  to  divide  the  realm  into  confed- 
erate (list  I  ills,  and  to  appoint  Sir  John  OUI- 
cu.stle  picsideut  of  the  commonwealth.'" — T.  R 
Taswell  Laiiiimeail,  A"/i</.  Vnitl.  Ilixt.  (4(/i  «/.). 
ell.  11  —••The  early  life  of  Wyclille  is  ol)scure. 
.  .  .  He  emerges  into  distinct  notice  in  11160, 
ten  years  siilis<i|Ueiil  to  the  pa.s.siug  of  the  tirst 
blatiitc  of  I'l'iivisiirs,  having  then  uci|Uire<l  a 
great  O.vlonl  reputation  us  a  lecturer  iu  divinity. 
.  .  .  lie  was  a  man  of  moil  simple  life;  aus- 
tere in  a|ii>earanci-.  wilii  hare  feel  and  rusaet 
mantle.  As  a  si>ldier  of  Christ,  he  saw  in  his 
Great  .Mailer  and  his  Apostles  the  patterns  w  hoin 
be  was  liomid  to  imitate.  Hy  the  contagion  of 
example  lie  gathered  alHitit  him  other  men  who 
tliouglit  us  he  did  ,  an<l  gradually,  under  his  cap- 
taincy, these  '  l»oor  priests* '  as  they  were  called 
—  vowed  to  poverty  lieeausv  Christ  wag  p<Mir  — 
vowed  to  accept  no  U'lietice  .  .  .  spread  out  over 
the  ( ouiitry  as  an  army  of  niis.sionar!es,  to  preach 
the  faith  wliiih  they  found  in  the  Uihle  —  to 
preach,  not  of  relics  and  of  iiidulg.nces.  but  of 
repentance  and  of  the  grace  of  OikI.  They  car- 
ried with  them  copies  of  the  Uihle  which  Wycliffe 
bad  iran^lateil,  .  .  .  and  tlii'y  refuseil  to  recognize 
till  autlinrity  of  the  bishops,  or  their  right  to 
silriii  e  till  111.  If  this  hail  Iktu  all,  and  i>erlia|is 
if  Kilwiiid  III.  had  Iktu  succeeded  by  a  prince 
k-ss  iniseralily  iiii'a|ial>le  than  his  grandson  Uich- 
ard,  WyclilTe  miglit  have  made  gisi.l  his  ground; 
the  iiiovinunt  if  the  parliament  against  the  popt; 
mi^dit  have  united  in  a  commou  stnam  with  the 
spiritual  mo\e  against  the  elinrch  at  home,  and 
the  Hefoniiatioii  ha\e  been  antedated  by  a  cen- 
tury. He  was  MiniiTinned  to  answer  for  himsi'lf 
iK-fore  Hie  All  lil>i>,liop  of  Canterbury  In  l:i7», 
lie  iippi  ari'il  ill  <iiurt  supported  by  the  presence 
of  .biliii  i.r  (iaiiiil.  Duke  of  Ijtneaster,  the  eldest 
of  IMwanl  s  surviving  sons,  and  the  autliiirilies 
were  uiialile  to  strike  him  U-hind  so  powerful  ii 
shield,  lint  the  '  piHir  priests'  had  other  doe- 
triiii-s,  ,  ,  .  His  [\V\(Ii|TeV]  theory  of  property, 
mid  lii^  study  of  tlie  iliaraeter  of  Christ,  had  h'd 
him  lo  the  near  cmitines  of  Anabaplism."  The 
rebillinii  iif  Wat  lyler,  \vlii<  h  oeciirn-d  in  IWl, 
i-:i>>t  i)diiiiil  upon  all  slieli  oniniiiiis  "Soliingtis 
Wyclille  lived,  liis  own  lofty  ( Imracter  was  a 
guarantee  for  the  conduct  of  ids  immediate  dis- 


ciples; anil  although  his  favour  had  fardecline<l, 
a  party  in  the  state  remained  attaehisl  to  liim, 
with  siilticieiit  inrtnence  to  pn^vent  the  adoption 
of  extreme  measures  against  the  '  piwr  priests." 
.  .  .  They  were  left  unmolested  for  the  next 
twcniyyears.  .  .  .  On  the  settlement  of  the  coun- 
try niMler  Henry  IV.  they  fell  under  the  general 
lian  which  struck  down  all  parties  who  had  sliarcd 
in  the  late  ilisturlianees." — J.  A.  Froiule,  //>'«(, 
iif  Ehii.,  til.  0.—"  WyelilTe's  tninslation  of  the 
Hible  itself  created  a  new  era,  and  gave  birth  to 
what  may  lie  said  never  lo  have  existed  till  then 
—  a  popular  theology.  .  .  .  It  is  dittleult  in  our 
day  to  imagine  the  impres.sion  such  a  liook  must 
have  priHliiceil  in  an  age  which  had  scarcely  any 
thing  in  the  way  of  popular  literature,  and  which 
had  iH'cn  accustomed  to  regard  the  Scriptures  as 
tliesp<'cial  pro|H'rly  of  the  learned.  It  was  wel- 
eonusl  with  an  enthusiasm  which  conlil  not  be 
rcstndned,  and  read  with  aviility  ImiHi  by  priests 
and  laymen.  .  .  .  The  homely  wisdom,  blended 
with  eternal  truth,  whieh  has  long  since  enriched 
our  vernacular  s|H'ech  with  a  multitude  of  iirov- 
erbs,  could  not  thenceforlh  be  restrained  in  its 
circulation  bv  mere  pious  awe  or  time-honor.red 
prejudice,  bivinity  was discus.se<l  in  ale-lioi  scs. 
I'lipiilar  prea.hers  maile  waru|>on  old  prejudices, 
and  did  much  to  shiK-k  that  sensi-  of  reverence 
w huh  Udonged  to  an  earlier ger.i  r  .liim.  A  new 
sehiMil  had  arisen  with  a  theology  oi  .tiown,  warn- 
ing the  iH'ople  against  the  delusive  preaching  of 
the  friars,  and  asst'rting  loudly  its  ow  n  claims  to 
Ih!  true  and  evangelical,  on  the  gnu  nd  that  it 
IKissesscd  the  gospel  in  the  English  tongue.  Ap- 
p<'allng  to  such  an  authority  in  their  favour,  the 
eUMpieuce  of  the  new  teachers  made  a  marvellous 
impn'ssion.  Their  followers  inen-asjsl  with  ex- 
tnionlinary  rapidity.  Hy  the  estimate  of  an  op- 
IHinent  they  soon  numlR'red  half  the  population, 
and  you  could  hanlly  see  two  |>ersons  in  the  strtft 
but  one  of  them  wiut  a  Wycliiiite.  ,  .  .  They 
were  supjiorted  hy  the  |K)weriul  intliienccof  John 
of  Gaunt.  whosh!el<''d  not  cnly  Wycliffe  him- 
self, but  even  the  most  violent  of  the  fanatics. 
And,  certainly,  whatever  might  have  been  Wy- 
elilTe's own  view,  doctrines  were  pn<mulgate«l  by 
his  reputed  followers  that  were  distinctly  sub- 
versive of  authority-.  John  Ball  fomented  the  in 
surrection  of  Wat  Tyler,  by  preaching  the  natural 
equality  of  men.  ,  .  .  But  the  popularity  of  Lol- 
lanly  "was  shortlived.  The  extruvajfanee  In 
which  it  led  MHin  alienated  the  sympathies  of  the 
people,  and  the  sect  fell  olT  in  nuinlH'rs  almost  as 
rapidly  as  it  had  risin." — J.  Gainlner,  Ktuitit»  in 
Kill/.  Ilint  ,  1-3. — "  Wyclif  .  .  .  wasnot  without 
numiToiis  followers,  and  the  I.«llanlism  which 
spning  out  of  his  leaehing  was  a  living  fone  in 
Kngland  for  some  time  lo  come.  But  it  was  weak 
tliMMigh  its  conneelion  with  subversive  social  doc- 
Iriiies.  He  himself  sKhmI  alisif  fnim  such  doc- 
trines, but  he  could  not  prevent  his  followers 
fmm  mingling  in  the  social  fray.  It  was  perhaps 
their  merit  that  they  did  so.  The  established  con- 
stilnlioiial  order  was  but  another  name  for  op- 
pn-ssion  and  wrong  to  the  lower  cla.s.s<»s.  But  as 
yet  the  lower  da.sstis  wen'  not  surtieiently  ad- 
vanced ill  mural  and  |)olitieal  training  to  make  it 
safe  to  entrust  them  with  the  tjisk  of  righting 
their  own  wrongs  as  tliey  would  have  altempteu 
lo  light  llieni  it  they  had  gained  the  mastery.  It 
had  iievertlieless  iM-eome  impossible  lo  leave  the 
peasants  li  'le  once  more  goaded  by  suffering  into 
rebellion.     Tlie  attempt,  if  it  had  been  made,  to 


842 


ENGLAND,  1360-1414. 


Richard  It  and 
H'al  Tyler. 


ENGLAND,  1381. 


enforce  nbsnhitc  lnlH>iir  rrnis  wun  tacitly  aban- 
doned, Hnd  Knidiially  during  tliv  ni'Xtcintiiry  the 
muss  uf  till'  viili'in.s  pafiacd  into  tlif  piwition  of 
fret-men.  For  llic  nionient.  niiblea  and  pnlntes, 
landiiwnt'rs  and  clergy,  liunded  tlienisi'lves  to- 
getlier  til  fiirni  one  gri'ut  party  of  resistance.  Tlie 
cliurcli  canie  to  Ih'  Itiit  an  outwork  of  tliv  liaron- 
age." — 8.  I{.  Uanlineraml  J.  B.  Mullinger,  Inlrml. 
to  the  Stuilynf  Eiif,.  IIM.,  pt.  I.  rh.  .5,  KCt.  14-15. 

Also  in;  I,.  S<Tgcant,  ./"/i.-i  W'udif.—O.  L«'cli- 
ler. »/"/(/»  Wirtif  luui  liiH  Enifiiith  1'rfrnrmtrn. — S<'e, 
also.  Iioiit-:Mi.\:  A.  I).  140.')-1415.  and  IJEoriNKs. 

A.  D.  1377.— Accession  of  King  Richard  II. 

A.  D.  1377-1399.— The  character  and  rei^n 
of  Richard  II. — "  Iticlianl  II.  was  a  far  superior 
man  to  many  of  tlie  weaker  kinfrs  nf  Engliinil ; 
tint  Ixinj;  self  willed  and  unwnrlike,  lie  was  un- 
(itteil  for  the  work  which  the  times  rc(|Uireil. 
Yet,  on  a  closer  inspection  than  the  tnulitiuniil 
view  of  the  reijrn  hiis  genenilly  eiicoiinigeil,  we 
cannot  hut  oliscrve  that  the  liner (jualitics  which 
came  out  in  certain  crises  of  his  reign  appear 
to  have  fnc|uenlly  intliienceil  his  conduct:  we 
know  that  he  was  not  an  immoral  man.  that  he 
was  an  excellent  liushaiid  to  ail  excellent  wife, 
and  that  he  had  ilcvoled  friends,  willing  tu  lay 
down  their  lives  fi>r  liiiii  when  there  was  nothing 
whatever  left  for  them  to  gain.  .  .  .  Kichard, 
who  hud  iM'cn  brought  up  in  the  purple  quite  as 
much  as  Eilward  11..  was  kept  under  restraint 
by  his  uncles,  and  not  l>eing  judiciously  guided 
in  the  artu  of  government,  fell,  like  his  proto- 
type, ii.Io  liie  lianils  of  favourites.  His  brilliant 
behaviour  in  the  insurrection  of  IIWI  indicated 
niiK  h  more  than  mere  |Mm!ses,sioii  of  the  I'lantage- 
net  cnunige  ami  presence  of  mind.  He  showed 
a  real  sympathy  with  the  villeins  who  hail  un- 
deniable grievances.  .  .  .  Ilia  instincts  were  un- 
doubtedly for  frredom  and  forgiveness,  and  there 
is  no  proof,  nor  even  probability,  that  he  in- 
tended to  use  the  villeins  against  his  enemies. 
His  early  and  happy  marriage  with  Anne  of 
Ilohenua  ought,  one  might  think,  to  have  saved 
him  from  the  vice  of  favouritism:  but  he  was  at 
least  more  fortunate  than  EdwanI  II.  in  notlieing 
cast  uiiilerthe.spellof  aUavcston.  When  wi  con- 
sider the  effect  of  such  a  galling  government  as 
tliat  of  his  uncle  (Jloucester,  and  his  cousin  IVrby, 
afterw'unis  Henry  IV.,  who  seems  to  have  lieen 
pushing  Gloucester  on  from  the  tirst,  we  can 
hardly  be  surprised  tb  *  '■■■  should  require-  some 
frienil  to  lean  uixai.  Ti.  gn  is,  in  short,  from 
one.  and  |H-rliaps  the  trues  loint  of  view,  a  long 
duel  lietween  the  son  of  the  Ulack  I'rinceand  the 
sonof  .lohnof  tiauut.  One  or  other  of  them  must 
inevitably  perisli.  A  handsome  and  cultivated 
youth,  w  ho  showed  himself  at  lifteen  every  inch 
u  king,  who  was  married  at  sixteen,  and  liil  his 
own  army  to  Si'otland  at  eighteen,  required  a 
dilTcrent  treatment  from  that  whic  h  he  received, 
lie  WHS  a  man,  and  should  have  been  dealt  with 
as  such.  His  lavi-,li  and  reprehensible  grants  to 
his  laviniritcs  were  made  the  excuse  for  Gh)ii- 
((  stirs  violent  iiilcrfenniv  in  1:1S«.  but  there  is 
miod  ground  for  l)elie\iug  that  the  movement 
w.is  .unmraged  by  the  aiiti  Wiclillite  party, 
which  had  tiikcn  ahirm  at  the  sympathy  with  the 
liiforiners  shown  at  this  time  by  Uiiliard  and 
Anne.  ' — M.  Burrows,  ('iimiiientitriia  on  the  llin 
(•■I'll  <,f  Eh'jUiml,  hk.  2,  <•/(.  5. 

Also  in:  .1.  R.  Gre-en.  llUt.  of  tlie  KnnlM 
Pmiiif,  iik.  4.  <•/(.  4  (r.  1).— t'.  li.  I'earson,  Knglith 
nut.  in  the  14/A  Cent'y,  eh.  lO-l'J. 


A.  D.  1381.— Wat  Tyler'i  Rebellion.— "Id 

June  13H1  there  broke  out  in  England  the  for- 
midable insurrection  known  ag  Wat  Tyler's  Hc- 
iK'llion.  The  movement  seems  to  have  Ix-gun 
among  the  iHindmen  of  Essex  and  of  Kent :  liut 
it  spread  at  once  to  the  counties  of  Sussex, 
Hertfonl,  Cambridge,  Suffolk  anil  Norfolk 
The  |>easnntry,  armed  with  bludgeons  and  riistv 
snonls,  tirst  occupied  the  roads  by  which  pil- 
griiiiH  went  to  Canterbury,  and  made  every  one 
swear  that  he  woiiM  be  true  to  king  Kichard 
and  not  accept  a  king  named  .lohn.  This,  of 
course,  was  aimed  at  the  governnient  of  John  uf 
Gaunt  [Duke  of  Ijincaster],  ...  to  whom  the 
people  attributed  every  grievance  they  had  to 
coinplaiii  of  The  principal,  or  at  least  the  iin- 
mediale  cause  of  oltcnce  arose-  out  of  a  poll  tax 
which  had  Isen  voliil  in  tlie  preccdinij  yeai  " — 
J.  dAinhwr,  lliiiiHiHif  Ijinritftir  unit  iiirk,fU.  2. 
— The  leaders  of  the  in.siirgeuts  were  Wat  the 
Tyler,  w  ho  had  lieen  a  .soldier.  ,Iohn  Ball,  a  priest 
and  preacher  of  demiHratic  and  socialistic  doc- 
trines, and  one  know  n  asJack  Straw.  They  made 
their  way  to  London.  "It  ought  to  have  been 
easy  to  fceep  them  out  of  the  city,  as  the  only 
approach  to  it  was  by  London  liridge,  and  the 
mayor  and  cliicf  citizens  pro|>osed  to  defend  it. 
But  the  Ixindoners  generally,  and  even  three  of 
the  aldermen,  were  well  inclined  to  tlie  rebels, 
and  declared  that  they  would  not  let  the  gate.-  be 
shut  against  their  friends  and  neighbours,  and 
woiihl  kill  the  mayor  himself  if  he  attempted  to 
do  it.  So  on  the  evening  of  Wednesilay,  June 
1:1,  the  insiirgentji  liegan  to  stream  in  across  the 
bridge,  and  next  morning  man'hed  their  whole 
bisly  across  tlie  river,  and  proceeded  nt  once  to 
the  Savoy,  the  splendid  palace  of  the  Duke  of 
Lancaster.  PriHlamation  was  made  that  any 
one  found  stealing  the  smallest  article  would  l>e 
lieheaded :  and  the  place  was  then  w reckeil  and 
burned  with  all  the  fonnalitii-s  of  a  solemn  act 
of  justice.  Gold  and  silver  plate  was  shattered 
with  battle-axes  and  thrown  into  the  Thames; 
rings  and  smaller  jewels  were-  brayed  in  mortars; 
silk  and  embroidered  drcsscfS  were'  tniniplcd  un- 
der feet  and  torn  up.  Then  the  remple  was 
burnt-il  with  all  its  muniments.  The  (aiet  Gower 
was  among  the  lawvers  who  had  to  save  their 
lives  by  dig!  t,  and  fie  passed  several  nights  in 
tlic  wikmIs  nf  Essex,  covere-il  with  grass  and 
leaves  and  living  on  acorns.  Then  the  gre-at 
house  of  the  Hospitallers  at  Clerkenwell  was  de- 
stroyed, taking  seven  days  to  burn. "  Tlie  young 
kingtUichard  II.)  and  Ids  court  and  rouncil  had 
taken  re-fiige  in  the  Tower.  The  insurgents  now 
tlire-atened  to  storm  their  sIronglioUl  if  the  king 
did  not  come  out  and  s|H'ak  to  them.  The  king 
consented  and  appointed  a  n>ndezvoiis  at  Mile 
End.  He  kept  llie  appointment  and  nut  his 
turbulent  subjects  with  so  much  courage  and 
tact  and  so  many  iironiisi-s,  that  he  |H'rsiiaded  a 
great  iiumlier  to  disiK-rse  to  their  homes.  But 
while  this  p;icilic  interview  took  place,  Wat 
Tyler,  .lohn  B;dl.  and  some  4IK)  of  their  followers 
burst  into  the  Tower,  determined  to  find  the 
archbisliop  of  Canterbury  and  llie  Lord  Tnas- 
urer.  Sir  Uobcrt  ile  Hales,  who  were  the  most 
olinoxious  ministers.  "  So  great  wns  the  freneral 
conste-rnation  th:il  the  soldiers  d.ii'ed  not  laisi-a 
hand  while  these  riitllans  searcliol  the  dilTereut 
nMims.  not  sparing  even  the  king's  bednMiin. 
running  s|M'ars  into  ilie  IkiIs.  asked  the  kings 
mother  to  kiss  tlieiii.  and  played  insolent  jokes 


843 


ENGLAND,  1381 


Peatantrj/. 


ENOlJiND,  1899-1471. 


i 

If 


on  the  chief  offlreni.  rnhiippily  they  were  not 
long  in  ttniling  the  nrcbbiHhop.  who  hail  Miiil 
niniw  In  the  chupel,  anil  was  knit'lInK  at  the  altnr 
In  exiM'elatliin  of  their  appnmch.'  The  U)nl 
TrcumirtT  waa  also  found,  anil  l>i>ti>  he  anil  the 
archhlshop  were  suniniarlly  beheaileil  by  the 
mob.  "Muriler  now  became  tlie  order  of  the 
day,  ami  forei};nera  were  among  the  chief  vic- 
tinia;  thirteen  KlemiuRs  were  ilruK^ed  out  of 
one  churi'h  and  iK'headeil.  seventeen  out  of 
another,  and  nlto|;ether  It  Is  said  400  periiihed. 
Many  private  cnndtiea  were  revenged  by  tlie 
London  rubble  on  tliisday."  On  the  next  day, 
June  K'),  the  king,  with  an  armed  escort,  went  to 
the  camp  of  llie  Insurgents,  at  SndthHeld,  and 
oix'ned  negotiations  wTtli  Tyler,  offering  suc- 
cessively thrtr  fonns  of  a  new  charter  of  popu- 
lar rights  and  lilx'rties,  all  of  which  were  re- 
jected, Kiniillv.  Tyler  was  invited  to  a  personal 
conference,  iinil  there,  in  the  midst  of  tlie  king's 
party,  on  some  provocation  or  pn'teiided  provo- 
cation in  his  words  or  iMaring,  the  popular 
h'ltdcr  was  stmrk  from  his  horse  and  killed. 
King  Kichanl  iinmedlately  rode  out  iK'fore  the 
ranks  of  the  nbels,  while  they  were  still  dazed 
by  the  suddenness  and  audacity  of  the  treacher- 
ous blow,  crying  "  1  will  be  your  leader;  follow 
me."  Tlie  thoughtless  mob  followed  and  soon 
found  Itself  surrounded  by  IkmIIcs  of  troops 
whose  courage  had  rivlved.  The  king  now 
commanded  tlic  trembling  peasants  "to  fall  on 
their  knees,  cut  the  strings  of  their  bows,  and 
leave  the  city  and  its  neighbourhood,  under  pain 
of  death,  iH'fore  nightfull.  This  command  was 
Instantly  olH'yed."  Meantime  and  aftcrwanis 
there  were  many  lesser  risings  In  various  parts 
of  the  country,  all  of  which  were  Buppre"s8cd, 
with  such  rigorous  prosecutions  In  the  courts 
that  1,.'(00  persons  are-  said  to  have  suffend 
Judicially. — C.  H.  Pearsim,  Kng.  Ilitt.  in  tlie 
fmirtrfiith  Ctntury.  r/i.  10— The  Wat  Tyler  in- 
surrection proved  disastrous  in  Its  effect  on  the 
work  of  t'hurcli  reform  which  Wyclif  was  then 

rursiiing.  "  Not  only  was  the  power  of  the 
jini'ustrian  party,  on  which  Wyclif  had  re- 
lied, for  the  nioincnt  annihilated,  but  the  quarred 
Ix'twecn  tile  Haronage  and  Church,  on  which  his 
action  had  hitherto  Ih-cii  grounded,  was  hushed 
in  the  iireseiii'e  of  a  common  danger.  Much  of 
the  (Mlium  of  the  outbre-ak,  too,  fell  on  the  Re- 
former. .  .  .  John  Hall,  who  had  ligurcil  in  tlie 
front  rank  of  tlie  revolt,  was  claimed  as  one  of 
hisadiicrents.  .  .  .  Whatevcrlielief suchcharges 
niiglit  gain,  it  is  certain  that  from  this  moment 
all  plans  for  the  reorganization  of  the  Church 
were  coiifoundcd  In  the  general  odium  which  at 
tai  lied  to  the  projects  of  the  socialist  peasant 
hailirs."— J.  U.  Oreen,  Slwrt  Hut.  nf  the  Kiig. 
l',,>l,li\  eh.  .I.  seet.  a.—"  When  I'arliament  as 
s<'inl>leil  it  proved  itself  as  hostile  as  tlic  crown 
to  the  conceding  any  of  tlie  demands  of  the 
IH'opie;  both  were'  faithful  to  all  the  records  of 
history  in  siiniliir  ciisis;  they  wouhl  have  belied 
ail  cxiH-riince  if,  Iwiiig  virtorioiis.  they  liad  con- 
Bi'iitid  to  ilic:  1(  Msl  ((ini'i'ssion  to  the  vanquished. 
The  iipiMTila-iHS  npiidiiitcd  the  recognition  of 
the  riglils  of  tlie  piH)r  to  a  degree,  wliidi  in  our 
time  would  be  cnnsidcriii  slicir  insanity.  Tlie 
king  liail  annulled,  by  proclaiiiatioii  to  the  sher- 
ilTs,  the  charters  of  n)aniiniis.ston  wliicli  he  had 
granted  to  the  insurgents,  and  tliis  revocation 
na.s  warmly  approved  by  both  Lords  and  Com- 
mons, who,  nut  satisfied  with  saying  that  such 


enfninchisemcnt  could  not  be  made  without  their 
consent,  added,  that  they  would  never  give  that 
consent,  even  to  nave  themselves  from  perishlDf 
altogether  in  one  day.  There  was,  it  Is  true,  a 
vague  rumour  alMiut  the  propriety  and  wladnm 
of  abolishing  vlllanage;  but  the  notion  waa 
scouted,  and  the  owucn  of  serfs  sliowed  that 
they  neither  doubted  the  right  by  which  they 
belli  their  fellow  creatures  In  a  state  of  slaverr, 
nor  would  hesitate  to  Increase  the  severity  of  toe 
laws  affecting  them.  They  now  passi-il  a  law 
by  which  'allriots  and  rumours,  and  other  such 
things  were  turned  Into  high  treason ' ;  this  law 
was  most  vaguely  expresscil,  and  would  proba- 
bly Involve  those  who  made  It  In  inextricable 
difflculties.  It  was  self-apparent,  that  this  Par- 
liament a'hil  under  the  impulses  of  panic,  and 
of  revenge  for  recent  Injuries.  ...  It  miglit  be 
said  that  the  citizens  of  the  municipalities  wrote 
their  charters  of  enfranchisement  with  the  very 
IiIinhI  of  their  lonls  and  bishops;  yet,  during 
the  worst  days  of  oppression,  the  serfs  of  the 
cities  hail  never  suffered  the  cruel  excesses  of 
tyranny  enduri-d  by  the  country  people  till  the 
middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  And,  neverthe- 
less, the  long  struggles  of  the  townships,  despite 
the  bloodshed  and  cruelties  of  the  citizens,  are 
ever  considere'il  and  narrated  as  glorious  n'volu- 
tions,  whilst  the  brief  efforts  of  the  peasants  for 
vengeance,  which  were  dniwncd  In  their  own 
blooil,  have  reinalne<l  as  a  stigma  Hung  In  tlie 
face  of  the  country  populations  whenever  thev 
utter  a  word  claiiulng  some  amelioration  in  thefr 
condition.  Whence  the  Injustice?  The  bour- 
geoisie was  victorious  and  successful.  The 
rural  populations  were  vanquished  and  tismpled 
upon.  The  bourgeoisie,  therefore,  has  had  its 
poets,  historians,  and  Uatterers,  whilst  the  poor 
peasant,  rude,  untiitoreil,  ar '  ignorant,  never 
had  a  lyre  nor  a  voice  to  I'  .ail  his  lamentable 
sorrows  and  sufferings." — Prof.  De  Vericour, 
Wat  Tyler  (lioyal  Ilitt.  Soe.,  Tranmctiotu.  n.  «., 
V.  2). 

Also  is;  G.  Lechler,  John  Wiclif,  eh.  9,  teet. 
S.—V.  Knight.  Popular  Hut.  of  England,  t.  8, 
eh.  1. 

A.  D.  1383.— The  Bishop  of  Norwich's  Cru- 
sade in  Flanders.    S<-e  Flanders:  A.  I).  1383. 

A.  D.  1388.— The  Merciless  or  Wonderful 
Parliament.  See  Pahliament,  Tbb  Wonder- 
ful. 

A.  D.  1399.— Accession  of  Kine  Henry  IV. 

A.  D.  1399-1471.— House  of  Lancaster. — 
This  name  is  given  in  English  history  to  the 
family  which  became  royal  in  the  person  of 
Henry  of  Uolingbroke.  Duke  of  Lancaster,  who 
deposed  his  cousin,  Iticliaril  II.,  or  forced  him  to 
alHlicatc  the  throne,  and  who  was  crowneil  king 
(Henry  IV.),  Oct.  II,  1390, with  what  seemed  to  be 
the  consent  of  the  nation.  He  not  only  claimed 
to  he  the  next  In  succession  to  Klchard,  but  he  put 
forwani  a  claim  of  descent  thniugh  his  mother, 
more  direct  than  liichard'H  had  been,  from  Henry 
III.  "In  point  of  fact  Henry  was  not  the  next 
in  succession.  His  father,  John  of  Gaunt  [or 
John  of  Ghent,  in  which  city  he  was  bom],  was 
the  fourth  son  of  Edward  Hi.,  and  there  were 
dcHi'inilantsof  that  king's  third  son,  Lionel  Duke 
of  Clarence,  living.  ...  At  one  time  Klchard 
liimsi'lf  had  ili-signatcd  as  his  successor  the  noble- 
man who  really  sttKMl  next  to  him  in  the  line  of 
(icisrcnt.  Thi.i  was  Roger  Mortimer,  Earl  of 
March,  the  same  who  was  killed  by  the  rebels  in 


844 


ENOLAND.  1«9»-1471. 


and  Hmry  V. 


ENGLAND,  1481-14S8. 


IrrUml.  ThU  Kilmer  liiwl  left  a  son  Edmund  to 
inhprit  liiK  title,  lint  l-^liiiiiiiil  wuk  ii  men!  eliild, 
mid  tho  iiUHinvciilfrirr  of  iiiiiitliiT  minority  fould 
iKit  liiivi-  iMfn  fiiclurcil.  "— .1.  (Juirdnir,  lliuminf 
hiiicimlrr  and  )'../•<,  ,-h.  2. — As  fur  llfnry'H  (irc- 
ti'iiMiiitiii  tlmiii^i.  his  iiHitlicr.  tlwy  witc  uiundtd 
ii|Hiu  wlmt  Mr.  (iainlnir  calls  nn  "iillc  8t<iry.  " 
that  "llic  eldest  Mill  cif  lleiirv  III.  was  not  kiiiK 
Kdwiiril.  Init  his  limtlier  Kitniuiid  ('niuchliack. 
Vat\  (if  hiiiraster.  »liii  was  <'iiriiiiioiily  n|Hited 
the  H< eiiiiil  sun:  and  that  this  Kdiiiiind  had  iH'en 
[lurpiisely  set  aside  on  adoiint  of  his  iHTsoiial 
defiiniiity.  Tlie  plain  fait  of  the  matter  was 
that  hjlnumd  CniuelilHu  k  was  six  years  younger 
than  his  brother  Kdwurd  I.;  and'that  his  snr- 
fiaine  Cronehliaek  had  not  the  smallest  reference 
to  (lersonal  (h'formilv.  but  only  iiii|ilied  that  he 
wore  IheeniKs  iition  liis  liai  k  asa  enisailer.  '  Mr. 
Wylie  (//(■»/.  ';/■/;«,./,  in.ihr  llmry  IW.  t.  1,  eh.  1) 
ivpre^nts  that  this  lalfer  <'laim  was  pnt  forwaril 
nnder  the  ailviie  of  the  hading  jurists  of  the 
time,  to  tjive  the  appi  iinince  of  a  lettiliniate  sui- 
<-es.Hi(in;  wliireas  Henry  took  his  real  title  from 
till'  will  and  assent  of  tlie  nation,  llenrv  IV.  was 
sniiieded  by  his  vijjiirous  son,  lle.iry  V.  and  lie 
in  turn  hv  a  feeble  son.  Henry  \'I..  during  whosti 
nijrn  Kui;land  wxs  torn  by  intrifruis  and  fae- 
tiiins,  ending  in  the  lamentable  civil  wars  known 
as  the  'Wars  of  llie  Uosi'S,"  the  de|M)sition  of 
Henry  VI.  and  the  ai  i|iiisition  of  the  throne  by 
the  ■■  House  of  York,"  in  tiie  imtsoiis  of  Edwaril 
IV.  and  Kicharil  III.  It  was  a  Iminch  of  the 
House  of  Ijincaster  that  reappeared,  after  the 
death  of  liichard  III.  in  the  royal  family  U'tter 
known  as  the  Tuiiors. 

A.  D.  1400-1436.— Relationa  with  Scotland. 
Se<' S«oTI..\.NI>:  A.  I).  I-KX^-UIM). 

A.  D.  1403-1413.— Owen  Glendower'i  Rebel- 
lion in  Wales.     See  W.ki.Ks:  A.  I>.  1402-141;!. 

A.  D.  1403.— Hotspur's  Rebellion.— The  earl 
of  XorthumlKTland  and  bis  son.  Henry  Perry, 
lalled  "  IIots|Mir,'  had  (Mrfornied  ^feal  serviirs 
for  Henry  IV..  in  esuibli.shiii);  and  inaintjiining 
hiinnponthe  throne.  "  .\t the  outset  of  his rei^n 
their  opposition  wouhl  have  larn  fatal  to  him: 
their  adhesion  ensumi  his  victory.  He  had  re- 
wariled  tliem  with  territory  amrhich  otlices  of 
trust,  and  they  had  by  faithful  sirvices  ever 
since  incrett.sed  their  claims  to  jtratitude  and  con- 
siileratioii.  .  .  .  Both  father  and  son  weR' liinh- 
spirileil,  passionate,  suspicious  men,  who  euter- 
tainiil  an  exalted  seiw  of  their  own  services  and 
could  not  endure  the  shadow  of  a  sli«ht.  fp  to 
this  time  [early  in  14<«|  not  a  doubt  had  Imtu 
cast  on  their  fidelity.  Norlhumbirland  was  still 
the  kind's  chief  a^reiit  in  Parliament.  Ids  most 
valued  commander  in  the  Held,  his  .Maltathias. 
It  has  Isin  Ihoiinht  that  I  lotspur's  grudiie  aijainst 
the  kiiii;  liepin  with  the  notion  liiat  the  releasi' 
of  Ids  brolher-in  law,  Kdinund  .Mortimer  [taken 
priM.ner.  the  year  lafon'.  by  the  Welsh),  had 
biin  nejrlcciid  by  the  kinir,  or  was  caused  by 
Henry's  claim  to 'deal  with  the  pri.soners  t.ikeii 
It  llornildon:  the  defenders  of  the  I'ercies  al- 
ii-''d  that  they  had  Isen  deceived  by  Hinrv  in 
!lie  tirsi  instance,  and  only  needed  'to  Im'  "per- 
siMdid  Ihiit  Hichard  lived  in  onler  to  desert  the 
kin:;.  It  is  more  probable  that  they  suspected 
111  nry  s  friendship,  and  were  exasjieraled  bv  bis 
cnnipulsory  economies.  .  .  .  Vet  Henry  swins 
to  have  conceived  no  suspicion.  .  .  .  Northuni- 
berhuid  un,-)  Unt^pur  wt-re  «  riiin:;  fur  iucna.sid 
forces  [for  the  war  with  ScotlandJ  On  the 


lOth  of  July  Henry  had  rcftcbed  Northampton- 
shire on  hlH  way  northwanls:  on  the  ITth  he 
heard  that  Hotspur  with  hU  umic  the  earl  of 
Worcester  were  in  arms  in  Shropshire.  They 
niised  no  cry  of  private  wrongs,  but  pniclaimed 
themselves  the  vindhators  of  national  ri»?lit :  their 
object  was  to  correct  the  evils  of  the  adminis- 
tralion,  lo  eiiforte  the  emphiynienl  of  wise  roun 
s<llors,  and  tlm  pnijier  e.\|ieii  lituri!  of  pubHc 
I  money.  .  .  .  The  n'liort  ran  like  »ildlirethrouf;li 
j  the  west  that  Kichant  was  alive,  and  at  Chester. 
Hotspur's  army  rose  to  14,<HH)men,  and  not  sus- 
I  pectinK  the  strenjrth  and  proniptinss  of  the  klnjf, 
i  lie  sat  down  with  his  uncle  and  his  prisoner,  the 
I  e:irl  of  Douglas,  lafon'  .Shrewsbury.  Henry 
showed  himself  eipial  to  the  need.  From  Burton- 
on  Trent,  where  on  .luly  17  he  summoned  the 
forces  of  the  shires  to  join  him,  he  marched  into 
Shropshire,  and  otTcnil  to  parley  with  the  in- 
surgents. The  earl  of  Worcester'  went  between 
the  camps,  but  he  was  either  an  lni|)olitic  or  a 
tmicheniiis  envoy,  and  the  negotiations  ended  in 
mutual  e.\a.sp«'ralion.  On  the  21st  the  battle  of 
.Shrewsbury  was  fought:  Hotspur  was  slain; 
Worcester  was  taken  and  beheaded  two  days 
after  The  old  earl,  who  may  or  may  not  have 
been  cognizant  of  his  son's  intentions  from  the 
first,  was  now  marching  to  his  succour.  The 
earl  of  Westmoreland.  Ids  brother  in  law,  met 
him  and  dnive  him  back  to  Warkworth.  But  all 
danger  was  over.  On  the  11th  of  August  he 
met  the  king  at  York,  ami  submitted  to  him." 
—  W.  Htubbs,  rnutt.  nut.  iif  Eun..eh  IS,  «W. 
032. 

Al.so  in:  J.  H.  Wylie,  llUt.  of  h'nt;.  under 
Urnry  IV..  r.  1,  eh.  ari.  — W.  Shakispeir  ■,  Kinq 
llenin  IV..,.t.  1. 
A.  D.  1413.— Accession  of  Kinf  Henry  V. 
A.  D.  1413-1433.— Parliamentary  gains  un- 
der Henry  v.—"  What  the  sword  had  won  the 
sword  sliouhl  keep,  said  Henry  V.  on  his  acces- 
sion; Imt  what  was  meant  by  the  sayiug  has  its 
comment  in  the  fait  that,  in  the  year  which  wit 
nes-si'd  his  victory  at  .Vgincourt.  he  yielded  to  the 
House  of  Commons  the  most  lila'nd  measure  of 
legislation  which  until  then  it  had  obtained. 
Th-  dazzling  splendour  of  his  comiucsts  in 
Krana'  li.ul  for  the  time  east  into  the  shade  every 
doubt  or  r|uestion  of  his  tith',  but  the  very  ex- 
tent of  tliiLsj'  gains  upon  the  French  soil  estab- 
lished more  decisively  the  worse  than  useles-snesf. 
of  such  aciiuisitions  to  the  English  throne.  The 
distinction  of  Henry's  rii<,'n  in  constilutional  his- 
tory will  always  Ih'."  that  from  it  dates  that  powiT, 
indisiiensable  to  a  free  and  limited  nion:ircliy, 
called  Privilege  of  Parliament:  the  shield  and 
buckUr  under  which  all  the  ba  ties  of  liberty 
and  good  government  were  fought  in  the  after 
time.  .Not  only  were  itslcading  safeguards  now 
obtained,  but  at  once  so  tirinly  established,  that 
against  the  sli...  k  of  inci'ssant'  ri'sistance  in  later 
years  tliey  -t.„,d  perfectly  unmoved.  Of  the 
awful  right  of  impeaclinient,  too,  the  same  is  to 
Ih-  said.  It  was  won  in  tlie  same  reign,  and  wiis 
never  afterwards  lost.  "—.I.  Forstcr,  llirl.  and 
Hi'".!.  HMitiif.  r.  1,  j>.  207. 

A.  D.  1415-1433.— Conquests  of  Henry  V.  in 
France.  .s,f  Fh.vm-k:  a.  D.  141.'.:  and  1417- 
14-->2. 
A.  D.  1433.— Accession  of  Kingj  Henry  VI. 
A.  D.  1431-1453.- Loss  of  Enghsh  conquests 
and  possessions  in  France.  S.  c  Fii.*.m  k  A.  I). 
1431-1450,  aud  Ai^uiT.U.NK:  A.  I).  1380-1453. 


845 


ENOLAND,  1480. 


Kffrtt  of 
War*  in  »tmcv. 


ENOLAND,  1458. 


■I? 


Ki^'  ?-,n***!- "?••••'•  R«t>«llioii.-A  f,.mil,ln. 
Mr  n'NIIioii  lir.ikiM.iit  in  K.miI,  uii.Iit  the  l.arl.r 
».i|...f„i„..I,„kC,„|,..  A.  It.  ll.-K).  (»v,rl,u,itt,>i,, 
tlic'  Hill  iniiimcimi'iil  of  tlu'cmiicil.  th).  c.xi,,rii.,ii 
of  the  siilHrnlinalc  ..m<Tr«.  the  in juhII.c  ..f  ih,. 
klni;H  l„mli.  iIm- .il.u*' ..f  tlir  riiflit  <.f  |iiirvrv 
?,',"'': '.'"'  ■  <'"i|""-'''*"  anil  mncrccinints,  iiii.l  tiic 

illit'iMnialc  ciritml  ,,f  ,.|,.,.|i „,,r,.  i|„.  ,.||i,.f 

rails..*  „f   III,,  rising.  „f  i  l.-,(i,     ■•  ti„.  risinir  wan 

mainly  |.,.lilinil. .. Illy  ..n..  <„Mi|>hilnt  was  ..iiin..Mi 
inil.  nut  a  siiiirl..  c.n..  was  n.llitl.iiiH.  Wu  tlml 
n.it  a  siiii;!..  ij.man.l  f.ir  iH'w  lii;islali.iii 
Til..  iiHiviinint  Mas  l.y  ni>  nutans  iif  a  ilistlnctlv 
pi.-  >iiani.r.ln.iril.'ilv  .liaracl.r,  Imt  wasii  jri'iioriil 
anil  ..rir  iiii/..i|  risim;  ,,f  Hi..  |n.,,|)1,.  at  lari;..  It 
was  a  |>.>liii,al  iiplnaval  \\\.  tln.l  „„  tra,-t.  ,,f 
s<.n.ili,ni„r<.f,l,.„„„ra.y.  .  .  .  TlM.,„,nin„iis  in 
14  idar.iv.  aifainsl  l.aniasliraii.l  in  fav.ir.if  Y.irk 
I  ii.ir  rNin^:  was  il„.  lirst   -riat  slruiri;].'  in   111.'. 

;V'",,'.'^  !!';•''"'«•' ■-''^'i>|'".  /.''»'-,./ 1'.  i4,-.(i. 

"'  /I  .  1 /A— Ca.l,.  aii.l  Ills  O'IkIs  t.>..k  iHis 
8,-ssi..ii  ..f  [.,.i,.|„„;  |,„t  ,||,,y  „„.r,.  I„.al,n  in  » 
l..illl..aii.l  f..r<.,li,,,|,iir||„.,.iiv.  ( 'a,!,,  an.l  some 
f,,M,.«.is  ,mitii„„.,|  I,,  i„.  |„rl,„l,.,u  aii.l  s.»n 
ufl.rwar.ls  lie  was  kill,.,l.-.I.  (iuirduur,  ll„u«,  „f 
Uinauttr  ami  York,  eh.  7,  itet.  0. 

Ai.s..  IX  ;  r.  M.  ViiMi;!..  r„„„„,  />•„„,  AV/v.  llitt 
oil  .«.  rttn.  r.    I,  ■ 

c«°'.'*5S.-DemoraIized  State  of  the  Mtion. 
— EfTecti  of  the  wars  in  France.— ■  llic  wh,,!,. 
picliir..  ,if  111,,  tini.s  is  v.rv  ili.pri.ssini;  ..ii  Ilic 
in..r.il  If  not  ,.ii  tli,.  inat.rial  si.l...  Tlieriar..  fiw 
iii-.iv  pin|,i|,.,,|s.„|,.sin  liiMorv  llian  tlic  wli„l,. 
lal,.,.r  111,.  r.iv'iM.f  ir.airy  VI.,  th,.  most  unscltlsh 
1111  i  w.ll  ii,i,.„i„„„.,|  kiiij,  ,||.„  ,.^,.r  ^,„  ,    j,^^, 

•■'"-"."''  "i" -.1  man  ,.f  wh. i„t  v\vn  his 

iiii.miisan.l.ipprisMirsci.iihl  tin.l  an  ..vij  w„r,l 

..  siiy  ;  111,,  iroiililis  .ain,.,  as  lii,-v  ,.,,nf,.ss<.,l  •  all 
li....,.iis..  .,t  Ins  fals,.  l„r.ls,  an.l  lu'vir  ..f  liiin. '  We 
I..,  I  Iliat  ih,  r..  niiisi  hav,.  Inii,  s.,ni,.|liiin;  wronir 
will,  Ih,.  Ii.art  ..f  a  nation  that  r-oiiM  s<.e  unmov.-fi 
til..  m,.,.k  an.  h..ly  kinij  t.irn  fn.m  w  ife  anil  .  hihl 
N-iit  to  waii.l,  r  111  .liscnis..  up  .in.l  ,|„wii  th..  kiiiL-- 
iloiii  for  whi.h  1„.  h»:l  ,h,m.  his  p.H,r  liest.  ami 
lina My  ,l,K„i,..,l  to  pi,,,.  f„r  ,h,.  v,.ars  a  pri.son.r 

n  th..  fortr,..s  »li,r,.  I,..  1,,„1  s,.l,„„;  1„.1,1  hjsroval 
I. .1111        .Nor  IS  ,.iir  lirst  iinpnssi.m  (■.,n..|.rninK 

111.  .  .inonilisati,,,,  of   Kn^lanil   wron«.     Kv.rv 

111.  li.at  «,.  r..,„l  l„.ars  honi,.  to  us  iiior..  an.l  inor".. 
till,  la.t    hat   th..  iialio.i  ha.l  fallen  .m  evil  times 

l-irsi  an.l  l.,r..mostaiii,,n);lli...aiises.>f  iismomi 
<l..t..rioiati,,.i  was  th,.  wnteli.,!  Kren.li  War  a 
war  Ih  ATiin  in  the  pure  spirit  .,f  Kr<.,..l  an.l  am'hi- 

tl.iii.~th.r,.  wasiioi  ev,n  the  | r  ...v.-iist.  th..,t 

lia.le\isl,,l  mil,,,  tin,,.,,,.  l.;,lwar,l  lll.-,arri,.,l 
on  liy  the  aiil  of  li,,r,l,.s  .,f  ,l,.|,aii,li,.,l  f,,ni.-n 
mer.  .naries  .   .       an.l  p.rsist,.,!  i,,  Ion,;  afp.f'it 

la.l  i.,...n„.  l,.,,Ml,.ss.  partly  from  niispla,-,.,!  „a. 

lonul  prile    pan  y  lH.,.a,is,.  .,f  th,.  pi'rsonal  i„. 
Ii_r,.sts  .,f  III,.  n,|„,j,  ,.,,,,,,.,      Thirtv-liv,.  v..ars 
<.r  a  war  that  wasas  imjiisl  as  it  was  unfortiinate 
lul  l...lh  , -our,  .1  an.l  .hnionilis,.,!  th,.  nation 
\Mi.ii  tl...  nnal  .alastrophe  ,ani..  an.l  tl„.  ti^lits 

of  l-orii.iL'iiy  [or  FoiirmiL-ny  i  an.l  Chatillon  [Cas. 
tilloiil  .■i„|,.,l  ihe  el,apl,.r  of  onr  ,lis;,sters.   the    I 
nation    l„  iraii  to  .ast  alMiil   for  a  seap,.L'oat  on    I 
wl,.„„  I,,  lay  the  l,nr.l..ii  of  its  failures  \t    I 

first  il...  i,„f.,r,„„at,.  s,„irolk  an,l  S<.m,.rs.'.tl,;,.l    ' 
le  r,.~po,isil,ility  lai,l  upon  tl„.n,.     A  liltl,.  lat,  r 
h..  out.  ry  I,,,.,,,,,,.  ,„„„.  i^,,,,  ,„„|  fl,,.,,  j,_^, 

l-in,aslriaii  .lyiiasiy  itself  as  Uini;  to  hlame  not 
only  !..r  .iisa.sler  al,r.,a.l.  but  f.,r  want  of  fiovern- 
ance  at  home.     If  Kine  Jlenrv  hiu!  im<!er»t.T->.| 


r  T'"/'^'';  *"''  P™">™wl  the  wit  to  anawer  It,  ha 
mlKit  fiilrlv  hovp  nplinl  that  his  unhjertH  niuiit 
, ;  "'••'»"■<«■'>  "pon  their  own  Imvks.  not  upon 
his.  The  wur  hiul  Ixn-n  weakly  mii.lueted.  It  wan 
tru..;  lint  weakly  Ix-eiiiise  the  men  and  money  for 
it  wen- (fni.lKeil.  .  At  home,  the  Imlwark.s  of 
MM  nil  onler  s<.eme<l  eriimblliiK  away.  |'rivnt« 
«ars.  not, oixi, hljtliway  rohUry,  inunhr, alxliir. 
lion,  arineil  n-slsiame  I,,  the  l,iw,  pr..valle.l  on  a 
M-al,.  that  hail  Uen  unkmiwn  sinee  the  ininhloiia 
iineHof  hilwunl  II.-  we  miijlit  almost  wiy  ,|nee 
th..  ,.vil  .lays  of  Siephin.  fini  it  was  not  the 
t  r.iwn  alone  that  shoiil,!  have  Inin  hlaiiieil  for 
the  state  of  the  nalm.  Tlii.  nation  had  (hown  to 
iiiip.is,.,>virslrinKent(.onstitnIionalelieek«ontlie 
kinitly  jKiwer  Ufore  it  w.us  ri|H.  for  wlf  jfovern- 
m.nt.  anil  Hie  Ijineastrian  hoiis,.  snt  on  the  throne 
K.-ause  it  hail  ajfo'ed  to  sni.mit  to  those  cheeks.' 
If  the  result  of  the  e.xperinienl  was  ilisiistrous 
iKitli  parties  to  the  e.intm<t  hail  to  iK'ar  their  Hliiini 

of  the  r..spons ity       Um  a  nation  whlom  allows 

hat  It  Imslxen  wron«;  ami  Henry  of  Windsor 
lia.  to  wrv,.  a.s  a  seapeK.mt  f.,r  all  the  mis- 
fortunes of  the  nalm,  Uiwm.  Henrv  of  Uollne- 
broke  had  (.ommitte.l  his  .l.sceudaiit.s  to  liie 
unhappy  compaet.  Want  of  a  stronL'  central 
jrovernni.nt  was  iimloiibti..llv  the  complaint  under 
"lii.li  hn^'land  was  lalK.nriiiK  in  th.-  nii.lille  of 
the  I.ith  ..ntury,  and  all  the  Krievanies  aitainst 
which  oiit<.ry  was  made  w.re  but  svmpt.iins  of 
""<■  .'l<ntdis,.ase.  .   All  tlies..  pni,lielr.>iibles 

vMiiil.l  liave  Iven  of  ..iniparativclv  .small  iniiior- 
lanee  if  the  hiiirt  of  the  nati.in  had  lH.en  soiin.l 
llii'  phenonienon  which  makes  the  time  so  de- 
pn.ssin!;  is  the  terrible  decay  in  nrivate  morals 
smce  the  previous  century.  .  .   .  Ther..  isno.lasa 
orciLste  in  hn);lan.l  which  comes  well  out  of  tlie 
scriitiny.     The  Clmr.  h,  which  had  si^rved  as  the 
cinsfKiiei.  .if  the  nation  in  Utter  times,   had  lie- 
c<ime  dead  to  spiritual  tliinKs.     It  no  haiu'cr  pro 
duc.l  .ithcr  linn  of  saimly  life  or  learned  tlieol,,- 
KMaiis  or  patriotic  statesmen.  .  .   .   The  baronaire 
of  tnirlanil  had  often  iH'cn  unruly,  but  it  had 
nev(.r  biforj.  dev.loped  th,.  two  vices  which  .lis 
liiii;uisli...l  It  in  the  tiim.s  of  the  Two  Hoses  — a 
last.,  for  in.liscriminate  blood.she.1  and  a  turn  for 
political  arx.sta<.y.  .  .      Twenty  y.ars  spent  in 
conactwiih  trench  facti.ins,  and  in  command 
of  Ilie  jroiMcss  miriiimries  who  form...!  th,.  Imlk 
ol   th..  J.n;r|,sh  armies,    ha.l  taught  our  n,.ble» 
|.s.sons  of  crii.lty  and  faitli!(.s.sness  such  as  they 
ha.l  not  bifon.  imbilH^^il.   .   .  .  The  kniijhis  and 
sipiiris  sliowe.1  on  a  small.r  sialc  all  the  vices  of 
llii'  nobility.     Inst.ad  of  ho|di„,r  together  an.l 
maintainini;  a  unite.l  loyally  to  the  Crown,  they 
iKMiii.l  thinisilves  by  wiUmn  staleil  iKinilsimd  the 
rcieption  of  '  liv.ri.s  •  ea.li  to  the  lianin  whom 
he  P"l'Trc,        This  fatal  system,   bv  whi.h  the 
.sniallir  lan.lhol.l.r  aL-r.,,!  on  iKlialf  of  himsi'lf 
an.l  his  t.nants  to  fol|„w  his  ^rreater  neiKlilK.ur 
in  pea...  ami  war.  ha.l  ruin...!  the  niilitarv  system 
ot  hii-hinil   an.l  was  .luit,.  as  ,lanKeroirs  As  the 
.•iiici,.nl  f.u.lalism.       .  .    If  the  ^entrv  ,.on.stitute.l 
lh..ms,lv...s  th..  v.,luiilary  foll.iw.rs  .,f  the  baron- 
.■it'c.  an.l  ai,l..d  th.ir  ..mployers  to  kcp  Enijlaml 
nniiaiipy.  the  ilass.if  .itizens  an.l  biir.;es.s,.s took 
H  y..ry  .lilferent  lin..  .,f  <-,)niluct.     If  not  actively 
niis,lii,.vo„s,  they  were  solidly  inert.     Tli.y  rv- 
liise.l  t..  .ntaiifrle  tlieii,s<.|ves"  in  politics  at  all 
I  hey  siibniitleil  impassively  to  .acli  ruhr  in  turn 
wh.n  tiny  bad  asiertnineil  that  their  own  iHrsons 
and  property  w.r..  not  endanKcred  bv  so  doinir 
.\  town.  It  has  been  remarked,  seldom  or  never 


I* 


846 


I 
» 


i4J 


ENOLAND,  14W 


Wan  n/  llu  Ka— 


ENOLAND.  14S»-l47t. 


tlUin\  ■  nlfgc  iliirtnfr  tlii>  Wan  of  the  Itunrii,  for 
no  town  ever  rrfuMil  Ui  open  \\n  gn\f»  to  iiny  com' 
iiimKlcr  Willi  an  aili-(|imti'  fonc  who  aiikdl  for 
piilniiici'  "— ('.  W  OmuM.  W'anHfk  llu  King- 
Vtitkrf.  fh.   1. 

A.  O.  1455-1471.— The  Wan  of  the  React. 

— Ik'KiiiniiiK  with  u  Imltlc  foiiKht  iit  St.  AIIniiiii 
on  \\w  'iM  i>f  Miiy.  IVi't,  KiikIiiikI  wum  kept  In  11 
plliiibli'  Btiitu  of  civil  wiir.  with  uliort  Intervals  of 
tniulilvd  |H-Hcc.  ilurlng  thirty  ycani.  The  im 
mcilliilc  cause  of  iMiilile  wiisln'tlii'  fedilencHs  of 
Kiiitf  Henry  VI..  wlio  sueieeilcd  to  the  throne 
wliile  an  Infant,  ami  whose  niiinl,  never  strong, 

frave  way  under  the  trials  of  his  position  when 
le  came  to  nianhcHsl.     The  <oiitrol  of  the  >tov 
cnnnent.  thus  weakly  comnmmhd,  Is'came  a  suh 
ject  of  strife  between  successive  fjietions.     The 
final  leaders  in  such  contests  were  (jueen  .Marpi- 
nt  of  Anj<iu,  the  encrnetii'  eoMNort  of  the  help- 
less  kini(  (with  the  khiK  himself  soinetinies  in  11 
condition  of  mind  to  c(Ki|H'mte  with  her),  on  one 
siile.  and.  on  llie  other  siile.  the  Duke  of  York, 
who  tractsi  his  lineau'e  lo  Kiluard  III.,  und  who 
had  alronft  claims  to  ilie  tlm>ne  if  Henry  shoiiUI 
leave  no  heir.     The  battle  ut  Si.  Albans  was  a  vie 
Uiry  for  the  Yorkists  und  placed  them  III  power 
for  the  next  two  years,  the  Duke  of  Y'ork  beinir 
nameil  I'rolector.     In  I4.")6  the  king  n^iovered  so 
far  as  lo  resume  tin-  reimis  of  government,  anil 
in  14.')9  there  was  a   new  rupture  between  the 
fai  lions.     The  (piei'n  s  adhinnls  were  iHiitin  in 
the  battle  of  IMorehealh.  Sept.  i'M  of  llial  year; 
but  defections  In  the  ranks  of  the  Yorkists" sism 
oliliKcd  the  latter  to  disperse  ami  llieir  learlers. 
York.   Warwick  and  Salisbury,  ttcd  to  Ireland 
and  lo  Calais.     In  June.  1460.  the  earls  of  War- 
\vi( k.  .Salisbury  und  ilanh  (the  latter  U.-\ag  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Y'ork)  retunied  lo  En^- 
laiid  and  gulliercil  an  army  speedily,  the  cilv  of 
London  opening  its  gales  to  them.     The  king's 
forces  were  ileleated'at  Norlhaniplon  (.July  10) 
and  the  king  taken  pris<iner.     A  parliament  was 
sununoned  and  lussembled  in  Oclolx'r.     Then  the 
Duke  of  Y'ork  came  over  from  In^land.  took  i>os- 
scssionof  the  royal  palace  and  laid  iH'fore  parlia- 
mini  a  solemn  claim  to  the  crown.     After  much 
dis<iissinn  a  compromisi'  was  agreed  upon,  under 
which  Henry  VI.  should  reign'undi.slurlK'd  dur- 
ing his  life  and  Ihe  Duke  of  Y'ork  should  Iw  his 
uuilispuled  successor.     This  was  cnilKxIied  in  an 
act  of  parliament  and  received  the  assent  of  the 
king;  but  queen  Margaret  wlio  had  relired  into 
till'  north,  refuscHl  to  surrender  Hie  riglila  of  her 
inf.inl  son.  and  a  strong  pirty  suslained  her. 
Till'  lliike  of  York  attacked  tlies<'   L.uiiastrian 
funis  rashly,  at  Waketiehl.  IX'C.  30.  UiiO.  und 
was  slain  on  the  field  of  a  disastrous  defeat.  Tlie 
(piiin's  army,  tlien.  marching  towards  Lomhm. 
di  fialed  the  Earl  of  Warwick  at  St.  Albans.  Feb. 
IT.   1401  (the  si'cond  battle  of  the  war  at  that 
place),  and  recovered  i>os.session  of  the  person  of 
Ihe  king.     Uut  Edward.  Earl  of  .March  (now  be- 
iiiMie  Duke  of  York,  by  the  dealh  of  his  father). 
(Villi  had  just  routed  .I'l.jineastrian  force  al  .Mor- 
liiiiiT's  Cross,  in  Wales,  joined  Ills  forces  willi 
iliiisj.  (if  Warwick  and  succeeded  in  (X-cupying 
I.onilun.  which  steadily  favoriil  his  cause.     Call- 
iiiir  Iiigellur  a  council  of  limls.  Edward  persuiuled 
liiim   10  declare  King  Henry  deposed,   on   the 
griMiud  that  he  hud  bniken  the  agreement  made 
"itli  the  late  Duke  of  Y'ork.    The  next  step  was 
':■'  I  iect  E;iviard  king,  and  lie  asounud  Uie  royal 
iille  und  state  at  once.     The  new  king  lost  no 


time  In  marrhluK  nnrthwanls  agalnat  the  army 
of  the  deposiil  wiverelgn.  which  lay  near  York. 
Dn  the  27th  <if  March  the  advanced  division  of 
the  Ijincastrlans  was  <lefeate<l  al    Ferrybridge, 
and.  two  days  later.  Iheir  nuiln  Issly  was  almost 
destroyed  In  the  fearful  battle  of  Ti'iw Ion.  —said 
lo  liave  Isfn  the  bicxxliest  encounter  Ihat  ever 
liHik  place  on  English  soil.     King   Henry  tisjk 
refuge  In  Sctdland  and  Queen  Margaret  n'|ialre<l 
lo   Frunc<'.     In   1464  Henry  reapiM'tintl   in   the 
north    Willi  a  Nsly  of  Scols   and   refugees  und 
there  were  rislngs'in  his  favor  In  NorlliuinlHr 
land,  whiih  the  Yorkists  crushed  In  the  suc<-e»- 
sive   battles  of   Hedgeley   .Misir  and    llexham. 
Thi'   Yorkist  king  (EduanI   IV  )   now    reigiKKl 
witliout   much  disturbance  until   1470.  when  he 
ipiarreh'il  with  the  powirful  Earl  of  Warwick  — 
Ihe  "king-maker."  whose  strong  hand  had  placed 
him  on  the  limine.     Warwick  then  pas.sed  lo  the 
other  side,  offering  his  services  to  Qiiii'ii  Marga- 
ret und  leading  an  expedillon  wliicli  sailed  from 
Hartleur   in  S<pleinlier.  cnnvoyed  by  a  French 
fleet.     Edward  found  himsilf  unpn|iared  lo  nv 
sisl  the    Yorkist  risings   which    welcomed  War- 
wick and  he  tied  to  Holland,  sirking  aid  from 
his  brother  in  law,  the  Duke  of  llurgumly      For 
nearly  six  montlis.  Ihe  kingdom  was  in  llie  haiidi 
of   Warwick   und   Ihe    Lancaslrians;  Ihe   iiiifor- 
lunale    Henry    VI..   released   from   eaplivily   in 
llie  Tower,  was  once  iiion'  sealed  on  the  Ihrone. 
Hut  on  the  14lli  of  .March.   14TI.  Edward  riap- 
IHared  ill  England,  landing  al  Havcnspur.  pro- 
fessing Ihat  he  came  only  lo  recover  his  dukedom 
iif  York.     As  he  moved  .soullnvanls  he  gathered 
a  large  force  of  sup|Kirters  and  sisin  reassumitl 
Ihe  royal  title  and  pretensions.     I.ondon  opened 
ils  gates  to  him.  and,  on  Hie  14lh  of  .\pnl  —  ex- 
aclly  one  inonlh  nfler  his  landing  —  he  defeated 
his  opiMinenIs  ut  liamet.  where  Warwick.  ■Ihe 
king  niukir  "—  llie  last  of  Hie  great  feudal  barons 
—  was  slain.     Henry,  again  n  captive,  was  sent 
back  lothe  Tower.    Hut  Henry's  daunlless  iiueen. 
who  landed  at  Weynioiilh.  Willi  a  liiMly  of  French 
allies  m\  Ihe  very  day  of  the  disastrous  liamet 
fight,  refused  to  siiliniil.     Coniwall  and  Devon 
were  true  lo  her  cause  and  gave  her  an  army 
with  which  she  fought  Ihe  last  battle  of  Ihe  war 
at  Tewksbiiry  on  the  4th  of  .May.     I)cfeated  and 
taken  prisoner,  her  young  son  .slain  —  wiiether  in 
Hie  battle  or  aflir  il  is  unknown —  the  long  con- 
tention  of    .Margaret  of  Anjoii  ended    on    Ihat 
bloody  field.      A  few    clays  later,  wlic^n  the  tri- 
uniphaut  Y'orkist  King  Edward  enlered  London, 
his  pcMir.  demented  Lancuslrian  rival  died    siid- 
denlv  and  suspicicnisly  in  the  Tower.     T!ie  two 
panics  in  llic>  long  conlenlion   had  each  assumed 
the  badge  of  a  ros«'  —  the  Yorkists  a  while  rose. 
Ihe  l,ancastrians  a  redone.     Hence  the  name  of 
the  Wars  of  Hie  lloses.      ".^s  early  as  Hie  limc>  of 
.Icilin  of  (Jhenl.  Ihe  rose  was  usi'd  as  an  heraldic 
enibleni.    and    when    he    inarrieil    Hlanche.    the 
daughter  of  Hii>  Duke  of  Ijiucasler,  he  used  the 
red  rose  for  a  device.     Edmund  of  l.angley.  his 
brother.  Hie  fifth  son  of  Edward  111.,  adiipied 
Ihe  while  rose  in  opposition  lo  him;  and  Iheir 
followers  afterwards  inuinlained    these    dislinc- 
lions  in  the  bloody  wars  of  the  rtfteeiuli  century. 
There  is.  iiinvever.  no  aiitlientie  account  of  the 
precise    period   when    lliese    badges  were    first 
adopted." — .Mrs.    Hcvikhani,    Lifi    and   Timet  of 
Marijitret  of  Aiijnn,  r.  '.i.  eft.  1. 

Ai.sii  I.N:  J.  Guirciner.  Jlnimt nj  jAiiiauter  and 
Tork.  —  Sir    J.    Itumsay.    iMiiauter  unit    York. 


847 


BNOI-AND.  t4«8-t47t 


Crrrri  nf  Ikf 


ENOLAND.  t«l   Uti 


If 
] 


h 

t 

I 

« 


_(•     \V    Oiiijiii,    llWrifiVl-.    »*<•    A'i '11/ '""*■"■.   "■* 
■I  17  —»<■<•,  ttlit".  TowToN.  Hahnkt.  Kill)  Tkwkii- 

The  elfecti  of  th«  W«r»  of  the  Roeet.-"  H 

lniistoiiiHliitii:  til  i.lwirvr  llii'  mplililv  with  wlilrli 
it  |tlM'  KiiirllHli  niiliiinl  Imil  wttlcil  ilown  Iminlrr 
tn  till  ri  Il'11  "f   ll.iirv  VII.  iifHT  w>  iiiiiiiy  yinrn 
of  rivilili*-"  ri^li.ii      ItwiniUI  Uml  im  In  IrifiTllmt 
llliiir  »:in«   wirr   Ilw  »«r«  nf  lllhliw,  mill  tint  i  if 
Ihi'iiatiiiri.  mill  that  tlicclTrilmif  tlii'iii  linvi' Imiii 
iirrutiv  iXiit'Kiriitiil      Witli  Ilii'  iiiiiirli-  rxii'plioii 
i.f  Ciiilr  1  ri  Im  lliuii,  tiny  liml  iinlliiiii!  in  iiimiiinii 
Willi  tlic  riviiluliiiiiH  nf   liiliT  iir  iiirlicr  liims 
TImv  HiTiiint  »iirniii{iiiii»t  rliism'H.  aitiiiiist  fnriii" 
..I  pivi  rniniiil.  ii)fiiiii»t  II"'  nrilir  nr  tlir  iii»titii 
tiniiiof  thr  luiiinii      It   wiiM  till'  rivalry  iiftwii 
ari*tiMriitir  furiimin  iilriijtk.'liiii,'  fur  hii|h  rinrity. 
Iliitllirnl  tllilll  IliiliillKiirilliiiriDU,  wlllrhivrrnli 
taiiwil  till'  ii|i|i<T  limiil.  tn  iiilrmliui'  iiiiiimiitiiii» 
<liainci»  ill  '111'  ^*tal(■  nr  it*  ailiiiiniiitmtiiin.     Tlir 
main  ImhIv  of  tlii'  iM'iipli'  tnnk  liltlr  iiitirfHt  In  tin' 
^lrll);l,'l<■;  in  tlictnwns  at  liasi  tliiri' wiisnnlntir 
iiiiwinii  of  iiiiplovminl.     'I''"'  *ar  paiwfil  iivir 
tlw  iialiiiii.  riillliiiK  llii'  itiirfiuc.  toppllntt  ilowii 
\i\f\\  ililfit  lirrr  mill  tliiTi'.  wiisliinK  away  aiiriiiil 
lanilmarl<«,  iitlra(iiiit!tl»'inmKiiiatliitiiif  tlu'Hpri' 
talnr  liv  llir  mitflitiiiiHH  of  Its  wavix.  iinil  tin- 
iioi^i' nf  im  IliiiiiiliTH;  hill  the  Krial  IkhIv  liclnw 
till'   siirfiri-    riiimimil    iininnviil.      No  famint's, 
un  plitj-'iiis,  inns<i|Uint  on  liii'  intcriiiittaiuc  nf 
lalKiiir  laiiHil  hv  livll  war.  arr  ncorilfil ;  tviii 
till'  pricrHof  laiiil  mul  proviiions  Marnly  variiil 
iiiori'  lliaii  tliiv  liavr  Ixiii  known  to  do  in  tinii* 
of  profnunilrst  laari'.     But  the  imllrfit  anil  siliiit 

op<  ritinii  of  lliim ntlirts  was  nnnli  iiiori-  rr 

inarkalilr  ll  nit  into  fnijiniintK  the  mnfiiUr- 
atnl  riinksnf  a  powirfiil  territorial  aristiMraey, 
whii  ll  iiail  liitliirlo  liiil  iletlanre  In  the  Kiiii;,  how- 
ever impiilar.  however  eiiernelie  lleiHilnrth 
the  posiiiiin  of  the  Snvereij!U  in  the  tiiiieof  tlic 
Tiiilors.  in  relation  to  u)l  i  lasses  nf  the  people, 
iHianie  very  (lilterent  from  «liat  It  hail  Ihiii: 
the  rnval  supreniaey  wiw  no  Imiirer  a  theorv.  hiil 
a  fuel!  Aiinther  i  lass  hail  spriim;  nji  mi  the  ile 
cav  nf  the  ancient  nnliilily.  The  Kreal  Inwns 
hail  eiijiiveil  iininterruptiil  traiii|iiillly,  ami  even 
llniiri^hei'l,  miller  the  stnrm  tliul  was  mi)iir»;inK 
the  aristiKHiev  anil  the  rural  ili^trietii.  Their 
pnpiilatiim  liail  inereasiil  by  nuinliers  whnm  fear 
or  the  horrors  of  war  hail  inilueeil  to  linil  shelter 
lieliiiul  stone  walls.  The  iliniinutinn  of  ai;rieiil. 
tunil  hilioiinrs  loiuerliil  into  Boliliers  liy  the 
folly  of  their  lonls  liiul  tiirneil  eorn  lauils  into 
iiiisiiire.  ri  iiuirini.'  less  skill,  less  lapilal.  ami  less 
ialiour  -  .1  S.  lirewir.  The  Ilii'itii'flliiinjVlll.. 
,.     1,   ,■/,      >         ■Those    who    wolllil    estilnale    the 

loniiiii f    Kiiirlanil   aritflil   shmilil   reinenil*T 

that  the  War  of  the  Uosis  w:i>  only  a  repetition 
oil  a  larire  seale  of  Ihosi'  private  wars  whii  li  ilis 
trailiil  ,ilnio>t  every  enunly,  anil,  inihe.i,  hv 
takiiiir  away  all  si'iiie  of  si'iurily.  ilistiirlnil  .il 
nio-l  every  manor  ami  every  ela.ss  of  soiiety 
ilurim:  llie'saiiie  eenlury.  .  .  .  The  law  less  eon 
(lilioii  of  r.Mu'li^l.  siK-ieiy  in  the  I'ltli  eeiitiiry  re 
uenilileil  llial  nf  Inlaiiil  in  as  reeeiil  a  ilate  as 
the  lje«iiiiiiiiL'  of  the  I'.lth  eentury  .In  Imlli 

countries  women  were  earrieil  olf,  soinetinies  at 
uiKlit.  Ihey  were  liist  violaleil.  then  ilragjjeil  to 
the  altar  ill  their  iiiu'lit  ilress  anil  eoinpelleil  to 
marrv  their  eaptors.  Chihlren  were  seized 

sr.i!  tV.nnvr:  ••.•.'.:■.  a  iP.inL'ei'U  imlil  rHnsoni"'!  hy 
their  parents  "—W  Denton.  Kiujlnnil  i/i  the  l.Wi 
t'entmy.  ch.  3.  — "The  Wars  of  the  Koscs  which 


AUeil  the  wrmiil  half  of  the   ISth  rcnturjT  fur 
ninheil  the  ImroiiH  with  an  arrna  In  whleh  their 
Inittiiietii  of  vhihliie  liiwl  fn'er  play  than  ever;  il 
wan  thev  who,  under  the  pniexl  of  ilyniuitle  In 
tereula  whieli  had  leiisiil  to  exist,  of  their  own 
free  ehoiie  prolonited  the  struvKle.      Altoitellier 
unlike  the  Italian  eondollliri.  the  Ennlish  liiinuis 
showed    no   iiierey    lo    their   own    order.    Ihey 
masHaend  and  e*t«riiilna!isl   eaeh  other  fnely, 
while  llii\    were  larefiil  to  spun'  the  eoininoii 
alty      Whole  faniilh's  were  exIinKiiislied  or  siili 
merged  in  tlie  nameless  muss  of  the  nation,  and 
their  estates  hv   eonlisi  alion  or  esi  heat  help'd 
to  swell   the   nival  domain      When  Henry  VII 
had  stilled  the  'last   inovemenls  of  nlK'Uhiii  and 
h:ul  punished,  thnaiLdi  the  Mar  CluimlMr,  Ihow 
nohleswho  MiO'  still  sii'.peeted  of  niaintainiiiK 
arnied  hand'.,  the  liannii'i;e  was  ndueed  to  a  very 
low  ilili;  not   mon-  than  twentyiilne  lay   jHirs 
wen'  simiinoiierl  liv  the  kiiiK  li>  Ids  ""'  I'arlla 
mini      The  old  Niirnian  feudal  iiolilllty  existed 

no  longer;  the  iieniie  bar of  the  anal  i  Imrler 

hanlv  survived  in  the  persons  of  a  few  doiilitful 
desee'nihints;  their  estates  wen-  split  up  or  hail 
Iseii  forfelled  to  the  Cniwn,  A  new  elass  niinu 
lorwanl  to  till  the  gi\\\  tliiit  riiml  middle  eliuMi 
whh'li    WHS    formed  hy  the    fusion  of  the 

kniuhts  w Itli  tlie  fn'e  laiidow ners.  It  had  alnailv 
taken  the  had  In  the  House  of  Commons,  and  It 
was  fnaii  its  ranks  that  Henry  VII  eliosi'  nearly 
all  the  new  jMirs.  A  iMiniKe  niiewed  almimt 
thniiinhout,  ijinonint  of  the  halilts  and  tmditioiw 
of  the  earlier  nohility,  enaleil  in  larjte  hateli«», 
eloselvdi'iK'ndent  oiitlie  monareh  who  had  rained 
It  from  little  or  nolliini{  and  who  hud  endowed  It 
with  his  iHiuntv  — this  is  the  phenomenon  which 
lonfn.nts  us  at"tlie  end  of  the  tifteenth  eentury." 
—  K  lloutmv,  Tfir  KmiUiih  ioi,Mliliiti'>ii.  cli.  .'». 
A.  O.  iib'i.-Acceiiion  of  Kins  Edward  IV. 
A.  D.  1461-1485.— Houee  of  York.— The 
lloiw  of  York,  which  triumphed  in  the  Wars  of 
'  the  ItoM'S.  uttainiufr  the  llinme  in  the  pemim  of 
KdwanI  IV.  (A.  I>  UHI),  derived  Its  elaiin  tothe 
cniwn  thniiiKli  discent.  In  the  female  line,  fniin 
Lionel.  Duke  of  (  larence.  the  tliini  son  of  Kil 
ward  111.  (the  second  son  who  lived  lo  ni.inhisHl 
and  left  ehililnn);  while  the  lloiiw  of  Ijuieaster 
traiid  its  lineaiie  to  .Inlin  of  Haunt,  a  younger 
son  of  the  Kline"  kinn  Kdwanl  HI,  hut  the  line 
of  Uiniastrian  smcession  "as  thnai>th  males. 
I  ■•Had  the  iniwn  followed  liieeoursi'  of  henili 
tary  sucicssion.  il  wnuld  have  devolvisl  on  the 
po'^terilv  of  Lionel  Hy  the  decease  of  t hut 

prime  wilhoul  iiiiile  issue,"  his  |ios.se.ssioiis  and 
j  pnlinsions  fell  to  lii»  daiiuditer  IMiilippa.  who 
1  liy  a  sin^'iilar  1  omhination  of  circuiiistances  had 
i  niarriid  l{o;.'er  Mortinu  r  earl  of  Man  h.  the  mule 
'■  repnsenlative  of  the  powerful  lianm  who  was 
!  allainlid  and  executed  for  the  iniinlir  of  Kil 
j  wani  11  .  the  L'nindfatliir  of  Hie  duke  nf  Clar 
line.  The  son  of  that  pntiiil  ili'lin.(Uent  hud 
:    Im-iii  reston'd  to  his  honours  and  estates  at  an  ad 

vanceil   periisl  in  Ihe  reiuii  of  Kdwanl  III. 

;    Ldmiiud.   his   grandson,   had  espoused  I'hilippa 

;   of  Clarence.      Itoiter  Mortimer,  the  fourth  in  ile 

.   scent  fnim  the   n-Ldcide.  was  lord  lieutcuaut  of 

Ireland   and    was   considered,    or.    aiconlimr    to 

some  writers,  ileclan'd  to  lie  heir  of  the  crow  11  in 

the  earlv  part  nf  Kielmnrs  niirn.    Kdmunil  Mn  ■ 

j    tinier,  earl  of   March,    in  wlmm   the   hennlitary 

eluim  tn  the  crnwn  was  vested  at  the  depnsitiim 

i   of  Uichard.  was  then  onlv  an  infant  of  un  years 

!   of  age.  .  .   .   Dying   witliout   issue,    the  prt'ten 


848 


■3 


ENGLAND,  IM1-I48S. 


*l<*anl  III. 


ENGLAND,  I4H»-14M 


i 


■IniM  to  thr  rniwD,  which  hi>  Inhrrltnl  thmiiKh 
the  ilukp  of  CUrrncr.  clrvcilvnl  nii  hi*  ilatrr  Aiinr 
Miirtimi'r.  who  nip<MW<l  Kichitnl  cif  York  rarl 
iif  CamliriilKc.  H'v  K"*nilii«n  of  Ktlwunl  III.  by 
hi*  fiiiirth  [nfthj  mm  K<liiiiinil  nf  I,anKl<'y  •■oki- 
i)(  York  "  Ktlwuril  IV.  wan  thu  tfriin<lM>n  of  thli 
AniH'  Mortlmrr  luiil  UUhanl  of  York  —Sir  J 
Miuklnl(«ih.  Ilut.  ufKng.,  r.  1,  pp.  .IJW-ilJJB  -Thr 
llAiiM'iif  York  ooruplol  the  thrnni-  hut  twrnlv 
fiiiir  yi'ttro.  On  the  ilenth  of  blwiini  IV  .  In 
mm:),  thi'  cMwn  wan  wcurrd  l)y  hU  liMllier. 
KlilmnI,  (liikf  of  Olonrt'Btcr.  who  cHnncil  VA 
wiinr*  two  nmii  to  1m'  nninh'rnl  In  the  Towir 
Tlif  cldiT of  tlu'w  miinlcrMl  iirlnoa  U  imnieil  In 
till'  Hut  of  KnKllKh  klnifii  w  KilwiirtI  V. .  Iiiit  lii' 
iiinmii  Im-  miiil  to  liitvr  ri'l)jniKl.  Kichuril  III 
wu»  iiviTthrown  miil  »liiln  on  Honworlh  flilil  in 
UK, 

A.  D.  1471-1485.— The  New  Mon«rchT.— 
The  riteof  Abtolutiim  and  the  decline  of  Par- 
liamentary goTernmcnt.  — "  If  wr  iiw  llir  nunn' 
of  llir  Niw  Moniircliy  to  rxprfiw  Ihi'  iliiiriu  lir 
of  the  Kngllsli  ooviri'lirnlv  from  thr  tlnii-  of 
Kilwiml  IV.  totlii'tlinrnf  Flllziiliclli,  It  Is  Ikoiiiw 
thr  I'liunictrr of  Ihi'  inonarcliy  iliirlnk'tlils  piriMl 
wiiHwimi'thinK  wholly  iiiw  in  our  hintory  TIhti' 
Ih  no  kinil  of  Hlmlliiritv  U'twi'in  Ihr  kini;Hhlp  of 
thr  Olil  KnKlixh.  of  tlir  Niirnmn,  lln'  Anirivin. 
or  the  I'lHiitHgfnct  sovirildnM.  iinil  tlif  kliiiriliip 
of  till  TuilorH  .  .  What  till' (iriiit  HilKlli.ui  In 
its  tiiiiil  nsiilt  artiiiilly  iliil  wiih  to  wipi-  mvny 
iviry  trine  of  thr  Nrw  Moniinliy.  ami  In  lake 
up  aiiaiii  Ihr  thrt'iwl  of  our  pollliial  (livilnjiniinl 
JiiHt  w hire  It  hull  Ixrn  xnappril  liy  tin-  Wars  nf 
till'  Uo«K  .  Tlif  foiiiiilir  of  till'  Ni'w  Mon 
anliy  wuh  Kilwanl  IV  Wliilr  jritinif  with 

alili-rnirii.  or  ilallyin^'  with  ills  inistri's.'Ms.  nr 
iillliiL'  "vrr  thr  new  |iani'H  from  thi'  prinllni: 
|.r.s>  |<'axlonH|  at  W  I'.stMiinstir,  Kilwaril  was 
>ilciillv  laviiit?  llu'  fcmiiilalions  of  an  alisoliili' 
rule  wliiili  llinry  VII  iliil  liltlr  niort'  than  ilv 
vi'li>|i  anil  I'imsoliiluti'  The  alniimt  lolal  ilisi'oii 
liniianri'  of  I'arlianirntiiry  lifi'  was  in  iisi  If  a 
ri\oliiiiiin  I'p  to  this  monirnl  llii' t«o  llimsis 
I. ail  playril  a  part  whiih  lM*ninti'  itiori'  anil  niori- 
pnnniui'iit  In  till' ({'ivrrniiii'iit  of  Ihr  rralni 
(lull  r  lli'iiry  VI.  an  iinportani  slip  in  rcin>tilii 
tioiial  proj^ri'ss  hail  Ihi-ii  niailr  liy  alianiloiiiiii: 
Ihr  olil  fiirm  of  pristntini:  tlii'  niinrsis  nf  ilir 
I'arllanii'iil  in  thr  form  of  prlilinns  wiiirh  wrrr 
siili-i'iiHi  nlly  iniMilih'il  inloslaliili«  liy  Ihr  lii^yal 
Cuiinrils.  till'  stalnir  ilsi'lf,  in  il«  tinal  fnriii.  was 
now  pri'si'iilril  for  Ihi*  rnyal  as^i-nl.  ami  Ihr 
Criiwii  was  iti'privi'il  of  ii>  I'liniiir  privili'ttr  "f 
nh"lifviiii:  ii  Not  only  ihs'sihis  proLTrss  ira.si-, 
liiil  il'ii'  If  ■.;i«lalivi'  arlivilv  of  I'arlianii'nl  ilsilf 
<  nnifs  alirupllf  '.0  an  rial.  .  .  .  Thi'  nrii-ssily 
fur  Mininionintflhi'  two  ilnusi's  liail,  in  fart,  lu'in 
K'MiuM'it  liv  till'  I'liornious  liilr  nf  wi'allh  witirh 
ilii  iiMiiisration  i)f  thr  livil  war  ponri'il  into  iln' 
rnyal  Inasiiry.  .  .  It  was  saiil  thai  iirarly  a  liflli 
"f  tlir  lau'l  hail  passeil  into  tin'  royal  possi-ssion  al 
niM  ;ii  riii'l  oranothiT  of  tlu'  ii\ii  war  Kilwanl 
adilril  In  Ins  n'siuirrrs  liy  tnnlini;  on  a  \ast  srali- 
Till'  riilir|>ris<'s  in-  hail  |ilaiini'il  aiiainsi 
Kniiiii'  .  I'lialilril  Kilwaril  iml  only  In  iin  rrasi- 
Ills  liiiaril.  lint  to  ihal  a  iliiully  Mow  at  lilwrly 
SittiMir  asiili-  till'  usairi'  of  loans  saiu-liiini'il  Iiy 
till  aiilhorily  of  I'arlianunt.  EilwanI  lallril  Is 
fori  liini  Ihi'  nifrihanls of  the  dty  anil  rri|iii'sti'il 
fnim  eai'h  a  present  or  lienevolenre  in  propnr- 
nun  to  the  neeil.  Their  eoniplmtiie  wMli  Ins 
prayer  wiis   proliably  aiileii   by   hU   popularity 


with  the  inrrrhant  rlnu^  but  the  lyitmi  of  lie 
nevoh'tii-r  WMi  WNin  to  h4>  Uevehi|}e4l  Into  the 
foreisl  loanii  of  Wolner  awl  the  ablp  money  of 
Clmrhn  I  —J  H.  Ori'f-n,  Short  Hint  iff  thr  Kng 
l\^<-l4f.  rh   8.  ttft  » 

Ai.pKi  IN     W.  HliihlM.  I'oHsl.  Hint  Iff  AVi./ .  rh 
IN.  mrl  nW) 

A.   D.   1474.— Treaty  with  lb*  tUaaeatlc 
Leafue.    Kee  Han"«*  Townh 

A.   D.    1474.— Introduction  of  Printinc  b* 
Canton.     S.e  I'HiNTiso.  Al       .\    D    M7tl  UBf 

A.  O.  1483-1485.- Murder  ortheyounrkinf, 
Edward  V.-Accetiion  of  Richard  III.-Th« 
battle  of  Boiworth  and  the  fall  of  the  Houaa 
of  Vork.-On  the  ihaih  of  h^ilwanl  l\  .  In  14H8. 
Ills  eraflv  anil  iinsiriipiilons  lirolher,  KU  haril, 
Ktike  or'Ohiiieesler  ^alhiri'il  ipiii  kly  Inio  lili 
hnnils  the  nins  of  iMiwir,  priHiitlinK  wHh  eun- 
■iiimmnle  iiinhollv  ami  rulhh'smM'M  'o  sweep 
every  sIroiiK  rival  mil  of  his  path  ('oiitinllnfr 
hiinsi'lf  fur  a  few  weikH,  only,  with  the  liile  lif 
i'roteelor.  lie  hikhi  iliapiiieil  the  valhlity  of  hla 
lirolher  K.ilwanl's  niarrlap',  laimeil  an  iilmi'i|Ul 
oils  I'arliannnt  to  set  aside  the  youuK  wina  wlmni 
the  latlrr  hail  hft.  ihi  lariiii;  liieni  to  Im'  llleuitl 
inati',  and  plaeeil  the  rrown  on  his  own  head. 
1 1ll'  Utile  primes  iKini;  K.<lwaril  V  .  and  Kh  h 
ard,  Duke  nf  Yorki,  lininiired  In  the  Tower, 
were  mnnlind  pnsinlly  al  their  iineh's  eoni 
nianil,  and  Klrhanl  III  appeared,  for  the  time, 
to  have  Irliiniphi'd  In  Ills  amiiilioiis  villainy. 
Hilt,  popular  as  he  iiiaili'  himsilf  in  many  run 
nini;  nays,  his  ilieils  1  xiitid  a  horror  wliirh 
iiniled  l.am'a.slrians  willi  liie  party  of  York  in  » 
eommon  deti'stution  Kriinils  of  llenry.  "arl  1  f 
Klihmond.  then  in  exile,  wire  not  slow  t  tak. 
lulvaiilaKe  nf  this  feelint:  Henry  nmld  ■  iln; 
ili'sniit  from  111.'  same  .lohti  of  liannl,  •>'■..  nf 
Kilward  III  .  In  wlinni  the  llousi'  nf  I.  iiiia.^tir 
Iranil  lis  liniai,'!':  liiil  his  family — Ihe  Iliaii 
fnrls- -spraiii;  from  the  mislriss.  not  the  wife, 
of  till'  L'riat  Diike  nf  l.aiiia.sti'r.  ami  had  only 
Isen  li').MIiinated  liy  ait  nf  I'arliainint.  The 
Kaneaslrians.  hnwevi-r,  were  salistti'd  with  Ihe 
royally  of  his  lilissl.  and  the  Yorkists  were 
imiile  I'onlinl  by  his  promise  In  marry  a  ilaiiKh 
lirnf  Kilwanl  IV  ( )ii  this  iimlirslamliiiu'  Is  iiig 
arranpil.  Henry  came  nvir  fmni  llrillany  In 
Knudanil.  landini;  al  Milfonl  Haven  nn  Ihe  7tli 
nr  Mill  nf  .\n^'iisl.  I  IH.'i.  and  ailvaniini.'  tlirnuffh 
Wall's.  Iieini;  jniiied  bv  ^reat  numbers  as  he 
innvi'd  Itii  hard,  who  had  no  laek  of  loiiraire, 
manliid  ipiiikly  In  meet  him,  and  Ihe  two 
rnri'i's  jnined  batlleon  lloswnrth  Field,  in  l.eiees- 
tirsliire.  on  Sunday.  An;;.  21  At  the  miiset  of 
Ihe  tiirlilintt  Hii  liani  was  deserted  by  a  larjfe 
divisinn  nf  his  arniv  and  saw  thai  his  fate  waa 
sialiil  He  pliinu'i'il,  wiih  despairin:,'  raire.  into 
Ihe  thii  !>' -I  of  till'  siniirsli' ami  was  slain.  Ills 
irnwniil  hnlmi'l.  w  liii  h  he  had  wnrn.  was  fnuml 
liy  Sir  |{i'i.'inalil  Uray.  ballerid  and  limken.  under 
a  hawllinni  bush,  and  plaeed  nii  1  he  head  nf  his 
rival,  wlm  sism  allained  a  nmri' snlemn  enrnna- 
linii,  as  Henry  VII.— ('.  ,M.  VniiL'e.  I'iiiii,,is  fmm 
Kill/.  Hint..  ',il  Sfi-itH.  c  Itf-'.'ll. —  "1  must  reennl 
iii\  iinpri'ssion  that  a  minute  study  nf  the  fails 
of  Hiiiianls  life  has  leiiilid  mon'  and  more  to 
ennvinie  me  of  Ihe  );eiii'ral  tiilelity  of  Ihe  iior 
trail  Willi  whieli  we  have  U'en  made  familiar  by 
Shakespeare  and  Sir  Thnmius  Mnre.  I  feel  quite 
asliaiiied.  at  this  day.  In  think  how  I  mused  over 
liiis  suiijeei  Ions  ago.  wasting  a  great  deal  of 
tiini .  ink  and  pa|H>r,  in  fruitless  efforts  to  satisfy 


849 


KNULANH.   IVW-I4M 


r*a  TV4»n 


ENOLAND,  t4N7-l4»7 


ii 


p»rn  my  own  mltul  Ihiit  Iniilltlonni  Murk  wh 
tv»\  lilnlorlral  itlilir,  or  itt  wnnl  n  klml  of  gny 
Ifcith  IIm'  I'linriu  (it  hiiiI  |>rnkiiml  ii|itM-nmn(i' 
of  Kli'linnl  ill  havi'  fiirnlnlKil  nmllir  nf  loiitrii 
Vfwy  Hut  with  rcKunl  In  ilit-  rorimr  ilH-ilay 
ban  now  k»ih'  liy  whin  It  wax  (..lulliii'  tnilniilit 
the  fvlihmr  at  Iriuit  uf  hi*  |iriii(l|ml  rrliiif,  aiui 
that  III'  wuM  ri'itiirilnl  ii«  it  Ivniiil  liv  hi«  huIiJmIh 
•wiiw  uliiiixil  ii|ii»lly  lnill«|iiitulili'  '  At  llif  Millie 
llnif  hi'  was  hill  ilini||iiii<  i,r  iH'ttir  i|iiiillili-ii 
A»  kiiiir  III-  M'i'iim  ri'iillv  !<■  Imvi'  ■imlli'il 
bUi'iiiinlry  »  Hilfnti'.  iiumhiI  |(ihi<|  |ii»«.  I'mh'iiv 
■  >iiri-il  III  pill  Hit  tiiil  to  ■'«iiirt|iiii.  ili'i  lliinl  Ihi' 
frii-  itlflpt  ..til  rill  I.,  hlni  hy  ni'uml  l.iwii«.  uimI 
il<-ilari,|  hi'  wiiiilil  riithi  r  huVf  Ihr  liiiirU  nf  hlx 
•uliji'  .  Iliaii  Ihi'lr  nii.iiiy  UN  iiiimiIiIiiiii.' 
w»«  i-,|nrlally  mIkiwii  in  rilldiniiit  ruiiiiilaliiHH 
.  IIU  hy|M.rrl<y  wan  ii.it  nf  lli.'  niluar  kind 
whirli  Ml  kutiiiii  niii  haliiliial  ham  in  lui  .if  iiiuMm' 
by  Imliltual  alltclall.iii.if  virtiii'  UN  Ih'iiI  ami 
hU  wcirnt  ihiih  win-  allki'  ti«i  »i  II  kiinKii  ii.  Ik' 
eltliir  loiHcali'.l  i.r  iiiajjiiilliil .  al  lin»t,  mmiii 
nftiT  hi'  Ik  raiiii-  kliii;.  all  iluiilit  iih.iii  ilii'  milijiit 
must  havr  Ikiii  ri  iii.iviiI.  ,  .  Ills  liiitrnllalliiK 
maiinir-i,  inniiliir  willi  thi-  llliiniliiy  nf  li|«  .|1». 
poiillliiii.  M  iin  p  ally  In  Imvi'  niltlttar.  il  to  a  r.ui 
•lihrulil.' ixti'iii  il».  alarum  iriati'd  hy  IiIh  tliful 
disdii  (if  viiilinci'  Thi' n-adiT  will  li.it  ri'.iuin' 
111  U'  rinilfiili'd  nf  Slmkii<|M'an''ii  (Kirtralt  nf  n 
iniinhriT  wli.i  rniihl  rajiili'  thi-  woniaii  wliniii  lii' 
had  ninut  rxaspinili'd  ami  inadi-  n  wldnw  iiitii 
marryiiiK  liiiuwlf  Thiit  Uhharda  Innruuity 
was  i'i|ual  In  thU  I'Xiniordlnary  fiat  wi'  d»  nut 

vinluo' tnas-siTt;  liiit  that  he  hail  a  w h'rful 

piiwir  nf  ri-iuiiuiriii(t  thnsc  whom  he  had  liiimt  In- 
tlniiilatid  and  denlvlnif  llinse  who  knew  him 
Ust  there  ean  Ur  very  llttli;  iloulit.  .  .  Ills 
taste  in  llllilllin^'  was  IniiKnilli-ent  and  prinrely. 
There  is  siarci  ly  any  evldenee  of  Klihard'a 
[alleireil)  il.fnrmiiv  to  Ih'  derived  from  orijflnal 
porlraiN  The  nuinlar  of  |M,rtrails  of  KiehanI 
whlih  ^.  ,111  1,1  \k  eohtempomry  is  (tri'aler  thai, 
nilirht  hive  laen  i'«iMet<sl.  .  .  .  The  fai  e  In  nil 
the  p..riniits  la  a  remarkable  one,  fill  of  eneriiv 
and  d.(i-i,in,  yet  i,-,  nile  lui.l  si-.i-looklnx.  iiu(r 
gi'Slini?  the  Idea  n.ii  >..  nim  h  nf  a  tyrant  aa  nf  a 
mind  aceustonieil  to  iiii|,l,asiint  tlmunhta.  X,.. 
where  do  we  find  ilepii  leil  llie  warlike  hard- 
lavnuri  d  vlsatte  altriliute.1  to  I  Im  hv  SirTh,imas 
More  WithKiiih  a  onediil  thi''loii«rei(rn  of 

the  riaiitaceneta  termiiiale  The  lleree  spirit 
aii.l  th,-  valour  of  the  race  never  showed  more 
slr,>ni:ly  than  at  tie-  <  lose  The  Mi.l.lle  Aires 
to<i.  IS  far  as  Kiil'I,!;,I  his  enncerned,  may  U- 
iiai.l  1.1  have  passi-.l  anav  with  Uii  lianl  III  — 
.1.  (iairdiier.  l/i,l.,r,,  „f  il„  I, if,  ,in,l  A',/,,,,  „/' 
llir/„lnl  riir  Thinl.  ,„l,;„l  „,„/,-A.  ((. 
A.  D.  1485.— Accession  of  King  Henry  VII. 
A.  D.  1485-1528.     The  Sweating  Sickness. 

.Ve  SWKMIN..  Ml  h\l>s, 
A.  D.  i48s-i6o3.-The  Tudors.— The  Tu.l.ir 

faimly.  \Wiii  li  ,.,i-iipi,,|  i|„-  Knulish  tlir ■  fr.mi 

lhciii(e«si,>n..f  ll.nrv  \  11  .  Uh.V  until  the  d.-alli 
of  l-.lizalKlii,  li;<i:f,  i,„,k  its  name,  liut  n.il  ils 
rny.il  lini-:iL'.'.  fmiii  Sir  1  m.Ti  Tu.hir.  a  handsome 
Wilsli  ehiellaiii,  nh,,  »,,n  the  heart  anil  the 
haij.l  ,if  the  y.iiiMi'  wi,l,,w  of  llenrv  V  .  Cailier 
me  nf  Kraiie,'  The  el,l.  ,1  s,in  nf  liiat  niurriatfe 
mu.le  l-.arl  nf  lii,  hiii..n.l.  married  in  his  turn 
.Vamaret  Heaufi.rl,  t'reat  irramldaUL-hter  t.,  .lohn 
of  liaunl,  or  (ihenl,  wlm  Has  one  nf  the  snns  nf 
Edward  111  Kmiuthis  laio-r  iini'Mirame  H-.-nrv 
of  hitluuunU,  as  he  wan  known,  who  dispiueil 


ihi-  erown  with  Klrhanl  III  and  mailr  hU  elaim 
l{o<«l  00  Ikniworth  Khhl.  when'  the  haled  HI.  h 
ani  waa  killed.  Ilcnrya  preU'nainns  weri'  Uisid 
on  the  royal  di-M-eiil  of  his  niolher  -  iterivnl 
iHiwever.  thnaiiih  J.ihu  of  daunts  mUlri'M  - 
and  the  dynanly  whli  h  he  foundisl  wiu  1  l.«elr 
ndatisl  ill  origin  to  ihr  Uiirastrlan  line      Henry 

"'   lllehm I  alrpnKtheiie.l    his   hohl    U|Hin    tlw 

irowii.  though  not  hU  lllle  to  It    hy    inarrylnf 
Kh/ala'lh,  dauijhliT  of   Kdwanl  IV.  thus  Join 
liiK  llie  while  r.«i.  to  the  red       He  asieiidi"!  th« 
ihrohe   as   Henry    Ml.    A     l»    M«.1;    wa»  mie 
iiidid  hy  hUimn.  llenrv  VIII  .  In  l.VW.  ami  the 
lull  r  hy  his  |l  rer  1  hihiren.  in  nnler  as  fnllows 
KilwanI  VI  .  I.1I7.  .Mary.  \XVi.  Kllzalalh.  I.\W 
1  he  Tudor  family  laeame  exilnet  on  the  death 
ofliueenKlUalKlh.  Inimi:!       '  They  |lhe  Tudors) 
niKiie.l  ill  Kntrlaiid,  without  a  suieesuful  rUlnif 
aKainsI  them,  for  iipwanis  of  a  hiiiidri'd  yean; 
lull    lint  ninri'   hy   a  studied  avnhtanee  of  what 
might  Ml  pnivnki'  the  eouiitrv.  than  hv  the  most 
resoluie  ri'iiri'iiKlnn  nf  every  eiriirt,  on  ihe  part  of 
what  remained  of  the  |Meruge and  great  famuli's, 
to  make  head  aifalnsi  the   thr.iiie      They    xavo 
free  in.lulgeiiee  lo  Iheir  tyranny  only  within  Iho 
lirile    nf    the    eoiirt.    while    Ihey    uneeasliigly 
wall  hi  d  and  roiielllaled  Ihe  lemiar  of  the  pi-ople 
The   work  Ihey  had   lo  do.  and  whleh  by  more 
seriipiilous  means  was  not  posslhic  to  Im-  done, 
waa  one  of  naraiununt  neeeiially ;   the  dyniuty 
uulnlerriipleilly  endurid  for  only  su  long  as  wai 
n'ljiiisiie  to  ils  lhorou)rhcoinphtion;  ami  to  each 
Individual  sovenlgn  the  parlieular  task   might 
seem  lo  have  lain  speeially  assigned.     It  was 
llenrvs  lo  spurn,  nnounee  and  utterly  east  off, 
the  l>ii|H'H  authority,  wiihout  tiMi  suddenly  r«- 
volling  the  peophs  usages  and  habits;  to  arrire 
at   hlesaid    results  hy  ways  that  a  Iwtter  man 
might    have  hehl   to  lie  aceursisl;   during   the 
inomeiiious  ehange  In  progress  to  kifi)  In  neces 
sary  eheck  Isith  the  parlies  It  alleeusi;  to  imtsc 
rule  wiihaneipial  hand  th '  Homanlst  and  Iho 
l.iitheran;  to  miuI  the  l'rolesi.int  lo  the  stake  for 
resisting  l»ii|M'ry.  and  the  ibiman  Catholle  lo  the 
I   sealfold  for  n.it  admllling  himself  to  he   I'opo; 
while  he  meantime  plundered  the  monasteries, 
hunted  down  and  riKited  out  Ihe  priests.  aHenated 
Ihe  ahlMy  lands,  and  glutted  himwlf  and   hhi 
ereatures   with   that    enormous  spoil.       It    was 
Kdwanls  to  iHconie  the  naily  and  iimloubting 
Insiruiuinl  of  Cranmer's  design,   and.   with  all 
the  inex|Hrienee  and  more  than  the  ohatimiey  of 
yoiilh.  .so  lo  fnrie  upon  Ihe  fn'ople  his  eompro 
niise  of  diHlrine  and  ohservanee.  as  to  render 
possilile.    even    perhaps   unavoidahle,   his   elder 
sisters  reign.     It  was  .Marys  to  undo  Ihe  elleet 
nf  Ihat   preelpitale  eagirra'ss  of  the  Heformers 
hy  liuhling  Ihe  Urea  nf  rtmlllilield ;  and  op|K>r 
liinily  to  arrest  the  wavenrs  from  I'mtestanlisin, 
hy  exhihiiing  in  theirexn  ss  Ihe  very  worst  vices' 
Ihe  cruel   higniry.    the  lialiful   liii'nhrance.  Ihi! 
spiritual  slavery,  nf  Unnie      It  Wiis  Kli/.alKlh's 
liiially  and  fnrever  t.i  iiprisit  Ihat  slavery  from 
anioiiL'st   us.  In  I  h.iinpinn  all  over  the  world  a 
new  and  nnhl.r  failh,  .iii.l  immnvahlv  to  eslali 
lisli    in    KnL'lan.l    ih.-    I'r..ti-.tanl    relk'inn. "— .1 
Knrsl.T.  Jlint   ,ii„l  />',■.»/    hMii/t,  y,/i  'J-,' I -■.>■,>-.• 

A1...-1  IN:  .s.  |{,  Canlinir  ami  .1.  H  Muningir 
Inlf'il.  t,  th'  Stiidfi  „;■  /.;„,,  Ili,i  rli  1)  _(.  ).; 
Mnherly.    Til,    r,rly  t;,t,„„. 

A.  p.  1487-1497;— The  Rebellions  of  Lam- 
■,f  ^  Simnei  and  Pcrkin  Warbeck.—  AlUmu^h 
Henry  \  II  ,  sikiu  after  he  attaineil  the  throne. 


i 


8")n 


KNOI.ANI),   I«I7  I4»7 


BNOLAND.  IIITH-HTH  CKNTl'RIES 


:i 


^ 


nwrrlnl  RIlHlirth  of  York.  lUuchtrr  nf  Rilwsni 
IV  ,  rtiul  thui  iiultnl  thi<  l»ii  rivxl  Ihhimti.  tlin 
YiirkUiii  oten-  illM'inli'rilnl  with  hlnrtilr  "  With 
till'  hcliiiif  MarKi>ri'l»r  lliirKunilv,  ^:■lw»^l  IV  « 

•iitir.  >nil  Jinii'ii  IV   of  Mroil 1.  liny  Miimlly 

xt  up  two  ImiMiali'n    iini'  'iv  otlnr,  li> 

iliiiinllii-  lliroMi'      Tlii'n'  w  tiilr  nf  tlii' 

II.MiM'  iif  Viirk  "illl  Hllvi'    - )  .w»ri|,  FJirl 

i.f  Wiirwick  JiKiiiiif  llio  IHikiMif  I  hir.iiic.  Iiriilhir 
t,<  I^JUnnl  IV  |.  mill  Hmrv  liiiit  taki  n  llii' 

|ini»iiiloii  l«  kri';i  lilm  In  thi-  'I'liwir  lint  In 
UN?  II  .liiini  Kiirl  nf  Wiir»iik  amunnil  In  In- 
liiiil.  Hn<l  la  inK»ii|>|H>rli'il  liy  iln' Kiirlnf  Klliliiri'. 
MiK  miijully  iriiwmd  in  Diililin  I'uiliiilrttI 
llniry  tuH>t)  |Mit  down  lltf  iniiMmtnri*  liv  itlinwlntf 
ilu'  mil  I  uri  til  the  iKopli'  nf  Lmilon.  linil  ilifnil 
liij;  Ihc  iirinv  nf  tin-  pri  Icndid  inrl  at  Mnkr. 
iiiiir  Nf»iirk,  June.  14x7  |li>  prnvi'il  tn  Ih' 
»  lull  imnii'tl  Ijtnilxrt  Slmiiil.  the  win  nf  ii 
Jnliiir  at  Oifnril,  iiml  In'  Ihiiuhc  n  Mullinn  In 
till' kiiiK'a  kiti'liin.  '  In  I  IU-.>  iinntlnr  prclinilir 
of  like  rlmnu'tcr  wiii  liriMii;lit  fnrwiinl  "A 
>"nii((  man.  tiilliil  IVrkIn  Wiirln.  k,  h  lin  prnviil 
iiflrrwunlu  to  In'  n  mitivr  nf  Timrnav.  pri  icnilcil 
Ihal  lir  «»«  Klclnipl,  I  Mike  of  Vnrk.thr  j  niinui  r 
nf  till'  l»o  IlitIt'  jirliicii  In  till'  Tn«ir.  iiiiil  that 
he  had  I'MSiK'il  wliin  hin  limtlicr  Kiluurd  V  was 
murdiri-d  He  iMTRimdcil  tlii'  kinL'  nf  Krancc 
Slid  Marnuri't  of  liiiritnndy  In  iickiiowlcdKi'  him. 
mill  WHS  lint  only  ii'icinil  at  tin'  fon  l^n  roiirl». 
hut.  ufti  r  fiiilini;  tn  Inlund,  h<'  wint  to  Mmtland. 
whrrc  .lames  IV.  inuirliil  him  to  his  n«n  roii»iii 
('alhariiic  Uordou.  niiil  hi'l|Hil  hiin  to  invaili- 
Kiiv'land  in  UU6  The  invashm  was  difiiilid 
hiiKi'Vir.  hy  Ihc  Karl  of  Siirn-v.  and  lliiii  IVrkin 
wintliack  to  Inland,  when'  ilii'  iMopIc  had  n- 
vnliiil  Hiiainst  till'  liravy  ta.xi's  'I  licri'  he  raised 
an  army  and  marc'li<d  to  KJii'Icr.  Init  mii'tinit  the 
kinijii  trmips  at  Taunton,  he  lost  ioura^,'i'.  and 
llnl  to  the  Abliey  of  Ikniilleu.  where  he  was 
taken  prinoner,  and  sent  to  t!ii.  Tower  in  1  lUT. " 
111  l.")(»I  Ixith  I'erkin  Warln-i  k  and  the  yniniit 
fcirl  nf  Warwick  were  exiruted.  — A.  11  llu'ekley, 
Hi'',  "f  Kii;/.  f>r  ll<i/iiiH<rii.  r/i.  |;|, 

Ai.so  IN;  ,f.  (lairdncr.  Sori/  •■(  I'.rkin  \V,ir 
'-■•k  ill,/,.  !■>  Life  ,.f  liirhiinl  III  )"—('.  M.  Vniicc 
('iiiiu'H  fmiH  Kiiij.  Ili,i  .  ;i/(  »;•(,».  (•  21  inc/  21 
—.1    (lairdner,  llfhiii  17/,  rA.  4  o;,i/ 7 

I5th-i6th  Centuries.  -The  RenaiMmnce.— 
Life  in  "Merry  EnfrUod."- Preludes  to  the 
Elitabethan  Age  of  literature. -•Tnward  tlie 
I  lo.-inf  the  llfleenth  century  .  .  .  eniiiiiK  ree  and 
lluwnnlleiitraih'iimdeaMidileiiadvaiue,  and  such 
an  iiioriuous  one  that  corn  tields  weri'  cliauKcd 
into  |«'^'tire  lands.  •  whcn'hy  the  inlialiilaiils  nf 
the  said  tnwn  (Manchester)  liave  (.'oiten  and  couie 
iiiln  riches  and  wealthy  liviiurs,' so  that  in  l.VVI. 
4IIIHMI  pieces  nf  cloth  ivirc  exported  in  Ijiirlisli 
>lii|'S  It  was  iilreiuly  the  Kiii;laiid  w  hii  h  wi  mc 
1"  day.  a  lanil  nf  lueadnws.  jrrccli.  ililc  isi'cted  1)V 
111  di'i  rows,  crowded  with  cattle,  alioiindinu'  iii 
^liipv  .1  iii.'iiiufuclurini.',  opuleiil  land,  with  a 
P'.'pl.  nf  l»-,l  caliii;:  toilers,  w  ho  ciiricii  it  wliilc 
llieycMrirh  themselves.  They  inipnued  at'rii  iil 
liin  1,.  .Ml,  1,  n„  cxli  111,  tlial  in  half  a  ceiitinv  the 
pr.iiluic  i.f  all  acre  was  douliled.  Tliev  irrc'w  .m. 
riili,  Ihiil  at  the  lieiriiinini;  nf  the  rciirn  iif  Charles 
I  llie  Cniiiinons  ripnseiited  three  limes  the 
vvialtiiof  the  r|,(M'r  llous,'  The  ruin  nf  Aut 
"'■ri'  hy  the  Duke  of  I'urnia  si'iit  to  Kni;lanil 
liie  iliird  imrt  of  the  inerchaniH  and  iiiiiiii!fii< 
lioiis.  wno  mai'e  silk,  damask,  slockinirs  laf- 
feUu.  aiid  serge.        The  defeat  of  the  Arniudu 


I  ami  tlM-  ilnailrni'i'  nf  Hpain  opfiml  the  arai  to 
I  Ibi'lr  merelianlii  Tho  tollInK  hive,  who  woiiki 
ilMre.  nttenipt.  cjphire.  acl  In  iinlaon.  aiMl  alwayii 
with  proHt,  wa»  alMiut  to  n-ap  lu  advantaKi-s 
i  and  N't  out  on  lt»  vny»)(i'«,  l>u««lnK  over  Ihr 
iinlveriM'  At  Ihr  IwHe  uiiil  on  the  nunindt  of 
siHlety.  In  all  ninkaof  life,  in  nil  Kriuleaof  liuiiian 
inniliilon.  this  new  welfare  iH'canie  viailde 
It  is  not  when  all  Is  ifissl.  hut  when  all  Is  Utter, 
that  thiy  Mi'  IIm'  hriirhl  side  of  life,  and  ur* 
ti  iiipteil  to  niaki'  ii  Imlldav  of  It  This  Is  why  ut 
this  iH'rhsl  Ihev  ilhl  iiiaki'a  holidav  of  It.  a  splen 
did  show.  Ml  like  a  picliire  that  it  fi-tlered  piiint 
Ink'  in  Italy,  hi>  like  a  r.  presinlatlon.  tiiat  It 
iircsliKid  the  driiina  In  Kniflaiiil  Now  that  the 
lialtli  a\e  and  sword  of  the  civ  il  wars  hud  Isaten 
doHii  the  iiidcpcndeiii  nnliilify.  and  Ihi'  alsditinn 
"f  the  law  nf  nminlenani  e  had  deslrnyisl  the  petty 
nnalty  nf  each  (ircat  feudal  haron,  the  Innla 
ijuillid  their  snmhre  castles.  Imtth'iuented  for- 
tresMs.  NiirmuiHleil  hy  stajtiinnt  water,  pierced 
with  iiarr.iw  window's,  a  sort  nf  stone  lireast 
pliilesnf  no  Us.'  hut  to  presirve  the  life  nf  their 

niasters       They    llisk    iiil «    palaces,    with 

\aiilted  risifsand  turrets,  covered  with  fantastlr 
anil  nianifnld  nrnaiueiits,  udon.eil  with  terrare" 
and  vast  stain  aws,  with  ^aniens,  fountains,  slat 
lies,  such  us  Wen-  the  iialiices  nf  lleiirv  Vlll  and 
KlI/.alH'th.  half  (hitlilc  and  half  Italian,  wliimf 
inpvenUni'c.  uramhur.  and  laauty  announceil 
iilnadv  liahits  nf  s.s  iety  and  the  taste  for  ph'fta- 
iiP'  riiey  came  to  court  and  ahandoned  their 
idd  iiianners,  the  four  meals  which  scanely  suf- 
Heed  their  former  vmacity  were  ndiiced  tii  two; 
gentlemen  WHm  Ucauie' rellned,  placing  their 
Klory  In  the  eh'^'.iiKc  and  sinu'uhirity  of  their 
amiisenients  and  their  cinilies  .  .  .  To  vent  the 
IVeliiiirs.  to  satisfy  the  heart  and  eyes,  to  set  free 
IhiIiIIv  nn  all  the  roads  of  existcme  the  pack  of 
apiMtiles  and  iiistiiicis,  this  was  the  emvlnif 
which  Ihc  manners  of  the  time  iN-traved.  It  was 
■  merry  Knylaiid,'  as  they  culled  it  llien  It  was 
not  >(  t  hiern  and  cniislrained  II  expanded 
whh'ly,  fnely,  and  rejoiced  to  Iiml  itsilf  so  ex- 
panded. No  lonjrer  at  < mirt  niily  was  the  dnima 
found  hilt  in  the  villiii:i'  Stndliiii;  (ompaiiies  Imv 
tcsik  themselves  thilhcr,  and  the  country  folk 
siippliid  any  ilclicieiicics  when  necessarv  Shak- 
speare  saw,  Isfnre  he  dc|>l(  led  them,  ,st"upid  fel- 
lows, carpeiilers,  jnlniis,  hellow  menders,  play 
I'ynimiis  and  Thislie.  rcprcscni  thi'  Hnn  niaring 
as  iienlly  iis  possihh',  and  the  wall,  hy  stntching 
nut  their  hands.  Kvery  hnliday  wasupatfcant,  in 
which  lnwiis|Mople,  w'nrkmen' and  cliildnn  iKire 
lliiir  parts,  A  few  se<tariaiis,  chictlv  in  the 

tiiwiis  and  nf  the  pcnple.  cluiiK  kd.Hiinily"  to  the 
Ihhlc  Hut  the  court  and  the  men  of  the  wnrld 
Miiii;ht  their  liacliers  and  their  hemes  from  pauau 
tirciceand  Uniiic  Alioul  I41MI  they  hciran  to 
lead  til"  •',..  ■  one  after  the  other  "thev  trans- 
lafcil  liiciii.  il  was  S.S.I1  the  fashion  to  n'ad  them 
in  the  oriv'inal.  tli/.aUlli.  .lane  (irey.  the  Duih- 
c~s  of  Noifnlk.  the  (  ountess  III  .\riinilcl.  niiinv 
nihcr  ladies,  wi  re  I'nnversani  with  I'laln.  .Xein'i- 
plinii.  and  Ciccrii  in  the  nri filial,  and  appn-ci'itcd 
lli.ui,  (Jrailiiiilly.  hy  an  in*eii,>ihle  clian;;i-,  lucii 
were  raiMil  In  liie  Icvil  nf  the  L'real  and  healihy 
minds  who  had  freely  hanilled  ideas  nf  all  kinds 

liftis'ii  centuries  ai!o      They  i pnliended  not 

only  their  laniruaire,  hut  their  thoimlit ,  tin  v  did 
!!"!  reiieat  lessons  from  !i;:!  hc!i!  cimvcr^iiinns 
with  them,  liny  wen'  tinir  eipials,  and  found 
in  tUtm  intellects  iis  manly  us  their  own,  .  .  . 


851 


ENGLAND,  1«TH  CENTURY.       Rnaimafu:      ENGLAND,  16TH  CENTURY. 


Across  llio  tniin  o(  hnodnl  iclux>lnicn  nnil  iorilid 
cavilhrs  the  two  iwlult  and  tbinkinfi'  agos  •Acre 
iinitiKl.  1111(1  till'  inodenis,  silonciii);  tlir  infantine 
or  snuttiin^  voici-s  of  tlio  nii(liUf>'ak,'('.  comic- 
Rci'ndiHl  only  to  convcrae  with  the  nolilc  nncicnts. 
They  accepted  t  heir  coda,  at  least  t  hey  iimlcrstaiul 
them,  and  keep  them  by  their  side.  In  poems, 
festivals,  ta|X'Slries,  almost  all  ceremonies  they 
appear,  not  restored  by  peiluntry  iiierelv.  but 
kept  alivi'  by  sympathy,  and  nloritieil  iiy  the 
arts  (if  an  iiKe  as  tloiirishinK  and  almost  as  pro- 
found as  that  of  their  earliest  birlli.  After  the 
Irrrilile  ni^ht  of  the  inid(lle-a);e.  and  the  dohirous 
le);enits  of  spirits  and  the  damned,  it  was  a  de- 
liilht  to  see  aifiiin  Olympus  shininir  upon  us  fnrni 
Gncee ;  its  heroic  and  iMaiitiftil  deities  once  more 
ravisbiii^  the  heart  of  men.  they  raised  and  in- 
structed this  younfT  world  by  s|ieakiii)r  to  it  tlie 
lan^uaire  of  passion  and  jrenius;  aixl  the  a^e  of 
stroiii:  deeds,  fn-e  setisuality.  bold  invention,  bad 
(inly  to  follow  its  own  iK-nt.  in  order  to  (lis('(iver 
in  them  the  eternal  pMinolers  of  lilKTty  and 
iM'auty.  Nearer  still  » lis  anol lier  pa/,.'anism,  that 
of  Italy;  the  more  .si'diielive  because  more  mod- 
ern, and  iM-cause  it  circulates  fresli  sap  in  an 
ancient  stock;  the  more  attractive,  because  more 
sensuous  and  present,  with  its  worship  of  force 
and  u'ciiius,  of  pleasure  and  voluptuousness.  .  ,  . 
.\t  1li;(t  lime  Italy  clearly  led  in  every  tliinu.  and 
civilisalioii  Wiis  to  1m' drawn  thence  as  from  its 
spriiitr.  What  is  this  civili^aliim  which  is  thus 
iinp<»e(l  on  the  whole  ttf  Kurope.  whence  every 
.science  and  every  elcL'aiK'e  mines,  whose  laws 
arc  obeyed  in  every  court,  in  which  Surrey,  Sid- 
ney. Spenser.  Sliakspeare  MUiirlit  their  imshls 
and  their  iiiat(  rials  ?  It  w  as  pajjan  in  its  elements 
and  its  birth;  in  its  lant.Mi;ii,'e.  which  is  but 
sli;;lilly  ilitTcp-nt  from  I^itiii;  in  its  Latin  tr.idi- 
tions  and  reidlleclions.  which  no  trap  has  ciinie 
to  interrupt ;  in  its  const!  I  lit  ion,  whose  (lid  niitnie 
ipal  life  first  led  and  alisorlied  the  feudal  life; 
in  the  irenius  of  its  race,  in  which  eneriry  and  en- 
jovinent  always  aliounihd.'— II.  .\.  T:iiiic.  /AW. 
I'f  Hiiijli^h  /Jtrr,i/iir,.  U:  2.  r/,.  1  (c.  1).  — ■'The 
intellectual  moveinent.  to  wliieli  we  L'ive  the 
name  of  Henaissance.  (Xpresseil  itself  in  Kn^'land 
mainly  tliroiidi  the  Drama.  DIher  races  in  that 
era  of  (|uiekeneil  activity,  when  iiHMlcrn  man  re- 
gained the  eonseioiisness  of  his  own  strength  and 
g(Ki(lliiiess  after  centuries  of  mental  stagnation 
and  siM'ial  depression,  threw  Ilieir  ein  riries  into 
the  plastic  arts  and  siholarship.  Tin-  Knglish 
found  a  similar  outlet  for  their  |Mnt  up  forces  in 
the  Urama.  Tlie  arts  and  literature  of  (treece 
and  Home  bad  been  revealed  by  Italy  to  Kurope. 
Humanism  had  placed  th(>  present  once  more  in 
a  vital  n'lation  to  the  past.  The  navies  of  I'or 
tutral  and  Spain  had  iliscovered  new  continents 
beyond  lbe(M'ean:  the  inen  liants  of  Venice  and 
Genoa  bad  explon-d  the  farthest  Kasl.  Coiierni 
cus  bad  revolutionised  astninoniy.  and  the  tele 
scope  >vas  reV(>aling  fresh  worlds  beyond  the  sun. 
The  Itilile  had  l»eeii  rescued  from  the  mortmain 
of  the  ('liiirch  ;  scholars  studied  it  in  the  lani^iiage 
of  its  authors,  and  the  people  n-ad  it  in  their  own 
tongue.  In  this  rapid  di-velopnii-nt  of  art,  litera- 
ture, science,  and  discovery,  th<>  Knglish  had 
hitherto  taken  but  little  part.  Hut  they  were 
ready  to  reap  what  other  men  had  sown.  Infa 
tigiied  by  the  lalioiirs  of  the  pioneer,  unsophisti 
eated  by  the  pedantries  and  sopliistries  of  the 
Who-ils,"!!!  the  freshness  <•?  tlivif  Volith  aiid  vi;,- 
our,  they  surveyed  the  world  unfolded  to  them. 


For  more  than  half  a  century  they  freely  enjoyed 
the  splendour  of  this  spectacle,  until  the  struKgle 
for  political  and  religious  liberty  replunged  them 
in  the  hard  realities  of  life.  During  that  event- 
ful |ieri(xl  of  spiritual  disengagement  from  ab- 
sorbing cares,  the  race  was  fully  consrious  of  its 
national  importance.  It  had  shaken  olT  the  shack- 
les of  oppressive  feudalism,  the  trammels  of 
ecclesiastical  tyrannv.  It  had  not  yet  passed 
under  the  Puritan  yoke,  or  felt  the  enefoachments 
of  despotic  monarchy.  It  was  justly  proud  of 
the  Virgin  Queen,  with  whose  idealiseil  person- 
ality the  peojile  i(ientifled  their  newly  ac(|uired 
sense  of  greatness.  .  .  .  What  in  those  fifty  years 
they  saw  w  ith  the  clairvoyant  eyes  of  artists,  the 
piK'ts  wrote.  And  what  they  wrote,  remains  im- 
perishable. It  is  the  pirtniit  of  their  age,  the 
portrait  of  an  age  in  which  humanity  stood  self- 
revealed,  a  miracle  and  marvel  to  its  own  tidndr- 
ing  curiosity.  Kngland  was  in  a  state  of  transi- 
tion  when  the  Drama  came  to  perfection.  That 
was  one  of  those  rare  periods  when  the  past  and 
the  futur»>  are  both  coloured  by  imagination,  and 
lioth  shed  a  glory  on  the  present.  The  medieval 
order  was  in  dissolution ;  the  ni(«lcru  order  was 
in  process  of  formation.  Yet  the  old  state  of 
things  had  not  faded  fmm  memory  and  usage; 
the  new  had  not  iLssiimed  despotic  sway.  Men 
stissl  then,  as  it  were.  Istwccn  two  dreams  —  a 
dream  of  the  past,  thronged  with  sinister  and 
splendid  reminiscences;  a  dn'am  of  the  future, 
bright  with  unlimited  aspirations  and  indetinite 
hopes.  Neither  the  H'treating  forces  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages  nor  the  advancing  forces  of  tl>"  nKxlcrn 
era  jiressed  upon  them  with  the  iron  'it  of 
actualitv.  Tlie  brutalities  of  feudalisn.  '  been 
softened  ;  liiit  the  chivalrous  sentiment  i-umained 
to  inspire  the  Surreys  and  the  Sidneys  of  a  milder 
epcK'h.  .  .  .  What  distinguished  the  English  at 
this  epoch  from  the  nations  of  the  S(mth  was 
not  retinement  of  manners,  sobriety,  or  self  con 
trol  On  the  Contrary  they  retained  an  unenvi 
able  char,ict(  r  for  more  than  common  savagery. 
.  .  .  Krasmiis  descrilx'S  the  tilth  of  their  houses, 
and  the  siekne.s.ses  ( ngendered  in  their  cities  by 
bad  ventilation.  What  rendered  the  people 
superior  to  It.-ilians  and  Spaniards  was  the  tirni- 
ness  of  their  moral  fibre,  the  sweetness  of  their 
humanity,  a  more  masculine  temper,  less  vitiated 
instincts  and  sophisticated  intellects,  a  law-abid 
ingand  religious  conscience,  eonleinpt  for  1  reach 
cry  and  baseness,  intoleranci-  of  political  or 
ecclesiastical  despotism  loiubined  with  fervent 
love  of  home  and  country.  They  were  coarse, 
but  not  vicious;  pleasure-loving,  but  not  licen 
tious;  violent,  but  not  cruel;  luxurious  but  not 
etfeiniiiate.  Machiavelli  was  a  name  of  loathing 
to  tliem.  Sidney,  Essex,  liideigh,  Mon',  anil 
Drake  were  (Mipiilar  heriM's;  and  whatever  may 
lie  thought  of  these  men.  they  certainly  counted 
no  .Manpiis  of  l*eseara.  no  Duke  of  Valentino,  n(> 
Malati  sta  llaL'lioni,  no  Cosimo  de'  'Medici  auKaig 
them.  The  Southern  Kiiropeaii  type  belniyed  il 
self  but  faintly  in  politicians  like  Uiehard  Croni 
well  and  UolMTt  DiiiUey.  .  .  Atlectations  of 
f(irei,irn  vices  were  only  a  varnish  on  the  siirfitee 
of  siM-ii'ty.  The  core  of  the  nation  remained 
sound  and  wholesome.  Nor  was  the  culture 
which  the  Knglish  Isirrowed  from  less  unsophisti 
cated  nations,  more  than  suiH'rficial.  The  inei 
dents  of  Court  gossip  sliow  how  savage  was  the 
life  Ijt-ncalh.  Quet-n  K!i/.a!n-th  spftl,  hi  the  prt- 
oblcf  


ence  of  her  n(lb^c^ .  at  a  gentleman  who  had  dis 


852 


ENGLANn,  18TII  CENTURY.        «"»T  >'« 


ENGLAND,  1513 


{ilca«cdher;  atnick  Essex  on  the  cheek;  drove 
lurleighblubherinnfrom  Iht  H['!irtiin'nt.  Laws 
in  merry  England  were  executecl  with  uncum- 
prDmisinjt  severity.  Every  township  had  its 
giilliiws;  i-very  village  its  stwks,  whipping  post 
and  pillory.  Here  and  then\  hen'tics  wen! 
burnid  upon  the  market  pliiec;  iiud  the  hlm'k 
upon  Tower  Hill  was  seldom  dry.  .  .  .  Men  and 
wouii'n  who  rea<l  I'liito.  or  dis<i"iH»ed  the  elcgan- 
lies  of  I'l'trareh.  snITi-red  lirutal  jiraclicKl  jokes, 
n'lislied  the  olBMrnities  of  je.sK'rs.  used  the  gross- 
est language  of  the  pc^ople.  Carrying  farms 
andarreson  their  liaeks  in  tlie  .shape  of  costly 
silks  and  laces,  they  lay  u|h«i  rushes  filthy  with 
the  vomit  of  nhi  buKJuets.  (ilittering  in  suits 
of  gilt  and  jewelled  mail,  they  jostled  with 
town  porters  in  the  stench  of  tlie  Is'ar  ganlens. 
or  the  lilissiy  bull  pit.  The  iliurch  it.<clf  was 
not  n-spected".  Tlie  nave  of  old  .><.  Paul's Isiamc 
a  rcndczvmis  for  Ihiivesand  prostilules.  ...  It 
is  dlllK'ult.  even  by  noting  an  infinity  of  such 
chiiractcristics,  to  piiinl  the  many-ioloured  imon- 
gruitics  of  England  at  that  e|M)oh.  Yet  in  the 
miilst  of  this  <'onfusi<m  rose  cavaliers  like  Sid 
ney,  philosophers  like  liaeon,  pcH'ts  like  Spensir; 
m("niuwli(mi  all  that  is  pure,  elevated,  subtle, 
lender,  strong,  wise,  ihlicate  and  learned  in  our 
modern  civilisation  displayed  itself.  And  the 
masses  of  the  people  were  still  in  harmony  with 
these  high  strains.  They  forincil  the  audience  of 
Slmkspere.  They  wept'for  Desdemona,  adorcil 
InioLTU,  listened"  with  .lessica  to  music  in  the 
mixmlight  at  Kelmont,  wan(hred  with  Uosalind 
through  wiKxUand  ghidcs  of  Arilen.  Such  was 
the  siK'iety  of  which  our  Ihiatre  ln'cume  the  mir- 
TitT." — ,1.  A.  Svinonds,  ShiUM/ttn^n  VmUrinH'tni 
ill  the  EiniUsh  hniiiiii.  t-h.  i.  met.  1.  2,  niiil  5. 

A.  D.  1497.— Cabot's  discovery  of  the  North 
American  Continent.  Sec  Amkkiia:  A.  1>. 
U'.IT. 

A,  D.  1 493. —Voyage  and  discoveries  of 
Sebastian  Cabot.— Ground  of  English  claims 
in  the  New  World.     .Sc<- Amkhica:  AD.  Ulix. 

A.  D.  1502.— The  marriage  which  brought 
the  Stuarts  to  the  English  throne.  Sec  S(  ot- 
i.ANo:  A.  I).  \rm. 

A,  D.  1509. — The  character  and  reign  of 
Henry  VII.— 'As  a  king.  Hacou  ti  lis  us  that  he 
w;is  a  wonder  for  wise  min.'  I'cw  indcid  were 
the  councillors  that  shared  his  conlidcnie,  liut 
the  wise  men.  eomiHtenI  to  form  an  estimate' of 
his  statesmanship,  had  but  one  o]iini(in  of  his 
consiuninate  wisdom.  Knreigiicrs  were  greatly 
strut  k  with  the  sueci'ss  that  attended  his  policy. 
Ambassadors  were  astonished  at  the  inl incite 
kiiowhilce  he  displayed  of  the  alTairs  of  liicir 
own  countries.  From  the  most  unpropitious 
iH'LMnulngs,  a  proscrilM'd  man  ami  an  exile,  he 
li:id  won  his  way  in  evil  times  to  a  throne  Is'sct 
wiih  liiuitrcrs;  he  had  paciliccl  his  own  country, 
cliirishcii  commerce,  formed  stroni;  tdli.-mccsovcr 
Kiiropc,  and  made  his  personal  intlucncc  t'clt  by 
the  rulers  of  Krance,  Spain,  Italy,  ami  I  he  N'ellii  r 
Idids  us  that  of  a  man  who  could  turn  the  scale 
ill  mailers  of  the  lii:,'hest  importance  to  their  own 
■ii'iiiestic  wclfari'.  .  .  .  From  first  to  last  his 
policy  was  essentially  bis  own;  for  though  he 
knew  well  liow  tochiMisc  the  ablest  councillors,  he 
asked  or  took  their  advice  onlv  to  such  an  iMciit 
us  he  himsi'lf  dcinied  expeilicnt.  .  .  .  No  one 
'in  understand  his  reign,  or  thai  of  his  .S4tn.  or. 
'.y.  uiighl  add,  of  hl.s  gl'alnlit.illghler  Ijllieli 
Kl'zalsih,   without   appreciating  tin'  fact  that. 


however  well  scrvcil  with  councillors,  the  sover- 
eign was  in  thos<'  days  always  his  own   I'rime 
Minister.  .  .  .   Even  the  legislation  of  the  reign 
must  lie  rt'garded  as  in  large  measure  due  to 
Henry  himself.     We  have  no  means,  it  is  true, 
of  knowing  how  much  of  it  originatc>d  in  bis  own 
mind;  but  that  it  was  all  discussed  with  him  in 
Council  and  approved  liefore  it  was  passed  we 
have  every  n'ason  to  lielieve.      For  !»■   nevir 
appears  to  have  put  the  royal  veto  u|s)n  any  Hill, 
as  constitutional  usage  lH>tli  before  and  after  his 
days  -illowed.     He  gave   his   assent   to   all  the 
enactincnis  s<>nt  up  to  him  for  appnival.  tlioui.di 
he   scanctimes   added   to    them    provisos   of   his 
I   own.     .\nd   Ilai'on.  who  knew   the  traditions  of 
I    those  times,  distinctly  attribuKs  the  giHwl  leiris 
lation  of  his  days  to  the  king  bimsilf        In  that 
^    part.  Isith  of  justice  and  policy,  which  is  the  most 
I   durable  part,   and   cut,   as  it   were,  in   brass  or 
;    marble,  the  makinir  of  gissl  laws,  he  did  excel.' 
I   This  stalement.  with  but  slight  variations  in  the 
I    wording,   appears  again  iiitd  again  throiiifhiuit 
1   the   History;   and   elsewhere    it  is  said    that   he 
:    was  the  U-st  lawirivcr  to  this  nation  after  Edward 
;    I.   .   .   .  The    parliaments,     indi-cd,    thai     Henry 
siiinmoneil  were  only  sevin  in  number,  and  scl 
dom  ilid  any  one  of  them  last  over  a  year,  so  ihat 
1   cliiriiig  a  reign  of  m  arly  twc  nly  fiair  years  many 
'    years  pa.s.sed  away  wilhout  a  Parliament  al  all. 
;   IJnt  even   in    those'   scanly    slltiiigs   many    Acts 
•    were  jiasscil  to  incit  evils  that  win'  general  sub- 
jects of  complaint.   .   .   .   Hi'  could  scarcely   Is- 
\   ealh'd  a  harned  man.  vet  be  was  a  lover  of  learn- 
;   ini:.  and  iravc  his  children  an  cxcellcnl   educa- 
i    tion.     His  Court  was  open  to  scholars.   .   .   .   He 
!    was  eertainlv  religious  afler  the  fashion  of  his 
i   day.   .   .   .   Itisri'ligioiisfoundalionsand  beiiucsls 
j    perhaps  do  not  ncccs.sarily  imply  anything  more 
i   than  conventional    feeling.      Hut    we   nuisl    not 
j   everliHik  the  curious  ciicumstancc   Ihat   he  once 
j   argued  with  a  hentic  al  the  slake  al  Ciiiilcrbury 
I   and  got  him  to  nnonnce  his  heresy.     It  is  nielan 
i   eholy  to  add  Ihat  he  did  not   Ihereiipoii  release 
1   him  from  the  punishment    lo  which  he  had  Is-en 
sentenced;  but  the   fad    sii  nis  lo  show    that  he 
was  afraid  of  encouraging  insincere  conversions 
liy  such  leniency       During  the  last  twoorthri'e 
yiars  of  the  I.Mh  century  there  was  a  gisMl  deal 
of  procedure  againsi  heretics,  but  on  tlie  whole, 
we  are   Inld.   rallicr  by   pcnam-es  than   bv   fire. 
Ilcnrv  had  no  desire  to  sic  the  old  founilalions 
of  the  f.iilh  •li-lurbeil.     His  zeal  f'lr  Ihe  Cliiircli 
wasrccoL'iii-cd  by  no  less  Ihaii  three  I'upes  in  his 
lime,  who  cai  li  seiil    liim  a  s-.vord  and  1;  cap  of 
niainlenantc.   ,   .   .  To  commerce  and  aihcnlnn' 
he  was  iilu.ivs  a  goml  friend.     Hy  his  encourat'c 
inenl  Seli.i^iiaii  Calii'l  sailed  froni  HrisI'.;  and  dis 
icpvcri'd    Ncwbiunillund  — The    New    Isle,    as  it 
al  lirsl  wascaUed.     Four  years  earlier  ('■iliimbiis 
had  lirst  set  fool  on  ihc  gnat  weslcrn  continent, 
iind  had  not  his  brolher  iMen  taken  by  pirates  al 
sea,  il  Is  supimsed  thai  he  Iiki  might   have  made 
his  great  discovery  mider  Henry's  palronage.  "— 
.las' (iainlllcr,  lli'nnt  lli.  S.  n  i,l)i.  r/i.  i:t, 

.\i.sii  IN  :  l>oril  Hacon.  Ilinl.  nftlii  l!,ii/ii  nf  Kiiifi 

11,1,1-!/  VI  I. 

A.  D.  1509,— Accession  of  King  Henry  VIII. 

A.  D.    1511-1513,— Enlisted     in    the    Holy 

League  of  Pope  Julius  II.  against  France.    See 

iTM.v:  A.  D   l.'.in-l.'-d:! 

A.  D.  1513 —Henry's  invasion  of  France.-- 
The  victory  of  the  Battle  of  the  Spurs.  See- 
Fkakce-  a.  I).  l.')i;t-l.'>15. 


853 


i 

it 

i 

■ 


i 


ENQLA^ND.  15ta-1539. 


Wotty.  Unry  i'lll. 
and  thr  IHvorce. 


ENGLAND.  1527-1584. 


A.  D.  1513-1529.— The  miniitry  of  Cardinal 
WoUey.— From  1513  to  1529.  Thomas  Wolwy, 
who  ln'caiMC  An'hliishop  of  York  in  1514,  anil 
CarilinHl  in  1515,  was  thi'  niiniHtcr  wlio  puicii-d 
tlio  policy  of  Henry  Vlll..  no  fur  iis  llmt  IhikI- 
stmn);  ami  alKiohitc  monarch  could  lie  cniilcd  at 
all.  "Entliind  was  piinir  throuKh  a  irisia  j>o- 
lilically.  wH-ially.  and  inlilU'clually,  wliiii  Wol- 
st'V  undcrt(K)k  ilic  niunaiccmcnt  of  alTairH.  .  .  . 
\\V  niiist  roKrct  that  he  put  forcijrn  policy  in  the 
first  place,  and  ri'Bi'rvcd  his  constructive  meas- 
ures for  doinestic  affairs.  .  .  .  Yet  even  here  we 
may  doulit  if  the  mea-sures  of  the  English  Hefor- 
ma'tion  would  have  l)een  possible  if  Wolsey's 
mind  had  not  inspiriHl  the  klni;  and  the  nation 
with  a  heifihteiied  consiiousncss  of  Enirliind'a 
power  and  diL'iiity.  Wolse_\  's  diplomacy  at  least 
tore  away  all  illusions  alMiiit  I'ope  and  Enipiror. 
ami  the  <i|iiniiin  of  Kunipe,  and  taujzht  lli'ury 
VIII.  the  miasure  of  Ins  own  streniith.  It  was 
iinpossililc  that  Wolsey's  powerful  liand  sho,:ld 
not  leave  its  iniiires.sion  upon  everythinj;  » liich 
it  touched.  If  Henry  VIII.  inherited  a  stronj; 
inoiiarchy,  Wolsey  niade  the  hasis  of  monarch- 
ical power  still  stronircr.  .  .  .  Wolsey  saw  in 
th(  royal  power  the  oidy  jiossililc  means  of  hoM- 
inii  Enjilanil  together  and  ^'uiilin^  it  through  the 
dan^icm  of  impindinK  chanire.  .  .  Wolsey  was 
in  no  sense  a  constitutional  minister,  nor  did  he 
pay  nun  h  hcid  to  ciaistilutional  forms.  Parlia- 
ment was  only  summoned  omc  durini;  the  time 
that  he  was  in  ollice,  and  tlien  he  tried  to  lirow- 
lieat  Parliament  and  set  a.si<le  its  privileges.  In 
his  view  the  only  function  of  I'arliana'Ut  was  to 
j^ntnt  inimey  for  the  kinir's  needs.  The  kin^ 
shouUl  siv  how  much  he  neech'd,  and  Parliament 
ouiilit  only  to  advise  how  this  sum  inij.'lil  be 
most  conveniently  niiseil.  .  .  .  lie  was  unwise 
in  his  attempt  to  fone  the  kinjc's  will  uimn  Par- 
liament as  an  um  han^ealile  law  of  its  action. 
Henry  VIII.  liKiked  and  learned  from  Wolsey  s 
failure,  and  when  he  took  the  management  of 
Parliament  into  his  own  hanils  he  showed  him- 
self a  consummate  master  of  that  craft.  .  .  .  He 
was  .so  skilful  that  Parliament  at  last  nave  him 
even  the  power  over  the  purse,  and  Henry,  with- 
out r.ii^ini:  a  murmur.  im|>osed  taxes  which 
Wolsey  would  not  have  dared  to  suiiirest.  .  .  . 
Where  Wolsey  would  havi'  maile  the  Crown  in- 
ilepenilent  of  Parliament,  Henry  VIII.  reducMl 
Parliaiiic  nt  to  be  a  williuj;  instrument  of  the 
royal  will  .  .  .  Henry  .  .  .  clothed  his  despot- 
ism with  the  appeanince  (tf  paterna'  solicilucle. 
He  made  ilir  |ieople  think  that  he  lived  for  them, 
and  lliat  thi  ir  interests  were  his,  whereas  Wolsey 
ende.-n'ourrd  to  convince  the  people  that  the  kinir 
alone  ci.iild  L'uiinl  thiir  interests,  and  that  llieir 
only  cour-'e  wns  to  put  entire  <-ontiilenee  in  him, 
Henr\  >:iw  that  nieti  wiTe  ejisier  to  cajole  than 
to  curi\iinc.  .  .  In  spite  of  the  disiidvantau'i' 
of  a  ro\  ;il  rdiicatioii,  Henry  was  a  morcthoriHii^h 
ianrlisiiiiian  (h.in  Wolsey,  tliou^di  Wolsey  spniiit' 
from  the  people.  It  WMS  Wols<ys  teaeliiiiL', 
however,  tliiit  j.ripared  Henry  f.-r  his  t;isk.  The 
kinii  who  eouid  \i^r  a  iniiii^irr  like  WoUey  and 
then  lliiow  Iiiiii  .r<\.iy  when  le  was  no  Iom^mt 
useful,  felt  that  tlieri'  was  no  limllation  to  his 
self  sullieiian  y,  .  ,  .  I'or  poliii.s  in  Ihi'  larL''^t 
sens<',  compriNinL'  all  the  relations  of  the  n;itiiai 
at  hifuu-  and  abroad,  Wolsey  had  a  capacity 
whii  h  amounted  to  );enius,  and  it  is  doubtful  if 
this  ran  be  said  of  any  oilier  I-aii!iisiiini;il.  ,  .  . 
Takinf,'  Eugluml  as  he  found  her.  he  uime<l  at  de- 


vehiping  all  her  latent  poaBibilitie*,  and  Icadln); 
Eiiniiif  to  follow  In  her  train.  ...  He  made 
EnKluiul  for  a  time  the  c-entre  of  European  poll- 
tics,  and  gave  her  an  influence  far  higher  than 
she  could  elaiin  on  material  eniunda.  .  .  ,  He 
was  lndee<l  a  |Militical  artist,  who  worked  with  a 
free  hand  and  a  certain  touch.  ...  He  was. 
though  he  knew  it  not.  fitted  to  wrve  England, 
hut  not  to  serve  the  Enf;lish  king.  He  had  the 
ninis  of  a  national  statesman,  not  of  a  royal  «-r- 
vant.  Wolsey 's  inisfurtiine  was  that  his  lot  was 
cast  on  days  when  the  career  of  a  statesman  was 
not  distinct  from  that  of  a  roval  servant." — .M. 
('reii:htoii,  Otnthml  WttUi-y,  rh.  H  ttnd  \l. 

Also  in:  J.  M.  Brewer,  T>i<-  litii/n  "/  Ifenr)/ 
Vlll.—S.  A.  Froude.  Hint,  of  Eng.  Jhrni  the  Full 
„f  WoUji.rh.  I-'.'  — (i.  Cavendish,  I.ifii>f  Wotnty. 

A.  O.  1514.— Marriage  of  the  king's  lister 
with  Louis  XII.  of  France.  See  Fh.xnck:  A.  U. 
l."ii:!  l.'il.'i. 

A.  D.  1516-1517. — Intrigues  against  France. 
Se  Fuamk:  A.  I).  151tl-l?il7. 

A.  D.  1519.— Candidacy  of  Henry  VIII.  for 
the  imperial  crown.    S<'etJKHM.\NV:  .A.  I).  1519. 

A.  D.  1520-1531. — Rivalry  of  the  Emperor 
and  the  French  King  for  the  English  alliance. 
See  FitvNCK:  A,  I).  15i(>-l,W:i. 

A.  D.  1525.— The  king  changes  sides  in 
European  politics  and  breaks  his  alliance  with 
the  Emperor.     See  Fuanck;  A,  I).  15a5-l."26. 

A.  O.  1537.— New  alliance  with  France  and 
Venice  aeainst  Charles  V.— Formal  renuncia- 
tion of  tne  claim  of  the  English  kings  to  the 
crown  of  France.    See  Italy:  A.  I),  l.i27-1520. 

A.  D.  1527-1534.— Henry  VIII.  and  the  Di- 
vorce question. — The  rupture  with  Rome.— 
Henry  VIII.  "owed  his  crown  to  the  early  death 
of  his  brother  Arthur,  whose  widow.  Catharine 
of  Ara,son,  the  daughter  of  Ferdinand,  and  con- 
seiiuently  the  aunt  of  Charles  V.  [emwror], 
Henry  vvas  enabled  to  marry  through  a  ilispen- 
s,itiori  olitaiued  by  llenrv  Vll,  fnim  Pope  Julius 
II., — marriairewith  .ia  i\ife  of  a  deceased  brother 
lieini,'  forbiihleii  by  the  laws  of  the  Church. 
Henry  was  in  his  twelfth  year  when  the  marriage 
was  concluded,  but  it  Wiis  not  consummated  until 
the  death  of  his  father.  .  .  .  The  question  of 
Henry's  divorce  from  Catharine  stHin  became  a 
subject  of  discussion,  and  the  effort  to  pnx'ure 
the  anniillini;  of  the  marriajre  from  the  (Hipe  was 
prosicuted  for  a  niimlHT  of  years.  Henry  pro 
fessed,  and  perhaps  with  sincerity,  that  he  had 
long  been  tro.diled  with  doubts  of  the  validity  of 
the  mairiaL'e,  as  U'lng  contrary  to  the  divine 
law.  and  thinfore  not  within  the  limit  of  the 
popr's  dispi'Msi'i^  power.  The  ih-ath  of  a  num 
ber  of  his  (  hildnn,  leaving  only  a  sin_:;le  iliiu.srh 
ter.  M:iry.  ha  1  Ih'cu  interpreted  by  some  as  a 
m:irk  of'ilie  dis|ilc:isun'  of  (iihI.  At  thc^  same 
tinu'  the  KiiL'lish  people,  in  the  fresh  rc'colli'ction 
of  the  long  dynastic  struggle,  were  .iii.xious  on 
account  of  the  lack  of  a  niali'  heir  to  the  throne. 
On  the  iiueen's  side  it  was  assiTted  lh;it  it  was 
eonipelent  for  the  iiii|)e  to  authorize  .1  m:irriage 
Willi  a  broilers  widow,  and  th.it  no  doubt  could 
possibly  exist  i:i  I  lie  present  ca.se,  since,  accord 
ill'.'  to  iier  tesiiniony,  her  marriaiie  with  .Vrthur 
li;id  never  ln-eii  completed.  The  eai^i'rncss  of 
Henry  to  procuri'  the  divorce  increased  with  his 
growing  p;issioii  for  Anne  Iloleyn.  The  negotia 
lions  with  Uome  dragged  slowly  on.  Catharine 
was  .■>\k  vear.s  oldel  lUali  Iiilii.-M  tf.  and  li.id  lo.->l 
her  charms.     He  was  enamored  of  this  young 


854 


ENGLAND.  1SS7-1584. 


Mr  Thomas  Mare. 


ENGLAND,  1529-1588. 


English  girt,  fresh  from  the  court  of  Pranre.  He 
renolved  to  break  the  marriage  bcmil  with  the 
Hpaniah  princen  who  had  bet-n  his  faithful  wife 
for  nrarly  twenty  years.  It  was  not  without 
reason  that  the  king  lx>ramc  more  and  more  in- 
ceniUHi  at  the  dilatory  and  vacillating  course  of 
the  pope.  .  .  .  Henry  determined  to  lay  the 
<|Ui'stion  of  thcvalidltyof  his  marriage  tiofdrellic 
universities  of  Kun>pc,  and  tliis  he  did,  making 
a  free  use  of  l)ril»ry  abroad  and  if  menac»'S  at 
home.  Mi'nntinie.  he  took  mea.sun'S  to  cripple 
the  authority  of  the  pope  and  of  the  clergv  in 
Kiiglaiid.  In  these  prrK'eidings  he  was sustauiii! 
Iiy  a  popular  feellni;.  the  growth  of  centuries, 
iiiriiinst  fonign  ccclcsiustieal  interfen'nce  nnd 
clerical  control  in  civil  allulrs.  The  fall  of  Wnl- 
B(V  WHS  the  ellect  of  his  failure  to  pnK-ure  thc> 
divorce,  and  of  the  enmity  of  Anne  Uoleyn  and 
liiT  family.  ...  In  order  to  convict  of  treason 
;  this  minister,  whom  he  lia<l  raised  to  the  highest 

pinnacle  of  power,  the  king  did  not  scruple  to 
avail  himself  of  the  ancient  statute  of  pnemunln\ 
whi<h  Wolsey  was  accuse<l  of  having  trans- 
gr(s.ii<d  by  acting  ns  the  poju's  legate  iu  England 
—  it  was  dishonestly  alleged,  without  the  royal 
licensj'.  Early  iu  \~<'M  the  king  charged  ihe 
whnle  txxly  of  the  clergy  with  liavieg  incurred 
the  iHnalties  of  the  .same  law  by  sulmiitting  to 
Wolscy  in  his  legatine  character.  Assembled  in 
ciinviKation,  they  were  obligid  to  imph>re  his 
pardon,  anil  obtumed  it  only  in  return  for  a  large 
sum  of  money.  In  their  {H'tition  he  was  styletl, 
in  olK'dience  to  his  dictation,  '  The  Prot<'<'tof  and 
Siii)reme  Head  of  the  Church  nnd  Clergv  of  Eng- 
luiiil,'  to  which  was  aildeil,  after  long  debate,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Archbishop  Warhani — 'ns  far 
as  is  permitted  by  the  law  of  I'hrist.'  The 
I'hurch,  prostrate  though  it  was  at  the  feet  of 
the  UesiHitic  king,  showed  sonu!  degn'e  of  self- 
respect  in  inserting  this  amendment.  I'arliikment 
forbade  the  intrmluction  of  papal  bulls  into  Eng- 
land. The  king  was  authorizeil  if  he  saw  tit,  to 
withdraw  the  annats  —  flrst-fnnts  of  iM-neticis  — 
from  the  pope.  Appeals  to  Home  were  forbid- 
den. The  retidlatory  measuri'S  of  Henry  did  not 
move  the  po|)e  to  recede  fnun  his  position.  On 
or  ab"iU  January  S."),  iriSS,  the  king  was  privately 
married  to  Anne  Uiileyn.  ...  In  1.'>:U  Henry 
was  conditionally  excommunicated  by  Clcniiiit 
VII.  The  papal  decree  deposing  hini  from  the 
thrcne,  and  ttl>solving  his  subjects  from  their 
allciiiauce,  did  not  follow  until  l.VW,  ami  was 
issued  by  I'aul  III.  Clement's  bidl  w.is  sent 
fnrlh  on  "the  23  of  March  On  the  '.'I!  of  Nov<in- 
Ur  I'arlianii'nt  passed  the  Act  of  Supremacy, 
«iilioiu  the  qualifying  claus<' which  the  clergy 
!iail  attai'heil  to  their  vote.  The  king  was.  more- 
"Vi  r.  elnthed  with  full  power  and  authority  to 
ri  press  and  amend  all  such  errors,  luresies.  anil 
aluscs  as  ■  by  any  manner  of  siiirilual  aulhorilv 
■r  jurisdielidn  ouv'hl  or  may  lawfullv  U'  ri- 
torMH'fl.'  Thus  ;i  visitatorial  f'unclion  of  vast  ex- 
ii_Ml  was  recognized  as  iM'Kmging  to  him.  In 
IV;-.'  convcH-alion  was  driven  to  engage  nul  'in 
c  i::ii  I  iir  priimulgi'  or  put  in  exiniition'  .iiiv 
I",  .-uri's  wit  liniii  the  royal  lici'nse,  and  to  proniiM- 
:■■  >  liaii^'e  or  111  aim  gale  any  of  the  'provincial 

■  "Ti-iilui  ions 'which  he  should  judi;e  inronsistiiit 
Ai:h  Ills  prerogative.  The  eieriiy  were  Ihiis 
irippiclof  all  power  to  make  law's.     A  nuxiil 

■  "imnission.  which  Parliament  orilained  for  Ihe 

"-■  :-:■•:!    ;;f   tijr    whoir    C.in.iU    i,iW.    Wa.i    lift    ap- 

puinlid  in  this  reign.     The  dis-solutiim  of   Ihe 


king's  marriage  thus  di8iiolve<I  the  union  of  Eng- 
land with  the  papacy. " — O.  P.  Fisher,  Ilitlorj/  of 
the  Chrintian  i^hurrh,  ])friod  H,  rh.  6. 

Al.Ho  in;  J.  S.  Brewer,  The  lirign  of  Henry 
Vlli  .  r.  2,  eh.  27-^5, —,I.  A.  Froude,  Hint,  of 
Km/.,  r.  1,  M.  2.  — S.  H.  Burke,  //int.  PortmiU 
of  the  Tiiilor  Ih/imnti/.  r.  1,  eh.  8-2.'). — ,1.  I.ingani, 
llM.  of  Kn;/..  r.  6,  eh.  3.— T.  E.  Bridgett.  Life 
anil  WrilinyKof  Sir  T.  More. 

A.  D.  1529-1535.  —  The  execution  of  Sir 
Thomas  More.— On  the  anth  of  OctolKT,  \K'.t, 
Ihe  king,  by  ilelivering  the  great  seal  to  Sir 
Thomiw  .More,  constituteil  him  I.oril  Chancenor, 
In  making  this  appointment,  Henry  "ho|M'd  to 
dispos«^  his  chancellor  to  lend  his  uiithorily  to  the 
projects  of  divorce  nnd  second  marriage,  which 
now  agitateil  the  king's  mind,  and  were  the  nmin 
objects  of  his  policy.  .  .  .  To  pursue  this  subject 
through  the  long  lU'gotialions  and  di.scus.sions 
which  it  (Kcasioned  during  six  yi-ars,  would  Iw 
to  lead  us  far  from  the  life  of  sir  Thomas  More. 
.  .  .  .\11  these  priKi'edings  terminated  in  the  sen- 
tence of  nullity  in  the  cilsc  of  Henry's  marriage 
with  Catherine,  pronounced  by  Cniiimer.  the  es- 
pousid  of  Anne  Bideyn  bv  the  king,  and  the  re 
jeclionof  Ihe  papal  jurisdiction  liy  the  kingdom, 
which  still,  however,  adhered  to  ihe  diKtrinesot 
the  lioinan  cuthnlic  church.  The  situation  of 
More  during  a  gri'at  part  of  these  memoralilc 
events  was  embarrassing.  The  great  ollices  to 
which  he  w;is  raised  by  the  king,  the  personal 
favour  hitherto  constantly  show  n  to  him,  and  the 
natural  tendency  of  his  gentle  and  ([uiet  disposi- 
tion, coniliined  to  disincline  him  to  resistance 
agaiiLst  the  wishes  of  his  friendly  iinuster.  On 
the  other  hand,  his  gnnving  dreaif  nnd  horror  of 
heresy,  with  its  train  of  disorders;  his  belief  that 
universal  anarchy  would  In-  tlie  inevilalile  result 
of  religious dissehsum,  and  the  operation  of  seven 
years'  controversy  for  the  Catholic  church,  in 
healing  his  mind  (in  all  subjects  involving  the  ex- 
tent of  her  authority,  mmje  him  recoil  from  de- 
signs which  were  visibly  tending  towanla  dis- 
union w  ith  the  lionnui  pontiff.  .  .  .  Henry  u.sed 
every  means  of  prcKMiring  an  opinion  favourable 
to  his  wishes  from  his  chancellor,  who  excus«-d 
himself  as  unmeet  for  such  matters,  having  never 
professed  tlie  study  of  divinity.  .  .  .  Hut  when 
the  prnL^ress  towards  the  marrinL^e  was  so  far  ad- 
vann-d  that  he  mw  how  sism  the  active  co-oprra- 
tinn  of  a  iliancellor  must  lie  reiiuired.  he  made 
suit  to  'his  singular  dear  friend,'  the  duke  of 
Norfolk,  to  procure  hisdisi  har^'e  from  thisolllcc. 
The  duke.ofleu  snlicited  by  Mori',  then  obtained, 
by  im|iorlunale  suit,  a  char  discharL'c  for  Ihe 
chancellor.  .  .  .  The  kingdin'Cted  Norfolk,  when 
he  installed  his  successor,  to  declare  jiublicly, 
tli.il  his  majesty  h.id  with  pain  yhlded  to  the 
privers  nf  sir  'riiomas  .Mori',  by  the  removal  of 
sucii  a  Tuagistrale.  .  .  ,  II  must  1k'  owned  that 
llinry  felt  Ihe  wiij;lit  of  this  gnat  niiui'si<piniiin, 
and  Irii  d  iviry  jiossibli'  means  to  obtain  at  least 
the  appearance  of  his  spontaneous  approliatioii. 
.  .  .  The  king  .  .  .  sent  the  archbishop  of  Can- 
lerliury,  tin-  chancellor,  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  and 
Cioniwell.  to  attempt  the  conversion  of  More. 
.\ud ley  reminded  .More  of  the  king's  special  favour 
and  many  Is'iietits.  .More  ..dmitted  theiii:  but 
miMlesily  added,  that  his  hiiiliness  had  most 
graciously  di'darcd  that  on  this  matter  More 
should  Is*  molested  no  more.  When  in  the  end 
tlie>  ....lis  I  hat  110  pe|..M.i-.iohiiMl)<l  nii've  hi  111,  liie\ 
then  said,     that  the  king's  highness  had  given 


« 


11 


ENGLAND.  1S29-1A3S. 


ll*ne»iM  of  the 
Church  of  Kngtamt. 


ENGLAND,   l.'>81-15«!l. 


them  In  rommniKlnicnt,  if  they  could  by  nn  iceii- 
tirnoss  win  liim.  in  tlic  ItinK'H  nnnie  witn  in^rati- 
tiiilc  to  cliarce  liini.  tliat  nevrr  WHNwrvant  to  liiM 
mnsitiT  so  villainous,  nor  sulijcct  to  liig  prince  so 
tniitonius  lis  he' .  .  .  I)y  a  tyivnnical  edict,  mis- 
called a  law.  in  the  same  session  of  ITiilil^.  it 
wasmadi'  high  treason,  after  the  Istof  May.  I.'W4. 
l)y  writing,  print,  dird.  or  iM't.  to  ilo  or  to  pro- 
ciire.  or  cause  to  lie  done  or  pnK'und.  anvthing 
to  the  prejudici'.  slamhr.  disturluince.  or  licmga- 
tion  of  the  king's  lawful  matrimony  with  cpi  "w 
.\iine.  if  the  sjinie  offences  were  coniinilu-d  liy 
words,  tliey  were  only  misprision.  Tlw  same  a<t 
ciijoineil  ail  penums  tu  taiie  an  oatii  to  iiiiiinlaiu 
llie  whole  contents  of  the  statute,  and  an  olisti 
nate  refiisid  to  make  such  oath  was  KUbjected  to 
the  iH'naltiesof  misprision.  .  .  .  SirT.  .More  was 
summoned  to  appear  InTon'  these  comndssioners 
at  Ijimlx'tli,  on  Monday  the  l:lth  of  .\pril.  l,*):!!. 
.  .  .  After  having  ri'ad  the  statute^  nnd  llie  fonn 
of  the  oath,  he  (leclaicd  his  reailines.s  to  swiar 
that  he  would  maintain  and  (hfcnd  the  order  of 
succession  to  the  crown  as  estalilisheil  liy  parli  i 
inenl  He  discraimed  all  cen^ure  of  tlnw  who 
had  impoxij.  or  on  those  who  had  taken,  tin' 
o;itli,  hut  ilcc;an'd  it  to  he  iinpos>ilili>  that  he 
slioeld  .,w(ar  to  llii'  whole  cotili'iils  of  it.  nilhout 
otfi'iiliiig  against  his  own  cnnM-ience.  .  .  .  He 
iiev(  r  more  relurmd  to  his  house,  iMing  commit 
ted  to  the  i  uslody  of  the  alili.pt  of  Westminster, 
in  wliii  h  he  continued  four  days;  and  at  the  end 
of  that  time  he  was  conveyed  to  the  Towir  on 
Friday  till'  ITlh  of  April,  15:i4.  ...  On  the  (llli 
of  May,  11:i"i,  almost  immediately  after  the  defeat 
of  ever,  allrmpi  to  pnicliseon  his  firmness.  More 
was  liicMiLlit  to  trial  at  Wistmiusler,  and  it  will 
fiarreiv  he  dnuhtid,  that  no  such  culprit  st(«Ki 
at  any  ICuropean  liar  for  a  Ihousiinl  yi'ars.  .  .  . 
It  Is  iauH  niahle  that  the  records  of  the  proceed- 
ings against  such  a  m.an  should  lie  seaiily.  We 
do  not  certainly  know  the  specific  .jiTiiiee  of 
wh'.  h  he  was  convicted.  .  .  .  <»n  Tuesday,  the 
full  of  .luly  (St.  riKimas's  eve),  ir):!."!,  sir  Thomas 
I'ope.  his  singular  goisl  friend,'  came  to  him 
early  witli  a  messjige  from  the  king  and  council, 
to  .•iay  that  he  should  die  liefore  nine  o'clock  of 
the  same  morning,  .  .  .  The  lieutenant  brought 
him  to  till'  scaffold,  which  was  so  weak  that  It 
was  ready  to  fall,  on  which  he  sidil,  merrily, 
'  Ma>li  r  lieutetuint.  I  pray  you  see  me  .safe  up. 
and  fur  my  c.uuing  down'lef  me  shift  for  myself  ' 
When  he  laid  his  licid  on  the  bliM-k  he  desired 
the  executioner  to  wait  till  he  had  removed  his 
iKard,  for  that  had  never olTtrided  his  hiL'hness.  " 
—Sir  ,1.  M.iekintosh.  S,r  TIwh.  Mnr,  \<\ihiii,t 
fl/^l„p.  :    h:,i,ii,i  III  liritixh    Sliil,xiii,  ii,  r.   1 1. 

Aixi  IN:  S  U.  (iardiuer.  Ili'lurirnl  lli.„/i;i. 
Ii/iim.  ,-li.  I!  — T.  Iv  Hridgitl.  /.iff  mill  \\'riiii,i/.i 
of  Sir  Tl,,,,,,,,!.  M„i;;  ch.  12-ji,— S.  H.  Hurke, 
llift    (•.■ilr.iilM.ithe  Tniliir  hi/ mint!/,  r.   1,  .•/,.  2!l, 

A.  D.  1531-1563.— The  eeiiesis  of  the  Church 
of  England.— ■■  llenry  Vfll.  attempteil  to  cnn- 
sliliile  a'l  .\n!:li<an  C'hureh  differing  from  the 
Hoinan  C.ilholic  I  h  in  h  on  the  (mint  of  the 
siipremacy,  and  out'  .t  point  alone.  Hissmciss 
In  this  attempt  w.is  extraordinarv.  The  for.  e  of 
his  character,  tin-  sini;ularly  favorable  situation 
in  which  he  sIckhI  with  res|H.etto  foreiirn  powers. 
the  immense  wi alth  which  the  spoliation  of  the 
alilieys  placed  at  his  disi>os:il.  and  the  support  of 
that  class  »  hich  still  halti'd  liei  ween  two  opinions, 
enalilcd  him  to  hi  '  d<rtaTi.-<.  !..  \v,\\\  t!„.  ,.x:f,.)„,. 
parties,  to  tmrn  as  heretics  those  who  avowed 


the  tenets  of  tile  Ilefnmiers,  and  to  '..ang  ai 
traitors  those  who  owned  the  authority  of  the 
Pope,  lint  Henry's  system  died  with  him.  Had 
his  life  Ihcu  prolonged,  he  wouhl  have  found  it 
difliciilt  to  mainiain  a  position  assailed  with  equal 
fury  hy  all  who  were  /.eahiiis  cither  for  the  new 
or  for  the  old  opinions.  Tile  ministers  who  held 
the  royal  prerogatives  in  trust  for  his  infant  son 
could  not  venture  to  persist  in  so  hazardous  a 
jiolicv  ;  nor  could  Klizabeth  venture  to  n^l  urn  to 
it.  It  was  necessary  to  make  u  choice.  The 
government  must  either  sul)mit  to  Uome,  or 
must  obtain  the  aid  of  the  I'nitestants.  The 
governinent  and  the  Protestants  had  only  one 
thing  in  common,  hatred  of  the  I'apal  power 
Till'  English  reformers  were  eager  to  go  as  far  as 
their  Im'thren  on  the  Continent,  They  unani 
moiLsly  conih'Uined  as  Anticliristian  numerous 
doi;masatid  pnctices  to  which  Hei.ry  hail  stub- 
bornly adhered,  and  which  Eliza'H'th" reluctantly 
ahandoned.  .Many  felt  a  strong  repugnance  even 
to  things  indifferent  whicli  had  formed  part 
of  the  polity  or  ritual  of  the  iny.Ktical  liabyhm. 
Thus  liishop  HiKiper.  who  died  nninfulfy  at 
(iloiicester  for  his  religion,  long  refused  to  wear 
the  epLseopal  vestinent.s.  Ilishop  Uidlev.  a  mar- 
tyr of  still  greater  nnown.  pulled  down  the 
ancient  altars  of  his  diiMese,  and  ordered  the 
Kucharist  to  Ih'  administereil  in  tlie  middle  of 
ihurches.  lit,  tiililes  w  hich  the  Papists  irreverently 
termed  oyster  boanis.  Uisliop .lewel  |ironouiicid 
the  clerical  garb  to  be  a  stage  dress,  a  fiKil'scoat. 
a  relioue  if  the  .Vmoriles.  anil  proinis<il  that  he 
would  spate  no  hibour  to  extirpate  such  degrad- 
ing absiirili'ies.  Archliishop  (irindal  huig  hesi- 
tated aliout  accepting  a  mitre  from  dislike  of 
what  he  regatded  as  the  mummery  of  consecni 
tion.  l!i.<hop  I'arkhiirsf  uttered  a  fervent  prayer 
that  the  Church  of  Kngland  would  propost^  to 
herself  the  Church  of  Zurich  as  the  ahsolute 
pattern  of  a  Christian  community.  Uisliop 
I'onet  was  of  opinion  that  the  word  Hi'shop  should 

!»•  aliand d  to  the  Papist,  and  that  the  chief 

ollicers  of  the  purified  thtinh  shoulil  Im' called 
Sii|ieriiitenileiils.  When  it  is  consiihred  that 
none  of  these  .'relates  belonged  to  the  extri'ine 
sei'lion  of  the  Protestant  parly,  it  cannot  Im- 
doubled  that,  if  the  general  sense  nf  that  partv 
had  iH'cn  followed,  the  work  of  reform  woulil 
have  Inen  carried  on  as  unsparingly  in  Kngland 
as  in  Scotland.  Hut,  as  the  governnniil  iiiidi  d 
the  support  of  the  Protestants,  so  the  Protestants 
needed  the  |irotectiiin  of  the  government.  Much 
was  Iherefon;  given  up  on  bolli  sides:  an  union 
Wius  effected  ;  and  Ihe  fruit  of  that  union  was  the 
Church  of  Kniriand ."— Lord  .Macaulay.  llint.  <•/ 
KiKJ.,  ch.  1. —  "The  Iteformation  in  EiiL'land  was 
singular  amongst  the  great  religious  movemenls 
of  the  sixteenth  lentury.  It  was  the  h'ast  heroic 
of  them  all  — the  lea.st "swayed  by  religious  pas 
sion.  or  moulded  anu  governed  by  spiritual  and 
theological  necessities.  From  !•,  general  point  of 
view,  it  liKiks  at  first  little  more  than  a  great 
polilical  ihange.  The  exiiieiieies  of  royal  pas 
sion.  and  the  duliioiis  impulses  of  statecraft, 
Bi-eni  its  moving  and  really  powerful  springs 
Hut.  ngarded  more  clos<'ly.  we  reeofnisi  a  sin 
nilicanl  train  IhiIIi  of  religious  and  critical  fori  is 
at  work.  The  lust  and  avarice  of  Henry,  tie- 
|Milii'y  of  Cromwell,  and  the  vacillations  of  Ihe 
hading  clergy,  attract  prominent  notice;  but 
there  may  lie  traced  bcnctith  tiic  surfare  a  wi.ii  - 
spread  evangelical   fervour  amungst  the  people, 


856 


t  1 


EMOLANU.  1581-1508. 


The  Mtmtutrrim 


KNOLANI).  l.-KJ-V-lSSt. 


■a 


,^ 


auil,  iibuvK  all.  ii  gvniiinc  spiritual  carncstnew 
1111(1  i'X(  itcmi'nl  of  thoiiKlit  ut  tlic  iinivrniitips. 
Tlicsi'  IiIkImt  iiitlucnrrs  prraidr  at  tli(!  tlrat  birth 
()f  the  miivciiicnl.  Tlicy  arr  wen  In  activi'  n\vT 
iilioii  liiM!.'  licfdri'  the  n>fi>rmin>{  liwk  was  laki'ii 
up  hv  tnr  ('(lurt  aiut  the  l>ishi>pH.  " — .1,  TiiIIimIi, 
U'lti'iiutt  Tftrnhif/i/ find  ('hriHtiftn  I'/tiftrnt/tftif  in 
AV/  in  M,  17(/i  (Viiliiri/.  r.  1,  eh.  2.  — •'The 
iiiiMnihli'  fate  of  Aniii'  Hiilcyn  wins  our  I'om- 
[las-sioii.  ami  thi>  gri'atnctMto  whirh  Ikt  ilau^litiT 
:illuiii((l  has  ln'iti  in  sonic  ilcKnc  n  fleeted  liac  k 
upon  herself.  Mail  she  ilieil  a  nalur.il  death,  anil 
hail  she  mil  iH'en  the  nii>lhiTof  l^uii  ii  Kli/alietli. 
we  shoulil  have  estiiiiateil  her  ehanieter  at  a  very 
li>»  v.'ilui'  imieeil.  I'nitestantisiii  iiii);lil  stilf. 
wilh  Its  usual  iinliistorieal  partisanship.  Iiave 
t'ilileil  liver  her  iniinoralities;  liut  the  Chiireh  of 
KnL'liinii  must  ever  liKik  uimhi  Aiiiie  Holeyn  witli 
ilnwneast  eyes  full  of  sorrow  ami  shame.  Ity 
tlie  iiitlnenee  <jf  her  eharms,  Henry  was  inilueed 
N)  lake  those  steps  which  ended  in  si-ttiiiij  the 
(  hiiri  h  of  Kiii;land  freefroni  an  uncatliolic  yoke: 
liMl  that  such  n  result  hIiouIiI  he  pHKliii'l'd  liy 
^ll^ll  an  iritluence  is  a  fact  which  must  constmin 
us  to  think  that  the  land  was  guilty  of  nianv 
>ins,  and  tliat  it  was  tliest'  national  sins  whicli 
prevented  iH'tter  insiruinents  from  liein>;  raised 
up  fur  so  riirliteous  ;in  object." — .1.  II.  lilunt. 
Tfif  Uejorntiitiitn  ttf  the  Church  itf  Kii'jlitHil,  p/t. 
lltT-luk— "Cninmer's  work  might  never  have 
heen  carried  out.  there  iiiigbt  have  la-en  no  Kiig- 
lisli  Itilile.  no  Ten  Articles  or  'Institution.'  no 
nfiirininK  I'riniera.  nor  Prixlainations  against 
Ceri'inonies,  had  it  not  Im'I'O  for  the  tact,  tnihi- 
ness  and  skill  of  Tliomaa  Cruinwell,  whii  intlU' 
(•need  the  King  more  ilirectly  and  constantly 
than  Cmnnu-r,  and  who  knew  bow  to  make  Iifs 
inrtuiiii .  nceptablc  by  an  unprincipled  eoutisca 
tiiin  ami  an  absurd  exagger  "ion  of  the  royal 
Mipreinacy.  Cruinwell  knew  that  in  his  master's 
lii.irt  Iliere  was  a  ilislike  and  contempt  of  the 
I'lergv.  .  .  .  ItisprobalilethatCrumwell'Hpoliey 
« lis  simply  irreligious,  and  only  din'cted  towards 
pHMTving  his  intluencc  with'tbe  King;  but  a.s 
the  support  of  the  reforming  part  of  the  natiim 
was  a  useful  factor  in  it,  be  was  thus  led  to  push 
fiirwanl  religious  inforination  in  conjunction 
nitli  ('pannier.  It  has  iH-en  liefore  saiil  that 
purity  and  di.sinlerestcdnesa  are  not  to  1k'  liMikeil 
for  in  all  the  actors  in  the  English  Hcfnrnialion. 
To  tliis  it  may  Iw  added  that  ncitlier  in  tlii'  iiiove- 
nieiit  it.silf  nor  in  those  who  took  part  in  it  is  to 
lie  fnuml  complete  consistency.  This,  indeed,  is 
not  til  lie  wonden'd  at.  .Men  were  feeling  tlieir 
way  along  untrodden  paths,  w  itliout  any  very 
dear  iHTceptiiin  of  the  end  at  which  they  were 
uiihiiiL'.  or  any  jierfect  understjunling  "of  the 
silualiim.  The  King  had  altogether  misappn- 
hi  nihil  the  meaning  of  liis  supremacy  A  Imst 
"f  ilivines  whose  views  as  to  the  di.sliiiction  Im'- 
twii  u  the  secular  and  the  spiritual  had  been  con- 
fiiMil  by  the  action  of  the  Toim's,  helped  to  mis 
lead  liini.  The  clergy,  accustomed  to  lie  crushed 
and  humiliated  by  tlie  I'upes,  sulimittcd  to  U- 
I  rushed  and  humiliated  by  the  King;  and  as  tla' 
tide  of  his  atitoinilic  temper  cMieil  and  tlowed, 
yiiMi  d  til  each  change.  Hence  there  was  action 
:inil  rtaiiion  throngbout  the  ndgn.  Hut  in  this 
iliere  were  obvimis  advantages  for  the  Chim'b. 
Tlie  gradual  process  ac(  usiomed  men's  thoughts 
til  a  nfiirmatiim  which  should  not  Iw  dnistic  or 
!L'.i!:f!!!as!i:-  !■.;:;  rather  oonservalivr  and  dcliiicr 
■"'    '— "j- <^    I'' rry.   Hut.  tf  the  liefiirmittinn  in 


AV.  <•*•  5— "With  ri'ganl  to  the  Church  of 
Kiigland,  its  foundations  rest  ii|Kin  the  rink  of 
Scripture,  not  u|Min  the  character  of  the  King  by 
whom  they  were  laid.  This,  however,  must  lie 
nfflrmed  in  justice  to  Henry,  that  mixed  as  the 
motives  were  which  tirst  induced  him  to  disclaim 
the  I'ojK-'s  authority,  in  all  the  subscciuent  meas- 
ures he  acted  sincerely,  knowing  the  importance 
of  the  Wjork  in  whichbe  had  engaged,  and  prose- 
•  nting  it  s<>dulously  and  eonschntiously,  even 
when  most  erroneous.  That  religion "  should 
have  had  .so  little  inlluence  upon  bis  moral  con- 
fluct  will  not  appear  slranu'e.  if  we  consider 
what  the  religion  was  wliirein  he  was  trained 
up;  — nor  if  we  hsik  at  tin-  geiicnility  of  men 
even  now.  under  circumstaneis  iinin'iasurably 
more  fortunate  than  those  in  wlihbhe  wasplai  cit. 
I'luhnialilc  pnKifs  remain  of  the  learning,  aliility, 
and  diligence,  with  which  he  applied  himsilf  to 
the  gri'at  business  of  weeding  out  superstition, 
and  yet  presirving  what  he  lalieveil  to  1h'  the 
esseiilialsof  Cbristianity  unloui  bed.  Thispmise 
(anil  it  is  no  light  one)  is  his  due:  and  it  is  our 
part  to  Ik'  tliankful  to  that  all  ruling  Providence, 
which  nindcred  even  his  passions  and  bis  vices 
subservient  to  tills  important  end." — U.  Soulliev, 
T/if  llmik  iif  Ihf  Church,  ch.  \l. 

A.  D.  1535-1539.— The  suppression  of  the 
Monasteries. — "The  emirmnus.  and  in  a  great 
nuasure  ill-gotten,  opulence  of  the  regular  chrgy 
had  long  since  excited  jealousy  in  every  part  lif 
Europe.  .  .  .  ,\  writer  mm  b'  inclined  to  par 
tialily  towanis  the  monasteries  says  that  they 
hehl  [in  England |  oiie-tiftli  part  of  the  kingdom"; 
no  insigniticant  patriniuiy.  .  .  As  they  were 
in  general  exempted  fmni  episcopal  visitation, 
and  intrusteil  with  the  care  of  their  own  disci- 
pline, such  abuses  had  gradually  prevailed  and 
gained  strength  by  connivance  as  we  may  natu- 
rally cxfMTt  in  c(irp<irate  ImkIIcs  of  men  leading 
almost  of  neces.sity  useless  and  indolent  lives, 
and  in  whom  very"  indistinct  views  of  moral  ob- 
ligations were  combined  with  a  gri'at  facility  of 
violating  them.  The  vices  that  for  many  iiges 
bad  iM'cn  sup|>os<.d  to  haunt  the  monasteries,  had 
certainly  not  left  their  prec  incts  in  that  of  Henry 
VIII.  \Vols<'y,  as  papal  legate,  at  tlie  instiga- 
tion of  Kox,  bishop  of  Hereford,  a  favourer  of 
the  Hefoniiation.  coninienced  a  visitation  of  the 
pnifesscil  as  well  as  secular  clergy  in  l.Vj:!.  in 
con.seijueui  1  of  the  general  (iiniplaint  against 
their  manners.  .  .  .  Full  of  anxums  zeal  for 
promolirig  education,  the  noblest  part  of  his 
character,  he  olitainiid  bulls  fnini  Ifcime  sup- 
pressing many  convents  (among  wliich  was  that 
of  St.  Frideswide  t  OxfonI),  in  onler  to  enct 
and  endow  a  new  coUege  in  that  university,  his 
favourite  work,  which  after  his  fall  was  "more 
ciimplelely  established  by  the  name  of  Christ 
Church  .V  few  more  w'ere  afterwards  extin- 
guislicd  tlirough  his  instigation;  and  thus  the 
prejudice  against  interference  witli  this  species 
of  property  was  sumewliat  worn  otT,  and  mens 
minds  gradually  prepared  for  the  sweeping  con- 
tisiations  of  Cromwell  ITIiomas  Cromwell,  wlio 
succeeded  Wolsey  as  chief  niinister  of  Henry 
VIII.].  Theking indeed  wasalmnduntly  willing 
to  replenish  his  exche(|Uer  li\  violiut  means, 
and  to  avenge  himself  on  tliosi'  who  gaiiisayisl 
his  supremacy;  but  it  was  tliis  able  statesman 
who.  prompted  both  by  the  natural  ■  ppetite  of 
niir.isti-re  for  the  suhjcci.s'  money  and  '..y  .i  .--jirfl 
partiality  towanis  the  Reforinatiou,  devised  and 


857 


Is 


■I* 

I 


I 


I. 
I 

f 

f 


ENGLAND.  1S85-1SR9 


Ann*  9ol«|rn 
and  ktr  HucmMura. 


ENOhANl).    lS8»-164a. 


orrird  on  with  complete  aiirrrm,  if  not  with  the 
utninst  pruileocc.  a  inriuiire  of  no  inconaklcrnhle 
hiizanl  mid  illlHciilty.  ...  It  wan  lurcaiuiry,  by 
exiMiaing  the  grow  corruptions  of  moniiHterics, 
Ixrtli  to  intimidate  the  regular  clergy,  and  to 
excite  popular  indignation  against  them.  It 
is  not  to  Ih'  doubted  that  in  the  visitation  of 
these  founilatious,  under  the  dirtrtion  of  Crom- 
well, as  loni  vicegerent  of  the  king's  ecclesiaH 
tieni  supremacy,  many  things  were  done  in  an 
arbitrary  manner,  andinuch  was  unfairly  repre- 
sented. Yet  the  report*  of  these  visitors  are  so 
minute  and  8|><>citic  that  it  is  rather  a  preiMM 
terous  degree  of  iucre<lulily  to  reje<'t  their  testi 
mony  wlienevcr  it  iK'urs  hard  on  the  regulars. 
.  .  .  The  dread  of  these  visitors  soon  induced  a 
number  of  nblHils  to  nwike  surrenders  to  the 
king:  11  step  of  very  <picBtionable  legality.  Hut 
In  the  next  session  the  smaller  convents,  whose 
revenues  were  less  tlinn  iiIXt  a  year,  were  sup- 
pressed by  act  of  parllanu'nt.  to  the  numUr  nf 
370.  anil  their  estJites  vested  in  the  cmwn.  This 
sumniury  spoliation  hil  to  the  great  northern  rt- 
iK'llion  soon  afterwanls."  headed  by  HolnTt 
Ask.  a  gentlenuin  of  Yorkshire,  and  assuming 
the  title  of  a  Pilgrimage  of  Grace. — II.  Ilallam. 
O'li't.  Hint,  of  Eiig.,  eh.  2. — "  Far  from  iH-netit 
ing  tlie  cause  of  tlie  monastic  houses,  the  im- 
mediate clTcct  of  tlie  Pilgrimage  of  Grace  was  to 
bring  ruin  on  those  moniisteries  which  had  as 
yet  Inrn  span-d.  For  their  complicity  or  allegol 
complicity  in  it,  twelve  ubixils  wen^  hangeil, 
dniwn  aiid  quartercil.  and  their  houses  were 
seized  by  tlie  Crown.  Every  means  was  em 
ployed  by  a  new  set  of  Commissioners  to  bring 
alKiut  the  surrender  of  others  of  the  greater  «b 
beys.  The  lioiisi's  were  visited,  and  their  pre 
teiided  relics  uiiil  various  tricks  tu  encourage  the 
devotion  of  tile  iK'ople  were  exposed.  Sur- 
renders went  nipidly  on  during  llie  years  \Tt.Y! 
and  \'>M.  and  it  iHiaiue  iieies.sary  to  obtain  a 
new  .\ct  of  ParliainenI  to  vest  the  proiMTly  of 
the  later  siirniiders  ill  the  Crown.  .  .  .  Nothing, 
indeeil.  can  lie  more  tragical  than  the  way  in 
wliicli  the  greater  abU^ys  were  destroyed  on 
manufactured  charges  and  for  imaginary  (rimes. 
Tliese  liousi'S  had  been  descrildil  in  llie  first  Act 
of  Parliament  as  '  great  anil  honounible,'  wherein 
'religion  was  right  well  kept  and  observed.' 
Yit  now  lliiy  were  pililessly  destroycil.  A  reve 
niie  of  alKiiit  £lUt.l'iU7  is  computiil  to  have 
thus  come  to  the  Crown,  while  the  movables  an- 
valued  al  i4IM).(HMI.  How  was  this  vast  sum  of 
money  exi«udcd';  (1)  Hy  the  Act  for  llie  sup 
pres^ion  of  the  greater  inonasteries  \\w  King  was 
eiii|>o»eri'd  to  erect  six  new  sies.  with  their 
deans  and  chapters,  naiiielv.  Westminster.  Ox- 
ford, Ciieskr.  Gloucester,  lii'istol  and  Pelerbor- 
oiigli.  .  .  .  (i)  SiMiie  monasteries  were  turned 
into  collcgiale  churelns.  and  many  of  the  ab- 
iK'y  (iiurelies  .  .  .  were  assigned  as  parish 
cliuiilies.  (I!)  Some  grammar  schools  were 
_  ereited.  il)  .V  considenilile  sum  is  said  to  have 
iH'eii  spent  ill  iiiakinir  roiuls  ami  in  fortifying  the 
coasts  of  the  Channel.  (.1)  liiil  by  far  the  greater 
part  of  tile  iiioiiaslic  pniperty  pa.s-sed  into  the 
hands  of  llie  noliility  and  gentry,  eillier  by  pur- 
chase at  very  easy  rates,  or  by  direct  gift  fnim 
llic  Crown.  .  .  .  The  monks  and  nuns  ejected 
from  the  inonaslenes  liiid  small  |>en.sions  assigned 
In  them,  wliicli  arc  sidd  to  have  been  regiiTarly 

f laid,  but  la  many  of  thorn  iho  suddcu  leluiii 
nto  a  world  with  which  they  had  become  utterly 


iinacipiainted,  and  in  which  they  hod  no  part  to 
play,  was  a  terrible  hanlshlp.  .  .  .  greatly  In- 
creasol  by  the  Six  Article  Ii«w.  which  .  .  . 
made  the  marriage  of  the  secularized  'religious' 
Illegal  under  heavy  penalties.  "—O.  d.  Perry, 
Hint,  nf  the  llffomuttioH  in  Kng.,  rh.  4. —  "The 
religious  bodies.  Instead  of  uniting  in  their  com 
inon  defence,  seem  to  have  awaited  singly  their 
fate  with  the  apathy  of  despair.  A  few  houses 
only,  through  tlie  agency  of  their  friends,  sought 
to  purchase  the  niyal  favour  with  offers  of 
money  and  lands:  but  the  nipacily  of  the  king 
refiwd  to  accept  a  part  when  the  whole  was  at 
his  mercy." — J.  LInganl.  Hint,  nf  Kng.,  r.  6. 
rh.  4.— Some  of  the  social  results  of  the  suppn'S 
sion  "  may  1m'  summed  up  in  a  few  wonls.  The 
<'reation  of  a  large  class  of  iMHir  to  whose  poverty 
was  attached  the  stigma  of  crime;  tlie  division 
of  class  from  class,  the  rich  mounting  up  \a 
place  and  power,  the  |io<ir  sinking  to  lower 
depths:  destruction  of  custom  as  a  cheek  ii|)on 
tile  exactions  of  laudlonls;  the  loss  by  the  |MHir 
of  those  foundations  at  seiiotils  and  universities 
intended  for  Ihcir  children,  and  the  pas.singaway 
of  ecclesiaHtical  titlies  into  the  lianils  of  lay 
owners." — F.  A.  <}as<|iict,  Ilmnj  VIll.  mul  the 
Knglish  Mitniistrn'tn.  r.  2.  />.  5''^. 

A.  D.  I536-I543.— Trial  and  execution  of 
Anne  Boleyn.— Her  lucceiiors,  the  later  wives 
of  Henry  VIII. — Anne  Boleyn  hod  liecn  secretly 
married  to  tlie  king  in  January,  1533,  and  liiel 
lai-n  cniwned  on  Whitsunday  of  tliat  yeai 
"The  princess  Elizabeth,  the"  only  surviving 
child,  was  bom  on  the  ilh  of  Seplcmlier  following 
.  .  .  Tlie  death  of  Catherine,  which  liap|K-ne<l  at 
KimlHilton  on  the  21)th  of  January.  l.'>36.  seemed 
to  leave  (iue<'n  Anne  in  unilistiirlsd  possession 
of  her  splendid  Si'iit."  But  the  fickle  king  had 
now  "east  his  affections  on  Jane  Seymour,  the 
daughter  of  Sir  John  Seymour,  a  young  lady 
then  of  the  Cjueen's  bed  chamber,  as  An;ie  her 
self  had  Iktii  in  tliat  of  Catherine"  Having 
lost  her  charms  in  the  eyes  of  the  lustful  despot 
who  had  wediled  her,  her  infiuence  was  gone  — 
and  her  safety.  Charges  were  s<h)||  brought 
against  the  unfortunate  woman,  a  commission 
(iier  own  father  included  in  it)  appointtsi  to  in 
ipiire  into  her  allege<l  misdeeds,  and  "on  the 
llltli  of  May  an  indictment  fur  hi.gh  treason 
was  found  by  the  grand  jury  of  \Vcstminsler 
again.st  the  Lady  Anne.  Qtiei-n  of  England, 
ifenry  Norris.  griHim  of  tlie  stole;  Sir  Francis 
Weston  and  William  Itnreton.  gentlemen  "( 
the  privy  chamber;  and  .Mark  Smeaton,  a  per 
former  on  musical  instruments,  and  a  person  '  of 
low  degree,'  promoted  to  lie  a  groom  of  the  cham 
Iter  for  his  skill  in  the  fine  art  wliichhc  profes-sisl 
It  charges  the  queen  witli  having,  by  nil  sorts  of 
brilH's  gifts,  caresses,  and  impure  blandishincnts. 
wliicli  arc  descrilied  with  unblushing  coarseness 
in  tlie  barbarous  {.Jitinity  of  the  indictment, 
alluri'd  these  tncmbers  of  the  royal  household 
into  a  course  of  criminal  connection  with  her 
whicli  had  been  carried  on  for  three  years.  It 
incliide<l  also  George  Boleyn  vLscount  Itochford 
the  brother  of  Anne,  .is  enticed  by  the  same  Inns 
and  snares  with  the  rest  of  the  acciiseil.  so  as  1" 
have  iH-come  the  accomplice  of  Ids  sister,  by 
sharing  her  treachery  and  infiihlitv  to  the  kiuL' 
It  is  liani  to  believe  that  Anne  could  have  dand 
to  lead  a  life  so  unnaturally  dissolute,  withoii! 
bUL'li  V  ices  being  more  euiiy  and  very  geueruii^> 
known  iu  a  watchful  and  adverse  court.     It  i9 


858 


ENGLAND.  ISMt-tMS. 


Tht  niM  Arliel—. 


ENGLAND.   J.V«7-1558. 


■till  more  improbable  that  «hi>  should  in  every 
Instanre  be  the  Ktluccr.  .  .  .  Norris.  Weiitnn, 
Brcn'toD.  and  Smeaton  were  tritii  \h'U)Tv  n  com- 
mission of  oyer  and  terminer  at  Westminster, 
on  tiic  12th  of  May.  two  days  after  tiie  bill 
BKninst  liii'ni  was  found.  Tlioy  nil.  except  Smea- 
tun.  tirnily  diiini  their  Kiiilt  to  the  last  moment. 
On  Smcaton's  confession  it  mioit  iM'oliserved  Hint 
we  liiiow  not  how  it  was  obtained,  how  far  it  ex 
tiiidcd.  or  what  were  the  coiiililionn  of  it.  .  .  . 
On  liie  12th  of  May.  the  four  commonerH  were 
condemned  to  die.  Their  s<nt<'nee  was  carrieil 
intoefTect  amidst  the  plaints  of  the  liystnmlen. 
...  On  Hie  inth  of  May.  queen  Anne  and  her 
bmllier  Kocliford  were  trieil."  The  place  of 
triiiiwiisin  Iho  Tower,  'which  concealed  from 
Hie  public  eye  whulevir  miKlit  !«■  wanting;  in 
jusilce.  "  Condemnation  duly  followeil.  and  the 
unhappy  queen  was  executnl  May  lit,  l.Vlrt.  The 
liiiiK  lost  lillle  time  in  witidinK.Iane  Sevnioiir 
".Sliedicd  in  cliihilied  of  Eiiwaid  VI.  on  the  i:;ih 
of  OcIciIkt,  1537.  The  next  choice  made  In  or 
for  Henry,  who  remaineil  a  widower  for  I  lie 
peri(Kl  of  more  than  two  years."  wastlie  "  piiiicisi 
Anne,  sister  of  tlie  duke  of  C'leves,  a  considcriilfle 

rrince  on  the  lower  Uliine.  .  .  .  The  pencil  of 
lollMin  was  employed  to  paint  tliis  lady  for  Hie 
kiiitf.  who,  pleased  by  the  cxcculion.  gave  llie 
flallcring artist  credit  for  a  falHifiil  likeness,  lie 
mi  t  her  at  Dover,  and  almost  iiiiincdiatelv  lie- 
triycd  his  disappointment.  Without  descendlnjr 
into  disgusting  particulars,  it  is  necesfuiry  to  stale 
that,  though  Hic  marriage  was  Hideniiiis<'d,  the 
king  treated  the  princess  of  Cleves  as  a  friend." 
At  length,  by  common  actiim  of  un  obsi'ciuious 
parlianicnt  and  a  more  obsequious  convocation 
of  tire  church,  the  marriage  was  declare<l  to  Ih> 
annulled,  for  reasons  not  specirted.  The  con.sent 
of  Hie  rcpiidiatcsi  wife  was  ■•insiireil  by  a  lilHTiil 
income  of  £3.000  a  year,  and  she  lived  for  10 
yi;irs  in  England  with  tlie  title  of  princess  Anne 
of  Cleves.  .  .  .  This  annulment  once  more  dis 
pliiyiil  the  triumph  of  an  Euglisli  lady  over  a 
fun  ign  princess. "  Tlie  lady  who  now  c.iptivated 
tile  Ijiiilally  amorous  monarch  was  lady  Cntlierine 
llowanl.  niece  to  tlic  duke  of  Norfolk,  who  \k'- 
rariie  (jiuTn  cm  the  8th  of  August.  I.'IO.  In  the 
foilowing  XovcmlH^r,  Hie  king  received  such  in 
fiirniution  of  liuly  Catherine's  dissolute  life  iH'fore 
iiiiirriuge  "as  immeiliately  caused  a  rigid  impiirv 
iiil"  her  iHliaviour.  .  .  .  The  confessiims  (if 
Cullurine  and  of  lady  Kochfoni,  upon  wliicli 
till  V  Win'  allainted  in  parliament,  and  execulcd 
in  llic  Tower  on  the  14lh  of  February,  are  not 
saiil  to  have  In-en  at  any  time  nucstiiined. 
On  the  lOlh  of  .luly,  1.543.  Ilenrv  weiMiil  Callie 

r I'iirr.  the  widow  of  I,onl  LJitimcr.  a  ladvof 

inaliiie  age.  "  wliosiirvived  him.— Sir, I.  .Mackin 
tosli,  llitl.  of  Enti.  {/..  ('.  ('.).  r.  2.  c/<.  7-K. 

.\i.so  i.\;  P.  Frieiliimiin.  Aiinr  li,l,i/ii.  —  \\.  \V. 
Ihrlnrt,  Mfmnim  nf  llfury  Vlll.  I'lml  /(in  Su 
Wtitjt. 

A.  D,  IS39,— The  Reformation  checked.— 
The  Six  Articles.—"  Yielding  to  the  pressure 
lircHinslanees.  he  [Henrv  VIII.  J  had  allowed 


..fi 


till  iiifomiers  to  go  further  than  "lie  i-eallv  ap 
proved  The  8e|>amlion  from  tlie  Church  of 
H"me.  Hic  alisorption  by  the  Crownof  the  powers 
"f  ilic  Papacy,  the  unity  of  nuHiority  over  Imth 
J  liurch  and  StaU"  centrud  in  himself,  had  Ikh-u 
Lis  ..lijects.  In  diwlrinal  matters  lie  clung  to  the 
hurchof  which  !m  Iradnnce  l)et-ti  the  ciiampion. 
He  had  gained  his  objects  Iwcause  lie  had  the 


feeling  of  the  nation  with  him.  In  Ids  eagemen 
he  haiTeven  countenanced  some  stepsof  doctrinal 
ri'form.  Hut  circumstances  had  chnnge<l.  .  .  . 
Without  detriment  to  his  position  he  coiihl  follow 
his  natiinil  inclinations,  lie  lisU'ne<l,  therefore, 
to  the  advhe  of  the  reacthmary  parly,  of  which 
Norfolk  was  the  head.  Tliev  were  full  of  hitler- 
iiess  iigaiiist  the  U|)stnrt  Croinwell.  and  hinged  to 
overllirow  him  as  Hiey  had  overthrown  Wolsey. 
The  lirst  step  in  lli(ir"triiiiiipli  was  the  bill  of  the 
Six  Articles,  carried  in  llii'  Parliament  of  I.ISQ. 
Tiiese  laiil  down  and  fciiird  round  wiili  extra- 
ordinary st'verily  the  chief  points  of  the  Catholic 
religion  al  llial  lime  c|ueslioned  hv  |||(.  Pnilest- 
aiils.  Tli<>  bill  enacted,  tirsl.  ili.it  Hie  natural 
lM»ly  and  IiIikxI  nf  .Jesus  Christ  were  pn-s»Mit  in 
Hie  lllessi-.;  Siur.inient.'  and  that  '  after  coiisi'cra- 
lion  lliirc  I  in.'iined  no  substance  of  bread  and 
wine,  nor  any  c.tiiir  but  Hie  subslanceof  Cliri.st'; 
wliiMver.  by  w..nl  or  writing,  denied  Hiis  article 
was  a  herelic.  and  lo  Im'  burned.  Secondly,  the 
Coiiiiiiuuioii  ill  IhiHi  kinds  was  not  necessary.  Uith 
Ixxly  and  bl(«Ki  Ixing  pnwnt  In  eacli  element; 
thirdly,  priests  might  not  marry;  fourthly,  vows 
of  clmslily  by  man  or  woman" ought  to  U'  oh- 
strviil;  tifllily.  private  masses  ought  lo  be  cim- 
liniied;  sixllily.  auricular  confession  must  U-  re- 
tained.    Wlioever  wrote  or  spoke  against  tliese 

.  Anicles.  cm  Hie  first  olTcnce  his  property  was 
forfeited;  on  Hie  second  olTence  he  was  a  felon, 
and  was  put  to  death.  I'nder  this  '  whip  with 
six  strings  '  Hie  kingdom  conliniicd  for  the  nst 
of  Hie  reign.  The  Ilisliops  at  lirst  made  wild 
work  with  it.  Five  hundred  persons  are  snhl  to 
have  iKcn  arrested  in  a  fortiiiglit ;  the  king  had 
twice  lo  interfere  and  grant  panions.  It  is  Iw- 
lieved  that  only  twenlv-eiglit  [M'rsons  actually 
sutTered  dealli  ii'iider  it.'''— .1.  F.  Bright.  Ilial.  of 
Kiir/.,  r.  i,  II.  411. 

Also  IS:  .1.  II.  Blunt,  lirfnrmnlinn  nf  the  Ch. 
■f  Kiig..  r.  1.  ,■//.  8-9— S.  II.  Burke,  yfen  ar.i 
WiiiKen  if  llif  Kn<i.  Itiformntinn.  r.  2.  /i/i.  17-24 

A.  D.  1542-1547.- Alliance  with  Charles  V. 
against  Francis  1.— Capture  and  restoration  of 
Boulogne.— Treaty  of  Guines.  See  Fhance: 
A.  I).  l.'>:i''-l.-)47. 

A.  D.    1544-1548,— The    v  ooing   of 
Queen  of  Scots.     See  Scoti     .d:  A    I) 

A.  D.  1547.— Accession  of  Kine  Edward  VL 
A.  D.  i547-«SS3— The  completing  of  the 
Reformation.— Tleiiry  VIII..  dying  on  Hie  28th 
of  .liinuaiy.  l'>47.  was  siicceedetl  liy  his  son  Ed- 
ward,—child  of , lane  Seymour.— then  only  nine 
years  olil.  Hy  Hie  will  I'lf  bis  father,  tlie  young 
king  (KdwartI  VI.)  w.is  to  attain  ids  luajoriiy  at 
ciglileen.  and  Hie  govcrninent  of  his  kingdom,  in 
Hie  imanliiue.  wasenlrusled  toa  Ixnly  of  sixteen 
execiilors.  willi  a  second  IkxIv  of  twelve  coun- 
cillors to  assist  « iih  their  advice.  "But  the  first 
act  of  till'  cxeculurs  and  counsellors  was  to  de- 
part from  Hie  destination  of  the  late  king  in  a 
inateri.il  article.  No  .s(siiier  were  they  met.  tlian 
it  was  suggesled  that  the  government  would  lose 
its  dignity  for  want  of  some  lieiid  who  might 
represent  the  royal  majesty.  "  Tile  suggestion 
was  op|)o.seil  by  none  except  the  chancellor, 
WrioHie--ley. — siKin  afterwanis  raised  to  the 
peerage  as  Earl  of  Southampton.  "It  being 
llierefon-  agret-d  to  name  a  protector,  the  choice 
fell  of  courst!  on  the  Earl  of  Hertfonl  [afterwards 
Duko  nf  Somerset],  wli...  a»  he  »A»  the  kings 
matenml  uncle,  was  strongly   interested  in  his 


Mary 

l.-)44- 


859 


ENGLAND,   IMT-lft-W 


ICitwartt  (7  uml 

thf  fitformtti  Vhurrh 


KNOLANO.  ISfla 


i 


•ofrty."  Tlir  pnitii-Uir  MMiii  iiittiiifi'Hlcil  an  Jiin- 
bition  incMrclm'  liix jiliiiiist  niyttlniitlii>rity  with 
out  liny  I'onslrniut.  and,  liavinK  r<>iinil  nicHnH  t>> 
n'niiivc  his  principal  oppuncnl.  Soiillniinptnn, 
frnni  llie  clianitlldniliip,  iinil  In  M'nil  him  inlii 
tlitttf"'''.  1"'  I'riMiircil  a  patent  fmni  tln'  infant 
kinir  wliicli  iiavr  liini  iinlxMindi'il  puwcr  Willi 
this  pdwir  in  lii«  liaiui  hi'  »|Htilily  iiiichrtiKili  In 
carrv  tlir  »i  rk  uf  chnnh  nfonn  far  iH'vnnil  tln' 
Inirnlionsof  lliniy  VIII  ■  Thr  ixtin.sivf  an 
tlinrily  and  ''iPMrinus  rharai  lir  of  llinry  liail 
ri'laini'd  tlii'  partisans  uf  Imth  rcli^'inns  in  niiIi 
hitiiiii;  '.ml  upon  his  diinisc.  the  liopcs  of  liic 
rroUslanls.  and  the  fi  ars  of  Ihi'  Calholirs  iMu'an 
to  rcvivi',  and  llic  /cal  of  Ihiw  partiis  priMliui'd 
every  where  dispnies  and  aniniosilies,  llie  usual 
iireli'ides  lo  niori'  fatal  divisions.  '!'!»■  proleelor 
iiail  loni:  iKeii  reitarded  as  a  went  partisan  of  the 
reformers;  and  l»inK  now  fneil  from  restraint. 
he  R<  niplid  not  to  liisiover  his  intention  of  <or 
reetini:  alt  ahiiM's  in  ttie  aneieiit  reliirion,  an<l  of 
ixloptiiiL'  still  more  of  the  I'rotestant  innovations 
He  tiHik  care  thai  all  mrsons  intrusli'<I  willi  thi' 
kini:  s  iduc  alion  sliouM  1k'  attaehed  to  the  same 
prineiples:  and  as  the  ynunit  prince  discovered 
u  zeal  for  cv<ry  kind  of  literalun'.  es|H>cially  the 
theolciirical.  far  iN'vond  his  tender  years,  all' men 
foresaw,  in  thi>  course'  of  his  reinn.  Ihi'  total  kIm) 
lilion  of  the  Calholie  failh  in  Kn^'hind :  and  they 
early  he>;an  to  declare  theinsidves  in  favour  of 
lhos«'  tenets  which  were  likely  lo  ln'coine  in  the 
end  enlirely  prevalent.  After  Soulhlminpton  s 
fall,  few  inemUrs  of  the  council  seemed  to  relain 
any  allachmi'iit  lo  the  liomish  communion;  and 
MioKi  of  tile  counsellors  appeared  even  sanguine 
in  forwardinir  the  proirress  of  the  reformation. 
Till'  ricliis  wliich  most  of  them  li;iil  aci|uired 
.mill  ilie  spoils  of  the  cIitkv,  induced  them  to 
widen  the  linacli  iHlween  ^'iikIuihI  and  Kiinie; 
and  liy  cstalilisliini;  h  coiilrariety  of  siH'cuiativc 
leiiels.  as  well  as  of  discipline  and  worship,  to 
render  a  coalition  with  the  mollicr  church  ulto- 
P'llier  impracticalih'  Tlieir  rapacily,  also,  the 
« liief  source  of  their  reforinin);  spirit.  «ase.\cil<il 
liy  the  prosiM'cl  of  pilluirjn^  the  si-cnlar.  as  they 
had  already  done  the  regular  chrL'V  ;  and  they 
knew,  that  while  any  share  of  tlie  old  principles 
reinained.  or  any  reirard  lo  tlieeccli'siastics.  they 
I'oiild  ni'ver  ho|ti'  to  snccei'd  in  tliat  enlerpriw. 
The  numerous  and  biirdensoine  superstitions 
Willi  which  the  lioniish  church  was  loaded  had 
thrown  many  of  Hie  reformers,  liy  the  spirit  of 
opposition,  into  an  enlliii  .iastlc  strain  of  devo- 
tion, and  all  riles,  ceri-inonies,  pomp,  order,  and 
exlreine  oliservances  were  /.eiilously  pMsi-rilied 
bv  them,  as  hindranevs  to  their  spiritual  contt'tn- 
plations,  and  otisl ructions  to  their  imniediate  con- 
versi'  with  heaven." — I).  Hume.  ///»/.  •/  A'/e/.. 
r.  1)  'i.  M. — "This  year'  ll'VtT)  says  a  con- 
tciii,  Ji  iry.  'till'  ArchhishopofCauterhury  [('ran 
nierj  did  cat  meal  opeiilv  in  Lent  in  tlie  hall  of 
Lamlietli.  Ilie  like  of  which  was  never  seen  since 
KiiKland  was  a  Christian  country,'  This  sii,'niti 
cant  :fi  I  was  lollowed  liy  a  rapid  succession  of 
sweeping  changes.  The  leiral  prohihitioiiM  of 
Lollardry  wen- removed ;  the  ."si.v  Artit;les  were 
re|M-ak'd  ;  a  royal  injunctiou  reinoviiiall  pictures 
and  images  from  the  ijiurchcs;  priesl.s  were  per- 
mitted to  marry.  Iheiiew  coinuiuuion  wliicli  had 
taken  the  place  of  the  mass  wiis  onlercil  to  lie 
iidniiuistered  in  Isith  kinds,  and  in  the  English 
tongue .  an  Kngiish  liisik  ot  Cominon  I'rayiT. 
the  Liturgy,  which  with  slight  ulteratiuu!)  u  still 


iiied  ill  the  Church  of  KnKland.  rpplacetl  the 
tniuiil  und  hreviary,  from  which  lU  coiitrnU  ar« 
mainly  drawn;  n  new  catechlsiii  rndaMliml  th« 
diH'Iriiien  of  Cmiimer  and  his  frlendii;  and  a  ItiHik 
of  Homilies  comiiili'd  in  the  Mime  nenw  was  ap 
IHilnted  lo  1m' nail  In ciiurcheu.  .  .  .  The  |iower<if 
preaching  was  nstricted  liy  the  Issue  of  licenaes 
only  lo  the  frieniU  of  the  I'riiiiute.  .  .  .  The 
assent  of  the  nohles  alKiiit  the  Court  was  won  hy 
the  suppression  of  chuntries  and  religious  guilds, 
and  liy  glutting  their  gned  with  the  last  s|Hiils 
of  the  Church,  (lerinan  and  Italian  mercenaries 
were  intriMluird  to  stiimp  out  the  wider  popular 
dlMonteiit  which  linike  out  in  the  I'^ist,  in  tlie 
West,  and  in  llie  Midland  counties.  .  The 
ride  of  the  upstart  nobles  who  formed  the  Coun 
cil  of  Hi'geney  iKciime  Himply  a  rule  of  terror 
The  greater  part  of  the  iMople. '  one  of  their 
cn'aliires.  Cecil,  avowed,  is  not  in  favour  of 
defending  tliU  cause,  but  of  aiding  ils  adversa 
ries.  the  gn'iitcr  part  of  the  nobles  who  alistnl 
Ihemselves  from  court,  all  Hie  bislmps  Mive  three 
or  four,  alinosi  all  the  .luilgeH  and  luwyerti, 
almost  all  the  justices  of  the  (H-ace,  the  prieHU 
who  can  move  llieir  llockj  any  way;  liir  the 
wliole  of  the  cominiiiialty  \»  In  auch  a  statu 
of  iiritution  that  it  will  easily  foUiiw  any  stir 
towards  change.'  liut  witli  their  triumph  uver 
the  revolt,  Cniiiiner  und  his  colleugui'8  aJvanred 
yet  more  boldly  in  the  career  of  Innovation.  .  . 
Tlie  Forty -I  wo  Articles  of  Iteligion.  which  wen' 
now  [l.'i.V.JI  intnHluceil.  though  since  reduced  by 
omissions  lo  thirty  nine.  Iiuve  reinaini'd  to  this 
day  tlie  foriiiul  standard  of  doctrine  In  the 
Knglish  Church. "—.I  It  Oreeii.  Short  JIut.  of 
t/if  Kiitj.  I'm/lie,  th.  7.  «■<•(.  1. 

.Vlsci  in  :  .1.  Strype,  MenuirinU  uf  Crannter,  bk 


2— O.  IJiiniet,  llitt.  of  On  lief,  of  Ch.  oft'ng..  r 
l/itl      ■ 

r/i.  8. 


M-.  l.-L.  Von  IJanke,    /A'jf.  ./  Kng.,  bk.  2. 


A.  D.  1548.— Firit  Act  for  encouragement 
of  Newfoundland  fisheries.  See  NewroiTNii 
I.ANO:  A.  I).  l.'KII-l.'iTH. 

A.  D.  1553.— The  right  of  succession  to  the 
throne,  on  the  death  of  Edward  VL— "if 
Henry  VIL  Ih'  con.iidered  as  the  stock  of  a  new 
dynasty,  it  is  clear  that  on  iiierv  princinloB  of 
liereilitiiry  right,  tlie  crown  would  descend,  first, 
to  the  issue  of  Henry  VHI.  ;  secondly,  to  those 
of  I  his  elder  sister)  "Margaret  Tudor.  i|uecn  of 
Si'ots;  thinlly.  to  those  of  |his  youuger  s!st<'r| 
.Mary  Tudor."  <|Ueen  of  France.  The  title  of  Eil 
wani  was  on  all  |irinciples  ei|ually  undisputed . 
hill  Mitrv  and  Klizalietii  miglit  Ih;  considered  as 
I'M'ludeil  by  the  sentence  of  nullity,  which  had 
Is'en  pronoiinceil  in  tlie  case  of  (*atharine  and  in 
that  of  Anne  Koleyn.  both  which  sentences  had 
iH'cn  <'oiitirmeil  in  parliament.  They  had  lieen 
expressly  pnmouuced  to  lie  illegitimate  childnii 
Their  hereditary  right  of  sticcessiou  8<^-me<i  tlius 
to  lie  taken  away,  und  their  pretensions  rested 
solely  on  the  conditional  sittleiiient  of  the  crow  11 
on  them,  made  by  their  father's  will,  in  piirsii 
ancu  of  authority  granted  to  him  by  act  of  pur 
liainent.  After  Elizabeth  Henry  hiul  placed  tin 
deaceudauts  of  .Mary,  queen  of  France,  passing 
bv  the  progeny  of  his  eldest  sister  Margaret 
Mary  of  France,  by  her  second  marriage  with 
Chnrles  Urandou,  'duke  of  Suffolk,  bad  tn.' 
daugliters.  -  lady  Frances,  who  wedded  Henrv 
Otey,  marquis  of  rVirset,  created  duke  of  Sui 
folk;  and  lady  Elinor,  wiio  cspimseti  Henry 
Cliffurti,  earl  of  CuniberUud.     Henry  afterward.-. 


«60 


EKOLAND,  ISOS. 


Mttlcd  the  crown  br  liia  will  on  tlie  hdnof  tlww 
two  Ivliti  ■urccHively,  [mialng  iivpr  lila  nlcnii 
thi'niH'lvrK  in  ulli'na-.     NortliunilMTluiiit  Dblalnril 
the  liiinil  i)f  l«<ly  Jane  Orry.  the  clilent  (Uuglitcr 
i.fUrcy  iliike  of  . Suffolk,  hv  lady  Krancei  Rmu- 
ildii,  for  loni  OiilKonl  Diiilli'v.  Ilii'  Hilmiral's  aoo. 
Tilt' marriage  wa*  •oU-mniai-il  In  May.  I.V13,  uu(t 
ihi'  fuul   riRlit  of  auccfwion   cluinu'il    by   tlic 
Ikiiim'  of  Hunolk  dcvolVF<l  on  llic  fxirllriit  iinil 
iinfortunati'  laily  Jane."— Sir. (.  Mackiutoah,  llin- 
l,ir;i  iif  h'liijlixiut.  r  'i,  r/i.  9. 
A.  D.  ijssa.— Acccition  of  Queen  Mary. 
A.  D.  ISS3— The  doubtful  conflict  of  relig- 
ioni.— "Orcat  an  wiia  the  imnilKrof  iIiom'  whom 
( imviition or  wlf  intercat  cnllKtitl  iinilcr  llic  Trot- 
(■sunt  buDucr.  it  apiwam  plain  that  the  Kefor 
malidn  moved  on  with  too  pncipilate  a  step  for 
the  majority.     The  new  diMtrineit  prevailed  in 
l-ondciu.  in  many  larjfc  towns,  ami  in  the  eastern 
loiintic!!.     But   in  tile  north  and  went  of  Kn^- 
land,  the  body  of  the  iH'ople  were  xtrietly  Catiio- 
llcsi.     The  clergy,   though  not  very  acrupulona 
ulH>ut  conforming  to  the  Innovation!),  were  gen- 
erally averse  to  most  of  them.     Ami.  in  spite  of 
tlie  church  lands,  I  imagine  tliat  moot  of   the 
noliility.  If  not  the  gentry,  inclineil  to  tlie  sanu^ 
IMrsuaiiion.  ...  An  historian,  whose  bias  wa.i 
eertaiuly    not    unfavourable    to    pnitestantisin 
[lluniet,  lii.  190,  186]  confesses  that  all  endeav- 
ours were  too  weak  to  overcome  the  aversion  of 
the  jM^opie  towards  refomiation,  and  even  inti- 
mates tliat  Merman  troops  were  sent  for  from 
Calais  on  account  of  tlie  bigotry  witli  wlileli  tin- 
bulk  of  the  nation  adhered  to  the  old  su|ieniti- 
tion.     This  is  somewhat  an  humiliating  wlmis 
Bion,  that  the  protestant  faltli  was  iui|KMed  upon 
(lur  ancestors  by  a  foreign  army.  ...   It  is  cer- 
tain   that    the  rc-establTsbment  of    jxipery    on 
Mary's  accession  must  have  been  acieptalile  to  a 
lar/je  part,  or  perhaps  to  the  majority,  of  the  na- 
tion.'—H.  Hallam,  Onitt.  Ilitt.  Hf  Smj.,  r.  1,  rh. 
i.— "Eight  weeks  and  upwards  pama'd  U'tween 
llie  proclaiming  of  Mary  queen  and  the  Parliii 
uieut  by  her  assembled ;  during  wliicli  time  two 
religions  were  togetlier  set  on  fool,  I'rolestant- 
isni  auil  PoiH-ry;  the  former  hoping  to  lie  eon- 
imued,  the  latkT  labouring  to  lie  restored.  . 
Noimiall  justling  wastliere  U-twixt  the  zeahms 
pnmioters  of  these  contrary  ndigions.    The  I'rot- 
estanta  had  possession  on  tlieir  side,  and  llie  pni- 
t.(  tioii of  the  laws  lately  made  by  King  Kilward, 
and  .still  standing  in  free  and  full  Hirie  unre|H>ale<l.' 
.  The  I'apisu  put  their  eeremonies  in  exeeu- 
li'>ii,  pn'suming  on  the  queen's  private  pnurtiiv 
iiiiil  public  eoiiuteiiauce.   .   .  .   Many  which  were 
luuKra  befori',    wmceivlng  to   whicli    side  tlie 
i|uiiii  inclined,  would  not  expect,  but  prevent 
licrauiionty  In  aiU-ratiou:  so  that  sup»Tslition 
L'lnemlly  gnt  ground  in  the  kingdom.     Thus  it 
i.t  in  the  evening  twilight,   wherein   light  and 
'Urkiicss  at  first  may  strin  very  eciiially  matched. 
I'Utilu'  latter  within  little  time  doth  .solely  prv- 
vuil    -  1'.  Fuller,  Chunk  Hitt.  of  lintaiu.bk.  8 
»'''    I.  *  5. 

.Vi.Ho  1..,  J.  H.  ij|unt_  Reformation  of  tlie  CI, 
■•f  ^■:■■'.}■.  f.  1.  ch.  8-8.  •' 

A.  D.  iSS4.-Wyat'»  Intnrrection.— Queen 
>.:in  s  marriage  with  Philip  of  Spain  was  op- 
|K«o  will,  great  bitterness  of  popular  feeling 
!^s|i<  ■  lally  in  London  and  iu  neighUirhood.  UU- 
ings  were  undertaken  in  Kent.  Di'vonKliir.-  and 
~c  .llullaud  counties,  intended  for  the  frustra- 
tion of  the  marriage  scheme:  but  they  were  il]-   | 


ENGLAND,  I8.W-lsa8. 

planned  and  soon  suppressed.  That  in  Kent 
led  by  Hir  Thomas  Wyat,  thrcatenccl  to  Ix;  for- 
mlilable  at  flrsi,  and  the  Queen's  troops  retreated 
liefore  it.  Wyat,  however,  liiet  his  opportunity 
I  for  securing  Um.ion.  by  delays,  and  his  followers 
I  dlsperwcl  lie  was  taken  prisoner  and  executed, 
"rour  liiiiiilred  iM'raons  art^  said  to  have  siif- 
femi  for  this  r<'lR-llion."— I).  Hume.  llUt  ■>! 
Khi)..  rh,  ;i().  •' 

•   ^-  D.  iSSS-«5S«-The  reitoration  of  Roman- 
J»™-  —  The   persecution    of    Protestaatt    by 
Queen  Manr.— "  An  atunipt  was  made,  by  an- 
lliorily  of  king  Edwanl's  will,  to  set  aside  iH.th 
liU  KlBtiTH  fnini  tlie  succewtioii,  and  ndsi'  I.iuly 
.lime  (Iri'y  to  the  throne,   who  bml  lately  Ixin 
married  to  one  of  NorthiiiiilHThind's  sons.     This 
was  NorthumlMrland's  dning:   lie  was  actuated 
by  ambition,  and  the  other  memlM'ni  of  the  gov- 
ernment_  iLwiiled  to  It,  iH'lieving,   like  the  late 
voiing  Kiiii;.  that  it  \vn«  necessary  for  (be  pre- 
wrvation  of  tlie  PnilesUint  faith,     ('runnier  op- 
powil   the   nieasire,   but  yiehled.   .   .   .   Hut  the 
priiiciph's  of  succession  »"eR'  in  fact  well  ascer 
tuincd  lit  that  time.  and.  what  was  of  more  loii- 
wc|ueme.  they  wereestublisheil  iu  public  opinion. 
Noriiiuhl  the  intended  change  lie  siiiiiiortetl  on 
the  ground  of  ri'ligioii.  for  |Nipular  feeding  was 
decidedly  against  tlie  lieformation.     Queen  Mary 
obtainetf  iKwsesalon  of  her  rightful  throne  with 
out  the  hms  of  a  single  life,  so  completely  did  the 
nation  ackiiowh-dge  her  claim;  and  an  after  in- 
surrection, rashly  planned  and  worse  conducted 
nerved  only  to  ha.sti'ii  tile  destruction  of  tlie  Lady 
.lane  and  her  huslnind.   ...   If  any  person  iimy 
Ik-  excused  for  hating  the  Heformation,  it  was 
.Mary.     She  regarded  it  as  luiving  arisen  in  this 
coiintrv  from  her  iiiolher's  wrongs,  and  eniibled 
the  King  to  complete  an  inii|iiilous  and  cruel 
divorci-.     It  hail  exposeil  lier  to  liieonvenience, 
and  even  dangi-r.   under  her  father's  reign,  to 
vexation  and  restraint  under  her  brother;  and. 
after  having  U-en  baslardized  in  eoiwequiuce  of 
it,  .   .   .  anatU-mptlmii  Intu  made  to  deprive  lier 
of  the  inheritance,  iH-eauKi-  she  continued  to  pro- 
fess the  Koman  Catholic  faith.   .   .   .    Hail  the  re- 
ligion of   tlie  ciiuntry   Inen  .scllhil.   kIic   might 
have  proved  a  gmsl  and  iMiietii  iiii.  as  well  as 
conscientious,  queen.      Hut  slie  delivcnil  hercon- 
siicuce  to  tlie  direction  of  cruel  men;   and.  lie 
lieving  it  her  duty  to  net  up  to  the  worst  prin- 
ciples of  a  |)ersecuting  Cliiirch,  boH8t.ll  Ihitt  she 
was  a  virgin  sent  by  (IihI  to  ride  niid  tame  the 
|K-ople   of   Eiiglanil.   .   .   .   The    people   did    not 
wait  till  the  laws  of  King  EdwanI  were  repealed; 
the  Komisli  doctrines  wen^  preiulicd,  and  in  some 
places  the  Uomish  clergy  tiKik  |>oss»-ssion  of  the 
(liurihcs,  turned  out  the  iiieunilH-iit.s.  and  per- 
foriiii-d  ma.ss  in  jubilant  anticipation  of  tin  ir  ap- 
proaching triumph.    What  course  tlie  new  l^ueen 
would  pursue  had  never  been  doubtful,  and  aa 
one  of  licr  first  ads  had  iM-cn  to  make  Gardiner 
Chancellor,  it  was  evident  tliat  a  fiery  |K-rs<'Cu- 
tion  was  at  liaiid.     Many  who  were  obnoxious 
withdrew  In  time,  some  iiito  Scotland,  and  more 
into  Switzeriand  and   the   Protestant   parts  of 
(termaiiy.     Cranmer  advised  others  to  tiy;   but 
when  his  friends  entreati-il  him  to  pa-serve  him- 
self by  the  like  precaution,  he  replied,  that  it  waa 
not  fitting  for  him  to  desert  liis  post.  .  .  .  The 
Protestant   liisliops  were  soon  dispossessed   of 
their  aeea:   the  niarriagrs  which  thv  Clergy  and 
Religioners  had  contractcHi  were  declared  unlaw- 
ful, and  their  children  bastardized.     The  headi 


861 


KNOI-AND,   lSA)V-iaB8 


Ml 


KNOLANIl.   in.W-l.WH 


'I 


I? 

h 
I 


if 


o(  thr  n'fnrmcil  Clrrgy.  IwvInK 
fnrtli  to  liolil  ilUpiitntiimn,  for  IIm-  pnrpi 
of  IntlmliUlliiK  limn  of  ronvlnrliiK 


liroiiKliI    I   iiitoliltahiHt  rrliirinn      Hhr  thouulil    It  rniiiUll. 
iw>  nitlH'r  I   bowevt-r.  In  cliwovrr  mirli  •viii|iiiim»  of  IipT  In 

>ur)tK<  ii'^'tit    to   thi' 

il  liv  llll'  lull-  Viojl'llt 


It-Ill,   linil       tt'ntlonii  m   iiiiirht   itivc 


hrrn  <'«>iiimlll"l  to  iIIUctcuI  prlnoii".  »nil  afur   .   I*n«lri<tnnl».  m>  iiiu.  Ii  iI-j.'.'m. 


thmc  pn-imrHlcirU'n  llw  flfry  priHiw  Ik'hiiii 


K 


p<  .^rutloim      Shi-  lmiii.iiiiiti>l>    rwalliHl  all  tin 


Soiillii'V.  /<" 


lAof-Mf  riiiinh.rl,.  14  —  ■Tlii'tolHl   ;  ixIIik.  iiml  (riivr  lll»rly  lo  llic  iirlminrni  wli    »ir. 


lUri'if  Iliow'wIioiiiilTiTtillnllilspiTiMTiitkin.    ;  ciinrtiiitl  on  mcoiint  of  n  lliflon 


KliiatiPlli 


from  till'  niiirtyn 


loin  of   lioifiT«.   In   KitTUiirv.       ulwi  p-     I'l'dnl  lo  ijiitI.  In  f  ivoiir  of  llic  rrform 

ts  of  [xiwiT.  whidiwin    niitl>on/i'>l 


|«T.  IViM.  wliin  It*  lii»l  mvnifi*   ,   itk.  ».   iw  nr 


l.VW   to  Sptini 

Tf  flit    l»  v:iri<iii»ly  ri'liitiil.  in  h  miiniH 


r  »uf  liy  tlir  PXUMit  of  royal  iinro(t»ilvf  ilnrinif  llmi 

„                      till'  ri'luii TH  j  HUf      Klnilinu  Hint  ilw  rrolintunl  linrlii  rt.  Irri 

'n''lIi'li'VH'ii.'i.'i'i'i  w'il'mwli''i>.  'wlioVii.1  not  l«.rn.w  ti.l.il  by  innMiiilion.  Imiki-  oiil  in  «  '"''"'"'•;' 

'                    1  vil  »iifHiiinilv  iiiiir  to  at  i   tiirk  on  thr  anclint    «ii|«r»lllioii.  iiml   that  tli. 


tliitntiv  ilifl<  n  111  to  awmri'  ii«  thai 


(riiiii  ia<  Il  olliir,  iim 
lent  Ihi'  irriiinil  iin  iinicy 


1  thiir  ilUliiirl  stair        Uoinaiii«lii  ri'plicil  Willi  no  II-** /lal  an<larrini<my 


iiiln      Hy  ('i".p>  r  tlicy  an'  rxi 


lliiiatiil  at  alu.'il       ulif  piilillHliicI  i»  i.riMliiiimlloM.  hy  which  ulii-  in 


SIHI.     Aironlinit  to  Hunict  I 
laliula'i-t  tiniii  at  '.'I*      Tin'  iiiofct  acciir.itc  lu 
(•(Hint   is  prohahlv  timl  of  l.onl  Hnrhij-.i.  who. 
ill  Ills  IriiitiwnilUil     Tin-  KMiiitioii  ot  .lii-tiii' 
ill   Kntrhinil.    iiikoiis  tin'  iiuinl'cr  of  tlii"«'  «lio 
lUril  in  that   niitn   I'V   linprisoninrnt.  torini'iil". 
faiiiini' ami  lire,  lo  !»■  nnir  4ilii,  of  wliirli  IIiom' 
who  win.  liiirnl  alivi'  ainoiintiil  to  '.'IMI      Kniin 
Iturinl  s  Tahirs  of  tin'  wpunilr  yian.  It  is  ap 
pannt  tli.il  Hi''  prr»<  "1111011  nailiiil  lis  full  forn' 
In  ils  larlir-I  Viiir        Sir  I    Maikliilosh.  //)»r  .;r 
Hi,'l  .   r.    2,   I-'/,     II  —  ■■'lli.iii'.'li   Toll-  and   Mary 
niiiici  Imvc  laiil  lliiir  hiiinls  on  rarl  ami  liaron. 
kniirlit  awl    iiiiilhinaii,    whose  hi  risy   was  no 
torioiis.  altlioimh,    In    tin'  iiuicn's  own    (ruaril, 
lliirr  wiri'  iiniiiy  w  ho  ni'Vir  listcinil  to  a  mass, 
Mny  iliirsi  iiol  strike  whiTithirr  wasilaiii;'  r  that 
thiy  wdiilil  111-  slrink  in  riinni.   .  .      Thc>  took 
the'  w.avi  r  from  his  lisini.   the  niris'nler  from 
his  wiirksliop.  Ilie  hiislianilman  from  his  ploiiuli; 
Ihev  l-iiil  hamls  on  niaiclin«  nnil  Ixiys  •who  hail 
never  Inani  of  any  other  nlifion  than  that  wliieli 
tinv  were  raPiiron  to  alijiire';  olil  men  tolti  r 
inn  into  t'"'  t-'rave,  anil  ihiiiln'n  whose  lipn  loiiM 
liiit  just  lispllie  articles  of  llieir  crccii ;   iiii'l  of 
these  Ihev  iiiailc  their  liiimtofferintrs;  with  thes<. 
tlicv  crowiliil  Ihiir  prisons,  ami  when  lillh  anil 
famine  killi-ii  tin  111.  Ihev  lliinR  them  out  M  rot." 
—.1.  A.    Froiiih-.   Ili't.  >-f  /•.'"'/.  <•''■  24.  — giiccn 
Marv's  inarriaire  willi  I'liilip  of  Spain  ami  his 
arliitnirv  ilis|Misition,    '  wliih.  it  tlioroimhly  alien 
ati-<l  the"  kiniriliim  from  .Mary,  crealeil  a  prejmlice 
ai;  liiist  the  n  liitioii  which  the  Spanish  rourt  so 
»ti:iililv  favoiireil     .       .   Many  arc  saiil  to  have 
laconic    I'roicslants     inilcr   Slar>     who.    at    her 
cominir  111  the  throne,  hail  rclaincil  the  i-ontrary 
pirsiiasion  ■  -II.  Ilallam.   r„/,W.    Ili'l.  "f  Kiig., 

r    1.  ■■/,    •>. 

Also  in;  .1  t  oilier.  /■>rh.,,.li.;il  lli,t.  of  HI 
II.  1'  ■-'  '''  "'—.I  l.inpiril.  IIikI  "t  Knf/.,  r  7. 
rh.  J  ;f  —.1.  Fox.  /*"•*  '/  .V.ir(.(//«.  — I',  lliylyn, 
Krfli'ii  lu'l'iiinitii,  r.  2  — .1.  Strype.  .Xfrmtrinln 
of  t 'run nil  r.  fik.  It, 

A.  D.  1557-1559.— InTolyed  by  the  Spaniih 
husband  of  Queen  Mary  in  war  with  France. 
—  Lots  of  Calais.  See  Fk.^ni  K  A.  I>  IV47- 
l.-.,V.» 

A.  D.  1558.— Accession  of  Queen  Elixabeth. 

A.  D.  1558-1588.— The  Age  of  Elizabeth : 
Recovery  of  Protestantism.-' Tlie  (Hlucalion 
of  KlizalKlli,  as  well  as  her  interest,  led  her  lo 
favour  the  reformalion;  and  she  remained  not 
lonK  ill  siispensi'  with  reiiaril  to  the  party  which 
Hhe  shonld  enilinicc  Hut  tlinuKli  determined  in 
herown  mind,  she  resolved  lo  pnx^ecd  liy  itradiial 
and  itt-oiire  steps,  and  im>i  lo  imitate  the  example 
of  Marv,  in  enconraiting  the  bigotaof  her  party 
to  make  linmedlaU-ly  s  violent  Invasion  on  the 


lic\  were  2Ht.     Speed       hihilcil  all  pnaeliiiiir  without  a  s|m 


ial  Heel.. 


and  thoiinh  she  .iispciimd  «mIi  lliew'  onhrs  ;ii 
favour  of  Home  preachers  of  lier  own  wci.  he 
liMik  care  that  thev  should  Im-  the  most  calm  ami 
mislerate  of  the  party  She  also  siis|»niled  lli. 
lawn,  so  far  as  lo  order  a  Krcal  part  oi'  the  s<rv 
ice.  the  litany,  the  l.oril  s  iinixer.  the  crisd.  aii.l 
the  ttospcN,  to  Ih'  read  in  Kiit'lisli  .\nil,  haviiiL' 
lirst  ptililislied  iii|iineliiiiis  ihat  all  <  liiin  le  - 
shoiilil  confiirni  lln  iiisclves  lo  ihe  pru  lice  of  li.  r 
own  chapel,  she  fi.rlwl  the  host  to  Ik.  any  iiion 
elev.iied  in  her  pnsencc:  an  iimovalion  »l '1  li 
h"wi\er  frivol., us  it  nniy  appi'ar.  linpUed  .,■ 
most  material  ciinsei)ueiiccs.  These  lieclaralioii, 
of  her  intentions,  concurring  with  precedintf  sii« 
picioiis.  made  the  liishopa  fortsi.e.  witli  certainty 
a  revolution  ill  relijrion.  They  then  fore  n'fiis.  .1 
to  olllclale  at  her  comnallMn^  and  il  was  with 
some  ditllciillv  that  Ihe  Ilishopof  Carlisle  was  -y- 
liiMt  pn'vaileil  on  111  iHTform  Ihe  cen-niony 
Kli'alMlh.  Ihoiich  she  thnw  out  such  hints  ;i- 
encouniKcil  I'"'  I'nilestanlH.  delayed  the  enliri 
chanije  of  n  liiiion  till  the  meetini;  of  the  l'arli:i 
meiit.  which  was  suinminied  I"  as.si  inlile.  Tin 
elections  had  Rone  entirely  airalnst  the  Catholii  - 
who  seem  not  indeed  to  have  made  any  tff.  r 
slriinille  for  the  snperiorilv ;  and  the  Hon-. - 
met.  in  a  disposition  of  (rralifyiu);  the  i|iieen  in 
every  partii  iilar  wliich  she  could  ilcsin'  of  Ihi  11 

,"  The  llrsi  hill  liniui.'lil  into  I'arliaiiieiil,  witli 

a  view  of  Iryinif  their  ili,s|Nisilion  on  the  head  .1 

nliirion.  was  Ihat  for  suppressing  the  nionaslerie- 

lately  ended,  and  for  n'storintf  the  tenths  ani 

Ursl  "fruits  to  the  ipiecn.     Tills  i»iint  U'lnujiain.  I 

wilhout  much  ditliciilty.  a  hill  was  next  inn 

duced.  annexing  the  Kiipremacy  lo  the  cniwii 

'   anil  thiiiii.'li  the  <|iiiin    was  there  denominai.l 

L'overness.  not  held,  of  the  church,  it  conviv.  I 

the   Kiinic    extensive    imwer,    which,    under   i' - 

I    lallcr  title,  had  Isen  exercised  liy  her  father  iii  I 

I   hpilher,  .   Hy  thisact,  llieiTown,  withoul  I  ,r 

1   concurrence  either  of  the  I'arlianicnt  or  even     f 

the    I vmalion,    was   vested    wil'.i    Hie    wli>  i. 

;  spiritual  |Hiwer;  mi|:ht  npressall  hen-sh'S,  iniLlt 
estalilish  or  n'peal  all  canons,  mlchl  alter  e\.'v 
IMiini  of  discipline,  and  miciil  ordain  or  ahi.l;    > 

any  religions  rile  or  ceninony \  law  w   - 

pnssiil,   conliriniiii:  all  Ihe   slatules  enaiied      1 

Kins;  Kdwanl's  lime  willi  n-iriini  to  nliL'ioii , 

nominalion  of  l.ishops  was  (jiven  lo  Hie  cri'    :; 

witlioul  any   eleclion  of  tlie  i  haptcrs.  \ 

I   solemn  and  "public  disputation  was  held  dun  ;j 

'   this  sesiiiiin,  in  pres^ence  of  l.i  rd   Kwper  Ha.  n 

'   iM-tween  the  divines  of  the  I'rolistant  and  Hi-' 

of  the  ('atholic  communion.     The  champions  t;' 

I    nointed  to  defend  the  nliifion  of  the  Boven'i/n 

"wen",  as    in    all   former   instances,  eulireiy    ..r 

umphant;  anil  the  popish  disputanU.  being  pr" 


8G2 


mm.: 


EKUI.ANI).    tSAR-l/WH 


Vwra  KHmhrth 


KNOLANH.   IAS».|a08. 


D(iiiO(v<{  rrfrmclory  and  obminalr,  wrrr  ttmi  pun 
Uhnl  l>.T  ImprlMinnu'iit  KiiilNililrnnI  liy  tlila 
viclcirv.  Ihr  iTotmitBiiU  vi'iiliirHl  nn  llic  liwt  anil 
nHwt  li''|">'li'nt  i>ti'|i.  Hn<l  lirmiKlit  lnti>  I'Hrlla 
mint  II  I  ill  ''ir  •ImlliililnK  tlio  mau.  ami  it'  mtali 
IlKhinK  ""  ''lufCy  "'  KI"K  K.lwiinl  i'luallini 
win'  inarii'il  ai  Will  airninm  iliiw  wliii  ilipartiil 
friim  thin  nimli!  of  uimhl|i,  h.  nKalnit  IIhim'  vtlm 
iiliw'iiliil  thrmw'lvt'a  from  the  rliiinh  iiikI  iIii' 
luiiTiiMirnta  Anil  tliim,  In  oni-  M'lujnii.  nitliiiiil 
any  vliiii  nci'.  tiiniiili,  or  ritimiiiir.  wiw  Ilii*  wIikIi' 
Ky-iimiif  ri'll/(iiin  alirn'il  on  llii'  nrv  mmmi'iKi' 
TIM  Tit  of  !i  rrljfn.  anil  In  tit.  will  of  a  yiiunu 
wt'iiuiii.  wImhm'  tifli'  III  till'  iT'iwn  WHw  liy  timnv 
tli<iui;lil  lliiMi'  I"  unttt  olijn  tioni  " — I)    lliinii' 

lliMt  ./ A./.  ,7-1 11./.  .-A   :w.  /...   ■^^^-»m)  ir  iii - 

KliriilKtli  nwiiiilid  till'  thnmi'  iniirli  miiri'  In 
till' I  hiiriiitir  iif  a  I'mliatanl  rliiinipion  llian  liir 
I'Hii  iiinvlrlliinKiiiiil  iiii  lliinlloni  uniilil  liavr  illi 
iiliil      Shi'  vMw,  InfliH'il.  till'  ilmmlili  r  of  Ann 
IVili  yn    wliiiin  liy  Ihii  liiiii'  Ihr  PriMralMiiii  mrv 
l»'Kinnli!j  li>  njranl  ».s  a  niartyrnf  Ilii-  fiiitli,  l>iil 
Hill'  MiwiiI'Mi  till'  I'lillil  of  lli'nry  VIII  .  tiinl  tin 
In  iriHH  iif  Ilia  iin|H'rioiiii  will      S<kiii.   hnwi'vir, 
•111- f.iiiinl  111  r«ilf  I'mlialaiit  alinimt   in  liir  ii«ii 
|||•^|llll       Till'  I'apaiy.  In  llii'  llrst  prliir  of  Mir 
iKsfiil  riiirtii.n.  olfi  fill  liir  milv  tlii'  altirnativi' 
of  Miliniisaiiin  or  i'\riiniiiiiini(iilioii,  ami  ulii'  liiil 
not   fir  a  niiinirnt  hrnilati'  to  ilnmw  tlii'  liitlir 
Till  11  I  Mniini'iii'i'il  tliat  lonv  ami  >  Imu'  alllaii  r  !»'- 
t«iin  Ciitholliliiin  ami  iloini'allr  Inanon  uhiili  is 
wi  ililTin  nlly  juilirril  aa  It   is  upproailii  il  rmin 
thi'  n  liiriimi  or  Ihi'  polltiral  .si.ii-.     Tlii'si-  xinil     ' 
iiiiry  |.rii'!  *,  who  in  cvrry  various  iII'.uuIm'  lonii' 
I"  f;n;:l.iiiil.  iiiovliijr  win  111    ilmui  from  manor 
Ihiii'u-  I.,  manor  lioiiM'.  ci  liliValini;  tlii'  riti'Hof  thi' 
<  hiirrli   loiitirniinif  tlir  wavrrinir.  i  oimoliu);  liii- 
'iiinL'.  winninu'  Imi  k  llii'  lapwil  to  tlii'  folil.  too 
'  ■  il  iiri|iiainliil  Willi   Kli/.aUth's   prisons,     iml 
ofliii  tiiiilinir  thtir  way  to  lur  sialTolils,— w     it    i 
nrr  till  V  Init  tlif  inln'pid  niiasiunarirs.  tl»'  s,  if    i 
iliM.iiii  liirocs.  of  a  pnncriU'il  failli'?     (Iri  tlif   | 
ollii  r  hiuicl,  thi'  (jiiivn  is  einimniiinn  iir.  an  ivll 
wiii.in.  Hjlh  whom  it  1»  not  iii'iissarv  to  kii'p   i 
fiilli   loihiKisi'  whom  wonhl  Is'  tin- trpiinph  of 
till'  (  liiinli.   wImw  iliatli.  Iiiiwivir  r'li.paasiii, 
IN  o,  c  u^ion ;  how  I'asy  to  mavr  plots  umlir  tin- 
ilnik  of  ri'litious  iniiriourxi',  ami  to  maki'  tlir 
iinin  of  tlw  faith  aionspirai-vof  rilsllion:   The 
iiiM  I    ir  lothi' thronr.  Mary'of  Siotlaml.  was  a 
Cullioiu'.  anil,  us  Umg  iw  slii'  IIm'iI,  a  pirpitiial 
iinin- i.f  liornistir  anil  Kiir.ipiaii  IntriKm-    plot 
miiniiliil  pint,  in  whiih  tlii  trailonnis  huIiiIiIv 
K.is  ^ill  Ciitholii—thi'  kecniiissof  ili.siovirv   tlir 
Willi  iifiilnis.s  of  lii'fi'nci'.  all   I'mlistant      "Thin, 
ti".   Ihr  hliailow  of  Spanish  .supninarv  U'lian  to 
1 .1-1    ii'Mlf   liroiiilly  iivir   Kunipr:    the   iineipiul 
slni-i;l,    with    llollaiiil   was  still   prolonKiil :    it 
w:is  kii.wn  tliMt  I'hilip's  ileari'st  wish  was  to  re- 
1"^",  '"  •''•' .""'P'"'  »nil   'lie  Chiireh  the  islanil 
kiiii;.li.ni  Willi  h  hail  onn-  nnwillinnly  aeiepteil 
III-  nil,-      Il  was  thus  llie  iiwiinet  of  s;if  il.finee 
«liiiliplaii-.IKli/.al»'tlial  ilie  lieailof  the  IVoieM- 
•nil   iiilirisi  in  Kuroix':   slie  sent  I'hilip  ^    Iney 
■'"111  ill  Ziitpheii:  lieraaihirlim  laneera,  V   „  iher 
iliir.   ,.,ri  |Haie  at  home  or  nm    iiit  ami  inrv  in 
mrytliwii;  Spanish  upon  llie  soulhern  main     till 
ai  l,isi,   |.-,«H,  I'liiiip  gathered  up         his  naval 
Mri-ntrih  ami  hurUil  the  Amiaila  at  our  shores. 

Atlluvil  I),.,,,.  ,.t  illgsipatl  sunt.'     The  valour   : 
ot  tnuland  did  much ;  the  st^irms  of  heaven  ilie 
■'-■■      .Mary  of  Srotiand  had  gone  to  her  deal  li 
iii'  year  before,  and  her  »on  had  been  trained  to 


I   hate  hU  nmlhrr'a  faith      There  riiulil  lie  no  oiiet- 

i    lion  any  more  of  the  nued  I'mtenlantlam  of  the 

I    Kncllsh    pe<iple    — ('     Ifcanl.    //iWcrf    /^lunt 

1»«»     Thf  litforn,„li„n.  U<-l   » 

■r^J?    «55*-iM«.-Tln  A(t  of  EllMbcth: 

Tht  Qutan^iebitr  councillor*.— "Sir  Willluni 

('eill.afli'rwiinlal,onl  lliirlel){h.  alreaileotnrlally 

ex|M'rleiiiii|    iliirliiir    time   reitriis.    tlioiiKh  •till 

yoiinir.  Was  the  ipmnsrhlef  aiKlsir  from  llrat  to 

;    lust  —  that  is  to  any,  till  he  died  in  I.MW      I'hlllji 

I    II  ,   who   also  died    in    that  year,   was  thus  Ills 

•    I'laet  ioiitini|B.r.ry  ,  for  lie  mounted   the  Span 

l»h  throne  Just   «  In  n  Kli/alalh  and  her  minister 

la-Kun  their  work  toitether      lie  wus  not  |.,ii^  in 

■  lisconrlnj:  that  there  wiia  one  man,  (losM'ssi'd  of 

the  inosl    lialanied   Judgment  ever   lirniiirht    to 

till  Iliad  ..f  Knifllsh  affairs,  who  was  rapulile  of 

iiiinindliitf  all  Ills  most  seiret  inlrlciies,  and.  In 

fuel,  till-  two  anil  ineinirs.  the  one  in    London 

"■"I  'I 'liir  ill  .Madrid,  wi  re  pitted  aifainsi  euih 

other  for  forty  years  Klijalsth  bad  also  the 
iT'ioil  wiisi'  to  M  hii  II,,.  xiisist  ,„„|  n„„,  |,.„riii'd 
III  lisiastie  of  hisdav.  Matt  In  w  I'arker.  for  her 
I'riiiiiite  uml  I  hii  f  uiIvImt  In  Chun  li  nlTairs.  It 
should  lie  n.iieil  that  IhiiIi  ot  'iiise  wires,  as  well 
astliei,ii,-,ii  liinalf.  hud  Ihi  n  i  onformists  to  the 
rapiiloliiiliiiiie  under  .Miiry  a  posillou  furfnim 
111  roil ,  liiii  not  fora  inoniiiil  to  Is- 1  onfused  with 
that  of  men  whose  phllosophieul  imlilleniiie  tii 
the  i(Uisii,,„s  whieh  exen  isiil  all  the  lili;hest 
mlmls  eiialileil  them  In  Join  in  the  |ar»<ulion  of 
Hoinanisls  and  Amrliians  at  dilliTeiit  times  with 
11  siililinu'   iniparlialllv.  It   was   under  the 

aihiie  of  Ceiil  and  I'arker  that  Kli/alsth,  on 
eomini.'  In  the  throne,  made  her  famous  witlc 
meiil  or  Ksial.lisliinent  of  religion  "-  M  Iturmws. 
I'„ii,iif,i,l,in,i>i'i,  III,  Ilinl.'ifHiniUii,,!  I,k  i  eh  17 
A.  D.  i5S«-i6o3.-The  Age  of  Elizabeth: 
Parliament —■The  house  of  (uiiimons,  upon  a 
n\  iiH  of  Kli/iilslli's  nicn.  was  verv  far.  on  the 
one  hand,  fniiu  iM-nisin;.'  those  eonsiliuiional 
riKhts  whieh  have  loiij;  sline  iKlonfred  to  |i,  or 
even  tho»«'  whhli  liy  aneieiit  pneeilent  they  mi^'bt 
have  elaimed  as  Ihi  ir  own.  vet,  on  tlii'  other 
liaiid.  was  not  ipiite  so  sirvile  and  submissive  an 
a.s,<ii'nilily  as  an  artful  historiiin  has  r.  pnseiited 
it  If  many  of  its  memlKTs  were  but  erijiiurea 
of   iKiwer,  tinre  «:is   still   a   eonsiil.  ruble 

party  .somitimes  earrjiiiL'  the  house  almi^'  with 
lliein,  who  with  patient  nsolution  and  iiitlexible 
aim  niumd  In  every  session  to  the  a.sjieriion  of 
that  one  k'nat  privileife  whieh  their  soveniun 
eonlesleil,  the  riu'lil  of  parliaiiieni  to  imiuin  liiio 
and  sut;i;est  ;i  remedy  for  iiirv  piiblie  mis.  hie  f 
"I  iluntri  I  It  inav  Is'  remark..!  ihut  the  minis- 
t.  rs,  sinli  :is  Kmillys,  llullon,  and  Uolsrl  (ceil. 
'I  only  Silt  amoni:  Iheiomnioiis,  but  lisik  a  very 
1  ..linu'  part  in  llnirdiseussi.  .iis.  u  pns.f  that  the 
inllinniiof  urnument  eoiild  ii.more  luilispi  used 
with  thiUi  thai  of  power.  This,  as  I  eoueeive. 
will  never  lie  the  liisi'  ill  any  kinL'il.nii  where  the 
a.ss<mbly  of  llie  estates  is  ipiite  siibsi  rvienl  to  the 
ironii.  Nor  slnnild  we  put  out  of  i  onsiileriiii.m 
the  iiianner  in  wliiih  the  eommons  wen'  n.ni 
posiil.  Sixty  two  memlH'rs  were  added  at  ililTer 
lilt  tinns  by  KlizalMlh  to  the  npresenialion;  iia 
well  from  pluies  whieh  had  in  eurlier  times  ilis- 
loniinueil  their  friiii  liise.  as  fmiu  those  to  which 
il  ".is  Ilrat  >;ranl.'l:  a  very  large  pn.iairlion  of 
them  petty  iKin.iiijIis.  eviilently  under  the  In- 
fluence .jf  the  crow  !'.  or  peerafe'  The  n.o-istry 
liMik  much  pains  with  eleetious.  of  which  iiianv 
priMifa    remain.      The    himse    aceonlinirlv   was 


803 


EN(U.ANI>    I.VW-ltkKt 


1\t  KUothrtlMn 
Ayr  in  t.tlemlur* 


KNOIJIND,   lflAA-l«OR 


fi 

n 


• 

'I 


rtllnl  Willi  iilniriiun.  rWlliiuM,  Hml  rumnii'ti  \n* 
yi  n  itni^tiliiK  nl   iinrrrniriil      Tlw  alavlali  Iniir 
of  liwm-  fwrsMii!*,  tt--«  wr*  I'olleft  fniin  llii-  itiiiiult-4 
t»f  nKHt'<4.  U  utrlkiii^ly  cnntniMtfil  tiv  thi*  iiiiin 
linciM  of   irith'|M-iHl('iit    ^fiilli'iiicn.     \itfl    iin  thf 
lioiiw  will  In  ii.>  iiK'Hiix  viTV  fully  attfiiilcil.  llii" 
iIivIkIoih.  II  fi  «  of  wl.irli  «n'  ri'ionlril,  riiiiniiiir 
fmiii  ','iNi  III  .''i)!  Ill  iIh'  iiicifriKiitc.  It  muy  •»•  |Mr 
(ilnil  ihil   ihi-  roiirl    hIiiim'  fiiilotvini  win'  ill 
Imnil.   Hoiilil    iniiliilHlii    ii  foriiililiililr   liiltiinirf 
Hut  ihli  iiitliii'iiii'.  howi'vir  iHriilriiiiiii  ii>  <lii'  In 
t('i.~rity  of    iHiilliiiiuiil.    I4  illHlliiKuinliiilili'    from 
tlmt    t-xt-rtlon   of    iilnio^t    iilinoliitt'    iircmirittlvc 
which  lliiiiH*  him  iittMUninl  im  (Im-  ho|<>  dpririi;  of 
KII/iilii'ltrM  ^oviTiiiiirnt.  iinil  woulil  iicvi-r  Imm'Iii 
|i|ovii|  illl  Honir  ih'llcii'iirv  of  nlritiKth  win  i\ 
|Hrlriuiil  111  till- other  "  —  M   llnllnin.  I'mmf   lift. 
vf  Km,  .  .•/..  5 

A.  D.  155S-1603.  —  Tha  Art  of  Eliiabcth: 
Literature. -'Till'  iii;i'  of  KII/uIhiIi  hhi  iIU 
tlni!iiiiili<'il  iH'yonil,  iHrlmpK.  uiiy  oihir  In  our 
hiatory  by  ii  iiumlH'r  of  trniit  nun.  fiiniiiUH  In 

■IIITirint  w uy«,  nml  whow nHMirs hiiv >im' down 

to  im  Willi  iinlilinilHlii  I  honoiim:  nlutciinK'n. 
wiirrion,  illvlnt'a.  fuliolnni.  tuHlii,  iiml  plilloHo 
plum;  KiiIi'IkIi.  Uniki'.  Coki-  IliHikiT.  iin<l  —  lilirh 
Hiiil  niori'  wninillnK  ullll.  iiikI  allll  more  fn-oinnt 
In  our  nioulhit  —  Shitk>'<i|it'ar,  S|Hn»i  r.  Milmy. 
ItHcon,  .lonmin,  litaumonl,  hiiiI  Kh'li  hir,  miii 
whom  fiinii'  hiiK  I'ltrniHt'il  in  liir  lon^  nnil  hint 
liiit  Kcroll.  iinii  who,  liv  ihi'lr  wonU  ami  Bitii. 
win'  iH'ni'fiii'lorii  of  their  loiintry.  iinil  ornitmenla 
of  liumiin  imlim'  Thelruttiilninenliiof  ililTerent 
kiiiils  lion-  the  Miini'  treiieml  ntHinp.  iiikI  It  wiu* 
slerlliii;.  what  they  iliil  liiul  tin-  maric  of  their 
inre  iiihI  (oiintry  upon  it  I'erhiipa  tlic^tenius  of 
(Ireiit  llriiiiln  (If  1  may  wi  ii|Hiik  without  olTiniv 
or  tiallery)  never  ulione  out  fuller  or  liriKlit<'r,  or 
lookeil  iiion'  like  iinelf,  than  at  lhli4|M'rli>il.  Our 
writers  ami  creat  men  hail  sonulhini;  in  them 
llial  savoiireii  of  Ihe  will  fnim  whirh  they  ){rew: 
liny  were  not  Kniuli.  liny  wen'  not  Dutch,  or 
(Jeriiiaii,  or  (Inek,  or  Ijitln:  they  wen'  truly 
KiiL'l^h  They  illii  not  look  out  iif  theniM'lre* 
to  sec  what  they  iihoulil  Im';  they  witiKht  for 
truth  ami  mil'  f'  ami  foiinil  it  lii  themwlveii. 
Then'  wai  no  1  il.  ami  Imt  little  nrl ,  they  were 
not  the  s|Miilt  ehililn  n  of  uiTeetallnii  ami  n'line- 
iiicni.  Iml  a  Imlil.  viuomus.  iiHlepenileiit  nice  of 
thinkers,  with  pnxliitlous  Hlrrntrth  ami  enemy, 
with  none  Imt  natural  gnice.  ami  lieartfelt.  iiii- 
olitriislvc  ilelicaey.  .  .  .  For  kikIi  an  extraor- 
■  liiiary  coinliiiiation  ami  ch-velopmeiit  of  fancy 
ami  ircniiiD  inaiiy  causen  may  U' aH.siL'neii;  ami 
we  may  seek  fo'r  the  elilef  of  them  In  nliiiion. 
in  |ioliIics.  in  the  eireumstanees  of  the  lime,  the 
ncint  illlTiision  of  lelleni.  in  liM'ai  slluatlon,  ami 
ill  the  (haracler  of  the  men  who  ailorneil  that 
|icrio<l.  iiml  availcii  themselves  so  iiolily  of  tlic 
lelvaiilates  placcil  viii hill  their  reach  .  .  .  The 
lirst  lauM'  I  shall  mention,  as  contriliiitini;  to 
this  pill  nil  elfci  I.  was  Ihc  itforniatiou.  which 
liiul  jii-t  then  taken  place  This  event  (ravu  a 
MiiL'iily  impulsi'  ami  incTeasiil  aetivily  to  thought 
ami  iui|Uiry.  ami  ai:ilateil  the  Inert  ma.S!i  of  a<; 
ciiiiiulated  prcjuilicis  tliniii|;hiiut  Kumpe.  .  .  . 
Till-  Iniiislution  of  Hie  Ililile  was  tiie  chief  enKine 
in  Ihe  frnat  work  It  threw  oiien,  by  u  si-cn-t 
sprinu',  the  rich  tna.sun's  of  nllirion  ami  moral- 
ity, which  hail  iK-en  then'  locked  up  as  iu  a  shrine. 
It  nvealeil  the  vLsions  of  the  pniphels.  and  con- 
veyed Ihe  ii's.soiis  of  inspin'ii  teachers  (such  thi^y 
wen  thought)  to  the  meanust  of  the  |>«ople.     It 


864 


K»Te  Ibrm  a  iiiminim  Inlrri'Kt  In  Ihc  ronmiiin 
euuir  Tliclr  hearu  burnt  within  tlieni  ns  they 
ri'wl  II  K»*<'  !>  niliid  t<i  Ihe  |>niple.  by  irlvInK 
them  eonimoii  aiibjecu  of  tlioiiKht  ami  feellnK 
.  .  The  Ininiistlate  uw  or  ipptieatlon  lliat  waa 
miide  of  rellKhin  to  subjei  U  of  ImaKlnntlon  anil 
llctlon  wiM  not  I  from  an  obvious  irnmiiil  of  x'p 
aralloni  Ml  diri  1 1  or  fn'i|uent  as  that  whUh  waa 
made  of  the  classtial  and  roinanlic  litenitim' 
li'or  much  about  the  niiiic  iImh  .  the  rich  and  fax 
ilnatlnit  nlon's  of  the  Onek  luid  Kotiian  iiiytliol 
I'Ky,  and  lliow  of  Ihe  romantic  (xs'lrv  of  Spain 
and  Italy,  wen' eagerly  enplond  by  tlie  ciirioua. 
and  thmwii  oinii  In  translalions  to  Ihe  adnilrluK 
ira/e  of  Ihe  vulsar    .  What  also  giive  an  un 

iKiial  impi'lua  to  tlip  mind  of  man  at  this  iwrliNl, 
wa«  the  dliMoTery  of  the  New  World,  and  the 
n'lullnn  of  Voyages  and  traveU.  (In'en  ixlanda 
and  golden  naniUMsimil  to  arlar.  an  by  enchant 
ment,  out  of  the  Ihinoiii  of  thu  wati-ry  waste,  and 
Invilii  the  eiipldliy.  or  wlntf  the  IniaKiiiatlon  of 
thedreamitiK  speciilator  Kalrylniid  waxnallsed 
in  new  ami  unknown  worhls.  .  .  .  Again,  the 
hemic  and  martial  Kpirit  which  brvatlics  in  our 
elder  wrlten,  was  yet  in  considerable  activity  In 
the  xv\f.\\  of  Kllzals'th  Tlie  aire  of  chivalry  wiis 
not  then  iiuite  Koiie,  nor  tlie  glory  of  Eumim;  e\ 
lingiiiiihisl  fonvir  Ijwtly.  to  (onilinle  this 

account ;  Wlial  gave  a  unity  and  ciiinmon  din'C 
thin  to  all  llies)'  causes,  was  the  natural  genius 
of  the  country,  whh  li  was  stning  In  these  wriU'ra 
in  pnifiorthin  to  tiieir  stn'iigth  We  are  a  nation 
of  Islanders,  and  we  cannot  help  it,  nor  mend 
ourai'lvi's  if  we  wouhl.  We  are  sometbinK  In 
ourwlves.  nothing  when  we  try  to  ai«  others. 
Mush:  and  |>ainting  are  not  our  forte:  for  what 
we  have  done  In  that  way  has  been  little,  and 
that  iKimiwed  fnini  iilhcrs  with  great  dlHlcuIty. 
Rut  wu  may  Ixiiuitof  our  iMX'taanil  phlliisophera. 
That's  siiinethlDg.  We  fiave  Iiml  stnaig  heaila 
and  sound  hearts  aiming  us.  Thniwu  on  uuo 
side  nf  till'  worhl.  and  left  to  bustle  for  oursi'lves, 
we  have  fought  out  many  a  battle  for  truth  and 
freislom.  That  Is  our  natural  style;  and  it  wen' 
to  lie  wished  we  had  in  no  Instance  departed 
fnmi  it.  Our  situation  has  given  us  a  certain 
cast  of  thought  and  character;  and  our  lllierty 
has  enabled  us  to  make  the  most  of  it.  We  are 
of  a  stilt  clay,  not  moulded  Into  every  fashion, 
with  stiiblMirn  joints  not  easily  Ix'Ut.  We  an- 
slow  til  think,  and  therefon'  iinpn'ssions  do  not 
work  upon  us  till  they  act  In  nitkssi's  .  .  .  We 
may  lie  accused  of  grossness,  but  not  of  lllmsl 
ness;  of  e.xtmvagaiice.  but  not  of  alTectatlon;  of 
want  of  art  and  retiiiement,  but  not  of  a  want  of 
truth  and  nature.  Our  literature,  in  a  woni,  Is 
(iolhic  and  gnilesque;  uni'i|ual  and  Irregular, 
not  ciust  in  a  pn'vlous  mould  nor  of  one  uniforni 
ti  xtun',  but  of  L'nat  wi  ii:ht  in  the  whole,  ami  of 
incoinpaniblu  value  in  Hie  lust  parts.  It  aims 
at  an  excess  of  Isiiuly  or  power,  bits  or  missis 
anil  is  either  very  uikhI  Indeed,  or  absolutely 
giHsl  for  nothing  This  character  applies  in  par 
ticular  to  our  liieniture  in  the  age  of  Eli/.alKlli. 
which  is  its  iH'st  inriisl.  Is'fore  the  intnHiuciioii 
of  a  rage  for  French  rules  and  French  niislel-, 
W.  Ilazlllt.  hrUirinitn  the  IMiniture  of  the  .Iv' 
"/  EUiiilhth,  l,et.  I  -'■  Humanism,  liefon'  il 
moulded  the  mind  of  the  Knglish.  had  alnadv 
permeatisl  Italian  and  Fn'iieh  litenitiin'.  Classt 
cal  erudlticm  bad  Ihih  ailapled  to  the  neeiU  of 
mcKlern  thought  Antii|ue authors  had  Iseti cnl 
lected.  printed,  annotated,  and  translated.     They 


BNOIiANI),  lAAH-KOS 


»liM'r»Wii| 
i4  Pni/armt 


'onMlii 


CNOLANT),  ISM 


wrrr  hlrljr  nuut«ml  In  the  iouth,  ud  MiimlUUHl 
Ui  Ibr  sl.TiK  of  tli«  vprnariilar.  Rjr  (brw  mraii* 
miifh  (if  llir  IcnrnlnK  popiilnrlMil  by  our  |M)ct». 
I'MairUu,  Hnil  ilraninllalii  riiiiii'  to  ii»  Ht  •u'conil 
ImdiI,  aiul  liriri'  ttii'  •Iniiip  of  lonti'mporarv 
tfpiiiiii.  In  llki'  Minnhir.  iIm'  lant  workii  lif 
llaliun,  Knncli,  Spaiiliih,  ami  Oiniuiti  lilcmiiiri' 
win'  inlnKliiii'il  iniodrrnt  llrlloln  totfriliir  wltli 
llir  rlHMlrii  Tile  HIP-  fjtvoiiriil  truiixlitlion,  «iiil 
Enitllali  niulint  UfiPH'  IIkmIom'  of  iIh^  kIiu-i'iiIIi 
rinlury.  witi'  in  ihhwhkIoii  of  it  i'imnio|Hrlluin 
lllirnry  In  llulr  niolliir  tonttMi'.  iiirliidiriK  rlioiii' 
•jxMlrniiiK  of  nnrli'iil  nnil  niiHlirn  niii»t<Tjili<i'ii 
TIli'M' I'ilH'lllimlulll  >H  nllftlrli  llllv  iK'i'oiiiit  for  III)' 
rlcliiifM  nnil  viirlcly  of  KII/.ifMllmn  lliiTiitiin' 
Tliiy  aliio  hv\p  to  i'\|i|iilii  two  iioluii  wlilrli  miii«I 
Mtriki'  I'viry  Btmli'iitof  lliut  liii  minrc'  -  li«ii;itlvi' 
fn'nlmcM.  nnil  ItH         kiil  iiniiv  of  mvli'      Kli/.ii 


ln'tlmn  litcniti 
wall  llir  iit:< 
111  rlKoniii«    ■ 
whlrli  illi'     . 
Till'  Eu(['. 
riiHTV  !■ 
rlliTli- 

WI'Hl' 

Irai 


ill  Hill)  llalivi',  iH'ntltiw  it 
,, oiithfiil  niiT,  iiroii'u'il 
'INIlrsM    t      liT   t  oililitionH 
nrr^ii'H. 


:.,.!.    ■ 

III'  lila 

mil                 t\  1 

•  N'<>n 

-■'...              i 

('   not 

.,.'.•' 

thiK, 

.'  )i      1  ■ 

1    .1  '          ''iof 

,ii-.         ,1.      ' 

.   .             for 

*    ■    '   "1.  .■    .   !l 

"V,  to 

'         I '     t!     ,    - 

VI       (M'n  to 

'  .      'II  t            ' 

'      1      'Oils  of 

1   h       ..     Ih 

III     .     'lUll    till' 

.  'i,       ( 

ri'^    ,»m  liiiil 

■1. 

■  }  '  '1411011111  of 

,ia  1'..  1     ■ 

itill  yoiini.' 

.f     'M.r      ' 

i'     niruiicInK 

!    (•...,.,   .,■ 

-   1  11  f  Klim- 

frtf  (  '       ' 

']hlly    llrr.. 

III!     .1  II' 

ll-l  ll       .    > 

(I  ,:  iMt' 

ii     , 

HUl       '    .  11' 

not  Itll  i       n 
the  fani.v        i  !.• 
i'n<iiii;b  to  In    .  I 
l"y."-J.  A. 
hthttn  irtth    )  - 
r   4."i,  11.  5«) 

A.  D.   1559.— The  Act  of  Supremacy,  tht 
Act  of  Uniformity,  and  the  Court  of  High  Com- 

raiMion.— ■■  Whin  KlUuliilirs  llml  rurliiimcnt 
111  '  ill  Jiiniiary  l.Vill,  Ci invocation,  of  coiinH'. 
11"  I  :i"i.  It  at  once  clainicil  timt  the  clcrity  alone 
li.i'l  Hiithority  in  niatti-rit  of  faith,  ami  |iriHi'i'iliil 
III  |iiiss  rcsoUitions  in  fuvoiir  of  TriUiHulistaiitia 
ti"M,  the  MiiMt,  anil  the  pHjial  Hupreniaiy.  The 
I'i-liiipH  anil  the  rnivcrsitiea  Hiirneil  u  forinal 
luTiiiiient  to  thinelTi'Cl.  That  In  tliecoiistitution 
"filii'  Knitlish  Chiirch.  ConviKiitiiin.  aif  Convo 
'  itiiiii.  lias  mi  Hiich  power  as  tliii.  mils  proveil  liv 
111!  ^tips  now  taken.  The  Cmivn.  ailviseil  Iiv 
111 Ciinncil  anil  I'arlianniit,  IiKik  the  matter  in 
liiii'l  AHevervehinent,  cMept  the  Uonian.  hail 
I" '  11  1  M'liiileil  f'riini  the  clerical  lnHlie^.  a  cnii»iil 
fi'i'iii  was  orileri'tl  between  the  repri'M'iitativi"* 
'I  Imlh  niilet.  anil  all  priaihini;  Hai  Mispemlcil 
nil  a  M'llleiiieiit  liail  till  n  iirriveil  at  lH-lwit<n  the 
'I'l'  ei,  ami  the  Thne  Kstali  <  of  the  n  aim.  The 
I  "iiMiliaiion  liroke  up  oil  the  refusal  of  the  Uomaii 
i>i  I  li.irnpiiin.s  to  keep  to  the  lirins  au'reeil  ti|)o 
I'll  1  VI 11  U'fore  it  took  place  Parliament  nstor 
III'  ifiiyai  Supremacy.  re|Maleil  the  lawnof  Mar 
:i:!'ilin;r  reliL'ion.  ami  i-ave  the  ipieen  hy  hei 
""II  ili'sin'.  not  the  title  of  '  Siipreini'  lleiiif.'  liiil 
■>  ipriinetiovenior.'  of  the  Church  of  Kiitflanil." 
M  Itiinnws.  (''niimtiit'i  rim  I'll  the  llixl.  i>t'  hm/., 
•  -.  iV  1T.>^-Thi.s  liri.1  Parliament  of  Eli/.alM'th 
1  1— "1  two  meiniiralile  acta  of  t,'nat  im|iortance 
I'l  Himlish  history,— the  Act  of  iSuprenmcv  anil 

!!;•    .<.e;  c.f  fr,if.,n-„lty  „f  <.-,,ii,„u,„  Pni;  IT.     " '  Thc 

f  '■^1111  r  is  entitleil  'An  act  for  restoring  to  the 
irnwn   the  auticat    juriadiotiiin   over  the   Stale 


55 


Ercl«*la«llml  ami  Hplridial:  anil  for  aliollihing 
fiirrlicn  power  '  It  U  ihr  ume  for  •iilwtanr* 
with  the  Wth  of  Henrr  VIII  hut  the  com 

mona  Ineorporatnl  •rvrral  other  hill>  Into  It .  for 
laviileK  the  title  of  Suiireine  (iovemor  In  all 
e«u«<'«  Kcclenlaalical  ami  Tdn|MiraI.'  whhh  la 
re«torei|  to  the  (jiieen.  the  act  "•  -iven  tliim<>  iairi 
of    KhiK    Henry    VIII    ami  ,-    KilwanI   VI 

which  liail  luen  ri  |H'aleil  In  .ic  late  rel^n.  It 
fortiiiln  all  apiM'alu  In  Itoine.  anil  emneralei.  the 
nuhjei  Is  from  all  e«iu-tionii  anil  lni|HHiilion«  herr 
tofore  palil  to  that  court ;  ami  an  it  revives  Kinx 
Wwaril  «  laws,  it  ri'iHulaa  Mure  act  maile  In  the 
late  reiitn  fur  puiil»hlnK  hen  sy  .Mureover. 

all  |H  rsons  in  any  piihllc  iiiiplo\s.  whether  civil 
or  icclesiiisthai  are  ohliifeil  111' lake  an  oath  in 
modnilioii  of  the  (Jiuin  s  ri«hi  to  ilie  cniwn, 
anil  of  her  siipreniaey  In  all  ■  aiis<<s  eci  lisiasthal 
ami  livil.  on  |H-iially'i>f  forfeiting  all  tlielr  pro 
inotioim  in  the  chiirih.  anil  of  Uinji  ili  clareil  In 
capahle  of  holilinic  any  piihlic  olllee  Fur 

ther.  '  The  act  forhliln  all  writlnit.  printing, 
tenchlnn.  or  prcachinif.  ami  all  other  ileeils  ur 
acta  wheri'liy  any  fon'l({n  Jiirlsiiieilon  over  tliew 
nalniniadefenihil,  u|ion  pain  that  tliev  ami  their 
alNtlom.  Mnu  thereof  convieteil.  shall  for  the 
llml  olTemv  forfeit  their  KiHsIs  ami  challiN.  . 
siilrltiial  iM'Monii  iihall  Iimi'  their  heintli  is,  anil 
all  ecclesliuttlcal  prefernienis;  for  the  seioml 
olTencelliey  ithali  Incur  tin-  lanaltiesof  a  pneniu 
nire;  ami  ihe  thini  olTence  shall  Im<  ileenieil  liiich 
In'aaon.'  Then'  la  a  remarkahle  clauw  in  this 
net.  whhh  iraverlsti  to  a  new  court,  caUeii  The 
Court  of  l|l^li('oinini.sitlon. '  Thewonlsareihcsi . 
■  The  yiieen  anil  her  suei't'iiaorM  shall  have  iHiwer! 
liy  their  Icltcm  patent  uniler  the  creat  wal,  tii 
assign,  nann'.  ami  authorin'.  as  often  as  they 
shall  think  meet,  ami  fur  as  hin^  a  time  as  they 
shall  pleasi',  |«'rson«  IhIuk  natural  Isirn  suhjecta, 
to  u.se,  (scupy.  ami  exenisi',  tiiulir  her  ami  them, 
all  manner  of  Jurisiliclion,  privilc|;e».  ami  pn- 
eniinenas,  touchini;  any  spiritual  or  ecehslaa- 
tical  Juris<lletion  within  the  realms  of  Knclanil 
ami  Irelanil.  Ac  ,  to  vii,ii,  reform,  reilnsM.  onler, 
correet  ami  ainenil  all  errors,  heresies.  Kcliisiim, 
aliuses,  contenipi  olfenccs  ami  ennrmiths  what 
SIM  ver.  I'roviile.;,  that  they  have  no  |Mi«ir  to 
ihtermiin'  anythintf  to  la'  h'creiy,  liut  what  haa 
lieen  ailjuiljte"!  I<>  I"'  so  hy  the  authority  of  the 
canonical  acriptun'.  or  liythe  first  four"  general 
council.H,  or  any  of  lheni;'or  hy  any  oilier  jrenernl 
council  wlienin  Ihe  same  waa  ileefareil  heresy  by 
the  express  anil  plain  worils  of  canonual  siVip- 
ture;  or  such  as  sliall  hen'after  Ik- ileihireil  to  lie 
liensy  by  the  hiijli  court  of  parliaineiit.  with  the 
ns.sent  of  tlieilcrj:y  in  coiiyiMitiun. '  Ipon  the 
aiilliiirily  of  this  clausi'  Ihe  (^ueen  ap|ioinleil  a 
cerlain  iiumU'r  of  '  Cnminissioners  '  for  ecclcsi 
asiical  eaUMS.  «  lioexen  iseil  the  same  power  tliat 
hail  Is'Cii  lisli;eil  ill  the  haiiils  of  one  viccirerent 
in  tlic  reii;n  of  Kim;  Henry  VIII  Ami  how 
sa'ily  they  aliuwil  their  power  in  this  ami  the 
two  next  nii-'ns  will  appear  in  the  siipiel  of  tliia 
history  They  iliil  not  troiibh-  thcmsilves  much 
with  the  express  wiirils  of  scriplure.  or  the  four 
tirst  jieiieral  councils,  but  eiilan;;leil  their  prison 
ers  with  oaths  ex  ollleio.  ami  the  inextricable 
ina^esof  the  popish  canon  law.  .  The  papists 

lieint;  vanipiisheil.  the  next  point  was  to  uniti" 
the  refornicil  among  theiiisilvcs.  .  .  Though  all 
tiii  rciDnii.  Hi  wcriiif  ..ill  I.iiiii,  yd  lln  >  ixn  far 
from  ngrei'ing  about  ilisciplinc"aml  ccninonies. 
each  party  being  for  sittliug  the  church  acconl 


8C5 


I 


:ir 


ENGLAND,  1M» 


Rim  of 
Pvriianitm. 


ENGLAND.  1509-1568. 


P 

ji 

If 

f 

w 
I 

11 

I 
it 


injr  to  their  own  ni<Hlol.  .  .  The  Queen  . 
therefore  upixiinted  n  eoitimllU'e  of  dlviiiCT  to 
review  Klii^t  Kclwiinl'H  litiirpv,  anil  to  see  If  in 
any  particular  it  wan  tit  to  Ik-  elianf!nl:  their 
nanien  were  Dr.  I'arlcer.  Urindnl,  Cox,  PHltinRton, 
Mav,  Hill.  Whitehea.l.  anil  Sir  Thomas  Smith. 
Uw'tor  of  the  eivil  law.  Their  instructions  were, 
to  strilie  out  \\\\  ollensive  paswip'S  airali.  '.he 
pope,  anil  In  make  people  easy  alxuit  the  iMJief 
of  the  tc.rporal  priwrnc  of  Christ  in  the  saeni- 
ments;  Imt  not  a  wonl  in  favour  of  the  stricter 
protestants.  Iler  Majesty  was  afraiil  of  reform- 
ing tiMi  f;ir;  she  was  ilesifous  to  retain  images  In 
ilmrches,  crui  ilivisanil  crossis.  vocal  anil  instru- 
mental iinisic.  with  all  the  olil  popish  gamuiits; 
it  isiiot  Ihirefiire  to  Ik>  woiiilen-il.  that  in  nview 
inp  the  lilurpy  of  Kinix  Kiiwaril.  no  alterations 
were  maile  in  favour  of  those  who  now  iH^an  to 
Ih!  callnl  l'uiit;'ns.  from  their  attempt  init  a  purer 
form  of  worship  anil  iliscipline  than  hail  yet  l»en 
estalilisheil.  .  .  .  The  hook  was  pres<-nteil  to  the 
t wo  houses  anil  paswil  into  11  law.  .  .  The  title 
of  the  act  is  ■  An  art  for  the  Inifonnitv  of  Com- 
mon I'rayir  mill  Service  in  the  Chureli.  iiiiil  ail 
ministration  of  the  Sm  niinents.'  It  was  liroufiht 
into  the  House  of  Comtnona  .\pril  IHth.  anil  was 
nail  a  tliinl  time  .\pril  20tli.  It  passeil  the 
House  of  l.orils  April  2Hlh.  anil  took  place  from 
Ihe24lh  of  . I  line  I.m!)  —  I).  Neal.  IIM.  of  Ihr 
PnritiihH,  r.  I,  rfi.  4. 

Al.Nii.N:  (J  Iliimel.  Ilinl.  nf  Ihf  liifurmiitii'ii 
■  ,fth,  I'll.  '■!'  Hun.,  r.  2.  M  H— 1',  lleylyn,  /■Wloia 
/6.^||(r.l^i.■  AV/.-.('kM.    .1<i//'<I. 

A.  D.  1559-1566.— Puritanism  taking;  form. 
—  ■  The  Chun  h  of  Knt'laml  'viis  a  lalitiiiTlnarian 
expiriiiu  lit,  a  loiitrivaiii  e  to  eimlile  men  of  op- 
posiiiir  ini-ils  to  live  topcther  without  sheihliiiK 
each  oiliirs  IiI.kkI  It  was  not  inleiiileil,  anil  it 
was  not  possilile.  that  Catholics  or  I'nilestants 
shoulil  liiiii  in  its  formulas  all  that  they  niiuinil. 
The  sirvicis  wire  ili  lilii  rati  ly  maile  cla.stic; 
ciimpnlicniliriL'  in  the  form  of  fiositive  slateinent 
onlv  what  all  Chrisliaiis  airncil  in  l)ilicvinL'. 
while  opp.rliinities  wiTe  left  open  by  the  rubric 
to  vary  the  i .  n-moiiial  iiccoriliiii;  to  the  taste  of 
the  ii"iiirni.'alioiis.  The  inimai;i'ment  lay  with 
the  local  authoriihs  in  town  or  parish:  where  the 
people  Hire  Catholics  the  Callinlie  as|M'Ct  coiilil 
be  made  promini  lit ;  whiTc  l'o|"ry  wasabuir- 
biar.  the  people  were  not  ilisturtM-il  by  the  ob 
tru'-ioii  of  (|.«triiies  which  they  had  out.u'Mwii. 
In  ilM-lf  il  pleasi-d  no  parly  or  section.  To  the 
healed  loiiirovcrsialisl  its  cliicf  merit  was  its 
ehiifdifeii  .  .  .  When- the  tendencies  to  Home 
were  sln>ii;;ist.  thereilie  treme  Ueformers con 
siilered  Ihemselvcs  Ihiiiii  >  exhibit  in  the  most 
marked  lonirast  the  unluvi  liiiess  of  the  punr 
creed  li  WIS  they  who  furnished  the  noble  ele 
ineiil  in  Ilie  Church  of  Kmrlaiiil  II  was  they 
will  ImiiI  III  ell  its  martyrs;  they  who,  in  their 
scorn  of  the  wmld.  in  their  passionate  desire  to 
eonsiH  iaie  theniM  Ives  in  life  and  death  to  the 
.VIiiiiL'lily.  Win-  alile  to  rival  in  silf  divoiion  the 
Catliolii  V.iiiii-.  Hut  thiy  had  not  the  wi.silom 
of  till- .SI  r|iciii.  and  certainly  not  the  harmless 
ni-ss  of  till-  dove  Had  they  U-i  11  let  alone  — 
had  Ihiy  bun  unharassi  d  by  perpetual  llinats 
of  revolution  imd  a  n-turn  of  the  |Hrsecutions  — 
they.  tiKi,  win-  not  disiiielined  to  reason  and 
jrooil  sense  ,\  remarkable  siu'cimeii  survives, 
in  an  account  of  the  Cliunh  of  .Northampton,  of 
what  Kni;lish  I'mtestantisin  could  iKCome  under 
favouriii}.' conditions.         .  The  fury  of  the  times 


unhappily  forbadi-  the  maintenance  of  this  wiu- 
ami  prudent  spirit.     As  the  power  of  evil  gath 
ereil  to  destroy  the  Church  of  England,  a  flerct. 
temper  was  rciiuireil  to  eoiubnt  with  them,  and 
I'nitt'Stnntism  became  Impatient,  Illui  David   o( 
the  uniform  in  which  it  was  8<>nt  to  the  battle. 
It  would  have  fared  ill  with  England  had  there 
Ihh'U  no  hotter  blood  there  than  flltcri'd  In  the 
sluggish  veins  of  the  oHicials  of  the  Establish- 
ment.    Then'  needeil  an  enthusiasm  fiercer  far  to 
encounter  the  n-vivalof  CathoHc  fanaticism;  and 
if  the  young  I'uritans,  In  the  heat  and  glow  of 
their  convictions,  snapped  their  traces  and  flung 
oil  their  harness,   it  was  they,   after  all,   who 
saved  the  Church  which  attempted  to  disown 
them,  and  with  the  Church  saviil  also  the  stolid 
mediiKrily  to  which  the  fates  then  and  ever  eom- 
mitted  aiid  commit  the  government  of  it," — .1. 
A,   Knmde.  J/ii-t.  of  Eiig..  r  10,  (h.  20,— "The 
compnunise  armnged  by  Cninmer  had  fn)in  the 
first  tH'cn  <-otisiden'il  by  a  large  bcxly  of  Protest- 
ants as  a  scheme  for  serving  two  masters,  as  an 
attempt  to  unite  the  worship  of  the  \Am\  with 
the  worship  of  Baid.     In  the  days  of  EdwanI 
VI.  the  scruples  of  this  party  had  re|M'ateilly 
ihniwn  great  dilliculties  in  the  way  of  the  gov 
eminent.     When  Elizabeth  came  to  the  thnme, 
those  ilirtlcultii'3  were  much  increiuied.     Violence 
naturallv    engenders    violeixc.       The   spirit    of 
I'niteslanlisni  was  thenfon'  far  fiercer  and  more 
intolemnt  after  the  cruelties  of  Mary  than  liefore 
them.     .Many  persons  who  were  warmly  attached 
to  the  new  opinions  bad,  during  the  evil  days, 
taken    nfuge    in    .Switzerland    and    Oernmny. 
They    had   Isen    hospiuibly    n'ceived    by    their 
Imtlinn  in  the  faith,  had  sate  at  the  feet  of  the 
great  d  riors  of  Strasburg.  Zurich  and  Oeneva, 
and  had  iH'cn,  during  some  years,  accustomed  to 
a  more  simph'  worship,  and  to  a  mon'  demmrat 
ical  form  of  chureli  goveniment.  than  England 
bid  yet  seen.     These  men  returned  to  their  eoun 
try.  convinced  that  the  nform  widch  had  iH'cn 
eltected   under  King  EdwanI  bad  Iwen  far  less 
searching  and  exl'uslve   than    the    inlensts  of 
pure  nligiiin  nipiin'd.     Hut  it  was  in  vain  that 
they  attempted  to  obtain  any  eonces.sion  fniin 
Kli/.alieth.     Indeed,  her  system,  wherever  it  ilif 
fend  fnim  her  bn)t  hi  rs.  "seemed  to  them  to  dif 
fer  for  the  worse.     Tbcv  wen'  little  disposed  to 
submit,  in  mailers  of  faith,  to  any  human  author 
ity    .  .  .  Since  these  men  could  not  Ih' cniivineeil, 
it "wasileteniiini'd  that  liny  should  lie  perseeutnl 
INTn'culimi  priMluced  its  natural  etfect  on  them 
It   foiiMil  tii'in  a  sect:  it  made  them  a  faction. 
The  pi II' cr  of  the  disconlenteii  sectaries  was 
gn'al       rii,  V    were    found    in   every   rank;    but 
tie  y  win-  slVoiigesl  among  the  mercantile  cliissi'S 
in  the  towns,  and  amoni,'  the  small  pniprietors 
in  the  lounlry.     Early  in  the  >■ 'iirn  of  ElizalHth 
they  Is'gan  to  reluni  a  majority  of  the  House  of 
Commons.     .\nd    doubtless,    bad   our  ancestors 
Ihi'II  then  at  lilsrly  to  li.x  their  alleiilioii  entirely 
on  doincslic   ipiestioiis,    the   strife    between  the 
cniwnandthc  I'arliamcnt  would  instantly  have 
commenced.     Hut  that   was  no  sea.son  for  inler 
nal  dissinsions.  .  .  .  Itoman  Catholic  Kuro|M'  and 
nformed  Eumpe  were  struL'L'ling  for  death  m 
life   .  .      Whatever  miLdit  Ih-  the  faults  of  F^li/a 
IhIIi,  it  was  plain  that,  to  speak  huuianly,  Ilie 
fate  of  the  realm  ami  of  all  nformed  chun  In  ~ 
was  staked  on  the  sicuil^y  of  In  r  larson  and  in 
the    success    of     her    adininislritioti.  Tie 

I'uritans.   even  in  the  de|iths  of  the  prisons  I  ■ 


s'! 


K(J6 


ENGLAND.  JSW-lUfla. 


Permeution 
<>/  tht  Catholict. 


ENOLAND,   |.-,73-1608 


whU'li  »be  lutd  sent  tliem.  prayeil,  und  wltli  do 
siniulaleil  fervimr.  tlmt  iilie  miRlit  Iw  kopt  fn)ni 
tilt'  •laKK'^''  <>'  II"'  >ux>">»i<>'  tl><>t  r.'lH'llioD  might 
hr  p\it  (town  iiiiclcr  her  fi it.  iiiiil  lliiit  licr  BriiiH 
niiKlit  lie  vlrtDrimm  liy  mu  iiihI  liiiid."— Ij>nl 
.Maiiuiliiy.  Ilift.  <>f  F.iiij..  r.  1.  <•//  1  — '■Twopiir- 
tii'H  qiiii'klv  cvolvifl  iliinisi'lviH  out  of  tlio 
iniiwiof  Knjjlliilimcn  who  hcM  Ciilviiiislii-  o(ihi 
ions;  niuiii'ly  tliosc  wlio  wire  williiii;  to  conforiii 
to  till!  O'liiiireiiicnts  of  tlic  Qiiiiii.  iiiiil  tliow 
wild  wore  not.  To  ImiIIi  is  oflcii  given  iiiilis 
<  riinintttt'ly  by  historiaiiH  tlii'  iiiuuc  of  I'liritan; 
liiit  it  81'i'ins  niori'  lorrcit.  anil  iirtaiiily  is  niori' 
ronvenient,  to  n'striit  llii'  mm-  of  the  iianii'  to 
tliosc  wlioiiri'Wimcliir.fsnilli'il  I'onforininjt  I'l'ri 
tans.  ...  To  till'  oilier  party  fitly  iK-liings  tlie 
iiiinir  of  Xomonforniist.  .  .  .It  wius  ajjaiiist  the 
Niiiieonforniist  oriranization  that  KlizalK'tlia  ef 
forts  wire  ehiefly  direeteil.  .  .  .  The  war  1km.mii 
in  the  eiiforeeinent  liy  Archliishop  I'arker  in  l.'ifi.'i 
of  tlie  Advcrtisi'merit.s  as  lontainiiiK  tlie  mini 
mum  of  ceremonial  that  would  lie  ioliraied.  In 
ISttd  the  eleruy  of  Ixindon  wen'  rii|Uirid  to  make 
the  dtelaration  of  Conformity  wliiili  was  ap 
IHiided  to  the  Ailvertisemeiits.  and  thirty  seven 
were  siispeniled  or  deprived  for  refusiil.  Siiue 
of  the  deprived  ministers  eontiiiued  to  cmiduel 
serviees  and  preach  in  spite  of  their  deprivation, 
and  so  were  fornitil  the  lirst  iMnlies  of  Noiicon 
forniists,  organized  in  Knuland  "— II.  <>.  Waki 
man.  77i<-  Chiirch  and  tli,  /''irilniin.  eli.  :1. 

Also  in;  J.  Tulhicli.  Kiiij.  l'nrit,iniaui  nml  Hi 
l.'ililirt.  i/(/.  — I).  Neill,  Ili'l.  I'f  l/ie  /''iriliiMi.  r. 
I  ,-/,  4,_I).  Cunipliell.  /"//<■  l''inl,iii  in  llittliml. 
Kiin.'ind  Am.,  di.  »-UI(r  1). 

A.  D.  1562-1567.— Hawkins'  ilavr-trading 
voyages  to  America.  —  First  English  enter- 
prise in  the  New  World.  Se  A.MI-;i(Il  .\:  A.  II 
l.".ti-J-l."i«T. 

A.  D.  1564-1565  (?).— The  first  naming  of  the 
Puritans.— ■■'I'lie  English  'lisliops,  eonieiving 
tlii'inselvesempowert'd  liy  their  ranoiis,  liegan  to 
■ili'vv  their  authority  in  urging  the  ihrgy  of  their 
dim  ISIS  to  suli.s<ril«  to  tlie  Liturgy,  eerenioniis 
■ind  ili.si'ipline  of  the  (liurih;  and  .siiih  as  ri 
fused  the  siiiiie  were  branded  with  !lie  mlious 
n;iine  of  I'uritans.  A  name  which  in  this  notion 
lirst  In  L'an  in  this  year  |.\.  1).  I."ill4];  aiul  the 
L'riif  li:id  not  Ihcu  great  if  it  had  ended  in  tin- 
sune.  The  philosoplur  liaiiislieth  the  li  rin. 
(wliicli  is  I'olvsiemon).  that  is  sulijecl  t  >  siver:il 
si'nses,  out  of  the  predieainents.  us  alTo'ding  too 
niueli  covert  for  cavil  by  the  latitude  tliereof 
I  III  the  same  account  could  I  wish  that  the  woni 
Puritan  wen*  banished  coiiimoiidiscoursi'.  Iieciius*' 
So  viirioii.H  iM  the  acceptations  thereof.  We  need 
nut  s|Mak  of  the  ancient  t'atliari  or  primitive 
I'lirilans.  sullhienlly  known  by  their  luntical 
"pinions.  Puritan  here  was  taken  for  theopposi-rs 
of  the  hierarchy  and  church  si-rvicc.  as  ri'si  nliiii; 
of  superstition.  Hut  profane  mouths  t|uickly 
iiiiproviil  this  nickuamc.  thcrewilh  011  every  ih- 
ciisinii  to  abuse  pious  pisiple  ;  some  of  them  so  far 
from op|u>sing the  Liturgy. tlial  tiny  1  ndeavoiind 
i;icionling  to  the  inslruciions  thercot  in  the  pri ■■ 
|iur;iiive  to  the  t'onfession)  'to  accompany  the 
minister  with  a  pun' heart,'  and  lalKiured  (as  it 
is  in  the  Absolution)  'for  a  life  pure  and  holy.' 
W.  will,  therefon',  decline  the  word  to  prevent 
I  Ail  piiims;  which,  if  casually  slipping  fniiii  our 
pen.  the  reader  kiioweth  that  only  nonconformists 
are  theretiy  intended"— T.  Kuller.  Chiinh  llifl 
"f  llnt.iin.  Ilk.   9.  xH.    I  —  '  For    in    this    vear 


[l.'iAn]  it  was  that  the  Zuinglian  or  Calvinian 
faction  iM'gan  to  lie  flrst  known  by  the  name  of 
I'uritHns.  if  (knelinml.  Oualter,  and  Spondauiis 
(iM'ing  all  of  them  right  gooil  chnmologem)  in- 
not  mistaken  in  the  time.  Which  name  liiitli  ever 
since  lieen  appMpriate  to  them,  iH'caiisi-  of  their 
pretending  to  a  greater  purity  in  the  sirvice  of 
'Iml  than  was  held  forth  unto  them  (a.s  they  gave 
out)  in  the  ( 'ommon  I'rayer  Ilisik  ;  and  to  a  greater 
opposition  to  the  rites  and  usages  of  the  Church 
of  Home  than  was  agreeable  to  the  constituthm 
of  the  Clmnli  of  Kngland ."— I'.  Ileylyn,  t>rltna 
Hiittnitnttti :  KUzuhth.  Anno',  met.  H. 

A.  D.  1568.— Detention  and  imprisonment 
of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  S<e  Sot!..\sii  ;  A.  I). 
l.V.l-l.VtJs 

A.  D.  1569,— Quarrel  with  the  Spanish  ^-o*- 
ernor  of  the  Netherlands.  See  NKTiiKiti,\Ni>s; 
A.  1).  l.'MIH-l.'iT-,'. 

A.  D.  1573-1580.— Drake's  piratical  warfare 
with  Spain  and  his  famous  voyage.  Se<; 
Am1';hi<.\;  A.  I).  l.'>7'J-l.-.H(i 

A,  D.  1572-1603.— Queen  Elizabeth's  treat- 
ment of  the  Roman  Catholics.— Persecution  of 
the  Seminary  Priests  and  the  Jesuits.— "Cam- 
den and  in.iny  others  have  asserteil  that  by  sys- 
tematic coniiivam-c  (he  Uoinan  Catholics  enjoyed 
a  pretty  free  iisi'  of  their  leligion  for  the  first 
fourteen  years  of  KlizalHth's  reign,  lliit  this  is 
nol  reconcilable  to  many  pas.sages  in  Strypo's 
collections.  We  find  abundance  of  persons  liar- 
iissi'd  for  recusancy,  that  is,  for  not  atleiidiiig 
the  protestaut  church,  and  driven  to  insincero 
pronnsi'S  of  conformity.  Others  were  dniggcil 
Infori'  ecchsiasti<al  commissions  Tor  harbouring 
priests,  or  for  sending  luoiicy  to  ihusi'  who  had 

lied   Inyond   sea V    great   majority    Isith 

of  clergy  and  laity  yielded  (o  the  limes,  and  of 
these  tempori/.ing  conformists  i*  cannot  be 
doubted  that  many  los'  by  d"L'rces  all  thought 
of  ntuining  to  their  aniiciit  UM.  lint  others, 
while  they  compliel  with  exterior  icrenionii.'i, 
retained  in  their  priv;ilc  ilevotions  their  act  us 
tomcd  niislc of  worship  .  I'riests  .  .  .  tr.iv 
died  the  country  in  various  disguises,  (o  ki  ep 
alive  a  fi, inie  which  the  practice  of  outward  con- 
formity was  call  ul.'Kcil  (o  exlingiii.h  There 
was  not  a  county  throughout  Kngland.  s;iys  a 
Calholii'  historian,  »  here  several  of  Slary  schrgy 
ili.l  nol  n-sidc.  and  were  commonly  called  the 
old  iiriists.  They  servcl  as  chaplains  in  private 
f:iinilies.  Hy  sicaldi.  at  the  dead  of  night,  in 
private  chambers,  in  the  secret  lurking  plai-es  of 
:in  ill  peopled  country,  widi  all  the  mystery  that 
suIhIucs  the  im:igiii:ition.  with  ;ill  (he  mutual 
trust  that  iiivitrorates  1  ooslancy.  these  pro.scribed 
ccclesi.islics  (clebralid  their  solemn  riles,  more 
impn-ssive  in  such  coim  ealmcnt  than  if  sur- 
rounded by  all  their  loinx  r  splendour,  ...  It 
is  my  tlii'iouirli  conviction  that  the  pers,'cuti(in, 
for  il  call  obiaiii  no  iHtler  iiaiiie,  carried  on 
agaiiisl  llie  Knglish  Calholiis.  ho'vever  it  might 
siTNc  to  delude  the  goveriimi'iit  by  priHliicing  an 
apparent  coiilonnity.  could  not  liut  excite  a 
spirit  of  disloyalty  in  many  adherents  of  that 
faith.  Nor  would  it  In-  sab' loa.sscrt  iliat  a  more 
conciliating  policv  would  have  altogether  dis 
armed  (heir  hostility,  much  lis>  laid  at  rest  those 
busy  hopes  of  the  fiitiire,  which  ilie  |ieciiliar  cir 
cunislaiices  of  KlizulHth's  nigii  had  a  tendency 
t.i  ppKluce ."— II  IIall:ini.  ('.,/,.,?  Ili.1t.  of  Kn<i.. 
,-li  :t —  "The  iiiori' veheiiicnl  Catholics  had  with- 
drawn froiii  the  country.    <ii  iccouut  of  the  dun 


807 


ii 


1 


if 


u 


*l 


ENOLANI)    l.-.Ti-imw 


Catltolic 


ENGLAND,   1»8(H587. 


(Tcrs  w  hicli  IhcTi'  IhwI  lliciii  Tlicy  liiid  takin 
n  fuL'f  in  till'  l,c>\v  f.iurilric-*.  iiiid  U»ri'  Allrii, 
oni'ipf  till'  rliUr  iimiMiL'  tliciii  liml  (n|j>lilish<'il  » 
winiriary  lit  Kiiiiny,  fur  the  |iMr|>ii»c  of  kirpiii): 
up  n  supply  ul'  pi^ir^i-  m  i;iii;l..ncl  Tn  Dnimy 
niiiiilHTs  ipf  yiiiiiii;  I'^Miili^hinin  frotn  Oxfiii^l  coil 
tinii.illy  II.Hki'd  TIm'  ol.'ilili^liiiHMit  liiul  in-i'ii 
brok'-iMip  Ity  Ki'ijiM  '>i'4'n<^.iiriit  rt'iiiovtMl  it»  Itlit-iiiis. 
iiiid  ;t  si'ci'tni  cullrirr  (if  the  sanic  dfwriptiitn  vviis 
cstalilislicl  Mt  UiMii.-  l-"riiiii  ihcw  twn  ci'iitri's  of 
iiitrii;iic'  iiiiiiii'niij'^  riitliiisiaNlii'  yimiii:  niiu  cim 
staiitlx  rcpairril  111  KnL'liiiiil.  ami  in  the  disffiiisi' 
of  laMiiiii  carricil  on  ili.ir  pticMlv  work  niiil  at- 
tniipt.il  1.1  nvivi-  III,-  liiitiiaiii^l  rcliKiiin.  Hut 
iilili  r  anil  Ulfrr  ili>ri|iliriiil  wnrknii'ii  wen-  iimv 
»aniiil  Allinaiiil  liis  frii  luls  tlirnfnri' opi'iiiil 
niL'iiliatinns  witli  Min  urianip,  llii'  liiail  iif  tin- 
•Irsuil  nrili  r,  in  wliii  li  many  Kn;;lislin»ii  hail  en 
ri'lliil  llii  ni«ilvis  In  llnii,  as  part  iif  a  jircal 
<iiinliinii|  (  alhnlir  rlTurt.  a  rrtnlar  .Iisiiit  iiiis- 
siiin,  iiniliT  l»ii  priists.  Campiim  ami  l'aiT«iiis. 
was  ilispaliliiil  li.  Kn^'laml  .  .  Tlir  new  mis 
si•)naril•^  hiti'  all.uMil  In  kiv  that  that  purl  nf 
tlir  Hull  (nf  I'M'iiniiniiniraiiiiii  issncil  airainst 
Kli/.alKlh]  whirli  pninoiinriil  irnsiircH  iipiiii 
th.iM'  will)  ilniii;  to  tliiir  allfiriaiiii-  applii-il  to 
liiTiliri  only,  that  Calliulirs  init'lil  profrsa  ihiin 
silvis  loyal  until  till'  linii'  arrivcil  for  carryini; 
till  Hull  into  ixicntioii;  in  other  worils,  llicy 
wiri'  pirniiltiil  to  lir  traitors  at  liiart  while  ile- 
elariiiL'  Iheinsehi-.  Ii.yal  Milijcils.  Tliisexplanu- 
lion  of  the  Hull  was  of  itself  siitliiieiit  to  justify 
severity  nil  the  part  of  the  irovemnient.  it  was 
iinpns^ilile  heiieefiirwaril  to  separate  Itoinaii 
(Miliolii  isin  froinilisloyalty  I'riulaiiialions  were 
)-siie.|  n  .piiriii::  Kinrlish  parents  to  siiiiiinon 
iliiir  ihililiin    from  iiliroml,  ami  ileelariii^  that 

'o 'larl r.lesiiil  priests  was  to  support  reliels, 

I'.arly  in  Deeemlier  m  veral  prii-ts  were  ap 
pri  liemli.l  ami  elosily  e\ainiiieil.  torture  iH-inir 
iKiioinnally  11-1  il  for  the  purpose.  In  view  of 
tlieilaiiL'er  «  hieh  ihesi'  e.vaininalions  iliseloseil. 
slriiii:eMl  inea-iires  were  t.iken  Altenilanee  at 
ehiirili  HIS  nnilireil  pereiiipiorily  iieees.  iry. 
I':irlianii  lit  was  siininioiii  il  in  the  iiei;iiiiiin!.'  iif 
lo'^l  ami  law-  passed  ai;ain.sl  the  ailioii  of  the 
.li-niN  .  .  Had  Kli/alieth  lieeii  i  ohm  ions  of 
till-  full  extent  of  the  plot  airainst  her.  had  she 
kiiMVMitlii-  iiilentioii  orihe(;iiises|thendiiniinaiit 
in  I'lam  I  I  to  make  a  lie-ieni  upon  Knulaud  in 
111  np, Miii.in  with  Spain,  and  the  many  raniitlea- 
tioMs  of  the  plot  in  her  own  eiuiiilrv,  it  is  reason- 
alile  to  siippo-e  that  she  wi.iiM  have  U-en  foreed 
111  liiiL'ih  to  laki  diii.li-d  nil  a-iins.  liui  in 
iiriinranie  of  the  ahy-s  opening;  liefnre  her  het. 
she  i-niitinued  fofwiim-  lime  liiii^'er  heroldtrm 
pori/ini:  poliiy  "  At  l.i-l.  in  N.nemher.  l.V<:j, 
the  di-e.ni-i-y  nf  a  plot  for  the  a.s.-.-i,-siiialiiiii  of 
the  ipiii  II.  and  till-  ar:e-l  of  one  Tliio^'niorton, 
who-e  paper-  and  w  ho-e  eonfe-sioii  wen-  of  start- 
liiiL'  import.  Iir.iu-.dit  to  li-ht  Ihe  wlmli-  phm  and 
1  Mini  nf  111,  1  .iii-pirai  y.  Some  nf  h,  T  Cniineil 
iir^'i  d  her  al  nm  e  to  take  a  -lraiLditf,,rw,-iid  step, 
to  iiiaUe  cmmon  eause  with  till-  I'role-tants  of 
Seoll.iml  and  tin-  Nil herl.-iiids.  and  to  hid  dili- 
aiii-e  to  Spain,     To  this  lion,  si  -t,  p.  >he  .-is  usual 

I Ill    no'    lirinir    herself.    Inn   slmiii;    measiiies 

wen  taken  in  KiiL-l.iiid  (ireal  iiumliers  nf  .lis 
uils  anil  seininaiy  prii  -is  were  apprehended  and 
exeeuiid,  Mispeeti-d  mairist  rates  n  innved.  and 
thnseCaihnlie.  Lords  «  Imse  treaeln-rv  niif;ht  have 
iMin  fatal  to  her  ejeeied  from  their  plares  of 
tuthority  ami   deprived  of    inlluence.  ~J.    F. 


1  IJriKhf.  /fitt  ..f  Kng..  ixrinil  2,  pp.  .V4ft-549 — 
"Tlinl  the  eonspimcy  with  which  these  mrn 
weni  eharKiHl  wan  u  tirlinn  cannot  Ix'  ili>iiht<>(l. 
;  Tliey  hiul  come  to  KnKlamI  under  a  prohitiitinn 
to  take  any  part  in  st'i'iilar  roncenia,  anil  with 
tin-  sole  vie  V  <if  I'xerdsinff  the  spirit  uiil  functions 
of  the  priesthiMNl.  .  .  .  At  the  same  time  il  iniist 
.  1k'  onned  tliiit  the  answers  whieh  six  of  them 
jrave  to  the  i|Ueiies  were  far  fnim  satisfaetory. 
Thi'ir  liesitutiiin  to  ileiiy  the  npiMi:  .n;;  power  (a 
power  then  indeed  maintained  liy  the  cn-ater 
numlxTof  divinisinCatholii-  kinKdinnsi rendered 
their  hiyally  very  prolileinatieal.  in  ease  of  an 
attempt  toenforee  the  hull  liy  any  foniKU priiiec. 
It  fiirnishi'd  sullieient  reason  to  watch  their  eon- 
duct  with  an  eye  of  jeahiusy  .  .  .  huteoidd  not 
justify  the  irexecution  for  ail  ima(!inarv  offonee." 
—  .1  l.injranl.  //iV.  i/ AV/. ,  r.  M.  r/i.";!.  — "  It  i» 
prohahle  that  not  many  more  than  2IH)  Catholiis 
were  execuled.  as  sue  h",  in  EllzalKth's  reign,  and 
this  was  ten  .secire  too  niaiiv.  .  .  .  '  IKhI  reckons 
them  at  lift;  Milner  has  raised  Ihe  list  to  204. 
Fifteen  of  Ihew.  aeeordiiiK  lo  liiin.  sulTered  for 
lie  nyiin;  the  Queen  s  supreniacy.  12tl  for  exenis- 
in'.;  their  ministry,  and  Ihe  rest  for  Isan^f  n-eon- 
■  lied  111  the  Uoinish  ehurcli.  Many  others  died 
'  hardships  in  prison,  and  many  were  ch'privecl 
II  their  iiroperty.  There  seems,  nevertheless 
I  US  ilallani|,  to  1k'  ^chhI  reason  for  clouhting 
w lather  any  one  who  was  exeeiited  iniiiht  not 
have  saved  his  life  hy  explieitly  deiiyiiiK  the 
l'o|MS  power  to  depose  the  Oi'ieen."'— J.  L. 
Motley,  ///.-r  iif  Iht  r luUtI  yMerUiuU,  ch.  17, 
irilli    fm,l  i,„l,. 

Also  i.\;  .1.  Folc  V.  lUeonltnf  Hit  Eiig.  I'rorinrt 
,ft/„  ,s;«-.  ,7' ,/,«!/». 

A.  D.  1574.— Emancipation  of  villeina  on 
the  royal  domains.— Practical  end  of  aerfdom. 
See  Si.vvKiiv.  .Mki)I.v:v.\i, :   KNcii,.xM). 

A.  D.  1575. —Sovereignty  of  Holland  and 
Zealand  offered  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  de- 
clined.    See  Nirmiii.vMis:  A.  I).  1. ">?.">- I."i77. 

A.  D.  1581.— Marriage  proposals  of  the 
Ouke  of  Anjou  declined  by  Queen  Elizabeth. 
See  Nl;rilKltl.VMis:   A.   1)     1.")!<I-1.W4. 

A.  D.  1583.— The  expedition  of  Sir  Hum- 
□hrey  Gilbert. — Formal  possession  taken  of 
Newfoundland.     See  .\mkiiic  a:  A    1)    l.'iM;!. 

A.  D.  1584-1^90. -Raleigh's  colonizing  at- 
tempts in  America.  See.\MKHlcV:  .V.I).  I.W4- 
l.>ii.  .mil  I.-1M7-I.V.III. 

A.  D.  1585-1586.  — Leicester  in  the  Low 
Countries.  -  Queen  Elizabeth's  treacherous 
dealing  with   the   struggling   Netherlanders. 

See   NkTIIIIII  AMIS:    .\.    I).    l,>."l-|."iMll 

A.  D.  1585-1587.- Mary  Queen  of  Scots  and 
the  Catholic  conspiracies.— -tier  trial  and  exe- 
cution.--' Maddi- Ihy  pirseeiil  ion.  liy  I  he  hope- 
lessness of  n  111  Minn  wiihiii  nr  deliveranee  from 
wilhoiil.  the  lierei-r  Calhiiliis  lislem  d  to  seheiiies 
of  assa.-sinaliiiri.  to  »iiiih  the  murder  of  William 
of  (IraiiL'e  lenl  at  Ihe  luonieiil  a  terrilile  si;,'niii 
eallee.  The  deteelinll  of  Siinierville.  a  faliatie 
who  had  reel  ived  the  host  Ufore  settinc  out  for 
London  to  shunt  the  tjiieen  with  his  il.'ii;ir.'  was 
followed  liy  measures  of  natiir.'il  sevcrily.  liy  the 
llii;hl  and  lirrest  of  (  alhnlie  irentrv.  liv  a  viioiu  ■ 
iius  piiritie.ilion  nf  Ihe  Inns  of  roirrl.  w  In  re  a 
few  Ciiholies  liiij;ereil.  and  liv  the  dispatch  of 
fresh  halehes  of  |,riists  lo  Ihe'iilock  The  trial 
and  death  of  I'ariy.  a  memlM'r  of  the  House  of 
Conunons  who  had  served  in  the  (Queen's  house 
liohl.  on  a  similar  eliarp',  liroiighl  Ihe   I'urlia 


808 


ENGLAND.  1«85-1587. 


Jtfary  Stuart, 
i/uem  «/  Snttt 


ENGLAND,   1588. 


mmt  together  in  »  trannport  of  horror  ami  loy- 
alty All  Jeauita  uml  wminarv  pricatH  we're 
Imnialieil  from  the  realm  on  pain  of  death.  A 
bill  (or  the  security  of  the  (^iieen  <li.snualifl(il 
any  elaimant  uf  the  aiiiTexHJon  who  huil  insti- 
(taUHl  tmbjeeta  to  reliellion  or  hurt  to  the  Queen's 
person  from  ever  Kueeeitliiij;  to  the  ennvn.  The 
threat  was  aimed  at  Mary  Stuart.  Weary  of 
her  lontr  restraint,  of  her  fuilun'  to  roiisj-  I'liilip 
orSriitlund  to  aid  her,  of  the  liallliil  rivolt  of 
the  Knirlish  latlioliea  nnil  the  hatlhil  intrigues 
of  the  Jesuits,  she  iM'nt  for  n  moment  to  Hulinii-i 
siciii.  •  Ix-t  me  po,'  she  wrote  to  KliziilM'th;  '  let 
nil'  retina  fmni  this  islaml  to  siune  solitude  where 
I  iiiay  prepare  my  kou!  to  die.  (Jrant  thi.s  and  I 
will  sijin  away  every  ri-ht  w  liiili  either  1  or 
mine  can  claim.'  Hut  the  erv  was  useless,  and 
liir  despair  found  a  new  anil  mure  terrible  hope 
in  the  jilots  apiinst  Kli/alNth's  life.  .She  knew 
and  approveil  the  vow  of  Anthoiiv  Ualiincton 
anil  a  i>aiid  of  young  Catholies,  fur  the  most 
part  eiinneeted  w'ith  the  riiyiil  household,  to  kill 
tlu  Queen;  but  |dot  and  approval  alike  jiassid 
thriMi^rh  Walsinv'ham's  hands,  and  the  seizure  of 
Mary's  corres|>ondenee  revealed  her  guilt.  In 
spite  of  her  proti  sis.  a  eommission  of  peers  sal 
as  her  judges  at  F"lheriU).'ay  Castle;  arid  their 
veriliil  of  '  guilty'  annihilated,  undir  the  jiro- 
visions  of  the  neent  statute,  her  i  laim  to  thi' 
erown.  The  streets  of  l.oniluii  blazed  with  bon 
tires,  and  peals  rang  out  from  steeple  to  steeple, 
at  the  news  of  her  eondemnation.  but.  in  spile 
of  the  prayer  of  I'arliament  fur  her  e.xeeiition, 
and  the  pressure  of  the  Couneil.  Klizalath 
shrank  from  her  death.  The  fone  of  pulilie 
opinion,  however,  was  now  enrryiiig  all  Isfore 
il.  and  the  unanimous  deuaind  of  hi  r  |H'ople 
wrested  at  last  a  sullen  lonviit  from  the  Queen. 
Mil-  Hung  the  warrant  signed  upon  the  llisir.  ami 
the  ("uncil  tiKik  on  themsi-lves  the  responsibilily 
of  1  .xeeuting  it.  .Mary  died  [t'iA>.  n,  l,-|,HT]  im  ii 
.Miilbild  whiih  was  erected  in  the  ciLstle  hall  at 
KoiluriiiL'ay,   as  il.iuutles.sly    as  »he  had  lived. 

'I' It   «iip,' she  said  to"  hi  r  ladies.    ■  1  have 

givin  my  word  for  you.'  'Tell  mv  friends.'  she 
liicrgeil  Melville,  ■'that  1  die  a  giNiil  Cathiilic  '  " 
-J.  It.  Green.  S/,„il  ll„t.  nflhr  Kwj.  l\„i,l,,  rh. 
7.  »/<-^  fi.  —  "'Who  now  doubts,'  writes  an  i  lo- 
i|Hiiil  Mindern  writer.  ■  that  it  would  have  been 
wi-ir  ill  Klizabelli  to  spare  her  lite?'  liaiher. 
'he  pohii.  al  wisili.ni  of  a  critical  and  ililllcult  act 
h.is  eiver  in  the  world's  hisiorv  been  inori' sig- 
nally jiistitied.  It  cut  awav  the  onlv  interest  om 
whidi  the  Seoiih  and  Knglish  Catholics  <-oulil 
|""ilily  have  cnmbined.  It  ilctcrniined  Philip 
ii|"'n  the  unilisgnised  pursuit  of  the  Knglish 
llo.iiii .  ;wid  it  enlisted  ag.iinst  him  and  his  jiroj- 

I'l^  llic    passionate   patriotis f   ihe    Kn-lish 

'I'l'iliiy  '-J,    A.   I'roude,    Ui,t    ..f  Ewi      r    I',' 

■Vi.siiis;  \  ]),.  I.ainartinc,  .lA(/y  Slii,iil.  cU, 
'il--'d  -I,.  S.  K,  Ituckingham,  Miiiu.uH  i.f  Muni 
■-['■"li.  r.  a.  ,■/,.  .-i-li  _  |„  von  liankc.  l/i.t  ,'.f 
/•  :v  'A-.  :i.  <■/,.  r,-.]  11.  Ix'Biler,  M.in,  y.,,,/,  .>' 
Cij^tirili/.—V,  Nau.  //iV.  •/ .\t,in/ Stii- 
A.  .Mignet.  JIM  if  M,iry  (Jh„i,  ,.j' S;,i,, 

I587-I588.-The  wr»th  of  Catholic 
-  Spanish    Tennance    and    ambition 

'  1  lie  ih  ath  of   Slary  [Queen  of  ,sic,,ts 
iH.v  have  jirestTVid  Knglamf  from  the  religious 
i-!nn:gle  which  would  have  ensued  upon  her  ac     j 
1 1  ssioii  to  the  throne,  but  it  delivered  Elizabeth 


.',  !l-10 

A.  D 

Europe 

astir.-— 


from  only  one,  and  that  the  weakest  if  her  ene 
mies;  and  it  exjMiaed  Iht  to  a  charge  of  injustice 
and  cruelty,  which,  lauiig  itself  well  founded, 
obtained  lalief  for  aiiv  other  accusathin.  however 
extravagantly  false.  It  was  not  I'hiiip  |o'  Spain] 
aloni'  w  ho  prepared  for  innking  war  u|Min  her  with 
a  feeling  of  personal  hatre.i;  Ihrougbiml  Hoin 
ish  ('hristendom  she  was  repri'si'nted  as  a  monster 
of  inii|uily,  that  represi'ntalion  was  assiduously 
si't  forth,  not  iiieiihemeral  libels,  but  in  histories, 
in  dramas,  in  poems,  and  in  hawker's  painpldels; 
and  whin  the  king  of  Spain  ei|uippid  .in  anna- 
ineiit  for  the  invasion  of  Kngland.  volunleeis  en 
tered  it  with  a  passionelc  persuasion  that  they 
were  about  to  bear  a  pan  in  a  holy  war  against 
the  wickedest  and  most  inli.inian  of  tvrants.  The 
I'ope  cxhortid  I'hilip  to  engau'e  in  this  great  en 
terpri/e  fur  the  sake  of  the  Itomau  Catholic  and 
apostolic  chinch,  which  could  not  1k' more  cITect- 
ually  nor  more  meritori.uslv  exti'inhd  than  by 
the  coni|uest  of  KnL'land.  .  ."  .  And  be  piiMnis<-ii. 
1- soon  .IS  bis  troops  should  lone  s.  i  b«it  in  that 
island,  to  suppU  liim  with  a  million  of  (tohiis 
of  gold  towards  the  expcnsi's  of  the  expedition. 
.  .  .  Such  exhortations  ac'orded  with  the  ambi 
lion,  the  passions,  and  the  rnoied  princi|ih's  of 
the  king  of  Spain.  Tin  undertaking  was  re- 
solved. "—U.  Soulhiy,  ljr,»  „f  the  ISiitinli  A,l- 
iiiiriiU,  V.  -i.  /I.  ;tli(.  — ■■  The'  succours  which 
F;iizalMtli  had  from  tinu' to  time  alforded  to  the 
insurgents  of  the  Netherlands  was  not  the  only 
cause  of  I'hilip's  resentment  and  of  his  ilesire  fiir 
icvinge.     She  had  fomented  the  disturbances  in 

Portugal ind  her  laptains.  among  'vliom 

Sir  Krancis  Drake  was  the  most  active,  had  for 
many  years  commilleil  iinj list itiable  depredations 
on  Ihe  Spanish  |>ossessii.ns  of  Soutli  .Vinerica, 
and  more  than  once  on  the  coa.sts  of  the  Penin 
siila  itsi'If.  .  .  .  Hy  Sp;inish  historians,  these 
hoslililies  arc  represented  as  UMprcivokcd  — S, 
A  Dunham,  ///»/.  «/  S/hiiii  mnl  I'nihnfil.  /./■  4, 
Mi-I.  1,  ,//,  1.  — When  the  inlenliniis  of  ihe  Sp.an- 
ianl  vvcnknowii,  Drake'~  activity  increased  In 
the  spring  of  ' '.m7.  he  sailed  int'o  the  harbor  of 
Cadiz.  aiiililestr..yei|.''rfior  l!U  ships,  wbiib  is  siid 
to  baveilelayid  the  c\piiliii.iM  fur  a  \  car.  This 
hr  1  alhil  •■siniriin::ilir'  l,ii 
Also  i.N  ,  .1,    A.  Fronde 

rh.  :i.-. 
A.  D.  1588.  -The  Spanish  Armada.—    Per 

lia|is  in  the  hi-i.iry  of  mankind  llnie  b.is  iiei.r 

Im'CU    a    vast    project    of   c jllest    conceived  al    ! 

matured  in  so  pruinicted  and  Mt  sodcsullory  i 
manner,  as  was  this  f.inious  Spanish  invasiim 
.  .  .  A!  last,  on  the  •>lli.  '.".Mb  and  :iOili  Alav, 
bV^S.  Ihe  lleil.  which  had  been  wailing  at  i,i"s- 
Ihan  a  niojilh  bir  faMnirable  weather, 
rt.  after  having  I n  diilv 


L'  III  Sp.iin's  Uaid 
I  lift    '.f  El,':  .   I    Yl. 


luai  null' 

set  sail  from  lli;it   | ,,., 

blessed  by  the  Canliiial   Archduke  Albert,  vie, 
roy  of  Purtui:al.     There  were  r.ill 
bli)  ships  in  all.  divided  into  10  s.|ii.iilion 
The  total  ti'nnai:e  of    the  licet  w;is 


more  than 
the 


'ill.  I -J 


1111      .''..Il     ..'iiiKi^.      "I      1111     mil      «iis    iiii.  i_ii;     III! 

nuinbi  r  of  guns  was  IMtw.  Ilf  Spanish  tnsips 
there  were  I!!.',",!."!  on  tioard;  there  were  s.i.'ri 
Nlilors  and  ■J.IIMS  galley-slaves  liesiih  s  these, 
Ihere  was  a  bine  uf  iioiile  voliinlei  rs.  bi  longing 
to  the  most  illiisirious  houses  uf  Spain,  wiili 
their  atlemhinls,  amounting  In  iiiarlv  '-'.IKHI  in 
all.  .  .  rhe  size  uf  the  ships  ramicdfriini  I. i(MI 
tuns  to  ifoii.  The  galleons,  of  which  tin  re  were 
about  (ill.  were  huge  round  siiinmed  clumsy  ves- 
sels, with  bulw;irks  three  or  four  feet  thick,  ami 
built    up  at  stem   anil  steru,   like  castles.     The 


86U 


■ituiMuaneBaBF- 


i-^iaaaraHb  111 1     ■■iii'iiiit  1 1 


ENOI.ANI).  ISMH 


Armada. 


KNOLANU.   I!W8. 


if 


galeiiMes— of   whiili   thrrp   win'  fi.iir  — were  » 
thlnl  larKiT  tlian  thi'  onliimrv  t'lillry.  Hnil  vvrv 
r.)wc<l  .•iicli   t)V   *)()   Kiillcy  jtliiVCH.     Tlii-y   con- 
si»t«l  iif  an  ciiiirnKins  lowerlnc  fortn'ss  »t  the 
sUTu,  II  iiistcllati'd  Htmctiiif  iiliniwt  f<iiittlly  m8»- 
»ive  in  frunl,  willi  wHts  fur  llir  nnwn  umid- 
«hlpa.     At  mini  and  ittcrii  anil  iK'twi'i'n  I'lirli  of 
the  slaves'  1miii1h«  »irr  heavy  lanniiii.     Thew 
pileansi's  were  tioalinf  iMliliies.  very  wonilerfiil 
to  iHiutemplale.     'I'licv    were    >ror){ei>imly  ilei-o 
rated.     There   were   siileiiilid   stale  aimrtments. 
cabins,  rliapels,  and  pulpits  in  ei«h.  and  they 
were  amply   pnividid   wiili  awning's,  enshioim. 
gtriainers.  itanilards.  L'ilded  saints  and  lianiU  of 
niusir      To  take  part  ni  an  ostentatious  pageant, 
nothing  lould  1m'  iMttir  ilivis.il      To  fultil  the 
ftreat   ulijcits  of  a  war  vessel  —  to   sail   and  to 
fluht  — they     were     the     worst    niarhiues    ever 
luunehed    upon   tlie    mean.      The    four   galleys 
were  similar  to  the  jraleassis  in  every  respect 
except  that  of  size,  i.i  which  they  were  liy  one 
liiird   inferior      All  the  ships  of  the  Heft  — Kal- 
easses,    iraUcvs,    (Tallcous,   and    hulks— were   so 
eniumlnred  "with  top  hamper,  so  over  weiirhted 
ill    proportion   to  their  draui;lit   of  water,   that 
Ihtv   could    bear   but    little  canvas,  even    with 
siiu'"ith   M-as   ai.d    lii-'ht    and    favourable  winds. 
Such  was  the  machinery  which  I'liilip  had 
at  last  set  afloat,  t..i-  the  purpose  of  dethroning 
Eli/alHth   and   establishing   the    imiuisitlon    in 
England      One  hundred  and  forty  ships,  U.tHi'l 
Spanish  veterans,  a.s  nianv  nion'  recruits,  partly 
Spanish,   partiv   I'ortUL'uese.  '-a.iXKI  irrandiis,  as 
manv   pillev  Slaves,   and  :ii"l  ban  f. Kited   fnars 
and  imiuisiiors.     The  plan  was  simple      Medina 
Sidonia  |thi'  caiilain  L'eneral  of  the  Armada)  was 
to  proceed  stiaiirhl  fnun  I.islsiii  to  Calais  Mads: 
there   hi'   was  to  wail    for  the   Duke  of   I'arma 
I  Spanish  commander  in  the   Netherlands],  who 
was  to  come   forili   from    .Newport.  Sliiys,  anil 
Dunkirk.   briiiK-ini;  with    him    his  17.(HKI  veter 

alls,  and   t'l  assume  the  i  iiiif  i iiiiand   of  the 

wiiiile  expedition.  Tlii'v  were  thin  to  cross  the 
cliatincl  to  Dover,  land  llie  army  of  I'aniia,  rein- 
forced with  I'l.tS"!  Spaniards  from  the  licet,  and 
with  these  -J;!.!""!  mill  Alexander  was  to  march 

at  uiiii-  ii| l...ndoM      Medina  Sidonia  was  to 

sii;(e  ami  loriifv  llie  Islr  of  Wiiilil.  i-'uard  then 
trance  of  the  harbmirs  ii'.'ainsl  .iiiy  interference 
from  the  Dutch  ae  '.  l-'-iiL'lish  tin  ts.  and  -  so  sihui 

as  the  coll. )Uc  si  of    KnL'lanil  had    been  elTceted - 

he   was  I..  proi,.,-,l    11.    liilaii.l  A   straiiL'e 

iimissi..ii  bail  le.wiMr  lie.n  ma.le  in  the  plan 
fi..m  liisi  I.'  la-si  i'  ..■  eommaniler  of  the  whole 
ixp.  iliti..!.  was  the  Duke  .  f  I'arma  on  his  head 
was  llie  whole  resp..iisiliiliH  N"..t  a  L'un  was  to 
Ih' tired  if  it  c'.iild  !«■  aMiided- -until  he  had 
come  f.Tlli  witii  his  vet.  rails  to  make  his  jum 
ti.Mi  with  the  linincibli-  Armada  olT  Calais  Y.  t 
till  re  was  no  arrani:.  mint  wliiiievir  t..  cnalile 
him  to  eome  fi.rth  -n.it  the  sliirlilesi  provision 
I..  elTeci    that   jiinciion,  Me.lina  n.ul.l  n.it 

L'o  1.1  Karnise'  ].\leXMii.|.f  I'lniise.  Duke  of 
I'aiiiial,  nor  c.iul.l  Karn.s,-  ...me  1..  Medina 
The  iunriii.n  w.is  lik.lv  b.  Ik- .liilii  ult.  and  yet 
it  ha.i  never  on. .  eiii.ied  the  li.  :els  ..f  I'liilip  ..r 
his  e..iins.llors  l.i  pr.  .  ide  b.r  iliai  ilillicuily 
With  as  mm  h  sliii;:.'ishni  ss  as  miirlit  have 
111  .11  expeiti-.l  Inmi  their  clumsy  arehiteeture, 
111.  -hips. if  ilii-  .\rm. Ilia  consumed  nearly  three 
weeks  in  sailing'  from  Lisbon  to  the  neiu'h 
boiirli.KKl  of  (ape  Kinislerre  Here  they  wi  re 
i.verlakeii  bv  a  tempest  I  >f  the  snuttUron 


of  galleyi,  one  wan  already  sunk  In  the  tea,  and 
two  of  the  others  had  been  toDiniered  bv  their 
own  slaves.  The  fourth  rmle  ont  the  (?»'«  «'"' 
difflculty,  and  joined  the  rest  of  the  fleet,  which 
ultimately  reassembled  at  Conifla;  the  ships 
Imving.  in  distress,  put  in  flrst  at  Vivera.  Kl 
liadis),  Gijon,  and  other  northern  ports  of  Spain. 
At  the  Orovni — us  tin-  EnKlish  of  timt  dav  were 
accustotneil  to  i-all  Coriifta  — they  n'inalned  a 
month,  tepuirinR  ihiniaKes  and  recrnitiiiK;  and 
on  the  !jai  of  .Inly  iN.  S  )  the  Arninda  s<'t  sail. 
Six  days  later,  the  Spaniards  tisik  soundinKs, 
thirty  IvaKUes  from  the  Scilly  Islands,  and  on 
Kriiliiy.  H'e  2l»th  of  July,  olT  the  Linanl,  they 
liud  I  he  first  Kliinpse  of  the  land  of  promise  iire- 
wnted  them  bv  Slxtus  V.  of  which  they  had  at 
lust  come  to  tu"ke  posw-ssion.  On  the  satne  day 
und  night  the  bli'/.e  and  smoke  of  ten  thousand 
iH-acon-tin'S  from  the  Ijind's  End  to  Margate, 
and  from  the  Isle  of  Wiiiht  to  t'limlH'rluud,  gave 
wurninK  to  every  Enirlishinan  that  the  enemy 
was  at  lust  upon'lhem.  — I.  1.  Motley,  Hint,  of 
the  liiittil  Xiiliirlamlt.  eh.  lit 

Vi.H"  in;  ■!    A.   Eroiide,    Hint.  <f  Kng..  r.  Vi. 

ch     M  —The   same.    The   S/hiuM   Story  «f  tlir 

In/m./.i.— U.  Southev,  liKiinf  Jlritinh  Atliiiir.ih. 

r.   'J.   }f]i    ;K7-;);»4.— C     M.  Yongc,   C<iiwa  Jn-m 

Km/.  Hint  .  Tith  nrien,  e.  27. 

A     D.    IS88.— The   Deitruction  of  the  Ar- 
mada.—■'The  Kfcat  numUrof  the  EnKlish,  the 
whole    able  111 K lied     population     Mng    drilUd, 
counterbalanced  the  udvuntaKc  iiossesaeil,  fmni 
their  universal  use  of  tircarms,  by  the  inviMiei>. 
In  all  the  towns  then'  wen'  trained  bands  (a  civic 
militia);  and,  either  in  regular  service  or  as  vol 
unleers.   thousands  of  all  nuiks  hud  re'ceived  a 
militarv  tniininir  on  the  continent.     The  musters 
nprcsented  IIKI.IMK)  men  us  ready  to  assemlde  ill 
their  head  nuurters  at  a  day's  notice.     It  was,  as 
nearly  alwavs,  in  its  military  udministrution  that 
the  viilnenililc  point  of  Enirland  lay.     Thetittimr 
out  and  vietuailiiig  of  the  navy  was  disgraceful . 
and  it  is  sianclv  an  excuse  for  the  connciUors 
that  thev  were  p'owcHess  against  the  paiTiimoiiy 
of  the  (jiiisii      The  (Joveriuiient   maintained  its 
hereditarv  character  fn.m  the  days  of  Ethilreil 
the  I'nniidv,  and  theurraiiirementsforassiniblm;; 
the  defensive  forces  wen- not  really  coinpleteitliy 
them    until   after   the    Armada   was    destnivi.l 
I'lii    defeat  of  the  invaders,  if  they  had  landed 
must   jiiive    iM'cii   accomplished    by    the    people 
riie  tlame  of  patriotism  iii'mt  burnt  purir:  all 
F.iiL'lislimen  alike.  Itoinanists.  I'nitestanl  Episi'.' 
piliaiis   and  i'uritaiis    w.re  banded  together  t.. 
nsist    the  invader      Every  hamlet    was  on  Ih. 
iilert    f.'r  the  K-aeoii  siu'iial.     Some   l."..iMltl  men 
wcnalnadv  underarms  in  London;  Iliecompaii 
Tilburv    Ki'irt    was    full,  and  a  brid'.'c  of  Is.ai- 
from  'niburv  lo  (iraves.n.1  IiI.h  keil  the  Thames 
I'hilips    pn'paralions    bail    l«en   lommensurui. 
with   the  irninileiir  •>'  his  srheme       The  d.n  k 
vanls  in  his  ports    in    tlie    Low  Countries,    tli. 
"rivers,    the   canals,  ami   the  harbmirs  of  Spain 
I'ortugal,  Na|iles,  and  Italy,  eeli.Hil  the  elallL'.l 
the  shipwriuhts'  hammers.     A   vast   armami m 
name.l,  as  if  i..  iTov.ike  Nemesis,  the  ■  Invincilil- 
Arma.hi,'  on  wliicli  f..r  three  years  the  ln'a,siir.  - 
.if  the    AniiTiiaii    mines  had  lie.n    lavislied.  a' 
li-niith  rmle  the  sias,  blessed  witlil'apal  benedi. 
i    tious  and  under  the  palninage  of  the^saints      1' 
'   comprised  •(■">  huge  galleons,  of  fnun  7(MI  t.i  I.;""' 
tons,  with  sides  of  enormous  thickness,  and  bull' 
:   high  like  castles ,  four  great  galleys,  each  carr> 


.STO 


n 

i 


ENOLANI),  \rm. 


Tk0  Armada. 


ENGLAND,  1.M8. 


lag  M  Kunn  nnil  4AU  mfn,  ami  niwi-il  l>y  3UU 
•liivca;  56  arnirtl  nii-rcliantinen,  and  3<)  piniuces. 
Tlu'W  139  vegw'U  wire  arnieil  with  2,430  breaa 
auii  iron  K»nH  nf  tlii'  iK'st  nuiiiiifacturc,  but  each 
gun  wim  f urnliilit'd  only  with  50  n)iindH.  They 
('iiiriiHl  5,0<N)  M'ainen:  i'linna's  army  aindunttnl 
tii:lO.(M)Onu'n  — SpaniunlH.  OeniiaiiH,  Italians  and 
WalhMinH:  aiul  lU.INNX'aHtiliunHaiid  I'ortiiftiieKc, 
»itli  I.IKHI  (.'intlemen  viiluntitTs,  win' iimiintf  l( 


IH  army 
iton-  of  I 


eiriiicd  u  landing,  a  jtfat  «'""•  of  |irovisious  — 
sulllcicnt  for  40,000  men  for  nix  niontlis  — was 
phmd  on  iHiard.  Thi^  overthrow  of  this  urnrn- 
mint  wuH  (Hicted  l>y  the  navy  anil  the  elements. 
Krniii  the  timen's  |)'arsimony  tlie  Htate  hail  only 
3(1  >.lii|i»  in  the  tiei't ;  Imt  the  City  of  London  fur- 
uislied  M  vessels;  IH  were  sup|iiieil  liy  the  HIkt- 
ality  of  private  individuals;  and  nearly  UK) 
smaller  ships  were  ohtained  on  hire;  si>  that  the 
tieit  was  eventually  liroii)tht  np  to  learly  :I0,(K)0 
tniiu.  larryinK  lll.tNMI  men,  unil  ei|iiippi'd  with 
H:t7  i:\ii\y. '  Hut  thi-re  was  siitlleient  ammmntion 
for  ciiily  a  sincle  day's  li);htin>j.  Kortunatily  for 
Kli/.aU'th's  (JovernmenI,  the  Spanianls.  having 
Is-en  lou^  driven  from  the  elianiiel  by  privateers, 
were  now  nna<'i|Uainled  with  its  currents;  and 
tliiy  could  priK'iire,  as  the  Dutch  were  in  revolt, 
only  two  or  thne  com|)<linl  pilots.  The  Spanish 
niinmander  was  the  Duke  of  Medina-Sidouia. 
an  incapable  man.  but  be  had  under  hiiu  some  of 
till' ablest  of  I'hilip's  olllcers.  When  the  ships 
<!  I  out  from  the  Tamils,  on  the  2»Ili  .May,  15NH,  u 
^tiinii  laine  on,  and  the  Armada  hml  to  put  into 
(■i>ruria  to  ritlt.  From  thai  [Hirt  the  Arinuda 
Mt  out  at  the  be^'iuuin^'  of  July,  in  lovely 
nrutlier,  with  just  enough  wind  to  wave  from 
Till'  niiistheads  tlie  red  criysws  which  they  lH)re  as 
-muIkiIs  of  their  crusade.  The  Duke  of  Medina 
I  lit!  rid  the  C'hiumel  on  the  ISth  July,  and  the 
H'lir  of  his  tieet  was  iintnediatcly  barass«-d  by  a 
i-iriniinaili'  from  the  iiuny  shipsof  KiiKlund,  com 
in:iii<li'il  liv  Lord  lloward  of  KHini;l>ani  (Lord 
llii:li  .Vilinirall.  willi  Drake,  lla»kins,  Froliisb.r, 
W  inlir.  Fenner,  and  other  fiimous  captains. 
Willi  ijje  losaof  three  ^'alleons  from  lire  or  Isiaril 
iii^'.  the  Spanish  (ominaiuler.  who  was  makiiiir 
for  Klanileni  to  embark  Parma's  army,  anchored 
ill  Cal.iis  roads.  In  the  lUL'ht  tire  .ihips  —  an  an 
.  iriit  niisie  of  warfare  whieli  had  just  Ihtii  rein- 
irobui'd  liy  the  Dutch  —  pa.ssed  in  amoiiL'  tlie 
.\rniad.-i,  a  liiTce  iriile  coinpleted  tlirir  work,  and 
iiinriiiiii.'  revealed  the  remnant  of  the  Invincible 
-\rinaila  scattered  aloiiu  the  I'oiist  from  Calais  to 
'  '>iriiii.  Kiiihty  vessels  remained  to  .Meilina.  and 
"iih  these  he  sailed  up  thi'  North  Sea,  to  round 
til''  iiritish  Isles.  Itiit  the  treacherous  ciirnnts 
"f  till- tirkneys  and  the  Uetirides  were  unknown 
!"  liisntlicers,  and  only  a  few  ships  c^rjiped  the 
Niiipistsof  the  late  autumn.  .Men  ban  twi. 
liiinls  of  the  expedition  perished.  ,oiil  of  the 
M  niiwnt  that  airain  viewed  the  hills  of  Spain  ai! 
Iiiii  a  frw  hunilreds  retiirnol  only  toilie.  " — II.  I! 
riiiiidii,  /.',■,.,„  rnri/l„  .|«.v'  '•/'.' T.  — In  llicliL'ht 
iii.'  11  the  Sii\  of  July.  ilie  Spaiii.'inls'  shot 
■li  vv  f.ir  the  most  part  over  il«-  lieadsof  the  Kni; 
ii-li.  >wiliout  doinu  evei  iiiioti,  Cisk  Isinjr  the 
nl>  Kiiu'lislmian  that  died  bravely  in  the  midst 
!  Iii^  enemies  in  a  ship  of  his  own.  The  rca.soii 
1  llii'i  was.  that  tlie  Knglish  sliips,  beinj;  far 
'■■  -,  Hum  the  enemy's.  >-nule  the  atiaek  with  more 
■I'lKkiiiss  and  airiliiy ;  and  when  ilie\  hid  u'iven 
I  lir...ul-.i,|i..  they  presently  .slieereii  ..iT  '.i  a  con 
>  I  iiiintilialaiii  eland  levelled  their  shot  w.ljrectlv 


ai  the  Mgget  and  more  unwieldy  ahipa  nf  the 
Spanianls,  as  siddoiii  to  ndss  their  aim ;  though 
the  Ixird  Admiral  did  not  think  it  safe  or  proper 
tu  fcrapple  with  them,  as  some  ailviavd.  with 
tnuch  mon'  hcut  than  discretion.  iN'caiise  that  the 
enemy's  Meet  carried  a  eonsidemble  army  within 
their  sith-s,  wliereas  onr>4  hail  no  such  advantage, 
lli'sides  their  sliips  far  exceeded  ours  In  nundter 
and  bulk,  iiiid  were  inncli  stronger  and  higher 
built ;  insomuch  that  tlieir  men.  having  the  op- 
(Mirtunity  to  ply  us  from  suclt  lofty  halclies, 
must  inevitably  destroy  thos«>  that  were  oblige<l, 
as  it  were,  to  ll);lit  beneath  them  .  .  .  On  the 
'J4th  dav  of  the  month  there  was  a  ces.siition  un 
Isitli  siiles,  and  the  I.,oril  Admiral  sint  some  of 
his  siiialler  vessels  to  the  nearest  of  the  Ku^lish 
harbours,  to  fetch  a  supply  of  iHiwiler  and  am- 
munition: tlieii  he  divided  the  lleet  into  four 
si|iiadrons,  the  llrst  of  whieli  he  conimandi'd 
liiins<'lf,  the  second  he  eonimitteil  to  Drake,  the 
tliini  to  Hawkins,  and  the  fourtli  to  Frobisher, 
lie  likewise  sin^'led  out  of  the  main  thet  some 
snmller  vessels  to  liei;in  the  attack  on  all  sides  at 
otice,  ill  the  very  dead  of  the  niicht;  but  a  calm 
happenini;  spohed  his  design."  t)n  the  28th 
"  the  Spanish  Heet  sidled  forward  with  a  fair  and 
soft  ^aleat  southwest  and  by  soutli;  and  the  Kng- 
lish  I'hased  them  closi-  at  the  lieels;  but  so  far 
was  this  Invincible  Armada  from  alarming  the 
M'a-coa.sts  Willi  any  frightful  appnliensions,  that 
the  Kn^lish  (teiitry  of  the  younger  sort  entered 
themsi'lves  volunteers,  and  taking  leave  of  their 
pan'nts,  wives,  and  children,  did,  with  ineredihle 
cheerfulness,  hire  ships  at  their  own  cliari^e;  and, 
in  pure  love  to  their  country,  joined  tlie  ^'ranil 
Heet  in  vast  niimlNrs.  .  .  .  (In  the  2Tlli  of  this 
month  theSpanisli  Fleet  came  to  an  anclior  iM-fore 
Calais,  thi'ir  pilots  having  iu-f)iiaintcd  them  tliat 
if  they  ventured  any  fartiier  there  was  some  dun 
L'lr  tliiit  the  force  of  the  current  iniu'ht  drive 
them  away  into  the  Northern  Ciiannel.  Not  far 
from  them  came  likewise  the  Kn^lish  .Vdniiral  to 
an  anchor,  and  lay  witliiu  shot  of  their  ships. 
The  Kii>:lish  Meet  consisted  by  this  time  of  140 
sail;  all  of  them  .ships  of  force,  and  very  tijrht 
and  nimble  sailors,  and  easily  manaireable  upon 
a  tack.  liiit.  however,  the  main  brunt  of  the  en- 
ira.ireinent  lay  not  upon  more  than  15  or  1(1  of 
iliem.  .  .  The  Lord  .Vdniiral  cot  ready  eiitlit 
of  his  worst  ships  the  very  day  after  the  Span- 
iards came  to  an  aiielior;  and  liaviiii;  Is-stowed 
upon  tbeiii  a  psnl  plenty  of  pitch,  tar,  and  rosin, 
and  lined  them  uill  with  brimstone  and  other 
combustible  matter,  they  sent  them  before  the 
wind,  in  the  dead  time  of  the  ninlit.  under  the  con- 
din  t  of  YoiiiiL'  and  I'rowse.  into  the  midst  of  the 
Spanisli  till  t  .  .  The  Spanianls  reported  that 
till-  diiiki .  upon  till-  approach  of  the  tire  ships, 
ordered  the  wliole  lleet  to  weiuli  anchor  am'  stand 
to  .sea.  but  that  w  hell  the  daiiKcr  was  over  every 
ship  <-lioiilit  n'tuni  to  lier  station.  This  is  what 
liedid  liimsi  If.  and  be  likewise  discliari;cd  a  v:reat 
!:iiii  .1^  a  si):iial  to  the  rest  to  do  as  he  did;  the 
report,  liowevt  r,  was  heard  but  by  very  few,  by 
nasoii  their  fears  had  dispersid  tlieiii  at  that  rate 
lliat  some  of  them  ventured  out  of  the  main 
iieean,  and  others  sailed  up  the  sh.dlows  of  Fhm- 
ili  rs.  Ill  the  meantime  Dnikeand  Feuiier  playisi 
briskly  with  their  cannon  upon  the  Spanisli  lleet, 
as  it  w  as  reiidezvoiisinir  over  airainst  (iniveling. 
On  the  last  day  of  the  month  the  wind  blew 
liani  at  north  nest  early  in  the  morning,  and  the 
Spanish  tIeet  utteinptiu>;  to  get  back  again  to  the 


871 


.'  j»as9<iiaN»v.:.. 


.I.r 


ENGLAND,  1588. 


ENOLAND,  1«04. 


^1 


8lratta  of  Calaia,  wa*  driven  toward  Zealand. 
Till'  EnglUh  then  gave  over  the  rliaac.  berauac, 
in  the  Hnanianis'  opinion,  tlify  prrrelvetl  tliem 
making  liaiite  cnimgli  to  tlielr  own  dr»trupllon. 
For  till'  wiml.  Uiiig  ut  the  W.  N.  W.  imlnt,  roiild 
not  rhooiw'  liiit  fiiri'c  tlicnion  the  nhiuili  and  aanda 
on  the  roast  of  Ztiiliiiid  Hut  the  wind  happening 
to  conic  nlMiiit  In  n  little  time  to  8.  W.  and  by 
W.  thcv  went  Nforc  the  wind.  .  .  .  Being  now, 
IherefnW.  clcarnf  (lunger  In  the  nialniK^ean,  they 
Iteercd  nortliwani,  iinil  the  English  tlwt  renewed 
the  chaw  after  them.  .  .  .  The  Spanlanin  having 
now  laid  aside  all  the  thniighls  and  ho|M'S  of  re- 
turning to  attempt  the  Knglish,  and  iMTcciving 
their  main  safctv  licv  In  their  (light,  made  no 
stay  or  stop  at  anv  port  whatever.  And  thus 
this  iniglity  arinail:i".  whicli  had  iM'cn  three  whole 
years  tilling  out.  iind  at  a  vast  i  x|«Misc,  met  In 
<  ne  monlh's  lime  «ilii  several  altaiks.  and  was 
at  l:ist  rnuicil,  with  a  vast  slaughter  untheirsiile, 
and  hut  a  v<ry  few  iif  lln'  Kiigli.sli  ndssing,  ancl 
not  ••»!■  ship  lo*l,  except  lliat  snuill  vcsi«'l  of 
CiHks  .  .  .  \\  lull,  tliereforc,  the  Spanish  Ih-et 
had  taken  ii  lar^rc  (■•riiipaiw  round  Hritain,  liy  the 
coasts  of  Scoll.'iiid.  the  llrcades,  and  Ireland,  nn<l 
had  weathered  many  storms,  and  siilTered  as 
many  wrecks  and  lihiws.  anil  all  the  iiKoiiveii- 
lencia  of  war  and  weather,  It  made  a  shift  to  get 
home  again,  l.idei,  nith  nothing  but  shame  and 
(lishoiiniir  .  .  .  Certain  ll  Is  that  several  of  their 
slii|is  perished  in  tlicir  lliglit,  iH'ing  cast  away 
on  the  coasts  of  Kcotland  iinil  Irelai.d,  am!  tiiat 
bIkivc  71HI soldiers  were  castonHliorc  in  Solland. 
.  .  ,  .\s  for  those  who  had  the  ill  fortune  to  1«' 
drove  upon  llie  Irish  shuri',  lliey  met  with  the 
most  liarlia  rolls  tnaliiieiit ;  for  sonic  of  (hem  were 
lmt(  hired  hy  the  v.  ild  Irish,  and  the  rest  put  to 
the  sword  liy  the  I,oril  Deputy." — W.  Cainden, 
Jlift  of  <jii,',ii  Klizitli,tli. 

Ai.hoin:  H.  U.  Gardiner,  Uint.  Ilii)gra/ihiet : 
Dniki  —V.  S  Creiisv,  Fiflitn  Jtrrifirf  IMtte: 
eh.  lit.-C.  Kingslev,'  Witlminl  //■'.'  rh.  81.— H. 
Ilakliiyl.  I'll iici lull  ynriijiitiiiUK.  <(-c.  (A'  <li'lil 
umiil'it  "/.).  y   7. 

A.  D.  1596.— Alliance  with  Henry  IV.  of 
France  against   Spain.     Se    Kiunck:    A.    1> 

A,  D.  1596.— Dutch  and  English  expedition 
against  Cadiz,     r-e  Spain;  A.  I>.  1W«. 

i6th  Century.-  Commercial  Progress.  — Be- 
ginnings of  the  Enst  India  Company.      Sic 

Tp.  .ill  ,     M,.l.l  UN  ;    II  (S  -A    Toiv  .\s  ;    :iliil   ImiIA  : 
.\    i>    IlillO   i;oj 
A.  D.  1601.— The  first  Poor  Law.     See  I'ikih 

L.^WS,  TlIK  Knoi  IM' 

A.  D.  1603.     Accession  of  King  James  I.— 

The  Stuart  family,  (hi  Hie  deaili  of  tiueeii 
Eliz  ilielli,  in  I'iiti.  .I:'mes  VI  of  Scoiland  iK'camc 
also  the  iiiee|,iiii  king  ot  EuL'land  (under  the 
title  of  .lanes  1  1  hy  sirtue  of  his  (h'seent  from 
thai  dauirlilt  r  "1  Iliiiry  VII.  ami  sifter  of  llenrv 
VIII..  MafL'ari't  T'lilcir,  who  iiiiirririi  .lains  !\'. 
kiln;  of  >ii.i-  His  LTainllalher  «, 'is  .lames  V.  ; 
his  iiiolher  ".•«  Marie  Miiart,  or  .M:irv,  (^iieeii  of 
Seois.  iHirii  '•!  Iier  inarriai:e  willi    l.oni  Dariili-y. 

He    was    tile     llllilll    ill    llie    line    of     llle    .Sc,,||i>h 

.Iviiasly  '.I  llie  Miiaris,  ,  r  Siewarls,  for  an  tie- 
munt  itt  ihe  nriL'in  of  whieli  .see  StoTL.^ND: 
.'\.  1>.  i:i7o  lie  Iwid  Ihcii  carefully  alienated 
fri.ni  the  religion  of  liis  inollier  and  reared  in 
Trott  stiuilisin.  10  make  liim  an  atceplalile  lieir  to 
Uie  Knglisli  tlirone.  lie  came  to  ii  at  a  time 
when  tile  auloenitic  sjiirit  of  the  Tudors,  making 


use  of  the  ptfullar  circiimstanees  nf  their  time, 
ha<I  ralMsl  the  roval  (lower  and  prerogative  to 
their  most  pxaltjil  pitch:  and  he  unlte<)  the  two 
kingdoms  nf  Scotland  and  England  imder  one 
sovereignty.  "The  noble  Inheritance  fell  to  a 
race  who,  coinprehcudliig  not  one  of  the  con- 
ditions by  which  alone  it  was  |i<is»lblc  to  be  re 
tained,  pnitllgately  misused  until  they  lost  It 
utterly.  The  ciihiinlty  was  In  no  respet't  fore 
s<'cn  by  the  stntesnian'  Cecil,  to  whose  exertion 
It  wiis  mainly  due  that  James  was  seated  on  the 
throne;  yet  In  regani  to  It  he  cannot  lie  held 
blanieless.  lie  was  doubtless  right  In  the  course 
he  tiKik,  In  so  far  as  he  then'by  satisfled  a  national 
desire,  and  brought  under  one  crown  two  king 
(hims  that  with  advanlagc  to  either  couhl  not 
separately  exist :  but  It  remains  a  reproach  to  his 
name  tlia't  he  let  slip  tlie  iH-easlon  of  obtaining 
for  the  iH'oplc  some  ascertained  and  settled  guar- 
antees widch  could  not  then  have  Is-cn  refused, 
and  which  mlirhl  have  saved  half  a  century  of 
bliMMlshed.  None  such  wen'  pro|Hised  to  James. 
He  was  allowed  to  seize  a  prerogative,  which  for 
upwanls  of  fifty  years  had  iK'cn  strained  to  a 
higher  pitch  tliiin  at  any  previous  period  of  Ihe 
English  history  ;  and  his  clumsy  grasp  closed  on 
It  wilhout  »  sign  of  ijueslion"  or  n'luonstraiice 
from  the  leading  statesmen  of  1  jiglanil.  '  Do  I 
niak  the  judges?  IK>  I  mak  the  bishops?'  be 
exclaimeil,  ns  the  iHiwers  of  his  new  dondnion 
dawned  on  his  delighted  senw:  'Then,  God's 
wauiis!  I  mak  what  likes  me,  law  and  gosjMl! ' 
It  was  even  so.  And  this  license  to  make  gospel 
and  law  was  given,  willi  other  far  more  (juestion- 
alile  |Mi«ers,  to  a  man  whose  pcrs<inal  appeanince 
and  (pialitles  were  as  suggestive  of  contempt, 
IIS  Ills  piililic  acts  were  prov»M!ative  of  relM'lllon. 
It  is  necessary  to  dwell  upon  this  part  of  Ihesuli 
jeel ;  for  it  Is  only  just  to  his  not  more  culpable 
hut  far  less  forliinale  siiecissor  to  say,  lliat  In  it 
Ih'S  the  sourir  and  esplarmtion  of  not  a  little  for 
whielilhe  peiiullv  was  paid  b^  liini.  What  is 
called  llie  Great  UelH'llion  can  liavc  no  c(;mmcnt 
so  pn  gnant  as  that  wliieli  is  suggested  by  the 
cliaracli  r  and  previ  .us  career  of  the  first  of  the 
Stu.irt  kings.  "—,1.  Forster,  ///"/  mul  Hiiy  A'»*i.v», 

p.  a-.':. 

A.  D.  1604.  —  The  Hampton  Court  Con- 
ference.— James  I.  "  was  nm  loii^  seated  on  the 
Knglisli  tliMiie,  when  a  coiitereiiee  was  held  at 
llaiiiploii  Court,  III  hear  Ihe  eoi,, plaints  of  tli< 
puritans,  as  tliose  >:'km1  men  were  .ailed  who 
ser.ipled  to  (onforin  to  the  lereinmiies,  and 
sought  a  n  forma  I  ion  of  llie  abuses  of  tiie  chureii 
of  England.  On  this  iK-eiision,  surroinded  with 
Ills  (halls,  liiuliops.  and  ariiiliisliops.  wlio  lireal'ied 
into  ills  ears  llie  iiiusic  of  tlallery,  imd  worsliippeil 
him  as  an  oracle.  .lames,  like  kiiiL'  Soloinoii, 
10  whom  iie  was  fond  of  heini;  eom}uireil.  up 
peared  in  all  his  irlorv.  jiiviiig  liis  jiidirinent  on 
everv  ([liesliiin.  and  (ilsoi;i\  in;;  liefnre  llii-  aston 
islieil  prel;iles,  \\  Iio  kiie:le<i  every  lime  they  ad 
ilres.se.ii  iiiiii,  his  p.ilemie  powers  and  llieologic  :il 
learning.  » 'cailra-liMi:  his  priseiil  honours  witii 
iliH  scenes  from  whii  li  he  tiad  jusi  escaped  in  his 
iiMlive  (iiiinlry.  lie  liegan  liy  congriliilaling  liini 
self  thai,  'liy  llie  lilessing  of  rrovideiiee.  bcw.is 
liroughl  into  tlie  promised  l;in<l.  where  religion 
was  profess!  d  in  lis  puril>' :  wliere  he  sal  among 
grave,  learm  il,  and  reverend  nun;  ami  llial  mm 
he  was  not,  as  formerly,  a  king  without  stale 
and  honour,  nor  in  a  plan-  where  order  war  ban 
ished.  and  laardless  Una  would  brave  himlobii> 


'  ! 

i 


ENGLAND.  tWM. 


Plot 


KNOLAND.  18M. 


tact.'  After  long  conftremfs,  diirinfr  which  the 
kill);  gnve  the  mnot  rxtnuinlinary  rxliibitlunH  of 
hill  learning,  ilriillfry,  bihI  pnifaneneM,  he  wan 
ocimpli'tclv  thrown  off  hia  guard  liy  the  woni 
prrnhytery.  which  Dr.  UrynolilK,  ii  ri'prrM-nlativu 
cif  tl'c  piiritHn*.  hail  iinfortiiimti'ly  ciiiployiil.  ; 
Thiiilting  that  he aiimil  iit  ii  ' Snitch" pnnliyu'ry.' 
James  riiw  into  a  towering  piuwion.  ih  clurtiig  that 
pri'iiliytprv  agn'ecl  m  well  wiiii  iiioimrehy  aaOiKl 
iiikI  tlieilevil  'Then,'  auiil  he.  Jack  and  Turn, 
ami  Will  ami  Dick,  shall  meet,  and  at  their  pleii.s- 
iires  cenKun^  me  and  my  eoiineil,  and  all  our 
priH'eeilingK.  Then  WIII'sIihII  Mand  up  and  aay. 
It  must  U'  thus :  Then  I  Hek  shall  reply,  and  say, 
N  V  nmrrv,  hut  we  will  have  it  thus.  And, 
thvn  fore,  liere  I  must  oiiee  ri'itenite  my  fornier 
«|Kiili,  l<e  Hoy  s'avlseni  ithe  king  will  fisik after 
it)  Slay,  I  pniy  you,  for  oneiMVen  yean  U'fore 
you  demand  that  of  ine:  and  if  you  then  tind  me 
pursy  and  fat,  and  my  wiiidpiiMs  sliitTed,  I  will 
IHThaps  hearken  to  you  ;  for  let  that  government 
Ih^  once  up,  I  am  sure  I  shall  lie  kept  in  lirealh; 
then  we  sliall  all  of  us  have  work  enough,  Is'lh 
ourlniiids  full.  Hut,  Dr.  Heynohls.  till  you  llml 
tluil  I  urow  lazy,  let  that  alone  '  Then  p  illing 
his  liaiid  to  hishat,  'My  lonls  the  liiv|.i|.<.'  said 
Ills  niiiiesty,  '  I  may  timiik  you  that  Ihesi-  niiii 
pliud  for  my  supremacy;  they  think  they  rant 
make  their  party  good  iigaihst  you,  liut  by  ap- 
pealing uiilo  It.  Hut  if  uiu'e  you  an  out,  ami 
they  ill  place,  I  know  w  Imt  wouUl  lieconie  of  my 
supreiimcy  ;  for  m)  liisliop,  no  king,  na  1  said  1h' 
fore.'  Thin  rising  from  his  chair,  he  coniluded 
the  conference  with,  '  If  this  1k'  all  they  have  to 
say,  I II  make  them  conform,  or  I'll  harry  them 
out  of  this  land,  or  else  do  worse. '  The  English 
lonls  anil  pnlates  were  so  tilled  with  admlrathm 
at  the  (|uickness  of  apprehenshin  and  dexterity 
in  coiilrovi  rsy  shown  hy  the  king,  that,  as  Dr. 
liiirlnw  Informs  us,  one  of  themsahl  his  majesty 
spoke  tiy  tiie  instinct  of  the  Spirit  of  Oisl;  and 
tilt'  Itinl  chancellor,  as  lie  went  out,  said  to  the 
ill  :iii  of  Cliester,  I  have  often  liearil  that  Itex  est 
nii\!  I  persona  cum  sacerdolc  (that  a  king  is 
p  uiiy  »  priest),  hut  I  never  saw  the  truth  then'of 
till  liiirt  clay!'  In  these  circumstances,  liuoyeil 
up  Willi  lliiltery  liy  his  English  clergy,  and  placeil 
iHjiinil  the  reiiih"of  the  faithful  admonitions  of 
till-  SiMtlish  ininistry,  we  need  not  wonder  to  tind 
,l;inirs  proseciiliiig.  witli  reihiiihUil  anlour,  his 
sihinir  of  reducing  the  church  of  Scotland  to 
tin-  Knglislimislel."— T.  MeCri;'.  .<hte/i,H  ,f  Scot- 
lull  ( ■1,111  eh  Hint.,  ell.  ,'1. 

.\isoiN;  S.  U.  (iariiiner,  77o  l-'irst  Tien  Stmirtii 
•  ihil  thi;  I'ltritidi  Heridutinn,  elt.  I.  met.  8. — (J.  tj. 
I'lrrv.  Ili»l.  nf  the  I'h.  </  Kmj..  r.  1,  eh.  ','.— T. 
Full.r.   Chiirrli    Hint,   of  Itrili'iin.   U:  10.  »«■(.    I 

A.  D.  1605,— The  Gunpowder  Plot.— "The 

U'tiiiiiii  (aUiolics  hail  cx^iei'ted  great  favour  and 
ii"luki-iii  t-  on  the  accession  of  James,  Uith  as  he 
uii-  (lixi  Milcd  from  ,Mary,  wiiose  life  they  U'- 
lii  >iil  !n  h;i\i'  In'i'Ii  siicriliciil  to  their  cause,  and 
:is  111-  hiiiiscU.  in  liis  early  youth,  was  imagined 
!'■  have  shown  some  partiality  towards  tlicin. 
Very  soon  liny  liiscoveri'il  their  nii.stake : 
11,. I  wi  re  al  oiiie  surprised  and  enraged  to  tind 
1.11111^  on  all  incasions,  ex|>ress  Ids  intention  of 
.siritly  exeiiitiiig  the  lawsenaitiil  against  them. 
inii  of  iiersevering  in  all  the  rigorous  measures  of 
lli/:ilieth.  ("atesliy,  a  gentleman  of  gissl  parts 
iiiil  of  an  ancient  family,  first  thought  of  a  most 
titMonlinary  method  of  revenge;  ami  he  oiiencd 


his  Intention  to  I'lercy,  a  ilearrntlant  of  the  lllu*- 
trioiis  house  of  NorthunilN'rIand.  In  vain,  said 
he,  wiiidil  you  put  ail  end  to  the  king's  life:  he 
has  chihlren.  .  .  .  To  serve  any  gissl  pur|Mise, 
we  must  destroy,  at  one  lilow,  the  king,  the 
royal  family,  the  I^irds.  the  Commons,  and  liiiry 
all  our  enemies  in  one  conimoii  ruin.  Happily, 
tliey  are  all  a.ssenilih'il  on  the  first  meeting  of 
I'urMaiiieiit,  and  alToril  us  the  opportunity  of 
ghirhiiis  and  useful  vengeance  tireat  pnpara- 
lions  will  not  he  reipiislte.  A  few  of  us,  com- 
hilling,  may  run  a  mine  Ulow  the  hall  in  which 
they  iiieet.  anil  ihiswlng  the  very  nioiniiit  when 
the  king  liarungues  IhiIIi  llou.sea.  consign  over 
to  destruction  tiiese  determiiied  fiKS  to  all  piety 
and  religion.  .  .  .  I'lercy  wiw  cliarined  with  this 
projei  t  of  Calesliy  ;  and  they  agn'cd  to  commu- 


nicate the  matter  to  a  few  more,  and  among  the 
rest  to  Thomas  Winter,  whom  they  sent  over  to 
Klanders.  in  ijiiest  of  Fawki  <.  an'olllcer  in  the 
Spanish  serviii'.  with  whose  zeal  and  1  oiinigo 
they  were  ail  Ihoroiiglily  ai'i|iiaiiiti'il.  .  .  All 
this  passed  in  the  s|iriiig  nnd  sMiiimer  of  the  year 
lilol;  whin  the  eonsplmlMi.i  hImi  hired  a  house 
in  I'iircy  s  name,  adjoining  to  that  in  which  the 
Parliament  was  to  asseinlile.  Towards  the  end 
of  that  year  they  la'gan  their  o|HTiition8.  .  . 
They  siHin  pierced  the  wall,  though  thri'e  y«rtl» 
in  thickness;  but  on  approaching  the  other  side 
they  win'  somewhat  stiirlhd  at  hearing  a  noise 
nhlch  they  knew  not  how  to  account  for.  Upon 
inipilry,  they  found  that  it  came  from  the  vault 
Im-IowUk*  1|ous4>  of  Lords,  that  a  magazine  of 
coals  had  la'cn  kept  there;  and  that,  as  the  coals 
wen'  selling  off,  the  vault  wouhl  be  let  to  the 
highest  liiihler  The  opportunity  was  imniedl 
ately  s<  izeil .  the  place  fiired  I  y  I'lercy  ;  thirty- 
six  harnis  of  powder  hsiged  In  it;  the  whole 
covered  up  with  faggots  and  liillits;  the  disirsof 
the  cellar  Isildly  flung  o[Mn,  nnd  evcrylKaiy  ad 
initleil,  asif  it  eontaiiieil  notliing  dangenius.  .  .  . 
The  day  [NoveniUr  .'1,  l«<).'"il,  so  hing  wished  for, 
now  appniacheil,  on  nhlch  the  I'erliament  waa 
appointed  to  as.seiiildc  The  dreiniful  secret, 
Ihoiigh  conimiinicated  toalsive  twenty  iHrsiins, 
had  Iseii  religiously  kept,  during  the  space  of 
near  a  year  and  a  half  No  niiiorse.  no  pity,  no 
fear  of  piinislinieiit,  no  hop.'  of  rewanl.  had  as 
yet  induceil  any  one  conspirator,  cither  to  aliaii- 
doii  the  enterpri'sc  or  make  a  discovery  of  It." 
Hut  the  lietrayal  was  unwittingly  iiiiiih,  after 
all,  hy  oi»'  ill  the  plot,  who  tried  to  deter  l.onl 
.Moiiteagle  fmiii  Htti  niling  the  opening  sis.sion  of 
I'arliaiiienl.  hy  sending  him  a  mysterious  mes 
sage  of  warning.  I-ord  Monteagle  showed  the 
letter  to  l.onl  Salisbury,  sicntary  of  state,  who 
atlached  little  iin|>orlaiiee  to  it.  but  who  laid  it 
Isfore  till'  king.  The  .Scottish  Soloinou  nail  it 
with  more  anxiety  and  was  shnwdly  li  il  by 
some  expressions  in  the  missivi-  to  order  an  in- 
spection of  the  vaults  unilerneath  the  parlia- 
mcnlary  houses  The  gunpowder  was  iliscov 
enil  anil  IJuy  Kaw  kis  was  found  in  the  place, 
with  niali'hes  for  the  tiring  of  it  on  his  person. 
Iking  put  to  tile  rack  he  iliscloseil  the  names  of 
his  aceoiiiplices.  They  were  seized,  tried  and 
executeil.  or  killed  while  resisting  arnst — 1> 
Ilume.  Hill,  of  Kni.i..  e.  4.  rli.  4ti. 

.\i.so  IN  :  S  H.  Ganiiner.  llUt  of  Eioj..  eh.  B. 
(r.  1)  —J.  Linganl.  Ilii>t.  of  Hrnj..  r.  1»,  eh.  1 

A.  D.  1606.— The  chartering  of  the  Virginik 
Company,  with  its  London  and  Plymouth 
branches.     See  ViiloiNU;  A.  D.  1(W6-1607. 


873 


KNOLAND.   1690 


ENQLANO.  lASrt  IA«H 


i! 

il 


A.  O.  leao.— The  Monopoly  granttd  to  th* 
Council  for  New  Enfland.  Mir  Nkw  Knii 
UNfi    A    l»    UiaHH'.';) 

A.  D.  i6jo.— Tht  csodut  of  the  Pilfrinu 
and  the  planting  of  their  colony  at  New  Ply- 
mouth.     S<t'    ^NwM  Hll'KTTl'  (I'lYMllI  Til    Col 
ONV);  A.  I)    llWd 

A.  D.  1631.-  Grant   of  Nova   Scotia.    S'f 

NkW    KMilAM)     \     I)     IIWI     ItWI 

A.  D.  163a.— Firit  printed  newipaper.    Hee 

I'lilMiMl   A.M>  ^l:l.-^.    A     |)     l«-.'J    l.lli 

A.  D.  1633-1638.  The  granti  in  Newfound- 
land to  Baltimore  and  Kirke.  Sci'  Nkwkiiimi 
I  \Mi   A  II  mm  iiiVi 

A.  D.  1635.    The  Proteitant  Alliance  in  the 
Thirty  Yean  War.    s,(iK:iiMANv    A  l>  lilJI 
m-.'ti 

A.  D.  1625.  The  gains  of  Parliament  in  the 
reign  of  Jamei  I.  Tin  (oinriKni'i  li;i<l  iinw 
Ui-n  MiLM^ifl  jut  till' riiil  nf  ttir  ri'ijirii  i)f  >iiiiiii-H 
I  |.  fur  iiiiirr  limn  Iwniiy  vivirK.  In  11  i-irnL'i[li'  I" 
rl^ll■rl•  unci  lo  fcirlify  Ihiir  ii«n  unil  tluir  friii.w 
siilijiiis  lilii  riles  Tliij  liiiil  iilitMiniil  in  IIiIm 
piTiiil  Imii  oni'  IcL'i-hilivr  niia.Miri-  nf  Inipiirlaiiir. 
till'  hill  ili'i  liiratoiy  III  t  ii|.'aiiisl  niiinii[iiilirii  lliii 
llii  y  liail  riMui'l  fri'iii  ilKusi-  llirir  anrirni  liv'lil 
of  inipiailiini  lit  Tin  y  hail  I'liuril  on  riionl  a 
prolr^l.iti.in  of  tluir  rhiini  In  ililiau-  all  niallirs 
of  iHihlii  rcinciTii  Tiny  liail  rvnioii'^lrati'it 
Hiruiiist  tin-  ii»iirpril  jinrouatiM  self  liinilini;  tlir 
Huliji'i'l  liy  piorlaniation.  anil  of  livvini:  nistoms 
Hi  llir  oiii  ports  Tiny  hail  siriinil  liryomlron 
Irovirsy  iln  ir  1x1  lusivi-  |irn  llri;r  of  iliii  rniinlim 
coiitistril  I  li  ilioiis  of  tluir  iiiinilnrs  Tin  y  hail 
niaiiiiaJiM  il.  anil  I  arrh-il  inili-ril  loan  unHarraiil 
iililo  I Airiii.  tluir  powirol  jinlL'ini,'  ami  inllirl 
liiL'  piinivhniint.  rvi'ii  f<.r  olfrnii's  not  roniinittcil 
ajaiitsi  till  ir  lioiisi'  nf  ihisi-  ailvantaifis  mhih- 
wirr  i\  iilmlly  iniompli  tr  .  anil  it  woiilil  riipiiro 
till-  most  viiinroiisixirtiiiiisof  (lUuro  parlianniils 
lo  1,  ali/i-  tin  ni  Hut  sin  111  xirtioiis  ihr  iniriiiM'il 
rnrr:i>  •■!  tif  nation  eavi*  aliiinilanl  caiisi*  loan 
111  ipair  A  ilii  p  anil  lastinir  Imi-  of  friiilmn 
hail  laki  n  lioM  of  rvrry  i  lassc.xn  pt  inThaps  tin- 
iliTL-y  ;  from  whiili  whrii  vivwiil  to^r,.t||,.|- ^.j)), 
Ihr  rash  priili- of  tin  loiirl.  ami  thn  iiiirirtaintv 
of  I  onsiiiiiiiunal  prim  ipirs  ami  prririh  tits,  roj 
liitiil  throiiL'h  our  I'lriL'  ami  \  arions  historv.  a 
lalin  l\  slamlir  mii^lit  pn  saji-  lliat  tlir  ilisiiini; 
ri  i:zn  wniilil  not  pass  wliliont  ilistnrliaiirr.  nor 
IKTiiaps  I  ml   without    mnfusion  "  -  ||.    Ilallani, 

i:,l„lit;ti,.n.ll   lll^t    '■/  l:,..;l.n,,l.   ,1,     li 

A.  D.  1625.  Marriage  of  Charlei  with 
Henrietta    Maria  of    France.      Sii-    Kuanik: 

A  l>  ii.,'i  m.''i 

A.  D.  1625-1628.  The  accession  of  Charlei 
I.     Beginning   of  the   struggle  of  King  and 

Parliament.  -  rill-  politii  alaml  nliL'ioussrhisiii 
»liirh  hail  ori:;inaliil  in  tin-  llith  niitnry  wa.s. 
iliihriL'  Iln-  tirsi  ipiaitiriif  thr  I7lh  n-nturv,  con 
slaiiily  "iihnin::  Ihi.iii.  s  ii  i„|in-  to  Turkish 
ilispi.ti-iii  iM  11  in  r,i-l.i..ii  at  Whiii-liall  Tliioriis 
Icinlinj  t.i  o  piihliianisni  wirr  in  favour  with  a 
liirv'i-  portion  .if  tin'  llousr  of  (  ominons, 
Whili  till-  inimlsi.l  nii'ii  will  in  this  stair,  tho 
loiiiitry.  afii  r  a  praiiol  many  yiars.  at  lini;lh 
i-iiLMiriil  in  a  »ar  [uiili  ^paiii.' anil  with  .\nslria 
anil  thr  r.mpi  n.r  in  Iln  I'alaiiiiali  |  wliii  h  n- 
ijiiircil  stiiniious  ixirtions  This  war  hastiinii 
till-  .ipproarh  of  ihi'  (^nat  1  onstitiiiional  irisis 
It  WIS  rii  n  ssary  that  thr  kinjr  shoulil  liuvr  a 
lari."  iiiilit.iry  fon  1  lie  1  oiilil  noi  liaM- mich  a 
fori  1  wiihoiii  iiioDi'y       lli  roulil  not  h-irally  miiw 


miiwy  wIthoiK  tlir  ninwnt  of  Piirllanniii  II 
fiilkiwnl,  llii'n'fiirv,  (hat  Im-  rillier  iiiuxl  ailmin 
Inter  llii' K"*"'runi('nl  In  ronforniily  with  lh<-  sa-nxr 
of  till'  irmwiif  ('oiiimnna.  or  iiiiiiit  vrntlirp  on 
HUrli  H  vliilHliiin  of  llii<  fiiniliiMK'iitiil  Inwn  of  tin 
land  us  li.'iil  iNrn  iinknnnn  iliiriiiK  ni'Viral  1  an 

liirii'D Iiml  at  iIiIh  ninjiiiictiin' Jainthiliiil 

l.Marih  JT.  Ifl'.'l)  Cliarhs  I  .iiii-cvilrd  li>  thi- 
Ihroiii'  III'  hail  nrilviil  from  nntiiri'a  far  InI 
tcr  unilirxlaiiillnt;.  a  far  stmnKi'r  will,  nnil  a  far 
ki'i'iiiT  anil  tiriiur  li'nipi  T  tlian  his  falhi'r'n  lli 
hail  iiilii  ritiil  his  falhir  s  (Hiliilial  Ihiurii's.  ami 
wiw  niiicli  iiiori'  iIisihimiI  than  his  fatlnr  to  rarry 
llii'in  inio  priH'thi'  .  .  Ills  tasti-  in  lllirnliiri 
ami  art  wasrxrilhnt.  Iiinnianm  rdlKnith'il  IhiiUKh 
not  Krarloiis.  his  doinislh  llfr  witliniil  lilcmlsh 
taillilrssiii  ss  Was  ihi'  ihii-f  i-aiisi-of  Ills  dlNaslcrs. 
and  is  Ihi'  rliirf  slain  mi  his  iiiiiiiory  lli>  was 
in  Inilh.  linpi'lliil  hy  an  Ini  iiralilr  propinslly  |o 
dark  and  I  riHikril  v.>\^  llr  siviim  to  liavi 

liarni'd  from  tin  tliioliii;iaiis  wlniiii  hr  most 
I'stci'ini'd  that  iHtwi-in  him  and  his  siiliji'its 
llirri' roiild  Ih'  nothing;  of  tin  naturi'of  mnliial 
I'onlrart.  Ihal  lir  loiild  not.  rvin  If  In  uoiiKI 
divisi  himsi'lf  of  hisdi'spotli  authority  .  ami  thai 
III  rvirv  proiniw  whirli  In-  niado.  Ilnri' was  an 
impliiif  ri'siTMition  ihat  sin  h  prnii-i- niijjht  In 
lirokrn  In  rase  of  niiissily.  and  that  of  ihr  m 
rcsslly  hi'  was  Ihn  soli'  Jildv'i'  .\nd  mov  la-trai. 
that  lia/.ardoiis  ^aiiii'  on  whiih  wi  rr  staked  tin 
di'siiniis  of  Ihi' Knitlisli  iMopIo  It  was  playnl 
on  Iho  siih'  of  ihi'  IIoum  of  Coiiimons  with  kiin 
iii'ss,  hut  with  admimhli'  ili'Xtirily.  r.silinss  ami 
111  rsi'M-rnni'i'  Uri'iil  siali'smrii  who  listki'd  fai 
iHliiml  thrill  and  far  hi  fori'  thnn  witc  at  tin 
hi'ail  of  thai  assi'iiilily  Tiny  wrrr  ri'solvi.l  t.' 
plan'  till'  kill);  in  sin  h  a  situation  ihal  hn  iiiiis! 
I  ilhi  r  roiidini  Iln- adiiiinislralioit  in  ronfnnnily 
with  tin-  wislns  of  his  I'arliaiiii  nl.  or  iiiaki'  mif 
racisms  attarks  on  tin-  most  .sui  ri'd  iirinciph-s  ol 
till'  loiistitiilion  Thiy  anordiiidly  dohsl  oiii 
supplii  s  to  him  VI  ry  spiirinL'ly.  Ill'  fminil  lliai 
III'  iniisi  iroviTii  lillnr  in  hariininy  with  tin 
House  of  Commons,  or  in  ilelhinei'  of  all  law 
Ills  elioiee  Was  sisiii  made  lie  dissolved  hi- 
llrst  Parliament,  and  levied  taxes  hv  his  own  an 
Ihority.  Ileeonvokedaseeiinil  I'arriaineiil  1IH','I)| 
and  found  it  more  intnielahle  llniii  the  llrst  lli 
avMin  resorted  to  the  ex|ieiUent  of  ilissoliition 
raiM'd  fresh  taxes  without  any  show  of  h  i.mI 
riiflil.  and  llin'w  the  eliiefsof  the  iippositioii  iiii' 
prison  .\t  thesametinua  new  irnevanee,  whii  h 
llie  pel  iiliar  feelinirs  and  hahita  of  the  Ku^lish 
nation  iinnle  insiipimrlahly  painful,  and  whii  h 
seiined  to  all  disieruini;  men  to  Iw  nf  fearful 
au/riiry,  1x1  iled  (tenenil  disennlent  and  alarm 
Companies  of  SI ililiirs  Wen'  hilleti'd  on  the  iieo|il. 
and  martial  law  was.  in  siane  plaees.  siihstitiilifl 
for  the  aneient  jiirisjiruileiii'i'  of  the  nalni.  Tin 
kini;  ealled  a  third  rurlianienl  |  Ifl'.'Hj.  and  soon 
peril  iveil  thai  the  opposition  wiu  stronner  and 
lienir  than  ever  lie  now  deterinimsl  on  a 
ehanv'e  of  t.'ieties  Instead  of  opposing  an  in 
tlixilile  resistani'e  to  the  ileniandsof  theeiimnioris 
he.  after  much  alienation  ami  many  evasion- 
ai.'neil  to  .'I  eompnnnisi'  whieh.  if  he"  had  faith 
fully  adhered  to  it,  woiilil  have  averted  a  loii-- 
seriisof  I  alamilies.  The  I'arliament  granted  ai. 
ample  siipiily  The  Kiii);  ralilled,  in  the  inos' 
solemn  manner.  Ihat  1  eleliralisl  law  wliii  h  i- 
known  hy  He  mnne  of  the  I'etitionof  UiKiit.  an.l 
whieh  is  the  sieond  (Jnat  Charter  of  the  lil)erties 
of  Kiitrland  '  -Lonl  .Macaulav.  Iliit.  ,'fKnii.rh  1 


87-1 


ENOI.ANn.  1(nA-t«38. 


FrHtUm  »/  RifU 


ENOI.ANO.   IdW 


^Ijnin:  J  II  (Ini'n.  Hi'l  •'/ Ihr  Kng  I'nmU. 
Ilk  7,  fh  rur  8)  -K  I*  (liiluol,  //i.r  oflht  Kiifi 
HrnUiiti-'ii.  W    1 

A.  D.  i6s7-i6al.  -  Buckingham'!  war  with 
Franct  and  *ap«dition  to  La  Rochallc.    See 

KHASdi  A  I)  m:  if-'M 

A.    D.    I«a8.-Thr    Petition    of    Right. 

!■!   Ill.lllj    •lllil<Tflllfl'»  111 

I  ii-«;i  '  lliin  liiw  ;  rallnr 
pride.  ii«  Wf  limv 
iinilii  t.  than  iniii)i 

1    ITCHIC    ti  rUTitillH  ill) 

(MheincH      ir    Iriiil  In 

,       ji'  In  hi*  riiyiil  |iri'iiri«i 

witlii'Ut  Jii»l  cHUw.  or  in  u 

of   the   llnul  <'liiirt<r  iiml 


(harUii  IiimI    O'l-imnM 
ho|H  K  lo  I'lnilc  till'  I  'I 
|H'rh»|>'  ihroiifili 
jtiilKf  from  liix  ^ 
H|ipn>lirn»iiiM  I: 
l«iliminl  In  liik 
piriiiii'li'  lliim  to  1..  > 
not  lo  iirr  Ht  siij'  i.iii' 
kiinpli'   i<  iillriiriMon 


lliir  •.liiliilcs  111  favour 
|rliiiiit  In  iIiIh  JnKtiitM  < 


.f  l.l» 

lo  jji> 


riv 
«'i,4l, 


Thr  ;M'<'n«. 
I  •^.  :.liil  half 


nrdlini;  from  llii  piilrloi  Imimir  tin  v  liail  lalrly 
joiiiiii  lint  liini  llirir  alii  liy  pro|Mmiii»;  aiiiiii'l 
niiiiir^  ihi«lilloiiH  in  llioM-  who  siimffsifil  thriii. 
iImmiuIi  not  in  llir  li<"l>  of  thr  hoiiw)  wliirli  lh>' 
loniinoiiH  llrnily  njiclnl  K.vin  whin  the  liill 
will  liniliTiil  to  him  for  lliitt  asKinl  whirh  it  Ii.kI 
liffii  ni-rr^tmrv.  for  tin-  last  tw-o  ri-ntiirii-s,  thai 
Mil  Iviiiir  -.hoiilil  liininl  or  ri'fiisi'  in  a  wuril.  hr  ri' 
luriiiij  a  loni;  nnil  r(|iiiviKal  aii.««i-r.  from  wliiih 
II  roiilil  (.Illy  In-  rollri  li'<l  that  111'  i|i<l  not  inli'iiil 
to  nniil  any  ["irtioii  of  what  hi' hail  ilaimiil  as 
his  pri-ninativiv  Hut  on  mi  aililriiM  from  both 
lioii,'««  for  a  morr  rjplii  it  aii-»ir.  hr  IIioukIii  til 
lo  roiiMiit  to  thr  lilll  in  till'  iHiial  form  Tin 
roiiitiioiiH,  of  wlioM'  liarshiii'N.H  towiiriU  Charter 
ills  ailxiH-ati-H  hav(>  saiit  ho  miii'li.  iniiiu'illalrl\ 
|ias.'<il  a  lilU  for  ifnintinjr  llvr  NiilisiilirK.  almiit 
t;t.'iii  iKiii.  a  Slim  not  tini  trnat  for  thr  wialtli  of 
ihr  kiiJL'ilom  or  for  hi"  rxltrnrlrs.  Imt  iianlilir 
ihli  anonlinc  to  thr  prrrnh'iitnof  forinrr  tiiniH. 
lo  whiili  mi  n  naturally  look  Thr  I'llition 

nf  Kiiihl,  this  statiitr  is  siill  lallril.    fioin 

its  not  Isini;  drawn  in  Ihr  roinmon  form  of  an 
;ii  I  of  parllamrnt  "  Although  thr  kin^'  liiul  Ikiii 
ill  fralril  in  his  iMIrmpt  to  iiuulify  his  iisiunt  to 
III!    I'i'titiiin  of  itif^ht.  anil  liail   U'rn  forrril   to 

tir   to   it    uiiri|iilviM-iilly.   yrt    "  lir    hail    thr 

al'-iinl  anil  ainlaiioiis  insinirrily  (for  wr  ran  iisi' 
11"  niihlir  ipillirlsi.  lo  rirriilatr  L.^MIropirs  of  it 
iliroii^h  Ihr  roiintry.  aftrr  thr  prorotralion,  with 
Ins  timt  aiiswrr  annr.xisl ;  an  attrmpt  to  ilrrrivr 
iviilioiit  thr  poHniliility  of  siirrrHs.  Hut  instiinrrs 
of  smh  ill  faith,  nrrniiiultitrit  as  thry  arr  thniii^h 
Ihr  lifr  of  I'harh-K.  nndrr  thr  a.s.Mrtiiin  of  his 
kinrrrily  a  proof  rilhrr  of  historiral  iirnoninrr  or 
of  a  want  of  moral  ilrlii'ary."'— II.  llalhirn.  <*"i,jit, 
lli'l  if  Hiiij  .  r.  1.  rh  7  — Tlir  followiniT  is  'hr 
ti\t  of  Ihr' IVtition  of  Kijrht :  "To  the  Kin^s 
Mosi  Kxrrllrnt  .Miijmtv.  lliimlily  show  unto 
our  Siivrrri);n  l.oril  thr  kinif.  thr  Lords  Spiritual 
and  Tinipiind.  and  Commons  in  I'nrliamrnt  as 
M  nililiil.  that  whrrrasit  is  ilrrlarnl  and  rnartrd 
liV  a  statiilr  niadr  in  thr  timr  of  thr  rrit;n  of 
Kins:  Kdwnnllhr  First. ciminionly  raUrd.  Statu 
iMin  .ir  Talhmio  noii  ronrrdrndo.'  that  no  tallai;r 
ir  oil  shall  Iw  laid  or  Irviril  liy  thr  Kinn  or  his 
Ipiirs  in  this  nalni.  without  Ihr  ^isslwill  and 
M"intofthr  Arrhliishops.  Itishops.  Karls.  Itarons. 
Kiiii/lils.  Uiirurwirs  and  otiirrthr  fn'rininof  Ihr 
•  "iniiionaiiy  of  this  n^alm  and  liy  aiilliorily  of 
I'lrliiinirnt  lioldrii  in  llir  tivr  ami  twrntirth  yrar 
ol  tlir  rrif;n  of  Killer  Kdward  thr  Tliinl.  it  is  dr 
1  Irind  and  enartrd,  that  from  thrnrrforth  noprr 
^oii  shall  Im'  rompelliHl  to  makd  any  loaus  to  thr 
'■imt;  ai;iiinst  hiH  will,  because  such  loans  were 


HKaiiiHl  rranon  and  thr  franrhlM'  of  the  land  ;  iiiiii 
liy  other  laws  of  this  n'nlm  it  Is  provided.  Iliat 
nolle  nIioiiIiI  Ih'  i-liarKiil  hy  any  rharifr  or  imfxi 
ultlon.  raMrd  a  Hrnevohner,  or  liy  hiiiIi  like 
I  hiirirr,  hy  whirli  Ihr  stnluten  iH'forr  inrntloiiiil. 
and  olhrr  thr  j;iH«l  laws  and  statute"  of  this  rralin, 
your  siilijri's  havr  inlirritrd  this  freedom,  that 
iliry  should  not  Im' romprlleil  liirontrlliiitetonnr 
tax.  Iiillatrr,  aid.  or  olhrr  like  rliarue.  not  set  liy 
romiiion  ronseiit  in  I'arliumrnt  Yrt  nrvrrthrlrsH. 
of  lull'  ilivrrs  romiiiis.sloiis  dirrrird  to  sundry 
('oinnii.ssionrrs  In  M'Vrrul  roiintirs  with  iiislriir 
tioiis  havr  issiird.  liy  innins  whrn'of  your  jM-opIr 
havr  Is'rn  in  divrrs  plarrs  assrinlilrd.  and  rr 
i|iiirid  to  h'lid  rrrtain  siiiiis  of  moiiry  unto  your 
Majrsiv.  and  many  of  tlirm  upon  tht-ir  rrfiisal  so 
to  do,  I'lavr  had  an  oath  adinlniMtrn'il  unto  thrm, 
not  warranlalilr  hy  ihr  laws  or  staliitrs  of  this 
rralin.  and  havr  Inrn  ronsiniinrd  to  la'come 
lioiind  to  iiiakr  iippraninrr  and  ^ivr  atlrndanre 
Is  fori  your  I'rivy  Coiiniil.  and  in  olhrr  plins, 
iindoihi  rsof  111'  111  liiiM  lirrnlhrn'forriinprisoiird. 
ronlinrd,  .iii'l  Miii'ln  "ilirr  wais  iiiolrstnl  and 
'lisipiirtril  and  diiiis  oilii  r  chari{rs  havr  iH'rn 
laid  ami  Irviid  u|Hin  your  pmplr  in  m  viral 
roiiniir...  liy  l.onls  l.ii'iiiriiaiit>.  Drpiiiy  I.i'ii 
l«'Maiils,  ( '.iiiiniissi.iiMTs  f..r  .\|ii>i(rs  .lii^iiirs  of 
I'rair  and  oihrrs.  hy  roinnianil  or  dirrrlioii  from 
voiir  .>l;ijrsty  •■'■  your  Tri'  '*  (■"iiiiril.  aLrainst  the 
laws  itnd  frrr  I  iistoiiis  of  ihisn;iliii  Ami  wlirrr 
also  liy  thr  slain Ir  i  allnl.     Tin  (in  ai  1  liartrr  of 

thr  l.ilM'ri-'rs  of  Kiml i,    il  is  ilrciari.l  ami  m 

aili'l,  that  no  irrniian  may  hr  laki  n  or  impris 

onicl  or  !"■  dissrisrd  of    his'  frrrholils  "I'  lilinlirs. 

or  his  fri  I  nisloiiis.  or  1k'  oiiilawrd  or  ixilrd.  or 
ill  any  niannrr  ilrslroyrd.  hut  liy  ilir  l.i»ful 
jiidirii'iriit  of  his  [H'rrs.  IT  hy  ihr  law  of  tlir  land 
And  ill  Ihr  riii'it  and  twrntiith  yrar  "f  Ihr 
rei(!n  of  Kiiii;  Kdw.ird  Ihr  Third,  il  wasdrrlaird 
and  rnartrd  hy  authority  of  rarlianirnl.  that  no 
man  of  what  rsiatr  or  roiidili"ii  that  hr  hr, 
should  lir  put  out  of  his  lands  or  Iriirmriils,  nor 
takrn.  nor  imprisom  d,  nor  ili^hrrilrd.  nor  put  to 
dralli.  without  hrinu'  IproiiL'hi  l.i  answrr  liy  due 
pns-rss 'if  law:  Nr\rrlliilf^^.  airainsi  thr  Irnor 
of  Ihr  sjiid  Ktatiilrs.  ami  olhrr  thr  psid  laws  and 
statuirs  of  your  nalin.  to  thai  mil  proviihd. 
ilivrrs  of  your  sulijrrls  havr  of  lair  lirni  iiii- 
|irisoiird  without  any  raiisr  showrd.  and  whin 
for  thrir  drlivrramr  thry  wrrr  liroiii;lit  Isforr 
your  .Iiistirrs.  hy  your  Majrstys  writs  of  llaliraa 
Corpus.  Ihrn'  lo  iindrrt'oand  rrrrivi  as  Ihr  Court 
should  onlrr.  and  thrir  krrprrs  rommaiidrd  to 
rrrlify  thr  rausrs  of  thrir  drtalnrr;  iniiausr  was 
rrrlillrd.  Init  thai  thry  wrrr  drtainisl  hy  your 
Majrsly's  spri  ial  roinnianil.  siijnilird  liy  thr 
Lords  of  your  I'rivy  Coiinril.  and  vrl  wrrr  rr 
liirnrd  liark  to  srvrral  prisons,  without  Is  in^: 
rharicrd  with  anythini:  lo  whirh  thry  inif.'ht 
inakr  answrr arrordiiii:  to  thr  law  :  .\mi  whrrras 
of  latr  itrrat  roinpanirs  of  soldirrs  and  inarinrrs 
havr  Isrii  disprrsi'd  into  divrrs  loiiiiiirs  of  Ihr 
realm,  and  thr  inhaliilaiits  ai:aiiisi  thrir  wills 
havr  Uiii  riiiii|M'lli'd  to  rrrrivr  Ihrin  into  thrir 
housi's.  and  thrrr  to  sullrr  ilniii  to  >ojoiini. 
airaiii-l  thr  laws  and  lustoms  of  this  rralin.  and 
I"  Ihr  ^rrat  ifrirvanrr  and  vrxation  of  thr  ;m'o 
plr:  And  whrrras  also  hy  ainliorily  of  I'.irlia 
inrni  in  Ihr '■'•"ith  yrar  of  Ihr  niirii  of  Kiiii;  Kd- 
ward Ihr  Third,  il  is  drilan'd  and  riiai  Inl,  that 
no  man  shall  !>■  fori  |udi:rd  of  lifror  limli  au'ainst 
Ihr  form  of  lb'  lin'ttt  l  hartrr.  ami  thr  law  of  thr 
land     anil  l«  the  shkI  lin'Bt   Chartrr  and  other 


87.') 


ENUUNU.   l«tH 


•*/  IhH-Jtifii^iipi 


RNOLAND,  IMH 


P 


the  l»w«  Mil  ntniiiU'ii  iif  ihU  )..iir  n'»lm.  no  idmi 
iiiiKlit  111  Im'  iidjuilk-,.,!  I,,  ,|,.«th,  l,„t  by  lli<'  liiwn 
f»liih|U|i,M|  III  Ihia  tour  rculiii.  i  iiliir  liv  III.'  i  iik 
loiim  iif  ihr  siiiiii'  ri'iiliii  nr  liv  Acisnf  I'lirlliiiiii'iii 

»'"'  wliiriii*! Iff  ml.  r  .if" » lull   kiii.1  wicur  U 

I'J.iiiiil.'il  rr.1111  III.   |.r,K.,iiiii,(»  t.i  I.,  iiuii   |„„| 

lllllliHllllll  IIIK     I.I     Im'     mill.  I,, I     hv     till'     liii.x    llfl.l 

nliiliil.s  .if  HiIk  yiiiir  riuliii  Iiiv.nti.  1,.|«  ,,f  |«t,, 
illvir*  .  "intiili»i.iii.i  uii.l.r  Mnir  M  »|\  -.fliMii 
Ktiil  h.i..'  Iiwiii.!  r.rlli.  by  wlii.  Ii  ,,  .laiii  |M'r«>ii. 
Imv.'  lain  a»!-iiriif.|iiii.l  iijiixiiiiii  .|  I',.  iiim«l.iii.rit 
Willi  |Ki».rii!..|  iiiiili.irliv  1.1  |ir.«„.,i  „,i|,in  i|„. 
Iiiii.l.  iu.-.vr.liii){  (  .  III,.  |ii.||i'i.  iif  iMirlliil  l;iw 
•itiiliist  1111  li  wiMi,  m  iiii.l  iiiarliiir»,  "t  ..lliir  ill, 
•iiliilr  i  ruiiiH  J.iinini;  «iili  iliiin,  ii,»li.iiil.l  i.iiii. 
Iiiitiiii\  i.iiir.l.T,  riililKTy,  f.  Imiy,  inuiiny.  .ir..||nr 
iiiilnii;.'  T  iiiiMli'iiii'iiii.iiir  ■.. liaiKmiir  uii.|  hy 
mirli  :.iiiiiiiiary  <iiiin«'  hiiiI  ..r.l.r.  in  U  airniiilili' 

toiimriiil  Ian,  hii.I  In  iiwiI   hi  unnitK  in  ili f 

w»r.  Ill  pr.H.nl  III  tli.i  irhil  uml  .'.iimI.'Iiih.iiImii  „( 
•mil  iilT.  iiilirn,  Hiiil  ilii'iii  In  ( iiiiw  t.i  Ih'  i\.(  iiic.l 
»ii.|  pill  Iiiilialh,  mnirilliiir  In  llic  law  marljal: 
Hy  |irilc\l  «li.ri'.if,  wmi.- .if  y.iiir  Maj.  hh'< -iili- 
Ji'ils  liavi-  In'i  II  liy  Millie  iif  lli.wii.l  Ciiiiiiii-i  .11- 
rrn  pill  1.1  .lialli.  wliin  iiii.l  »liiri'.  If  l.v  ih.   !  imh 
uii.l  Ktaliit.ii.ir  llii'laii.l  III.  \  liaclcl.w  rviil  .l.atli, 
liy  llii' siu.ii'  lawBuiiil  alatiil.s  >il»i  II. ly  iiiljihi 
mill  liy  im.iili.r  .iii(ilit  Id  Imvr  Ihiii     a.ljiiil^.i 
ami  iXMUii-.l:  Ami  al.i.  Miii.lry  (trii     ,,h  "llin.l. 
I'M  liy  r.il.iiir  lliirnif.   ilaimliiK  iiii  .miiiii!!   n, 
llav.'  iwaiHil  tlir  pillilsliiiii'tltK  till.!  to  til.  in   l.y 
III'     lawn  uii.l    i.laliilis  uf   iIiIh  y.mr  riitliii    liy 
r.  i~.ii  lliat  iliv.rs.if  yc.iir  .iIII.ith  iiml  minUliTH 
.if  ji;.li..'  Iia\>.  unjustly  rrfu«-.l.  nr  f.irlKirn.'  |,, 
priHi  1.1  ai.'ain»l  kikIi  n'lriiiiliTH  airiinliiin  In  ih. 
-aim- I  i«n  aii.l  mnliilis.   u|hiii  pnl.ii.r  lliat  Hi. 
lui.l  ull.nil     -  »ir.'  iiuiiislialilii  .mlv  In-  marli  .1 
lii«.  ami   1-.    auiliiirity  .if  mi.li  loiiimiwi.ni,  a< 
afiiriNiiil,    >lii,  li  .,iiiinil»»i.in!<.    an.l  all  .itliiT  ,,{ 
Ilk.-  iialui      ar..  \i  Imlly  ami  ilir..  Ih  r.iiilniry  l.i 
til.'   Willi  laws  aiiil  sla'iulrn  .if  llii.H'v.iur  ri-ulin : 
Tli.y  .111  llii  rifiiri'  liumlily   prav  vmir  Must  Kx 
iill.iil  Majixly.  lliat  no  mail  iii-ffaflir  lif  c.irii 
J1.11..I  1.1  mak..   nr  yiil.l  any  v'ifi,  |,,aii,  iH'm'VM 
I.IH.-,  lav.  ..r»uili  Iik.' iliariii'.  willimil  i-.imm-  i 
I'.in.scht  liy  A.I  iif  rarliam.Mil:  iimj  il,at  n.iii.'  I.. 
rall.il  111  m.ik..  ans»ir,  nr  lakr  mhI,  ,,i1|i,  ,,r  i,i   , 
trivc   all.ii.laiu...    ur   In-   .nniiiinl.  ..r  ..ilurwiw 
miili'-iic.l  ,.r  ilKi|iiii-i,.,l  i-iiii,  .Tiiiiii'  ihr  xim.-.  .ir 
fur  nfii-al  lli.rr.if;  anil  ihat  im  tn  i  man    in  imy    I 
••uili  maim,  r  an  ii  iKfuri- iii.-iiliuni'il.   Ii.    iiii|.riii 
iin.-.|  iir  .l.laiiHil;  ami  lli.al  vmir  .Majisu   hHI  Ih.    i 
pl.a,s.-,|  111  r.iiiiivc  till-  sai.l  ^.il.li.rs  anil  inaii  ,i  rs. 
ami  Ihal  ymir  pinpli-  may  iml  \h-  sii  liiirilvniil  in 
Iimi.  t.i.i.m.-,  a.  I  Uial  ll'ii- fiT.sai.l  <  lunniiiwi.ins   . 
f.ir  pr.ir.iilirii;  t.y  marlial  law.  may  lie  r.vnkiMl    j 
I'iil  annull.-.l.  .anil  llial  liin-afiir  mi<'iimniii..siiinn   | 
'  \  iik.'  iialuri.  m.ay  i>Mii'  fiirtli  t.i  aiiv  pirsmi  nr   ' 
p.  i«..ii~  wlialiiH  V.  r,  111  li..  |..\i-.  ni.il  ils  afnri'saiil     ' 
li»l    liy    i..l,iur  i.f  111.. Ill   am    ..f  \,.    i  .Majrsiv  s 
Milijiii^li,  ,|,.Mr   ii.l.ir  pi.'i   I.I  .l.aiii.  .iiniran 
1.1  till.  Ia«s  ami  Iran.  Iiix- nf  Ih..  himl.     All  whi.ii 
tliiv  ni,,M  liuinl.ly  priy.f  vmir  .\!,iM   Kxi'illciit 
'l.iji  -'      .IS  111.  irri^'liHaml  lil»  nii'sai  rnrilim!  In 
t!i.'    la-   ,  ami   Malut.s  ..f  Ii,:,  nalin:  .inil  Unit 
yniir.Majisiy  w.,ul,iais<n,,u,  li,af..|ii,l|...larr.tlmt 
till'  .iwar.ls.  iliiin       .in.l  prmi  .ilinjistiiili,.  pn-ju- 
''"•'■   "f    >'""■  1      I'll',    in  an\    ..|    tlic   pri'iiiiM-s. 
shall  nut  lii'ilraun  h.  r.  aft.  r  !:  '  .  (■nn.s<..|ii,.|i(.(.  nr 
ixanipl,.:  an.l  that  \..ur  .\|a|.v,    w.iulil  Im'  uImi 
L'ra.inu>ly  phus..,|.  f.,r  tli..  furih,  r  .■.imfnrl  un.l   ! 

saf.iy  ,,f  yniir  I pl...  t.i  il..i.|ar..  vniir  rnval  will   i 

ami  pliiLsiir..,  Ihal  in  llif  things afnrcjuiiil  iill  yiiur   | 


Dini-rn  anil  tiilnli>i<.n  iliull  «rrrii  ynu,  luHfinllntf 
111  till'  Ihwh  ami  •tatiit)-*  uf  thia  nalm.  aa  tliry 
li-iiilcr  llii'  li.iiiiMir  .if  yuiir  .Malcatv.  anil  fh|.  pr.ia 
[Tily.if  l|,l»klii(til.im  IWIil<h'»Vllti.in  IhIuk 
I.  Ill  Ihi-  •.'ml  .if  .hull.  tn-iH,  III..  Kliiu  a  aiiawrr 
»a«  lima  i|.  Ilvmil  iiiii.i  It  Th.i  Klni{  wlllrth 
Ihal  rlijhl  la'  il.iiii'  a.i...nlliii{  In  tin-  lawaaiul  nia 
l.iina  .if  till' n-aliii,  ami  that  Ilic  aliiliiti'a  Imi  put 
III  iliit!  I'Xii  iili.in.  that  hia  aiilijtiia  may  hitvi.  m> 

"'""«'• impliilii.if  niiv  wnmif  ..r  .ipprfaaiona 

.i.iilniry  In  tlii  ir  Jiiat  rtithia  ami  lita.rlii.».  tn  th.' 
pn.mrvalhin  whirt'iif  lii.  h.ilila  hlmailf  ni  w.ll 
nlilllfi'il  ua  .if  Ills  prtniKalin-  On  Jiiiii'  7  ih.. 
anawir  wis  jriv.ii  In  Ihi'  at'riiai.imisl  fnrm,  'Snit 


.Inill  fall  I'.iiiiiii..  II  lal  .lealri-  T 

U.  (iiinlinir.  Ilmt  nf  Knij  .  ,-h   ti.l 


Al.aii  IN:  S 
!.■    til  — Thii    aam<..    l\„)il     /*,.•«  ./  tk,' I'liril,,.. 
Iter  ,  I'    I  —J    I,,  I)).  lAilnic.  T/ir  Kiig    I'iihmUIu 
li-.H.  .•/,,  7(r  II. 

A.  D.  i6j8.— AtMMination  of  BuckinKbam. 
-"\Vhil|.  Iln)  alruKKli-  ("Vir  llif  IVllliim  nf 
HIkIiI)  waa  Kninir  nn,  tin.  (aiimlar  hatri'il  nf 
lliirklnKliani  (llii.  Kinija  favmirltc,  wIumv  intlii 
iiui.  at  iniirl  waa  aiiprt'ini'l  aliiiw(.||  Itaelf  In  a 
liruial  iiiumiir.  In  the  atrieu  of  l^iiiilnii,  tin- 
Oiik.'S  physlilaii,  Dr.  bimlK-.  waa  xt  iipnn  liy 
Ihiinnli,  lalh-.l  wii.h.  .Irvll,  ami  Ilic  Diiki.'a  inn 
Jiirnr,  an.l  alianliili  ly  la.alun  tn  ilealh.  Thi- 
<  .'iiiirll  M't  inipiirl.'H  nn  fmit.  Iiiit  nn  luilivjiliial 
win  liniiinht  Ufiirf.  It,  ami  tin-  rhyme  went  ttoin 
m.iiilh  111  iiKiiiIh— 'Ut  Charlea  ami  llenrB.'  il.i 
wli.il  Ih.  V  .an.  The  Duke  aliall  ille  like  1>.k  liir 
'•""I"'  ''liarh'a,  aliiH'kt..l  ami  Krieveil,  liKiU 

his  frlinil  in  lila  nwn  cnacli  thmiinh  Lnrnlnn  t.i 
see  the   tin   ahlpa   which  wire    In  liiu    prepare.1 
111  Kiplfiin!  fnr  the  relief  nf  Uixhell..-.      It  waa 
ripnrt.'.l  lliat  li.    iniaheanl  t.i  nay.  'Oenrtfe,  therij 
■iri.   anme   tin      wish  that    U.lh  lli.-,si.  ami   lli.iii 
miitiit  pl  rish      Hut  tare  imt  ihnii  f.-r  them.     W- 
will   iHith  |Hri>ii  Innellier  if  llinii  .l.wt  '     There 
iniiHt  have  Ih.  11  H<lm|.|h|||^'  alranRily  attraetiv.. 
alHMit  th..  mull  wim  wnn  ami    kept  tliu    luarta 
nf  fniir   |M.rs.iiiai.'es  an  ilisaimllar  aa  jamea  ami 
Charl.s  nf  Kntflaml,  Anne  of  Aii-slrla.  ami  Wil 
Ham  Ijiii.l    ...    In  th..  meantime  Hiahelle  li.lil 
nut  "     On.,  allempl   In  rilii-ve  the  lwlea){iiiri-.| 
liiwn  hail  fail...l       Itin  kiiii:liaiii  was  tn  eniiimanil 
III  iwrsiin  till'  arniaimni   nnw   in  |ire|)aruli.m  fnr 
annlhi  r  allinipt         Tl.,  Heel  wiisat  {'ortamniilh. 
ami    Hu.  kinnham    w.ni    il.mii   thither  in   hljfh 
spirits  In  take  th.'  e.immaml.     The  Kini;  eame 
.Inwn  In  .Sir  Daiii.'l  Xnrt  .n  s  li.maeat  S..ulliwhk 
1)11  lhe-';ii|  nf  Aiiuust  liiii  kiiitthainrii^.   ami  •cut 
a  lap.  r  .r  In.i '  liefnre  the  i.irlHr  .l.'all  with  his 
mi.usiailii.  anil   Invelm-ks.     Then   h.    waa  alKiul 
tnsit    I..W1I  In  linakfasi  willi  a  niimlKr  nf  lap 
lains.    I'l.l  .is   111.  r.ise  h..  ririiv..!   !■  tiers  whi.  Ii 
iiiaih     i  ini    Ulirv..  thai    Kiieli..!!,    i,a,|   bi-.n    n- 
li.-vi.l      lie  ~  dil  lie  mii.si  1. 11  Ih..  Hint;  instiuitU, 
hut  ^.iiiliis..  ,111,1  ih.i.th|.rr.fii^'|...s. till  n.ii  li|.|i(.v,. 
!i  wnril  I.f  it.  ami  iliire  was  a  t'lm.!  'I'al  nf  ills 
puliiij;    ami    L'esli.ulalinii    heiwim    iluin       li,. 
.r,.i,s..,l  a  h.liliy.  Lillnw,..!  liv  tli..  .a^tir  Kn^m-li 
mill,  ami  lialli.l  i.i  lake  leiive  nf  an  nttl.i.r.   Sir 
riiiinias  I'ryar.     Uv.r  th..  shniililir  .il  this  jt'ii 
Ill-man.  as  h.     IkiW(..I.   a    kiiif.'    was  thrust   inin 
liu.kini;liani      liri.a.sl.     There   was  an   i  tTnrt    In 
wiih.i-  ,w  it.  a  .  ry  'Tli..  Villain!'  ami  th.'  jtreai 
Diiki     at  ;lll  years  i.lil.  was  ileail      The  alU'n.l 
ants  ..I  lirsl  thniiuilii  the  hlnw  laine  frmu  one  nf 
tin-  miisy  Kreiii  htm  n.  ami  wire  fallin),'  nn  them   ' 
liiil  a  sirvant  ha.l  k.  en  the  ile.,!  enmmitte.l.  ami 
mil  aft.r   th..   asaasain,    who   waa   arr  >iisl    anil 


S7G 


CNOLANU    \im. 


K\OI,ASI),   l«3»  l«0 


priiiri'il  to  'xi  um>  John  Ppllon,  ■  wililiiT  iiml  a 
imiii  i<f  K'""!  tuntty  ll<'  Intil  milTi'ri'il  wnui);* 
vihiih  apimrrnilv  iinliltiKnl  lii>   iiiln<l  —  <'    M 

Vitlliri'.    t  UmfH  frftm  Kikj.   Ilt»t  .  6/A   arrir»,  f    17 

AlJm  l!«:  *   ft.  OtfilliHT,   Hut.  i,t  Kiuj  .  HKW 

\m<,  M  &v 

A.  D.  i6jt-i6]t.— Cooqunt  and  brief  occv- 

rilion   of  Cainada   an4    Nova    Scotia.     Htv 
»svih(Nk»  Fkaki-ki    a    I>   IflJx-HHI 

A.  O.  1619.— The  royal  charter  grantad  to 
the  Co*tmor  aad  Compaoy  of  Mauachutatti 
Ba*.     Sir  MAMAriilKKTIa    A    I>    ll|-j:Mll'.ni 

A.  D.  l6te.— The  Kinr't  Carolina  rraat  to 
Sir  Robert  Htath.    Htc  Amkhhv:  A  ](   Dl'.'U 

A.  O.  i6ap.— Teonafe  and  Poundage.— The 
tumult  in  Parliament  and  the  diiioiution. — 
Cliiirlin'  lliiril  i'urllitmcnl.  |>n>rii|;iifil  iiii  Itii'  'J*>lli 
"(JuiK',  It'.."*.  niMiH'iiilili'il  on  till'  Uillli  of  Jim 
iiufv.  Hl'Jll  "The  I'urliiimi'iit  Stwlnii  provi-,| 
vrry  lihif;  l>iit  rrry  ciirrnftlc,  viTy  i'xlr»"ri|l. 
luiry  Ti>iiiiitt(r  anil  I'oiiiiiUki',  wliat  »•  li.iw 
lull  ('ii»|piiiliiiiim'  iliitiin.  u  rcin'<tniit  Kiilijict  of 
i|ii.iri' I  Inlwiin  Clmrli'ii  anil  lii^i  r»rliiiiiii-iiii 
liitliiTt.).  IkiiI  ai{iiln  Imi'h  liviiil  witlniiit  I'lirllik 
Miriit.irr  I'liiMnt:  In  Hit'  tiilli  of  olil  'Tiil'.iglo 
tiMii  <'>>iiri>i|rnil(i. '  liny  rvi-n  of  flio  latr  Rtklt'innly 
"iiillniKil  Pi  tiii,.ii  of  UIkIiI  ;  niiil  iiuUinilly  ifiivi' 
rl'a'  In  I'lirliiiMicnIary  ronHliK'nttion.  Mii-rlmnti 
li.ul  iKin  liiiprliuiiicil  fur  n'fmtlntf  lu  puy  It, 
Mi'iiilii  raof  I'.irllaiiH'iit  lliriiiM'lvi't  inul  Ixcn  'mi 
IBKiuM':  llii'ri'  HJisftViry  rivilU.I  roil  to  iliiil 
iviili  ill  nifiiril  to  Toniiui;!'  iiml  l'oiiiiilui;i'.  N  iv 
the  I'ciiiion  of  Kiijlit  il-H'lf  liu.l  iM't'ii  iiltiri'il  in 
till  I'riiitliii!,  II  viry  lu-ly  liii»iiH'9«  too  In  ri' 
t  111  1.1  Urliition  iiliio.  iiiiilli'rH  lo<ik"l  niiiiilly  III 
>>iH|iliaiil  .Mniiiwiirin^,  Just  riii-un  I  in  I'ur 
liiiuinl,  li.ul  iKin  proinotiil  to  11  fiiiir  livini.' 
.■"jKpiiluiil  Miiiil;i).'iir,  ill  till'  lilii'  riiriini'<l:iiiri  s. 
to  a  lli-.liu|irii  .  I.a>i<i  «a^  In  tlii'  act  of  innsi' 
iTalirii;  liim  at  Croyiloii,  ivliin  tliiiii'ivnof  Itink 
iiii.'li:iiu  H  il'Uili  caiiii'  lliiilH'r.  Tliirr  tiiid.  i|  in 
I"  a  (  iMiiiiiiilcr  of  lii'liKlon.  The  lluiiHi-  n 
fn]\,;\  iisilf  IntoaOrahil  t'oinniillii' of  Uilii.'iii!i ; 
an.l  iIkI  Milt  want  for  maliir  lii-.hi>p  Nrili'  of 
\ViiirlM-.|iT,  llishop  IjuiiI  now  of  l.onilon.  wc  rr 
a  friiihtfiilly  I'ln  nioiiial  pair  of  llisliops,  the 
fuiiniain  liny  of  iiiniiinirulili'  tiiuhnrii'!!  to  I'a 
|ii-try  ami  till'  old  ilollii*  of  Italiylon  It  w  11 
ill  tlij,  Cmiiiiiltii'  of  Uclidion.  on"  tin-  lllhil.iv 
"f  K'liniary,  10."<  1».  that  Mr,  (Vornwill,  Mini 
It  liir  lliintinplon,  sIikkI  up  anil  iii.iili'  liii  tlr\l 
>l"ii  li.  a  fmifiiicnt  of  wliirh  lias  foiiml  ill  way 
into  llisiiiry.  .   .Viii'W  Ui'nionslnuire  Inliovi  1 

to  In  risolviil  upon;  llisliops  Nrili' ami  l.jiiiii  an- 
I  vi  II  III  Im' 'naiiiril'  tlirrc  Wlirri'iipon,  Ufori' 
liny  roiilil  jTi't  Hi-11  'nami'il'.  .  .  tlir  Kiii^' lia^ 
tily  iiilcrfiriil  Tliin  I'arliiiniinl.  in  a  foriniirhl 
iimri'.  was  ili-wolviil:  ami  that  iimlir  liriiim 
^tamvH  of  the  nio^t  iiM|iarall<li'il  sort  For 
>|iiaki  T  Fini  li.  a-i  wr  li.ivi'  win.  was  a  Courlii  r, 
in  iiin>lanl  roininiiniralioii  wiili  tin'  Kiiiir:  our 
'liy,  «liili.  ilirv  liiirii  iimltrrs  wrrr  astir.  Sprakrr 
i'laili  nfiisi'ii  ill     put  tjir  ipirsiiiin'   wlirii  or 

'I'  nil    liy    t|,r    1|,,  ,v'      ||,.  s;liil  hi'  liail  onlrrs   t.i 

till'  ii.iiirary;  prrsisinl  in  thai;  — ami  at  last 
I  "k  til  wrrpiiiL'.  What  was  tlir  lloii-r  to  iln'f 
Mj.iiirn  foriwoilays.  ami  rmisiihr  what  to  ilol 
l>a  tlir  MS-iiiiil  (lay,  wliirl,  «■„,  Wrilnrsilav. 
.•^i'i:iKir   Kiiirh  siitintlril  that    liv  liis  Majrsiv', 

c    tMiuaiiil  thry   wrrr  airaiii  a.ljoiir I  till'  Mi'm 

'liy  iiixi.  (in  Monday  nr.xl.  .Sprakrr  Kim  h. 
still  riiiisaiit,  would  not  put  liir  forim  r  imr  in 
ili'd  any  ipirslion.  having  tlir  Kinii's  urdrr  In 


niljoiirii  a/aln  iiKtnntly  Urrrftwil.  wiwripri 
iiiiindisl.  iiiriiiM'ril.  onrr  morr  tiwik  to  wrrp. 
ini; .  thin  ntarli'l  lip  to|;o  Ills  wnvs  lint  roiiog 
.Mr  lliilh's.  IVnr.il  llollr<.  th" 'Karl  of  (lan'i 
~  I'oiiil  xm.  Ill'  and  nrtain  oihir  Imnoiirahle 
iiiiiniK  nt  wrri'  [irrpartsl  for  tliat  iiinvi'mrnt  lliej 
wi/rd  .H|Kaki  r  Kinih,  »rl  liim  down  111  hia  1  liuir, 
find  liy  main  fori  r  lull  him  liirn!  A  Mrnrnf 
Kiii'h  agitnlioii  ai  was  iirvrr  win  In  I'arllaiiunt 
iM'forr.  '  Till- lloiisi-  w:is  iniii'li  troulilril  '  '  l*et 
him  ifo.'  rrird  niiaiii  Privy  Cniiiii  lllorn.  Mit]. 
rsly's  MIniHtrrs  as  wr  slimild  now  rail  thnn,  who 
I"  llr-*' days  sat  In  fmnt  of  Ihr  H|H'ukrr.  '  Ijil 
Mr.  Sprakrr  lin!  •  irhd  tliiy  imploriiiiflv  'No!' 
imswrrcd    llnllrs.    '  (Jisln  "wniinds.  hr' iiliiill  lit 

lltrrr     till     it     plrtlM'    lllr    Ifotlsl'    tn    risi' !  '      The 

llniisc  in  a  ilrrislvr  IhniiKh  ainio'-t  ili<trnrti^ 
iiianiirr.  with  llirir  .S|H'akrr  thus  luld  down  fur 
tlu'in.  liskril  llirir  ihsirs.  rrdartrd  'I'lirrf  <'in- 
|>liiith'  Krsoliiiions.  ihrir  Proirsi  aitaiiist  Arinln. 
lanisin,  P.ipi-try.  and  IHilmI  Toniiaiir  and 
PoiimlaKr;  and  pussid  tlir  saiiir  liy  an  laiiintioni 
liltiiiK  no  nian  out.  nfiisliii;  to  lit  cvrii  the 
Kiiiit  s  lulirr  In:  tlini  nwifily  vaiiiiliini;  ao  MMin 
lis  thr  rrsoluli  ins  wrrr  pissid,  for  thry  iinilrr- 
sIihmI  ihr  Holdiriy  Was  roiniiu:  Knr  whirh  niir- 
prisiiii^  pristslitrr.  viiiuiralrd  liy  N'rrrs».itv  the 
inothrr  of  liivrntinn,  iind  Hiiprriiirnf  l,:iwcivrr«, 
crrtain  hoiinuralilr  K'Ullrtiiiii.  !>'  ii/il  llnllrt. 
Sir  ,1  'hn  Klini.  William  simdr,  .Inhii  S.  Idrn, 
and  .  liiTs  Irss  knnHii  In  us,  HiilTirnl  tlnr.  im- 
prisoipurnt.  and  niiicli  Iriral  trilmlitinii:  n.iv  Sir 
.Injiii  Klint.  rrfiiHini;  In  suliinil.  »  is  ki'|il  in  the 
Tnwrr  till  hr  ilinl  'I'lii^  srriir  fill  out  on  Mod- 
day.    'Jil   of    .Marrli,    |il,",l    — 1"    Cirlilr.   II    to 

(lUvtr  t'f'nit'ri'iin  h  tt,  rx  iliiil  >iMffhrM,  ch    4. 

Also  IN  J  I'nr^l.  r,  Sit.hAn  KUiil:  n  lli^ig 
r.ii:>f/.  M.  III.  «<r^  I'l  S  (.    ■.'. 

A.  D.  i6jo.— Emii^ration  of  the  Governor 
and  Company  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  with 
their  royal  charter.  Sir  >Uhs\rm  siri-  .V.I) 
lii'.Mi  |ii:lii 

A.  D.  i6jt.  — Aid  to  Gustavui  Adolphus  in 
Germany,     Sn- lii  iim  \sv    A    1»    IIWI   li>:iJ 

A  D  1633.  -CessionofAcadialNova  Scotia) 
to  France.     Srr  .Suva  .SimiviAi  \iu\i    .\.  I). 

nv.'i  \iuy- 

A.  D.  1632.— The  Palatine  grant  of  Marv- 
tand  to  Lord  Baltimore,  si  r  .M  mivi.ami:  A  1). 
Wi'. 

A.  D.  1633-1640.  — The  Eccletiaitical  dei- 
potitm  of  Laud.  —  "  Win  11  (h.-irli  >.  having:  quar- 

n  It'll    with   hii    parliaiiii'iit,    slmsl   al in   the 

luiilsi  of  his  kiio.'doiii.  .'Mrkiiii:  on  all  sidrs  the 
miaiisof  (.'nvrrnini.'.  tlir  .\n;.'liraii  1  Irruy  inlirvtil 
this  day  |fnr  rst  ililisiiiiii;  thr  indipriidrnt  ami 
iinrnntrnllrd  pnvnr  of  iluir  rliiirrli)  wasionii'. 
Tliry  hid  a-Miii  ir"t  iinniiiiw  wralili.  and  rii  joyisl 
it  without  ilisptitr  Thr  papists  tin  Inuri  r  in- 
Bpirrd   llirm   with  alariu.     'I'lir    priiiiair    of  the 

rliurrli,  I.aud,  possi'ssid  Ihrrutirr  mnliilrlll  r  of 
the  kill'-'  and  almir  ilinclrd  :lll  in  IrsiastjcHl 
alTails,  .\iiinii_'  i!ir  nltii  r  luiiiislrrs,  iinnr  pro- 
fis-rd,  likr  l.rd  Itiirlii-'li  umlir  Kii/.il.rtli.  to 
frar  ami  struirL'lr  aj'ain^t  Ihr  rm  rnai  him  ills  of 
the  ilrrijy.  Thr  rniirlirrs  wrrr  indilTrrnil,  or 
sriTrt  papi't^  Lrarir't  iiirn  ilirrw  Iu>tri- n\  rr  the 
rliurih.  Till'  uiiivi  r-.|ir^,  that  nf  I  ivfnrd  more 
rsprrially.  wrrr  ilrvnt..|  i.tjiir  iiia\iius  Only 
niir  advrrsaiy  niiiaimd  —  thr  pri.pl.  .  raili  day 
iiiorr  diM'niiirnird  with  iinrniiiplrtrd  rrfnnii.  and 
iimrr  LICIT  fully  In  an  niuplisli  it.  l!ul  this  ad 
virsary  was  also  Ihr  lulvrrsary  uf  Ihr  Ihmur,  it 


MICIOCOrY    (ESMUTION    TEST   CHADT 

ANSI  and  ISO  lESI  CHART  No    2 


1.0 


I.I 


f-      136 


m 

1 2.2 
2.0 


11.25  iu 


^     /APPLIED  IM/IGE 


II 

If 

p 


ii 


j:xoland,  i63;t-i«40. 


/>at(fl.  Straffnril. 
Ilampdrn. 


KXOLAM),  leai-KWT. 


claimed  »t  tlio  siinic  timo,  llip  unc  to  sooiirp  tlic 
otlur,  cvanmlicMl  f;iiili  iind  civil  lilicrly.  Tin' 
same  jtcril  tlircutcncil  tin'  sovcrt'iiriity  of  tlio 
crown  and  of  ciiiMcipacv.  Tlic  liinv.  sini'cnly 
pious,  swnicd  di>pi>si'il  to  Ijiliivf  tliiit  lie  was 
not  tlic  (inlv  one  who  held  liis  aiitliority  from 
God.  mid  that  the  p.>wer  of  the  liishopn  wan 
neither  of  less  lii.L'li  oriizin.  nor  of  less  saered 
cliaraeter.  Never  had  so  many  fa\  lairalile  eir- 
f  umslanci'S  m'eined  eoniliined  to  enalile  the  eleriry 
to  achieve  iiidepenilenee  of  the  crown,  dominion 
over  the  people.  Land  set  hinisilf  to  work  with 
his  aeeiistomed  vehenieiiee.  First.it  was  cssin- 
tial  lliat  all  dissensions  in  the  bos.piu  of  the  <  hiirch 
itself  slionld  cease,  and  that  the  strictest  uni- 
formity slioiild  infuse  strength  into  its  doctrines, 
its  disii|)line,  its  wcirship.  He  iipplicil  himself 
to  this  taslv  with  the  most  unhesitating  and  un- 
scrupul  us  resolution.  Power  was  e.xclusively 
coiieenlrateil  into  tlu'  h.'inds  of  the  liishops.  The 
court  of  high  commission,  where  they  ttMik  <'Og- 
nizance  of  and  decided  everything  relating  to 
religious  matti  rs.  hecanie  day  liy  day  more  arbi- 
trary, more  harsh  in  its  jurisdiction,  its  forms 
and  its  penalties.  The  coinjilete  adoption  of  the 
Anglican  canons,  the  minute  observance  of  the 
liturgy,  and  the  riles enfoned  in  calhcilnds,  were 
rigorously  e.xaclcii  on  the  part  of  the  whole  eccle- 
siastical body.  A  great  many  livings  were  in 
the  hamls  of  nonconformists;  tliey  were  with- 
drawn from  them.  The  people  crowded  to  their 
sermons;  they  were  forliidden  to  preach.  .  .  . 
I'ersecution  followed  and  reached  them  every- 
where. .  .  .  .Meantime,  the  pcmip  of  catholic 
worship  speedily  tiMtk  pos-session  of  the  churches 
deprived  i'(  their  pastors;  while  persicution  kept 
away  the  faithful.  magnitieeiKc adorned  the  walls. 
They  were  consicrated  amiil  great  display,  and 
it  was  then  ne<  essiiry  to  employ  force  to  collect 
a  congregation.  I.aiid  was  fond  of  prescrib- 
ing minutely  the  details  of  new  ceremonies — 
sometimes  lK»rrovveil  from  Uome,  sometimes  the 
proiluction  of  his  own  imagination,  at  once  osten- 
tatious and  austere.  On  the  part  of  the  noncon- 
formists, every  innovation,  the  least  derogation 
from  the  ( anons  or  the  liturgy,  was  punished  as 
aerinie;  yet  I, and  innovatetl  without  consulting 
anyboily,  looking  to  nothing  lie.vond  the  kind's 
consent,  and  sometimes  acting  entirely  upon  liis 
own  authority.  .  .  .  And  all  these  changes  ha.l, 
if  not  the  aim,  at  all  events  the  result,  of  render- 
ing the  Anglican  cliureh  more  and  more  like  tliat 
of  Uome.  .  .  .  Books  were  p;ibli>hed  to  prove 
that  the  rluctriue  of  the  Knglish  bishops  might 
very  well  Milapt  itself  to  that  of  Itonic;  audthese 
books.  tlioui;h  lint  regularly  licensed,  were  dedi- 
cated tn  theUiiuror  to  l.aud.  and  openly  tolerated. 
.  .  .   The  splendour  and  e\ehisive  dominion  of 

Cpiseop.iey  thus  established,  at    least    so    he  Mat- 
tered itiniself.  l.aud  proei  ('.led  to  secure  its  iude- 
peiidellee.    .    .    .    Tiie  divine   liLdit  of   bishops  be- 
eauie.  ill  a  short   time,  the  ollieial  lioetrine,  not 
only  of  thcuppir  clerL'v,  but  of  the  king  Iiiiu- 
self.   .   .   .   By  the  time  liiii!;:s  had  e<ime  to  this 
pass,  the  people  wire  not   almie  iu  their  am;er.    | 
The  high  nobility,  part  of  them  at  least.  tcMik  the   I 
alarm.     They  s,i\v  iu  the  pr"gre>s  of  the  chureli    ! 
faruicpi-e  than  iia  re  tyrauny,  il    was  a  rc^'ular 
rev.ilulion,    which,  not    satislii'd    with   criishini;   i 
ptipiil.ir  reforms.  disti:rured  and  endangiTed  the 
lirst   rebirmalioii:    that   vliieh   kings  had   iii.ide   I 
snd    th;.    riri-t  .erarv   „4opt<.!  ■■ -R    I',    Giiizot,    ' 
lli.'.t   ,f  U„  Ehij.  J!tn,liitwu  .J'  1040,  M-.  2.  | 


.\i.so  in:  I).  Xeal.  IIM.  of  the  Piiritttm,  r.  3, 
,•/,.  4-<>.— <).  ().  I'erry.  IUhI.  of  the  Cli.  of  Eng.. 
<■/«.  i:»-l(i  (r.  I).— I*.  "Uayne.  the  Chief  Aetom' of 
the  Viteitnii  JiiVolutiini,  eh.  '<\. 

A.  D.  1634-1637,— Hostile  measures  against 
the  Massachusetts  Colony.  iSee  MAss.vnii' 
SKTTS:  A.  1).  IBIM-lfiliT. 

A.  D.  1634-1637,— Ship-money.— "Tlie  as 
pect  of  public  niTairs  grew  darker  and  darker. 
.  .  .  All  the  proniis<'S  of  the  king  were  violated 
without  scruple  or  shame.  The  Petition  of 
Hight,  to  whi(  h  he  hail,  in  consideration  of  mon- 
eys duly  numlRTcd,  given  a  solemn  assent,  was 
set  at  naught.  Taxes  were  raiseil  by  the  royal 
authority.  Patents  of  monoiioly  wi-re  gninted. 
The  old  usages  of  feudal  times  were  made  pre 
texts  for  harassing  the  people  with  exactions  un 
known  iliiriiig  many  years.  The  Puritans  were 
persecuted  with  cruelty  worthy  of  the  Holy 
Otiice.  They  were  forced  to  Hy  fniin  ihe  country. 
Thev  were  imprisoneil.  Thev  were  whipped. 
Their  ears  were  cut  olt.  Their  noses  were  slit. 
Their  cheeks  were  branded  with  red-hot  iron. 
Hut  the  cruelty  of  the  oppressor  could  not  tire 
out  the  fortitude  of  the  victims.  .  .  .  The  hardy 
sect  grew  up  and  nourished,  in  spite  of  every- 
thing that  seemed  likely  to  stunt  it,  stnick  Us 
roots  deep  into  a  barren  soil,  and  spread  its 
branches  wide  to  an  inclement  sky,  .  .  .  For  the 
misgovernment  of  tills  disastrous  period,  Charles 
himself  is  principally  responsible.  After  the 
death  of  liuckingliam,  he  seemed  to  have  been 
his  own  prime  minister.  He  had,  hovever,  two 
counsellors  who  seconded  him,  or  went  l>eyoiiil 
him,  in  intolerance  and  lawless  violence;  the  one 
a  superstitious  driveller,  as  honest  as  a  vile  tcin- 
per  would  sulTer  hitn  to  be;  Ihe  other  a  man  of 
great  valour  and  capacity,  hut  licentious,  faith- 
less, corrupt,  and  cruel.  Never  were  faces  more 
strikingly  clmnicteristic  of  the  individuals  to 
whom  they  belonged  than  those  of  Laud  and 
Strafford,  as  they  still  remain  portrayed  by  the 
most  skilful  hand  of  that  age.  The  mean  fore- 
head, the  pinched  features,  the  peering  eyes  of 
the  prelate  suit  admirably  with  his  disposition. 
Tliey  mark  him  out  as  a  lower  kind  of  Saint 
Dominic.  .  .  .  Hut Wentworth  —  whoevernaines 
him  without  thinking  of  those  harsh  dark  feat- 
ures, ennobled  by  their  expression  into  more  than 
the  majesty  of  an  antique  Jupiter!  .  .  .  Among 
the  liumbhr  tiKils  of  Cliarles  were  Chief-Justiie 
Finch,  anil  Xoy.  the  attorney-general.  Xoy  hail, 
like  Wentworth,  supported  the  cause  of  liberty 
in  Parliament,  and  had,  like  Wentworth,  aban 
doned  that  I'aiise  for  the  sake  of  ollice.  He  ih 
vised,  in  conjunclion  with  Finch,  a  schenie  of 
exaction  whieli  made  the  alienation  of  the  peopli 
from  the  throne  complete.  A  writ  was  issiiil 
by  the  king,  eoiiimanding  the  city  of  London  I  p 
ei|Uipanil  man  ships  of  war  for  his  service.  Simi 
lar  w  rits  were  sent  to  the  towns  along  the  co.i-:. 
These  measures,  though  they  were  direct  violi 
tions  of  tlie  Petition  of  Uiglit,  had  at  least  som  ■ 
show  of  precedent  in  their  favour.  Hut.  after  i 
time,  the  government  took  a  ste|>  for  whieli  i 
preeedent  could  be  pleaded,  and  sent  wril^  >  • 
ship-mouey  to  the  itilaiiil  counties.  This  w;i-  i 
stretch  of  power  o'l  w  hiell  Klizabeth  herself  li  :  ! 
not  ventured,  <  veil  at  a  time  when  all  laws  mi::!;' 
with  proprietv  have  been  made  to  bend  to  tli.t 
higb-st  law,  tlie  safet v  of  the  state.     The  iiila'  i 


;lei.l  n-. 
or  iiionev  in  'hi 


!-.:i  re-piir-d  t"  furni-ti  -lii:.. 
r  mm  of  ships,  even  when  tin 


678 


ENGLAND,   1034-1637. 


Riat  of 
the  JndtpetuienU. 


ENGLAND,   1640. 


Arniiiiln  was  upproiiching  oiir  slidros.     It  sct'iiicd 
inldlrnilili'  lli.it  II  priiuc.  who,  by  nsscntiiig  to 
lli<IVliliiui(if  liiglit.  liii<lr(liu(iiii»lK(ltlii'  power 
of   Icvyiiijr    Kliip-inoiH-y    ivin   in   tlio  outports, 
sliiiuKl  lie  till'  first  to  U'vy  it  on  parts  of  llii'  liini.'- 
(loin  wiirre  it  liail  iHcn  iinl»nown,  undir  the  most 
al'solnteof  Ills  pnilcccssors.  Clarcnilon distinctly 
ii.linits  that  this  tax  was  inlcnilfd,  not  only  fcir 
the  support  of  the  navy,  but  'for    a  tipring  and 
ninpi/ini'  that  should  have  no  bottom,  and  for  an 
everlasting  su|ijily  on  ull  occasions.'     The  nation 
well  unili'rst(H)(l  this;  and  from  one  end  of  Em;- 
hiiiil  111  the  other,  the  public  mind  was  strongly 
exiiteil.      liuekiughamshire   was  assesseil   at  a 
ship  of  4.')0  Ions,  or  a  sum  of  t'4..5(H).     The  share 
of  the  ta.\    which    fi  II    to    llanipden    was   verv 
small  Itwenly  .shillinL's];  .so  small,  indeed,  thiit 
the  slierilT  was  blamed  for  .setting  so  wealthy  a 
111:111  at  so  low  11  rate.     I5ut,  though  the  sum  "de- 
iiiaiuii  d  was  a  Irille,  the  prim  iple  of  the  demand 
was  ill  spotism.     Hampden,  aflir  consulting  the 
most  eiiiineiit  con.stilutional  lanyers  of  the  time, 
ri  fused  to  pay  the  few  shillings  "at  which  he  was 
iissessid;  and  deterniineil  to  incur  all  the  certain 
expense  and  the  probable  danger  of  bringing  to 
a  solemn  hearing  this  gnat  controversy  between 
llie  people  and    the   crown.  .   .   ,   Towarda   the 
close  of  the  year  16;«1,  this  great  cause  came  on 
in  the  Exchciiner  Chamber  before  all  the  judges 
of  England.     The   leading  counsel  against  the 
writ  was  the  celebrated  Oliver  St.  John ;  a  man 
whose  temper  was  melancholy,  whose  manners 
were  reserved,  and  w  ho  was  as  yet  little  known 
in  Westminster   Hall;    but  whose  great  talents 
liiiil  not  escaped  the  penetratingeye  of  Hampden. 
The  arguments  of  the  counsel  "oecupied  many 
(lays;  and  the  Excheiiuer  Chamlxr  took  a  con- 
siderable time  for  deliberation.     The  opinion  of 
the  liench  was  divided.     So  clearly  was  the  hr.v 
ill  favour  of  Hampden,  that  though  the  judges 
held  their  situations  only  during  the  royal  pleas- 
ure, the  majority  against  him  was  the  least  pos- 
sible.    Four  of  the  twelve  pronounced  decidedly 
in  his  favour;  a  fifth  took  a  middle  course.    The 
remaining  seven  gave  their  voices  in  favour  of 
the  w  rit.     The  only  effect  of  this  decision  was  to 
make  the  public  indignation  stn)nger  and  deeper. 
'Tiie  judgment,'  says  Clarendon, '  proved  of  more 
advantage  and    credit    to  the  gentleman   con- 
(li  iiinid  than  to  the  king's  service. '    The  courage 
wliic h  HamiKlcn  had  shown  on  this  occasion,  as 
the  same  historian  tells  us,  '  raised  his  reputation 
til  a  iTiat  height  generally  throughout  the  king- 
.loiii.  ■' — Lonl  JIacauluv,  Kmiyf,  t.  2  (Xuginl'i 

M'mi'riilh  „f  Jlilllijuli'li). 

.\i.s<i  IN:  .1.  Forstcr,  Statt-umfn  of  the  Common- 
""'III, ;  //„«,/«/,,(.— S.  K.  Gardiner,  Hut.  ofEinj., 
lll'tl  im-.',  c/,.  74  (c.  7),  andch.  '1  and  »-i (,:  »)  ; 
i/'v.  i;,i,»l.  />,v'j  of  the  Purttiii,  II,  r.,  pj,.  37-51!, 
11  ^/  1 1."). 

A.  D.  1638-1640.— Presbyterianism  of  the 
Puritan  party.— Rise  of  the  Independents.— 

'11  H  ilicaitiliccof  tlief:iv(iur(is(ir  the  Catholic 
mil  i.f  till'  iMrl:itic:il  p;nty  to  c;ill  all  who  are 
.-111  kliTs  fur  the  (luistiiution  in  cliuri  h  or  st:ite. 
■  !■"  'iM  si|U;iiv  till  ir  actions  bvaiiv  rulr,  human 
ir-Uunc.  I'lirilaiis." — I.  Hush  worth.  Ilisl.  C.U., 
r  .>,  l:t."i.-)  — 'Tliis,.  nicii  [the  I'uritan  ii:irtv|,  at 
'!>■  ("iiiiiicnci'nicnt  of  the  civil  war,  wcre"prcs- 
i>''ii:iii>:  and  such  had  at  tli:it  lime  been  the 
gi'Mliiiiijoriiy  of  t lie  .serious,  the  sober,  and  the 
•• ::  !;ui;i(,i,.,  pc.pl,.  i,f  iCnglami.  Tiicre  was  a 
*'""!  "nputaliouof  laxnessof  principles,  and  of 


a  tendency  to  iminonilify  of  conduct,  upon  the 
adlii  rents  of  the  e.stablishincnt.  which  was  in- 
finitely injurious  to  the  episcopal  church.  But 
these  persons,  whose  hearts  w  ere  in  entire  opposi- 
tion to  the  hierarchy,  had  for  the  most  part  no 
dilTcrcnce  of  opinion  among  themselves,  and 
therefore  no  thought  of  toleration  for  difference 
of  opinion  in  others.  Thcirdesire  was  to  ulMilish 
cpiscopac  y  and  set  up  presbytcrv.  They  thought 
and  talked  mudi  of  the  unity  ("if  the  church  of 
<i(Hl,  and  of  the  cordial  consciitand  agreenicm  of 
Its  members,  :i]h|  considered  all  .sects  and  'varie- 
ties (if  scntiiiK  rit  as  u  blemish  and  scaiiilal  upon 
their  holy  n  ligion.  They  would  put  down 
popery  and  episcopacy  with  the  strong  hand  uf 
the  law,  and  were  disposed  to  employ  the  same 
instrument  tosuppress  all  who  shoulil  venture  to 
think  tl.e  presbyterian  church  itself  not  yet  suf- 
ficiently spiriliial  and  jiiire.  Against  this  party, 
which  lorded  it  for  a  time  almost  without  contra- 
diction, gradually  arose  the  party  of  the  indc- 
peiidcuts.  .  .  .  Before  the  end  of  the  civil  war 
they  became  almost  as  strong  as  the  party  of  the 
presb^teriuns,  and  greatly  surpassed  them  in 
abilities,  intellectual,  military  and  civil."— W. 
Godwin,  I/M.  of  the  Cummonmulth,  hk.  2,  eh.  l 
(p  2).— .See,  also,  I.\Dt;i'K.Ni>KNTS;  Enoi.and- 
A.  I).  164a (.Ii'iA) and  (.Tli,y—Seitembeh),  A  I) 
1640  (M.Micii),  A.  1).  1647  (AniiL— AuuisT),  and 

A.  D.   1648(NoVEMUKIl— DtX'KMHKK). 

A.  D.  i639.-The  First  Bishops'  War  In 
Scotland.    Sec  ScoTi..\sn:  A.  I).  1638-1640 

A.  D.  1640.— The  Short  Parliament  and  the 
Second  Bishops'  War.— The  Scots  Army  in 
England.- "I (is  JIajesty  having  burnt  Scotch 
paper  Declarations  '  by  the  hands  of  the  common 
hangman  '  and  almost  cut  the  Scotch  Chancel- 
lor Loudon's  head  off,  and  being  again  resolute  to 
chastise  the  rebel  Scots  with  an  Army,  decides 
on  summoning  a  Parliament  for  that  emi.  there 
being  no  money  attainable  ollierwisc.     To  the 
great  and  glad  astonishment  of  England ;  which, 
at  one  time,  tliought  never  to  have  seen  another 
Parliament !    Oliver  Cromwell  sat  in  this  Parlia- 
ment for  Cambridge;   recommended  by  Hamp- 
den, say  some;  not  needing  any  recommendation 
in  tho.se  Fen-countries,   think  others.     Oliver's 
Colleague  was  a  Thomas  Meautya,  Esq.     This 
Parliament  met,  13tli  April,  1640:  it  was  by  no 
means    [ironipt   enough   with   supplies  against 
the  rtlHl  Scots;  the  king  dismissed  it  in  a  huff, 
5lh  May;  after  a  .S'ssioii  of  three  wwks:  His- 
torians call  it  the  Short  Parliament.     His  Majesty 
decides  on  niising  money  and  an  Army  '  by  other 
melhiKls';  to  whi(h  cndAVentworth,  now   Earl 
Stnfford   and   Lord  Lieutenant  of  Inland,  who 
had  advised  that  course  in  the  Council,  did  hini- 
s<lf  subscribe  fjd.odii.     Archbishop    Laud   had 
hmg  ago  seen  'a  cloud  rising'  against  the  Fiair 
surplices  at   .Mlhallowtide;  and  now  it  is  cover- 
ing the  whole  sky  in  a  most  disni;il  and  really 
thiinihTv-li  11  iking  manner.    I  [is  .Majesty  by  'other 
inetlioils,'    ciininiissiiin    of    array,    bcnev(.ilen(c, 
frimd  lii;iii.  or  liiiH  he  could,  gut"  a  kind  of  Army 
on  foot,  and  set  it  m:inhiiig  out  of  the  several 
Cuuniiis  ill  the  >m:-\\  towanis  the  Siolcli  IJor- 
(Icr;  but  it  was  a  most  hopeless  Armv.     'I'lie  s<il- 
iliirs   cilldl    the   all';iir  a    liislmps'  'War:    llicv 
mulinicil   a!.':iiiist    their  olliccrs.    shot    soiiie    (if 
their  ol!ice-s:  ill  Viiriiiiis  Towns  oil  their  iiiarih, 
if  the  (■|('rgviii;iii    wire   rcputci!  PuriT:i!>,    thev 
went  ami  !;:ivi'  him  tlin'c  cheers:  if  of  Surplice 
tendency,   they  sometimes  threw  his  furniture 


870 


l! 


ENOLANI),  1840. 


Th, 
Lvna  Parliament. 


ENGLAND,  1640-1641. 


'} 


if 


*! 


nut  of  till"  window.     No  flKlitins  iiRftinst  poor 
Scotch   Gospellers  wns  to  Ix-   liopeil  for  from 
these  men.     Meanwhile  tlie  Scots,  not  to  Ix.-  lie- 
hindlmnd,    hud    riiiseil    ii  po<xl   Army  of  their 
own ;  and  decided  on  polnj;  into  Knuland  with 
it   tills  time,  •  to  present  their  grievances  to  the 
Kin^'"s  Majesty."    On  the  20lli  of  August,  1040, 
they  cross  the  Tweed  at  I'oldsl-enni ;  Montrose 
wadiii«  in  the  van  of  them  all.     Tlicy  wore  uni 
f.rin  of  h(Khlen  gniy,  willi  Mue  caps;  and  each 
min  liad  a  modenite  havcrsiiek  of  oatmeal  on  his 
back.     AuRUst  SHth.  the  Scots  force  tlicir  way 
across  thcTyne.  at  Niwliurii,  some  miles  above 
Newcastle;  tlie  Kinp's  Army  making'  small  ti)?ht, 
most  of  them  no  light;  hurrying   fnmi   New- 
<astle,  and  all  town  and  country  (piarters,  to- 
wards York  again,  nliere  his  Majesty  and  Stnif- 
fonl  were.     The  Ilishops'  War  was  at  an  end. 
The  Scots,  striving  lo  lie  gentle  as  doves  in  their 
lichaviour,  and  pulilishing  boundless  brotherly 
Di-clarations    to   all    the    brethren    that    loved 
Christ's  Gospel  and  God's  ,Iustice  in  England.— 
t(K)k  poss<'S8ion  of  Newcastle  next  dav;  tcMik  pos- 
sessiim  gradually    of    all  Northunilierland   and 
Durham.  — and  stayed  there,   in  various  towns 
and  villages.  alK)ut  a  year.     The  whole  body  of 
Knglish   I'uritans   looked    upnn   Ihein   as  their 
siiviours.   .  .   .  Ilia  Majesty  anil  SlralTord.  in  a 
line  frenzy  at  tlie  turn  of  nITairs,  found  no  ref 
uge.  except  to  summon  a  't'ouncil  of  Peers."  to 
enter  upon  a  'Treaty  '  wiili  the  Scots;  and  alas. 
at  hist,  summon  a  New  l'arli:unent.     Not  to  be 
helped  in  any  wav.  .  .   .  A  I'arliam"nt  was  ap- 
pointed for  the  lid  of  Noveml«r  lU'Xt ;  — where- 
upon London  cliierfully  lent  1".'(KI,IHMJ;  anil  the 
Treaty    with  the    Scols   at  liipc.n,   1st  Oetoher, 
1040,   bv   and    by   Iraiisfern d    lo  London,  went 
licaceahly  on   ai  a   very   h  isunly    pace.     The 
.Scotch  Army  lav  (piarlend  at  Newcastle,  and 
over  Northumberland  and  Durham,  on  an  allow- 
ance of  iWO  a  day  ;  an  Army  indisiH'nsable  for 
I'uritan  objects;  lio  haste  in  linisliing  its  Treaty. 
The  Knglish  army  lay  across  in  Yorkshire;  with- 
(lut  allowance  e.vcep't  from  the  casualties  of  the 
King's  E.vcheepieri  in  a  dissatiitied  manner,  and 
oicasionally  getting  into   '  Arniy-l'lots."     This 
rarliamcnt,  which  met  on  the  'M  of  NovendKr. 
1010.  has  become  very  celebrated  in  lILstory  by 
the  name  of  the   'Long  Tarliament.' "— T.  Car- 
Ivle.  I'l-nimrfll's  fatten  and  fjitcclim,  ;//.  1.-  1040. 
Also  IN:  ■!.  Forstcr,  Stntrnmeii  i>f  the  Coinmvii- 
ir,,ill/i :  Slniff.ird.S.  II.  Gardiner.  //<*<.  nf  Kiig., 
l(io:(  l(;l',>,  (7.    'J1-'J4.— .1.   II.    Hurton,    IIM.   nf 
S;,n,ii„!,  rli.  72-7:!  (I'.  7). 

A.  D.  1640. — Acquisition  and  settlement  of 
Madras.     Selsnn:  A.  D    10(MI-170'J. 

A.  D.  1640-1641.— The  Long  Parliament 
and  the  beginning  of  its  work.— Impeachment 
and  Execution  of  Strafford.- "Tlie  game  of 
tyiaiiTiy  was  imw  up.  Charles  had  risked  and 
lust  his  last  Make,  It  is  impossible  to  trace  the 
niortilieatioiis  and  huniili:iti<ms  which  this  bad 
man  now  had  to  endure  without  a  feeling  of  vin- 
dictive pleasure,  lii-^  army  was  mutinous;  his 
treasury  was  empty  ;  liis  people  damoureil  fur  a 
I'arliainciit ;  addresses  and  petitions  against  the 
government  were  presi'iiled.  Stratford  was  for 
shooting  those  who  prcx  iited  them  by  ni:irtial 
law.  butllie  king  could  not  trust  the  soldiers. 
A  great  council  of  Peers  uas  called  at  York,  but 
!!ic  kii:gw("i!d  n-'t  t!^:-i  <v,  11  th.-  !'..v;  !!,■ 
stnggled,  he  evaded,  he  hesitaleil.  In-  tried  cv(  r> 
shift  rather  than  again  face  <lie  R'pRscnlatives 


of  his  tnjuml  people.     At  length  no  shift  wm 
left.     He  made  tt  truce  with  the  Scots,  and  sum- 
moned a  Parliament.  .  .  .  On  the  3d  of  Novcm- 
iH'r,  1840  —  a  dav  to  be  long  rememlMTiHl  —  met 
that  great  Parliament,  destined  10  every  extreme 
of  fortune  —  to  empire  and  to  sirvitude,  to  glory 
and  to  rontcmi>l ;  —  at  one  time  the  sovereign  of 
its  sovereign,  at  another  lime  th<-  servant  of  its 
servants,  and  the  tool  of  its  tiMils.     From  the 
tirst  day  of  its  mi'ding  the  attendance  was  great, 
and  the  aspect  of  the  memlK-rs  wiis  that  of  men 
not  <lisposed  to  do  the  work  negligently.     The 
dissolution  of  the  late  Parliament  hiul  convinced 
most    of   them    that    half    ineasures    would   no 
longer  si.llice.    Clarendon  tells  us  that  '  the  same 
men  who,  six  months  before,  were  observed  to 
be  of  very  in<«lerate  tempers,  and  to  wish  that 
gentle  remedies  might  he  applied,  talked  now  in 
another  dialect  Isith  of  kings  and  persons;  and 
said  that  they  must  now  be  of  another  temper 
than  they  were  the  last  Parliamint."    The  dibt 
of  vengeance  was  swollen  bv  all  the  usury  which 
had  been  accumulating  during  many  years;  and 
pavment  was  made  to  the  full.     Tl"    memorable 
(  risis  calleel  forth  parliamentary  abilities,  such  ils 
England   had   never  before  seen.     Among    the 
most  distinguished   members  of  the  House  of 
Commons  were  Falkland,  Ilvde,  Pigby,  Young, 
Harry    Vaiii>.    Oliver  St.    John.    Denzil   Ilollis, 
Nathaniel  Fiennes.     But  two  men   exercisid  a 
parannnint  intluenee  over  the  legislature  and  the 
country  —  Pvni  and  Hampden:  and,  by  the  uni 
vcrsal  consent  of  friends  and  enemies,  the  first 
place  lielonged  to  Ilampilen."— I-flrd  Macaulay, 
Siiijtiit'a   Miiiinriiilx  of  Ihiniinlen    (Criticiil  and 
MinrdUiiwim  Eiainju.  r,  'J).— "The  resolute  lixiks 
of  the  members  as  they  gathered  at  Westminster 
contrasted  with  the  hesitating  worlsof  the  king, 
and  each  brought  from   Iwrough  or  county  a 
petition   ot    grievances.     Fresh    petitions    -.vcre 
briaight  every  day  by  bands  of  citizens  or  far 
niers.     Forty  committees  were  appointed  to    x 
amine  and   report  on  them,   and   their  reports 
formed   the   grounds   on    which  the    Commons 
acted.    One  bv  one  the  illegal  acts  of  the  Tyranny 
were   annulhd.     I'rynne   and   his  fellow  'mar 
tyrs'  recalled  from  tiieir  prisons,  entered  London 
in  triumph,  amid  llie  shouts  of  a  great  multi 
tude  who  strewed  laurel  in  their  path.     The  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction  of  the  Privy  Council. 
the  Star  ChamlHT.  the  Court  of  High  Coninii- 
fion,  Ihi'  irregular   Jurisdictions  of  the  Council 
of  the  North",  of   the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  the 
County  of  Chester,  and  a  crowd  of  lcs.scr  tribunals, 
w ere  summarily  abolished.     Sliip-money  was  de 
dared  illegal,  and  the  judgment  in  H::mpdeii's 
ca.sc  annulled.     A  statute  declaring  'the  ancient 
rigid   of  the  subjects  of   this  kingdom  that  ii'i 
siibsidy.  custom,  impost,    or  any  charge  what 
siH'Ver.  ought  or  may  be  laid  or  imposed  upon  any 
merchandize  exported  or  imported  by  sulijecls. 
denizens  or  allies,  witlicmt  common  consent  of 
Parliament,'   put    an  end   forever  lo  all  pret.  11- 
sioiis  to  a  liL'lit  of  arbitrary  ta.xation  on  the  p;irt 
of  till-    (rown.     A  Triennial    Hill  enforced    !!!•■ 
AsMiiiblvof  the  Houses  every  three  years,  :o  1 
bound  t'ie  shcrill  and  cilicens  to  proceed  toiUr 
lion  if  Hie  IJoyal  writ  failed  lo  summon  tin  m. 
Charli  s  protested,  but  gave  way.     He  was  for. .  1 
to  look   helplessly  on  at  the  wreck  of  his  '\'\r 
■.■.:•.:■.:■    tor  Ihe  Sco'leh  annv  WiiS  still  cneaiepe.l  i:i 
till'  north.   .   .      Meanwhile  the  Coininons  wrc 
dealing  roughly   with   the  agents  of  the  !{oyd 


880 


ENGLAND,  164ft-l»41 


impeaehmen  t 
of  Lord  Strafford. 


ENGLAND.  1«4(>-164I. 


lystem.  .  .  Windclmnk.  the  SiTnlury  nf  State, 
with  the  Chaiicclldr,  Finch,  tied  iu  tirr.jr  over 
«'ii  LhikI  hiinstlf  »iia  Hiiiij;  into  pti m.  ,  .  . 
But  ovin  Im\u\,  liiitcfiil  ns  lie  was  to  all  hut  IIk^ 
poor  nci^lil>oiir!i  wliosc  prayers  liisaliiib  liad  won, 
was  not  tlie  centre  of  so  iireat  unit  universal  a 
biitreil  as  tlie  Earl  of  Strattonl.  Straffonl's  guilt 
was  more  than  the  i:uilt  of  a  servile  instrument 
of  tyranny  —  it  was thi'  (ruill of  'that  praud  apos- 
titelothe  C'oinnionwcallh  who.' in  the  terrihle 
wonls  which  elos<il  Lord  Diu'hv's  invective, 
'must  lait  expect  to  he  pardoiiiil  in  this  world 
till  he  lie  dispatched  to  the  other.'  lie  was  con 
goioiis  of  his  danjfcr,  but  Charhs  forced  him  to 
attend  the  Court."  lie  came  to  London  with  the 
soliinn  assurance  of  his  ma.stcr  that,  "while 
then'  was  a  kini;  in  England,  not  a  hair  of  Siraf- 
foril's  head  should  lie  touched  hy  the  I'arlia- 
Drill.  '  Ininiediatcly  iMi|ieachecl  of  high  treason 
by  the  Commons,  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  he  re- 
ceived from  the  king  a  second  and  more  solemn 
pledge,  hy  letter,  that,  "upon  the  word  of  » 
king,  you  shall  not  sulTcr  in  life,  honour  or  for- 
tune." But  the  "wonl  of  a  king  '  liki'  Charles 
Stuart,  had  neither  honor  nor  gralituile,  nor  u 
decent  self  respect  behind  it.  He  coulil  Im."  false 
to  a  friend  as  easily  as  to  an  eueniy.  When  the 
Commons,  fearing  failure  on  the  trial  of  their 
impeachment,  resorted  to  a  bill  of  attainder, 
Charles  signed  it  with  a  little  resistance,  anil 
SiralTord  went  bravely  and  manf.'lly  io  the 
block.  "  As  the  a.\c  fell,  the  silence  of  the  great 
^  multitude  was  broken  by  a  universal  shout  of 

joy.  The  streets  blazed  witli  boutins.  The 
IkIIs  clashed  out  from  every  steeple." — J.  It. 
Green,  Slwrt  Hint,  of  Eng.,  ch.  8,  teH.  0.— The 
king  "was  as  deeply  pledged  to  StralToril  as  one 
man  could  be  to  another  -.e  was  as  vitally  con- 
cerned in  saving  the  life  ..id  prolonging  the  ser- 
vice of  incomparably  his  ablest  servant  ns  was 
ever  any  sovereign  in  the  case  of  any  minister; 
yet  it  is  clear  that  for  some  days  past,  pnibably 
ever  since  the  first  signs  of  popular  tumult  Iw- 
gan  to  manifest  themselves,  he  had  been  waver- 
ing Four  days  before  the  Bill  pas.se(I  the  Lonis, 
!>trilIord  as  is  well  known,  entreated  the  king  to 
assiiit  to  it.  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  the  ab- 
solute sincerity  with  whicli,  at  the  moment  of  its 
-^B  coiiii  ptiou,  the  prisoner  penned  Ida  famous  let- 

ter from  the  Tower.  That  passiimate  chivalry 
of  loyalty,  which  has  never  animated  any  hii- 
nian  heart  in  eiiiial  Intensity  since  btr.ilford's 
ceased  to  lieat,  inspires  every  line.  .  .  .  Charles 
turned  distractedly  from  one  lulviser  to  another, 
not  so  much  for  counsel  as  for  ciciise.  lie  did 
imt  want  his  jui!gment  guided,  but  his  con- 
si  iince  iiuieted;  and  bis  coiinsi'llors  knew  it. 
They  hail  other  reasons,  too,  for  urging  him  to 
his  dishonour.  I'anic  seems  to  have  seised  upon 
till  ni  all.  The  only  man  who  would  not  have 
ipiaili'il  before  the  fury  of  the  populace  was  the 
M]:iii  himslf  whose  fife  was  treinliling  in  tlie 
li;i'anii-.  The  judges  were  summopeil  to  declare 
iNiir  i.pinion,  and  replied,  with  a.  admirable 
1  iiiiiie  nf  noncommitting  terms,  that  'upon  all 
ilio  wliirli  their  Lonlships  li.ivc  voted  to  be 
prirM.,1  the  K^irl  „f  SimlTord  dolh  desi-rve  to  un- 
ili  r.'ii  the  pujiis  and  forfeitures  of  high  treason.' 
Cliarlrs  Milt  lor  the   liisliops.  and   the  bislmps. 

wiih  Hie    honiiiiralile    exce|ilii f   ,Iuxon.   in 

furiiiid    him   I  hut,  he    liinl    two  conseieiices.— a 

j-.-'ilr  :ii:;i  a  jirivale  .i.ii~.  nine.— and  (IiaL    his 

piihhe  conscience  us  a  king  might  not  only  dis 

•'itl 


pcnse  with,  but  oblige  him  to  do,  that  which 
was  against  his  conscience  as  a  man.'  What 
passed  between  them'  two  Kniints  in  cotnmon  of 
the  royal  breast  during  the  whole  of  Sunday, 
May  0th,  11)41,  is  within  no  earthly  knowleilge; 
but  at  some  lime  on  that  day  Charles's  public 
conscience  got  the  better  of  its  private  rival. 
He  siu'iHil  a  commis.sion  for  giving  the  royal  as- 
sent to  the  Bill,  and  on  Monday,  May  IDth,  in 
the  presence  of  a  House  scarcely  able  to  credit 
the  act  of  betrayal  which  was  taking  place  be- 
fore them,  the  Conimi.ssioner8  pronounced  the 
fatal  Le  roi  le  vciilt  over  the  enactment  which 
condemned  his  .Minister  to  the  block.  Charles, 
of  loiirse,  miglit  still  have  reprieved  him  by  an 
exercise  of  the  prerogative,  but  tlie  fears  »"hich 
made  him  acquiesce  in  the  sentence  availed  to 
prevent  him  from  arresting  its  execution."— H. 
1).  Tniill.  Lord  Stniffonl,  pp.  lO.'i-lUa— "  It  is  a 
sorry  ollice  to  plant  the  foot  on  a  worm  so 
crushed  and  viritliiug  as  the  wretcheil  king  .  .  . 
[who  abandoned  Slralfonl]  for  it  was  one  of  the 
few  crimes  of  w  liich  he  was  in  the  event  thor- 
oughly sensible,  and  friend  has  for  once  co- 
operated with  fiK-  in  the  sleailv  application  to  it 
of  the  branding  iron.  There  is  in  truth  hardly 
any  w.ay  of  relieving  the  '  damned  spot '  of  its 
intensity  of  hue  even  by  distributing  the  concen- 
trateil  infamy  over  other  portions  of  Charh  -I'g 
character.  .  .  .  When  we  have  convinced  our- 
selves that  this  'unthankful  king 'never  really 
loved  Strafford ;  that,  as  much  as  in  him  lay,  he 
kept  tlic  dead  Uuckingham  in  his  old  privilege 
of  mischief,  by  adopting  his  aversions  anil  abid- 
ing by  his  spleenful  purposes;  that,  in  his  re- 
fusals to  u»  aril  those  increased  honours  for  which 
his  minister  was  a  petitioner,  on  the  avowed 
grou.id  of  tlic  royal  interest,  may  be  discerned 
the  petty  triumph  of  one  who  dares  not  dispense 
with  the  services  thrust  upon  him,  but  revenges 
himself  by  withliolding  their  well-earm-d  rewanl; 
—  still  docs  the  blackness  accumulate  to  hafOB 
our  efforts.  The  paltry  tears  he  is  said  to  have 
shed  only  bum  that  blackness  in.  If  bis  after 
condu.  indeed  had  been  different,  he  might  have 
availed  himself  of  one  excuse, — but  that  the  man, 
who,  in  a  few  sliort  months,  proved  that  he  could 
make  so  resolut«  a  stand  somewhere,  sliouhl  have 
judged  tills  event  no  occasion  for  attempting  It, 
IS  either  a  crowning  infan'y  or  an  infinite  consola- 
tion, according  as  we  may  judge  wickedness  or 
weakness  to  have  preponderated  in  tlie  constitu- 
tion of  Charles  I.  ...  As  to  Strafford's  death, 
the  remark  that  the  people  had  no  alternative,  in- 
cludes all  that  it  is  necessary  to  urge.  The  king's 
assurancesof  his  intention  toafford  him  no  further 
opportunity  of  crime,  could  surely  weigh  nothing 
with  men  who  had  observed  how  an  infinitely  more 
disgusting  minister  of  his  will  had  only  seemed 
to  rise  the  higher  in  his  master's  estimation  for 
the  aieumiilated  curses  of  the  nation.  Nothing 
but  the  knife  of  Fellon  could  .sever  in  tliat  case 
the  weak  head  and  the  wu  ked  instrument,  and  it 
is  to  the  honour  of  the  adversaries  of  ^;traffo^^ 
that  they  were  earnest  that  their  cause  shouhl 
viiiilieiite  it.si  If  completely,  and  look  for  no  ad- 
venlitious  redress.  SliaiTiiril  Inid  outraged  the 
people  —  this  was  not  denied.  He  was  defended 
on  the  ground  of  those  outnigcs  not  amounting 
to  a  tieasoii  against  the  king.  For  my  own  part, 
this  defenie  appears  to  me  ileeisive.  looking  at  it 
ilia  ieihniiiil  view,  and  wiih  our  present  settie- 
ment  of  evidence  and  treason.     But  to  concede 


881 


ENOLANn,   1640-1(M1 


Imprachmfnt 
(./  Lord  StraJforJ. 


KXGLAND,  IMl. 


•I 


(lin;  point,  after  tin-  mlvanocM  llK-y  liiid  iiiadi'. 
would  luiw  bini  in  liiiil  diiy  to  concede  nil.  It 
w;is  to  Ih!  shown  llmt  uiioliuT  power  had  chiini 
U>  the  loyalty  iind  the  sirvice  of  Stmfford  —  and 
if  H  claim,  then  a  vcnKcancc  to  c.vact  for  its  ncj; 
led.  And  this  was  done.  .  .  .  One  inonientury 
emotion  .  .  .  cscupeil  .  .  .  [StratTord]  when  he 
was  told  to  prepare  for  ihath.      IIi>  asked  if  the 

kintf  had  in<l 1  assented  to  the  hill.     S<cret.irv 

OarlelxHi  answered  in  the  alllnnative;  and  Straf- 
ford, laying  his  hand  on  his  heart,  and  raising 
im  eyes  to  lieav(  n.  ullereil  the  nieniorahle  words, 
— '  Put  not  your  trust  in  princes,  nor  in  the  sons  of 
men.  for  in' them  lliere  is  no  salvation.'  Cliarless 
ainilucl  -as  indeed  incredibly  monstrous.  "—K. 
IJrowniiii;,  Thomna  W'i  ntirorth,  Kirl  nf  SIraff'ird 
{Kiiiiwiil  liritUh  St,ile»iiun,  hy  J"hit  hunter,  r.  2, 
;-/..  40:t-40«). 

Also  is:  .1.  Korster,  Stuliumfn  uftlie  (Mininou- 
ir,;ilt/i:  Strafford :  ;V"<.— Karlof  Clarenilon,  lli't. 
•ifthe  IliMlhii,  Ilk.  3(c.  1).  — Lord  Nugent,  .Vcz/i"- 
iuiU  of  IhmfHltii.  pt.  .'i-fl  (r.  1-2|.  —  Lady  1. 
Lewis,  Life  ••!'  h>rd  h'tlkland. 

The  followiuK  are  the  Articles  of  Imiwachmeiit 
uniler  which  StmlTord  was  tried  and  condemned: 
■  .Vrtides  of  till'  Commons,  iissenililcd  in  I'arlia- 
nienl,  airainst  Tliomas  Earl  of  Stratloril,  in  Main- 
tenance of  their  Aecus:ition.  whereby  he  stands 
chargi'd  with  lli^'h  Treason.     I.  That  he  the  saiil 
Thomas  earl  of  StralTord  hath  traiterously  en- 
(liMVoured  to  subvert  the  fundamental  laws  and 
Kovcrnmcnt  of  the  realms  of  England  and  Ire- 
l.iud,  and.  instead  lliereof,  to  intriMluce  an  arbi- 
trary and  tyrannical  government,  aiiainst  law, 
whiih   he   hath  declared    by   traiterous  wonls, 
coims<ls,  and  actions,  anil  by  givinj,'  his  majesty 
advice,  by  force  of  arms,   to  compel  his  loyal 
subjects  to  submit  thereunto.     U.  That  he  hath 
traiterously  assumed  to  himself  regal  power  over 
till'  lives.  lIlxTtics  of  persons,  lands,  and  goods  of 
his  majesty's  8ul)jeils,  in  Englan<l  and  Ireland, 
an<l  hath  exercised  the  same  tyrannically,  to  the 
subversion  and  undoing  of  many,  both  peers  and 
olliers,  of  his  majesty's  lieg(!  [leople.     III.  The 
belter  to  inrich,  ami  enable  himself  to  go  tlirou  'h 
witli  his  traiterous  designs,  he  hath  detained  a 
great  part  of  his  majesty's  revenue,  witlioul  giv 
ing  any  legal  accounts;  and  hath  taken  great  sums 
of  money  out  of  the  c.<clie<iucr,  converting  them 
1,1  Ills  own  use,  when  his  majesty  was  neci'ssitated 
for  Ills  own  urgent  occiusions,  and  his  army  liad 
iMcn  a    long   lime   luipaid.     IV.  That  he  halli 
tniilerously  abuseil  the  power  and  authority  of 
liis  govcriuneul,  to  the  increasing,  (iiuntenancing, 
and  encouraging  of  Papists,  that  so  lie  might 
Mllle  a  mutual  ilipendenci^  ami  conlliU'ncc'  be- 
twixt himself  anil  that  parly,  and  liy  llieir  lielp 
pr.isecute    and    acconiplisli    bis    malicious    and 
lyninuical  designs.     V.  That  he  hath  malii  iously 
eiuU  ivoured  t<i  stir  up  enmity  and  liostility  be- 
tween bis  majesty's  subjects  of    England   and 
those  of  Seoiliiiid     VI.  That  he  hatli  tniiterously 
lirokin  the   great   tru.st   reposed  in  him  by  bis 
majesty,  of  lieutenant  general  of  his  Army,  by 
wilfully  lietraying  divers  of  his  majesty  ssubjiMts 
to  deatli,  his  in:ijestys  Army  lo  a  dishonoumlile 
ilefeat  by  the  Scots  at  Ncwbonu',  ami  tlie  town  of 
Newcastle  into  llicir  hamls,  to  llie  end  that,  by 
elfii.siou  of  blood,  by  dislionour,  by  so  great  :i  loss 
:is  of  Newcastle,  id's  niaji'sly's  n  aim  of  England 

!!ii;_rlit.  lie  eiiLML-ed  ill  ;!  i!:i!ion:il  and  irrei cil- 

abie  ipiarrel  witli  Ihe  Scots.     Vll.  Thai,  to  pf"' 
serve  himself  from  Ixing  iiuestioiied  for  tliesi' 


and  otlicr  his  traiU'MUs  courses,  he  lalHiim-d  to 
subvrt  the  right  of  parliamenls.  and  the  ancient 
(.mrse   of   parliamentary    priKvediiigs,    and,   by 
fals<>  anil  ni:ilieious  slanders,  to  incense  his  maj 
against  parlianieiits,— Hy  which  words,  counsels, 
and  actions,  he  lialh  trai'lcrously.  and  contrary  to 
his  allegiance.  lilKiured  to  alienate  the  hearts  of 
tlie  king's  liege  people   from  his  maj.   to  s<>t  a 
ilivision  Is'twcen  tlieni.  and  to  ruin  and  deslMy 
his  majesty's  kingdoms,  for  which  they  do  im 
peach  him  of    lligli  Treason   against   our  sov 
creigii  lord    the    kinu'.    his  crown   end   dignity 
And  ho  the  said  carl  of  StmlTonl  was  lord  deputy 
of  Ireland,   or   lord   lieutenant   of   Ireland,  and 
lieiit.    general   of    the    Army    there,    under    his 
majestv.  and  a  sworn   jirivy  counsellor  lo  his 
maj.  for  his  kingdoms  bolli  of  England  and  Ire 
land,  anil  lord  president  of  the  North,  during  tlie 
liinetliat  all  and  every  of  the  crimes  and  oiTences 
before  set  fortli  were  done  and  committed;  and 
he  the  said  earl  was  lieiit.  gencnil  of  his  majesty's 
Army  in  the  Nortli  parts  of  England,  during  tlie 
time   tliat  the  crimes  and   oirences   in   the   5th 
and  Cth  Articles  set  forth  were  done  and  com 
mitted.  —  And    the   s:iid    commons,    by    protes 
tatiim,     saving    to    themselves    the    liberty    of 
exhibiting    at    any    time    hereafter    any    other 
Accusiilion  or    Impeachment    agidnst  the   said 
earl,  and  also  of  replying  to  the  Answer  that 
he    the    said    earl  shall    make    unto    the    sidd 
Articles,  or  to  any  of  them,  and  of  otlcring  proof 
also  of  the  premises,  or  any  of  them,  or  of  any 
other  Accusation  or  Impeachment  that  shall  be 
by  them  exhibited,  as  tlie  case  shall,  according 
to  the  course  of  parliaments,  require;  and  do 
pray  that  the  sidil  oarl  may  lie  put  to  answer  to 
all  and  every  the  premises;  and  that  such  pro 
ceedings,  examination,  trial,  and  judgment,  may 
be  upon  every  of  them  had  and  used,  as  is  agree 
able  to  law  and  justice."— f'wAAf/('»  Parlianuul 
aru  IIM.  of  Eiiglind.  r>.  2.  pp.  737-739. 

A.  D.  1641  (March— May).— The  Root  and 
Branch  BilL— "  A  bill  was  brought  lu  [March. 
1(141).  known  as  the  Ueslraining  Bill,  to  deprive 
Bishops  of  tlieir  rights  of  voting  in  the  House  of 
Lords.  The  opposition  it  encountered  in  tint 
II  >uso  induced  tlie  Commons  to  follow  it  up 
I. May  27]  with  a  more  vehement  measure,  'for 
iiie  utter  alMilition  of  Archbishops.  Hisho|i>. 
I)e  CIS.  Arc'.idcacons,  Prelicndaries  and  Canons. 
,1  measure  known  by  the  title  of  the  KiKit  aii.l 
;:raiicli  Bill.  By  the  skill  of  the  royal  panisan-_ 
this  bill  was  long  delayed  in  Committee.  "—J.  F 
Bright.  //(■«<.  •f'Kiiii.,  ;«'nV«r2(c.  2).  p.  O-'iO. 

Ai.siiIN;  I).  Masson,  Life  of  J„hii  MUton,  1:  J 
l,k:  2,  rh.  3. 

A.    D.    1641    (October).— Roundheads    and 
Cavaliers. --The   birth  of  English   parties. 
"After  tell  monllisof  assiduous  toil,  the  llouv  - 
in  SeplenitHr,  11141.  adjourned  for  a  sliort  v:ir  1 
lion  and   the   king  visited   Scotland,      lie  «it:r 
diHieully  p;ieilied  tliat  kingilom.  by  coiisiMiiiii-- 
nnt  only  to  rcliuiiuish  his  plans  of  ecidesiasii.  .1 
reform,  but  even  to  pass,  with  a  very  bail  gnu - 
an  act  deilariiig  I  hat  episcopacy  was  contrary  '. 
tlie   word  of  God.     Tiie  neess  of  the   En-li- ' 
P.irlianieiit  lasted  six  weeks.     The  day  on  wlii    : 
the  houses  met  again  is  one  of  the  most  reiiiai', 
able  epochs  in  our  history.     Erom  that  dayd:r.  ^ 
the  corporate  existence  of  the  two  great  parti  - 
which  have  ever  since  alternately  governed  '.1 
couiilrv.   .   .   .    During   tlie   lirst   niomiis  of   u.- 
Long  'Parliameut.    the   indignation  excited    !  y 

) 


8S2 


ENGLAND,  1641 


Koundheadg 
and  CavalierB. 


ENGLAND,   1641 


ni.iiiy  years  of  lawliss  opprt'ssion  was  so  strong 
Hul  i.'i'iunil  tlmt  till'  House  of  Commons  acted  as 
one  miin.  Al)usi>  aftiT  abuse  disapiMnred  with- 
out a  s'ruL'dli'.  It  a  small  nunority  of  the  repre- 
sentative IhxIv  wished  to  retain  the  Star  t'hanilxT 
and  the  lligli  C'onuniasion,  that  ndnorily.  over- 
awed liy  the  enthusiasm  and  by  the  nuinerieal 
superiority  of  the  reformers,  coutentc-d  itself  with 
secretly  reirrelliiiK  iiistitulioiis  whii  h  eoidd  not, 
with  ally  hope  of  success,  bi^  openly  defemled. 
Ai  a  later  ((eriod  the  Koyalists  found  it  con- 
veiiiinl  to  antedate  the  separation  between  tliem- 
selvi't  ami  tiieir  opponents,  and  to  attribute  tlie 
Alt  wliich  restrained  tlie  liing  from  dissolving 
or  priini(,'uing  the  Parliament,  the  Triennial  Act, 
till'  iin|H'achnient  of  tile  ministers,  and  the  at 
lainder  of  Strairord,  to  the  faction  which  aftir 
warils  made  war  ou  the  king.  But  no  artillce 
eiiulil  Im'  more  disingenuous.  Every  one  of  tliose 
strong  measures  was  actively  promoted  by  the 
nun  wlio  were  ttfterwnrila  foremost  among  the 
Cavaliers.  No  re|)ubUcan  spoke  of  the  long  nus- 
govirnmeut  of  Cliarles  more  severely  than  Cole- 
pepper.  The  most  n'lnarkable  s|H'ecU  iu  favour 
of  the  Triennial  Hill  was  ma<le  by  Digby.  The 
inipeadmient  of  the  Lord  Keeper  was  moved  by 
Falkland.  The  demand  that  the  LonI  Lieuten- 
ant should  Ikj  kept  close  prisoner  was  made  ut 
the  lar  of  the  Lords  by  Hyde.  Not  till  the  law 
attainting  Strallord  was  proposed  did  the  signs  of 
serious  disuuiuu  become  visible.  Even  against 
that  law,  a  law  which  nothing  but  e.\treme  n"- 
ce.-ibity  could  justify,  only  about  sixty  members 
of  the  House  of  Commons  voted.  It  is  certain 
t:  It  lly<le  was  not  in  the  minority,  and  that 
Falklanil  not  only  voted  with  the  majority,  but 
spoke  strongly  for  the  bill.  Even  the  few  who 
entertained  a  scruple  about  intlicting  deatli  by  a 
rilrospeetive  enactment  thought  it  neees.sary  to 
ixpress  the  utmost  abhorrence  of  Strallords 
diiiracter  and  administration.  But  under  this 
apparent  concord  a  great  schism  was  latent ;  and 
wiun,  in  Octotier  1641,  the  Parliament  reas- 
.si milled  after  a  short  recess,  two  hostile  parties, 
e>M  iitially  the  same  with  those  which,  under  dif- 
liTint  names,  have  ever  since  contended,  and 
iire  siill  ( ontending,  for  the  direction  of  public 
iilfiirs.  aplieare<l  confronting  each  other.  Dur- 
iii;  some  years  they  were  designate<i  as  Cavaliers 
.mil  liiiuiulhead.s.  They  were  snbseiiuently  called 
Tories  and  Whigs;  nor  does  it  seem  that  these 
.■ijiprllaiions  are  likelv  s<Min  to  become  olisolete." 
—  l.or.l  .Maeaulay,  j'liiit.  of  Kiif/liihil,  cli.  1.  — It 
wa<  Mot  until  some  months  later,  liowever,  that 
till  name  of  lioundheads  was  applied  to  the  ile- 
fiii'lirs  of  popular  rights  by  their  royalist  ad- 
VI  rsuriis.     .Se  liofMUlK.VIJS. 

A.  D.  1641  (NoTember).— The  Grand  Remon- 
strance.—Larly  in  Novembir,  1(141,  the  king 
!« iiiL'  in  Snitland,  and  news  of  the  insurrection 
11  in  land  having  just  reached  London,  the  |iarty 
'1'  I'yoi.  llauipdeu.  and  Cromwell  "  resolved  on 
a  -rr.ii  piiehed  battle  iMitween  them  and  the  op- 
I'o^iti' n.  wliiih  should  try  tlieir  relative  strengths 
li'  tore  the  king's  return;  and  they  chose  to  tight 
■ail  li.iitle  over  a  vast  document,  which  they  1  n- 
'■'I'd  'A  Dei  lanitiou  and  Hemonstranee  of  the 
■■■'all  of  tlie  Kingchim.'  but  which  has  eoine  to  be 
l^iiott II  filler  as  The  Gnind  liemonstrance.  .  .  . 
I  III- Motion  of  a  great  general  document  which. 
Mnl,  r  ihe  nameof  \  Remonstrance.'  should  pre- 
^'.■!ii.  to  •!:;•  kiiiir  inane  view  a  linrvry  of  tin-  I'-rir,- 
eijial  evils  that  iiad  crept  into  the  kingdom  iu  his 


own  and  preceding  reigns,  with  a  detection  of 
their  causes,  and  a  spicilieation  of  the  remedies, 
hail  more  'lian  once  been  before  the  Commons. 
It  had  been  llrst  miHited  by  Lord  Digby  while 
the  Parliament  was  not  a  weik  old.  Again  and 
again  si  t  aside  for  more  iuunediate  work,  it  had 
recurred  to  the  leaders  of  the  Movement  party, 
just  before  the  king's  departure  for  Scotland,  as 
likely  to  afford  the  broail  battle-ground  with  the 
opposition  then  beconung  desirable.  'A  liemon- 
strance to  be  made,  bow  we  founil  the  Kingdom 
and  the  Church,  and  how  the  state  of  it  now 
stands,'  such  was  the  description  of  the  then  in- 
tended diieumeiit  (.Vug.  7).  The  document  had 
doubtless  been  in  nhearsal  through  the  Uecess, 
for  on  the  Hth  of  November  thc>  rough  draft  of  it 
w as  presented  to  the  lloust!  and  reail  at  thi' clerk's 
table.  When  we  say  that  the  diHtument  iu  its 
final  form  occupies  thirteen  folio  pages  of  rather 
close  print  in  Uushworth,  and  consists  of  a  pre- 
amble followeil  by  200  articles  or  |iaragraplis  duly 
numl)ered,  one  can  conceive  wliat  u  task  tlie  reau- 
iiig  of  even  the  llrst  draft  of  it  must  have  been, 
and  through  what  a  storm  of  successive  debates 
over  proposed  amendments  and  additions  It 
reached  completeness.  There  had  Ikcii  no  such 
debates  vet  in  the  Parliament" — I).  Ma.s.son,  Life 
ofj'jhii  )fiW>ii.  e.  3,  bk.  2,  c'l.  0.—"  It  [The  Grand 
Uemonstraneel  emlH)die3  tlie  case  of  the  Parlia- 
ment against  the  Ministers  of  the  king.  It  is  the 
most  authentic  statement  ever  put  forth  of  the 
wrongs  endured  by  all  classes  of  the  English 
|ieople,  during  tlic  first  fifteen  years  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  I. ;  and,  for  that  reiison.  the  most  com- 
plete jiistitication  upon  reionl  of  the  Great  Re- 
bellion." The  debates  on  The  Gmnil  Itemon- 
strance  were  begun  Nov.  9  and  ended  Nov.  33, 
when  the  vote  was  taken;  Ayes,  I.IO. — Noes.  148. 
—So  evenly  were  the  (larties  in  the  great  strug- 
gle then  divided. — J.  Forster,  Jlist.  ami  Biiig. 
KuMtyn,  v.  I  .*  Ihhnten  oil  the  ijratul  lieinonHtrance. 
— The  followinjj  is  tlie  text  of  "The  Grand  Re- 
monstrance," with  that  of  the  Petition  preceding 
it:  "  .Most  Gracious  Sovereign:  Vour  Majesty's 
most  humble  and  faithful  subjects  the  Commons 
in  this  jiresent  Parliament  assembled,  do  with 
much  t[i:u)'  'ulncss  and  jov   acknowledge   the 

fieat  mercy  md  favour  of  God,  in  giving  your 
lajesty  a  safe  and  peaceable  return  out  of  Scot- 
laud  into  your  kingdom  of  England,  where  the 
jiressing  dangers  and  distempers  of  the  State 
liave  caused  us  with  much  earnestness  to  desire 
the  coNifiut  of  your  gracious  presence,  and  like- 
K  is<'  the  unity  and  jiistiie  of  your  royalauthority, 
to  give  more  life  and  |iower  to  the  dutiful  and 
loyal  couiiselsand  endeavours  of  your  Parliament, 
for  the  prevention  of  tli:it  eminent  ruin  and  de- 
slruetiou  wherein  your  kingiiomsof  England  and 
Scothiud  are  threatened.  The  duty  which  wo 
owe  to  your  Jlajrsty  and  our  country,  cannot  but 
luiike  us  very  si-iisitile  and  apprehensive,  that  tlie 
multiplicity,  sharpness  and  uniliguity  of  those 
evils  iinilir  whiih  we  have  now  many  years  >^uf- 
fiTid.  are  fomented  and  cherished  by  a  corrupt 
and  ill  alleeted  party,  who  amongst  other  their 
inischieviius  devices  for  the  alteration  of  religion 
and  government,  have  sought  by  many  f;iUe 
scandals  :iiid  imputations,  cunningly  insimiated 
Hiiil  dispersed  amongst  the  people,  to  blemish  aud 
disgrace  our  proceedings  in  this  Parli;inient.  and 
to  get  themse'lves  a  party  and  lactiou  .imnngst 
voor  siihjirti,  for  the  liriter  stret:L'!he:;i!:T  Ihinj- 
selves   iu   their  wicked   courses,  and    hindering 


883 


ENGLAND,  16(1 


TV  Grand 
Hemotutranet. 


ENGLAND,  tWI. 


thoM?  provislnnii  i>ii<l  nnii'dicK  u  hi<  li  iniglit,  liy 
till'  wifuloiii  of  ymir  Miijfst  V  anil  cornwl  nf  your 
Piirliamciil.  Ih' i>|i|>i>m'iI  iiKaiiHl  lliiin.  Kiir  pre- 
TcnIiiiK  wliiriiif.  ami  llic  lictlcr  iiifurniailon  of 
your  Miijisty.  ymir  I'ccrsunilall  mlurymir  lnyal 
«iiti|(il<,  we  havr  liiin  iir('i'S!,ilali'il  loniakcnclii- 
laratiiiii  nl  iIji'  niali'  of  llii'  kiimiloni.  IhiIIi  iM'forc 
ami  since  till'  asM'iiilily  of  this  I'urliniiitnt,  unto 
this  time.  »  hie  li  wu  ilo  hiinilily  present  to  your 
Majesty,  «illi(inl  llie  least  intenliiMi  to  lay  any 
blemish  upon  yonr  roval  person,  hut  only  lo  rep 
resent  how  vmir  Pnai  niilhorily  ami  trust  have 
been  aliuseif,  to  tlie  );rcat  preju<li(e  ami  ilan^er 
of  your  ,Ma|esly.  ami  of  all  your  (;ihi(1  suhjecls. 
And  lieeauM-  we  have  reason  to  iH'lieve  that  tliose 
malifrnant  parlies.  « liose  prooeeilin(.'s  (  videnlly 
appear  to  lie  mainly  for  llie  advantage  and  in 
crease  (tf  I'opery.  is  eonipos^-d,  set  up,  and  acted 
by  tlie  siihlile  pracliee  (if  tlic  Jesuits  and  otlier 
en;:ineers  and  f.ietors  for  Itoiiie.  and  to  llie  |;reat 
danger  of  liiis  Ixin^rdoin,  and  most  grievous  alllie- 
tion  of  yi>ur  h>\id  sidtjeets,  have  so  far  prevailed 
as  toeorropt  dhersof  \i»ur  Itishops  and  others  in 
prime  places  of  the  Cluirch,  and  idso  to  Iirini; 
divers  of  thise  instnimints  to  be  of  your  I'rivy 
Count  il,  iind  ollar  (  niploynients  of  trust  and 
nearness  about  your  Majisty,  the  Prince,  anil  the 
rest  of  your  royal  cliililren.  And  by  this  means 
have  had  such  an  optTatioii  in  your  counsi-I  and 
the  ino>t  important  alTairs  and  pnK-eedings  of 
your  ^ovi  rninent,  that  a  most  dangerous  division 
and  ( liarireahle  |irepa ration  for  war  betwixt  your 
kingdoms  of  Kngland  and  Scotland,  the  incnase 
of  jealousies  Ixtwixt  your  JIajesty  and  your 
most  obeilient  sulijeets,  the  vi(dent  distraction 
and  inti  rruption  of  this  Parliament,  the  insurrec- 
tion of  the  Papists  in  your  kine(h>ni  of  Irelaml, 
and  bhMMiy  niassiicre  of  your  people,  have  Ih'CD 
not  only  endeavoureil  and  atleinpte<l,  but  in  u 
great  measure  compassed  and  effected.  For  pre- 
venting the  tinal  aeconiplishmcnt  whereof,  your 
poor  subjects  are  enforced  to  engage  their  per- 
sons and  e- tales  to  the  maintaining  of  a  very  ex- 
f)ensiveamliiangerous  war,  notwithstanding  thej 
lavc  alreatly  since  the  beginning  of  tliis  Parlia- 
ment undergone  the  charge  of  il.lO.OOO  sterling, 
or  theriabouts.  for  the  necessary  support  ami 
supply  of  your  Majesty  in  these  present  and  peril- 
ous designs.  .\nd  because  all  our  most  faithful 
emleavours  and  engagements  will  Ik.'  inelTectilal 
for  the  peace,  safety  and  jireservation  of  your 
Majisty  and  your  ]ieopli',  if  some  presint,  real 
and  t  llectual  course  be  not  taken  for  suppressing 
this  wicked  and  niali<.~nant  party;  —  We,  your 
most  liumbU'  and  olH'dient  subjects,  do  with  all 
faithfuhiess  and  humility  besceeii  your  Majesty, 

—  1.  That  \iiu  w  ill  be  graciously  plciised  to  <*on- 
cur  Willi  lite  humlile  desires  of  your  people  in  a 
parliami  litary  way,  fur  the  preserving  the  peace 
and  siilely  if  the  kiiiirilom  from  the  malicious 
desijn~ol  i!.i-  l'..pi~li  parly: —  I'or  de|iriving  the 
Ilisliops  i.l  tin  ir  \"li  s  in  Parlianuiil.  and  abridg- 
iiiij    li.i  ir  iiiM.ndi  rale   power  usurped  o\er  the 

1 1 ri  f  .\  niir  ,i:ooil  subjects,  which  they 
'li-ly  abused  lo  the  hazard  of  re- 
t>  .11  pri  judice  and  oppression  of  the 
kiti'jitntii.  and  just  liberty  of  \our 
piople  —  i'oi'  ihi  taking  away  such  oppressinns 
in  rilJL:!!'!).  ('hiireli  gn\ernineiit  and  discipline, 
as  hail-  liii  n  liroii;;lit  in  and  fomented  by  them: 

—  K'lr  nnilinL'  all  such  your  lo\al  subjeels  lo- 
giihi  r  as  jcin  in  the  same  fiimlaniental  truths 
against  llie  Papists,  by  reiuovin.g  st>me  oppres- 


hat 

IlL'i 

la"s  ,1  11 


p,  1 


sions  and  iinni'cewwry  een*nionlc»  by  which  (livers 
weak  ronsi'lences  have  Ih-cii  Hcnipled,  ami  seem 
to  Ih'  divhieil  fn>m  the  rest,  and  for  the  due  vxv- 
cution  of  thoae  goiHl  laws  which  have  licen  made 
for  securing  the  lila'rtv  nf  your  subjects.  3. 
That  your  .Majesty  » ill  likewise  Ih'  pleased  to  re 
move  from  your  council  all  such  is  iH'ntist  to 
favour  and  promote  any  of  those  pressuri'S  and 
corruptions  wherewith  your  (Hople  have  laen 
grieved,  and  that  for  the  future  your  Majesty 
will  vouchsafe  to  employ  such  persons  In  your 
gnat  and  public  affairs,  and  to  take  such  to  be 
near  you  in  places  of  trust,  as  your  Parliannnt 
may  have  cause  to  confide  in;  that  in  your 
princely  gisnlness  to  your  people  you  will  rejerl 
and  refuse  all  mediatiiai  and  Bolieltation  to  the 
contrary,  how  powerful  and  near  aoever.  :i 
That  you  will  1m'  pleased  to  forU-ar  lo  alienate 
any  of  the  forfeited  and  eseliiated  lauds  In  Ire 
land  whicii  shall  accrue  to  voiir  Crown  by  reason 
of  this  relielliou,  tlial  out  o^  them  the  Crown  may 
be  the  iH'tter  sup|iorted.  and  some  satisfaction 
made  to  your  subjects  of  this  kingdom  for  the 
great  expenses  they  are  like  to  undergo  fin]  this 
war.  Whieli  humble  desires  of  ours  Mng  gra 
cioiisly  fultllhd  by  your  Majesty,  wcwill,  by  tlie 
blessing  and  favour  of  OimI,  most  cheerfully  un 
dergo  the  hazard  and  expensi'S  of  this  war,  ami 
apidy  ourstlves  to  such  other  courses  and  coun 
sels  as  may  support  your  n'al  estate  with  honour 
and  plenty  at  home,  with  power  and  reputation 
abroad,  and  by  our  loyal  affections,  oliedienie 
and  service,  lay  a  sure  and  lasting  foundation  of 
the  greatness  and  prosperity  of  your  Majesty, 
and  your  royal  prosperity  In  future  times. 

The  Commons  In  this  present  Parliament  as 
sembled,  having  with  mucli  earnestness  and  faith 
fidness  of  affection  and  zeal  to  the  public  giwxl 
of  this  kingdom,  and  His  Majesty's  honour  and 
service  for  the  space  of  twelve  months,  wrestled 
with  grei> .  dangers  and  fears,  the  pressing  miseries 
and  calandties,  the  various  distempers  and  dis 
orders  which  had  not  only  assaulted,  but  even 
overwhelmed  and  extinguished  the  llliertv,  peace 
and  prosperity  of  this  kingdom,  the  comfort  and 
hopes  of  all  Ills  Majesty's  giKxl  subjects,  and  ex 
ceedlngly  weakenetfanii  undermined  the  founila 
tion  anil  strength  of  his  own  royal  throne,  do  yei 
find  an  alK>undIng  malignity  and  opposition  ia 
those  parties  and  factions  who  have  l)een  the 
cause  of  those  evils,  and  do  still  labour  to  casi 
as|X'rsions  iipim  that  which  hath  been  done,  and 
to  rai.se  many  illtliculties  for  the  hindrance  of  t  liai 
which  remains  yet  undone,  and  to  foment  jealous 
it's  lietween  the  King  and  Parliament,  that  so  tiny 
may  deprive  him  and  his  people  of  the  fnnt  "I 
his  own  gracious  intentions,  ami  their  hundil - 
desires  of  procuring  the  pidillc  peace,  safety  an  I 
happiness  of  this  realm.  For  the  preventing  if 
those  miserable  elTeels  whicli  such  malicious  en 
deavours  may  produce,  we  have  thought  giM;d  t  ■ 
declare  the  ri«>t  and  the  growth  of  these  mis 
cliievous  desitxns:  the  maturity  ami  ripeness  t" 
wliich  they  have  attained  before  tlie  beginniiu' 
of  the  Parliament:  the  eireetual  means  whiili 
liave  iH'i'n  usi'd  for  the  exiirpation  of  tliose  dan 
gcrousevils.  and  the  pros^ress  which  hath  thereia 
been  made  by  His  .Majesty's  goisluess  and  li"^ 
wisdom  of  llie  Parliament :  llie  ways  of  obstrm 
tio.iand  opposilion  by  which  Ihat  progress  lialli 

been  interrupted:  the  coursi'S  to  be  taken  for   Ih' 

removing  tliose  obstacles,  and  fortheaecompb-'ii 
Ing  of  our  must  dutiful  and  faithful  Intel,  'oi  s 


884 


tm 


ENOLANO,  lUl. 


The  Oranil 
RtmoiulraHee. 


ENGLAND,  1641 


'1 


tnil  fmlrnvnurn  "f  rotiiriiiK  aihI  cutiibllaliini;  llie 
uiflcnt   lioiiiiiir.  K"'"'"''!"  i""'  w<iirlly  of  tliln 
Cninn  iiixl  niitii'ii.     Tlir  root  of  all  tills  iiiiM'liiif 
we  linil  to  Ih'  ii  miiliKnnnl  iind  pcriilcioiia  ili'siiin 
of  HiibvcrtiiiK  till'  fundiinu'iital  lun»  niut  iirlii 
riplis  of  (.'ovcriinu'iit.  u|ion  wlilcli  tlic  religion 
an<l  justice  of  tills  kingdom  lire  rtrrilyinlidilisliid. 
Til'*  iiflors  iind  pntmoti'i^  liiTi'of  Imvt'  Ih-i-ii:     1. 
The  .h'siiilcd  I'lipistx,  who  hale  the  lawn,  a*  the 
obmaeles  of   that  eliance  and  miliver-iuii  of  re- 
ticliin  which    llicy  so   miicli   loni;    for.     2.  The 
Bislinp').  iinil  the  corrupt  part  of  the  Chrjry.  who 
cherisli  forinallly  ami  sii|Hrstltion  as  the  initunil 
fUccIs  and  more  |iriil«ilile  supports  of  llieir  ow  ii 
ecclesiastical  tyranny  and  uMirpalion.     ;i.  Sucli 
Councillors  ami  Coimlens  as  for  iirivatecnds  have 
enpapil  llicmselv;s  to  further  the   Inlcresis  of 
winie  fonlL'n  prlnccaor  slates  to  llie  prepidiieof 
His  Majesty  and  the  Htutp  at  home.     The  com- 
mnn  prmcijilca  by  wliirli  they  moiililed  and  ^ov- 
ermd   all   llieir   particular  lounstla  and  acllons 
wcrelhes)':     First,  to  mulntain  conliniiul  dllTer- 
cm  c^  and  discontents  iH'tw cell  the  KInuMind  the 
people,  upon  ()iiestionsof  prerogative  and  lilHrty, 
tliat  so  they  mij.'lit  have  the  advanta^'c  of  sidine 
witii  him.  and  under  the  mitloiiaof  nun  luldiiied 
to  his se'vlcf.  (fain  totlienisj'lvesnnd  their  parties 
the  plaecsof  greatest  trust  nml  power  in  the  king- 
dimi.     A   aeconil,    to  auppres:,   the   purity   and 
power  iif  religion,  and  audi  persons  n»  were  liest 
nfTi'Clcil  to  It,  asl)eing  cmitrary  to  their  own  ends, 
and  the  greatest  impediment  to  that  change  wliicli 
they  tiiought  to  Intrisluce.     A  Ihinl,  to  conjoin 
those  parties  of  tlic  kingdom  windi  were  most 
prnpitioiis  to  their  own  ends,  and  i  >  divide  those 
who  were  most  opposite,  wlilcli  ciaisistcd  in  many 
particuhir  observations.  Toclierish  the  .Vrminiaii 
part  in  thosjr  |«>lnt>i  wherein  they  agree  with  the 
Papists,  to  inulliply  and  enlarge  the  difference 
ktwcen  the  common  Pniteslants  and  those  whom 
they  call  I'liritana,  to  Introduce  anil  countenance 
siKli  opinions  und  ceremonies  as  are  Jittest  for 
acciimniislation   with   Popery,    to  Increase  and 
maintain  ignonince,  Iihiscdcss  nod  profuneness  In 
the  people;  that  of  those  three  parties.  Papists, 
Anninians  and  LilnTtines,  tliey  might  compose  a 
bixly  lit  to  act  such  eounsids  "and  resolutions  as 
were   most  conducible  to   their  own   ends.     A 
founli.  to  disaffeet  the  King  to  Parliaments  by 
slander  and  false  imputations,  and  by  putting 
him  upon  other  ways  of  supply,  whicli  in  show 
und  appearance  were  fuller  of  advantage  than 
the  onlinary  course  of  subsidies,  though  in  truth 
till  y  bnaight   more   loss  than  gain  both  to  the 
King  and  people,  and  have  causo<l  the  great  dis- 
Inn  lions  under  which  we  both  suffer.     As  In  all 
(oiiipoiuided  Isslies  the  o|«'nitions  arc  qualified 
adiriiing  to  the  predominant  element,  so  in  this 
mixed  party,  tlie  Jesuited  counsels,  being  most 
udivi'  and  prevailing,  may  easily  be  discovered 
to  have  had  the  greatest  sway  In  all  their  deter- 
miiialioiis.  and   if   tliey    lie   not   prevented,   are 
likily  to  devour  the  rest,  or  to  turn  tliini  into 
iliiir  (inn   nature.      In   the   lieginning  of    Mis 
Mujisiy's  reigu  the  party  began  to  revive  and 
!!■  iiiisii  again,  having  iM'en  soiuewiiat  damped 
liy  ilii  breach  with  Spain  in  the  last  yearof  King 
Iiinis,   ami    by    His   Majesty's    marriage    with 
Krariie,  the  interests  and  counsels  of  tlittt  Stale 
l»  iuL'  not  so  contrary  to  the  gisid  of  religion  and 
till'  iirosperity  of  tliis  kingdom  as  those  of  Spain ; 
ami  Ihe  Papists  ot  Kngiand.   having  iH'en  ever 
more  addicted  to  Spain  than  France,  yet  they 


■till  relaineil  a  piirpniw  and  resolution  to  wrnken 
the  Protestant  parlies  in  all  parts,  and  even  in 
France,  whereby  to  nia'e  way  for  the  cliungc  of 
religion  ubieli  tliey  intended  at  lioiiie. 

I.  Tile  lirsi  ellec!  niid  evhience  of  their  re- 
(ivery  and  slriiiglh  was  the  dIsHolution  of  the 
Parliament  at  Oxforil.  after  tlure  had  been  given 
two  siilisidies  to  His  .Majesty,  and  before  tliey 
received  relief  in  any  one  grievance  many  other 
more  luisenibh'  effects  followed. 

a.  The  loss  of  Ihe  HihIicI  licet,  by  the  help  of 
our  slii|ipiiiu.  N  I  forlli  aid  delivered  over  to  the 
French  in  opposjiiori  to  llie  advice  of  !*arliunient, 
w  hii'li  h  ft  Ibal  low  11  willioiii  ilefeiice  by  sea,  and 
made  way.  not  only  to  the  loss  of  that  iniportant 
place,  but  likewise"  1.1  Ihe  loss  of  all  the  strength 
and  srciirilv  of  the  IVoiestanl  religion  In  Fnincp. 

3.  The  (livening  of  His  Majesty's  course  of 
wars  from  the  West  Indies,  wliiili  was  Ihe  most 
facile  and  lio|H'ful  way  for  this  kingdom  to  pre- 
vail against  the  Spaniard,  to  an  expi  nsefiil  uikI 
sui'cessless  attempt  upon  Cadi/,  which  was  so 
ordered  as  if  it  liml  ratlnr  been  inteiideil  to  make 
us  weary  of  war  than  to  prosper  in  it. 

4.  The  preclpitale  breach  willi  France,  by  tak- 
ing their  ships  to  a  great  value  without  making 
recompense  to  Ihe  Knglisli.  whose  giMsis  were 
thereupon  Imliarrcd  and  contiscated  in  that  king- 
dom. 

5.  The  peace  with  Spain  without  cons<nt  of 
Parliament,  contrary  to  till'  [iromise  of  King  .lames 
to  both  Houses,  whereby  the  Palatine's  cause 
was  deserli'il  and  left  to  liiurgealde  and  hoptdiu 
treaties,  wliich  for  the  most  part  were  managed 
iiy  those  who  might  Justly  lie  suspected  to  be  no 
friends  to  that  cause. 

6  The  charging  of  the  kingdom  with  billeted 
siddiers  In  all  parts  of  it.  and  the  concomitant 
design  of  Oernian  horse,  that  the  land  might 
either  subiull  with  fear  or  be  enforced  with  rigour 
to  siicli  arbitrary  contrlliutious  aa  should  be  re- 
quired of  them. 

7.  The  dissolving  of  Ihe  Parliament  In  the 
second  yearof  His  Jiajesty's  reign,  after  a  declara- 
tion of  "iheir  intent  to  grant  live  subsidies. 

8.  The  exacting  of  the  like  proportion  of  five 
subsidies,  after  the  Parliament  dissidveil.  by  com- 
mission of  loan,  und  divers  gentlemen  and  others 
imprisoned  for  not  yielding  to  pay  that  loan, 
w  hereby  many  of  them  contracted  such  bicknegses 
as  cost  them  their  lives. 

9.  Qrval  sums  of  money  required  and  raised 
by  privy  sc'iils. 

10.  An  unjust  and  pernicious  attempt  to  ex- 
tort great  iiayments  from  tlie  subject  by  way  of 
excise,  and  a  commission  Issued  under  the  seal  to 
that  ,)uriiose. 

11.  The  Petition  of  liiglit.  which  was  granted 
In  full  Parliameiil.  liiiisled,  with  an  illegal  dec- 
laration to  make  it  deslriidiie  10  ilsilf,  to  ihe 
powerof  Parliament,  totlie  lilK-rly  of  the  siiliject, 
and  to  that  purpose  primed  willi  it.  and  Ihe 
Pelilioii  made  of  no  use  but  to  sliow  Ihe  bidd 
and  presiiinpluous  injustice  of  such  ministers  aa 
durst  break  the  laws  and  suppress  the  liberties 
of  Ihe  kiiigdoiii,  after  they  had  been  so  solemnly 
and  evideiilly  dci'lared. 

12.  Another  Parliament  dissolved  4  Car.,  the 
privilege  of  Parliament  bniken.  by  imprisoning 
divers  members  of  Ihe  House,  ilelaiiiing  them 
close  prisoners  for  many  montlis  locetlier,  with- 
out tlie  lilierty  ot  using  books,  pen.  inkor  paper; 
denying  them  all  the  comforts  of  life,  all  means 


885 


i^ 


p 


ENGLAND.   1041. 


T1U  (irand 
ffrmofutruncw. 


ENGLAND,  IMI. 


II 


of   |>ri-M'r''nlli>ii  i<t  hiullh,  imt  iH-rniittinK  tlii'ir 
wIvi'H  III  iiiiiK'  iiiilii  tlii'iii  t'vcii  in  >lit'  tinii'  iif 

tlH'ir  HicklKHH. 

13.  Ami  fcrr  llic  <(iiii|)l<'iiiig  of  tliut  criulty. 
»fli  r  yiiirn  i"|H'nt  In  mu  li  ihImtiiMo  iliiramc.  iU> 
prIvInK  ttii'in  of  the  luirMury  niiuim  iif  Kpliitiiitl 
ronimlutiiin,  nm  miircrliii;  llicni  to  ki>  aliniuil  to 
rnjny  Uixl'ii  iinliimnriK  In  (iiKl'i  IIiium',  or  Uixl  a 
nilnr»ti'n«  to  iniiii'  li>  lliini  In  inlnlxter  romfort  to 
tlum  in  tlii'ir  |iilvitt>'  chiiinlH'n. 

II.  Anil  III  kr<'|i  tlit'iii  Nlill  In  this  opprrmvil 
condition,  not  iiiliiiittini:  tii<  in  to  lie  IihIIiiI  arconl, 
<ni;  to  law,  r<  t  vixiiiK  llxin  willi  inforniiitiona 
In  infcriiir  riMirli,  miiIi'iicIii^'  ami  tininK  winii*  of 
tlii'ni  fur  iiKilliTs  iliinc  in  I'arlliinunt :  ami  vx 
tortini;  tlii'  puvinini.t  of  lliom'liiu*  from  them, 
jnfnriinK  otliiVs  in  piil  in  wciirity  of  giMxl  Ik'- 
hiivioiir  liifiire  lliiy  louM  lie  releii«'il. 

15.  Till-  iniprlininimnt  of  the  rest,  wl'-'h  re 
fiiscil  to  lie  IhiuikI,  siIII  eontiniieil,  whic'  mixht 
have  lieen  per|H'tual  If  neceHslty  hud  not  the  iiut 
year  liroiii;ht  anothir  I'arliainent  t<i  relieve  them, 
of  whom  one  ilieil  [,Sir  John  Kliot]  liy  the  cruelty 
and  ImrxhneM)  of  his  iinprisonimnt,  which  would 
admit  of  no  rilaxathiu.  mitwilhRlunding  the  im- 
minent danger  of  hla  life,  did  Biiltielintly  ap|)ear 
liy  tile  decluruthm  of  hU  physlriuu,  and  Ida  re- 
lease, or  at  least  his  rcfresliiiHnt,  wa»  sought 
liy  many  humble  petiliona,  and  his  blood  still 
cries  either  for  vcnfreance  or  repentance  of  those 
Ministers  of  8tate,  w  ho  hare  at  once  obstructed 
the  course  both  of  Ills  .Majesty's  Justice  and  mercy. 

16.  Upon  the  dissolution  of  both  these  Parlia- 
ments, untrue  and  scandalous  declarations  were 
|>iilillshed  to  asperse  their  proceedings,  and  some 
of  their  memlieni  iinjuslly ;  to  malie  tliem  odious, 
and  colour  the  violence  wliicli  was  useil  against 
them ;  proclamations  set  out  to  tlie  same  purpose ; 
and  to  the  great  dejecting  of  the  hearts  of  the 
people,  forbidding  them  even  to  speak  of  Parlia- 
tiients. 

17.  After  the  breacii  of  the  Parliament  In  the 
fourth  of  Ills  Majesty,  Injustice,  oppression  and 
violence  broke  In  upon  us  witliout  any  restraint 
or  miHleration,  and  yet  tlie  first  project  was  the 
great  sums  exacted  tlirough  the  whole  kingdom 
for  default  of  knighthood,  which  seemetl  to  have 
some  colour  and  shallow  of  a  law,  yet  if  it  be 
rightly  examined  by  that  obsolete  law  which 
was  pretended  forit.  it  will  lie  found  to  lie  iigainst 
all  the  rules  of  justice,  both  in  n'spect  of  the 
persons  cliargiil,  the  propnrliiin  of  the  fines  de- 
mamli'd,  ami  Ihe  absurd  and  unreasonable  man 
ner  of  their  pris-eeiilni^s. 

18.  Tiinniiu'eand  Poundage  hath  been  received 
witliout  fdliiiir  or  preteiue  of  law;  many  other 
heavy  inipnsitions  continiKii  against  law,  and 
some  so  iinnasiiiialile  tliat  the  sum  of  tlie  charge 
excriils  llii'  value  of  the  giKKls. 

19.  Till'  Iluok  of  Kalis  lately  enhanced  to  a 
hi^'li  |irii|>iirliiin.  and  such  nurehants  that  would 
not  siiliiiiit  III  Ihi  ir  illegal  and  unreasonable  pay 
nieiils,  weri'  vi  n  li  and  oppressed  aUive  measure; 
ami  the  oriliii:iiy  (nurse  of  juslice,  the  eomnion 
birlliright  of  tlie  subject  of  Kugland,  wholly  ob- 
struilid  unto  Hum. 

30.  Ami  although  all  lliis  was  taken  upon  pre- 
temr  of  giianliim  the  si  as.  yet  a  uew  unheanl-of 
tax  of  ship  niiiney  w.i^  iliviscd,  and  upon  the 
same  pretence,  liy  Imlli  « liirli  there  was  charged 
upon  the  subjici  mar  .t.7(MI.(MK)  snnie  years,  and 
\i'i  liie  nieri-haiits  iiave  iii-i-ii  ieli  so  naked  to  the 
>iolenee  of  the  Turkish  pirates,  tliut  many  great 


■liips  of  value  and  thousands  of  Hit  Majesty's 
Hiibjects  have  In'en  taken  by  them,  and  ilo  still 
remain  In  iiiiMrnble  slavery. 

ai.  The  enlarginienta  of  fiirtmt*.  contrary  in 
'('arta.de  Koresta,'  and  the  eompositioo  there 
u|N>n. 

aa.  The  exactions  of  coat  and  conduct  money 
and  divers  oilier  mililury  charges 

ar  Tlie  taking  away  the  arms  of  trained  bands 
of  divers  counlies. 

34.  Tlie  des|ivnite  design  of  engMssing  all  the 
giin|>owiier  Into  one  hand,  keeping  it  In  the  Tower 
of  London,  and  selling  so  high  a  rate  ii|Min  It  that 
the  poorer  sort  wire  not  able  to  buy  it,  nor  could 
any  have  it  without  lUeiM-e,  thereby  to  leave  the 
satveral  parts  of  tlu!  kingdom  destitute  of  their 
nei'i-ssary  defeiK-e,  and  by  selling  so  dear  that 
whh'h  was  a4ilil  to  make  an  unlawful  advantage 
of  it.  to  tlie  great  charge  and  detriment  of  the 
subject, 

ay  The  general  ilestrucllon  of  the  King's  tini 
tier,  espt'ciully  that  In  the  Korest  of  l)eane,  sold 
to  Papists,  wliich  was  the  iH'st  store-house  of  this 
kingdom  for  the  maintenance  of  our  shipping. 

a6.  The  taking  away  of  men's  right,  under  the 
colour  of  the  King's  title  to  land,  between  high 
and  low  water  marks. 

rj.  The  iiiono|H)llesof  soap,  salt,  wine,  leather, 
sea-coal,  and  in  a  nianuer  of  all  things  of  most 
common  uud  necessary  use. 

aS.  The  restntint  of  tlie  liberties  of  the  sub 
jects  ill  their  habllAtlon,  trades  and  other  in 
te rests. 

39.  Their  vexation  and  oppression  by  pur 
veyora,  clerks  of  the  market  and  saltpetre  men. 

30.  "rhe  sale  of  pretended  nuisances,  as  build 
log  in  and  about  I>ondoD. 

31.  Conversion  of  arable  into  pasture,  cmi 
tlnuance  of  pasture,  under  the  name  of  depopii 
lation,  liave  driven  many  millions  out  of  llii- 
subjects'  purses,  without  any  considerable  prolil 
to  His  .Majesty. 

33.  I^rge  <iuautilies  of  common  and  serenil 
grounds  hath  been  taken  from  the  subject  by 
colour  of  the  Statute  of  Improvement,  and  by 
abuse  of  the  C'onuiiission  of  Sewers,  witboul 
their  consent,  and  against  it. 

33.  And  not  only  private  interest,  but  also 
public  faith,  liave  been  broken  in  seizing  of  tin 
money  and  bullion  iu  tlie  mint,  and  tlie  whole 
kingiloin  like  to  lie  roblK'd  at  once  in  that  iiliom 
iuuble  project  of  liniss  money. 

34.  Great  nuiulxrs  of  Ilia  Majesty's  subjects 
for  refusing  tliiise  unlawful  charges,  have  Ixtn 
vexed  with  long  and  ex|>ensive  suits,  some  finnl 
and  ceusuriMl,  otliers  committed  to  long  and  liaril 
iinprisonnients  and  contiuements,  to  the  loss  of 
liealth  iu  many,  of  life  in  some,  and  others  liaM 
had  their  houses  limkeii  up.  their  goods  siiziil 
some  have  been  nstrained  from  their  lawful 
callings. 

35.  Ships  liave  lieen  interrupted  in  their  voy 
ages,  surpri.st-d  at  sea  in  a  Im.stile  manner  by  pri 
jeetors,  as  by  a  eonimon  enemy. 

36.  Merclmuta  prohibited  to  unlade  their  goi'ls 
ill  sucli  ports  us  were  fur  their  own  advant;ci;r. 
and  forced  to  bring  tliem  to  those  places  wliidi 
were  much  for  the  ad  vantage  of  the  monopolist  rs 
and  projectors. 

37.  The  I'oiirt  of  Star  Chamber  hath  aboumli  1 
in  extravagant  censures,  nut  only  for  the  maiti<< 
nance  and  iiiipnivemenl  oC  iiiouopoiiea  and  oiin.) 
unlawful  tuxes,  but  for  divers otlier  cau;-!8  whcrj 


886 


KNOLAND.  1641 


TV  Omnd 


ENOLAND,  tMI 


Uicn'  linth  hwn  no  (illfncc.  or  Tory  iinill:  wIkh' 
by  IIId  Mnjoty'a  miliji'ita  Imvc  Ixi'ii  ii|ipn'm<->l 
tiy  );rli'vi>iia  tlucii,  liii|iriw>niiii'iiU,  i>tl|{tiiutiiiliiK«. 
riiiilll.itlmii.  wlil|)pliiK«,  iilllurlm,  uan».  <<iiillii« 
miiiK.  banUlimcnU :  afl<T  wi  rlK><>  »  manner  u» 
Imlli  not  only  lU'privnl  iiieii  uf  the  noclHy  of 
llii ir  friinil».  cicnlne  <>(  tliflr  iiri)fcMiiiuii,  coin 
flirt  iif  lMK)k».  unc  of  pajicr  or  ink.  l)Ut  even  vio 
iaicil  (hat  noar  union  wlilcli  Uo<t  liatli  intulilinlicil 
In  iwi-cn  men  ami  tlifir  wlvca,  by  fiirci'd  anil  <i>n- 
slnliitil  wpamtlon.  wliiTi'liy  tliry  have  Uvn  !»•• 
navi'il  of  the  comfort  anil  ciinvcrMiliim  one  of 
niiullur  fi>r  nmiiv  vcani  totfrlh»T,  without  hope 
iif  nliif.  if  t!o<l  liiiil  not  by  lll»ovi'rnillu(f  provl- 
dciu*  (fivrn  some  Intimiptlon  to  the  pn-vallinK 
power,  anil  eonnwlof  thow  who  were  tiicailthom 
auil  promotern  of  such  peremptory  and  heady 
rnuntes. 

3$.  J»il)?ei»  have  been  put  out  of  their  iilace* 
fur  refuHhiK  to  du  agaiuHt  their  oaths  and  coti- 
wlenieK;  others  have  been  mi  awed  that  they 
iliifHt  not  do  their  duties,  and  the  tiettrr  to  hold 
a  rixl  over  them,  tht)  clauw  '  (juuiii  dlii  sv  Ih'UC 
^'I'sH'rit '  was  left  out  of  their  patt'iits,  ni  1  a  new 
chuu'  '  Duranli'  Ixnc  plaelto '  Inserted. 

?9.  Ijiwyent  have  Urn  cheeked  for  Ih'Iiik  faltli- 
to  their  clients;  solicitors  and  attonieys  have 
been  tureatened,  and  some  punisheil,  for  follow- 
ing lawful  suits.  And  by  this  means  all  the 
uiiproaches  to  justice  were  interrupted  and  fore- 
ctuiled, 

40.  New  oaths  have  been  forced  upon  the 
■uliject  against  law. 

41.  New  Judleatorles  erected  without  law. 
The  Council  Tabic  have  by  their  orders  oITered 
ti)  bind  the  subjects  In  their  freeholds,  estates, 
suits  and  actions. 

43.  The  pretended  Court  of  the  Earl  Marshal 
was  arbitrary  and  illegal  in  its  being  and  proceed- 
ings 

43.  The  Chanci'ry,  Fxclienuer  Chamber,  Court 
of  n'anls,  ami  other  English  Courts,  have  lieen 
grii'vous  in  exceeding  their  jurisdiction. 

44.  The  I  state  of  many  families  weakeneii,  and 
some  ruined  by  extessive  tines,  exacted  fmm 
them  for  compositions  of  wardships. 

45.  All  leases  of  above  a  hundred  years  maile 
to  draw  on  wanlship  contrary  to  law. 

46.  Undue  proceedings  used  in  tl .  finding  of 
iiltlci's  to  make  the  jury  find  for  the  King. 

47.  The  Common  Law  Courts,  feeling  all  men 
mori'  inclineil  to  seek  justice  there,  where  it  may 
beiittcil  to  their  own  ilesire,  are  known  frequently 
to  forsake  the  rules  of  the  Common  Ijiw,  and 
struvinii  lievond  their  lioiinds,  under  pretence  of 
KlMily.  to  ifo  injustice. 

48.  Titles  of  honour,  jiidicini  places,  serpeant- 
»lii|  ■^  at  hiw,  and  other  otlices  have  iH'en  sold  for 
LTiat  Minis  of  money,  whereby  the  common 
i'i-ti(e  of  the  kingdom  liulh  iKcn  much  eii- 
ilaiiL'i  red.  not  only  liy  opening  a  way  of  cmph>y- 
nil  lit  in  pluees  of  gnat  trust,  and  advantage  "to 
nil  11  iif  weak  parts,  but  also  by  giving  occasion 
1"  Iriliery,  extortion,  piirtiality.  it  si-hhiiii  hap 
I"  nim:  that  places  ill  gotton  are  well  used. 

49.  Conmiissions  have  been  granted  for  ix- 
"iiii'  ini:  the  excess  of  fees,  and  when  great  cxiic- 
tins  liave  been  discovered,  composition.s  have 
It  I II  iiiude  with  delinquents,  not  only  for  the 
till"  pa.st.  but  likewis '  for  immunity  anil  security 
ill  i.lTrmling  for  the  time  to  come,  which  omler 
I'intir  nt  remedy  hath  but  contlrmed  and  iu- 
I icuMil  the  grievance  to  the  subject. 


50.  The  usual  ciiiiroi' iif  prliking  SherilTs  not 
olnerved.  but  iimiiy  tiiiii  s  SherllTn  made  in  an 
extraorilliitiry  way,  luimelimeM  a.-t  a  punishment 
and  charge  unto  theiit;  Minietiini's  ducIi  were 
pricked  out  as  would  lie  iustriinients  to  execute 
whatsiN'Ver  tliev  would  have  to  la'  done. 

51.  The  nishopH  and  the  rest  of  the  Chrgy  did 
triumph  in  the  siispenstons.  exconimunications, 
ilepri\atii>ns,  and  ihtcradalionsof  divers  painful, 
learurd  iind  pious  iiilnlsters,  in  the  vexation  and 
Krievoiis  oppression  iif  great  uuinlHrs  of  ills 
Slajestvs  giKsl  siibjii'ts. 

53.  1'he  Illgli  Coinnilsslon  grew  to  such  excess 
of  sharpness  and  si'Verltv  as  was  not  much  less 
than  the  Uomlsh  lni|ulsftion.  and  yet  In  inanv 
eases  by  the  A  .ehbishop's  power  was  made  inucu 
more  heavy,  .sing  a.ssisted  and  strengthened  by 
authority  of  the  Council  Table. 

53.  The  llishops  and  their  Couris  were  as  eager 
in  the  country :  although  their  JiirisilicHon  could 
not  rcai'h  so  high  in  rigour  and  exireinily  of 
punishment,  yet  were  they  no  less  grievous  Id 
res|iect  of  the  generality  and  mulll|ilieity  of 
vexations,  which  lighting  u|>on  the  meaner  sort 
of  tradesmen  ami  artitlcers  did  impoverish  many 
thousunds 

54.  And  BO  aflllct  and  trouble  others,  that 
great  nuinlHTs  to  avoid  their  miseric''.  departed 
out  of  the  kingdom,  some  into  New  Kngland  and 
other  parts  of  Ainerli  1,  others  Into  Holland. 

55.  Where  they  have  transported  their  manu- 
factures of  chith,  whhh  is  not  only  a  hiss  by 
ilimluishlng  the  present  stmk  of  the  kingdom, 
but  a  great  mischief  by  Impairing  and  endanj^er- 
Ing  the  loss  of  that  particular  trade  of  clothing, 
which  hath  been  a  plentiful  fountain  of  wealth 
and  honour  to  this  nation. 

56.  Those  w  ere  tittest  for  ecclesiastical  prefer- 
ment, and  BiMiDest  obtained  it,  who  were  most 
olticiotis  in  promoting  superstition,  most  virulent 
Id  railing  against  giNllliiess  and  honesty. 

57.  The  most  piililic  and  solemn  si'rmons  lie- 
forc  His  Majesty  were  either  to  advanie  prerog- 
ative alMive  law,  and  decry  the  pro|K'rty  of  the 
subject,  or  full  of  such  kind  of  invectives 

58.  Whereby  they  might  make  those  c«lious 
who  sought  to  maintain  the  religion,  laws  and 
llberiles  ^f  the  kingdom,  and  such  men  were 
sure  to  be  weeded  out  of  the  coinnilsslon  of  the 
peace,  and  out  of  all  otlier  emphiymcnts  of 
IMiwcrin  the  government  of  the  country. 

59.  Many  noble  personages  were  councillors 
In  name,  but  the  power  and  authorily  remained 
In  a  few  i.f  s.ii  h  as  were  iiio.st  addiiteil  to  tills 
party,  w  hosi'  resoluaons  and  iltteruiinations  were 
lirought  to  tile  table  for  countenance  and  execu- 
tion, and  not  for  debate  anil  ilelilH-ration.  and  no 
man  could  oiler  to  oppose  tlieni  v  ithoiit  disgnice 
and  ha/.aril  to  biiiiself. 

60.  Nay.  all  those  that  did  not  wholly  concur 
and  lutivily  contribute  to  the  furtherance  of 
tlieir  designs,  though  otherwisi-  pcfsoiis  of  never 
so  great  honour  iinil  abilities,  were  .so  far  from 
being  enqiloyed  in  any  place  of  trust  anil  power, 
that  they  were  neglected,  discountenaneed.  anil 
upon  all  iK'rasions  injured  and  oppressed. 

61.  This  faction  w as  grown  to  that  height  and 
entireness  of  power,  that  now  they  iH'gan  to 
think  of  tinishing  their  work,  which  consisted  of 
tliesi-  time  parts. 

62.  I.  Tile  irovernnient  ninst  be  set  free  from 
all  restraint  of  laws  cunceruiug  our  persons  and 
estates. 


887 


f 


ENOLANI),  l»'l 


IV  (/rami 
HfmvnatruHn 


KNOLAM),   1641 


»l 

J I 


i 


•3.  II  TIhti'  miiKt  ln'  11  <iiiijiinrll(>ti  In'Iwimh 
Pniiiatx  iiimI  I'riiiiniunu  In  ilmtrtiir,  itlMipHiii' 
(till  11  riiiiimliK,  1  Illy  It  nii.»t  not  yet  Ixt  rulliil 

'  ilJKTV 

64.  Ill  Till'  I'nrlliiim,  under  wlikli  nnmi'  tli<'y 
Incliiih'  ail  lliiw  Unit  iWnitv  to  priwrvr  llir  limn 
•mi  llln  rtliK  i>r  lilt'  kl»Kilimi.  ami  In  niiilniuln 
riliifj.in  In  iIm'  |i.i*,T  of  il.  nin»l  1k'  illln  r  nnii'il 
iMit  iif  the  klnKi'om  wllli  Unv.  iir  ilrlvrn  imt 
Willi  fciir 

65.  Knr  tin'  cITriilnK  nf  IliU  tt  win  llnniiiiit 
niKitnrv  In  ni'ncf  Srcilhinil  In  knrli  l'ii[ii«li 
•ii|>i'r'>li>l'n>»"n<l  lnniit>illoniiui<liil)!lit  mnkrllnni 
■pi  III  join  hIiIi  KnKlHiiil  (n  Unit  ^ri'iit  cliiuik'i' 
wlilrli  uiiH  lull  ntlcil. 

M.  Wlh-ri  ni"in  nvw  cuninu  iiml  11  iirw  llliirK.V 
wiri'  pri'ui'il  npiin  lliini.  miil  when  tliir  nrinuil 
toiiilinit  i>f  tlnin.  nil  nrniy  »«»  riilMil  In  force 
llnin  to  It.  toHiinU  whlih  llii'  CliTtry  ilinl  tliL' 
i'.ijii»lH  were  virv  forwuril  in  llnir  cimtrllnilion. 

67.  Tlif  H<ol»  IllifwIiH!  raiiMil  an  army  fortliflr 

(Irfincf 

68.  Anil  whin  IhiiIi  nrmii'a  wi'rt  conic  to^ftlnr, 
ami  iiMilv  fur  n  IiIihhIv  cncounlcr,  lib'  Majculy'a 
own  unicloin  ili»|>imitlon,  nnil  the  coiin«4l  of  the 
EiikIIkIi  noliiliiy  uint  ilntlfiil  ai.lnnliuilon  of  the 
HcolH.  iliil  Ml  fur  prcvnll  nKiiiniil  the  evil  coiiniu'l 
of  othcra,  lliiil  n  piiclllcntlon  waa  iiiailc,  uiiii  Ilia 
Miilchly  rctiirncil  with  |H-ar«  ami  iiiucli  honour 

to  I.olliliiD. 

69.  The  iini'X|H.-cleil  rccoiiciliuthiD  waa  moat 
acccptiilih'  to  III!  the  kingdom,  except  to  the 
iniilinniinl  party;  whereof  the  Areiiliiaiiiiii  ami 
the  Furl  of  SlnilTonl  U'lng  heiiilR,  they  nnil  their 
fat'tloii  I  i');iin  to  invcltfli  agnlnat  the  pence,  and 
to  nuKfiivnte  the  procecdlntra  of  thcatatea,  which 
BO  incniiaeil  [InccnwilT]  Ilia  Majeaty,  that  he 
forthwitli  prepared  au'aln  for  war. 

70.  And  mil  il  waa  their  confidence,  tliat  having 
corriipled  tind  dinteniiicred  the  wliolc  frame  and 
govrrntiii  lit  of  tiie  kingdom,  they  did  m>w  liope 
to  corrupt  tiiut  wiilch  wua  tlie  only  mcana  tu  1 
atore  nil  to  a  right  frame  and  tem|K'r  again. 

71.  To  which  end  tliey  perauoded  Ills  Majeaty 
tu  call  n  Parliament,  not  tu  aeek  counsel  and 
advice  of  thcin.  but  to  draw  countenance  and 
supply  from  them,  nod  to  engage  the  wliule  king 
dom  in  their  quarrel. 

7a.  And  In  llie  meantime  contlnueil  ail  their  iin- 

Iust  li  vie-i  of  money,  resolving  eithir  to  make  the 
'arlliimeut  pliant  to  their  will,  ami  to  estalillHh 
mliH'lilef  b}  law,  or  else  tu  break  it.  and  with 
inore  colour  to  go  on  by  violi mc  to  take  what 
liny  coulil  nut  olituin  by  conwiit.  The  ground 
alleu'cd  for  the  justltlcatlon  of  this  war  waa 
this. 

73.  Tliat  the  unilutiful  demands  of  the  I':irlla- 
mi'iits  In  Si'i  'laml  was  a  sutllcieiil  reason  for  His 
MajiHty  to  ta  .e  arms  against  them,  without  hear- 
ing the  riabihi  of  Iliose  ileinuuils.  and  thereupon 
a  iiiw  army  «as  pnpareil  against  them,  their 
ships  wiTu  M'i/.i'il  in  all  ports  Ixilli  of  Kngland 
ami  Irclaiiil,  ami  at  sia.  tliiir  jutitions  ri'jected, 
their  ciiniini»>.imii'rs  rcfiiscil  auilicnn'. 

74.  Tlic  whole  kingilom  inoKt  nilsiTalily  dis- 
temprreil  with  li-viis  of  men  ami  money,  anil 
Imprtsoniiu'iits  of  those  who  ileiui'il  to  submit  to 
fhosi'  livii s. 

75.  Tile  Earl  of  StrnlTiird  pasjied  into  Inlanil 
Caiisi-il  the  Parliament  there  to  (Icclare  against 
the  Scots,  to  2!vo  f"".r  siib'^iilie''  lownnlsi  that 
war,  ami  to  engage  Iheiiiselves.  their  lives  and 
fortunes,   for  the   prusccutiun  of  it,  and  gave 


dlrpctlons  for  an  nmiy  of  right  thoiiaKml  fiai) 
mill  one  thouNind  hoPH'  to  !«'  ieth'd  tlirre,  which 
were  for  the  mo«l  part  Papists. 

74.  The  I'nrllament  met  ii|Min  the  tilth  of  April 
lAK).  Tlir  l':arl  of  HiralTonI  and  ArchliUliop  i>r 
(nnterliury,  with  their  [larty.  mi  prevaihd  with 
Ilia  .Majesty,  liiut  tlie  House  of  (oininons  <mi4 
pnuu'd  to  yh'hl  a  sii|inly  for  Itialiitinnnce  ot  llir 
war  Willi  Ki'othind.  Isfore  they  lind  provided  nny 
relief  for  tile  great  ami  pn'sning  grieuincesof  IIh' 
people,  whii'li  lieiiig  againit  tlie  fiimiamenliil 
privilege  and  pnMeeiling  of  I'urlianieiit,  wasyit 
III  liumble  res|H'et  to  Ills  Majesty,  so  turndmlttni 
us  llnit  liiev  agned  to  tuke  the  matter  of  supply 
Into  eonsldera'ion,  and  two  several  days  it  wii> 
debaleil 

77,  Twelve  siibsiilles  were  demanded  for  tin' 
relesM-  of  ship  nioiiey  alone,  a  third  day  was  ap 
pointed  for  coni'luslon,  when  the  heoils  of  tiiat 
party  iK'giin  to  fear  llie  |K'ople  might  ehw  with 
the  king,  in  falsifying  his  desires  of  money  ;  but 
that  withal  they  were  like  to  blast  llr'ir  nis!! 
clous  designs  against  Hcotland,  llnding  th<  in 
very  much  iiidis|Hi«ed  tu  give  any  cuuntenami' 
to  that  war. 

78.  Tlien'uponthey  wickedly  advised  the  Klnc 
tu  break  oil  tlie  i'nrlhiment  ami  to  return  to  tin 
ways  of  confusion.  In  which  tlieir  own  evil  In 
lenthins  were  most  likely  tu  pmaiHTaml  suceeeil 

70.  Afterthel'arliainentemleil  thefllhof  May 
1040,  this  party  gn'iv  so  Ixihl  as  to  counsel  tin' 
King  tosiipply  liiinseif  outof  bis  subjects' estate!) 
by  ids  own  power,  at  Ida  own  will,  without  their 
conaent. 

80.  The  very  next  day  some  members  of  Ixitli 
Houses  had  their  atudlea  and  cabinets.  Tea.  tlitlr 
|Hickets  M'arched :  another  of  tliem  not  long  ufli  r 
was  committed  close  prisoner  for  not  dellveriin' 
some  petitioiu  which  he  received  by  autliurily  if 
that  Ilouae. 

81.  And  if  harsher  rounet  were  Intcndeil  1:1s 
was  repurteil)  It  Is  very  probable  that  the  »\cW 
nesaul^tlic  Earl  of  KtralTonl.  and  the  tuinullii 
oils  rising  In  Hoiithwark  and  aliout  Lambeth  wii,- 
the  causes  that  such  violent  Intentions  were  mt 
brought  to  execution. 

8a.  A  false  and  scandalous  Declaration  ugiiinHt 
the  House  of  C'ommuna  was  publislied  In  \\i» 
li.,ije8ty'8  name,  which  yet  wrouglit  little  elTeit 
witli  the  people,  but  only  tu  manifest  the  inipu 
dence  of  tlii>s«  who  were  authors  of  It. 

8^  A  forced  loan  of  money  was  attempted  in 
the  City  of  I.<)mlon. 

84.  The  l/ord  Mayor  and  Aldermen  in  tin  ir 
several  wards,  cnjoiiieil  tu  bring  in  a  listof  tli' 
immesof  such  p<rsoiis  ns  they  judged  lit  to  li ml. 
and  of  the  sums  they  should  lend.  And  sni  h 
Alilerinen  as  refused  to  do  su  were  committiil  ii 
prison. 

85.  Tlie  .Vrchbisliop  ami  the  other  llishops  mil 
Clergy  continued  the  ConviKUtion,  and  by  a  in  iv 
coininission  turnnl  it  into  a  provincial  Hynoii.  in 
w  liieh,  liy  an  unheard-of  presumption,  they  mnli 
canons  that  contain  in  them  many  matters  i"" 
trary  to  tile  Kinn's  ptvrogative.  to  the  funi!;i 
mental  l.iws  and  stafitis  of  tlie  realm,  to  tlm 
riu'lit  of  Parliaments,  to  tlie  iiro|>crty  and  lilii  riy 
of  the  subjert.  anil  matters  tending  to  si'dili  n 
ami  of  dantrerous  ionsei|ii<'iice,  tlicri'by  estalili-li- 
ing  tbiir  own  usurpations,  justifying  their  altar- 
wiirKliiti.  loiii  tliosi'  oilier  superstitious  Innnvu- 
tions  wiilch  they  formerly  Introduced  without 
warrant  of  law. 


b88 


KNOI.AN'I,  1641 


KNOI.ANn.  1641 


M.  Thr.T  linp<w<l  »  row  (wlli  upon  illvrtpi  nf 
ni>  M«jr»Iv'«  KillijMin.  I"ifli  ici|r«lai.tliul  mill 
U\  (iir  Miitlnli'niinrr  iif  llitir  nwii  lymnny,  «ii<l 
I,  (frrHt  UI  en  llir  t'lirity,  for  iiii|ilily  .if  IIU 
M.ijolv.  und  ([cmndly  tln'.V  nhimHl  tliiiiiwlvf« 
VI ry  iilti'<lh>nal<'l<>  llir  wsr  willi  Stntliinil.  wliUli 
»u» liy  wmip iif  llii*m «tyliil  ■  Iklliini  KplniilMili'.' 
ukI  II  pniyrr  ciimiHtMil  *n<l  injutiii'il  *ii  Ih'  nad 
in  nil  rliiin  ho,  calllnif  tlif  H<iiU  nU'lii.  to  put 
till'  t»i>  imlloii*  In  IiIimmI  anil  niakr  tlii-in  Irrri'im- 
rlliiiMc. 

I7,  All  tliiiw  pri'trmli'il  rnnnni  niiil  rnniitltii 
tliiim  wcri'  urnii'il  with  ll"'  m'HthI  rinmiri'ii  uf 
>ui>|iiiiiiii>n.  cxdimmiiiilriillnn,  ili  privnilon,  liy 
iiliiili  thiy  woiilil  linvi-  thrunt  out  nP  thr  giniil 
nilnlitlim.  mil  inimt  of  llii>  well  iilTirliil  |Miiplc 
of  till-  klniiiliiMi.  unil  lift  an  ciwy  piiMuiHf  to  thiir 
iiwn  ihnlijii  "f  ni'  inrllUtlim  with  Hoimv 

U.  The  I'lipUh  party  injoyiil  Biich  fjiiiip 
lliniifriiiii  |H'n«l  Ittwaaa  niiioiintciltiMttiilirnliim, 
lioiiica  many  other  t'liroiiruKcnienta  ami  Ciiiirt 
ti\ii»n. 

89.  1  hev  Imil  a  S«'ireliiry  of  Mtnle,  Sir  Knuirln 
Wliiiii'lHinik.  B  [Miwerfiil  n({int  for  iip<'iilliiK  nil 
till  ir  ilrnlrei. 

90.  A  l'i>p<''ii  Numio  residing  here,  to  act  anil 
)(iivrrn  tliiiii  ucrorilini;  to  "iich  IntliK'nri'S  114  hi' 
Ml iti'il  from  Itiime,  ami  to  iiitirriilc  for  tliini 
»llh  till'  nii>8t  powerful  ronciirnnrr  of  tlir 
fun  l>,'ii  priiK'H  of  that  ri'llKion. 

ai.  liy  IiIh  authnrity  thi'  i'a;  istn  of  all  Mirlx. 
imliililv.  gentry,  anil  clirity  wire  eimviHaltil 
lift!  T  till-  inanmr  of  a  Parllaininl. 

92.  Nt  w  jnrlwIlelloiiH  wire  e  ri'cleil  of  ItomlKli 
An  lil>i>liiii>a.  taxia  levlril,  anothir  atate  mouhliil 
viitliln  llilK  at.ilc  liiiU'iHiiilcnt  In  Kovirnnunt, 
oi.nirary  In  Intireat  anil  affection,  acereily  lor- 
rupiiiiir  the  l^!no^ant  or  ncjrli^tent  profeKwirs  of 
iiiir  r>  ll|.'l<>n,  anil  closely  unllin^  ami  comliininK 
tliiuisi'lvea  npiinat  such  an  were  foiinil  In  tliia 
P"-luri',  waiting  for  an  opportunity  hy  fone  to 
ill  "tri'V  those  whom  they  coiilil  not  Iii>|H'  to  Heihiii'. 

93.  Fur  the  eltectln)?  wheriof  they  wen' 
stn  iiirtliciidl  with  arms  anil  niunltii>ii!i,  enioiir' 
iiL'iil  liy  supemtllloua  prayers,  enjolniil  hy  the 
Niiniln  lo  !>!•  weekly  made  for  the  proaixrity  of 
Miiiii'  (inat  design. 

94.  And  nuch  power  bad  they  nt  Court,  that 
si-iTi  tly  aeommission  was  issued  out,  or  intended 
tolM-  issiii'il  to  home  ^reat  men  of  that  prnfession. 
f'lr  the  li'vyii.g  of  soldiers,  and  to  command  and 
rnipliy  them  acconlUiK  '■>  private  instructions, 
«liii  li  «c  iloulit  were  f rimed  for  the  advantaKc 
Iif  Ihiise  who  were  the  contrivers  of  them, 

95.  Ills  Majesty's  treasure  was  consumed,  his 
n  \rnui'  anticipated. 

96.  Ills  servants  and  officers  compelled  to  lend 
LTi  ;it  sums  of  mouey. 

97.  .Multitudes  were  called  to  the  (imncil 
lilili',  who  were  lind  with  long  attendance:  there 
f'T  n  fuMiu;  illi'pd  payments. 

98.  The-  prisons  were  lillcij  with  their  com- 
MiiiMii'Mts:  iiiMiiy  of  the  NhcrilTs  siimmimed  into 
tit'- Siiir  Chiinihi-r,  and  some  imprisoned  fiir  not 
l«iri::  i|\nik  enouirh  in  levyin  ■  the  ship-money  ; 
llie  I  iiple  hinKuishcd  under  L'rief  and  liar.  Iiii 
visiMc  hope  iKini;  left  but  in  desperation. 

99.  The  nohility  bct'an  to  weary  of  their 
>i]ri;ir  ami  patience,  anil  scnsihle  of  the  duty  and 
tru>t  V.  Iiiih  lH'liin(,'S  to  them:  and  lheretii«>n 
b"nie  iif  till'  most  nncti'iit  of  tlwrn  liiil  p«>titioti 
Ilia  .^lajesly  at  such  a  time,  when  evil  counsels 
mri'  sa  strong,  that  they    hml  occasion  lo  cx- 


|M'et  more  liafani  to  thcnisi'lvi's,  than  reilrraa  of 
tltoM'  piilillc  evils  for  which  they  Inlefeedeil 

100.  Whilst  the  kingdom  hiis  In  ihia  niflliillon 
anilillsteni|H'r,  IheHtiils.  restrain,  il  in  'li<  iririidi  s, 
lni|Niverl»hiil  liv  the  li»a  of  many  of  ilii  ir  sl,||  4, 
Isreaved  of  all  ihiksIIiIHIv  of  aalisfy  ini;  Ilia 
Majesty  liy  any  naked  Kiipplhiillon.  enti  rnl  with 
a  Iniwerfiil  army  Into  the  kingdom,  and  willioiit 
any  hostile  ai  t  or  s|hiI|  in  Ilie  (ountrv  Ihi  v  pii'wil, 
more  than  forcing  a  piiMMt^e  over  the  Tyitcat 
Newliurn,  near  Newenatle.  iMtssessi-d  IhrmM-lvea 
of  Newcnslle.  and  liiid  a  fair  opportuniiy  to  presa 
on  further  upon  the  Klnx's  army 

101.  Hut  duly  and  nvcn'tice' to  Ills  Majesty, 
and  I irot!:erly  hive  to  the  Kn^fllsh  nation,  iiinde 
them  stay  there,  whereliy  the  Klu|{  had  leisure 
lo  enterlai'i  lictter  cimnsils. 

loa.  When  in  (IimI  ao  lihssed  and  dlncted  him 
that  III'  summoned  the  final  Connill  of  I'l  1  th  10 
meet  at  Vork  uism  the  24th  of  ,Sepli'nil«  r.  and 
then'  ileeland  a  I'arllament  lo  l»'i;ln  the  !lil  of 
NovemU'r  Iheii  following. 

103.  The  Neots,  (he  llrst  ilav  of  the  (ireat 
Coiiniil.  prestntiil  an  hnmlilc  I'llliion  to  Ilia 
Majesty.  whereuiHin  the  Treaty  was  iipiHiintill 
at  i<l|>ou. 

104.  A  preaent  cessation  of  arn'S  imri  id  upon, 
and  the  full  1  oncliislon  of  all  ililVi  renii  s  referred 
III  the  wlwloni  and  lare  of  llie  I'arliiinii  lit 

105.  AI  our  first  inii'lliitf.  nil  op|iosiiliina 
seemed  lo  \:ili[sli.  the  miscliiefs  were  siii-\<,|ent 
which  those  e\il  counsellors  priHluced,  that  no 
man  durst  sland  up  to  defend  them  :  yet  the  work 
Itself  alTonled  dilllciiltv  e:   lugli. 

106.  The  nuilii|iliiil  evils  and  corruption  of 
fifteen  years,  strengthened  hy  custom  and  au- 
thority, and  the  <oncurn'nt  liilenst  of  many 
powerful  di  lini|Uents.  were  now  to  he  linniglit 
to  Judgment  and  n  rnnnalioii. 

107.  The  King's  lioiisi'holil  was  to  he  provided 
for: — they  had  limuglit  hlin  to  that  uaiit.  that 
lie  could  not  supply  Ills  ordinary  iind  necessary 
expenses  without  tfie  iissistaiiee  of  his  people. 

108.  Two  armies  were  to  ls>  paid,  which 
amounted  very  near  lo  eighty  thousand  pounda 
a  month. 

109.  The  pi'oph'  were  to  lie  tindcrly  charged, 
having  Ih'cii  formerly  exliaustcd  with  niaey 
liurdensome  pMJeiis 

1 10.  The  illllli  iillies  seemed  to  Is'  insiiperalile, 
wliicli  liy  llie  Ilivine  I'rovidiine  we  have  over- 
coiiii'.  The  coiiirarietii'S  ineompiitilile,  which 
yet  in  a  gnat  measuii'  we  liuve  reionc'leil 

111.  Mix  siilisidies  have  heen  gr'Htcd  and  a 
liill  of  poll  iiioni  y.  wliiili  if  it  he  duly  hvieil, 
may  eiiual  six  siilisidii  s  more,  in  all  i'tllKi.lKKt 

JI2.  lii'siili  s  we  have  1  ontracted  a  ihlit  lo  the 
.Sols  of  4.","-.'U.IK»i.  VI  t  (iisl  hath  so  hlesseil  the 
enileavours  lit  this  i'ailiamenl.  that  the  kingdom 
is  a  great  gainer  hy  all  tlicsi'  charges. 

113.  The  ship  nioniv  is  aliolisliiil.  which  coat 
the  kingdom  alioiil  t'.'iiil.iMIO  a  year 

114.  T'lie  Coat  and  conducl -money,  and  other 
military  charges  are  taken  away,  which  in  many 
ciiiintrii'S  aniountcil  to  little  less  than  the  ship- 
iiioiify. 

115.  The  monopolies  are  all  suppressi'i  I.  whereof 
sonii'  few  dill  prejuiliie  the  sulijcct,  aliovc 
i'l.iH«>.imO  vearlv. 

tl6.  The" soap"  i'KlO.IIOO. 

117.  Till'  wine  i;l)(M)  IXM). 

118.  The  leather  iiiusl  needs  exceed  both,  and 
salt  could  lie  no  less  than  that. 


889 


i 


ENGLAND.   1641. 


77i*  dmntl 
Remonsl  ranee. 


ENOLANI).  1641. 


:  i 
•pi 
P 


II 

if 

Is 

3J 


119.  Uosiilos  till'  inferior  inonopolipg,  wliirli,  if 
thty  could  1m'  cxiutly  coiiipiitiil,  would  make  up 
a  fireat  8uni. 

120.  Tlint  wliicli  Is  more  l>eneflcial  tlian  all 
this  is,  that  tlic  riH>r  of  tlies*'  evils  Is  taken  away, 
whieli  was  the  arliitrary  |«iwer  pretended  In  be  in 
His  Majesty  of  t^xinK  the  euhject,  or  ehiirKini; 
their  estates  williout  ennsent  in  Parliament, 
which  is  now  deeliired  to  be  ajrainst  liiw  by  llie 
judgment  of  both  Houses,  and  likewise  by  an  Act 
of  Parliament. 

121.  Another  step  of  Rreat  ndvantape  is  this, 
the  living  grievances,  tlie  evil  counsellors  and 
actors  of  tliiM'  misdiiefs  h:\ve  been  so  quelled. 

122.  By  the  justice  done  upon  the  K.irl  of 
Strafford!  the  llight  of  the  Lord  Finch  and  Seere 
tary  Wlndelmnk. 

123.  The  accnsiition  and  imprisonment  of  the 
Archbishop  of  Carterbury,  of  Judge  Uerkeley; 
and 

124.  The  inii«'aehmcut  of  divers  other  Bishops 
andJudges,  tli:it  it  is  like  not  only  to  be  an  ease  to 
the  present  times,  but  a  preservation  to  the  future. 

125.  The  discontinuance  of  Parliaments  is  pre- 
vented bv  the  Bill  for  a  triennial  Parliament,  and 
the  abrupt  dissolution  of  this  Parliament  by 
another  Bill,  by  which  it  is  provided  it  shall  not 
be  di.ssolved  of  adjo'imed  without  the  consent  of 
both  IIoi'scs, 

126.  Whieh  two  laws  well  consideren  'my  lie 
thought  more  ailvantjigeous  than  all  the  former, 
because  they  secure  a  full  opemtion  of  the  present 
remedy,  anc'l  afford  a  perpetual  spring  of  reme- 
dies for  the  future. 

127.  The  Star  Chamber. 

128.  The  High  Commission. 

179.  The  Courts  of  the  President  and  Council 
in  the  North  were  so  many  forges  of  misery, 
oppression  and  violence,  and  are  all  taken  away, 
whereby  men  are  more  sccureil  in  their  [KTsons, 
liberties  and  estates,  than  they  could  lie  by  any 
law  or  example  for  the  regulation  of  those  Courts 
or  terror  of  the  Judges. 

130.  The  i-:uno<lerate  power  of  the  Council 
Table,  and  the  excessive  abuse  of  that  power  is 
so  ordered  and  restrained,  that  we  may  well 
hope  that  no  such  things  as  were  frc(|uenlly 
done  by  them,  co  the  prejudice  of  the  public  lib 
crty,  will  appear  in  future  times  but  only  in 
stories,  to  give  us  and  our  posterity  more  occa- 
sion to  praise  God  for  Ilis  JIajcsty's  go<Hlncss, 
and  the  faithful  en<leavour3  of  this  Parliament. 

131.  The  canons  and  power  of  canon-making 
are  blast<(l  by  the  votes  of  Imth  Houses. 

132.  The  exorbitant  power  of  Bishops  and 
their  courts  are  much  abated,  by  some  provisions 
In  the  Bill  against  the  High  Comniission  Court, 
til  authors  of  the  many  innovations  in  dottrine 
aii'i  <:.Tcinonii's. 

133.  The  ministers  that  have  been  scandalous 
In  tliiir  lives,  have  been  so  terrilicd  in  just  com- 
plairils  and  accu.sjitions,  that  we  may  well  hope 
they  will  be  more  nuidest  for  the  time  to  come; 
cither  inward.  •  convicted  by  the  sight  of  tlicir 
own  folly,  or  outwardly  restrained  by  the  fear 
of  punishment. 

134.  The  forests  arc  by  a  good  law  reduced  to 
their  right  bounils. 

135.  The  cMcroai  hnu'iits  and  oppressions  of 
tile  Stannary  Courts,  the  cxtorticms  of  llicilerk 
of  the  market. 

136.  And  111.  (.impulsion  of  tlu  .suiij.  i  i  ii.  n 
celve  the  Order  of  KniijhlhfKHl  against  his  will, 


paying  of  fines  for  not  receiving  it,  and  the  vcxa 
t'o'is  proceedings  thereupon  for  levying  of  those 
lines,  are  by  other  iH'netlciul  laws  reformed  and 
prevented. 

137.  iMaiiy  excellent  laws  and  provisions  arc 
in  prcpanition  for  removing  the  inordinate  power, 
vexation  and  usurpation  of  Bishops,  for  reforn.- 
Ing  the  pride  an<l  idleness  of  many  of  the  clergy, 
for  easing  the  people  of  unnecessary  ceremonies 
in  religion,  for  censuring  and  removing  un- 
worthy and  unprofitable  ministers.  »n<l  for  main- 
taining g(Hlly  and  diligent  preachers  through 
the  kingdom. 

138.  Other  things  of  main  Importance  for  the 
go<Kl  of  this  kingdom  are  in  proposition,  though 
little  could  hitherto  be  done  in  regard  of  the 
many  other  more  pressing  businesses,  which  yet 
before  the  end  of  this  Session  we  hope  may  re- 
ceive sonic  progress  and  perfection. 

139.  The  establishing  and  ordering  the  King's 
revenue,  that  so  the  abuse  of  oflicers  nnU  super 
fluity  of  expenses  mav  be  cut  off,  and  the  neces- 
sary disbursements  /or  His  Majesty's  honour, 
the  defence  and  government  of  the  kingdom, 
may  be  more  certainly  provided  for. 

140.  The  regulating  of  courts  of  Justice,  and 
abridging  both  the  delays  and  charges  of  law 
suits. 

141.  The  settling  of  some  good  courses  for 
preventing  tlie  exportation  of  gold  an(  silver, 
and  the  inequality  of  exclnnges  between  us  and 
other  nations,  for  the  advancing  of  native  com- 
nuHlitics,  Increase  of  our  manufactures,  and  well 
balancing  of  trailc,  whereby  the  stock  of  the 
kingdom  may  lie  Increased,  or  at  least  kept  from 
impairing,  as  through  neglect  hereof  It  hath 
done  for  many  years  last  past. 

142.  Improving  the  herring-flshing  u,  .m  our 
coasts,  which  will  be  of  mighty  use  in  the  em 
ployment  of  the  poor,  and  a  plentiful  nursery  of 
mariners  for  enabling  the  kingdom  In  any  great 
action. 

143.  The  oppositions,  obst. uctlons  and  othir 
dilliculties  wherewith  we  have  been  cncoiintereil, 
and  which  still  lie  in  our  way  with  some  strength 
and  much  obstinacy,  are  these:  the  malignant 
party  wliom  we  have  formerly  described  to  he 
the  ttCi  irs  and  promoters  of  all  our  misery,  they 
have  taken  heart  again. 

144.  They  have  been  aL<le  to  prefer  some  of 
their  own  factors  and  agents  to  degrees  of  lion 
our,  to  jilaccs  of  trust  and  employment,  eveu 
during  llic  Parliament. 

145.  Tliiy  have  endeavoured  to  work  In  Ilis 
Majesty  ill  impressions  and  opinions  of  our  pro 
cccdings,  as  if  we  had  altogether  done  our  own 
work,  and  not  his;  and  had  obtained  from  liini 
many  things  very  prejudicial  to  the  Crown,  both 
in  respect  of  prerogative  and  pmtit. 

146.  To  wipe  out  this  slander  we  think  gni"! 
only  to  sav  thus  much:  thatallthat  we  have  dun',- 
is  for  I  lis  Majesty,  bis  greatness,  honour  and  sup 
port,  when  we  yield  to  give  i"J.j  (WKI  a  month  fr 
the  relief  of  liie  Northern  Counties;  liiis  «  is 
givin  to  the  King,  for  be  was  bound  to  proi.-.t 
his  subjects. 

147.  They  w.rc  His  Majesty's  evil  counsiilcr^ 
and  till  ir  ill'  iiisIriiiiHiits  that  were  actors  in  lli.'-'' 
grii'vanc'S  which  Iirouuhl  iu  tlie  Scots. 

148.  And  if  Ilis  Majesty  jiliase  to  force  tli.  -e 
who  were  tiie  authors  of  this  war  to  make  sal'- 
l;ij:i;:r,.  as  he  niigii:  justly  a::::  easily  do,  it  m-::  - 
very  reasonable  that  the"  people  niight  well  lie 


8'JO 


ENGLAND,  IMl. 


The  (Irnnd 
Rrmunttrance. 


ENGLAND.  IMl. 


exnined  fmm  taking  upon  tliem  tliia  biinlrn. 
being  nltoiri'tlicr  iiinncent  and  free  from  Ixint; 
flnv  ciiu^e  of  it. 

14^.  When  we  undertook  the  ehnr^e  of  tlie 
amiy,  whieh  eost  above  i'.W.OOO  a  niontli.  was 
ni>t  ii.ia  jriven  to  the  King?  Was  it  not  His 
Miiestj '»  ami}  t  Were  not  nil  the  eoiiiniiindirs 
.iniliT  coniiait  with  His  Majesty,  at  higher  rates 
and  griater  wages  than  ordintiry  ? 

150.  And  have  not  we  taken  upon  us  to  dis- 
charf-'e  all  the  brotherly  assistance  of  i'.'JiMI.OCKI. 
whii  li  we  pave  tlic  Scots  ?  Was  it  not  toward 
repair  of  tliost^  damages  and  losses  which  they  re- 
ceived from  the  King's  ships  and  from  his  inin 
isters  1 

151.  These  three  particulars  amount  to  above 
fl.llHI.OlK). 

152.  Iksidis,  His  Slajesty  lialli  receiveil  by 
im|H>sitions  upon  merchandise  at  least  £4tH),(K)'l. 

153.  So  that  His  Majesty  hath  had  out  of  tlie 
subjects'  pursi'  siuee  the  I'arliamcut  began,  Jtl.- 
50<),tKKI.  and  yet  these  men  can  be  so  impudent 
as  to  t(  II  His  Majesty  that  we  have  dcmc  nothing 
for  liiin. 

154.  As  to  the  second  branch  of  this  slnndir, 
we  ai'knowle<lge  with  much  thankfulness  that  His 
Majesty  hath  passed  more  good  Hills  to  the  advan- 
tage of  the  subjects  than  have  been  in  many  ages, 

155.  But  withal  we  cannot  forget  that  these 
venomous  cotuicils  did  nuinifest  themselves  in 
some  endeavours  to  hinder  these  goo<l  acts. 

156.  And  for  both  Houses  of  Parliament  we 
may  with  truth  and  modesty  say  thus  much :  that 
we  have  ever  been  careful  not  to  desire  anything 
that  should  weaken  the  Crown  cither  in  just 
profit  or  useful  power. 

157.  The  triennial  Parliament  for  the  matter 
of  it.  doth  not  extend  to  bo  much  as  by  law  we 
ouL'lit  to  have  required  (there  being  two  statutes 
still  in  force  for  a  Parliament  to  lie  once  a  year), 
and  f'T  the  manner  of  It,  it  is  in  the  King's  power 
that  it  shall  never  take  effect,  if  he  by  a  timely 
siiinmons  shall  prevent  any  other  way  of  asscra- 
liling. 

158.  In  the  Bill  for  continuance  of  this  present 
Parliament,  there  seems  to  be  some  restniint  of 
the  royal  power  in  dissolving  of  Parliaments,  not 
to  take  it  out  of  the  Crown,  but  to  suspend  the 
exociuion  of  it  for  this  time  and  occasion  only: 
wlii<h  was  so  necessary  for  the  King's  own 
aeiirity  and  the  public  peace,  that  without  it  we 
idulil  lint  liave  undertaken  any  of  these  great 
<hari;(s,  luii  must  have  left  both  the  armies  to 
liisiirdc  r  and  confusion,  and  the  whole  kingdom 
I"  blood  and  rapine. 

159.  The  Star  Chamber  was  much  more  fruit- 
ful ill  oppression  than  in  protit,  the  great  tines 
I"  ill-'  for  the  most  part  given  awav,  and  the  rest 
stall.  .1  at  long  times. 

160.  The  lines  of  tlie  High  Commission  were 
ill  tin  iiiM  Ives  unjust,  and  seldom  or  never  came 
iiii"  ilie  Ki!i^''s  purse.  These  four  liillj  are  par- 
ti' uliily  and  more  specially  instanced. 

161.  Ill  ihe  rest  there  will  not  lie  found  so 
I"  1'  h  a^  a  shadow  of  prejudice  to  the  Crown. 

i6i.    I'liey  have  sought  to  diminish  our  repu- 
'iii'ii  Willi  tlie  people,  and  to  bring  them  out  of   ] 
i  '^'  'vi'li  ParliauK'nts.  '  ! 

163.  I  he  asp,  rsions  which  they  hav<' attempted  I 
llii-  V,  ,i\  have  belli  sueli  as  these:  ! 

164.  That  we  have  spent  much  time  and  done  i 
ottl' .  ■-••■ :  iallv  ill  those  t-rievancFs  wbifb  ,:.r,.  ! 
crii  rrlii;ion.  "  I 


165.  That  the  Parliament  Is  a  burden  to  tbs 
kingdiiui  by  the  abundance  of  protectums  which 
liin(hr  jiisii(<>  and  trade:  anil  by  many  subsidieg 
graiiteil  iinieli  more  heavy  than  any  fonuerly  en 
dureil. 

166.  To  wlii<h  there  is  a  ready  answer;  if  the 
time  spent  in  tliis  Parliament  be  considereil  in  re- 
lation backward  to  tlu'  long  growth  and  deep 
nxit  of  those  grievancis,  wliii  li  we  have  removccli 
to  the  powerful  support.4  of  those  deliniiuent*, 
which  we  have  pursu.  d,  to  the  great  necessities 
and  other  chargesof  tiie  commonweallli  for  which 
we  have  provided. 

167.  Or  if  it  be  considered  in  relation  forward 
to  many  advantages,  which  not  only  the  present 
but  future  ages  are  like  to  reaj)  by  the  genHl  laws 
and  other  proceedings  in  this  Parliament,  we 
doubt  not  but  it  will  be  thought  by  all  indilTerent 
judgments,  that  our  time  bath  been  much  iKtIer 
employed  than  in  a  far  greater  proportion  of  time 
in  many  former  Parliaments  put  together;  and 
the  charges  which  !.  ve  been  laid  upon  the  sub- 
ject, and  the  other  inconveniences  which  they 
have  borne,  will  seem  very  light  in  respect  of 
the  benetit  they  have  and  may  receive. 

168.  And  for  the  matter  of  protections,  the 
Pariiainent  is  so  sensible  of  it  tliat  therein  they 
inteiiiled  to  give  liiein  w  hats<H'Ver  case  may  stand 
with  honour  and  justice,  and  are  in  u  way  of 
passing  a  Rill  to  give  them  satisfaction. 

169.  They  have  sought  by  many  subtle  prac- 
tices to  caust"  jealousies  and  divisions  lietwixt  us 
and  our  brethren  of  Scotland,  by  slandering  their 
proceedings  and  intentions  towards  us,  and  by 
secret  endeavours  to  instigate  and  incense  them 
and  us  one  against  another. 

170.  They  have  had  such  a  jiarty  of  Bishops 
and  Popish  lords  In  the  House  of  Peers,  as  hath 
caused  much  opposition  and  delay  in  the  prose- 
cution of  delinquents,  hindered  the  proceedings 
of  clivers  gocxl  Bills  pas,s<'d  in  the  Commons' 
Hou.se',  concerning  the  refonnation  of  sundry 
great  abuses  and  corruptions  both  in  Church  and 
State. 

171.  They  have  laboured  to  seduce  and  cor- 
rupt some  of  the  Commons'  House  to  draw  them 
into  conspiracies  and  combinations  against  the 
liberty  of  the  I'arlianient. 

172.  And  by  their  instruments  and  agents  they 
have  attempted  to  disalf  et  and  discontent  Hu 
Majesty's  army,  and  to  eiigairo  it  for  the  iimintc- 
nanee  of  their  wicked  anil  traitorous  designs:  the 
keeping  up  of  Bishops  in  votes  and  functions, 
and  by  force  to  compel  the  Pariiainent  to  order, 
limit  and  dispose  their  proceedings  in  such  man- 
ner as  might  be.st  concur  w  ith  the  intentions  of 
this  dangerous  and  potent  faction. 

173.  And  when  one  mischievous  design  and 
attempt  of  tlieirs  to  bring  on  tlie  uriny  against 
th(  I'arlianuiit  and  the  City  of  Lonclon,  hath 
iK'en  discovered  anil  iirevented; 

174.  Tbey  presently  undertook  anothir  of  the 
s.anie  daninable  nalure.  with  this  addition  to  it, 
to  endeavour  to  make  the  Scottish  army  neutral, 
whilst  the  English  army,  which  they  had  la- 
boured to  corrupt  anil  envenom  against  us  by 
their  faNe  and  slanderous  suggestions,  should 
(Xeeiile  ilieir  malice  to  the  subversion  of  our  re- 
ligion and  the  dissolution  of  <iur  government. 

175.  Thus  they  have  Im'cii  conlinually  pnictis 
ing  to  disturb  tiie  peaci',  and  |ilotling  the  de 
str.Hii.il>  even  ..f  ,\\\  t!,v  Kiii^'s  d.•lliiilil■ll^:  ami 
have  employed  their   emissaries  and   agents  iu 


801 


ii 
H 


1^ 

if 


ENGLAND.  1641. 


The  Grand 
Remonttrancr. 


ENGLAND,  1641. 


II 


t^ 


llicm.  all  fortliopnimotingtlicirilrvilishdcBigns, 
wliUli  till-  vinilaiiry  cif  those  who  were  well  iif- 
fi'Cttd  hiith  sitill  discovered  and  defeated  iK'forc 
they  were  ripe  for  execution  in  En(;lat  .1  anil 
Seolland. 

176.  Only  in  Ireland,  which  was  farther  off. 
they  have  had  time  and  opportunity  to  mould 
and  prepare  their  work,  and  had  lirou)rht  it  to 
that  perfeelion  tliat  they  had  pos.ses.sed  tliem- 
selves  of  tiial  whole  kingdom,  totally  subverted 
the  ftoveriiiiient  of  it.  roulid  out  religion,  and 
destrovedall  the  Protestants  wlumi  the  eonseiencc 
of  tlit-ir  duty  to  God.  their  Klnp  and  country, 
would  not  have  permitted  to  join  witli  them,  if 
by  Gods  wonderful  proviiknce  their  main  enter- 
prise upon  the  city  and  castle  of  Dublin,  hail 
not  l>e(  n  delceteil  and  prevented  tipon  the  yery 
eve  Infore  it  should  have  been  c  xecuted. 

177.  Notwilhslandin!,'  they  have  in  other  parts 
of  that  kinL'iloni  broken  owl  into  open  nlM'llion. 
surprisinii  towns  and  castles,  committed  nuirders. 
nipes  anil  other  villainies,  and  shaken  olT  all 
bonds  of  obedience  to  His  Majesty  and  the  laws 
of  the  realm. 

178.  And  in  general  have  kind'ed  such  a  fire, 
as  notliinir  but  Gnd's  intinite  liless-un  upon  the 
wisiloin  and  endeavours  of  this  State  will  be  able 
t(»  quench  it. 

179.  And  KTtainly  had  not  GihI  in  Ills  great 
mercy  unto  lliis  land  discovered  and  confounded 
their' former  ilisiL'Us.  we  had  been  the  prologue  to 
this  tragedy  in  Inland,  and  liad  by  this  been  made 
the  lamentable  spiilacle  of  misery  and  confusion. 

180.  And  now  what  hope  have  we  bu'  in  God, 
when  as  the  only  means  of  our  subsistence  and 
power  of  reformation  is  under  Hint  in  the  Par- 
liament ? 

181.  Hut  what  can  we  the  Commons,  without 
the  lonjunctionof  the  House  of  Lords,  and  what 
conjuuilion  can  we  e.\|iect  there,  when  the 
liisiiops  and  reeusjinl  lords  are  so  numerous  and 
prevalent  that  they  are  able  toerossand  interrupt 
iiur  liest  endeavours  for  ri  formation,  and  by  th.it 
means  give  advantage  to  this  malignant  party 
to  traduce  our  priKecilingsK 

182.  They  infuse  into  the  people  that  we 
mean  to  afiolish  all  t'liureh  governnunt.  and 
leave  everv  man  to  his  own  fancy  for  tlie  service 
and  worsh'i|>  of  God.  absolving  him  of  that  oliedi- 
erne  wiiieh  heowes  under  Gml  unto  His  .Majesty, 
wiiom  we  know  to  1»>  entrusted  witli  the  ecelesi- 
astiial  law  as  well  as  with  the  temporal,  to  regu- 
late all  the  members  of  the  Church  of  Kngland. 
by  sMili  rules  of  order  and  discipline  as  are  es- 
tablished by  Parliament,  which  is  his  greateoun- 
eil  in  all  alfairs  liotli  in  Cliureb  and  .'slate. 

183.  We  confess  our  intention  is,  and  our  en- 
deavours have  been,  to  reduce  within  bounds 
that  e.vorbiiant  power  whuh  the  prelates  have 
assumed  unto  llieTuselves.  so  contrary  botii  to 
the  Word  of  God  and  to  the  laws  of  tiie  land,  to 
which  end  we  |iassed  the  liill  for  the  removing 
them  from  their  temporal  power  and  employ- 
nu'nls,  that  so  the  belter  they  might  with  meek- 
ness apply  tliemselvesto  the  discharge  of  their 
fuiirtious.  whiili  liill  ihemseives  op|iosed.  and 
were  tic  principal  instruments  of  crossing  it. 

184.  And  wedo  lure  declare  that  it  is  far  from 
our  purpose  or  desire  to  let  loosi'  the  golden 
reins  of  disi  iplineaiid  government  in  theClmreh. 
to  leave  private  persons  or  particular  conirreira- 
tious  to  take  up  what  tori'n  ot  Divine  Service 
they   please,  for  we  liolil  it  requisite  that  tliere 


should  lie  throughout  the  whole  realm  a  con 
forinity  to  that  order  which  the  laws  enjoin  ac 
cording  to  the  Word  of  GihI.  And  we  desire  to 
unburden  the  eonscieneea  of  men  of  neeiUess  and 
8iip<'rstitious  ceremonies,  suppress  innovations, 
and  take  awav  the  monuments  of  idolatry. 

185.  And  tlie  iH'tter  to  ellect  the  intended  ref 
orination.  we  desire  there  may  be  a  general  synixi 
of  the  most  grave,  pious,  learned  and  judicious 
divines  of  this  island;  as.sisted  witii  some  from 
foreign  parts,  professing  the  same  religion  with 
us.  w  111)  may  consider  of  all  things  necessary  for 
the  peace  and  goinl  government  of  the  Church, 
and  represent  the  results  of  their  consultations 
unto  the  Parliament,  to  Ik'  there  allowed  ot  and 
confirmed,  and  receive  the  stump  of  authority, 
thereby  to  tiiid  passage  and  oliedienee  throughout 
the  kingdiim. 

186.  Tliey  have  maliciously  charged  us  that 
■we  intend  "to  destroy  and  discourage  learning, 
whereas  it  isourchiefest  care  and  desire  to  advance 
it.  and  to  provide  a  competent  maintenance  for 
conscionalileand  preaching  ministers  throughout 
the  kingdom,  wliich  will  be  a  great  encourage 
meiit  to  scholars,  and  a  certain  means  whereby 
the  want,  meanness  and  ignorance,  to  wdiich  a 
great  part  of  the  clergy  is  now  subject,  will  !«• 
prevented. 

187.  And  we  intended  likewise  to  n'forni  and 
purge  the  fountains  of  harning.  the  two  Univer 
sities.  that  the  streams  Howiiig  from  thence  may 
be  clear  and  pure,  and  an  honour  and  comfort  to 
the  whole  land. 

188.  T'liv  have  strained  to  blast  our  proceed 
ings  in  Parliament,  by  wresting  tile  interpnta 
thins  of  our  orders  from  their  genuine  intention 

189.  They  tell  the  people  lliat  our  nieddliiig 
w  it  lithe  power  of  epis<-opaey  hath  causeil&cctaries 
and  conventiilis,  wlien  idolatrous  and  Popish 
ceremonies.  inlriKlueed  into  the  Church  by  the 
command  of  tlie  Hisliops  have  not  only  debarri  il 
the  people  from  thence,  but  expelled  them  from 
the  kingdom, 

190.  Thus  with  Elijah,  wc  are  called  by  this 
malignant  parly  the  troublers  of  tlie  State,  ami 
still,  while  we  endeavour  to  reform  their  abusis, 
they  make  us  the  authors  of  those  mischiefs  wc 
study  to  prevent. 

19'!.  For  the  perfecting  of  the  work  Ix-gun. 
anil  nnioving  all  future  impediments,  we  con 
ceive  these  coiirsis  will  be  very  etiectual.  seeing 
the  religion  of  the  Papists  hath  such  principli  s 
as  do  certainly  tend  to  the  destruction  and  e.'wlir- 
pation  of  all 'Protestants,  when  they  shall  have 
opportunity  to  efleet  it. 

192.  It  is  necessary  in  the  first  place  to  keep 
them  in  such  condition  as  th.it  they  may  not  I  c 
able  to  do  lis  any  hurt,  and  for  avoiding  of  sin  h 
connivance  and  favour  as  hath  heretofore  been 
shown  unto  them, 

193.  That  His  Majesty  lie  pleased  to  grant  a 
Rtaiidiiig  Conimissiou  to  some  choice  men  nami  d 
in  Parliament,  who  may  take  notice  of  their  in- 
crease, their  counsels  and  proceedings,  and  iim! 
all  due  means  by  execution  of  the  laws  to  pre 
VI  lit  all  iiii.scliii  voiiM  designs  against  the  pi  ai  i! 
and  safety  of  this  kingdom, 

194.  Thus  some  goint  course  lie  taken  to  li.^- 
cover  the  counterfeit  and  false  eonfomiity  ef 
Papists  to  tile  Church,  by  colour  whereof  persons 
very  much  liisaHected  to  the  true  religion  have 
lieen  aiimitleil  inio  place  ot  greatest  auiUoril/ 
and  trust  iu  the  kingdom. 


892 


EtTOLAND,  1641. 


TV  Grand 
Remonttrance. 


ENOLAXD.  164S. 


.-J 


loS.  For  the  bettir  pretervatioD  of  the  Iswg 
and  liberties  of  the  kingdom,  that  all  illeRal 
grievances  and  exactions  lie  presented  and  pun- 
ished at  the  sessions  and  assizes. 

196.  And  that  Judges  and  Justices  be  very 
careful  to  give  this  in  charge  to  the  grand  jury, 
and  both  the  Sheriff  and  Justices  to  be  sworn  to 
the  due  execution  of  the  Petition  of  Right  and 
other  laws. 

197.  Tliat  Ills  Majesty  be  humbly  petitioned 
by  both  Houses  to  employ  such  counsellors,  am- 
btt-ssadors  and  other  ministers,  in  managing  his 
business  at  home  and  abroad  as  the  Parliament 
may  have  cause  to  conflde  in,  without  which  we 
cannot  give  His  Majesty  such  supplies  for  sup- 
port (if  his  own  estate,  "nor  such  assistance  to  the 
Protestant  party  beyond  the  sea,  as  is  desired. 

198.  It  may  often  fall  out  that  the  Commons 
may  liavc  just  cause  to  take  exceptions  at  some 
men  for  being  councillors,  and  yet  not  charge 
those  men  with  crimes,  for  there  be  grounds  of 
dillidence  which  lie  not  in  proof. 

199.  There  arc  others,  which  though  they  may 
be  proved,  yet  are  not  legally  criminal. 

200.  To  be  a  known  favourer  of  Papists,  or  to 
have  been  very  forward  in  defending  or  counte- 
nancing some  great  offenders  questioned  in  Par- 
liament; or  to  speak  contemptuously  of  either 
lliiuses  of  Parliament  or  Parliamentary  proceed- 
inija, 

201.  Or  such  as  arc  factors  or  agents  for  any 
foreign  prince  of  another  religion ;  such  are  justly 
9U9[H.'ctcd  to  get  councillors'  places,  or  any  other 
of  trust  concerniiii;  public  employment  for 
money .  for  all  these  and  divers  others  we  may 
have  great  reason  to  be  earnest  with  His  Majesty, 
not  to  put  his  great  affairs  into  such  hands,  though 
we  may  be  unwilling  to  proceed  against  them  in 
any  legal  way  of  charge  or  impeachment. 

202.  That  all  Councillors  of  State  may  l)e 
sworn  to  observe  those  laws  which  concern  the 
subject  in  his  liberty,  that  they  may  likewise  take 
an  oath  not  to  receive  or  give  reward  or  pension 
from  any  foreign  prince,  but  such  as  they  shall 
within  si'ime  reasonable  time  discover  to  the  Lords 
(if  His  .Majesty's  Council. 

203.  And  although  they  should  wickedly  for- 
swear tliemselves,  yet  it  may  herein  do  good  to 
niaiie  tlieni  known  to  be  false  and  perjured  to 
tliosc  wlio  employ  the"",  and  thereby  bring  them 
into  as  little  credit  with  them  as  with  us. 

204.  That  His  Majesty  may  have  cause  to  Ik'  in 
Icive  with  g(«Kl  counsel  and  g(X)d  men,  by  shewing 
liim  in  an  humble  and  dutiful  manner  how  full 
of  advantage  it  would  be  to  himself,  to  see  his 
o»  n  estate  settled  in  a  plentiful  condition  to  sup- 
port liis  honour;  to  see  his  people  united  in  ways 
of  duly  to  him,  and  endeavours  of  the  public 
u'lioil;  |o  see  l.upplnLSs,  wealth,  peace  and  safety 
(li  riviil  to  Ids  own  kingdom,  and  procured  to  liis 
alliis  liy  the  influence  of  his  own  power  and  gov- 
(Tumcnt." 

A.  D.  1642  (JuiuarT).— The  King's  attempt 
against  the  Five  Members.— On  the  3d  of 
•liiiuiary.  ■the  king  was  betrayed  into  ...  an 
iiuliMTiiion  to  which  all  the  ensuing  disorders 
mil  ( ivil  wars  ought  immetlitttely  and  directly  to 
!  (■  ;i(  riliid.  This  was  the  impeachment  of  llord 
Kimhnlion  and  the  five  members.  .  .  ,  Herbert, 
attiirmy  general,  appeared  in  the  Houseof  Peers. 
mil.  in  his  majesty's  name,  entered  an  accusa- 
'i"n  of  hiirh  treason  against  f^ord  Kimtx>!t"n  and 
uvij  commoners,    Uoliis,    Sir   Arthur   Uazlerig, 


Hambden,  Pym,  and  Strode.  The  articles  were, 
That  they  had  traitorously  endeavoured  to  sub- 
vert the  fundamental  laws  and  government  of 
the  kingdom,  to  deprive  the  king  of  his  rerail 
power,  and  to  impose  on  his  subjects  an  arbi- 
trary and  tyrannical  authority;  that  they  had 
endeavoureif,  by  many  foul  aspersions  on  bis 
majesty  and  Ids  government,  to  alienate  the  affec- 
tions of  his  people,  and  make  him  odious  to  them ; 
that  they  had  attempted  to  draw  his  late  army 
to  disobedience  of  his  royal  commands,  and  to 
side  with  them  in  their  traitorous  designs;  that 
they  had  invited  and  encouraged  a  foreign  power 
to  invade  the  kingdom ;  that  they  had  aimed  at 
subverting  the  rights  and  very  being  of  Parlia- 
ment; that,  in  order  to  comnletc  their  traitorous 
designs,  they  had  cmleavourci),  as  fur  as  in  them 
lay,  by  force  and  terror,  to  compel  the  Parlia- 
ment to  join  witli  them,  and  to  that  end  had 
actually  raised  and  countenanced  tumults  against 
the  king  and  Parliament;  and  that  they  had 
traitorously  conspired  to  levy,  and  actually  bad 
levied,  war  against  the  king.  The  whole  world 
stood  amazed  at  this  important  accusation,  so 
suddenly  entered  upon,  without  concert,  delibera- 
tion or  reflection.  ...  But  men  liad  not  leisure  to 
wonder  at  the  Indiscretion  of  this  measure ;  their 
astonishment  was  excited  by  new  attempts,  still 
more  precipitate  and  imprudent.  A  sergeant  at 
arms,  in  the  king's  name,  demanded  of  the  House 
the  five  members,  and  was  sent  back  without  any 
positive  answer.  Messengers  were  employed  to 
search  for  them  and  arrest  them.  Their  trunks, 
chambers,  and  ftudies,  were  sealed  and  locked. 
The  House  voted  all  these  acts  of  violence  to  be 
breaches  of  privilege,  and  commanded  every  one 
to  defend  the  liberty  of  the  meml)ers.  The  king, 
Irritated  by  all  this  opposition,  resolved  next  day 
to  come  In  person  to  tlie  House,  with  an  intention 
to  demand,  perhaps  seize.  In  their  presence,  the 
persons  whom  he  had  accused.  This  resolution 
was  discovered  to  the  Countess  of  Carlisle,  sister 
to  Northumberland,  a  lady  of  spirit,  wit,  and 
intrigue.  She  privately  sent  intelligence  to  the 
five  members;  and  they  had  time  to  withdraw,  a 
moment  iK'fore  the  king  entered.  He  was  accom- 
panied by  his  ordinary  retinue,  to  the  number  of 
above  two  hundred,  armed  as  usual,  some  with 
haU)erts,  some  with  walking  swords.  The  king 
left  them  at  the  door,  and  he  himself  advanced 
alone  through  the  hall,  while  all  the  members 
rose  to  receive  him.  Tlie  speaker  withdrew  from 
his  chair,  and  the  king  took  possession  of  It 
The  speech  which  he  made  was  as  follows: 
'Gentlemen,  I  am  sorry  for  this  occasion  of  com- 
ing to  you.  Yesterday,  I  sent  a  sergeant  at 
arms,  to  demand  some,  who,  by  my  ordir,  were 
accused  of  high  treason.  Instead  of  <)l)edience,  I 
received  a  message.  .  .  .  Therefore  am  I  come 
to  tell  you,  that  I  must  have  these  nun  whereso- 
ever I  can  find  them.  Well,  since  I  see  all  the 
birds  are  flown,  I  do  expect  that  you  will  send 
them  to  me  as  .soon  as  they  return.  But  I  assure 
you,  on  the  word  of  a  kiug.  I  never  did  intend 
any  force,  but  shall  proceed  against  them  in  a 
fair  and  legal  way.  for  I  never  meant  any  other." 
.  .  .  When  tiic  king  was  l(H)king  around  tor  the 
accused  members,  he  asked  the  speaker,  who 
8tO(Ml  below,  whether  any  of  tliese  i)er8ons  were 
in  tlie  House  ?  The  speaker,  falling  on  bis  knee, 
prudently  replied:  'I  have,  sir,  neither  eyes  to 
Rt>p..  nor  tiinirue  to  speak,  in  this  place,  but  as  the 
House  is  pleased  to  direct  me,  whose  servant  I 


893 


'i 


u 

i! 
If 


ENGLAND,  1848. 


Prepnring  foi 
War. 


KXOLANn,   1612 


am.     And  I  humbly  luk  pnnlnn,  tlmt  I  rnnnot 
(jive  any  other  answer  to  what  ynir  niaji'sty  is 

fiii'ased  to  demand  of  me.'  The  ('oininons  were 
n  the  utmost  ilisorder:  and  when  tlie  kinif  was 
departiii);.  some  memliers  cried  aloud  so  as  he 
ml».'ht  hear  llieni.  I'rivilejre!  I'rivihge!  and  the 
House  immeiliiitily  adjourned  till  next  ilay. 
That  eveniut:.  the  accused  niemlMrs.  to  show  tlie 
gri'ater  appreluiisioii,  removeil  into  the  city,  nhi(h 
was  their  fortress.  Tlie  citizens  were  the  whole 
nifrht  ill  arms.  .  .  When  the  House  of  fom- 
monsmet.  lliey affected  the  greatest  dismay;  and 
adjourning  tlieniseh( s  for  some  days,  orilereil  a 
committee  to  bit  in  McrchantTailors'  hall  in  the 
cllv.  .  .  .  The  House  iigain  met,  and  after  eoii- 
flri'niDg  tlic  votes  of  tlnir  committee,  iiistanlly 
adjourned,  as  if  exposed  to  the  most  iiniiiiiunt 
perils  from  the  vioh  iice  of  tin  ir  enemies.  This 
pnictice  they  (■(■ntinued  for  some  time.  When 
the  people,  hy  these  alTected  paiiii  s.  were  wrought 
up  to  M  sulllcient  degree  of  rage  aii<l  terror,  it 
was  thought  proper,  that  the  accused  memhers 
should,  with  a  triumphant  and  military  prcKcs- 
sion,  take  their  scats  in  the  House.  The  river 
was  covered  with  boats,  and  other  vessels,  laden 
with  small  pieces  of  ordnance,  anil  prepareil  for 
fight.  f<kippon,  whom  the  Parliament  had  ap- 
pointed, by  their  own  authority,  major-general 
of  the  cily  militia,  conducted  the  memlHTS,  at  the 
head  of  this  tumultuary  army,  to  Westminster- 
hall.  And  when  tlie  populace,  bv  land  and  by 
water,  passed  Whitehall,  they  still  asked,  with 
insulting  shouts.  What  has  iH'Cimie  of  the  king 
and  his  cavaliers  ?  And  whither  are  they  lied  V 
The  king,  apprehensive  of  danger  from  the  en- 
raged multitude,  had  retired  to  Hampton-court, 
deserteil  by  all  the  world,  and  overwhelmed  with 

f;rief,  sh.'inie.  and  remorse  for  the  f.itai  measures 
nto  which  he  hail  been  hurried." — D.  Hume, 
IJitt.  iif  Eiiijhiiiil,  r.  ,'),  eh   T>\  ji/i.  H.V9I. 

Also  i.n  :  S.  K.  Gardiner,  T/ie  Fint  Tito  '^tiiiirtt 
n'lil  the  Puritun  Iteeohitiim.  ch.  6,  mrl.  5. — The 
&•  ne,  Ili't.  of  Ki.i..  1G03-1843.  eh.  Wi  (r.  1(1).— 
J.  Forster,  Slntemiit  n  of  the  Cuimmiivri  iiUU :  I'liiii; 
IlamjuUii.—  l,.  von  liankc,  llitt.  of  Eug.,  17'A 
Ctul.,  hk.  8,  ch.  10  (r.  2). 

A.  D.  1643  (January— Aueust).— Prepara- 
tions for  war. — The  marshalune  of  forces. — 
The  raising  of  the  King's  standard.-"  Janu- 
ary lllth.  The  King  witli  his  Court  quits  White- 
hall; the  Five  Memliers  and  I'arlianient  proposing 
to  return  tomorrow,  with  the  whole  City  in  arms 
round  them.  He  left  Whitehall;  never  saw  it 
again  till  he  came  to  lay  down  his  head  there. 
Man  h  9th.  The  King  has  sent  away  his  Queen 
from  Dover,  'to  be  in  a  place  of  R:ifety,' — and 
also  to  pawu  the  Crown-jewels  in  Holland,  and 
get  him  arms.  He  returns  I.'orthward  again, 
avoiding  I.oiulon.  Man  'ssages  between  the 
Houses    of    I'arliani;  iin;     'Will   your 

Ma  jest  V  crant  us  I'o.  le  Militia;  accept 

this  li^'t  of  Lord  Lieiitenai.,sr  On  the  Utli  of 
March,  slill  aiK'ancing  Northward  without  af- 
firmative response,  he  lias  gi>t  to  Xewmarkel ; 
where  anolher  Message  overtakes  him,  carneslly 
urges  itM'll  iiiJoii  him;  'Could  not  your  Majesty 
please  to  gniiit  us  Power  of  the  .Militia  fnr  a  lim- 
ited lime  '('  ■  N'o,  by  Cmd!'  answers  his  Majesty, 
'not  for  an  hour'— On  the  I'JtIi  of  Maieh  he 
is  at  York;  where  his  Hull  Magazine,  gatliered 
for  service iiiraiiist  the  Scots,  is  h  inir  near;  where 


and  its  Puritanism,  now  grown  so  fierce,  is  far 
oil.     There  we  will  leave  him;  iittcnipling  Hull 
Maga/.ine,  in  vain;   exchanging  messages  unh 
Ills  Parliament ;  messiiges,  missives,  printed  ^md 
written    Papers    without  limit;    Uiwpleailiii;;s 
of  both  parties  before  the  great  tribmml  of  i In- 
English  Xathm.  each   party  striving  to  pruc 
itself  right  and  witliin  the  verge  of  Law ;  pn- 
served  still  in  acres  of  typography,  once  tlinll 
ingly  alive  in  every  libre  of  them;  now  a  imri' 
torpor,  readable   by  few  creiitiiri'S,  not  renic m 
iM'ralile  by  any."— T.  Carlyle,  Olirtr  ('rmiiir,li, 
htlem  mill  S/uerhiii,  ],l,   2,   j.nUminary.  —  'As 
early  as  .lune  2  a  ship  li.id  arrived  on  the  Xorili 
Kiiglish  coast,  bringing  the  King  arms  and  ain- 
niiinition  from  Holland,  purchasi'd  by  the  sal.  it 
the  crown  jewels  which   the  Queen  had   tak.  11 
abroad.     On  the  22d  of  the  same  month  111  re 
than  forty  of  the  nobles  and  others  in  allendanri' 
on  the  King  at  York  bad  put  (low  n  their  niiinn 
for  the  numlH-rs  of  armed  iiorsi'  they  would  fur 
iiisli  res|K'(iively  for  his  service.     Keiiuisilions  in 
ilie  King's  name  were  also  out  for  supplies  of 
money;  and  the  two  Universities,  and  tlie  (    I 
leges  ill  eacli,  were  invited  to  send  In  their  pi  iti 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Parliament  had  not  Ih  ii 
more  negligent.     There  had  la'cn  contnbiiti  n-, 
or  promise's  from  all  the  chief  I'arliaintnt  inm 
nobles  and  others;  there  was  it  hirge  loan  Ir  m 
theeity;  and  liuiidredsof  thousands,  ona  sni  il'  r 
scale,  were  willing  to  siibscrilH'.     And  aire  1 1\ 
thMUgh  all  the  shires,  the  two  opposed  pow.r^ 
were  grappling  and  jostling  with  each  otlu  r  in 
raising  levies.     On  tlie  King's  shie  there  win 
what  were  cidled  Commissions  of  Army,  or  pow 
ers  granted  to  certain  noliles  and  others  by  n  iiiii 
to  mist!  troops  for  the  King.     On  the  sidi  of 
Parliament,    in    addition    t«    the    Voliintu  rini; 
w  hieh  had  been  going  on  in  many  places  (as  f  t 
example,  in  Cambridgeshire,  where  Oliver  (  n  111 
well  was  forming  a  troop  of   Volunteer  In  rv 
.  .  .  ).  there  was  the  Militia  Onlinance  a\  111  il  lie 
wlieri'ver  the  persons  named  in  that  ordiii  im  i 
were  really  zealous  for  Parliament,  and  abli   to 
act  iiersonally  in   the   districts  assigned   thim 
And  so  on  the  l'2th  of  July  the  Parliament  Imi 
passed  tlicneeeasary  vote  for  supplying  an  inia 
and  had  appointed  tlie  Earl  of  Essex  to  hi  in 
commander-in-chief,  and  the  Earl  of  Bedforil  t  > 
be  its  second  in  command  as  general  of  horse      It 
was  known,  on  the  other  side,  that  the  !■  irl  1 1 
Lindsey.  in  consideration  of  his  past  cx|Krii  nu 
of  servile  both  on  sia  and  land,  was  to  havi  Mi 
command  of  the  King's  army,  and  that  his  1111   i  r 
of  horse  was  to  be  the  King's  nephew   S' 
Prince  Rupert,  who  was  expected  from  tin  <     1 
tinent  on  purpose'.     Despite  all  these  l>n  |    1 1 
thins,  however,  it  was  probalily  not  till  An 
had  begun  that  the  certainty  of  Civil  W  ir   v  i^ 
universally  acknowledged.     It  was  on 'In  M       f 
that  moiitli  tlii.t  the  King  i.ssued  his  pn.ei  tin  1     n 
'  for  s-ippresslng  the  prese-nt  Ueliellion  unili  r   hi 
cominanil   of    Uobert,    Earl   of   Essex,'  olh :     -' 
panlun  to  him  and  others  if  within   six    li  > 
they  made  their  submission.     The  Parliami  11    -^ 
answer  to  this  was  ou  the  11th;  on  whii 'i 
the  Coinmons  resolved,  eacli  man  scparati  K 
ing  in  liis  place  anil  giving  his  word,  tli  it  1 
woulil   stand   by  the   Earl  of   Essex  with 
lives  and  fortunes  to  the  end.     Still,  eviii        r 
that,  there  were  tienililing  souls  here  and  •'    r 


a  great  Earfol   .Newca.stle,  ami  otlier  Norlliern   i    wiio   hoped    lor  u   reeonciiiation      Moiid 
potentates,  will  help  him;  whereat  least  London   |   22d  of  August  put  on  end  to  all  such  flutur'  . 

894 


?   r 


ENGLAND,  1848. 


War  btgun 


ENGLAND.  1«43. 


—  On  Hint  day,  the  Klnff,  wliii  had  meanwhile 
li  fl  York,  and  conic  al)Out  a  hundrtil  miles  far- 
till  r  wiutli,  into  tin-  viTy  heart  of  Engluiid,  .  ,  . 
niuiU-  a  liiiekwiinl  movement  as  fur  as  the  town 
of  Xoltincliani,  where  preparations  had  been 
niiiilc  for  Hie  great  seeni'tlmt  wiw  to  follow.  .  .  . 
Tliit  consisted  in  bringing  out  the  royal  Ktamlanl 
ami  selling  it  up  in  due  form.  It  was  ulMiut  six 
i.rlmk  in  the  evening  when  it wasdoiie.  ...  A 
111 nlil  read  a  proclamation,  declaring  the  cause 
why  llie  siandani  had  l>eeu  M't  up,  and  summon- 
ini;  ;ill  the  lieges  to  assist  his  Majesty.  Those 
who  were  present  cheered  and  threw  up  their 
hats,  anil,  v  illi  a  lieating  of  drums  and  a  sounil 
in?oflriimpets,  the  ceremony  ended.  .  .  .  From 
thai  evening  of  the  2ad  of  August,  1642,  the 
Civil  War  had  begun."— D.  Ma-sson,  Life ij' Jtihn 
Mittnn.  hk.  2,  ch.  H  (r.  2). 

Al.so  in  :  John  Forster,  Stntetmen  </  the  Com- 
mniiireiilth:  Pi/in  ;  JIiim/Klfn. — 8.  U.  Gardiner, 
llirt.  nfKnfj.,  i6(W-l»)42,  rh.  104-10.'!  (r.  10). 

A.  b.  1642  (August— September).— The  na- 
tion choosing  sides. — "  In  neallh,  in  nuinlH-rs, 
and  in  cohesion  the  Parliament  was  stronger  than 
tin-  king.  To  him  there  had  rallied  most  of  the 
gn.iiir  nobles,  many  of  the  lesser  gentry,  sonic 
proportion  of  the  richer  citizens,  the  townsmen 
of  the  west,  and  the  rural  population  generally 
of  tlie  west  and  north  of  England.  Fur  the 
I'arlianunt  Rtixsl  a  strimg  section  of  the  peers 
anil  firiater  gentry,  the  great  hulk  of  the  lessiT 
gi'iitry,  the  townsmen  of  the  richer  parts  of  Eng- 
laiiil.  till'  whole  eastern  and  home  counties,  and 
la>tly,  the  city  of  London.  But  as  the  Civ  il  War 
dill  "nut  sharply  divide  elas.se9,  so  neither  dul  il 
pt  ognpliieally  bisect  England.  lioughly  speak- 
Intr.  aristocracy  and  peasantry,  the  Church,  uni- 
versities, the  world  of  culture,  fashion,  and 
pliasure  were  loyal:  the  gentrv,  the  yeomanry, 
trade,  coiiiinerce,  morality,  anil  law  inclined  to 
the  Parliament.  Broadly  divided,  the  north  and 
west  went  for  the  king;  the  south  and  cast  for 
the  Iloii-is;  but  the  lines  of  <lemarcation  were 
never  exact;  cities,  castles,  and  manor-houses 
long  held  out  in  an  enemy's  county.  Tliere  is 
<'rily  one  permanent  limitation.  Draw  a  line 
frmn  Hie  Wash  to  the  Solent.  East  of  that  line 
tile  loiintry  never  yielded  to  the  king;  from  first 
to  la>t  il  never  failed  the  Parliament.  Within 
it  are  nielosed  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Cani- 
hricU'e,  Huntingdon,  Be<lfonl,  Bucks,  Herts,  Mid- 
ilUsix,  Surri'y,  Kent,  Susst'X.  This  was  the 
wiaiiliiest,  the  most  populous,  and  the  most  ad- 
v:iiiiih|  portion  of  England.  With  Oloucester, 
iiiailing,  Bristol,  Leicester,  and  Northampton, 
il  I  rniid  the  natural  home  of  Puritanism." — F. 
Hani,. .11,  (/lirer  Cnnnwell,  eh.  4. 

A.  D.  1642  (October— December).— Edgehill 

-the  opening  battle  of  the  war.— The  Eastern 

Association.- Immediately  after  the  raising  of 

li- >iaiii|.inl  at  Xottinglmm,  the  King,  "aware 

ai  1 1-1  lliat  lie  could  not  rely  on  the  inhabitants 

ri,sliire,  moved  to  Shrewsbury,  at  oiu-e  to 

t  the  Catholic  gentry  of   Lancashire  and 

e.  to  receive  the  Uoyalist  levies  of  Wales. 

I  !"  siiure  Hie  valley  of  the   Severn.     The 

yiiniiit  was  successful.     In  a  few  ilavs  liis 

;■  army  was  increa.sed  fourfold,  !.ud  he  felt 

;m  It  sining  enough  to  make  a  direct  march 

iipis    the    capil.d.       Essex    had    garri.s<meil 

nliainplon.  Coventry  and  Warwick,  i.iid  lay 

ii-i  II  ai  Uiiree.sier;  liut  the  King,  wailing  for 

Mtges  left  Uie  garrisoned  towns  unmolested 


V. 


("h-M 


and  passnl  nn  towanis  London,  and  Esaei  re- 
ceived peri'niptory  orders  to  pursue  and  interpose 
if  possible  iH'tweeu  the  King  and  London.  Oo 
the  22iid  of  October  he  was  close  upon  the  King's 
rear  ut  Keynton,  between  Stratford  and  Ban- 
bury But  his  army  was  by  no  means  at  its  full 
strength ;  some  regiments  had  been  left  to  garri- 
son the  West,  others,  under  Hampden  hud  not 
yet  joined  him.  But  delay  was  impossible,  and 
the  first  battle  of  the  war  was  fought  on  the 

Iiluin  at  the  finit  of  the  north-west  slope  of 
Odgehill,  over  which  the  royal  army  descended, 
turning  back  on  its  course  to  meet  Essex.  Both 
parlies  claimed  the  victory.  In  fact  it  was  with 
Hie  King.  Tlie  Parliamentary  cavalry  found 
themselves  wholly  unable  to  witlistjind  the  charge 
of  Uiipert's  cavaliers.  Whole  regiments  turned 
and  tied  without  striking  a  blow;  but,  as  usual, 
want  of  discipline  ruined  the  royal  cause. 
Kupert's  men  fell  to  plundering  the  Parliament- 
ary baggage,  and  returned  to  the  field  only  io 
time  'o  find  that  the  infantry,  under  the  personal 
leading  of  Essex,  had  reestablished  the  flgbL 
Night  closed  the  battle  [which  is  somctuie* 
named  from  Edgehill  and  sometimes  from  Keyn- 
ton]. Tlie  King  s  army  wiilidrew  to  the  vautage- 
frinind  of  the  hills,  and  Essex,  reinforced  07 
lampden,  passed  the  uiglit  upon  the  field.  But 
the  Hoyalistarmy  was  neither  beaten  nor  checked 
in  its  odva'ce,  while  the  rottenness  of  tbe  Par- 
liamentary troops  hud  been  disclosed."  Some 
altempM  at  peace-making  followed  this  doubtful 
first  collision;  hut  their  only  elTect  was  to  em- 
bitter tbe  passions  on  both  sides.  The  King  a<l- 
vanced,  threatening  Loudon,  but  the  citlzeni 
of  the  capital  turmyl  out  valiantly  to  oppose 
him,  and  he  "fell  bock  upon  Oxford,  which 
henceforward  iK'Cume  the  centre  of  their  opera- 
tions. .  .  .  War  was  again  the  only  resource,  and 
speedily  liecamc  universal.  .  .  .  'There  was  local 
fighting  over  the  whole  of  England.  .  .  .  The 
headquarters  of  the  King  were  constantly  at  Ox- 
ford, from  which,  as  from  a  centre,  Itupert  would 
suddenly  make  rapid  raids,  now  in  one  direction, 
now  in  another.  Between  liiin  and  London, 
about  Beading,  Aylesbury,  and  Thame,  lay  what 
may  be  sjioken  of  as  the  main  army  of  Parlia- 
ment, under  the  commami  of  Lord-Ueneral  Essex. 
.  .  .  The  other  two  chief  scenes  of  tlie  war  were 
Vorkshire  and  tlie  West.  In  Yorkshire  tlie  Fair- 
faxes, Fertlinando  Lord  Fairfax  and  his  son  Sir 
Thomas,  made  what  head  they  could  against 
what  was  known  as  the  Popish  army  under  the 
command  of  the  Earl,  subsequently  Marquis  of 
Newcastle,  which  consisted  mainly  of  the  troops 
of  the  Northern  couuties,  which  had  become 
assoeiateil  under  Newcastle  in  favour  of  Charles. 
Newark,  in  Nottiuijhurashire,  was  early  made 
a  royal  garrison,  ami  formed  the  link  of  connec- 
tion betwi'en  the  operations  in  Yorkshire  and  at 
Oxford.  In  Hie  extreme  South-west,  I.K)ril  Stam- 
ford, the  Parliamentary  (icueral,  was  making  a 
somewhat  unsuccessful  resistance  against  Sir 
Biilpli,  afterwards  Lord  llopton.  Wales  was 
wholly  Uoyalist,  and  one  of  the  chief  objects  of 
Cliarless  generals  was  to  secure  the  Severn  val- 
ley, and  thus  (imnect  the  war  in  Devonsliire  with 
the  central  o|Hralion3  at  O.xford.  In  the  Eastern 
couniies  mailers  ussumed  rather  a  different  form. 
The  priiicipic  of  forming  several  counties  into  an 
ass.K!;itiiiD  .  w'a'*  ii'l'ipted  by  the  Parliament, 
and  bcvenil  such  associations  were  formed,  but 
none  of  these  came  to  tuuch  except  that  of  the 


895 


I 


31 


I! 

i  j 


ENOLANP.  1643. 


Cramwett 
and  ku  Irontidt. 


ENGLAND,   1643 


Eutern  cniintipii,  which  wan  known  by  way  of 
preeminence  us  '  Tlic  Aiwociatinn. '  Its  object 
wa»  to  keep  the  wiir  entirely  iK'yond  tlie  borilcrs 
of  tlic  counties  of  wliicli  it  con»i8t<il.  The  reiison 
of  Itssuccess  was  tlic  genius  imd  energy  of  Croni- 
wcll."— J.  F.  Uriglit,  IIM.  of  Kiig.,  fwriod  8.  ;>. 
•59. — "This  winter  tlicre  arise  among  certain 
Counties  '  AHHoclatioii!) '  for  mutual  defence, 
•gainst  IloyallKni  and  phindeniiis  itupertism;  a 
measure  clicrisln'd  liy  tlic  I'urliiiinent,  conilenined 
as  trcasonalile  by  the  Kiii^'.  Of  wideli  '  Asaocia- 
tions,'  countJible  to  tlie  numtier  of  flvo  or  six.  we 
name  only  one,  lliat  of  Norfolk.  Suffolk,  Essi'X. 
Cambridge.  Herts,  with  Lord  Omy  of  Wark  for 
Uommunder;  wlicreand  under  whom  Oliver  wiw 
nowserving.  Thi»  '  Eastern  AssiM-iation '  isalonc 
worth  nnndng.  All  tlic  other  Asso<'iations,  no 
man  of  emphasis  iH'ing  In  the  midst  of  them, 
fell  in  a  few  mouths  to  pieces;  <mly  thi.s  of 
Cromwell  subsisted,  enlarged  itself,  grew  famous : 
— and  kept  its  own  Imnlers  clear  of  invasion  dur- 
ing the  whole  coursi' of  the  War."— T.  Carlyle, 
Olieer  CromweU'$  Utteri  ami  t<iiarliet,  pt.  S,  ]>re- 
timinnry. 

Al.8<>  is;  8.  H.  Gardiner.  IIM.  nf  Oit  Grntt 
Ciml  War.  ch.  2-4  (p.  1).— VV.  Ootlwin,  //i»<.  r/ 
the  Commimtralth,  eh.  3(r.  1). 

A.  D.  1643  (May).— Cromwell'i  Ironsides. — 
"  It  WHS  .  .  .  probably,  a  little  iM'fore  Kdgehill, 
that  there  took  place  iH'twten  Cromwell  an(l 
Ha.  ien  the  memorable  conversation  which  tif- 
tecn  }  '  'crwanls  the  Protector  related  in  a 
speech  li  ,  second  Parliament.  It  is  a  piece  of 
autobiography  so  instructive  and  puthetic  thr.t  it 
must  be  set  forth  in  full  In  the  words  of  Crom 
well  himself: — 'I  was  a  pcrsim  who.  from  my 
first  employnu'nt,  was  suddenly  preferred  and 
lifted  up  from  lesser  trusts  to  greater;  from  my 
first  being  Cnptiun  of  a  Troop  of  Horse.  ...  I 
had  n  very  worthy  friend  then ;  and  he  was  a  very 
noble  p<'rson,  and  I  know  his  memory  was  very 
grateful  to  all, —  Mr.  John  IlamiMlcn.  At  my 
first  going  out  into  this  engagement.  I  saw  our 
men  were  beaten  atevery  hand.  .  .  .  Yourtr(M)ps, 
said  I.  are  most  of  them  old  decayed  si'rvinginen, 
and  tapsters,  and  such  kind  of  fellows;  and,  saici 
I,  their  trixips  are  gentlemen's  sons,  younger  sons 
and  persons  of  quality :  du  you  think  that  the 
spirits  of  such  base  mean  fellows  will  ever  Iw 
able  to  encounter  geiitliinen,  that  liave  honour 
and  counige  and  resolution  in  tliem  1  Truly  I 
did  represent  to  him  in  this  manner  cimsefcn- 
tidusly ;  and  truly  I  did  tell  him :  You  must  get 
men  <)f  a  spirit:  an<l  take  it  not  ill  what  I  say, — 
1  know  yipu  will  not, —  of  a  spirit  that  is  likely  to 
go  on  as  far  as  genlleuHU  «ill  go:  or  els<!  you 
will  lie  beulen  still.  I  told  1,  m  f.i;  1  diil  truly. 
lie  was  a  wise  and  worthy  pers... ;  and  iie  did 
think  that  I  talked  a  piKHl  notion,  but  an  iinpnic- 
ticable  one.  .1  raised  su<  h  men  as  had  the 
fcarof  God  before  them,  as  made  some  conscience 
of  wh?*  they  did;  and  from  that  d:iy  forward,  I 
must  sjiy  to  you.  they  were  never  beaten,  and 
wherever  they  were  engaged  against  the  enemy 
they  Ixat  (onliiiimlly.' .  .  .  The  issue  of  the 
whole  »ir  lay  in  Ihiit'word.  It  lay  with  'su(  h 
men  as  lia<l  some  eonseienee  in  wh;.t  they  did.' 
'  From  that  day  forward  they  were  never  Iwaten. ' 
.  .  .  '  As  for  C'ohmel  Cromwell,'  writes  a  news- 
letter  of  May,  I64;t,  ■  he  hath  2,000  brave  men, 
w  ■■■  ;;isciplincd;  mi  m::n  >!'.viTir«  I,ut  he  pays  his 
tv  epcnce;  if  he  be  drunk,  he  is  «t  in  the 
StA    v9.  or  worse;  if  one  calls  the  other  round- 


head he  is  cashiered :  in.<ioniucli  that  the  rountrics 
where  they  come  leap  for  Jov  of  them,  and  come 
In  and  Join  with  them.  How  happy  were  it 
if  all  the  forces  wire  thus  liisciplined  I'  Tin  m> 
were  the  men  who  ultimately  deciiled  the  wur, 
and  established  the  Commonwealth.  On  the  fii  id 
of  Marston,  I{u|M'rt  gave  Cromwell  the  namr  of 
Ironside,  and  from  thence  this  famous  niiine 
pas.sed  to  his  triKipers.  There  arc  two  featnrn 
in  their  history  w hieli  we  neid  to  note.  Tin y 
were  indeed  '  such  men  as  had  some  conseieme 
in  their  work';  but  they  were  also  much  nmrc. 
Tiny  were  ilisciplined  and  trained  sohliers.  Tluy 
were  the  only  body  of  '  regulars '  on  either  side. 
The  instinctive  genius  of  Cromwell  from  the  v.  ry 
first  created  tlie  strong  nucleus  of  a  regular  army, 
which  at  last  in  discipline,  in  skill,  in  valour, 
reacheil  the  highest  perfection  ever  attained  l>y 
sohliers  either  in  ancient  or  incxiem  times.  The 
fervour  of  Cromwell  is  continually  pressing 
towards  the  extension  of  this  'regular'  fnne. 
Through  all  the  early  disasters,  this  body  of  Irnu- 
sides  kept  the  cause  alive :  at  Marston  it  over 
whclnuHl  the  king:  as  soon  as,  by  the  New  Modi  I, 
this  system  was  extended  to  the  whole  army,  the 
Civil  War  was  at  an  end." — F.  Harrison,  hlirtr 
Crimtirell,  eh.  4. 

Also  in:  J.  Forster,  Sttttetntfn  of  the  Commnn- 
vealth:  Cromirel/. 

A.  D.  1643  (June— September). — The  King 
calla  in  the  Irish.- "To  balance  the  aecessinn 
of  power  wliiili  the  alliance  with  Scotland  hroiii;lit 
to  the  Parliament,  Charles  was  so  unwise,  nan 
then  sail!  so  guilty,  as  to  conclude  a  peace  v.  Ait 
the  Irish  reliels,  with  the  intent  that  thus  those 
of  his  forces  wliieh  had  licen  employed  ngiiiiist 
them,  might  lie  sia  free  to  join  his  army  in  Km;- 
hind.  No  act  of  the  King,  not  the  levyim;  "f 
ship  money,  not  the  crowd  of  monopolies  whii  h 
enriched  the  court  and  impoverished  the  peii]'lc, 
neither  tlie  extravagance  of  Buekinghain,  ilie 
tyranny  of  BlnilTord  nor  the  prelacy  of  I-iiid, 
not  even  the  attemiited  arrest  of  the  five  1111111- 
Ikts.  niised  sucli  a  storm  of  indignation  iiiiii 
hatred  throughout  the  kingdom,  as  did  thi-t  de- 
termination of  the  King  to  withdraw  (as  rmn 
said),  for  the  purpose  of  siilxluing  his  suli j'  <  19, 
the  force  which  had  Ih'cu  raised  to  aveniri  ilie 
IdoiKl  of  100. (MW  Pnite.staut  martyrs.  .  .  .  T..tlii; 
England  of  the  time  this  act  was  nauseous,  w  is 
exa.sperating  to  the  highest  degree,  while  In  ilii> 
cause  of  the  Kinir  it  was  fatal;  for.  from  iliis 
moment,  the  condition  of  the  Parliamentary  j'lrty 
Ix'gan  to  mend."— N.  I..  \V:ilford,  /'iir/i.i".. /.<■ 
itry  (Jeiiinila  of  the  (linit  t'irU  War,  eh.  ■,'.— 
"  None  of  the  king's  schemes  proved  so  f;it:il  to 
his  cause  as  these.  On  their  discovery,  ni'nr 
after  otiicer  in  liis  own  army  Hung  down  ilior 
commissions,  tile  peers  who  had  tied  to  0\!"rii 
fled  back  again  to  London,  iind  the  Royali-;  rr- 
action  in  the  Parliament  itself  came  utterly  :  -  :in 
end."— J.  K.  Green,  t^hort  Hint,  if  Emj..  ,■'..  *. 
strt.  7. 

Also  in:  S.  H  Gardiner,  JIM.  of  the  '  <.i( 
CiViV  War.  ch.  It  (r.  1). 

A.  D.  1643  (luly),— Meeting  of  the  'West- 
minster Assembly  of  Divines.— At  the  !■  :n 
fling  of  July.  1(HH.  "London  was  astir  "  1  ii  11 
new  event  of  great  eon.sequenee  in  the  com  ■  nf 
tlie  national  revolution,  Tliis  was  the  im  ■""? 
of  the  famous  Westininsier  Assembly.  Tlir  =  -.--- 
sity  of  an  ecclesiastical  Synod  or  Convix'atii n,  to 
cooperate  with  the  Parliament,  had  been  I 'ng 


S'.k; 


ENQI.ANn.  1643 


HVafmiiutrr 

AaaenMy. 


KNQLANI),  1848. 


flit      Amonjf  the  articlrs  of  the  Grand  Remon- 
»iran(T  nf  Die.  l(!4l  lm<l  U'tn  ono desiring  uron- 
vinliiin  of  'a  (iimriil  SjniHl  of  llie  most  (tfa^e. 
pioiift.    It'iinird,    and   jtidicious  divines  of    ttii.s 
isliinil.  iissislcij  liy  wpnu"  from  foreign  irarta,'  to 
roiisiiU  r  of  nil  tilings  rcliiiin;:  to  the  I'liiircli  und 
ri  purl  ihi  noil  to  I'lirlianiciii.     It   is  rlcur  from 
llii'  «nrdiii(;of  tliis  iirticle  that  it   was  roiili'iii 
|il.iliil  that  tlie  Sviiixl  slioiild  iciiitain  riprcsenla- 
li-.i  s  from  the  I'lchlivtc  rian  (liiirili  of  .Seotlaiiil. 
Iiiihid,  liy  that  time,  the  tslalili>hmint  of  a  iiiii 
foriiiily  of  I)oc  trine,  I)is<ip|iiie,  and  \Vorslii|)  lie 
Iwiiii   llie   I'liurelies  of  Kn^'lanil  and   Siotland 
was  the  lixed  idea  of  Iliow  w  lio  ehielly  desired  a 
.■^Mic"!    .      .   In  April,  UiAi  ...   it  w'ls  onli  red 
hy  llic  House,  in  pursuance  of  previous  resolu- 
liciMS  1:11  llie  siilijeet,   'lliat   llie  names  of  siieli 
iliviiiis  as  shall  fie  tlioii).'lit  til  to  lie  consulted 
Willi  iiiiio;rninj,'   the    matter  of  the  Cliiirch  !«• 
Iin«ij.'ht  iu  tomorrow  momin>;.'  the  understiHul 
rale  heiii);  that  the  kni^ditsand  liiirp'sses  of  each 
Ent'lish  county  shoiihl  name  to  the  lloiist'  two 
divines,  and  those  of  each  Welsh  county  one  di- 
vine,  for  iijiiiroval.     Aii'ordinj:ly,  on  "the  20th, 
lhi>  names  were  >:iven  in.   .   .   .   Hy  the  >iress  of  ] 
ihewartlie  Assemlily  was  postponed.     At  last,    j 
liiipi  li>s  of  a  hill  that  should  pass  in  the  regular   : 
"ay  liy  the  Kinu'.s  consent,  tlie  llousi'S  resorted, 
in  lliis  MS  in  oilier  thintis,  to  their  pcn'inptorv 
plan  of  Ordinance  liv  their  own  authority.     On 
liie  Kllh  of  .Alay,  lOili.  an  Ordinance  for  calliin; 
an  As.-cnihly  was  introduced  in  the  Conimons; 
«hiili  Ordinance,  after  due  k"'''*;  and  eomiiifr   ', 
!h  i»ii  11  ihe  two  Houses,  came  to  niaturilv  June   | 
I.',   wliin  il    Was  entered   at  full  lei,v'ih"in  the   ] 
l.nnU  .loiiriials.     •  Whereas.  aiiioni;st  the  inlinite   ; 
11. ->iii;;sof  AliniLdity  (!i«l  upon  this  nation,'—   ' 
.>.>  runs  the  preaiuhle  of  the  Ordinance.— '  none 
i<.  or  I  an  he,  more  dear  to  us  than  the  purity  of  i 
our  r.li^'ion:  and  for  as  niucli  as  many  things   j 
u  I  n  iiiaiii  in  the  discipline,  liturgy  and" govern-   ! 
Ml.  Ml  of  the  Church  which  neces.sarily  rcijiiire  a   i 

ri'   perfect   reformation:   and  whereas  it  lias   I 

I. .  II  .leclared  and  resolved,   liv  the    Lords  and   | 

'■" ions  asscnihled  in  I'ariiament.  that  the  pres- 

eiil  I  liiir.  htiovernmcntliy  Archlii.sliops,  liisliops,    i 
111.  ir  (  hancellors,   ('ominis.saries.   Deans,   Deans   j 
aiil  Chapters,  Archdeacons,  and  other  eerlesias-    : 
III  al  ollicers  depending  on  the  liierareliv,  is  evil    ! 
aii.l  justly  olleiisivi-  and  hurdensome  lolhc  king-    | 
.loin,  ami  a  gn'at  iinpediment  to  reformation  and 
LT.  uh  of  rcliL'ion,  and  very  prejudicial  to  the 
stal.  aii.l  government  of  this  kingdom,  und  that 
llnnfi.re  they  an'   resolved   the   same  shall  1k> 
tak.  II  away,  and  that  siu  h  a  government  shall 
h.' s.  nil  d  in  the  Church  as  may  be  agreealilc  to 
I!. "I  s  Holy  Wold,  and  most  apt  to  procure  and 
pn-,  rve  the  jieace  of  the  (.'himh  at  home,  and 
III  ao  r  agreement  wilh  the  Church  of  .Scotland, 
an  I  .-rl,.  r  nfornied  Chunhesahroad.   .   .   .   15e  it 
III.  I.  I.ieonlained,  Ac'    What  is  ordained  is  that 
I  Is. HIS,  enumerated   hy  name  in  the  Onli- 
.  .      shall  meet  on  the  1st  of  Julv  next  in 
Hiiiry  Vils  ChaiK'l  at  Westminster;  .   .   . 
■idiT  and  treat  among  themselves  of  such 
rs  ami  things,  concerning  the  litnrgv,  disci- 
aial  government  of  Ihe  Church  of  England 
■  .  "■*  shall  l«.pnipo.sedliyeillierorlM)th  Houses 
tl'irhanient.  and  no  other.'.  .  .  Notwithstand 


U 


pli.., 


-•  a  jtoyal  Proclamation  fnim   Oxford,  dated 

■  •  ■''-,  f"i!iii!ding  the  Asscintiiy  and  Ihreaten- 


'  nseiiuences,  the  first  meeting  duly  took 
on  the  day  appointed  — Satunlay,  July  1, 


1643  i  and  from  that  day  till  the  22d  of  Pchrusrv, 
M14M-9,  or  for  more  than  live  years  and  a  half, 
the  Westminster  Assemhly  is  In  Im'  home  in  mind 
as  a  iKPWer  or  institution  "in  the  Knglish  realm, 
existing  side  liy  side  «ilh  the  Long  I'ariiament. 
and  ill  constant  conference  and  iisiperation  Hilh 
it.  The  niimlier  of  its  sillings  (luring  these  live 
years  iiiid  a  half  was  l.lli:i  in  all:  »liich  is  at  the 
rate  of  ahoiit  four  sillings  (  very  week  for  the 
«  hole  lime.  The  earliest  years  of  the  Assemhly 
weri'  the  most  important.  " — D.  )lasson,  /.ife  of 
.Inlni  Milton.  U:  H,  <■/<.  H  (i:  2). 

Also  IN:  A.  K.  Milihell,  //«■  WitlmiMli-r  At- 
tfiiM;/.  !,,■!.  4-,',._D.  Ncal,  Jli^t.  nftlit  ]'i,iilan$, 
r.  U,  r/i.  '2  ii«(/4.  — See,  also.  ImikI'I:M)KNTs. 

A.  D.  1643  (July— September).— The  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  with  the  Scottish 
nation.— ■■  Scotland  had  laen  hitherto kiptaliKif 
from  the  Kuglish  quarrel.  .  .  .  Tp  to  this  time 
the  priile  anil  delicacy  of  the  English  piitriotg 
withheld  them,  for  obvious  reasons,  from  claiming 
herassistanee.  Had  it  been  possibh'.  they  would 
si  ill  have  desired  to  engage  no  distant  parly  in  this 
gnat  domestic  struggle:  but  when  the  prcsi  nt 
iiiiexpeeled  crisis  arrived  .  .  .  these  (ainsidera- 
tions  were  laid  aside,  and  the  i  hiif  leaders  of  the 
I'ariiament  resolved  upon  an  tnibassy  to  the 
North,  to  bring  the  Scollish  nation  into  the  Held. 
The  conduct  of  this  embassy  was  a  matter  of  the 
highest  dilllciilty  anil  danger.  The  Si'ols  were 
known  to  be  bigoted  to  their  own  jiersuasions  of 
narniw  and  exclusive  <liureli  government,  while 
the  greatest  men  of  Ihe  English  I'ariiament  had 
|>roelaimed  the  sacred  maxim  that  ev(  ry  man 
who  worshipiMil  tiisl  aceonliiig  to  the  dictates  of 
hiseonscieiice  wasenlilled  to  the  pnileclion  of  the 
Stale.  liiit  these  ineii.  Vane,  Cnaiiwdl,  Marten 
and  St.  John,  though  the  dillleullies  of  the  com- 
mon cause  haii  bnuight  them  into  the  ackmiwl. 
edged  position  of  leaders  and  directors  of  allairs, 
wen' in  a  minorily  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  the  parly  who  were  their  superiors  in  num- 
bers win-  as  bigoted  to  the  most  exclusive  prin- 
( iplesof  I'nsbyterianisniaslhe  Scots  themselves. 
I »en/.il  Holies  stoisl  at  the  head  of  this  inicrior 
( la.ss  (if  patriots.  .  .  .  The  most  eminent  of  the 
I'arliamentary  nobility,  particularly  Northumlicr- 
land,  E.s.sex  and  .Manchester  belonged  also  to 
this  biKiy;  while  the  London  clergy,  and  the 
nietnipoli.s  it.self,  wen>  almost  entirely  I'resby- 
tcrian.  These  things  considereil,  there  was  indeed 
gnat  reason  toappnhend  that  this  party,  backed 
by  the  Scots,  and  supported  with  a .S(  (ittlsh  army, 
woiihl  be  strong  (nougli  to  overpower  the  advo- 
cates of  free  conscience,  and  '.set  up  a  tvranny 
not  less  to  be  deplond  than  that  of  Laud  and  his 
liierari  hy.  which  bail  proved  one  of  the  main 
occasions  of  liringiiig  on  the  war.'  Yet,  ojipos- 
ing  to  all  this  danger  only  their  own  high  pur- 
poses an. I  daiinlless  courage,  the  smaller  party 
of  more  consummate  statesmen  were  the  first  to 
pn.pose  the  embassy  to  Sc.tland.  ...  On  the 
','Oih  of  July.  Iii4:!.  the  commis.sioners  set  out 
fnini  London.  They  were  four:  and  the  man 
princip.illy  coi;(iiled  in  among  them  was  Vane 
jSii  Ileiiiy,  the  younger].  He,  indeed,  was  the 
individual  best  (lualitied  to  succeed  Hampden  as 
a  counsellor  in  the  arduous  struggle  in  which  the 
nation  was  at  this  time  engaged.  .  .  .  Immedi- 
ately on  his  arrival  in  Edinburgh  the  negotia- 
tion commenced,  und  what  Vane  seems  to  have 
anticipated  at  once  occurred.  The  Scots  offered 
their  assistance  heartily  on  the  sole  condition  of 


»* 


897 


KNOLANI),  IMS. 


Ltttgvtand  Covtiumt. 


KNOLAND.  1«48. 


an  adbMlnn  tn  thr  HcnttUh  rcllKinua  iiyitrm  on 
the  p«rt  of  F.nKland.  After  many  long  and  very 
warm  tli'liHttn,  in  which  Vane  hi'lil  ti>  «nv  firm 
p<ili('V  from  Uh'  tlmt,  »  Holcmn  covenant  was  prii- 
ptiaec),  wliicli  Viine  inaiNtcit  ahoiilil  Iw  named  a 
Holemn  league  "lid  covenant,  wliile  (Trtain  woril* 
were  iniuTted  in  it  on  Ids  iiMl)N4'c|uent  motion,  to 
widcli  liealaoiiiiliered  witli  immovable coniitancy, 
and  wideli  hud  IheelTectof  leaving  ojien  to  the 
(jnut  imrly  in  Kiitfliuid,  to  whom'  interest*  he 
waschvoled,  tiial  la^l  lilnrty  of  cimw  iince  widch 
man  siioidd  ninr  KiirrcTider  .  .  .  The  famons 
article  resiHclinif  n  liirion  run  iti  tliiife  wonis: 
'Timl  we  mIciII  sinn  rely,  really,  anil  corl.^tuntly, 
tliroiiL'li  till'  irruce  of  (chI.  endeavour,  in  our 
several  plaiei  and  calliiii.'*.  Ilie  iireserialion  of 
the  Iteforniid  n  llL'ion  in  llie  (  Ijiireh  of  Scoilanil, 
in  doi'tritie,  worship,  diM'i|iliiie  and  ^^overnineiit, 
aL^ainst  our  iMinnion  eiietuii's:  the  reformation  of 
ri'li:.'ion  in  the  Kiiicdiaiis  of  Knv'land  am!  Ire 
land.  indiM  Iriiie,  worship,  discipline,  and  govern- 
mint,  aicordiii),'  to  the  Word  of  OikI.  and  the 
example  of  the  1»M  IJiformed  cliurelies;  and 
we  shidi  eiidi  avoiir  to  lirini;  tlie  churches  of  (lisl 
in  llie  tlircc  l\iii;:donis  to  the  nearest  conjiiniiion 
and  unilormity  in  rclii;ion.  confessini;  of  failli, 
form  of  church  trovernmcnt  directory  for  wor- 
ship and  latcchij^int'.  that  we  and  our  posterity 
after  ns,  inav  as  lircthnn  live  in  faith  and  love, 
and  the  Lord  may  dilii;ht  to  dwell  in  tlic  nndst 
of  U.S.  That  we  shall  in  like  manner,  without 
respect  of  persons,  endeavour  the  extirpation  of 
po|Mry,  prelacy  (that  is.  cliurch  piverninent  by 
archbishops,  bishops,  tlieir  clianccllors  and  coin- 
mis.saries.  deans,  deans  and  <  hapters.  tirchdea- 
cons,  and  all  other  ecchsiasliial  olUcers  ilepcial 
iniron  lii.it  liiirarcli\ ).'  Vane,  by  thisintrisluction 
of  ■  accordinf;  to  the  Word  of' GikI.' left  the  in 
tcrpretalion  of  that  word  to  the  f ree  consiiencc 
of  every  man.  On  the  ITtli  of  Anj.'ust.  the 
Holenui  hanue  and  covenant  was  voted  by  the 
lAiiislature  and  the  Asm  inbly  of  the  Church  at 
EdiuiiurL'ii,  The  kiln;  in  desperate  alarm,  sent 
his  commands  to  the  Scotch  people  not  to  take 
such  a  covenant.  In  reply,  they  •  humbly  ad- 
vised his  majesty  to  take  the  covenant  liimself.' 
The  surpas.sin^  hervice  renileri'd  by  Vane  on  this 
great  occasion  to  the  rarlianientary  cause,  ex 
pos<il  him  to  a  more  violent  ImtnsI  from  the 
Uoyalists  than  lie  liml  yet  experienced,  and 
Clarendon  lias  used  every  artiflee  to  depreciate  his 
motives  and  his  sincerity.  .  .  .  The  solemn  league 
and  covenant  remained  to  Im- adopted  in  Enizland. 
The  Scottish  birm  of  (.'iving  it  authority  was 
folloHcd  as  far  as  possible.  It  was  rebrrcd  by 
the  two  Houses  to  the  Assembly  of  Divines, 
which  had  I'liuinielleed  its  siltillf;s  on  the  1st  of 
the  prcceiliiiv'  .luly.  Iniiii;  called  toijethir  to  be 
coiisultid  wiih  liy  the  rarlianieiit  for  the  purpose 
of  settliiiir  tlir  Liovernment  and  form  of  worship 
of  the  Chunh  of  Kiijrland.  Tliis  assembly  al 
re;idy  referred  to.  cuiisisled  of  I'-'l  of  llie  clcru'V : 
and  a  nuiiilu  r  of  lay  iissi-ssors  were  joined  with 
tlieiu.  consist iin,--  of  ti  II  pet  rs.  and  twenty  mem- 
bers of  the  llousi-  of  Criniinoiis.  All  these  per- 
sons were   iiaiiii'd    by  tl riiiiiance  of  the  two 

Mouses  of  I'arli.iineiit  which  jitive  birth  to  the 
a.ssembly.  The  public  lakiiiL'  of  the  Covenant 
was  solemni/.ed  on  the  '^-'ith  of  September,  each 
member  of  either  llou.si'  .ittestini;  his  adherence 
}-.v-  -■■.^■,rh  t'lrst,  :};-.d  th-'n  t-.y  s:;i-..u-ribin-;  Ids  nsme 
The  name  of  Vane,  subscrilH'd  immediately  on 
his  return,  appears  upon  the  list  next  tu  that  of 


Cromwell." — J.  Komtrr,  StnlMmrn'iftlu Common 
iteutth:    Vnnt. 

AlJ«)  in:  J.  K.  Iliminrr,  Lift  •</  Titung  IHr 
Ilrnri)  law,  r*.  H.— A.  K.  Mllcholl,  TAc  W«( 
mint/er  Amemhlg.  Itfl.  .l-d.  — I).  Nral,  llitt.  <if  tlir 
I'lirilnu;  r.  it,  th.  a.— S.  H.  Oardiner,  ('mil 
tif't  ofthf.  Piirilim  Ittr.,  />.  1W7. 

The  foMowinK  is  the  text  of  the  Sideron  l.«aKUi 
and  Covenant: 

"  A  aolenm  leaj^ue  and  ci  venant  for  l{<'form:i 
tion   and   (hfence  of   nligi.  n,  the   honour  ami 
happiness  of  the  KiiiK.  and  the  peace  and  safclv 
of  the  three  kingdoms  of  KiiKland,  Scotland  and 
Ireland.      We  noblemen,  lianms,  kniKhls,  Kcntl' 
men,  citi/.ens,  burKes.ses,  ministenof  the  (lie  pi  1. 
and  commons  of  all  sorts  in  the  kingdom"  of  Kiil' 
land.  S'olland  and  Inland,  li)  the  providence  of 
(iisl  liviii;;  under  one  Kinj;.  and  InIuk  of  one  n 
formed  religion;  having,'  Ufore  ourcycstlie  ^lor; 
of  (^IihI.  and  the  advancement  of  the  kingdom  of 
our  l^ird  and  .Saviour  ,lesua  (.'lirist,  the  honour 
and  happinessof  the  Kiii){'»  .Majestyand  his  pos 
terity,  and   the  true  pidilic   lilMrty,  safety  and 
peace  of  tlie  kiiiu'doms,  wherein  every  onf  .s  [iri 
vatu  condition  is  included:  and  calliuf;  to  mind 
the  treacherous  ami  bhwiily  plots,  conspiracies, 
nttemi>t8  and  practices  of  the  enemies  of  tlod 
a>,'ainst  the  true  religion  and  professors  thereol 
in  all  places,  especiidly  in  these  three  kingdoms. 
ever  since  the  reformation  of  religion;  and  liow 
niiich  their  rage.  |Kiwer  and  pnsumption  are  of 
late,  and  at  this   time  increasisl  and  exereisid, 
w  hereof  the  deploralile  estate  of  the  Church  ainl 
kingiioin  of  Ireland,  the  distressed  estate  of  tin 
Clinrch  and  kingdom  of  England,  and  the  dan 
genius  estate  of  the  Churcli  and  kingdom   of 
Scotland,  are  present  and  pnlilic  testimonies:  w. 
liave  (now  at  last)  after  other  means  of  supplica 
tiiiu.  reiminstnince,  pnitestationsand  suiTcriiiL's, 
for  tlie  preservation  of  ourselves  and  our  religion 
from  utter  ruin  and  destrui  lion,  ncconling  lothr 
commendable  pnicl  ice  of  these  kingdonisin  foriMir 
times,  and  the  example  of  Oisl's  Jieople  in  olln  r 
nations,  after  mature  delilnratiim,  resol>ed  and 
determined  to  enter  into  a  mutual  and  sohiim 
league  and  covenant,  wherein  wc  all  subscribe 
and  each  one  of  us  for  liiinself.  with  our  liands 
lifted  up  to  the  nio.st  high  OihI,  ih)  swear,     I. 
That  we  shall  sincerely,  really  and  constjintlv 
thniugh  the  grace  of  tiiMl.  endeavour  in  our  se% 
end  places  and  callings,  the  preservation  of  th'- 
reformed  i.ligion  in  the  (  liurch  of  Scotland,  in 
diKtrine.  worship,    discipline   and   government 
igtdnst  our  common  enemies;  tlie  reformation  if 
religion  in  tlie  kingdoms  of  England  and  Irilaii'l 
in  dix'trinc.  worship,  disiipline  and  govcrnmcn; 
acconling  to  the  Word  of  (ioil,  and  the  exani]il 
of  the  best  reformed  Churches;  and  we  shall  in 
deavour  to  bring   the  Churclies  of   (!od    in  'In 
three  kiiiL'doms  to  the  nearest  conjuiietioti  :v.  i 
iinibirmity  in  religion,  confession  of  faith,  foii  . 
of  Chun  h  govcriimenl.  ilinclory  for  worship  a:  ; 
catechisiii','.  that  « c.  and  our  posterity  after  i,- 
may.  as  Imtlireii.  live  in  fiilh  :ind  love,  and  i: 
Lord  may  ileliirht  to  dwell  in  the  midst  of  i  - 
II.  Tiiat  Wc  shall  in  like  manner,  witliout  rcsp. 
of  persiais.  endeavour  the  extirp:ition  of  I'opi  i 
prelacy   (that  is.  Cliurch  government  by  Ar. 
bishops.  Bislmps.  their  Cliancellors  and  Comiii 
saries.  Deans,  Deans  and  Chapters,  Archdeacoi;- 
nnd  all  other  crclesiastica!  ofV.cers  depending  ■■'-! 
that  hienircliy),  superstition,  heresy,  schism,  pm 
faneness  and'  whatsoever  shall  be  found   to  tie 


898 


■i 


•3 


GNULANI).   1843 


tiUntirntrr. 


KNOI.ANI).    IH43 


(.•MlmrylK  iMiHnd  iliK'trinf  and  iIm'  i>()VKriif  t-'ml 
liniH-t  \\->l  HC  |mrtiik(>  in  itllttr  iih-mh  siim,  aint 
linn  liy  1h'  in  cliintfir  Id  rcicivc  iif  (licir  phiL'iics; 
iikI  tliiil  tli<'  I'Oril  may  Ik'  mir.  and  IIIh  name  lair 
in  llir  llirco  :;lri.'d"ms.  III,  \Vc  uluill  Willi  llir 
KiMii'  sinnrily,  rrality  and  innMam  y,  in  imr  i«v 
■  r.tl  vncaliiam.  rndi'UMuir  whli  our  t'^Iatr^  and 
liv.H  miifiiillv  liM'"'"'''*'''  "'"'  rij-''i'«  ""d  privi 
li'L'<« 'if 'III'  l^'irliaminl!*.  and  tlii'  liluTliisid  llic 
kiiiv'dcihi-'.  and  Ici  priMTvc  ami  difcmi  llii'  Kinu'  s 
Mmji^iv-  I'lTson  and  aniliiirily.  in  tin'  prr»rr\a- 
linii  aiiil  ill  fini  T  I'f  the  Irni'  re  liL'i"n  and  lilaTlii'S 
Iif  till- Kii.i;dnnis,  lliat  llii'  wnrld  nniy  Inar  «ll 
nr^-i  u  iili  I'ur  I  onM'ii'in'i'snf  utir  luyalty,  and  lliat 
wi'  h.'ivi'  III)  tliiiiiLditM  nr  inti'iiliiin^  to  dimini^li 
lli-i  Miji'sivH  jiivt  piiwcr  iind  ^rt'ittiu-w.  IV. 
\Vi'  shall  alsii  «itli  all  I'aillifiilni'SScniU'iivniir  the 
iliM  iivrry  iif  all  Midi  as  liavi'  U'ln  ur  sliall  Ik'  in 
(iiiiliariiH,  nialiirnaiits  nr  evil  iiihtriimi'iits,  liy 
liiiiiliriiii;  till'  rcfiirmaliiiii  nf  ri'lii^inn.  dividini.' 

till'  Kiiii;  fniniliis  pcopli',  nr  m f  the  kinu'dums 

Iriim  uiiulliir.  ur  mal-'n;;  any  f.iriiun  or  parlii-n 
aiiiiiii(:sl  till'  |»'ii|ili',  ('(inlrary  to  the  liairiii'  iiiid 
nmiiaiil.  Iliiil  tiii'y  may  In'  l>riMii:lit  to  pulilic 
tri.il  and  ri  ciivc  condign  piiiii>hmriit,  an  tin*  dr 
lirii-  I'f  llirir  oircncrs  hliall  ri'ipiirc  or  drwrvi', 
iir  tlir  siiprinic  Jtidicutnrifs  of  hotli  kin^doins 
rrspi  itivrly  ,  or  others  lia\  in  l;  power  from  tlnni 
fur  liiat  elVeil,  hhall  jink'e  (oiiKiiient,  V.  And 
wliircastlie  happine>-iof  alili'ssed  peace  lM-l\M'en 
lliiM'  kingdoms,  denied  in  former  times  to  our 
pr'-::i!iitiirs,  is  Ity  tlie  ^ooil  providi'iiee  of  (JihI 
irniiited  to  IIS,  and  Iiatli  luen  lately  <'on('liiiled 
iii'l  seitleil  by  liotli  Parliaments:  we  shall  taeli 
line  of  IIS,  aeeordin:;  to  our  plaees  and  interest, 
iiiiliavoiir  that  thev  may  remain  eon  Joined  in  u 
tirni  peace  and  union  to  all  posterity,  and  that 
ju-iiee  may  lie  doiio  iipoii  the  wilful  opposers 
iliirii'f,  in  manner  I'Xpressi'd  In  the  iireeciUnt 
iirtiili:..  VI,  We  shall  also,  aeeordiiif;  to  our 
|<l;iei'-i  anil  eallin^s,  in  this  <'oniiiioii  cause  of  re- 
ii^iiin.  lilierty  and  peace  of  the  kin^'ilom.  assist 
ami  ill  li'iid  all  those  that  enter  into  this  league 
and  eiiM'iiaiil,  ill  the  maintaiiiini;  and  |>urs<iini: 
Itnriiif;  anil  shall  not  sutler  ourselves,  direelly 
er  iihlireitly,  liy  wliatsiH'\er  loinliinalioii,  per- 
siiisii.ii  ur  terror,  to  lie  divided  and  witlnlravvn 
fii'ii!  this  lilessed  union  and  con  jitiietion,  whether 
to  make  di  feetion  to  tile  <'ontiary  part,  or  ,t;ivi' 
iiur-ehi  s  111  11  ilete-talile  iiidilTereiiey  or  iieiitral- 
iiy  in  Ijiis  cause,  w  liieli  so  much  coiu'eini'th  the 
irl.'iy  nf  (Iml.  the  phkI  of  the  kiii;;ilonis.  and  the 

li 'iir  nf  the  K'li;:;  hut  shall  all  the  days  of  our 

li\is  /I  alniisly  and  constantly  ennliiiiie  thin  in. 
:i-':iiii~i  all  iip|io>iiion.  and  promnle  the  s.'inn-  .le- 
ii'1'liiii.Mnour  poHir.  a;.Miii-l  all  litsand  iiiipi  di- 
lliiMls  wiial^never;  and  what  we  are  lint  alile 
nurxeh  I  s  to  suppress  or  overcome  we  sh;ill  reveal 
.iiiil  inike  kiiinvn.  that  it  may  lie  liini  ly  prevented 
'  r  II  ill, mil:  all  which  w c  sl'i:ill  do  as'iii  the  sii:hl 
I  Mil  11 1.  Ami  hecallse  these  kill;;i  loins  are  guilty 
"I  iiiiny  -ins  and  provocations  a;.Miiist  (iml.  and 
ill- S.iii  .le^iis  ('liri-.|.  as  is  too  iinmifest  liy  our 
r"-<  !.i  ilislrisM  ,;,ii.l  ilaiii;i  IS.  the  Iriiils  tliireof; 
V'  IP  lissan.ldeclare,  lielnii  (Jndand  the  world, 
"iir  iinl.  iiined  desin-  to  he  liiinililed  for  our  own 
-iii>,  and  for  the  siiisoftlic.se  kiiiH-iloms :  cspeeiallv 
tli.il  we  have  nnt  as  we  ought  valued  the  inesti- 
iiiaMi' lii'iaiit  of  the  Oospel ;  that  we  have  not 
:..:,.  ill,, I  l..r  llie  [lurily  and  power  tliereof:  and 
;iiit  We  have  not  cmle'avoiired  to  receive  Christ 
ill  'iir  luarls.  nor  to  walk  worthy  of  llim  in  our 
"IV  IS.  vvhieliare  the  causes  uf  other  sins  and  trans- 


irresslons  so  much  alKiiinding  lunonifHt  ii«,  and 
our  Iriie  and  iinli  LMied  purpose,  desire  and  en- 
dcaviiur.  fnr  ourselves  and  all  nilnrs  iiinler  oiir 
|iowi'raiii|  I  hari,'!'.  Imili  in  oulilic  and  in  private, 
111  all  diilies  we  owe  to  <iiHl  and  In, in.  to  amenil 
our  livi's,  and  each  one  to  go  iN'fore  iiiiotlier  In 
the  example  nf  a  real  reforniatioii,  that  the  Lord 
may  turn  away  His  wrilli  and  heavy  indignation, 
aiiii  est;il<lish  these  Chun  his  and  kint'doms  in 
truth  and  piace.  .\iid  this  coven. int  we  make 
in  the  presence  of  .\lmighly  <iiKl.  the  .S'lircher 
nf  all  tiearts.  with  a  true  intention  In  perforin 
llic  saiiii',  as  we  ^llall  answer  at  tli:il  (ireat  l>av 
when  the  secrets  of  all  lic:irls  shall  lie  ilisclosi-if: 
most  hiinilily  licseceliini:  Ilie  Lord  to  strciiL'then 

us  liy  His  Holy  ^piiil  lor  this  end 1  In  lilesa 

our  desires  aiid  priK-ei  liiiu's  vv  iih  such  succchs  as 
mav  lie  a  deliverance  ami  safety  to  His  people, 
iiiif)  eiieoiiraLicment  to  the  Clirisliaii  Churches 
groaning  utidernr  in  daiiu'irof  ihe  yoke  of  Anti- 
eliristian  tyranny,  to  jnin  in  ihe  s:iine  or  like  iis- 
wM-iation  and  (ovenanl.  to  the  L'lory  of  Uml.  the 
enlari.'cnient  of  tin-  kiinrdom  "f  .lesiis  Christ,  and 
the  peace  and  tr:iiiipiility  nf  Christian  kingdonm 
and  colnnioiivve;ilIlis, '" 

A,  D.  1643  lAueust— September!,  — Siege  of 
Gloucester  and  first  Battle  of  Newbury. — 
"When  the  »:ir  li:ii|  l.i-ti  d  a  ye;ir.  the  advan- 
tairc  wasdecid  dly  with  the  llnyiilisis.  'Iney  were 
victorious.  Iiolli  in  Ihe  wesierii  and  in  the  iiortli- 
erii  lountics  Tiny  had  wrested  llristol,  the 
second  city  in  the  kiiigdoin,  from  ilie  I'arliii- 
ineiit.  'riii-y  Iciil  Willi  several  liatttes.  and  had 
not  suslaiiii  d  a  siii'.de  serious  or  ignominious  de- 
feat. Aniniig  the  Kniitiilhcads,  adversity  had 
lieguii  tn  pi'nduee  dissension  and  discontent. 
The  l':irli.iinent  was  kept  in  alarm,  sometimes 
liy  pints  :iiid  sometimes  liy  riots.  It  w;is  ilimiglit 
iieee~-aiy  to  foriify  l.iindnu  against  the  royal 
army,  and  to  hang  some  disalTcetcd  liti/.iiis  at 
their  own  doors.  Several  nf  the  most  distiii- 
gitislicd  peers  who  li:id  hitherto  reinaiited  at 
Wcstniiiister  lied  to  the  I  on rl  a'  (Ivlonl:  nor  can 
it  111'  doulited  licit,  if  the  operations  of  the  Cava- 
liers had,  at  this  season,  lucn  direcied  liy  a  saga- 
cious and  povviiiiil  minil,  (  Inuies  woiihl  soon 
li:ivi'  marclied  ill  triuiupli  to  \Vliitili:ill.  liut 
the  King  siilTi  1-1  d  the  aii-picious  nennent  to  pass 
aw:iv;iiiid  it  in  ver  reninicd.  In  .\tiLnist.  11113, 
he  s:"ilc  down  liefore  tlie  I  iiy  nf  (Jlourestcr.    That 

city  was  defcnili  .1  liy  llie  iiilialiil:iiils I  liy  tliu 

i:;irri-.'n.  wiiha  deii  iiiiiii;itiiin  sin  li  as  li.id  nnt, 

since  Ihe  cnlnirielu-i  mint  \^\  llic  vv:i|-,  litell  shown 
liy  the  adhere  Ills  nl    tin-   I'arli.ilin  nl.      The  emu- 

latinllnf    l.nllilnll    Wils    CMilell         'I'lie    t  r:lill1iandn 

of  the  city  vnliiiiiicii  d  to  iiiaicli  wherever  their 
services  iiiiL:iii  I'c  i'  i,i:ired.  .\  gri';it  folic  was 
speedilv  colli  cii'il.  and  lie';:iu  to  niovi  w  e^  ward. 
■|  he  siege  of  (il.iuccsli  r  was  r;li-e.l.  'i'lii  linyal- 
ists  ill  every  jeiri  of  liie  kinirdoni  were  disheart- 
ciied;  the  spirit  of  the  |virli:iiiieiil:irv  p:irty  re- 
vived: and  till'  apnsi.ili.  I.ni-ds,  who'had  I'atelv 
;  lied  finiu  Wistniiusiir  to  Oxfnrd.  liM-Iimd  hack 
;  frnniiivford  In  W  cstiniii-tir."— l.nr.l  .Mainulay, 
///../,  ■.•;■  /.'""..  ■■'..  1.  — .\fler  aeioniplisliiu:.'  the 
i  relief  if  (ilnueisirr.  the  raili.iincntary  army, 
marihinii  li;icU  to  l.niiiinn,  w:is  intercepted  at 
Newliiiry  Iiy  the  ariiiv  nf  tin'  king,  and  fnrced  to 
tight  a  liattie,  .•se|.t.  'Jii.  l(i|;l.  ill  which  Until  par- 
lies,   as   at    iMueiiiil.    ci:iinied    lile    viiloiv.      "i  Iiu 

Royalists,    however,    failed    to    li:ir  the   road  to 

l.oiidon.  astlicy  had  iinderlakcn  to  do,  and  Kssex 

I   resumed   his   inarch  on  the  following  iiioruiug. 


MID 


ENOLAND.  1643 


Srvhury.  LalKom  llniur 
atui  Martivn  igour 


ENGLAND,  t«44 


I! 


—"In  tlila  iinlinppy  Imlllr  wn»  uliiiii  llir  lnril 
TUrntint  Krtlklii'Kl ;  ii  iMTwm  <if  mxli  |iriKlin 
loiin  piirtH  of  li'itniiiiK  uml  knowUil)!!'.  i>f  Hint 
Iniiiillnlili'  sHirliu'Kx  mill  ili'llKl't  In  riiiivirHiillnii, 
of  Ml  tliiwlii).'  mill  iihlit;iiiK  it  liiiiiiniiilv  miil  kimhI' 
miw  til  miiiikiiiil.  mill  nf  llnil  prliiilt(»r  niiictTily 
mil  liitiiiriiy  iif  llfr.  tlmt  if  tlicri^  iviri'  im  iitlirr 
bninil  iiiuui  tills  ihIIhih  niul  iiri  iimtil  uiir  lliiin 
tliut  KiiikMi'  liix".  it  iiiiist  III'  iiiiii't  iiifaiiiiiiiH  mill 
fXriTulilr  111  :ill  pi.«HTilv."— Kiirl  of  Cliiri'iKloii, 
IIM  •■/  II,,-  l!,l„lli;i,.  'H:  T.  art.  '.Mi.— Tills 
liimcnti  il  iliiilli  on  tlii'  roynl  slilr  niiirly  cvoni'il.  »ii 
til  spiak.  till'  |.'riiit.  iMiiiirusiiri'il  ciilmnity  wlilili 
bnil  iH'fiilIrn  till'  lii'tlir  laiiM'  tlirn'  iiionllm  lio 
fori',  will  II  till'  lili.'li  soiili'il  p.'itrlot  lliiinpilrii  »us 
•lull!  in  A  piillrv  Kklrniisli  uilli  Uii|H'rl'»  liiinx',  ut 
Clialnrovi'  Kli  (il.  not  fur  froin  the  Uinlira  of  Ox- 
fonUliiri'  Soon  iiftir  tin'  HkIiI  at  Ncwliurv, 
Clmrli's.  Iiiiviii);  oi iiipiiil  Kiiiilln)?,  wltliilrcw  liis 
army  to  Oxf'.nl  uml  went  Into  » inter ipiiirtirs. 
—  N.  L.  Wulfoni,  l',irUiiineutitry  lltneriil»  ,'f  the 
Gniit  I'iril  War.  eh.  i. 

Al.wiIN:  !Sir  K.  C'list.  I.iren  ,if  the  Wiirriiim  „/ 
the  I'irH  Warn.  j,f.  2— S.  H.  ('tiinlincr,  Jlitl.  nf 
the  lir,,il  riril  llVir,  eh.  10  (r  1). 

A.  D.  1644  (January).— Battle  of  Nantwich 
and  liege  01  Lathom  Houae.— Tlie  Irish  army 
bniiiglit  (ivir  liy  Kiii);  diaries  niiil  lanilcil  iu 
Flintshiri'.  in  Xovomliir.  IIMII,  iiiiilir  the  com- 
manii  of  Lonl  ilyron,  invuileil  Cheshire  niiil  hiiit 
iU'ge  to  Naiitwiih,  which  was  the  headiiuarters 
of  the  I'urlianienturv  rausv  in  that  region. 
Voiing  Sir  Thoinas  fairfax  was  imlcred  to  col- 
lect forces  anil  relieve  the  town.  With  great 
(lllllciilty  he  siirceeileil,  near  the  euil  of  January, 
16>U,  In  hailing  2.M0  fiNit-solillers  anil  twenty- 
eight  trooiis  of  horse,  against  the  besieging 
army,  which  n'.iniliired  a.OtW  foot  and  1,800 
borse.  On  the  'JHtli  of  January  he  attacked  and 
routeil  the  Iri-ili  royalists  completely.  "All  the 
Royalist  ('oloiuls.  Including  the  subsequently 
Dotiirious  Monk,  1,<'>I)0  sohiiers,  six  pieces  of 
oninauce,  and  ijuuntities  of  arms,  were  cap- 
tured." Having  accomplished  this  most  Im- 
portant service,  Sir  Thomas,  "to  his  great  an- 
noyance." received  orders  to  lay  siege  to  Ijithoni 
House,  •'■)■  of  the  country  seats  of  the  Earl  of 
Derby,  wl.icli  liail  In'en  fortified  and  secretly 
garrisoiieil,  with  ilOO  sohiiers.  It  was  held  by 
the  high  spirited  and  dauntless  Countess  of 
Derby,  in  tlic  ulisence  of  her  husband,  who  was 
In  the  Isle  of  Man.  Sir  Thomas  Kairfax  soon 
esca|ieil  from  this  Ignoble  enterprise  ond  left  it 
to  be  I  arriiil  on,  first,  liy  his  cousin.  Sir  William 
Fairfax,  ami  aflerwanls  by  Col.  Uigby.  The 
Coiuili'ss  liefeinied  liir  house  for  three  montli?, 
until  tile  apiroach  of  I'rince  Hupert  forced  the 
niisin.g  of  tlie  siege  in  the  following  spring. 
Ijithoni  House  was  not  tinally  surrenilired  to 
the  Uounillieails  iiiilil  Dec  (i.  1045.  when  it  was 
ilemolisiied— C.  H.  Markhani,  Li/f  of  (he  (!rt,it 
Lonl  l'<iirf,t.r,  eh.  ]'.i. 

Al.Mi  IN:  -Mrs.  Tlionipson.  lirenlUetionK  of  Lit- 
ertifij  ('li,ti„i:tf)it  at, if  i',h!,i-ntiil  l'(,t,;i,,  r.  )i,  eh.  'J. 
— t.  Warliiirlon.  Miinoii-^  ,f  iTiore  JCiijurt  ,iiiil 
the  (oi;tlu  If.  r.  '2   eh.  4. 

A.  D.  1644  (January— July).— The  Scots  in 
England.— The  Battle  of  Marston  Moor. — 
"(In  (lie  v.\\\,  .ii'  .r.nii'irv  !i!44.  ihc  Sroiti<!i 
army  entered  Kiiirianii.  Lesley,  now  earl  of 
Leven.  coniniiiiiiled  lliem.  ...  In  the  niean- 
tiinc.  the  p:irliaiiieut  at  Weslniinster  fviniied  a 
ouuucil    uuiier   tlie   title  of  '  The  Committee  of 


the  Two  Kingdoms. '  eonslnling  of  srTrn  Ixinla. 
foiirieen  meiiilH'm  of  the  Common*,  and  four 
.Scottish  (  ommluhineni.  Whatever  U'longs  to 
the  exi'  ulive  power  as  dislliigilislied  from  the 
legialatlve  devolved  U|uin  this  Commllter.  In 
the  spring  of  1644  the  parliament  had  fivearmh-a 
Iu  the  liehl.  paid  by  general  or  hieal  taxation, 
and  by  voluntary  contributions.  Including  tin 
Smttisli  irmy  there  were  altogether  ."Sfl.OOO  men 
under  arms;  the  Knglisii  forces  iH'iiig  com 
maniled,  as  sepanite  armies,  by  Kssex,  Walh-r, 
.Manchester,  and  Kairfax.  Ksn-x  atid  Waller  ad 
vaiiceil  to  bliK'kaiie  Oxfonl.  The  ijiieen  went  to 
Kxeler  In  April,  and  never  saw  Charles  again 
The  lilmkaiiing  furies  around  Oxford  bad  Is 
come  so  strong  that  resistunce  apiieared  to  Iw 
hopeless.  On  the  night  of  the  3d  of  June  the 
king  SicH'tly  left  the  city  and  passed  lofely  U' 
tween  the  two  hostile  armies.  There  liad  again 
been  jealousies  and  disugreemrnts  between  Essix 
and  Waller.  Essex,  supiHirted  by  the  council 
of  war,  but  in  opposition  to  the  committee  of 
the  two  kingdoms,  boil  nmrcbed  to  the  west 
Waller,  meanwhile,  went  In  pursuit  of  the  king 
Into  Won'cstershire.  Charles  suddenly  returned 
to  Oxfonl,  and  then  nt  Copredy  Dridge,  near 
lianbiiry,  deteuteil  Waller,  who  bail  hastened 
back  to  encounter  him.  Essex  was  liefore  the 
walls  of  Exeter,  in  wblcb  city  the  queen  had 
given  birth  to  a  princess.  The  king  hastened  to 
the  west.  He  was  strong  enough  to  meet  either 
of  the  parliamentary  armies  thus  separated 
Meanwhile  tlie  combined  English  and  Scottish 
armies  were  U'steging  York.  Kiipert  bad  just 
accomplished  the  relief  of  Lathom  tlousc,  whii  h 
had  bi'en  defended  by  the  heroic  countess  of 
Derby  for  eighteen  weeks,  against  a  detachment 
of  the  army  of  Fairfax.  He  then  marched  to- 
wanls  York  with  30.000  men.  The  allle<l  Eng- 
lish and  Scots  retired  from  Ilessey  Moor,  near 
Y'ork,  to  Tadcuster.  Rupert  entereil  York  Willi 
2,000  cavalry.  The  Earl  of  Newcastle  was  in 
conmianil  there.  He  counselletl  a  prudent  delay. 
The  Impetuous  Rupert  said  he  had  the  orders  of 
the  king  for  his  guidance,  and  he  was  resolved 
to  tight.  On  the  3nd  of  July,  having  rested  two 
days  in  and  near  Y'ork,  and  enabled  the  city  to 
lie  newly  provisioned,  the  royalist  army  went 
forth  to  engage.  They  met  their  enemy  on 
Marston  Mixir.  The  Issue  of  the  encounter 
would  have  been  more  than  doubtful,  but  for 
Cromwell,  who  for  the  first  time  had  headed  his 
Ironsides  in  a  great  pitched  battle.  Tlie  right 
wing  of  the  parliamentary  army  was  scattered. 
Rupert  was  chasing  and  slaying  the  Scottish 
cavalry.  .  .  .  The  cliarges  of  Fairfax  and  Croni 
well  de< iiled  the  d.iy.  The  victory  of  tlie  par 
liamentary  forces  was  so  complete  that  the  fcari 
of  Newcastle  left  York,  and  embarked  at  Scar 
iMirough  for  tlie  continent.  Rupert  niarcln'l 
away  also,  willi  the  wreck  of  his  army,  to  dies 
ter.  Fifteen  hundred  pris<iners,  all  the  artillery, 
more  than  100  liaiinirs,  remaineil  with  tlic  vii 
tors;  4.1.'iO  bodies  hiy  dead  on  the  plain. '—( 
Kniglit.  Croieii  lUnt.'if  Eii<j.,  eh.  2,5. 

Al.soiN;  T.  Carlyle.  OUecr  Cromieell'a  I.itt,ii 
iinil  S/mehea.  j,t.  2,  litlerS. — B.  M.  C'ordery  an  i 
,1.  S.  riiillpotts,  Kiiifj  and  Commonteettlth,  eh.  7 

—  W.   'Jixlwin.  Ili'l    of  the  r„mmonte(nllh_eh     VI 

(c.  1). — E.  Warliurton.  Memoirtvf  J'rinee  Itu/xrl 
and  the  f.'ar,durn.  r.  2.  eh.  4. 

A.  D.  1644  (August— September).— Easex's 
surrender.— The  aecond  Battle  of  Newbury.— 


900 


ENGLAND.  1944 


Hrl/tUni/ing 


ENOLAND,  t«4A 


The  irrrattiirm*  at  M*ntiin,  wlilrh  hiul  trivin 
IIji'  iiorlli  lo  the  ParlUnunt,  whu  nil  iiiiilniii'  In 
tlic  Hiulli  iiiid  wcit  tlin>ui[li  fi'i'lilciii'iM  hihI  Jcnl 
ouali'ii  iu  the  It'iulir*  ttiiif  tlii'  wntilii'il  |H>lir}' 
llmt  iliriTti'il  tli«  war  tH'tarliiit  nrinicn.  roiialHt 
lii^  iif  a  liH'iil  niilllln,  wcru  uiiiiliwil}'  nritrri'il 
•iHnit  liy  a  (KiiimltltT  of  ilvlliariii  in  Limiliui. 
DIhiikIit  folliiwtil  nil  illMialir  Kiuh')i,  Wnllrr, 
anil  Miimlii'iiU'r  wmiKi  nilllicr  iijini'  ani<'nir>t 
lliini«i  Ivi'K  iiiir  niM'y  orilcrt.  Kw«x  iiml  Wiilli  r 
lia<l  lurti'il  Infore  MurHtiin  kiik  fiiii|ilit;  Mitn 
rliiMir  liiiil  ri'tiimi'il  from  York  In  iiniliit  liU 
OH  11  laKlirii  riiiinflpa.  Wiillir,  iiftir  liiii  ilifmt 
•t  (  opri'ily.  iliil  nothing,  nnii  niiliiraliy  foiinil  hi'< 
arinv  nii llini;  awiiy.  rXwx.  iirrvirsily  miviinr 
iiillintiillii'Wi'Kt,  waaiMit  niiinii'iivnii  liy  Cliurhs. 
ami  itiili'ii  a  niin|mlKn  of  liliinili  nt  l>y  tlic  xiir 
nnilrrof  nil  hlainfiintry  [iil  Kowcy.  In  (iiniwiill. 
»M'pl  'i.  \IW]  Ily  StptimlHr  1I144  throiiKlioiit 
Uii'  ulinli'  wiiilh'VrHl  tlif  I'urlliiincnl  hail  nut  an 
amiy  in  Hit'  fltlil.  Hut  the  ( iiinniiltii'  iif  tlii' 
llnuMK  Htill  loilt'tl  on  wilh  hiinoiinililt^  ii|iiril,  aiul 
at  bist  liroiiglit  loKi'tliiT  near  Nt'wlmry  a  uniliil 
army  marly  iloiililf  the  alrcnKth  of  tlic  Klnjt'ii. 
Ou  ISiiiiiiny.  thu  2Uth  of  UcIiiIkt,  waa  fini|;ht  the 
M'i'imil  luitlleiif  Newliury,  aa  uauni  in  tlii'Se  ill 
onlrnil  ('unipHl);n«,  late  in  the  aftrriioon.  An 
anliiiiiiailaycnilrii  nlthimt  virtory,  iu  apituof  tlie 
frrruirruiinilH'raof  tliel'arliiiim'ntHamiy,  llioiigh 
till'  nil  n  fought  well,  ami  thiir  ofllcera  Uil  tlii'in 
with  skill  ami  energy.  At  night  the  King  wn.i 
■uflirtil  to  withilraw  hU  army  without  loaa,  anil 
later  to  carry  off  bia  guns  anil  train.  The  urgent 
appi'uU  of  Cnimwcil  and  hia  offleera  ooiild  not 
Infuse  into  Manclieater  energy  to  win  tlie  day,  or 
tpiril  to  purauc  the  retreating  foe." — F.  Ilarriaou, 
Winr  Cnimirelt,  eh.  6. 

A1.IK.  IN;  B.  M.  Cordery  and  J.  8.  Phllli)Ott», 
King  mid  CammonveaUh,  eh.  7. — 8.  K.  Gardiner 
UUt  i.ftltt  Ortat  Cinl  War,  eh.  19  iiiiil  il. 

A.  0.  1644-1645.— The  Self-denying  Ordi- 
nance.—"C'roniwell  had  shown  hia  capacity  for 
orgunizatlon  in  the  creation  of  the  Ironaides:  bic 
miliury  ^eniua  had  displayed  itself  at  Maniton 
MiHir.  Newliury  firs*,  raised  him  Into  a  political 
Uailtr.  '  Without  a  more  speedy,  vigorous  and 
ellrdive  proseculion  of  the  war,"  he  said  to  the 
Conimims  after  hia  iiiiarrcl  with  Manchester, 
•lastingoff  all  lingering  proceedings,  lilic  tliosc 
iif  Biililiers  of  fortune  ^yonil  sea  to  spin  out  a 
»iir.  HU  shall  make  the  kingdom  weary  of  us, 
mill  liiilc  the  name  of  a  rarliament. '  But  under 
till'  liuilers  who  at  present  conducted  it  a  vigor- 

I'liii' Iiictof  tlicwarwasbopcless.     They  were, 

"1  * iMell's  plain  words,  'afraid  to  conquer.' 

Tliiy  ilisired  nut  to  crush  Cliarles,  but  to  force 
liiiii  hiicli,  with  as  much  of  liis  old  strength  re- 
nuiinini;  as  might  be,  to  tlie  p<wiliim  of  a  con- 
Btituliiiniil  King.  .  .  .  The  army,  too,  as  ho  long 
111:11  uririil  ut  Kiigebill,  wiis  not  an  army  to  con- 
i|iiir  Willi.  Xow,  as  then,  he  urgi'ii  tluil  till  the 
whuli  f.irce  WHS  new  mndeled,  and  pl.iciil  unilir 
a  siriilir  ili«i|iliuc,  'they  must  not  expect  aiiv 
i.til.ilili'  Micirss  in  nnytliiug  they  went  alioiii? 
liiil  liir  tir»t  step  in  such  a  reiirganiz:.iii.n  must 
i"H  ili;iiis;eiif  iiltlcers.  Thu  army  was  led  ami 
mill  I  ri  il  liy  inunilKTs  of  ilie  two  Houses,  ami  the 
Nit  iiiiMim.ing  (iir  Scif-th'iiyiiig]  t)rdinancu, 
Willi  h  WHS  introduced  liy  (■roiuwill  mul  Vnn.'. 
Ill .  Iiinii  iiie  lenure  of  civil  or  military  nlticcs  iii- 
riiiii|i:iiililu  with  a  seat  in  either.     In  spite  of  a 

I  II-'  I  111!  liittiT  resistance,  whicli  was  justilled  at 

II  likr  linie  liy  the  political  results  which  fill- 


limeil  Ihls  riiplure  nf  the  lie  which  bad  hilhrrtii 
Isiunil  llie  army  to  Hie  I'arllanienl.  the  drift  of 
tiulilie  opinliin  wiis  tiKi  iirong  tu  In'  wiihsliHid 
Hie  panMige  nf  llie  Ordlnani'e  lirnuglil  alMuil  the 
retirinieiil  of  Khm-x,  .Mnneheiiler.  and  Walhr. 
and  the  new  organizalion  nf  the  army  went 
rapidly  on  under  a  new  inmniniiiler  in  chief.  HIr 
Tlinmas  Fairfax,  Hie  hero  nf  tin  Inng  entilmi  in 
Vnrksliire.  ami  hIio  had  Inch  riiikeil  into  fume  by 
his  virtory  at  .Niintwicb  anil  lii»  bravery  at  .Mara 
Inn  Mimr,  ■  — ,1  It.  Oreen.  S/mrt  tlial.  vf  Ktnj  ,  eh 
H,  tri.  7. 

A  rail  IN:  \V  OihIwIii.  l/inl  </  fht  CoinnMn- 
iee,ill/i,  eh.  I.',  (r  I)  — .1.  K  Ibismer.  Lite  uf 
Yiiutig  Sir  lUiirtj  IVi/K,  ,7,  II  — ,(.  A  IMl  Ion, 
(llinr  rrt:iiiirrll.  e/i.  HI — I  Fimlir,  SatriKeii  ojf 
the  i'ommontetiilth  :    Vnue. 

A.  D.  1645  (Januanr— February).— The  at- 
tempted  Treaty  of  Usbridge.— A  futile  negotia 
linn  U'twien  the  king  and  parliament  was  opened 
at  I'xbrbige  In  .liiniiary,  ItUA.  "  Hut  ueitlier 
Hie  king  nor  Ida  ad visi'nt entered  on  it  with  niinda 
sincerely  bent  on  pence;  they,  nn  the  mie  hand, 
reiolute  not  to  swerve  from  the  utmost  rigour  of 
a  comjueror's  terms,  without  having  conquered; 
and  he  though  more  secretly,  cherishing  Illusive 
hopes  of  a  more  tiiumpliant  restoration  lo  power 
Hian  any  treaty  cnuli!  U'exiMcled  to  effect.  The 
tlin'e  leading  topics  of  discussion  among  the  nego- 
tiators at  I'xbridge  were,  tliechurcli,  the  militia, 
and  the  state  nf  Inlaml.  Bound  by  Hieir  un- 
happy covenant,  and  watched  by  their  Kcota col- 
leagues, the  Knglisli  commissioners  on  the  parlia- 
ment's side  demaniied  the  complete  cstablisliment 
of  a  pnsbyterlan  polltv,  and  Hie  substitution  of 
what  was  called  the  directory  for  the  ^  'ican 
liturgy.     Upon  tbia  bead  there  was  .'oa- 

pect  of  8  union" — II.  Ilallam,   Contt.  ,/ 

Eng.,  eh.  W.pt.  1. 

Also  in:  Karl  of  Clarendon,  Ilitt.  of  tiit  He- 
belliim.  hk.  8,  Met.  a()0-'2,5'J  (r.  3). 

A.  D.  1645  (January— April).— The  New 
Model  of  the  army.— The  passage  of  the  Self- 
denying  Ordinance  was  followed,  or  accompanied, 
b^-  the  adoption  uf  Hie  scheme  for  the  su-calleil 
New  Mmlel  of  the  army,  'The  New  Mislel  was 
organised  as  follows:  10  Ilegimentsof  Cavalry  of 
6()(t  men,  6,000;  10  Companies  of  Ilragoons  of 
100  men,  1,000;  10  licgiments  of  Infantry  of 
1,400  men,  1-1.000:  Total.  21.000  men.  All  offi- 
cers were  to  be  niiminati  i!  by  f>ir  Thoniaa  Fair- 
fax, the  new  General,  and  (iis  was  insisted  upon 
by  the  I.nnls.  with  the  object  nf  excluding  the 
mure  fiinaticiil  Independents)  every  ntllcer  was  to 
sign  the  covei. '.nt  within  twenty  days  of  his  np- 
poiiitment.  Tlie  cost  of  this  force  was  estimated 
at  l.'">:il»,400  per  annum,  nbniit  t'l,OlH),0(MI  nf  nur 
money.  .  .  .  fir  Thomas  Fairfax  liaving  been 
appointed  Conimander-in-Cliief  by  a  vote  of  Isith 
Houses  nil  the  1st  nf  April  [.\.  I).  1G4.'J),  Essex, 
Mancliesti  r  anil  others  nf  the  Lords  rcMgned 
their  ciiiiimi»>iiiiis  on  the  iiid.  .  .  .  The  name  of 
(rnmwcll  «as  nf  enurse,  with  Ihnse  of  other 
meniUrs  nf  the  I'nmiiinns.  nniilted  frnm  the 
original  li^t  of  Hie  New  .Mmlel  army;  but  with 
a  signilieaiue  « liicli  could  nut  have  escapeil  re- 
mark, the  appiiintuunt  nf  lieiitenantgenenil  wag 
ierivaiunt.  wliile  none  doubted  by  whom  that 
viiciinev  wiiiilil  lie  fillud.  — N.  L.  "Walfdrti.  The 
I'tirtiatnentart/  OtmrnU  of  the  Great  Civil  War 
eh.  4. 

Al.sd  i.N:  !<ir  K.  Cusl.  l.irit  tf  the  Warriors  of 
the  Ciril  Warn,  pt.  'i:  Fairfax 


901 


it 


ENOI,ANI>,  IrtlV 


.Vair»»  >t«*l 


ENGLAND,   1649 


ii 


i 


i 


A,  D.  1A4S  (Junt>.-~Thi  Baltic  of  Natcby. 

— '■  Kirlv  in  .\|iril,  Knlrfin  wiili  lil«  iir«  iinnv 
■ilvjini'i'i)  wi-i«  ir.l  i.iriiisc  tin  -Irfr  xf  ThiiiiIiii, 
Willi  liciiv  <i"riin!  »ri»  l««|.  ifliiu'  111  fori'  iliiii 
tjiiik  »ji- '(..mi'l'liil  lie  lie  hi. I  iinl.M  lomlir 
(III  till' -Iil:!'  i'(  <l\f,.ril  riil<  ill'l  ii"l  Miii  hlH 
iiwii  vlc«-i  ..r  tli.ix'  iif  till'  hull  |iriiili  lilt  Tiny 
hiul  (■•liii-.l  lli'ir  ni«  iiriii\  ii|i"ii  Ihi'  iiiipln '1 
riHiillll'iti  Hint  .liil.lw  li.ililin  sliniilil  In-  '.Miiiht 

II  win  llirrc  fiiiv  ultli  iiri:it  Jiv  tint  Kilrfiix 
n  irhnl  .irilir-i  111  |iriMi'iil  in  imi-iiil  I'f  llir  rm  iil 
f.iriri  nliiili.  iLniiis:  lift  W.Ti  ■ -ii  r.  »iri' 
iii.iii  lilii,"  ;i|i|iiir.  iiilv  a.':iiii.l  ilir  K  i-ii  rn  Ah^h 
<i:iii..ii,  1  I'l  hill  jii«i'l.il.'ii  1.1  ill -iiTMiiilii  ir  H.iy 
IW'f.iri'  iiiiirinu  mi  tlii«  .iiiin-  •!  r\  n  i-,  Fiirf.iv 
iliMiMii.li.l   mill   nliliiiiuil   1.  Ill-  f.ir  t  r.inivMll  In 

wnivil  1.  i-i  I'T  liiM  I.Millr ii'  ill  till'  r.i|i;ii  ily  i.f 

l.ii'iiii  II. Ill  I  111  111  r  il      III'  I  mil'  iiji  »itli  I  111'  l^illl: 

III  ihi'  II.  i 'III iliMiil   .'f  II. 111... r.. lull      (liiiil.  < 

tlirii.'l  111.  U  M  mil  I  liini.  111. .1  l<l~t  I'V  llir  \ill  r.'r 
i.f  N.I-.  i'»  III.  .  ri  .1  I. ml.  kii'iuii  l.y  tli;ii  hiini' 
will  I...1J1I  I  i"iinM  II  liii.l  j..ii.iil  t'l"  ..ini>, 
iiiiii.l  III.  I.  i'.i.  ill.' -h.. Ill  11. 1  1 1.1'  lr.i..|ii,  liMi  ilii\i 
lt.f..r.'.  «iili  ill''  A"-."  iiliiiii  liiii'»i'  .\.'iiii  iIh' 
viii.'rv  V. .  iiK  I',  hm-  liiiii  I  liii  Ily  ilur  l.i  liii 
nkili  '  111  .ii  iiiil  ii  i-:ilni..-l  .1  r.  |..  nii.'ii  ..f  llii'  li.it 
til'  nf    Mir-i  .11    M.i'.r  '      .1.    V     lliijiit.    Ih-t   ■/ 

Hirll.lu.l.    ,..     "'■-'    /.     ti:-l    -"Till'    |.|.|    llllllllll   I'f 

Nu-i'liv  -I  iimU  Ml  .111  ii-  I'M  liill  t'.|i.  M  r\  null  li 
iiH    It   .li.l   ill   .'>:i\..ii  .in-    ..'I  111.'    Nmilivv. -ii  ni 

li.ir.l.r.'f    N.'i-il |.i..iiliii.  ;    11.  nil    .11  :i  lin.', 

III!  I  III  .il\  nii.liv  IV.  I..  Hi. .11  111. I  'I  '"II  .'iiiil 
l»a\.iii-v'  A  I"  ..  .'.iM.' ..|.|  II  III. 1.1  .  i  I',  rliiiin 
lix..  Imih  ii,  .1  -...i!.  .1.11  i.ihi.'i  -  '  .1'  l,l...ri'r-. 
li.ll  i|.  ,;1,  tli..i.  111. I  ..!..|  -.li  1  1  .  -ii.illi-  »1|.'|.. 
M.l.ll,  !•-  -Il"|i.    I...  I    -li'.;.  :i'!    ii.'l    i.  I.    f' .rillill.;  il 

kill  1.1-' |||  ir.'.  "l.i.  Il  1'  I  '..  .."■  \.  rill  iii.l  .'>..iiili, 
llit.ilw..  I'lii.'  -i|'''-.  III.  .'I  i  I  linr.  Il  »illi  il-i 
(.'rnr-,  -!  Ill  I-  ill  llir  1 .  nil.'.  I'l'  1:  in.  ii.  .1  -[.ii.' 
Iiiii'.l.iii-  11-.  If  "I'll  a  ^tr:in_'.'  i.'l  I'.ill,  li.  1  1  up 
liv  r."l-.  :i  ■  II'  ::".!  i.i|'i"  1-  l''i'!.  "iii'li  1  iii'i' 
ff.  11  li..ll"  li.  ill  111  rl'v  111.  I  I  'illi^  tiiii'  ,' 
ul,  .  ',  1,  I-  M.i  1 1  Hi  III  1.1- s  lit'...  il.  -,  -I...  !i  .11  I  111' 
Sm  _■,  I  li  ,'i  11  ■  Till  );i'.iiiii  I  i-  ii].l.iii.|.  iiiiiiir- 
!  11.  I     '!,,  '      \     ,i.i\\i'iL'  I   iiii;    v\:i-  ii"l   I  n- 

1 1  7  ;  liii  Ml.  I  .  '.  II.  r;.ri..M.  Mit.l  1-  -;ill  'om..- 
vil.ai  I.  ,i.- .il  u..  ..|      I'  -;.iii'l- I!    .ilv  in  111'.  Il  ;irt 

i.f    Knjli.i.i  ;     I..    |i  .   i...  --,    t  ,l,i.l.'    .'I    |i.r:l    III 

I  i\  lli.ili.Li  ,  .  ..l.i  ill..  -  .  I  il.  -  il  ll'lii  '  N;i\.  I  '  . 
■  N:iv..,ln  .  i|!ll-,    \  IVi  ■    ■         '■     111  l.i  111     .  iVi.'. 

II  w.i-  .11  ti,i-  l.i  :  '.  1:  .     I      I.    ■'.!    ill  1  'li-  .  i  i.!l-.  .if 

l-.i,.;!  Ill  I     1,  Il     Kl         I    lull.  .    .ill    I    ..■    I  llll.'f  .lilli. 
Il'.i   ,       |..|i.i,!       I,.,     I  |.'       1;  iMl,.,      .;  .-hi  .1     li.  I.  .  U 

1,  •,,■    I  |l„.    N...,    Vli.  .1  I    Allin    "I  1.  ii  lii-  1    I  1  .1. 

s,ii-,  .11  Hill.  11:  ..11 1-  lu  iiiiii-.  ii-iiii.  Ii  .1  ii"i  ii,  til 

ruin  I  lii  I'  I'l     'I'll i;ij|i.  ii.iii  Ml.'  Kiii_  -  li  jlit 

wiiiL'.  .  '1  .iL.il  ii|i  111.'  Iiiil     iii.l  iini..|  nil  li.  I..r.' 

Iiiiii  ■.  I. HI  Li.  lii.  1.. li.  I'.il  Ci' u.M  .  'i.ir.'i.i 

iI.ivMi  Iiiil  .11  111.'  i.tli.  r  v\  iiij.  !!'  .  ,\  i-.'  .  ,1 1'^  i!i_' 
III!  li.  r.Ti  l.i-'i.— iiii'l  .li.l  lii'i  '-■  illi'l'  .'if  III'  III  :1 
ti.  |.|iiiiiii  r.  Ill-    Criiiuu.  II  ..nil  I.  il  ii.iili.  r  1..  ::<•■ 

l-:,l|i.lll,.  ',',  li;iil  ^illl.il  lii.l  I  llii-  A-'.,  lili'll 
t»i.  il.i'.-    li.  1     li       ■  ::lli.    1     -llillN    lliilll    III"     «l|..l.' 

Anil'.  ■■    III    I.  '  1    '1. 1'  rill  '  .if  till-  n.iv-..  liii- 

IHiil  nil...  I'l  ill.  ..    Il'l]'.  M.   .'11  I'  IllMlill'J   riiilll   111- 

|il  iii.l.  1.  rui.i-  ih.  Ki'i_  -  liit.ihirv  II  mill,  |i!.-- 
[i  111  -  l.i  ■ '...r  _'.'  i.^.iiii  wiihliii'  iilli'ii  Ciiiiliy; 
I. HI  III..  (  iiv.ili".  I'.'.,  uli.  11  il  1  iiiii  1,1  111.,  p. .ml, 
'  lir.ikii  all  ii-uiiiii  I'.  '-  111  '..  r  lii  riii—i  mill'  111.11.' 


II  tiitlli,'  whli'li  llM'jr  wi'll  knrw  how  to  itte;  uprm 
UI1..111 1  tiiirllii'Orilltiiiiin'ii||(iiln»l  I'lipUlnprnwil 
h.ihl  IliU  iliiy  Tlir  Kitiir^  Ciirrliiiri'  *m<  mU. 
i.iki  M.  Willi  n  'iiliitii't  mill  iiiiitiy  Itnyiil  Aiiii' 
k'rti|ili'i  III  it.  wliirli  wlii'ii  |irltit<i|  tiiitilr  n  wnl  In. 
|iri  ■.•l.iii  iiL'ulii-t  lil«  Miiji«l>.  -KiH'  III  fill'  '1 
iiiiwt  nii'liiin  Imlv  virw  nf  ilii-  n  niclly  nf  l.i. 
^Illjl«lv.  'Oil  till'  Miir.l  I.f  II  Kliii:  '  All  w  !•. 
|.,H|i  ".^T.  Ciirhli',  Ohnr  i'riniiiftll'ii  l^lt,  m  ■i.l 
Si,,,-!,,:  I'l   '.',  1,11, r'^U 

Al,Mil\i  Karl  I.f  t'l  iri'iiiliiii,  llift  i,f  Ih,  It,  ' 
U.,11,  hk.  II.  ...-r  III)  .|','  (/'.  4i  .  -K  Wiirliiirti.il 
M,iii,:,rt,'t'l'iii,c  Hiii„it  flilil  l/i,  l'-lr,lli,rt,  r  .1 
.'A.   1. 

A.  D.  1645  (June— December!.  ~CI»mor»«n't 
CommiMiont,  and  other  perfidic*  of  the  Kint; 
diuloted.  -  AlUir  Imiili' .'f  .\.i~liy.  f..pi.  ■.  "i 
Ki.iiii'  li'ilirHii.  till' i|iii'i'ii.  iliii'lly  wrilliti  iiImui 
till'  tiiiii'  nf  till'  iniily  nf  r.\liriiL'i'.  iitnl  uniiiL'.  Ii 
priiirMil.  fi  II  liil'i  ilii'  liiitiiN  nf  till'  ini'ii.y  in.l 
Hirr  lii-l.iiitly  pulili-lii'il.  N.i  ntlirr  lii»-i'<  .  f 
tliil  f.it..'  il.iy  wrri'  miiri'  iii|iiri.iif<  In  liln 
killL'i]  Clll-i.  .  .  Ill'  Klivr  111  r  |liii'  iplii 
iiiirtir  til  Inut  Willi  till'  Kii«ll«li  oiillinlli t.  |ii" 
l-illll  In   'aki'  ,i«ay  nil  prtlal   lawn  iinaiii-t  tin  m 

III  Ml. Ill  111  liml  Hliiiill.l  I  llillili'  llilll  tn  iln  >•".  in 
i..||>i.lrriitinll  nf  Ml.  Il  p.  'M  rful  lis-i-t.inri'  ;i. 
tiilnht  ilrwnr  K.I  (.'ri'iil  a  I.,  "iir.  niiil  iiialil.'  Iiim 
1.1  iiiri'ct   it.   .   .   .   Sii'pii  iiuw  wrri'  iiiinli  iii.--i  . 

V.itl'il  li\'  II  siTiiliil  ili-rnViTV  llllll  Iniik  plan' -i  "  11 

iiftirwirril-,  nf  a  m  in  I  liiii'ly  Unvii'ti  tlii'i.irl  .  f 
(il.iiii.iri.'aii  nil. I  tin'  ('nnfrilirali'  Irish  lalli.. In - 
ll.it  111!  11  I V  pri.liii-ili','  till'  ti'p.al  nf  till'  pi  111! 
l.iwi.  lull  'till'  r-lal.li-liiiu'iit  nf  till  ir  ri'liji'iii  I'l 
fir  till'  i.'ri'iili'r  part  nf  Inliiinl.  Tlir  iiiiiri|iii-  •  f 
Orninii.l.  ill  w.ll  a<  l.ii'.l  |li','liy,  wli.i  liappiii.  .1 1 
11.'  Ill  lliiMin.  [..iiilly  I  Ailaiiii.'.l  iiL.'aiii-l  til  iiii  ■ 
^' Ill's  I  r.  s.iinplii'i.  ill  r.iiirl.iilinu  Mirli  a  ti'iai>, 
111.. I   (■..iiiiniltr.l   In:  I   t  .    pri-.iti  nil  II  I'liari."'  "f 

II.-1I-..I1        III'    prnillli'iil    t'.v.l    I'.illlIlli'^Ninll'*    II.  ni 

III.'  kill'-  sirnlly  ^'ranliil  williniil  iiiiv  wal  "f 
llir  kii.  '.'.li;r  I.f  liny  inini-'i  r.  cniituiniiiL'  i!i. 
liill.'-l  piiwirs  til  trrirwiili  llii'  Iri-li.  ami  |  r.in 
i-iiii  111  fnliil  any  (■.iiiiliii..iiH  iiil.i  »  liii  li  ln'  ^lii'i.il 
I  Mil  r.  Till'  kiii'ir.  iiil'inni.l  nf  ihi-,  ili-ii\.i«"l 
(;i  iiiinri.Mii.  .  .  .  tlLiiimi;:  III.  li.uM'Vir.  Miis  -  .  11 
n.l.ii-.  :1,  niii!  limt  till  pniii..ii  nf  I  111' kiiiL''H  '  a' iii- 
fiiiiily  1  I  n  niir.  Tlii'i  liaii-ailinii  liiiH  li..'ii  I'i 
-iiSj.-'it  nf  mill  h  lii-lnrir.i!  ciiiimM  rsy,  '1  i  . 
in.inii'S  nf  Cliarli'n.  linlli  in  liit  nwii  ami  lii'i 

ll.'r-.  liaVi'  rnn-i.l.Tr.l  il  IIS  a  primf  nf  Ills  iln;  : 
I.  II  11(1'.  lit  l|..i-l.  tn  till'  prnl.'!.l.llll  ri  lii,'i..ll.  .1 
.if  lii- r.a.liiii'-s  I.i  an  .  |i|  tin'  a— i-Ialli .' ..f  In  n 
li  I.,  U  .i'l  any  i  ..mlili.ui-  llii*  n.lv.ii  .il.'S  lii  i 
1..II:;  I  i  III. 'il. llilll  III.'  ailllnlllii  in  nf  ( il.iiii'irj  I'l  • 
ii.liiilii-i..in.  lint  I'r  liinii  il.  iin.n-Irili.l  I  iil 
Ih.  V  w.  f.'  (.'.'iiiiiii.';  an. I.  if  his  .li-s.ri  ilinii  .  "  ,:  I 
l.av.'  l.fl  iiliv  il'.lll.I.  1  llir  rvi'lillir  miv'lil  I"  I 
iliii'...l  ill  rnnlirin.ili.>ii.'  — II.  Ilallaiii,  '■"'..'.'  /.'  ' 
„f  l-:„;  .  '•',     UK.'.  'Ji, 

Al.-ii  in:  ■".  It.  linr.liliiT.  Ili'l  ■■!'  !!■■■  '■'  '' 
r,,.,,'  ir,,,'.  ,•',,  :ii.i ,,/,./  Ill,'  ',').— T.  Carl.'.  /.,'  /' 
,/,,  „....  />.'/,,  .,f  nr.„„t„l,  U\  t  (.'  III. — I.  l.iiiL'  i'  :. 
///.■^  ■•'■  A.'.'/ .  '■   111.  i-li.  :i 

A.  b.  164s  ijuly— August!.— The  Clubir.    i. 

-"Winn   I'aiila.v  nil. I  I  riiiiiu.ll  man  In  I        ' 

Ihi'  W(-l  liifliT  N.iscliy  li-hll.  they  fniiml  Ih       1 

ihisi-  1  i.iiniirs  111.' rniinny  pi'nph'  lia.l  lii':.'ii     '■ 

ii-s,  iiilili'  ill   li.i.lii's,  s.iiii(.|iiin's  ."i.iHHI  sin. 11..'    '  ' 


I.f  ijit 
Iii-h 


iliU 


iilii' 


I'.'  -k. 


kiiivi 


1.1  al...v,'  a  1. 
tall,  ry    caiiip  I., 
nil   a  fii..I    i 


il 


if   Kin 


I'aili 


(incut. 


Thi'V 


.ill.'il  I  liihmi'ii  fniiii  llii'irariiis.  ami  carrini 
itr.s,  with  till' iiinttii  —  ' If  yiiii  iilfrr  in  ph. 


902 


KNUI^NU.  IM-^ 


KNULANU.  IMO-IMT 


iHinslllr,  H«  Maiiml  <•«  will  kIvp  you  ImKIp  ' 
Till'  iliiliinrn.  liowi'»iT.  I'oulil  not  b^ipe  li.coti 
iM>l  lilt'  nuivimi'Dtii  of  iIh'  tllw'lplinnl  triMi|H<  who 
luiw  xiiiM'Kritl  uiciilnat  IIkiu.  Afwr  ■  fi-w  rriill 
I, .«  utiriii|iu  at  mUtwKi'  tiny  ilUpvriHil  "  -  It 
M.  liinl'Ty  uml  J.  H.  I*IiIII|k>II«.  Aiw/  'iiuI  i;,i„ 
mnniir.tllS.rh.  H  — "  Tin- lm)i|)U({imlili' Mr  Uwl« 
DIvi'i  (a  iliruaixiicml  ixTanii  kiii>«ii  tn  tlir  n  itilm 
(if  Kv.lyril,  aftiT  iliii'  l^il.rlriK,  »*<  imw  «<»m 
•IcTiunl;  whiriMiimii,  l>.v   \jf\Ut*  fciiiiiil  mi  hllii 

II  tucaiii''  api'ttfil    Imw   ilit'l'lv    UnyulNt  thi-. 

■  hriiii'of  (  |iiliiiH-p  ha  I  Ih'I'Ii  (iiiiiiiiiMiioiiH  for 
ril«iiiif  Kiiiliiiiiiiniif  Cliiliiiirii '.  III.  ili»l;{ii  III  Ik' 

I  «lrl|ilril     iVl  .      KiIkIuihI    111    \\T)iv.       yi  II    lul'l    III' 

,V«ii<  iiilnl  CiiunliiH'  liiiwi'viT.  Il  li.it  iiiiiv  riiiiM' 
In  iiMiliin){  '  — T.  Carhli',  lj/ir,r  CnmnrJI'n  IaI 

1,1.    :mI  Sif.r/i.i,  I,/    '.'.'  'ittrr  II. 

A.  D.  1645  (Julf  September).—  The  ttorm> 
ini  of  Bridgewater  and  Brlitol.  -  "  TIm'  <  i>ii 
liiiimiiii  "f  111!'  ilvil  wiir  fi.r  a  wlmli'  yiiir  iifii  r 
Ihr  iliii^ii'  l>!iltli'  of  Nasi  liy  Ih  it  priwif  of  tin 
KiM;;'»  wlll.|ini>«.  anil  nf  lil«  nil' T  liiililtir 
iiMr  III  till-   milTiriiics  iif   till'   pi'.ipli'.     All   ni 

li il  li'>|H'  was  ){'""■  i""l  •"''■"  lluiHrl  iiilvlw'il 

hi  iiiii  II'  III  niiiki'  tcmiH  wltli  III '  I'uiliamini 
Vl  Cliiirlri,  wliili'  iiirrxitiiiilly  viicilluiiiiK  a"  '" 
lii*  pliiiH,  |H>r<*iiti'i|  ill  rrhiiiiini;  lii<i  irurri>MiiiH. 
tiri'l  n'i|Miri'i|  lii-i  ai|li<'r<-nli  in  sarritlri'  all  llu-y 
|i..,-.m*iil  III  iiriliT  to  [inilnii^  a  ii-wli-'-i  *iriitfi:li* 
fir  11  fi-w  niiiiillis  HrlHiiij,  iht'i'i-fnrr,  wan  tn 
■laiiil    1  Hliijr.  anil  Cliiirli  s  i'\|m'liil   llir    (jarrl 

mil    In    lllilll   Kill.     Hillllllll    an     illiji'i't.    ti>   till     l.llil 

ixtriiiiity,  I'litaillii);  iiiihi  ry  iiiiil  ruin  mi  tin 
MCMiifl  riiiiiiiiiTrial  ciiy  ill  fill'  kiiii:tliiri  I'li  ri 
u  11  ^'iil  lo  laki*  llic  niiniii  111(1  tticrr,  ai..  nrii 
ilic  uriiiy  iif  Sir  Thmni't  Kairfiix  appn  .cil, 
(owiinli  till-  i-ikI  (if  AiiiruHi,  In-  tniil  i-onipli  .•  il  his 
pn  iiafaiiiiiis  "  Fairfax  liait  niarcliril  pnunplly 
ami  r;t|iii|lv  wi'sHvaril,  aftiT  llii' liiUlii-  "f  Na*li\     ^ 

III  liuil  ilri'vin  Diiriim  frniii  llii'  hIihc  (if  railiilmi 
lull  ilif'Uicil  liini  in  a  Hliarp  liatllc  al  l.uiiL'lxirt. 
Iiikiiii;  I.IIHI  prisimrnt,  ami  had  I'arrfuil  llridjirc 
«aiir  liy  nKirm.  July  'Jl.  laptiiriiii;  ■.' IKIII  prl-. 
(I'll  r«.  Willi  :iil  pieces  of  urtilhTy  ana  .'i.ikkI  ilaml 
III  nils.  On  iho  ijist  of  Aiitrn'^t  hr  arrived  la' 
file  Itrisliil,  wliii  II  I'rinci!  Kiipcrt  liml  sironijly 
f  Hilled,  and  which  he  held  with  an  cITectivc 
t'liirimin  nf  ■.' :tiK)  men.  On  the  inornini;  of  the 
luih  nf  Si|iteinlhT  II  wascnleri'd  liy  storm,  and 

■  III  the  fiilldwinK  day  Uiipcrt.  who  siill  occiipiisl 
llic  mo-t  (lefensMile  forts,  siirreiidcn'd  the  whole 
pl:i(i'.  This  surrender  no  ennn.'"!  the  Kinu'  that 
ill'  (|(  privi'il  his  nephew  of  all  his  coinniissions 
ami  SI  Ml  him  II  pass  to  ipiit  the  kiniidnni.  lint 
llii|i''it  iiiidcrsidod,  as  the  Kini;  wmilil  nut,  that 
li/liliii^' was  iisclens  —  that  the  rnyal  euiise  w'a> 
l"-t  -(■  H.  Markhuni,  hi,  rf  ifif  Uioit  hml 
r.u  hir.  eh    ','1    «. 

Ai.soiN  i.arl  of  Clarendon,  llint.  nf  Ih,  I!  ■ 
;../,..«.  /,/  fl.  _\v.  Hunt.  Iiri«t.  :.  rli.  7  —  !■: 
Uiirliiir'nn.  M,  miiiri  "I'  I'rin,;  H'l/m^  ,„,l  (/,. 
I  ,<  r;.r..  ,-,  :!.  ,•/,   1, 

A.  D.  1645  1  September). —  Defeat  of  Mont- 
rose at  Philiphaugh.  See  Si  ori.xM)  A  I> 
■iiill   lill.-i 

A.  D.  1646  iMarch'i — Adoption  of  Presby- 
trrianism  by  Parliament.  -  "  Kor  Ihe  lasi  three 
M  ir^  tiie  .\ssinilily  (if  Divines  had  liceii  -illiii.: 
ilnii-t  iliiily  ill  the  .leriisalein  Chainlier  of  West 
iiiiii-!(r  .\lihey.  .  .  They  were  preparini;  a 
I!  'v  I'tiivi  r  liimk.  a  form  of  Church  (Jovenimcnt. 
11 » iiifi  s.s.,in  III  Kaitli.  and  a  latwlilsni ;  but  thi' 
rial  (|ii(sti(insat  iasiie  were  the  establishment  of 


Ibv  I'nshyterlan  Chunh  kihI  the  tolenttkm  uf 
iMS't4iri*n«  The  I'rrsli)  tirlaiK,  as  we  know,  ilv 
sired  t4i  otalillsh  tin  If  own  foini  of  (  hiirih  gov 
eriiinent  hv  itsiu'inlilles  nnil  synods,  wilhoiit  «iiy 
tolerallmi  /or  iion  Cdtif  rniUts.  win  tin  r  I  iilhnlks, 
Kplx'tiimlhtiis  or  aiiiirlaiis  Hut  tlioii;th  lh«>y 
torineil  a  laii,'''  niajnrliv  In  Ihe  iiwainlilv.  Ihrrp 
was  a  Well  otLallUeil  iiplmslllnii  nf  llidi  |s'li(lellts 
and  Kra:  laiis,  whime  iinlmi  inivie  It  no  maj  mat 
ler  for  the  I'n-I  )ii  rians  to  carr)  even  mle 
their   own    way.  ,\fl(  r   the  As-iiiil.|i    hail 

sal  ayiiir  and  a  halt  the  I'm  liaini  nt  passid  an 
nrdinaiKc  'nr  piiiliim  a  iliri(t(ir\.  |iie|iiiiei|  hy 
Hie  ili\liii«.  iiiiii  fnrie.  Hiii|  taXliii;  iiwin  the 
I  miiniiiii  I'rityi  r  ImikiMtd  .Inn  .  IHI.'n  Tin  slifn 
I  if  the  (TOMS  ill  1 1:1 1  III  sill.  111!  riiu'  in  niitrritik.'!  .  Uie 
ueiiriie,'  (if  xisiMiints,  ilic  kis'i'inif  I't  saints' 
days,  were  (I  I  SI  11 11 11  111  d  'I  he  1  oniliiiiitinii  liililij 
wasirdered  Inln  sii  In  the  limit  nf  iIk  cliiinh, 
iiIhiiiI  Ahiih  III'  p<ii|ili'  wi  n  In  si. mil  i.r  sit .  the 
pilSsiiL'i  H  nf  Scripture  to  til'  ri  ad  \ytrf  left  to  the 
ministers  choiie,  nn  f'lrnisnf  pniiier  were  pre 
scrilasl  The  suine  year  a  new  diriitnry  fur  or- 
dhiallnii  nf  iiilnistcrs  waspussi  d  lutniiii  ordliiance 
riie  I'ri'slijti  nun  icsi  nililles.  calli  il  pn  sliylirles. 
were  ('ni|HiW('re(l  In  iirdjilii.  and  i.mie  were  ul 
Inwi'd  lo  (  liter  the  iiiiiiislr\  wiiliniil  first  lakiiii: 
the  cnv(  iiani  isi|i  \,,v  .  Kll.-n  Th  s  was  fol 
lowed  liy  a  third  nnl'iiinee  fur  i  stidilistiiiii;  the 
I'resliyteriaii  system  ol  <  liiin  li  l'hm  riiiin  nt  In 
IJiL'land  by  way  nf  Iral  l.ir  I  line  \cais  As 
nrlKin^illy  iiitr iiriiccil  lutn  tin  limisi  thisnrdi 
iiauce  nut  Mi'li  ift'iMl  nppnsitii.ii,  Isiansi'lt  ^avt- 
power  to  ininislei's  ot  retU'iiiL'  lln'  ^iicriiint  lit  iinii 
turning;  men  mil  nf  the  Cliiinli  fur  si  ainlalmis 
nircnces      Nnw,    in   whiit.  iirvm  d  the  K.iii-llans. 

dill  Hcalldalnlls  iilTcncCsi  nn^JHr.'    .         .    .V  llmitilieil 

i.rilininice  ;iccordiii|;ly  was  pnssid  ;  si  iniiliitiiii^ 
iilTeiici's,  fnr  which  iiiinislers  n.!i;hl  refii-e  the 
sarrament  and  iM  iiiiimiiiucate.  win  spei  IMcd 
assemlilies  were  dci  land  snliject  In  raili'iiin  in  . 
and  leave  was  Kranled  lo  those  w  lin  thnUL'lit 
tliiinselvcs  iinjusily  si  iitenced.  Ill  appeal  iiiiil 
up  fniiii  one  (  Inin  h  ussi  inlily  after  jiiinllier  to 
the  1  ivil  power  the  I'arliaiiient  illlth  .March. 
KMlll.  I'nshyli  rians.  Imih  in  Kn^'liind  and  Sent 
hind,  flit  decph  iii'irtillid.  After :ill  these  years 
cnntendliit;.  tin  11  just  w  Ik  n  they  ilinu;:lil  they 
wt'te  enlcriiit;  nii  llie  fruits  nf  their  lalioiirs.  to 
see  Ihe  Church  still  left  under  tlie  power  nf  the 
Stall — the  disiipp-inttnenl  was  inii  use  in  a  de 
irrce  We  canni'i  cstiinute.  They  iisikcd  nil  the 
Indepetidenls  Us  till- (iictnics  nf  liml  .  this  hiiiie 
Erastian  rreshyti  ry  'as  linrdly  wiirlli  llie  liaviiii;. 

.  .  .  Till'  .\is.  iiilily  nf  1)1  'ims  practically  eainc 
lo  an  end  in  llil!).  ulien  ii  was  chanL'i'd  iiitn  a 
I'liniiniiti'C  fnr  1  \anilniim'  candiil.iti  s  fur  the 
I'ri  stivtcri.iii  ininislry.  It  llnally  limke  up  w  iili 
nut  am  fiiriual  ilisiMiss:il  nil  ilii'ilispi  r-iiiii  nf  the 
liiiiiip'l'arlianienl  ill  -Manh,  |il.".;f  '— II  M  (  nr 
ilirv  al.il  .1  S.  I'lliUpnlts.  A'l/iy  ./'(■/  (..i,,;,,.,/,. 
ic.i'iV/,.    ■/,    i) 

Ai.sn  IN  S,  li.  C  mliner.  //rV  .  rWA.  i;,,„t 
(,,,/   11,,,.  .,',.    to  I,     -il,  _A.    r    Miii'liill.   /■/.. 

If,,,/  „,,../,  /    I-..  »,W./.  /,,'/»  7.  It.  1:1  —  M,„',t,,-f 
;.,    ^  ^„,' .itM  ..J  t!,,    \\,„tii,tit,,t,f  A,-!*' ,n^'';i  — See, 

llsn.    IsDKrl.NDl  MS. 

A.  D.  1646-1647.  -  The  Kine  in  the  hands  of 
the  Scots.  -  His  duplicity  and  his  intrigues.  — 
The  Scots  surrender  him.  —  "On  the  innrninK 
nf  May  tith  aullieniic  news  came  that  Ilie  Kinir 
liiiil  ridden  inm  the  Scottish  army,  and  had  en 
trusted  to  bis  northern  siilijecta  the  guardianship 


903 


ENGLAND,  164»-1647 


The  King  and 
the  HcuU. 


ENGLAND.  1847. 


'5 


of  his  rovnl  porwin.  Tliirciipdn  tlio  English 
Parliiimcnt  nt  onci-  ftRscrtiul  llieir  riglit  to  ilin- 
pose  of  their  Kinj;  so  liinj;  iis  lit  was  on  English 
soil;  und  for  the  present  orilereil  thiit  lie  Ik;  sint 
to  Warwick  Castle,  an  order,  however,  whieh 
hail  no  elleet.  Newark,  impregnable  oven  to 
Ironsiiies,  was  surreniiereil  nt  last  liy  royal  order; 
and  tlieSeots  nirealed  norlliwardsto  Sewcastle, 
earryiiij;  their  sovereign  with  them,  .  .  .  Mean- 
time the  City  I'resliyterians  were  petitioning  the 
lloiisi'  to  (luieken  tlie  estalili.shnieiit  of  the  giHlly 
and  thorough  reformation  so  long  promisid;  and 
they  were  supported  liy  letters  from  the  Seottish 
I'arliainint,  wliii  h,  in"  the  month  of  February, 
1G46,  almost  peremptorily  re((uired  that  the 
Solemn  I.eagueanil  Covenant  should  be  carried 
out  in  the  S<oltisli  senseof  it.  ,  .  ,  The  qiK  stion 
as  to  the  (lispi,,5al  of  the  King's  person  iKcame 
areiiUntally  involved  in  the  issms  lutween  I'res- 
byterianism  and  the  sects.  Kor  if  the  King  had 
ticen  a  man  to  be  trusted,  and  if  he  had  frankly 
accepted  the  army  programme  of  free  religion, 
a  fne  I'arlianu  nt,  and  nsponsible  advi.^ers,  there 
is  little  doubt  that  he  niiglit  have  kept  his  crown 
and  his  Anglican  ritual  — at  lea.-it  for  his  own 
worship  —  and  miglit  yit  have  concluded  his 
reign  prosperously  as  the  lirst  constitutional 
King  of  England."  In-tead  of  th, .,  be  angiied 
the  army  by  making  their  most  sacred  purjioses 
mere  cards  in  a  game,  to  be  jilayed  or  helil  as  he 
tlioug.ii  iiinvt  ti)  his  own  advantage  in  dealing' 
withlbe  I'reshylerian  I'arliamciil  On  July  Uth. 
164tt,  Commissioners  from  both  Houses  were  ap- 
pointeil  to  lay  certain  iiroposiiions  for  peace  be- 
fore the  King  at  Newcasth'.  These  of  course 
involved  everythinu'  for  w  liich  tlie  Parliament 
had  I'onteiiiled"  and  in  a  form  developed  anil  e\- 
agginited  by  the  altered  position  of  allairs.  All 
iirnied  forces  were  to  be  alisnlufely  under  the 
control  of  Parliament  for  a  period  of  21)  years. 
Speaking  generally,  all  public  acts  done  t)y  Par- 
liament, or  iiy  its  aiitliority,  were  to  be  eon- 
lirmed;  and  ail  iiulilic  acts  done  by  the  King  or 
his  O.ifordanli  I'arliameni,  wiiliout  due  authori- 
«ition  from  Westminster,  were  to  be  void.  .  . 
On  iiugusi  KHh  the  Comniissioners  who  hail 
been  sent  to  the  King  returned  to  Westminster. 
.  .  The  King  had  given  nodislinet  answer.  It 
was  a  siispiiious  circiinistanee  that  the  Duke  of 
Hamilton  had  gone  into  Scotland,  especially  as 
Cromwell  learned  that,  in  spite  of  an  ostensible 
opler  from  the  King,  Montrose's  force  had  not 
liocn  disbanded  The  labyrinthine  web  of  royal 
inttigiio  in  Ireland  was  beginning  to  bi;  (lis<'OV- 
ered.  .  .  .  The  death  of  the  Karl  of  Es.se.x  on 
September  Uth  increased  the  growing  danger  of 
a  fat.al  schism  in  the  victorious  party.  The  I'res- 
liyterians had  hoped  to  restore  him  to  the  head 
of  the  arniy.  and  so  sliealhe  or  blunt  the  terrible 
weapon  thiy  ha.l  forged  and  could  not  wield. 
They  were  now  left  without  a  man  to  rival  in 
miti"tar\'  authority  till- commanders  whoscM'.xploils 
overwhelinid  their  employers  with  a  too  com- 
plete success.  Not  only  were  the  political  and 
religious  opinions  of  the  soldiers  a  cause  of 
an.xiety,  but  the  burden  of  their  sustenance  and 
nay  was  pressing  heavily  on  the  country.  .  . 
No  wonder  that  the  ('i"ty  of  Lnnilon,  alwi.ys 
BCMisitive  as  to  public  security,  iH'gan  to  urge 
upon  tli(^  Parliament  the  necessity  for  diminish- 
ing or  disbanding  the  army  in  England.  ,  .  . 
The  i  iiriiaiiH  ut,  hiiWivcr,  ir.ui.l  not  deal  with 
the  army,  for  two  reasons    First,  the  negotia- 


tions with  the  Scotch  liiiKcrod ;  and  next,  they 
could  not  pay  the  men.  The  first  dilflciilty  was 
overcome,  at"  least  for  the  time,  by  the  middle  of 
January,  1B47,  when  a  train  of  wagons  curried 
i'itMl.lKK)  to  Newcastle  in  discharge  of  the  Eng- 
lish debt  to  the  Scottish  army.  Hut  the  success 
ful  accianplishineut  of  this  only  increased  the  re 
maining  dilliculty  of  the  Parliament  —  that  of 
paying  their  own  soldiers.  We  need  not  notii  e 
the  charge  made  aiiainst  the  Scotch  of  scIIIiil' 
their  King  further  than  to  say.  that  it  is  unfairly 
based  uiMin  only  one  sulKiriiinate  feature  of  a 
very  complicated  negotiation.  If  the  King  would 
hav"e  taken  theCovenant.  and  guarantecHl  totlieni 
their  precious  Presbyterian  systi'in.  his  Scottish 
subjects  would  have  fought  for  him  almost  to 
the  last  man.  The  firmness  of  Charles  in  dcclin 
ing  the  Covenant  for  himsi'lf  is,  no  doubt,  the 
most  creditable  p<iint  in  liis  resistance,  liut  his 
obstinacy  in  disputing  the  right  of  two  nations, 
in  their  political  eslablishmeiit  of  religion,  to 
override  his  convictions  by  their  own.  illustr.ati  s 
his  entire  incapacity  to  comprehend  the  new 
light  dawning  on  the  relations  of  sovereign  and 
people.  The  Scots  did  their  l«st  for  him.  Tin  y 
ptlitioned  him.  they  knelt  to  him.  they  preachi  1 
to  him  .  .  .  Km  to  have  carried  with  them  an 
intractable  man  to  form  a  wedge  of  division 
amongst  themselves,  at  the  siime  time  that  lie 
brou.glit  against  them  the  whole  power  of  En;.'- 
land.  would  have  been  sheer  insanity.  Accorl 
ingly.  they  made  the  best  bargain  they  could 
both  for  liiin  and  themselves;  and.  taking  tin  ir 
wages,  they  left,  him  with  his  English  subjeci-. 
whoe.induitcd  him  to  lloldenby  House,  in  North 
amptonshiie,  on  the  (itii  of  February,  1G47."— 
J.  A.  Picton,  Olirtr  Ci'i/nirill.  eh.  bt. 

Also  i.n  :  .S.  H.  li.irdiner.  The  J-'iivt  tiro  Stntirls 
mid  the  J'liriliiii  Jlin'!iiti"ii.  eh.  7,  fret.  4. — Tin- 
same,  7/(V.  of  the  Ihnit  Ciril  Wnr,  eh.  ;i.S-l.-)  (.■ 
i).— W.  (Jod'win,  lliit.  of  the.  ('niimnnite.illh.  hk. 
1,  eh.  'ii-T,.  mill  hi;.  2,  eh.  1-6  (>■.  2).— Earl  of 
Clarendon,  lllxl.  -f  the  H.MIion.  hk.  9,  met.  Kil- 
178,  midhk.  W  (e.  :tl. 

A.  D.  1647  (April— August),— The  Army 
takes  things  in  hand. — "  The  King  was  surn  a 
ilered  to  Parliament,  and  all  now  looking  tow;ird 
peace,  the  Presbyterians  were  uppermost,  ili- 
credit  fulling  upon  the  Army  and  its  fuvon  r> 
Many  of  the  Uecruiters  [i.  c,  the  new  meinbns. 
elected  to  till  vacancies  in  the  Parliauicnt),  whoai 
first  had  acted  with  the  Indepeiident.s,  inclined  no" 
to  their  opponcntJi.  The  Presliyteriana,  feiliiii.' 
that  none  woiiUl  dare  to  question  the  autlioril\ 
of  I'arliament,  pushed  energeticuUy  their  polii  i 
as  regards  the  Army,  of  sending  to  Ireland,  ili- 
banding,  neglecting  the  piiyment  of  arrears,  aii'l 
displacing  tiie  old  ofii(?ers.'  But  suddenly  tlniv 
came  for  them  a  rude  awakening.  On  *  pril  o" 
1847,  Skippon,  whom  all  liked,  whom  tlu  \'r\- 
liyterians  indeed  claimed,  but  who  at  the  sac  ■ 
lime  kept  on  good  terms  with  the  Army  und  I: 
depeiideiits,  rosi'  in  his  iilaee  in  St.  Stephens  ;u,  I 
liroduied  a  letter,  brought  to  him  thetlay  In  loi. 
by  three  private  soldiers,  in  which  I'ight  rr-i 
nienis  of  horse  expressly  refused  to  serve  in  h' 
land,  declaring  that  it  was  a  pertldious  desim;  t  ■ 
separate  the  sohliers  from  the  ollicers  whom  tip  i 
loved,  —  framed  by  men  who,  having  tasted  ■  I 
(lower,  were  degenerating  into  tyrants.  Ilol!'  -i 
and  the  Presbyterians  were  thunder-struck,  an  1 
laying  aside  all  ether  bu.sitieas  3Utniiiuiii-il  '■ 
I   three  soldiers  to  appear  at  once.   .      .  A  vieli  iit 


904 


ENGLAND,  1847. 


ne  Ktitf,  CYomvMU 
and  tM  Army. 


ENGLAND,  1647. 


tiimiilt  arose  in  the  House.     Tlie  Prcsbytcriiina 
(Icilareil  that  the  thife  sturdy  Ininsliles  staniling 
tlicre,  with  their  buff  stained  from  their  corselets, 
(luiilit  to  be  at  once  comniit'.ed ;  to  which  it  was 
auswen-d,  that  if  tli?rc  were  to  l)e  commitment, 
It  should  lie  to  the  Iwst  London  tavern,  and  saclt 
and  sugar  provided.      Cromwell,    leaning  over 
toward  Ludlow,  who  sat  next  to  him,  and  point- 
ini;  to  the  Presbyterians,  said  that  those  fellows 
would  never  leave  till  the  Army  nulled  them  out 
by  the  ears.     That  dajr  it  became  known  tint 
there  existed  an  organization,  a  sort  of  Parlia- 
ment, in  the  Army,  the  offlcers  forming  an  upper 
council  and  the  represtMitatives  of  the  rank  ami 
flic  a  lower  council.     Two  such  representatives 
stood  in  the  lower  council  fi>r  each  squadron  or 
trc«ip,  known  as  'Adjutators,'  aiilers,  or  'Agita- 
tors '    This  organization  had  taken  upon  itself 
to  see  that  the  Army  had  its  rights.  ...   At  the 
end  of  a  month,  there  was  still  greater  occasion 
foriislonishment.     Seven  hundred  horse  suddenly 
lift  ihe  camp,  and  appearing  without  warning, 
.Imie  2,  at  Ilolmby    House,   where  Charles  was 
kept,  ill  charge  of  Parliamentary  commissioners, 
proposed  to  assume  the  nust(Hly  of  the  King.     A 
cixil,  quiet  feUow,  of  rank  no  higher  than  that  of 
cornet,   led    them    and   was    their   spokesman, 
Joyce.     'What  Is  your  authority?'  asked  the 
King.     The  comet  simply  pointed  to  the  mass 
of  troopers  at  his  back.  ...  So  bold  a  step  as 
the  seizure  of  the  King  made  necessary  other 
liold  steps  on  the  part  of  the  Army.     Scarcely  a 
fortnight  hud  passeil.  when  a  demand  was  made 
for   the   exclusion   from   Parliament  of  eleven 
Presbyterians,  the  men  most  conspicuous  for  ex- 
treme views.     The   Army  nieiuiwhile   hovered, 
ever  ominously,  close  at  hand    to  the  north  and 
eiist  of  the  city,    paying  alight  regard  to  the 
I'iirliameiitary  prohibition  to  remain  at  a  distance. 
The  (leven  memliers  withdrew.    .    .    .    Hut    if 
I'urliuiiient  was  willing  to  yield.    I'resbyterian 
I.onilon  and  the  country  round  about  were  not, 
iind  in  .Tuly  broke  out  into  sheer  relKllioii.  .  .  . 
Tlie  .'ipeiikers  of  the  Lonls  and  Commons,  at  the 
III  111  iif  the  strength  of  the  Parliament,  fourteen 
I'lirs  undone  liuuiifd C(miinoners,  bet(K>k  tliem- 
S( Ivis  to  Fairfax,  and  on  August  2  they  threw 
tliinis< Ives  into  the  protection  of  the  Army  at 
llouiislow  Heath,  ten  miles  distant       A  gnind 
review  tiKik  plact^      The  consummate   soldier, 
F.iirfax.  hud  his  troops  in  perfect  condition,  and 
tlii  y  w(  re  drawn  out  'JO.OOO  strong  to  receive  the 
siiiiline  Parliament.     The  soldiers  n'ut  the  air 
Willi  shouts  in  tlieir  behalf,   and  all  was  made 
reailv  fnr  a  most  impressive  dem(mstration.     On 
the  lilh  of  August,  Fa:.-fax  marched  his  troops  in 
full  .irniy  through  the  city,  from  Hammersmith 
to  Wist  minster.      Kach  man  hail   in   his  hat  a 
wTi  nth  of  laurel.     The  Lords  and  Commons  w  ho 
liml  tiiken  flight  were  escorted  in  the  midst  of 
til"  colunin :  the  city  offlciala  joined  the  train.    At 
Westminster  the  Sp<'aker8  were  ceri  monioiisly 
ri  installed,  and  the  Hoiisi'S  again  put  to  work, 
the  llrst  business  lieing  to  timnk  the  Uenenil  and 
the  vetenuis  who  had  reconstituted  them.     The 
next  ihiy.  with  Skippon  in  tlie  centre  ami  Crom- 
well ii;  ihe  rear,  the  Army  marched  through  the 
lity   itself,   a   heavy   tramp    of   battle-seasoned 
plativins.  at  the  mere  sound  of  which  the  war- 
like ardor  of  the  turbulent  youths  of  the  work- 
shops and  the  rouL'h  watennen  was  completely 
?;:!ielrhf.-|      Yi*  til.-  ~,".Mi,-^r5  l.-"kpd    nriiher  to 
the  right  nor  left :  cor  by  act,  word,  or  gesture 


was  any  offence  given."—.'.  K.  Ilosmer,  Lift  cf 
Yonng  IHr  Henry  Viiiit,  ch.  12. 

Also  IN:  C.  K.  Markham,  Life  of  the  Great 
lA>nl  Fairfax,  eh.  34.— T.  Carlyle,  Oliver  Urom- 
velVt  Uttert  and  Speee/iet.  pi.  8,  letter  26.— W. 
Oixlwin,  lliat.  of  the  Commonwealth,  hk.  2,  eh.  7- 
11. 

A.    D.    1647    (Au«>      —  December).  —  Th« 
King's  "  Game  "  with  wi-omwell  and  the  army, 
and  the  endinr  o'  it.— After  reinstating  the 
i'nrlianient  at  Westminster,   "the  army  leader* 
resumed  negotiations  with  tli?  King.     The  in- 
dignation of  the  8(ddier8  at  his  delays  and  in- 
trigues made  the  task  hourly  more  ditlicult;  but 
Cromwell  .  .  .  clung  to  the  hope  of  accommoda- 
tion with  a  passionate  tenacity.     His  mind,  con- 
servative by  tradition,  and  alwve  all  practical  la 
temper,  saw  the  political  difficulties  which  would 
follow  on  the  abolition  of  Royalty,  and  in  spite 
of  the  King's  evasions,  he  persisted  in  negotiat- 
ing with  him.     But  Cromwell  stiMid  almost  alone; 
the  Parliament  refusi'd  to  accept  Ireton's  pro- 
jiosals  as  a  basis  of  peace,  Charles  still  evaded, 
and  the  army  then  grew  restless  and  suspicious. 
There  were  cries  for  a  wide  reform,  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  House  of  Peers,  for  a  new  House  of 
Commons,  and  the  Adjutators  called  on  the  Coun- 
cil of  Officers  to  discuss  the  question  of  alxilish- 
ing  Ilovalty  itself.     Cromwell  was  never  braver 
than  when  he  faced  the  gathering  storm,  forbade 
the  discussiim,  adjourned  the  Council,  and  sent 
the  officers  to  their  regiments.     But  the  strain 
was  too  great  to  last  long,  and  Charles  was  still 
resolute  to  '  iday  his  game.'     He  was,  in  fact,  so 
far  from  King  in  earnest  in  bis  negotiations  with 
Cromwell  ami  Ireton,  that  at  the  moment  they 
were  risking  their  lives  for  him  he  was  conducting 
anotlieraiidei[ually  delusive  negotiatiim  with  the 
Parliament.   .      .  In  the  midst  of  his  hopes  of  an 
accommodation,  Cromwell  found  with  astonish- 
ment that  he  had  Iven  duped  throughout,  and 
that  the  King  had   tied   [Nov.    11,    1647].   .  .  . 
Even  Cromwell  was  powerless  to  break  the  spirit 
which  now  pervaded  the  soldiers,  and  tlie  King's 
pertidv  left  him  without  resource.     'The  King 
Is  a  man  of  great  parts  and  great  understanding, 
he  said  at  last,  'but  so  great  a  dissembler  and  so 
false  a  man  that  he  is  not  to  lie  trusted.'     By  a 
strange  error,  Charles  had  made  his  way  from 
Hampton  Court  to  the  Isle  of  Wight,  perhaps 
with  some  hope  from  the  sympathy  of  Colonel 
Hammond,  tlie  Governor  of  Carisbfooke  Castle, 
and  again  found  himsilf  a  pri.soner.     Foiled  in 
his  etfort  to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  new 
civil  war,  he  set  himself  to  orgainzc  it  from  his 
prisim  ;  and  while  again  o|)ening  delusive  negotia- 
tions with  the  Parliaiuent.  he  signed  a  secret  treaty 
with  the  Scots  for  the  invasion  of  the  realm. 
The  rise  of  Independency,  and  the  practical  sus- 
pension of  the  Covenant'  had  priHluced  a  violent 
reaction  in  his  favour  nortli  of  the  Tweed.   .  .  . 
In  Knghuid  the  whole  of  the  conservative  party, 
with  manv  uf  the  most  conspicuous  members  of 
the  Loiii;  Parliament  at  its  head,  was  drifting,  in 
its  liorror  of  tiie  relighms  and  political  changes 
which  seemed  impending,  toward  the  King:  and 
the  news  from  Scotland  gave  the  signal  for  titful 
insurrections  in  almost  everv  quarter.  "—J.  K. 
(ireen.  t^/iort  ]Ii»t.  if  Kiig.,  ch.  8,  feet.  8. 

Also  in:  F.  P.  Guizot,  Hint,  of  the  Eng.  Bev. 
of  1040,  bk.  7-8  -L.  von  llanke,  ilitt.  of  Eng., 
Xtth  Century,  bk.  !".  '*  4 — W  (Sodwin,  llitt. 
of  the  C,mit)ioiiire<iltfi.—(i.  Hillier,  yarrative  of 


U05 


ENGLAND,  1647. 


Trtatv 
o/  Newport. 


ENGLAWD,  1M8. 


attempUd  Eneapa  of  ('harlet  I.  from  Caritbrooke 
Cattle,  ite. 

A.  D.  1648  (April— August).— The  Second 
Civil  War.— Defeat  of  the  Scots  at  Preston. 

— "Tlie  Second  Civil  Wiir  broke  out  in  A|iril, 
and  proved  to  l)c  a  sliort  but  formidable  affair. 
The  wliole  of  Wales  was  speedily  in  insurrec- 
Uon ;  a  stronp  foroc  of  cavaliers  were  musterinp 
in  the  norlh  of  England;  in  Essex,  Surrey,  and 
the  Routliern  counties  various  outbrealis  arose; 
Berwick,  Carlisle,  Chester,  Pembroke,  Colclies- 
tcr,  were  luld  tor  the  kinjt;  the  fleet  revolted;  and 
40,000  men  were  ordered  by  tlic  Parliament  rtf 
Scotlimd  to  invade  England.  Lanitx.rt  was  sent 
to  the  north;  Fairfax  to  take  Colchester;  and 
Cromwell  into  Wales,  and  thence  to  join  Lambert 
and  meet  the  Scotch.  On  the  24tli  of  May  Crom- 
weP  reached  Pembroke,  but  Iwingshort  of  guns, 
he  did  not  take  it  till  Uth  July.  The  rising  in 
Wales  crushed,  Cromwell  turned  northwards, 
wiicre  the  northwest  was  already  in  revolt,  and 
80,000  Scots,  under  the  Uuke  of  Hamilton,  were 
advancing  into  the  country.  Want  of  supplies 
and  shoes,  and  sickness,  detained  him  with  his 
army,  some  7,000  strong,  'so  extremely  harassed 
with  haril  service  and  long  marches,  that  they 
seemed  rallnr  tit  for  a  hospital  than  a  battle' 
Having  join.  1  Lambert  in  Yorkshire  he  foi  ■)  v 
the  battle  of  Preston  on  17th  of  August,  i'he 
batt'c  of  Preston  was  one  of  the  most  decisive 
and  imporuint  victories  e\er  gained  by  Crom- 
well, over  the  most  numerous  enemy  he  ever 
encountered,  and  the  first  in  which  he  was  in 
supreme  command.  .  .  .  Early  on  the  morning 
of  the  17th  August,  Cromwell,  with  some  9,000 
men,  fell  upon  the  army  of  the  Duke  of  Hamil- 
ton unawares,  as  it  proceeded  southwards  in  a 
long,  straggling,  unprotected  line.  The  in- 
vaders consisted  of  17,000  Scots  and  7,000  good 
men  from  northern  counties.  The  long  ill-or- 
dered line  was  cut  in  half  and  rolled  back  north- 
ward and  southward,  before  they  even  knew 
that  Cromwell  was  upon  them.  The  great  host, 
cut  into  sections,  fouglit  with  desperation  from 
town  to  town.  But  for  three  days  it  was  one 
long  chase  and  carnage,  which  ended  only  with 
the  exliaustion  of  the  victors  and  their  horses. 
Ten  thousand  prisoners  were  taken.  'We  have 
killed  we  know  not  what,'  writes  Cromwell, 
'but  a  very  great  number;  having  done  execu- 
tion upon  them  almve  thirty  miles  together,  be- 
sides what  we  killed  in  the  two  great  lights.' 
IIiH  own  loss  was  small,  and  but  one  superior 
ollicer.  .  .  .  The  Scottish  invaders  dispersed, 
Cromwell  hastened  to  recover  Berwick  and  Car- 
lisle, and  to  restore  the  Presbyterian  or  Whig 
party  in  Scotland."- F.  Harrison,  Olittr  Crom- 
veil,  ell.  7. 

.\i.soix:  ,1.  H.  Burton.  Zfi«<.  of  Scotland,  eh. 
74  (p.  7).— Eurl  of  Clarendon,  Ilitt.  of  the  Rebel- 
lion, hk:  U  (»•.  4). 

A.  D.  1648  (September— November). — The 
Treaty  at  Newport.— "The  unfortunate  issue 
of  tile  Si'ciis  r.xpeclitiiin  under  the  duke  of  Hamil- 
ton, iind  of  the  various  insurrections  tlirougliotit 
Eufrland,  i|iielled  by  the  vigilance  and  g<xxT  con- 
duct of  Fnirliix  and  Cromwell,  is  w.'ll  known. 
But  these  fonniilable  manifestations  of  tlie  public 
sentiment  in  favour  of  peace  with  the  king  on 
honour.ilile  conditions,  wherein  tile  city  of  Lon- 
don, ruled  by  the  presbyierian  ministers,  took  a 
Rhitre.  rrinnx'lled  tlie  bctii-uMif  riinunons  t/»  retrart 
ita  measures.     Tliey  c.iinc  to  a  vote,  by  165  to 


99,  that  they  woidd  not  alter  the  fundamental 
government  by  king,  Ionia,  and  commons;  they 
abandonc<l  theirimpeachmentagainst seven  peers. 
the  must  moderate  of  the  upper  house  and  the 
most  obnoxious  to  the  army:  they  restored  th>' 
eleven  memlwrs  to  their  seats;  they  revoked  their 
resolutions  against  a  personal  treaty  with  thr 
king,  and  even  that  which  required  his  assent  by 
certain  preliminary  articles.  In  a  word  the  party 
for  distinction's  sake  calle<i  prcsbvterian,  hut 
now  mtlicr  to  be  denominated  constitutional,  re 
gained  its  ascendancy.  This  change  in  thecoun 
scls  cf  parliament  brought  on  the  treaty  of  New 
port.  The  treaty  of  Newport  was  set  on  font 
and  manageil  by  those  jmliticiansof  the  house  of 
lords,  who,  having  long  suspected  no  danger  to 
themselves  but  from  the  power  of  the  k'ng,  had 
discovered,  somewhat  of  the  latest,  thatthecrown 
itself  was  at  stake,  and  that  tlieir  own  privileges 
were  set  on  the  same  cast.  Nothing  was  more 
remote  from  the  intentions  of  the  carl  of  Nor 
thumlierland,  or  lord  Say,  than  to  see  themselves 
puslied  from  theirseats  by  such  upstarts  as  Ireton 
and  Harrison ;  and  their  present  mortification  af 
forded  a  proof  how  men  reckoned  wise  in  tlieir 
generation  become  tlie  dupes  of  their  own  selfish, 
crafty,  and  pusillanimous  policy.  They  now 
grew  anxious  to  see  a  treaty  concluded  with  the 
king.  Sensible  that  it  was  necessary  to  antiei 
pate,  if  possible,  the  return  of  Cromwell  from 
the  north,  they  Implored  him  to  comply  at  once 
with  all  the  propositions  of  parliament,  or  at  least 
to  yield  in  the  first  instance  as  far  as  he  meant  to 
go.  They  had  not,  however,  mitigated  in  any 
degree  tlie  rigorous  conditions  so  often  uroposeif; 
nor  did  the  king  during  this  treaty  obtain  any 
reciprocal  concession  worth  mentioning  in  return 
for  his  surrender  of  almost  all  that  could  be  dr 
monded." — H.  Hallam,  Cnntt.  Hist,  of  Bng.,  c'' 
10,  pt.  2. — The  utter  faitiilessness  with  wliii  li 
Charles  carried  on  these  negotiations,  as  on  all 
former  occasions,  was  shown  at  a  later  day  when 
his  correspondence  came  to  light.  "After  bav 
ing  solemnly  promised  that  all  hostilities  In  Ire 
land  sliould  cease,  he  secretly  wrote  to  Onnoml 
(Oct.  19) :  '  Oliey  my  wife's  orders,  not  mine,  until 
I  shall  let  you  know  I  am  free  from  all  restraint: 
nor  trouble  yourself  about  my  concessions  as  to 
Ireland;  they  will  not  lead  to  anything;'  and  the 
day  on  which  he  had  consented  to  transfer  hi 
parliament  for  twenty  years  the  command  of  the 
army  (Oct.  9),  he  wrote  to  sir  William  Hopkins: 
'  To  tell  you  the  truth,  ray  great  concession  this 
morning  was  made  only  with  a  view  to  facilit:itc 
my  approacliing  escape;  without  that  hope.  I 
should  never  have  yieliled  in  this  manner.  If  I 
had  refused,  I  could,  without  much  sorrow,  h:\\c 
returned  to  my  prison;  but  as  it  is,  I  own  ItwoiiM 
break  my  heart,  for  I  liave  done  tliat  which  my 
escape  alone  can  justify.'  Tlie  parliament,  thoiit'li 
without  any  exact  information,  suspected  all  tlii:i 
perfidy;  even  the  friends  of  peace,  the  men  nn^t 
affected  by  the  king's  condition,  and  mostearn<-t 
tosave  him,  replied  but  hesitatingly  to  thechari;.s 
of  the  independents.  "—F.  P.  Guizot,  UM.  oft'.' 
KiU).  Ret.  of  1640,  hk.  8. 

Alsoi.v:  Earl  of  Clarendon,  Hi»t.  of  the  /.'' 
heUion,  bk.  11,  «.r<.  1.53-190(1'.  4)— I.  Dismi  li 
Ciiinmentarim  on  the  Life  anil  Reign  of  Charlex  t 
t.  %  ch.  30-40. 

A.  D.  1648  (November— December).— The 
Grand  Arm;  Remonstrance  and  Pride's  Purge. 
—The  Long    Parliament    cut    down  to   thi 


906 


ENGLAND,  1648. 


PritU't  Purf 


ENGLAND,  1649. 


Rump.— On  the  20th  of  November,  1848,  Colonel 
E»ir  and  other  olllcers  presented  to  the  house  of 
iiimmons  a  remonstrance  from  the  Army  against 
Ihiiiigntiiitions  ami   propositi  treaty    wllli  the 
kini:.     This  was  a<  companied  by  a  letter  from 
Fuirfiix,  statinj;  that  it  luul  iK'eti  voted  iinani- 
nicmsly  in  the  council  of  ollicers.  and  entreating 
fur  it  tlie  consideration  of  parliamint.     The  re- 
monstrance reccmmended  nn  immeiUate  ending 
(if  the  treaty  conferences  at  Newport,  demanded 
thiitllie  liing  l)e  lirought  to  iuslice,  as  tiie  capital 
sciurce  of  all  grievances,  and  called  upon  parlia- 
ment to  enact  Us  own  diiwoliilion,  with  provisi<m 
fur  the  electing  and  convening  of  future  annual 
or  biennial  narliamenU.     Ten  days  passed  wilh- 
ont  attention  U'ing  given  to  this  army  manifesto, 
the  lioiisc  having  twice  ailjourned  Its  considera- 
tion (if  the  (hK-imient.     On  the  first  of  DecemlKT 
there  appeared  at  Newport  a  party  of  horse 
wlileh  quietly  took  possession  of  the  person  of 
the  king,  and  conveyed  him  to  Hurst  Castle,  "a 
fortress  in  llampshire,  situateil   at  the  extreme 
point  of  a  neck  of  land,  which  BluHits  into  the  sea 
towards  th-  islo  of  Wight."    The  same  day  on 
which  this  k:<s  done,  "the  commissioners  who 
hail  treated  with  the  king  at  Newport  miule  their 
aiHuanince  i    the  two  houses  of  parliament;  anil 
the  two  '  ■  )wing  days  were  occupieil  by  the 
house  if       among  in  an  earnest  debate  as  to  the 
statcof  tlie  negociation.  Vane  was  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal speakers  against  the  treaty ;  and  Fiennes, 
who  had  hitherto  ranked  among  the  independ- 
ents, spoke  for  It.     At  length,  after  the  bouse 
had  sat  all  night,  it  was  put  and  carried,  at 
five  in  tlie  morning  of  the  5tli,  by  a  majority 
of  130  to  S3,  that  the  king's  answers  to  the  propo- 
kitinns  of  both  houses  were  a  ground  for  them 
to  proceed  upon,  to  the  settlement  of  the  peace 
of  the  kingdom.     On  the  same  day  this  vote 
received  the  concurrence  of  the  house  of  lords." 
Meimtime,  on  the  SOtli  of  November,  the  council 
of  the  army  liad  votctl  a  second  declanition  mors 
fully  expressive  of  its  views  and  announcing  its 
Inlentiiin  to  draw  near  to  London,  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  purposes  of  the  remonstrance. 
"Uu  the  2d  of  December  Fairfax   marched  to 
London,  and  quartered  his  army  at  Whitehall, 
St.  James's,  the  Mews,  and  the  villages  near  the 
metropolis.  .  .  .  On  the  5tli  of  December  three 
ollicers  of  the  army  held  a  meeting  witli  three 
members  of  parliament,  to  arrange  the  plan  by 
wliich  the  sound  members  might  best  be  separated 
fnimthoseby  whom  theirmeasures  were  thwarted, 
and  niiglit  peaceably  be  put  in  possession  of  the 
legislative  autliority.     Tiie  next  morning  a  regi- 
ment of  horse,  and  another  of  foot  were  place<l 
asau'uanl  upon  the  two  liousi -s.  Skippon,  who 
coinnuinded  the  city-tnilitia,  having  agreed  with 
tile  (iiuneil  of  the  army  to  keep  back  the  guard 
uiil.  r  his  authority  which  usually   performed 
tlKit  duly.     A  part  of  the  foot  were  ranged  in 
tlicCfiuri  of  Kequests,  upon  tlie  stairs,  and  in 
the  lolihy  leailing  t.i  the  house  of  commons. 
t'liloiiel  I'riile  was  stationed  ni'ar  the  <loor,  witli 
a  list  in  his  bund  of  the  persons  he  was  com- 
mitsioned  to  arrest;  and  sometimes  one  of  tlie 
il'ur  keepers,  and  at  others  Lord  Grey  of  G.oby, 
l'"iiiied  them  out  to  him.  as  tlicy  came  up  with 
an  iiiieiitifin  of  passing  into  the  house,     torly- 
eiif  iiienibers  were  thus  arreste'd.  .  .   ,  On  tiie 
fi  II 'wini:  day  more  members  were  secured,  or 
ileuied  entrance,  amounting,  witli  those  of  the 
via^  bvfuie,  lu  alM>ul  one  hundred.     Ai  the  aaiiie 


time  Cromwel  took  his  seat ;  and  Ilcnr^  Martea 
moved  that  the  speaker  should  return  him  thanks 
for  his  great  and  eminent  services  performed  io 
the  course  of  tiie  campaign.  The  day  after,  the 
two  houses  adjourned  to  the  12th.  During  the 
adjournment  many  of  the  niemliers  who  had  iK'en 
taken  into  custody  by  the  military  were  lilierated. 
.  .  .  Uesidcs  those  who  were  alisoliitely  secured, 
or  shut  out  from  their  seat*  by  the  power  of  the 
army,  there  were  oilier  meiiibirs  that  l(Mjked 
with  dislike  on  the  present  proceedings,  or  tliat 
considered  parliament  as  beirg  under  force,  and 
not  free  in  their  deliberations,  who  voluntarily 
abstained  from  lieing  presint  at  their  sittings  and 
debates." — W.  Gixlwin,  I/int.  of  the  Cuiiitiinn- 
vfiilth,  bk.  2,  eh.  23-24  (r.  2).— "The  famous 
Pride's  i'urge  was  accompli.«lied.  By  military 
force  the  Long  Parliament  was  cut  down  to  a 
fraction  of  its  numlier,  and  the 'areer  liigins  of 
tlie  miglity  'Hump,'  so  called  ii:  the  coarse  wit 
of  tlie  time  Iwcause  it  was  "the  sitting  part.'"— 
J.  K.  Ilosmcr,  Life  of  Younr/  Sir  //c/.i.y  Cunt,  eh. 
13.—"  This  name  [the  Hump]  was  first  given  to 
them  by  Walker,  the  author  of  the  History  of 
Independency,  by  way  of  derision,  in  allusion  to 
a  fowl  all  devoured  but  the  rump."— D.  Neal, 
Iliat.  of  t/u  i'urilaiii,  T.  4,  ch.  X.fx'l-nole. 

Also  is:  C  II.  Markliam,  Li.t'eoflhe  (Ivent  Lord 
Fairfax,  ch.  28.— D.  Massoo  Life  of  John  Milton, 
bk.  4,  ch.  1  and  3  (c.  3). 

A,  D.  1640  (January).— The  trial  and  execu- 
tion of  the  King. — "  During  the  month  in  which 
Charles  had  remained  at  Windsor  [whither  he 
had  been  brought  fnim  Hurst  Castle  on  the  17th 
of  December],  there  had  been  proceedings  in  Par- 
liament of  which  he  was  imperfectly  informed. 
On  the  day  he  arrived  tliere,  it  was  ■  'ed  bv 
the  Commons  that  lie  should  lie  broi,  nt  to  trial. 
On  the  2nd  of  January    1649,  it  w;i  cd  that. 

In  making  war  against  the  Parliai  ,  he  had 
been  guilty  of  tn'usoii;  and  a  High  Court  was 
appointed  to  try  him.  One  hundred  and  fifty 
commissioners  were  to  cimipose  the  Court, — 
peers,  memliers  of  the  Commons,  aldermen  of 
London.  The  onlinance  was  sent  to  tlie  Upper 
House,  and  was  rejected.  On  the  6th,  a  fresh 
ordinance,  declaring  that  the  people  being,  after 
God,  tlie  source  of  all  just  power,  the  representa- 
tives of  the  people  are  the  supreme  power  in  the 
nation;  and  that  wliats<H'ver  is  enacted  or  de- 
clared for  law  by  the  Commons  in  Parliament 
hath  tlic  force  of  a  law,  and  the  people  are  con- 
cludeil  thereby,  though  the  cimsent  of  King  or 
Peers  be  not  liad  thereto.  Asserting  this  power, 
so  utterly  opposed  either  to  the  ancient  constitu- 
tion of  the  monarchy,  or  to  the  possible  working 
of  a  republic,  there  was  no  hesitation  in  constitut- 
ing tlie  High  Court  of  Justice  in  tlic  nam^  if  the 
Commons  alone.  The  nuiiilier  of  meiiibers  of  the 
Court  was  now  reduced  to  UW.  They  had  seven 
preparatory  meetings,  at  whiili  only  .W  members 
attended.  'All  men,'  says  Mrs.  llutcliinson, 
'were  left  to  tlieir  free  lilierly  of  acting,  neitlier 
persuaded  nor  cnmpellcd ;  and  as  there  were  some 
uoniiiiateil  in  llie  conimission  who  never  sat.  and 
others  who  Silt  at  lirst  but  durst  not  hold  on,  so 
all  the  rest  might  have  declined  it  if  tliey  would, 
when  it  's  a)iparent  tliey  shoiilil  liave  sulTered 
mitiiing  liv  so  doing.'.  .  .  On  the  lUtli  of  Janu- 
ary, ma 'or  Harrisein  appeared  ...  at  Windsor 
with  his  troop.  There  was  a  ciuuh  with  six 
horses  in  tlie  courtyard,  iii  wliicli  the  King  took 
his  seal,  aud,  ouie  more,  hu  iiitcrcu  London,  am' 


907 


If 


ENOLAND.  1«4». 


Trial  and  Kxecution 
*if  the  King. 


ENOLAND,  1«4». 


was  Indgpcl  (it  8t  .lamcs's  palacp.  The  next  ilay, 
the  IIIbIi  Court  of  .lustiic  was  opi'ned  in  West- 
ininstcrhall.  .  .  .  After  the  names  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  eoiirt  had  heen  called,  69  heiiig 
present,  Bradshaw,  the pn'sideni,  ordered  theser- 
Jeant  to  brini;  In  the  prisoner.  Silently  the  KInjr 
sat  down  In  the  ehair  prepared  for  him.  He 
moved  not  his  liat.  as  he  looked  sternly  and  con- 
temptuiitisly  aronnd.  The  sixty-nine  row  not 
from  their  st'als.  iiml  remaineit  covered.  .  .  .  The 
clerk  reads  the  <hurge,  and  when  he  is  aecuse<l 
therein  of  iHini;  tyrant  and  traitor,  lie  lanphs 
lo  the  face  of  ihe  Court.  'Thonph  his  tonitne 
usually  hesitated,  yet  it  was  very  free  at  this  time, 
for  he  was  never  disKcinposeil  in  mind,'  writes 
Warwick.  .  .  .  Acain  and  again  conten<lini 
against  the  aullinrity  of  the  Court,  the  King  was 
n-moved,  anil  the  sitting  was  adjourned  to  the 
82ud.  (Jn  that  day  the  .siime  scene  was  renewed ; 
and  again  on  the  23rd.  A  growing  sympathy 
for  the  monarch  became  apparent.  The  cnes  of 
'Justice,  justice,'  which  were  l.eaidat  lirst,  were 
now  mingled  with  '  OcmI  save  the  King.'  lie  had 
refused  to  plead ;  but  the  Court  nevertheless  em- 
ployed the  24th  ami  2.5th  of  January  in  collecting 
evidence  lo  prove  the  charge  of  his  levying  war 
agj'.nst  the  Parlian:eiit.  Coke,  the  solicitor-gen- 
cm.,  then  demanded  whether  the  Court  would 
proceed  to  pronouncing  sentence;  and  the  mem- 
liers  adjourned  to  the  Painted  Clianilier.  On  the 
27th  the  public  sitting  was  resumed.  .  .  .  The 
Court,  Bradshaw  then  stated,  had  agreed  upon 
the  sentence.  Ludlow  re<'nro8  that  the  King  '  de- 
sired to  make  one  proposition  before  they  pro- 
ceeded to  sentence;  which  he  earnestly  pressing, 
83  that  which  he  thought  would  lead  to  the  rec- 
onciling of  all  parties,  and  to  Ihe  peace  of  the 
three  kingiloms,  they  permitted  him  to  offer  it: 
the  elTect  of  which  was,  that  he  might  meet  the 
two  Houses  in  the  Painted  Chamlier,  to  whom  he 
doubted  not  to  offer  that  which  should  satisfy 
and  secure  all  interests. '  Ludlow  giws  on  to  siiy, 
'  Designing,  as  I  have  since  In-cn  informed,  to 
propose  his  own  resignation,  and  the  udinission 
of  his  Sim  to  the  tlmaie  upon  such  terms  as  should 
have  bei'U  agreed  upon.'  The  commissioners  re- 
tired to  delil>erate,  '  and  lieing  .satisfied,  upon  de- 
bate, that  nothing  but  loss  of  time  would  be  the 
eonsciiuence  of  it,  they  returned  into  the  Court 
with  a  negative  to  his  demand.'  Bradshaw  tlicn 
delivered  a  solemn  speech  to  the  King.  .  .  .  The 
clerk  was  lastly  commanded  to  read  tlie  sentence, 
tliat  his  head  should  be  severed  from  his  body; 
'and  the  ciimmissioners.'  says  l.uiUow,  'tcstitied 
their  unanimous  as.sent  by  standing  up.'  The 
King  allcmpled  to  speak;  'but  being  accounted 
dead  in  liw,  was  not  pi  rmilted.'  On  the  "29111  of 
January,  the  Cuurl  met  to  sign  the  sentence  of 
execution,  addressed  to  '  colonel  Fnuicis  Hacker, 
colonel  lluncks,  and  lieutenant-colonel  Phayr, 
and  to  every  one  111' them.' ,  .  .  There  wire  some 
attempts  to  save  liim.  The  Dutch  ambassiidor 
made  vigorous  efforts  to  procure  a  reprieve, 
whilst  the  French  and  Spanish  amba.s.sadors  were 
inert.  The  anibas.sailors  from  the  States  never- 
theless pcrsevt-red  ;  and  ear'y  in  'he  day  of  the 
Suth  olitaini'il  soiue  glimmc'iig  of  liope  from 
Fairfa.\.  'I'ut  we  found,'  tne.'  Siiy  in  their  des- 
patch, 'in  front  of  the  house  in  which  we  had 
just  spoken  witli  Ihe  genend,  alHiut  2lM)  horse- 
men; and  we  harned,  as  well  as  on  our  way  as 
on  reaching  liunie,  t::;:t  a!:  tiiu  lilR-cis,  piissages, 
and  squares  of  London  were  occupied  by  troops, 


so  that  no  one  cniihl  pass,  and  that  the  approaclaa 
if  the  city  were  covereil  with  cavalry,  so  as  to 
prevent  any  one  f'oni  coming  in  or  going  out. 
.  ,  .  The  same  day,  In'tween  two  and  llirir 
o'clmk,  the  King  was  taken  to  a  scaffold  coven  il 
with  black,  erected  iH'fore  Whitehall.'  To  that 
scaffold  iK'fore  Whitehall,  Charles  walkeil,  siir 
rounded  by  soldiers,  through  the  leafless  nvenm-s 
of  St.  James's  Park.  It  was  a  bitterly  cohl  nmrn- 
ing.  .  .  .  His  purposed  address  to  the  iH'ople  K;ia 
delivenil  <mly  to  tlie  hearing  of  those  upon  ihe 
scaffoM,  but  its  purport  was  that  the  people  mis 
tiKik  the  nature  of  govcrmnent;  for  peopli  are 
free  under  a  government,  not  by  U'lng  slian  rs 
ill  it,  but  by  due  administration  of  the  laws  nf 
il.'  His  theory  of  government  was  a  consistent 
one.  He  had  the  misfortune  not  to  understaml 
that  the  time  had  been  fast  passing  away  for  its 
assertion.  The  headsman  did  his  office;  and  a 
deep  groan  went  up  from  the  surrounding  niiilti 
tude.  " — Charles  Knight,  I'lipiihir  tliiit.  nf  h'hij- 
liiwl.  r.  4.  eh.  7. — "In  the  death-warrant  of  -".Mh 
January  1*49,  next  after  the  President  and  I.nnl 
Grey,  stands  the  name  of  Oliver  Cromwell.  He 
accepted  the  responsibility  of  it,  justified,  de- 
fendeil  it  to  his  dying  day.  No  man  in  EngiaiiJ 
was  more  entirely  answerable  for  the  deed  than 
he.  '  I  tell  you,'  he  said  to  Algernon  Sidni  y, 
■we  will  cutoff  his  head  with  the  crown  upna 
It.'.  .  .  Slowly  he  had  come  to  know  —  notcinly 
that  the  man,  Charles  Stuart,  was  Incural.'- 
treacherous,  but  that  any  settlement  of  Pa. .. 
ment  with  tlie  old  Feudal  Monarchy  was  impi. 
siblc.  As  the  head  of  the  king  rolle<l  on  the  n  ,|f 
fold  the  old  Feudal  Monarchy  expired  for  cur. 
In  January  lit49  a  great  mark  was  set  in  ilic 
course  of  the  national  life  —  the  Old  Hulebcliiiul 
it,  the  New  Uule  before  it.  Parliamentary  govi  ni- 
ment,  the  consent  of  the  nation,  equality  "t 
rights,  and  equity  in  the  law — all  date  from  this 
great  New  Departure.  The  Stuarts  indeed  re 
turned  for  one  generation,  but  with  the  stiiii;  cf 
the  Old  Monarchy  gone,  and  only  to  disap|«ar 
almost  without  a  bhiw  The  Church  of  Engliml 
returned;  hut  not  the  Church  of  Laud  ir  nf 
Charles.  The  peers  retunied,  but  as  a  iimk 
Hou.se  of  Lords,  with  their  castles  razed,  tliiir 
feudal  rights  and  their  politicid  power  extiml 
It  is  siud  that  the  regicides  killed  Charles  I  imly 
to  make  Charles  II.  king.  It  is  not  so.  'I'iny 
killed  the  Old  Monarchy;  and  the  restored  m  n 
anil  was  by  no  means  its  heir,  but  a  royal  Mult 
holder  or  Hereditary  President."— F.  Harri-n. 
Ulirer  Cnimirell,  eh.  7. — "  Ifespecting  tlie  il.  ith 
of  Charles  it  has  been  pronounced  by  Fox.  iliiit 
'  it  is  niucli  to  be  doubted  whether  his  trial  iiid 
e.vecution  have  not,  as  much  as  any  other  ein  um 
stance,  served  to  raise  the  diameter  of  tlie  1  :-' 
lisli  nation  in  the  o|iinion  of  Europe  in  gem  lal.' 
And  he  goes  on  to  sjieak  willi  considembie  favuur 
of  the  authors  of  that  event.  One  of  the  vnat 
authorities  of  the  age  having  so  pronoiini'd, 
an  hundred  and  llfly  years  after  the  deed,  il  m  ly 
be  proper  to  consider  for  a  little  the  real  in.  rits 
of  the  actors,  and  the  act.  It  is  not  easy  to  iin 
agiiie  a  greater  criminal  than  the  indiviiiiial 
against  wiiom  the  sentence  was  awarih'd.  .  ■ 
Liberty  is  one  of  the  greatest  negative  advam  ■  ns 
that  can  fall  lo  the  hit  of  a  man;  without  il  ve 
cannot  possess  any  high  decree  of  happiness.,  or 
exercise  any  considerable  virtue.     Now  Cli.trlis, 


spired  against  the  liberty  of  his  country 


To 


908 


1 


s 
f 


ENGLAND.  184». 


Cliarin  I  Ailjuilttd 


ENOLANI),  1049. 


asBcrt  bis  own  authority  without  limitation,  was 
liic  olijtTt  of  nil  his  lit'sin'H  anil  all  Ills  actions,  so 
fur  as  tlie  public  was  conccrnwl.  To  accomplish 
this  iibjfct  he  laid  iisidi'  the  use  of  a  pariiament. 
Wlicn  111'  was  comprlli'il  once  more  to  have  re- 
iDUDii'  til  this  assembly,  anil  fouuil  it  retroKnule 
10  Ilia  purpows.  ho  determineii  to  brinR  ii|>  the 
urniy.  unil  bv  thiit  means  to  put  an  end  to  its  sit- 
tinus  Until  in  Srotlund  and  Kncland.  the  seheme 
tliiil  he  fiirnied  fur  settinfT  aside  all  opposition, 
was  liv  fciree  rf  anns.  For  that  liurpose  he 
ininmi'med  »iir  npiinst  the  Knulish  piirlianiiiit, 
;inrl . i.minuid  it  by  every  expedient  in  his  powi  r 
fi.r  f  iir  years.  ("oiiiiuiTed,  iind  driven  uiil  of 
llii  til  Id,  he  did  not  for  that,  fur  a  inonient  lose 
sis;lil  "f  liisiibjecl  and  his  resolution,  llesoiiirht 
in  I'viry  i|iiiirti'r  fur  the  inuteriids  of  a  new  war; 
and.  .ifiiraii  interval  of  twenty  ninnlhs,  and  from 
till-  ill  pilis  of  his  prison,  he  found  tlieiii.  To  lids 
iiui-l  111'  added  the  must  cimsumiiiate  insinierily 
and  iluplieity.  He  eoiild  nevir  lie  reemiiiled  ;  lie 
I'ciiildmver  iie  disarmed;  lie  eimld  never  be  eon 
viiitril.  His  was  a  war  111  the  ile.ith.  and  there- 
fnri'  had  the  ulmipsl  aL'^ravaliun  thai  can  iHdnuf; 
t.i  a  narairainst  llielibi-rty  of  analiou.  .  .  .  Tlie 
|in>pir  lisson  laiiu'lil  by  the  aet  of  the  thirtietli 
iif  .laiiiiary,  was  th.it  no  person,  hnwver  hiijli  in 
Miliiiii,  however  proteeled  by  the  prejudices  of 
his  1  onti inpomries,  must  expiet  to  be  eriniinal 
aeiinst  the  welfare  of  the  stale  and  community, 
wiili.mt  rilributiiin  and  punislimeni,  Tlie  event 
hovM'Vi  r  sulltcienlly  provi'd  that  the  eomlemna- 
tiun  and  exiiulion  of  Charles  iHd  not  answer  tlie 
piiriinsis  inleiidid  by  its  authors.  It  did  not 
iimoiliale  the  En);lish  nation  to  republican  ideas. 
It  shiiikid  all  those  |)ersons  in  the  country  who 
did  iwt  adhere  to  tlie  rulinp  party.  This  was  in 
s  line  define  owing  to  the  decency  with  which 
Charles  nut  his  fate.  He  had  always  licen  in 
iiiaiiiirrs.  formal,  sober  and  specious,  ,  .  ,  The 
III riioM  was  every  where  prevalent,  that  a  sov- 
I  n  ii;n  i  oidd  not  be  called  to  account,  could  not 
III-  arraiuiiid  at  the  bar  of  his  subjects.  And  the 
vinlaiimi  of  this  prejudice,  in.stead  of  breakini; 
iliiuii  Ihi-  wall  which  separated  him  from  others. 
tiave  to  his  person  a  sacrcduess  wliicli  never  be 
fiiriaiipirlaiiied  toil.  Among  his  own  partisans 
the  ill  alli  of  I'liarles  was  treated,  and  was  spoken 
iif.  as  a  sort  of  deicide.  And  it  may  be  admitted 
fill  a  liiiiviTsal  rule,  that  the  abrupt  violation  of 
aii  I  |i  rootnl  maxim  and  persuasioi;of  tlic  human 
iiiiii.i.  proiiuei-s  a  reaction,  and  urges  men  to  hug 
til  ■  lii.i.siiii  closer  than  ever.  I  am  afraid,  that 
that  saw  Charles  perish  on  the  .scaftold. 
il  llie  resloratiiin  of  his  family  certain." — 
li'iiuin.  //^1^  "f  t/w  C'lmiiniitrtiilth  t>f  Kmj- 
■  Ih,  Hi'l'.miion  ,/  C.'i.irltK  11.,  U'.  'J,  cli. 
-1. — "'i'lie  silicilio!!.  compliealed  enough 
V'.  had  been  still  further  eoniplieated  by 
>s  iluplieity.  .Men  who  would  have  been 
;  t.i  i-iillle  to  lenus  with  lliiii,  despaired  of 
^^tltlltional  arrangement  in  wliii  li  he  was 
,  t.e  lor.  and  men  who  had  long  been  alien- 
r.-ii  liiiii  were  irrilaled  into  lulive  bos- 
r.\  lliesi'  he  was  regarded  w  itli  increasing 
ly  a-  the  one  disturiiing  furee  with  whieli 
i'  istanding  was  possible  and  no  seltled 
misisient.  To  remove  him  out  of  the  way 
^I'i  ■■veil  to  those  wlio  had  no  thought  of 
liuir  him  for  pa.st  ollences.  to  be  llie  only 
"■  riiad  to  jieace  for  the  troubled  nation. 
■■■■■■■-':  that  s.>  long  .-uS  Charles  iiv, ,i  .kiuiied 
;  and  deluded  parties  would  b-.'  stirred  uj), 


till 


W 


al.. 
I  11 


by  promises  never  intended  to  lie  fulfilled,  to  fling 
tbcmsrlvea.  as  they  had  Hung  themselves  in  the 
Second  Civil  War.  against  the  new  order  of  things 
which  was  struggling  to  establish  itsilf  in  Kng 
land."— 8.  U.  Ciardiiier.  llht.  </  the  Great  Ciril 
War.  1642-1(M«,  rl,.  71  (r.  8). 

Al.soi.N:  Jolin  Forster.  Stulmmeii  of  tlw  Cum- 
iimtiitfuHh  :  llinni  .Viirti)i,—ti.  II.  Gardiner. 
t'oiiKt.  IhK-ii  of  Ihi-  Piiritiin  Iter  .  jip.  2ti.S-'>flO. 

The  following  is  the  text  of  the  .\et  which 
arraigned  the  King  and  constitiiled  the  Court  by 
which  he  wiis  tried:  '  WInreas  it  is  notorious 
lliat  CliarUs  Muarl,  the  now  king  of  England, 
not  eonteni  with  the  many  eiieroachnienls  wliich 
his  predecessors  had  made  upon  the  people  in 
tlieir  riL'his  and  freedom,  hath  liad  a  wiekid  de- 
sign tot  !v  to  subvert  the  aiilient  and  fiinila- 
nienlal  laws  and  lilierlies  of  this  nation,  and  in 
their  |ilaee  to  intioiluee  an  arbitrary  and  tyran- 
nical governmeiil ;  and  that,  besides  all  ollnrevil 
ways  and  means  to  bring  bis  design  to  pass,  he 
lialli  prosecuted  it  with  lire  and  sword,  levied 
iind  maintained  a  civil  war  in  Hie  land,  against 
the  parliament  and  kingdom;  whereby  Ihiscouu- 
try  lialli  lueii  misirably  wasted,  the  public  ireas- 
ureexliaii.sti  d.  tnidide'eayed,  thousands  of  people 
niurdereil,aiHl  inlinileollierniiscliiefseomniilliil; 
for  all  wliieli  high  and  treasonable  olTences  the 
said  Charles  Stuart  might  long  since  have  justly 
Ih'cii  brought  to  eX'iiiplary  and  <  ondigii  punish- 
ment:  whereas  also  the  piirlianienl,  well  hoping 
tliat  the  restraint  and  imprisonment  of  his  per- 
son after  it  liail  pleased  (iod  to  deliver  him  into 
their  hands,  would  have  iiuieted  the  distem- 
pers of  the  kingdoiii.  did  forbear  to  proceed 
judicially  against  him;  but  fniiiid.  by  sad  ex- 
perience" that  such  their  remissness  served  only 
to  encourage  him  and  Ids  aceompliees  in  the  con- 
tiuuanee  of  their  evil  practices  and  ;i  raising 
new  eomniotions,  rebellions,  and  invasions:  for 
prevention  tlierefore  of  tlie  like  or  greater  iiicon 
veniences.  and  to  the  end  no  other  chief  otiicer 
or  magistrate  whatsoever  may  hereafter  |  re- 
sume, traiterously  and  maliciously,  to  ■imagine 
or  contrive  the  enslaving  or  destroying  of  tlie 
English  nation,  and  to  exjieet  impunity  for  so 
doing;  be  it  enacted  and  ordained  by  the  (Lords] 
and  commons  in  Parliament  assembled,  and  it  is 
lierebv  enacted  and  ordained  by  the  authority 
thereof.  That  the  earls  of  Kent.  Notlingliam. 
Pembroke,  Denbigh,  and  Miilgiave;  tlie  lord 
(irey  of  AVirke;  lord  chief  justice  Holle  of  the 
king's  belli  li.  lord  chief  justiie  St.  .lohii  of  tlie 
common  I'leas,  and  lord  i  liief  baron  Wylde;  the 
lord  Fairfax,  lieul.  general  Cromwell,  ie  [in 
all  about  b"iO.]  shall  be,  and  are  hereby  a|ipiiinted 
and  rei|uireil  to  be  Conimissionersand  .liidges,  for 
the  Hearing,  Tiyiiig,  and  .ludging  of  the  said 
Charles  .'Stuart ;  and  the  said  Coniiiiissioners,  or 
any  '.211  or  iiinie  of  them,  shall  be,  and  are  hereby 
an'lliorizi  il  aiel  eonstituted  an  lliirli  Cmiit  of  .liis- 
tiee,  to  meet  and  -it  at  siieli  convenient  limes  and 
place  as  by  the  s:iiil  euniinissioners.  or  the  major 
part,  or  -'0  ir  more  of  tlieiii,  under  their  hands  and 
seals,  shall  be  appoiiiled  and  iiotilied  by  pulilie 
l'roel;im:ition  in  the  linat  Hall,  or  Palaee  Yard 
of  Westminster;  and  to  adjourn  from  time  to 
time,  and  from  place  to  phiee,  as  the  said  High 
Court,  or  the  major  jiart  thereof,  at  nieetiiig. 
sh.ill  '-  old  lit ;  and  to  take  order  for  the  charging 
of  him,  the  said  Charles  .^tuart,  with  the  Crimes 
and  Tna;sr,:i.s  above  nicuiiiiued.  uii::  for  r:tc:v 
ing   his    IHT  ..ual    Answer    thereunl'j.   and   for 


yu'j 


^1 


ENOKANH.   1649. 


TV  Commtnwtalth. 


KNOI-ANI).   1«4». 


I 


f! 


i| 


exitminiition  of  wIiik'hhi'!!  u|h>ii  otttb,  (nliicli  the 
court  liatli  liircliv  uiitlKirity  to  lulniinistcr)  or 
otliiTwim?.  iinil  taking  iiny  otliir  EviiU'mT  con- 
ciTiiiiiK  lilt'  »iiim:i  ttiul  tlicri'iipou.  or  in  (k'f'iiilt 
of  such  Aiwwcr,  to  proircd  to  final  S<nti'iice 
arcorclini;  to  iUHtict' anil  the  niirit  of  thcriuw; 
nnil  suih  tinal  Scntincr  to  cxicuti'.  or  caniH!  to 
In' CXI  (  uliil.  spciilily  anil  iinpirtially. —  Ami  the 
xaiii  court  is  liirctiy  autlmri/iil  unil  rei|ulr<'il  to 
chiiv  anil  appoint  all  such  olllccrs.  atteiiilants. 
ami  oiliir  lircunistanccs  as  llicy,  or  the  iiiajor 
part  of  thciu.  shiill  iu  any  sort  juil>;c  necessary 
or  useful  for  the  orilerly  anil  rihmI  nuuiaKiii^'  of 
the  pn  niises;  anil  Thomas  loril  Fairfax  the  (Jen 
criil.  anil  all  otiieers  ami  soliliers,  uniler  his 
coniinaiiil.  anil  all  olllccrs  of  justice,  ami  other 
well  iilTcctcil  persons,  are  liereliy  uuthorizeil  unil 
reipiireil  to  In  li'liiu;  anil  assislui);  unto  the  suiil 
court  in  the  r,  ..■  exi  eutiim  of  the  trust  herchy 
coiniTiilleil  uiilo  IheUK  proviileil  that  this  act. 
ami  the  authority  hereliy  xnuiteil,  ilo  continue  iu 
force  for  Ilie  space  of  one  month  from  the  dale 
of  tlie  uialiinK  liercof,  ami  no  longer." — Ciibbttt'H 
I'.iilidmi'iiliiry  Ilht.  of  Kngluml,   r.  3,  /lyi.  12.14- 

A.  D.  1649  (Februar;).~The  Commonwealth 
established. — "P^nglaml  was  now  a  Uepuhlle. 
The  change  hail  heen  virtually  niaile  on  Thurs- 
day, .lanuary  4,  164H 1).  when  the  Commons 
passed  their  three  great  Kesolutlons,  declaring 
(1)  that  the  I'eople  of  England  were,  under  OihI. 
the  orit'liml  of  all  just  [mwer  in  tlie  Slate,  (2) 
that  the  C'oinnions,  in  Parliament  assemliled, 
having  Iw-en  chosen  by  the  People,  and  repre- 
si'nting  the  People.  poss<'ssed  th,-  supreme  power 
In  tlieir  name,  and  (I))  that  whatever  the  Com- 
mons enaclid  shouUI  have  the  force  of  a  law, 
without  needing  the  consent  of  eitlicr  King  or 
House  of  I'eers.  On  Tuesday,  the  30th  of  Janu- 
ary, the  theory  of  these  Hesolutiona  became  more 
visildy  a  fact  On  the  afternoon  of  that  day, 
while  the  crowd  that  had  seer  the  execution  In 
front  of  Whitehall  were  still  lingering  niund  the 
BCalTold,  the  Commons  pas.sed  an  Act  'prohibit- 
ing the  proclaiming  of  any  person  to  Ix.'  King  of 
England  or  Ireland,  or  the  domiidons  thereof.' 
tt  was  thus  di'i'larcd  that  Kingship  In  England 
had  died  with  Charles.  liut  what  of  the  House 
of  Peers  V  I;  was  signilicant  that  on  tile  same 
fatal  day  the  Conunons  revived  their  three  theo- 
retical resolutions  of  the  4th.  and  ordered  them 
to  'e  printed.  The  wretched  little  rag  of  a 
House  might  then  have  known  its  doom.  But 
it  took  a  week  more  to  convince  them."  On  the 
6th  of  February  it  was  resolved  by  the  House  of 
Commons,  "'That  the  House  of  Peers  in  Par- 
liaiMi'iit  is  nseles.s  and  dangerous,  and  ought  to 
III  iiholished.  and  that  an  Act  be  lirought  in  to 
that  pur|io.si'.'  Next  day.  Fel).  7,  after  another 
long  deliate,  it  was  further  resolved  'That  it 
hath  beiu  found  liy  experience,  and  this  House 
doth  declare,  that  the  otiice  of  a  King  in  this 
realm,  and  to  have  the  power  thereof  in  any  sin- 
gle person,  is  uimencssary,  luirdensome.  and  dan- 
gerous to  tlie  liberty,  safely,  and  public  interest 
of  the  People  of  this  nation,  and  therefore  ouglit 
to  lie  abolished,  and  that  an  Act  be  brought  in  to 
that  purpose.'  Not  till  after  some  weeks  were 
these  Acts  deliberately  passed  after  the  custom- 
ary three  readings.  The  delay,  however,  was 
matter  of  mere  Parliamentary  form.  Theoreti- 
ciiily  a  Kepuliiic  siuce  .Ian.  4,  1648-9,  and  visi- 
bly a  liepublic  from  the  day  of  Charles's  death, 


England  was  u  lU'public  absolutely  and  In  every 
sense  from  Feb.  7.  164M  !("  For  the  adnuni.< 
tiatiou  of  the  government  of  the  rrpublli  ui 
Commonwealth,  the  Commons  resolved,  on  ilic 
7th  of  February,  that  u  Council  of  Stale  !»■ 
en-eteil,  to  consist  of  not  more  than  forty  pi  r 
sons.  On  tiie  13th,  Instructions  to  the  intemlrd 
Council  of  State  were  reported  and  agreed  1h, 
"  thest!  Instructions  conferring  almost  pleniiry 
|«)wers.  but  limiting  the  duration  of  llie  Coiui.  il 
to  one  year."  On  the  14th  and  l.llh  forty  .iii. 
persons  were  appointed  to  be  memlMrs  of  ilie 
Council,  Fairfax,  Cromwell,  Vane,  St  .Inlm. 
WhIlliKke,  Henry  .Marten,  and  Colonels  Hiilrli 
inson  and  Ludlow  iH'ing  in  the  number;  nine  in 
constitute  a  i|Uoruni,  ami  no  p<'rmanent  Pnsi 
dent  to  Ix;  chosen. — I).  Masson,  lAffi  of  John  Mil- 
ton, r.  4,  bk.  1,  rh.  1. 

Alsuin:  J.  Lingard.  Hint,  of  Kng.,  r.  10.  rl 
."i.— A.  Bisset.  Omittfil  I'hiiiilerii  nf  Hint,  of  Kii'i . 
eh.  1. 

A.  D.  i649(Februar7).— The  Eikon  Basilike. 
— "A  book,  imblished  with  great  secrecy,  amliu 
very  mysterious  circumstances.  Feb.  9,  lt!4M  U, 
exactly  ten  days  after  the  late  King's  death,  liml 
done  much  to  increase  the  lloyalist  cnthusiasin. 
•Eikon  Ba~ilike:  The  True  Portraicture  of  His 
Sacred  Miijistic  iu  his  Solitudes  and  Su(Teriiii;s 
— Honi.  viii.  More  than  coniiueronr,  ic. — li'inii 
agere  et  mula  pati  Kegium  est.  MDCXLVIH' 
such  was  the  title-page  of  this  volume  (of  ','69 
pages  of  text,  in  small  octavo),  destined  by  fale. 
rather  than  by  merit,  to  \>e  one  of  the  must 
famous  books  of  the  world.  .  .  .  The  book,  mi 
elaborately  prepared  and  heralded,  consists  uf 
twenty -eight  successive  chapters,  purporting  l» 
have  been  written  by  the  late  King,  and  to  ln' 
the  essence  of  his  spiritual  autobiography  in  llir 
last  years  of  his  life.  Each  chapter,  with  scan  1  ly 
an  exception,  begins  with  a  little  narrative,  nr 
generally  rather  witli  rettcctlons  and  meditati.nis 
on  some  passage  of  the  King's  life  the  narrative 
of  which  is  supposed  to  bo  unnecessary,  niid 
ends  with  a  prayer  in  italics  appropriate  to  ilu' 
circumstances  remcmliered.  .  .  .  Save  for  a  fi « 
.  .  .  passages  .  .  .  ,  the  pathos  of  which  lii  s  in 
the  situation  they  represent,  the  Eikon  Basiliki' 
Isa  rather  dull  performance,  in  third-rate  rheturic. 
mmlulated  after  the  Liturgy,  and  without  in 
cision.  point,  or  the  least  shred  of  real  inforrui 
tion  as  to  facts.  But  O  what  a  reception  it  li^il' 
Copies  of  it  ran  aliout  Instantaneously,  ami  "in 
read  with  sobs  and  tears.  It  was  in  vain  tlmt 
Parliament,  March  16,  gave  orders  for  sei/.iiii; 
the  book.  It  was  reprinted  at  once  in  variins 
forms,  to  supply  'he  constant  demand  —  wliiili 
was  not  satisti(«l,  it  is  said,  with  less  than  liity 
editions  within  a  single  year;  it  became  a  n  ry 
Bible  in  English  Hoyalist  househohls.  .  .  Hv 
means  of  this  bmik,  in  fact,  acting  on  the  ■■;  I'c 
of  sentiment  which  It  fitted,  there  wiis  e-i  ili 
lislied,  within  a  few  weeks  after  the  ileaili  "f 
Charles  I.,  that  marvellous  worship  of  his  in  lu- 
ory,  that  passionate  recollection  of  him  a^  ilie 
perfect  man  and  the  perfect  king,  the  saint,  ilio 
martyr,  the  all  but  Clirist  on  earth  again,  whiili 
persistwi  till  the  other  day  as  a  positive  reli:;i  ns 
cultus  of  the  English  mind,  and  still  liiigi  i~  i" 
certain  quarters. "—D.  Masson,  Life  and  Ti>ii""f 
John  Milton,  f.  4,  At.  1,  ch.  1.— "I  struL'-'''il 
through  the  Eikon  Basilike  yesterday ;  one  of  ilie 
pahriesl  pieces  of  vapid,  shovel-haUed,  i :  >' 
starched,   immaculate  falsity  and  cant  I  I:  ivc 


910 


I 


ENGLAND,   1049 


War  tcitK  tht 
Dufck. 


ENOLANP,   1652-1SS4. 


ever  rcwi.  It  U  to  me  an  anmzemrnt  bow  any 
innrUti  roiild  ever  have  taken  that  fur  a  genuine 
bi«ik  iif  King  Charles's.  Nothing  ti\il  a  «ur 
plii'i'd  I'bariaee.  aitting  at  bin  eaae  iifiir  oiF,  riiiild 
liiive  got  up  auch  a  M't  of  nieilitnliiinx.  It  got 
Parwm  Oaiuleu  [Jolin  Oaiulcn,  Bishop  of  Exeter 
and  \V(iri<'8ter.  «uccei»tvely,  after  tlie  Kcstoni- 
tioii.  and  wlio  ia  beiteved  toliave  tM'en  the  iiiitlior 
(if  till-  Eilinn  BaaililteJ  abiahopric."— T.  Carlyle, 
in  lli»l.  I'f  hit  Life  in  Ijorulun,  by  Frouile.  r.  1, 
eh.  7.  .V"f.  28,  1S40. 

A.  D.  1649  (April— May).— Mutiny  of  the 
LcTellen.    si'c  Levellehm. 

A.  D.  1649-1650.— Cromwell't  campaisn  in 
Ireland.    Sec  Ihki.asI);  A.  1).  1649-1«.'k). 

A.  D.  1650  (July).— Charles  II.  proclaimed 
King  in  Scotland.  See  SroxLANi):  A.  I).  1650 
(March— .Iri-v). 

A.  D.  1650  (September).— War  with  the 
Scots  and  Cromwell's  Tictory  at  Dunbar.  See 
Scotland:  A.  I).  1850  (SErrKMBEIt). 

A.  D.  1651  (September).— The  Scots  and 
Charles  II.  orerthrown  at  Worcester.  See 
ScdTl.A.ND:  A.  1).  16,">1. 

A.  D.  1651-1653.- The  Army  and  the  Rump. 
— "  '  Now  timt  the  King  is  deucland  his  sou  de- 
feated,' Croniwell  said  gravely  to  the  Parliament, 
'I  thiiils  it  neeeasary  to  come  to  a  settlement.' 
Hut  the  settlement  which  hivl  lieen  promised 
after  Nawby  was  atill  as  distant  as  ever  after 
Worcester.  The  bill  for  diaaolving  the  present 
Parliament,  though  Cromwell  pressed  it  In  per- 
son, was  only  passed,  after  hitter  opposition,  by 
a  majority  of  two;  and  even  this  success  had 
been  purchased  by  a  compromise  which  pcr- 
mitiecl  tlie  House  to  sit  for  three  years  more. 
Inlernid  affairs  were  simply  at  a  dead  lock.  .  .  . 
Tlie  one  remedy  for  all  this  was,  us  the  army 
saw,  tlie  as.s<nibly  of  a  new  and  complete  Par- 
liament ill  place  of  the  mere  '  rump  '  of  the  old ; 
but  this  WHS  the  one  measure  which  the  House 
was  resolute  to  avert.  Vane  spurred  it  to  a  new 
activity.  .  .  .  But  it  was  necessary  for  Vane's 
purposes  uot  only  to  show  the  energy  of  the  Par- 
liament, hut  to  free  it  from  the  control  of  the 
army.  His  aim  waj  to  raise  in  the  n.^vy  a  force 
divii,,!  to  the  House,  and  to  eclipse  ti.  1  glories 
(if  1>  iiliarnnd  Worcester  by  yet  greater  triumphs 
at  SCI  With  this  view  the  quanel  with  Holland 
hail  been  cim'fully  nursed.  .  .  .  The  army  hanlly 
nccileil  the  warning  conveyed  by  the  introduc- 
liiiii  of  a  bill  fur  itsdishanding  to  understand  the 
new  piility  of  the  Parliament.  ,  .  .  The  army 
pciitidiicd  not  only  for  reform  in  Church  anil 
!>t:i!c,  but  fur  an  explicit  declamtion  that  the 
lliiise  Wdiilil  bring  its  proceedings  to  a  close. 
The  IVlitioii  forced  the  Hous»)  to  (liscus.s  a  bill 
fur  'a  Xew  Representative,'  but  the  discussion 
soi.n  brought  out  the  resolve  of  the  sitting  mem- 
b(  rs  to  Cdiitinue  as  a  part  of  the  coming  Parlia- 
ni(  lit  witlmut  reelection.  The  olHcers,  irritated 
by  sii(  h  a  claim,  demanded  in  conference  after 
rmifireiire  an  immediate  dissolution,  and  the 
House  as  resolutely  refused.  In  ominous  words 
(pimwell  supported  the  demands  of  the  army. 

As  f.,r  the  members  of  this  Parliament,  the 
•iriiiy  betnna  to  take  them  in  disgust.  I  would 
It  iliil  sii  with  less  a-ason.' .  .  .  Not  only  were 
i'liiig  members  to  continue  as  members  of 


til 


th.  N.w  Parliament,  depriving  the  places  they 
n  pri  s(  iited  of  their  right  of  choosing  represents- 
11  ■•  11111  they  were  to  constitute  a  Committee 
uf  lii  vi,iuu,  to  determine  the  validity  of  each 


election,  and  the  fitness  of  the  members  returned. 
A  conference  took  iilace  [April  19,  1658]  lietween 
the  leaders  of  the  Commons  and  the  oltlcers  of 
the  army,  .  .  .  The  conference  was  adjourned 
till  the  next  nioniing.  on  an  understanding  that 
no  decisive  step  should  l)e  taken:  but  it  had  no 
sooner  rea«»<inlileil,  than  the  absence  of  the  lead- 
ing memlM'rs  contirmed  the  news  that  Vane  was 
fast  pressing  the  bill  for  a  new  Uepri'Sentative 
through  the  IIou.se.  'It  is  contrary  to  common 
honesty,'  C:(iinwell  angrily  broke  out,  and, 
quitting  Whitehall,  he  summoned  a  company  of 
musketeers  to  follow  him  as  far  as  the  door  of 
the  House  of  Commons."— J.  U.  Green,  Shurt 
I  lift,  of  Kill/.,  rh.  8,  sect.  9. 

Also  in:  ,|.  Forster,  Stutiimieiiiif  the  Common- 
tetiillh:  ('niiiiirttl.—,1.  A.  Picton.  Oliver  Crum- 
irell.  rfi.  21. 

A.  D.  1651-1673.— The  NaTiEation  Acta  and 
the  American  coloniei.  See  United  States  or 
Am.  :  A.  I).  lO-'iI-ltlTa;  also,  Navigation  Laws. 

A.  P.  1653-1654.— War  with  the  Dutch  Re- 
public—"  After  the  death  of  William,  Prince  of 
Orange,  which  was  attended  with  the  depression 
of  his  party  and  the  triumph  of  the  Dutch  re- 
publicans [see  Netiieula.nds:  A.  I).  1647-16.50], 
the  Parliament  thought  that  the  time  was  now 
favourable  for  cementing  a  closer  confeclcracy 
with  the  states.  St.  John,  chief  Justice,  who 
was  sent  over  to  the  Hague,  had  entertained  the 
idea  of  forming  a  kind  of  coalition  between  the 
two  republics,  which  would  have  rendered  their 
Interests  totally  inseparable;  .  .  .  but  the  states, 
who  were  unwilling  to  form  a  nearer  confederacy 
with  a  government  whose  measures  were  bo  ob- 
noxious, and  whose  situation  seemed  so  precari- 
ous, offered  only  to  renew  the  former  alliances 
with  England;  and  the  haughty  St.  John,  dis- 
gusted with  this  disappointment,  as  well  us  In- 
censed at  many  affronts  which  had  been  offered 
him,  with  impunity,  by  the  retainers  of  the  Pala- 
tine and  Orange  families,  ami  indeed  by  the  popu- 
lace in  general,  returned  into  England  and  en- 
deavoured to  foment  a  quarrel  between  the 
republics.  .  .  .  There  were  sevend  motives  which 
at  this  time  induced  the  Eiiglisli  Parliament  to 
end)race  hostile  measures.  Many  of  the  members 
thought  that  a  foreign  war  would  serve  as  a  pre- 
tence tor  continuing  the  same  Parliament,  and  de- 
laying the  new  iiuHlel  of  a  representative,  with 
which  the  nation  had  so  long  lieen  Dattered. 
Others  hoped  that  the  war  would  furnish  a  reason 
for  maintaining,  sonic  time  longer,  that  numerous 
standing  army  which  was  so  much  complained 
of.  On  the  other  hand,  some,  who  dreaded  the 
increasing  power  of  Cromwell,  expected  that  the 
great  e.\pensc  of  naval  armaments  would  prove 
a  motive  for  dinnnishing  the  military  establish- 
ment. To  divert  the  attention  of  the  public  from 
domestic  (inarrels  towards  foreign  transactions, 
s<'emeil,  in  the  pnseut  disposition  of  men's  minds, 
to  be  goiKl  policy.  .  .  .  All  these  views,  enforced 
by  the  violent  spirit  of  St.  John,  who  had  great 
influence  over  Cromwell,  determined  the  Pnrlia 
inent  to  change  the  purposed  alliance  into  a  furi- 
ous war  agi'inst  the  Vniied  Provinces.  To  cover 
these  hostile  intentions,  the  Parliament,  under 
jiretence  of  providing  for  the  interests  of  ti- 
merce,  embraced  such  measures  as  they  kuew 
would  give  disgust  to  the  states.  They  framed 
the  famous  act  of  navigation,  which  prohibited 
all  nations  from  importing  into  England  in  their 
bottoms  any  commodity  which  was  not  the  grow  tk 


'Jll 


ir 


if 


ENGLAND,  l«5a-l«M. 


tbmUMWKof 
the  Hump. 


ENGLAND.  1608. 


n 


a 


■ml  manufacture  of  their  own  country.  .  .  .  The 
minds  of  men  In  both  lUtes  were  every  (lay  more 
Initalcd  agalimt  each  other ;  aiiJ  It  win  not  long 
liefore  these  humoura  broke  fortli  InUi  action."— 
D.  Hume.  JIi$t.  uf  Kng..  eh.  «0  (r  5).— "The  ne- 
gotiations .  .  .  were  still  iwrnlinir  when  Blake, 
meeting  Van  Troin|r»  tleet  in  the  T)own«,  in  vain 
Hummoneil  tlie  Dutch  Ailmlrul  to  lower  his  tlag 
A  battle  was  the  conai'ciuence,  which  led  to  a 
ileclarallon  of  war  on  theHth  of  July  (16.V.').    The 

•  maritime  nuccciw  of  Englunil  was  chictly  <lue  to 

•  the  jriniin  of  lUuke,  who  Imvini!  hlllierto  served   \ 
upou  KJinrf.  now  turned  his  whole  attenlinn  to   , 
the  navy       A  siriea  of  bloodv  llt'his  t(»pk  pliue   i 
Ix'tivecii   the   two  imtiniis.      t'or  some  time   tlie   | 
fortunes  i^f   the  war  seemed    undecided.       Van   ! 
Trmn|i,  defcuted  liy  Wake,  liad  to  yiehi  tlie  com-    | 
mand  to  |)e  liuvler.     I>e  Kuytc  in  liis  turn  was 
displaced  to  nivi'  way  ajiain  to  Ids  jirealer  rival 
Van  Trnin|.  was  rciiistaled  in  eominand.     A  vie 
tory  over  lllak.'  i.lt  tlic  Nu/e  (Nov.  28)  ciialiled 
hini  to  cruiM-  in  the  fl.aniu  1  with  a  lir««im  at  his 
mast  head,  iniplyinit  ,liat  lie  liad  swept  the  Eng- 
lish from  tlie  seas.     Hut  the  year  \KiA  ajrain  saw 
HIake  able  to  tiiilit  a  ilraivn  bailie  ul  two  days' 
duration  betwein  I'l  inland  and  l,u  ll.igue;  while 
at  len.i;lh,  on  tlie  '.M  and  :iil  of  ,Iiine,  a  decisive 
engagement  was  fmitflit  ulT  the  North  Foreland, 
in  which  Monk  and  i)eane,  supported  by  Ulake. 
completely  defeated   the    Dutch  Admirul,   who. 
as  a  last  resource,  tried  in  vain  to  blow  up  his  own 
ship,  and  then  retreated  to  the  Dutch  coast,  leav- 
ing eleven  ships  in  the  handsof  the  English.     In 
the  next  month,  another  victory  on  the  part  of 
Hlake,  iu<(impanied  liy  the  death  of   the  great 
Dutch  Ailmiral,  completed  the  ruin  of  the  nav::l 
power  of  Holland.     The  States  w  re  driven  to 
treat.     In  1654  the  treaty  was  signed,  in  which 
Denmark,  the   llanseatic  towns,  and  the  Swiss 
provinces  were  included.    .    .    .  The  Dutch  lc- 
knowledged  tlie  supremacy  of  the  English  flag  In 
the  British  seas;  they  consented  to  the  Naviga- 
tion Act."— J,  F.  Bright,  //'»(.  <if  Kng  .  iieriod% 
p.  701. 

Also  in  :  W.  H.  Dixon,  Ho!>ert  Ulake,  Admiral 
and  General  at  S:a.  ch.  0-7.— I).  Hannay,  Admiral 
Blake,  ch.  6-7.— J.  Campbell,  Aaral  Hist,  of  Ot. 
B.,  eh.  15  (r.  2)— G.  Penn,  AfemoriaU  cf  Sir  Wm. 
Pr'iiii.  ch  4  — .1.  {'orbett,  .Vonk,  eh.  7.— J.  Oeddes, 
UiKt.ofthfAdminiatrationofJohnVe  Witl.c.  1, 
bli  4_,'i  —See,  also.  Navioatios  Laws,  Enolisii: 

A.  D,  1653  (April),— C.-omwell's  expulsion 
of  the  Rump.—"  In  plain  black  clothes  and  gray 
worsted  stockings,  the  LonI  General  came  in 
quietly  and  t<H)k  his  seat  [April  201,  as  Vane 
was  imssiiii:  the  Iloiis<  to  pass  the  dissolution 
Bill  without  delay  and  without  the  customary 
forms  lie  beckoned  to  IIarri.->on  and  told  him 
that  the  Parliament  was  ri|ie  for  dissolution,  and 
he  must  do  it  '  Sir,'  s:iid  Harrison,  '  the  work 
is  verv  great  and  dangerous.'— '  Vou  say  well,' 
said  the  general,  and  thereupon  sat  still  forabout 
a  ipiarler  of  an  hour.  Vane  sal  down,  and  the 
Spi'akir  wa.->  putting  the  i|iieslion  for  pa.s.siiig 
the  Hill.  Then  saiil  t'romwell  to  llarri.sou  again, 
'This  is  the  time;  I  must  do  it."  He  rose  up, 
pot  oil  his  liat,  and  spoke.  Beginning  mcHler- 
ately  and  respecifully,  he  jiresintly  changed  his 
style,  told  them  of  tlieir  injustice,  delays  of  jus- 
tice, sell  iuleresi,  and  oilier  fauils,  vhaijiing 
them  nut  to  have  a  heart  to  do  anything  for  the 
public  good,  to  have  espoused  the  corrupt  inter- 


e«t  of  Pre»byt«ry  and  the  Uwyert,  who  were  tlie 
■upporten  of  tyranny  and  opprenlon.  aceiis 
ing  them  of  an  intention  to  perpetuate  them 
•clvea  In  power.  And  rising  Into  passion,  a^  if 
he  were  diatracteil.'  he  tohl  them  that  the  l.or.l 
had  done  with  them,  and  had  chosen  other  in 
struments  for  thi'  carrying  on  Ills  work  tlm 
were  worthy.  Sir  I'eU'r  Wentworth  rose  1,1 
eomplalu  of  such  language  in  Parliament,  com 
ing  from  their  own  trusted  servant  Ifciused  ii 
fury  bv  the  interruption,  Cromwell  left  his  s.  ii 
elapiM'd  <in  his  hat,  walked  up  and  down  ilic 
IhHir  of  the  House,  stamping  with  his  feel  m.l 
cried  out,  '  Vou  are  no  Parliament,  I  say  yon  m 
no  Parliament.  C.une.  come,  we  have  h .  1 
enough  of  this;  I  will  put  an  end  to  your  [r  ii 
ing.  Call  lliem  In!'  Twenty  or  thirty  iiiii-o 
leers  under  Colonel  Wiirshy  inarched  in  ont..  ili, 
ticior  of  the  House.  The  rest  of  the  guaril  ".  n 
placed  at  the  ilm.r  and  in  the  lobby.  Vane  ri.ni 
his  place  cried  out,  'This  is  not  honest,  ^ea.  i!  ^ 

against  morality  and  common  honesty       Ci 

well,  whoevidently  reganhd  Vane  as  the  lin  i!m  r 

of  the  supposed  agnement,  turned  on  him  ui'li 

aloud  voice,   iryinit,    '<>  Sir   Henry   Vani     Sir 

Henry  Vane,  the'Lord  deliver  me  froin  Sir  li.iiry 

Vane.'     Then  lisiking  u|ion  one  of  the  menilf  1- 

he  said,  'There  slls  a  drunkard; '  to  anotlnr  li- 

said,  '  Some  of  you  are  unjust,  comi|>t  per*.;-. 

and  seand,dons  to  the  profession  of  tlie  (lo^i'i  I 

'.Some   are   whoreniasters,'  he   said,   h;okiiu'  at 

Wentworth  and  Marten.     Going  up  to  the  lalilc 

he  said    'What  shall  wc  do  with  this  Baiil.l.  ? 

Here,  take  it  away '. '  and  gave  It  to  a  muskei. .  r 

'Fetch  him  down,' he  cried  to  Harrisim,  point 

ing  to  the  Speaker.     U^nthall  sat  still,  ami  n 

f us»d  to  come  ilown  u-less  by  force.     '  Sir. Mi'l 

Harrison,  'I  will  lend  you  my  hand,'  and  put 

ting  his  hand  within  hl3,"the  Speaker  came  dou  11 

Algernon  Sidney  sat  still  in  his  place.     '  Put  hiiu 

out,' said  Cromwell.     And  Harrisim  and  Wirs 

ley  put  their  hands  on  his  shoulders,  and  he  msi' 

and  went  out.      The  rauinljers  went  out,  tifiv 

three  in  all.  Cromwell  still   calling  alouil      in 

Vane  he  sidd  that  he  might  have  prevcnte<l  tiiis; 

but  that  he  was  a  juggler  and  had  not  coinni  11 

honesty.     'It  Is  you,'  he  said,  as   they  pa-vil 

liim.  '  that  have  forced  mc  to  do  this,  for  I  li  m' 

8<mghtthe  Lord  night  and  day,  that  He  wmil '. 

rather  slav  me  than  put  mc  on  the  doing  ol  ilii-. 

work.'     He  snatched  the  Bill  of  dissolution  from 

the  hand  of  the  clerk,  put  it  under  his  1 1  ak. 

seized  on  the  .ecords,  ordered  the  guard  lo  1 '.  ar 

the  ilouse  of  all  memlKrs,  and  to  have  the    1.  r 

locked,  and  went  away  to  Whitehall.     Sin  '1  is 

<ine  ot   the  most  famous  scenes  in  our  hi-    ry. 

that  which  of  all  other  things  has  most  l.r   .ilv 

weighed  on  the  fame  of  Cromwell.     In  tr  .  ii  it 

is  a  matter  of  no  small  eomplccity,  which  11. 1'lur 

I   constitutional  eloipienee  nor  lioisterous  san  i-.m 

I    has  quite  adeiiuately  unravelled.   .   .       In  -'ria 

1    eoii.slitutioual  right  the  House  was  no  ni"r     'h- 

Parliament    than  Cromwell    was   the    kin.       -V 

I    House'   of   Coinnions.  which   had    e.\e(iiti  ■     '!'' 

:    king,  alHilished  the  I,ords,  approved  tlir  " 

d'etat' of  Pride,  and  by  successive  proscr;:        > 

h    ':  reilueed  itself  to  a'few  score  of  extrrii. 

i    tisans,  had  no  leg;il  title  to  the  name  of  I'     11 

I   incut.     The  junto  which  held  to  Vane  w        I'l 

I    more  numerous  tlian  the   junto  which  li        '" 

i   t'l-dinwili,  they  liad  fa- icss  p'abiic  stijip ' 

had  their  services  to  the  Cause  Iwen  so        ii 
I  In  closing  the  Ilouse.  the  Lord-General  hail  im 


i 


012 


if 


ENOLANI).  l(W:i, 


7TU  Pritltetoratr. 


ENOLANI),    IdM 


bon 


hl»  offlie  of  C'omnuiniler  In Clili'f  to  «ntlclp»li« 
„IH'  oiiip  il'«Ut'  bv  «nolliiT.  Ilml  lie  Ih-mi  U-ii 
niiniitrK  hitc,  Vane  would  liliniiclf  liavo  dlMolvril 
til,.  Ilipiiw;  inapplnxn  votn  which  would  glvr 
\m  t.ution  n  loKul  iui<-<'nil«nry.  Yi't.  iifUT  cIi. 
IIk'  fill  t  nmiiln*  thnt  Vttno  iind  the  r(m-...int  nf 
111,  fiiiiiout  Iahik  I'arllrtiiiinl  hud  Hint  'iH-iiitlllii 
juris.'  n<  liiwverii  cull  it.  that  wmlilaiirc  of  hijal 
riu'lil  which  counts  for  so  much  In  Ihlnjcs  polil 
ii.„l    '_p,  Ilurrison,  )}lirrr  lr,:mir,U.  fh.  Id. 

\is,iiN    ,1.  K.  Ilosmcr.  /.(7i  "/'  Yuiiiiii Sir  llinrii 

(,;„,    ,,/  :i,  eh.  17  -K.  I'.  (lul/.ol,  IIM.  of  our,;- 

rr,.m,t,ll.   U:   4  (r    1).  — L  von  llunkc,  IIM    if 

A'/.'/,.  \'lh  rentiiry,  hk.  U.  fh.  .'i  (>•.  M).  — W.   (loil 

Kill    lli'l."fllie.l'imiinoiiit,tillh.i:'.\,i-h.         '•1». 

A.  D.  1653  (June— December).— Th     _  nt- 

lonei,  or  Little  Parliament.— Six  w.i  k*  uftcr 

III,    , AimlHliiii  of  the    Hump.  Cromwell,   in  his 

„\vn  nunc,  and  uixm  his  own  uulhorilv,  as  ■Cap 

lain  li, 'icral   and   Commander  InChlcf,"   i.ssucd 

(.luni  111  a  siiininons  to  one  hundred   and  forty 

■  p,  r<oiH  fearinij  tjisl  and  of  approved  lldelity 

iiiiil  hoiiestv.  "  cho»<'n  and    ■  iiominateil  "  hy  him 

w  If.  Willi  the  advice  of  his  council  of  olUcers.  n'- 

,|uirinL'  them  to  he  and  appear  at  the  Council 

Chiinilicr  of  Whitehall  on  the  following  fourth 

iliiy  of  .lulv,  to  take  upon  themselves    'the  jjreat 

I  iiiiri;,- anil  trust "  of  providinR  for  "the  peace, 

siifiiv.  and  gcHxl  government"  of  the  Common 

wialth,  and  to  serve,  each,  "as  a  Mcmlx-r  for  the 

ciiinly  "  from  which  he  was  called.        'Of  all 

til,'  rarties  so  summoned,  'only  tw., '  did  not  at 

tend.     Disconsolate   Uulstrisle  8;iys:       Many  of 

this    .\ssenihly   U'lnj;    persons  of    fortune   and 

kni'wledce,  it  wai»  much  wonderiMl  liy  sonu'  that 

lliiv  woulil  ut  this  summons,  and  from  ..such  hamls, 

tak,'  upon  them  the  Supreme  Auth.irity  of  this 

N;iti,ii'     considering  how  little  right  Cromwell 

ami  his  (Mliccrs  had  to  give  it,  or  those  (Jenilc 

men  to  take  it.'     My  dist-imsolatc  friend,  it  is  a 

Msrii  lli.it  I'uritan  Kngland  in  genenil  accepts  this 

Hdioii  of  Cromwell  anil  his  OtlUvrs,  and  thanks 

llii'Mi  for  it,  in  such  a  casi^  of  extremity;  saying 

us  :iiidilily  MS  the  means  iHTinittod:  Yea,  we  did 

wish  ii  S.I.     Kuther  mournful  to  the  di.sconsolate 

iilli,  ill  mind.  .      .  The  1    deniable  fact  is,  these 

inin   wi  re.  us  WhithK'ke  intimates,  11  quite  re- 

piit.ililc.Vsscmhly.  got  together  by  unxious  'cim- 

siilt.itioii  of  the  gcslly  Clergy  '  and  chief  I'uritan 

li^'his  in  iluir  respective  Coimties;  not  without 

iiiurli  >;iriii'st  revision,  and  solemn  consideration 

in  :ill  kinds,  on  the  part  of  men  adeiiuate  enough 

fi-r  siicli  u  work,  and  desirous  enough  to  d,i  il 

\\\\\.      The  List  of  the  As.sembly  exisl-s;  not  yet 

iTiiin  ly   ;;iine  dark  for  mankind.      .\  fair  pro- 

jinriion  iif  iliem  slill  recognizable  to  mankind. 

Ariii.il  IVers  one  or  two:  f,)und.Ts  of   I'ecrage 

Kuinilii's.  two  or  three,  which  still  exist  among 

lis.  -r<il,inel  Kdward  Montague,  Colonel  Charles 

ll.i'.vird.  .Vnlhony  Ashley  CiKipcr.     And  iM'ltcr 

III. in    Kiiu''s   Peers.    c<'rtain    Peers    of     Natun'; 

wl.Min  if  nut  the  King  and  his  pasteboard   N'or- 

rvs  li;ive  liuil  ihe  luck  to  make  Peers  of,  the  liv 

ini:  li",irt  of  Kiiirland  has  since  rai.si'd  to  I  he  Peer- 

lu"'  ;ind  mc:ins  to  keep  there.  —  Colonel  Hobert 

I'.l  iKc  the  S*':i-King.  for  one.      '  Known  persons,' 

I   In  li'iiik;  'of  upproved  integrity,  men  fearing 

'liii!';  und  perhups  not  entirely  destitute  of  sen.se 

,i;iy  "lie  tif  iliini!    Truly  it  seems  rather  a  dis- 

'  n  "lisli,,!  Parliament,  — even  though  Mr.  Praise 

-•'    liirl^'iie.   'the.  leather  merchant  in   Fleet 

-    :  '  lie.  as  all  mortals  mu.st  admit,  a  member 

'      The  fault,  I  lioiie,  is  forgivable      Praise 


god,  tliough  liu  denU  In  Irathrr,  and  hM  »  name 
whlrli  can  Iw  inlmi|Hdt,  one  dinci'ma  to  Iw  the  loii 
of  pious  parents ;  to  lie  himiielf  a  man  of  piety,  of 
understJinding  ami  weight.  -  and  e-.en  of  ronild- 
emble  private  caiillal,  my  witty  llunkey  friendi! 
We  will  leave  Praisegcsl  to  do  the  liest  he  can, 
I  think.  In   fact,  a   real  Assembly  of  the 

Notables    in    I'uritan    Kngland.    a    Pafllament, 
I'arllamentum,  or   Speaking  Apparatus  for  llin 
now  dominant  Interest  in  Knglaml,  as  exact  as 
coiihl  well  \w  got.— much  more  exact,  I  suppiwe, 
than  liny  bullot  Ihix.  free  hustings  or  ale  bnrrel 
ch'ction'usuullv  vicMs      Such  is  th,'   .Vssi'inbly 
called  li.e  Litllc'Piirliannnt.  und   wittily  Ilnre 
bone's   Parliamcnl  ;    which  meets  on  the  4th  of 
.lulv.     Their  witty  iiuine  survives;  but  their  his 
torv  Is  goiii-  all  dark."   -T.  Curlyle.  (Hirer  ('mm 
irtit'n  Lrlti-rx  mill  Sjnrr/ifn.  lit.  1,  «/»,,7i  I.  — The 
"ussemblyof  ginlly  persons  '  proveil.  however, 
10  Ih'  ipiile  un  unmanugeubh'  iHsly,  containing  so 
large  a  iuuuImt  of  errath'  .ind  Impnicthabli^  re 
formers  that  everything  substantial  among  Kng 
lish  institutions  was  threatened  with  overthrow 
at  their  hands      .Vftcrllvenumthsot  busy  session, 
Cromwell  was  happily  able  to  bring  alKiiit  a  (lis 
solution  of  his  parliament,  by  the  iicthin  of  a 
majority,   surrendering  back  their  powers  into 
his  hanils, —  which  was  done  on  the  10th  of  De- 
eemlM'r,  IB.W  — K.  I*.  (Jiilzot,  //iV.  nf  (Hirer  Cnm- 
mil   hk.  .'>  ir,  ','1, 

Also  in.  .1  A  Picton,  Dlirer  ('mmirill.  M.  88. 
A.  D.  1653 1  December).— The  Eitablithment 
■nd  Conititution  of  the  Protectorate.— The 
Initrument  of  Government.-  ■"  What  foUowed 
the  dissolution  of  the  Little  Parliament  is  soon 
told.  The  Council  of  Ollleers  having  been  sum- 
moneil  by  Cromwell  is  the  only  power  de  facto, 
tlien^  were  dialogues  and  delilK'rutions,  ending  In 
the  clear  conclusion  that  the  metluMl  of  headsliip 
in  a  ■  Single  Person  '  for  his  whole  life  must  now 
Ih'  trh'd  in  the  Ooverninenl  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  that  Cromwell  must  be  that  'Singh- 
Person.'  The  title  of  King  was  actually  pro- 
K>sed;  but,  as  there  were  objections  to  that, 
rotector  was  chosen  as  a  title  familiar  in  Kng- 
lish  History  and  of  venerable  associatiims.  Ac- 
errdingly, Cromwell  having  cimsinted,  and  all 
preparations  having  In-en  made,  he  was,  on  Fri- 
day. Dec.  Hi.  in  a  great  assembly  of  civic,  judic- 
ial and  military  illgnities.  soleniidy  sworn  and 
installed  In  the  Chancerv  Court,  "  Westminster 
Hall,  as  Lord  Protector  of  'he  Commonwealth  of 
England,  Sotl.iml  and  Ireland.  There  were 
someiif  his  adlnr.Tits  hitlicrto  will,  diil  not  like 
this  new  elevation  of  their  hero,  and  forsiH)k  him 
in  consinuence,  reganling  any  cxp-riment  of 
the  .'single  Person  metlnKl  in  (iovernment  as  a 
treason-  to  true  Uepublieanism,  and  Cromwell's 
assi-nt  lo  it  as  unworthy  of  him.  .\mong  these 
was  llarrisiin  Lamlnrt.  im  the  iitlier  hand,  had 
been  the  main  airent  in  the  change,  and  took  a 
conspicuous  part  ii-  '.ic  installation  ceremony. 
In  fact,  pretty  iremnihy  througli.nit  the  country 
and  ,  veil  among  Ih,'  Pr'esbyteriaiH.  tin'  elevation 
of  Cromwi'il  to  some  kind  ot  sovereignty  had 
come  to  be  regarded  as  an  inevitaiile  necessity  of 
the  time,  Ihe  only  possilde  salvation  of  the  Com- 
monwealth from"  the  anarchy,  or  wild  and  ex- 
perimi'ntal  iilealism.  in  matters  civil  and  re- 
ligious, which  had  iK-en  the  \  isible  drift  at  last 
of  the  Bare!>one«  or  Paft  Little  Psrliament 
The  powers  and  duties  of  thi  Protectorate  had 
been  dctincHl.  rather  elaborately,  in  a  Constltu- 


913 


ENOLAND,  1688 


tn»trum*nl 
of  Uovrmm^nt. 


KNULAND.   lAOS 


P 
If 

t! 


I! 
J 


lliiul  Irnlnimfnt  of  forty  two  Artlrlra.  rallril 
•  Till'  (iovi'rnmi'nt  of  the  ('ommonwi'Blth'  (more 
ronimonly  known  n*  Ttic  Inntrumi'nl  of  (lovcrn- 
nu'ni]  to  wlilcli  I'roinwill  liml  xworn  flilfUly  »t 
hli  Inmiilliillon  "— 1».  MiiMim,  l.ifr  of  Juhn  Mil 
ton.  r   4,  W   4.  rh.  I  <inil  !t, 

Al.wi  IN,  .1,  Vitnlir,  Sliitmmrn  of  Ihs  Ciimmon 
vriillli :  rioHiifrll.  —  L.  \i>ii  llanki'.  J/itt  of  Kii'j., 
\Vh  r.iiUiiii.  hk  12,  rh  1  (c.  ;il  — H.  U.  Uarillnir. 
Count  /*»•'»  of  th,  l'iirit<iii  lii.,  inlrmi  .  mrl.  4 
aiiil  ;<>/.  'Mi-'SH—foUKU'ii  I'lirliiimtnlary  J/itl. 
of  Kn;/l,nol.  r  3.  ii/>.  1417-14'JB. 

Till'  fxllowlnjt  IM  the  ti'Xt  of  tlic  iMtrumciit  of 
GoviTiiinciit : 

TiiK  n"V<rnnii  lit  of  llii'  Ciimmimwiiiltli  of 
Kngliiriil.  Si'oiliiiul.  iind  Inlnnil.  ami  llif  ilomin 
loim  tlicri'iiiito  Ih'Ioii^iImi; 

I.  Tluil  llic  Bii|vriinf  lr(tl«liitlvi-  iiulliorilv  of 
the  Coiiiriioiiwialtli  of  HnKlunil,  Snitliiiiil.  uiiil 
Inliiiicl.  mill  the  iloiiiliiions  lliinunto  iHlotiKiii).'. 
8lmll  !»'  anil  riniili'  in  oiir  |i<Tson,  ami  llir  pioplr 
iiwu'inlilril  in  I'arlianiint :  llic  sivlrof  wliirli  inr 
Hon  Kliall  III'  till'  Liiril  I'nilictorof  llic  Coininon 
wcallli  of  Kiiirlanil.  .Srotlaiiil.  ami  Irilaml 

II.  Tlial  llii'  cxi-n  l»<' of  till'  cliiif  inaL'istnii'y 
ami  till'  iiiliiiiiilstralion  of  tlm  Kovirnincnt  our 
the  salil  Kiiiiilrirs  ami  iliinilnioiis,  ami  llic  |)ciiplc 
tlicriof,  bIiuII  1k'  in  the  honl  I'rolcctor,  asHi>.icil 
with  a  ciiiinoil.  the  niimlHT  whereof  xhall  not 
cxeieil  twenty  one.  nor  Ih'  h'ss  than  thirteen 

III.  'riiiit  all  writH.  |irocesseH,  ciininiiHNiomi, 
patents.  f;rinl'<.  ami  other  thiniis.  w  liii  li  now 
run  In  the  iianie  ami  style  of  the  kei'iiers  of  the 
lllurtv  of  Knuliiiiil  liy  authority  of  I'lirliaiiient, 
■hall  run  in  the  iianie  ami  style  of  the  I.oril  Pro 
ti'i'tor,  from  Hhoiii.  lor  tiie  liitiire.  shall  lie  ile- 
rlveil  all  inau'istraey  ami  honours  in  these  tin  e 
nations,  .iml  have  the  power  of  parilons  (exeep 
In  (■  ise  of  niiiiilers  anil  treason)  anil  iMnetlt  of  all 
forfeitures  for  the  pulilieiise;  ami  shall  (jovern 
the  siiil  countries  ami  iloininions  in  all  thing's  liy 
the  ailviee  of  the  council,  ami  uecorilinf;  to  thesv 
prcM-ntsaml  the  laws. 

•  V.  That  the  Lor.l  I'rotector.  the  Parlmment 
HiltiiiK.  shall  ilispose  ami  oriler  the  militia  anil 
forces,  liotli  liy  sea  ami  laml.  for  the  peace  anil 
gooil  of  the  three  nations,  liy  consi'nt  of  I'arlia 
mint ;  anil  that  the  I.oril  I'rotector.  with  the  ail- 
viee ami  (onsent  of  the  major  part  of  the  council, 
bliall  iii>piisi'  ami  orili  r  the  militia  for  the  enils 
Hforesaiil  in  the  intervals  of  Parliament. 

V.  Thai  the  l.oiil  Protector,  hy  the  ailvicc 
aforesaiil,  shall  iliiect  in  all  things  conceruini;  the 
keepiiii;  ami  holilin^  of  a  ^ikmI  correspoiiiiency 
witii  foi-eii'ii  kini;s,  princes,  ami  states,  ami  also, 
with  the  1  "iisent  of  the  niaior  jiart  of  the  council, 
have  the  power  of  war  ami  peace. 

VI.  Thai  the  laws  shall  not  he  altercil,  siis 
peii'leil.  ahrovateil.  or  repealeil.  nor  any  new  law 
maile,  nor  any  tax.  charire,  or  iinpo>iiii>n  laiil 
upon  the  peojile.  bill  liy  coniiitoii  ciinscni  in  Par- 
lianient,  sa\e  only  asis  e\pres.s4-il  in  the  thirtieth 
arlielc 

VII.  That  ihere  siiall  lie  a  Parliament  siiin- 
mcneil  to  meet  at  Wcslininster  upon  the  tliinl 
(lav  of  Seplciiilier.  I'i.M.  ami  that  successively 
a  i'arliainent  shall  lie  siiinmoiicii  once  in  I'Vcry 
tliiril  year,  to  he  aecoiinteil  from  the  ilissolutiou 
of  the  present  Parliament. 

VIII.  That  neither  the  Parliament  to  lie  next 

blinine'le  <i,  li-'l  ,oi  V  .■.111  I  *  .^.-.1 1  e  I'.o  ii.tilietit.-,  t^h.tii, 

iliiriiiK  the  lime  of  live  immlhs.  to  lie  accounleil 
from  tiieilayof  their  hr.st  ineetuif;,  he  aiijin.rnt'il, 


pronif(iir(l,  or  illMolvnl,  withmil  tbrlr  own  ciui 

M'nt. 

IX.  That  a*  w ell  the  npxt  an  all  other  •iici >. 
klve  I'arllami'ntii,  •hall  lie  •innmoniil  and  clei  l<  I 
in  manner  hereafter  exprensiil:  that  In  to  sii> 
the  penona  to  lie  cliown  within  KnKlaml,  Wali  > 
the  Inlea  of  Jerwy,  (liierniM'y,  nmr  the  town  if 
IkrwickuiMin  Tweeil.  to  nil  liiiil  wrve  In  I'arli  i 
imnt.  Khali  Ih',  ami  not  exceeil,  the  numlier  if 
four  linmln'il.  The  penums  to  Ih'  i'liiiM>n  wltliin 
.Scotlaiiil,  to  nit  anil  lurve  In  Parliament,  aliall  In 
anil  not  exeeeil,  the  niimlHr  of  thirty;  anil  tin 

tiersons  to   Iw   cIiom'Ii  to  sit  In    Ptirliamenl   fi>r 
rehiml  shall  Im',  anil  not  exreeil,  the  numlH  r  i>f 
thirty. 

X.  That    the   pontons  to  In'   electcil   to  sit    in 
Parliament    from    time  to   time,  for  the  mvitiI 
counties  of  KiiKl'tnil,  Wales,  the  Islea  of  Jer^ev 
ami  Oiienisey,  anil  the  town  of  IWrnickupi'ii 
Tweeil,  ami  all  places  within  the  name  resju  i 
tlvelv,  shall  1m'  accorilinK  to  the  proportions  iiinl 
iiiimUrs    hereafter  expresseil:   that   Is   to   sav. 
Ili'ilfoiilshire,   .1;    lieilforil  Town.    1;  Ik'rkshin 
.t;  Aliinffihin,  1:  Keailinft,  I;  llncklnKhamshlM  . 
.■i,    Iluckin^'ham  Town.    1;    Ayhsliiiry.  1;    \V\ 
coinli,   1;  (amliriiliteshlre,  4;  ('amliriilire  Town 
1;    Cainliriiljte    rnivcrsity.    1;    Isle    of   Kly,   'J 
(heshire,  4;  Chester,    1;  Cornwall.  H;  I,aiiiiii» 
ton.   1;    Truro,    1;    Penryn.    1;    Kiist    I,is»'  aiil 
West  I.iKH'.   1  ;  CumlHrliiml.  'J;  Carlisle.  1 ;  Der 
livshin'.    4;    Ihrliy  Town.    1;    Devonshire,    II. 
Ifxeter.  2;    Phniiiutli,    2;    Clifton,    Dnrtmonlii. 
Ilariliiess,  1;  Totnes,  1;  Harnstalile.  1;  Tivertmi 
1;    ilonlton,    I;    Dorsetshire,    II;   Dorchester.    1. 
Wevmouth  ami  Melcoinli- Kesris.  I;  I.vme  |{ei.'i> 
I;  PiKile.   I;  Durham,    2;   City  of   Durham.   1 
Kssex,  lit;  .Malilen,  I;  Cohhesler.  2;  (lloiieesii  r 
shire.  !i:  Oloucesler.   2;  Tewkcshiiry,   1;  (in  n 
ccster,    1;  llerefonlshlre.    4;  Ilcreforil.    1;    l.e,. 
iiiinsler,    I;     llertfonlshln'     .'i;    St.    Allians.    I 
llertfonl,  1;  lIuntlnK'ilonshire.  :i;  IIuntinKilon.  t. 
Kent.    1 1 ;  Canterbury,   2;  lli«hester,    1;    Mail 
stoue,  1 ;  Dover,  1 ;  Samlwich.  1 ;  yueenhoroiiL'h. 
1;  Lancashire,  4;  Preston,  1;  Lanciister,  1;  l.ii 
erpiMil,  1;  Manchester.  1;  Leicestershire,  4;  l.'i 
(•ester,  2:  I.incolushire,   10;  Lincoln,  2;  Hosinn 
1;  (Irantlmni.    1;  Stamforil.    1;  Oreat  (irimslo . 
1;   Miilillesex.  4;    Lonilon.    (I;    Westininsler,   ■^ 
Monnioiithshire,    !);    Norfolk    10;    Norwich.    .'. 
Lynn  Itepis,  2;  (ireal  Yarmouth,  2;  NorihiiiMi' 
tonshirc.  tl;  Pctcrlsiroutih.    1;  Northampton,   I. 
NoltiiiKliamshire,  4;  Nottingham.  2;  Northma 
Isrlaml,  il;  Newcastle-u|Min  Tvne,    1;    llirwiik. 
1;  tlxforilshire.  5;  Oxforil  City.  1;  Oxford  I  ni 
versify.  1 ;  WiHidstmk.  1 ;  Uutliinilshire.  2;  SUr-i' 
shire,  4;  Shrewsbury.  2:   liriilfcnorlli.  I;  Linlli  ■» 
1;   Slalforilshire,    :)'    l.ichtlehl.    1;    StiilTonl     1 
Newcastle  umlerLvne,      1;    Sianerselshire.     11. 
Hrlstoi,  2;  Taunton",  2;  llatli,  1 ;  Wi  lis.  1 ;  liriiL- 
water,    1;  Soiithaniptoiishire,   W;  Winchester.    I 
Soiilhamptoii,   1;  Poilsmouth.  1 ;  Isle  of  WiL'lil. 
2;    Amiover,    1 .  SulTolk,    10;  Ipswich,  2.    liury 
St.  Kilniiinds,  2:  Diinwich,  I;  Sudbury,   1 ;  ^  .r 
rev,  «;  Soiithwark.  2.  (iiiildford.  1;  Itcigali     I 
Sussex,  !);  Chichester.    1;  I.ewes.  1;  Kast  i;-' 
stead,  1;  Arundel.  1;  Kye,  1;  Wcstinorelaii'l    -'. 
Warwickshire,    4;    Coventry.    2;    Warsviik.    1. 
Wiltshire.   10;  New  Sariini,"2;  iMarllKiriiiii;li    1. 
Devizes,    1;    Worcestershire     .I;    Worcester.    '-' 
VoiiKsiiiitK. —  West  Hiilini;.  fi;  Kast  UidiiiL-    1, 
Ni.rih  iiiiiiii>r,-i.  (  i;yoi  Vi.rk,  2,  Kinp.'itnn  ;;,■    ■■ 
Hull,  1 ;  IJeveriey,  1;  ScarlioroUfjh,  1 ;  Hiclini '•  1. 
1;  lA'eds,  1;  Halifax,  1.     Walks. — Angle*  >    -' 


914 


:i-' 


KNUI  AND.  I«M. 


Insirvmfnl 
of  uavrmmmi 


KNOLANI).  1«.V« 


Hrwknnrk«hlre.  J.  <'»'>''p*''»';''''v' •.  ,*"?'!"." 
iliiiiKhln'.  -l:  ('»rniirr..o«hlri\  '.>.  I>pnlil)jh«liln'. 
•>  Klinl«lilri'.  2;  OlmiiofKuwhlrp,  *;  l'«rilllT,  1; 
M,ri..n.lb«bln'.  I;  MoiitKiimery«hlrf.  8;  IViii 
l)ri.ki-.tiln'.  S;  lUvrrfiintwrat.  1,  Ilwlnoriililri . 
;>  Till-  (llHtrilmtliiii  n(  tlip  fMTH(in«  to  Ih'  cIkiwii 
fur  Sdiiliinil  mill  Inlaiul,  bikI  tlii'  wvitiiI  inim 
lli«  litlin,  ami  plttT*'"  Ihinlii.  •hall  l">  iii ronllntc 
I.J  Midi  jiMiKirtiiinn  aiiil  iiiiiiiUr  ua  nlmll  In- 
uirnid  iipiiii  iiml  il< i  liiml  hy  Ihi'  \*iv.\  I'roli'otur 

uii.l  till'  iiiii]»r  piirt  nf  til Hincll,   iM'fon-  thi- 

wniliiiv  f'lrlb  writK  nf  miiiimniiH  for  llii'   next 
I'rirllaimiil.  „    „  .    ,    „  , 

XI.  TIml  tlir  mimmiins  to  Piirlliiimnt  hIiiiU  Im'    | 
In  «rii  miiiiT the Orrat  MckI of  KiikIiiuiI.  illniliil 
I,,  the  i.liirilt»  of    till'    wvrnil    iiiiil    n'»|«<llvr 
(iPunliiH,  Willi  mull  ultiTiition  im  may  miiii  wllli 
ihi'  |irr«<nt  ifovcrnmciit  to  \w  iimilc  liy  llir  I^onl 
I'ri.iiiiiir  ami  liin  coiiihII.  wlilili  tlir  t'liHiirillor. 
Ki( pi  r,  or  Ciiiiiiiilwlimfm  of  tlir  (Iniil  Hiiil  himll 
w  ill,  i-«ui'.  iiiiil  Willi  iiliroiiil  liy  wurriint  fmiii  tlir 
binl  I'rotiTtor.     If  tlio  l,oril  I'rotJ'ctor  sliull  not 
v'ivc  WLirniiit  fur  liwiiln),'  of  mHis  of  Hiiiiiiiioii't  for 
\\w  next  I'urlliiimiit.  iH-fon-  tWi'  tlntt  of  ,Iiiiii\ 
lti.M,  or  for  tlir  Trliiiiiiiil  I'lirliiiiiiciilii.  Nfon' tlic 
liM  cliiy  of  Aii»?ii«t  ill  C'vrry  tliini  yiiir.  to  U- 
II.  n.iiiilril  ii«  iifonsiiid ;  tlmltliin  'lirClniiiri'llor. 
Kn  |irr.  or  ('oniiiiisslom'm  of  tlir  (iniit  Sciil  for 
Ih.    liiiic  Imiiik.   hIiuII,  without  iii:y   wiirniiit  or 
ilini  lidii,  williin  wnii  (liiyx  aftirt  ln'  milil  tli^t  iliiy 
(if  .liim.  1«.'>4.  will.  Isniii-.  anil sinil  iilirouil  writsof 
summiinsdlmnKlnK  tiicrrln  « Imt  Is  to  Im'  ilmni'i'il 
iwiifurcHiiidito  till'  wvi'mI  mill  ri'spcctivcslifrllls 
of  KiiL'luiiil.  Siolliinil,  Hiiil  Irrliiml,  forHunimouInK 
llir  I'urlliiniint  to  iiicot  ill  WistminsttT,  lliv  IliinI 
ihiy  orSipli'inlHrncxt.  iiiulsliull  liki'wlsc.  within 
s< \i  11  ilny» aftir  tlw  miiil  lirst  ilay  of  Aii({ust.  in 
<n  ry  tliiril  yiiir.  to  Iw  iKcoiintt'il  from  the  ills- 
siliiiion  of  till'  priciili-iil  I'arlliimoiit.  will.  is.suc. 
and  siikI  forlli  ahnmil  wvi'nil  writsof  summons 
(rlianiliiiu   IliiTiln   what    is  to   lie  cliangcd)   us 
afori Kilil.  for  siiminoniii)'  the  I'arliaini'Dt  to  iiicit 
al  WiMiiiiiistiT  the  sixth  of   NovcinlRT  in  that 
thinl  viar     That  the  said  several  and  resiHTtive 
sliiriffs,  shall,  within  ten  days  after  the  receipt  of 
Slid'  writ  as  aforesaid,  eaiisi' the  same  to  lie  pro- 
daimni  and   piililished    in    every    market  town 
wilhiii  Ills  (iiiiuty  upon  the  market-days  thereof. 
lii'Himi  Iwi  he  and  three  of  the  elisk ■  and  shall 
till  II  aUi  piililish  and  dielare  the  eertuin  day  of 
till'  »rrk  and   month,  for  elusisiiig  memlHTs  to 
siTvi'  ill   Parliament    for   tlie  liisly  of   the  said 
iiiuiily,  aiiordini;  to  tlie  tenor  of  the  said  writ. 
wtiii  li  shall  1k'  upon  Wednesdav  live  weeks  after 
til.  ilaii' of  the  writ:  and  shall  likewisi' lieelarr' 
till' plan'  where  the  election  bhail  iH'inade:  for 
Hiiiili  purpose  he  shall  appoint  the  most  eon- 
viiii.ai  place  for  tile  whole  county  to  mci't  in; 
ami  >liall  siiul  precepts  for  elect i<        to  1k' made 
ill  iill  i.ihI  every  city.  town.  lioi.       Ii,  or  place 
wiiiiiii  lii>  nullity,  where  elections  aic  to  1m'  made 
liy  \  iriui  of  these  presents,  to  the  Mayor.  Sherill. 
"I  iith.T  Iliad  oihcer  of  such  city,  town,  boroii|;li. 
IT  |il;i.i'.  wiihin  three  days  after  the  receipt  of 
Mil  li  wrii  and  writs;    wiiich   the  said   Mayors, 
^iii  rills,   and   olliccrs  re5|M'ctively  are  to  make 
piil.lii  aiion  of,  and  of  the  certain  day  for  sudi 
iVilihiis  III  he  made  in  the  said  city,  town,  or 
pill.  :if.ires;iid,  and  to  cause  elections  to  lie  made 
;iii"'-.iiiii;lv. 

Xn  TliV.!  :■.!  t!-,.-.  liiy  and  plsof -f  *cti.-.n=, 
t!a  •'ill  HIT  of  each  county,  and  the  .said  Mayors. 
»^ll■T•tIs,  UaiiilTs,  and  other  head  officers  within 


their  rllleii,  towns,  iHiroiiifhn,  »n<l  places  xp*\wt 
lively,  shall  take  view  of  the  auiil  elections,  ami 
shall  make  return  into  the  chancvnr  within 
twenty  days  aft<'r  the  said  elections,  of  the  |H'r 
wins  elected  liy  the  (ffeater  niiinUr  of  i  Icclura, 
under  their  liaiids  and  wals,  la'twecn  him  mi  the 
one  part,  and  the  ehctors  on  the  other  part; 
wherein  shall  1m'  contuliicd.  that  the  persons 
eh'Cted  sliall  not  have  |M>wer  lo  alter  the  (jovem 
ment  as  It  is  hereliy  ««'tlled  in  one  slnjfle  iM'rson 
and  a  I'arllameiit. 

XIII.  That  the  Sheriff,  who  shall  wittingly 
and  willlnitly  make  any  falsi'  return,  or  nciilect 
hisiliiiv,  shall  incur  the  |»nalty  of '.'.Onil  mirks 

of  lawYiil  Knulisli  miiiiiy.  th le  moiety  to  the 

Ijird  I'r.itei'tor.  and  tlieolher  inotity  to  such  per 
son  as  will  sue  fur  the  same, 

XIV.  That  all  and  every  person  and  isrsons. 
who  have  aided,  advised,  assisted,  or  alHlIed  in 
any  war  ai;aiiisl  the  I'arliameiit,  since  the  lirst 
ilav  of  .lanuary  ItllKiiiiless  they  liave  Is'iii  since 
In'thesirvlie  of  the  I'arliament.'aiid  K'iven  siitnal 
ti'stitnony  nf  iluir  f,i**\  afTeciion  tliereiintoi  shall 
Im'  dlsalired  and  iiicapalile  lo  he  elected,  or  to  (five 
any  vote  in  liie  elei  tion  of  any  miinlMrs  to  sirve 
ill  the  nest  parliament,  or  lu  the  three  succceilliiK 
Trii  iinial  I'ariiaini'iits, 

XV.  That  all  such,  w  ho  have  advised,  assisted, 
or  alM'ltcd  the  relMllinn  of  Ireland,  shall  lie  dis- 
alih'il  and  incapali'.e  for  ever  In  lu  i  lected.  or  give 
any  vote  in  the  election  of  aii.N  inenilHr  to  sirve 
in  I'arliaineiil ;  as  also  all  sin  li  w  ho  <Ui  or  shall 
profess  the  Itomaii  Catholic  relii;ion. 

XVI.  Tliat  all  votes  and  ehclinns  jiivcn  or 
made  contrary,  or  nut  accordinit  to  these  i|UuliA 
cations,  shall  1h'  null  and  void;  and  if  anv  per 
sun.  who  is  liereliy  iiiade  incapalile,  shall  Kive 
Ills  vote  for  election  of  meinlHrs  to  serve  in  Par 
liament.  such  |K'rsnii  shall  los<'  and  forfeit  one 
full  vears  value  of  his  real  estate,  and  one  full 
thiril  part  of  his  personal  estate;  one  moiety 
thereof  lo  the  !,oril  Protector,  and  the  other 
nioielv  to  him  or  them  who  shall  sue  tor  the  same. 

XVII.  That  the  persons  who  shall  lie  elected 
to  siTve  in  Parliament,  shall  In'  such  (and  no 
other  than  such)  as  are  pirsons  of  known  intcK 
ritv.  fearini?  (iisl.  and  of  pssi  conversation,  and 
lieliij;  of  the  aire  of  twenty  one  years. 

XVIII.  That  all  and  eviry  person  and  persons 
\   siiscd  or  possessed  to  liis  own  use,  of  any  i state, 

real  or  nersoiial,  to  the  value  nf  t'iOO.  and  not 
within  till'  afnresaid  excejitions.  shall  lie  capable 
to  elect  mcmlsrs  In  serve  in  Parliament  for 
counties 

XIX.  That  the  Chancellnr.  Keeper,  or  foin 
mi.ssionirs  nf  the  (Jreat  St'iii,  shall  lie  swnrii  be- 
fore tliev  enter  into  their  oltlces.  truly  anil  failli- 
fuUy  to"  issue  forth,  and  send  abroad,  writs  nf 
.suminnns  |o  Pirliameiit,  at  the  times  and  in  the 
TiiaiiuiT  bcfiire  expressed:  ami  in  case  of  ne^'lect 
or  failure  to  issue  and  send  abmad  writ.s  lucord- 
iii^'lv.  he  or  they  shall  for  every  such  ollence  lie 
fruil'lv  of  liicli  trea.son,  and  sutler  the  pains  and 
lienallies  tlnrenf. 

XX.  That  in  case  writs  Ik'  not  issued  out,  as 
is  belnre  expres.sed.  but  that  tliere  be  a  iiei;lect 
therein,  lifteen  days  after  the  time  wliireiii  the 

.  same  nu^rlit  to  1k'  is.sued  out  by  the  Cliaiicellnr, 
j  Keeper,  or  t'nmniissioners  of  the  (Jreat  Seal; 
that  then  the  Parliament  sliall.  as  oftiii  as  such 
\  failure  s-lial!  liappen.  as.>u'!n!i!c  and  l.f  held  at 
j  Westminster,  in  the  usual  place,  at  the  times 
!   prelixed,  In  maimer  and  by  the  means  hereafter 


01  r, 


If 


It 


ENULAM),   W» 


tnstrttmrtti 


KNOI.ANI).  ISU. 


I 


•ipri'iifnl ,  lh*l  I*  I"  My,  ilut  ilir  ibfrtltn  of  llic 
iH'Vrritl  ami  mprcllvi-  iniiiitlra,  alu'rllTiloiii*, 
rltli'D,  l»>r<>ii)(hii,  mill  iilwiii  aforcMlil.  willilii 
Knitliiriil,  VVnItii.  Hiiitliiiiil.  unci  Irt'lniiil.  IlifCliiiii 
i'i'lli)r,  MiiaKm.  miil  (^liolurx  nf  tlii'  riilvir«itli« 
(if  (>«fiir>l  mill  <  iiiiiliri<l|{i'.  iiml  Hh'  Mityir  iiml 
HiillltTi  iif  till'  ln'riiiiah  iif  ll<r»li  k  iiim.ii  TwihI, 
mill  iithiT  |iliiri'ii  iifnri'wiil  ri>|>n  llvi'ly,  ulinll 
»l  I'll'  UM  ril  •'•iliria  mill  |ilair«  In  U'  iipjiiillUi  il 
iia  iifori'Nilil,  Hilliiii  llilrly  il'i^*  nflir  li"'  miIiI 
iKlnii  iluta,  iiiiiM'  aiirli  iiiiiiiln  ra  In  Ih'  <Iii'-iii 
fur  lliilr  aiilil  a<-vrnil  itiiil  ri'SiM'rIivi'  riuiiitira. 
alii  rllTili'iiia,  iiiilvi  raitli'i^,  i-ilii'*.  iHiriiiiKlia,  miil 
plai  t'H  iiriircaiiiil.  tiy  P'tii  h  |N'rmina.  niiil  In  aiirh 
iiiiiitiitr,  aa  if  mvr-iil  niiil  n'a|H'rtivi'  wrila  I'f 
aiiiniiii'iia  til  I'lirllmiHiit  iiinlir  tlir  tJrtnl  Si-al 
liM'l  KmhiI  iinil  Ih'i  n  iiwariliil  in'inriliiiir  In  'In' 
liiiiiriifurraalil  lliil  If  llii' bIhtIIT,  or  nllirr  jiir 
aiiiia  aiillinri/i'il,  ahull  ni'i:lri  t  Ilia  nr  llti'ir  iliity 
liiri  III.  Iliul  all  mill  rviry  aiii  ii  aliiritr  ami  ixraiiii 
niilhnri/ril  aHariiriaiiiil,  mi  nrtcli'i'tliitf  lila  i>r  tlicir 
iluly.  aliiill,  fur  rviry  hihIi  uIT.  mi'.  Im'  ifiillty  nf 
hiilli  IrriiMiii.  anil  aliall  aiilTrr  llii'  |Miiiia  ami  |>i'n 
nllii's  Ihrrnif 

XXI  That  the  <'l<  rk.  calliit  tlii'  <  U  rk  nf  tin- 
('lanniiiiiniallh  in  (hanrrry  fur  tin' llnir  Inlnir, 
itml  all  iithira,  nhiiahall  afli  rwiirilai'Xiriili'  that 
iilllri'.  til  nhiiiii  till'  nliirna  aliall  Ih'  maili',  aliall 
fur  111!'  ni'VI  I'arllaniinl,  ami  thr  two  aiiccii'ilinK 
Triintilal  I'arlimnriila.  thr  next  day  uflir  ainh 
rt'tiirn.iirtifv  Ihi'  iiaint'sof  thcisi'vi'nil  pi'rai'iiHsii 
n'turiit'il.  ami  nf  .hi'  plaria  fnr  whirh  he  ami  tiny 
wtTi"  fhnii'n  n  ajM'ctivi'Iy,  untothi'  ('ntiiicir.  wlm 
■hull  piriiii'  till'  aalil  ntiirna.  anil  rxiiniiii' 
whi'tin  r  till'  piTuuia  an  clci  tcil  anil  ntnniiil  Im' 
am  h  aa  in  at.'''i'<  alili-  In  tin'  i|iialillralinna,  ami  mil 
ilkilili'il  II  la'i'hrtril:  ami  thai  I'Virv  piranii ami 
IHrsniia  IkIii^;  an  iliily  il  rtnl.  ami  IkIiih  at 
pnni'il  nf  liy  thr  inajnr  pari  nf  thi'  Cnuncil  to  i 
|H'rsnn-i  lint  ilisahlt'il.  Inn  i|Ualitli'il  aa  afnri'aalil. 
aliall  Ih'  i-sti-rinril  a  iin'mlaT  nf  Parllaiiimt,  ami  Ih' 
mliniilril  In  ait  in  I'arliunn'at.  ami  lint  iithirwiat'. 

XXII.  That  till'  {H'tanna  an  rhnm'ii  ami  nSMrni- 
lilnl  ill  inanni  r  afur'nalil,  nr  any  aixty  nf  lliriii. 
■hall  Ih'.  am!  In-  iliiimil  tlic  farliaimnt  nf  Kii;,'' 
■ami.  Sinlliinl,  ami  Iriliiml;  ami  Ilii'  aiipriini' 
k'Kialalivi'  pnwrr  tn  hi'  ami  ri'siili'  in  thr  l.nnl 
I'miirlnr  anil  suih  I'arliannnt,  in  inunmr  btrrin 
I'Xjin-^Mil 

XXIII.  That  Ihi'  l.nnl  I'rntii  tor,  with  the  ail 
viri-  III'  till-  inajnr  part  nf  1ln>  Cntiiuil.  shall  at 
any  ntlirr  liini'  than  is  Ufurr  I'Xprcswd,  wlnn 
till-  Mrii's^itiiH  nf  till'  Mali'  sh.ill  ri'ipiiri'  il,  aiiin- 
innn  rarlianiriila  in  niamii-r  lafuri'  cxpri-ssi'ii. 
wliiili  »liall  mil  III'  ai'lniirmil,  prnrnnnril,  nr  ilis 
■iiImiI  tviihniit  tlii'irn»n  rnnsriit,  iliirirn;  thr  lir>l 
tliri'i'  iiiiiiillii  nf  llirir  silting'.  .Viul  in  iiim'  nf 
fiitiiri'  vvar  Hitli  any  fnriii;n  Stati',  a  I'arliamrnl 
shall  111'  fiirtliwiiii  snininnm'il  fnr  tlii'ir  uilviri' 
com  iTuin::  thr  sanir, 

XXIV.  That  all  Hilla  aprciil  untn  by  tin'  Par- 
liarmnt.  •'hall  In-  pri-srnU'il  tn  tlir  l.nnl  I'rnti'rlnr 
fnr  Ilis  I  nnsiiil ;  ami  in  cai^i'  lir  shall  nnl  n'*'''  bix 
cnnsi  nl  llnnln  wilhin  Uvinly  ilays  afliT  liny 
■hall  hr  prrsintrij  In  him.  or  t^'Wf  Halisfarlliui 
In  ilii-  Parliaiiii-nl  ^'  ithin  tin-  tiiiic  tiniiti-il,  thai 
thin,  iipnn  ili'('la,..iinn  nf  tlii'  I'arliaini'nt  that 
tim  l.nnl  rnilKtnr  halh  imt  cimsi'nti'il  mir  ^'ivin 
auti.Hfactinn,  siirb  Kills  shall  pass  into  nnil  hi'- 
nunc  laws,  altliniii^li  lu' shall  not  ^ivu  his  oouM'tit 
thereunto:  pniviileil  siitli  Hills  enntain  nnthini.' 
Ill  tlii'in  contrary  to  the  iiiattcrs  cuutuiDcd  lu  tliCM; 
presents. 


XXV.  That  lllenry  Liiwrrnii,  r*n  ,  llnlip 
InnI  \la<'  l.jah'.  Ihe  niiijnra  Ki-iii'ml  Ijinii '  it 
IKalaimilKh,  i::ii|  Sklli|ioli,  llelll  ((■'■><'r»l  I'''' 
Kiaal,    thi'rnhmi'la  K.ilw     MnlllltttU,  I'hillp  .1 . 

ami  Will  ^<ylll'nbnln,  air  (llllart  I'lrkiriiii.'  ir 
•  h  WnU'liy,  mill  air  .\ntb  Aahlcy  ('iM>|,r 
liiiria  ,  Knimla  Itouaa',  laii  ,  H|H'iiki'r  of  the  !  iti 
Cniiveiitinh,  Walter  htrieklaml.  ami  Kil.  Mir 
eai|rs  I  —  nr  any  ai'Veti  nf  tlieiii.  aball  Ih'  aCi'iii.  i| 
fnr  ilh' piir|Hiaia  I'lpriaMil  in  Ibia  orllinc  i'  I 
npnii  the  ileiilh  nr  nllier  ninnval  nf  any  nf  il<  n 
till'  I'arliannnt  ahall  nnminali'  ait  peranii  I 
ability,  inli'irrlty.  ami  fiarlhir  •bal.  fnr  every     n. 

that  is  ileail  nr  relnnVeil  .   nut  nf  wbieh  the  III  I  !    r 

pari  nf  the  Cniim  il  ahall  elei  I   Iho.  ami  pn   <  hi 

lllein  In  the  l.nnl  I'mtl  ilnr.  nf  wllilb  be  -lull 
eleetnlle.  ami  ill  eilae  the  I'ariiiiniellt  ahall  i"  t 
nniiiinate  within  twinly  ilaya  after  niitire  uimii 
iintn  tlieni  lliennf.  the'inajiu  ••■•r{  nf  the  ('mni  il 
aball    nnniinate  three  as  n'  lil   tn  the    I  i  rl 

I'niteetnr.   wbn   nut  nf   tli  hall   aiipplv    iln 

vaeaiiey .  ami  until  Ibia  eliniee  be  tnaile,  the  n 
niainini^  purl  nf  I  lie  Cnltneil  aliall  eXeellle  aa  f  ilU 
ill  all  tlilnira,  iia  if  their  iiuinia  r  were  full  Vn  I 
ill  I  uai'  of  eiirruplinn,  nmlber  inlseurrluKe  in  nn 
nf  the  Cniim  il  III  tlieir  Iriial,  the  I'arlianieiil  -\,M 
appoint  ai'Veii  nf  their  iiuinlar,  unit  the  Cniihiil 
six,  wbn,  louilber  with  Ibe  l.nnl  ('hamil<'r 
l.nnl  Keeper,  nr  (ninmiaalnneni  nf  the  •'  eai  -'  il 
fnr  Ibe  linie  beinj.'.  aball  have  imwer  tn  Iiear  inl 
ileterniine  audi  inrruptlmi  uml  iniacarriaKi  el 
to  uwani  uml  InlHet  punishiin  it.  as  the  iialni'  <  f 
the  olTenee  aliall  ileaarve,  wbUb  punisbnienl  >liill 
not  1k'  panlnneil  nr  reinitteil  by  the  I.nnl  I'tn'ii 
tnr:  ami,  in  tin'  interval  nf  "urllanniits.  iln 
inajnr  part  nf  the  Cnum  11,  wii.i  tbu  consi  ni  ,  f 
the  l.onl  I'niteetnr,  inu\ ,  for  corruption  nr  "i In  r 
niisiarriaiie  as  afnreaadl.  aiiapemi  any  nf  ilnir 
nunilH'r  fnmi  the  exercise  nf  tncir  trust,  if  ili  y 
shall  Iiml  it  just,  until  the  matter  aball  Ih'  Im  irl 
anil  eX'  inineil  as  afnrcsaitl. 

XXVI.  That  the  l,nnl  I'nileetnr  ami  the  m  1 1' r 
part  nf  the  I'nuneil  afnresalil  may,  at  any  iim 
iK'fnre  the  .iieeliiii:  nf  Ibe  next  I'ar'iamenI  ill 
tn  the  Cnuneil  .s'lrh  •-  r.,  t  'liey  slial'  "  k 
lit,  prnvlileil  the  iiuinU'r  i.,  lin'  Cniiiuil  I"  ij  t 
maiie  thereby  tn  exeeeil  twenty  one,  aiul  Hn 
ipioruni  tn  1h'  pniportinmsl  ucrnr.ilngly  by  'In 
l.onl  I'niteetnr  and  the  iiiajnr  purt  of  the  <  i" 
eil. 

XXVII.  That  a  eniistant  vearlv  nn-enue  -lull 
1m'  raiseil.  sellleil.  ami  eslablisbeil  for  iiiain!  i::i 
Ipj;  of  lU.iaK)  bnrse  anil  ilnmiams  ami  .''I'lim 
fiMil.  in  Kiiulanil.  .Senllaml  ami  Inhiml.  f<  r  'Ik 
ilefeiiee  ami  Heeurity  tlien'nf,  ami  also  fnr  .t  i  ii 
venieiitnunila'rnt  aliipa  fur  j;uanlini;nf  till  -  - 
U'siili'H  f'.'lHI.IKIO  per  aniiiini  fnr  ilefrayin-  'In 
nilnr  iieeessiary  eliarp-s  nf  aili'iinistnilinn  ii  :''- 
lire,  ami  nlher  expinses  nf  the  (Jnvenin  ' 'i'. 
w  liieli  r-'venue  sliall  Im*  raiseil  by  the  eii-'  u«, 
anil  snebntlier  V,  ays  ami  means  as 'ball  he  a  "I 
ii|M)n  by  the  l,nnl  I'rnteetor  ami  tlie  ('nuin  il  I 
shall  nnt  he  taken  away  nr  iliininislieil,  ii':  '1" 
way  afineil  upon  f  ir  raising  the  same  al  'I 
but"  by  the  eniisint  of  the  I,orit  I'mtectoraii';  l" 
Parliament 

XXVIII.  That  the  aaiil  yearly  revenue  .  iH 
1k' paiil  inin  the  public  treasury,  ami  slu  'i 
issueil  nut  fnr  the  uses  uforeHuiil. 

XXIX.  That  in  ease  there  shall  not  1 .-i- 

hereafter  to  keep  up  so  gn'at  a  defence  In  i' 
land  nr  sea,  hut  that  there  Ih'  anabatcirent  i  i  " 
tberenf,  the  money  which  will  be  saved  Ih-  •  ''y 


tlG 


f 

i 

i 


'«» 


KNOLANI),  IMS 


tHBtntrnttnl 
nf  (VuvmiHMnI 


KNOLAMfV   laSii 


■ball  n-m»ln  In  Unk  for  lltp  mililU-  •••rvlr.'.  miil 
nol  !»•  rmliliiynl  I"  »n»  "llwr  iiw  liiit  l>v  n.ii 
■rill  '•(  I'urllamrnt.  nr,  In  Uib  lnlrrv»N  "f  l*»rll» 
mriit.  Iiy  •hi'  I'""'  I'T'iUTtnr  iinil  nmjnr  |mrt  nf 
itw  < I'll  ^  .       ,  , 

XXX.  Tliiil  tlw  rulnInK  I'f  iin  my  i>ir  ilifriiy 
Iiii{|i»i  iniritf  lift  III' iiri'innlrjtrtMirillimry  (iircf«, 
Imtli  ul  Mil  siiil  litnil.  Ill  rcniKi I  iif  III!'  |pri Mill 
»iir«,  «liiill  I"'  liy  niMwiit  of  VurlhiiiHiil.  lUiil  imt 
,,ih.r«tiK-  m\f  only  Unit  llii'  bml  I'rnliiicir, 
«iili  till'  rollout  iif  llif  iimjor  luirt  i>f  llii'  Couii 
ril  f'T  |iri  viiilliiK  llir  ilioirilrn  iin^l  iluiini  r« 
whiili  iniitlil  "thrrwlw  full  "iit  IkiIIi  liy  wii  iiiiil 
liiiiil  "linll  Imvf  |iiiw<T,  iiiilil  till-  mii'lliiu'  "f  lln' 
lir«i  I'lirlliiiiii  111.  I"  rulw  nimiiy  f"r  Ihi-  puriicmiH 
Hfnri  villi,  tiixl  uUii  til  miiki'  liiwii  timl  nnlliiiinriK 
(iir  III"'  iiriin'  mill  wilfiirr  of  tliiM'  iiaiioin  «lii  rr 
It  kIiuII  Im'  iiiri'SKiiry  wliirli  uliiill  Im'  MihIIiik  iiiiiI 
ill  frir.  iiiilll  iinirr  kIiiiII  Ih'  tiiki'ii  In  I'lirllaiiiiiit 
loMciriiliiif  thf  •iiiii*' 

XXXI.  TIml  till'  liuiiU.  Iiiifniiiii'*.  niilH,  roy 
altiii.  jiirUlliiimiK  lUiil  luriiUutim  ntn  wlili  li  rr 
iiiiilii  \it  uiiiiilil  or  iiiiilMiioitcil  of,  h_v  Art  or 
iir.liiiiiHi'  of  I'lirlliiiiiiiil,  l»  loiiuiiitf  to  till'  foiii 

ivMiilili  (1  Jiii|it  till'  fori-il<  iiinl  ili.iwn,  mill 

ihr  lioiioiirit  mid  miinors  iHlonL'tiiK  to  lii<' hiiiiii'; 
thr  laii.lnof  till'  rt'lK'ln  In  Iriliiml.  lyiiitl  In  tin- 
four  roiintliii  of  Diililln.  Cork.  Kllilari'.  mnl  Cur 
lo»  .  till'  liiiiiln  forfi'lliil  liy  llir  (xiiiili'  of  Slot 
hiiul  in  till'  lull'  wiim.  iiinl  ilmi  lln^  hiinU  of  I'u 
[li.'t*  uikI  ill  llni|iK'nlii  In  Kntflainl  wlio  liiivi'  not 
jil  roniiKiiiniliil),  uliiill  Ih'  vi'Kti'il  in  tlii'  Ijinl 
I'n'tntnr.  to  liolil.  to  liini  unit  IiI.h  surn'won*. 
Lorili  I'roii'i'inni  of  tliiM'  luitioni.  niiil  xliull  not 
In-  iilii  null  il  but  liy  I'onM'nt  in  I'lirliiiini'nt  Anil 
ull  ilrliiK,  Hill's,  IsNiU's.  Hini'rrrmi'iits.  |i<'nullii'Nunil 
[irolin,  irrtiiiii  uiiil  iukuuI.  iliU'  to  tlir  Ki riii  rt  of 
till  lllN'riirmif  Entflunil  liy  uiilliorlty  of  rurliii 

nt.  kIiiiII  1k'  iliii'  to  till'  l.onl  I'rotiitor.  mnl  U- 

|m)iil>li'  Inio  iliU  |ililillr  ri  ri  i|it,  mnl  nliull  Im'  ri' 
coviri'il  utii'  iiroM'i'titril  in  liin  ntiini'. 

XXXII.  Ilmt  thi'  otil.iof  I,onl  I'mtictiirovcr 
tlicv  ii.itionn  iiliull  Ih-  t-lri'tlvi'  uiiil  imt  hircili 
!:ir)  ,  iiiiii  npon  tlii'  iliutli  of  tin'  l/oril  I'mtiitor, 
unoili.  rtll  piT'ion  nliiiU  Im'  forthwith  cliTti-il  to 
sii'TM'i  liini  in  til*' "ovi-rniiicii' :  wliii-h  rinlinn 
>li:ill  Ik-  1i\  tin-  Connril.  who.  iininr.li.i  i-'y  nii.»i 
llir  ill  ;illi  of  till'  I,onl  I'riiticlor,  ►hull  u»w-inlili- 
lii  llii-  Cli;imln-r  wlirri-  tln-y  nsiiuUy  sit  in  Cmin 
111.  iinl,  li.iviii;;  Kivi-n  notii'i'  to  all  llii-ir  nninlH-rs 
of  III.'  1:01"'  of  tln-ir  as-si'inlilin^r.  siiall.  la-in^ 
tiMrtiin  at  nasi  pri'M'nt,  priH'ii'il  to  thi'  ili-rtioii ; 
iiirl    I'l  fori' they  ili'purt  thi' saiil  CliainlKr.  shall 

*  I' '  I  a  tit  i'lrson  to  biu'i-i-t'il  in  thi'  (lovrriinit-nt. 
:ri'l  T'lrihwiiii  raii'M'  priK-l.-iniation  thrrrof  to  Im- 
III  I'll  ill  ;ill  llir  lliri-r  nut  ions  as  shall  hr  ri-i)iiisiti' ; 
iiiil  ilii-  pi  r«on  that  thi'V.  or  thr  major  )iart  of 
III.  in,  shall  ill  I't  as  afori'saiil.  slinll  In-,  ami  shall 
I"  i:iIm'Ii  to  Im*,  l.onl  Prolfi-tor  imr  iIu'm'  nations 
"f  r.iiulanil,  Sciiilanil  anil  Irrlainl,  ami  tin-  ilo- 
ini'iioiis  iliiTito  InhinK'inir.  I'roviih-l  that  noni' 
"f  III"  ihililri'ii  of  till'  lati'  Kin;,',  m  r  any  of  his 
ll'i''  ir  fiiniilv.  Im'  ili'ctcil  to  li|.  Uoril  I'roti'Ctor  or 
I'l"  r  (  hii'f  Slairistniti'  ovrrthrsi'  nulions.  or  any 
ini-  'I'lMiiiiioiis  tiiiTi-to  lH'loni;inp.  Anil  until  thr 
:il.  iis.iiil  I  iiition  111'  past,  thi'  Cminril  shall  takr 
'  II"  '  f  ila-  (iovi  rnniint.  and  udniinistrr  in  nil 
III!  iL".  IS  fully  as  thi'  Lonl  I'roli'rtor,  or  the 
I.  r.|  I'roiirtor  and  Council  an-  cnaliU-il  to  do. 

XXXIII.  That  OlivirCroniHi-ll.  I'liptuin-lJcn- 

•  Ml  nf  Ih,'  ^,r(.e.  of  E!!i:!:i!ii!.  Si'iithmd  and  Irti- 


■'■'.   shiill   he,    Hiul    is   liiri'ljy   iliilared  to  be 
' ;!  I'rnlt'ctor  of  the  CouimouweuItU  of  Enc 


laiul.  Hi'ollamI  anil   Irrlnnd.  awl  Ihc  domlnkin* 
thi'n-tii  U'liinulnit.  for  liia  llfr 

XXXIV.  TIml  till' (Imnii'Uor.  K>'r|HTor('iim 
nilaaliiiH'ra  of  the  lln'at  Hral,  the  Tri'iiaunr,  Ait 
iiilnil,  Chh'f  tlovirinira  of  Iri-luiul  mid  Hi  otiand, 
unit  tile  Chh'f  Jiiatiris  of  IhiIIi  the  llein  In's,  uliall 
III'  i'hown  by  the  iipprolmtlon  of  I'arllmnenl, 
..ml.  In  the  intervals  of  rarliaiinnt.  by  the  ap 
proliiitliin  of  the  inajor  part  of  the  Coiinill.  to  Ik' 
afterwards  aiiprovi  d  by  the  i'urliainent 

XXXV.  'I  hut  the  (  hristian  nlluloii.  as  mn 
t..liiid  In  the  Kiripliires.  !«'  held  forth  and  ne 
oinnii'iiileit  iM  the  piiblle  profesMton  of  ilii'M' 
natioiiN.  and  that,  as  aiMin  us  may  Ik,  a  p.ovU 
ion,  less  aiilijii  t  to  siriiple  unit  lonientloii.  ami 
inore  lerlain  than  the  preai'iit,  lie  niuile  for  the 
I  iii'ourak'i  inent  and  inaintenum'i-  of  able  unit 
pulnful  teal  hi  rs,  for  the  limtriii  tini;  the  puple. 
mid  for  discovery  and  innfiilation  of  error,  lure 
by.  unit  whulevir  is  eontrary  to  sound  dis'trine; 
mid  until  siieli  provision  Ih'  inaile.  the  preaant 
nialiiti  nnnee  aliull  not  W  tukiii  away  or  iin 
[Hal  hill. 

XXXVI.  That  to  till,  pu.ilii  profi'Ksion  liehl 
forth  none  shall  Ih'  eoinpi  Hi  d  bv  |»  nalties  or 
ollierwiae,  but  thai  endeavours  Ih'  u  .id  to  win 
them  by  aoiinit  doi-triiie  ami  the  exmnple  of  a 
giaal  I'onverHatioii. 

XXXVII.  Thul  aui  h  us  profess  fuilli  in  (list 
by  .lesus  Christ  (though  ililTerini;  in  Jildiiment 
from  the  diH'trine.  worship  or  disi'lpllne  pulillilv 
held  forth)  ahull  not  Is'  n-strulm-d  from,  but  shull 
Ih'  proteeted  In.  the  pnifession  of  tin'  faith  unil 
I'Xeri-isii  of  their  reli).don .  so  its  tin-y  iibuati 
not  this  lllK-.tv  to  the  i Ivll  Injury  of  iilhers  ami 
to  tin' uetiiii!  ilistiirbanie  of  the  puliHe  peaie  on 
tlnir  part .:  provldeil  this  lilM-rty  Ih'  not  eslended 
111  l'o|M-ry  or  I'relaiy.  imr  to  sin  U  us.  under  the 
pnifession  of  Christ,  hohl  fortli  unit  priielli-P 
fiei'iitiousni'HS. 

XXXVIII.  That  all  laws,  statutes  ami  ordl 
nanees,  unit  cluusi'S  in  iiny  law,  statute  or  ordl 
mini-e  to  the  eontrary  of" the  aforesaid  liberty, 
shall  Is'  esleeined  as  null  and  void 

XXXIX.  That  the  Aits  and  Ordinanies  of 
I'arliaineiit  inaile  for  the  side  or  other  disposithin 
of  the  lands,  n-i.  I  liereditaineiils  of  tlie  lute 
Kiln.',  liiieeii,  anil  rrinie,  of  .\ri  hbishops  and 
Itishops,  <.Ve  ,  Deans  and  Cha|i|i  rs,  tlie  lands  of 
ili'liiniuenls  and  forest  lands,  or  any  of  them,  or 
of  any  other  lands,  teni'inents,  rnils  iind  hereilitu 
ini-nts  Is'toiii^ini^  to  the  Coinnionwealth,  shall 
nowise  be  inipiaihid  or  made  inv.ilid,  lait  shall 
remain  pnsl  unit  llriii;  and  that  the  sii  urities 
(.'ivin  by  Alt  and  Onlinanee  of  I'urliannnt  for 
any  sum  or  suins  of  money,  by  any  of  the  said 
lands,  the  e.xiise,  or  any  other  piiblii  revenue; 
and  also  the  si'iurities  >:iven  by  tlie  iiublie  fuilti 
of  the  nation,  and  the  enL'uixemeiit  of  the  piiblle 
faith  for  satisfaetiou  of  debts  and  damiiL'i's,  sliall 
remain  linn  and  pMsl,  and  not  be  iiiadi'  void  and 
invalid  upon  any  pretenee  wliatsis'Ver. 

XL.  That  the  .Vrtleles  (•iveii  to  or  niude  with 
the  enemy,  and  afterwunis  eontiriued  by  I'arlia 
ment,  shall  be  perforined  and  ninde  ^'issl  to  the 
persons  eoni-erind  therein;  and  that  sueh  appeals 
as  were  depeiKlin);  in  the  last  Parliament  for  re 
lief  (omerninc  bills  of  sab'  of  ilelini|Ui'nt's  estates, 
iii.iy  U'  lieant  and  deterniined  the  iie.\t  ['arlla 
melit,  anythini;  in  this  writing  or  otherwine  to 
tlie  eontrary  notwithstHndinir 

XLI.  That  every  successive  l.onl  I'niloclo' 
over   these  nutious  shull   take   unit   aubocribe 


9i7 


it 


ENOLANI).  lew 


The  Protector'f 
Hoi'erttmmt. 


ENGLAND.  1854-1858. 


1? 


ik'Icmn  oatli,  in  the  presence  of  the  Council,  nnd 
•lull  otliers  as  tliey  aliull  call  to  them,  tlmt  he 
will  swk  the  peace,  ii.iiet  and  welfare  of  tliew 
nations,  causi'  law  and  justice  to  l>e  e(|ually  ad- 
ministered: and  that  he  will  not  violate  or  in- 
fringe the  matters  and  thinfrs  contained  in  this 
writin;;.  and  in  all  other  tliinKs  will.  lohisiMiwer 
and  to  the  best  of  his  uiiderstandinK,  govern 
these  nations  accordln;,'  tollii'  laws,  statutes  and 
customs  thereof. 

XLII.  That  erich  person  of  the  Council  shall. 
iH'forc  Ihiy  enter  upon  their  trust,  take  and  sul>- 
scrilie  an  oalli,  that  they  will  1k'  true  and  faith 
ful  in  their  trust,  accoiilini;  to  tlic  best  of  their 
kni>wledge;  and  that  in  the  election  of  every 
successive  Lord  Protector  Ihey  shall  proceed 
therein  impartially,  and  do  noliiin).'  therein  for 
any  prornisi'.  fear,  favour  or  reward, 

A.  D.  1654.— Re-conquest  of  Acadia  (Nova 
Scotia).    Sic  Nova  .Siotia;  .N    I)   Iti'.'l-HitW. 

A.  D.  1654  (April).—  Incorporation  of  Scot- 
land Wfith  the  Commonwealth.  Sec  S(oti.ani): 
A    1)    Hm4, 

A.  D.  1654-1658.— The  Protector,  his  Parlia- 
ments and  his  Major-Generals.— The  Humble 
Petition  and  Advice.  -Differing  views  of  the 
Cromwellian autocracy.—" till vcraddrcsMil  his 
tirst  Protectorate  Parliament  on  Sunday,  the  lid 
of  Sci)teinber,  ,  .  ,  Inunedijttely.  under  the  leader- 
ship of  old  ParlianiciUarians.  Ila.slerij;,  Sciitt. 
(Jradshaw.  and  many  other  republicans,  the  House 
proceeded  tofiebrte  (lie  Iiislrunu'Ut  of  (Jovern 
mcnt.  the  coii^ititulional  basis  of  the  c.vistinir  sys 
teni.  By  live  votes,  it  decided  todiscuss  '  whether 
the  House  should  approve  of  froveriuneiit  by  a 
Single  Person  and  a  Parliament.'  This  was  of 
course  lo  set  up  the  priiuiple  of  nuikini;  the  Kx- 
ecutive  dependent  on  the  Hou.sc ;  a  principle,  in 
Oliver's  mind,  fatal  to  settlement  ami  order.  He 
acteil  at  once.  Calling  on  tla  Lord  Mayor  to  .se- 
cure the  city,  andilisposini:  Lis  own  guard  round 
Westminster  Hall,  he  sunnnoned  tlu;  Hon.se  again 
on  the  Ulh  day.  .  .  .  Members  were  called  on  to 
sign  a  declaration.  '  not  to  alter  the  government 
as  settled  in  a  Single  Person  and  a  I'arliament.' 
Sonic  8(KI  signed;  llie  minority  —  about  a  fourth 
—  refused  anil  rciiri-d,  .  .  ,  The  Parliament,  in 
spile  of  the  declanilion.  se"  itself  from  the  llrst 
lo  discuss  the  constitution,  to  punish  lierelics, 
siippriss  bla-.pluniy.  revi>e  tla  Ordinances  of  the 
Council;  and  they  deliberati'ly  withheld  all  sup- 
plies for  tlie  services  and  the  government.  At 
hist  lie  y  passed  an  Act  for  rcviMii;:  llic  constitu- 
tion d<  nov(».  Not  a  siiiltIc  bill  had  been  sent  up 
to  the  i'rotcctftr  for  bis  iissciit,  Oliver,  as  usual, 
acted  al  once.  On  the  (  xpiralion  of  their  live 
lunar  mnriths,  *,2',M  .laiiuarv  lt)."i."i.  he  sueimoned 
the  HoiiNi  mill  ,lix^,,lveil  it,'  «iili  a  spiccli  full  of 
riproaclii>  ■  1",  ll.'irriM>ii.  iilinr  I'mmml/,  eh. 
11,  -111  lil.")i;.  I  he  I'roiecior  called  a  second  P;ir- 
liamcnt,  lly  e.vcludinir  from  it  .-ibout  a  hundred 
n\enibers  witoni  he  ju-iucd  lo  be  hostile  to  his 
go\ernment,  iie  found  liim-^elf  <in  amicable  tirms 
with  the  new  a>M  nibly.  It  pn'x'Uled  to  liim  a 
Humble  I'l'tiiiouaiiil  .Vdvicr.  askini;  that  ortain 
clianL'csof  the  Constitution  mi^'ht  1k'  airn'cd  to 
tiy  iriiiTind  consent,  aiul  that  he  should  assume 
the  title  of  Kiiur,  This  litl^  h,.  rejected,  and  the 
Humble  Petition  and  .\dvin  was  passed  in  an 
uniendeil  form  on  M:iy  U'.").  lii,")7.  and  at  once  re- 
ceived llie  assent  of  the  Prolector.  On  .lune  'Jit, 
It  was  moditied  in  some  details  by  the  Additional 
Petition  ami  Advice,      Paking  the  two  together, 


the  result  was  to  enlarge  the  power  of  Parliament 
anil  lo  diminish  that  of  tin*  Council.  The  Pro 
leclor,  in  turn,  received  the  right  of  appointing 
his  successor,  and  to  name  the  iife-memlH'rs  of 
'the  other  House.'  \Nhicli  was  now  to  tjike  llie 
place  of  the  House  of  Ijonis.  .  .  .  In  accorilarici 
with  the  Aihlitioual  Petition  ami  Advice,  the 
Protector sinnnioned  '<'ertain  persons  to  sit  inliie 
other  Hou.se'  A  quarrel  iK'tween  thetwo  lions,  s 
broke  out.  and  the  Protector  (Feb,  4.  1B5HJ  ili- 
solved  the  Parliament  in  anger" — S,  K,  (iariliMiT. 
C'Hixt.  Ihir'H  nf  tttf  Pun'hlli  lit  rttlnti"ii,  pp.  hin 
Uir.,  nnd  ;!;i4-l!")0,  —  "To  govern  according  lo 
law  may  sometimes  Ik-  an  usurper's  wish,  bul  1  111 
seldom  be  in  his  power.  The  jirotector  jin  KI.-m] 
abandoned  all  thought  of  it.  Dividing  the  kiiiu' 
lioin  into  districts,  lie  plai'ed  at  the  head  of  c-u  li 
a  major  general  as  u  sort  of  mililary  niagistraii , 
responsible  for  the  subjectimi  of  his  prefi-clun- 
These  were  eleven  in  number,  men  bitterly  Im- 
tile  to  the  royalist  party,  and  insolent  towariU 
all  ( ivil  aiilliority.  They  were  employ,  d  I"  si' 
cure  the  paynnnl  of  a  tax  of  10  |ier  eciil,,  im 
posed  by  Cromwcli's  arbilrary  will  on  those  win. 
liad  ever  sideil  wiili  thi'  king  during  the  l:i!i' 
wars,  where  tlicir  estates  exieeded  a: lOli  per  an 
num.  The  inajor-,!;encrals.  in  their  correspoii 
dence  prinled  among  Thurloe's  papers,  tlisplay  ■! 
rapacity  aiiti  oppression  beyond  their  masl*  r  > 
,  .  .  All  illusion  was  now  gone  as  to  tin-  pri' 
tended  benelils  of  the  civil  war.  It  liad  iinli  d 
in  a  desooiisin.  compared  to  wliich  all  the  illi  ;;:il 
practices  of  former  kings,  all  tli;it  had  cost  Clc  i  !i  s 
his  life  and  crown,  appeared  as  dust  in  'In- 
balance.  For  wiiat  was  ship-money,  a  gcmiiil 
biirlhen.  by  the  .side  of  the  present  liecinialiuii  1  f 
a  single  class.  whos<'  olTcnce  had  long  been  i  \ 
pialed  by  a  composition  and  clTaci'.!  by  an  art  .'t 
indemnlly  V  or  were  the  excessive  punislimt  nu 
of  the  star-ehaniber  so  (slious  as  the  capital  1  m 
cutions  inflict!  il  withmit  trial  by  pcirs.  wlieiieM  r 
it  suited  the  usurper  to  erect  his  high  court  .1 
justice'/  ,  ,  .  1  cannot  ,  .  .  agre*' in  the  prais.s 
which  have  Iwen  showered  upon  Cromwell  fur 
the  just  adniiiiislralion  of  tlie  laws  under  his  1!  1 
million.  That,  between  party  and  party,  tin-  ,>r 
dinary  civil  riijbts  of  men  were  fairly  dealt  wiiii, 
is  no  extraoidinary  praisi-;  and  it  may  be  :v\ 
mitled  that  he  tilled  the  benches  of  ju.slice  \\\\\\ 
able  lawyers,  though  not  so  1  'iisiderable  asllj.'si 
of  tile  reign  of  Ciiarles  H,  ;  but  it  is  nianit' st 
thai,  so  far  as  his  own  aiitiiorily  was  eonci  rm  '1, 
no  hereditary  despot.  ]irond  in  the  crimes  .!  a 
hund.td  anccslors.  could  more  liavi'  spurner!  :it 
every  limitation  than  tliis  soldier  of  .1  cniiiin  :i 
wcafth,  '--11.  Hallam.  C.'/i»f,  llht.  nf  H„:i..rl,  m, 
pi.  '.2— "Croniwell  was.  and  felt  himself  lo  In  :i 
dictalor  called  in  by  the  winning  cause  in  ,1  ii  \'' 
lulion  lo  resliire  conliileni-e  and  sei-urr  peai  r  III 
was,  as  lie  said  frenuenlly,  '  llie  Cmislablr  ~.  '  ■■■ 
keep  order  ill  ihe  Parish.'  Nor  was  he  in  ,i!iv 
sinsf  ii  niilibiry  despot.  .  ,  .  Never  did  ;i  rn'ir 
invested  Willi  absolule  power  and  ovi  rwheliin;,;; 
military  force  mure  olistinately  slrive  lo  snrn.'u.ii 
his  authority  witli  legal  limilsand  Parli.iiin  11'  I'l 
control," — K,  lIarri;-ion.  ItUrrr  Cr'Hiiin/r.  .■' ,  II 
—  "To  this  condilioii.  tlicn.  England  w;is  ;i  u 
reduced.  Afler  the  gallamest  light  for  lil"'!> 
thai  had  ever  lucn  fought  by  any  nalioii  in  I'lr 
world,  she  found  herself  trampled  under  fm!  I'V 
a  mililary  despot,      .\l!  vici'S  of  old  kii!    ,v 

rule  v.-.-ri'  icjihiuL'  I'-s  wl;        -is  now  iii'.posed  i;     'i 
h<r." — J.  Forsler,  Slutes         .J' the Commonirti.^.'i: 


918 


i 


ENGLAND,  1654-1858. 


Hetioratiim  '>/  the 
Sluarlt. 


ENGLAND,  1658-1660. 


Crnmirelt  — "Ilia  [Cromwoll'8]  wish  Ecems  to 
hull'  iKi'n  to  govern i-onstitutionaUy,  unil  to  siib- 
stituli'  Ihi-  empire  of  tlie  laws  (or  that  of  the 
8«i>rcl.  Hut  lie  wxrti  found  that,  hated  as  he 
was,  iHith  1)V  Hovallsts  and  Presbyterians,  lie 
coiiM  1k'  safe'only  liy  lieinR  nbsohite.  .  .  .  Tliosc 
si>lili>rs  «ho  would  not  siiiTer  him  to  assume  tlu^ 
kiiiL'l.v  lille.  stoiKl  liy  him  when  he  ventured  on 
;„t,"of  power  !i8  h'Kh  lis  any  English  kin^  Iiih 
HIT  iill(iii|.te<l.  The  pivernnient,  '.li  ifore, 
IhniiL'li  in  form  a  r'pnblie.  was  in  'n  1'.  i  ■' 
|i.iiisni.  niiHliT'.ted  only  by  tliew'  'in  ,'u.  -u. 
liriilv  :iii(l  the  maKnunimlty  of  .  >  ilisMol."- 
I.onl' Miieauliiv,  Jli'l.  '/A'",'/..  <•''■ 

A.  D.  1655-1658.— War  wit  Sp.^n,  alli- 
ance with  France.— Acquisition  '  U  ■  .^cirk.  - 
■Thou^'li  Uie  (iermuii  war  |'tlie  Mii.u  Vi'.ii.' 
War.'  coiiiludeil  in  HMH  by  the  Treaiy  ...'  W; 
lihiiliiij  WiiH  over,  llie  stnii.'f.'le  between  Friinee 
ami  Spain  wa.i  coniinned  with  jrreal  aninioHity, 
tacli  iimntrv  striving  to  enisli  her  rival  and  be- 
(i.iiii-  the  tirst  power  in  Europe.  Holb  Louis 
XIV.  and  Philip  IV.  of  Spain  were  liiddinj,'  for 
!!«■  protiTtur's  support.  Spain  olTi'ri'd  the  pos- 
so.simi  of  Calai.s  wlien  taken  from  Franee' 
Knincc  111!'  possession  of  Dunkirk  wlien  taken 
fri'Mi  Spain  (Ki.'i.'i)  Cromwell  determined  to  ally 
liiiiivlf  Willi  Franee  again.st  Spain.  ...  It  was 
ill  ilii-  Wisl  Indies  tliat  the  obstructive  policy  of 
Sp.iiii  I  aim-  most  into  eollision  with  tlie  interests 
of  Kn^'laiid.  Ib'rkinirs  based  their  claims  to  llie 
piw.i»iiin  of  two  couiinents  <in  the  bull  of  Pope 
.Mi'vaiulir  VI.,  who  in  14'J3  had  granted  them  all 
laiiil^  lliiy  should  discover  from  pole  to  pole,  at 
thf  di<liimr  of  I(K)  leat;iics  west  from  the  Azores 
uiiil  (ape  Vcrd  Islands.  On  the  streninth  of  this 
liull  tley  held  that  the  di.scowry  of  an  island 
pivc  Ihiiii  the  right  to  the  group,  the  discovery 
iif  a  liiaillaiid  the  right  to  a  eontiiient.  Though 
lliisnioiislrous claim liadiiuite  lirokenchiwnasfar 
IS  the  North  American  continent  was  concerned. 
tlir  Spaniards,  still  recognizing  '  no  peace  beyond 
till'  liiii'.'  (udeuvoured  to  shut  all  Europeans 
liiit  till  iiisclves  out  of  any  share  in  the  trade  or 
('iilnni/aiion  of  at  least  the  southern  haif  of  the 
Nfw  World.  .  .  .  While  war  was  now  pro- 
1  laiiiud  whh  Spain,  a  treaty  of  peace  was  signed 
in  rween  France  and  England,  Louis  XI\'.  agree- 
ing to  bullish  t,'harles  Stuart  and  his  brothers 
from  French  territory  (Oct.  i-t,  lft,>'>).  This 
Iriaty  was  afterwards  changed  into  a  league, 
nireiisivc  and  defensive  (March  2;!,  10.")7).  Crom- 
wi'Il  unilertaking  to  assist  Louis  with  U.OtW  men 
ill  be^ir-iri!;  Gravelines,  .Mardyke.  and  Dunkirk. 
on  iniiilitir.n  of  receiving  the  two  latter  towns 
wliinnihiiiil  by  the  allied  armies.  Uythe  ih'cu- 
paiioii  of  these  towns  Cnmiwell  inteniied  to  con- 
trol tlie  trade  of  the  Cliannel,  to  hold  the  Dutch 
in  1  lii'i  k.  who  were  then  but  unwilling  friends, 
atul  Id  1.  ssen  the  danger  of  invasion  from  any 
iiiiiun  i.f  Itivyalists  and  Spaniards.  The  war 
I'luii.  d  in  the  year  Ifi.'iT  [.lamaiea.  how<'Ver,  had 
alnaily  l»  "n  taken  from  the  Spaniards  and  St. 
l)niiiiii_-,i  attack('d|.  with  another  trium|ih  liv 
.s.:i  ■  This  was  Blake's  last  exploit.  Ileattai  keil 
■y.id  ill  ,^troyl■d  the  Spanish  liullion  Ih'et,  from 
M''':ii  '.  ill  the  harlHir  of  Santa  Cruz,  island  of 
Ti'iii  rilfe,  and  silenced  the  forts  which  guarded 
it      '!  he  j;ri'at  sea  captain   died  cm   his  voyage 


.  after  .striking  this  bhnv.     The  next  spring 

sieL'c  of   Dunkirk  was  commenced  (.May, 

The  Spaniards  tried  to  n'lieve  the  town, 

ire  lompietely  defeated  in  an  eugugenient 


oalleil  the  Battle  of  the  Diinea  from  the.<uind  hills 
among  which  it  was  fought :  the  defeat  was  mainly 
owing  to  the  courage  and  discipline  of  Olivers 
troops,  who  won  for  Ihemsi'lves  the  nume  of  'the 
Immortal  Six  Thoiisaud.'  .  .  .  Ten  days  after 
the  battle  Dunkirk  surrendered,  and  the  French 
had  no  ihoice  but  to  give  over  to  the  English 
ambassador  the  keys  of  a  tow  11  they  thought  '  un 
si  lion  iiioreeau  '  (.lune  »'.■;>. " — H.  .\l.  Cordery  and 
.1.  S.  Phillpolts.  Kiii'jiiiiit  ('•niimiiiiirinlll,,  I'li.  \T>. 
Also  in.-  T.  Carh  le.  Olirrr  CruiniriirH  /.titen 
,,•■■■/  Simrliin,  hk.  it.'  i-i^,,-/,  .")  (imt  U:  VI.  lilteri 
'.'■■'•  ",. — I.  CamplHll,  \.(/.(/  IIM.  of  <;i.  II., 
ill.  ' ".  .,r.  2).— .1.  Wavlen,  Tin'  Ilmiiir  of  i'fntiiiriU 
■  lu  ■  "»'  Sli.ni  i.f  Diiiikirk:  jiji.  173-272.— W.  11. 
1!:  .1.  Iliiliit' llliiki.  ch.  y-10— D.  Ilannav, 
.b  unit  lUiiki.  eh.  U-11.— See,  also,  Fii.\nck; 
V.  D.  ll).M-l(i,->x. 

,^.  D.  1658-1660.— The  fall  of  the  Protector- 
ate and  Restoration  of  the  Stuarts.— King 
Charles  II.— When  Oliver  Cromwill  died,  on 
the  ;iil  day  of  .September,  Um-s  —  the  anniversary 
of  his  victories  at  Dunbar  and  at  Worcester  —  his 
eldest  son  Itichard,  whom  he  had  nominated,  it 
was  said,  on  his  that h  bed,  was  proclaimed  Pro- 
tector, and  succeeded  him  "as  quietly  as  any 
King  iiad  e\('r  been  succeeded  by  any  i*rince  of 
Wales.  During  live  mom  lis.  the  administratioQ 
of  liichard  Cromwell  wiiit  on  so  tran(|uilly  and 
regularly  that  all  Europe  believed  liim  to  be 
liriuly  established  on  the  cli.dr  of  state."  Hut 
Hichard  had  none  of  his  father's  genius  or  per- 
sonal power,  and  the  discontents  and  jealousies 
whii'li  the  former  bad  rigorously  suppressed  .sisin 
tos.seil  the  latter  from  his  unstable  throne  by  their 
tierce  upheaval.  lie  summoned  a  new  Parliament 
(.Ian.  2;,  l(i."iib.  which  recognized  and  contirmed 
his  authority,  tiiough  cotUaining  a  powerful  op- 
position, of  uncompromisiii!.'  republicans  and 
secret  royalists,  iiut  the  army,  which  the  gnat 
Protector  had  tamed  to  submissive  obedience, 
was  now  stirred  inio  mischievous  action  once 
more  as  a  politiial  power  in  llie  stale,  subservient 
to  the  ambition  of  Fleelwooil  and  other  com- 
manders. HIcliard  Cromwell  could  not  make 
himself  the  master  of  his  falher's  battalions. 
"  He  was  used  by  the  army  as  an  instrument  for 
the  purpose  of  di.ssolving  the  Parliament  [.\pril 
22],  and  was  then  contempt uousl_\'  thrown  aside. 
Tlie  ollicers  gratilied  their  repulilican  allies  liy 
declaring  that  the  evpulsioii  of  tlie  Hump  had 
been  illegal,  and  by  invitiiur  that  assembly  to  re- 
sume its  fiuietiims.  The  old  Speaker  and  a 
(luoruni  of  the  old  members  came  togetiu'r  l.^Iay 
y]  and  were  proclaimed,  amidst  the  scarcely 
slitled  derision  and  execration  of  the  whole  na- 
tion, the  supreme  power  in  the  Commonweallh. 
It  was  at  the  same  time  expressly  declared  that 
there  should  be  no  first  magistrate  and  no  llmi.se 
of  Lords,  Itiil  this  state  of  things  could  not  last. 
On  the  day  on  which  the  Long  Parliament  re- 
vived, revived  also  its  old  iiuarrel  with  the  army. 
Again  the  Hump  forgot  that  it  owed  its  existence 
to  the  ideasiire  of  the  soldiers,  and  bei;an  to  treat 
them  as  subjects.  Again  the  diKirs  of  the  House 
of  Commons  were  closed  by  military  violence 
[Oct.  btj;  ,ind  a  provisional  govermiieiit.  named 
by  the  ollicers,  assumed  the  direction  of  nlfairs." 
The  troops  stationed  in  Scotland,  under  .^Ionk, 
had  not  been  consulted,  however,  in  these  trans- 
ai'tious,  and  were  evidently  out  of  sympathy 
with  their  eomnides  in  Kngliuid,  Monk,  who 
hud  never  meddh'd  with  politics  before,  w.aa  now 


919 


ENGLAND,  1658-1660. 


CharUM  [I.. 
'  the  Merry  Monarch."' 


ENGLAND,   1660-1685. 


11 

11 


hducnl  tn  interfere,     lie  refused  to  acknowledge 
the    niilitiiry    imivisioniil    jrovirnmeut,   deelared 
hiiii.self  the  eliuiiipioii  of  IIk-  civil  (lower,  and 
niiirilicd  into  Eiisilaiid  iit  llie  licad  of  liis  7,000 
veleran.s.      His  inoviineiit  was  everywhere  wel- 
comed  and  eiie(iunii;e<l  liy  popular  denionstra- 
tioiis  of   deliL'ht.      The   army  in    England    lost 
coiinige  and  lost  unilv.  awed  and  paraly7.eil  liy 
the  pi'ildie  feeling  at  hist  .set  free.     Monk  reached 
London  willionl  oppo,sith>n,  and  was  the  reeoj;- 
nized  niasl(  r  of  tlii^  realm.      Nolxxly  knew  his 
intentions  — himsi'lf,  periiaps,  as  little  as  any — 
and  it  was  not  until  after  a  period  of  pnitnieted 
Biispense  that  he  declared  himself  for  the  eonven- 
inn  of  a  new  and  free  Parliament,  in  the  place  of 
the   Knnip  — which  hail  afiain  resumed  its  sit- 
li„i;s_f,,r  the  settlement  of  the  slate.      "The 
result  .'f  the  elections  was  such  as  niicht  have 
iH'cn  (  xpecteil  from  the  temper  of  the  nation. 
The  new  House  of  Commons  eonsiste<l,  with  few 
e.\<-eplioiis.of  persons  friendly  to  the  royal  family. 
The    I'reslivterians   formed   the   majority.  .   .   . 
The  new  Parliament,  which,  having  heeu  called 
without  the  royal  writ,  is  mon^  accurately  de- 
scrilxil  as  a   Convention,    met  at   Westminster 
[April  iO.  10(10].     Th('  Lords  repaired  to  the  hall, 
from  which  thev  had.  during  more  than  eleven 
years,  been  excluded  liy  force.     Both  Houses  in- 
stantly invited  the  King  to  return  to  his  country. 
He    was   proclaimed    with    pomp   nev<r  before 
known.     A  gallant  tleet  convoyed  him  from  Hol- 
land to  the  coast  of  Kent.     Wlien  he  landed  [May 
2,"i,   lOtiol.  the  clitTs  of  Dover  were  covered  by 
thous;ui(ls  of  gazers,  among  whom  scarcely  one 
could  be  found  who  was  not  weeping  with  de- 
light.    The  iouruev  to  Loudon  was  a  continued 
triumph.  "—Lord  >faeaulay,  Jli^t.  '>f  Emj.,  eh.  1. 
—  The  only  guarantee  with  which  the  careless 
nation  took  back  their  ejected  kingsof  the  faith- 
less race  of  Stuarts  was  cndHxlied  in  a  Declara- 
tion which  Charles  sent  over  from  "Our  C   'irt 
at    lircda  "    in    April,    and   which   was   re  m      in 
Parliament  w  ith  an  elTusive  display  of  respect  and 
Ihankfulnes.s.      In  this  Declaraticm  from  Breda, 
"a  gcrural  anuiesty  and   liberty  of  conscience 
weri'  priimised.  with  such  ixceptions  anil  linuta- 
tions  only  as  til.'  Parliament  should  think  tit  to 
make.     All  delicate  (piestions,  among  others  the 
proprietorship  of  conli.-icated  estates,  were  in  like 
mani'.c:    referred  to  the  decision  of  Parliament, 
thus  leaving  the  King  his  lilMrty  while  diminish- 
in;:  his  responsibility  ;  and  though  fully  asserting 
the  aniiint  ri^•llls  of  ihe  Crown,  he  uimouneed 
bis  intinlii>n  to  associate  the  two  Houses  with 
hinisiir   iu   all    great   affairs   of  State."— F.    P. 
(Jui/ot,  Ili-t.  I'f  Jt'ir/i'il  Vriimidll  aiul  the  lientoru- 
ti:i..  Ilk   4  V.  '-ii. 

Also  IN  :  (t.  Burni  t,  lli^t.  "f  .W;/  Oini  Time,  hk. 
2  1000  1)1.  — Karl  (pf  Clarendon,  Ili^t.  nf  the  It,- 
Mti-ii.  /./,■-  Kill-,  til.  — I).  NLisson.  /.//;  ./  .ifiltoii. 
r.  .-,,  /,/■,  ;i, — I.  Ci.rliett.  .lA"/./-.  eh.  "J-14. 

A.  D.  1660-1685.— The  Merry  Monarch.— 
"There  never  were  su(  h  prolliiiate  limes  in  Kng- 
hmd  as  uniler  Charles  the  Seconil.  Whenever 
you  see  his  |)ortrait.  with  his  swarthy  ill-looking 
face  .ihd  great  nose,  you  may  fancy  him  in  his 
Court  at  Whitehall,  surrounded  by  some  of  the 
very  worst  vagalponds  in  the  kingdom  (though 
theV  were  lonis  and  ladies),  drinking,  gambling, 
induiLMngiu  vicious  eon  versjiti(m,  and  committing 
every  kind  of  prolligate  exee;,.s.  It  has  Iwcn  a 
fashion  to  call  (.  haries  liie  .Second  The  JItrr> 
Monarih.'    Let  me  try   to  give  you   a  general 


idea  of  some  of  the  merry  things  thnt  were  (hpiie 
in  the  merry  days  when  this  n»Try  gentleman  .11 
up(m  his  merrythrone,  in  merry  England      Thi- 
tirst  nurry  proceeding  was- of  course— t..li 
elare  that  he  was  one  of  the  greate.st,  the  wi-  -1 
and  the  noblest  kings  that  ever  shone,  like  ii„ 
bles.sed  sun  it.self,  on  this  iH^nighted  earth,      i  ii- 
next  merry  and  pleasant  piece  of  business  w  1- 
f  or  the  Parliament,  iu  the  humblest  manner  1,, 
give  him  one   million   two   hundred    thou^iiil 
poimds  a  year,  and  to  st'ttle  upon  him   for  hi.- 
that  old  disputed  '  tonnaueand  poundage  '  w  lii.  Ii 
hail  been  so  bravely  fought  for.     Then,  (iim  r^! 
Monk.  Iwing  made' Earl  of  Albemarle,  and  a  f.  w 
other  Uoyalists  similarly  rewanled,  the  law  \\i  iit 
to  work  to  sec  what  was  to  be  done  to  those  ,■!  r- 
sons  (they  were  called  Hegici<les)  who  had  1. .  n 
coneerneil  in  making  a  martyr  of  the  late  Ki;iL' 
Ten  of  these  were  merrily  executi'd ;   that  i^  tn 
s;iy,  six  of  the  judges,  one'of  the  council,  Columl 
Hacker  and  another  ollicer  who  had  connnanui  ^1 
the   Guards,  and   Hugh  Peters,  a  preachi  r  uli.i 
had  preached   against   the  martyr  with  all   liis 
heart.       These   cxecutiims    were    so    extreim  Iv 
merry,  that  every  horrible  circumstance  wlii.-li 
Croniwell  had  abandoi\ed  was  revived  with  ;ip 
palling  cruelty.   ...  Sir  Il.arry  Vane,  who  li;iil 
furnished  the  evidence  against  Strafford,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  staunch  of  the  Uepul>li<ans.  was 
also  tried,  found  guilty,  and  onlered  for  i  x. ,  u. 
lion.  .  .  .  These  merry  scenes  were  succicilid  liy 
another,  perhaps  even  merrier.     On   the  lumi 
versary  of  the  late  King's  death,  the  bodii  s  ut 
Oliver  Cromwell,  Ireton.   and  Brad.shaw.   wire 
torn  out  of  their  graves  in  Westminster  Alilny. 
dragged  to  Tyburn,  hanged  there  on  a  gailnwa 
all  ilav  long,  and  then  beheailed.     Imagine  Uii' 
head  (if  Oliver  Cnimwell  set  upon  a  pole  ii  lip 
stared  at  by  a  brutal  crowd,  not  one  of  wliiii 
would  have  dared  to  look  the  living  Olivi  r  in 
the  face  for  half  a  moment!     Think,  after  ymi 
have  read  this  reign,  what  Eni,'lanil  was  umiiT 
Oliver  Cromwell  who  was  torn  out  of  his  ltc  '• 
and  what  it  was  under  this  nnTry  monarch  "   " 
solil  it,  like  a  merry  Judas,  over  and  over  an  lii 
Of  course,   the    remains  of    Oliver's   wil'.    unl 
daughter  were  not  to  be  span-d,  either.  tiiiiiL'li 
they  had  been  most  exeedent  women.     Tlie  tw 
clergy  of  that  time  gave  up  their  boiiies.  «  imii 
had  i«cu   buried   in    the   Abbey,    and  — l"  tin 
eternal  disgrace  of  England  —  they  wvrr  ll.inivn 
into  a  pit,  together  with  the  mouldering  bi-u-  si^l 
Pym,  and  of  the  brave  and  bold   old   Alniiril 
Hlake.   .   .   .  The  whole  Court  was  a  great  ll  niiii- 
ing   crowd   of    debauched    men   and   slum.li^i 
women;  and  Catherine's  merry  husband  ia-'il;.'l 
and  outraired  her  in  every  possible  way,  uiili! 
she  cons<'nted  to  rei'cive  those  worthless  en  ilun  - 
as  her  very  go<id  friends,  and  to  degrade  h'  r-' I! 
by  their  conipaiuonship.     A  Mrs.  Palmer.  "Ii'M 
the  King  made  Lady  Castlemaine.  ami  afli  rw  irU 
Duchess  of  Cleveland,  was  laie  of  the  mn-i  i">v 
erfid  of  the  bad  women  alsiut  the  Court.  111, I  li.il 
great  iidluenee  with  the  King  nearly  ail  ilir ,  i.'li 
his   reign.       Another    merry    lady    natnni    M 'ii 
Davies,  a  dancer  at  the  theatre,  was  ati.  rv,  irU 
herriv.al.     So  was  Nell  Gwyu,  tirst  an  iriiiL-'' 
girl  anil  then  an  actress,  who  really  had  1:     i  itj 
her,  and  of  whom  one  of    the   worst  th;n.'s  I 
know  is,  that  actually  she  does  seem  to  h;H'  luin 
foml  of  the  King,     'hho  tirst  Duke  of  St.  \    in- 
was  llii.s  oraniie  girls  chiid.     In  like  ii-.a;::;  •  '■■ 
sou  of  a  merry  waiting-lady,  whom  the  Mot 


920 


ENGLAND,  1680-1885. 


Savoy 
Conferenc*. 


ENGLAND,  1662-1885. 


ireatcil  Duchess  of  PorUmouth,  became  the 
I)iki>  iif  Kichmond.  Upon  the  whole  It  is  not  so 
lia.l  11  Ibing  to  be  a  commoner.  The  Merry 
Moimrih  was  »<)  exceedinL'ly  merry  amoiii?  these 
niirrv  h.lies.  uiiilsomecqu  ly  merry  (and  equally 
infaiiV.us)  lords  and  genii  icn,  that  he  s™m  got 
llimml.  his  hundred  thousmd  poumls,  and  then, 
l,v  wav  of  raising  a  little  potket money,  made  a 
„„ rrvliargain.  He  sold  !>unkirk  to  the  Freneh 
Kill-'  fi.r  five  millions  of  livres.  When  I  think 
„f  till'  ili'uitv  to  which  Oliver  Cromwell  raised 
Kii'laiid  in  .lie  evesof  foreign  powers,  and  when 
1  ihiiik  iif  the  manner  in  which  he  irained  for 
Ell  ■!  iiiil  this  verv  Dunkirk.  1  am  niiich  inelined 
l.ii'.ii'.iiliT  that  if  the  Merry  Monarch  had  liieii 
nui.le  III  follow  his  faUiiT  for  this  action,  he 
wi.iii,!  Iiave  received  his  just  deserts."— ('. 
lii.kiii,.  '■/„,',/■-  mt.  of  Kn;,..  r-A.  li.-.. 

A   D    i66i.— Acquisition  of  Bombay.    bi'C 
lM.l\:   A.  I).  1«IK)-1.U-J. 

A.  D.  i66i.— The  Savoy  Conference.— •  The 
K.Mc.iiilioii  had  lieeii  the  joint  work  of  Episco- 
|.:ili;iii  and   I'reshvterian;   would  it  he  possible 
til  riCDiicili'  Ihem'on  this  question  too  [i.e.  of 
the  Mitleiiient    of  Church   government]  Y     The 
rnsbuerian   indeed   was  willing  enough  for  a 
iMii|iroiiiise,  for  he  had  an   uneasy   feeling  that 
llir  grnuml  was  slipping  from  lieneath  his  feet. 
(If  lliarlc-  s  intentions  he  was  still  in  iloiibt ;  liut 
'.„•  knew  that  Clarendou  was  the  sworn  friend 
,,f  till-  Cljiinli.     The  ("hurehmau  im  the  other 
liaii.l   was  eaiterly   expecting    the   approaching 
iicHir  iif  triuiii|ih.  '  It  soon  apiH-ared  that  as  King 
ami  I'arlianii  nt.  so  King  and  Church  were  in- 
.separalilc  in  the  Knglish  mind;  that  indeed  tlie 
ri'tiini  ot  the  King' Was  the  restoration  of  the 
Cliiirih  even  more  than  it  was  the  ri'storation  of 
I'lirliitJiK  lit.     In  the  face  of  the  present  '    'sby- 
teriiiii  majority  however  it  was  nccessar^       tcm- 
jiciriM      The  former  incumbents  of  Church  liv- 
ing's were  restored,  and  the  Commons  tiKik  the 
(Vmiiminioii  according  to  the  rites  of  the  Church ; 
but  ill  otliiT  respects  the  Presbyterians  were  ci\rc- 
fiillv  kepi  in  play;  Charles  taking  his  part  in  the 
elalinnite  farce  by  appointing  ten  of  their  leading 
ininisiirs  royal  chaplains,  and  even  attending 
iliiir  sermons."    In  October,  1660,  Charles  "took 
tlie  mailer  more  completely  into  his  own  hands 
hy  issuing  a   Declaration.      Uefusing.   on    the 
frnmiidof  constraint,  to  admit  the  validity  of  the 
iiatlis  iinposid  npon  him  in  Scotland,  by  which 
III'  «,is  luiiind  to  uphold  the  INivenant,  and  not 
null  I  aling  his  preference  for  the  Anglican  Church, 
lis  ■  tlie  lust  feme  GckI  hath  yet  raised  against 
l"'l'i TV  ill  tile  world.'  he  a.ss<'rted  that  neverthe- 
U>-,  tn  his  own  knowledge,  the   Presbyteriiins 
wi  rt'  not  eiieiiiies  to  Episcopacy  or  a  set  liturgy. 
;c;'l  were  opposed  to  the  alienation  of  Church 
rmiiiKs.    The  Declaration  then  went  onto  limit 
llii  power  of  bishops  and  archdeacons  in  a  degree 
sii'bc  lent  to  .satisfy  many  of  the  leading  I'resliyte- 
riiTi^,  oiii'of  whom,  Reynolds,  accepted  a  bishop- 
ric    (  h.irles  then  |iroposed  to  choose  an  I'qiial 
:iiriibi  r  of  learned  divines  of  Ihith  persuasions  to 
ili-    :-.^  literal  ions  in  the  liturgy;  meanwhile  no 
I'll'    K:.<  111  !«•  troubled  regarding  dilTerenees  of 
i>r,i:ir(.     The  majority  in  the  Commons  at  tirsi 
'.V  'I'lii'd  the  Declaration,  .   .   .  and  a  bill  was 
;iii' rcliiiL'ly  introduced  by  Sir  Matthew  Hale  to 
U;r;i  the  Declaration  into  a  law.     But  Clarendon 
i:  :  I  V  nile  hail  no  intention  of  thus  baulking  the 
'.'■   I'h    of    liiT    revenge        Anticipating    llftle's 

af   ;.,  he  liad  in  the  interval  bcco  busy  in  se- 


curing a  majority  against  any  compromise.    The 
Declaration  had  done  its  work  in  gaining  time, 
and  when  the  bill  was  brought  in  it  was  rejected 
by  183  to  157  votes.    Parliament  was  at  once  (De- 
eemtier  34)  dissolved.  Th"  way  was  now  opt'U  for 
the  riot  of  the  Anglican  triumph.     Even  before 
the  new  House  met  the  mask  was  thrown  off  by 
the  issuing  of  an  order  to  the  justices  to  restore 
the   full   liturgy.     The  conference   indeed  took 
place  in  the  8avoy   Palace.     It   failed,  like  the 
Hampton  Court  Conference  of  James  I  ,  because 
it  was  intended  to  fail.     I'pon  the  two  important 
points,  the  authority  of  bishops  and  the  liturgy, 
the   Anglicans   would    not    give    way   an   inch. 
Both  parties  informed  the  King  that,  anxious  as 
they  were  for  agreement,  tliey  saw  no  chance  of 
it.  "  This    last    attempt   at    union    having   fallen 
through,  the  Government  had   iniir  hands  f'-ce; 
and  their  intentions  were  speedily  made  plain/' 
— ().  Airv,  Till' Kiiij.  /ttntoniti"ii  iiiiil  hi'dn  XI  V., 
ih.  7.  — '■'The  Hoval  Coniniission  [for  the  ."'avov 
ConferiMieel   bore'  date  '.he  '.i.ltli  of   March,      ft 
gave  the  Commissioners  authority  to  review  the 
Bmik  of  Common  Prayer,  to  compare  it  witli  the 
most  ancient  Liturgies,  to  take  i"'o  consideration 
all  things  which  it  contained,  to  consult  respect- 
ing the  exceptions  against  it,  ami  by  agreement 
to   make   such    iieeess;iry   alteratiims   as  should 
atlord  satisfaction  to  leiider  consciences,  and  re- 
st )re  to  the  Church  unity  and  peace;  the  instru- 
ment appointed  'the    Master's   lodgings   in  the 
Savoy  '  as  the  place  of  mieling       .   .  The  Com- 
missioners were  summoned  to  meet  upon  the  13th 
ot  April.  .   .   .  TheBillof  Uniformitv.hereafterto 
be  descrilKMl,  lutiially  passed  the  House  of  Com- 
mons on  the  Uth  of  Jiily,  about  a  fortnight  iMfore 
the  Conference  broke  up.     The    ,rocee<lings  of  a 
Koyal '    lumission  to  review  the  Prayer  Hook, 
and  ma,.,  alterations  for  the  satisfaction  of  t.  iidcr 
consciences  were,  liy  this  premature  act,  re  ';- 
treated   with   mockery,   a    circumstance   wh    > 
could  not  but  exceedingly  offend  and  annoy  i  ' 
Puritan  members,   and    serve    to  embitter  the 
language  of  Baxter  as  the  end  of  these  fruitless 
sittings  approached.  "—.I.    Stoughton,    llUt.    of 
lieligiim  in  Kn;/..  r.  ;i,  rh.  ."i. 

Also  in:  E.  Calamy,  yoneohforniMs'  Memo- 
rial, inlrud.,  net,  3.— \V.  Orme,  Life  and  _  Irmi 
of  liirhard  llarfir,  eh,  7. 

A.  D.  1662.— The  saleof  Dunkirk.— •  '^'nable 
to  couline  himself  within  the  narrow  limits  of  his 
civil  list,  with  his  favorites  and  mistresses,  he 
[Charles  II.]  would  have  sought  even  in  the  in- 
fernal regions  the  gold  which  his  subjects  meas- 
ured out  to  him  with  too  parsimonious  a  hand, 
[He]  proposed  to  sell  to  France  Dunkirk 
and  its  dependencies,  which,  he  said,  cost  him 
tiK)  much  to  keep  up.  He  asked  twelve  million 
francs;  be  fell  at  last  lo  live  millions,  and  the 
treaty  was  siL'Ueil  Oct.  27,  11)02.  It  was  time; 
the  Lird  .Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  London,  in- 
formed of  till'  negotiation,  had  determined  to 
offer  Charles  II,  whatever  he  wished  in  behalf 
of  their  city  not  to  alienate  Dunkirk.  Charles 
dared  not  retract  his  word,  which  would  have 
been,  as  D'Estrades  told  him.  to  break  forever 
with  l.oiiis  XIV.,  and  on  the  '.'d  of  December 
Louis  joyfully  made  his  entry  into  his  good  city, 
reeon(|Uercd  bv  gold  instead  of  the  swiinl."— H. 
Martin  I  list.'  of  France:  Age  of  I.<iui»  XIV , 
Iram.  hi/  .V  I..  'llo<-th,eh,  4  (r.  1). 

A.  D.  1662-1665,— The  Act  of  Uniformity 
and  persecution  of  t  j^  Nonconformists.— Tha 


t)21 


i 
f 

n 


■J 


ENOLANI),  I662-166,'> 


Act  of  Uniformitif. 


ENGLAND.   1668-1870. 


failiirr  of  the  Shtov  ('(iiifiTcnco  "waa  tlio  <i>ii 
(liisiuii  wliicli  liiiil  licii'  I'xpicti'il  luiil  (li'sirid. 
Clinrlis  Imil  iilriaily  siiimninu'd  tlii'CiinvcHiitioii. 
hikI  to  that  a.sscinhly  waHassi^neil  thftjink  wliii'h 
hail  f:iil('d  in  tlic  liitinlH  of  \hv  (-oinnij.ssioiicrs  at 
the  >,iv(iy.  .  .  .  Till'  ad  nf  iiiiiformitv  follnwcd 
l(ia>sc(l  by  tlir  CoMiiiuuis  .Iiily  1».  1««1 ;  hy  tlic 
Lurils  .May  K.  lt)(l,';  ricciviiii;  the  mval  assnil 
May  li».  1(1»V,').  liy  wliich  it  was  fiiactcU  tliat  tlic 
ri'visi'il  lli»il<  iif  ('iiiiiiiii)ii  I'raycr,  anil  nf  Onli- 
natiiiii  of  .MinistiTH,  anil  no  other,  shonlil  1h>  iiscil 
ill  all  plaiis  of  piililir  worshi|i;  anil  that  all 
liiiii'tiri'il  cliriryini-nslionlil  nail  thrsi'i-viio  frorii 
it  williiri  a  j-'ivifi  linn',  ami.  at  thr  I'Iom'.  prolrst 
In  a  si't  form  of  woriN.  thrir  '  uiifiiiinnl  a.sscnt 
Bnil  t'onst'iit  to  cvi-rvtiun:;  oontaiiKMl  anil  pri'- 
sirihcil  ill  it.'.  .  Till'  art  of  unifoniiily  may 
liavi'  brrii  iiLH'cssary  for  llii-  rrstoratioii  of  tin- 
clnirrh  to  its  fornnriliM  iplino  ami  ilortrini';  hut 
If  such  was  thr  intinlioii  of  iIiom'  who  frain.il 
thi' ili'cluralioii  from  liriila.  Ilicy  wirr  guilty  of 
inliilility  to  llu'  klni;  ami  of  frainl  to  the  people, 
hy  putlinix  into  his  nimitli  lanuuuire  whieh.  with 
till'  aiil  of  i.i':iv(i'atioii.  lliey  niiiilit  e.xplain 
away,  anil  hy  raisinf;  in  tlitin  expc'i'tatlons  which 
It  was  never  meant  to  fullil." — .1.  Lini;aril,  J/ikI. 
of  Kiiij.,  r.  11.  rli.  -1. — "This  riirorous  act  when 
It  pas.scil.  i:avc  the  ministers,  who  cimhl  not  con- 
form, no  longer  iime  than  till  Hartholiiniewilay, 
AmruHi  '.Mtli.  Hi'i'J,  wlunthcv  were  all  cast  out. 
.  .  ,  'I'lii^  was  an  aelioii  witliocit  ii  precedent: 
The  like  lo  this  Ihe  Hefonned  church,  nay  the 
Clirislian  wirld,  never  saw  hefure.  Ilisto'rians 
relate,  with  trairiial  c.xelaniations.  Ihat  hetwceu 
three  and  four  score  bishops  were  driven  at  once 
Intl.  the  island  of  Sardinia  hy  the  African  van- 
dals: that  UINI  ministers  were  lianished  hy  Fer- 
dinand, king  of  Bolieini.'t;  and  that  irreat  havock 
was.  a  few  years  after,  made  ainoim  the  ministers 
of  (ierinany  hy  the  Imperial  Interim,  lint  these 
all  toirether  fall  short  of  the  nunil«r  ejected  liy 
thcactof  unifonnitv,  which  was  not  less  than 
2,(KMI.  The  sueceeiiinf;  hardshi|is  of  the  latter 
were  aKo  liy  far  the  irreatcst.  The)'  were  not 
only  silenced,  hut  h:itl  no  room  left  for  any  sort 
of  usefulness,  and  were  in  a  manner  huried  alive. 
Far  greater  tenderness  was  used  towards  the 
I'lijiish  clergy  ejected  at  Ihe  lieformation.  They 
were  sullercd  to  live  ipiietly;  hut  these  wore 
opiiresscd  to  the  utmost,  and  tliat  even  ;.y  their 
hri'thren  who  professed  the  .same  faith  them- 
selves: not  only  excluilcd  preferments,  hut 
turned  out  into  liie  wide  world  without  any  visi- 
l)le  way  of  suhsisteiice.  Not  so  much  as  a'  poor 
vicanige,  not  an  obscure  chapel,  not  a  school  was 
left  them.  Nay.  iliough  they  olTered,  as  some  of 
them  did,  to  pn  ach  gratis,  it  must  not  he  alloweil 
them.  .  .  .  'ihe  ejecli'd  ministers  continued  for 
ten  years  in  a  sl.ite  of  silence  and  obscurity.  .  .  . 
The  ail  of  UTiibirmitv  took  place  Augii.-.t  the 
24lli.  lf!(!-,>.  tin  tlji':iillliof  December  following, 
the  king  pulili>heil  a  Dei iiralion,  cxpnssing  his 
purpose  to  grant  some  indulgence  or  litierly  in 
religion.  Some  of  ihi'  Nonconformists  were 
hereupon  much  iiicour.ged,  and  wailing  pri- 
vately on  the  king,  had  their  Impis  contlrmed. 
and  would  have  persuaded  their  brethren  to  have 
thunkcd  him  for  his  declaration:  but  they  re- 
fused, lest  they  should  make  way  for  the  tolera- 
tion of  the  Papist.k',  whom  thcy'understiHMl  the 
king  intended  to  include  in  it.  .  .  .  In.stead  of 
indulgence  or  comprehension,  on  the  HOth  of 
iuiie,  au  a(  t  agaiubi  private  meetings,  eallel  the 

9: 


•■'  s.'iil  al  ;iii 

.'   of    r. 

,ie  of  1 1, 

.,-  pirM.i 

the  l!r-i  ., 

'corded.    :il: 


Conventicle  Ai't,  pasM'd  the  House  of  (*on)iii 
and  WKin  after  was  made  n  law.  viz. :  That  e 
|ier»oii  above  sixteen  years  of  ngr. 
meeting,  under  pretence  of  any 
ligiiin,  in  other  manner  than  is  tii 
ehiircli  of  Kngland.  whire  there 
more  than  the  househohl,  shall 
fence,  by  a  justice  of  peace  be 
sent  to  gaol  tliree  months,  till  he  jiay  lo.  and  Im 
the  second  ollcnce  six  months,  till  lie  pay  fl" 
and  the  third  time  being  convicti'd  by  a  jury 
sh.'ill  be  banished  to  some  of  Ihe  .Vmcrican  pi m 
lalioiis.  exccpling  New  Kngland  or  Virgiiiii 
.  Inlhcyi'ar  Hitl.'i  the  plague  broke  out  — 
and  the  ejected  ministers  boldly  took  pos.ses'>i"ii 
for  the  time  of  the  deserted  London  pulpiN 
"  While  C!od  was  consuming  the  people  by  ihis 
judgment,  and  the  Nonconformists  were  hib'nir 
ing  to  save  their  souls,  the  parliament,  which  >:ii 
at  Oxford,  was  busy  in  pinking  an  act  |c;illiil 
tlie  Five  Mile  Act  |  to  render  their  case  incompani 
biy  harder  than  it  was  before,  by  putting  up'-ii 
them  a  certain  oath  ['that  it  is  not  lawful,  ii|  >ii 
any  pretence  whatsoever,  to  take  arms  ngaiii^i 
the  king.'kVc.),  which,  if  tl  ey  refused,  they  iiiii^t 
not  lonie  (unless  upon  Ihe  road)  within  live  milci 
of  any  city  or  cor|ioralion,  any  place  that  »i m 
burgesses  to  parliament,  any  place  where  llii-y 
had  been  ministers,  or  hail  preached  after  tlie  mi'i 
of  oblivhm.  .  .  .  When  tills  act  came  out.  tin"- 
ministers  who  had  any  maintenance  of  theironn, 
found  out  some  place  of  residence  in  oIim  urr 
villages,  or  market-towns,  that  werenot  corponi 
lions." — E.  Calainy,  Tlie  Xnncmformiiit'ii  Mf 
itii>ri<il.  inlr'xl..  feet.  4-6. 

Al.Sii  in:  .1.  IStoughton,  Hint,  of  Keliflinh  u, 
Kn;/..  i:  :t.  r-//  «-».— D.  Neal,  I{i»l  of  the  /'■  .; 
tiifiK,  i\  4.  I'fi.  6-7. 

A.  D.  1663.— The  grant  of  the  Carolinas  to 
Monk,  Clarendon,  Shaftesbury,  and  others. 
See  Nohth  C.vudi.i.na:  A.  D.  It!ti;!-lli7(l. 

A.  D.  1663.— The  King's  charter  to  Rhode 
Island.     See  liiioDK  Isi..\Ni):  A.  I).  I6(K)-llii;:i 

A.  D.  1664. — The  conquest  of  New  Nether- 
tand  (New  York!.     See  Nkw  Ydiik:  A.  I>.  I'i'd 

A.  D.  i664-i66S'— The  first  refractory  symp- 
toms in  Massachusetts.  See  MAss.^ciirsi.i  i~ 
A.  D.   IfitiO-KitM 

A.  D.  1665.— The  grant  of  New  Jersey  to 
Carteret    and    Berkeley.     See   Nkw   .Ikiism 
A.  I).  16«4-l(i«7. 

A.  D.  1 665- 1 666. —War  with  Holland  re- 
newed.— The  Dutch  fleet  in  the  Thames.  ■■•  • 
Nktiikiii. AMIS  (Mill. i..\M)):  A.  D.  ItilW-lliiil'i 

A.  D.  1668.— The  Triple  Alliance  with  Hol- 
land and  Sweden  against  Louis  XIV.  ~m 
Nktiikui.amis  (lloi.i.AMil:  A.  D.  1(!6S. 

A.  D.  1668.— Cession  of  Acadia  (Nova  Sco 
tia)  to  France.  See  Nova  Scotia  :  A.  D  P  'I 
101  )H. 

A.  D.  1668-1670.— The  secret   Catholic  sm 

and  the  perfidy  of  the  King.— His  beggi-ij;  of 

bribes  from  Louis  XIV.— His  betrayal  of  Hoi- 

I   land.— His  breaking  of  the  Triple  Alliance  - 

I   In  llilW.  the  royal  treasury  being  greatly  einlir 

ras.sed  by  the  king's  extravagances,  an  atli  mpi 

j    was  made   "  lo  reduce   the  annual  ex|H'ndi':irr 

j   below  the  amount  of  the  royal  income.   .   .   ,    !!iit 

I   this  plan  of  economy  aeconVd  not  with  the  r  »  il 

disposition,  nor  did  it  olTcr  any  prospect  of  ix 

tinguishing  the  debt.     Charles  remembered  Mn' 

prmnise  of  pecuniary  assistance  from  Fram  e  in 

I   the  begiuning  of  his  reign;  and,  though  his  j:re- 


ENGLAND,  1368-1670 


Thr  King 
in  h\fti€h  Pay. 


ENGLAND    tfl7.i-I673. 


vioiH  1  ■  "ts  to  ciillivnti'  till'  frirnilshlp  of  Louis 
hiiil  I'll  I  .I'fcatt'il  liy  iiii  iiiipro|iili()us  couriH'  of 
i\iiii>  ill'  resolvi'il  to  riiK'w  till'  cxpiTiini'iit. 
liiinii.liiilily  after  till'  jicucr  uf  AixliiC'lmpi'lli-. 
Hill  kintfliiiiii  opi'iu'il  ii  iii);iiliiiuim  with  llir 
liiii  liiis  of  Orleans,  tlie  kiiiK's  sister,  in  Kraiiie. 
uTi'l  ('lia'les.  in  liisinaversnlioiis  with  the  Kreneli 
riHilenl,  apolDftiseil  for  his  eoniluet  in  forniiiii,' 
till'  triple  allianee.  and  openly  expressed  his 
wi^Ii  tn  enter  into  a  elos<-r  union,  a  more  intimate 
frii  iiiisliip.  with  Louis.  .  .  About  the  end  of 
i|ii'  year  the  comniunieations  between  the  two 
piimiH  became  more  open  and  eontldential; 
Fri  iieli  money,  or  the  proinise  of  Kreneli  money, 
was  ri'ceivi'd  by  the  Kn^lisli  ministers;  tlie  ne^o- 
lialii'ii  began  to  assume  a  mure  rej;ular  form. 
anil  till'  most  solemn  assurances  of  secrecy  were 
L'ivin.  that  their  real  object  mi;;lit  be  withlield 
fri'iii  the  kniiwh'dKe,  or  even  the  suspicion,  of 
the  States.  In  this  stape  of  the  proeeedin,i;9 
Charii'S  nceived  an  import  int  eominiinieation 
(r'lii  his  brotlier  James.  Ilitlierto  that  prince 
hail  been  an  olieilietit  and  zealous  son  of  the 
Cliiirili  of  Knirlanil;  but  Dr.  Hevlin's  History  of 
the  liifiTination  had  shaken  his  reli^dous  ere- 
iliilily,  unil  the  result  of  the  inipiiry  was  a  eon- 
vii  linn  that  it  iH'came  his  duty  to  reconcile  him- 
self uiih  the  Chureh  of  Home.  He  was  not 
liliml  111  the  dangers  lo  which  such  a  change 
wiiiilil  expose  nim;  and  he  therefore  purposed  to 
ciiiiiiiiiu' outwardly  in  communion  with  the  cs- 
la!ili<liiil  church,  while  he  attended  at  the  C'atho- 
lir  HTvice  in  private.  Hut,  to  his  surprise.  lu- 
ll aninl  from  .Symonds.  n  Jesuit  mis,sii)nary.  that 
no  ilispi  iisatioii  could  authorise  such  duplicity 
of  iiiinluct:  a  similar  answer  was  returned  to  the 
same  ipiisiiiin  from  the  pope;  and  .lames  inime- 
iliatily  took  his  resolution.  He  communieateil 
til  tlie  king  in  private  that  lie  was  determined  to 
iiiiliraci'  ihe  Catholic  faith;  and  Charles  without 
lii'^iiaiii'ii  replied  tliat  he  was  of  the  same  nund, 
ami  wiiiilil  consult  with  the  duke  on  tlu^  subject 
ill  the  presence  of  lord  Arundell.  lord  Arlington, 
anil  .Xriiiigton's  contiileiitial  friend,  sir  Thomas 
I  liiruril.  .  .  The  meeting  was  held  in  the  dukes 
il'isit.  Cliiirles.  Willi  tears  in  his  eyes,  lamented 
till-  iiiinl.^liip  of  iR'ing  compelled  to  profess  a  ri- 
liniiii  wliich  he  ilid  not  approve,  declared  his 
iliti  rniiiiiitiiin  to  emancipate  himself  from  this 
risiraint.  and  requested  the  opinion  of  those 
priMiil,  as  to  the  most  eligible  means  of  elTecting 
his  piir|iiise  with  safety  and  success.  They  ad- 
viMil  him  lo  communicate  his  intenthin  to  L<iuis, 
aii'l  I'ls'iliiit  the  powerful  aid  of  that  monarch, 
ll'ic  nci  iirs  a  very  interesting  question. —  was 
(  hariis  sincere  or  not?  .  ,  .  He  was  the  most 
aii'iMiplislied  dissembler  in  his  domiuions;  nor 
Mill  it  lie  any  injustice  to  his  character  to  sus- 
I'lTt  Ilial  his  real  object  was  to  deceive  bolli  his 
liri'iliir  and  tlie  king  of  France.  .  .  .  Now.  how- 
ivi  r,  Ihr  .sieret  negotiation  prweeded  with 
LT.  ati  raiiiviiy;  and  lord  Arundell,  accompanied 
liy -ir  Kirhuril  Hillings,  hastened  to  tlie  French 
I' '.It.  lie  siilieited  from  Louis  tile  present  of  a 
1'  ii-iili  ral'lr  sum,  to  enable  the  king  to  sujipress 
any  itNiinectiiiii  wliieli  miglit  be  provoked  by 
I'l^  iii'i  ri'l' li  ei.nvcrsiim,  and  offered  the  co-op- 
'11  'I  Kntlaiid  in  the  projected  invasion  of 
"111  on  tlie  condition  of  an  annual  subshlv 
iiiiiiiii;  the  eiintinuatiou  of  hostilities."  On  the 
ii'lviiinf  Louis.  Charles  postponed,  for  the  timi 
111  II1J-.  Ins  intention  to  enter  publicly  the  Ilomish 
■     :~;:  ;ir.,i  ;i,,,a  pluvoku  a  uutiuimi  revolt;  but 


II 


his  proposiils  were  otherwise  accepted,  and  a 
si'eret  tri'aty  was  concluded  at  Dover,  in  .May. 
1670,  throiigli  the  agency  of  Charles'  sLster,  Hen 
rietta,  the  duchess  of  Orleans,  who  came  over 
for  I  hat  purpose.  "  Of  this  treaty.  .  .  .  though 
much  was  iiftirwards  said,  little  was  certainly 
known.  All  the  parties  conecrned.  both  the 
sovereigns  and  the  negotiators,  observed  an  im- 
penetrable secrecy  What  becann'  of  the  copy 
transmitted  to  Frame  is  unknown;  its  counter 
part  was  conliiled  to  the  cusliHly  of  sir  Tliomas 
ClilTonl,  and  is  still  in  the  keeping  of  his  desieii- 
dant.  the  lord  ClilTord  of  Chudleigh.  Tlie  prin- 
cipal articles  were:  1.  That  the  king  of  England 
should  publicly  profess  himself  a  Catholic  at  such 
lime  (IS  should  appear  to  him  most  expedient,  and 
subsequently  lo  that  profession  sliould  join  with 
Louis  in  a  war  against  the  Dutch  republic  at  such 
time  as  the  most  Christian  king  simuld  judge 
l>roper.  2.  That  to  enable  the  king  of  Kngland 
to  su|ipress  any  insurrection  which  might  be  oc- 
casioned by  his  conversion,  the  king  of  France 
should  grant  him  an  aid  of  •,'.0(M),00()  of  livres, 
by  two  payments,  one  at  the  expiration  of  three 
months,  the  other  of  six  months,  after  the  ratiti- 
calion  of  the  treaty,  and  should  also  assist  him 
with  an  armed  force  of  O.IKM)  men.  if  .  .  .  neces- 
sary. ...  4.  Tliat  if,  eventiiiilly.  any  new  rights 
on  the  .Spanisli  monarchy  should  aecrue  to  the 
king  of  France,  tlie  king  of  Kngland  should  aid 
him  with  all  his  power  in  the  acquisition  of  those 
rights.  ,'».  That  both  princes  should  make  war 
on  tlie  united  provinces,  and  that  neither  shoiiid 
conclude  peace  or  truce  witli  them  without  the 
advice  and  consent  of  his  ally. "—.I.  Lingard,  Ilint. 
ff  Hii'j..  ,:  n.  rh.  0. 

Ai.sDiN:  11.  Hallani,  I'lmM.  IHkI.  uf  Hiir/.,  rh. 
11,— O.  Airy,  The  h'n:/.  linitnnttiun' miil  hniin 
XIV..  rh.  It)!— (i.  niirnit.  Hint,  of  Mi/  Oini  rime, 
hk.  '-'(I'.  1). 

A.  D.  1671.— The  Cabal.— "It  was  remarked 
that  the  committee  of  council,  established  for 
foreign  alliiirs,  was  entirely  changed  ;  and  that 
I'rince  Uupert,  the  Duke  lif  Orinond.  Secretary 
Trevor,  and  Lord-keeper  liriiigeman.  men  in 
whose  liimour  the  nation  had  great  contidence. 
were  never  calhil  to  any  deliberations.  The 
whole  secn't  was  inlrusteil  to  live  pir.sons.  Clif- 
fonl.  .Vsliley  |afterwards  Karl  of  ShaftesburyJ. 
Huckingham.  Arlington,  and  Laudeniale.  These 
men  were  known  by  tlieappellatioii  of  the  Cabal, 
a  word  which  the  initial  letters  of  their  names 
happened  to  compose.  Never  was  there  a  more 
dangero.is  niinistry  in  Kn.gland,  nor  one  more 
noted  for  pernicious  counsels." — D.  Hume,  lli^t. 
uf  Kill/.,  rh.  ().■)('■.  fi). — S'c.  iil.so,  C.tni.NET,  TiiK 

E.NOI.ISII. 

A.  D.  1672-1673.— The  Declaration  of  In- 
dulgence and  the  Test  Act, —  'It  would  have 
been  impossihle  to  obtain  tlie  consent  of  the 
party  in  the  Uoyal  Council  which  represented 
the  old  Presbyterians,  of  Ashley  or  Laudeniale 
or  the  Duke  of  liiukingham,  lii  the  Treaty  of 
Dover.  !>ul  it  was  possible  to  trick  them  into 
approval  of  a  war  willi  Hi'llaiul  by  |ilaying  on 
their  desire  for  a  toleration  of  tlie  \onciinform 
ists.  The  announcement  of  the  King's  Catholi- 
cism was  tlierefore  ileferred.  .  .  .  His  ministers 
outwitted,  it  only  remained  for  Charles  to  out- 
xvit  his  Parliament.  A  large  subsidy  was  de- 
maniled  for  the  licet,  under  the  pretext  of  up- 
holding the  Triple  Alliauce,  and  the  subsidy  was 
nu  sooner  granted  than  the  two  Houses  were 


5- 


M 


923 


I 


KNOLAND,  1672-1673. 


Dtctamtion 


KNQLAND.  1678-1679. 


kdjourned.   Freth  auppliei  were  obtained  l>y  cUw- 
\aa    llie    Exchequer,    snd    suapeiulini;  —  undiT 
ClTflord'i  advice  —  tlie  payment  i)f  eltlicr  prin- 
cipal or  IntiTest  on  loane  advanci'd  to  the  puhlic 
trcaaury .   Tlie  meaaure  aprpHd  banliriiptcy  among 
half  the  goldsml'lis  of  liomlon;   hut  it  was  fol- 
lowed In  1972  hy  one  yet  more  startling  — the 
Dcclaralion  of    IndulRincc      By  virtue  of  his 
ccclcsliistUiil  powirs,  the  King  ordered  'that  nil 
mannir  of  ponal  hiws  on  matters  eccleBinstical 
against  wlmlever  sort  of  Nontonforndsts  or  rer- 
u»..nl8  should  lie  from  that  day  suspeudcd,'  and 
gave  lilierty  of  public  worship  to  all  dissidiiils 
save   ('ath(ili(s.   who  wire  allowed  to  practice 
their  riliu'ion  oidy  in  privali!  houses.  .  .  .  The 
Declaration  of  Inilulgcnce  was  at  once  followed 
by  n  dcclanilinn  of  war  at'ainst  the  Dutch  on  the 
part  of  both   KiiL'land  and   FraiK'c    ...   It  was 
necessary  in  l(iT:l  to  appeal  to  the  Coniinons  [for 
war  supjilii-l.  but  the  Commons  .jut  in  a  uhkhI 
of  aiicrv  wi^lnist.   .   .   .  There  was  a  frcinral  sus- 
picion that  a  plcit  was  on  fiKit  f^r  the  cstalilish- 
incnt  of  t'alholicism  and  dcspolivm,  atid  that  the 
war  and  the  Itidulu'cnce  were  parts   'f  the  jilot. 
The      haiiL'c   of   temper  in    the   Commons   was 
marked  by  the  appearance  of  what  was  from  th.it 
timccailiil  the  Countrv  Jiart. ,  with  Lords  Uusscll 
and  Cavendi>h  and  Sir  William  Coventry  at  its 
head  — a  parly  whi<h sympatliized  with  the  Non- 
conformists, but  l(Kike(!  on  it  as  its  first  duty  lo 
guard  a.H'iinst  the  desiirns  of  the  Court.     As  lo 
the    Declaration    of    Inilulirence.    however,    all 
parlies  in  the  llotise  were  at  one.     The  Conunons 
resolieil  Mial  penal  statutes  in  mailers  ecclesi- 
astical cannot  be  suspendec!  but   by  consent  of 
Parliament,"  and  rcfuseil  »\ipplies  till"  the  Declara- 
tion was  recalleil.     The  King  yicWed;   but  the 
Declaration  was  no  sooner  recalled  than  a  Test 
Act   was  passed  Ihrounh  IhiIIi  Houses  without 
opposition,  which  retiuired  from  everyone  in  the 
civil  and  military  employment  of  the  State  the 
oatlis  of  allegiance  and  sui)remacy,  a  dcilanition 
against  transubstanliatlon,  and  ii  reception  of  the 
sacrament  according  to  the  riles  of  the  Church 
of  England.     Clifford   at  once  coiuiseled  resis- 
tance, and   Ruckingham  talked   llightily  alwut 
bringing  the  army  to  London,  but  Arlington  saw 
that  all  h'lpe  of  carrying  the  •  great  plan  '  through 
was  at  an  cn<l,  and  pressed  Charles  to  yiehl.  .  .   . 
Charles   sullenly   pave   way.     No  measure   has- 
ever  brout'lit  abiiut  more  startling  results.     The 
Duke  of  York  owned  himself  a  Catholic,  and  re- 
signed  his  otlice  as  Lord   High   Admind.   .  .   . 
Clifford,   too,   .   .   .  owm-d  to  being  a  Catholic, 
and  .   .   .   laid  ilown  his  staff  of  olhce.      Their 
resignation  was  followed  by  that  (if  hundreds  of 
others  in  the  army  anil  tlie  civil  service  of  the 
Clown,   .   .   .  The  resignations  weri' held  lo  have 
proved  the  cxi--teii<e  of  the  ihmL'crs  which  the 
Test  .\cl  liail  been  passed   .••  niict.     From  this 
moment  all  lru>t  in  Charles  was  at  an  end." — .). 
H.  Green.  .'''/,..(■/  Ili.l.  ..f  /■;«</.,  c/i.  i),  m,,-I.  ;).—••  It 
isvervliue  Ili:il   tlic  [Test  Act)  pointed  only  at 
Catholics,  that  it   rciUy  proposed  an  anti-I'opish 

test,  yet  the  cuiistructii f  it.  although  ..  did 

not  exclude  finm  uHid-  sin  h  Dis.senlcrs  as  could 
dceasionally  (unforni.  did  itTcc  tually  e.xilude  all 
who  scrupled  to  do  so.  Aimed  at  "he  Uomanists, 
it  struck  the  I'n  sbyterians.  It  is  clear  thai,  had 
the  Nonconformists  and  the  Catholics  joined 
their  forces  with  those  of  the  Court,  in  opi'o>*i"K 
the  measure,  they  might  have  defealeci  it;  but 
tlie  first  of  these  classes  for  the  present  submitted 


to  the  IncoDTenicnce,  from  the  horror  which  they 
entertained  of  Popery,  Iwplog,  at  the  lame  time, 
that  some  relief  would  he  nfforded  for  this  per 
Bonal  SKcriflee  In  the  cause  of  a  common  Protes 
taatlsm.  Thus  the  passing  of  an  Act,  whidi. 
until  a  late  p<'rlod,  Inflicted  a  social  wrong  upon 
two  large  sections  of  the  community,  is  to  be  at 
trihutedtothc  course  pursucti  hy  the  very  part  in 
whose  successors  U'came  the  sufferers.  "—.1 
atoughton,  Ilitt.  iifJleligion  in  Kinj  ,  r.  3,  cA.  II 
Also  in:  D.  Neal,  Hint,  nf  llie  J'urititu»,  r.  1, 
eh.  8,  ami  r.  5,  cfi.  1.— J.  Collier,  h>cknatU,.d 
JIM.  ,'fUt.  Jlril'iin.  jit.  2,  I'k.  U  (c  8). 

A.  D.  1673-1674.— Alliance  with  Louis  XIV. 
of  France  in  war  with  Holland.  H«'e  Nktiih: 
I.ANi>H(Iloi.i.ANi>)-.  A.  D.  I0T2-Hi74. 

A.  D.  1673.— Loss  of  New  York,  retaken  by 
the  Dutch.    See  Nkw  Youk:  A    1).  l«T:i. 

A.  D,  1674.— Peace  with  the  Dutch.— Treaty 
of  "Westminater.— Recovery  of  New  York. 
See  Nktiiehi.am>s(1Ioi.i.anii):  A.  I).  1(174. 

A.  D.  1675-1688,— Concessions  to  France  m 
Newfoundland.  See  NEWFoiNm.ASn:  A.  li 
l(Hii»-l«8«. 

A.  D.  1678-1679.— The  Popish  Plot.— ' '  Tlan 
was  an  uneasy  feeling  In  the  nation  that  it  «:n 
bi'ing  betrayed,  and  just  then  [August,  lti7s|  u 
strange  story  caused  a  panic  throughout  all  Kiil' 
land.     A  preacher  of  hiw  charact<-r,  named  Til  in 
Oates,  who  had  gone  over  to  Ihe.Iesiiils,  decland 
that  he  knew  of  a  plot  among  the  Catholiis  I.. 
kill  the  king  and  set  up  a  Catholic  Oovernmciii 
He  brought  his  tale  lo  a  magistiate,  named  .>-ir 
Kdmund  liury  (imlfrey,  and  shortly  nflcrwar.ls 
[Oil.  17]  GiKlfrey  was'found  munlered in aditi b 
near  St.  Paucras  Church.     The  people  thimglit 
ihat  the  Catholics  had  murdered  him  to  hush  up 
the  •  Popish  ph)t,'  and  when  Parliament  met  a 
committee  was  appointed   to  examine  into  lije 
matter.      Some   pajxre    belong"ig    to  a  ,]e-iiil 
named  Coleman  alarmed  them,  and  so  great  w  is 
the  panic  that  an  Act  was  pas.sed  shutting  out  lil 
Catholics,  except  the  Duke  of  Y'ork,  fnim  Parli  1 
nient.     After  this  no  Catholic  .sat  in  either  llou-e 
for  a  hundred  and  fifty  years.     But  worse  11 
lowed.     Oates  liecamc  liopular,  and  finding  tali 
bearing  succesjful,  he  and  other  Informers  wi  ni 
on  io  swear  away  the  lives  of  a  great  number  ef 
inniKcnt  Catholics.    The  most  iioteil  of  these  ":i> 
Lord  Stafford,  an  upright  and  honest  peer,  wli  1 
was  executed  in  1681,  declaring  his  innixeiin 
t"harles  l.uighed  among  his  friends  at  the  wli-!. 
matter,   but  let  It  goon,  and  Shaftesbury.  i\li" 
wi.slied  to  turn  out  Lord  Danbv,  did  all  heceiiM 
to  fan  the  Hame."— A.  B.  Buckley,  IIM.  'if  I:' 
fur  Vxijiii'in*.  rli.    11).  — "  The    e.ipital   ami".'' 
"whole  nation  went   mad   with  hatred  and   fi  iv 
Tlie  penal  laws,  which  had  bej'un  to  lose  n  ;; 
Ihing    of    their    edge,    were    sharpened    ai  •  ■. 
Kverywhere   justices  were  busied  in  siari  h    _' 
houses  and  seizing  papers.     All  the  gaols  m   i 
tilled  with  Papists.     Li  '.idon  had  the  aspect  ■  :    i 
citv  in  a  slate  of  siege.     The   trainbanils  w  n 
underarms  all  night.     Preparations  were  ir  .  :• 
for  barricading  the  great  thoioughfaies.    I'ali'     ' 

niarchcil  up  and  down  the.  Teels.     Cannon  v. 

lilaiited  round  Whiteiiall.  No  citizen  llion  '. 
himself  safe  unless  he  carried  under  his  (o:;  a 
Kniall  flail  loaded  with  lead  to  brain  t'ue  l'"i  !i 
assassins."' — Lord  Macaulay,  JIM.  of  J-np..  .  - 
(P  i)_olt  being  expected  that  printed  l!i'  > 
would  houu  become  rate,  or  iockod  up  in  an  : 
known  tongue,  many  honest  people,  struck  " :  li 


924 


ENGLAND.  1678-16'.». 


rkf  Popith  Hoi. 


ENQLAND,  1070. 


the  ularm.  employed  themselves  in  copying  the 

Bilili'  inio  shortlmnd  that  they  mif;ht  nMt  'w  ties- 

til.ilr  nf  its  iiinsoltttions  in  the  hour  of  imiimity. 

...  It  was  ttlmut  the  year  1670  tlmt  the  fHnious 

kini;  !>  Head  Club  was  formed,  bo  named  from 

its  iH'iiiu'  held  at  the  Kings  Head  Tavern  in  Fleet 

Stnit.   .   •   ■  They  were  terrorists  and  spread 

al tirni  with  great  elleet.     It  was  at  this  club  that 

iiilk  :inn(>iir,  pi»U>l  proof,  was  rei  onimended  as  a 

si'curity  anainst  n.ssiissination  at  Ilie  hands  of  the 

l>:ilii>-ti:  anil  the  particular  kin'l  of  life-preserver 

(i{  t!iat  clay,  called  0  Protestant  Hail,  was  intro- 

diioil."— (J.    Uoberts.    Life  of  }fiiiimoiil/i,  rh.  5 

(r  1) — "And  now  commenced,  iM'fore  the  courts 

vi  justice  and  the  upper  house,  a  Minibre  prowi- 

I'Uticiii  of  the  catholic  lords  Arundel,  I'ctre,  St:'.f- 

fiinl,  I'owis,  Uellasis,  the  jesuita  t'olenian,   Ire- 

iaiiil.  (irieve,  Pi<  kerin^;,  and,  in  suceessiiin,  all 

wlio  wiri'  iiniiliealed    by  the  iiulefatiijable   de- 

nun(i:iti(iU9  of   Titus   Oates  and  lle(ll(M\      Vr- 

h-.|'pilv,  these  courts    of    justice,    desirini;,    in 

ciiiiiTiimi   with  the   whole    nation,    to    condemn 

ratlur  tlnui  to  examine,  wante<l  neither  elements 

nliiili  nii,u'ht,  if  strictly  acted   upon,  establish 

IilmI  iHKiif  of  eonspimcy  against  name  of  the 

aiiiiscil,  nor  terrible  laws  to  clestroy  them  when 

fiiiiiiii  .L'uilty.     And  it  was  here  that  a  spectacle, 

at  lirslimposinji,  iH'came  horrible.     No  friendly 

viiicc  arose  to  save  those  men  who  were  guilty 

only  of   impnieliciible  wishes,   of  extravagant 

ccncTptions,     The  king,  the  duke  of  York,  the 

Frcmli  ambassador,   thoroughly  acquainted  as 

tluy  wcrc'  with  the  real  nature  of  these  intputed 

crii'iu'S,  remained  silent;  they  were  thoroughly 

cow,-,:."— A.  Carrel,  llift.of'the  Coiinler-Uerclii- 

lionin  K»g.,pt.l,ch.4. — "Although,  .   .  .   up(m 

a  ri  viiH  of  this  truly  shocking  transaction,  we 

may  bi' fairly  jiistitlecl  ...  in  imputing  to  the 

fri'ai.r  ptirt  of  thi>se  conciTued  in  it,  r.itber  an 

iMrauniinary  degree  of  blind  cre<lulitv  than  the 

(k-liht  r:itc  wickedness  of  planning  and  assisting 

In  l!;i'  |nr|.ci ration  of  legal  murders;  yet  the  pro- 

ccciliiiL's  on  tlie  piipish  plot  must  always  be  con- 

siiiin-.l  as  an  inclelible  disgrace  uixm  the  Knglish 

nrition.  in  which  king,  parliament,  jud.ires,  juries, 

wiiiiosis.  prosecutors,  have  all  their  respective, 

tluiu:;li  certainly  not  equal,  shares." — C.  J.  Fox, 

lli'l.  'fthe  h:,<rhj  I'rrt-fihe  litiyn  of  .hmc»  II., 

ii,lr.,il.  r'l — "  In  this  dreadful  s<'i'ne  of  wicked- 

luss,  it  is  ilillicult  not  to  assign  the  pre-eminence 

of   tiiili    to   Anthony    Ashh'y    CoopiT,    earl   of 

i-haftc^liary.      If   he  did  not   first   contrive,   he 

ciTtiiuly  availed  himself  of   the  revelations  of 

Oati  >.  t'o  w.iri;  up  the  nation  to  the  fury  which 

prnlucul  thi'   suiiseouent   horrors.   ...   In  ,'X- 

Icniiiiion  of  the  (hlusion  of  the  populace,  sorne- 

tliiiii;  may  lie  ollen'd.     The  defamaticm  of  half  a 

century  dad  made  the  calliolics  the  objects  of 

Iiroie-ianl   oiliuin   and  distrust:  and  these  hail 

1hi  '1  ihi  reaseil  by   the  aecus;ition.    artfully  and 

as>ii|uoa>ly  fomented,  of  their  having  been  the 

am!)  r; . if' the  fire  of  the  citv  of  London.     Tlie 

1' I'si'anon.  too.  of  Ciileman's  letters,   certainly    j   great  seal 

ai:::"'iiii  111  a  consiilerable  activity  in  the  catholics       '  '  ' 

til  iir  111. He  the  catholic  religion;  and  contained 

e.\|ii.  -vi.iim,  easily  distorted  to  tlic  sense,  in  which 

till'  1  n  .iin  i-i  of  the  belief  of  the    plot  wished 

tb  HI  lull,'  uiiilcrsioiKl.    Uanby 'a  correspondence, 

li»i  wi-i ,  uliieli  had  long  been  genendly  known, 

aii'l  «  i>  about  this  time  made  public,  had  dis- 

c^'Xrl.'ii  that  Charles  was  in  the  pay  of  France. 

lai",  Willi  several  other  circiimstanci'S,  had  in- 

tianuit  the  imaginations  of  the  public  to  the  very 


highest  pitch.  A  drendfiil  something  (and  not 
the  less  dreadful  Ix-cause  its  precise  nature  waa 
altogether  unknown),  was  generally  appn  hemh'd. 
,  .  .  For  their  supposed  part  in  the  plot,  ten  lay- 
men and  si'ven  pnests,  one  of  whom  was  seventy, 
another  eighty,  years  of  age,  were  executed. 
Seventeen  others  were  condemned,  but  not  exe- 
cuted. Some  died  in  prison,  and  some  were  par- 
doned. On  the  whole  body  of  catholics  the  laws 
were  executed  with  horrible  severity.  "—C  Butler, 
JliHt.  Mcmvirt  I'f  tite  Eng.  Oil/inlle*,  eh.  32,  feet. 
;;  (r.  2). 

Al.s<)  IN:  Lord  Campbell,  I.trtf  <f  the  l.iird 
Chitlieilliira.  rh.  H!)  (e.  it). 

A.  D.  1679  (May).— The  Habeas  Corpi:s  Act. 
— "  Arbitrary  imprisonment  is  a  grievance  whi(  11, 
in  some  degree,  lias  place  in  almost  every  gov- 
ernment, except  in  that  of  Great  Britain;  anil  our 
absolute  security  from  it  we  owe  cliielly  to  the 
present  Parliament:  a  merit  which  makes  wmic 
atonement  for  the  faetioii  and  violence  into  which 
their  prejudices  had.  in  other  particulars.  l)e- 
trayed  them.  Tin'  great  charter  had  laid  the 
foiindation  of  this  valuable  part  o,'  liberty;  the 
petitiim  of  right  had  renewed  and  extended  it; 
liut  some  provisions  were  still  w;intiiig  to  render 
it  complete,  and  prevent  all  evasion  ordelay  from 
ministers  and  judges.  The  act  of  habeas  corpus, 
whii'h  passed  this  session,  served  these  purposes. 
By  this  act  it  was  jiroliibited  to  send  any  one  to 
a  prison  beyond  sea.  No  judge,  under  severe 
penalties,  n'lust  refuse  to  any  jirisoner  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus,  by  which  the  gaoler  was  directed 
to  iirodiice  in  court  the  body  of  the  prisoner 
(whence  tlie  writ  has  its  name),  and  to  certify 
the  cause  of  his  detainer  and  iiiiiirisonnu  lit.  If 
the  gaol  lie  within  twenty  miles  of  the  judire, 
the  writ  mu-st  lie  obeyed  in  three  days;  and  so 
proportionably  for  greater  distances;  every  pris- 
oner must  lie"  indicted  the  first  term  after  his 
commitment,  and  brought  to  trial  in  the  suli.sc- 
quent  term.  And  no  man,  after  being  enlarged 
by  order  of  court,  can  lie  reeonuuitted  for  the 
same  olTcnce. "— 1).  Hume,  lliat.  of  Emj.,  eh.  67 
(r.  0). — "The  older  remedies  .serving  as  a  safe- 
guard against  unlawful  iniprisoniiient.  were  — 
'..  The  writ  of  .Mainprise,  ensuring  the  delivery 
of  the  accused  to  a  friend  of  the  sa.iie.  wlio  gave 
security  to  answer  for  his  appeMraiice  before  the 
court  when  ri'iitiired.  and  in  token  of  such  iiiiih  r- 
taking  he  held  him  by  the  hand  (Me  prit  par  le 
main  ').  2.  The  w  -il  '  l>e  odio  et  atia,'  i.  e.,  of 
hatred  and  malic  .  ^  ;i.  li,  though  not  aUilished, 
has  long  since  bee. 1  anliqiiatid.  .  .  .  It  directed 
the  sberilT  to  make  inquisition  in  the  cnuiity 
court  whether  the  imprisonment  proceeded  from 
malice  or  not.  .  .  .  !i.  The  writ  '  De  liomino 
ri'plegiando.'orreplevyingnman.  that  is.  deliver- 
ing him  out  on  security  to  answer  what  iiiay  lie 
objected  against  him.  A  writ  is,  originally,  a 
royal  writing,  either  an  open  patent  adilressi-d  to 
all  to  whom  it  may  come,  and  issued  under  the 
or.  Mittcne  clausie,'  a.  sealed  letteriul- 
Iressed  to  a  particular  pirsoii;  such  writs  were 
prepared  in  the  royal  courts  or  in  the  Court  of 
Clianeery.  The  most  usual  instrumeiit  of  pro- 
tection, however,  against  arbitrary  imprisou- 
iiieiit  is  the  writ  of  'llalieas  corpus.'  so  called 
from  its  beginning  with  the  wonis,  '  Habeas  cor- 
pus ad  subjiciendum,'  which,  on  account  of  its 
universal  application  and  the  security  it  alTi.rds, 
has,  insensibly,  laken  precedence  ot  all  oiiienj. 
This  is  an  old  writ  of  the  common  law.  and  must 


925 


II 


'ii 


\\ 

n 

i 


n 

'J 


ENGLAND,  1879. 


Ilalitat 

I'lirpw  Art. 


ENGLAND.  1679. 


be  prayed  for  In  any  of  tlic  Sii|Mrior  rourU  of 
cotnmon   law.  .   .   .   Hut  Il.i«  writ  .         |.r..vHl 
Imt  n  fcpbli'.  or  mtlicr  wliolly  inelTcctmil  pri'tcr- 
i;  m  UK"'""'  IlKMirlpitrarv  power  of  tlipsovcrHKn^ 
The  rl^lit  of  nn  Kn»,'lisli  Miliject  to  a  writ  of 
ImlM-as  ((.rpus.  iimi  to  ii  rrlniw  from  impriwm- 
nieiit  unless  sufflcleiit  eiiiiw  Ik'  shown  for  his  de- 
tentioii,  was  fiillv  runviuiMil  In  the  first  yeiim  of 
the  reicn  of  C  Imrles  1.   .   .   .  The  piirliiiment  en 
(lenv(.iire(l  to  prevent  stiih  iirliitriiry  imprison 
nnnl  hv  piissin^r  the  •  I'elilion  of  Uij-'hl.'  whiih 
emu  ted  Unit  no  freemiin,   In  liny  sn<  h   ninnner 
hhoiilil   Iw  impris<in(il  or  ileliilneil.     Kven 
this  net  WHS  found  umivnilin::i'.pttinsl  the  miilevo 
lent  Interpretations  put  hy  the  judpes;  lienee  the 
10  Cliiirles  1  .  0.    10.  was  jiasseil.  whii  h  enaets, 
that  whiii  any  person  is  reslraimd  of  his  liUrlv 
Ipy  the  kin/;  in  person,  or  hy  the  I'rivy  Coumil 
or  anv  nieniher  thereof,  lie  shall,  on  demand  i.f 
his  iouns.1,  have  »  writ  of  halieas  .-orpus.  and, 
three  ilavs  after  the  writ,  shall  \w  hrou^'ht  before 
the  (our't  to  determine  whetliir  Iheri'  Is  prounil 
for  further  iniprisonnient,  for  bail,  or  for  hia  re- 
lease     NotwilhsiaiKlinjr    these   provisions,    the 
imniunltv  of  Knglish  sulijeets  from  arbitrary  de- 
tention   WHS   not   ultimatily   established  in  full 
pnielieal  ellieiencv  until  the  passinR  of  the  statute 
(i(  Charles   II..    commoidv   called  the  •  Habeas 
Corpus  Act.'"— K.  Fisihel,  The  Kiig't'li  ConMitii- 
lion.  hk.  1.  rh.  !). 

Also  IN  Sir  \V.  niarkstone,  C<niimfitUne»  on 
thf  I.itir»  ,-f  y.ii'l-.  I'k.  !f,  r'l.  H.  — II.  .1.  IStepl'fn, 
Com  nil  1,1,1  rut.  hk.  .■),  rh.  12,  net.  .'i  (r  41. 

The  billowing  is  the  text  of  the  llalwas  C  orpus 
Ael  of  1079:  ,  ,      „, 

Whereas  preat  Delays  have  iM'en  used  by  Mier- 
ifTs,  tiaolers  and  otla  rOtUeers,  to  whose  CusKslv 
anv  of  the  Kind's  Subjeets  have  been  commilted, 
for  criminal  or  supposi-d  criminal  MattiTs,  in  mak- 
iiif:  Ueturns  of  Writs  of  Halieas  Corpus  to  them 
dirieted,  bv  standin);  out  an  Aliii-s  and  I'luries 
HalMiisCoftius.  and  .sometimes  more,  ami  by  other 
Shifts,  to  avoiil  their  vieldinp  Obedience  to  suih 
Writs,  eontrarv  to  their  Duly,  and  the  known 
Laws  of  the  I.nnd.  win  n  by  inany  of  the  Kinir's 
Subjeets  have  been,  and  hereafter  may  be  lonjr 
detained  in  Prison,  in  smli  cases  where  by  Law 
they  are  bailalde,  to  their  great  Charges  ami 
Vexation. 

II.  Ki>r  the  Prevention  whereof,  and  the  more 
spi  eily  Helief  of  all  Persons  im|irisone(l  for  any 
such  'Criiiiinul,  or  supposed  Criminal  Matters; 
Ci  )  He  it  Knacteil  bv  the  King's  most  Kxeellent 
.Mairstv,  bv  and  with  the  Advice  and  Consent  of 
ill.'  I.onis  Spiritual  and  Temporal  and  Commons 
in  this  present  Parliament  asscmble.i.  and  by  the 
Aullioritv  thereof,  tiiat  wliensoi'ver  any  Person 
or  l"i  r-oMS  sliall  bring  any  llabea'^  Corpus  di- 
rected unto  anv  SherilT,  or  SherilTs.  (Jaoler.  Minis- 
tir.  or  olhiT  ('irsou  whalsoi'ver.  fi>r  any  I'crs,.n 
in  his  or  tlieir  Ciistodv.  and  tlie  said  Writ  shall 
be  served  upon  the  said  Olliccr,  or  left  at  the 
Oaol  or  Prison,  with  any  (if  the  under  (llliecrs, 
undiT  Keepers,  or  Deputv  of  the  said  '  itruers  or 
Kcepirs,  that  the  said  oflicer  or  Ollicers.  his  or 
their  I'n.ler  (Itlieers.  liider  Keepers  or  Deputies, 
shall  within  tliree  Davs  after  the  Service  thereof, 
as  aforesaid  (unless  the  Commitment  aforesaid 
were  for  Treason  or  f'clony,  plainly  and  specially 
expressed  in  the  Warrant  "of  Commitment),  upon 
PaMoeul  oi  Tend,  r  of  !i;e  ( iiargcs  of  briiifing 

Ai...*  ....:.l    n»o. ..,..■<    «,.  1„>  a,;/.<,rt,iini>d  liv  tbc  .IlllKre 


the  said  Prisoner,  to  be  a.scertained  by  u:v  Judge 
or  Jourt  that  awarded  the  same,  and  endorsed 


upon  the  «al  I  Writ,  not  cxreedlng  Twelve  p.  r.ee 
per  Mile,  jml  ui>on  Hecurity  given  by  his  ..«ii 
Ikmd.  to  pay  the  Charges  of  carrying  bin  k  ih.- 
Prisoner,  If  lie  shall  lie  remandeil  by  the  (  nim 
or  .ludge,  to  which  he  uliall  In'  brought,  ac..  nl 
Ing  to  tiie  true  Intent  of  this  present  Act.  in.l 
that  he  will  not  make  any  Ksca|W  by  the  »  i> 
make  Hetum  of  smh  Writ  (:! )  And  briiis'  .  r 
cause  to  1h'  brought  the  Ilody  of  the  Parn  -., 
ci.mmilted  or  restrained,  unto  or  iH'fore  the  I.^  r, 
Chancellor,  or  Lord  Keeper  of  tin'  (in  at  Se  il .  • 
Kngland  for  the  lime  ining.  or  llie  .ludL:«-  r 
Haronsof  the  said  (  ourt  from  wlienci  the  'iii 
Writ  shall  Issue,  or  unto  and  Ufore  such  "ili.  r 
Person  or  Persons  Infori'  whom  the  sahl  W  ri;  i- 
niade  returnable,  aei-ording  lo  the  Conim.n.l 
thereof.  (4.)  And  shall  then  likewise  ccrtili'  li^ 
triH' causes  of  his  Detainer,  or  Imprisonment,  i.n 
less  the  commllment  of  the  saiil  party  Iw  in  "y 
place  iHVond  the  DIstame  of  twenty  .Miles  frm 
the  Place  or  Places  where  such  Court  or  P'  rs..ii 
Is  orshall  lie  residinc;  and  if  lieyond  lln- Di-i  !  ■' 
of  twenty  Miles,  and  not  above  dnc  lluiwir.  1 
Miles,  thin  within  thi'  Space  of  Ten  Day-,  ml 
if  beyond  the  Distance  of  One  llundrid  Mil'- 
then  within  the  space  of  Twenty  Days,  after  su^  h 
Delivery  aforesaid,  and  not  longer. 

III.  Anil  to  the  Intent  that  no  SherilT,  (Imla 
or   other  Olliccr  niav  pretend  IgnoraiKc  ol  il.r 
Import  of  any  such 'Writ,  (2.)  lie  It  cnact.J  Iv 
the   Authority  aforesaid,  That  all   siuli   "in- 
shall  be  marked  in  this  manner,  Per  Slaliiium 
Tricislmo  Priini)  Carol!  Secundi  Regis,  and  -hail 
be  signed  by  the  Person  that  awarils  the  .-iii,. 
(:i.)     And  if  any  Person  or  Persons  shall  b.  .r 
stand  committed  or  detained,    as  aforesaid,  f  r 
any  Crime,  unless  for  Fehmy  or  Treason,  pLinl;. 
expressed  in  the  Warrant  of  Commitment,  in  tlu 
Yiuation-time,  and  out  of  Term,  it  shall  and  iimv 
be  lawful  to  and  for  the  Person  or  Pcrs.ii-  - 
committed  or  detained  (other  than  Persons  in 
yict,  or  in  Execution  by  legal  PriH'css)  or  anv  mi,' 
on  his  or  their  Behalf, 'to  appeal,  or  eoin|iliiiii  t. 
the  Lord  ChanceUor,  or  Lord  Keeper,  or  an>  i M' 
of  His  Majesty's.!  ustiies,  cither  of  the  one  ISi  m  li. 
(ir  of  the  other,  or  the  Uarons  of  the  Kxelmiuir 
of   the  Decree  of   the  Coif.     (4.)  And  tin-  mu  ! 
Lord    Chancellor,    Lord    Keeper,    .Iiistm-     nr 
Uarons,  or  anv  of  them,  upon  View  of  the  <  •■y\ 
or  Copies  of  the  Warrant  or  Warrants  of  (  . m 
initmcnt  ami  Detainer,  or  otherwise  •ipnn  ii:ii!i 
made,  that  such  Copy  or  Copies  were  d<ie."l  ;■' 
be  given  bv  such  Person  or   Persons  in  v.li.- 
custiHly  the  Prisoner  or  Prisonc'rs  is  or  ap  lii 
lained."are  hereby  authorized  and  reiiuired,  n|" :, 
I{ei(uesl  made   in    'Writing   by  such    Per- ii  •  r 
Persons,  or  any  on   his,  her,  or  their  lieleiil.  :ii 
tested  and  subsi'ribeil  by  two  Witnesse's,  w  Im  ui  iv 
pri'sent  at  the  Delivcry'of  the  same,  toawar.!  m,  i 
grant  nn  Habeas  Corpus  under  the  Seal  "1  miU 
Ctiurt,  whereof  he  shall  then  b- one  of  the. InL'. -. 
(,1    to  be  directed   to  the  Olliccr  or   Olliiir-.iii 
V,:,  iseCustislv  the  Party  so  committed  OI  ill'  enn, 
shall   be,  retuniable  iinmediate  before  tin    -n. 
Lord  Chancellor,  or  Lord  Keeper,  or  s.ii  li  .I'.-ii" 
ilaron,   or  any  other  .lustiee  or    liar.iii.  ■  I   Hi' 
Degree  of  tin"  Coif,  of  any  of  the  said  '  ■  art- 
(fi.)  And  upon  Service  ;liereof  as  aforesail.  ili' 
Otlicer  or  Ollicers,  his  or  their  under  Ollur  ir 
under  Officers,  under  Keeper  or  under  Kiii'r-. 
,-,r  tlirir  Deputv,  in  whose  Cu-ito-lv  the  V'")  i- 
so  committed  or  detained,  shall  within  lie  tun.- 
respectively  before  limited,  bring  such  I'riseutr 


92G 


I 


I 


ENGLAND.  1«7». 


HtOnat 
Corp%u  Acl. 


ENGLAND,  1«7». 


or  Prinonon  before  the  lald  LonI  Chancellor  or 
I/iinl  KiTper,  or  iucli  Justice*.  Hiron»,  or  one  of 
thim.  Ufiirc  whom  the  naiil  Wtit  U  iiiimIc ri'timi- 
oWc.  Hiiil  in  raRP  of  his  Aliwnce,  U'fore  imy  of 
lliiMM,  Willi  till-  lictiim of  «ii<li  Writ.  iin<l  tlie true 
( iiuJn  of  till'  I'ominllmi'nt  «nil  IKlniner.  (7.) 
Ami  ilicriMipdn  wllliin  two  Dhv»  nftcr  tlii'  Purty 
tliill  1k'  lipmiiht  liefon^  tiirm  llic  unid  Lord  Clmn- 
<(llor.  or  Ijiril  Kkjiit,  -ir  such  Justice  or  Huron. 
1].',  ri'  wlioiii  llio  IMcnner  fh"!!  W  l)roui;lit  ii.i 
afiiri  vjii'l.  sliuli  ilischurjrc  tiio  Miiil  Prisoner  from 
Ills  iTiipriMonmciit.  taliini;  his  or  tlicir  Hero'jni- 
711111  c.  wiih  one  or  more  Surety  or  Sureties,  In  any 
Sinn,  ill  ciTilinK  to  their  IHscretions,  Imvincri'Kiird 
luilii  t^iirility  of  the  Prisoner,  iind  Nature  of  ilie 
(ilIriMr  fnrliisortlieir  Al>I><'iiraneeinliie('ourtof 
Kiiiu  H  ill  111  li  the  Term  lollnwinK.  or  at  the  next 
A.->'/.n.  S'uiiiins, orceneral ttiiol  I)ilivery,of and 
fur  kin  li  Ciiunly,  City  or  Place,  wiiere  the  Coni- 
niiniii'iit  WHM.  (ir  wliere  tiie  OITenrc  was  eoni- 
niiiiiil.  I'f  in  i>u(h  oilier  Court  when'  tlie  said 
OITrnie  i^^  pro(ierly  copnizahle,  as  llie  Case  sliidl 
rri|iiiri',  ami  llien  shall  certify  tlie  said  Writ  with 
tlif  Uiliini  tliereof,  and  the  said  Ueeopnizance  or 
|[ii"i;ni/an(es  into  liie  stiiil  Court,  wliere  such 
Ap|iearanie  is  to  lie  made.  (H.)  Cnless  it  shall 
«ii;ieiir  until  the  said  I»nl  ChanceHor,  or  Lord 
hiipiT,  orJustiie,  or  Just  ices,  or  Karon  or  liarona. 
Hint  ihe  Party  so  committed  is  (Utained  upon  n 
liCiil  Prmess,  Order,  or  Warrant  out  of  some' 
Ci.iirt  tlial  liath  Jurisdiction  of  Criminal  Matters, 
or  liy  Miiiii'  Warrant  signed  and  sealed  with  tlie 
IIumI  and  .Sal  of  any  of  tlie  said  Justices  or 
linnins.  or  some  Justice  or  Justices  of  the  Peace, 
fiir  siiili  Matters  or  Offences,  for  the  which  by 
till-  l.a«.  the  Prisoner  is  not  bailable. 

IV.  Provided  always,  anil  be  it  enaettnl.  That 
if  iiiiy  Pi  rsoii  shall  have  wilfully  nejjleeted  by 
till'  Space  of  two  whole  Terms  after  his  Imprisoii- 
mint  to  pray  a  Halieas  Corpus  for  his  Enlarpe- 
mnil.  ^uih  I'erson  so  wilfully  nenleeting,  sliall 
not  have  any  IlniH'as  ('orpus  to  be  granted  in 
Viiial inn  time  in  Pursuance  of  tills  Act. 

V.  Ami  lie  it  flirt lier  enacted  liy  the  Authority 
iifnrrMiid,  Tlial  if  any  Olllcer  or  Olllcers,  his  or 
thiir  uiiiler  Ollieer,  or  under  Olllcers.  under 
Kii  pinruiiihT  Keepers,  or  Deputy,  sliall  neirlect 
ornfiiw  111  make  the  Ueturns  aforesaid,  or  to  brin); 
till'  I'diy  or  ItiMiiesof  the  Prisoner  or  Prisoners,  nc- 
ciinliii!.'  til  the  Conimand  of  the  said  Writ,  witliin 
till-  ri'^pritive  times  aforesaid,  or  iii>'  ■  Demand 
niailc  liy  Ilie  IViiiiner,  or  I'erson  in  lielialf. 
hluil!  II  i'liso  lo  ilillvcr.  or  w  itliin  the  Space  of  six 
lliiiirs.ifii  r  Diiiianil  shall  not  deliver,  to  Ilie  Per- 
sun  so  iliriiaiiilin):.  a  true  Cojiv  of  the  Warrant 
erWarrantsof  Coniinilnient  ami  Detainer  of  sucli 
I'ri^'in.  1,  wliieli  he  and  lliey  are  hereby  rei|Mircd 
t"  ililiv.r  ai(iirilinj;ly ;  all  and  every' the  Head 
('■;ii-lir<  mill  Keepers  of  such  Prisons,  and  such 
iiliii  T  I'l  T^iin,  in  wliose  Ciistoilv  the  Prisoner  shall 
hi'ilii.iiii.il,  sliall  for  the  lirst'OlTcnce,  forfeit  lo 
Mil-  I'risniiir.  or  Party  jrrieved,  the  Sum  of  One 
lliniilriil  Piiiiiiils.  {■>.)  And  for  the  second  Of- 
fiiiii',  till'  Sniii  of  Two  Hundred  Pounds,  and 
sli.iU  ami  is  liireliv  made  incapable  to  hold  or 
exii  uir  |,i<  saiii  oilire.  (:t.)  The  said  Penailies 
111  he  r.  I  ■  I  mi  liy  the  Prisoner  or  I'arly  pricved, 
his  Km  r  iiiiirs  or  .Vdminislralors,  against  such 
•  Mf.  nil  1.  lisKxecutorsor  Administrat<irs,  livany 
Aiti  11  1  Dilit,  Sjii,  Hill,  Plaint  or  Information, 
111  ;iri\  I'f  tl.c  Kinu  •  Courts  at  Westminster, 
wM(  r.  ill  >  )  Kssoin,  Pro'ccti  >D,  Priviledge,  Iiijunc- 
tum.  Wager  of  Law,  or  t!  ly  of  I*rosecution,  by 

92 


Non  Tult  ultcrlui  pmapqul.  orothrrwiaf,  ahall  ba 
«ilmltt4>d  or  alIowe<l.  or  «ny  more  than  one  liiipar 
lance.  (4.)  And  any  liecovery  er  Judgment  at 
the  Suit  of  any  Party  grieved,  shall  Im'  a  siifflclent 
Conviction  for  Ihe  first  Offence:  and  any  after 
Uecovery  or  Judgment  ai  Ihe  Suit  of  a  Party 
;-;rievi'<l,  for  any  Offence  afterthe  first  Judgment, 
shall  be  a  suftlcient  Conviction  to  bring  the  OtB 
cers  or  Person  within  Ilie  said  Penalty  for  the 
Se<'ond  Offence. 

VL  Anil  for  the  Pnvent  Ion  of  unjust  Vexation, 
bv  rillcrated  Commitinents  for  lliesjime  offence; 
(i)  Be  It  enacted  by  the  Authority  aforesaid. 
That  no  I'erson  or  Persons,  which  shall  be  de 
liviTcd  or  W'l  at  large  ujion  any  IlaU'ss  Corpus, 
shall  at  any  time  liin'af^ter  be  again  imprisimed 
or  committed  for  tlic  same  Offence,  by  any  Per 
son  or  Persons  wlialsmver,  oilier  llian  by  the 
li'gal  Onler  and  PriKess  of  such  Court  wherein 
he  or  they  sliall  be  lioiind  by  Ueeogni/ance  to  ap- 
pear, or  oilier  Court  having  Jurisdielion  of  Ihe 
i'nuse.  (3.)  And  if  any  other  I'erson  or  Persons 
shall  knowingly,  contrary  lo  lliis  Ail,  ri'commit 
or  imprison,  or  knowingly  procure  or  caus-  to  lie 
recominllted  or  imprisoned  for  ihe  same  OlTence, 
or  pretended  Offence,  any  Person  or  Persona  ile- 
livere<i  or  set  at  large  as  afori'said,  or  lie  know- 
ingly aiding  or  assisting  therein,  then  he  or  they 
shall  forfeit  to  the  Pri.soneror  Party  grieved,  tlio 
Sum  of  Five  Hundred  Pounds;  any  colourable 
I'relence  or  Variation  in  the  Warrant  or  War- 
rants of  Commitment  notwithslanding,  to  lie  re- 
covered as  aforesaiil. 

VIL  Provided  always,  and  Is'  it  further  en 
acte<l.  That  if  any  Person  or  Persons  shall  lie 
eommitte<l  for  High  Treason  or  Felony,  plainly 
and  specially  expressed  in  tlie  Warrant  of  Com 
mitment,  upon  his  Prayer  or  Petition  in  open 
lourttho  first  Week  of  the  Term,  or  first  Day 
of  the  Sessions  of  Oyer  and  Termiiu'r,  or  general 
Gaol  Delivery,  to  be  brought  lo  his  Tryal,  shall 
not  be  indicted  sometime  in  tlie  next  Term.  Ses- 
sions of  Dyer  and  Terminer,  or  general  Oaol-De 
livery  after  siieli  Coinmilmi  III,  It  shall  and  may 
be  lawful  to  and  for  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of 
King's  Bench,  and  Justices  of  Oyer  and  Termi- 
ner, or  general  Oaol-Delivery,  and  they  are 
hereby  re()Uired,  upon  .Motion  to  them  made  in 
open  Court  Ilie  last  Day  of  the  Term,  Sessions  or 
Oaol-Delivery,  either  bV  the  Prisoner,  or  any  one 
in  his  Behalf,  lo  set  at  Liberty  the  Prisoner  upon 
Bail,  unless  it  appear  to  the  .hiilges  and  Justices 
uponOalli  maile,  that  the  Witnessesfor  the  King 
could  not  be  priHiueid  the  same  Term,  Sessions, 
or  geni'ral  Gaol  Delivery,  (i.)  And  if  any  Per- 
son or  Pirsons  coinmitled  as  aforesaid,  upon  his 
Praver  or  Pitition  in  open  Court,  the  first  Week 
of  the  Term,  or  first  Day  of  Ihe  Si'S.sions  of  Oyer 
and  Tcmiiner,  and  general  Gaol-Delivery,  lo  be 
brought  lo  Ids  Tryal,  sliall  not  lie  indicted  and 
tryed  the  second  Term,  Sessions  of  Oyer  and 
Terminer,  or  general  Gaol  Delivery,  after  his 
Commitnienl.  or  upon  his  Tryal  siiail  1h'  ac- 
quitted, he  sliall  be  discharged  from  his  Imprison 
nient. 

VIII.  Provided  always,  that  notliing  in  this 
Act  shall  extend  to  disdiarge  out  of  Prison,  any 
Person  charged  in  Debt,  or  other  Action,  or 
with  Proces.s  in  any  Civil  Cause,  but  that  after 
he  shall  Ik-  disehaige<l  of  his  Imprisonment  for 
such  hia  criminal  Offence,  he  shall  be  kept  i" 
Custody,  according  to  the  Law  for  such  other 
Suit. 


ENOI.ANII,   1679 


Iftiheaa 
i'urftuj  Aft 


KN(}I,ANn.   1879 


IX.  Pmvlilcil  »l«iivK.  mill  !><■  It  rnnolcil  liy  lln' 
Auiliiirlty  iifiiriKiilcl.  'I'lml  If  iiti)  I'lrwin  r)r  I'rr 
fuim,  Hiil'iji'rm  iif  llil*  Id  aim.  ^\m\\  W  ciimnilltiil 
III  iinv  l'ri»iiii,  IT  ill  (  ii>|ii<ly  nf  any  Oltlnr  or 
(•tllnrs  «liiil»iHVir.  fur  any  Criiiiiiml  iir  hiip- 
lioHi'il  ('riiii.iial  MiittiT,  tliat  tin' miIiI  INtmih  hIiuII 
not  lit>  ri'tnovi'il  frniii  tlii'  hnui  I'riHiiniinil  CuntiKly, 
liitii  Mil'  Ciistmly  of  Hiiv  dllii  r  <  )fllr(r  or  Olllnra. 
(■-'  >  I'liliMi  il  111'  liy  Ilalii'itK  ('or|iii».  or  iionir 
olliir  il  L-iil  Wril;  or  whirr  llir  IMmiih  r  \i  ili- 
livrnil  lo  till'  (  on-lalili'orothir  iiifi  riour  (llllrir, 
to  larry  diiili  I'ri-^oiur  to  soini'  I'oninioii  (Jaol. 
{'A)  Or  wlnri'  any  i'lr-ion  is  wiit  liy  l>riii  r  of  any 
.liiiifli'  of  A'-si/'.r,  or  .Instill'  of  the"  I'nnc,  to  any 
roniinon  Worklion«i',  or  lloiisf  of  (nrrrrlioii. 
(t  )  Or  wlurr  till'  I'ri.sonrr  is  rrninvnl  from  our 
I'ri-oii  or  I'larr  to  aiiotlirr  «illiin  llic  Kiinic 
(oiinly,  in  onlir  lo  liis  or  Iht  Tryal  or  l>is- 
cliaru'i'  ill  iliir  I  'oiirH-  of  l.au.  (."i, )  ( )r  in  lasi'  of 
HUil'liii  Kin-,  or  Itifrilion,  urullii'r  Nrnssiiy.  (II.) 
.Vii'l  if  iiiiv  IN  rson  or  l*rr>on.H  sliall  afirr  smli 
('oniniiinunt  afori-saiil,  niai<i-  out  aiitl  si:;n.  or 
(■oiiniirsimi.  any  Wurr.int  or  Wurraiili  for  sin  li 
Iti'iiiov.il  afon  saiil.  ronirary  to  tliis  Art.  as  will 
111'  tliat  niaki's  or  sii:ns.  or  coiintrrsigns.  siirli 
Warrant  or  Warrants,  as  tin'  (Ullrir  or  Ollliirs. 
that  oliry  nrrxiriitr  till'  saini'.  siiall  siilTrr  A'  in- 
I'ur  thr  Tains  A:  Korfriliin  s  in  tliis  .Vrt  tirfori'- 
liiiiilioiii',1,  l.oili  lor  till'  Isi  \-  '.'nil  Oiri'iii'i',  rr- 
K|iirliM'lv.  to  III'  rnonril  ill  nianmr  aforrsaiil. 
by  till'  Tarty  i;rirviil. 

X.  Trovii'liil  also,  anil  In'  it  furtlii  r  iiiarti'il  liy 
till'  .\iilliority  iif'iri'saiil,  That  it  shall  ami  may 
Im*  I.iw  till  to  anil  lor  any  Trisonir  A  Trisonrrs  as 
al'on  said,  to  niovr.  ami  olilaiti  his  or  tlirir  llaliras 
C'lirpiis,  as  wi  11  out  of  thr  lliL'h  Ciiiirt  of  Chaii- 
I'lTV.  or  Court  of  I'.M  liri|uir.  a  ■  .  .,t  of  tIa'Cinirls 
of  l\iiii;s  Id  111  h.  or  ('oniinoii  i  ■  ,  .  oriithrrof 
tiiiin.  a')  .\ii'l  if  till- s.iiil  I  ,!  ,'h;iiirilliir  or 
I.onl  l\ii'|irr.  or  any  .lialt'i' or  .liidp'S,  liaron  or 
Haroiis  lor  tin'  lini'i'  hiiiiL,'.  of  thi'  |)i'i;rii' of  tin' 
Coif,  of  any  of  Ihi'  Courts  aforisaiil,  in  thi'  Va- 
calioii  linii'.  iii'on  vii-w  ot  tin'  Copy  or  Cnpirs  of 
till'  Warrant  i-r  Warrants  of  Comniitnicnt  or  l>i'- 
tuitiir.  or  upon  Oath  inailc  that  siirli  Copy  or 
Copii's  wiTi'  iliiiiril  as  aforrsaiil, ''hatl  ili'iiy  any 
Writ  of  llaliras  Corpus  hy  this  ,\rt  rnpiiri'il  tii 
li''  k'ranti'il,  lirin^  tnovril  for  as  afori'saiil.  they 
sliall  .si'virally  forfiit  to  thr  Trisonrr  or  Tarty 
crii-viil,  till'  ."oim  of  Fivi'  llunilri'il  I'ounils,  to 
hi'  H'i'o\i-ri'il  in  luanni-r  afonsaiii. 

XI.  Au.l  1h!  it  liirlariil  ami  itiarlril  by  tin' 
.Vuih'iriiv  afori'saiil.  That  an  llaliras  Corpus  ar- 
roritiiu;  to  till'  trill'  Intrnt  anil  niranini;  of  tliis 
Alt.  may  bi'  ilinrliil.  ami  run  into  any  County 
Talaliiir.  the  Cimiui'  Torts,  or  otlnr  privih'il;riil 
I'lai  r-.  uiiliin  till'  KiiiL'ilom  of  Knirlanil,  Do- 
minion of  Wali-s.  or  Town  of  Hrr»ii'l<  upon 
Twri'l,  ami  till'  Isli'S  of  .Ii'rsry  or  tiinrnsi'y,  any 
Law  or  I'sai-'i'  to  tlir  contniry  initwillistanilinir. 

XII.  .\iiil  f'lr  prrvi'iitini;  illiL'al  Iniprisonmi'iits 
in  Trisons  biyoml  tho  .Sas;  (','.)  lii'  it  furtlnr 
cnai'tril  by  tin-  Authority  afori'sjiiil.  That  no 
(sulijirt  of  liii.s  Uialni  that"  now  is,  or  liinaftiT 
shall  III',  an  Inhabitant  or  l!r-i,int  of  this  Kini; 
itoni  of  Kiiirlaml.  Iloniinion  of  Wnlrs.  or  Town  of 
llirvi  irk  U|ion  Twi'i'il.  shall  or  may  Iw  si'iit  I'ris- 
oiii'r  into  Srotlaiiil.  Irilaml.  .Iirscy,  (iiiirnscy. 
Taii);irr,  or  iiilii  Tarts,  (iarrisons.  Islainls.  or 
Tlai'i's  bryoml  tlit'  .'s,...,s.  wjiich  arc,  or  at  any  time 
Innafti  r  .-.ii.ii;  in:  ivitiiin  or  •.vitiioiii  tin  lioniiii- 
ions  of  liis  .Maji'sty,  bis  lliirs  or  Su<  ri'S.sors.  (:i.) 
Anil  that  t'very  such   Iiiiprisonment  is  iK-rcby 


I'lini'li'il  nnil  niljiniiri'il  to  \h-  illrfrnl.  (I  i  Ai.l 
Itiat  If  tinv  of  till'  Hjilil  SiibJi'i'lM  Dow  in,  or  In  r< 
iiftrr  Nhall  Ih'  so  imprUoiit'il.  I'vcry  tiiirli  Ti  i  -  n 
nml  TiTHons  mi  imprisuniil.  hIuiII  ami  inav  '  r 
rvirv  mull  Imprisonment,  maintain  bv  \ii'ir 
of  tfilH  Alt,  an  .Vrtion  or  Aetions  nf  KVIm  Im 
iirisonment,  in  any  of  his  .Majesty's  Couri-  .  f 
Ueeoril,  u>;ainst  tin'  Terwin  or  Terwins  by  w  h  .ai 
he  or  Hhe  nIiiiII  Ih'  ko  eommitteil,  iletiiinni  im 
prisoneil,  sent  Trisoner  or  transporteil.  eoiiinrv 
to  llie  true  meaniiii;  of  lliis  .\et.  iinit  ni,'aiii>i  ill 
or  liny  Terson  or  Tersonn.  that  xliall  fraiia  ,  .  n 
Irive.  write,  wal  or  ciuiiitersii;!!  nnv  Warrant  nr 
WrilinK  for  sin  li  ('ommilment,  Ihlaiinr  Im 
prisonment  or  Trans|Hirlation,  or  iiliall  bealu-. 
ini;,  aiilinii  or  ssLsiini;  in  the  .same,  or  am  .,f 
Hum.  Ci  )  Ami  the  TlainlilT  In  i\erysiiili  \r 
lion,  iiliall  liave  Juili.Muent  to  recover  his  ip  11.' 
Costs,  bi'siiles  |)aiiiai;cs;  wlliell  Pamiii;i  s  -,.  |,, 
be   (rivcl'.    sliall    not    be    less   lliall    Five    lllll'!l   "1 

Tounils.  (11)  In  wlliell  .\ition,  no  Delay,  miv, 
or  Stop  of  Triiei'ciliiii;.  by  Uule,  Onler  or  i  m 
nuiml,  nor  mi  Iiijiiiielioii,  Trotcction,  or  Tiim 
li'iliie  what.siH'ver.  nor  any  more  than  one  Imi  ^i 
lance  shall  be  allowcil,  e.\ceptin)r  such  lluj'  if 
the  Court  wli  rein  the  .\elioti  sliall  ilepcml.  ci  I'li' 
in  o|N'n  Court,  as  shall  la'  tlioiii.'lit  in  jiisiin  ii., 
cssarv.  bir  special  Cause  to  be  cxpri  ssd  in  ih.' 
saiil  Itiilc.  (7  I  .\ni|  the  Tersai  or  Tcrsoii^  "li'. 
shall  kniiw'in),'ly  frame,  contrive,  write,  s.  il  .r 
couiiIcrsii;n  any  \Varraiit  for  sticb  Comniiiii.' iii, 
Ditaimr,  or  Transportation,  or  shall  so  coiiuiiii, 
ilrtaiii.  imprison,  or  transport  any  Termini  "i  1'-  r 
sons  contrary  to  this  ,\et.  or  be  any  wa\s  a.^l^ 
inir.  aiilinj;  or  assistinit  therein.  Iieini;  laul  illy 
ciinvii  teil  thereof,  shall  be  ilisableil  from  tli.  :  ' ' 
forth  lo  bear  any  Otilie  of  Trust  or  Trollt  «  'hiu 
the  saiil  Kealm  of  Kn::lanil,  Dominion  of  \\  ,1'  -, 
or  Town  of  Hcrwiik  upon  Twceil.  or  any  el  'lie 
Islamis,  Territories  or  Dominions  Ihcreiini"  !"■ 
liiiiL'in}.'.  [>*■)  .\inl  shall  incur  ami  sustain  ilie 
Tains,  Tenalties,  ami  Korfcitiiics,  limitcl.  "f 
ilaineil,  anil  I'roviilcil  in  ami  by  the  Slaiiiii  "f 
Trovision  ami  I'rcmunire  iiiaili'  in  the  .Sivir  mli 
Year  of  Kini;  Iticharil  the  Seconil.  (!l.)  .Vhi  l« 
ineapablciif  any  Tanloii  from  the  Kini;.  his  II'  irs 
or  Siieeessors.  of  the  saiil  Forfeitures,  l,oss,  -.  ..r 
Disabilities,  or  any  of  them. 

XIII.  Troviilcil  always.  That  nothini:  i  i  'hi' 
Act  shall  cMi'iiil  to  ^-i\e  Ilcnctlt  to  aii\  I',  i-'ii 
who  shall  by  Contract  in  Writini:,  ii;;ri  e  .\:i!i 
any  Merchant  or  Uwiier,  of  any  Tlantali":;  '  r 
other  Terson  whatsoever,  to  Is'  transporteil  i  iiiy 
pan  Ix'yonil  till' Si'iis,  anil  receive  Karnoi  .|  -  ii 
such  A^rrceinent,  altlio'  that  afterwariU  - 1'  li 
Terson  shall  renounce  sueli  Contnict. 

XIV.  Troviileil  always,  anil  be  it  eiia' ■"! 
That  if  any  Terson  or  Tersons.  lawfully  coin  .  !mI 
of  any  Felony,  shall  in  open  Court  pray  i  I"' 
transporteil  bcyonil  the  Seas,  ami  the  ('our;  .ill 
think  111  to  leave  him  or  tlicm  in  Trisoii  l.r  'hit 
Turpose.  such  Terson  or  Tersons  may  be  ;'  e:* 
portcil  into  any  Tarts  beyond  the  Sc.i^.  !  i.i^ 
.\et,  or  any  tilling  Ibercin  contained  lo  Hi.  'i 
Irary  notwithstanding;. 

XV.  Troviileil  nlsii,  and  be  it  enaclcl.  i  l.il 
nolhinij;  herein  contaiin'd,  shall  bo  ileeine.i,  'ii 
slrued,  or  taken  to  extend  to  the  Imprisoiei  at 
of  any  I'erson  iM'fore  the  tlrst  Day  of  .luii'  '  'm' 
Thousand  Six  Hundred  Seventy  and  Nine,  .  :■  lo 
.iiiy  liiin^r  .iiivis..i,  |.r.sUii<i,  o"r  oliicr\u>.  :  ;.. 
relatin,::  to  such  Imprisonment;  Any  thiiiir  l..r"in 
(ontuiued  to  the  contrary  nulwitlistaiidin;; 


928 


ENOLAND.  1879. 


Hill 


ENGLAND,    1870-1681 


XVI.  I'n)vlili'il  iil»(>,  Tbttt  If  any  Perwrn  nr 
f'lr'x'n*.  Ill  miy  time  ri'niitiit  III  IIiIh  Ui'iilm,  Hlmll 
hm- luiMinllt'il  niiy  Ciipltiil  Offincf  In  ScdIIiiiiiI 
I  r  Irrliiiiil.  iir  luiy  of  llii"  NIiiimU.  or  fnnitfii  I'liiii 
iiiiiiii»nfth('  Kliijr,  lilt  IIilrsorSiu-.cwuirH.  whin' 
hi'  nr  -111'  might  to  In-  Irynl  fur  micli  OlTdirr. 
(lull  I'lrain  or  IVrwmii  iiiiiv  Ih'  milt  In  kiu  li 
Pl.iri',  thirt'  t"  norlvc  mich  I'ryiil,  In  mu  li  man 
iiir  111  tlirminii'  nilKlit  liiivc  Nrn  imiil  iMfurr  llii' 
niiikiM!.' llil*  Act ;  Any  tMng  Inn^ln  conlalmil  to 
the  c.iiiriirv  nnlwllliiliinilintj. 

XVII.  I'Viivlclcd  aW>,  ami  U-  it  (imrtiil.  That 
nol'iTviiiiir  IVrwHin.  Hlmll  Ik'  kiihI.  Inipli'iuli'il. 
iiiiilisli'l  nr  troulili'il  for  iiny  OITi'iici'  aKiiinst  this 
Alt,  miles')  the  I'arty  iillrnillnir  Im'  hiiiiI  or  Ini- 
pliuilcil  fur  tin'  winic  wilhln  two  Viiirit  at  tlir 
mint  lifter  Biirh  tiini'  whiriln  the  DlTi'iici'  aliall 
ln'  iniiiniilliil.  In  ''am'  the  I'arty  jtrli'viil  »liall 
ni't  I"'  thin  ill  I'riMiiK  anil  if  In'  Hhall  Ih'  in 
I'ri-iin,  lliin  wilhiii  the  itpaci'  of  two  Vciir'*  after 
till-  111  ciiuii'  of  till'  Prrson  iniprlsoni'il,  or  his,  or 
hir  Dillvirv  out  of  I'rJHon.    wliiili   Hlmll   Drat 


lui|i|>i  n. 
XVIII.  An 


1(1  to  tlip  Intent  no  Person  may 
aviiiil  liiK  Tryal  at  the  As"i?es,  or  peneral  (Jaol 
Dilivrry,  liy  pnniirinc  hi»  Uinioval  ln'fon'  the 
A«KiAiH  lit  tiuili  tiiiii'  as  he  cannot  Im'  brought 
hiuk  to  niiive  hlit  Tryal  there;  (■-•  )  lU'  It  eu- 
mtnl.  Thill  lifter  the  .Viiiizeii  pmcliiliiieil  for  that 
CiiiiMly  wliire  the  Prisoner  Is  (letiiineil,  no  Per- 
siiii  -hull  Ih'  reniovHl  from  the  fominon  Gaol 
iiIMiiiiiiiy  lliilxas  Corpus  granted  in  pursiianee 
of  lliis  All,  but  U|Hin  liny  sueh  IlalK'as  Corpus 
»li;ill  III' briiu).'lit  iH'fori'  the  Juiipe  of  Assize  in 
iipiii  (  iiiirt.  who  is  thereupon  to  do  what  to 
Ju-iire  uliitll  apiH'rtain. 

XIX.  I'riiviiled  nevertlieloss.  That  aftir  the 
.\--i/is  iirei-nileil,  any  Person  or  Persons  det^iined 
ni:iv  li:i\i-  his  or  her  IlalM'as  Corpus,  aeconlini; 
til  i!ii'  IHrii  linn  and  Intention  of  this  Act. 

XX.  Aii'l  lie  it  also  enaeted  by  the  Authority 
si  ri  »iiiii  Tliiit  if  any  Information. Suit  or  Aetion. 
sliiiM  lie  liriiiii,'htor  exhibited  against  any  Person 
nr  I'l  r-niiH,  fnr  any  OITenee  eoinmitted  or  to  1m' 

1 iiiiitiil  iiiruinst  the  Form  of  this  Ijiw,  it  shall 

lie  l.oifii!  fnr  such  Uefendants  to  plead  the  j:en- 
rrnl  l-Mii ,  ihiit  they  are  not  Kuilty,  or  that  they 
'•v,i-  it'iiliini:,  anil  to  ^ive  such  special  Matter  in 
Kvi'li  nie  lo  the  .lury,  that  shall  try  the  same, 
»  hii  h  Mitii  r  lieini;  pleaded,  had  iK'cn  piMsl  and 
sullii  i'  Til  niatler  in  Imw  to  have  disebarped  the 
siiiil  liifinilant  or  Defendants  against  the  said 
liif^riiiMlinii,  Suit  or  Aetion.  and  the  said  Matter 
shall  lie  ilii  II  lis  available  to  bini  or  them,  to  nil 
lull  !it-  mill  I'MriM)ses,  as  if  he  or  tliev  had  siif- 
tiriinily  plciiileii.  set  forth,  or  nllejfeil  the  same 
M  nil  r  ill  Il:ir,  or  Discharge  of  such  Information, 
i"iiii  nr  Anion. 

XXI.  .\nil  iH'causi'  many  times  Persons  chargeil 
Willi  I'llly  Treason  or  Fehmy,  or  iw  Acei'ssaries 
till  n  unin.  lire  ennimittcd  upon  Suspicion  only, 
w  III  II  i;|inii  they  are  baiiablu  or  not.  according  as 
till'  I  irriimstjiiices  making  out  that  Suspicion  are 
III  ri  ,rl,>.s  weighty,  wliieli  arc  best  known  to 
lli".|ii.|iin.,f  I'l'iiee that  committed  the  Persons, 
aii'l  liave  the  Kxamiiiations  l«'fore  them,  or  to 
I'llii  r  .liiMhes  of  the  Peace  in  tlie  County  ;  ('i. )  He 
il  till  ri  .rnre  enacted.  That  where  auv  Person  shall 
upiHir  In  lie  eonimitted  by  any  Judge,  or.Iiisliee 
lit  I  111  I'liiie.  and  charged  iia  accessary  l«'forethe 
Vii'i.  ••:  iiiiy  i'rfty-Tr=i»=nn  r.r  n^l.^rv,  r.r  -.-.p.-.n 
Si;-;  1.  i  111  ihereof,  or  with  Suspicion  of  Petty- 
111       11    nr    Fehiny,    which  Petty-Treason    or 

920 


Kelony,  shall  In'  plainly  and  >|M'i'lally  exprrurd 
in  the  Warrant  of  Coimnitment.  that  such  Pir 
son  shall  not  ts'  removeil  or  baihil  by  Virtue  of 
this  .Vet,  or  in  any  other  manner  ihan  they  might 
have  Isen  licfore  the  making  of  this  .Vet 

A.  D.  1670  ijune).— The  Meal-tub  Plot.— 
"  Dangrrtleld,  a  subtle  and  di  vti  runs  nian,  who 
bad  gone  through  all  the  sha|H'S  and  priu-tlces  of 
roguery,  and  In  particular  wiis  a  faU'  cnlnir. 
undertisik  now  to  coin  a  plot  for  the  1  lids  of  the 
papists.  lie  .  .  .  got  Into  all  coiii|iu  les,  and 
mixed  with  the  hottest  men  of  tlm  town,  and 
studied  to  engage  otliers  with  biiii-.i  If  to  swear 
that  they  had  Isin  invited  to  accept  <if  coinmis. 
sions,  and  lliat  anew  form  of  irovernment  was  to 
Ih'  sa'l  u|i.  and  that  the  king  and  the  roval  rainilv 
wen'  to  Is'  sent  awiiv  lie  wasearrieil  with  thfit 
story,  first  to  the  duke,  and  then  to  the  king, 
and  had  a  weeklv  allowiince  of  money,  and  wa» 
very  kindly  useil  by  many  of  that  side;  so  that 
a  whIsiM'r  run  alxiiit  town,  that  some  extraor- 
■Unary  thing  would  ipiickly  break  out:  and  h« 
having  some  rorrespondence  with  one  colonel 
Mans4-I,  he  made  up  a  bundle  of  seditious  but 
ill  contrived  letters,  and  lalil  tlicni  in  a  dark 
comer  of  his  riMim;  and  then  some  m'archcrs  were 
sint  from  llie  custom  house  to  look  for  some  for- 
blihlen  giKsls,  which  they  beard  were  in  Mansel's 
chamlHr.  There  wen'  no  goesls  found:  but  as 
it  was  laid,  they  found  that  bundle  of  letters: 
and  upon  that  a  gnat  noise  was  luade  of  a  dis 
covery:  but  upon  inijuiry  it  appeared  the  letters 
were  CO'  nterfeltcd,  and  the  forger  of  tliein  was 
suspected;  so  they  searched  into  all  Dangcrtleld's 
haunts,  andinone  of  them  they  found  a  |m|)<'r 
that  contained  the  scheme  of  this  whole  fiction, 
which,  because  it  was  found  in  a  meal  tub,  lame 
to  lie  <allcil  the  meal  tub  plot.  ,  .  ,  This  was  a 
great  disgrace  to  the  popish  parly,  and  the  king 
sufTen'd  much  bv  the  countcnainc  he  bad  given 
him.  "— <i.  Uunict,  Jliit.  <if  .Vv  Oiru    rime,  U\  1), 

inra 

A.  D.    1679-1681— The    Excluiion    Bill.— 

"  Though  the  duke  of  York  was  not  chargetl  with 
participation  In  I  be  darkest  mthemesof  the  popish 
conspirators,  it  wa  1  evident  that  his  succession 
was  the  great  aim  of  their  endeavours,  and  evi- 
dent also  that  be  had  been  engaged  in  the  more 
real  and  undcni  ible  intrigues  of  Coleman.  His 
acces.sion  to  th  thnine,  long  viewed  with  just 
appreliension,  now  seemed  to  threaten  such  perils 
to  every  part  of  the  constitution  as  ouglit  not 
supinely  to  1k'  waited  for,  if  any  means  couhl  be 
devised  to  obviate  them.  Tnis  gave  rise  to  tlie 
Isilil  ineasun'  of  the  exclusion  bill,  tixi  bold,  in- 
deed, for  the  spirit  of  the  country,  and  the  risk 
on  wlileh  Knglisli  liliertv  wiis  nearly  ship- 
wrecked. Tnihe  long  parliament,  full  as  it  was 
of  pensioners  and  creatures  of  court  influence, 
nothing  so  viirorous  would  have  ln-en  sui'cessful. 
.  .  .  Ilut  the  zeal  they  showed  against  Diiiiliy 
induced  the  king  to  put  an  end  [.Ian  ii.  lIlTlt]  to 
this  parliament  of  seventeen  years'  duration:  ail 
event  long  anhntly  desired  by  the  popular  party. 
who  fon'saw  their  ascendancy  in  the  new-  electinns. 
The  next  house  of  eoinmons  acconlingly  came 
together  with  an  ardour  not  yet  ipienclieil  by 
corruption;  and  after  reviving  the  impeach- 
inents  commenced  by  their  predecessors,  and  car- 
rying a  measun'  long  in  agitation,  a  test  which 
shut  rhi' .-■aiiioli."  jw.-n  r.iit  .-if  pirjiiimint,  w.-r.t 
ii|)on  the  exclusion  bill  [the  second  reailing  of 
which  was  carried,  May  '.'l,  1079.  by  207  to  ViH]. 


ENOLANP.  16T»-IWI. 


wu«tmn4  BNOLAND,  laai-iau. 

IbriM 


It 


1 

H 


Tlirlr  diMoliilliin  nut  »  Hop  to  IliU;  ami  In  the 
urst  ptrlUmrnt  tb«  lunt*  n-jrrtol  It  (tftrr  the 
rummonii  luul  puiril  the  bill,  without  •  dlTlilun. 
(K't  .  I8H0|.  .  .  Till*  Mil  of  .-xrtiiijon  .  .  . 
proTJilt'd  thiit  tilt'  liiipi-rl  '  crown  of  Kiiiilnmt 
■houlil  cliiMinil  to  nnil  Iw  tnJovr>l  I'V  «iu  li  IH-r- 
Min  or  (Hnonn  •urrewlvily  ilurliiir  llii'  llff  of  tln> 
iluki'  of  Vnrk  iw  woiilirimvr  liiluriliil  or  in- 
Jojriil  Ihc  KiiiU'  III  niw  In-  »>ri'  iitttur»lly  dfnil. 
Hill  It  luriii'  piirt  of  till' iii>|Mwitlon  hull  un- 
forliiii.ilily  oihir  nliJiiH  hi  vli  w  "  I'mlcr  thu 
iiiiiiiiiiiliiiiilii){  liitliii'iii"  of  till'  curl  of  Hliufto 
liiiry,  ■Ihiv  liroki'  uwuy  iiioic  iiml  imm'  from 
the  line  of  iiiiiloiiiil  o|iliiioii.  till  II  futiil  ri'iiciioii 
liivolvi'il  llii'iiiH'lvi'i  In  mill,  mill  c\po«cil  tlic 
can*'  iif  pulilic  lilMrly  In  lu  im^l  liiiiiiliiiiit 
iicril  ilii'  <  11111111  iiiiiiii'  mill  Kiippiirt  of  Sliiifli^- 
Iiiiry  hnuiulit  forHiinl  lliat  iim  iiii«liliilliiiiiil  miil 
llloa't  llll|i<>lill<'  M  lirllii'  of  III!'  illlkc  of  Mnri 
iiioiilli  MKitii  iK?<loii  [.liiiiii't,  iliiki'ofMoiinioiith, 
will  till'  m  kiioHliili.'iil  iiuliinl  wiii  of  kliii; 
ChiirliH,  liy  I. my  Wulliri.  Iii4  iiii'<iiin.H  wlill.'  in 
exile  lit  ll'ie  lliii,'ile,  I  There  enillil  liiir.lly  !«•  ii 
grciiler  iiiiiilt  to  II  iialiiHi  ii-miI  to  rei*|iei  i  lu 
heiiililiiry  line  of  kiiik'H.  IImii  Io  wt  up  llie 
lillHlaril  of  H  pri>-«lilille  vxillimil  llie  leji^t  pre- 
tl'llie  lit  pirumal  cMelleliee  nr  pillille  sen  lem, 
IH!ilill«l  .X  pliliee'.iof  klloUllNirllleanil  llltuelllliellt 

to  the  prill' .'.liiiit  religion.  Ami  lliei  iTronlerv  of 
tills  iiileiiipl  wiin  iii;i;rii\aleil  liy  llie  litii  Neiii;!  riy 
(In  iiliiliil  111  iliipe  Hie  ereiliiliiiis  popiiliiee  ihiii  u 
iH'lii  f  of  MoiiniiMiih  »  l(  uiiiiniiev." — II.  llulluni, 
(•:iiiil.  II, 't   .//■.'/.,'/,  ell.   \i. 

Ai.^i  IN:  A.  Carrel.  ItiAt.  nf  th^  t'ntmtir  lt,r>t- 
Inli'-ii  ill  Hiiij..  !•'  '-'.  '■'''  l.  —  'l  UoU-rlH.  I.(l<-  ■•/ 
.Voiiiwiiilli,  A.  4-H  (r,  I).— <!.  lluriiet,  llinl.  ■•/  .// 
Oirn    Time.    I>k.    :1  ,    HIT'.) Ml.  — Sir    \V.  Temple, 

Miiimira.  fit    II  (  ir.//ll>.   /'.   •-'), 

A.  D.  1680.— Whigi  and  Torie*  acquire 
their  reapective  names. —  "  Fuel ioii.<4  Imheil 
were  lit  lliis  time  [.V  P  UWO]  extremely  ani- 
miileil  apiiiist  each  other  The  very  iiamcH  liy 
which  each  party  detioniliiateit  Itn  iitilii^onUt 
dincover  the  viniience  and  raiicoiir  wliicli  pn'- 
vailed.  For  I'esiden  pelllionir  mid  alihorrer,  ap- 
pellalioM'i  wlih  h  were  kooii  fnrKollen,  thisi  year 
\»  reniarkalile  for  IkIiik  the  epiMh  of  the  well- 
kiiowu  epillietn  of  Whij;  and  Tory,  hy  which, 
and  soiiietiiiii'4  without  any  material  dilTirence. 
thi4  iiiland  ha.s  been  ho  loii^  divided  The  court 
party  reproached  their  anlaKoniatit  with  their 
attinily  to  tlie  fanatical  convi  iiticlerHin  Scotland, 
wiio  were  known  liv  Hie  name  of  Wliiifs:  the 
country  party  fminil  a  reiiemlilaiice  la'tweeu  tlie 
courtiers  ami  the  popish  lianditii  in  Inland,  to 
whom  Hie  a|ipellaliiin  of  Tory  was  allixed :  and 
lifter  tliis  iiiaiiiier  tlitse  fiKitisli  terms  iif  reproach 
came  iulo  public  and  >,'eiieral  use." — 1».  llumc. 
//l.<^  <7'  A'/r/.,  eii.  «•'^l'■.  II)— ■'The  (ietinition  of 
tile  iiiikiiame  Tory,  as  it  nriirinally  arose,  is 
given  in  .\  New  Uallad  '  (Narcissus  Luttrcll's 
Colli  iliimi.  — 

Tlie  word  Tory's  of  Irisli  Kxtmction, 
lis  a  l.iLMiy  iliat  lliey  have  left  here 
Tliey  eanie  Ill-re  in  their  tiroirues. 
.\ild  have  aeli-d  lil»e  l{oi;iies, 
In  etiiieavnurini;  to  learn  us  loswear.'' 
—.1.  lireL'o,  llift.  nj'  I'lirUiiiiuiiltinj  Klictiuiu,  p. 
30. 

Also  in:  (J.  W.  Cooke.  Ilinl.  •>/ Purti/,  r.  1,  rA. 

n_!,;:r.i     M;v:-iloUiy,     //;■;;/     ,:f   l-Jii^:       .-h     V!  — For 

the  origin  of  the  name  of  the  Whig  jmrty,  see 
W'UIUH  ( \Vuiuu.\Mousi :  also,  U-U'rAUbKi!. 


A.  O.  iMl'>i<a«.— Tk*  Tory  rtactloa  and  thi 
dawnfall  of  tk«  Whic*.-Th«  Ryt-lMute  Plot. 
— "  HUufti-iihury*  courne  rMtnl  wholly  on  ii.,. 
lirllrf  that  lh«  |M-nury  of  thnTrrnaury  leftClnrln 
*•  hl>  mrrry.  and  that  a  rtftuwl  uf  •upplk'n  iiuki 
wrinv  from  thr  Kini{  hia  aairnt  t<i  thr  •'xclie.i.-n 
Ilut  tilt-  Kold  uf  France  had  freni  the  King  fr  in 
hit  thraldom.  Ilo  hnil  iixd  the  I'arliiuiii  ni  | -f 
IUM||  •Imiily  tu  rxhihit  himw  If  as  a  •omtiu'ii 
wliotx' patience  and  conciliatory  lem|M'rw,t..  n 
wanlisl  wllh  Intuit  niid  vlnleiice;  and  nnu  ilui 
he  MW  Ills  end  accompllslieil,  In^  middeiiU  <li> 
•olved  the  lloiiM'S  in  April,  and  appealnl  m  1 
Hiiyal  declaration  to  Hie  Jiistheof  Hie  null  n  >i 
large  The  ap|H'al  was  met  by  an  aliii"«i  .1  i 
vipuil  burst  of  loyally.  The  (  liiinh  nilli.  I  t. 
llie  King,  his  derluriilloii  was  n  id  fnmi.vfv 
pulpit;  and  llie  I'nivi  rsitii  s  soli  iiinlv  il< .  1  l>  I 
that  '  no  rellgi'in.  no  law.  no  faiill,  no  (nrfi  11  .r. 
ciiiiM  avail  III  bar  the  sui  n  d  riglit  of  In  ri  ihi  irv 
succession.  .  ,  .  The  Duke  of  Vnrk  n'turm  I  In 
lri..m|ili  loSi  .luines  s.   .  .Miiniiioiiili.»  li<  |j .  I 

resumed  his  prnu'ressi-s  through  the  counlr>  .i>  i 

ans  of  til.  iking  the  tide  of  reai  tinn,   «  i^  ii 

oiire  arrested,   .   ,   .   Sli..riesbury.  alive  to  III.  I:.  ,v 

danger,    plunged    despe.alely    inlo   con-pir 

with  a  hiindriil  of  iidvenliinrK  as  ile-penN  i. 
himself,  hid  himself  in  Hie  Cily.  when-  In-  !»-  \U  I 
that  ten  thousand  'brisk  boys'  wen'  niiil\  1  >  l 
(sar  at  his  call,  and  urged  hlsfiiends  In  n< 
iiriiis  Itul  till  ir  dehiys  ilmve  him  to  tliglit 
The  lliglit  of  Sliafle'sbury  pnsluiimd  ihi  11: 
iiniiih  of  the  King.  Ills  wonderful  s.igai  iu  l>  I 
told  him  V  1,  n  the  alriiggle  wasovir  ami  laitl,.  r 
resistani '  -.i-less.  Hut  the  Whig  leadirs.  \sli-. 
had  deliu  I  to  answer  Hie  Karl's  call.  Klillmirs.  ! 
projects  of  rising  in  arms,  and  the  iiion  ili  < 
peratc  spirits  who  had  cliistend  aniund  liitii  11 
lie  lay  hidilen  In  the  City  tisik  nfiige  In  p!  s 
of  nssasainalion.  and  In  ti  idau  for  muni,  rin:: 
Charles  and  his  linit her  as  they  passed  tie-  llti 
house  [a  llerlfordshlrt'  farm  house,  wi  callnll  .u 
their  mail  fnun  I.Aindon  to  Newmarket,  li'ili 
the  conspiracies  were  lietrayed,  and.  thuugli  ilii  y 
were  wholly  dlatinct  fnun  one  another,  tin  1  mi 
Ingenuity  of  the  Cniwn  lawyers  blended  llum 
Into  one.  Uml  Essex,  the  last  of  an  ill  fii'  I 
nice,  saved  liinis<'lf  fnim  a  traitor's  death  b>  ^li 
ciile  In  the  Tower.  LonI  Uussell,  conviilil  ••:•■ 
a  charge  of  sharing  in  the  Itvehouse  I'l.  1.  «  i-. 
beheaded  In  I.iiieoln  Inu  Fields.  The  sam.  I  .' 
awailiil  Algemou  Shlney.  Monmoiilli  ll"l  iu 
ternir  over  sea,  and  his  tliglit  was  follow!  I  1.  1 
wTW-sof  pniseeutloiis  for  sedition  directed  m_  u  .-! 
his  followers.  In  llW.i  Hie  Constilulional  -  |  i"' 
sition  wliuh  had  held  Charles  so  long  in  -  In  ' '■; 
lay  crushed  at  his  feet.  ...  On  the  mh  In 
wiien  the  crowd  around  liuasell's  scalTi'M  >'ri- 
dipping  their  handken  hhfs  in  his  blonil  -  1 1 
the  biiKxl  of  a  martyr.  Hie  I'nivcrsity  nt'  i(\;  n 
soh'innly  declared  that  the  ilo<  trine  of  pi-  • 
olsdicnce.  even  to  the  worst  of  rulers,  u  i~  i 
part  of  n-ligion. "  During  the  brief  reiiiiini'r 
of  his  reign  I'liarles  was  a   prudeiilly   .il- -i  i'- 

inoiianh,  govi-rning  without  a  Pai'lianieiir. ii> 

ignoring  the  Trieunial  Act,  ami  trim:.-  :i 
iiccasions  the  Test  Act,  its  well  us  otii.  :  r-'-- 
obnoxious  to  him.  with  contempt.  IU- d.-  i  :;: 
expectedly,  early  in  February,  lfl.'<.').  a;  -  I-- 
brother,  the  Duke  of  'V'ork,  'Bucceideil  :  il^ 
thnine^  a-.;.1ani!";  II  ,  with  mi  reriiriijte.ce.  b'..  '  '■'' 
much  feeling  optiosed  to  him. — J.  H.  1.: m 
tihurt  Wit.  I'fEiiU.,  ch.  9,  uct.  5-tl. 


930 


KMOLAND.  IWl-liM 


%.m,\)-\y  Hume,  /ftw   "/*'.(/.  '*    ">^«» 

*"a  D  i««5.-Aee«Mioo  of  iMit*  II. 
a'  D  iMs  (Ftbn»nri.-Tht  otw  King  pro- 

cUlmi  hit  f«lif '•»•-' "'''"'  '*'"•'  I'''"'"","' 
'"  "m.l  ll..'  I.^»I'.V  nf  •      l'rol...t.int  frl.-...  .  lo 

In  !!.•  ImMt  o(  liinrinit  iimw  wllli  <  l'"«'>l  •I-'"  I" 
1  .null  "ruK.ry  wlil.li  l.«.l  Ihh ii  HtU .1  up  f-r  hi« 
wi  ,•      II.'  now  ..nl.r.'a  Hi.'  '!■"•"  «'>  >"• «''";«" 

no...  I"  "f'l"  "'"'  ""  «'"'  '"""■  '".W  ". 
ilulv'l.i  lilni  nilulil  >><■<■  llicnniiioiiy,  W  l"n  I"' 
l,„.r  »ii«  il.val.a  tlKT.'  wu«  II  .imiitt.'  <""I"»)"|' 
)„  il„.  »nl.<  Imn.lHT.  Tli-  HmiiHii  (  ,.l  i-  i.  ■<  f.  11 
„n  (li.ir  kmiit:  Hif  l'r.it.-.l«iilH  liiirrii<l  mit  uf  | 
llierMiiii  W.>"ii  II  niw  piilliil  wiiiinit.il  in  llu' 
p„lu..'.  nii'l.  'li"li'H  '•"■'''■  I""''""  "'■  «•""""'• 
»  ,»  |.Pi.li.a  tliiT.'  Iiy   l'"pi<l'  'livlii.*.    -l-onl 

A  D.i6«S  (la»y-July).- Monmouth  i  Re- 

btUion.-'Tlii'  I'urlUiiiiiit  «lai  li  ii"' Mit>l<_'l  "'i 
I'll  "'n'li'f  Mny  «ii<iiliii'"-i  "iiiiri  ly  I'TV 

Tl,/f'.iliir.M.filifltyr  II.ium'I'ImI  li,i.l  pr.-lun-.hi 
p  Hih.n    «hi.li  f'T  II  tlmi'  i-nlinly   iimiiliiliiliil 
111,.  Will::  iTilhiiiHiv    .   .      Till-  iippiirciit  irlumi.lj 
.till.- Kill;,' liii.l  111!'  Tory  piirty  win  ..mipl.t.il 
l,v   till'  .IUii>trmii   fiiiliir..   of    tlir    iii.iirr.-.  I  ..» 
pliiihcil  I'v  tliiir  lulnrsiirics.     .\  kii"!  nf  fijli' 
mulci.ntiuti.  Mimi'   S<iilrli.   m.iui'    hiinli^li,    liml 
,,.|li(i..l  111  lli.lluiiil.     Aiiimii.'  IlK-m  »"■<   >'""• 
moiilli  uml  llii'  Kiirl  <if  Ariryli'.  wn  "f  Hn't  Mi'r- 
niii,  ..f  .\rt'\li'  who  linil  liiktii  ».)  pnmiiiiriil   ii 
,,Hrl  im  till''  I'nslivl.riiin  ►i.U'    i"    tin'    Soti  li 
iruiihlis  of  riwrl.'s"  I/n  rrltfii.     Monmoulli  liml 
k.ptnl.K.f  from  ikiIIiIis  till,  mi  tlio  iic.ciwioii  of 
.r.iii.H  he  will  hiilmiil  to  Join  \\w  nilii  m  A"'- 
siiriliim,  whitli.r  Argyll',  »  »lroiig  I'nxliyii  nuii, 
Imt  II  iimii  of  hifty  anil  nuMliTiili'  vli  »«,  al»i)  ri'- 
paircl      Xullonal  J.uloiwv  pn  v.nliil  any  union 
Ixmiin  Ihi-  I'xili'S,  anil  two  ivxpiiliiioni  wiTi' 
iliiiiininiil  on,— till'  ono    uiiilrr   Argyll',    who 
hop.ll  I..  Iliiil  an  nniiy  rniily  to  his  han.l  amoni? 
hi,  I  liiism.n  in  tlio  Wi'xt  »f  Sintliui.l.  tin-  oilur 
mull  r  Moiuiioutli  in  the  Wist  <>f  Enijlanil.     Ar- 
gyll s  ixidilitloii  ml  111        lu  till'  ','nil  "f   May 
[iiWl.  .  .  .  Arifyii-'ii  in\     .on   was  riiincil   liy 
Ilk.  liiiiil...i  aiithorily  intrusti'd  to  him,  ami  liy 
thi-  jiiiloUM'  anil  InHiilmrdinntiim  of  Ills  fellow 
liiil.rs       ,  .  Ilisarmv.lisban.l.-.i.     lie  was  him- 
«ilf  iiikin  in  Kinfrewshire,  anil,  after  nn  cxhibl- 

ti ,f  uiliiiiriilile  eonstimrv.  was  iH-heaiieil.   .   .   . 

.V  week  li.f.,re  the  llnal  .iisiiirstion  of  Arjrvle'it 
triK.iK.  MoninoiUh  liiui  liiiiil.-<l  in  Knclaini  |at 
l.viii.  .luiie  U]  lie  wan  well  ree.ive.i  in  tlie 
W.-t  lie  hail  not  iHin  twentyfimr  lioiirs  in 
Kn-liiml  hefor..  he  fouml  himstit  at  tlio  li.uil  of 
l.'iiHi  men;  hut  tliiiiiiih  popiilur  among  the  c.ini- 
iiiiiii  pLiple.  he  reeeiveil  no  siipport  from  the 
uppi  r  ll:l^^l■s.  Even  thi'  stronvi-it  Whigs  ilis- 
lieli  Mil  the  storv  of  his  leiritimaiy,  ami  thoui-lit 
l,i-  .11!.  nipt  ill  tim.il  mill  fi-aiii.'ht  with  ilanger. 
.  Meannhil,.  Monmonlh  hail  nilviinii'.l  to 
Tiuiiloii,  h;iil  Ill-en  there  reeeiveil  with  enthusi- 
ii^in,  :oel,  \iiiilv  tliinliiiiiT  lo  iitlnii  t  the  noliility. 
1,:,.|  ii^Miini.j  the  title  of  King.  Nor  was  his  n'- 
n  pii-.nat  Uriilgewater  h.»s  llatteriiig.  Hut  ililH- 
ii.lii.s  alreu.ly  iH-gim  to  gather  roiiml  him;  he 
■,v.is  ill  sui  h  w'lmt  of  arms,  that,  although  rustic 
i-i.pii Hunts  were  eimverted  into  pikes,  he  was 
■ 'l  ■  •  :::cc::  i;:  sc:;i:  :^^vay  mtti:}  v-.i-h:'-— r=;  t!is 
r.    I'ia  were  closing  in  upon  Ulm iu  all  liirfctiona ; 


KMOLAMD.  16«8. 


Brlitol  h«l  br»n  k-UmI  by  th«  Diikr  of  H««" 
fort,  anil  Ih*-  r»Kul»f  """J  uniliT  |i'rv«'r»h«m  ami 
Chiinhlll  were  appnwth'  "  After  ferlilv  »t 
t.  n.pllnd  tejeriil  niovmit  ,  iig»ln«t  Brl»lol  »nil 
Into  Wiltthiri-,  Moumoiiih  l.ait  heart  nnil  fell  Imell 
lo  HriilKrwatpr  "The  lfciy»ll»t  army  »»i.iloo<; 
iM'hlnil  him,  »ml  on  the  flflh  of  July  imamiH-il 
alHiut  three  miles  fmin  Hrlilgewnter,  on  the  plain 
ofSeilgeiiiiKir  ■■  Monmouth  wa'ailvimil  louniler 
take  a  night  siirprim',  ami  ili'l  «i  In  ''"'  ''I'tly 
morning  of  the  flih.  'The  night  wimnoi  unlit 
ting  for  •lull  an  enterpri'U'.  for  the  mist  was  so 

thiek  that  at  a  few  piiees Iiing  loiihl  Im.  wen^ 

TliriT  great  ilili  lies livwIilelillieiniHirwasiiniineit 
lay  Is  t ween  the  iirniies;  of  the  tliiril  of  tin"', 
strangely   enough.    Monnioiilh    kmw    nothing. 
The  unexiHiti.l  ill-overv  of   this  tlilnl  .III.  h, 
known  as    "lli..   Ilie.^.  \    Uliiiii.  '  w  hi.  h  hi"  <  ">■ 
alrv  eoiil'l  not .  r.iss,  ami  Ik  himl  wlii.  li  the  en. my 
riilli.il,  WHS  the    ruin  of  the  iiiliTpriw-,      "  Moii- 
nioiiili  S.1W  Ihiit  th.-ihiv  wus  lo^t.  iiml  with  Ih.' 
lovi-  .if  life  whii  h  wisoii.'of  til...  Iiaru.leri-li.-of 
his  »..fl  nature,  he  turn.  .1  ami  llnl,      Kv.  ii  after 
his  night  III.'  Iiiilll.'  was  ki  |it  up  liriiv.ly       At 
l.iigtii  Ih.- arrlMil  of  tin'  King's  artilhry   put  an 
ell.i    to   llllV    flirlli.r   struggl...      Th..    .lefeat    WHS 
fi.llowi.l  hy  all  III.'  I.  rrilih-  wen.s  whi.  Ii  murk 
a  kuppr.s.u'i|   Insiirn-i  timi.   .   .      Moiiiiioulh  lUul 
drey  pursu.il  111.  ir  tli;;lit  into  the  New    K.ir.sl, 
iitul  VM-re  th.r.'  a|ipr.  I.eii.l.  il  in  th.'  ii.  lu'liliour- 
hiKKlof  lUngwiKKl."     Moninoiith  pellti..ii..l  iil>- 
J.i-llv  for  his  life,  hut  ill  ^lin       II..  was  e\ii  ut..l 
oil  111".'  I.'.th  of  ,Iiilv.      ■    I'll.,  failure  of  this  iiiMir- 
r.-.ti.iii  was  follow. .1  liy  the  most  terrilil.' erii.  1- 
ll.s.     Keverslnun  n  lur'ne.l  lo  I.on.hm.  to  la-  lint 
I.  re.l  hv  the   King  ami  luiiglieil  at  tiy  the  Court 
for  his  military  exph.its      lie  left  Coloii.l  Kirke 
in   comniin.l   at    Itri.lg.wat.  r.      This    man    lia.l 
learne.l,  as  e.imniaml.r  at   Tangier,  all  th.'  w.irst 
arts  of  iru.  I  ilespotisin.      His  s.  hliery  in  hitt.r 
pleasantrv  wereealleil  Kirk.s  ■  Lanilis,'  from  the 
emblem  of  their  regini.nl.      It  is  imposMlile  lo 
say  how  many  sulTereil  at  the  haii.l.s  of  this  man 
Hi'il  hisl.rutal  lr.»ips;  UK)  laptives  are  sai.l  by 
some  to  have  lie.ti  put  to  .hath  the  week  after 
the  battle.      Iliil  this  mililiiry   reveng.-  .liil   li'il 
satisfy  the  Court."-.!    K.  Itriglit.  IIM  nfHii:!., 
IxriiA  2.  /'>>.   TtU-TllH  —  •■The  niimla'r  of   M.in- 
mouth's  m.ti  kilhil  is...iinputeil  by  some  Bt'2,UtH», 
bv  other*  at  ;iOO;  a  disparity,   however,   whieh 
niay  be  easily  re.'.in.ii.il  by  supposing  that  the 
ime  im.iunt  tak.s  in  thoM'  who  were   killisl   in 
biittl...  whih'  the.itliere.inipr.lien.lstlie  wreteh...! 
fugitives  who  wer.'  iiiiisi!U.r.'.l  in  .litehes.  ..mi 
tlel.ls    an.l   otii.r   hi.liiig    places,   the    follow ing 
day"'— f.  .1.  V"\.  Ili'l   "f  the  Kurly  l\ivt  ■■/  tht 
U,'iilicJ'./'lJii"  II..  rli.  :i. 

At.so   in;  <I.  U.ibi.rts.  Life  oj    Monmn^iih.   rh. 
j;j_-2s  (1-    1  -'il, 

A  D.  I68S  iSeptember).— Thr  "It  jdy  As- 
sizes. —  "  Karlv  in  Seiitemlsr.  .1.  ..leys  l.>>ir 
(ieori.'.'  .I.tlrev-s,  Chief  .lusti.-.'  of  the  I'ourt  of 
King's  llitKi'il,  lueonipaiiii-.l  by  four  olli.r 
iii.ig.s,  Ht  out  on  that  eiriuit  of  w.iieli  the 
iiiemorv  will  last  its  long  as  our  niee  ami  lin- 
giiage.".  .  .  .Vt  Wiiiehester  the  Chief  ,|ii-iiie 
lirst  openeil  his  (iitiiniis.sion.  .l:imp-liiii.  Iiml  ii"l 
iK'en  the  theatre  of  war;  but  many  of  th.- v;iii- 
(luishe.l  nlielshad.  like  tlieir  lea.ler.  11.'.!  Iliilli.  r 
Two  among  these  lia.l  la'cn  found  eoue..al|.il  in  the 
house  of  Uiily  Alice  I.'sle.  a  widow  of  eminent 


,..,..,..;v  ..( tiiaracter.  'in. I  .l.lTn.ys'  first  proceed- 
ing was  to  arraign  Lady  Alice  'for  tlie  ttclimcal 


931 


ENGLAND,   1685. 


Thr  Bloody 
Auite$. 


ENGLAND,  lfl«7. 


ft 


treason  nf  tlii'  concciliii.  ni.  t<lic  was  tried  with 
extranrditiary  lirutalil\  of  iimuiKT  on  the  part  of 
the  judjri-    the  jury  was  Imllieil  into  a  venlirt  of 

fuilty,  ami  the  inuixriit  woman  was  cnmlemneil 
y  tlie  tlirid  on  the  henih  to  he  burned  alive.  Uy 
great  e\irtiou  of  many  people,  the  senUnee  was 
coMUnuleii  from  hiirnin^  to  belieiulin);.  N'o 
merey  Uyond  this  eoiild  he  obtained  from  .  .  f- 
fn'vs  or  his  tit  master,  the  king.  "In  Hamp- 
shire Alici'  Lisle  was  the  only  vietim:  but,  on 
the  day  following;  hi  r  exieution,  Jeffreys reaehed 
Dorchester,  thi'  principal  town  of  the  county  in 
which  .Monmouth  had  landed,  and  the  judicial 
inas.s]U're  be;:an.  The  court  was  hun^.  by  order 
of  the  Cliirf  .lusiice,  with  scarlet;  and  this  inno- 
vation seemed  to  the  multitude  to  indicate  u 
bI(K>ily  purposi'.  .  .  .  More  than  300  prisoners 
wen;  to  !«•  tried.  The  work  seemed  heavy;  hut 
Jeffreys  hml  a  contrivance  for  making  it  light. 
lie  let  it  lie  understo(Hl  that  the  only  chance  of 
obtaininir  |>ardou  or  respite  was  to  plead  guilty. 
Twenty  niiii'  i)ersons.  who  put  them.selves  on 
their  country  and  were  convicted,  were  onlered 
to  be  tied  up  without  delay.  The  remaining 
prisoners  pleaded  guilty  by  scores.  Two  hundred 
anil  ninety-two  received  sentence  of  death.  The 
whole  number  hanged  in  Dorsi'tshire  amounted 
to  seventy-four.  From  Dorchester  Jeffreys  pro- 
ceeded to  E.veter.  The  civil  war  had  barely  grazed 
the  frontier  of  Devonshire.  Here,  therefore,  com- 
paratively few  persons  were  capitally  punisheil. 
Somersetshire,  the  chief  seat  of  the  rebellion,  had 
iK'cn  reserved  for  the  la.st  and  most  fearful  ven- 
geance. In  this  county  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
three  prisomrs  '.vere  in  a  few  days  hanged,  drawn 
and  i|uartiTed.  At  every  spot  where  two  ruails 
met,  on  every  market  place,  on  the  green  of 
every  large  village  which  had  furnished  Mon- 
mouth with  .soldiers,  irotail  cor|)ses  clattering  in 
the  wind,  or  heads  and  ijuarters  stuck  on  poles, 
poisoned  the  air,  and  made  the  traveller  sick  with 
horror.  .  .  .  Tlie  Chief  Justice  was  all  him.self. 
His  spirits  ros<'  higher  and  higher  as  the  work 
went  on.  He  laughed,  shouted,  joked,  imd 
swore  in  such  a  way  that  many  thought  him 
drunk  from  morning  to  night.  .  .  .  Jeffreys 
boasted  that  he  bad  hanged  more  tnutors  than  all 
his  predecessors  together  since  the  Conquest. 
.  .  .  Yet  those  relHls  who  were  dimmed  to  death 
were  less  to  be  pitied  than  some  of  the  survi- 
vors. Several  prisoners  to  whom  Jeffreys  was 
unable  to  bring  liome  the  charge  of  high  trea.son 
were  mnvicted  of  misdemeanours  and  were 
scnteni'i'd  lo  Mourging  not  less  terrible  thon  that 
which  Dales  had  uiulergone.  .  .  .  The  number 
of  prisoiiirs  whom  Jeffreys  transported  was 
eight  liuMilrid  and  forty-one.  These  men,  more 
wreliliid  lli.iii  their  associates  who  sulTered  death, 
were  disirihuti'd  into  gangs,  and  liestowed  on 
pi  r-.'iis  will)  e»joyed  favour  at  court.  The  con- 
ditions of  the  gift  were  that  the  convicts  sliould 
be  carried  In  yond  sia  as  slaves,  that  they  should 
not  be  emancipated  for  ten  years,  and  that  the 
place  of  Ihiir  banishment  should  be  some  West 
Indian  inland.  ...  It  tt:is  eslimated  by  Jeffreys 
that,  on  an  average,  eacli  of  them,  after  all 
charges  wen'  paid,  would  be  worth  from  ten  to 
fifteen  pimnds.  Tin  re  was  therefore  much  angry 
competilion  lor  grants.  .  .  .  And  now  Jeffreys 
had  done  his  work,  und  returned  to  claim  liis 
reward  Hi  arrived  at  Windsor  from  the  West, 
leaviuii  carnage,  mourning  and  terror  iH-hind  him. 
The  hatred  with  which  he  was  recurdcil  bv  tlie 


people  of  Somersetshire  has  no  parallel  in  our 
history.  .  .  .  But  ut  the  court  Jeffreys  was  i  i.r- 
dially  welcome<l.  He  was  a  judge  after  hi.s 
master's  own  heart.  James  had  watched  the  i  ir 
luit  with  interest  and  delight.  ...  At  a  l:iiir 
pcriml,  when  all  men  of  all  parties  spoke  uiih 
horror  of  the  Hloody  Assizes,  the  wicked  Juik-i' 
and  the  wicked  King  attempted  to  vindicate  th.  in. 
SI  Ives  by  throwing  the  blame  on  each  other  — 
Lonl  Macaulay,  jitHt.  of  Kn;/.,  e/i.  5. 

Also  in:  Sir  James  Mackintosh,  Jlitt.  of  ih, 
Iliriiliitiitn  ill  Kiig.,  eh.  \. — Lord  CumplKll, '/,.,» 
of  the  Lord  ChuneeUor»,  eh.  100  (c  3).— O.  Hob.  ris, 
i.ife  of  .Voiimoiith,  eh.  iO-Hl  (e.  3).— See,  aUo' 
Tain  TON:  A.  D.  \mr>. 

A.  D.  1685-1686.— Faithless  and  tyrannical 
measures  against  the  New  England  colonies. 
See  Con.nkcticit:  A.  D.  l(!8.'i-1687;  and  M.\s~v- 
CUISKTTS:  A.  D.  1671-16se. 

A.  D.  1685-1689.— The  Despotism  of  James 
II.  in  Scotland.  See  Scotla.M):  A.  D.  llisl- 
10H9. 

A.  D.  1686.— The  Court  of  High  Commis- 
sion revived. — "James  conceived  tlie  design  "f 
employing  his  authority  as  head  of  the  Church 
of  Kngland  as  u  means  of  subjecting  that  cliiin  li 
to  bis  pleasure,  if  not  of  finally  destroyinL'  it. 
It  Is  hard  to  conceive  how  he  could  reconciii'  ti> 
Ilia  religion  the  e.vercise  of  supremacy  in  an 
heretical  sect,  and  thus  sanction  by  his  exaniplo 
the  usurpations  of  the  Tudors  on  the  rights  uf 
the  Catholic  Church.  .  .  .  He,  indeed,  consid- 
ered the  ecclesiastical  supremacy  as  placed  in  liis 
hands  by  Providence  to  enable  him  to  Ix'tray  ilie 
I'rofesfjint  establishment.  "(jod,'  said  he  ti) 
Uarillon.  '  has  permitted  that  all  the  laws  neide 
to  establish  Protestantism  now  serve  as  a  foun- 
dation for  my  measure's  to  re-establish  true  re- 
ligion, and  give  me  a  right  to  e.vercise  a  more 
extensive  power  than  other  Catholic  princes  pos. 
se.ss  in  the  ecclesiitstical  affairs  of  their  doinin 
ions.'  He  found  legal  advisers  ready  with  paltry 
expedients  for  evading  the  two  statutes  of  Ui4l 
and  lIMiO  [abolishing,  and  re-atlirming  the  alwli 
tion  of  the  Court  of  High  Commission],  uiulir 
the  futile  pretext  that  they  forbade  only  a  court 
vested  with  such  powers  of  corporal  puiiisliiiii  nt 
tts  had  lieen  exercised  by  the  old  Court  of  lli^'li 
Commission;  and  in  conformity  to  their  pmii- 
cious  counsel,  he  issued,  in  July,  a  commission 
to  certain  ministers,  prelates,  unil  judges,  to  a.  t 
as  a  Court  of  Commissioners  in  Ecclesiasti  ,il 
Causes.  The  first  purpose  of  this  court  w:i-  ii 
enforce  directions  to  preachers,  issued  by  il.i' 
King,  enjoining  them  to  abstain  fnmi  preai  lii:i-' 
on  controverted  questions." — Sir  James  .MaiLiii 
tosh.  Hint,  of  the  lietoiution  in  Enff..  eh.  2. 

Also  is:  D.  Neal,  Ui»t.  of  the  Piiritaiin,  ■:  "i, 
eh.  3. 

A.  D.  1686. — The  consolidation  of  New 
England  under  a  roval  Governor-General. 
See  >'kw  E.MiLASi):  A.  1).  llWti. 

A.  D.  1687.— Riddance  of  the  Test  Act  by 
royal  dispensing  power. — "ThealHilition  oi  i!,' 
tests  was  a  thing  re.solvetl  upon  in  the  laili  lii 
council,  and  for  this  a  sanction  of  some  kino  ^r 
other  was  required,  as  they  dareil  not  vi  1  1  i  • 
ceed  Ufmn  the  royal  will  alone.  Chance,  or  ..' 
m.acliinations  of  the  catholics,  en-ated  an  nl'  ,'.r 

which   brought   the  question  of  the  tests  11 r 

another  form  iK'fore  the  court  of  king's  In  1  ii. 
This  court  had  not  the  |)ower  to  alwilisli  'i"' 
Test    Act,     lait    it    might    et.uisider  whetlur   !!n. 


932 


ENGLAND,  1687. 


Trial  of 
the  Seven  Buhttp*. 


ENGLAND,  1887-1688. 


kinp  had  the  right  of  exempting  particular  »iih- 
i(i Is  Irniti  the  formalities.  .  .  .  The  Iting  .  .  . 
f|,.sitiil  himself  with  tlie  judges  one  hy  om-,  (lis- 
inisMcl  some,  and  got  those  who  replaced  them, 
'igmirant  men,'sn.vsan  hi8tt>rian.  'ami  scandal - 
oiislv  incompetent,''  to  acknowle<lge  his  dispens- 
iimiiowcr.  .  .  .  The  judges  of  the  king's  bencl), 
atura  trial.  .  .  .  det'lared,  almost  in  the  very 
lai]i;iuiL'e  used  by  the  crown  counsel:  — 1.  That 
llic'kiiiu's  of  England  are  sovereign  princes;  2. 
Tliiit  till' laws  of  England  are  the  king's  laws; 
3.  rii;it  therefore  it  is  an  inseparable  preroga- 
tive ill  tlie  kings  of  England  to  dispense  with 
pi  iial  laws  in  jjarticular  cases,  and  upon  particu- 
lar necessary  reasons ;  4.  That  of  those  reasons, 
and  tliose  necessities,  the  king  himself  is  sole 
ju(lj:e;  and  linallv,  which  is  cons<>quent  upon 
all,  5.  "That  this  is  not  a  trust  invested  in,  or 
granlcd  to  the  king  by  the  people,  but  tlie  an- 
cient r< mains  of  th )  sovereign  power  and  pre- 
rogative of  the  kings  of  England,  which  never 
yet  was  taken  from  them,  nor  can  be.  The  case 
thus  decided,  the  king  thought  he  might  rely 
upon  \\w  respect  always  felt  by  the  English  peo- 
ple! fur  the  decisions  of  the  higher  courts,  to  ex- 
empt all  his  catholic  subjects  from  the  obliga- 
tinns  of  the  test.  And  upon  this,  it  Ix'camc  no 
louL'or  a  question  merely  of  preserving  in  their 
commissions  and  olBces  those  whose  dismissal 
hail  Ihi  n  demanded  by  parliament.  ...  To  ob- 
tain or  to  retain  certain  employments,  it  was  nec- 
essary to  Ix"  of  the  same  religion  with  the  king. 
Papists  replaced  in  the  army  and  in  the  admin- 
istnitiiin  all  those  who  had  pronounced  at  all 
pnergetieally  for  the  maintenance  of  the  tests. 
Abjurations,  somewhat  out  of  credit  during  tlie 
last  session  of  parliament,  again  resumed  fa- 
vour. — .\.  Carrel,  Iliit.  of  (he  CounUr-Iierolutiun 
ill  Eii'j.,  c/i.  3. 

Also  IN:  J.  Stoughton,  Iliit.  of  Religion  in 
Kill/.,  r,  4,  M.  4. 

A.  O,  1687-1688.— Declarations  of  Indul- 
gence.—Trial  of  the  Seven  Bishops. — "  Under 
preteuie  of  toleration  for  Dissenters,  James  en- 
deaviiured,  under  another  form,  to  remove  ob- 
Rtiii'les  fnim  Komauists.  He  announced  an  In- 
ilulieme.  He  liegan  in  Scotland  by  issuing  ou 
the  r.'ili  of  February,  1687,  in  Edinburgh,  a  I'nn - 
hmuiticju  granting  relief  to  scrupulous  con- 
seieiin  s  Ileri'liy  he  professed  t«  relieve  the 
I'n  shyti  riaus.  but  the  relief  of  them  amounted 
tonothinir;  to  the  Komanists  it  was  complete. 
.  .  On  the  l«thof  March,  1687.  he  announced 
I"  ilie  Kni'lish  I'rivy  Council  his  intention  to  pro- 
rci;:iie  I'urliament.  and  to  grant  upon  his  own 
iimliiriiy  entiif  liUrty  of  conscience  to  all  his 
sulij.its  Accordingly  on  the  4th  of  April  he 
piil'li^licd  his  Indulgence,  declaring  his  desire  to 
SI  1  ;ill  his  siilijeets  become  membersof  the  Church 
lit  K.'iiie,  and  his  resolution  (since  that  was  im- 
pnii  111  iilije)  to  protect  them  in  the  free  exercise 
eftiiiir  reliL'ion;  also  promising  to  protect  the 
INi  ilili-lii  I  Cliurch:  then  he  annulled  a  number 
111  .Vitscif  Parliament,  suspended  all  penal  laws 
aif;iin-i  Nniiiunfiirmists,  authorisiedUomanCatho- 
li'  -  III !  I'mii  stant  Disscntersto  perform  worship 
|»illiii\,  anil  alirogated  all  Act?  of  Parliament 
ii"l"'siiii.' any  reli"inus  test  for  civd  or  military 
ii!l!i  s  This  ileclaralion  was  then  notoriously 
illi  i:il  Mil. I  unconsiiiutional.  James  now  issued 
;i'-i(i'i,ii  anil  thinl  declaration  for  Scotland,  and 
ii'i.rii  (!  the  Dissenters  in  England,  but  with  small 
i:,. Mir  i.-i  11,1.1,1  On  the  27th of  April,  laH-H 


Janu'S  Issued  a  second  Declaration  of  Indulgence 
for  England.  .  .  .  On  the  4th  of  May,  by  an 
order  in  Council,  hi'  directed  his  Declaration  of 
the27th  of  April  tol«' publicly  read  during  divine 
s<rvice  in  all  Churches  and  Chapels,  by  theolllci- 
ating  ministers,  on  two  successive  Sundays — 
namely,  on  the  '20th  and  °27th  of  .May  in  London, 
and  on  the  3<l  and  10th  of  June  in  the  country; 
and  desired  the  liishops  to  circuhite  this  Dedara- 
tionthroiigh their  diiHes<'S.  Hitherto  the  liishopa 
and  Clergy  had  held  the  diH'trine  of  passive  oln-di- 
cnce  to  the  sovereign,  however  bad  in  character 
or  in  his  measures  —  now  they  were  placed  by 
the  King  himself  in  a  dilemnm.  Here  was  a  vio- 
lation of  existing  law,  and  an  intentional  injury 
to  their  Church,  if  not  a  plan  for  the  substitution 
of  another.  The  Nonconformists,  wliimi  James 
pretended  to  s<'rve,  coincided  with  and  supported 
the  Church.  A  ilc(  idcd  course  must  be  taken. 
T!,c  Lo  idon  Clergy  nut  and  resolved  not  to  read 
the  Declaration.  On  tlie  12th  of  May,  at  Lam- 
lieth  Palace,  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  and 
other  Prelates  assembled.  They  resolved  that 
the  Declaration  ought  not  to  Ui  read.  On  Fri- 
day, the  18th  of  May,  a  second  meeting  of  the 
Prelates  and  eminent  divines  was  held  at  Lam- 
beth Palace.  A  petition  to  the  King  was  drawn 
up  by  the  Archbishop  of  Caiitcrliiiry  in  his  own 
handwriting,  disclaiming  all  disloyalty  and  all 
intolerance,  .  .  .  but  stating  that  Parliament  had 
decided  that  the  King  could  not  dispense  with 
Statutes  in  matters  ecclesiastical  —  that  the  Decla- 
ration was  therefore  illegal  —  and  could  not  be 
solemnly  jmblished  bv  the  |)etitioners  in  the 
House  of  God  and  during  divine  service.  This 
paper  was  signed  by  Sancroft,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  Lloyd,  Bishop  of  St.  Asaph,  Turner 
of  Ely,  Lake  of  Chichester,  Ken  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  White  of  Peterliorough,  and  Trelawny 
of  Bristol.  It  was  approved  by  Compton.  Bishop 
of  London,  but  not  signed,  bet  ause  he  was  under 
suspension.  The  Archbishop  liad  long  been  for- 
bidden to  appear  at  Court,  therefore  could  not 
present  it.  Ou  Friday  evening  the  six  Bishops 
who  had  signed  were  introduced  by  Sunderland 
to  the  King,  who  ri'ail  the  document  anil  pro- 
nounced it  libellous  [and  .se<litioiisand  rebellious], 
and  the  ilisliops  retinal.  On  Sunday,  the  20th 
of  May,  the  first  day  appointed,  the  l)eclaratiou 
w!»s  read  in  Ixindou  only  in  four  Churches  out  of 
one  hundred.  The  I)is.senters  and  Church  Lay- 
men sided  with  the  Clergy.  On  the  following 
Sunday  the  Declaration  was  treateil  in  the  same 
manner  in  London,  and  on  Sunday,  the  3<1  of 
June,  w;is  disregarded  by  Biihops  and  Clergy  in 
all  parts  of  England.  James,  by  the  advice  of 
Jeffreys,  ordered  the  Archbishop  and  Bishops  to 
Ih'  indicted  for  a  seditious  lilal.  riicy  were, 
on  tlie8lh  of  June,  conveyed  to  the  Tower  amidst 
the  most  enthusiastic  demonstrations  of  respect 
and  alTe<tiiin  from  all  cla.sses.  The  sjinie  night 
the  Queen  was  said  to  have  given  birth  to  a  son; 
but  the  national  opinion  was  that  some  trick  had 
been  played.  On  the  20th  of  June  the  trial  of 
the  s<'ven  Bishops  came  on  before  the  Court  of 
Kings  Iknch.  .  .  The  Jury,  who,  after  remain- 
ing together  all  night  (one  tning  stubtM)rii)  pro- 
nounced a  veniict  of  not"  guilty  on  the  morning 
of  the  :iOtli  June,  1B88.  "— W.  H.  Torriano,  K'lY- 
liinii  the  Thinl,  ch.  2.  —  "The  court  met  at  nine 
o'clock.  The  nobility  and  gentry  covered  the 
benches,  and  an  immense  <'i)Ucourse  of  people 
tilled  the    Hall,   and   blocked   up  the  adjoininj.- 


933 


ENGLAND.  1S87-1688. 


wmumtof 
HUi. 


Ortmf*  iKViu 


KNOLAND,  1688. 


11 


'A 


■treeU.  Sir  Robert  Langley,  the  foreman  of  the 
jury,  being,  according  in  establiahed  form,  aslied 
wtiether  the  accused  were  guilty  or  not  guilty, 
pronounced  the  verdict '  Not  guilty. '  No  sooner 
were  these  words  uttered  than  a  loud  huzza  arose 
from  the  audience  in  the  court.  It  was  instantly 
echoed  from  without  by  a  shout  of  joy,  which 
■ounde(l  like  a  cracic  of  the  ancient  and  massy 
roof  of  Westminster  Hall.  It  passed  with  elec- 
trical rapidity  from  voice  to  voice  along  the  in- 
finite multitude  who  waited  in  the  streets.  It 
reached  the  Temple  in  a  few  minutes.  ..."  Tlie 
acclamations,'  says  Sir  Jnhn  Herraby,  'were  a 
very  reliellion  in  noise.'  In  no  long  time  tliey 
ran  to  the  camp  at  Hounslow,  ami  were  rcpeiited 
with  an  ominous  voice  by  the  soUliers  in  the  hear- 
ing of  the  Kins,  who,  on  beiiiR  told  that  they 
were  for  the  aiciuitlal  of  the  liislinps,  siiid.  with 
an  ambijruitv  probably  arising  from  confusion, 
'So  much  tlie  worse  "for  tlicni.'  "— Sir  J.  Mack- 
intosli,  Ilitt.  iif  the  Iterolutivii  in  Einj.  in  1688, 
<•/(.  9. 

Also  is ;  A.  Slri(  kland,  /.in* of  llu-  firen Bith- 
<>;«.— U.  SouiIkv,  Uk.  if  the  Vfiiirch.  ch.  18.— 
G.  0.  Pcrrv,  Jli'«t.  of  the.  Ch.  ofKii<i.,eh.  ;!0(r.  2). 

A.  D.  i'688  (July).— William  and  Mary  of 
Orange  the  hope  of  the  nation.— "Tlie  wiser 
among  Knglisli  slalesnun  had  lixed  tin  ir  hopes 
steadily  on  the  succession  of  JIary,  the  elder 
daughter  and  heiress  of  James.  The  tyranny  of 
her  father's  reign  made  this  succession  the  hope 
of  the  people  at  large.  But  to  Europe  tlie  im- 
portance of  the  change,  whenever  it  should  come 
about,  lay  not  so  much  in  the  succession  of  JIary 
as  in  the  new  power  which  such  au  event  would 
give  to  her  husliand,  William,  Prince  of  Orange. 
\Vc  have  come,  in  fact,  to  a  moment  when  the 
struggle  of  England  against  the  aggression  of  its 
King  blends  with  tlic  larger  struggle  of  Europe 
against  tlie  aggression  of  Lewis  XIV." — J.  It. 
Green,  Short  Ijiat.  of  Eng..  ch.  9,  net.  7.— "Wil- 
liam of  Nassau,  I'rince  of  Orange,  Stadtholder  of 
the  republic  of  the  United  Provinces,  was,  before 
the  birth  of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  first  prince  of 
the  blood  royal  of  England  [as  son  of  Priucess 
Mary,  daughter  of  Charles  I.,  and,  therefore, 
nephew  as  well  ass<m-inlaw  of  James  II.];  and 
his  consort,  the  Lady  Mary,  the  eldest  daughter 
of  the  King,  was,  at  tliat  peri(xl,  presumptive 
heiress  to  the  crown." — Sir  J.  Mackintosh,  Ilitt. 
of  the  Utrolxition  in  Eng.,  ch.  10. 

A.  D,  i688  (July— November).— Invitation  to 
William  of  Orange  and  his  acceptance  of  it. — 
"  IiiJuly,  in  ainiostcxact  coincidence  of  timewith 
the  (Queens  accouchement  [generally  doubted 
ami  sus[ii(le(ll.  came  the  memorable  trial  of  the 
Seven  liishops,  which  gave  the  first  demonstra- 
tion of  the  full  force  of  that  popular  animosity 
which  James's  rule  had  provoked.  S(mie  months 
before,  liowev(  r,  Edwanl  Ku.ssell.  nephew  of  the 
Earl  of  liedfonl,  and  cousin  of  Algernon  Sidney's 
fellow-victim,  bad  s<iui.'ht  the  Hague  with  pro- 
jiosals  to  William  [Priixe  of  Orange]  to  make  an 
armed  dcseint  npnii  England,  as  vindicator  of 
EiiL'lisli  lihiTlics  and  the  Protestant  religiciii, 
William  had  cautiously  reijuirid  a  signed  in- 
vitation from  al  IcasI  a  few  rcj  resenlative  states- 
men Ufore  comniitling  himself  to  such  an  enter- 
prise, and  <in  the  clay  of  the  ac(|uittal  of  the 
Seven  Bishops  a  paper,  signed  in  e'plier  by  Lords 
Shrewsbury,  nevoiishire.  Danby,  and  Luniley,  by 
Compton.  liisliop  (jf  Northampton,  by  Edward 
Hussill,  and  t)y  lleury  &i<luey,  lirother  of  Alger- 


non, waa  conveyed  by  Admiral  Herbert  to  the 
Hague.  William  was  now  furnished  with  the 
required  security  for  English  assistance  in  tlie 
projected  undertaking,  but  the  task  before  him 
was  still  one  of  extreme  difficulty.  ...  On  tbe 
10th  of  October,  matters  now  beln^  ripe  for  such 
a  step,  'William,  in  conjunction  with  some  of  his 
English  advisers,  put  forth  his  famous  declam- 
tion.  Starting  with  a  preamble  to  the  efTeit 
that  the  observance  of  laws  is  necessary  to  the 
happiness  of  states,  the  instrument  proceeds  tu 
enumerate  fifteen  particulars  in  which  the  lawi 
of  England  had  been  set  at  naught.  The  most 
important  of  these  were  —  (1)  the  exercise  of  the 
dispensing  power;  (2)  the  corruption,  cwninn, 
and  packing  of  the  judicial  bench;  (3)  the  viulu 
tion  of  the  test  laws  by  the  appointment  of  pa|iisis 
to  offlccs  (particularly  judicial  and  military  ef 
flees,  and  the  miniinistmtiou  of  Ireland),  .nil 
gencnilly  the  arbitrary  and  illegal  measures  n 
sorted  to  by  James  for  the  pn>pagation  of  tin- 
Catholic  religion;  (4)  the  establishment  and  aeii.  Ill 
of  the  Court  of  lligh  Commission;  (5)  the  in 
fringemeiit  of  some  municipal  charters,  and  the 
prwuring  of  the  surrender  of  others;  (1)  intir 
ference  with  elections  by  turning  out  of  all  em 
ployment  such  as  refused  to  vote  as  they  "ire 
required;  and  (7)  the  grave  suspicion  wliieli  liail 
arisi'n  that  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  not  born  if 
the  Queen,  which  as  yet  nothing  had  been  ilnni' 
to  remove.  Having  sit  fortli  these  grievanees. 
the  Prince's  manifesto  went  on  to  recite  tlie 
close  interest  wliieh  he  and  his  consort  had  iu 
this  matter  as  next  in  succession  to  the  crowu, 
and  the  earnest  solicitations  which  had  beeu 
made  to  him  by  many  lords  spiritual  and  tern- 
poral,  and  other  English  subjects  of  all  ranks,  to 
interpose,  and  concluded  by  aftirming  in  a  very 
distinct  and  solemn  manner  that  the  sole  obji  ci 
of  the  expedition  then  preparing  was  to  olii^iiii 
the  assembling  of  a  free  and  lawful  Parliament, 
to  which  the  Prince  pledged  himself  to  refer  all 
questions  concerning  the  due  execution  of  the 
laws,  and  the  maintenance  of  the  Protestant  re- 
ligion, and  the  conclusion  of  an  agreement  be- 
tween the  Church  of  England  and  the  Dissenters. 
as  also  tlie  inquiry  into  the  birth  of  the  'pre 
tended  Prince  of  Wales';  and  that  this  object 
being  attained,  the  Prince  would,  as  soon  as  the 
state  of  the  nation  should  permit  of  it,  send  home 
his  foreign  forces.  About  a  week  after,  on  the 
16th  of  October,  all  things  being  now  iu  n-adi 
ness,  tlic  Prince  tiK)k  solemn  leave  of  the  Stales- 
General.  ...  On  the  19th  William  and  his  ariii;i 
nient  s<-t  sail  from  Ilelvoetsluys,  but  was  met  iin 
the  following  day  by  a  violent  storm  Hhieli 
forced  him  to  put  back  on  the  "ilst.  On  tin-  bt  ef 
Novemlier  thetlect  put  to  seaasecondtiIne 
Hy  iKxm  of  the  5th  of  November,  the  I'rinci  » 
tlect  was  wafted  safely  into  Torbay."— H  1' 
Tniill,   WiUiivn  the  Thinl.  eh.  .'!. 

Ai.soi.n:  O.Burnet,  ///«(.  of  My  Oirn  Tr,„. 
I6H8  (c.  ;)).- L.  von  Itanke,  //<■.•.(.  of  En.;  .  V.l'i 
Ciiit.,  H:    18,  ch.   1-4  (r.   4).— Lonl   Cunii-li-ll. 

I.in^nfthe  /ajI'I  Vhiuirellom.  eh.  106-107  .■  •• • 

(,-.  4).— T.   1*.  Courteiiay,   Life  of  Dan'-ij  O  !■ 
ner'H  i'nh.   (\qrhqt.),  /iff.  Ul.V«tv4. 

A.  D.  i688  (November— December).— The 
Revolution.— Ignominious  flight  of  James. - 

"The  declaration  published  by  the  |irine.  ' -ii 
landing]  consisted  of  sixteen  articles.  Ii  eiiii 
merated  those  procectlings  of  the  Bovernnuiit 
since    the    accession  ot    the   iiiag,  whicii   «eii- 


1)34 


ENQLAMD.  1888. 


Tkt  BnotutUm. 
FUahto/Jam—. 


EKGLAMD,  1680. 


rerarded  u  In  the  gre»U»t  degree  oppoMd  to  the 
lilKrtT  of  the  subject  and  to  the  safety  of  the 
ProMtant  religion To  provide  some  ef- 
fectual remedy  against  these  and  similar  ev  la, 
was  the  only  aesfgn  of  the  enterprise  In  which 
the  Drince  In  compliance  with  earnest  solicita- 
tl(m8  from  many  lords,  both  spiritual  and  t*m- 
iwral.  from  numbers  among  the  gentry  and  all 
ranks  of  people,  had  now  embarked.  .  .  .  Ad- 
dress's were  also  published  to  the  army  and  navy 
The  immediate  effect  of  these  appeals  did 
niit  ciirrespond  with  the  expectations  of  William 
and  his  followers.     On  the  8tli  of  Novemlwr  the 
nciple  of  E.\fter  received  the  prince  with  quiet 
sulmiissicm.     The  memory  of  Monmouth's  expo- 
(lilion  was  still  fresh  and  terrible  through  the 
west     l)u  the  12th,  loni  Cornbury,  son  of  the 
earl  of  Clarendon,  went  over,  with  some  officers, 
and  alxHit  a  hundred  of  his   regiment,  to  the 
prince-  and  most  of  the  officers,  with  a  larger 
ImkIv  of  the  privates  belonging  to  tlic  n-giinent 
conimanded  by  the  duke  of  St.  Alban's,  followed 
tlieir  example.      Of  three  regiments,  however, 
(luartereil  near  Salisbury,  the  majority  could  not 
beinilucedtodesert  the  service  of  the  king.   .   .   . 
Every  day  now  brought  with  it  new  accessions 
to  tlie  staudanl  of  the  prince,    and  tidings  of 
movements  in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom  in 
his  favour;  wliile  James  was  as  constantly  re- 
mliiilod,  bv  one  dcsiTtion  after  another,  tlmt  he 
lived  in  anutinosphere of  treachery,  with  scarcely 
a  man  or  woman  about  him  to  be  trusted.     Tlie 
defect  iou  of  the  lords  Churchill  and  Drumlaneric, 
ami  of  tlie  dukes  of  Grafton  and  Ormond,  was 
followed  by  that  of  prince  George  and  the  princess 
Aune.     Prince  George  joined  the  invader  at  Sher- 
burne ;  the  princess  made  her  escape  from  Wliitc- 
hal!  at  night,  under  the  guanlianship  of  the 
bishop  of  London,  and  found  an  asylum  among 
the  adherents  of  the  prince  of  Orange  who  were 
iu  arms  in  Northamptonshire.      By  this  time 
Bristol  and  Plymouth,  Hull,  York,  and  New- 
castle, were  among  the  places  of  strength  which 
bad  been  seized  by  the  partisans  of  the  prince. 
His  standard  had  also  been  unfurled  with  success 
in  tlie  counties  of  Derby,  Nottingham,  York, 
and  Cheshire.  .  .  .  Even  in  Oxford,  several  of 
the  lieails  of  colleges  concurred  iu  sending  Dr. 
Finch    warden  of  All  Souls'  CoUej^e,  to  invite 
the  pn.ice  f-omDorseUhiretolluircity,  assuring 
him  of  their  willingness  to  receive  him,  and  to 
melt  down  their  plate  for  his  service,  if  it  should 
lie  needed.      So    desperate   had    the  affairs  of 
James  now  become,  that  some  of  his  advisers 
urL-ed  his  leaving  the  kingdom,  and  negotiating 
Willi  safety  to  his  person  from  a  distance;  but 
fn m  that  course  he  was  dissuaded  by  Halifax 
ami  Godolpliin.     Iu  compliance  with  the  ailvice 
of  an  assemblv  of  peers,  James  issued  a  procla- 
miiiion  on  the  l:ith  of  November,  stating  that 
writs  had  Incn  siiined  to  convene  a  parliament  on 
tiv  l.'iili  of  January;  that  a  pardon  of  all  offences 
siiniiM  previously  pa.ss  the  great  seal;  and  that 
ci'iiiMiissioners  should   proceed  immediately   to 
tile  lieail  ijiiarters  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  to 
nd'otiate  on  the  present  state  of  affairs.     The 
("!iiiiiis>ioiiers  chosen  by  the  king  were  Halifax, 
N.itliiiL'liani,  and  Godolphin ;  but  William  eviuled 
for  V  line  days  tlie  conference  which  they  soliciuii. 
Ill  ilie  meantime  a  forged  proclamation  in  the 
iiiini'  of  the  prince  was  made  public  in  London, 
il' 'iniiiicinif  tlie  Cathotira  nf   the  metropolis  as 
\ii.iuiiig  the  destruction  of  life  and  property  on 


the  largeit  ponible  scale.  .  .  .  Ko  one  doubted 
the  authenticitr  of  this  document,  and  the  fer- 
ment and  disorder  which  it  spread  through  the 
city  tilled  the  king  with  the  greatest  apprehension 
for  the  safety  of  himself  and  family.     On  the 
morning  of  the  9th  of  December,  the  queen  and 
the  infant  prince  of  Wales  were  lodged  on  board 
a  yacht  at  Gravesend,  and  commenced  a  safe  voy- 
age to  Calais.     James  pledged  himself  to  follow 
within  24  hours.     In  the  course  of  that  day  the 
royal  commissioners  sent  a  report  of  their  pro- 
ceedings to  Whitehall.      The  demands  of  the 
prince  were,  that  a  pariiament  should  be  assem- 
bled; that  all  persons  holding  public  trusts  in 
violation  of  the  Test-laws  should  relinquish  them ; 
that  the  city  should  have  command  of  the  Tower; 
that  the  fleet,  and  the  jilaccs  of  strength  through 
the  kingdom  should  be  placed  in  the  hands  of 
Protestants;  that  the  exiien.se  of  the  Dutch  arma- 
ment .should  be  defnivcu,  in  part,  from  the  Eng- 
lish Treasury ;  and  tliat  the  king  and  the  prince, 
and  their  respective  forces,  should  remain  at  an 
equal  distance  from  London  during  the  sitting  of 
parliameut.     James  read  these  articles  with  some 
surprise,  observing  that  they  were  much  more 
moderate  than  he  had  expected.     Hut  his  pledge 
had  been  given  to  the  queen;  the  city  was  still 
in  great  agiuuioii ;  and  private  letters,  intimating 
that  his  person  was  not  iK'yoiid  the  reach  of  dan- 
ger, suggested  that  his  intere'sf  s  might  possibly  be 
betur  served  by  his  absence  than  by  his  presence. 
Hence  his  purpose  to  leave  the  kingdom  remained 
unaltered.      At  three  o'clock  on  the  following 
morning  the  king  left  A     itehall  with  sir  Edward 
Hales,  disguising  himself  a-s  an  attendant.     The 
vessel  provldtnl  to  convey  him  to  France  was  a 
miserable  Hshlngboat.     It  descended  the  river 
without  interruption  until  it  came  near  to  Fevers- 
ham,   where  some  fishermen,  suspecting   Hales 
and  the  king  to  be  Catholics,  probably  priests 
endeavouring  to  make  their  escaiie  in  disguise, 
took  them  from  the  vessel.  .  .  .  The  arrest  of  tlie 
monarch  at  Feversham  on  Wednesday  was  fol- 
lowed by  an  order  of  the  privy  council,  command- 
ing that  his  carriage  and  the  royal  guards  should 
be  sent  to  reconduct  him  to  the  capital.  .  .  . 
After  some  consultation  the  king  was  informed 
that  the  public  interests  rcquire'd  hia  immediate 
withdrawment  to  some  distance  from  Westmin- 
ster, and  Hampton  Court  was  named.     James  ex- 
pressed a  preference  for  Kochester,  and  his  wishes 
ill  that  re'spect  were'  complied  with.     The  day  on 
which  the  kine  withdre'w  to  Rochester  William 
took  up  his  residence  in  St.  James's.     The  king 
chose  his  retre'at,   deeming  it  probable  that  it 
niiglit  be  expedient  for  him  to  make  a  second 
effort  to  re'ach  the  continent.  .  .  .  His  euanls 
left  him  so  much  at  lilierty,  that  no  impediment 
to  his  departure  was  likely  to  arise;  and  on  the 
last  day  of  this  iiiemorable  year  — only  a  week 
after   liis   removal   from  Whitehall,    James   eni- 
biirkcd  secn'tlvat  Kochester,  and  with  a  favoura- 
ble breeze  safely   reached  the  Freucli  coast."— 
U   Vauglian,  Hint,  uf  England  vmltr  the  llouae  of 
siu.irl.'e.  -2.  pp.  91-t^'Jia 

Ai.so  in:  Lord  .Macaulav.  IIM.  of  F.iig.,  ch.  9- 
10  (c.  •,>)— II.  D.  Traill.  W'iUiivnthe  Third,  ch.  4. 
— (  oiitiiiuiitioH  of  .Sir  J.  Unrkiiitoftia  UUt.  of  the 
lUc.  ill  lt!88,  <'A."l6-17.— Sir  J.  Dalrymple.  .Vfin- 
oimiifat.  liritnin  and [reliitut,pt.  l.*t.  6-7(r.  2). 
A.  D.  1689  (J«nu»ry— February).— The  set- 
tlement of  the  Crown  on  William  and  Mary.— 
The  Declaration  of  Righta.- '  The  convenuon 


935 


i 


I 


ENGLAND,  1689. 


tt'Uliam  and 
Mary. 


ENGLAND.  1689. 


i 


met  im  till'  2inil  <if  .lainiary.  Their  (irst  care  wiis 
to  nclilnss  llir  priiRT  Id  take  the  aclministratiim 
of  alTairs  and  ilisposal  of  the  revenue  into  liin 
hnixlH,  in  Drder  to  u'ive  a  kind  of  parliamentary 
nuu'tion  to  tin'  power  lie  already  exerelseif. 
On  the  2Stli  of  January  the  eoninions,  after  a 
debate  in  wliieli  tlii'  friendsof  the  late  kins  made 
Init  11  f;iint  opposition,  eame  to  their  ^reat  vote: 
That  kini;  James  II.,  liaviiii;enileavoun'(l  to  sub- 
vert the  eonstittitiim  iif  this  kinKilimi,  by  break- 
ini?  the  orifiinal  contniet  iK'tween  kinp  atid  peo- 
ple, ntid  by  the  adviei  of  Jesuit!  and  other 
wiekeil  persons  having  violated  the  fimdamental 
laws,  and  havini;  withdrawn  himself  out  of  the 
kinijdom,  haM  alxlieated  the  >roverntnent,  ami 
tliat  tile  throne  is  thereby  vaeant.  They  resolved 
unanimously  the  next 'day.  That  it  hath  lieen 
fouiMl  by  experience  ineonsisteiit  with  the  safety 
and  welfare  of  this  protestant  kin^^ilom  to  be 
governed  liy  a  popisli  prinee.  This  vote  wa.s  a 
rem  irkalile  triumph  of  the  whii;  party,  who  had 
eonlendi'd  for  the  exelusion  liill.  ,  .  .  The  lords 
agreed  with  equal  unanimity  to  this  vote;  whieh, 
though  it  was  expressi'd  only  as  an  abstract 
proposition,  led  liy  a  pnietieal  inferi'iicc  to  the 
whole  chanjie  that  the  wluKS  had  in  view.  But 
upon  the  former  resolution  .s«'venil  important 
divisions  tiwk  place."  The  lords  wen;  unwilling 
to  conunit  themselves  to  the  two  propositions, 
tliat  Jam(>s  had  "alMlicated"  the  government  by 
his  desertion  of  it.  and  that  the  throne  hail  there- 
by iKi-oine  "vaeant."  Thiy  yielded  at  length, 
however,  and  adopteil  the  ri'solulion  as  tlic  com- 
mons had  passed  it.  They  "followed  this  up  l)y 
a  resolution,  th.it  the  prince  and  princess  of 
Orange  shall  Ih"  declared  kinR  and  queen  of  Eng- 
land, and  all  the  dominicms  tliereuntn  belonging. 
But  the  commons,  with  a  noble  patrioiLsm  de- 
layed to  ( oncur  in  this  hasty  settlement  of  the 
cn>wn,  till  they  shoild  have  completed  the 
deeluralion  of  those  fundamental  rights  and  lib- 
erties for  the  s;ike  of  w  hieh  alone  they  had  gone 
forw.ird  with  this  great  ri'volution.  1"liat  decla- 
ration, b(ing  at  onc<^  an  exposition  of  the  mis- 
government  which  liad  com|ielleil  them  to  de- 
throne the  late  king,  and  of  the  conditions  upon 
which  they  elected  his  successors,  was  incorpo- 
ratid  in  the  final  resolution  to  which  both  houses 
came  cm  the  i:ith  of  February,  extending  tlie 
linutation  of  the  crown  as  far  as  the  state  of 
alliiirs  reiiuircd :  That  William  and  .Mary,  prince 
ami  princess  of  Orange,  be,  and  Im' dechifed,  king 
and  (picen  of  Engliind.  F'rancc>  and  Irelaml.  and 
the  dominions  thereunto  belonL'ing.  to  hold  the 
crown  and  ilignity  of  the  sidd  kingdoms  and 
dominiiins  to  tliem,  the  sjiid  prince  and  princess, 
durin,'  iIk  ir  lives,  and  the  lifi'  of  the  survivor  o' 
them:  and  that  the  sole  and  full  excTcise  of  the 
regal  powi  r  be  only  in,  and  executed  by,  the 
sjiid  jirincc  cf  Orange,  in  the  names  of  the  siud 
prince  and  ptin<'i'>s.  during  their  joint  lives;  and 
after  their  di nasc  the  s.iicl  crown  and  royal  dig- 
nity of  the  Niid  kiiiiydoms  and  dominions  to  jii' 
to  the  hiirs  <if  the  Imdy  of  the  s;dd  princess;  for 
default  of  suih  i~Miel  to  the  princess  Aime  of 
Denmark  [younu'cr  daUL'lilrr  of  James  II.].  and 
the  heirs  of  In  r  bo.ly;  ami  for  default  of  such 
i.ssue.  to  the  ht  irs  of  I'hi-  licly  nf  the  sjud  prince 
of  Onngc.  .  .  The  Declaration  of  Uighls  pre- 
M'nli  d  to  tlie  prime  4if  Orange  liy  the  mari|uis  of 
Halifax,  as  .-peakcrof  the  lords.' in  the  presence 
of  hrith  h...!-:-^  on  Uu  !s;!;  ,;f  F^lvnisry,  ron-ists 
of  three  parts:  areiitul  of  the  illegal  and  arbi- 


trary acts  committed  by  the  late  king,  and  .if 
their  conse(|Uent  vote  of  niHlicution;  a  declari 
tion,  nearly  following  the  w  Is  of  the  forui  r 
part,  that  such  enumerate<l  n( ,.,  areiihgal:  ai  1 
a  resoluliim,  that  the  tlirime  shall  Ik'  tilled  by  ih. 
prince  and  prinees.sof  Orange,  nccooling  to  iir 
limitatiimsmentioneil.  .  .  .  This  declaration  w.i-, 
some  months  afterwards  [in  OetolK'r],  conllrnn  i 
by  a  regular  act  of  the  legislature  in  the  bill  .if 
ri'ghts  [see  IhIow:  1880  (OCToHKilll."— II.  II.! 
lain,  Ctiiiiit.  IIM.  iif  Kh'j.,  th.  14-1.')  (i-.  3). 

Al..s<)  IN:    Lord  Maeaulav.  Hint.  "/' A'/iy  .     ' 
10  KT.    ',').— U  von   l{anke," //(■«<.  ■•f' Kinr.   17" 
CeiU.,  hk.  lit,  di.  i-A  (r.  4).— U.  Gneist,  llht   ■■( 
Kill/.  Ciiimt.,  rh.  42  (r  2). 

A.  D.  1689  (April— Augu»t).— The  Church 
and  the  Revolution.— The  Toleration  Act.  - 
The  Non-Jurors. — "The  men  who  had  bi.u 
most  helpful  in  bringing  about  the  late  chan^.  n 
were  not  all  of  the  same  way  of  thinking  in  1. 
ligion:  many  of  them  belonged  to  the  Church  ..f 
England;  iiianj-  were  Dissenters.  It  scemi  d. 
therefore,  a  litttng  time  to  grant  the  Dissent,  rs 
some  relief  from  the  harsh  laws  passed  agaii-t 
them  in  Charles  II. 's  nign.  Protestant  Dissent 
CIS,  save  those  who  denied  the  Trinity,  were  n.i 
longer  forbidden  to  have  places  of  worship  ami 
services  of  their  own,  if  they  would  only  swi'icr 
to  1k'  loyal  to  the  king,  and  tliat  his  power  w:is 
as  lawfiil  in  Church  as  in  State  matters.  Tlie 
law  that  gave  them  this  is  called  the  Toleraii.a 
Act.  Men's  notions  were  still,  however,  v.  ry 
narniw ;  care  wvis  taken  that  the  Homan  Catlioliu 
slujuld  get  nil  lienetit  from  this  law.  Even  :i 
Protestant  Dissenter  miglit  not  yet  lawfully  1»  a 
memlH>r  of  either  House  of  Parliament,  or  I  ik. 
a  post  in  the  king's  service;  for  tile  Test  .\r!s 
were  left  untouched.  King  William,  who  w  ns  a 
Presbyterian  in  his  own  land,  wanted  very  mm  li 
to  see  the  Dissenters  won  back  to  the  Church  ..f 
Englaml.  To  bring  this  about,  he  wi.slied  the 
Church  to  alter  those  things  in  the  I'rayer  1!.  .k 
which  kept  I)is.senters  from  joining  witli  h.  r 
But  most  of  the  clergy  would  not  have  iiny 
change;  and  Ix'cause  these  were  the  stroiijr 
party  in  Conv<K-ation  —  as  the  Parliament  of  tii.- 
Church  is  called  —  Williant  could  get  nolhiiiL' 
done.  At  the  same  time  a  re.it,  wliieh  at  lir^t 
seemeil  likely  to  \k  .serious,  was  made  in  il.. 
Cliurcli  itself.  There  was  a  strong  finding  am.  n.' 
tlie  clergy  in  favour  of  the  banished  king  ^ . 
a  law  was  made  by  which  every  man  who  h  !.) 
a  preferment  in  the  Church,  or  eitlier  of  'h.' 
Universities,  hail  to  swear  to  lie  true  to  Kinir  \\  li 
liam  and  Queen  .Mary,  or  had  to  give  up  his  |  ■. 
ferment.  .Most  of  the  clergy  were  very  uii«  "! 
ing  to  oIm  y  this  law:  but  only  4(H)  were  f...'  1 
stout-hearted  enough  to  give  up  their  li\i"-> 
miller  than  do  what  theytjiought  to  be  awi.  .  'I 
thing.  These  wenM'alled  'non-jurors,'  or  i:i.  :i 
who  would  IK  it  swear.  Among  them  were  live 
out  of  the  seven  Bishops  wiio  had  \viili~i  I 
Jan.es  II.  only  a  ye:ir  iH'fore.  The  sect  of  i.  ■: 
jurors,  who  h«iked  upon  themselves  as  the  -  •  v 
true  Ihurchnien.  did  not  spread.  But  it  di.i  1 
die  out  altogether  until  seventy  years  ago  [i   ■  . 

early  in  tlie  l!)th  century].     It  was  at  this  1; 

that  the  names  Ilii;li-('hiircli  and  Low-Clin!.  li 
first  came  into  use.  " — J.  How  ley.  The  StllU  i"  -t 
I'f  the  Ciiimtitiiti'in,  ch.  1. 

Al.si)  IN:  J.  Stoughton,   IIM.   "f  Iiili<ii • 

A"-,;;.,  r,  -,  -h.  4-n.— T.  Lathlmry,  I!!-'  ■■;'  •'■■• 
yun-jun/m. 


936 


ENGLAND.  1689. 


Biao/Bighl: 


ENGLAND,  168t. 


»nil  cinq\ie  fwirts.  for  tho  clioosinE  nf  s'lfh  penom 
In  ri'pn'scrit  lluiii  iis  were  of  ri^'lit  ti>  1h'  suit  to 
I'lirliiuiicnt,  tn  iiii'ct  and  sit  af  W'l'stiiiiiislir  upon 
the  two  Hiiil  twiiitictli  diiy  of  Jiiuuiir^'.  in  tliis 
yeiir  One  Tliousiiiid  Six  Hvindrt'd  Eighty  and 
EiRlit,  in  order  to  suoli  an  cslablislinicnt,  nn  tlial 
tlifir  religion,  laws,  and  liberties  might  not  again 
1h'  in  danger  of  iMing  subverted;  upon  which 
letters  elections  have  Is^en  aeeonlingly  niaile. 
And  tliereuiion  the  said  Lords  Spiritual  and 
Tenil)oral,  and  Connnons.  pursuant  to  their  re- 
spective letters  am!  elections,  being  now  as-sein- 
bled  in  a  full  and  free  representuticni  of  this  na- 
tion, taking  into  Ih'ir  most  serious  consideration 
the  IksI  means  for  attaining  tie'  ends  aforesaid, 
do  in  the  tirst  jilace  (as  tlieir  ancestors  in  like 
case  have  usually  done)  for  the  vinilieating  and 
asserting  their  ancient  riirhts  and  lib'Tlies,  de- 
clare:    I.  That  the  pretended  power  of  sus|Mnd 

ing  of  laws,  or  the  executii f  laws,  by  recal 

aulhoritv,  without  eonsini  <pr  Parliament,  is  ille 
L'al.     a.'That  the  |in  icridcd  power  of  dispens- 
ing with  laws,  or  the  cxei  uliiai  of  laws  by  regal 
authority,  as  it  hath  been  .issumed  and  exi'rciseil 
of  lali',  is  illigal.     3.  That  the  conunLssion  for 
erecting  the  late  Court  of  ('cninii«sioners  lor  Ee- 
clcsiastical  Causes,  and  all  other  comniissicais  and 
courts  of  like  nature,  are  illegal  ami  pernicious. 
4.  That  h'vving  money  for  or  to  the  use  of  the 
Crown   bv  'pretence   and    pren>i:alive,    without 
grant  of  Parliament,  for  longer  timi-  or  in  oilier 
manner  than  the  same  is  or  shall  lie  granted,  is 
illegal.     5.  That  i;  is  the  rinht  of  the  subjiels 
to  petitiou  iiie  King,  ami  all  conuiiitments  ami 
pros<'culions  for  such  petitioning  are  illegal.     6. 
That  the  raising  or  keiping  a  standing  army 
within  the  kingdom  in  time  of  peace,  indess  it 
Ik.  with   consent  of  Parliament,  is  against  law. 
7.  That  the  sulijeets  which  an'  Protestants  may 
have  arms  for  tliiMr  defence  suitable  to  their  con- 
ditions, and  as  allowed  by  law.     8.  That  eleiti(m 
of  menilHTS  of  I'lrliament  ought  to  be  free.     9. 
That  the  freechan  of  speeeii,  and  debates  or  pro 
ceedinL'sin  Parliainciil,  ought  not  tobe  impeached 
or  (piestioiied  in  any  court  or  place  out  of  Parlia- 
ment      10.  That  e.xcessive  bail  ought  not  to  1m! 
reiiuired,  nor  excessive  tines  imposed;  nor  crue! 
and    unusual    |iuiiisliments   inllicted.      II.   That 
jurors  ought  tobe  duly  imiiancllcd  and  returned, 
and  jurors  which  pass'upou  men  in  trials  for  high 
treason  ought  to  be    fivcholders.      12.  That  all 
gnuits  and  iiromlses  of  '•••'•*  and  forfeitures  of 
particular    persons  bcfon  vidion  are  illegal 

and  void.      13.  .\iid  that  fi         dress  of  all  grie- 
vances, ami  for  thi'  amending,  strentrthening,  anil 
prcservine  of  the  laws.  Parliament  ought  to  1k5 
held  freipienlly.     .\nil  they  ilo  claim,  (hniaiid. 
and  insist  upon  all  ami  singular  the  premises,  as 
their  umloubted  rights  and  lilMTtics;  and  th.-it  no 
deelar.itions,   judgments,  doings  or  priKi'cdings, 
to  tin'  prcjuiliic  of  the  people  in  any  of  the  said 
premises,  ought  in  any  wise  to  be  ilrawn  here- 
after into  conscipienee  or  example.     To  w  hicli 
dcniMiKl  of  tlieir  rlL'bls  they  are  parlienlarly  eu- 
courai'eil  bv  the  dcelaralion  of  his  Highness  the 
!    Prince  of  Oniiige,  as  being  the  only  means  for 
I  obtaining   a    full   rednss  ami   reiinily   tlicreiii, 
I    Having   therefore  an  entire  cimtidence  that    his 
j   said  Iliu'liiicssthc  IMnce  of  Drangewill  perfect 
I    the  deliverance  so  far  advanced  by  liini,  and  will 
I   still   preserve    them  from  the  violation  of  their 
.!._  .  .  ..1  -...uu,  oi...  ...v^--.  ...11-.^.=  1     ,..-    '    rights   which  they  have  hero  asserted,  and  from 

\  countiesr  cities,  universities,  boroughs,    |  all  other  attempts  upon  their  religion,  righut,  uuJ 

937 


A   D.  1M9  (May).— War  declared  against 
France.— The  Grand  Alliance.    See  Fkamk: 
\   p   lt)Hil-16i)0. 
'  A  D.  1689  (October).— The  Bill  of  Riehta.— 

Tlic  following  is  the  text  of  the  Hill  of  Rights, 
ivissid  bv  Parliament  at  its  sitting  in  Octola'r, 
ll'isi)  Whereas  the  Lonis  Spiritual  and  Tein 
pord  and  Commons,  assembled  at  Westminster, 
lawfiillv,  fullv,  and  freely  representing  all  the 
,stal(  s  of  the  people  of  this  realm,  ilid  upon  the 
Tliirlcciith  ilav  of  Kebriiarv,  in  the  vear  of  our 
L,,rd  "lie  Thiaisaiul  Six  Hundred  Lighty  ligh; 
lo  R  1  present  unto  their  .Maiesth'S,  then  called 
•111,1  kii.iwn  bv  the  names  and  style  of  William 
anil  Mm  V,  Prince  and  Princess  of  Orange,  being 
pn  MUt  ill  their  proiK'r  persims,  a  certain  Declara- 
tiiin  ill  writing,  made  bv  the  said  l.,onl»anilC'om- 

,11 in  1  he  words  following,  viz. :     "Whereas 

th.  lale  King  .lames  H.,  by  the  iLssisUince  of 
iliv.rscvil  coiinsillors,  jmlges,  and  ministers  em- 
pl,.y''l  bv  him.  did  endeavour  to  subvert  and  ex- 
tirpale  llie  Protestant  religion,  and  the  laws  and 
lih, Mil's  of  this  kingdom:  I.  I!y  assuming  and 
iXiiri>iiiL' :i  power  of  dispensing  with  and  sus- 
[uniliiig  of  laws,  and  the  execution  of  laws, 
witliimt  loiwiit  of  Parliaraent.  2.  Hy  commit- 
ting' iiMil  pios'ciiting  divirs  worthy  iirelates  for 
liiiiiililv  petitioning  to  Iw  excused  from  concur 
riiii  1"  llie  sail)  nssumei!  power.  3.  Hy  issuing 
;iiiiri:iu>ing  to  !  ■  "xecuted  a  coinmis.sion  iinder 
llii-  (;ri:it  Seal  i.ir  erecting  a  court,  ealleil  the 
(curt  of  Ciiminissioners  for  Ecclesiastical  Causes, 
4.  liv  livvintr  money  for  and  to  the  use  of  the 
(  n'uii  hv'pri'ti  iiceo'f  prerogative,  for  other  time 
ami  in  "liar  manner  than  the  .same  was  granted 
hv  I'lrliament.  5.  Hy  raising  and  keeping  a 
sfaiiiliiig  army  within'tliis  kingdom  in  time  of 
|ii  :icc.  wilhoii't  consent  of  Parliament,  and  quar 
irriiiL,  soliliers  contrary  to  law,  6.  By  causing 
-ivi  rjl  L'oixl  subjects,  being  Protestants,  to  be 
lU-iiimil,  at  the  same  time  when  Papists  were 
li'iih  arimil  anu  employed  contrary  to  law.  7. 
liv  \i"l:iting  the  freedom  of  election  of  members 
I  '  -.1  rve  ii.  Parliament.  8.  By  prosecutions  in 
liic  ('iiurt  nf  King's  Hench  for  matters  and  causes 
(■n.'iii<alili'  only  in  Parliament,  and  by  divers 
i':hir:irliilrary  iind  illegal  causes.  9.  .Vnil  where- 
in of  late  years,  partial,  corrupt,  and  iinqualitied 
I'l TMiiis  have  iHen  returned,  and  served  on  juries 
in  iriiiK.  :iiiil  particularlv  divers  jurors  in  trials 
f  ■  ■  •  '  


r  iiiL'li  triason,  which  were  not  freeholders. 
I.  .\iiil  excessive  bail  hath  lieen  required  of 
i-"ns  ciininiitted  in  criminal  east's,  toeliide  the 
III  lil  nf  till'  laws  nnide  for  the  liberty  of  the 
lijiils  II.  .Villi  excessive  lines  have  iM'cn  ini- 
i-i  ! :  anil  illi  L'al  and  cruel  punishments intiicted. 
:.  .\i!il  si'Viral  grants  and  promises  made  of 
lis  :inil  fiirfeitiires  iM'fore  any  conviction  or 
U'liiiiil  aL'ainst  the  i)er.'«5ns  upon  whom  the 
:;ii  w<  re  to  1k'  levied.  All  which  are  utterly 
1 1  ilin  itly  contrary  to  the  known  laws  and 
HUTS,  iiml  freiilomof  this  realm.    Andwhereas 

I  s.iiil  !,iti.  King  .lames  11.  having  abdicated 
r  iT'iviTiiiiicnt.  a. id  the  throne  being  thereby 

II  liiil.  liis  lliglmesstlie  Prince  of  Orange  (whom 
liiili  pliaMil -Vlmighty  CJisl  io  make  the  glori- 
:s  i:isiruininl  of  delivering  this  kingdom  from 

i-i  rv  ;iml  arbitrary  power)  did  (by  the  advice 
III.  l.iinls  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  and  divers 
riiiipal  pi  rsiiiis  of  the  Commons)  cause  letters 
i'l  "vrittin  to  the  I/Ords  Spiritual  and  Tem- 
biiniT  i'rotestanta.  and  other  letters  to  the 


f. 

^  ' 

f 

^i 

"^1 

~^i 

^ 

..-?' 

^;^^§t 

^-IRinr 

'.M 

ENGLAND,  lfl8». 


Bmo/sit^u. 


ENGLAND,  1689. 


lihortlcs :  II.  The  said  Lords  SplrituM  and  Tem- 
poral, and  Commons,  assemlilea  at  Wettmlnster, 
do  ri'solvp,  thut  Wllliiim  and  Mary,  Prince  and 
Princess  of  Oriuiftc,  1k',  and  he  declared,  Klni 
and  Queen  of  Kngliind,  France,  and  Ireland,  and 
the  ilomtnlons  thereimto  Ix'longinjj,  to  lioUl  the 
crown  an<l  royal  dignity  of  tlic  said  kingdoms 
and  diindnloHB  to  them  the  said  Prince  and 
Princess  during  tlieir  lives,  and  the  life  of  the 
survivor  of  them;  and  that  the  sole  and  full  ex- 
ercise of  the  regal  nower  Iw  only  in,  and  exe- 
cuted bv.  the  said  Prince  of  Orange,  in  tlic  names 
of  llie  "said  Prince  and  Princess,  during  their 
joint  lives;  and  after  their  deceases,  the  said 
crown  and  royul  dignity  of  the  said  kingdoms 
and  (londnions'  to  tw  to  the  heirs  of  the  body  of 
the  Kiiid  Princess;  and  for  default  oC  such  issue 
to  till'  Princess  Anne  of  IJenmark,  and  the  heirs 
of  her  ImhIv  :  and  for  defaidt  of  such  issue  to  the 
hei'  •"  IxkIv  of  the  said  Prince  of  Orange. 

Ai  .  .xmis  Spiritual  and  Temporal,  and  Com- 
mons, do  pray  the  said  Prince  ami  Princess  to  ac- 
cept the  same  aceonlingly.  Ill,  And  that  the 
oaths  hereafter  mentioned  lie  taken  bv  all  persons 
of  whom  the  oaths  of  allegiance  anil  supremacy 
might  lie  required  by  law  instead  of  them ;  and 
that  the  saiii  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy 
be  abrogated.  'I,  A.  B.,  do  sincerely  prondac 
and  swear.  That  I  will  be  faithful  and  liear  true 
allegiance  to  their  JIaiesties  King  William  and 
Queen  Mary;  SSo  help  me  God.'  'I,  A.  B., 
do  swear.  That  I  do  from  my  heart  abhor,  detest, 
and  abjure  as  Imjiious  and  heretical  that  damna- 
ble doctrine  and  position,  that  princes  excom- 
municated or  deprived  by  the  Pope,  or  any  au- 
thority of  the  See  of  Rome,  may  be  deposed  or 
murdered  by  their  subjects,  or  any  other  what- 
soever. And  I  do  declare,  that  no  foreign  prince, 
person,  prelate,  state,  or  potentate  hath,  or  ought 
to  liav'j,  any  jurisdiction,  [Miwer,  superiority,  pre- 
eminence, or  authority,  ecdcsias'tical  or  spiritual, 
within  this  realm:  So  help  me  God.'"  IV. 
Upon  which  their  Ktiil  Majesties  did  accept  the 
crown  and  MVat  dignity  of  the  kingdoms  of  Eng- 
land, France"  and  Irelaml,  and  the  dominions 
tliereunto  belonging,  according  to  the  resolution 
and  desire  of  the  saiil  Lords  and  Commons  con- 
taincil  ill  tlie  said  declaration.  V.  And  thereupon 
their  Majesties  were  pleased,  that  the  said  Lords 
Spiritual  and  Temporal,  and  Commons,  being 
tlie  two  Houses  of  Parliament,  slumld  continue 
to  sit,  and  whh  their  Majesties'  royal  concurrence 
make  elliitual  provision  for  the  settlement  of  the 
reliirion,  laws  ami  liluTties  of  this  kingdom,  so 
tliai  tlie  same  fur  the  future  might  not  be  in  dan- 

fer  airain  of  111  ing  suliverted;  to  which  tlie  said 
,ori!s  S|iiriliial  and  Temporal,  and  Commons, 
did  agn-c  and  proceed  to  act  accordingly.  VI. 
Now  in  pursuance  of  the  premises,  llie  said  L<irds 
Spiritual  and  Tiniponil.  and  Coinni<ms,  in  I'ar- 
lianiciit  asscmliled,  for  tlie  nititying.  confirming, 
and  estalili^liin;;  the  said  declaration,  and  the  ar- 
tides,  clausi  s,  matters,  and  things  therein  con- 
tained, by  the  tone  of  a  law  made  in  due  form 
by  aiitliority  of  Parliament,  (hi  pray  that  it  may 
bt' declared"  and  eiiacliil,  That  all  and  singular 
the  rights  and  lilK-rties  as.sirted  and  claimed  in 
the  said  ileclaration  are  the  true,  ancient,  and  in- 
dubllalile  rights  and  lilierties  of  the  people  of 
this  kingdom,  and  so  shall  1h'  esteemed,  allowed, 
adjudged,  deemed,  and  taken  to  be,  and  that  all 
and  every  the  particular?  aforesaid  shall  l>r  firmly 
and  strictly  holden  and  observed,  as  they  arc  ex- 


preiwd  in  the  said  declaiBtion;  >od  all  offleen 
and  ministers  whatsoever  shall  serve  their  Majis- 
ties  and  their  auccessom  according  to  the  same  in 
all  times  to  come.  VII.  And  the  said  Lords 
Spiritual  and  Temporal,  andCommins,  seriou.sly 
considering  how  it  hatii  pleased  Almightv  (iiHl, 
In  hU  marvellous  providence,  and  merciful  giKnl. 
nesa  to  this  nation,  to  pro  ide  and  preserve  tin  ir 
said  Majesties'  royal  pcrsiins  most  happily  to 
reign  over  us  upon  the  throne  of  their  ancestors, 
for  which  they  render  unto  Him  from  the  boltnrii 
of  their  hearts  their  humblest  thanks  and  praises. 
do  truly,  flnnly,  assuredly,  and  in  tlic  simerity 
of  their  hearts!  think,  ami  do  hereby  rceognisi', 
acknowle<lge,  and  declare,  that  King  James  II 
having  abdicated  tlie  Government,  and  their  .M;ij 
esties  having  accepted  the  Crown  and  royal  di:; 
nity  as  aforesaid,  tlieir  said  Majesties  did  become, 
were,  are,  and  of  right  ouglit  to  lie,  by  the  hiws 
of  this  realm,  our  sovereign  liege  Lord  and  Lady, 
King  and  Queen  of  England,  France,  and  Iri' 
land,  and  the  dominions  thereunto  belonging,  in 
and  to  whoso  princely  persons  the  royal  suite, 
crown,  and  dignity  of  the  said  realms,  with  all 
honours,   styles,   titles,  regalities,  prerogatives, 

{lowers,  jurisdictions,  and  authorities  to  the  same 
lelonglng  and  appertaining,  are  most  fully,  riirlit- 
fully,  and  entirely  invested  and  incorporated, 
unite<l,  and  annexed.  VIII.  And  for  preventing 
all  questions  and  divisions  in  this  realm,  by  rea- 
son of  any  pretended  titles  to  the  Crown,  and  fur 
firescrving  a  certainty  In  the  succession  therenf, 
n  and  upon  which  the  unity,  peace,  tranquillity, 
and  safety  of  this  nation  dotli,  under  God,  wliully 
consist  and  depend,  the  said  Lords  Spiritual  and 
Temporal,  and  Commons,  do  beseech  their  Maj- 
esties that  it  may  be  enacted,  established,  and 
declared,  that  the  Crown  and  regal  government 
of  the  said  kingdoms  and  dominions,  with  all 
and  singular  the  premises  thereunto  belonging 
and  appertaining,  sliall  be  and  continue  to  their 
said  Majesties,  and  tlic  survivor  of  them,  iluring 
their  lives,  and  the  life  of  the  survivor  of  Ihirn 
And  that  the  entire,  perfect,  and  full  exercise  nf 
the  regal  power  and  government  be  only  in,  and 
executed  liy,  his  Majesty,  in  the  names  of  Ijnili 
their  Majesties,  during  their  joint  lives;  anduftir 
their  deceases  tlic  said  C'rown  and  premise's  shall 
be  and  remain  to  tlie  heirs  of  the  iKxIy  of  Iht 
Majesty:  and  for  default  of  such  is.sue,  to  lur 
Uoyal  Higlincss  the  Princess  Anne  of  Denmark. 
and  the  heirs  fif  her  ImhIv  ;  and  for  default  i  >f  sm  h 
issue,  to  tlie  heirs  of  tlieljoivof  his  said  .Majc  ^ly: 
And  thereunto  the  said  Uinls  Spiritual  and  I  > m- 
pond,  and  Commons,  do.  In  the  name  of  all  llir 
people  aforesaid,  most  liumbly  and  faiilifiilly 
submit  themselves,  tli"ir  heirs  and  postiritiis. 
for  ever:  and  do  faithfully  promise,  tliat  tiny 
will  stand  to,  mainliiin,  and  defend  their  sii  I 
Majesties,  and  also  the  limitation  and  succe-i  n 
of  the  Crown  herein  specitied  and  contain.  !.  I" 
the  utmost  of  their  powers,  with  tlieir  livi-^  m,  I 
estates,  against  all  persons  whatsoever  thai  >hall 
attempt  anything  to  the  contrary.  IX.  And 
whereas  it  liath  been  found  by  experienc.-.  ihit 
it  is  inconsistent  with  the  safety  and  welfan  if 
this  Protestant  kiugdom  to  lie  governed  liy  a 
Popish  prince,  or  by  any  king  or  queen  inirry- 
ing  a  Papist,  the  said  I<ords  Spiritual  and  !•  in 
poral,  and  Commons,  do  further  pray  that  it  ir.iy 
be  enacted.  That  all  and  every  jierson  and  \«  r 
stiiis  that  ia,  are,  or  shall  tie  reconciled  to,  or  -.h^iU 
hold  communion  with,  the  See  or  Church  of 


938 


ENGLAND,  1«8». 


BattUot 
Btachy  Htad. 


ENGLAND.  16»9. 


Home   or  ihall  profew  the  Popiih  religion,  or 
aU  ™rry  a  Paptat,  shall  be  excluded,  and  be 
f'lr  (vtr  incapable  t«  inherit,  iH>«ieM,  or  enjoy 
■lie  ( rown  and  Government  ol  this  realm,  anil 
Ireland  and  the  dominions  thereunto  bclonRlng, 
or  »nv  part  of  the  same,  or  to  have.  "«-.of  ';'";'• 
rise  anv  reiiid  power,  authority,  or  Juri«liction 
wiliiin  the  8amp;  and  in  all  anci  every  surh  case 
„r  ciiiis  the  iM'ople  of  these  realms  shall  lie  niid 
ari'  hcrcliv  absolved  of  their  iilicKlance.  and  the 
siiil  Crown  and  government  »hull  from  time  to 
lin.e  (lescind  to,  and  be  enjoyed  by.  surli  person 
iir  iiiTsmis  bring  l^rolestanta,  as  should  have  in- 
hcriic'il  and  injovcil  the  Siime,  in  case  the  said 
iKTwin  or  iwrsoris  bo  reooiieiled,  holding  com- 
muninn,  or  iirofessing,  or  marrying,  as  afon'siiid, 
wcri'  niiturally  deail.     X.  Anil  that  every  King 
anil  (Jiiicn  of  this  n'alm,  who  at  any  time  here- 
•ittc  r  thall  come  to  and  succeed  in  the  Imp<'rial 
Cruwn  of  this  king<lom,  shall,  on  tlie  lirst  day  of 
the  meeting  of  the  first  Parliament,  next  after 
liiA  or  her  coming  to  the  Crown,  sitting  In  his  or 
lier  throne  in  the  House  of  Peers,  In  the  presence 
(if  the  l.onl9  and  Cimimons  therein  assembled,  or 
lit  Ills  or  her  coronation,  before  such  person  or 
|.(  rsons  who  shall  administer  the  coronation  oath 
to  him  or  her,  at  the  time  of  his  or  her  taking  the 
Slid  oath  (which  shall  first  hapnen),  make,  sul)- 
M  riV)e  and  audibly  repeat  the  declaration  men- 
ti.)ii(  il  in  the  statute  made  In  the  thirteenth  year 
of  tlier.i(.'nof  King  Charles  II.,  intituled  "  An 
Alt  for  the  more  effectual  preserving  the  King's 
|Hr    in  and  Government,  by  disabling   Papists 
fMm  sitting  in  either  House  of  Parliament."    But 
if  it  shall  happen  that  such  King  or  Queen,  upon 
Ilia  or  her  succession  to  the  Crown  of  this  realm, 
shall  1k'  uuiUr  the  age  of  twelve  years,  then  every 
such  King  or  Queen  shall  make,  subscribe,  and 
auililily  repeat  tl"  said  declaration  at  his  or  her 
mronation,  or     .e  first  clay  of  meeting  of  the 
lirst  Parliament  as  aforesaid,  which  sliall  first 
happen  after  .such  King  or  Queen  shall  have  at- 
tiiiiiid  the  said  age  of  twelve   years.     XI.  All 
Khiih  till  ir  Majesties  arc  contented  and  pleased 
shall  Iw  ileelared,  eiiact<'d,  and  established  by  au- 
Ihoritv  of   this  pn>sent   Parliament,   and   shall 
stand,"  remain,  and  l)e  the  law  of  this  realm  for 
ever;  ami  the  same  are  by  their  said  Majesties, 
In  ai.l  with  the  advii^-  and  consent  of  the  Uirds 
Spiritual  uiul  Temporal,  and  Commons,  in  Par- 
liiiiM  lit  assi'inliled,  and  by  the  authority  of  the 
same,  iliilareil,  enacted. "or  established  acconl- 
iii::')-     XIl.  And  lie  it  further  declared  and  en- 
ai ti il  liy  tlie  authority  afonsaid.  That  from  and 
aftiT  this  pri  sent  session  of  Parliament ,  no  dispen- 
saliiiii  liv  "lion  obstante"  of  or  to  any  statute, 
or  any  jwirl  tliereof,  shall  be  allowed,  but  that 
llic  same  shall  1k>  held  void  and  of  no  eflfect,  ex- 
iipt  a  dispensation  Ik.' allowed  of  in  such  statute. 
and  (  \eept  in  suili  cases  as  shall  be  specially 
proviileil  for  hy  one  or  more  bill  or  bills  to  be 
pissi  .1  ilurinu  tliis  present  se8,sion  of  Parliament. 
XIII.  Provided  that  nocharter.  or  grant,  or  par- 
ilii  ;;rantecl  before  the  three  andtwentieth  day 
c-f  I  >i  ti.hir.  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  One  thousand 
siv  loiMdred  eiL'htV-uine.  shall  lie  any  ways  im- 
|)c  :.i  la-d  or  invaliilateil  Ijy  this  Act,  liut  that  the 
si'iii  shall  he  and  remain  of  the  same  force  and 
eiTi .  t  in  law,  and  no  other,  than  as  if  this  Act 
h.i'l  iirver  lieen  made. 

A.  D.  1689-1696,— The  war  of  the  League 
=f  A'.:rsb-jrg,  or  the  Grand  Alliance  aninst 
s  XI V.  (called  in  American  hiitory  "  ' 


Lou 


■^King 


WilliMi'i  War  ").    See  Frakcb:   A.  P.  ItSS- 
1690:  1689-1691:  1692;  1693  (J  VLT);  1694;  1695- 
1696.— Also,  Canada;   A.   I).   1689-1690;  169*- 
1897;      and  Newkol'NUI.anu:  A.  D.  1894-1697. 
A.  D.  1690  (June).— The  Battle  of  Beacby 
Head.— The  great  p'  il  of   the  kingdom.— 
'•In  June.  1890.  whilst  William  was  in  Ireland, 
the   French  simt  a    fleet,    uniler    Tourville,    to 
threaten  England.     lie  left  Brest  and   entered 
the  British  Channel.     Ilerliert  (then  Eari  of  Tor- 
rington)  commanded  the  English  fleet  lying  in 
the  Downs,  and  sailed  to  Saint  Helens,  where  he 
was  joined  by  the  Dutch  fleet  under  Everlsen. 
On  the  28tli  of  ,lune  the  English  anil   French 
fleets  were  close  to  each  other,  and  an  Important 
engagement  was  expected,  when  unexpectedly 
Torrington  abandoned  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  re- 
treated towanls  the  J^lraits  of  Dover.   .  .  .  The 
Queen  and  her  Council,  receiving  this  intelligence, 
sent  to  Torrington  wremptory  orders  to  flght. 
Torrington   received   these  orders  on  the  29th 
June.     Next  day  he  bore  down  on  the  French 
fleet  In  order  of  battle.     He  bad  less  than  60  ship* 
of  the  line,  whilst  the  French  bad  80.     Ho  placed 
the  Dutch  in  the  van,  and  during  the  whole  flght 
rendered  them  little  or  no  assistance.     He  gave 
the  signal  to  engage,  which  was  immediately 
olieyed  by  Evertsen,  who  fought  with  the  most 
splcndiil  courage,   but  at  length,  being  unsup- 
ported, his  wcond  in  command  and  many  other 
officers  of  high  rank  havinir  fallen,  and  his  ships 
l)clng  fearfully  shattered.  Evertsen  was  obliged 
to  draw  off  Ids  contingent  from   the  unequal 
battle.     Torrington  destroyed  some  of  these  in- 
jured ships.  tooK  the  remainder  in  tow.  and  sailed 
along  the  coast  of  Kent  for  the  Thames.     When 
in  that  river  he  pulled  up  all  the  buoys  to  pre- 
vent pursuit.  .  .  .  Cpon  his  return  to  London 
he  was  sent  to  the  Tower,  and  in  Decemlier  was 
tried  at  Shecrness  by  court-martial,  and  on  the 
third  day  was  acquitted ;  but  William  refused  to 
sec  him.  and  ordered  him  to  be  dismissed  from 
the  navy."— W.  II.  Torriano.  Williiim  the  Third, 
ch.  24.— "There  has  scarcely  ever  been  so  sad  a 
day  in  Ixmdon  as  that  on  which  the  news  of  the 
Battle  of  Beachy  Head  arrived.     The  shame  was 
Insupportable;  the  peril  was  imminent.  ...  At 
any  moment  London  might  be  appalled  by  news 
that  20.000  French  veterans  were  in  Kent.     It 
was  notorious  that,  in  every  part  of  the  kingdom, 
the  .lacobites  hud   lM>en.  during  some  months, 
making  preparations  for  a  rising.     All  the  regu- 
lar triwps  who  could  lie  a.sseml)led  for  the  defence 
of  the  island  did  not  amount  to  more  than  10.000 
men.     It  may  be  doubted  whether  our  country- 
lias  ever  passVil  through  a  more  alarming  crisis 
than  that  of  the  first  week  of  July  1690."— Lord 
Macauhiv.  IIM.  of  Kng.,  ch.  l.'Kc  3). 

Also  in  :  J.  Campbell.  Xnml  llht.  of  Gt.  Brit. . 
«•/,.  18  (c  2).  ^     ^ 

A.  D.  1690-1691.— Defeat  of  James  and  the 
Jacobites  in  Ireland.  See  InKL.\XD:  A.  I). 
Iti8!l-161»l. 

A.  D.  1692.— The  new  charter  to  Massachu- 
setts as  a  royal  province.  Sec  Massachu sktts : 
A.  I).  1089-1092. 

A.  D.  1692.  —  Attempted  invasion  from 
France.— Battle  of  La  Hogue.— "  The  diversion 
in  Ireland  having  failed.  Louis  wished  to  make 
an  efTort  to  attack  England  without  and  within. 
James  II..  who  had  turned  to  so  little  advantage 
the  first  aid  granted  by  the  King  of  France  saw 
therefore  in  preparation  a  muclT  more  powerful 


939 


f 


KNOLANI).   199a 


BallU 
of  La  ihtguf 


ENGLAND.  1701. 


•uiatance,  hiicI  ohtaiiuil  wliat  buil  Ih'I'II  rcfiined 
hini  lifter  tlii'  iluyH  of  tlic  lioyiif  iinti  Drurhy- 
llciid. —  an  urniy  to  iiiviidc  KiiKlnnd.  News  n'- 
cfivcd  from  timt  lountry  ixpliiiiu'd  this  cliiiii);)' 
ill  till'  condui't  of  Louis.  Tlic  opinion  of  Jitnu'ii 
at  Vorsiiilli's  WHS  no  Ixttcr  tliiin  in  tlic  jmst;  liut 
Kn^laiid  wiis  hclirvcd  to  Im-  on  tlir  fveoi  countcr- 
r(-voltitii)n,ivlii(-l)  it  would  Ik-  xiitllcicnt  to  aid  witli 
u  vlj^iiroiiH and siiddrn  blow .  .  .  Many  cniiniiit 
pfr«mu);i's.  miioii);  the  Wliin*  as  will  a»  anions 
tlic  Torii!.,  anion).' otliirs  till' Dnkp  of  .MarlliorouKli 
(Cliiircliill),  had  opened  a  .Hccnt  correspondence 
with  the  royal  exile  at  Saint  tlcrinain  Jaiiics 
had  secret  adherents  in  the  Knulisli  ticct  which 
he  had  so  Inii:;  cniiiinandcd  iH'forc  rciirnin^,  and 
believed  hinisi  If  able  lo  count  on  Uiar  Aiiiniral 
Carter,  and  even  on  Ailniinl  I{iis.sell.  I.onis 
pave  iiinivlf  up  to  execssixc  contlilencc  in  the 
result  of  tlicsc  plots,  and  arnini;ed  his  plan  of 
naval  opcriiiionsaicorilinnly.  .\n  army  of  JtO.lHW 
men,  with  ."iiKt  transports,  was  as.seiiiblcd  on  tlie 
coast  (pf  Normandy,  Ilic  (.'re.ii'  r  part  at  I.a  lIo)>iie 
and  Cherbouri;,  the  rest  at  i'  re:  this  was  com- 
posed of  all  the  Irisli  triMips.  riumlH'rof  Anglo- 
Scotch  rcfuL'iis,  and  a  corp^  of  l-'rcnch  troops. 
Marshal  de  Hellcfonds  coinmandcd  under  Kin^: 
James.  Ti-iirville  w  as  to  si't  out  from  Un-st  in  liic 
middle  of  April  with  lifly  ships  of  the  line,  cnlcr 
the  Clianiicl,  attack  the'  Knirlish  licet  Inforc  it 
couKl  lie  reinfoncd  liy  the  Dutch,  and  lhuss<(urc 
the  invasion.  Kx|>re.ss  orders  were  .sent  to  him 
to  eni::iL'e  the  enemy  'whatever  nii.iiht  Ik*  his 
numbers  '  It  waslHlievcdthathalf  of  the  Knt'lish 
tlcct  would  L'o  over  to  the  siile  of  the  allies  of  its 
kini;.  'I'lie  landing.'  ellecled,  Tourvillc  was  to 
return  to  Hrest,  lo  rally  there  the  Hi|nailron  of 
Toulon,  sixteen  vcssi-ls  stronjr,  and  the  rest  of 
our  larL'c  ships,  then  to  hold  llic  Channel  durinir 
tile  w  hnlf  cainpaiL'n.  They  had  reckoned  with- 
out the  ( leiranl.s,  which,  liilhcrto  hostile  to  the 
cncmicsof  France,  this  time  turned  apiinst  her." 
The  Fn  cicli  ileels  were  dctaiiic<l  by  contrary 
winds  and  Ity  incomplete  preparations.  Tourvillc 
was  not  reinforced  he  expected  to  Ih".  by  tlie 
S'luadnins  of  Toulon  and  Uochefort.  Before  he 
found  it  possible  lo  wiil  from  Brest,  tlie  Jacobite 
plot  had  lui  11  iliscovered  in  Kn^^land,  the  irovern- 
meiit  was  nil  ils  iruard.  and  tlie  Dutch  and  Ens- 
lisli  lleets  had  made  their  junction.  Still,  tile 
French  admiral  was  under  orders  which  left  him 
iiodix  retiiin.  .Hid  he  went  out  to  seek  the  enemy. 
"  .^Iay  '^\*.  at  d.iybrcak,  between  the  Capes  of 
I.a  Ib):^iieand  Barllcur.  Tourvillc  found  liim.self 
in  presciiie  of  the  allied  lle<t,  tlie  most  powerful 
that  had  eve.  a[ipeared  on  the  sea.  He  had  iM'cn 
joined  by  se\eii  ships  froni  the  sipiadron  of 
Uocbefnrl.  and  niiniliereil  44  vessels  a>;ainst  UU. 
7H  of  whiili  earried  over  ."iO  jltuiis.  and.  for  the 
most  part.  Were  niucli  larger  than  a  majorily 
of  tile  Fn  III  h  The  EiiL'lish  had  (i:i  ships  anil 
r4.."i4il)  ;:uii-,;  the  Dutch.  ;!(i  sliipsand  2,lil4  ^.'liiis; 
in  all.  T.lo4  u'Uiis.  the  French counlcti  onlv  ;i,  114. 
The  allied  lleei  niiniliered  nearlv  42.(HMI  men  ;  the 
French  tleet  lis.~tlian  L'n.(ltk)."  "Noiwil'isi.iialim; 
this  ureal  iiibriority  of  numlM-rs  anil  sirengtli,  it 
was  ilie  Fn  lull  th  if  whiih  made  the  attaci-.,  bt^ar- 
iiifrdown  iiiiiler  full  sail  "on  the  immeu.sc  muss  of 
the  eiieniy  "  The  altetiipt  was  almost  hopeles.s; 
and  vet.  when  ninlit  fell,  afteraday  of  tremendous 
battle.  Tourvillc  had  not  yet  hist  a  ship;  but  his 
line  of  battle  had  been  liniken.  and  no  chance  of 
liiiccess  n-iiiaiiied.  "Mav  .in,  at  iireuk  of  day, 
Tourville  rallied  around  liim  3.j  vessels.  The  other 


nine  had  iitmye<l,  Ave  towanls  I.A  Ilnf^iio,  f'lir 
tnwnnla  the  hnglioh  coast,  whence  they  rcKaihid 
Hri'sl.  If  there  huil  iK'en  a  naval  ixirt  at  I.a 
Ho(fUp  or  at  ('herlmurtt,  as  Colbert  and  Vaiit. m 
had  desin'd.  the  Fri'nrh  fleet  would  have  \-u 
served  its  laiinds!  There  was  no  place  of  ri  ir^  ii 
on  all  that  coast.  Thelleet  of  the  enemy  advaiicii 
in  full  force.  It  was  im|uissible  to  n-new  die 
prodiKhnis  ellort  of  the  day  Isfore."  In  tliis 
emergency,  Tourvilh'  made  a  durInK  ntteiiipi  iw 
escape  wiili  his  licet  thnniKh  thedan);croiisi  h m 
iiel  called  the  Kace  of  Ahh'rney.  which  separ iiis 
the  Channel  Islands  from  the  Normandy  eiM-.t 
Twenty-two  vcssids  made  the  passai^c  sai'ely  :iii(l 
found  a  place  of  refuse  at  St.  Malo;  thirlMn 
weO'  tiM)  late  for  tlic  tide  and  failed.  .Mi-t  nf 
these  wen'  destroyed,  diirini;  the  next  few  iby-i 
liy  the  Knirlish  aiid  Dutch  at  CherlMiur);  ai;!  in 
the  bay  of  l,a  IIo;:ue,  —  in  Ihe  pri'scnce  and  iii>  I<t 
the  ifiins  of  Kini?  James'  army  of  iiiva^i  ii 
"James  II.  had  rea.son  to  say  that  'his  iinlii.  ky 
star'  everywhere  shed  a  mali);n  intliicnce  anniiiil 
him;  but' this  intliicnce  was  only  that  nf  his 
blindness  and  incapacity  Such  "was  thai  ili> 
aster  of  I.a  Ilo!j;ue.  w  hich  has  left  anion);  us  « i.  li 
a  fatal  renown,  and  the  name  of  whicli  re<>iHui<!s 
in  our  histiirv  like  another  Airincourt  or  (rt  -^\ 
Historians  have  );onc  so  far  as  to  asorilic  I"  il.is 
tlie   destruction   of    the    French   navv.   .  l.i 

Ilo,i,'Ue  was  only  a  reprisal  for  Beaeliy-Ileail  1  Ni' 
French  did  not  lose  in  it  a  vess*-l  more  tlnn  ihr 
allies  had  lost  twfi  years  licfore,  and  the  l.'i  \'s 
sels  ilestniyed  were  sisai  replaced." — II.  Miii'in, 
J/iKt,  i>f  Fniiifr  :  A'je  i)f  Liinia  XIV  (Ir.  In/  M  I. 
liiol/i).  r.  2,  M.  •-'. 

Also  IN:  Lord  Macaulav,  lliit.  i>f  Kinj.,  ■■!,  is 
(r.  4).— I,,  von  IJauke,  Ilinl'iif  KmiJl'di  Ciiit'^"i. 
I'k.  20,  -•/..  4  (c  .'■.)— Sir  J.  Dalrymple,  .Vr,„;,  .  / 
(it    Ihiliiin  iiikI  Ircliinil.  jit.  2.  W-.  7  (''.  ;i). 

A.  O.  i<)95. — Expiration  of  censorship  law. 
— Appearance  of  first  newspapers.    See  I'm  \  r 

ISO  .\N1)  TIIK  I'llKSS:    A.   D.    lOU.'i. 

A.  D.  1696-1749.— Measures  of  commercial 
and  industrial  restriction  in  the  American  col- 
onies. Sie  I'mtkdSt.vtksok  Am.  :  A.  D.  lii;"'>- 
174U;  and  TnADK.  .Modkiin. 

A.  D.  1697.— The  Peace  of  Ryswick.— Rec- 
ognition of  William  III.  by  France.  >"' 
KiiAM  k:  A.  I).  lBit7. 

A.  D.  169S.— The  founding  of  Calcutta,  '■f  - 
Iniii.\  :  A.  D.  imKI-17112, 

A.  D.  1698-1700.— The  question  of  the  Sp.in- 
ish  Succession.     See  Spai.n  :  A    I>.  Hi'.'s  1;  t 

17th  Century.— Commercial  Progress.  ■"  '■ 
Til  (HI  .  MoDKuN. 

A.  D.  1701.— The  Act  of  Settlement.  The 
source  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  House  of  Han- 
over or  Brunswick.— "  William  and  .Man  lil 
no  childnn;  and    in    17IK)   the   yoiin;L'    Diik-     f 

ii\ ester,    the  only  child  of   Anne  llial  li>.i| 

beyond  infancy,  died.  There  was  now  ii"  If 
of  there  beiiii;  anvone  lo  inherit  lliecrown  b.  Hi- 
Bill  of  Uii,dils  after  the  death  of  William  m:  I  "f 
.\nne.  In  17(11.  llicrcfore,  I'arlianicnl  setil.  .1  ;],>■ 
<'rown  on  the  Klectress  Sophia  of  llanovi  1,  nl 
her  heirs.  Sophia  was  one  of  the  children  d  :'Mt 
Elizalwth,  daiifihter  of  James  I.,  who  in  W-\ 
had  married  the  I'alsirravc  Frederick.  Sin  v  is 
chos<'n  lo  come  after  William  and  Anne  bei  i  ;«i' 
she  was  the  nearest  to  the  Stuart  line  who  w  i>  a 
Protestant.  Tlie  law  that  did  this  is  callol  'lie 
j  Act  of  heltienient;  il  gives  t|ueen  Vicion.i  inr 
I   title  to  the  throne.     ParliaineDt  in  passing  it  iriiJ 


940 


I 


M 


ENOLANU.  1701 


Act  of 

Hrttlrwunl 


ENOLAND,  17(n-17U. 


to  m»ke  the  nallon  »  llbertltii  •Mil  «aff  r.     It  wm  | 
now  nimli'  InilxnwlblB  (D  tor  any  foreigner  to  nit 
in  I'arliamenI  or  to   hold   an  otHee   under  the   1 
CriiKii;  Vi)  for  the  klnif  to  ifo  to  v.ar  in  ilefenee   j 
,,f  (■ouiilricK  that  did  not  lielong  to  Knglunil.  tin 
liss  I'lirliainiiit  nave  hini  leave;  or  (il)  to  panlon    | 
,iiivime»o  tliut  the  Commons  nilitht  not  Im^  al>!e   | 
loimiKaiU  liini."— J.  Howley.  TIte  SllUminl  .//  I 
llic   ConriitHlion,   bk.    \.    fh.    .V  — •' Tlioii({h   tile 
I  hiiire  WHS  Irulv  free  in  the  Imudsof  parliament,    | 
iirj.i  no  pntixl  (if  al)wiiute  rittl't  could  Ih'  advaneed   j 
nil  unv  side.    Iliere    was   no  ([ueHtion    that    the 
priiKe'ss  Nipiiia  was  the  tlttest  ohjeet  of  the  na 
linns  pnferini e      Hhe  wna  indiwl  very   far  h- 
iiii.vc.l  from  liny  hereditary  title.     Ik'sides  the 
|iri  liriili  il  prince  of  Wales,  anil  Ida  slater,  whose 
lifiliiimi  V  no  one  ilispuled,  there  stcsid  in  her 
«ii\  iliiilmliess  of  Savoy,  dantfliler  of  Henrietta 
111.  Ii<».-.  "f  Orleans,  and  several  of  the  Palatine 
hiiiiilv      TluM-   lust   had   alijiired  tlie  nfomicd 
fiiiili.'of  which  their  ancestors  hud  iHH'n  the  si  renn 
..lis  usMrtors;  hut  it  seemed  not  improhuble  that 
yiinc  niic  niinlil  return  to  it.      .      Aceordinn  to 
llir  tinnr  un.l  intention  of  tlie  act  of  settlement, 
all  prior  i  l.iinis  of  inheritance,  save  tliat  of  the 
i.vtui  of  kiii»r  William  and  the  princess  Anne,  \w 
iiij;  Ml  iiside  and  annulled,  the  princess  Sophia 
iHiinni-  tile  source  of  a  new    royal    line.     Tlie 
ilin.iii'  ..f  KiiL'land  and  Ireland,  liy  virtue  of  tli<> 
par.iiii.iiiit    will  of   parlianiciit,  stands  entailed 
ii|...n  llic  luirs  of  her  Issly,  Ikmuk  protestants. 
In  Ihiiii  111.'  rit'lit  is  as  truly  hereditary  asitever 
WHS  ill  111.-  I'luntanenets   or  Ihe   Tudors.     Hut 
ih.  v  .lirivi-  it  not  from  thos4'  ancient  families. 
Til.'  lil.Mnl  in.leed  of  Cerdie  ami  of  the  Conuneror 
lli.ws  ill  111.'  veins  of  his  present  majesty  [dcorce 
IV]      Our  Kdwiirds  and  Henries  illustrate  the 
iliii.isi   iinriviilh'd  splendour  and   antic|uity  of 
111.'  Ii.ms.   of  Hrnnswic.     But  lliey  have  trans 
mill.. I  II. I  nion'  right  to  the  nlleKiance  of  Eng 
laii.l  lliiiii  Itonifaee  of  I'jite  or  llenrv  tlie  Lion. 
I'lial  r.  sis  wholly  on  the  act  of  settlement,  and 
risolves  ii.s<lf  into  Ihe  sovereijtnty  of  tlie  legis- 
laiiir.-    — II   Ilallam.  Cuntt.  llitt' of  Kwj.,  eh.  \Tt 


Will, 
Ih.'  . 
111.  n 

SI;.... 


Sir  A.  Ilalliday,  Anmih  of  the  ll'inte 
.  M-.    10  (r.  2).— See,  also,  Knoland: 


.\ls. 

■■f  ll.u 

S.    1>   ITU, 

A.  O.  1701-1702.— The  rousing  of  the  nation 
to  war  with  France. — When  Uiuis  XIV.  pro 
.■iiri'.l  .iii.l  iii'('.'pie.i  for  his  grandson  the  U'lpiesl 
.if  ih.'  Spaiiisli  crown,  thniwing  over  tlic  Parti- 
li  11  Tnaiy,  William  hud  the  inlolcndilc  cha 
lirin  ..f  iliscoverin);  not  only  that  he  had  Ihcii 
I..  I. ».!.'. I.  li.il  that  his  English  siilijects  had  11. 1 
>>tiipailiy  with  him  or  animosity  ajfuinst  tlie  r.>yiil 
suimll.  r  wh.i  liad  Iriclved  him.  'The  blindness 
..fill.  p.'..|.le  licre.' he  writes  sadly  to  thi'  I'en- 
si"iiar\  lliiiisius,  'is  increililile.  For  though 
111.'  aliair  is  iii.t  pulilic,  yet  it  was  no  siKiner  sid.l 
thai  111.  lsiiii;ot  Spain's  will  was  in  favour  of  tlie 
lMll^.'|•f  .Viijoii,  that  it  was  the  general  opiniim 
111  11  it  was  iKllcr  for  Enj;land  that  France  should 
a. .  .'|.i  111,'  will  than  fulfil  the  Treaty  of  I'arti- 
li' 11  Williain  dn'aded  the  idea  of  a  Bour 

I"'"  r.  i',-iijii^'  at  .Madrid,  but  he  saw  no  very 
LTaM  ..hj.'iii..ii.  as  Ihe  two  treaties  showed,  to 
|l.s  aii.l  Sicily  passing  into  French  hands. 
is  Kiitiisli  subjects  the  exact  converse  was 
I  They  stronifly  deprecated  the  ussiKii- 
f  the  .Meiliterranean  possessions  of  the 
r.\  ;■,;  ;hi  Dauphin,  but  tiity  wi-ru  uniii.s 
liirl^d  by  thi:  sight  of  the  Dukuof  Anjouseatiflg 


himself  on  the  Spanish  throne.  .  .  .  Hut  just  ai, 
iinih'r  a  dlsehnrire  from  an  electric  battery,  two 
repugnant  ehendcal  coni|Miunds  will  Hometimes 
rush  lull)  Hiidden  eonibination,  so  at  lids  juncture 
■  he  King  and  the  nation  were  iiistautaneoiisly 
united  by  the  sh.K'k  of  a  ^roos  atTronl.  Thi'  lianil 
that  lilH'rulHl  the  uuiiini;  Itui.l  was  that  of  the 
(  lirislian  kini;  On  the  IHlh  of  SeptemlHr  ITUl 
Jiimes  II.  hrculhe.l  his  hut  at  .St.  (iernnilns.  and, 
olH.liint  toonc  of  ili.isi'  iinpiils.  s,  half  ciiivalroiis, 
half  iirrovant,  wlii.  h  no  often  ilclerniiii.il  his 
[mliiy.  bmis  XIV.  .lecliinil  his  rccociiition  of 
the  I'rincc  of  Wall  H  as  ile  jure  Kini;  of  Kni:laiid. 
No  more  tiiiii-ty  and  etfective  assistance  to  the 
)>..licy  .)f  iis  lit'  fai'to  kin;;  could  ;H>ssibly  have 
is'cn  rcii.lt'ii'.l  Its  cITect  ii|>on  English  jiubllc 
opinion  was  iiisiaiiliiiicoiis;  and  when  U  illiam 
returned  from  ll.illitii.l  on  Ihe  4lli  of  .NoveinlM'r, 
he  f.iun.l  flic  coiinlrv  in  tli.'  li'm|Mr  in  wliiclihe 
coiil.l  most  huvi'  wisliid  it  to  b.'.  '  Dissolving  the 
I'urliiimcnt  in  wliiili  his  plans  had  long  Urn 
facliously  opiH.sc.t,  he  siininioiicd  a  new  one. 
w'hii  h  met  on  lli.'  I:is|  .lux  ..f  ihi'  year  1701. 
"OppoNition  ill  ParlianiMit — in  the  country  It 
wasalrcadv  iiiaudibli —  waseoiiipl.'tely  silenced. 
The  lv\o  llousi's  Mcnl  up  ii.l.iri'sses  a.ssiiring  the 
King  of  their  lirni  lis.. he  to  defend  the  sue 
cession  against  the  pri  len.leil  Prince  of  Wales 
and  all  oilier  prcteii.lers  wlialsiK'ver.  .  .  .  Nor 
di.l  the  giMwlwill  of  Parlianiciit  c\|ien.l  itself  in 
wiirds.  The  ('oininons  accepted  withoiil  a  word 
of  protest  Hie  four  treaties  consliliilini:  the  new 
(iiaiid  .Mliaiic  .  .  I'll.'  voles  of  supply  were 
passed  uiiatiinioiisly.  "  Hill  searccly  had  llii- nation 
ami  the  King  iirrivi  .1  at  this  agreciiieiit  with  one 
another  than  the  latter  ^\as  snatched  from  his 
liilH.rs.  On  111.- U  1st  of  Februaiy,  ITO'.',  William 
ri'ceive.l  an  injury,  through  Ihe  sliiinliliiig  of  his 
horse,  which  ids  frail  an.l  ilisea.seil  Issly  could 
not  U'lir.  Ilisdciilli  woiil.l  not  liavi-  Ih'cii  long 
dclaycil  in  any  eveiif.  but  it  was  haslint.l  by  this 
ai'cident,  and  occurrc.l  on  the  Htli  of  .March  fol- 
lowing. Ile  was  siiccec.lcd  by  .\iiiie,  Ihe  sister 
of  lii.i  deceased  iiuccri.  Mary,  anil  secoii. I  daughter 
of  the  (h'posed  Stuart  king,  .lames  II. — II.  D. 
Tniill,  HVff1.11/,  Ih,'  Thinl.  eh.  14- b"). 

Al.si"  IN:  I.,  v.in  Hanke,  lliat.  nf  K/iy.,  17/A 
Ctnliini.  hi.-,  if,  eh.  7-10  (.-.  .■)).-_Sei-i  also,  Si-.mn- 
A    D.  i701-17iv.>. 

A.  D.   i7o2.~Accession  of  Queen  Anne. 

A.  O.  1703.  — Union  of  rivati  East  India 
Companies.    S.c  I.mua:  A.  D.  1 1100- 1 70-.'. 

A.  D.  I702.--The  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession. .-SI  .■  si'AiN  :  .\  1).  170',' ;  and  Ni  riiKii 
1  AMI-  :  A    1).  171 1-.'  1704. 

A.  D.  1702.— First  daily  newspaper.  Sec 
PliiMi.M.  A.M)  PuKss:  A.  I).  Ilii2-170a. 

A.  D.  1702-1711.— The  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession  in  America  (called  "  Queen  Anne's 
War").  Sei-N'Kw  En(ii,am):  A.  T>.  1702  1710. 
Canada:  A.  I).  1711-171:1. 

A.  D.  1702-17 14. — The  Age  of  Anne  in  lit- 
erature.—"That  whicli  was  once  called  the 
.\ugustaii  age  of  English  literature  was  specially 
marked  by  the  growing  development  of  a  distinct 
lifcniry  cliiss.  It  w  us  a  pcri<"l  of  Ininsition  from 
the  early  sysleni  of  Ihe  patronage  of  authors  to 
till'  later  systcin  of  their  professional  indepen 
deuce.  Patronage  was  being  changiHl  into  intlu- 
ince.  The  system  of  subscription,  by  which 
PoiM'  made  his  fortune,  wiis  a  kind  of  joint  stock 
p,itr..nagc.  The  n.iblf  di.i  not  support  the  poet, 
but  induced  his  friends  to  subscrilie.     The  noble 


941 


ENOLANI),  l7tl3-l7U 


Agf  of  Ann*  in 
l,itemtur*. 


ENGLAND,  17«l. 


3 


ini>ni>V(>r,  nimli'  iinnlhcr  iliwiivcry.  lie  dmnil 
Unit  lie  iimlil  ili»|Mii«i'  »  <lii'«p<T  anil  mure  t'lli'il 
Ivi-  imlniminc  Hi""  "f  "I'l  ''.V  pHlroiiliilnif  at  the 
|iulili<(  xiMiiBc  lliiriiiirllirniKiiof  yiiwn  AiiiH', 
tlif  iiulliiir  iif  11  »imi-i.»fiil  iMNiii  i>r  nn  ilTcitlvc  | 
piiiiiplili  I  iiiiKliI  lt"ik  liirwanl  ti)  ii  riniifiirlaMi- 
pliirc  Till  iiiiilii.r  liiiil  iiiil  111  wriir  tlii-  liviry, 
iiiil  111  Imiiiiih'  llir  iiiililii  111  fiillnwir,  iif  till'  «rrat 
iiiiiii  tiriiilii^illv  11  mimriilii'ii  Imik  iiliiiiv  The 
iniiiUtrr  ImiiiiiI  it  ImIIi  r  l"  liavi-  a  nitular  ii)r|iit 
iif  |.iilitii  iaiis  iiiiil  N  rihlili  rx  in  liii  piiy  tliaii  iMca 

Hi illv  111  rirriiit  lii»  riiiikH  li,\   inlislliii;  nun  nf 

lilrrary  lii«tc.  Anil,  mi  llii'  nilii  r  liaiiil.  HiillinrH, 
liy  Kli'iv  iliL'nrx.  >lnii.');liil  liilu  a  innri'  inilitiiii 
iliiil  |i.iBiiiiiii  lis  lliiir  piililii'  iiicmiBiil.  In  llu- 
<  urlii  r  |iiiit  iif  till'  iTiilnry.  linwrvcr.  wi  llnil  a 
il,i"iif  f.iirlv  .  iillivalnl  I'lcuiilr.  milllrlfnily  ml 
iniriiiis  111  fiihn  a  litrmrv  ainlii  nn-.  iinil  yil  nut 
wiiiiiniiii.iH  as  I.I  split  inliiinlirclnlisliinl  fnir 
tiiiiii  Tlir  iil.l  rilinimii  iinil  |ni|ilinil  wurfiiri' 
liMi  M.fli mil.  Ihi- »latr«inan  Ihii-h  IiIh  plaiT.  lull 
lli't  lii*  liiul.  mill  llliilll.'ll  lliiTr  it  plfiily  nf  liil- 
tiTlli  »-.  •lull  is  lilllr  vii.llllii-.  \Vl'  liavr  lliutu 
lirilliinl  >■«  iily  "f  stali-ini-n,  aiillinrs.  ilrrj-'V- 
iniii.  Mini  liiw.virs,  fiirniinn  WK-ial  rliilis.  inri'linj; 
III  I'MlTi'i'  liiiiiM's.  talkiii);s('anilul  ami  piilitiix.  ainl 
inliiiv  Iv  inltrrslril  in  llii'  mw  mrial  pliiininu  iia 
Hliiiliriiirri.'i'asthiMililiiriliTili-<ays;  ninri-c.xrit- 
alili  .  piiiiiips.  Ilian  lliiir  fallnrs.  lint  Irsr.  ilis 
pirali  Iv  ill  1  iirnrsl.  anil  »aitln«  a  rnnslant  pain 
plilitn  Vini;  wiirfarr  ii|Km  pnliliis.  litiTatiin'.  ami 
Iliiiili'L'V.  wliirli  is  yit  ri.iisistint  with  a  iirlaiii 
ilc^riiM'.f  fricmlh  iiilirrniirsi'.  'I'lii' essayist,  tlic 
iritir.  anil  tlii-  imVilisI  apjii'iir  fur  tin'  lirst  lime  in 
thi'ir  niiKlirii  sliupr;  ami  tlif  juiirnalist  i^  sluwly 

([iiininc  SI aiilliiirilv  as  tlir  wiililir  nf  a  pnlit 

iiiil  liini-     Tlii'wliiili'"i  hararUriif  ninli-iiipnrary 

lili  ratlin-,  in  slmrt.  is  iiiinilili-il  liy  tin-  siM-ial  i - 

ililiiiiis  of  tin-  (lass  fur  wliiili  anil  liy  wliii-li  it 
was  «ritti-n.  still  iimri-  ilistinctly  tliiin  liy  tlii- 
iilias  cnrrint  in  rnnli-iiipnrary  s|K-c-iilatiiin.  .  .  . 
I'lipi-  is  till'  lypii  al  n-pri-si-nlalivr  of  tin'  piM-lical 
spiril  uf  tlirilav.  Ili-niay  nrinny  nut  Ih'  rii.'arilril 
as  till-  iiilrlliilnal  siipi-rinr  iif  Swift  nr  Aililisiin; 
ami  till-  nii'sl  wiili-ly  ililTtTiU);  iipininns  may  In- 
fiiriniiliif  tin- intrinsic  nii-ritsiif  liis  iim-try.  Tlii- 
ini-n-  fart,  linwi-vi-r.  tliat  his  piH-tical  ilynasly  was 
sniprinR- ti)  till- mil  of  tin-  <-i-nlnry  pnivi-il  lliat, 
in  siiini'  M-nsc.  In-  is  a  iinwl  i  lianictt-ristic  prinl 
net.  Nor  is  il  lianl  to  .si-c  tin-  main  sniirics  of 
his  |iowir.  I'lipi-  hail  at  liast  two  trrcat  poftiial 
ipialilii-s.  Ill-  was  aiiiiini:st  tin-  uiiist  keenly 
si-nsilive  nf  nii-n.  ami  In-  liail  an  almost  iiniiine 
fi-liiilv  nf  expn-ssioii.  wliiih  hasenalileil  him  In 
enin  mure  prnvi-rlis  than  any  writer  since  Shake- 
spi-ari-  Si  nsitiM-.  it  may  U-saiil,  is  a  polite  wonl 
for  nii.rliiil.  ami  his  felicity  of  phrase  was  nmre 
ailapli-il  In  Klin  epiirrams  than  pnclry.  The  i-nii 
trnversy  is  here  irrelevant.  Pnpe,  whether,  as  I 
slinulirsav.  a  Inn-  piK-l.  nr,  as  snme  have  saiil. 
onlv  the  iimst  sparkliiiL'  of  rhymesters,  rellei-ts 
the'lhnni.'hts  nf  his  ilay  with  a.  (-urimis  (-omplete- 
ness.  ,  ,  ,  Till  re  is.  howi-ve-r,  another  Willi- prnv- 
inii- nf  lili-ralnre  in  which  writers  of  the  ei>.'li- 
tei-nlh  i.iiiiiry  iliil  work  original  in  cliaraelir 
ami  nf  pi-niianent  value.  If  the  si-venteeiilli  cen- 
tury is  llie  •rreat  am-  of  ilnimalisls  ami  thi-nln 
giaiis,  ilic  liL'hteeiith  ceiiliiry  was  the  a;;e  in 
which  till-  iriiic.  tin- essayist,  the  satirist,  the  iinv- 
elist.  ami  iln-  iiinralisi  lirst  appeared,  nr  reaeheil 
the  lii!r!!"-st  mark  Criticism.  lliniiL'h  still  in  its 
infamy,  tirsi  liecame  an  imlepenileut  art  Willi 
Aililison.     Addison  and   his  various  colleagues 


M't  the  tint  rxample  of  Ihiil  kind  of  wm-IkI  ism,v 

whh  II  la  Ktill  iMipular     Hsiirp  hail  U'l-n  pnn  ii-s,| 

In    the   pn-iiiling  ei-ntiiry.    and    In    the    lnmU 

of  Krvileii    had    Iw-onie    ii  fnimldalde    iwliiiuil 

weii|Min,  lint  ihciMiclBl  KUtin-of  which  Pop.  «„« 

mid  remains,  the  cidef  Miiuiler,  Xwgun  will.  ih. 

lenlurv,  and  may  In'  iwlil  I"  liuve  expin-il   uiil, 

it.  in  spile  nf  the'  elTnrts  of   Uvron  and  lint- rl 

Id-  Km-.  Klchanlson,  KiehlinK.  ami  Snmll.ii  .1, 

M-ln|M-il  the  mishrn  iinvel  mil  nf  very  crinlirii.li 

nil-Ills;  and  twnof  the  (irenlest  men  of  tin    mi 

tiirv.  Swift  and  .lolinsiin.  may  Is-  l«-«l  dis.  iIIk.I 

as  pniilieiil  inorallsls  in  a  vein   iM-enllar  i-    il.. 

time    .       .   The    Kniflish   novel,   as   the  wil  i. 

now  iinilersloiKl.  Is-tins  with  He  Kin-       TIi  u;l. 

like  all  nllier  priHiiicIs  nf  mind  nr  Issly.  il  «  i> 

develnped  niit  nf  prevlmisly    existintt  mill- rill 

and  is  n-hiled  In  the  tfri-at  family  of  stnrii  s  «ii|, 

wl.ieli  men  have  ainus<-d  themsi-lves  in  all    i,.-.  v 

il  is.  iH-rliaps.  as  nearly  an  nrigiinil  (-real  in  ;l> 

anvlhini:  can  Is-.     'I'lie'  legends  nf  siiinis  uhi.l, 

aiiiusi-d    Ihc    mhlille    ajres.     or    the    (liiMilr  ii« 

romances   which   were   |iniiiilar  llinm)flii-ui  th. 

sevi-nlei-nlh  century,  liiiil  ls-(-onie  lisi  nun  il  n. 

amuse  livint'  human  iM-intts.     |)e  Ki«-  nia.l.   ili. 

disi-nvi-rv  that  a  hislnry  iiiiitht  Is-  eipially  ini.  r.  -i 

inir  if  the  recnnlcd  evints  had  never  happ.  ii  -1 

—  I,.  Stephen,  llitt   "f  h'ni/.   Tli<>\i;ilil  in  (!■•  i'J' 

t,,i,lh  f.nf'irii.  <■!,.  li.  iKi-t.   Sl-.'i«  ('•.  •.•!.-      llii- 

sn calli-il  classic  up-  nf  ours  has  loiiK  eeasi-.l  n.  !«■ 

n-nariliil  with  that  (omplaeency  whii-li  l.-l  il.. 

most  ll.iiirishim.'  part  nf  it  tn  adopt  the  i  |iiiii. i 

•  .\ui.'iistan.'     It  will  scarcely   1h'  denied  l.y  i- 

(trciili  St  ailiniri-r,  if  lie  lie  a  man  of  whh-  ri mlini' 

that  it  i-anmit  Is-  ranki-il  with  the  pisires!  ..I  ih. 

live  (.'real   aaes  of  literatun-.     DellcienI  in  llu 

hlKhesI  inti-lieelual  iH-auly,  in  Iheinmlilies  wliidi 

iiwaken  the  fiillesl  critical  enthusiasm,  Ih-  .  i;:li 

teeiilh  century  will  la- i-njoyed  more  tin. riilily 

hy  those  »  ho  make  it  their  special  study  Ih  in  I'.v 

I hiLse  who  skim  the  entire  surface  of  liliriinn 

It  has,  altlioU);li  on  the   grand  si-ah-  con.l.  niii.-l 

as  si-.-.iiiil-rate,    a  reniarkalile  fulness  ami  -.> 

laineil  richness  whh  h  endear  il  tospeei:ili>N     If 

it  iMcompan-il,  for  instaiKc,  with  the  real  .\uji;- 

lan  ai;i-  in  Koine,  or  with  the  Spanish  p.i) -.1  ■  f 

literarv  supremacy,  it  may  claim  to  liol.l  ii-  --»ii 

asrains't  these  rival's  in  spite  of  their  superi.r  rink 

j    iM'cause  of  its  more  cophius  inU-rest.     II   i;  lii> 

:    neillicr  a  llnnice  nnr  a  (alderon,  it   has   i   ,;ri  i' 

:   extent  and  variety  of  wrilers  ju.st  In-lnw  ih.s,  in 

;    merit,  and  far  more  numerous  than  wlint   ILnii- 

or   S|)ain    can   show    diiriin;    thosi-    hi. .»- -niiiii 

;    periisls.     It    is,    moreover,    fertile   at    f:ii    m.-r.- 

I    points  than  either  nf  tlicsi'  si-hniils.      Tlii-  -u- 

I    lained  and  variegated  success,  at  aeiimp.-iniiiv.  ly 

!    Inw-  level  nf  elTort.  strikes  one  a.s  char.-u  i.  ri-iii 

f  an  age  inon-  rcmarkahle  fur  persistent 


than  fnr  ripid  and  hrilliant  growth.     TI 
hetlian  viviila  visisahsent.  theCicorgiaii  J 
not  yet  dawned,  hut  tlii-re  is  a  sulliisi.l 
light  of  inlclligeiice.  nf  cultivated  form,  -■ 
wliole  picture,  and  during  the  lirst  linll 
periiKl.  at  least    this  is  bright  enough  In  I" 
allraclive.      Perhaps,  in  closing,  tin-  ilisiii: 
ing  iiiaiU  of  eiglitecnth-ci  nliiry  liti  raliin  : 
inilicate.l  as  lis  m.istcry  nf  prose  as  a  vein- 
i;i-ni-ral  ihouglit."— K."(Josse.  Tin  Shnhr  ' 
t,iiit/i-(''iitiii-!/   Utenitiire  (Xrir    I'rindl' 
.hihi.  ISSH.  /,.'  il), 

A.  D.  1703,—  The  Methuen  Treaty 
Portugal,  -'see  PiilUl  iiAl.:  A.  1).  1.'-' 
Si-AI,N:  A.  1).  ITIia-lTW. 


l:il/:> 

.1  ll.l 


1  :i.- 
\.  r\ 

-ul-li- 
IV  I- 

:,'f"r 


with 


t)4l 


I 


ENT.LaND.  17M. 


Wkiv 


KNOLAND,  ITlft-«7l». 


A  D  iTor-Tht  AyUtbaiy  •iactien  mm. 

\,|ihv  »  ImrgrM  of  Aylwlmry.  miiil  llii' 
niiiniiriit  "lll<'<'r  tiir  malUI'Xinl)'  rrfunlriK  lil« 
v,.ti  Tlin.JuilKi'iiifllifKlnK'«BrnrliclMl<li.l. 
„ifHin«i  ll.i-  (ipliiiun  of  C'liUf  JiinlUi'  Holt,  timt 
tlic  M nlli t  whUli  a  Jury  Imil  rIviii  in  f»viir  of 
\.libv  imi»l  !"•  Ml  «»1'U-.  »•  111"'  »<lion  »»»  not 
nminiiilnulil.'  Tli.'  plulnlilt  wi-nt  to  the  lloiw 
i.r  l,nr.U  "I""i  n  writ  "'  error.  «inl  tin-re  llir 
(u.l-iiiiiit  w;i«  nvinMil  l)y  a  liirjfi'  majority  of 
j'liri  The  l^iwir  lloniM'  nmlnliiiniil  that  ■|l»' 
,|iiilitl(aiiiin  o(  an  cliK'ior  U  not  ii^nnl/alili'  vW 
«liiri'  iliiiri  Ufori'  the  Coninionii  of  Kntflaml'. 
thai  V«liliv  wan  Kuiltv  of  a  lin-aili  of  privlliKr; 
iin.l  ilml  nil  iM-rMinii  wlio  ilioiilil  In  fuliirc  com 
iiicmv  «i](li  un  anion,  anil  all  atlomiyH  and 
,-,.iiri«l  loniliiclinif  lli<'  »"nn-.  urc  also  uniltv  of 
»  liiih  liniii h  of  |.rlvil.)?c  Tlic  IxmN.  liif  by 
s.iiM  ri.  tliin  rami'  lo  connli T  rrsoliilionx  .  . 
Till-  iprorMi{iilii>n  of  I'arliaminl  |iiit  an  ind  lo  lln- 
(iiuiml  in  llial  S'usion ;  lint  in  Ilir  nixl  it  was 
nnrwid  wllh  incrciimil  violiMui-  The  liiilnmiiil 
ai'iiinsl  till-  ItiturninK  OIlliTr  «a«  fdllowiil  up 
liv  SMi\  livvinL'  Ills  ilaniaci'"  Otliir  Aylis 
liiiry  iiirii  lirouclil  new  nctlimn.  The  CimiinonH 
iiii|irlMiiiril  the  Avlcelmry  eleilor».  The  U>rcls 
t.K.li -iri'iiir  mcaHiiren  thai  affected,  or  ap|Manil 
tc.  all.  il.  Ilic  prlvllejri«  of  the  {'ominonii.  The 
(Jim.  II  liiiallv  stopped  tile  contest  liy  a  proropi 
li.iii.  and  lli'e  ciuarrel  expired  when  thi'  I'arlla 
mini  lApired  under  the  Triennial  Act  l.onl 
S..iiiir>  ■  I  •.tuldislied  the  diH-trine  which  has  liec  n 
111  lid  i.ii  iMr  since,  thai  an  action  lien  av'alnsl  a 
Itituriiiii):  (lllicer  for  inalleiously  refusinjt  the 
villi-  lif  an  eh'Ctor. ■'  —  ('.  Knight,  l\ipiilar  Hint. 

,.fh:M.  r. :,.  ch.  17. 

Ai.Ni  in:  Ijini  C'amplHill,  I.irrit  cf  the  l/ml 
(•/„ii,r, /(.,)■«.   Smrrn,  rh.  l!(»(r.  4). 

A.  D.  1704-1707.— Marlborough'!  campaigm 
in  the  War  of  the  Spanith  Succeition.— Cam- 
paigns in  Spain.  Sec  Oeh.many:  A.  I).  1704; 
Si'AIN  A.I».  17<I!1-I704,  tolTOT;  Nktiierlamw: 
A.  II,  ITiCi.  and  17(m-1707. 

A.  D.  1707.— The  Union  with  Scotland. 
S(i  Siim.AMi:  A.  I).  1707. 

A.  D.  1707-1708.— HoitilitT  to  the  Union  in 
Scotland.  -  Spread  of  jacobitiim.  See  Scot- 
L.isn;  A    1)   17117-1708. 

A.  D.  1 708- 1 709.— The  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession  :  Oudenarde  and  Malplaquet.  Si  e 
Nktiikiu  A.vos  .V  1).  1708-1709;  and  Spain: 
A   1)  17117-1710. 

A.  D.  1709,— The  Barrier  Treaty  with  Hol- 
land.--- '('Ill-  inlluenee  of  the  Whig  party  in  the 
air.iir^  iif  (.'uvimnu-nt  in  Kn);land,  always  irk- 
sc-ini-  111  ihe  tiiu-en.  had  now  Ix-Ran  visibly  to 
iliiliiii-;  and  the  partiality  she  was  suspected  of 
I  nil  ri:iiniM;r  for  her  brother,  with  her  know-n  dis- 
liki-  i.f  the  house  of  Hanover,  inspired  them 
Willi  :il:irni,  1(  st  the  Tories  might  si'ck  still  fur- 
ili' r  1 1.  ]irnpitiate  her  favour,  by  altering,  in  his 
f:i\Miir.  ilu-  line  of  succession,  as  at  presi*nt  es- 
laMi-li.  il.  They  had,  aci-ontin^ly,  made  it  one 
'■!  :Ih  [iri  iiiiiinarii-s  of  the  proposed  tn-atv  of 
I'll",  ili.it  till-  I'rotestant  succes.sion,  in  tng- 
!a:-!  -l.--!ild  be  M-cured  by  a  general  guarantee, 
:iiiii  I  '«  ^MiiL'bt  to  repair,  us  far  as  possible,  the 
1 1;!-::-  lausfd  by  the  imsuccessfid  termination 
'I  ill  1  ..nlVri  nees.  by  entering  intt  B  treaty  to 
ili:ii  .  11- .  t  Willi  the  States.  The  Marquis  Towns- 
li'h.l  i.innliiiL'ly,  repaired  for  this  purpose  to 
-;-     ;:.....,    -.whii   Ua-  males  cuusentt-d   lo  elilef 

iiii'  ail  1  iigagemcnt  lo  maintain  the  present  suc- 


eeiwion  to  the  crown,  with  their  wholf  foiT«',  anil 
to  make  the  rt-oignithm  of  that  nuccewion,  ami 
IheopuUhin  of  the  Hn-leiiih-r  from  Kmnee.  au 
inilis|H'iiiial>le  preliminary  to  any  (H-iu-e  with  that 
kingdom  In  return  for  thi>  im|Hirtant  guar 
aniee.  Kngland  was  tn  si-cure  to  the  Stati  s  a  liar 
Tier,  formeil  of  the  towns  of  Sh-uiMirl.  Kuriiei* 
and  the  fort  of  Kiiokke,  .Menin,  l.ille,  Kvsm-I, 
'I'ouinay.  Conde.  and  Vahnehnncs.  .Miiula-iiite. 
Charliroi.  Namiir.  I.h-r.  Halle,  and  wmie  forts, 
U-slihs  the  cItailcN  of  tihi-nt  and  Ih  iidi  rinonile 
II  was  afterwards  asserted,  in  e«i  iisi-  tur  Ihi- 
(hreUction  from  that  treaty  on  the  part  of  Kiig 
land,  thai  Townshend  liiuf  gone  Is-ynnd  his  in 
•truitions;  but  il  is  i|ulli-  certain  that  it  was 
ralilleil  wilhnul   liesitation  by  the  ipiiin,  what 

I  vi-r  niav  have  Uen  hi  r  s<-cret  feelings  reganiing 
it "— I      M.    Davi.-s,    llitt   ■■!    II<'ll.ii,il,   Il    ;i.  i-h 

II  ir  ;i  I 

A.  D.  1710-1712.— Oppotition  to  the  war.— 
Trial  of  SachcTcrell.— Fall  of  the  Whigi  and 
Marlborough.-  ".V  dehnre  of  lihssl  '  such  as 
that  of  Malphii|uet  ini  nasi-d  the  growing  weari 

III  sH  of  the  war,  and  the  rejection  of  the  Kri-nch 
oilers  was  unjustly  altribiiteil  to  a  desire  on  the 
part  of  Marllsiioiigb  of  lengthening  out  a  con 
test  which  brought  him  protit  and  power.     The 
expulsli.ii  iif  Harh-y  and  St.  .lolni  |lloliiigbroki-| 
from  the  .Ministry  had  given  the  'rorics   leaderH 
of  a  more  vigorous  stam[i.  and  Si    .lohn  brought 
into  plitv  a  new  engint-  of  political  attack  whose 
powers  MMin  made  themsi-lves  felt.      In  the   V.\ 
aminer.  and  In  a  crowd  of  pamphlets  and  period 
icals  which  followed  in  its  tniin.  Hie  humor  of 
I'rior.  the  bitter  irony   of  Swift,  and  St    .lohns 
•  iwii  brilliant  sophistry  s|M'nt  thems<-lves  on  the 
abuse  of  the  war  and  of  its  general.   .   .   .    A  suit 
den  storm  of  |Kipular  passion  showed  the  way  in 
which  publii- opinion  responded  to  these  elTnrts. 
.V  High  (liurcli  divine.    Dr.    Sachevin-ll,    iiiiiin 
taineil  the  dix-lrine  of  noii  re.iistance  |tbi-   doc 
trine,  that  is,  of  passive  olK-dicnce  aial  imn  resis 
taniv  to  government.  iin|ilylng  a  ciiiidemnation  of 
the  Uevolution  of   KWM  and  of  the   It.-volutioii 
settlemei  t],   in  a  si-rmon  at  St.    Pauls,  with   u 
Isdilness    which   desi-rved    prosecution;    but    in 
spite   of   the   warning   of   MarllKirough  and    of 
Somi-rs  the  Whig  Ministers  resolved  on  his  im- 
iM-achmcnt.     His  trial  in  1710  at  once  widened 
into  a   great    party   strugirh-,  and    the  popular 
enthusiasm    in    Sachevereirs   favor  showed    the 
gathering  hatred  of  the  Whigs  and  the  war.    .   .    . 
A  small  majority  of  the  peers  found  him  guilty, 
but  the  light  seiitence  they  inllicted  was  in  effect 
an  lu-iiuilla!.  and  bontin-s'ainl  illuininatioiis  over 
the  w  hole  lounlry  welcomed  it  as  a  Tory  triiiniph. 
The  turn  of  popular  feeling  freed  .Vnue  at  once 
from  the  pri-Asure  iH-neath  which  she  had  bent ; 
atal   the    skill   of    Harley,    whose    cousin,    Mrs 
.Maslmm,  had  succeeded  the  Duchess  of  Marllair 
ougli   in  the  Queen's   favor,    was  employed   ii> 
bringing  about  the  fall  both  of  MarllHirough  ami 
the  Whig  .Ministers.   .   .   .  The  return  of  a  Tory 
He  use  of  Ciuninon.i  si-aleil  his  |Marlbi.roiigirs| 
fate.     His   wife  was  dismis.sid  from   court.      A 
ma.sterlv    plan    for   a    m.-ircli    into   tin-   heart   of 
Fmncein  Ihe  opening  of  1711  was  foiled   by  tin- 
withdrawal  of  a  part  of  his  forces,  and  the  ncgo 
tiatioiis  wldch  had  for  some  time  Is-en  (onductiil 
iM-twcen  the  French  and  English  Ministers  with- 
out his  knowledge  marched  rapidly  to  a  close 

.   .   .   .Vt  the  cptning  of  I'M  the  Wl;ig  mtijori'.y 
of  the  House  of  Lords  was  swamped   by    tin- 


943 


KNOI.ANO.  tTlO-lTJX 


laltr  Mlnitltn 


ENOf-ANr).  17tl-17U. 


I 


i 

i 

I 


rrrntliin  "f   Iwi'lvi-  Tiiry   p)-*-!*      M»rlbon)iiifli   i 
WW  illariilaM'il  from  lila  iiHniimnil.  ilmrKril  wild   | 
p«-riiliilli)ii,  niiil  iniiili'mnnl  »*  ifiilHy  I'V  a  *iilf   i 
of  till-  lliiiiw  iif  ConimiiDJi.      lie  nl  oriic  wllli 
■Iri'W  rniiii  KiikIaiuI.  niiit  witb  liU  wltliilrawitl  nil   ' 
iiii|M»ltli.ii  111  llic  |xwi'  wim  nt  nil  iliil,"— J    U     i 
(Iri'iii,  Sh.Tt  lliil   -f  lilt  Hivi    I'nifli.  trt.  «,  eh.    | 
•  — Aildcil  tixilliiT  niiKin*  fur  i)|i|m»I|Iiiii  Id  IIm'    | 
wiir.  till'  iliiilli  iif  till'  Kni|"riir  .li-^i'li  I  .  wliUli 
iHciirnil  ill   .\|iril,    ITll,  liml  iiilirilv  ri'virwil 
IIm'  «ltiiiilliiii  In   Kiiri'i"-  out  i>f  wliiili  \\w  wiir 
priKiiiliil      Till'  Arrliiliikr  Cluirlii*.   wlmm  tin' 
iilliiK  litiil  liriii  «trlvlll^'  t.i  iilmi' nil  till'  .S|Miiil»li 
tliMiii',  will*  iiiiw  rcrtiiiii  111  W  rlnli  i|  Knipc  Ttir 
III'  nrilvnl  llii!  iiiiiMrliil  iTinvii.  Ill  fill  I,  III  |)i' 
cciiiImt.  1711      Ily  tliin  ilmiiv'i-  nf  fnrliim',  lliiri' 
flirt',  111-  linanif  li  iimri'  ol.li  i  limialilr   clulmaiit 
(if  llii' S|mni«li  rniwii  limn  LmiH  XIV   n  Kniml 
win  liail  Ih'iii      Si  i'  Aikthia:   A    I>    1711  -Karl 
StaiiliMi"'.  //'«'   "/  K"<l  .  /A'.'/"  '/  -l"'"'.  "•''    1'-' 

1.1  _"|{ il  tin-  fall  iif  MarllKinmuli  liuii  iralli 

iTiil  llir  Inli  ri'sl  allarlilni,'  t.i  lhiiarlir'«l  iMilillral 
fri»lH  at  all  rrwmliliiiir  llidw  "f  i|iiili'  rii'cnl 
lliiiiH  II  Is  at  thin  niiiiiiriit  tliat  I'lirly  Oimrn- 
mcnl  III  till'  iiimlirn  niim'  iiclmilly  iiiinmcuriil 
William  till'  TIiIpI  with  inllltarv  inalimt  !'.  mI 
always  Im  n  ri  liirtaiit  lii  Kiivirn  liy  iiit'iiii!*  nf  a 
party,  llniiiiil  as  lir  was,  (linttly.  In  tlw  Wliitfs, 
Li- r!n|il'i.vii|   Tnry  MliiistiTs.   .  Thi' niw  liica 

of  a  liiiiiinu'iiiiiiii-  uovirnniinl  was  workinit 
Itself  inlii  shapi'  iiiiili  r  the  inilil  illnetlnn  "f  Lnril 
8<)iiiirs,  liiit  the  form  tlnally  taken  iiiuhr  Sir 
Uolsrt  Waliioie,  whicli  has"  lonllimeil  to  llie 
pn'seiit  tliiie,  was  as  yet  some  way  off  Marl- 
iKirtmu'irs  notions  weii'  Ihosi'  of  the  late  Kin:;. 
Both  aliroail  and  at  hoiiii'  lie  earriiil  out  Hie 
poiii  y  of  William.  He  nfuseil  to  rely  wholly 
iiponllie  WhiL'S,  anil  the  extnine  Tories  were 
not  j;i%eii  eiiiiiloyment.  The  Ministry  of  (iislol 
phiii  was  a  ioin|iosite  administration.  eontaininK 
at  one  time  in  ITn.").  Tories  like  llarley  and  St. 
.Iiilin  as  well  as  WIiIl's  siuli  as  Sunderland  and 
llalifa.x.  .  .  .  I.ord  Soniers  was  a  I v|H' of  stales- 
man  of  a  novel  order  at  that  lime  .  .  In  the 
iM'ifinnin!;  of  the  eli:hleeiilh  eentury  it  was  ran' 
to  liiid  a  man  allaininv'  the  hiirhest  p<iliti™l  rank 
who  was  iineonneeled  liy  liirlh  or  tralnlni;  or 
ma -rime  with  any  of  the  '^reat  '  goveniinK  fanii 
lies,'  as  lliey  have  Isen  ealled.  I.rfinl  .Somept 
was  the  son  of  a  Worcester  attorney.  ...  It 
was  fortunale  for  Knuland  that  1/ifil  Soiners 
should  liav,  lieen  the  foremost  man  of  the  Wliitf 
IHiriy  at  the  time  when  oonstiliilional  govern 
mi  tit.  as  we  now  eall  it,  was  in  eoiirse  of  eon- 
strr  lion  Hy  his  |inii|ent  eoiin.sel  the  WIiIrs 
were  L'uidiiril.niin;li  the  liitlieult  years  at  the 
end  I'f  l^ui  en  Anne's  reit'n;  and  from  the  ordeal 
of  M  I  itij;  tlieir  rivals  in  imwer  they  certainly 
managed,  as  a  party,  to  emerge  on  ! lie  whole 
with  credit.  .Mthnuiili  he  was  not  nominally 
lie  ir  li  .iilc  r.  the  parimount  inlliienee  in  the  Tory 
pariv  was  ltoliiii.'lirciki''s;  and  that  the  Tories 
-ull.'r.d  from  Hie  defects  of  his  great  qualities. 
no  iinprcjiidiced  critic  can  douht.  Uetween  the 
two  parties,  and  at  the  head  of  the  Treasury 
throuL'li  tin-  c'irlier  yi'ars  of  the  reign,  stoixl  Oo- 
dolpliiii,  nithniil  whose  masterly  knowledge  of 
lin,inec  and  careful  attention  to  the  details  uf 
ndministraiion  .Marllwirough's  policy  woiilil  have 
lieen  liallled  anil  his  campaigns  remained  iin- 
!;!'.ii:ht.  To  G'Mliilphin.  more  tlian  to  any  oilier 
one  man,  is  due  the  preponderani-e  of  the  Treas- 
ury I'ontrol  ill  puhlic  aflairs.     It  wits  liU  itdmlii- 


iiiil 


Istntllon,  during  the  »birnrf  of  MurllxiriHiiil 
the  I'ontliient,  which  ereaUsI  for  the  iitllu 
l.<inl  Treamirer  lt»  luirHinount  lin|K.rt«iiee 
iwvisi  the  way  for  Sir  ItoU'rt  W»lpiiU''»  cum  rn 
inent  of  KnglaiHl  under  Ihi'  lllle  of  Klml  l,.ihl  .,f 
lheTr'a»ury  .  Marllmrougli  sawawl  al«  u. 
Hdniitted  lliat  his  vhtorh's  wen'  due  In  lir.-. 
measure  to  the  tlnaiielal  skill  of  llodolphlii  f.. 
this  statesman  s  liuling  eriilit  It  must  be  ri  ne  m 
luri'd  that  In  a  venal  age.  when  the  ulandanl.  ..f 
pulille  lioiiesty  wen'  so  dUTennt  fnmi  thosi'  \s  ,ii,  li 
now  pr<'Vall,  nislnlphin  lUed  a  |>«ir  man 
Ifcilinglinike  is  Inlen'Stlng  to  us  as  the  ninsi  -ink 
Ing  Hgure  among  the  origliialors  of  the  m  n  |iir 
llamentai'  systein  Willi  MarllKimugh  .livi|i 
peansl  tie'  Iv|h'  of  Tudor  slatesinen  nnslitiil  l.y 
eontael  wllli  the  Stuarls  lie  was  Hie  last  .1  Hi,- 
Imis'rial  (liancellors,  Ifcilinghnike  and  hi- mii 
ci's»or  Walpole  were  the  earlier  tyiMs  of  imh-m 
lutlonal  statesmen  among  whom  Mr  I'll!  aii4 
later,  Mr,  (lladstone  stand  pn' emlneiil  II' 

and  his  friends.  op|Hiiieiits  of  .Marllsirouuli  in  I 
eontriliuloM  to  his  fall,  an'  Inten'stiiig  l.i  u. 
mainly  as  furnishing  the  llrst  enamphs  of  '  II.  r 
Majesty  s  l>p|Mmitlon,' as  the  authors  of  pir'i 
government  and  the  pnitiity|iesof  caliini  I  mini- 
ters  of  today.  Their  ways  of  thoughl.  111.  ir 
styh' of  s|ii'i'cli  and  o(  writing,  may  iM'dis-iniilir 
to  thosi-  now  In  vogue,  but  they  iihow  fpilir 
resenililaiice  111  those  of  mislern  iwilitiiiaii-"  liiiti 
111  those  of  the  Minislen  of  WilHani  or  of  Hi.- 
Stuarts,  llolinglinike  may  have  appiar.'l  j 
strange  pnMluet  of  the  elghiisntli  century  i..  hi- 
conteiii|Mirarli's.  luit  he  would  not  have  appi  ml 
iH'diliiirlv  misplaeed  among  the  eolleaL'u' -  "f 
Loril  itaridolph  I'liunlilll  or  Mr.  ("haniln  rliiii 
—  If    II    llrett,  h'ii':liiriiil»  ff  SIfiletmfii.i-ti   .. 

.\lso    IN;    W,  Coxe,   Mi-Hifirn  uf  M'trll""-'''  :'< 
r//.  Wl  |(»7— The  same.    VtmoirK  •'/  W'k'/o''.  ,  •    1 
rh.    ,111— (i     Saintslmrv.    .Vitillxiniiii/li.—li    \\ 
('.Hike.    M,m:ini  ,'f  ll'liiiu'irUr.  r  I,  ,',V  II  Ki 
J,  (•    Coiliiis,   JMiii/hr-'ir—X.    Ilassidl,    /ji-    ' 

A.  D.  1711-1714.     The  Occac:unal  Confor- 
mity Bill  and  the  Schism  Act.— "The  T.  -1  .\.  1 
making  the  n'ceiition  of  iln-  .Vnirlican  Sai tuih  iiI 
»  neeesHiiry  i(Uali(lcation  for  iHcoming  a  iii'  "iI'T 
01  eorponitions.  and  for  the  erjoyment  ol  i"-' 
I'ivll  ollices.   was  very   eltlcaeious   In  e\c  hiiliii.' 
Calliolics.  hut  was  al'together  InsuMleieiil  1..  v\- 
elude    niislenite    niswnters.         .    .    Such    111.11. 
while  lialiitiially  atti  iidin^'  their  own  pla.esef 
worship,  had  no  s<ru|i!calwait  occasioiialiv  1  iitir- 
ing  an  Anglican  eliiin  li.  or  n'ceiving  tin   nh  ni 
inent  fniiii  an  Anglican  i  li  rgynian.     The  li.'l' 
pendents,   it  is  true,  and  some  of  the  liipii-i-. 
eei'sured  this    pracliie.  and    DefiM'  wrot.    vc'i. 
niently  against  it.  hut  it  was  very  general.  :m\  «:i- 
supporli  d  liv  a  long  list  of  imposing  aiilli'rin.- 
...   Ill  17tl-i.  in  li(K).  and  in  17II-I.  meiiMin-  f.ir 
suppres-sing  occasional  conformitv  were  «  irriol 
through  the  ('nmiiioiis.  hut  on  eaeii  i«ca-inM  liny 
were  defeated  liv  the  Whig  pn'lioiiderainv  in  tin 
Lonls."     In  1711.  the  Whigs  formed  ai.'.li'i"" 
with   one   section  of   the   Tories   to  dil'i  ii    i!>' 
negotiations  which  led  to  the  I'eace  uf  I  t:.  '1" 
hut  the  Tories  "  inaile  it  the  condition  "f  :iili:iiiii 
that  the  Occiusicinal  {'onfiirinity  Hill  should  !»  :" 
eepU'd  by  the  Whigs.     The  bargain  was  iiii'l' 
the    Diasenters  were    abauiloneil,    and,   "'1  'I'' 
motion  of    Nottingham,  a   measiin'  was  1  irri"! 
providing  that  alllienoms  in   places  of  pi    1     ' 
trust,  and  all  eominon  councilmen  in  crpuri 


'J44 


i 


ENOLAND,  1711-1714 


iw 


(VHitnif 


rMHW 


ENOI.ANb.   1714. 


tkm  nho,  whll*  liohllnn  iMn:  wtr.-  pnivwl  to 
h«v.'  mii'iMtMl  liny  Ni>o<i>Bfi>nnl»t  |ili«i'  nf  wnr 
■liin  JiiMilil  forfrll  IIm-  |il«rf.  »uil  "Imiilil  ("in 
lliiui-  incspalil''  "'  pulill''  fmpliiymrnt  till  llit'y 
•liiiiilil  ilipiiw  lluil  fi"  »  whulr  yinr  Ilii'V  Imil  nol 
niiiiuliil  n  itinvi-ntkli'  The  IIhiim'  nf  ('"in 
iiionii  mHiil  »  tw  <>'  *^-W».  whUii  ww  Id  !«•  |mlil 
Id  ilh'  liifiirinrr.  uiil  with  tliU  lulilltiiiii  tlii'  Hill 
iKdimin  l»w.  Itni'lTrrlii  (liirinjf  ll"' fi'W  yciirs 
II  iiiiiitiiuiil  In  fiirre  wriM  viry  Imimnlilinililc, 
fur  ilii'  (S""!  nuijortty  of  coiiniiriiiiiiiii  l>l»«<'nii'M 
ntiiiiiiii (1  ill  offlcc.  nlMtalnlnx  from  piilillc  wnr 
nhip  ill  ninvrntli'li-*.  Imt  having  IHiwintlnn  iiiln 
l.lirs  ^  |irlvnti' <lui|iliilnii  In  thi'lr  lioino. 
Tlic  i>l>J<'<t  of  Ihi^  (hciialonHl  Ciiiiformily  Hill 
Km  In  1  vdiiili'  the  Di-wnliTii  from  nil  (lovi-ni 
mint  |»"lliMn!t  of  [mwrr.  ill(fiiltv  or  priiHt,  II 
mw  (.■llowitl  In  ITU  by  Ilii'  H<  liii«in  Art.  wliii  ll 
«iia  luli'iiili'il  to  iriiali  tlii'lr  Miiiiimrliit  nliil  ilc 
|iriv.>  tlitiii  of  111!'  nii'i»ii»  of  iiliicatinK  tlii'ir 
iliililriii  in  lliilr  fnith  .  ,  An  ciirrlitl  llirouKh 
llu  House  of  ( 'oiiinioiiii.  it  iiro«iiliil  Hint  no  oni'. 
iii)<lir|»iinnf  Ihrrr  nionlliH' imprlwmnirnt.iihoulil 
ki(|i  lilliiT  II  piililir  or  II  privnli"  wliool.  or 
kIiiiijIiI  1  VI II  net  lu  tutor  or  tuliir.  iinli»s  \ir  liiul 
iihluinitl  11  liri'iici'  from  the  liUhop,  liml  cnKiiicnl 
liMniiform  III  the  Aniclicnn  lituriry,  iiml  IiikI  ri' 
(liml  llir  Nirrttmcnt  In  mmw  \nil\Wnn  cliiirili 
wiiliin  III!'  year.  In  onlcr  U<  prevent  (Hcimloiuil 
(iiiif.irinity  It  Wiw  fnrtlicr  pMvldcil  Ihiil  If  u 
Inn  liiT  wi  i)iiiilltlnl  were  pri'wnt  lit  any  oilier 
r<iriii  lif  uiirKliip  he  nhoulil  at  once  lM>rome  liiilile 
In  iljri'i'  moiillm'  iinpri.><(innipnt.  and  hIiouIiI  Ih' 
iiuiipiiiilaliil  for  the  rest  of  his  life  from  actinir 
u  M  liiKiliimsier  or  tutor.  .  .  ,  Some  Importiint 
cliiiwn,  however,  were  Intnxlilceil  liy  the  Wliiif 
piirty  qUiilifylnK  Itn  wverity.  They  pmvlileil 
Unit  Dismnli m  might  have  mIiikiI  mlntreiiwa  to 
liuih  llii'irehllilren  to  reiiil;  that  the  Aet  ahoulil 
iii'i  I Aii'iiil  to  any  pemon  limtructlnK  youth  In 
nadinir  wHiinv.  or  aritbmetie,  in  any  part  of 
in:illii'iiiutirH  reliitl.^K  to  navixallnn,  or  In  anv 
mil liaiiii  ll iirt  only.  .  .  The  facility  with  wlilili 
tlii.1  iiiriK'iiMis  Aet  was  rarried,  abundantly  shows 
thi'  ilitni;er  iu  which  rell)(tous  lilM>rty  was  placed 
in  llic  liiltcr  years  of  the  reiiil  of  yiieen  Anne. " — 
W  K  II.  Liclty,  Hut.  uf  Knij..  Wlh  Vrnturii. 
fli  1  -Tlie  .''chisni  Act  was  repealed  in  1719. 
cliirim;  ilie  iiilminlstratiim  of  I»rd  Stanhope. — 
(\Mtit'ii  I'tirliiimeutitry  /littory,  r.  7,  ]>p.  (18i-S87. 

.\i.Mi  IN;  J  Stoughton,  //wt.  of  Religion  in 
Ki,.i .  r,  5,  i-A    U-16. 

A.  D.  1713.— Endinr  of  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succeiiion.— The  Peace  of  Utrecht. 
—Acquisitions  from  Spain  and  France.  See 
IriiHiir;    A.   I).    17r,'-1714;    C.tNAI)*:    A.    I). 

1711    17i:);    ill*!.    NKWrdlNDLANH:    .V.   I).    171.S; 

una  .■^iWKiiv.  Xkoko:  a.  I>.  1698-t77B 

A.  D.  171].— Second  Barrier  Treaty  with 
the  Dutch.  See  NKTnERL.\NOH  (Holi^nd): 
A   H   ITlU-ITl.'i. 

A.  D.  1713-1714.  — The  desertion  of  the 
Catalans.     SeeSr.M.N:  A.  I).  17ia-1714. 

A.  0.  17 14.— The  end  of  the  Stuart  line  and 
the  beginning  of  the  HanoTcriant. —  Quirn 
Aim.  liiil,  iiftiT  8  short  Illness,  on  the  momtnit 
I'f  \'iL'u-t  I.  ITU.  The  Tories,  who  had  Juat 
(.'niniil  Kimrol  nf  the  ministry,  were  wholly  un- 
[irrpiriil  fur  this  cniergency.  They  assembled 
ill  ■  :ivy  Ci.iimil.  on  the  29th  of  July,  when  the 
I'l  ilily  faiiil  i».sue  of  the  Queen's  illness  became 
»!ii-'.in'nt.  an:!  ":i  strar.^r.  srrnp  is  said  to  havi- 
iHcurred.     Arityle  and "Someraet,  though  they 


Iwit  rontrihiiled  Urgelv  by  thrlr  drfrrtion  lo  the 
'  II  of  tlie  MMilK  ministry  of  n<»lolpbio. 


downf  I 

weri   ■■     ■■  again  In  1 
bad  rn    "My  l>ren 
Availing  lliem«rlve«  1 


;i|HMiiliin  lo  iIhi  Torlrs,  iind 
lainlwi-d  from  Ihrlr  iMiata. 
f  llii'lr  rank  of  IMvy  ( 'mm 

elllora,  thev  a|i|H-areil  iinauiiiiiiolHHl  In  I' un- 

elj  riMim.  pfeaillngihe  greHliiP<wof  tlieer 
Hhri'WKbury.  who  hail  pniliably  coni 
M't'iie,  roM-  and   wiiriiilv  thiinked  tlniii  1 

offer  of  aNHlHlance  .  iiiiil  tlH-ne  three  men  iip)i.  tir 
to  have  guided  Hie  iiiiirse  of  events  Sim  *s 

bury,  who  wiis  iilrriidy  rli.imlN-rlnin  anil  Lord 
I.ieuleiiiiiil  of  Ireliuid.  lieeHiiie  I<ord  rreii^iin>r, 
imd  amiiiiii  i|  the  iiutlnirlly  of  I'riiiie  .Minlsler 
Hiimmons  wire  hi  once  x'nt  loall  I'rivy  (uiin 
lillont,  irri-i|MClive  of  parly .  to  allend.  and 
Somers  mill  Mevenil  other  of  liie  Whig  lenders 
wen'  »|Miilily  «l  lliiir  po»t.  Tin  y  li.nl  tln'  great 
iidvantage  of  knowing  dearly  the  policy  they 
should  pursue,  and  their  iiiciiaiin-s  were  litkcn 
with  adminilile  promptilinie  and  eiiergv  The 
guiinlsof  the  Tmver  wen*  111  oiin- duiililiil  Kour 
regiiiienis win' oidend lo iiuin  li  f nun llie  1  oiiniry 
lo  Ijindon.nnilall  Maiiicnlonpiiirloiheirvewirls. 
.\n  1  iiilnirgo  was  laid  on  all  shipping  The  tieet 
was  i'i|uip|M'il,  and  Mpcedy  measures  were  taken 
to  pMlecl  the  M  ii|MirN  and  In  secure  lraiii|ulllly 
in  Scollaiid  and  Inliiiid.  At  the  same  lime  dcs- 
|)iil(li('s  wen'  wilt  III  llie  NelherlamlH  ordering 
seven  of  llie  ten  Ilrili'di  iHittalioiis  lo  eiiibnrk 
« Itboiil  delay  ;  to  I,opl  SinilTonI,  the  niiiUissudor 
III  the  Ilag'ie.  dcnlriiig  llie  Stales  (ieiieral  to  fid- 
111  their  giiaraiilit'  of  the  I'riilexlaiit  siiciTssinn 
ill  Kngland :  to  Hie  Klei  lor,  urging  him  to  hasten 
to  Holland,  where,  on  the  death  of  the  Queen,  he 
would  lie  met  by  a  lirilisli  si|iiii(lron.  and  escorlcd 
lo  his  new  kingibiin"  When  Hie  Queen's  death 
iM  eurrcd.  "the  new  King  w  iisiit  once  pnH'laiined, 
and  It  Is  a  striking  proof  of  the  danger  of  Hie 
cri.His  that  the  funds,  which  bad  fallen  on  a  false 
rumour  of  the  Queen's  ncovery,  lo-u'  iit  ouiv 
when  she  ilieil.  .Mtcrlmry  is  said  lo  imve  urged 
Holingbnike  In  pnalaim '.laiiies  III.  at  ('baring 
Cmss,  and  Ki  have  offend  lo  head  the  pnaession 
In  his  lawn  sleeves,  but  llic  coiinsi'l  was  mere 
iiiadiiess,  and  liolingbnike  saw  clearly  that  any 
iiltemiit  to  overtlmiw  Hie  Act  of  Settlement 
would  Is' now  worsi' than  useless.  .  .  .  The  more 
violent  spirits  among  the  Jacobilcs  now  looked 
eagerly  for  a  Kreiich  Invasion,  but  Hie  calmer  mem- 
tiers  of  the  party  |H'r(rived  that  such  an  invasion 
was  iniiMissible'  .  .  .  The  Hegency  Act  of  17(W 
came  at  once  Into  o|M'railon.  The  llaimverian 
minister  prisliiced  the  sealed  list  of  the  names  of 
lliose  lo  whom  the  Klector  entrusted  the  govern- 
ment liefore  bis  arrival,  and  it  was  found  to  con- 
sist of  eighteen  names  taken  from  Hie  leaders  of 
the  Whig  party.  .  .  .  I'arliumenl.  In  aceonlance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  Hill,  was  at  once  sum- 
moned, and  it  was  sisin  evident  Hint  there  was 
nothing  lo  fear.  The  moment  for  a  restonition 
was  pas'w'il  "— W.  E  II.  I^'cky.  Hint,  of  Kiig., 
Wh  I'ltft..  di.  \  (r.  1).— "Oeor'ge  I.,  whom  cir- 
cumstances and  the  Ad  of  Settlement  had  thus 
called  to  Is'  King  of  (Jnat  Britain  and  Ireland, 
had  iK-en  a  sovereign  prince  for  sixteen  years, 
during  which  time  lie  had  Ikiii  Elector  of  Bruns- 
wick-Luneburg.  He  was  the  second  who  ever 
iKirc  that  title.  By  right  of  his  father  he  was 
Elector ;  it  was  bv  right  of  his  mother  that  he  now 
became  rulerof  tlietnlted  Kingdom.  The  father 
•i'lis  Krni'st  Auirus'us.  Sovereign  Bishop  I'f  (.>sna 
burg,  who,  by  the  death    '  'dselder  bmtherB,  Imd 


945 


ENGLAND.  1714 


WalpoU  and  Parlia- 
men  fury  Guvtmmfnt. 


ENGLAND,  1714-1721. 


becomp  Duke  of  Hanover,  and  then  Duke  of 
Brunswick  and  Llineburp.  In  1693  lie  wan  raise<l 
by  llieKni|MTort(>tlieilignity  of  Elector.  .  .The 
mother  of  tieorge  I.  was  Sophia,  usually  known 
asthe  Elect res.sS<i|>hla.  Tlie  title  wius  merely 
one  of  lionnur.  ami  only  meant  wife  of  an  Elector. 
.  The  Elect  res.s  Sophia  was  the  ilaujtliter  of 
ElizalHth.  <lau);hler  of  Kini?  .lames  I.,  and 
Kredcri<k.  the  Elector  rahitiiie  [whose  election 
to  the  tliroiie  of  Hohemia  ami  subsecpient  expul- 
sion frcHU  that  kingdom  ami  from  his  Palatine 
<hiniiiii(ins  were  the  lirst  acts  in  the  Thirty  Years' 
War]  .  .  .  The  new  royal  house  in  En>;land  is 
soniilinies  called  thi'  ifoii.se  of  Hanover,  some- 
times the  House  of  Hriinswick.  It  will  Ih'  found 
that  the  latter  name  is  niori'  jienerully  used  in 
histories  »  ritten  iliirini;  the  last  century,  the  for- 
mer in  iHioks  written  in  the  present  day.  H  the 
nanus  were  e<|uallv  applicable,  the  modern  use 
is  the  mnre  ciiuvenient.  because  therv  is  aimther. 
and  in  some  resi«'Cts  well  known,  branch  of  the 
HoUM'  of  Uruiiswick;  but  no  other  has  a  ri);ht  to 
thenaiiieof  Hancner  It  is.  however.  (|uite  certain 
that,  whatever  the  English  use  may  U\  Hanover 
is  pro|Mrly  the  name  of  a  town  and  of  a  dueliy. 
but  that  the  electorate  was  Brunswick-I.Onebur);. 
.  .  .  The  House  of  Hrunsw iek  was  of  noble  ori- 
pin.  tracin>c  it.self  back  to  a  certain  Ouelpli 
u'Este.  nicknamed  '  the  Uobust.'  son  of  an  Italian 
nobleman,  who  had  been  seeking  his  fortiuies  in 
(ierniany.  Guelph  married  Judith.  wi(h)W  of  the 
English  King.  llaroUl.  who  fill  on  the  hill  of 
Knlac.  .  .  .  Oneof  Uuelph's  descendants,  later, 
married  Maud,  the  daufrhter  of  Kinp  Henry  H.. 
probably  the  most  powerful  king  in  Europe  of 
his  ilav.  at  whose  persuasicm  the  Emperor  con 
fernddn  the  Gueliihs  the  duchy  of  Brunswick." 
— E.  K.  Morris.    Tlie  Earty  Jlanute riant,  bk.  1, 

Also  IS:  P.  M.  Thornton,  The  Brumviek  Ar- 

cW"ii.  (•/(.  1-10.— Sir  A.  Ilallidav, -4NHfli»«/W« 
lhn».„fll,iiu,r,rj,k.  10(r.  2). — I.  McCarthy.  Hint. 
ofl/it  hmr  tli'irgcH.  rh.  1-t. — W.  M.  Thackeray. 
rii,  Four  <lf<'r;i,K.  l,ct  1.— A.  W.  Wanl.  The 
Elictrtut  •">'///((''(  unit  t/u  Ifiiiuinnnii  ^^iicffmiin 
(A'/.'/.  IIM.  /A  r.,  r.  1).— Si'c.  also.  E.S(ii..\SD:  A.  I). 
1701,  TlIK  \<T  OF  Setti.kmknt. 

A.  D.  1714-1721.— First  years  of  George  I. 
—The  rise  of  Walpole  to  power  and  the  found- 
ing of  Parliamentary  Government. — "  The  ac- 
ci •^sil1ll  nf  the  house!  of  Ilanoverin  the  person  of 
till-  L'liat  );raudson  of  .lames  1.  was  once  railed 
by  11  WliiL'  of  this  L'eneration  the  greatest  minule 
in  our  lii-lory.  It  tiMik  place  without  domestic 
or  loniL'n  disturbance.  .  .  .  Within  our  own 
hordirs  a  short  lull  followed  the  sharp  agilalioiis 
•  •f  llie  liist  six  months.  The  new  king  apiH)inted 
an  I  \(  lusivily  Whig  Ministry.  The  ollici'  of 
l.nid  Trea>Miir  was  iml  nvivid,  and  the  title 
di^:i|ppi;irs  iriiiu  pnliiicid  bistury.  Lord  Ti>wns- 
b"rid  M;is  madi-  principal  Secretary  of  State,  and 
a^siiiiud  the  part  nf  lirM  Minister."  .Mr.  Walpole- 
(Sir  Kcilicrl  |  tuok  the  subaltern  olliecof  pa\  master 
of  the  fiiri  I-.  lii!lilini;ali'ng  with  it  the  paymaster- 
ship  of  (  hilxa  Hospital,  .\lthough  hi"'  had  at 
tirst  no  .Mat  in  the  iiuiiT  Council  or  I'abinet.  whieli 
H'enis  to  have  consisted  of  ciuht  memlsTs.  only 
one  of  till  111  a  ciiniiiiciner.  it  i>  evident  thai  from 
the  eutsit  Ids  intluence  was  hardly  .si'cond  to  that 
of  TowiiNheiiil  hinisi'lf  In  little  more  than  a 
ye.ir  (Oelob''  171."))  he  had  made  himself  so 
pr>iinile-!i!  uli-i  V;i'Mt'-!-  ill  !h'.'  Hmi-^-  -'f  ('•Mii- 
inons    that  the  op|iortuuity  of  a  vaeauey  was 


taken  to  appoint  him  to  be  First  Commissinnir 

of  the  Treasury  and  Chancellor  of  the  Exehei|Ui  r 

.   .   .  Besides  excluding    their    opponents   fruni 

power,  the  Whigs  instantly  took  more  ]«isjiin- 

nieaaurcs.      The   new    Parliament  was  8trnii:;ly 

Whig.    A  wcri't  committee  was  at  once  appmutiil 

to  impure  into  the  negotiations  for   the  I",  in 

WaliMile  was  chairman,  took  the  lead  in  its  pn. 

idslmgs.  and  dn'W  the  report.  "     On  Wal|i.i!is 

re|)ort.  the  House  ■directed  the  imi)eachni.  iii  .f 

Oxford.    Ilidingbroke.    and    Ormond    for    lii^h 

treason,  and  other  high  crimes  and  niisileniiaii"iirs 

mainly  relating  to  the  Peace  of  Utrecht 

The  proceedings  against  Oxfonl  and  Bolingtir.k.- 

are  the  last  instance  in  our  history  of  a  pilitiial 

ini|H'aehment.     They  are  the  last  ndnisters  wh.p 

were  ever  made  iM-rsonally  responsible  forgiviiii; 

bad  advice  and  pursuing  a di-sercdited  polii  v  :iiiii 

since  then  a  political  mistake  has  ceased  tn  !»■  a 

crime.  .  .  .  The  affair  came  to  an  alH)rtivi-  .ml 

.   .   .  The  opening  years  of  the  new  reign  iiNirlc 

(me  of  the  least  attractive  ihtIimIs  in   puliti.iil 

history.     (Jeorge  I.  .  .  .  cansl  very  littU- fnrliii 

new  kingihim.  aial  knew   very   little  about   its 

jieople  or  its  institutions.  .  .  .  His  expediii.iis 

to  Hanover  threw  the  management  of  all  ilmnis 

tu-  affairs  almost  without  control  into  the  liiiiuls 

of  his  English  miiusters.     If  the  two  first  Ibiim 

verian  kings  had  been  Englishmen    instead  nf 

Germans,  if  they  had  been  men  of  talciii  ami 

ambition,  or  eveii  men  of  strong  and  coininati.l 

ing   will    without   much  talent.  Walpole  «nuU 

never  have  Is'en  able  to  lay  the  foundatimisuf 

government  by  the  House  of  Conuiions  and  by 

Cabinet  .so  firmly  that  even  the  olslurate  will  nf 

(ieorge   III.    wi"is  unable  to  overthrow   ii   [set 

C.vmsET.  TiiK  Enoi.isii].     Happily  for  tin   svi 

tem   now  established,    circumstances  conipillid 

the  first  two  sovereigns  of  the  Hanoveriun  lim- 

to  strike  a  bargain  with  the  English  WIiIl's.  aiid 

it  wag  faithfully  kept  until  the  accession  of  tlif 

third  George.     The  king  was  to  manage  tin-  at 

fairs  of  Hanover,  and  the  Whigs  were  to  iroM-ni 

England.     It  was  an  e.veellent  bargain  for  Kiil' 

land.     .Smooth  as  this  operation  may  sc'cm  in  lii- 

toric  description.  Walpole  foimd  its  early  ^tat'i- 

rough  and  thoriy."     The  king  was  not  lasily 

bniught  to  understand  that  England  would  ii.it 

make  war  for  Hanoverian  objects,  nor  all.w  li.r 

forciL'U  policy  to  Is'  shaped  by  the  ambiti  11- ..f 

the  Electorat"e.      DilTerences  arose  whii  1    .lr..v.' 

Town.shend  from  the  Cabinet,  and  divi;    !  tiu' 

Whig  jiarty.      Walpole  retired  from  the  iivni 

mint  with  "Tow  nshend.  and  was  in  oppo~iii  u  f.r 

three  years,  while  Lord  Stanhope  and  ili.   Kirl.if 

Siinderlaml  controlled  the  administration       llii' 

Whig  schism  <ame  to  an  end  in  172U.  aii.l  1   .ms 

III  ml  and  Wal|iolc  n'joined  the  ailmiiiisir:iii..ii. 

the  latter  as  I'aymaster  of  the  Forces  wiMi.ii  a 

seat  ill  the  Cabinet.      "  His  oppiisilion  w.i-  ii  m 

end.  but  be  tiHik  no   part  in  the  active  w.rk  "f 

governmi  lit.    .    .    .    Ilefore    many  mieiili-    l.i'l 

passid the  country  wasovcrtaken  liy  the  ii.'  1 

ble  disasters  of  the  .Siiulli  Si-a  Bubble  (si.  - 

Sk.\    Hiiuii.k|.   .   .   .    All    lyes    were    tiMii. 

Walpole.     Though  he  liad'privately  dubl- 

.S< lilt h  Sea  stoikon  his  own  account,  hi-  1 

predictions  came  back  to  men's  minds,  il;- 

nienilK-red  that  he  had  Ikh-u  called  the  hr~'. 

I    for  figures  in  the  llousi'.  ami  the  disgra..  ' 

^    nio.st  important  colleagues  only  made  his-... 

!    the  lir-"' p-.siv.ir.en!  lb-  n-liirned  t.- !' 

I    posts,  and  once  mon>  iH'came  First  Lonl 


-I  \.< 


I,. ,1.1 
f  tlir 


y46 


ENGLAND.  1714-1721. 


WalpoU 
and  Gtorgt  II. 


ENOLAND,  1727-1741. 


Treasury  unil  Chancellor  of  the  K.\(hequer  (April 
KM)  while  Townsliend  was  ajtiiin  SeiTi-Uiry  of 
Si'u!  Walt>()le  )ielil  liU  offices  iinictically  with- 
(iiit  a  liriak  for  twenty-one  years.  Tlie  younBer 
Hit  had  an  almost  ecjual  .spun  of  unbroken  su- 
nninacv,  but  with  that  exception  theri!  is  no 
iiiirallel  to  Walpole's  lontt  tenure  of  power.  To 
estimate  ariv'lit  the  vast  siftnitlcanee  of  this  ex- 
tnu-nlinarv  stability,  we  must  renienilH-r  that  thi' 
omnlrv  liail  ju.st  passed  thniUKh  eighty  years  of 
rcvnluiion.  A  man  of  W)  in  1721  could  recall 
till-  cxicution  of  Charles  I.,  the  protectorate  of 
Oliver,  the  fall  of  Hiclianl  Cromwill,  llie  restora- 
ticm  iif  Charhs  II.,  the  exile  of  .lames  II.,  the 
(Imiiv'e  "f  llie  order  of  succession  to  William  of 
(Ir.iiiL'i-.  the  reactionary  niinivtrv  of  .Vnne.  and 
tiuallv  the  wcond  change  to  the  lloust-  of  Hano- 
vir  The  interposition,  after  so  lonjr  a  scries  of 
violent  [lerturbations  us  this,  of  twenty  years  of 
stilled  system  und  continuous  order  under  one 
man,  makes  Walpole's  government  of  capital 
aud  decisive  imjiortamT  in  our  history,  und  con- 
etiiutes  not  an  artiflcial  ilivision  like  the  reign  of 
a  kiug,  hut  a  true  and  (h-tinite  pericHl,  with  u  1h-- 
ginning,  an  end,  a  signiticance,  ami  a  unity  of  its 
own.  "—.I    Morley,   Il'ii/yx'/f,  I'li.  'A-4. 

Also  in  :  W.  Coxe,  .Vtmuim  nf  Sir  liubtrt  Will- 
pflt,  ell.  S»-21  (r.  1). 

A.  D.  1715.— The  Jacobite  rising.  See  ScoT- 
L.i.M);  A.  I).  ITl.l. 

A.  D,  1716.— The  Septennial  Act.— The  easy 
9up|iress')n  of  the  .Jacobite  relxllion  was  far 
from  putting  an  end  to  tla-  fears  of  the  loyal 
>u|ip(.riers  of  the  Hanoverian  dynu.sty.  They 
n-g:iriled  with  especial  anxiety  t  Hpproaching 
['arliaimutary  elections.     "As,  he  existing 

Stat  lite  of  II  William  and  Mary  [th«  i  iennial  Act, 
of  1(194].  Parliament  would  "be  dis.solved  at  the 
iKtee  of  the  year,  and  a  new  election  held  in  the 
spring  of  1717.  then-  seemed  great  probability  of 
a  n'ncwiil  of  the  contest,  or  at  least  of  very  seri- 
ous riots  during  the  election  time.  With  this  in 
view,  the  ininistj-rs  proposed  that  the  existing 
PurliMniinl  should  Ix-  continued  for  a  tenn  of 
seven  instead  of  three  year^.  This,  which  was 
nu-ant  f"r  a  tiniporary  measuri',  has  nevir  been 
repi  alcd,  and  is  still  the  law  under  which  I'ar- 
liiUiH'iUs  are  held.  It  has  iM-en  often  objected  to 
this  .'Htinn  of  Parliunieiit,  thut  it  was  acting  arbi- 
trarily in  thus  increasing  its  own  dunition,  'It 
Mas  a  ilinct  usurpation,'  it  has  lieen  said,  'of 
the  rights  of  the  people,  anah>gous  to  the  act  of 
tin-  I.oiii;  i'arlianieiit  in  (h'claring  itself  inde- 
slruclibli-.'  It  has  Is-en  reganh-d  nuher  as  a 
party  measure  than  as  :i  forward  sti'p  in  liberal 
L'ovininient.  We  nnist  seek  it>  vindication  in 
till  peeiiliar  (imditions  of  the  time.  It  was  (isc- 
liv«  til  Icdk  lo  the  cimstituencies  for  the  support 
of  the  pnpiilar  lilKTiy.  The  return  of  members 
ill  llie  Miiallc  r  lioroiighs  was  in  the  hands  of  i-or- 
rupi  on  nrrii|iiilile  freemen;  in  the  counties,  of 
ureal  landnwriers:  in  the  larger  towns,  of  small 
plaee  hnliliis  under  Government.  A  gi-nenil 
ele.iinii  in  fai  I  only  gave  fresh  <K-casion  for  the 
e\erii-e  of  the  iiillueiice  of  the  Crown  and  of  the 
ll'iii'-ecii  l..)riis  —  freedom  and  inde|K'ndence  in 
'!'■  I'l".  .,  ii,e  cf  these  two  peniiunenl  powers 
111!;!. I  !„  -eiiiri'd  only  bv  the  greater  permanence 
"f  ilii    I  lord   eienieut   of  the    Legislature,    the 

"'" •  (  oininons.     It  was  thus  that,  though 

II"  ileilit  in  siiTue  degree  a  party   measure  for 
^mirin,'  a  innre  lengthened  tenure  of  office  to 
liie  Septeuuittl  Act  received,   upon 


good  constitutional  grounds,  the  support  and 
upprobatiim  of  the  l)cst  statesmen  of  the  time." 
— .1.  F.  Bright,  Ifnl.  o/Kiig..  jxriini^.  /».  Vl». 

Also  in:  Lord  Million  (Earl  Stanhope), //i'«(. 
of  Kiig..  1713-I7N:!,   r.  1,  ch.  6. 

A.  D.  1717-1719.— The  Triple  Alliance.— 
The  Quadruple  Alliance.— War  with  Spain. 
See  Si'.mn;  A.  1).  1713-172.');  also,  It.m.Y:  A.  1). 
171.-)- 1735. 

A.  D.  172a.— The  South  Sea  Bubble.  See 
SoiTii  Sk.\  Hriiiii.K. 

A.  D.  1721-1743.— Development  of  the  Cabi- 
net System  of  ministerial   government.     Si-e 

C.AllINKT,  TlIK    K.\<il.lsll. 

A.  D.  1725.— The  Alliance  of  Hanover.    See 

Si'.MN:    A.  I>.   17l;»-l72.). 

A.  D.  1726-1731.— Fresh  differences  with 
Spain, — Gibraltar  besieged. — The  Treaty  of 
Seville.— The  Second  Treaty  of  Vienna.  See 
Sp.mN:  a.  I).  17'2t5-17;il. 

A,  D.  1727.— Accession  of  King  George  II. 

A.  D.  1727-1741. —Walpole's  administra- 
tion under  George  II.— "Ihe  inanagcineut  of 
public  alTuirs  during  tin-  six  years  of  George  the 
First's  reign  in  which  Walpole  was  Prime  Min- 
ister, was  easy.  .  .  .  His  political  fortunesseemed 
to  be  niintsl  iiy  George  the  First's  death  [1727]. 
That  King's  succes.sor  had  ransacke<l  a  very  co- 
pious v(K  abulury  of  ubusi-,  in  onler  to  stigmutise 
the  minister  and  his  associates.  Hogue  and  rascal, 
scoundrel  and  ftsil.  were  his  commonest  utterances 
when  Hobert  Walpole's  name  was  mentioned. 
.  .  .  "Whlpole  bowi'd  meekly  to  the  coming 
storm,"  I'l.d  an  attempt  was  made  to  put  Sir 
SiK'Ucer  ('omptoii  in  his  pluce.  Hut  Compton 
himself,  as  well  as  the  king  und  his  sagacious 
(luein,  s<Min  saw  the  futility  of  it,  and  the  old 
ministry  was  retained.     ".\t  first,  Walpole  was 

siiciated  with  his  brotlnr-in-law,  Townsend. 
,.iit  they  s<H)n  disagreed,  und  the  rupture  was 
tolal  after  the  death  of  Wulp, lie's  sister.  Towns- 
end's  wife.  .  .  .  After  Townseiid's  (lismi.s,sid, 
Walpole  reigned  alone,  if.  iniieed,  he  could  be 
suid  to  exenise  sole  functions  while  Newcastle 
was  tied  to  him.  Long  Infore  he  was  lietmyed 
by  this  pers<iii,  of  whom  he  justlv  said  that  his 
name  was  pertldy,  he  knew  how  ilangeroiis  was 
the  association.  Hut  Xewcastle  was  Ihe  largest 
pnipriitor  of  rotten  boroughs  in  the  kingdom, 
and.  fold  and  knave  as  he  was,  he  hail  wit  enough 
to  ginss  at  his  own  importance,  und  knavery 
inoiigh  to  make  his  market.  WallMde's  chief 
business  lay  in  managing  Ihe  King,  the  IJuecn. 
Ihe  Church,  the  IIou.se  of  Commons,  and  perhaps 
Ihe  people.  1  have  already  said,  that  iK'fore  his 
iiccessi<in  (iiorge  hated  Walpole,  But  there  are 
liatnilsaiid  hatreds,  eipial  in  ferviiny  while  they 
last,  but  dilTirent  in  duration.  The  King  haticl 
Wali>(de  because  hi-  h.ul  served  his  father  well. 
Hut  one  (ieorge  was  gone,  and  another  George  was 
in  possi-ssion.  Then  came  bi-fore  the  man  in  pos- 
session the  clear  vision  of  Walpole's  consummate 
usefiiliu .IS  The  vision  was  made  clearer  by  the 
sagai  ions  hints  of  Ihe  Queen.  It  became  clear  as 
noonday  when  Walpole  contrived  toadd  I'l  l.'i.lHK) 
totheciiil  list.  .  .  .  Besides.  Walpole  was  sin- 
cerely determiueii  tt)  supp<»rt  the  Ilant>veriaD 
succession  lie  constantly  insisted  to  George 
that  the  liiial  si'ttleinent  of  his  House  on  the 
throne  would  Ih'  fought  out  in  Kngland.  .  .  . 
Hence  he  was  able  to  check  one  of  the  King  s 
rulinir  passions,  a  longing  to  engage  in  war. 
It  IS  geueruiiy  understood  tliat  Walpole  managed 


'.147 


ENGLAND,  1737-1741. 


IToipole'i 
tfatesmanahip. 


ENGLAND,  1727-1741. 


i 
n 


I 


the  Ilnuiic  of  OimmoM  by  bribery;  that  tlie  bc- 
crrt  service  money  was  thus  employed :  and  that 
this  minister  was  tlic  futlier  of  tliat  corruption 
wliieli  was  reported  to  have  disgraced  tlie  House 
diirins  tlie  tlrst  half  of  the  lust  century.     I  sus- 
pect that  tliesi'  iiitlucnces  have  Ikh'U  exaggerated. 
It  is  a  sliH-k  sicirv  that  Walpole  said  he  knew 
cverv  man's  price."   It  might  have  Ihtu  generally 
true^  but  the  foundation  of  this  apothegm  is.  in 
all  likeliliocKl.  a  recorded  saying  of  his  alxmt  cer- 
tain mimUrs  of  the  opposition.  .  .  .  Walpole 
has  bicn  designated,  and  with  justice,  as  em- 
phalicallv  a  peace  minister     He  held  'that  the 
most  |HTiiici(ins<ircumstances  in  which  this  coun- 
try can  1m'.  are  lliosi-  of  war,  as  we  must  lie  great 
lok'rs  while  the  war  lusts,  and  caimot  l)e  great 
gainers  when   it   cii.ls.'     lie    kept  tJeorge   the 
i^cond  at  piace.  as  well  as  he  could,  by  insisting 
on  it  that  the  safety  of  liis  dynasty  lay  in  avoid- 
ing  foreign  embroilments.     He  strove  in  vain 
against  tlie  war  which  broke  out  in  ITIIO.  ...   1 
<lo  not  intend  to  disparage  Walpole's  administra- 
tive ability  when  1  sav  that   the  country  pros 
pered    independently   of    any    linancial    policy 
whi(  li  he  adopted  of  carried  (mt.      .  .   Walpoli' 
let  matters  taki'  their  course,  for  lie  understoiHl 
that  the  highest  merit  of  a  minister  consists  in 
his  doing   im   mischief.     Hut    \Val|M>le's   praise 
lies  in  tlie  fact,  that,  with  this  eviilent  growth 
of  iriaterial  prospiritj  .   he  steadily  set  his  face 
against  ganililing  wi'tli  it.     He  resolved,  as  far 
as'iav  in  his  power,  to  keep  the  peace  of  Kumpe; 
and  he  was  seconded  in  his  elTorts  by  Cariliiial 
Fleury.     lie  contrivi'd  to  smooth  away  the  ditli- 
ciilties  which  arose  in  17i7;  and  on  .lanuary  i;t, 
17:!0.  iH-L'otiated  the  treaty  of  Seville  (see  Spain: 
A.  I).    lTi(i-lT:Ul.  the  bi'iietits  of  which  lasted 
through  ten  years  of  pea<  e,  and  under  which  he 
reduced  the  army  to  .'i.tXKI  men."     But  the  opixi- 
sition  to  Walpole's  peace  policy  iK'came  a  grow- 
im;   passicai.  which  overcame  him  in  1711  and 
forced  him  to  ri'sign.     On  his  n'signation  he  was 
raiMd  to  the  peerage,  with  the  title  of  Earl  of 
Orford,  and  defeated,  though  with  great   ditii 
culty,   the  determination  of  his  enemies  to  im- 
jH'ach  him.-— .1.  E.  T.  Hogera,  IlMon'rtil  (Jleaii- 
ini/f,  r.  1,  (•/(   2. — "It  is  impossible,  I  think,  to 
consider  his  [Walliolc's]  career  with   adequate 
attention   without   recognising   in  him  a   great 
minister,  although  the  merit.s  of  his  mlministni 
tion  were  often   rather  negative  than  positive, 
and  although  it  exliibit.s  tew  of  those  dramatic 
iniidents.  and  is  but   little  susceptible  of  that 
rhetoriial  colouring,  on  which  the  reputatiim  of 
statesmen   largely    drpeiids.   .   .   .  He  was  emi 
ncntly  true  to  the  diaracter  of  his  countrymen 
He  (tiscerned  with  a  rare  sagacity  the  lines  of 
policy  most  suited  to  their  genius  and  to  their 
needs,  and   he   had  a  sufficient  ascendanc^y   in 
Englisii  politics  to  fonn  its  traditions,  to  give  a 
ehaniciir   and    a    bias  to  its  institutions.     The 
Will-'  party,  under  his  guidance,  reUiined,  though 
witii  diniimshed  energy,  its  old  h)ve  of  civil  and 
of  reliL'ioiis  MImtIv,  biil  it  lost  its  foreign  syin- 
patliies.  its  tend,  ncy  to  extravagance,  its  military 
restlessness.      The  landed  gentry,  and  in  a  great 
degree  th(   Church,  were  reconciled  to  the  new 
dynasty      The  dangerous  tissuri'S  which  divided 
tlie  Knglish  nation  were  filled  up.    Parliamentary 
government  lost  its  old  violence,  it  entered  into 
a  period  of  normal  and  pacific  action,  and  the 
hahit-i   .-.f  ,-,,mprom;ai'     .■■•(   nu^leratiun,    and   of 
practical  gixMl  sense,  which  are  mo«t  essential  to 


lU  success,  were  greatly  strengthened.  Tlu«' 
were  the  great  merlu  of  Walpole.  His  faults 
were  very  manifest,  and  are  to  be  attributed  in 
part  to  Ills  own  character,  but  in  a  great  degree 
to  the  moral  ntinoaphcrc  of  his  time.  He  wiw 
an  honest  man  in  the  sense  of  desiring  simvrely 
the  welfare  of  his  country  and  serving  his  sove 
reign  with  fldelitv ;  but  he  was  inU'nsely  wediliil 
to  power,  exceedingly  unscrupulous  atuiut  tin 
means  of  grasping  or  n  biining  it,  and  entir.  ly 
destitute  of  that  delicacy  of  lionour  which  iiiark< 
a  high  minded  man.  .  .  .  Hiscstiniateof  politiml 
inti'gritv  was  very  similar  to  his  estimate  of  feiiialr 
virtue.  He  governed  by  means  of  an  as.seinlily 
which  was  saturated  with  corruption,  and  he 
fully  aeipiiesced  in  its  conditions  and  resisinl 
every  attempt  to  improve  it.  .  .  .  It  is  necess:ir\ 
to  speak  with  much  caution  on  this  matter,  n- 
memlHring  that  no  statesman  can  cinancipatc 
liim.s<lf  from  the  conditions  of  his  time 
Tlie  systematic  corruption  of  .Mcniln'rs  of  l';ir 
liameiit  is  sjiid  to  have  begun  under  C'harl.  s  11 . 
in  wliose  nigii  it  was  practised  ti>  the  lar^'ist 
extent.  It  was  (ontintied  unihT  his  suecessiir, 
and  the  nunilHTof  scandals  rather  iiicreaseil  ili.ui 
diminished  after  the  UevoUition.  .  .  .  Anilifenr- 
riiption  dill  not  Is'gin  w  ith  Walpole.  it  is  e(|U^illy 
certain  that  it  did  not  end  with  him  His  ex 
penditure  of  secret  service  money,  large  iis  it 
was.  never  ei|iialleil  in  an  eipial  space  of  limi' 
the  exiienditiire  of  llute.  .  .  ,  The  real  i  liarL'c 
against  him  is  tli.it  in  a  |)erioil  of  profound  pea. c. 
when  he  exercised  an  almost  unexampled  asi  i  n 
ilancy  in  politiis,  and  when  public  opinion  vv;is 
strongly  in  favour  of  the  diminution  of  corrupi 
inlliience  in  rarliament,  he  steadily  and  sue eiss 
fully  resisted  every  attempt  at  reform.  It 

was  his  settled  policy  to  maintain  his  I'arlii 
mentarv  majority,  not  by  attracting  to  liis  nrin 
istry  great  orators,  great  writers,  great  finam  !•  rs. 
or  .treat  statesmen,  .  .  .  but  simply  bv  enirnss 
ing  Imrough  influence  and  extending  the  piilnin 
age  of  the  Crown."— W.  E,  II.  I.<"cky,  I/ift  ..f 
ffiiff.  in  tlie  \Xt/i  rtntury,  eh.  3  (r.  1).— "Hut  f.r 
Sir  Koliert  Walpole,  we  sliouUl  have  had  tin  I'p 
tender  back  again.  But  for  his  obstinate  love  I 
peaci',  we  shouhl  have  had  wars,  wliidi  ili. 
natiim  was  not  strong  enough  nor  united  erM.ii:.'ii 
to  endure.  But  for  his  resoluti'  counsils  aii.l 
good-humoured  resistance,  we  might  have  li;i,l 
(iierman  despots  attempting  a  Hanoverian  reL-i 
men  over  us;  wc  should  have  had  revolt,  •■■m 
motion,  want,  and  tyrannous  misrule,  in  plan  if 
a  quarter  of  a  century  of  peace,  freed.  ;u  iciil 
material  prosjHrity,  such  as  the  country  ».  vir 
enjoyed,  until  that  corrupter  of  parliaiiu  iit- 
that "dissolute  tipsy  cynic,  that  courageous  I  v.  r 
of  iHiice  and  liberty,"that  gn>at  citizeii.  piiri"! 
and  statesman  govenied  it.  .  .  .  In  privai.  lit' 
the  old  pagan  reveUed  in  the  lowest  pleii-ur. - 
he  passed  his  Sundays  tippling  at  Uichiii.ni.l 
and  his  holidays  Iwwring  after  dogs,  or  b.../iii; 
at  Houghton  "with  Boors  over  bci'f  and  p'iin  li 
He  cared  for  letters  no  more  than  his  mast,  r  .!il 
he  judged  human  nature  so  meanly  thai  ei"  i- 
ashamed  to  have  to  own  that  he  was  right  ■■■"<'' 
that  men  could  !»  corruptecl  by  means  w  i '- 
But,  with  his  hireling  Housi'of  Commons,  le  .1' 
fended  lilierty  for  us ;  with  his  incredulity  1m 
Church-craft  down.  ...  He  gave  Englis 
no  conquests,  but  he  gave  them  peacT,  an.l 
and  freedom;  the  Thnf  !>er  Cents,  neariy  m 
and  wheat  at  five  and  six  and  twenty  shili' 


I'' 


l.:ir 


948 


1 


ENGLAND,  1787-1741. 


War  of 
nMiu'  iCar. 


ENGLAND,.  1789-1741. 


quarter   -  W.  M.  Thackeray,  Tlu  fhur  Gwrgt*. 

'''  kuotv  W.  Coxc,  Memoir$o/SirR  Walpok. 
A    81-S8  (r    1).— Lord  Mahon  (Earl  Stanhope). 

nut  of  aW.  "i3-"83.  <•*■  '•'-'»  <;•  ^-'"vT 

Lord  Hervcy,  !iemoir,  of  the  llrign  ofOfMw  11. 

A  D  I73t-i''40.— The  qnettion  of  the  Aus- 
trian Succeaaion.- Guarantee  of  the  Prag- 
matic Sanction.  Sec  Ai-otbia:  A.  1).  liIN- 
ITiW,  and  1740.  ■    ^     ^ 

A  D  173a.— The  grant  of  Georgia  to  Gen- 
eral Oglethorpe.     Sec  Okohoia:    A.  I).  t7»2- 

A  D  1733.— The  first  Bourbon  Family  Com- 
pact.-Us   hostility  to  Great    Britain.     See 

Fka.sik,  .\.  I),  naa. 

A  D.  1 733- 1 787.  — The  great  inventions 
which  built  up  the  Cotton  Manufacture.  Sic 
Cotton  MAM'FAiTfHK. 

A.  D.  1739-1741.— The  War  of  Jenkins'  Ear. 

—••In  anile  of  Walpole's  love  of  iiciu-e.  iiiid  ilc- 
terinin«l  cfTorta  to  preserve  it.  in  the  year  n:t« 
a  wiir  liroke  out  with  Spain,  whieh  is  an  illuslni 
lion  of  the  siiyinR  that  the  occasion  of  »  war  may 
1h'  iritlins.  tliouRh  its  teal  cause  lie  verv  wrious. 
Tlic  »!ir  is  often  called  the  War  of  Jenkins'  Kar. 
The  •itorv  ran   that  eight  y<^ar»   before  (ITJil)  a 
ecrlain  (apuiin    Jeniiins,    skipper  of  the  ship 
•H(lKcea,'of  London,  had  iKinmaltreateil  liy  the 
Spuniiirds.     His  ship  wassailinK  from  .lamaiea, 
and  ImnRinK  alxiul  the  entranee  of  ilie  (Jiilf  of 
Florida,  when  it  was  boarded   by  the  Spanish 
coa.'^ti.'uard.     The  Spaniards  could  find  no  proof 
that  .ienkinsw  lis  smuggling,  though  they  seanli- 
ed  niirrowlv.  and  Inking  angry  at  their  ill  success 
tiny  lianged  him  to  the  yardarin,  lowering  him 
just  in  liim^  to  save  his  life.      At  length  thry 
pullid  oil  his  ear  and  told  him  to  take  it  to  his 
kill).'.  .      .  Seven  years  later  Captain  .Icnkiiis 
WHS  cxununed  by  the  House  of  (.'ommoiis,  on 
which  IK  <-asion  some  memlwr  asked  him  how  he 
flit  wliin  iMiii!,'  maltreated,   and   Jenkins  an- 
swiri'il.  ■  I   " r  nimendeil  iiiy  soul  to  Gixi  and 
iiiv  i-iuse  to  iiiv  lountry.'     The  answer,  whether 
made'  ii'.  Ilie  time  or  prepared  for  use  in  tlie  Housi- 
iif  (ciniinons.  touched  a  chord  of  sympathy,  and 
soon  was  circulated  through  the  couiilry.     ■  No 
mill  of  allies  now,' said  one  politician;  "the  story 
of  .Iinkius  will  raise  us  vobiiiteerM.'     The  trutli 
of  llie  matter  is  that  this  story  fmm  its  some- 
whiit  riiliiulous  aspect  has  n>niaineil  in  the  minds 
c.f  uiin.  but  that  it  is  only  a  specimen  of  many 
sliiriis  then  altoal,  all   pointing  to  insolence  of 
Spaniards  in  insisting  upon  what  was  after  all 
striiily  within  their  right.s.     But  the  legal  treaty 
riihis  of  Spain  were  growing  intolerable  to  Kng- 
li«hnii'ii.  though  not  necessarily  to  the  Knglish 
(inurnment;  and  traders  and  sailors  were  break- 
iuL'    ihi'    international    laws  which    practically 
stn|ipvcl  the  expansion  of  England  in  the  New 
WcrM      The  war  arose  out  of  a  iiuestion  of 
Indc  in  this  as  in  so  many  other  ca.ses  the  Eng- 
lish Ik  iiig  prcpareil  to  tight  in  order  to  forre  an 
1  utraiK  !•  f,ir  their  traile,  whi''h  the  Spaniards 
«i-li(i|  to  shut  out  from  Spanish  America.    This 
ijuisliin  found  a  place  amongst  the  other  matters 
arnuiiTiii   by   the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  when   the 
Kiiu'iisii  obtained  almost  as  their  sole  return  for 
thrir  virlorii's  what  was  known  as  the  Assiento. 
This  is  a  Spanish  word  meaning  contract,  but  its 
usi   had  iRin  for  some  time  confined  to  the  dis- 
LT.ui  fui  jirivilHjfi'  of  prnviilins  Spanish  Americii 
«ith  ui'grois  kidnapped  from  their  homes  in 


Africa.     The  Flendngs.  the  Genoese,  the  Portu 
guese,  and  the  French  Guinea  Company  receive<l 
in  turn  from  Spanish  kings  the  mono|Mily  in  this 
shameful  tralHc,  which  at  the  treai^r  of  Utrecht 
was  passed   on   for  a  [M-riiHl  of  thirty  years  to 
England,  now   la'coming   mistress  of  the  si^as, 
and  with   her  numerous  merchant  ships  Ixttcr 
able  than  others  to  carry  on  the  business.     The 
Knglish  (Jovcmment  committed  the  contnut  to 
the.Snith   Sea  Company,  and   the   numlMT  of 
iicgriKS  to  !«■  supplied  annually  was  no  less  than 
4.WK)    •sound,    hiallliy,    mercliantalde    negrin^s, 
two  tliirds  to  1h!  male,  none  under  ten  or  over 
forty  years  ohl.'     In  tlie  As.siento  Treaty  there 
wasalso  a  provision  for  the  trading  of  one  Eng- 
lish shipeacli  yearwith  Spanish  America;  but  in 
order  to  prevent  tiKi  great  advantage  therefrom 
it  was  cari'fullv  stipulated  that  the  ship  should 
not  exceed  tMHHons  burden.     There  is  no  doubt 
that  this  stipulation  was  regularly  violated  by 
the  English  sending  a  ship  of  the  ri(|uiiid  num- 
ber of  tons,  but  with  it  nuinirous  teiidirs  iiiiil 
smaller  craft.     Mori  over  smuggling.  Ik  iiig  very 
jirolilable.  iH'came  common  ;  it  w  as  of  this  .-mug 
gling  that    Captain   Jenkins  was  accused. 
Walpole.  iilwiivs   anxhius    lor    |H-ace.  by    iirgu- 
meiit,    liv    ni'L'oliatioii,   liy    delays,    resisted   the 
growingdesire  for  war;  at  length  he  eoulil  resist 
no   longer.      For   the  sake  of  his  reputation  he 
should  have  resigned  olllie,  but  he  liiiil  eii.ioyed 
power  tiMi  long  to  be  ready  to  yield  it.  and  most 
unwiselv  he  allowed  himself  to  lie  forced  into  a 
ileelararion  of  war  OetolH'r  lit.  1730.     The  news 
was  nceived  througliout  England  with  a  perfect 
frenzy  of  delight.  ...   A  year  and  a  day  after 
this  deelaration  of  war  an  event  iHcurreii  —  the 
death  of  the   Empenir— whieh  helped  to  swell 
the  volume  of  this  war  until  it  was  merged  into 
the  Euro|wan  war.  called  the  War  of  tlie  Austrian 
Sueces.sion,  wliieli  ineludea  within  itsilf  the  First 
and  Second  Silesian  Wars,  la'tween  Austria  and 
Frederiek  the  (Jnalof  Prus.sia.     The  European 
war  went  on  until  the  general  pacitication  in  the 
tn'iity  of  Ai.v  la  (haiielle.  1748.     Within  another 
ten   years   war   broke  out    again   on   somewhat 
similar  grounds,  but  on  a  much  wider  seide  and 
with  the  combatants  ililTercntlv  arranged,  under 
the  title  •  Seven  Years'  War  '     The  events  of  this 
vear,  whilst  the  war  was  only  lietwcen  Spain  and 
fcngland.    were   the   attacks  on   Spanish  settle- 
ments ill  America,  the  capture  of  Porto  IVllo, 
and  the   failure  Isfore  Cartagena,  whicli  led  to 
Anson's   famous   vovage." — E.    E.    Morris.    The 
h^rly  lliiiii>reri:iitii.  M;  i.  eh.  3.  — '•  Admiral  Ver- 
non,  sitting   sail   with  the   English  fleet  from 
,laniaica.  captured  Porto  BcUo,  on  the  Isthmus 
of  Darhn.   Dec.    1st  — an   exploit    for   which  he 
neeive  1  the  thanks  of  Isitli  lloiisis  of  Parliament. 
His  attempt  on  Carthagena,  in  the  spring  of  1741, 
proved,  however,  a  eompletf  failure  tlmiugh  his 
dissensions,  it  is  Niid,  with  GenenU  Wentworth, 
the  commander  of  the  land  forc^es.     .\  squadron, 
under    Commodore   Anson,    ilespatcluil    to    the 
South   Sea    for  the    purpose  of    annoying  the 
Spanislici.loniisof  Peru  and  Chili,  destroyeil  the 
Peruvian  town  of  Paita.  and  made  sivend  prizes; 
the   most   iinporlanl  of  which  was  one   of   the 
great  Spanish  galleons  trading iH'twii'U  Aeapulio 
and  Manilla,  having  a  large  tri'asure  on  Isiani. 
It  was  on  this  oceasion  lliiit  Anson  circumnavi- 
gated the  glolK'.  having  wiihd  I'nim  England  in 
1740  and  returned  to  Sjiitliead  in  1744."— T.   H. 
Dyer,  Uut.  of  Mortem  Euroiit,  bk.  5,  ch.  i. 


949 


•'*••.  •' 


t 


1' 

I 


Ei>OLAND,   1739-1741 


Rim  of 
ChatKam 


ENGLAND,  1744-1745. 


i 


Ai.H<)Is:  R.  Walter.  VDyiige  uruund  the  World 
of  Uriirrje  .l/*»i.— Sir  ,1.  U«rniw,  l.ifi'  of  hinl 
Ororgf  Aiiifni.  cl  \-'i.  —  W.  Coxc.  Mefwnrn  of  the 
limrbmi  Kinii»  of  Simiii.  ch.  Vi  (r.  3). — Sir,  ulwi. 
FitANtE,  A.  I>  17113.  and  (Jkokiiia:  A.  I».  1738- 
1743. 

A.  D.  1740-1741.— Beginning  of  the  War  of 
the  Aus'fn.tn  Succession.  StvArsTHU:  A.  I). 
ITIn-lTIl 

A.  D.  1/42.  -Naval  operations  in  the  Medi- 
terranean.    .ScliAi.Y:  A.  I>.  1741-1743. 

A.  D.  1742-1745.  —  Ministries  of  Carteret 
and  the  Pelhams.— Pitt'i.  admission  to  the 
Cabinet. — "  Walpolo  risinnnl  in  the  lK');iiiniii>; 
cif  Kcliniary,  I74'J;  Imt  his  ritiriiiii'nt  cliil  not 
lirini;  I'ilt  iiitixpllloc.  Tlif  King  had  c'(in<< '  id  a 
violent  prt'JMdict'  against  him,  not  only  .in  ;tc- 
rount  of  llic  proininiiit  and  circctivc  part  hi'  liad 
taken  in  the  >;eneral  as.siiult  upon  the  lalc  adtnin- 
istralioti.  hut  tnore  especially  in  fonwuuence  of 
the  stronir  opinions  he  had  ('Apres.svd  on  the  suh- 
jeet  of  Hanover,  and  ri-spectinp  the  publii-  nus- 
ihiefsarisinir  fniin  (ieori;e  the  Seeond  s  partiality 
to  the  interests  of  the  Klectomte.  Lord  \Vilniing- 
iou  was  the  nominal  head  of  the  new  administrn- 
tion.  which  was  liK)keil  on  as  little  more  than  a 
weak  cimtiniiation  of  Walpolc's.  The  same  char- 
acter was  generally  >;iven  to  I*(dham"s  nunistry, 
(Pelhain  succeeded  Wilmington  as  Premier,  on 
the  ilealli  of  the  latter  in  1713,>  and  I'ittsiKin  ap- 
peared in  renewed  opposition  to  tl.c  •  ourt.  It 
was  aliout  this  time  that  he  received  1  1  editable 
and  convenient  addition  to  his  private  fortune, 
wh'ch  also  attested  his  celclnity.  In  1744,  the 
celebrated  Duchess  of  Marlborough  died,  leaving 
him  a  legacy  'of  HI.IKMt  I.  on  account  of  Ins  merit 
in  ihe  noble  defence  he  has  made  of  the  laws  of 
England,  to  prevent  the  ruin  of  his  coun;ry  ' 
Pitt  was  now  at  the  head  .f  a  small  but  deti  r- 
niined  band  of  Opposition  statesiiien,  with  whom 
he  was  also  connected  by  intermarriages  Ix'twct'n 
menilx'rs  of  I  heir  res|H'ciivc  families  and  his  ow  n. 
These  were  Lord  Cobham.  the  (Jrenvilles.  and  his 
schoolfellow  Lord  Lytlcltnu.  The  genius  of 
I'ilt  had  made  theopposition  of  this  party  soem- 
barras.sing  to  the  nuidster,  that  Mr.  I'elhain.  the 
leader  of  the  House  of  Conunons.  and  his  brother, 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  found  it  n<'cessiiry  to  gel 
rid  of  Lord  t'arten  t.  who  was  personally  i.iost 
obnoxious  to  the  attacks  of  Pitt,  on  account  of 
his  supposi'd  zeal  ill  f.-ivour  of  the  King's  Hano- 
verian polii>.  I'itts  friends.  Lyttclton  .ind 
<fn'n\  ille,  \\(  'c  taken  into  the  nunistry  [called  the 
liroad  boiioineil  .\dniiiiistration|.  and  the  un- 
doubiid  wi~h  of  the  Pelhams  was  to  enlist  I'ilt 
also  .iniong  their  colleagues,  lint  'The  great 
.Mr  Pill.'  says  old  Horace  Walpole  —  using  in 
derision  an  epithet  .soon  contirmcd  by  the  serious 
voice 'if  I  lie  ciiuntry  — 'the  great  .Mr  I'i't  insisted 
on  bein::  Secretary  at  War'; — but  it  was  found 
that  llic  Kintr's  aversion  to  hini  was  insurmoiinl 
able;  and  aflir  much  relin-tanee  and  diriieiilty. 
his  frii-nils  ui  IV  pi  isii;ided  In  acci'pt  ollice  willi 
oiil  him.  iimli  I' .111  .i^siir.incc  from   the   Duke  of 

Newcaslle  ihal  '  lie  sliould  at lislaiit  day  be 

able  to  remove  this  jirejudici-  fniiii  liis  Majesty's 
mind.'  Pitt  cmiciirred  in  the  ni-w  arrani;cnieiit. 
and  pii  iiiiisidti  I  L'ivehi^  support  to  the  remodelled 
admiiii-tnition.  ,  .  .  On  the  breaking  out  of  tla- 
rebellion  of  ITJ.'i.  I'ilt  1  ncrgelically  siip|Mirled 
tlie  ministry  in  tlieir  iiie;isures  I o protect  i'icest:di- 
ii>h'-d  u--'.  ■•:  ::i:!»:;t.  ^h-vf^r  [::r  Sccinii's  pnju 
dices  against   him.  weri'.  however,  as  strong  as 


ever.  At  last  a  sort  of  compromise  was  effecieil 
Pitt  Taived  for  u  time  his  demuml  of  the  War 
Secretaryship,  and  on  the  '.J'-Jml  of  February. 
1746,  hi'  was  ap|Hiintcil  one  of  the  joint  ViiV 
treasiinrs  for  Inland  ;  and  on  the  tith  of  May  1"! 
lowing  he  was  promoted  to  the  more  lucralivi 
ortl<'e  of  Paymaster  (tenemi  of  the  Forcis 
In  his  offlce  of  Payina.sler  of  the  Forces  Pill  mi 
an  example  then  ran'  among  statesmen,  of  |>i  r 
sonal  disinterestedness,  lie  held  what  had  liiili 
erto  been  an  exceedingly  lucrative  situation;  I  r 
the  Paymaster  K'Idoni  had  less  than  lIMt.lMXI  1  in 
his  hands,  aiel  was  allowetl  to  appnipriate  the  in 
tenst  of  W'hai  funds  he  liehl  to  his  own  use  In 
addition  to  this  it  had  Ih'ci)  customary  for  fori  i-n 
|iriniTS  in  the  iiay  of  Kngland  to  aUow  the  I'n 
master  of  the  Forces  a  per  <  eiitage  on  their  miIi 
sidies.  Pitt  nobly  declined  to  avail  hinisi  II  c,i 
these  advantages,  and  would  ac<'ept  of  nothing;  lii- 
yond  his  leg-ii  salary. " — Sir  K.  Creasy,  .lAm. -//■.< 
of  Hmini'ut  EtoniitnH.  ch,  4 — "  Fniin  VValpol's 
ilcath  in  174.').  when  the  star  of  the  Stuarts  •«  t 
for  ever  among  the  clouds  of  CulliKlcn,  to  KM. 
when  Henry  Pelhain  followed  his  old  cliief.  piili 
lie  life  in  Kngland  was  singularly  calm  and  1. 111 
guid  The  temperate  and  iieaccfiil  disposiiinii 
of  the  Minister  seemed  to  pervade  Parliaim  ill 
At  his  (halli  the  King  exclaimed:  '  Now  I  .«li;ill 
have  no  more  peace  ' ;  anil  the  words  pnived  Isi  In- 
propiictic.  lioth  in  Parliament  and  in  the  mini 
try,  as  well  as  l)evond  its  shons,  the  clemciiis  uf 
di.sconl  wen'  swiftly  at  war.  Out  of  conllii  lius; 
ambitions  and  widely  divergent  interests  a  m  » 
tyjie  of  statesman,  very  dilTen'nt  fiom  Wal)  .li, 
or  from  Bolingbroke,  or  from  Pelhain,  or  iiniii 
the  'bubble  bubble  Xeweastle,'  was  destini  1  In 
aris<'.  And  along  with  the  new  stati'sman  a  m  .v 
force,  of  which  he  was  in  part  the  re|m'S<iilaiiM-, 
in  part  the  creator,  was  to  lie  intnHluccd  into 
political  life.  This  new  force  was  the  uin  1  n 
sented  voice  of  the  iieople.  The  new  stati  -miii 
was  an  ex-coniet  of  horse,  William  Pitt,  briirr 
known  as  Lonl  Chatham.  The  characterislii  >ef 
William  Pitt  which  inainlv  iulliieuced  his  >;ii>  1  r 
wen'  his  ambition  and  his  ill-hcalth.  Power.  :iii<i 
that  conspici)ou.s  form  of  egotism  called  persoh:it 
glory,  wen  the  objects  of  his  life.  He  piirsuid 
them  with  all  the  aniour  of  a  strongvvillid  pur 
pose;  buttliellesh  wiLsin  hiscase  painfully  w  ik 
(iout  had  declared  it.self  his  fis'  while  he  w  1^  -till 
an  Ebm  iKiy  His  failuns,  and  prohmged  »i;li 
drawal  at  intervals  fnim  public  alTairs.  wen  .|i;i 
to  the  inroads  of  this  fatal  eiu'iny.  from  w  hum 
he  v\  as  destined  to  n*ceive  his  death-blow.  W  il 
poll'  bad  not  lieeii  slow  to  rccognis4'  the  ipi  liiy 
of  iliis  'terrible  lornct  of  horse,'  as  he  iiinl 
him  ■— U  H.  Ilnti,  M»-//iri'/,r,  ,/  St,it,~ri,. 
rh.  7. 

.\l.s.)  IS:  I.,onl  M;ilion  (Earl  Stanho|iei  // •' 
■f  Eioi..  17i:J-17H3.  ./i    '.;4~'JX('-.  3i, 

A.  D.  1743.— The  British  Pragmatic  Army. 
—Battle  of  Dettingen.  See  Aisthia;  .\  li 
1713 

A.  D.  1743  (October).—  The  second  Bourbon 
Family  Compact.     ,S'e    ,  kam  i- :    .\     I>     i'li 

lOi  TOIlKIl). 

A.  D.  1743-1752.  -  Strtaggle  of  French  and 
Enel'sh  for  supremacy  in  India. — The  founding 
of  British  empire  by  Clive.  S<'e  India  A  l> 
17l3-17.V->. 

A.  D.  1744-1745. — War  01  the  Austrian  Sic- 
ccssion:  Hostilities  1-  America.  Sec  > ;  * 
EsoLAM):  -V.  D.  1744;  and  1745. 


950 


-J-  -^ 


ENGLAND,   1745. 


The  Sevfn 
Vrart  War. 


KNOLANI).  1754-1755 


cfssion  in  the  Netherl«ndi.— Fontenoy, 
Nkthkki.aniw    (Tbk    Avhtrian     Provi! 


A.  D.  1745  (M«T).— War  of  the  Auttrian  Suc- 

ad'  1745-1746.— The  Young  Pretender'» 
in»asion.-Lait  riling  of  the  Jacobites.  S<c 
S<..ii,AM>;  A.  1>.  1T4.V1746. 

A  D  1745-1747-— War  of  the  Auitrtan  Suc- 
cession.-Britiih  incapacity.— Final  successes 
at  Sea.  -  Tlu<'Xtm(mliii«r,vliHii|m<it.V()f  Kng- 
lish  loininiinilcrs,  IhiIIi  by  laud  •inil  si-ii,  is  (incdf 
till  iimsl  Mrikins  facts  in  tlic  war  ne  arc  ((iiisiil 
iriiin  .  .  MisMiaiiaifcimnt  ami  languor  were 
•1  111  rill  Till'  baltli'  <if  DcttiiiKin  was  truly  dc 
rrrilicl  lis  .1  liappy  csinpc  ratliiT  than  a  great  vie 
iiiry;  the  iiriny  in'FlaiKhrs  can  hardly  Iw  «dil  t" 
liiivi'  lAhiliiliil  aiiv  military  (inality  except  cour- 
aire,  iinil  llic  liritisli  navy,  tliougli  it  ftainod  smnc 
MM  ((WIS,  lidded  little  to  its  reiiiitatii)n.  Tlie  one 
lirilliaiit  eMi  ptiou  was  tlie  cxiH'dition  of  Ans>,n 
nmiid  (  ipe  llnrn.  fur  the  purpcisi'  <if  plundering 
till  . Spanish  merchandis<'  and  sittlements  in  the 
I'luilie.  It  lasted  fur  nearly  four  years.  .  .  . 
Tlie  iiverwhehning  sniieriority  of  Knglaiid  upon 
the  sea  i«^•ull.  however,  gradually  to  inlUience 
the  war.  The  island  of  Cape  liret.m,  which  com- 
maiiilnl  the  mouth  of  Gulf  St.  Lawrence,  and 
pnileiled  the  Newfoundland  tisheries,  was  cap 
t.iriil  in  the  .Inne  of  li4.'>.  In  1747  a  Fmicli 
siiuailnm  was  destroyed  by  a  very  superior  Eng 
lish  til,  I  oil  Cape  j'inistern'.  .Vnother  was  ile- 
fiatiil  near  I!<llcisle,  and  in  tlie  same  year  as 
manv  as  ti44  prizes  were  taken.  The  war  on  the 
[lartiif  the  Kiii,'lisli,  however,  was  most  etticiently 
((iiiiliuleil  1)V  means  of  subsiilies.  which  were 
enijnu(iuslvn"iiilti|)!ied."— W.  E.  II.  I.ecky,  Hint. 
■  fh'"!!..  \ill'  <,i,tiiry.  i-li.  ;t(r  IV 

A.  b.  1746-1747.— War  of  the  Austrian  Suc- 
cession in  Italy.— Siege  of  Genoa,  .'n'o  It.vi.y  : 
.\   1«   1741)- 1747. 

A.  D.  1748  (October).— End  and  results  of 
the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession.  See  Ai\ 
i.v  (  iiAi'ti  i.K:  .V.  I).  174N;and  Nkw  EsiiLAxn: 
\   1>.  1T4.-.  i:4f'. 

A.  D.  1748-1754.— First  movements  to  dis- 
pute y  ssession  of  the  Ohio  Valley  with  the 
French.    Sie  Ohio  (Vai.i.kvI:  A.  O.  174M-17.")4. 

A.  D.  1749-1755.— Unsettled  boundary  dis- 
putes with  France  in  America.— Preludes  of 
the  final  contest.  See  Nova  Scotia;  A.  D. 
ITI'.I  17.1.-,.  (  ANVDV;  A.  I).  17.'><)-17.'>3;  mid  Ohio 
iVmii.M:  .\.  I).  17.-)4. 

A.  D.  1751.— Reformation  of  the  Calendar. 

Si'  (M.KMIAII.   (illKdOUlAN. 

A.  D.  1753— The    Jewish    Naturalization 

Bill.    Sir  .li.ws:  A.  1).  HHl-J-17."):!. 

A.  D.  1754.— Collision  with  the  French  in 
the  Ohio  Valley.  See  Ohio  (Vai.i.k.vI:  A.  D 
17".l 

A.  D.  1754-1755.- The  Seven  Years  War. 
-Its  causes  and  provocations.  — "  The  seven 
M  ir-llial  -iiiiaeiliiltlie  I'eaee  of  Ai.v  la-ChapeMe 
arr  ilc-rriliid  by  Vulluiri'  as  among  t!jc  happiest 
iliai  Kiiripi'  ever  1  iijiiyed.  Commerce  revived, 
till'  line  arts  ll"uri-iieil.  ami  the  Ku-oiieiiii  nations 
riMiiiMnl.  ii  i<  said,  one  large  family  that  had 
I"' 11  f  uiiiiiil  after  its  di.s.si'nsions.  rnfortu- 
ii.iiily.  lMvvi\er,  the  peace  had  not  e.ilcrniinated 
lil  ilii  1 1,  mints  of  iliscord.  S<'arcelv  had  Europe 
'"  j'iti  til  breailie  again  when  new  disputes  aroM', 
ml  till  Mveii  years  of  peai'e  and  pnisperily  wen' 
r'lriii:!:.!  by  ir,..:b.r  s.-v.-n  i.f  irii-.fy  aiid  war. 
I  111   ami.  lit  rivalry  between   Frauce"  and  Eng 


lanu,  which  had  formerly  ventwl  itst'lf  In  conti- 
nental struggles,  had.  by  the  progress  of  niari 
time  ilisc<ivery  and  cohm'isalhin,  In-en  cxtt-mled  to 
all  the  (piartcVs  of  the  glolH'.  The  intere.sts  of 
the  two  nationscamc  into  collision  in  India,  Africa 
and  America,  ami  a  dispute  about  iHiiindaries  in 
this  last  (luarter  again  plunged  them  into  a  war. 
By  the  9tli  article  of  the  Treaty  of  .\ix  la  (liu- 
pelle,  France  and  England  were  mutually  to  re- 
ston  their  comiuests  in  such  state  as  they  were 
l«fnre  the  war.  This  clause  iHcanie  a  copious 
source  of  ([uarrel.  The  principal  dispute  n-- 
giirded  the  limits  of  .\caillu,  or  Nova  Si  otiu, 
wlii<h  province  had,  by  the  I'ith  article  of  the 
Treaty  of  I'tncht.  bceii  cedeil  to  England  'con- 
formably to  its  aniieiit  iHHindaries  ' ;  but  what 
thes*'  were  had  never  iM'cnaci'urately  determined, 
and  each  l*o«er  li.Mil  them  according  to  its  con- 
venience. Thus,  while  the  French  prclemlcd 
that  Nova  Scotia  embraced  only  the  peninsula 
extending  from  Ca|H'  St.  Mary  to  Ca|M'  Canscau, 
the  English  further  ini  iiidediii  it  that  part  of  the 
American  continent  whi<  h  extends  to  I'eiitagoet 
on  the  west,  and  to  the  river  St.  Lawrence  on  the 
north,  comprising  all  the  province  of  New  Hruns- 
wick.  Another  dispute  regarded  the  western 
limits  of  the  liritisli  North  American  settlements. 
The  English  claimiil  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  as 
belonging  to  Virginia,  the  French  as  forming  part 
of  Louisiana:  and  they  attempted  to  confine  the 
British  colonies  by  a  t  hain  of  forts  stretching  from 
Louisiana  to  Canada.  Commissaries  were  ap- 
pointed to  settle  thes<'  (luestions.  who  held  their 
conferences  at  I'liris  Intween  the  years  17.")b  ami 
17.V),  Disputes  also  arosi'  respecting  the  occupu 
tion  by  the  Friiii  h  of  the  islands  of  St.  Lucia. 
Dominica,  St  Viiidiit,  and  Tobago,  wliirh  had 
Ikcu  declareil  I.  iiral  by  former  treaties.  lUfore 
the  Coinmi.ssaries  couht  tiriniiiate  t'''ir  lalMiurs. 
mutual  aggressions  had  rendereii  a  war  inevitable. 
As  is  usual  in  siu  h  cases,  it  is  dillicult  to  say  who 
was  the  tirst  aggres.sor.  Each  nation  laid  the 
blame  im  the  other.  Some  French  writers  assert 
that  the  English  resorted  to  hostilities  out  of 
jeidousy  at  the  increasi'of  the  Fnnch  navy.  Ac- 
conling  to  the  plans  of  Uouille.  the  French  Min 
ister  of  Marine,  111  ships  of  the  line,  .')4  friL'utes, 
and  smalh-r  vessels  in  proportion,  were  to  Im- built 
ill  the  course  of  tin  years.  The  i|Uestion  of 
biiundaries  was.  however,  undoubtedly  the  occa- 
sion, if  not  iil.sii  the  true  cause,  of  the  war.  .V 
series  of  desultory  conllicts  had  taken  placealong 
the  Oliiu.  and  onllie  frontiiisof  Nova  Scotia,  in 
i  17.54,  without  being  avowed  by  the  inotliercoiiii- 
!  tries.  .\  French  writer,  who  llourislied  about 
I  this  time,  the  .Vblie  Ibiynal,  ascribes  this  clan- 
j  desiitic  warfare  to  the 'policy  of  the  Court  of 
I  Vcrsaillrs.  which  was  seeking  gradually  to  re- 
;  cover  what  il  had  lost  by  treath's,  tlrders  were 
I  now  issued  to  ilie  Enirli.s'li  Ih'Ct  to  attack  French 
I  vessels  ttherevir  found.  ...  It  lieiiig  known 
'  lliiit  a  inii^iili  ruble  French  licet  was  preparing  to 
!  sail  frniii  Brest  and  liiH-liefort  f^r  .\mcrica,  .\d- 
I  miriil  l!ns(  awen  wasdevpatchcd  liiiilnr.  and  cap 
lured  two  Fniicli  nun  nf  war  olV  Capeliaie  in 
;    Newfoundland,  .lime  17."."i      Hostilities  wire. -dx) 

i    transfcrn'd  to  ilic  shons  of  Europe \naval 

i  warbctweiii  England  and  France  was  now  uii 
avoidabh';  but,  as  in  the  case  of  the  .\ustrian 
SiK  cession,  this  was  also  to  1»  mixed  up  with  a 
European  war  The  complicated  relations  of  the 
Kiir.-p-iiii  -ys'.-ni  ■•■.-I'-i--  rac.sijl  thc^j-  t-xc-var-j  to 
run  into  one,  thougli  their  origin  had  nothing  in 


951 


il 


KNOLANl).   1754-I7M. 


f  'katham'B 
Afiministratum. 


KNOI-AM).   1757-1780. 


lonimim.  Krnnrt-  ami  Knglund.  wliotir  (iiiurnl 
lav  in  the  Nuw  World,  ap|M'un'il  as  llii'  liwliiift 
I'owcni  III  II  Kuriipi'uii  cimliKt  In  wlilcli  they 
liail  only  ii  M't'oiidary  liitrrrHt,  aiiit  )l«*<'i(l(tl  the 
fall'  of  i'aiiaila  on  tlii'  plains  of  (iirnmny.  Thi' 
war  ill  KiiroiM'.  (-oiMiiionly  called  tin*  Seven  Yean*' 
War,  Max  eliielly  raiiseil  liy  the  pride  of  one 
Kinpresd  |  JIaria  Theresa),  the  vanity  of  another 
IKli/.alKth  of  Hii.s»ia|,  and  the  NiiliWrvieney  of 
a  royal  ('oiirle/.aii  {Madame  I'onipadoiir).  who 
iK'eanie  the  tiH>l  of  tin  ^e  passions.  " — T.  11.  liver, 
lliMl  „f  \M,,li  A'-/-.,;,,  hk  «,  r/i  .')(r  HI—  'the 
tH'Vi  n  Viars'  War  was  in  its  oriitin  not  an  Kiini 
|H'an  war  at  all:  il  was  a  war  U'tween  KnKlaiid 
aiiti  Kritire  on  Colonial  i|tie:itionM  wiui  .\'liieli  the 
rest  of  Kiiro|H'hail  notliiii:,'  todo;  hutlheallianei  s 
and  enmities  of  KiiL'liiiid  and  Franii' in  Kuro|)e, 
joini'il  with  till'  fill  I  tliat  the  Kiiii;  of  Kneland 
was  also  Kleilor  of  Hanover,  ni.ide  it  aUniml  eer- 
lain  1li:it  a  war  lH>t  ween  Kii inland  and  France  must 
spread  to  the  ('oiitineiit.  1  am  far  fniiii  charitini: 
on  the  Kiifili^h  (iineniincnt  of  the  lime  —  for  it 
was  they,  anil  not  the  Knnili,  who  toned  lai  the 
war  —  as  Maiaiilay  iiilkdit  ihi.  the  IiIihhI  of  the 
Aiislrians  wiio  perished  at  Leiillien,  of  the  Kus- 
sians siihretl  at  Zorndorf ,  and  the  I'rii.ssians  mown 
down  at  Kiinerstlorf  The  States  of  the  Continent 
had  many  old  enmities  not  i-ither  ap|K>asi-d  or 
foii);lit  out  t>>  a  result .  and  these  wiinhl  pmlialily 
have  tiiveii  rise  to  a  war  some  day.  cmii  if  no 
black  men.  to  adapt  Macaiday  ai;ain.  had  Ineii 
previously  ti^lilini:  on  tlie  coast  of  Coromandel, 
nor  n-d  nun  scalpinir  each  other  liy  the  >jreat 
lakes  of  Norlh  .\inciica  Still,  il  is  to  la'  re 
ineinls'rid  that  it  was  the  work  of  Kii);lanil  that 
the  war  took  place  then  and  on  thos<'  lines;  and 
in  view  of  the  enoriiKais  siilTerinK  and  slaiiuhter 
of  that  war.  ami  of  the  violent  and arliitniry  pro 
cet'dinirs  liy  which  it  was  fon-ed  on.  we  may  w-ell 
ipiestioii  w  iicthcr  Kni.'lish  writers  have  any  right 
to  reproliiilc  Kri  di  rick  s  seizure  of  Silesia  iia 
stomethiiii:  specially  immoral  in  itself  and  disas- 
trous lo  the  world'  If  the  1'rus.sians  were  high- 
way rohlHrs,  the  Kiii.'li^li  v*cre  pirates  .  .  The 
oriv'in  of  the  war  iHtwecn  Kiii;land  and  Fiance, 
if  a  strui.'L'l>'  which  liad  lianlly  laen  interrupted 
since  the  nominal  |K-ace  could  he  said  to  have  an 
oriilin,  was  the  slnigL'le  for  America.  " — A.  U. 
Hopes.  Thi' Ctt'lHttl  nf  th<  Str,  It  Ymrti'  Wiir  (iiot/,tt 
lift.  Sir.,  Tniiiixii'ti'iiit*,  inirmrit*.  r,  4). 

Ai.s<i  IN:  I^ml  Malion  (Karl  Stanho|H'),  IIM.  nf 
Kii;/..  lTi;i-lTM:t.  .•/.    :fl-:l','  (r.  4)  — F.  I'arkmaii, 

Miiiilrnliil  mill  11'../^.  rh.  1-7.— S'c,  also,  (iKH 
M\NV.  A.  II.  IT.V.  I7.VI:  (  anai>.\:  A.  I).  K.V)- 
17."):i,  ;inil  <>iiii>(Vai.i.kV):  A    I).  I74H-17."M. 

A.  D.  1755  (Aphli,— Demand  of  the  royal 
governors  in  America  for  taxation  of  the  colo- 
nies by  act  of  Parliament  See  I'mted  St.atks 
111--  .\M  :  A    l>    IT.'m 

A.  D.  1755  ijunel.— Boicawen's  naval  vic- 
tory  over  the   French.     See   Canada:    A.  I> 

17'Vl  (.Il  NKI. 

A.  D.  I7SS  (July).— Braddock't  defeat  in 
America.     Se  Oiiiu  (Vai.i.kv);  A.  I).  t7.").'>. 

A.  D.  1755  (September!.— Victory  at  Lake 
George.    SccCanaha.  A.  1).  17.">.")(Septe.mhi.I(). 

A.  U.  1756,— Loss  of  Minorca  and  reverses 
in  America.  See  .Minokia:  A.  I).  17-5(!:  and 
Canaiia:  a    I).  17'"i«-17."i7. 

A.  O.  1757-1759.- Campaigns  on  the  Conti- 
nent.—Defence  of  Hanover.  Stv  Ukhmanv: 
A  I)  i7.'>7  iJlLV— DhCKMHEK),  lo  17.16  (Apkii, 
—  .\l<itllTI. 


A.  D.  1757-1760. —The  great  administration 
of  the  elder  Pitt.— "  In  17.'M  Henry  I'elham  dii  .1 
The  important  consequenee  of  his  death  was  tin 
fiu't  that  it  gave  I'itt  at  last  an  opjHirtiinitv  i.f 
coniinx  to  the  fnint.  Thi'  Duke  of  Newca>ilr, 
Henry  I'elhaniH  brother,  U'eaiue  lemler  of  ihi 
administration,  with  Henry  Fox  for  .S'rn'tar\  at 
War.  I'itt  for  l'ayniaster-i;eiieral  of  the  For.  is 
and  .Miimiy.  afterwanlii  to  Ih'  famous  as  l.cnl 
Mansllelil,  "  for  Attorney  itenenil.  There  »iis 
siHiie  ilitlleiilly  alHiiit  the  leadenhipof  the  ilnii^i' 
i>f  Cominiais.  I'itt  was  still  tist  iiiiieh  di^likrrl 
bv  the  King  to  1m'  available  for  the  position 
h'ox  fora  while  refused  to  accept  It.  and  Murnv 
w:is  unwillint;  to  do  anything  which  inii.'hi  In 
likely  to  withdraw  him  from  the  professioiiil 
path  along  which  he  was  to  move  to  sm  )i  ili> 
tinction.  An  attempt  was  made  to  get  on  wiili 
a  Sir  Tliianas  Kobinson,  a  man  of  no  c:ip;ii  \:\ 
for  such  a  iH>sition,  and  the  attempt  was  soon  an 
evident  failure.  Then  Fo\  ctaisented  to  take  ita 
position  on  Newcastle"!*  own  terms,  which  uin 
those  of  absolute  submission  to  the  dictat'^  ct 
Newcastle.  Liter  still  he  w;is  content  to  dc^t  riitl 
to  a  sulN>rdinate  otilie  which  did  not  even  iiv'v 
him  »  plaie  in  the  Cabinet.  Fo.\  never  rc'i 
ered  the  damage  whii-h  his  reputation  and  hi- 
inlluence  siilTcn'd  by  this  ama/.iiig  act.  .  Tli. 
Duke  of  Newcastle's  Ministry  sisin  fell.  Ni  v 
castle  was  not  a  m;in  who  had  the  slightevi  <a 
pacity  for  ciaitrolling  or  direciing  a  [lolnv  .  ! 
war:  ami  the  gnat  struggle  known  us  the  Nm  a 
Years'  War  hail  now  broken  out.  One  laim  rii  i 
ble  event  in  the  war  has  to  Is'  n'conled.  allh"U:;li 
it  was  hut  of  minor  imiMjrtance.  Thisw:t>  liic 
capture  of  Minoi-c;i  by  the  Fn'neli  under  tlir  r" 
niaiitic.  irallanl.  and  pmlliirate  Due  de  Iticlii  li<  u 
The  event  is  memorable  chicllv.  or  only.  Imiju^i 
it  was  followed  bv  the  trial  ani^  I'.xeciition  [M  H'  i 
14.  17."i7|  of  the  unfortunate  Admiral  Umi; 
ls<e  Minoiha:  A.  1).  17.Vi|  .  .  .  The  DiiU.  ..i 
Newcastle  n-sii;ned  otiice,  and  fora  short  linn- 
the  Duke  of  m-\onshire  was  at  the  head  "I  a 
coalition  Ministry  which  ini  bided  I'itt.  Tla 
King,  however,  ilid  not  stand  this  long,  and  <'ii' 
day  siiihUnly  turned  them  all  out  of  ii!li<< 
Then  a  coalition  of  anotlu-r  kind  was  fi>riiH<i. 
which  included  .Newcasth' and  I'itt.  with  l|i  nn 
Fox  in  the  sulHinlinate  |Hisitiim  of  payma-iir 
I'itt  now  for  the  lirst  time  hail  itall  hisowii  «a> 
lie  riiletl  everything  in  tlii'  House  of  Comnnai- 
III' Il  ling  himself  with  passionate  .'ttid  pani<>!i< 
energy  into  the  allianie  with  that  great  I'mli 
rick  whose  genius  and  daring  wen-  like  hisi  «n 
— Justin  McCarthy.  Ilht.  ■/  the  F"'ir  (lcii\':>.  • 
2,  ell.  41 — "Newcastle  tisik  the  Treasury  I'ill 
was  Secn'lary  of  State,  with  the  lead  ii;  tin 
House  of  ComnKms.  and  with  the  supreme  dm  i 
thin  of  the  war  and  of  foreign  alTairs.  I""\  ila 
only  man  who  could  have  given  iiim-h  atiia>y 
ame  to  the  new  (Jovernnient,  was  silenced  wiiii 
tlieolliecof  I'ayniaster,  which,  iluring  tin  ■  'ii 
linuunce  of  that  war,  was  pmliably  the  iu"-i 
lucnitive  place  in  the  whole  tfovernmeni  Ih' 
was  piHir,  and  the  situation  was  temptiiiL' 
The  llrst  acts  of  the  new  ailininistralioii  -T' 
chanicterizi'd  nitlier  by  vigour  than  In  ril:: 
ment.  Ex|M'ditioiis  were  sent  agaiiLst  dilTi  r  :;! 
partsofthe  Fn'ncli  coast  with  little  .success 
But  WHin  conquests  of  a  very  difTerent  kind  I'liil 
the  kingdom  with  pride  and  rejoicinir.  .\  mi'  "  s 
nion  ot  victories  iindoubteilly  lirilliunt,  ami.  '^h 
was  thought,  not  barren,  raiw.il  tu  the  hiuliest 


952 


w.^-% 


ENGLAND.  1757-1760. 


Ckatkam't 
Adminutration. 


ENOIAND.   1758. 


IH.irit  till-  fame  of  the  mlnUU-r  to  wlioiii  the  con- 
,|ii,  t  nf  the  wnr  liiul  Im-th  Intriisti'd.  In  July, 
1T-|S  Limislmrir  fi'll.  The  whole  island  of  Cuw 
ItnlMii  "IK  ri'lueeil.  The  Neet  to  which  the 
C.urt  nf  Vi  r>jLillc>»  liml  conliiltKl  the  ilefemi'  of 
Kriiiih  Ainiricu  was  ilestroyeil.  The  eiiptim-il 
»t:niil;inlx  wire  lioriie  in  triumph  from  Kenslrig- 
liiii  l';ilii(i'  to  the  city,  and  were  mispcnded  in 
Si  I'uiils  Cliiinli.  iimidst  th<-  roarnf  istmn  and 
ki  tile  ilrunis.  and  the  shouts  of  an  immense  mul- 
liliide  Addn's.ses  of  (im^tnitulalion  came  in 
fr  nil  all  ll"'  treat  towns  of  Kntfland.  I'arlia 
iiHiit  nut  oiilv  to  dccrir  thanks  and  mcmuments. 
and  to  IksIow.  without  one  niurnuir,  supplies 
iiinrc  than  di'idile  of  tlii>se  which  had  Ih'cu  kIvcu 
.liriii::  III!'  war  of  the  (Iniml  Allian<-e.  The  year 
lT."i!l  clKiicd  Willi  the  eonipiest  of  (Joree.  S'l'.xt 
fill  (iii:id:il.iujie;  then  Tieonderopi;  then  Niajr- 
iira  The  Toulon  sipiailnm  was  completely  de- 
li.ilnl  liv  lloscawen  oil  (ape  l.aj,'"".  But  the 
uniilisi  exploit  of  the  year  was  the  acluevement 
i.f  Wolfe  on  the  hiitfhts  of  Alindiam.  The  news 
iif  hU  Klorioiu  death  and  of  the  fall  of  QueU^c 
naibid  Linulon  in  the  very  week  in  which  the 
IliiiiMs  nil  1  .Ml  was  joy  and  triumph.  Envy 
and  faction  were  forced  to  join  in  the  jrenend 
applaiw  \Vliii;s  aial  Tories  vied  with  each 
Dlliir  ill  evlollini;  the  genius  and  eiierjry  of  I'itt. 
Ili^  eiilleai.'ues  were  la-ver  talked  of  of  thoUKht 
of.  The  House  of  Commons,  the  nation,  the 
•  olnniis,  our  allies,  our  enemies,  hail  tie  ir  eyes 
liM'd  on  him  alone.  Scarcely  had  I'ariiainent 
vctiil  a  iiionument  to  Wolfe  when  another  jrreat 
in  III  lulled  for  fresh  rejoicings.  The  Urcst 
lliil,  under  the  command  of  t'oiitians,  had  put 
"111  to  wa.  It  was  overtiiKcn  hy  an  Knjtlish 
-•luadroii  under  llawke.  ConPaus  attempted  to 
niki- sli'lliT  elosi' under  the  Fr'iich  const.  The 
slinrr  ua-i  roi  ky :  the  ni>rht  was  hiack:  the  wind 
«  IS  furious:  tlie  waves  of  the  Hay  of  Iliseay  nui 
liiih  liiil  I'itt  had  infused  into  eviry  hfancli 
"f  till' vrviie  a  spirit  which  had  ]imif  iM'in  un- 
kiiinui  No  llrilish  seaman  was  disposed  to  err 
I'll  Hie  same  side  with  Uyn;;.  The  pilot  told 
II:ivvki'  that  the  attack  could  not  l)e  made  with- 
"111  the  iznMlest  danj,'er.  '  You  have  done  your 
duly  in  ninonstratinK.'  answered  llawke;  'I 
will  answer  for  everything.  I  command  you  to 
lay  nie  alongside  the  French  ndminil.'  Two 
Fnnrli  ships  of  the  liiu'  struck.  Four  were  de- 
siriiycil  The  n'st  hid  tliems<dves  in  the  rivers 
"f  liriltany.  The  year  1760ciime;  and  still  tri- 
uinph  fiilloiveil  triumph.  Montri'al  was  taken; 
111!  whole  Province  of  Canada  was  sulijiigated; 
Ihr  Frt'iH  h  fleets  underwent  a  succession  of  dis- 
isi'  rs  ill  the  sias  of  Europe  and  America.  In 
111!  iiiiaiitinie  cimiiuesta  e(jimlling  in  rapidity, 
:i;;'l  f  ir  siirpassinir  in  magmtude.  those  of  Cortes 
iiid  I'i/arro,  had  iK'cn  achieved  in  the  East.  In 
111!  ,]i:iiiiif  ihree  years  the  Engli.sh  had  fimnded 
I  iiiiL-liiy  iiiipire.  The  French  had  been  de 
fiaiiil  ill  iviry  part  of  India.  Chanderniigore 
li:id  surreiirh  red  to  Clive,  I'oiidichcrrv  to  Ccsile. 
Tlir"'i;,'houi  Hingal,  Bidiar,  Orissa  aiid  the  Car 
iiiiiir.  111.  aiiihority  of  the  Rast  India  Company 
iMis  iiHiiealrsi.luiiMliiin  that  of  Acharor  .Vuriing- 
/r!,i  h  "i  .Ml-  U'en.  On  the  continent  of  Europe 
'III  "Ms  vMi-e  against  England.  We  had  Imt 
"!i  ■  ::ni'"!l:iiit  ally,  the  King  of  I'mssiu;  and  he 
w  I-  .maikid,  not  only  by  France,  but  also  bv 
liiis-ia  Mild  Austria  Vet  i.ven  on  the  Continent. 
ill  i  11.  r.'v  .if  Pitt  triumphed  overall  dilflculties. 
\  I  liriii.  luly  iis  h"  had  condemned  the  practice  of 


subsidising  foreign  princn,  he  now  curried  that 

fjfactice  farther  than  Carteret  hinis<df  would 
nive  ventnri'd  to  ih>.  The  iiitive  and  able  Sov- 
eri'ign  of  Prussia  received  stuh  ja'cuidary  assls 
tnnce  as  enulded  him  to  mnintain  the  conllict  ou 
eipial  terms  against  his  powerful  emiuhs.  (»ii 
no  suliject  h  ,d  I'itt  ever  spoken  with  so  much 
eloc|Uence  and  ardour  a.s  cm  the  mischiefs  of  the 
Hanoverian  connection.  He  now  declared,  not 
without  iiiuch  show  of  reason,  that  it  would  Im' 
unworthy  of  the  English  people  to  sulTcr  their 
King  to  Ih' deprived  of  his  electoral  doiniiiioiiH 
in  an  English  ipiarnd.  He  assured  his  country- 
men that  they  shouhl  1m'  no  losers,  and  that  he 
would  coui|UC'r  .\iuerha  for  them  in  (iermany. 
Hy  taking  this  line  he  conciliated  the  King,  and 
lost  no  part  of  his  intliience  with  tlw  nation  In 
Parliament,  such  was  the-  ascendency  which  his 
elociuence.  his  siu'c-ess,  his  hi.gh  sittnition,  his 
pricle.  anci  his  intniiidity  had  obtained  for  him, 
that  lie  took  lIlH-rties  with  the  House  of  which 
there  had  iK'cn  no  exain[>Ie,  anct  which  have  never 
since  lieen  iinitatc>d.  .  .  .  The  face  of  iiiTairs  was 
speedily  changed.  The  invaders  [of  Hanover) 
were  di^vcai  out.  .  .  In  the  meantime,  the  iiuthm 
exhibited  all  the  signs  of  weallh  and  prosperity. 
.  .  .  The  success  of  niir  arms  was  perhaps 
owing  less  to  the  skill  of  his  [Pitt's]  dispo- 
sitions than  to  the  national  n-sourees  and  the 
national  spirit.  But  that  the  natioi.al  spirit  ruse 
to  the  emergency,  that  the  national  resources 
were  contributed  "with  imexanipled  cheerfidness, 
this  was  luidoiditedly  his  work.  The  ardour  of 
his  soul  had  set  the  whole  kingdcmi  cm  tire.  .  .  . 
The  situatiim  which  Pitt  iMcupU'd  at  the  close  of 
the  reign  of  Oeorge  the  Second  was  the  most 
enviable  ever  cxcupied  by  any  public  man  in 
English  history,  lie  had  conciliated  the  King; 
he  clomiiu'creii  over  the  House  of  Commons; 
he  was  aclored  bv  the  people;  he  was  aclmirecl 
by  all  Euro|ie.  lie  was  the  llrst  Engli.shnnin  of 
his  time;  and  he  had  made  England  the  first 
country  iii  the  world.  The  (ireat  Commcmer, 
the  name-  by  which  he  was  often  designated, 
might  Icsik  down  with  scorn  on  coronets  anil 
garters.  The  nation  was  cirimk  with  joy  and 
pride." — Lord  Maeaulay,  /■»■>/  hjiiuii/ on,  WiUium 
i*itt,  f'Jtirl  of  C/ufthfim  {K/tMii/^,  r.  ;t). 

Al.so  IN:  Lord  Malion  (Earl  Stanhopel,  //l«^ 
I'fKiif/..  17i:t;lT«:),r/(.  :i;t-:!fl(/-.  D  — SirE.  Creasy. 
^femoirit  of  Eniiurut  Ktftninn:*,  r/i.  4. 

A.  D.  1758  (lune— August).— The  Seven 
Years  War.— Abortive  expeditions  against 
the  coast  of  France. — Early  in  IT.W  there  was 
sent  out  "one  of  those  joint  military  and  naval 
exptcliticms  wliic  h  Pitt  .seems  at  tirst  to  have 
thought  the  proper  means  by  which  England 
should  assist  in  a  continental  war.  Like  all  such 
isolated  expedlticms.  it  was  of  little  value,  St. 
Malo,  against  which  it  was  directed,  was  found 
too  strong  to  be  taken,  but  a  large  i|uaiitity  of 
shipping  and  naval  stores  was  destroyed  The 
licet  also  approached  Cherbourg,  but  although 
the  trcHips  were  actually  in  their  boats  ready  to 
land,  they  were  onlered  to  re-embark,  and  the 
tleet  came  hoiiu'.  Another  somewhat  similar  ex- 
pedition was  sent  out  later  in  the  year.  In  .luly 
(Jenenil  Uligh  and  Conimislore  Howe  took  and 
destroyed  Cherlxmrg.  but  on  attempting  a  simi- 
lar as.sitult  on  St.  Malo  they  founci  it  tcs)  strong 
for  them.  The  army  had  'M'en  landed  in  the  Hiiy 
of  St.  Cast,  and,  while  engaged  in  re-embarka- 
tion, it   was  attacked   by   soiiu'   French   troops 


953 


ENGLAND,  1788. 


Savat 
riciorif 


ENGLAND,  1760-1768 


h 


wlilcli  had  iHtn  huxtily  collectwl,  anil  wtcwIt 
tmiiillcil." — I  F.  Ilriclil.  /lint,  of  Kni;  .  ;*TiW  !). 
I>.  liniT. 

A,  D.  1758  (JuIt— NoTcmbcr).— The  Seven 
Yean  War  in  America:  Final  capture  of 
Lojisboure  and  recovery  of  Fort  Duqueine.— 
Bloody  dc^at  at  Ticonderoga.  Sec  Canaka: 
A  1)  IT'iN;  iiikI  (atk  Hhkton  Ihi.ani):  a.  I). 
17:.M  Ktiii 

A.  D.  1758-1761.— Breaking  of  French  power 
in  India.     Si.  Imha;  A    I).  IT.Vt-lTBl. 

A.  D.  17J9.— Great  victoriei  in  America.— 
Niagara,  Ticonderoga,  Crown  Point,  Quebec. 
Sii' r'\NAI)A;  A    l>    I. "Ml. 

A.  D.  1759  lAuguit  — November).— British 
naval  lupremacy  established,— Victories  off 
Lagos  and  in  Quib^ron  Bay.— •  Kiirly  in  the 
yiiir  I  IT-lill  till'  Frinrli  liml  liiL'iin  li>  nmlii'  prrpn- 
nitiunHfiir.ininvii«ii>niif  till'  IlritishlslisimiilHriir 
walr  Fliil  liiiIlDnuil  IhmiIs  wrrr  built  iit  lliivri' 
mill  otliiT  iilaci's  iilonp  llir  riniHts  of  Niirniiinily 
anil  Uriltaiiy.  anil  larjri'  IIiiIk  wiri'  inllcclcil 
nt  Itrr-t  anil  Timlim.  Iii'siiirs  u  •iiiiall  sqiiail' 
mil  at  Dunkirk.  \  cnn-iiilrnilili'  forii'  win*  n»- 
Brnililnl  al  VaniirM  in  tlir  wiiilli  nf  BriltJiny. 
iiiiiirr  till'  riiiiiiiiunil  iif  till'  Duo  il  .Vi^uillim. 
wliii  ii  was  til  111'  rimviiyi'il  tn  Ilir  Irish  roasts  hy 
thr  I'liniliini  il  tints  of  1< ".  >t  anil  Timlon,  while 
till'  tiat  liiiltiiiiieil  liiiatH  tninsportiil  a  seeiind 
nniiy  aemss  the  iliannel  liiiiler  eiivernf  a  dark 
ni^'lil  The  Dunkirk  si|iiailriiii.  under  .Vdniiral 
Tiiuriil.  a  eelehraleil  privatei  r,  was  to  create  a 
diversion  by  allaekin^  some  part  of  the  Seolch 
eoa-t.  The  ileslirn  was  IkiIiI  and  well  eonlrived. 
and  would  iml  linpiolialily  have  Kueeeeded  tlirco 
or  even  two  years  hefiire,  hut  the  opportunity 
was  L'one  Kmiland  was  no  |oiij;er  in  'that  ener- 
vate stale  ill  w  liieh  'io.iHH)  nieii  from  Franee  eonld 
sliaUe  111!'.'  Had  a  lanilini.'  iHin  efTeeted.  the 
reirular  troops  in  the  loimtry,  with  tlie  support 
of  the  newly  ereateil  militia,  would  pnihahly 
have  lieiii  eipial  In  the  enierjreney ;  liut  a  more 
effeetual  bulwark  w.is  found  in  tlie  tteet,  which 
watehed  the  whole  French  coast,  ready  toenKairc 
the  cniniy  as  sisiii  as  he  ventured  out  of  his 
ports.  The  first  attempt  to  break  throntfli  the 
eordoii  was  made  by  M.  ile  la  Clue  from  Toulon. 
The  Kn^lish  Mediterranean  thet,  under  Admiral 
Bosiawi  n.  eruisiii);  Infore  that   port,  was  eiim- 

ficlled  early  in  ,luly  to  retire  to  (iibraltar  to  take 
n  water  and  provisions  and  to  relit  some  of  the 
ships.  Hereupon  M.  de  la  Clue  put  to  s<'a,  and 
liimL'inf:  the  .\frican  coast.  pas,s<'il  the  straits  with- 
out niolcstalion.  Iloscawen,  however,  though  his 
ships  were  not  yet  ntitted,  at  once  ftavechas*'. 
ami  came  up  wilh  the  enemy  olT  jljiiros,  on]  the 
coast  of  I'ortiiu'al,  where  an  eni;anement  took 
place  |.\iii.'.  \>'].  in  which  three  French  ships 
were  t.iken  iiiiil  two  driven  on  shore  aril  burnt. 
The  reniainiler  tiKik  refiitre  in  Cadiz,  where  thev 
were  bloekailed  till  the  winter,  when,  the  Enftlisli 
fleet  beiiii;  driven  olT  the  coiisl  hy  a  slorm,  they 
niaiiaL"  d  to  i;it  back  to  Toulon.  The  discom- 
(ilure  lif  Hie  Itiesi  fleet,  under  M.  de  Conrtans, 
was  even  more  complele.  On  November  H  Ad- 
miral Sir  Kdward  Ilawke,  who  liad  IdiK'kaded 
HresI  all  llie  sumnicr  niiil  autumn,  was  driven 
from  his  post  by  a  violent  f;:''i  .mil  on  the  14th, 
Conflans  put  to  sea  wilh  'i\  s..ii  of  the  line  and  4 
friiiates.  (Ill  the  same  day,  Ilawke,  with  22 
sail  of  the  line,  souwi  out  fruni  Torbnv.  wtiere  he 
had  taken  slicller.  and  made  sail  for  Quiberon 
Bay,  judginir  that  Conflans  would  stwr  thither 


to  librratr  a  fleet  of  transports  which  w.re 
lilockeil  up  in  the  river  .Morliihun,  by  a  siii,|| 
«|imdn>n  of  frigates  tinder  CimiiiiiKhire  linil 
On  the  niominK  of  the  20th,  he  sii;lileil  ilu 
French  IliTt  eliashiK  Duff  In  QiiilKron  U:i\ 
Conllans,  when  he  ilis<>erned  the  English,  rei allnl 
his  rhasInK  ships  and  iirepareil  for  aetioii  Im 
on  their  nearer  approach  chanBed  his  mind  un! 
ran  for  shelter  ainonir  the  shoalsniid  nnks  of  ih, 
const.  The  sea  was  ninninK  mountains  hiu'li  iii.l 
the  ciHist  was  very  ilanfieroils  and  little  kimun 
to  the  Knfclisli,  who  had  no  pilots:  bin  lla»k' 
whom  no  peril  could  daunt,  never  licsilatid  1 
inomcnt,  but  rrowdeil  all  sail  aftcrthem.  WiUi 
out  reitaril  to  lines  of  battle,  every  ship  «  ,. 
directed  to  make  the  lirstof  her  way  towards  li,. 
enemy,  the  admiral  tcllin);  his  olHecrs  he  wm>  f..r 
the  old  way  of  flKlitine,  to  make  dowiirii.'liT 
work  with  tlieni.  In  consequence  many  of  ili. 
Knglish  ships  never  pit  into  action  at  all  l>ti' 
the  short  winter  dav  was  wearing  awa>,  ml 
all  haste  was  needed  If  the  enemy  wen-'ii"!  to 
eseatie.  ,  .  .  As  long  as  daylight  laslnl  tlio 
liattle  rageil  with  great  fury,  so  near  the  mnst 
that  •  KMKHt  persons  on  the  shore  were  Ilu  s.i. I 
spectators  of  the  while  flag's  disgrace.' .  !tv 
nightfall  two  French  ships,  the  Thesee  71  aiil 
Superb  7(1,  were  sunk,  and  two,  the  Formi'lilih 
W),  and  the  Ileros  74,  had  struck.  The  s.lii! 
Koyal  afterwanis  went  aground,  but  her  1  n  « 
CM-aped,  as  did  that  of  the  Ileros,  w  hose  {'a;il;iii! 
dishonourably  ran  her  ashore  in  the  nighi  of 
the  reniaimhr,  seven  ships  of  Ihe  line  and  fiur 
frigates  threw  Ihcir  gunsuvcrlsianl,  and  esiMiiml 
up  the  river  Vilaine,  w  here  iniwt  of  them  liiiiiipol 
their  bottoms  out  in  the  shallow  water:  iIh'  n>i 
got  away  and  tisik  shelter  in  the  Channi.  nil 
but  oiie,  which  was  wrecked,  but  very  fe"  1  \.  r 
got  out  again.  With  two  hours  more  it  I'lv 
light  Ilawke  thought  he  could  have  taken  irili 
stroyed  all,  as  he  was  almost  up  with  the  F'n  m  h 
van"  when  night  overtisik  him.  Two  Kml'IisIi 
ships,  the  E,s8cx  64,  and  the  I{(>solution  71.  »ini 
ashore  In  the  night  and  eould  not  lie  got  olT.  Inji 
the  crews  were  saved,  and  the  victorv  was  \v..i; 
with  the  loss  of  40  killed  and  2(H)wounili'd  'Hn' 
great  invasion  H'lieme  was  completely  wnikid 
Tliurot  had  siicreedcd  in  getting  out  from  liuii 
kirk,  and  for  some  months  was  a  terror  !■  tlu' 
northern  coast-towns,  but  early  in  Ihe  follow  iiit- 
year  un  end  was  put  to  his  career.  For  ilu  n-i 
of  the  war  the  French  never  ventured  to  unit 
the  English  in  battle  on  the  high  seas,  and  inald 
only  look  on  lieliilessly  while  their  coloniis  nml 
commerce  fell  into  the  hands  of  their  rivnl* 
Fnim  the  day  of  the  flglit  in  tiuilieron  Hay.  ilie 
naval  and  commercial  siipri'maiy  of  Kinrlarnl 
was  assuri'd." — F.  W.  Longman,  /'>«/. /i'"> 
Grrnt  tuu.  '^'f  Srtvn  J'ciirji  H'lr,  r/i.  12,  m-''   '■' 

Albi>  :  C.  D.  "iVrnge,  Hint,  of  th.  /.■.'(-« 
y<iry,  t.  1,  rli.  12— .7.  Entick,  //I'dV.  of  11.  :.ii. 
War.  r.  4,  /»/..  '-MI-'^tHI. 

A.  D.  1760. — Completed  conquest  of  Canada. 
—Successes  of  the  Prussians  and  their  allies. 
.S<>e  Ca.nada:  a.  D.  1760;  aniUlKKMASV:  A  H 
1760. 

A.  D,  1 760-1 763.— Accession  of  George  III. 
— His  ignorance  and  his  despotic  notions  of 
kingship.— Retirement  of  the  elder  Pitt  - 
Rise  and  fall  of  Bute.— The  Grenville  Ministry. 
— "  \Vhen  Georire  HI.  eaine  t"  th*'  ilir,,n,  in 
1760,  England  had  lieen  governed  for  nmri  iliiii 
half  u  century  by  the  great  Whig  families  w i.i<li 


954 


I 


-tell 


-1.^*1^' 


ENGLAND,  1780-1768. 


Beginning  of  ikf 
rtign  of  tlrargt  III. 


ENGLAND.  1780-1768. 


hwl  bwn  broiijtlit  into  the  fnresrouud  by  tin- 
n:viiliiti(iii  of  1(W8.  .  ■  .  llndiT  Walpolc'ii  wine 
and  powerful  Hway.  tln^  Unit  two  UrorKcii  liad 
(xiitwiiMd  wancly  iiiorr  than  the  nhadow  of 
Mi.iTi'ik'Ktv.  It  waa  thp  thini  Grorgf'a  nmliitioii 
to  iHinim'n  rciil  kinp.  liki'  the  kiiiK  of  Kniiicc  or 
llir  kinj;  of  Sjmiii.  From  larliint  l>al>yhiKKl,  Ins 
mciilHT  hail  forcvi  r  l»<ii  Iniiinswini:  upon  hiui 
iIh'  prmpt.  (ic'ornc  ln'  kill),'!'  iiml  Ihia  Hiiiiiilc 
li-^iii  hadconKlilulcd  ptt'lty  liiiuh  till- H huh' f)f  his 
cfluciiion.  I'opuhir tradition  rcjiurds  lilin  as  tlic 
iii.M  it'iionint  kinir  that  rvir  siit  u|Mm  tlic  KnR 
li^h  llininc-;  and  .so  far  aa  gpncnil  lultun'  i«  rou- 
(rrnid.  tills  opinion  is  undoulitcdly  corn'Ct.  .  .  . 
Nivirthi  lisK  .  .  .  (Icortri'III.waa'not  dcntitutiMif 
aiirtiiin  kind  of  ability,  wliicli  often  jfet*  hljthly 
rut(d  in  this  not  too  "cliar  slKliled  world.  He 
fiiulii  H'e  iin  immediate  end  very  diatiiiilly,  and 
iii((uin(i  loiisidenible  power  fn^iii  tlie  doRgwl  in- 
ilu^iry  with  whicli  he  pursueil  it.  In  un  aije  where 
kiinii'i'f  IhenoliU'Ht  KnKli!>h  statesmen  drank  tlieir 
pilli'ii  of  slpmR  wine  daily,  or  wit  lale  at  the 
pinililini;  liilile,  or  liveil  in  srareely  hidden  ron- 
culiin.iL'i .  (ieoriie  III.  was  ihcorous  in  |Hrs<>nal 
hiil'iis  and  pure  in  domestie  nlatioiis.  and  no 
luinki  r's  elirk  in  Lomlon  applied  himself  to  the 
ill  tall>  of  l>u^iness  more  iniluslrioiisly  Ihan  he. 
Ill  hiLiI  a  genuine  talent  for  adminislralion.  and 
hi'  ili-viilcd  lliis  talent  most  assiduously  to  sellish 
iinln  .'scantily  endowed  with  hiinian  sympathy, 
iiiiil  almost  lioorishly  stitT  inhis  ordinary  iinstudieil 
niiiiim T.  lie  could  lie  smiMith  as  oil  w  henever  he 
likiil  lie  was  an  adept  in  painiuK  men's  conH- 
ill  lid  liy  a  show  of  interest,  and  scmring  theiraid 
liyilini  of  fair  promises;  and  when  he  found  them 
of  III'  fiirtliiT  iisi'.  he  coiiiil  turn  them  adrift  with 
wanton  iiisiili.  Any  one  who  dared  to  disagree 
MJIli  liitti  upon  even  the  Hli)(ht<'St  point  of  jiolicy 
hi  straiu'hluay  npinlinl  as  a  natural  eneniv,  and 
pursiirii  hliii  ever  afterwani  with  vindictive 
hatriii  Asa  natural  ronseijuenee,  he  surrounded 
hinisi  if  w'th  weakand  short  siuliliKl  ailvhsers,  and 
i.iHaril  all  statesmen  of  broad  views  and  iude- 
IMMilinl  character  he  nursed  the  bitterest  nm- 
iiiiir  .  .  .  Such  was  the  man  who,  on  coming 
ii.  ihiihronc  in  ITIiO,  had  it  for  his  first  and  chief- 
iM  tiioiinlit  to  break  ilown  the  (rrowinK  svstem 
nfialiinit  irovcrnnient  in  England." — ,1.  t"iskc, 
77-.  .li,„/-K,i/,  H,niHUiii,,th.  1  (r.  1).  — '-Thedis- 
siliiiiiin  of  Parliament,  shortly  after  his  aceesiiion, 
alfonliiiiinopiMirtiinity  of  stren);theiiin>!  the  par- 
liaiMi  alary  connection  of  the  kinf^'s  friends.  I'ar- 
liaiiii  III  was  kc|it  siltinj;  while  the  king  and  \jax\.\ 
Hull-  were  niakini;  out  lists  of  the  court  tandi- 
ilalis.  and  using  every  exertion  to  secure  their 
ntiirn  The  kinc  not  only  wn-stnl  government 
liin.iiLiis  from  the  ministers,  in  order  to  nonii- 
n  III  hi^  ow  n  friends,  but  even  encoumged  opposi- 
tion to  such  ministers  as  he  conceived  not{i>lH' 
ill  his  iiitcri  s|  ,  .  .  I.„r,l  Bute,  the  originator  of 
till- 111  tt  policy,  was  not  [HTSonally  well  (|ualifled 
friis  siiiicsslul  promotion,  lie  was  not  con- 
111 1  ii  il  w  ith  tile  gnat  families  who  had  ac(|uired 
a  im  poiiilc  riiiici-  of  political  inlliicnce;  he  was  no 
I  lili.iiii.  nlary  deliater:  his  manners  were  uu- 
i'  1 1.;  r  h(  was  a  courtier  rather  than  it  [loli- 
'iiiiii.  his  inliniatc  relations  with  the  Princess  of 
Uali  V  ui  re  an  object  of  scandal:  and,  alsive  all, 
lie  « ^.  a  Sidtcliiiian.  .  .  .  Immediately  after  the 
txiiiL'  -  II 1 1  ssinn  he  had  lieen  made  a  |irivy  coun* 
'illr     Mil  ailniitted    into  the  cabinet.     An  ar- 

'"- Ill    was  siHin   atterwanlH  coucerte<l,    bv 

■  lii<  Il  l.unl  lloldcruesse  retired  from  office  with 


a  |H-nsion,  and  Lonl  Bute  sucreeihil  him  an  .'Sec- 
retary of  Hlate.  It  was  now  the  object  of  the 
court  to  Im'ak  up  the  existing  ministry,  and  to 
replace  It  with  another,  formed  from  among  the 
king's  friends.  Had  the  ministry  laen  united, 
and  had  the  chiefs  re|HM4'd  contldcnce  in  one 
another,  it  woiihl  have  la-en  ilillli  tilt  to  over- 
tliMw  tlicm.     Hut  there  were  already  jealousies 

amoiigsi  them. wlih  lithe  court  lost  i p|iorliinity 

of  fomenting.  A  Im-ach  sism  arimi-  iMtwecii  Mr. 
Pitt,  the  most  powerful  and  (Mipular  of  the  min- 
isters, and  his  colleagues  III- desired  to  strike  u 
sudden  blow  against  Spain,  winch  had  ion<  lulled 
a  seen'l  treaty  of  alliaiKc  with  France,  then  at 
war  with  this  country  (sie  Fn,\N<  K:  \.  I).  ITIil 
I.ViotsT)]  Though  war  minister  he  was  op- 
posid  by  all  his  eolleagilcs  except  Lopl  Tem- 
ple, lie  Imre  hiiiisilf  haiiglilily  at  the  council, 
—  dcelan-d  that  he  had  Ikcii  calhd  to  the  min- 
istry by  the  voice  of  the  |Hople.  and  that  lie  coidd 
not  be  res|>onsilile  for  measures  which  he  was  no 
longer  aUowed  to  guide,  lleiiig  met  with  cipial 
loftiness  In  the  eabinct.  lie  was  forced  to  tender 
his  n-signation.  The  king  overjiowcrcd  the  re- 
tiring minister  with  kindness  and  conilesiinsion. 
He  olTered  the  barony  of  Cliatham  to  his  wife, 
and  to  liimsi  if  an  annuity  of  t;l.(M)(t  a  year  for 
three  lives.  The  iiiinisler  hail  dcsirved  these 
royal  favours,  and  he  accepted  Iheni,  but  at  the 
cost  of  his  iHipiilarity.  .  .  ,  Tlie  same  (iar.ette 
whhli  announced  his  resigiiallon,  also  triiiii|icted 
forth  the  pi'cnigc  and  the  pension,  iind  was  the 
signal  for  clamors  against  the  |iiiblie  favourite. 
On  the  retinnient  of  .Mr.  IMtt.  I,ord  lliite  be- 
came the  most  iiiMiicntial  of  the  ministirs.  He 
undertiNik  the  chief  nianagcineiit  of  public  alTairs 
in  the  cabinet,  and  the  sole  direction  of  the  House 
of  Lords.  .  .  .  His  ascindcney  provoked  tlic 
jealousy  and  resentmentof  the  king's  veteran  min- 
ister, the  Duke  of  Newcastle:  who  had  hitherto 
distributed  all  the  patronage  of  the  Cniun,  but 
now  was  never  consulted.  ...  At  length,  in 
May  17«'J,  his  gniie,  after  freiiuent  disagree- 
meiits  in  the  cabinet  and  numerous  airronts,  wns 
obliged  to  resign.  And  now,  the  object  of  the 
court  iH'ing  at  length  attained.  Lord  lliite  was 
immediately  |ilaeed  at  the  head  of  alTairs,  as 
First  Lord  of  the  Treasury.  .  .  .  The  king  and 
his  minister  were  nsolved  to  carry  matters  with 
a  high  hand,  and  their  arbitrary  attempts  to 
ciK'ree  and  inliniidate  op|H>nenls  disehistd  their 
im|H'riou8  views  of  the  |in'nigative.  Prelimi- 
naries of  a  treaty  of  |)eace  with  Fnince  having 
lieen  agreed  upon,  against  wliich  a  strong  |)opu- 
lar  feeling  was  aroiLsed,  the  king's  vengeance 
was  directed  against  all  who  ventured  to  disap- 
prove tliein.  'rhe  Duke  of  Devonshire  having 
decliniHl  to  attend  the  council  siunmoncd  to  de- 
cide upon  the  ]icace,  was  insiillcil  by  the  king, 
anil  forced  to  resign  his  ortice  of  I.,ori"l  (haiiilH'r- 
lain.  A  few  ilays  afterwards  the  king,  with  his 
own  hand,  struck  his  grace's  name  from  the  list 
of  privy  councillors.  .  .  .  No  sismer  had  Lord 
HiKkingham  heard  of  the  treatment  of  the  Duke 
of  Devonshire  than  Ik'  .  .  .  resigned  his  |ilace  in 
the  houwhold.  .\  more  geni-ral  proscription  of 
the  Whig  Hollies  soon  followed.  The  Dukes  of 
Newcastle  and  (irafton.  and  the  Mari|Uiss  of 
ItiH'kingham,  having  presumed,  as  |Hers  of  Par- 
liament, to  express  their  disapprobation  of  the 
peace,  weredismisseil  fniin  the  lonl-licutenaiicies 
of  their  counties.  .  .  .  Nor  was  the  vengeance 
of  the  court  contiDed  to  the  heads  of  the  Whig 


955 


ENOLANI).   17«0-17«8 


'  IV  .VnrM  Hrihm: 


ENnl.ANI).   17«9-nfM 


i 


I 
I 


iwrtv.  All  plmiMmii,  wli" li«<l  »ot«l  aKaloat  tlif 
|iril(inl?mrii«ipf  iMiuf,  wire  (li»ml«ii<'<l.  .  Tlir 
prillnillmrli'.  uf  jicmv  wire  ui>f)n)V('il  by  l'»rllu- 
iiii'iil :  ami  tlif  rriiiiTtiM  nf  ttiilm,  rxiiltlnjf  In 
Ihf  miiiiiwof  till'  triiirt.  I'xclriimcil.  '  Niiw  my 
will  i»  Willi,'  (if  Kiit'lanil.'  Hiil  lirr  cMilliitliin  wait 
pniiialiiri'  .  .  Tliinc  ntntrliiii  nf  pn'MKatlvi' 
Bcrii'l  liiuiiiti'  till'  WIiIkh  iiiln  an  <irpiil««l  op 
im-iitinn  .  .  The  fall  nf  llii'  kiiiif'a  favmmil 
minisiir  'vi*  ivi  ii  iimrc  »uililiii  tlmn  liln  riw 
Air  111,  11"  111'  ciiiifiHwil,  '  not  only  of  fallini; 
liiiii«.  If.  lull  of  linolvinir  lil»  roval  nmHtcr  In  liN 
rulii,'  111  ri^iL-iiril  Hiiililinly  [April  7.  I'tW].— to 
till'  »iiriiri«'  of  all  pirtirn.  iinil  I'Viii  of  tin-  kiiiK 
liiiiiM  ir.— U  for.'  Ill'  liail  liclil  ollli'i'  for  ili  v.  n 
iiioiitlis  .    Ill'  nirratiil  ti>  llii'  Inliri'T  calii 

ni't,  wilt  nil'  111'  coiilil  ilirirt  niori'  lai'iiii  ly  llir 
nirasurrH  of  llii'  roiirt;  lia<  iiiK  pri'vloiir.ly  nr- 
piliilcil  the  apiHiiiitiiiinl  of  Mr.  (Jior);i'  Orin- 
villi'  11  llii  Miiii'swir,  anil  arraiiifnl  with  liiin  llir 
noiiiiniiniiii  of  ilic  laliiml.  Tlie  nilni.'itry  of  .Mr. 
(Jniivillr  «  11 1  oiiilitiiliil  in  a  inannir  favouralilc 
to  till'  IviiiL:  s  pi  rsoiial  vil'.vM.  ami  \vasc.<|H'Hi'il  to 
Im- iiiiilir  Ilii' rontrol  of  liiiiiM'lf  anil  liii  favour 
1„.  "_T  K  yUy.Cm^l.  Ih't.nf  Hn-i..  I7m)-intltl. 
(h.    1 

Al.s<>  IN  .1  II  .li'iiM'.  M,  moiia  '•!'  thi  Life  ilwl 
ttei'iiff  Hi-'i-'i,  lir.'-'i.  \-\l)[r  U—nr  dm,- 
rill>  I'iuini,  r.  l-'J  — \V.  .Massiy,  llii-t  nf  Kinj.: 
IUi;iit  <■/  ili'^nic  III.,  rh.  ','-il  (r  ll.-<i.  O,  Tr.'- 
vi-lvan,' A'.iWv  llhl   •/  Cfi'irlm  Jiiiiun  h'fj-.  eh.  i. 

A.  D.  1760-1775.  — Crown,  Parliament  and 
Colonies. —The  conStcting  theories  of  their  re- 
lations. St'  I'MTKii  Sr.vTim  OK  Am.:  V  I) 
iTCiii  i:;"i 

A.  D.  1761-1762.— The  third  Family  Com- 
pact of  the  Bourbon  kings.— War  with  Spain. 
Sii    l''i(\M  1;:   A.   I>    ITill  (At  1.1  HT). 

A.  D.  1761-1762.- The  Seven  Years  War: 
Last  Campaigns  in  Germany.  Sec  (ikiimanv: 
A    1).  ITi;i    ITii-.' 

A.  D.  176a. -Capture  of  Havana.  ScfCi'iu: 
.\.  I>.  I'll  I  l'<"il. 

A.  D.  1762-1764."  "The  North  Briton,"  No. 
45,  and  the  prosecution  of  Wilkes.— "  Tlif  jMip- 
ular  iliiliki'  111  llu'  iifw  >>  iliiu  of  Oovt'nimi'nt  by 
(oiiriitrs  hail  foiiiiil  vi  lit  ill  n  stiirriloiis  prt'ss, 
tilt' annoy. nut' of  uliith  I'oiitiniK  <l  iimihiiti'il  by 
till-  phalli  ri-tiri'iiit'nt  ot  the  miiiiitcr  wliiisf  iis- 
n  !.l  lilt  y  liail  provoktil  this  (irit'voiis  kiiul  of  up. 
pi.^iiioii"  Till'  liailir  of  the  bout  of  liUlli  ri  was 
.John  Wilkn,  a  man  of  that  autlatity  anil  wif- 
|iii>.j'.i.ioii  wiiitliari'  iiiiliiiu'iiiablf  111  mit('ts.s  In 
tilt'  iiioit  ili>ri'piitahlir  lint' of  polilital  atlvinturt'. 
Kill  Wilktiliail  iiiialitii  s  vvliii  b  plaittl  bini  far 
ftlii.vr  iht'  IfVfl  of  a  vulL'ar  ib'TiianoiiUf.  tin  at 
sH-iiit'  ami  ^hri'Wiliii'ss.  hrilliaiil  wit,  pxtcusivr 
kiiowliMl::f  of  tilt'  worltl.  wilb  tlii'  inaiiiHTs  of  a 
j;iiiil> mall,  Wirt'  anioiiL'  tlii.'  ari-oiiipiiilinii'iils 
whit  li  111'  lirimi-'lit  to  a  vi.t-iilDii.  Iml  rap'ly  illiis- 
tratt'tl  by  llic  lali'iits  of  a  CaliliTif.  Lotij;  iKltirt' 
lif  t'liL' i_'i  il  ill  imblii-  lilt'.  Wilkfi  bail  iH'i'omt'  iii- 
fani'iiH  I'or  his  tlfbaiit  In  rir.s,  ami,  with  a  ft'W 
olli'T  nil  11  of  failiioii,  hu.l  li'sH'il  Ihf  toleration  of 
pilMio  opi'iiiiM  In  a  Mi'ii-,  of  oiilrau'i'S  upon  re- 
liL'ioii  ami  iliciiiiy.  l'rollii;aty  of  morals,  how- 
e\t'r,  ii.i..  nol  in  aii>  in-'f  oreoviiitry  prtivetl  a  bar 
lo  the  t  haraitir  ol  a  pairiot.  .  .  .' Wilkes'  jour- 
nal, w  hith  orininalt  1  with  tin'  ailministnttion  of 
l.onl  lliite  |tiril  ism.il  .Iiiiif  :>,  17B'i],  was  hap- 
pii;.  tntitit::  'i'.'u'  .N'^Tih  Hrituy."  ami  fraiu  iln 
liohlness  aiitl  perstinality  soon  olitaiiieil  a  lar^e 
cireulutiuu.     It  issiirpasseil  in  ability  though  nut 


often  ei|iMllnl  In  Tirulencc  by  the  polltleal  pre* 
of  the  prment  iltty  \  but  at  a  time  wlien  llif  >  linr 
at  tern  nf  publle  men  ilewrveilly  »I'k«1  1o«i.!  In 
public  I'Htlnmtlnn.  they  wert!  pnilwtetl,  imi  m, 
atlvlscilly  ixrliaiis,  from  the  aiwa.ilts  of  tin  |ir.A. 
by  8  strinKiiit  law  of  IIIh'I.  .  .  .  Uhiulbfiiilu 
pruetiei'  siiite  llie  lli'voliilion,  and  It  is  n.'i  ;i. 
kiinwiiili;!'!!  as  an  important  t'onstitiitloniil  rinli! 
to  tna'  llif  Spei't  b  fniin  the  Throne,  ontlii  •  j.  1 
inn  of  I'arlhinit'iit,  as  the  niaiiif('«tti  nf  111 '  eMi'i- 
li  r;  anil  in  tbat  |Kiiiil  of  vhw.  it  liinl  from  lim. 

It.  11 lietn  eensureil  liv  I'ltt.  anil  nllii  r  I.  ulir. 

of    partv,   with  llie  orilinary   lit  insi'  of     '  lnii 

Hill  whin  Wilkes  prrniniitl  to  use  Ihis  Ir.  ..I 

in  his  pa|Kr.  tboii^rb  in  a  tli'trne  wlilt  h  «  iiil 
have  s<'t'iiii'il  li'iii|M'nile  ami  even  tame  h  ul  In 
spoken  to  the  -^  line  pur|Kirt  in  bis  plaee  in  I'lrlii 
mint,  it  was  thoin.'lit  neeesiary  In  ^■pn  »~  -lui. 
illiolellee  Willi  llif  whole  weiu'llt  of  tlif  la-.\  \ 
warnint  was  iisiittl  from  tlif  olUee  of  the  >m  n 
tarv  of  .Stale  In  sii/.e  — not  any  penoii  naiui.l- 
but  'the  aiilbnrs.  priiilers.  anil  piililisliert  if  llu 
Militioiis  Ills  I.  entilU'tltlie  Nortli  llrilon,  N  1  tV 
liiihr  this  warnint,  forlynine  persons  wm  ir 
resiftl  mill  tielainetl  in  eii'slo.ly  for  severil  .In.. 
but  as  it  was  foiiinl  lliat  none  nf  them  euiiM  !«■ 
tirout-'lit  within  the  th -triiition  in  the  warniii 
they  wi'retllseliar:,'til.  .Several  of  the  Inilivilmlj 
who  bail  Isen  so  ni/eil,  brniidbt  actions  for  f.il* 
linprisnnment  aizaimt  the  iiicssenirers;  ami  in  inii' 
nf  Ibesi?  aclinns,  in  wliieb  n  venHit  was  intirol 
fur  Ilie  plaiiitiir  uniler  the  ilireelion  of  Iht-  1..  rl 
Chief  .Instil"  nf  the  fominoii  I'leas.  Hie  iH.iiiii 
porbint  iiuesliom  as  to  the  elaini  of  a  Set  n  l;it\ 
of  8UiIeto  the  prolet  lion  Kiveii  by  staluli  !.■  jii. 
tices  nf  the  peatf  aetiiiu  In  that  eapaeily.  aii.l  »> 
lo  the  Ii'Kalilv  of  a  warrant  wbleb  (litl  nol  -|nii 
fv  any  imlivi'iliial  by  name,  were  raimil  liv  1  Bill 
of  Kxceplions  to  the  ruling  of  the  pi.-liii; 
jiitlire,  ami  thus  came  ii|K)n  apiH'al  Is  f  n  tin 
Ciiiirtof  Kinir'slJench.  .  .  TbeCourl  of  Kinin 
Ufiieli  .  iiiliinateil  a  strnng  opinion  aciiii-l 
Ihf  Crown  ii|Hin  the  imixirtant  eoinlilnliiiMl 
iiueslions  wliieb  hati  tsen  niiseil,  anil  ilirniul 
the  ease  to  slami  over  for  furtber  argnnif  nl .  In;' 
H  hen  the  ease  came  on  again,  the  Attoriu  v  (liu 
(  ral  Yorke  priiilently  tlecllmsl  any  furllii  r  iirita- 
tion  of  111-  iiiiesiio'ci.  .  .  These  prist  ■  lii;;.'' 
were  nol  lirongbt  to  .^  Attt*:  until  the  eml  I  llir 
\.  ir  ITtl.l.  hing  after  the  a.dninistratloi.  iiii.liT 
wioih  liny  were  insliluteil  bail  ceaseil  1  ■  lAl-t 
.  .  .  The  proseculion  of  Wilkes  liinin  !l  ":i> 
prt'sieil  with  the  like  imliscreet  vi.'inir  Tin 
privilege  of  I'arliaiiient.  wliieb  exIeiMi^  i-  ■  ■  rv 
case  except  Inasnii.  felony,  ami  bn  ai  li  I  tl" 
pcuee.  presenleil  an  obstacle  In  the  veiiL'i  iiin'  ■•'■ 
the  Court.  Hut  the  Crown  lawyers,  wiili  1  ir 
vilitv  which  U'longeil  to  the  worst  tinii  1  ■  f  pn 
roga'live,  mlviseil  Ihat  a  liU'l  caini'  wiUiiii  llu 
purview  of  the  exception,  as  having  a  limit lu) 
In  a  lireacli  of  the  isate.  and  upon  this  pirnr- 
sion  of  plain  hiw.  Wilkes  wai  arreiii  I.  itnl 
brought  iH'forc  l.onl  Halifax  for  ex.iniiiuiii"!! 
The  conl  anil  wary  ilemagogue,  Imwiir  "  i- 
nion'  tlmn  a  match  for  llic  Secretary  of  Si  r.  ;  t^ii 
his  authorship  of  the  aUegetl  libel  haviijj  !"'n 
prnveil  by  the  printer,  he  was  tsiinmiiiil  '1'"' 
pri.soner  to  the  Tower.  In  a  few  (lays  Ij  ivmi 
suetl  out  writs  nf  lialieas,  he  was  lirouL'lii  ii|i  !»• 
fore  the  Court  nf  Conmion  Pleas.  .   .       H"  "' 

.    .    -^  I    :     1       11     ..  -„*T,...I     tl. :..;i,in 

guiurr.-i  ^iir.  ti    -y't^-i   .  ..ni.^.l-r-. -- 

of  a  crime  with  coniluct  which  had  no  in  "  "'i'" 
a  tendency  to  provoke  it,  was  at  once  ri  jtctol 


956 


I 


EKGI.AND.  I7M-I7M. 


inmmp  1    ■ 


t  Art 


ENOLAND,  iras-iTas 


by  an  lDilrp«n<lent  nmrt  of  liindc-c;  unil  IIm"  re- 
jiilt  WM  till'  lilirrnlliwi  "f  Wliku  fmiii  runUxly. 
But  till'  viiijfrnmr  nf  the  Court  »«»  not  tumi-<l 
mideliy  tills  ill«»PP<'li>'niiiit.  AiifX-offltio  iircwi'- 
niliiin  for  lHn-1  »»i  iiiimcillati'ly  Innlitnliil 
ai'iiiiKt  llw  mcmlitT  Inr  Aylinlmry ;  he  ,ii»  di 
i.rivi''  of  lii<i  t'limmiHiiin  lu  idliiiK'i  of  tin-  Hui-k 
ill  .iiiiHliln-  iiillltla^  bis  |iiiln>ii.  Karl  Tcm|ili', 
iMi.i  |iruu.lril  ttR-  fuDill  fur  lil»  clifiiiciv  wim  iil 
till  niiiiie  liiiM'  ilJKmlwM'd  friini  lln'  lunl  IIimhim 
.■iiiiv  "f  111!'  <wnn'  enmity,  niiil  fnmi  llic  I'rivy 
(  iiilmil.  H  lien  I'Hrliami'ill  hkm'IiiIiIi'iI  In  Ilic  ml 
iiiMin.  till' rtr»t  liimliii'W  liniUKlit  fnrwanl  liy  llir 
<;>p\i  rimiiiit  Klin  tills  cDiitciiiplllilfufTalr  — 11  pm 
(ikIIiii;  not  mi-ri'ly  fixilUli  Hiiil  iiriill>;nitli'<l.  lull 
a  ll.icniiil  vliilaliiln  of  roniinnii  Justlie  nml  tir- 

II  111  V  Ihiviiii;  clrrtiil  to  pn"tTUte  WIIKi  -  fur 
this  alli),'til  IMkI  before  the  onliiiary  trlliuii^iln  of 
thei'iiuntry,  il  Is  mmilfent  that  the  (Ji)Veniiiieiil 
hIiiiiiIiI  have  lift  the  law  to  take  lis  eourw!  iiii- 
pri'Jiiilinil  Hut  the  House  of  Coiiinious  was 
now  Miuinil  to  pninouiiee  uihih  the  very  iiilijeet- 
nialtiT  of  iiii|ulry  which  liail  lieen  nfernil  to  the 
ileiisioii  of  u  eourt  of  law ;  anil  tliU  ilegeiierale 
HMTiiilily,  nt  the  hlilding  uf  tlie  minister,  reailily 
eonilcmiieil  the  indict"!  paper  Interi'sof  extmva- 
glut  and  fulsome  censiin",  and  onhnil  l(  'it 
ihimlil  lie  burned  by  the  hands  of  the  eoiiiiuon 
haii);iii:in.  l/mt  North,  on  the  part  of  the  (iov- 
erniiiiiil,  llieii  pressed  for  an  Immediate  decision 
on  the  ipicstioii  of  |irivilr;;e;  liiit  I'ilt,  in  his 
Diosl  soli'inn  inaiincr,  Inslstiii^on  an  adjournment 
till' iloiise  yiildeil  this  point.  (Ml  the  folliiwin>: 
day,  Wilki's,  Uing  duntferoiialy  woumleil  in  a 
duel  Willi  JIartiu,  one  of  the  joint  Secretaries 
t'l  Hie  Treasury,  who  bad  gniftnly  insulted  him 
in  the  II  mm',  for  the  pur|«im'  of  provoking  a 
i|uuml.  nas  disaliled  fn>m  atteiidin);  In  his 
|<liii'i  .  Iiiit  the  House,  iievertheleM.  refinusi  to 
i»>!il|inMi'  llie  ipiestion  of  privilege  beyond  the 
'.'Ithnf  the  iiiiaith.     On  that  day,  they  nsoheil 

tliat  till  iirivilegeof  Parliament  does  not  extend 
i<i  Mil'  liiM'of  writing  and  publishing  si'ditioiiH 
iiUi>,  11.  r  "ii_'lil  to  Ih'  allowc'il  to  olistruct  the  or- 
iliiiary  ruur^e  of  the  laws  in  the  speedy  and  ef- 
fi'iiiiil  prtiiieiiiion  of  so  lieinous  and  dangerous 
all  i.ili:i, .  Whatever  may  be  thiuight  of  the 
|iuMii  -lirit  or  priiih-iiceof  a  House  of  Coninions 
whidi  i..iilil  thus  oltliiously  deline  Its  privilege. 
111!'  vi.ii  was  practieully  futile,  since  a  court  of 
jii^Ii'f  li;iil  alrt-aiiv  decided  in  tliis  very  ea.s*',  as 
■I  iii;iiu  r  1. 1  sirii  t  law,  that  the  iH-rson  iif  a  nicni- 
Inruf  l':irli,iiii.  ill  was  protectiil  from  arn'st  on 
:i  1  liars;i- 1.1  tills  description  The  conduct  of 
I'iti  .11  iliiMu  1  asion  was  consistent  with  tlie  lofti- 
iM—  i.r  his  (liaraclcr.  .  .  .  The  conduit  of  the 
Lrlswis  in  lianiiony  willi  lliat  of  the  I-ower 
II'  '-  Tlic  session  was  priin  ipally  occu- 

I'iiii  '  \  liu  jiiocieilings  against  this  worlliless 
'!'  LIU  .::iii-.  wliiiin  the  iinworthv  hostility  of  the 
l!    >'n:ii,i|  I1..1I1  llniiscsof  I'arlianii  lit  had  eh- 

III  ill  a  |iiTsiin  of  tlie  first  iiiiporlani'e.  His 
"'  ■  "is  i.'U|.|ii|  with  that  of  I.ilH'rtv;  and 
«ii' .1  ilif  i-xnuii.iiiiT  appeari'd  to  carry  Into  cf- 
licl  l!ii  MiMiiii,  uf  Parliament  upon  The  North 
Ilr.ii.Ti,  !„■  «:,.,  ilrinn  away  by  the  populace, 
ttlmi.  -1  iiiltliei'liiiiixiouspaiiir'fromlliellamcs, 
iinl  1  ■•  iKiiil  111,  ir  hiitred  anil  1  ontenipt  for  the 
•  "un  1,11  liiiu  |,y  Imruing  in  its  stead  the  Jack- 
""1  nil!  iIk'  |ii  tiieuat.  the  vulgar  einbhnis  which 
ila.viMiiilnyiil  to  designate  John  Earl  of  nute 
•■■■•I  Ills  sii|i|«.s<d  royal  patroness.  .  .  .  Wilkes 
liuiisi:!.  li.iwever.   was  forced  to   yield   to  the 


•tomi  ilewt  \>j  thp  aplni  of  Ooremmrnt,  aud 
li..inu<»d  liy  It*  pmnwutliiiu,  which  In-  bml  D<>l 
the  leans  of  resisting,  be  withdrew  u>  Pari*. 
Kailiug  to  nttenil  in  his  pliuv  in  the  Houir  uf 
(oninioiis  on  the  hut  day  after  the  Christmas  r>i- 
res»,  Hciiinling  to  orili  r.  his  1  xriise  w,t«  eagerly 
ileclarisl  invalid;  a  voieof  expulsion  imiuisliateljr 
fiilloweilj  January  1».  KtHI.  ai-l  a  new  writ  wan 
orderid  for  Avlcslmry.'— W  v|iuuu-v,  llirt.  „J 
A'"'/      Itriun"/  llf    i/r  III,  rh.  \{,r.  1) 

.\i,s*»  IS;  J.  K.T  Hogers.  lli»tin'%ftiHiUfi»infi», 
r.  -i.  I'll  a  — Ij.rd  Mahon  (Earl  StanhoiK),  //i»/. 
./A'/.y     i;i:l  ITsil,  M    i\-ii(r.  ."n 

A.  D.  1763. -The  end  and  remits  of  the 
Seren  Veeri  War :  The  Peace  of  Parii  and 
Peace  of  Hubcrtiburf. —America  to  be  Eng- 
lis"-,  not  French.     Sec  Sf:\KN  Yk.mis  W  ah. 

:^  D.  1763-1764.— Determination  to  tas  the 
American  colonies.  —The  Sugar  (or  Molasses) 
Act.  See  I'MTKIi  STATKaoK  Am.  :  A  I).  \'MV- 
17tt4. 

A.  D.  1764.— The  climax  of  the  mercantile 
colonial  policy  and  its  consequences.  Hce 
IMtkh  Statksoi.- .\M.;  A    D.  17tl4. 

A.  D.  1765.— Passage  of  the  Stamp  Act  for 
the  colonies.  .Se  I  .mtkii  St\tk»  ok  Am.  ; 
A    I).  178.V 

A.  O.  I76S-I768.— Grenville  dismissed.— 
The  Rockingham  and  the  Cralton-Chatham 
Ministries.— Repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act.  Fresh 
trouble  in  the  American  colonies.—'  lliilierto 
the  .Ministry  had  only  excited  the  indignation  of 
the  iM-ople  and  the  colonii's.  Not  satisticil  w  ith 
the  iiiimlM'r  of  tlieii  enendcs.  Ihcy  now  prisceded 
111  iiuarrel  o|M'iily  with  the  king  In  17(r>  the 
llrst  signs  of  the  illiiiHS,  to  whlcli  (iiurge  after 
wards  fell  a  victim,  aii|H'areil;  and  assisin  as  he 
n'covep'd  In-  pniisised,  with  wimdcrful  ttniincss, 
that  a  lii'i;.  iiry  Ilill  should  lie  brought  In,  limit- 
ing the  king  s  ( lioice  of  a  Kegent  to  tlic  memliers 
of  the  Uoyal  Family.  The  .Ministers,  Imwevcr, 
in  alarm  at  tlie  iirosiK'Ct  of  a  new  lliite  .Ministry, 
|M'rsiiaded  the  king  tliat  tiieri'  was  no  hn;  r  of 
the  I'rinresKS  name  Isliig  accc|>led.  and  that  It 
had  better  be  left  out  of  the  Hill.  The  king 
unwisely  consented  to  this  iinparallrled  insult  lui 
his  pannt.  ap|iarenlly  through  lack  nf  considira 
tiiin.  I'arliaiiiint.  however,  iiisistisl  mi  iiisi  rling 
tlie  l'rincess'sii;inie  liv  a  hirge  majurity,  and  thus 
exposed  tin.'  tr',  k  0/  liis  .Ministers  This  the 
king  never  forgave.  They  had  been  fur  some 
time  obnoxious  to  him.  and  now  he  determined 
to  get  rii!  of  them.  W  illi  this  view  he  induced 
till'  Uiike  of  CiimlH'rIand  to  make  nvcrtiircs  to 
Chalham  (I'lll.  not  yet  tillcdj.  olTering  almimt 
any  terms  "  Hut  no  amngi-iiii-nt  w;is  practica- 
lile,  anil  the  kins.'  was  lift  i|iiile  at  the  mercy  of 
llie  Ministers  111' ill  lestiil  "lie  was  obliged  to 
i.piiseiii  iiiillsniiss  Hull  and  all  Uiite's  following. 
He  was  obliged  tu  iiroinise  that  lie  would  use  no 
iinderlianil  intliieiice  fur  the  future,  l-ife,  in  fact, 
iH'camc  a  butili-n  to  tiim  iiiiiler  tMorL'e  Oren- 
ville's  domination,  aud  he  deteniiiii'il  to  dismiss 
him.  e\in  at  the  cost  of  accepliii::  the  Whig 
llousis.  -.Wioin  be  had  pledged  liiiiiM  If  never 
to  ciiijiiiiy  again,  Pitt  and  Temple  sii.i  prov- 
ing iibiliirate.  CunitM'rlaiid  opentsl  ncgnliations 
with  the  ItiK  kingliam  Whigs,  and  the  Grein  !le 
.Ministrv  was  at  an  iiid  [July.  17(i."i].  .  .  The 
new  Ministry  was  composed  as  follows:  Hock- 
ingliam  iH-came  First  Koril  of  the  Treasury ; 
l>owdeswell.  I'liaiiceltorot  the  Kxclienner  .New- 
castle, I'rivy  Seal;  Nortbington.  Iiord  Cliaueellor. 


957 


KNOUiNO.  17«-17«. 


Tht  IIIMUmm 


KKHLAND.  I7«»-1774. 


Miiitiil  wiiw.  Iiiii  ni>  ixiwrr  (•(  li«niiiiit|[p  or  kuv 
rniiiiint  111.  »»«  iiitiilly  fri'v  (nmi  miy  •"» 

nil  l..n  iif  iiirriipllnii.  In  ti'irl  il"rr  *»«  nion- 
liimi«iv  limn  liilrnl  In  llw  MlnUlrv  i»lt<>gitlnT_ 
.  Tile  Iwrk  Imiii-  »l  111!'  jwrty  »»»  rrninvnl 
liy  the  ri'fiiM!  nf  I'Ul  t..  ni  i.|Mnilf.  Hiirkr  wiw 
iin<|i>iiliU'illylli<'  iililml  limn  »iiiimit  them.  Iitii  M* 
tlnir  KiiK  iii'il  yil  nitiif.  Sill h  n  MinUtry,  It  *iw 
ri'i'i'itiil/i'il  rvin  liv  lliiown  iiicnitxTii.  niulil  imt 
IhkI  limn.  Iliiwivir,  ll  liiMl  riiini'  In  I"  ilT'i'  <'r 
Inin  mri'iumrv  li»fl»liilii>n.  uiiil  in-irtiilnly  »"  fur 
nrmm|illi<li|.||  llu'  rnil  i>(  il"  l«lii|{  ll  n'|Miilfil 
llii'  Sliinip  An  [mv  I'mithi  Htatkh  or  Am  : 
A  I)  ITlW).  wliirli  liwl  iimwil  >">  nimli  ImllK- 
nntliin  iimiinit  tin'  Aniirinm*;  ami  Ht  tin'  ••unr 
lliiif  ini»iM<l  II  l.i»  M  riirinir  tlir  ili|i«'iiili'mr  "f  the 
ioliinIi«  I'lKkliiiL',  liiiwiv.r.  nimli' niiwcril    1 

(if  111*  himiillly  I.I  III*  MiiiUii  r<    .   .      Tlir  n>ii     ; 
iliiil  nf  I'lii  111  rifii..iiiir  III  j"in  lliini  wiw  mlf 
ililiil  iiiNiiiWi.  mill  iiii.ri'      111'  »ii»  riiilly  at  oiii.   j 
Willi  llii  111  "11  iiiiwt  |Miinl»      Miwi  iif  lluir  a<t»  j 
win.  Ill  iiriiiriliinii'  with  liK  vlrw".      lint  I"'  w»« 
iliirriiiuiril  nut  111  Jiiiii  11  iiimly  party  Minlnlry,    I 
lliiiiiL'li   l».  iiiiilil   lia>'-  iliii"'  w"  practiinlly  mi   , 
whutiviT  lirniH  lir  pliaiKil,     In  tT6fl.  Imwi'vir.    '■ 
he  riinwntiil  In  fnriii  a  ooiilitliin.  in  wlili  li  wiri'   i 
incliiiliil    ini"   <if    111!'   ni'wt    'ipp<iHlti.   vlrwH  — 
•KInit'H  KrlriiilK.'  UiirklnKliani  WIiIitm.  hiuI  iIh' 
fiw  iHTsiiiml  fiilliiwfnt  of  ritt      ItKkinsImm  n. 
fuHi.l  111  liikf  «nv  olllii..  uiiil  nlln.il  In  tin'  nmn. 
iiim.'iiiiul  iHiiipaliim  of  fnllnwinK  llir   liounils. 
Till-  iiiiiiiliial  I'rliiir  MlnUti'rot  tliU  Caliinct  wim 
till-  l>iiki.  of  Omfloii,  fur  Tilt  rifiiii<.|l  tin-  li'iviUr- 
uliip.  and  rrliriil  In  llio  lloiiicof  l^mls  itH  l.<inl 
Chatliani.      Cliarli.*   Townsliiml    lM.<anii.  Chan- 
nllor  of  till'   Kxrliiiiuir.  anil   l/oni  Nortli.  llif 
Iniili  r  of  till.  •  Kini;  H  KrlimU.'  wan  I'ay  iiiastiT 
'I'lii-   Miiii»try  iiirliulnl  Slnllmrfif.   Hum',   ('on- 
«av.  Niirllilnirioii.  llarrinL'ton.  Caiiuli-n,  (iniiiby 
—  all  mill  of  Ihi' most  oppoHlti'vlrws.  .       .  Tlim 
Ki'ionil  Ministry  of  I'ilt  wan  ii  iiilslaki'  fniin  till' 
viry  tlrst.     Hi' list  all  Ills  popularity  liy  taklnii 

n  |Mi  niiii' \s  a  piir  ami  I.oril  I'rivv  Seal 

hi.  founil  liiiiisi  If  ill  an  umonirrnial  iilinoHplM.n.. 
.  .  Ilisniimi.,  tiNi,  liail  loKt  a  jtriat  ilial  of  its 
powir  aliroail  '  I'ilt  '  liail,  Imlfril.  Ihtii  a  woni 
to  n.iiiim  Willi;  Imt  tliiri'  win.  no  asHoi.iutioiw 
of  ililial  anil  Iniiiiiliatioii  ionm.itnl  witli  tlir 
namiiif  •  Clialliam.' .  .  .  rinri.  win.  other  ilif- 
fieiilliis.  howevi  r.  as  well.  Ills  arroi;»n<e  hail 
Inen  iisiil.  ami  it  was  so  niiuli  iiileiisilleil  liy  irri- 
taliiiL'  i;out.  that  it  iMiame  almost  imixissilile  to 
serve  Willi  liim  His  iliseasi.  later  iilniiwl  «p- 
proaihi.l  nmiliiess.  .  .  ,  The  Ministry  ilrifteil 
hi  Iplessly  almiil  at  the  mercy  of  eaeh  wiiiil  anil 
wave  of'npinioii  like  a  water  loL'jrecl  ship;  and 
it  was  iitih  the  litter  want  of  union  ainoiiK  the 
ilppi.siti.ai  whiili  pn.venleil  Its  sinkinK  entinly. 
As  it  was.  thev  lonirived  In  nnew  the  Im^aeh 
Willi  Ameriia.  wliieli  had  Iseii  alinost  entirely 
healed  liv  HiMkiiiLdiams  npeal  of  the  Slump 
.Vet  (  liarles  Tnw  iisheiid.  Ilie  Chaneellnr  of  the 
Km  hiiiiii  r.  was  liy  far  the  alilest  man  left  in  the 
Caliinet.  and  he  rapidly  assumed  the  most  |mimi- 
nent  iiosilinri.  He  had  always  iM'en  in  favour  of 
laxiiii;  .Vmeriia.  He  now  imiuifht  fnrwanl  a 
plan  fnr  raisiuL'  a  revenue  fnun  lea.  ulass.  and 
paiKT  (sie  I'siTKi)  Stvtksok  Am.  ;  A.  I>.  ITtMJ- 
ITIiT,  and  lT(i7-17il«J.  liy  way  of  Import  duty  at 
the  Amfrican  ports  This  wild  measure  was 

fiilloweil  shortly  hv  the  death  of  its  author,  in 
Septemlier;  and  then  the  wpaknew  of  th*-  Minis- 


try tieeanir  ki  olivkiiw  tliiil  »»('h«lh»in  »till  k^i 
liiiiied  Inmpal'le.  noiiii.  fnsh  n-lnfom.im  m  ww 
alMolutely  n<-eei«i«ry.  A  ronlllh.n  »ii>  ill.ii.,! 
with  till-  Hloomnhury  Gang;  anil.  In  iHiiwipi.  im 
|/>nla  Oowrr,  Weynioiilh.  and  Smidwldi  ).mi..| 
Uk-  Ministry.  I-onl  NorthlnKlon  and  li.inMl 
Conway  ntlml.  North  «uei.<.eil«d  Towii.hm.l 
at  the'Kxeheipier  Nml  lllllslion«i|[h  1»  .  iini. 
the  Hmt  ft..in.t»rv  of  Hute  for  llie  i  olmiii  -  tlii. 
raialnic  the  nuinlKr  of  Sirnlaries  In  llin i  TliU 
Ministry  was  iinilialily  the  worst  ilial  liel  ■:^^^ 
iTnisI  hlnitliinil  «lme  I'lie  days  of  I  he  IiiIimI  ii,.| 
the  short  (M-rlisI  of  it«  exlslenee  was  iimrk.il  In 
a  «il(Ti««lon  of  arbitrary  and  fisillsh  mis  iin 
eV'.ry  Important  iiuc-slloii  llrnt  it  had  i..  .Ii.il 
with".  It  piirKUed  a  niurw.  diumetrieally  i.|.p.»i.| 
111  I'halham's  view*;  and  vit  with  siuL'uhir  innv 
his  nominal  eoiineetloii  with  it  was  mil  s.i.r.-l 
for  some  time  '  -  that  is,  not  until  Ihe  f.ill..»iii.. 
Miir  I7HH, -It  (•  SkottiiWe.  <>„,■  /Ai«-  ,m 
A'.'.../.,  ;./..  i:W  •-':«•. 

AI.MIIN:  I'hr  llrriinll)  hiiitr:  r  I  I  i  « 
Dllke,  /»i;*r«  :f  ■>  I'rilir,  r.  •>  -K..  I..»l-.  r - 
Iriiilt.  r.  n.  fh.  i 

A.  D.  1767-1769.— The  (Irtt  war  with  Hyder 
All,  of  Mysore.    Se  Imuv    A.  D   IT'i;  \y» 

A.  D.  1766-1770.  The  quarteriiiE  of  troopi 
in  Boitoa  and  Its  ill  consequences.  >. .  I!..- 
ton:   a.  I)    1TIW;  and  1770 

A.  D.  1768-1774.— John  Wilkes  and  tbt 
Kine  »»<>  Parliament  again.  -The  Middle«i 
elections.— In  Mareh.  17fiH,  Wilkes,  ihu-l,  "H 
hiweil  liy  the  court,  nturneil  In  l/iii.l.ii  frm 
I'arisand  solhited  a  panhm  fnim  the  kiiiL"  I'lt 
his  iH'tltlon  was  iinnothed.  I'arliaim  iil  l«iii; 
then  dlssolvnl  and  writs  issued  for  11  m"  'In 
tion.  heotTenslhlmself  asaeamUdalelnn  pnsiM 
the  City  of  Ijindon.  "He  isilUd  I. JIT  >..'.• 
Imt  was  iinsuei.essful.  On  the  day  |..ll..«!i;: 
this  deelshiii  he  liwiied  an  aildnss  In  the  fr.ilf  ii 

em  of   .Midillesi.x.     The  ehclion  tis.k   pi 

IlnntfonI,  on  the  SHIh  of  Mareh.  At  ih.  >'.■■■' 
nflhepolltlienunilMWwen.  — .Mr.  Wilki -.  1  K 
Mr.  Cooke.  H',>7;  Sir  VV.  H.  PnKtnr,  HII7  li- 
was  u  victory  w  liiih  astonislHsl  the  piil.li.-  i:i'l 
lerritlei'  <1e  ministry .  The  mnti  was  in  1  isLi-u. 
The  cil  isof  l^mdou  wen.  coin|Mlli.l  i.  iHi 
nilnate  their  housi.s  and  to  sliiiiil  for  '  \\  ilk.  ■  "i 
lilK'rty.'  It  was  the  earnest  desin.  of  Ilie  laim-n 
to  pafilon  the  man  whom  thev  had  l«r-.  niti.l 
Imt  tlieklnirremuimdiiiexonihle  \  iii  •iiili 

after    the  election   he   wnite   to    l,ord     -N'Ttli 
•Though  nlyin^r  entinly  on  your  uiiadi'u.Tit  !■ 
my  penxm  as  well  as  in  your  luitred  of  .luy  lia 
hs-s  pnH.eedinK,  vd  I  think  it  highly  i\|.|'1ini 
111  apprisi.  you  that  the  expulsion  of  Mr    U    «•• 
apinarstolH.  very  esxential.  and  niusi  In  ,  ir. .  i..i 
What  the  soviniKii  coiinselhd  was.lulv    e."!ii 
plishcil.      IVfon-    his  expulsion.    Wilk.  ~«i-. 
prisoner  in  the  Kind's  Hencli       llavin-   -  .rni; 
denil.  it  was  determined  that  his  oiiil.i  >n  m- 
inforiual,  conseiiucntly  it  was  n.yersnl  ;.n.i«i^ 
teniv  was  pas.s(.d  for  the  ofTeiii.eH  win  n  .1  I"  In: 
lMi-n  convicted.     Me  wiis  tilled   tl.uuo.  ml  im 
prisoned  for  twenty  two  months.     I  In  In-  »  i; 
to  prison  he    was  rescued  liy  the   ni..''    I"''  '■ 
siKin  as  he  could  escaiM'  out  of  the  liaii.l-    't   ■• 
boistenius  friends  he  went  and  (tave  liiiii-  f "!' 
the  custoily  of  the  Marshal  of  the  Kiiii;     lini'li 
Parliament  met  on  the  Ulth  of  April,  aii.l  it  » '- 
thought  thil  he  would  Ik.  releas,.||    111  -"'W^'' 
take  his  seat.     A  dense  iiiuilltuiii  .is.^  ;: -    "^   •, 
fon.   the   prison,  but,  balked  In  its  purp.-  '' 


958 


ENaLAND.  iTa»-m4. 


Jmmtua 


KNOLANH.  t7«>-im 


r«ri>nin|r  tlw  popular  farouriU-  to  tlir  llniiw. 
lnKiinM'  fiiri<Mi«,  uhI  romnwrniil  a  rl<>l.  Hr>l<||Fr« 
win'  »t  ImiuI  prtpwi'tl  for  thia  iiiill>rrak  Tliry 
fjnil,  wiMimliiiK  and  ■laiiKliU'rIiiff  wvrral  jxT 
pi,,n>!  iiiiiiiii*i)Uirni.  Utry  ImiIiIhtiiI  n yimiiir  miiii 
slioiii  llii'y  fiiuii<l  In  n  nrlKblMiiirlnK  iKniar,  anil 
»lu>  «««  mUlakrn  fur  a  riotir  tlwy  liwl  piir«iir.l 
M  III!'  Ini|u™t  llw  Jury  liMU){lit  In  a  *enllrl  nf 
»ilfiiltimnliT«naluiiHn<'nia){i«traU'  wlHiiinli'nil 
till'  liriiiu.  """I  iIm"  aoWli'r  who  iliil  Ihi'  iliiil 
riu'  Mi:«)ti»lhiii'  waa  Irlwl  ami  arqultltil      Tlif 

■iililicT  Willi  llWllliaMHl  lIlP  MTvIri',  llllt  fl'll'IVIll  III 

iiiiii[i<tiiiiitl<in.  »•  11  ri'wanl  fur  liU  wtvIith.  a  |m  n- 
•Ion  lit  «w  •liilliiiK  a  (lay  A  tfi'iii-ral  onlir  arnt 
(rum  the  War  (mliv  liy  l^>ni  liarrlnKloii  <tin 
vi'Mil  Ilia  Miijrxty'ai'tprraa  lliuiika  to  the  tniopa 
iiii|il"M'l  ii«urliiit  tllrni  'tlmt  i  very  |m««IIi1i'  ri' 
liuni  >h»ll  I"'  aliown  to  thcin ;  tlulr  7.i'ul  ami  triHal 
In  liaviiHir  I'll  tliia  lafaalon  ileairvc  It ;  iiiiil  in  <  bm' 
vn  illNiitntaliii'  tirtumatanci!  nlioiilil  liup|M'n  In 
ilii'  1  «iriiliiin  of  thi'iriliity,  llicy  ahull  liiivf  fv-rry 
ill  ft  UK' mill  pMlt'i'tlon  Hint  tlii'  law  inn  iiiithor 
in' .mil  ilihotllrcrnn  eIvi'.'  Tliiaapprolmtion  of 
Khal  Ihi'  IriMipa  hail  (Tone  waa  Ilii-  niiraNiry  aiip 
|iliiiirnl  li.mlinpiUch  from  l-oril  Wcvmoiiili  aiiit 
la  fill  ihr  Hill,  mill  IntlniatinK  that  foni'  wim  to 
la  iiMil  ivilhiiiil  MTiiple.  Vllkraronimi'Utiil  i  ii 
laillt  iliH'iiiiii'iilM.  Ill*  iilmiTVfilioiia  on  till'  latli-r 
iln  w  iKiinipluInt  frnin  Ijord  Wiyiiioiith  of  hri'ttch 
of  irivili'i,'!'.  Tliia  waa  made  an  aililitionHl  pn:- 
lixt  fur  Ills  i'xpiiUion  from  tlii'  IIoiim'  of  Com 
iii'iiiii  Till  tliiya  af  tern  arila  liv  \%tia  rt' i-lrrliil. 
Iii^iipliniicnl  ri'ii'lvlnif  Hvi'  votia  only  (»'i  thr 
fiillimiiiU  liny  tlii'  lloiiiH'  ri'aolvril  '  lliat  John 
Wilkri,  K«|iiirc,  ImviuK  tain  in  lliia  ai'aaloii  of 
I'lirlisitnriil  i'X|H'lli'il  thia  IIoum'.  was  iiiiil  Ik  in 
oiipiilili'  of  lainit  t'li'ctnl  a  minilMr  to  acrvr  in 
lliit  priMt'iit  Parliament ' ;  anil  Ilia  rlcrtion  waa  ili'- 
rliircil  viiiil.  Again  the  fret-holdera  of  Middle- 
M\  ri iimuil  him,  and  the  lloiiac  n'  aflinmil  the 
ilove  nwiliilinii.  At  another  election  he  waa 
iipi«no'i|  liv  fiiliiml  IjUttrell,  a  Court  tiaii,  when 
111'  pollid  l,ll:i  votea  nfcalnat  8U6  eaat  for  l.iit- 
Inll  ll  waaiii'i'lari'd,  however,  that  the  latter 
luil  lain  ell  lied.  Now  Ix'tran  aatrugtrh'  U'tween 
ilii  (oiintry,  wlilch  had  lain  outniKiil  In  the 
piT'iiin'iof  till'  Miildlt-aex  ekiitors,  and  a  aulwrvi' 
ml  ni:i}i>rily  in  tlie  iioiiae  of  Communa  that  did 
Mil  111  siiiiir  til  iM'come  inatrumental  In  KratifyinK 
llii'  pirviiml  n"<i'ntment  of  a  ri'vengeful  and'  oh- 
Miii.iii-  kiiif  Tlie  ery  of  '  Wilkea  and  lilMTty  ' 
Hii>  ni^'il  ill  ipiarlem  wliere  the  very  name  of 
till'  popular  iiliil  had  la'en  priaM-rllieil.  It  waa 
I'll  I' III  lliiil  nut  the  law  only  hail  IxTn  violated 
in  hi-  |«rsiin,  tint  tliat  the  C'onatltution  ila»'lf  had 
»ii-t.iiniii  II  ili'iiilly  wound.  Wilkia  waa  over- 
win  Irmil  «iili  siiiwtaiitial  marka  of  avnipathv. 
In  till' i.iiirM' nf  ii  few  wceka  i;20,(KtO  were  auli- 
siriiiii  •  .  |i;,v  his  ilehta.  lie  could  laiast,  too, 
ili.ii  111,  iniirlH  of  law  liml  at  length  done  what 
"  1-  riv'lit  liitw  iiu  him  and  one  of  the  8e<'retaries  I 
111  .'^iiiii' Willi  li.iil  aigned  the  General  Warrant,  ! 
till'  111  111  r  Imviiii;  licen  removed  by  death  lieyond 
till  rill  h  of  jusliie.  Lord  Halifax  was  sentenced  ' 
iopa>  I'tinHiilanmifes.  These  damages,  and  the 
iii-iM.f  ilii  priM'eedings,  were  defrayed  out  of 
llii  pulilii' purse.  Lonl  North  admitted  tiiHt  till'  ' 
"iitliv  iKiiii'Xieiihil  £100,000.  Thu»  the  nalioii  , 
wii^il  ilily  insulU'd  hy  the  mlDlsteis,  who  tirat 
viol.ii,,!  till'  law,  and  then  paid  tlie  coaU  of  the  I 
pn.rii.liiiirs  nut  of  the  natlnna!  iaxe«  On  the  ' 
ITiii  "1  April.  1770,  Wilkes  left  tlie  priaon,  to  lie  i 
finUil  m  rajiiil  succetiioD  to  the  ofBcea  — then  I 


niurii  aoiight  afli-r.  Iircauw  held  In  high  homiur 
—  of  Alderman.  KIwrilT,  ami  I/onI  Mayor  of  Iaoi 
don  In  1*74  he  waa  |M'miltle<l  to  tate  hia  a<'*t 
aa  MrmU'r  for  Mhldlea<'«  After  leveral  fiiiliirea. 
he  auecei'deil  In  getting  the  ri'Milutloiia  of  hia  In 
capacity  to  alt  In  the  llouac  formally  e»puniriil 
fMiii  ila  Jiiiiriiala  He  was  cleiled  riiaiiiiariiiin 
of  till-  City  In  I77U.  ami  flihil  Hint  liicrHlive  and 
reapoiuihfe  |Nml  till  hia  death,  in  1707,  at  the  age 
of  ai'venty.  Although  the  latter  iHirtlon  of  hia 
career  aa  Memlar  of  l*arllunieiit  ha*  generally 
lai'n  conaiiicn'd  a  lilank,  yet  it  waa  inarkeil  liy 
aevernl  incidenta  worthy  of  attention,  lie  was  a 
conslatentandciiertii  lli'oii|M>nent  of  the  war  with 
America."— W  F  \liw.  Mii  WiUtt  {/■\irtiiii/lilli/ 
Ittr  ,  .S,j,t  .  1M»|N.  r   III) 

.\i.aii  IN     The  aaiiic.    HVM«.  S/i,iiitiii,  t'm,  i4. 
Hirln   IM     of    Chtrlf 
■H. 


I   -<1.    tt      Thvel- 

JitmfM  /•nj,   I'll     * 

A.  O.  1769 

■■(llle   of    |l 
periial  »a       ■ 
illri'ct.'d  I.       h    :.. 

politics    V  'I    .r.| 

and  he  ' 
like   I       I 
Anir  1 

nin     1'  I -.I 

qiii    .1      .  ,  I 

wa-  ,'ii'      I 

Vli       •        '!    -Il'     i 
.M     I    ..     ,p 

IM',. 

■Minic 

plllilisll.    I    II      I  I'. 
pllltlic    atl:  'I't'M 

iiy  no  nicaiis    -, 
acrimony.   .   . 
iicatioiis    not  III 


LctUrt  of  Juniut.- 


ii . 


ill    I  oiiiloii    at    thia 
ic    '.live  '' iiil  and 

'     :iu 

.1.    Ill"      iiK  eiliiy, 

.  0      1;     ■'         ill  of  a 

I '. .  I   >          '  "     ,  lenta. 

.   .>:      .    "I  '.fin. 

Vpi          .:     I'liii  fre- 

•.,  :,.'         ,    It 

1'  .'III  ..•  Li       ,  gri'iit 

o       I-  .     '     1.  1  II  ■  Inns,  aa 

.1  II    10       not  all- 

!■  •  ■  r-s  II  .\ri  !■  .  ig  only 

• .'    Mi.-i  V    .I'll  Were 

■'   II    ■'        ll'       ;iriictcd  tlie 

'V  III  .1  nt.  tlioiigh 

i'l    •''•■  ',     I'l     .ill  hiss  in 

ll..'  si     !■    ..     tlll'SI'  plll)- 

.   ill     ii.  alaive  the 

common  level  of  iiiuik  .sum  at  other  limes,  when 
on  the  2lKt  of  January  I71U  tliere  ranic  forth 
aiiotlier  letter  from  tlie  same  hand  willi  tlie  novel 
sig'iaturi'  of  Junius.  It  did  not  liilTcr  greatly 
frot,  lis  pnslecesaora  eiiiicr  in  siiiHTior  nu.rit  or 
au|M'rior  niialcratlon;  it  containeii,  on  tiic  con- 
trary, a  tlene  and  liidisi  riminale  atlnrk  on  iiiimt 
men  in  high  iiinces,  inrliiiiing  tile  ('iiininander- 
InChief.  l/iril  Orunliy  ItuI,  unlike  ita  pn'iie- 
cessora,  it  rousi'd  to  controvi'rsy  a  well  known 
and  respectable  opiMincnt.  Sir  Wiiiiuiu  Draper, 
(ieneral  in  tin-  army  and  Knight  of  the  Italh, 
undertook  to  niect  aiid  parry  the  blows  which  It 
had  aimed  at  Ids  Noble  friend.  In  an  evil  hour 
for  Iiimself  he  wnt  to  tlie  I'liliiic  Ailvertlsi'r  a 
letter  siibsi'ritM'd  witii  his  own  name,  and  de- 
fending tile  chnnu'tcr  and  conduct  of  I^ird  (>ran- 
by.  An  answer  from  Junius  nsm  appcarisl, 
urging  anew  liis  oriiriiiiil  ciiurge.  and  adding 
.some  liiriisis  at  Sir  Wllllain  hiinsi'ir  mi  tlic  sale 
of  a  regiment,  and  on  the  nonpiivnnnt  of  tlie 
Manilla  nnsoin.  Wincing  at  the  blow.  Sir  Wil 
iiani  more  tliaii  once  replied  ;  more  llinn  onci'  di 
the  keen  iM'n  of  Junius  lay  him  pnisinitt'  in  ih 
dust.  The  di-scoiiititiire  of  |MM>r  .sir  Williiim  wiu 
indeed  compietc.  Kven  his  moat  partial  friends 
could  not  deny  that  so  fur  as  wil  und  cioiiueiice 
wen.  conciriicil  the  man  in  the  ina.sk  had  far. 
very  far.  the  la'ttcr  in  tile  controversy.  . 
Tlll'SI'  vii  toriea  over  u  man  of  niiik  and  station 
such  aa  Draiar's  gave  ini|H>rtaiice  to  the  iianie  of 
Junius.  Heacfforth  letUTs  wi!h  t!::il  -.i!.-n:it'.!rp 
were  eagerly  ex|iecli'd  by  the  public,  and  <:are- 
fully  prepami  by  the  author.     lie  did  not  Indeed 


959 


ENGLAND.  1789-1178. 


ENGLAND.  1770, 


ft 


altogether  (tiuk'  to  wrilr  iinilpr  other  nnmca; 
•omctimrfi  rspi'ilallv  luloptini;  the  part  of  a  l>y- 
itanilcr.  and  the  »i(rimlim'  of  IMiilo.lunius:  but 
it  wiw  an  .liiniiiH  that  Ma  main  and  moat  clalx)- 
nitr  atlnrkn  wen'  mailf.  Nor  was  it  lonR  iM-forc 
lie  »woo|icil  at  far  liiifliir  «»'"•'  tlian  Sir  Williiini. 
First  i-.'inic  tt  wries  of  most  l)itl<'r  piuMiuinailcs 
BKainsi  till-  Dniii'  of  tirufton.  I»r.  Ulaiksioiir 
was  tliin  assaili'il  for  the  unpopular  vote  wliiili 
he  ifavf  in  tlie  niw  of  Wilkea.  In  SeptemlHT 
wa.s  puliliHlieil  II  false  anil  malignant  attaek  upon 
the  Duke  of  lUilfonl,  — an  attaek,  howevi  r.  of 
wliirli  the  Klinir  is  frit  liy  his  ileseenilants  to  lliis 
liav.  In  DeiiiiilH'r  tlie  aeiiie  of  auilaiity  was 
riiiiliiil  liy  the  eehlir.Ueil  letter  to  llie  Kinc. 
Ml  this  while  eonjielun'  was  busy  as  to  the 
Merit  aiitlior.  Nanus  of  well  knoHii  statesmen 
or  will  known  writers— Itiirke  or  hiinninn. 
lioyil  or  l>vir.  (iioru'e  Saekville  or  (iiranl  llain 
illiin  — Hew  from  inoiilli  to  inoiilli.  .Such  (.-iiesses 
wire  for  the  most  pari  luaile  at  men' hap  hazard, 
and  disiiiuti'  of  uiiv  plaiisililr  cnmiiil.  Never- 
tliele«  thr  siir  aiid  talk  whieh  they  ereateil 
addid  not  a  little  to  tlir  iiatiiril  itleets  of  the 
w  rill  rs  wit  and  eloi|Uinie.  The  most  impor- 
tant Mint  of  our  limes' '  iries  Wilkis.  .luiiius 
hiiiiM  If  iiHik  I  an'  lo  I'ldiani  e  his  own  importanee 
by  arnipmt.  nay  eviii  impious.  iMiaslsof  it  In 
oiii' h'tler  of  .Vui:ii>l  ITTl  he  iiiks  so  far  as  to 
diH'laR'  that  Ihe  Uihle  and  .luniii^  will  Im'  nad 
whin  Ihe  ronnnenlarii's  of  the  .Iisiiils  are  for 
goltinl'  M'.stery.  as  1  havr  said.  wa.-.  one  in 
gndii  lit  lo  ihi'  popularily  of  .Iimiiis.  Another 
mil  Irss  illliai  ions  was  supplird  liy  persi'iiiiion. 
In  llii'  roiirsi'  of  1770  Mr.  VVisulfali  was  indiet<il 
for  pulili^hinu'.  and  Mr.  .\linon  with  si'Vi'ml 
iilhiis  for  n'lirinlin.L'.  the  letter  from  .liiiiius  to 
the  Kini;.  Tlie  vrnliel  in  Wisidfalls  laM-  was: 
(iiiilly  of  printini!  and  puhlishiiiir  only  It  led 
to  ii'pi'aU'd  iliMUssioiis  'Hid  to  iilleriof  pnieei'd- 
iuL'-.  Hut  in  the  lemprr  of  the  pulilie  at  tliat 
pi  riisl  sill  li  measuns  loulil  end  only  in  virtual 
difiat  to  Ihr  (ioviTniii'iit.  in  aumnenled  npiila 
tion  lo  ilii'  lilii'llir.  Duiini;  Ihi'  years  17711  and 
1771  till-  tillers  of  .lunius  win'  eoiiiinueil  with 
little  aliatemint  of  spirit  He  niiiwid  invie 
tivi's  airainst  the  Duke  of  (iraflon;  hr  In  can 
them  ail'aiust  I.onl  Maiisliild,  wholi.id  pnsidedat 
the  trials  of  t lie  printers;  hr  pluii^'i-d  into  the 
full  tidi  of  lily  poliliis;  and  hi'  eiicapd  in  a 
ki'in  rontrovirsy  with  the  Uiv.  .lohii  Home, 
aflerwanls  lloriie  T.sike  The  wlioli'  series  of 
IrtliTs  fnim  .laniiary  17lt!).  when  il  loininenees, 
until  .laiiuary  177'J."when  it  tirminati  s.  ainoiuils 
to  (1».  iiiclu'dinir  tho-a'  with  the  siunaliin  of 
I'hilo  .lunius,  iliosi'of  Sir  William  Draper,  and 
thosi'  of  Mr.  Home  .  .  Iksidis  the  hllirs 
whirli  .liniius  ilisicned  for  the  pn'ss,  linn'  win' 
many  oilier'-  whii  li  he  wpile  and  will  to  various 
pirsoii-.  iiili'iidini:  tliiiu  for  iIiom'  pirsons  only. 
Two  aiMn-sMil  lo  Lord  Cliatliani  i.pprar  in  I.onI 
(■halliaiu's  I  ..iTesp(pndi  nir  Tlili-i'  aildressrd  to 
.Mr  IJiorL'i' <in'nvilli'  liavo  iiiiiil  now  n  inaiiird 
in  manusi  lipl  amoni;  thi-  pa|»'r'.  al  Wollon.  or 
Slovvr;  .ill  ilin-i-  uin'  wriiliii  in  llii'  .same  Mar. 
l7iiM.  and  Ilii-  Iwo  lirsl  sicmd  with  llio  same 
iiiilial  •'.  Siviral  olhirs  ad.ln'ssid  to  Wilkes 
wfO'  lirsl  madi'  known  throuL'h  Ilif  son  of  .\Ir. 
Wo.Mllall  Hill  llii  mosi  imporiant  of  all.  |ii'r- 
liaps.  are  Ihi'  privair  iioiis  a<ldn'ssi'd  to  .Mr. 
WiHslfall  hinisi  If  of  llnsi' Ihere  an'  upwanis 
'if  sixty,  sicni'd  in  ci-tnTal  with  the  letter  ('. 
Bonie  only  a  lew   linrs  in  hnv'th :  hut  inuny  uf 


(treat  value  toward*  deciding  the  qucttinn  nf 
Authnrahip.  It  weins  that  the  packets  eoiilain 
in«  the  lettcm  of  Junius  for  Mr.  Woodfall  or  Ihr 
Public  Advertiser  were  soinetimoi  bmuirlii  in 
the  iiince-donr.  anil  thrown  in,  by  an  unknown 
Krntleinan.  probably  Junius  himaelf:  iiion' eoni. 
inonly  they  were  ronveyeil  by  a  porter  or  oiIut 
meH.si'ii(jerhinfil  in  the  streeli*.  ^\  hen  iwimi' < 
iiHiniealion  f'om  -Mr,  WiKxIfall  in  n-ply  «:« 
deemed  desirable,  Junius  directed  It  to  lu'  ail 
ilredseil  to  liini  under  some  feigned  name,  ami  lo 
hv  left  till  called  for  at  the  bar  of  some  mirii'. 
Iiousj'  .  .  .  Il  may  lie  dimbted  whether  .lunius 
liad  any  confidant  or  trusted  friend.  .  .  Wlirn 
liedieatinK  Ids  eolleeted  letters  to  the  Kiiu'li^h 
people,  he  declari'S:  "I  am  the  sole  deposit. irv 
of  inv  own  secnt.  and  it  shall  |M'rish  with  im  " 
—Lord  Million  (Karl  Stanhopel.  /liM.  <if  I:'.",:. 
17i;t-17Wl.  f/i.  47  (r.  .'i).— The  followinu'  li-i  „! 
Ilfty-one  names  ot  (Hrsons  to  whom  the  lelli f,  nf 
Juiiius  have  iH'cn  attributed  at  dilTerent  linn  i  liy 
dilTennt  writers  is  given  in  Cushing's  "  liiiliils 
and  I'seudonynis " :  James  Adair.  M.  I'  .  I  ip 
tain  Allen:  Lieut. Col.  Isiwe  Harre,  M.  I'..  Uil 
liani  Henry  t'.ivenilisli  Ik'ntinek;  .Mr.  Iliikirii.n, 
Hugh  .M'Aulav  lloyd;  Kdmunil  Hurke;  Williiai 
Hurke;  John  Ijutler.  Hishop  of  Henfonl.  I.  nl 
Camden,  John  Lt'wis  l)c  Lolme ;  John  DiiiiMiiiL'. 
afterwanls  Lord  A.shburlon;  Samuel  I'l.r. 
Ilenry  FIixmI;  Sir  I'hilip  Kraneis;  Ueoru'i  III  , 
Edn-anI  Oiblmn;  Kiehanl  (ihiver;  Henry  linil 
tan;  William  lln'iitnikes;  lieorge  (ininilli, 
James  (Jn-nville;  William  (leranl  Hainili.in. 
James  lloliis;  Tlionma  llollis;  Sir  (}eori.'i'  Ink 
son;  Sir  William  Jimi'S;  John  Kent;  M.ij.ir 
IJeileRil  Charles  Ijt:;  Charles  Lloyd;  rii"Ui.is 
Lyttleton;  Ijiughlin  Maclean :  Uev.  I'MiiiMml 
>Iarslmll;  Tiiomaa  Paine;  William  Pill.  I'.iil  ■>( 
Chatham;  the  Duke  of  Portland;  Thoiiws  I'li 
nail;  Lieut. Col.  Sir  KolMrt  Khh;  John  l!wl»ris; 
Kev.  Philip  Kosi'nhagen;  (Jeorge.  Vi-i'unt 
Saekville;  the  Earl  of  Siielburne;  Philip  Dirrar 
.Stanhopi'.  Earl  of  Chisterlleld ;  Hielianl  S'l.it; 
Earl  Temple;  John  Home  Tooke;  lloraii  \\;J 
poll';  .Mrxander  Wedderbum,  I/inl  LouLlil'ir 
ough;  J"lm  Wilkes:  James  Wilniot.  I>  1). 
Daiiiil  Wray 

Ai.so  in:  O.  W.  CiMike,  lUft.  "f  I'nrh/.  -  :), 
•■II.  It  — C.  W.  Dilke.  I'li/terK  of  ii  frilir.  '  .' - 
l,oril  Maeaulav,  Warren  Ilattiufjn  {KnH'iij.\.  r  ."it 
—A.  lii.s.set.   ><hiirt   Hint,  of  the   Kni/lii'li    /'"'m 

Hti  nt,  fh.  7. 

A.  D.  1770.— Fall  of  the  Grafton  Ministry.- 
Beginning  of  the  administration  of  Lord 
North. — "The  iiieompeleni  of  the  mini-in  .its 
iHTominir  obvious.  I  :i' tirsi  pho  1  j;  u  is 
dividid  wiihin  ilsi'If.  The  1  rime  .Million  r  iiili 
Ihi'  I'hanii'lloraiid  some  others,  wire  niiii  ii-i'f 
Ihi'  Clialiiam  ministry  andadmirersof  Cli:iil,  .;ii  < 
polii  _\.  The  rest  of  the  (aliinet  were  eitli  :  'n" 
who  n'|iri'M'iiIi'il  IJi'dfonl's  parly,  or  nu  in  '  '-"I 
that  ilass  wlio.sc  views  are  sutlieientiv  e\|  I .  '"li 
liy  Iheir  name,  'the  King's  friends."  ilt.':nti. 
fondirof  huiiliiig  and  Hie  turf  than  of  \-..:.<^. 
had  by  his  iiiiliileiiii'sulfen'd  liimsi'lf  lo  I'll!  .:.'l'r 
the  inlluenee  of  the  last  iiaiiieil  party,  au'i  .  .'  11 
sliliilioiial  aelion  bad  Ineii  Ihe  nsiill  "lo  ■  li  I'l 
limiiglil  disioiiteiii  in  England  lo  lliev.  1..  "f 
open  ciiillin'ak  HilKbonaiuli,  uii.lir  tii'  -■"u' 
inlluenee.  was  hurrving  :ilurn.' llie  I'lail  "II'  '^"1 
lo  the  loss  of  Amer'iia.  On  ilii^  poiiii  ili'  I'nini' 
.Minister  had  found  liini.M'IF  in  ;i  iiiiiioiin  m  lii-i 
own  Cabinet      France   tisi,   under  ClioiM  .1    id 


900 


ENGLAND,  1770. 


Pttrtumtrnt  and 
IkePrtm. 


ENGLAND.  1771. 


illiimcewltb  Spnin.  was IxRinninB  to  tl'  .ilmf  ri- 
TinL'i'  fur  the  loKscH  i>f  tlic  ^S<•v^•n  Yean!'  •Viir.    A 
crisi-^wascviiU'iillvapprimiliiiiK'.  nnil  '.:■  •    »|>I>" 
litidiilH'Kaiitticliwi'tlM'ir ranks.    Clmllmin.  5iflil 
ini.  iiL'aiii  I')  till-   iifccssilii'S  "f  piirtv.  nia.li'  ii 
i.ul>lic  imifcwion  of  frivndsliip  with  Timplf  anil 
li,i,r"<'  (irtnvillc;  iiail  thouKh  thirc  was  no  cor 
dial  oiniuitiiin.  there  was  external  allianie  he 
tBTdi  the  brothers  and   the  <>lil  Whigs  umler 
KuikiiiKhani.      In  the  first  wssion  of   1770  the 
storm  liroke.     NotwithsiamlinK  the  state  of  pub- 
lic iilTalrs,  the  <-liief  topic  of  the  King's  speech 
»i»  ilie   inurnin   among    'horned    Iwiwts,  —  a 
MKiib  not  of  a  king,    imt.    said  ,Jiinius.  of  'a 
ruined  L'ra/.iiT.'      Chatham  at   onie   moved   an 


address  in  answer  to  this 
He  de|)liin-d  the  want  of 


.■\[iu  ndinecit  wliiMi  the 

sn«(  li  was  proposed.  .  . 

all  Eiinipean  alliances,  tlie  fnul  of  our  desertion 
(if  our  allies  at  the  IVace  of  Paris;  he  blamed  the 
condiKt  of  the  ndnistry  with  reganl  to  America. 
uliii  li.  hcthmight,  neeiled  iiuu  hgenllc  haiiiUing, 
inveifihed  stronglv   against    thi>   action   of    the 
Lower  House  in  Ihi'  cast-  of  Wilkes,  and  ended 
bv moving  that  that  action  should  at  once  l)e 
Iiiken  into  consideration.     At  the  souikI  of  their 
old  leader's  voi<e  his  foHowers  in   the  Cabinet 
could  nil  longer  Ih"  silent.     Camden  declanil  he 
had  hem  a  most  unwilling  party  to  the  [lersecu- 
tinnnf  Wilkes,  and  though  retaining  the  Seals, 
iittaelvi  d  and  voted  against  the  ministry.     In  the 
|>iwer  House,  Ciranliv.  oni>  of  the  most  popular 
men  ill    Kutilaml,    fi'dlowed    the   same    course, 
.lames  (Irenville  and  Dunning,  the  .SolicitorOen- 
eril.  :il-ii  resigned.     Chatham's  motion  was  lost, 
but  w:is  follc.wi'd  up  by  H.H'kingham.  who  asked 
foriiiii^'ht  to  ccinsidef  the  state  of  the  nation. 
liruflon  thus  found  himself  in  no  state  to 
meet  lb.  Opposition,  and  in  his  heart  still  admir- 
ing' (  b;illiaiii,  and  much  disliking  business,  he 
smbleiilv  anil  une.xpectedlv  gave  in  his  resigna- 
tion tbi'verv  dav  lixed  for  Uockingliam'a  motion. 
Tbe  Onposiiion  seemed   to  have  everything  in 
lluir  "VMi  bands,  but  there  was  no  real  cordiality 
b<t«een  the  two  section*.   .   .  .  The  King  with 
mill  li  ipiiekness  and  deiision,  tiMik  advantage  of 
IliiiiliMinion.     To  him  it  was  of  paramount  im- 
lioriimie  In  retain  his  friends  in  olllce,  and    tn 
iivei.l   I  new  I'lirliament  cleitcd  in  the  pn'sent 
cxeite.l  >iute  of  the  nation.     There  was  only  one 
of  111!  liie  ministry  capable  of  assuming  tlic  po- 
sition of  Prime  Minister.     This  was  Ijird  North, 
('liiuellor  of  tlie   Exchequer,   and  to  him  the 
!';ii.'  iMiniidiately  and  successfully  applied,  so 
!!iM  «  bile  tlie  dilTerents4'Clions  of  the  Opposition 
Hen  ^lill  MTiable  to  decide  on  any  ludted  action, 
I'a'  «erensloiii»hed  to  find  the  oM  ministry  re 
e.:i,ii'uii(l   ;irid   their  opportunity  gone.      The 
niw  I'ljuie  Minister  .   .   .   Iiad  great  capacity  for 
bii-iih>^  and  admini-^tration,  and  much  soiini! 
Hn-  .  be  was  a  tirstraie  debater,  and  gifted  with 
a  w  iTii,  rful  sweetness  of  temper,  which  enabled 
bini  \  <  Hsteii  unmoved,  or  even  to  sleep,  during 
tlie  lii.-t  \iolciit  attacks  upon   himscdf,  and   to 
turn  :[vi  !'■  tbo  liitlerest  invectives  with  a  happy 
jolve      Witli  bisacirssbm  to  the  Premiership  the 
UI1-!  e  li    1  liaracter  of    the   (Jovernment  ceaseil. 


Ib-Mi,'  ,11  tb,'  King,  making  liim.self  no  mo; 
ibni.i'i  iiisinimentof  the  King's  will,  and  thus 
"•nii:.e:iiii^' the  support  of  all  royal  inlluence. 
Ir.'ni  .,  i,.,tever  source  derived.  North  was  able  to 
Ilia  .1.  iiiiHe  toall  enemies,  till  the  ill  elTccts  of 
suiii  ,,  -vMeiii  of  gdvcrnment,  and  of  Hie  Kiiiir's 
P"bi  V  In  lame  so  evident  that  the  clamour  for  a 
01 


really  respoMible  minister  grew  too  loud  to  be 
disregarded.  Thus  is  eloseil  the  great  constitu- 
tional struggle  of  the  early  part  of  the  reign  — 
the  struggle  of  the  King,  supported  by  the  un 
represented  mass<'S,  and  the  more  liU'rid  and  In- 
dependent of  those  who  were  n'presi'iitiil,  agitintt 
the  dondnation  of  the  House  of  Ccmmions.  It 
was  an  attempt  to  bn-ak  tlioM-  trammels  which, 
under  the  guise  of  liluTty,  the  upper  elas-ses,  the 
great  lonls  and  landeil  anstocniey,  had  succeeded 
afUTthe  Hcvolution  in  laying  on  Imth  Crown  and 
people.  In  that  struggle  the  King  had  Imvu  vic- 
torious. Hut  he  di<l  not  n-cognize  the  alliance 
which  had  enabled  him  to  aiicceed.  lie  did  not 
understand  that  the  p<'ople  had  other  objects 
much  Iwyond  his  own."— .1.  F.  Bright,  Ilift.  of 
Knrj.,  jifriiit  'A,  pp   10.'ii-1060. 

Also  in  ;  Cor. «/  (leonie  III.  with  hird  North,  t. 
1,_\V,  ■\laaaey,Jliiit.i>fh'ii3.:  litiijnofCeorgelll., 
eh.  Id-tS  (r.  1). — I.  Adolphus,  Jlitt.  of  Eng.  : 
llHijn  of  lleorye  III.,  eh.  17  (r.  1).  — E.  Burke, 
ThoughU  on  the  I'renrnt  IKiieoulent»(Worki.  r.  1). 
A.  D.  1770-1773.— Repeal  of  the  Townshend 
duties,  except  on  tea.— The  tea-ships  and  the 
Boston  Tea-party.  Sec  I'.nitku  St.\tks  ok  Am.  ; 
A  I).  177(),  and  1772-1773;  and  Boston:  A.  1). 
1773. 

A.  D.  1771.— Last  contention  of  Parliament 
against  ihe  Press.— Freedom  of  reporting;  se- 
cured.—"The  session  of  1771  commenced  with  a 
new  fpiarrel  between  the  House  of  Commons  and 
the  country.     The  standing  onler  for  the  exclu- 
sion of  strangers,  which  had  long  existed  (and 
whieh  still  exists),  was  s<ddom  enforced,  except 
when  it  was  thought  desirable  that  a  question 
i   shoiiUl  be  debated  with  dosi'd  diwrs.    It  was  now 
attempU'd,  by  nieans  of  this  order,  to  previiit  the 
publication  of  the  debates  and  priK'eedings  of  the 
I    House.     It   had  long  been    the  practice  of   the 
newspaners,  and otberperiiKlicid  journals,  topub- 
lish  the  debates  of  Parliament,  under  various  thin 
disguises,  and  with  more  or  less  fulness  and  ac- 
curacy, from  speeches  furnished  at  length  by  the 
speakers  themselves,  loli«isi>  anil  meagre  notes  of 
more  or  less  authenticity.    <  >ne  of  Ihe  most  attrac- 
tive features  of  the  '  (Jentleman's  Magazine,'  a 
monthly  publication  of  nspectability,  which  has 
survived  to  the  prr^ntday,  was  an  article  which 
pur])orted  to  lie  a  report  of  the  debates  in  Parlia- 
ment.    This  ri'iHirt  was,  for  neari;    three  jears, 
prepari'd  bv  l)r  .lolinson.  w  ho  never  attiiided  the 
galleries  hiiWlf,  and  derived  his  inforiiiatbin  from 
persons  who  could  seldom  give  him  more  than  the 
names  of  the  speakers,  and  the  side  which  each 
of  them  took  in  the  debate.     The  speeches  wen-, 
therefore,  the  composition  of  .lohnson  liimsi'lf; 
and  some  of  the  most  admired  oratory  of  the 
perio<l  was  avowedly  the  priKluct  of  his  genius. 
Attempts  were  made  fniin   time  to  time,  both 
within  and  without  the  walls  of  Parliament,  to 
alwlish,  or  at  least  to  miHlify,  the  standing  onler 
for  theexclusbiiiof  stmngers,  by  meansof  which 
the  lieensi;  of  n|)orting  had  Urn  restricted;  for 
therv  was  no  order  of  either  House  specilically 
pndiibiling  the  publication  of  its  debates.     But 
such  pniposals  had  always  Uvn  nsisted  by  the 
leaders  of  parties,  who  thought  that  the  privilege 
was  one  w  liich  might  lie  evadeil.   but  could  not 
safely   lie   1  inially   nliciiuisliisl.     The   practice 
of   reportiii-'.    IlieVefori'.    was   tolerated    on    Hie 
understanding,  that  a  decent  disguise  should  U- 
observed;  and  that   no  publication  of   Hie   pro 
leedings  of  Pariiameut  should  take  place  .luring 


961 


ENGLAND.  1771 


Rtvolt  of  tkt 
American  Cobmiea. 


ENGLAND.  177«-n78. 


If 

n 

H 
I, 


si 


the  apMioii.    There  ran  Iw  little  doul)t,  however. 
that  the  piiblie  journals  would  have  gone  on, 
with  the  tacit  oonnivauce  of  the  parliamentary 
chiefs,  until  tliev  had  prailically  estiiblishetl  a 
riRht  of  r<|><)rtiiig  regularly  the  proceedings  of 
both  Houses,  hail  not  the  presumptuous  folly  of 
inferior  nieinlwrs  provoked  a  contlict  with  the 
press  upon  Ihi.i  ground  of  privilege,  anil,  in  the 
result,   driven    I'iirllanicnt   nluctantly  to  yield 
what  iliev   woulil  otbirwise  have  quietly   con- 
leded.     I'l    was    Tolonel   Knslow.    member    for 
Guildford,  whorudelva^itateil  a  ipiestion  which 
wiser  nun  had  Ihiii' content  to  leave  unvexed; 
and  by  bis  rash  meddling,  prciipitated  the  vitv 
n'SUlt  "which  he  thought  he  coidd  pruvint.     He 
complained  that  the  pr(«e«Hlinirs  i>f  the  House 
had   been    inaccurately    niHirtcd;  and  that   the 
newspapers  had  even  presumed  to  retlect  on  the 
public  (•(■nduct  of  honourable  numbers."—  Wni. 
jilass<'y.  //Mr  "f  Engldmi,  t.  2.  ch.  W—'  Certain 
printi'Vs  were  in  conseiiueucc  ordereil  to  attenil 
the  bar  of  the  House.     Some  appeared  and  were 
discharged,  after  nceiving.   on   their  knees,   a 
reprimand    from   the    Speaker.     Others  evaded 
rompliance;  and  one  of  them.  John  Miller,  who 
failed  to  appear,  was  arrested  by  its  messi^nger, 
but  instead  (pf  submitting,  sent  for  a  constable 
and  gave  the  messenger  into  custixly  for  an  as- 
sault and  false  imprisonment.     They  were  iHilh 
taken  Ixfon-  the  Lord  Mayor  (Mr.  IJrass  Crosby), 
Mr.  Alderman  Oliver,  and  the  notorious  John 
Wiikes.  who  had  recently  been  investeii  with  the 
iddcrmanic  gown.     Thisc  civic  magistrates,  on 
the  ground    that   the  messenger  was  neither  a 
peace olH'cr  m ir  a  cc .nstable,  an<l  that  his  warrant 
was  not  baekid  by  a  cily  magistrate,  discharged 
the  printer  from  ciistisly.  ami  comnutted  the  mes- 
senger to  prison  for  lin  unlav\ful  am^sl.     Two 
other  printers,  for  whosi   apprehension  a  reward 
hail  been  oircri<l  by  a  tJovcrnment  proclamation. 
were   collnsivelv  apprehended    by    frieniis.  and 
taken  before  AMermen  Wilkes  and  Oliver,  who 
discharged  the  prisimers  as  '  not  being  accu.s<(l 
of   having  comniitleil   any   crime.'     These  pro- 
ceedings at  once  brought  the  House  into  contliet 
with  liic  Lord   M.ivor  and  Aldermen  of  I,ond(m. 
The  Lord  .Mayor  and  AMcnnan  Oliver,  who  were 
both  nieinlxrs  of  I'.arlianient.   were  onlered  by 
the  Ilousi'  to  !i(teiid  in  their  places,  and  were 
sulis.i|Ui'iilly  ccimndttcd  to   the  Tower.     Their 
impri.sonmenl.    instead  of  beinir  a  punislunent. 
was  one    lonL'-continueil    popular   ovation,    and 
fr..Mi  the  ilatc  of  I  heir  release,  al  the  prorogathni 
of  Parliament  sh'r'lv  afterwanls.  the  publication 
of  debates  has  1'^    n'pursied  without  any  inter- 
firiiice  or  restraint.     Thougii  still  in  tlieory  a 
biiach  of  privilege,  reporting  is  now  encouraged 
liy  Parliament  as  ine  of  the  main  sinirces  of  its 
imiueiiei —  its  r(  iisure  being  res<Tvcd  for  wilfid 
nn-^repre-eiii.,tion  only,     liut  reporters  lotig  <-on- 
tinned  luMt  witli  many  ilillicult!es.     The  taking 
of  n.pte>  was  pi-oliiliiteil.  no  places  were  resi-rved 
for  rep"iti-r~,  and  the  power  of  a  single  memUT 
of  eilhir    House   to    leipiiri'    the    exclusion    of 
.straiij.  rs   wa~  fii'iiuenlly  and   capridously  <'in- 
ploveil.      liv    the   ancient    nsJige   of   the    House 
of  r.Hnihnris  |unlj;    l"*?.")]  any  one  niemlM-r  by 
merely  '  spvinL' '  strangers  jiresent  could  ccmipel 
Ihi'  sjieake'r  to  oriler  their  withdrawal."— T    1', 
T.iswill  l.a!ii;nieaa.   /•.■/,'/    ('■■/•st.  Hint  ,rh.  17. 

.\ix.iN:  It  F  I)  Taliirave.  The  IhnK  of  0"ii- 
m,i,x  l,rt.  !>.— T.  K.  May.  C;iiiit,  Uitl.  "f  En'J-. 
rh    7(.    1) 


A.  D.  1773.— The  ending  of  Negro  slavtry 
n  the  Brttiih  Islandi.     See  Si.avkky,  Vh.k.i 


A.  I).  18>«-177-' 

A.  D.  1773.— Reconititution  of  the  Govern- 
ment of  British  India.  S-e  INOIA  .\  l>  1:;" 
177;t. 

A.  D.    1774.— The   Boston    Port   Bill,   tlif 
Massachuietti   Act  and  the   Quebec   Act 
The  First  Continental  Congress  ioAmerica 
Se  I  NITKI)  Statks  OK  .\M  ;  .\    l>   1774 

A.  D.  1774.  — Advent  in  English  industrici 
of  the  Steam-Engine  as  made  eflkicnt  bj 
James  Watt.  Sei' Stk.vm  Knoini^;  .\.  I)  ITIm 
17M. 

A.  D.  1775.— The  beginning  of  the  War  of 
the  American  ReTolution.  —  Lexington.  - 
Concord.-  The  colonies  in  arms  and  Boston 
beleaguered.—  Ticonderoga.—  Bunker  Hill.- 
The  Second  Continental  Congress.  St 
r.NiTKii States  OK  Am.  :  A.  I).  177.'). 

A.  D.  1775-1776.  —  Successful  defence  of 
Canada  against  American  invasion.  Sw 
Canada:  A.  D.  1775-1776. 

A.  D.  1776.— War  measures  against  the  col- 
onies.—The  drift  toward  American  independ- 
ence. See  I'mtkii  Stvtks  ok  .\m.  :  .\  l>  17T8 
(Ja.mahy— Jl  NK). 

A.  D.  1776-1778.— The  People,  the  Parties, 
the  King,  and  Lord  North,  in  their  relations  ic 
the  American  War.— 'The  umhiubted  ["liu 
larity  of  the  war  [in  Anierica|  in  its  flrsi  >;.im 
had  "for  some  time  continueil  to  iucrea-si-.  an  I  in 
the  latter  part  of  177«  and  1777  it  hail  prnl al'ly 
attainid  its  ma.vimum.  .  .  .  The  Whigs  ai  liii^ 
lime  very  fully  admiited  that  the  genuine  I'liiii-'n 
.  t  the  co'intry  was  with  the  Governiiieiii  iiiil 
with  the  King.  .  .  .  The  Declaration  ot  liil.' 
peadence.  and  the  known  overtUR^sof  the  .\iti.  ri 
cans  to  France,  were  deemed  the  cliiiiay  f  iii 
solenee  and  ingratitude.  The  damai;e  .1. m  ta 
English  eoininerce,  not  only  in  the  We-t  lii'lin 
but  even  around  the  English  and  Irish  .  i»t. 
excited  a  widespread  bitternes.s.  In  1  >iry 

stage  of  the  contest  the  inlliienee  of  tlie  U]>|i(.,-i 
tioii  was  employed  to  trammel  the  tioveriini'ii! 
.  .  .  The  statement  of  Wraxall  that  tin  Uiiij 
cohmrs  of  bulf  ami  blue  were  first  ad"i>i.  i  I'v 
Fox  in  imitation  of  the  uniform  of  W  i-liiii.- 
ton's  trisips.  is,  I  believe.  corrolK>rate.|  hy  w 
other  writer;  but  there  is  no  reason  to  .(u. -iii«i 
hisa;isi'rtioii  that  the  niemlHrs  of  the  Wlii_-  piriv 
in  society  ami  in  both  Houses  of  I'ariiann  :;;  lur 
iiigthe  whole' court e  of  the  war  wished  sm  '^  "'" 
the  American  cause  and  njoieed  in  the  .\!iirn..iii 
triumphs.  .  .  .  While  the  Opposiiion  iieMil--!;- 
and  heedlessly  intensiiiid  the  national  !■  !iii;; 
against  them."tbe  King,  "ii  his  side,  .Hi  •!-  ut- 
most in  his  power  to  embitter  the  ei>iiie^i  It  i^ 
only  bv  examiniiii.'  his  e.irrespoiiib'me  \w\'.  I.  r.i 
North"that  we  rully  realisi'  how  coiiipl. '  K  :i! 
this  time  lie  assume'd  the  position  iicit.i,:.  ■!  i 
prime  minister  lint  of  a  Cabinet.  suiM-riii;'  :  i'i.- 
directing.  and  prescribing,  in  all  its  p"-.  lir 
policy  of  the  (ioviTnincnt.  .  .  ■Kuri  <:■■  m' 
of  disirissing  Anieriea,'  wrote  the  Kiiu  in''-' 
meet  with  iiiv  eonciirri'iiee.'  He  strimi:'.  ••i]- 
portecl  tlie  .ii'ipluvnieiit  of  Iiuiiaiis.   .  I-  «  c- 

the  King's  Iriellils  who   were  most   lleliii 
moting  all  meas'ires  of  violence.   .   .       I  : 
was  commonly  called  the   ■  King'"  war.    1 
ojiponents  were  hKiked  upon  as  oppoia  111- 
King.     The  person,  however,  who  in  lin 
history  appears  most  culpable  in  this  mar 


.   I'M 


Ih. 


'JO'J 


■umawsiRt^iiSi'ia,!!* 


ENOLANH.  177»-m8 


War 
in  America. 


ENGLAND,  1T78-J780. 


The  publlcatUm  uf  the  corre- 
rp,"n.lini-rof  <}«.rKi-  III  »uppliis  o}»-  of 


Um\  North. 


I  ,r  nu«t  «lrikin)t  and  n»'l«n<-lioly  oxan.plc»  of 
,hr  nhition  of  the  King  K.  his  fory  n.im«U|r>.. 
It  apiMiirs  frt.iii  this  < orrcspondcnce  that  for  the 
,iJeo(  alH>ut  five  years  North,  at  the  entreaty 
„f  till-  Kiiiv'  rarrie.1  on  u  hl.^Hly,  ((wtly.  ami  ills- 
■tslroiis  KM  in  direct    op|K)sition    l<.    his  own 
iuiU'iiuM;   iind   to  his  own  wislies.   .   .       ARain 
■ind  UL-ain  he  entreated  tlmt  his  resicnati-.m  inlKht 
i«iii(eptid.  Iiut  again  and  again  lie  yieldejl  l,> 
the  reiiiicsl  of  the  King,  who  threateneil.  if  his 
minixtir  nsigiicil.  to  atidicate  the  thnine.       . 
The  Kill"   was  determined,   under  no  '•.rcmii_ 
stanci"*  to  treat  with  the  Anierieanson  tli  ■  hasis  of 
the  neoiinilioii  of  their  independence;  hut  lieac- 
knowlidgcd, after  the  siirn'nder of  Hurgoyne.aiid 
USS.K11111S  the  French  war  had  iM'iome  inevitahle. 
thai  uncomlitional  suhmission  coiihl  no  longer 
l,v  hi.p'ii  for.   .   .   .   Me  consented.   Km.,  tliough 
:ipiiirentlv  with  extreme  rehicUiiue.  and  in  ton- 
sc.meiKT  "of  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  C'aliinet. 
that  111  w    proixwitions  should   Ih'   mailc-   to  the 
\iuiTii-ins."  These  overtures,  ciinveyeil  to  Amer- 
ica  In   Ihne  ("onimis8ion>'rs.  were  rejected,  and 
the  liilunies  eondudeil,  in  the  .spring  of   l,,>i. 
II,  ir  alliince  with  Knince.       'The  moment  was 
„iii"f  Ilie  most  terrihle  in  English  history.     Kng- 
hiiid  hail  not  an  ally  in  the  world.      .  .   Eiig- 
laiul  alnmlv  exhausted  by  a  war  which  lis  (lis 
tancr  niaile'peculiarly  terrihle.  had  to  confront 
till'  wlinl;'  force  of  France,  and  was  certain  in  u 
fiw  iiionllis  1o  have  to  encounter  thi-  whole  force 
iif  t*pain.  .      .  There  was  one  man  to  whom,  in 
this  liiiur  uf  panic  and  consternation,  the  eyes  of 
all   palriolie   Knirlishmen   were   turned.   .       .   If 
any  stalcsnian  could,  at  the  last  inomeiit.  con- 
.iliati-  lllie  Americansl.   dissolve   the  new  alli- 
aiKi-.  and  kindle  into  a  Hamc  the  loyalist  feeling 
wliulniiidoulileillv  existed  largely  in  Anierica.it 
was  Chalhani.    If."  on  the  other  hand,  eniiciliatiou 
ircviil  iiupossilile,    no  slatesnian   could    for  a 
luonii  111  Iw  compared  to  him  in  the  management 
..f  a  war      l.oril  North  imploriMl  the  King  to  ac- 
,ipi  Ills  resignation,  and  to  send  for  (  hathani. 
Hu!. ,  ill.  ..I.i  Torv  favourite,  hreakiu^'  his  hiiig 
sill  in. ■,  spukeof  ('lialham  as  now  indisiH'nsahle. 
l„.nl  Maiislield.  the  liitterist  anil  ablest  rival  of 
(  hailiaiii.  s;iiil.  with  tears  in  Ids  eyes,  that  unless 
th.'  Kill;;  sint   for  Clialhani  the  .ship  would  as- 
suriillx  L-niliinn.   .   .   .  The  King  was  unmoved. 
Ill  r. ills,  iilid  indeed— and  he  ncliially  author- 
is..!  I...nl  N.irtli  to  make  the  astouiiiling  propo 
siiii.ii  -1..   receive    Chatham    as  a   sulKinliiiali- 
miiii-i.ri..  Niirtli.  .  .   .  This  episisle  appeals  to 
luf  Uii    iiL.st    criminal    in    the    whiile    reign   of 
{••■■■ii<    111.  and  in  inv  own  judgment  it  is  as 
.  riinia.il  asanv  i.f  thos<"acts  which  leil  Charles  1. 
t.iili.  s,alluld." '-W.  K.  11.  I.e<ky.  lli't.  i.f  F.nij.iii 
Ih,  |sf./,  i;„iiir,/.  rli.  11  (r.  4).  — "  (ieorire  111.  and 
l...r.|  N.irlli  have  U-en  iiiade  scaiK.goaIs_ for  sins 
wlii.h  «i  re  nut  iM-lusively  their  own.    The  miii- 
ishr.  iiiiliiil.  was  only  llie  vizier,  who  haled  his 
Ki.rk.  l.iii  still  dhl  liol  shrink  fruiii  it.  out  ..f  i. 
s.  liiiiiji  111  ili.ii  is  sometimes  admireil  uiidi-r  the 
II. .111.. if  luvaltv.  hut  which  in  such  a  ca.se  it  is 
ililli.  till  i.iili.stmiruish  from  base  si-rvilily.     The 
iiii|»  I.,  irahle  mind  of  llie  King  was.  in  the  ca.se 
i.f  Ml.    \iiH  rii  an  war.  the  nalural  urgaii  and  rep- 
r.s,iitaiii.'   iif    all   the    lurking    ignorance   and 
arl.ii':ir\  liMiiiiiurs  of  the  entiri' eoniniuiiity.      It 
is  l.iallv   unjust  and    inadeipiale    lo    lav   upon 
l.iiii  !li.'  fulire    burden.   —J.    Morh'y.    kdiniiml 


fiurkr:  it  HUloricil  Stmly.  p.  185.  — "No  sane 
person  in  (ireat  Britain  now   approves  of  the 
attempt  to  tax  the  colonies.      No  sane  |H'rson  does 
olUcrwisi'  than  rejoice  that  the  colonies  liecanie 
free  and   indepenifent.     But   let   lis  in  common 
fairness  say  a  word  for  King   Oeorge.     In  all 
that  he  did  he  was  backeil  by  the  gn'at  mass  of 
the  Hrilish  iialion.     And  ht  us  even  sav  a  word 
for  ihe  British  nation  also.     Had  the  King  and 
the  Iialion  Im'cii  really  wise.  Iliey  wouhl  have  let 
Ihe  colonics  go  without  striking  a  blow.     But  then 
no  king  and  no  nation  ever  was  n-ally  wise  after 
that  fashion.    King  (Jeorge  ,ind  the  British  nation 
were  simply  not  wiser  Ihaii  other  iH'ople.     I  !»■ 
lievetlial  you  may  turn  ihe  pages  <f  history  from 
the  earliesi  to  the  lalesl  limes,  without  linding  a 
lime  when  any  king  or  any  commonweallh,  freely 
and  williniilv,  without  ((impulsion  or  e(iuivalenl, 
gave  up  power  or  dominion,  or  even  mere  extent 
of  lerrilory  on  the  map,  wlien  there  was  no  real 
[Miwer  (ir  "dominion.     UeinciiilR'r  that  seventeen 
vears  after   the   acknowledgment  of   American 
imiependem  e.  King  Oeorge  slill  called  himself 
King  of    France.       HemeinlHr  that,   when   the 
title  was  given  up,  some  people  thought  it  un- 
wise lo  give  it  up.     Uememtier  that  some  people 
in  our  own  dav  regretted  the  separation  between 
the  (  niwns  of"  (ireat   Britain  and   Hanover.     If 
they   lived  to  see  llie  year  IHtHi,   perhaps  thuT 
grew  wiser.  "—K.  .V.  FriTinan,  The  hJnijtM  Peoj/te 
ill   tin   Thru    //.///"»  (A.c/«r<«   to  American  Au- 
,li.ur,».  ;,/..  IHA-m. 

Al.so  IN;  C'trrt'nji^'ntlnirt'  i*J  ttrttrij*'  tli.  iritn 
Uird  .V»)7/(.  — I-ord  Ilniughain,  //(./.  Shtrhe.)  of 
Stiitfumeii  ill  the  Ilii'Jii  "/  Hmrije  l/f.—'V.  Mac- 
knighl,  Hint,  "f  the  Life  ami  7V».<»  'f  KilmiDol 
Iliirkf.'rh.  J-'-'ili  (r.  i). 

A.  D.  1778.— War  with  France.  See  I  mtki) 
STMKS01-- .\M. ;    A.  1).  177H  (Fkiiki  AKVl. 

A.  D.  1778-1780.— Repeal  of  Catholic  penal 
laws.— The  Gordon  No-Popery  Riots.— -The 
Uuilicc  Acl  of  1774  [see  (an.\I).\;  A  I>.  1703- 
1774|.  islablishing  Calholidsin  in  (  aiiadii.  would 
a  geiicralion  earlier  have  been  impossible,  and  it 
was  justly  ((iiisidcrcd  a  reiiiarkable  sign  of  Ihe 
altered  ( I'liiditi'iu  of  opinion  that  sin  li  a  law 
shoidd  Ih' eiiaded  bv  a  British  I'arliameiit.  and 
should  have  cicalcd  no  serious  disturbances  in 
the  ((lunliv.  The  success  of  the  IJiielM'C  .\ct 

led  I'arliaineiii.  a  few  v.-ars  laOT.  to  un(lerl:ik« 
Ihe  relief  of  Ihe  Callii.'lics  at  lioiiie  from  some 
partoflhi'  alnsioiis  penal  laws  to  which  they 
wen'  still  subject.  .  The  .\ct  slill    sub.sistcd 

which  LMM-  a  rewar.l  of  tloo  to  any  informer 
who  proiureil  Hie  c.nn  iction  of  aCalliolic  priest 
perforiniiii.'  his  fiini  lions  in  Kii'.'land.  and  there 
were  (.((asi.inal  proseculiuiis,  iliuut'h  the  judges 
straiiie.l  the  law  lo  llie  ulmosi  in  or.l.  r  I.,  defeat 
Ihcin.  .  .  The  worst  p;ir!  of  Ihf  pirsKUlionof 
Calh(.liis  was  b:isi-d  upon  a  law  of  William  III.. 
and  in  I77H  Sir  (ieorge  Savile  ininMlueed  a  bill 
t.i  rcp.al  those  porlions  of  this  Act  w  liii  li  related 
to  the  appnheiidiiig  of  I'lipish  bishops,  pricsta, 
all.l  .li'silils.  niiiib  sllbjeclcd  these  and  also  Pa- 
pists ki  epiiiu'  a  s(  hool  10  perpelual  imprisonment. 
;iii.lHlii(b  disabled  all  I'apisls  from  inheriting 
or  purchasing' land,  .  .  .  ll  is  an  honourable  fact 
thai  Ihis  K.  lief  Bill  was  carried  witiioiit  a  divi- 
sion in  eilhi  r  Il.iuse.  wilhoiil  any  serious  opposi- 
tion fr.iin  the  Ih  ncli  of  bislioiis.  and  wilh  Ihe 
concurreiKC  of  both  parties  in  Ihe  Stale.  The 
law  applied  lo  Knglaiid  only,  but  the  l.onl  Ad- 
vocate promised,  in  the  ensuing  session,  lo  intro- 


90o 


«gil  *^JfeXM»a'fc 


j.jtfilyarei  tst  »iftMi»<»«i«^j»te»iJ-M^>ii<it»ji<wiiia>«fef<BiWwite 


ENOLAND.  1778-1780. 


QonUm 
KoPoptrfi  mote. 


ENGLAND,  1778-1780. 


■luce  H  similar  measure  for  Hcotlunil.  It  was 
liopod  tliiit  a  menaiirc  whirli  wna  w)  nianifestly 
niiHlcrntr  and  vqiiilniile,  ami  wlili'li  was  rarricil 
witli  siicli  uimiiimity  tlinuijfli  Piirijamunt.would 
liiivc  imsKecl  almimt  iinnotu'iil  in  tlie  oiuntry; 
l>ut  tliTciT  cIciiuMits (if  fiUiutii'lHni  lliaii  p<ilitl('i.ina 
jicn'i'ivi'd  were  mill  "imouldcrinK  in  I'll'  nation, 
riir  llrsl  siitns  of  llic  onniing  slomi  were  Hfva 
unioni;  llie  I'ri'sliytiriiinsof  ficotland.  TlicOi'n- 
vral  AsM'ndily  nt  tin'  Scotcli  Kstalilislicil  Cbiirch 
was  silting  when  the  Kn^li^'li  Helief  Bill  was 
ptnilin;;.  and  it  njiclcd  hy  a  larKC  majority  a 
motion  for  11  nnionslnincc  to  I'arlianiint  against 
it.  Rut  in  a  few  niontlis  an  agitation  of  the  mimt 
(langeMus  diMTiption  Npniul  swiftly  throiigli 
till'  l.onhiiiils.  It  was  stiniiilateil  by  many  in- 
eendiary  resolutions  of  provincial  srniHls,  l>y 
pantphlcls.  haiid-liiil.'^,  newspapers,  and  sennims, 
and  a  '  (  onunittee  for  the  I'rotesiant  Interests' 
was  formed  at  Edinburirli  to  dinTt  ir,  .  .  .  Furi- 
ous riots  lirolve  out  in  •lanuary.  1779.  lM>th  in 
KditdMirtrli  and  tllasirow.  ^Several  bouses  in 
whidi  Ciitliolles  lived,  or  the  Catliolie  worship 
was  (I  Iclinited.  were  burnt  to  the  u'roiind.  The 
shops  of  t'atholic  tradesmen  were  wrwlied.  and 
their  i;o<kIs  seattered.  plundired,  or  ileslroyed. 
Catholic  lailiis  were  eonipelled  to  Ijike  nfop^  in 
Kilinliiiru'li  Castle.  The  houses  of  many  Protes- 
tants whi.  were  Iwlieved  to  sympalhist^  with  the 
Ueliif  Hill  were  attaelied.  and  among  the  num- 
Ik  r  was  that  of  UolHTtson  the  bi.storian.  The 
trcHijis  »iri'  railed  out  to  suppress  the  rh>t,  but 
they  weri'  resistdi  and  pelted,  and  not  suffered 
to  lire  ill  their  defenee.  .  .  .  The  llamc  soon 
spriad  soutbwanls.  For  some  years  letters  on 
the  iiK  riase  iif  I'opiry  liud  l«en  fnipiently  ap- 
peariiii!  in  the  London  newspapers.  Many  mur- 
murs had  be  1  M  hiard  at  the  enaelment  of  the 
Quiliec  A(  I.  and  many  .striking  inslanees  in  the 
last  ten  years  had  shown  how  easily  the  spirit  of 
riot  enuld  be  aroused,  and  how  impotent  the  or- 
dinary watehmen  were  to  eope  with  it.  .  .  .  The 
faiiatieal  partv  had  unfortunately  acquired  an 
luisirupulousleaihrin  tlie  person  of  Ijord  George 
Goninn,  whose  name  now  attained  u  melaneholy 
celebrity.  He  was  a  young  man  of  thirty,  of 
very  oniinary  talents,  ami  with  nothing  to' ree 
ominend  biiu  but  his  eoiuieetion  with  the  ducal 
house  of  Gordon.  .  .  .  A  '  Protestant  Associa- 
tion,' consisting  of  the  worst  agitators  and  fanat- 
ics, was  formed,  and  at  a  great  meeting  behl  on 
May  2'J,  17n(I,  aial  presided  over  by  I^ird  Georee 
Gordon,  it  w;is  dcterniincd  that  20,0(M)  men 
should  march  to  the  Parliament  House  to  presi'iit 
apctiiinn  for  the  repeal  of  the  Relief  Act.  It 
was  aliout  half  past  <\\,i  on  the  aflernmin  of  Fri- 
day, .hine  'J.  that  three  great  biwlics.  consisting 
of  many  ihou.sands  of  men.  wearing  blue  cock- 
ades, and  carrying  a  |H-tition  which  was  siiid  to 
have  licen  signed  by  near  liD.IKH)  persons,  ar- 
rival by  ililTereiit  mads  at  the  Pariiament  House. 
Till  ir  first  desiirn  appears  to  have  la-en  only  to  in- 
tiinid.ile.  but  they  very  s(mui  proceeded  to  actual 
violciKi-.  The  two  lliiiises  Were  Just  meeting, 
and  till' scene  th.it  iiisued  resi'inlili'd  on  a  large 
s<  ale  and  in  an  aggravated  form  the  great  riot 
wliirli  had  taken  plan-  around  the  Parliament 
lloiiM'  in  Duliliii  iluring  the  administration 
of  the  Duke  of  liidford.  The  niemln'ra  were 
sei/eil.  insulted.  eomiH'lled  to  put  bhu-  cockades 
in  iliiir  hills,  to  shout  'No  Popery!'  and  to 
swear  that  they  would  vole  for  tlie  "repeal;  and 
many  of    tliem.    but  especially   the  members  of 


the  IIoiiK  of  I^nla,  were  expoied  to  the  grosaeiit 
indignities.  ...  In  the  Cummoni  Lord  George 
Gordon  prrsontetl  tlio  petition,  and  ilemandeil  its 
instant  consideration.  The  Iloiiac  behaved  uiili 
niiicli  courage,  and  aftiT  a  hurried  debate  it  »:» 
deehled  by  192  to  7  to  adjourn  its  consiijini 
lion  till  the  6th.  Lord  George  Oortlon  se\  ral 
limes  aiipnired  on  the  stairs  of  the  gallirv. 
and  addresseil  the  err>wd,  denouncing  by  minie 
those  who  opposed  him,  and  es|M'<ially  Ibirkc 
and  North;  but  Ccmway  n'bukeil  him  in  tin- 
siglit  ami  hearing  of  the  mob,  and  Colom  1  (lur 
don,  one  of  his  own  relatives,  declared  tliii  ila- 
mtmient  the  tirst  man  of  the  mob  entered  ilic 
lliaise-  he  would  plunge  his  swoni  into  the  bixly 
of  Loril  George.  The  doors  were  liM-ked.  The 
strangers'  gallery  was  empty,  but  oidy  a  fi-w 
cUmrlieepers  and  a  few  other  oniinary  olliiiaU 
protected  the  House,  while  the  mob  is  said  at 
first  to  have  nunibea><l  not  less  than  6(),IMHi  im  n 
I/ird  North  succeeded  in  sending  a  inessi-nL'cr 
for  the  guards,  but  many  anxious  hours  p.-issi-d 
Iwfore  they  arrived.  Twice  attempts  were  muile 
to  force  the  doors.  ...  At  last  almul  nine 
o'clock  the  troops  appeared,  and  the  erowil, 
without  resisting,  agreed  to  disi>crse.  A  great 
part  <if  them,  however,  were  lient  cm  fiirtlar 
outrages.  They  attacked  the  Sardinian  Minis 
ter's  clia|Hd  in  Duke  Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Kii Us. 
They  broke  it  open,  carried  away  tlie  silver 
lamps  and  other  fiirnituri!,  burnt  the  Imiii'Ik  s  In 
the  street,  and  flung  the  burning  brands  into  ilie 
chapel.  The  Bavarian  Minister  s  chapel  in  War 
wick  Street  Golden  Square  was  next  attai  kiil. 
iilundered.  and  burnt  liefore  the  sohliers  c.  uM 
Intervene.  They  at  last  appeared  upon  the 
scene,  and  some  slight  scuffling  ensued,  ami  thir- 
teen of  the  rioters  Wfre  eaptim'd.  It  was  h-ipcil 
that  the  riot  had  eX|H'iided  its  force,  for  .'saliir 
iliiy  and  the  gn'aler  part  of  Sunday  pas-si-d  with 
liltle  disturbance,  but  on  Suialav  afternouii  iii-w 
outrages  lM>gan  iu  .Moortields,  where  a  cmisi,!,  ra- 
ble  Catholic  iiopulathm  rcshled.  Seviral  limisis 
were  attacked  and  plundered,  and  the  cli;i[>r!s 
utteriv  ruined."— \V.  E.  II.  Ix'cky,  IIM.  .-r  A',-/ 

in  the  Wth  Centun/.  eh.  13  (r.  ;i)._"On  .M lay 

the  rioters  continued  their  outrages.  .  .  .  .N'"i 
wiliistanding,  however,  that  the  town  mi.'lii 
now  Ik;  siud  to  have  been  in  llie  possession  n I'  ihf 
rioters  for  more  than  tliree  days,  it  dots  ii-t 
upiHiir  that  any  more  derided  measures  \m  n- 
aihiptiil  ti>  put  them  down  Their  aiidai  iiy  ami 
violence,  as  might  have  U'en  expected.  iiirM;i'iii 
under  this  trealmen*  -hi  Tuesday  ath  ni'-nn 
and  evening  tlie  most  terrible  exccssi's  »<  i.  pi  r 
pelraled.  Notwith.standing  tnat  a  eon~iil'  r  illi 
military  force  uiis  stationed  ariauid  and  in  tin 
way  to  the  Houses  of  Parliament.  sevi-r:il  .-I  iln- 
inenilH'rs  were  again  insulted  and  mallrii'i'l  ii> 
the  grossest  manner.     Indeed,  the  mob  !  .    !lii-i 


time  siem  to  have  got  over  all  apprelicii-;  i 
till' interference  of  tlie  soldiers. "     Tlie  priii 
event  uf  the  day   was  the  attack  on   Ni  " 
pri-son.   wiiicii   was  destroyed  and  llic  pri-- 
relea.sed.      "The  New  Pri.son.  Clerkciiw* '! 
also  broken  open  .   ,   .   and  all  the  prismi,  t 
at  large.      .Vttacks  wcie  likewise  made  11;"  :p 
eral  .   .   .   private  hoiisi-s.   .   .   .   Hut  the  111   - 
mciilalile  of  all  the  acts  of  dcstruilioii  y  ' 
pctriPil    by   thesi'  infuriated   rulllans  "a- 
with  which  Ihev  elosi'd  the  day  of  iiiai!li<  - 
crime  ~  the  (-ntini  demoliiion  of  the  resid' '  . 
liOrd  Manslield,   the  venerable   I-ord  Cliii  I 


.  ..f 
l--il 


'J(J4 


,i 


t   .      »«,       ~  JL,   - 


ENGLAND,  1778-1780. 


Rodney'* 
Victorj/. 


ENOLANI),  1780-1788. 


tire.  In  Bloomsbury  Square.  .  .  .  The  scenes 
that  tJiok  place  on  Wednexlay  were  slill  more 
(Imulful  than  those  by  which  TueiMlay  hail  lieen 
mi>rk«l.  Tlie  town  IndwHl  wag  now  in  a  stale  of 
complete  insurrection:  anil  It  was  felt  by  all  that 
the  mob  must  be  put  clown  at  any  cost,  if  it  was 
Intrnilcil  to  save  the  metronolis  of  the  kinKiImn 
fniiu  uller  destruction.  This  day.  accordingly, 
llic  Miiliuiry  were  out  in  all  (|uart<'rs,  and  were 
cTirvnliire  empU>yed  aKainnt  the  infuriated 
miiliitudcs  who  braved  tlicir  power.  .  .  ,  The 
King's  Bench  Mson.  the  New  Uaol.  the  Hor- 
oujth  I'linli.  the  Surrey  Bridewell,  were  all 
bunicil  tixlav.  .  .  .  The  Mansion  House,  the  Mu- 
seum. Ilie  tlxchanije,  the  Tower,  ami  the  Bank, 
wire  nil.  it  is  understood,  nntrked  for  dcstrui:- 
tion  Lists  of  tliese  and  the  other  buihlings 
which  ■;  was  intended  to  attack  wcrc^  circnlaleil 
amnni;  llie  iiioh.  The  luiuk  was  actually  twice 
iLiwaiilti'd;  but  a  powerful  body  of  sohfiers  by 
wlititn  it  was  gininled  on  iMtth  oc'casions  drove  olT 
(he  cTiiwil,  tliough  not  wilhoul  great  slaughter. 
At  mmv  places  the  rioters  returaed  llie  tire  of 
till'  military.  .  .  .  Among  other  houses  which 
wire  Ret  on  tire  in  lIollHirn  were  the  extensive 
premises  of  .Mr.  Ijingdale.  the  distiller,  who  was 
aCiilhiilic.  .  .  .  The  worst  cons<Miuence  of  this 
oulr:ige,  however,  w-as  tlic  additional  excitement 
wliii  li  tile  frenzy  of  the  mob  received  from  the 
cpiaiililics  of  spirits  with  which  thev  were  here 
gupplic'd.  Many  indeeddnuik  lluinseives  litcndly 
ili'iiil :  ami  many  more,  who  had  rendi  red  them 
selvis  unable  to  move,  perished  in  the  midst  of 
the  lliinies.  Six  and  thirty  tires,  it  is  slated.  wen> 
lliisni:.'lit  to  lie  seen,  fnim  one  spot,  blazing  at 
tlic  s;nne  linn  in  dilTerent  cjuarters  of  the  town. 
.  .  Ity  Thursday  inoniing  .  .  .  Ilic^  exertions 
iif  liovtTiinienl,  now  thon>ugbly  alarmed,  had 
siicceeilnl  in  bringing  up  from  dilTerent  parts  so 
hiTfi'  II  tone  nf  regular  tnH)ps  and  of  militia  as 
to  malic  it  certain  tliat  die  rioters  would  be 
spiiiiily  civiTiHiwered.  .  .  .  The  soldiers  attacked 
t'u'  mnii  ill  Viirious  places,  and  everywiiere  witli 
r(iiii|ilili'  success.  ...  On  Friday  the  courts  of 
jusiiie  wire  again  opened  for  business,  and  the 
llinw  lit  Ciiniimms  met  In  the  evening.  .  .  . 
On  this  first  day  after  the  closi'  uf  tlic  riots,  '  the 
mi  tmiMilis,'  says  the  Annual  Hcgister,  '  presented 
in  uiiiiiy  places  tlie  Image  of  a  city  recently 
Miirniiif  a.iil  sacked.'.  .  .  Of  the  pcTSons  n|i- 
irnlii mild  and  brought  to  trial,  ,19  were  capitally 
iniiviiiiil;  and  of  lliese  more  than  20  were  cxe 
culiil;  the  cithers  were  sent  to  expiate  their 
(III  iKis  liy  passing  tlic^  remainder  of  their  days 
in  liirl  luliiiur  and  himdage  in  a  distant  land. 
Loril  (lic)rge  (Jonlon,  in  c iinsei|Uenee  of  the 
i  art  111  li;iil  iHiriie  in  the  nieasiires  which  led  to 
till  «i  li.iis.  was  .sent  to  the  Tower,  and  some 
liiiii-  adiTwanis  brougiit  to  trial  on  a  c:harge  of 
hi::li  iriiisiin,"  but  was  acquitted.— ^'X-Wc/icd  i/ 
I'.;i'il.ir  T'nirtUa,  ntrt^  1,  cA.  «. 
.ViM.i.v:  ,1  II.  ,lesse,  Memoirt  of  thf  Life  'iml 
■f  ll'"'Vf  III  .  rh.  ;H  (r.  2).— II.  Walpole, 
i'">'('ii  l!,i<jn  I'f  Ucnnjc  III,  r.  2,  pp.  4(i;t- 

1 1"'   ItfjMer,    17H0,    pp.   C.M-287.— C. 

!•  ninui',;/  l!iiil,/,.  —  W.  .].  Amherst,  Ilirt. 
'  '.  ■  H"i>uirij)iiii„n,  r.  1,  f/(.  !-.'». 
IJ  1780-1782.— Declining  strength  of  the 
government.— Rodney's  great  naval  victory,  ~ 
The  b„.(;e  of  Gibraltar.— -Tlie  fall  of  I.nni 
N""ii  ■  iiiiiiUiry,  and  with  it  the  overtlirnw  of 
t!ir  |H  ■  ..•i.,l  J,,, VI  riinicntof  (Jcorge  III.,  was  now 
'  '•'-   11  'i.iiui.      For  a  long  time  "the  government 


;,'./.,7, 
./..,, -I, 
4,' I 


go\ 
Th 


I  had  Ix-en  losing  favour.  In  the  summer  nf  1780, 
i  the  Brilisli  victories  in  South  Carolina  had  clone 
I  sometldng  to  strengthen,  yet  when,  in  the  autumn 
I  of  that  year,  I'ariiament  was  disnoived,  although 
I  the  king  complained  that  Ids  expenses  for  pur- 
|«>ses  of  corruption  had  l>een  twice  as  gn'at  as 
I  ever  iM'fore,  the  new  Parliament  was  sc-arcH*ly 
i  more  favourable  to  tlie  ministry  than  the  old 
one.  Misfortunes  and  perplexities  crowded  in  the 
path  of  Lonl  North  and  his  colleagues.  The  ex- 
I  ample  of  Aniericaii  rcsislanee  had  toUl  upon  Ire- 
land.  .  .  .  For  more  llian  a  veiir  Ihire  hiiil  iK-en 
war  ill  Inilhi.  where  Ilvder  .\li.  for  the  moment, 
was  carrying  everyllidig  Isfore  him.  France, 
eager  lo  ri'L'iiiii  her  hist  fisilliolil  upon  Hindustan, 
sent  a  stroiii.'  armament  tliiihcr,  and  insisted  that 
Kngland  must  give  up  all  her  Indian  i'iiiii|uests 
except  Bengal.  For  a  moment  Kngland's  great 
I  Eastern  eni|iire  totlerid,  and  was  saved  only  by 
:  thesu|>erliumanetTortsof  Warren  Hastings,  aided 
by  the  wonderful  mililary  genius  of  Sir  Eyre 
CiKile.  In  May,  1TH|,  tlie  .Spaniards  bad  taken 
I'ensaeola.  thus  driving  the  lirilisli  from  their 
1  last  posiiioii  in  Florida.  In  February.  17N2.  the 
Spanish  Meet  captured  Minorca,  and  the  sii  i;e  of 
Oiliraltar.  nliicli  had  lieen  ki'|it  up  for  marly 
three  years,  was  pressi-il  witli  redoulili-d  energy. 
During  the  winter  the  French  recaptured  St. 
Kiistatius.  and  handed  it  over  10  Holland;  ami 
(Irassc's  gnat  tleet  swept  away  all  the  Ilrilish 
possessions  in  the  West  Indies,  except  .lainaica. 
tiarbaihas,  ami  Antigua.  All  tliis  lime  the 
Norlhem  I,eagiie  kept  up  its  jealous  watch  upon 
British  cruisers  in  the  iiarmw  sens,  and  among 
all  the  powers  of  Europe  llie  gDvernment  of 
(ieorge  could  not  liinl  a  single  frieml.  The  mari- 
time supremacy  of  Kngland  was,  however,  im- 
paired but  for  a  moiiieiit.  UiMlmy  was  sent  hack 
to  tile  West  Indies,  and  on  the  12lh  of  April. 
17H2.  liis  tli'C't  of  'M\  ships  enc'oiiiiiered  llie  Freni  b 
near  the  island  of  Sainte-.Marie-daiante.  The 
bat  He  of  eleven  hours  which  ensued,  and  in  which 
,'i.OIM)  men  were  killed  or  woundeil.  wiis  one  of 
the  most  tremendous  contests  ever  witnessed 
upon  llie  is-ean  before  the  lime  of  Nelson.  The 
French  weri'  totally  defenleil,  and  (inissi'  was 
taken  prisoner,  —  tlie  first  Freiuli  cuiiinianiierin- 
chief,  by  sea  or  land,  wlio  Imd  fallen  into  an 
enemy's  hands  since  Marslial  Tiillanl  gave  up 
his  swiird  lo  MarllM^roimh,  on  the  Ic-rrihle  day  of 
Itlenheim.  France  could  do  nothing  to  repair 
lliis  crushing  disaster.  Iler  naval  power  was 
eliminafi'd  from  the  sitiiatinn  at  a  single  blow; 
and  in  the  course  of  the  siiniiner  the  English 
aciiii'vid  another  grcnl  siiecess  liy  overthrowing 
the  Spaniards  at  (iiliraltar.  afteraslrugL'lc  wliich. 
for  ilogged  tiiiaeily.  is  Mariely  paralleleil  in 
nuMlern  warfare,  Bv  iln-  aiiliimn  nf  1TM2.  Eng- 
land, defeated  ill  tile  I'nileil  States,  reiiiniiiiil  vic- 
torious and  iletlaiil  as  reganleil  the  other  parlies 
lo  the  war."-— ,1.  Fiske.  Ain'i-ii'ttn  ltimliiti"ii,  rh. 
l.T  (r.  2l—' (iiliraltar  .  had  iK'en  closely  in- 
vested for  nearly  thrre  years.  .Vt  tirsl.  the 
Spanish  liii'  einieavoiireil  tostarci  the  place;  but 
liicir  blockaile  having  Is-eu  mi  rvn  iM-easions 
forced  liy  Hie  Brilisli  Ih'ct.  tiicv  riliih|iiislieii  that 
plan,  and  commineed  a  regular  sIi'l'i'  During 
the  spriiii;  and  summer  of  ITSI,  the  fortress  was 
boiiilianii'il,  lull  Willi  little  sueeess;  in  tlie  month 
01'  Noviiiiliir,  the  enemy  wer-' driven  fruni  llieir 
approaelii's.  and  the  works  themselves  were  al- 
most destroyed  by  a  sally  from  the  garri.son 
Early  in  the  year,  however,  the  fall  of  Minorca 


965 


ENOLAM).   1780-1783. 


Siear 
o/aOmtUar. 


KNOI.ANI).   1782-1781! 


■ 


enabled  the  Spiinlnh  to  reform  the  nirRe  of  Gib-   | 
raltsr.     IV  Orlllon  liiniMlf.  the  hero  iif  Mlnorea,    | 
HiilHTiietllnK   Alviin/.   luwiiiiietl  the  chief  eoni-    j 
miiiiil    .  .   .  Tlie  parrisoii  of  (iibraltar  roniprineil 
11(1  more  limn  7.(KHI  men:   while  llie  force  of  the   | 
iilliiil   miiimrchieH  iiiiioiintiil  to  ICt.dOO  Hojillem. 
witli  iin  iiiinitime  tniin  of  iirtillery.       I>e  (irillon.    i 
liciwcvir.  wlio  wtw  well  iiniuiiiiileil  with  tlie  for 
in«t.  hull  little  hiiiM'  of  tiikiii):  it  from  the  liiml 
»iile.  but  relied  with  loiillili  iiieoii  the  forniiihilile 
prepiimlionN  » liiih  lie  liml  miule  for  IminliHrilinK 
il  from  llie  sea      lluue  lloaliiiit  Imlleries,  iMinili 
priKif  iukI  mIioI  proof,  wire  eoimlrurleil;   anil  il 
»ii»  calriiliiliil  lliat  till'  aclion  of  these  treiiien 
ilous  enj.'iiii»  aKine  woulil  1h'  milllcient  to  iliKlrov 
llie  worlis      llesiih':*  Hie  liatliriiiL'»liipn.  of  wliiili 
lin  were  |iioviileil.  a  larp'  iiniiaiiient  of  vcmmIh 
of  all  rail",  was  eipiippeii;    anil  ii  erunil  allaik 
WHS  to  talte  place.  IhiIIi  from  si'u  anil  Iniiil,  with 
4IKI  pines  of  artilliTV      Six   iiioiilhs  were  con- 
8unieil  in  IhiM'  foriiiiilalile  preparnlioiis;  ami  it 
wan  not   iinlil   SpleiiilHr  lliat  they  were  coin, 
plrlcd.     A  partial  eaniioiiaiie  took  place  on  Hie 
mh  anil  llirie  fullowiiiK  ila_\s;  but  llie  great  lit 
lack,   wliicll   was  to  ihciile   the  f.lle  of    Hie   lie 
leacucriil  fortress.  Hascoiiimenii'il  on  the  i:illiof 
Sipliniliir      (In  thai  ilay,  the  coinliiiied  lliets  of 
Knince  and  S|iaiii.  lonsisiinu  of  47  sail  of  tin- 
line.  Iiesiilis  iiiiini  rolls  sliips  of  inferior  rate,  wen' 
drawn  out  in  order  of   battle   iH-firc  (iilinillar 
Numerous  lionili  ketihes.  Klin  niid  iimrtJir  lioats, 
dropped  tlM'ir  am  liors  within  close  ranffc;  while 
the  tell  III      iiii;  lialtirii's  were  n  mio'il  w  ith  slninn 
iron  <li.-i        witliiu  lialf  nun  shot  of  the  walls. 
(In  till'  I       '  1711  (runs  were  pnpared  lo  open  lire 
simuli  •  -ly  Willi  Hie  sliips;  and  4II,IMNI  Insips 

ttiri  I  liadiness  to  rusli  in  at  Ihelirst  prai 

ijiaM  .   .   .  TIm'  nniiid  attack  was  com 

i.    II.  ii'cliHk  ill  Hie  forenoon,  by  Hie  tire 

f  artillery.     The  KreatlloatinL' bat 
V  ,iii<lioriil  wilhin  lilK)  yards  of  the 
I  ill  an  iiiees.sanl  storm,   from  I4J 
I  lia.l  less  tliaii  1IH»  Kiiiis  1(1  ri'ply  lo 
t       .-M.  I''  liotli  from  sea  and  land;  and  of 

.1  judicious  use.      Disre 
1  every  other  ipiarter,  lie 
of   his  ordnance  on  the 
iliialir  iisini     ritofliiin;  for  uidcss  lliese 

■  would  prove  irresi.sti- 
llle    tile   lliuilder   of  HI) 
ins  mail'         i"ii  1  (.11  tlit'i'iiortuous masses 

I   w(>(«l  :i  largest   shells  ulaiiccd 

iiariiil(~^  I  -       Nn;  ris.fs;   Hie  heaviest 

.|i(il  ( I.' ...i  ;,■  iKiic  their  liulls  seven  feel  ill 

llii(  kiic^s  riJii  less,  llie  artillery  of  tile  L'lir 

risoii  v\:is  still  .  'asiniily  dircilcd  airainsl  Hicse 
terrible  cimiiu  «  .  .  .listriictioii.  A  sloriii  of  red 
liiit  balls  was  iMi'ired  diwii  ii|><.ii  tlieiii.  and 
aliiiut  niiildav  it  was  i.liserved  that  Hie  cinillius 
li.iii  caused  l'\  tttcst-  ini^^iles.  which  had  hitlierio 
iH(ii  promptly  c.vliiiL'iMslicil.  uas  U  ifinniiiL'  to 
lake  ilTi'(i.  's.«ai  alli  r.  Hie  partial  ces-saiion 
iif  tlic  u'lms  Ir.iii  the  l.ati.riiii;  ships,  awl  the 
\('liiMi(  s  III  smoke  wliich  is.siied  Irotii  Iheirdeek.-. 
made  il  lu.iiiili-^t  ilicv  were  oil  lire,  ami  that  all 
the  (■lT(  it^  ct  tile  crews  wci,'  n'(iiiir(ii  lo  siiliiiii.' 
the  (iinllairration,  'I'o.vards  ('\eniii:^.  their  iruiis 
Lcanie  sill  lit.  ii'ul  Is  lore  niidiiii;lii.  tlic  llaim  s 
liui'st  fortli  fniii  Hii  pniiiipal  Iloaliiii;  b.itii  r\ 
whiili  carried  tin  .Vdiiiiral's  llai;.  .  .  Kit'lit  of 
till'  10  iloatini;  liallerics  wen- on  tire  durint-'  lli.' 
nigl'.t;  and  tlie  only  care  of  Hie  Issie.itisl  v\as  In 
nave  from  the  iiames  and  from  tl«    waters,  tin: 


-..    !, 

ele     the     m 

lilJK 

•tack  fri 

'IK  1' 

he  wh 

■alii. 

lis  in  1 

1  re  - 

1.  their 

■  r   a    1 

wretrlml  Biirvlvnra  of  that  U'rrible  flotilla,  wliidj 
had  Ml  reu'iitly  menaced  them  with  annlliilaiinn 
.  .  .  The  loHii  of  the  enemy  wan  compiitnl  ;ii 
2,000;  that  of  IlieKarriaon.inkilltMlandwoiiiiili.l 
amnuntiiltonomore  I  linn  84.  TheljlNiurof  afi  » 
hours  »ullh'ed  lo  ri'iiair  Hie  (lamaf:c  sustaiiii  i|  In 
the  workii.  The  Fremh  and  SpunUh  llii  N  n 
niained  in  the  SIndls,  eX|M'Clini;  the  npiHarann 
of  Hie  Ilritisli  sipiadnm  under  l.onl  Howe;  Mui 
relvintf  on  their  siilM'riority  in  Bhips  and  »ii;:lit 
of'nietiil.  they  still  hoiM-d"  that  the  nsult  i.l  in 
aclion  rl  seiiiiiiitht  enable  tlicm  lo  nsiini.'  iIk 
siep'  of  (Jibndlnr.  Howe,  having  l»'cn  di  I  ii.il 
by  coiilrary  winds,  iHil  not  reach  the  Slniiis  umil 
Ihe  Itth  of  llelolHr;  and,  iiiilwithstanditi^'  il..' 
superior  array  whh  h  the  enemy  pn'sciitnl.  In 
was  prepari'il  to  risk  an  en^ni;eincnl.  Bin  :a 
this  juncture,  a  sloriii  hnvinjt  s<'atlen'd  the  i  niii. 
billed  tlej't,  the  Hrilisli  Adminil  was  cnal.l.i!  t.. 
land  his  stores  and  reinforccmenl.H  withoiii  .i|i 
IHwition.  Having  |K'rfoniieil  this  duly,  lie  wi 
sail  for  England;  nor  dhl  the  Spanish  Aiiinir.l. 
tliough  still  suiM'rior  by  eight  sail  of  the  lin. ,  mu 
liiri'  lo  dispiile  hi.s  passage.  Such  was  tlic  (  Iom' 
of  the  gri'at  suge  of  (Jibraltiir;  an  undeniikiii); 
which  had  lieen  nganled  by  Spain  us  the  diict 
ohjeel  of  Ihe  war.  which  she  had  proMciiicI  fur 
lliree  years,  and  which,  at  Hie  last,  ha. I  Nm 
pressed  by  the  whole  force  of  the  allii  d  nnm 
archies.  After  this  event,  the  war  itsilf  was 
virtually  at  an  end." — W.  Mass«.y,  l/inl.  nf  h:,„i.. 
Ittiyn  ff  llriiri/r  III.,  rh.  27  (r  U). 

Ai.siil.N:  Lord  Malum  (Karl  Stanhope],  ///»( 
•if  Hnij.,  I7|;!-17h;1.  (•/(.  «'.'-««  (r  7i  — .1  lirinl; 
walir.  Hint,  iifllif  Sinie  iif  (lihmltar. 

A.  D.  1780-1783.— Second  war  with  Hyder 
All,  or  Second  Mysore  War.  See  I  Mm  .\  h 
ITWI  l7Ki. 

A.  D.  1781-1783.— War  with  Holland,  s. 
.Nktiikiii.amw  (IIoi.i..*M>l:  A.  I).  I74»t  17*7 

A.  D.  1782.— -Legislative  independence  con- 
ceded to  Ireland.  See  Iuki..\m>;  A  I'  177s 
17114. 

A.  D.  1782-1783.— Fall  of  Lord  North.  The 
second  Rockinenam  Ministry.—  Fox,  Shel- 
burne,  and  the  American  peace  negotiations. 
—The  Shelburne  Ministry.— Coalition  of  Fox 
and  North. —  "Tlicrc  comes  a  point  win  11  ivn 
the  most  servile  inajorily  of  an  iinrcprix  mi  ilivi' 
I'arilaiiienl  tinds  Hie  strain  of  party  alii.''iMi.' 
tisi  Hvi  re.  and  that  point  was  reached  "In  1.  tin 
siirri'tiili  r  of  Cornwullis  at  Yorktowii  1 . 1  .im 
known  ill  Novemljcr,  17N1.  '()  (Jisl.  il  i-  ill 
over!'  cried  Ix^rd  North,  wringing  lii~  li  .1 .1- 
wheii  he  heimlof  it.  .  .  .  On  Keliriiary  7  1  n  ii 
of  ceiisiin'.  movi'd  by  Fox,  upon  Lord  Suni.ui  li, 
wius  nciratiiedby  a  majority  of  laily  Iwi  nn  uv  1 
On  the  2','n(i,  (ii'iieral  ('(ai'way  lost  a  iimi;' 1.  in 
favour  of  putting  an  end  lo  Hie  war  li\  ciii 
vole.  On  the  'JTth  the  motiiin  was  run  " 
the  form  of  a  rcsoluiion  and  carried  by  a  1 
itV  of  ninetd'll  |s<'e  I'.MTKli  Stati-  oi 
.VII  ITS'J  (Kmui  Miv -.MaviI.  Still  iI' 
winild  not  giv(  his  consent  to  l<or«i  N..nn 
iu'iiation.  li.'it  her  than  i  omiiiil  liinisi  If  I"' 
position,  he -s  rioiisly  iboiiLdii  of  alidican 
irownand  retiring  to  Hanover.  .  .  Ini 
i!  h.id  not  Isi'ii  for  his  larire  family,  ai 
(  haraiterof  thel'rineci.f  Wales,  alreadv  i 
known,  it  is  fur  from  improbable  that  In  ' 
I...  I  e  carried  this  idea  inio  execution,  ami  • 
fri.ni  a  (Jovenimeiit  of  which  he  wa.-  11.  - 
muster      i!v  the  'JOth  ^of  March],  howei.  i 


.  iiiii- 
I  ill 

.■|.ir- 

AM 

i\ill_' 


1  ;l.,' 


IGO 


EN01.ANI),  1788-1788. 


U>ri  north. 


KNUI.ANI),  1782-1788. 


(iiiiriri'  HI.  isaw  ''"»•  ">«'  (?»">« "»<1<I  n"'  '*  ''I'P' 
„,,  i.iiv  lons'T.     Hf  K><v«'   iH-niiliMildn   to  Ixinj 
N.irtli't"  uuiiouiicc  lil.i  n'ulKniillon.  iiiiil  piirti'd 
Kill)  him  with   the  ihiiniitcrislii-  words:    '  !{<■ 
III.  mix  r.  my  I/<>ril.  i'  i*  >'"'  "'i"  <li-sirt  iiif,  not 
I  whndisirt  vi>ii.' .   .      Kvcn  whiii  till' hmjrdc- 
(irrcd  Mow  fill,  uml  Lord  North  s  Ministry  wiis 
,„.  iMiirr,  Ilir  KliiR   ri  fused   to   siiid  for   I,onl 
liukiiiL'liaiu.     Ill- still  llttttcri'd  liiiiiMlt  llmt  hi' 
III! 'hi  ).'rt  IriiiilhiT  11  Miidslry  friuii  iimoii):  the 
(uMnxTs  of  (  hiitlmiii  lUid  of  l,onl  Norlh.  whirh 
«inild  Ik'  idilc-  to  ristori'  iHiur  wilhoiil  K">'HlnK 
iiiili|Hi"h  I11I-,  uiid  SlH'llmnic  «us  tlir  iiolilicinn 
Bli.iiii  hi-  Il-Xi'd  upon  to  idil  him  iu  this  h<  lii'ini'. 
Sliillmrne,  howivi  r,  was  t(Hi  ih'vir  to  fall 
iiii,i  (111-  trap.     A  Ministry  which  hail  ajtainst  it 
il]i  iiilliii'niT  of  till'  Hoikin^-'luini  coniiiTtion  and 
llii  tall  iilsof  CharlfS  I'ox,  and  wmdil  not  rirrivu 
ill.   lii:irty  support  of  Lord  Norlhs  phalanx  of 
|il:i<iinrn"  was  foHiliHHurd  to  failurr.     Thi'  piar 
WIS  ii"l  .Ml  ripi'.     Ill'  saw  1  liarly  iiiiiu;.'li  that 
\M  Ust  I'hanii'  of  jHTnianint  surciss  hiy  iu  U'- 
K'liiiiij!   Ilii'  Micri'Bsor.    not   thr   supphinti'r,    of 
l!i.rkiM|.'hani.  .  .  .   His  (tamr  was  to  wait.     Ill' 
rtspiiifullvilnlincd  toai't  wilhout  liiM-kiuKhain. 
Ill  fcirV  Itoi'kinithai"  constntid  totaki'iilliir, 
111.  |,r.K  iiriila  ilislinrt  pliilKi'  from  the  KiUL'lhat 
In   would  not  put  u  M'lo  Ul«iu  Aimriran  inili' 
]«  mil  nil',  if  till' Ministirs  nrommindrd  it.  and 
cm  Ihi'  'JTth  of  Marrh  thi'  triuin|di  of  the  Opposi 
li.in  was  rotiipli-lid  liy  the  forr.ndion  of  ii  Minls- 
Irv,  mainly  ri  pnsi'niali.i' of  lliiold  WhiK  faml 
liis.  pliiltrid  lo  It  poliry  of  <( oiionilcal  ri'torm, 
uMiiot  pi  art' with  Aliiirini  on  llir  luisis  of  the 
HI  kiiort  li  diiininl  of  ini'  pendenre.     Kox  reeeivid 
ilic  riwiinl  of  his  si  i. lies  hv  Is'lni;  aprioinled 
Kuniirn   Siri'ar",    and    l.on^    Shelliurne    tiiik 
riiiiri;i    "f  ihi'  Home  and  t'olonial  Dipartmeut. 
ji.u  kin^riiani  liimsi  If  went  to  the  Treasury,  l.ord 
■Inliii  ('.ivtiidish  ln'1-aiiie  Chuneellor  of  the  Kx- 
1  111  i|Ui  r,   Lord  Keppvl   Kir>t    Liml   of   the    Ad 
ninilly.  Lord  Camdi  n  I'ri  siilenl  of  the  C'oiineil 
lii.rki-  wiis  made  Layniasler  of  the  Kories.  and 
Wiiridaii  I'luler  Sei  relary  lo  his  friend  Kox.     Ai 
'.III  Kiiiir's  spiii;il  riipiesl.  Thiirlow  was  nlloued 
ti.  iini.iin  as  I  lianrellor.   .   .  .  The  I'a'.iini't  no 
yi'iiiT  mil   than  il  dividiil  into  the  parlies  of 
Sill  lliiiriir  mill  of  Tox,  while  KoekiML'ham,  t'ou 
i\a\ .  anil  t'aviiiili-.li  tried  to  hold  the  balaiiee  h''- 
iwiin  liiriii,  and  Thorlow  artfully  fomented  the 
iii.^H*a>ii'ns.  .  .  .  Few  .Kdniinisfal  ions  have  doiH- 
-v.  null  h  ill  a  i-liort  time  as  did  the  Iv.'i-kinirhain 
Miiii-!r.v  liuriii::  Ike  three  inoi.thsof  it.se.xi.  •"nee. 
iiiii!  II  Ml  ha)  prill  d  thai  the  lion's  share  of  the 
wi'iU  till  111  Fo\       rpmi  nis  ap|ioinliuenl   to  of- 
:ir.    !ii^  fiaiiiU  noliii-d  a  ehan;;e  in  haliils  mil 
ii.iiiLir  I't  lifi-,  as  eoni|)lele  as  that  aserilN-d  lo 
Ilii.!;  \.  I'll  Ills  aeee^sion  to  the  throne.      Hi-  is 
M.'i  1.'  \'  r  ii.  Iia\e  loui  lii-il  a  card  duririir  either 
"I  1,1- '1,111   -iii.rt  tirni^  of  olliee    .       .    Ityllii'di 
■.  i-i.ii .!.-,  Ml  ^  anion  u  tl.r  I  woS'ireUiries  of  Stair 
a'i   i.iMits  wtiieh    rehlled   to    the  eolouies   were 
'/■•■■'■  il"-  'iiilrolof  'Shilliiirne.   while  thosi-  n-- 
ii  i;  :    I'l  liiiiiL.n  loiMinminls  iH'lonu'ed  to  ,hi 
'i' !    i'Kii.i  I,!    l',i\.      t  onsi  ipieiilly  i;     iM'-ane' 
I  \' "  '...^h    iiiiporlani    lo   >liesi'  two    MinisIiTs 
n!i' '    ■  :  Hull  piluienee  w.u   l:i  Is'  frtiiileil  lo  Ini- 
.Viii'ii.  L,i  ,  ni-iiiii-j,  hy  theC-i'iMi  ot  its  own  m- 

'    "•  '1  -I M  111  reserved  in  order  lo  form  pari 

'1.'  Ji  111  111  iri::i\  of  p.  ,iii-.  Aeeordinu'  to 
1  \-  iiui,  Midi'iH'iidellee  w  a-s  lo  1«-  olViTed  al 
'  '  Kill.v  mil  freely  to  tlx  Amerieans,  They 
I    .1  .  tliu.  iraiiiat  11  lilow  all  tUa'.  Ihey  WHiitv-J 


Their  jealousy  of  French  and  Bnaniuli  intrretti 
In  Anierleu  would  at  onee  nwK'rt  ilwlf,  nnd  Kug- 
lanil  would  Imve  no  dillleulty  in  lirin^lnc  them 
over  to  her  shio  In  the  necoliallonii  wllh  Krunre. 
hiieh  Willi  Kox's  sehenie.  hut  unfortuiiiitely,  dl- 
netly  Aliieriia  la'cnine  inde|H'iideiit,  iihe  leased 
to  Ik'  in  any  way  suhjei  t  to  SheUiiirue'si  inaua^e- 
nunt.  and  the  ne^rotialions  for  peine  would  ^iiisn 
wholly  out  of  his  (ontrol  into  the  hands  ot  Fox. 
.  .  .  Shelliurne  at  onee  threw  his  whole  weight 
inlo  the  opposile  seah'.  lie  urjreil  with  (.-real  ef- 
feet  that  to  (rive  inile|H'ndenee  at  onee  was  to 
throw  away  the  trump  earil.  Il  was  the  ehief 
eoneessloii  whiih  Kntrland  would  he  reiiuired  to 
make,  he  only  one  whiih  she  was  prepand  lo 
make;  and  lo"  iiiuke  il  iil  onee,  In  fore  she  was 
even  asked,  wvs  wilfully  to  deprive  hersilf  of 
her  last  wea|Min.  The  K\n\i  and  the  t'aliinet 
adopted  Shelliurnes  vhw .  Kox's  wlienie  for  the 
Isolation  of  Kranie  faih'il.  and  a  double  nenolitt- 
'ion  for  peaee  was  set  on  Iih,!  Shelliurne  and 
Kninkliii  tisik  i  liarfre  of  the  trealv  wilh  Ainerieit 
|sie  I'MTKii  St.\ti>  of  Am.:  A"  I>  ITM'J  (Skp- 
•rt.MHKni).  Fox  and  M.  de  Vi  ri.'i  nnes  that  with 
Kniiii  e  and  Spain  and  llollaud.  \n  arrani;!  iiii  lit 
of  this  sort  eoiild  hardly  have  sin  leeded  had  Ihe 
two  SiiTitjirh's  laeii  the  lirini  st  of  frUiids;  since 
tiiey  were  rivals  and  eneinii-i  it  was  furedi'i'ineii 
to  failure."  Kox  found  onasiou  verv  wsm  lo 
eomplitin  that  imimnam  niaUi  rs  in  Shilliume'8 
negotiation  with  Krankiin  were  kept  from  hU 
knowleil).'e,  and  onei  more  he  proposed  to  the 
Cahiuet  an  imineiliate  eonee^sion  of  indi'|»ndence 
to  the  Amerieans  At'iiiii  he  was  oulviited,  and, 
■'defeated  and  despairing:,  only  refrained  from 
resigniiiK  there  and  Iheii  Ui  ause  he  woidil  not  em 

hitter  HiK'kinv'ham's  last  i leiils  upon  earth." 

This  was  on  the  ;«ll'.i  of  .luiie,  "  Un  the  1st  of 
July  Um  kinjileiin  died,  iiid  on  llie  '.'ml  Shell'urne 
aeeipUsI  from  llie  Kin:;  the  task  of  forniini.'  u 
Ministry  "  Kox  of  coursi'.  deeliiu'd  to  enter  it, 
and  Ml  ill  red  in  intliienie  Ihiiiusi  he  lo'ilil  not 
make  piililie  the  reasons  for  his  inaliilily  to  act 
with  l.oid  Shelliurne.  "Only  Lord  (iivindish, 
Itiirke,  and  the  Solieilor  (ieiiiral.  i,ei',  hfl  olMie 
wilh  I'lirtlmid  and  Kox,  and  Ihe  t'ap  was  nioru 
than  hiiiiplied  hy  the  inlranie  of  William  I'itt 
[Lord  (hathiims  son,  who  had  i  nlireil  Parlia- 
ment in  1Tmii|  inlo  the  Caliiml  i>s  fhaneellor  of 
ihe  Kxi'heipiir  Kortune  siiimd  lo  smile  on 
Shelliurne.     Ill  .   inis;lit   well   hsik  forwanl 

ill    a    hiiiL'    and    iiniloudid    tinure  of    |H)liliial 
power.    IIi>   \iliiiinisiralion  lasted  not  i|uiti' seven 
.    inonlhs.  '     It  was  wi  likened  liy  distriisl  and  dis- 
s,iiisf!ii'lion  ainonir  iis  nieinlMrs,  and  overlurne'i 
in  Ki'liniary,  lTi^:l.  hy  a  vole  of  ei  nsuri'  on  Ihe 
piiiee  whieli  it  had  eonrluded  wilh  Kriiiie.  Spain 
and  the  .^ineriea.,  stales.     It  was  siiereeded  in 
Ihe  (iovernnieiit  hy  ihe  famous  Coalilion  Minis 
Irv  foiniid  under  l'"ox  and   Lord   North        "The 
IMlKi     of    I'orllalld    silieeeiled   Shellilinie   al   llie 
I   Tieasury       Lord  Noriliaiul  Ko\  Isiaiiie  the  S'O- 
'    rrlarii-sof  State       Lord.Iohn  I  :ivi  nilish  niurned 
1    lo  the  K.Mhei|Uir.  Kepinl  lo  the  .\iliiiirally,  and 
I    I'lirke    to   ihe    r.iynia.sii'rsliip.  the  folhiv.ers  of 
'    Lord  Nniih  .   .   .    were  rewarded  with  the  lower 
olliiis.     Ki'W  eomliiualionsiii  .la  iiistory  of  iiolit- 
:    ii;il  p.iriii  >  liave  tieen  reei  iM'd  li\  hi^loriaiis  anil 
I    posieriiy   with   nii.n.    uni|ualilied    lonileinnatlou 
i   than  the  roaiitiiin  of  17SH.   .   .   .   Then'  i»  no  evi- 
I   diiiie  losliow  llial  at  the  lime  il  :.lrin-k  pi  liliriaus 
ill  ireneral  iis  lieinj;  specially    In'inoiis      -II    O. 
I    Wakeiiiau.  I.ije  uf  CluirlrM  lain,..  Fox.  rli    :(-.'i 


967 


KNOI.ANI).   178a-17»8 


Tht  Yaummr 
filt. 


KNOLANU,   17t«-1787 


I 


AimiIN:  UtiI  J.  UuiM'll,  Lift  of  f\>t.  eh.  IS- 
i;  (r.    1)  -W.   K.    Ilac.    Witlctt.  Sheridan,    f^n. 
3()7-;ii7  — lA>ril  E.  Klt/.miniriif,  life  >f  WU- 

«7«- 

with  the  United  States  of  America  lifncd  at 


(lilm.  Kirt  itf  Shrlhurni\  r.  11.  fh.  3-6, 


A.  D.  1783.  -The  definitive  Treatjr  of  Peace 

limned  at 
A  I)  iTsa 


Paris.     S<i'  I  siTi-ii  SrviK.H  <.w  Am 

(fKI-rKMIlKUl 

A.  D.  1783-1787.  — Fall  of  the  Coalition.— 
Ascendancy  of  the  Tounser  Pitt.— His  extra- 
ordinary grasp  of'^  power.— His  attempted 
measures  of  reform.  "  rurllunu'iit  iiit't  mi  llic 
lull  of  NoMinlnr;  on  llir  IHih  Kox  itnknl  for 
It'uii' III  iiiiniiliid.  II  Hill  for  till'  llt'ttir  (invrrii 
mint  of  liuliii.     Tli:it  ilav  month  llic  (lovirnnu'nt 

hail  ciaMil  to  I  xi^l       Into  tli irilK  of  the  Hill 

it  i>niit  now  nc'n>s.iry  toinii  r,  .  .  It  wus  tli'iir 
th:it  It  fiirnl.<)liril  tin  ailntiriihjr  \\i'ti|)on  iiiiuinst 
an  unpopular  (  ouliiioii  whirli  hail  riHl.stnl  vv^^■ 
noinical  rrforin,  <li  inandi  tl  a  ^n'at  iiicoinr  for  a 
iU-t>aiii-|ii'i|  priiK  <■.  ami  now  ujnii'il  at  Hi-nirini;  11 
monopoly  of  ilir  va^t  |>atronai;i'  of  Imlia, —  pat- 
rotiuLT  wlijili,  ^i-iiialty  rxiTiiM'il  liy  IlnnduH, 
was  siHiii  to  MTiin^  Siollaiiil  for  I'itt.  In  tlic 
lIoiiM'  of  I'oiiiinoiis  tl\'.'  niajoiily  for  tlir  Hill  was 
iivi  r  liHi,  111!'  lofiiist  I'loipu'iKc  of  Hiirkc  was 
fXirtiil  in  its  fa\oiir;  ainl  Fox  was,  as  i-vi*r. 
liaiintli'ss  uii'l  rnistiiiii;  in  ilrbatr.  Hut  oiitsiilr 
l'arli,iniint  liii'  Kini;  w  liitiiiil.  anil  lontrimrsy 
nii-icl.  .  .  .  Will  Ti  till- Hill  arrivi'.l  at  tlii'  Kouw 
of  l.onls.  tlir  niiilrtiakiTs  wiTi- n-aily.  Tlii'  Kini; 
liail  si'iii  TiiMpli'.  ati'l  i-iii|io\M'ri'il  liiin  to  roni- 
iiuinirati'  to  all  whom  it  n  11;^ lit  i-onn-rn  liin august 
ili-.ip|irolialic>ii  'I'lii-  unia-y  «  liis|iiT  riii  iilnti'il, 
anil  till-  joint.,  of  the  lortU  In  raiiu' as  walrr.  Tlir 
pit  rs  w  hoyi  arni-il  for  lii-uti-iiatniesor  nu'lmi'Mts. 
for  stars  or  .^ir:i\\  liiTry  loavi-s;  Ilii'  pri'lali-s.  who 
souirht  a  l.iTL'i  r  spin  ri-  of  iiMfulmss;  thi'  minions 
of  till'   IkcIi  h  iiiilii  r  ami    thr    janissariis   of   the 

I  loM  t ;  all,  temporal  or  spiritual,  whose  cDiivir- 
tioiis  wire  uiii-ipial  to  their  appetite,  r.illleil  to 
Ilir  royal  noil,  .  ,  'I'lii- result  was  overwhelm 
ii.:.'.  The  triumphant  Coalilioti  was  paralvseil  liy 
the  rejeetion  of  their  Hill.  They  rijihtly'refiiai-il 
til  resimi.  hut  the  Kint;  eoulil  not  sleep  until  he 
Iiaii  resumeil  the  .seals.  Late  at  ni>:iit  he  sent 
for  them.  The  messenger  fouml  North  anil  Kox 
j:aily  seatetl  at  .supper  with  their  followers.  .\t 
lir»i  lie  was  not  U  lieveil.  'The  Kini;  woiililniit 
ilaie  ilo  it.' exelaimeil  Kox,  Hut  the  uiiiler  See- 
reiary  eliar:;eil  with  the  message  soon  eonvineeil 
them  of  its  nutheiitii  ity.  anil  the  seals  were  lie- 
liMiiil  with  a  li-ht  heart.  In  suili  ilraiimtie 
fashion,  mill  the  spiin^'tiile  of  its  youth,  fell  tliat 
famous    Lfovi  iiimeiit.    niilioiioureil  ami  unwept. 

'  Kn^l mil,' onee  saiil  Mr,  |ii-r.iili,  '  iIih'S  not  love 
eoalinoiis  '  .^he  eertainly  -ii'l  not  li\e  this  one. 
(In  Ihis  01 1  asioii  tin  re  « ,n  in  iihi  r  he.^it.ilioii  nor 
ill  lay ,  the  iii'iiiuMt  lia'l  •  onie,  anil  Uie  man. 
Wiiiiin  I  ;  hoMi^ol  the  Kim;  s  neeivim;  the  seals. 
I'iil  li.el  11. 1  ipte.l  tlie  Kirst  l,oriUhi|i  of  the  Trias 
iiry  :iml  the  (  haiieellorship  c.f  III,.  Kxihenuer. 
That  afii  riioiMi  hi^  writ  w  1..  iiioveil  amiil  univer 
sal  lieii.'ioi!  .\rnl  so  eoiiiiiiem  eti  a  supreme  anil 
HMhioki  11  .Miiii>try  of  ! '.  \  ears.  Thn.si.  who 
iauuhiil  Hireh.inlly  hlamaliie,  fur  the  iliHienllies 
wire  Innienilous  The  eomposition  of  the 

Uovermiii  nt  wis  .  tin  liast  of  i'itt'semlmr 
ras»i,iiii|s      'I'ln-  majority    airain.st    him    in  the 

II  lU'i-  '  t  I  ommons  \va*  not  jess  than  4't  or  .''lU. 
eoiii  uiim;.  uilh  the  iMipiion  of  I'itt  liim.self 
anil   liumhis.  every  ihliati  r  of  eminence;  while 

III  hail,  liifore  the  meeting  of  rarliumeiit,  to  pre- 


pare anil  to  uhtain  tlie  sppnival  of  the  East  Imlit 
('um|Hiny  taaM'lirmi'  which ahimlil  lake  tin  |.| m. 
nf  Burke's,     Thf  Ciulithin  Minlstem  wen-  .  nij 
illsmlsM'il  on  the  IHth  of  IleeemlKT.  I7KI.  Imt, 
when  the  lliiiia<<  iif  (  omimnis  met  iin  the  I'.Mh  .if 
Janiiury,  17H4,  all  this  hiul  lieeii  dime.     Tie   h  ir 
rullvu  of   ilic   next  Ihree  months  Is  silrrinj  i„ 
rewl,  lint  wnuld  rcipilrti  Usi  iiiueh  detail  for    .iir 
limits,   ,  ,   .   On  the  day  of  the  miitliu'  of  I'lr 
llnment,  I'itt  wiis  defeuleil  in  iwu  |iiiihei|  ilui 
•ions,  the  miijiirilies  against  him  iH-iiig  :l:i  aul  M 
His    government    seemed    still-lHini.       Ili^  i<| 
leajiiies  were  dismayvil.     The  Kliii<eaim<  up  fr  m 
Windsor  to  Hiiiipiirt  him.     Hut  in  truth  he  m  1  .|o| 
nil  support,     lie  hail  Inheritnl   from  his  liilur 
that  ciintlileiiee  whieh  made  (  halhani  om  e  mi\, 
'I  am  sure  that  I  can  save  this  enuntry.  and  that 
niilHsly  elsi!  can  ';  whIeh  made  himself  say  I  iirr. 
'  I  plaee  miieh  de|iendeiiieoii  my  new  eotteiiL-ni  ^, 
I  plain   still    more  liependeiue  on  inys«-lf  '     lli- 
liai I  refused,  in  spite  of  the  Kin),''s  iiisistaiiu    1,1 
dissuire;  for  he   felt  that  the  enuntry   riipiirnl 
lime,   ,   ,   ,  The  Clerkship  of  the  I'ells,  a  siniMiri' 
iilllee  worth  not  less  than  .I'.'I.IKM  a  year,  fell  v.i 
I  ant  the  very  (lay  that  Parliament  inet.      It  «  n 
universally  expeeted  that  I'itt  wuiild  t.ikr  ii  ,h 
of  rik'lit.  and  so  aeipiire  an  indepi  nili m  1  .  utmli 
wiiuld  enahle  him  to  devote  his  life  to  poliiii,, 
without  tare  for  the  morrow,     lie  had  not  i;ii»; 
a  year;  his  imsiiion  wiis  to  the  last  diKrei-  [in 
earliiiis.   .   ,   ,    I'itt  disaiipointed  his  friend^   iiul 
ama/.ed  his  enemies,     tie  i;a\e  the  plai  e  to  liini' 
,   ,   To  a  nation  inured  to  johs  tills  lame  .i>  i 
revelation    ,   ,   .    .Msive  and  In  y ond  all  w:i~  ili. 
fait  that  I 'it  I.   yoiini;,   imaided'.   and  aloin  ,  ImM 
Ills  own  with  the  >;reath'aders  allied  ajiaiii^l  lniii 
.   ,  ,    In  faeeof  Kii  res<iliitea  resistaiiee,  lhe,i«  iii 
ants    l«Kan    to    melt    awav.     Their    iliii-iu- 
though  they  always  shnweii  a  superiority  to  \\v 
(fi)vernment,  tatniyed  iiotalile  iliiiiiniilioii 
(In  the  iJSth  of  .Mareli  rarliament  was  ilissih.! 
the  aunonneeinent  iH'InK  retarded  hy  tin'  iiin  t 
plaimd  theft  of  the  (Jreat  Seal.      When  the  .  In 
lions  were  over,  the  party  of  Fox.  It  «iis  In  iiil, 
had  shari'd  the  fate  of  the  host  of  Seiinai  In  rih 
The  numlsrof  Fox's  martyrs  —  of  Fo.\  s  foil.iw 
ers  who  had  earned  that  niekname  hy  losin.;  tin  ir 
seats  —  was  Kk).   .   .   ,  The  Kiiij;  and    Till   «irr 
supported  on  the  tidal  wave  of  oneof  tlio-e  i;ri:it 
eonvulsiiins  of  feelinj.'.    whieh  in  Great    liiM  liu 
relieve  and  express  pent  up   national  si  iitiini  iil. 
and  whieh  in  other  nations  prisluee  revoliiti"n-.  " 
—Lord  HosilH'ry.  IHtt.  ch.  ;l.—  "Three  sui'iin 
then  needeil  the  attention  of  a  (treat  staii -.111111. 
thouiili  none  of  them  were  sojm'ssinf,'  as  1  ■  I'rn' 
theinsilves  on  the  attention  of  a  little  slali  ~iii  111 
Tliesi!  were,  our  eeonomieal  and  tinanetal  li  _'i-.l;t 
ti<  II,  the  imperfeetiiin  of  our  parliameniaiy  rip 
ri-si'iitjitioti,  and   the  uiihappv  eotiditioii  ot   hi 
land,      rilldealtwithall  three.   ,   ,   ,   lie  hr    :-li! 
In  a  .series  of  re.solutions  eimsolidatiii;;  oni  -  ^ 
tones  laws,  of  whii  h  the  ini  vitahle  eompi-  \iiy 
may    Im'    estimated    l»y    their    numhi  r.       I  iii y 
amounted  to   i;}:t,  and  the   numlH'r  of   .\i'-    f 
Parliament  whieli  thev   restniined  or  eoni|     'il 
was  mueh  i^reater.      Re  attempted,  and  siiw  -  >i 
fully,  to  apply  the  prineiples  nf  Free  TrnI'  .  '■■'■»' 
|iiinei|ih'S  whieh    he    was   the    first   of    Kn.    -Ii 
statesmen  III  learn  from  .\ilam  Smith,  to  lii'    h 

mail  oiiimen f  the  eountry.   .    .   .   The  tin  1"  i '1 

n  pill, iliou  of  I'itt  has  greatly  suffered  fivin  liie 
alls. Mil  praise  wliiili  was  once  lavislietl  "ii  tin- 
woist   part  ..f  it.     The  ilrciid  of   uuliuual  ruin 


Utj.? 


ENOr.ANr),    1788-1787. 


7%t  pytneh 


EN(Ji-AM>.  1708  nm 


tmm  the  »UKiwnUtl()n  .if  ll»'  ri«tl<m»l  ilebt  *a«  I 
„  xirt  of  nlghlm»rc  In  lli«t  »gv.  Mr    IMtt 

«MhP«llil«-<T  with  till"  gcnirnl  »|ipn>li<>n»lon  nml 
.nul.il  ll"'  «illl'""»n  Sltikliig  Funil.'  Hi' 
nn'pnnitl  iiinppi*' •"I""""*' "  "''''*'"  ""'■''  *""' 

to ilii- p"y""'"' "'""-■  '''■'"•  *''''''  *"'"  '"  "*'"  ' 

cKTlliut.'  but  hr  iHiilti.il  to  provM.-  r. i.l  hiciny 
in  1«>  K)  piil'l  .  "<■  proixw;.!  t"  lK.rrc|W  lli,. 
iiinmv  In  pav  nlT  llii'  ilrlil.  iinil  fiinrlcil  llmt  he 
lliiu '(liiniiiUliwl   it  .   Thr  .•xp.wun'  of  this 

liruinii;il  jupcl''.  '"f  H'oiikIi  H"'  Inlcnilrd  to  Ik- 
so  Mh  h  iM  fill  I  li  »ii«.  Iiiw  n-iMlnl  viry  unf'ivonr 
ali'ii-  up.  II  >Ir     I'ilt'n  iIimtviiI  fiiiiie.   .  Tin 

sulijiil  of  jmrliiiiiriitiirv  nforni  Is  llir  ono  with 
ivlilih  ill  Mr  I'ill'H.urly  (lavs,  thr  piihllr  iinwt 
iiriiiirn.'!  Iiiiiwiiir.  "ml  Ih  hIho  llmt  with  wliii  h 
«,.  an- now  |rii>t  iipt  loi-oniiort  It.  Mr  pro 

poKiil  till'  iilKililloii  of  llin  worst  of  tin'  Mlliii 
IwirouL'lis  llflv  v<'"r>'  iH'forc  l.onl  (Iri'y  acrom 
|.li«lir.|  ii  '  If  the  utroiiif  loiiiitirmtliiK  lii- 
(tui  lie  v  of  the  I'rinih  Hi'voliitlon  hiiil  not  i  liiinjti'il 

il„.  „,,il ll  opinion,  he  wiiiilil  uni|ui'«llonnhly 

lave  iimiiuli'il  our  iMirliitmi  iilary  rrprrwntiition. 

rill'  pliitr  of  Inlaiiil  «-m  ii  more  prr»«in)f 
.liUinillv  Ihiiiiour  lliiiiiirliil  ronfiisiim.  our  cio 
ii'iniiiil  I  Tors,  or  our  piirlluincntnry  rorruptlon. 

Ill'  jiiopoiu  ll  lit  oni  o  to  rrini'ily  lln'  nalloiial 
iliiiiCrrof^iiiuiiiHtworiiiliiiniiiitK,  liii.l  t.irrinovr 
till-  iiii  n  ilihic  rorruptlon  of  the  olil  Irish  I'arllii- 
III.  Ml.  In  uiiitinit  till,  thru'  klimiLun*  In  a  slnisli' 
r,|.i.«iiiiilin.  .^vstrni.  of  which  the  Parliament 
s|i..ul.l  .^il  in  KiiL'lanil,  .Of  tlieat!  great  re 
f..nii-  lie  win  only  perniilti  .1  to  earry  »  few  Into 
i.^.iiiti'.n.  IIIm  power,  us  we  Imve  (lewribed  it, 
uiisprial  will  n  hiH  rei>,Mi  eoniinen'eil.  ami  very 
trr.at  it.-oniinueil  lolie  f.ir.veryinany  yeiirs;  lull 
th.'  linn-  lieniine  iinfavoiiralile  for  nil  forwanl- 
l.i.ikiii>r  slalesniaii'.hip."— W.  IlaKehot.  /?ir»/ni;</i 

e  i(.v.„/„...-  iriv;/.iin  I'm. 

Aiwj  in;  F.url  Stanhope,  U/t'if  HV«i.i»i  IW. 

I,  I  i)(r  li_()  Tonilliie,  hfrot  Williiiiii  I'm. 
■■',.  :i  'Jii-   I  LV— I.or.1  Uoselwrv,  I'ilt.  eh  IJ  4. 

A.  D.  i788iFebruary).— Opening  of  theTrial 
of  Warren  Haatingt.  See  iMit.i:  A.  I).  17M.">- 
IT'.i.V 

A.  D.  1788-1789.— The  King't  second  de- 
rangement.- The  kings  Reeiinil  (leniii){eiiienl. 
«lii.  ll  l..ixan  to  show  itself  In  the  smnnier  of 
IT-^s,  was  more  wrious  ami  of  longer  iliiraiion 
•iiaii  ihe  lirst.  ■■He  was  nlile  ...  to  sign  a 
warrant  for  the  further  propigalion  of  I'arlia 
III. ill   liv  eoniinission.  from  tlie'J.-ilh  HeptemlKT 

II.  ilir  i!iiili  Novenilior.  Hut,  in  Ihe  Interval. 
III.-  kiiiL's  luala.ly  iiiereaneil:  he  was  wholly  ile- 
jiiv,,!  ,if  reason,  anil  plaeeil  uiiiler  n'striiint ;  anil 
f  r  ■MVirajilays  his  life  was  In  ilanger.  As  no 
ai'li.rity  i.iul.l  1m'  obtaii'.ed  from  him  for  n  fur- 
tie  r  |.r<'r"L'iiii"n.  Imth  llousea  a.s!wmlileil  on  the 
■,'>.-h  N.oi-mliir.  .  .  .  Areonling  to  hmg  estali- 
Ii  :.  I  li».  I'ailiament.  without  being  openeil  by 
til-  I  ■  .(Ml.  iiail  no  aiilhority  to  priH-eeil  to  nny 
I'l-iiir,,    « 111. over:    but    the    neci-ssily    of   an 

-.1  1-1  1  f  r  wliii-h  tlie  law  hail  niailc  no  provi- 
-1.-:.  ..  !-  11.. -.1  Mipi-rior  1.1  till-  law-;  anil  I'arlia 
mini    t.  r'r.!iiiL'l\    priK-eeileil  to  lielilM'rate  upon 

'III- ;.i.  iiioii-i  .pii-Mions  to  which  the  king^s  ill 

1^-  I'l.  I  -'iv.  11  ri.se.^^  By  Mr.  Fox  it  was  inain- 
1  1:1.  I  thai  till-  I'rince  of  Wales  hail  as  clear  a 
ruii;  lo  i-\ir.-ise  the  power  of  sovereignty  ilur 
ill-'  111.-  kiii_-»  incapacity  as  if  the  king  wen- 
i.iiial!)  iliiul,  nml  that  it  was  men-ly  for  tlie 
'vi  II  lines. ,f  Parliameiil  to  proiioiince  at  what 
(iiiH    !i.-  .^llllulll  i-oinnience   the  uxtrcls.-  of   his 


right  Mr    I'ltl.  on  the  other  hainl.   main 

laineil  that  as  ho  legal  pnivlsion  hail  lieen  mailo 
for  carrying  on  the  govemnient,  It  iMlongcil  In 
the  II0U-"  «  of  I'arllami'nt  to  make  «iii  h  provl 
ahin  •■  The  illwuwiion  to  which  them'  llilTe^•hce«, 
anil  maiiv  obMrui  ling  <-lrl■lllIl^l.lnel•s  In  the  situa- 
tion of  alTairs.  gave  ri-e.  wis  •<>  j.rot  ngeil,  that 
the  king  recovi  nil  his  fuculMi-ii  iKelir.iiry.  178») 

iMf.ir.    till     lliifinn    Hill    fr -       y    .Mr    I'ltt, 

hail    iMcn    pass.il       i     '  ontl    Hi»t    '>/ 

Hi,'!  .  r    \.  fh    :l, 

A.  D.  1780-1792.  .  Tippoo  Saib 

.third  Mysore  Wan.  m     .\    I'    17H.V 

iTii;i 

A.  D.  1793.  The  Coalition  against  Revolu- 
tionary France.  Uniuccessful  siege  of  Dun- 
kirk. SeiliMMi  \  I)  I71i:i  iMm.i  It  Skp 
tkmhkhi.  ami   .ll  i.\      Dki  kmiu  111 

A.  D.  1793-1796.  -Popular  feeling  towards 
the  French  Revolution.— Small  number  of 
the  English  Jacobins. -Pitt  forced  into  war. - 
Tory  panic  and  reign  of  terror.  -Violence  of 
government  measures.  Thai  iln- war  |of  Hev 
olullonarv  Kranci  |  willi  (iirmaiiy  wouM  wiilen 
into  a  vast  l-;iiro|i.-:in  struggle,  a  struggle  In 
wlii.h  the  pi-opl.-s  woiilij  rise  against  th.-ir  op- 
pressors, ami  the  frceilom  which  Kriince  hail  vson 
ililTuHc  ilself  over  Ih.'  »..rl.l.  no  Kremh  revolu- 
tionist iloubtc.l  for  ail  li..ur  Nor  ili.l  tliey  iloulil 
that  In  this  slruggli-  Knglaml  vvoiiM  j.-in  Ih.m. 
It  was  froiu  Kngtaml  that  llicv  ha.l  ilraMii  liiose 
principlesof  p..litiralamlsi«iallibi  riy  which  they 
Ik-McviiI  thi-mselvislo  be  pulling  into  practice 
It  waa  to  Knglan.l  llmt  they  liK.ke.l  above  all  for 
ap|irobatii>n  and  svinpalhy.  To  the  revolu- 

lioni-ls  III  I'arislhealliluileof  England  remained 
uiiinl.  IliL'ible  and  irritating.  Instead  of  the  aid 
they  had  coiiiile.l  on.  Iliey  found  but  n  cold  neu- 
tnlilv  .  .  .  Hilt  Ilial  this  attitude  was  that  of 
the  Finglish  people  as  a  whole  was  Increillble  to 
the  Frinch  enlliii-.i  i>ls.  .  .  Their  .llrst  w.irk 
therefore  they  hel.l  to  Ih'  Ihe  bringing  about  a 
revolution  in  KiiL-lanil.  .  Thcyslrove,  through 
a  iiumbi  rof  associalioiis  which  liad  forined  them- 
selves under  the  name  of  ('onstitulional  Clubs, 
to  rousi.  the  same  spirit  which  Ihey  had  roused 
in  France;  and  the  Kri m  h  envoy,  ('haiivelin, 
I  protested  wariiilv  au'ainst  a  priM-lamation  which 
'  ilcnouneed  Ihis  i-orre~p..mlenceasseiiitious.  .  .  . 
Uiirke  was  still  working  hard  in  writings  whose 
'  extravagance  of  slvle  was  forgollcn  in  lliiir  In 
tensity  of  filling  to  spreail  alarm  throughout 
Kurope  lie  had  from  the  lirsl  encouraged  the 
emigrant  prim  is  to  take  iiriuH,  and  sent  his  sun 
!  to  join  Ihcm  at  (  oMcnt/..  'He  alarmists,' he 
!  wr.itetolh.  in;  'ililTiisi  terror' '  Hut  the  royalist 
■  terror  nhi.li  he  sowe.l  would  have  Ixen  of  little 
moment  had  it  not  rousiil  a  revolutionary  terror 
in  France.  ...  In  Novemlier  the  Convention 
dccreeil  Ihal  France  olTi-red  Ihe  aid  of  her  soldiers 
to  all  nations  wlio  would  strive  for  fn.ilom. 
In  the  tci-ih  of  I  real  ies  signed  onlvtwo  years  be- 
fore, ami  "f  Ihe  stipulation  iiiaiie  by  Kngland 
when  it  plc.lge.l  itself  to  nciitralily.  Ihe  French 
(Jincrnmcnt  resolved  I.,  atiack  Holland,  and 
orileicil  lis  minerals  10  enforce  by  arms  the  open- 
Inu'of  Ihe.^s.liclill  IsicFk.vs.  Ki  AD  17!l-i-l7«3 
1IIK.CKM11KH  — FKiiiir  viivl  i  To  do  this  was  to 
force  Kiiglanii  into  "ar  I'lililic  opinion  was 
alreaiiv  pris.sini.' every  .lay  harderupon  Till 
Hut  even  .vliih  « ilhilraw  iiig  our  .Minister  from 
Paris  on  tin  imprisomncnl  of  the  King,  to  whose 
Court    he    iia.l    been   coinniissioned.    Pitt   clunu 


1)69 


KNULANi),   1783- UM 


KNULANI).   1797. 


Mubbornir  to  a  policy  uf  luiti'p    ...   No  hour 
i>f  Ktl'a  life  U  Ml  ifre»t  lu  thr  hour  whrn  lie  •tixiil 
lonrly    ami    paMionli'M    tM'fon   the   growth   of 
nallonnl  pnmlcin.  hihI  rrfiiMil  t4i  bow  to  thv  K*th 
rrinic  (TV  for  wnr       .       liut  itmrN'mtcly  u  Itit 
ttniKgl''<l  for   |H'iui'.   hilt  •tniKxIr  wiw  in  vitin 
.   .  Ti<itlii<iil('i<i'i'iia<'ilfroiiiiliiili>ninii('('oi»iiuini 
I'utloDK,  iinil  ill  KVIiriiitry  17Wl  Krniict-  lamini  liir 
IK'cIanttlon  of  Wnr      from  tliitt  monirut  IMll'a 
(lower  wiiH  lit  an  mil      llln  priiii',  hi*  linmovi'itliU- 
ilrnini'iw, anil  lhi>  Kciirriil  roiihiliiin'  of  llirtmtlnii 
•till  ki'jit  him  lit  the  hfiiil  i>r  itlTairK  ;  but  he  roiiJ! 
ilo  little  Mive  ilrift  aloiii;  with  ii  tiile  of  (Hipiilur 
feeling  wliirli  lie  never  fully  unilerHliMNl.    Aroiiiiil 
him  tile  coiinlry  broke  out  In  »  lit  of  piiulim  hiiiI 
piihir  wliirli  riviilleil  the  piwaion  niiil  iNinli'  over 
wii.  The  pttrtlHitiiM  of  Id-ptililii-unUni  were 

In  reiility  but  it  few  hiinilfulii  of  nun.  .  .  .  Hut 
in  tile  niits.H  of  KiigliHiimen  the  ilreml  of  tliew 
revnbilioninKpiiHM'il  fortlieliimr  intoHhiirptuile. 
Kven  tlie  bulk  of  the  \Vliii{  party  iM'lieveil  prop 
erty  iiihI  the  lonstiiiiiion  to  Ih'  In  |H'ril.  uml  for 
MHik  Kox  when  he  mill  priM-lnimeil  lii'<  fiilli  In 
Knime  iinil  the  |{evoluti..n  ' -.)  U.  tin.  ii  /litl 
iiflht  Hni)  l:,,/,/,:  hk.  II.  rA,  4  (<•  »i  •  Hurke 
liliiiHi>lf  »al<l  that  not  nne  miin  in  a  hunilml  wa.t 
n  Iteviiliiiiiini^i  Kox'ii  revolutionary  MiilinieniH 
met  v*illi  no  n'«iioii!M'.  but  with  general  reproliii 
lion,  anil  tauseil  even  liU  frienil'i  to  nhrlnk  from 
his  »[ile  or  the  on  ealleil  .laeobin  Hoeielies.  the 
iSiHii  ly  forCoiHIiiiitioiml  Information  uumbenil 
only  a  few  hiinilreil  niiiiilH'rii,  who,  though  they 
hehl  extreme  opInioiH.  were  hiaileil  by  men  of 
chamcter,  ami  were  ijiiile  ineapabhi  of  tiiason 
orviolinee.  I'he  Corresponiliiig  S<h  lety  «a.s  of 
n  more  Hinixter  eharaeler  :  but  itit  nuiiil>4T>i  were 
eompilteil  Kiily  alli.IMN).  and  it  witn  Hwallioveil  up 
In  till'  loyal  lililMU'S  iif  the   people  .    It  is  wiil 

to  Hiiy  it.  but  whin  I'ill  hail  oiiee  hfl  the  path  of 
right,  he  fell  lieiiilloii^'  iiiloevil  To  gratify  the 
ignoble  fears  ami  p.i«'<ion.s  of  his  party,  lie  com 
ineneeil  a  series  of  atlaeks  <m  Knglish  lilsrly  of 
speaking  ami  writing  wliieli  Mr.  Massey,  a  strong 
nnti  revoliilionist,  eharaeteri/.es  as  iinparallelisl 
sinee  the  time  of  Charles  1.  The  eoiintry  was 
lllleil  with  spies  .V  bami  of  the  most  infamoua 
iiiforinerH  was  (lUeil  inlouiiivily  by  llie  govern 
mint  Tlieri'  was  a  Tory  reign  of  terror,  to 

wliieli  a  slight  iiiiTea.se  of  the  paiiie  among  the 
iipiier  elassis  woiilil  probably  have  lent  ii  reihler 
hue  Among  other  measures  of  represHlon  the 
llalH-as  Corpus  Act  was  .susiH'niieil ;  anil  the  lib- 
erties of  all  nil  II  were  tliiisplaieil  at  the  nierey 
of  Ihi  party  in  power  .  .  In  S'otlanil  the  Tory 
reiirn  nf  terror  w.is  wi.rsi'  than  in  Knglanil  " — 
tiol'iwiii  Smiili.  rtirrf  h.'rt'ttiiih  StiitiHiiii'ii.  ft/t  "J:!!!- 
24T  -  The  LMols  were  lilleil  with  poliiieal  ili  liii 
ipieiiis.  ami  no  man  who  professeil  hiinself  a 
reformer  loiilil  say.  that  the  morrow  might  not 
see  him  .i  prisoner  upon  a  iliarge  of  high  treason. 
.  .  .  Hul  itie  rush  towards  ilespotism  agaiii^i 
wliieli  llie  Wliigs  eould  not  stand,  wils  arresled 
by  the  people'  .Mtlioiigli  Ihi-  llals-as  Corpus 
had  f  illi  II.  the  Trial  by  .lury  remaimsl.  uml  now  . 

as  ii  hail  d is  fore.  hIk  n'the  alarm  of  flctitioii> 

plots  had  ilis|iosed  llie  n.'llloll  lo  ileipliesi'e  ill  tlie 
surrender  nf  its  lilnrlies,  it  opposed  a  liarriir 
whieh  Toryism  eould  not  pass  "  The  trials  whieh 
exeiled  most  iui.revi  Hire  those  of  llurdy.  who 
or^,iiii/ed  the  Corresp.iiidini.'  Sisieiv.  aiid'llorne 
Tisike.  Itui  no  iiulaw  ful  i  omiuit  or  treasonable 
ilesigiH  eould  In'  proved  against  them  by  crtsliui- 
ble  witnesses,  iiud  both  wire  uciiuittcU.      'The 


, -.  .|, 
ill' 

■  ill, 
III'  Ii. 
'I  ',f 


J   /■■'», 

A'.i.i. 

.iir'.r.l, 

-'■i  .'I, 


III 


public  loy  wu  <irry  Kt'BentI  st  tlirse  wipiiii . . 
.  .  .  The  war  IimI  lu  {lopularilv  .  bniail  unv 
K*rct)  :  cimiiiierei'  wan  eriliphsl  .  .  the  <  i.t 
•uci'TH  that  hail  bcrn  until  i|iutisl  was  n|ili,,  | 
by  reTi'rapK  The  iMsipU'  ilanioured  and  ilin* 
•tonra  at  the  king,  ami  i'llt  eatterly  lisik  ml  m 
lage  of  their  violence  to  tear  away  the  fiw 
of  the  eonslitiilion  which  yet  ■  overeil  i  .i! 
brought  forwuni  the  Stdlthiii*  Men  ni; 
uml  tlie  Treusonablp  Practleea  bill  Hi  ^ 
uniong  other  pMivUhum,  plaeeil  the  n.i 
every  political  ineelin,;  under  the  proli  i  'i 
mugiNtrale  and  n*iidi  red  disolsilh'ni'e  ti.  I, 
inaiiil  a  f    .iiiy.  "— (1.  W.  Cis'ke,  //iw 

11.  M.  I. 

Also  IX     J.   Adolphus.  Ill''    "f  Hhfi 
flleori/,  III  .eh.  MI-KU-ln.f It.'M,-  .V«)  -.( 
//inf.  ./  Ill,  lUilic.il  l.ifi    4  II  ■■    I'ill  .1 
tiiiil  3«-'.'lt  (r    3-»l  — \V.  .Mass,  y,  lU.I   „/  I 
Willi,  iiflleofir  III .  <•/•.  ;«:«!(.■  .t   ti      K  > 
7V,f   s<l,ry  „/  l/if    A'/.»//i«A   .l.ifjiii.ii  —A.   U;-.ei 
Shint  lli'ul.  of  Ihf  Eiiij.  I'lirl  III  III,  III.  I'll.  N 

A.  D.  1794.  -Campaifni  of  the  Coaht  1: 
■rainst  France.— French  luccettei  in  ■:■, 
Netberland*  and  on  the  Rhine.  -Conijiirn.  of 
Coriica.  —  NaT*l  victor;  of  Lord  Howe,  ni 
Kkvxik     a.  II    i;iM  (Maioii-.Ii  i.vi 

A.  D.   1794.— Angry     telationi    wuli     the 
United  Statei.  -The  Jay  Treaty,    t*.    t  s  1 1 1 
.srvrKsoK  Am  :  A    1>.  iflll-lTJt.-i 

A.  D.  I704-'79S-— Withdrawal  of  truops 
from  the  Netherlandi.  -French  conquest  of 
Holland.  -Eatabliihment  of  the  Batavian  Re- 
public.—Crumbling  of  the  European  Coalition. 
S,|.  KitANCK      V    l>    IT'.ll    ITir.  (Ol  lollKII      Mv. 

A.  D.  lyps  Diiattrou*  expedition  to  Qui- 
beron  Bay.     ^n   Kiivm >..  A.  1>    17Wi-17'.iii 

A.  D.  179s  Capture  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  from  the  Dutch.  Hee  Fu.\m  k  A  1> 
nn.x.Ii  NK— Dkckmiikhi 

A.  D.  1796  iSeptemberl.— Evacuation  and 
abandonment  of  Corsica.     See  Kit  am  1.     \   h 

17«tl(.SKlTHMIlKlll. 

A.  D.  1796  lOctober).— Uniucceiiful    pcacf 
negotiations  with  the  French  Directory.     ^ 
hiiASi >::  A    I).  ITIHi  (diroiuni 

A.  D.  1796-1798.  —Attempted    French  inv»- 
■iont  of  Ireland.  -Irish  Insurrection.    >-    li.i 
i.AMi.  A,  l>    lTli:t  ITlf*. 

A.  D.  1797.-  Monetary  panic  and  suspen- 
sion of  specie  payments.  — Defeat  of  the  first 
Reform  movement.  Mutiny  of  the  Hlci' 
Naval  victories  of  Cape  St.  Vincent  and  Cam- 
perdown. —  Tin  is|Met  of  alTairs  in  I!m!  nn 
tiad  never  been  so  clotided  during  the  isih  ,  •! 
tun  lut  at  the  iHginniiiL;  of  the  year  17!l7  lii' 
failure  of  Lord  Malmesbnry's  mission  tn  I'lri- 
had  elosrd  every  hope  of  an  hoiioiiralilr  li  riiiiiii 
tioii  to  the  war,  while  of  all  her  orii- nil  ..liiiv 
.Viistriii  alone  reiuainisl,  the  nation. il  I'lirjiiii 
Here  continually  increiuiing.  and  the  tlirn  |»  r 
cents  had  fallen  lo  tiftyone;  while  part>  »|int 
riLTC'l  v\''ii  uiK'ommon  violence,  and  lr>lin'l  uo 
iiiastati  .if  partial  iiisiirncliiiM  .V  still  ;.ti  it' r 
disaster  resulted  fmiii  the  paiue  arisiiiL.-  fri'in  ih- 
dnad  of  invasion  md  Hliirii  pnsluii'l  ■  n  ii  i 
run  on  all  the  Im  i,^.  that  llie  liink  of  li  lei! 
it.self  Has  reduce, I  In  pavmetii  i^ivpiii'.-  -I'l 
an  Order  in  Council  appeared  i  l"eb  '.'ill  t  r  'In' 
suspension  of  all  cash  payments  This  iin  i-nri' 
Ht  llrst  only  temporary.  waspriil"iiL'ed  fi""'  "'" 

to   time    by    parliamentary  enactments.  1  .  il 

banknotes  a  Icgaltemler  and  it  wus  imi 


til: 


970 


KHOLAMI).  I7t7 


ml  Ml 


INI*  »ftrr  tlw  coo*lui»on  of  |WM*,  Ihwl  ibe  ni 
.umno-  to  iwUlllr  currrnty  m.*  plx*      Thf 
iii.n.«illton<li-.nii  I  thli»»  f»voiiriil)le»|.|)<.rtunlly 
i„  rtnew  llwlr  rhrrliilHil  pr.Jw t  of  p»rll«ii.in 
ury  nfomi,  iu»l  <">  *»"•  M»y,  Mr  (»ft4rw«r.U 
Lorcl)  (Irry  broudhl   for*»nl  a  plan  Hi  illv  r.' 
nutrkitlilp  for  tonUiniiiK  tl"'  ""iIHih-ii  of  I"';!  *"'<■ 
riuinily  .nrriwl   InU.  .•ITm   in    IHijI       ll  w« 
,„  miIvihI,  liowivrr,  »ft«-r  irlolrnt  ililn.U'*,  l>y  ■ 
„u,,„rilv  of  •.'«♦  »K»ln»t  IM«       A"''  »  »lmli»f 
ulrif.'  »t  iiarllrt,  the  nH>llon  fi>r  tin-  conlliiimnti' 
of  the  wir  »«»  c«rrii->l  I'y  «  lirial  nwjorily  In 
Ii„ih  lioun.-*;  ttwl  II"    B-'l>il»llP   i4U|.|>ll.«   wire 
„,i,.,|  rnknown  lo  ilw  (jovcniiiii  iil.  Kf"' 

aU.ml.  Ml  luul  for  n  \img  llnw  pnvuili'd  in  llir 
nav\  Till'  fxritloK  imiwi  wiri'  |irim  Ipnily  Hi'' 
l(i»    ralf  of    pay   (»l<)<li  Inxl   not    Imi'Ii    niixil 

iJiiiT  t\v  llnii'  ./Clmrlis  II  ».  tlw  n I'lnl  ili»trl 

Imlioh  of  priti'  moiH-y.  nml  uiiiliic  mvrrltv  In 
ihi  iiuiini.ii»n<<- of  ilinlplini-.  'I'iii-w^  xnmiuU of 
iHinpiiiini,  »llh  olh«'ni  not  Ici."  well  fouiiiliHl. 
L.;ivi  riM-  to  II  (Ti'ni'rBl  coniiplrrtry,  wlilcli  timki' 
oiii  lAnril  l"i)ln  tlip  dmnml  tlift  iimlrr  I,<>ril 
Hri.liNirl  All  liin  ulilpt  fi'll  unilcr  tlif  jxiwir  of 
ihiiiiMirL'iiilH.  lmlthi'ynmintolm'ii|Hrfi<loriliT, 
mill  luiiiioriiilimil  tlw  Admiriillj  iiikI  tlir  foin 
mons  on  Oirir  j[rlrvttiHTii;  tlirir  lU'iiuiml"  liilnic 
pjaniincii  l>)  ko*'"'""'"'-  '""'  '"""''  '"  '"'  "'"^ 
noiiiil.li.  »iTf  t!"*"'"!'  '""'  ""  ""■  *''■  "'  ^'"J 
ilii  ll..i  nliiniiil  toltHiliity  Hiit  wiinily  «ii't 
till  .piril  of  iliBiiffiitlon  nil.  lliil  In  tlilH  iiiiurtrr. 
aliiii  ii  lirokf  oiil  In  B  luori-  iiliiriiiintf  form 
I  Mill  til  HMioMK  till'  «i(imilriin  iil  tlir  Non.  wliUli 
«a»'^i»iii  iiftirlliiiH-  111  joiiKil  l>y  till'  foni'  wlilrh 
liii'l  i"iii  rriii»iiik'  "IT  ll"-  I'lXi  I  iiii<lrrl.oril  jtiiii 
nv       rill-  niiitiiiii'M  npiMiiiiliil  II  wuiiiiin  imiin'il 


II 


„r  to  ll nnniiinil,    luiil.    Iilm  kiuliiitf  ll" 

ih  m(  Uii-  riianiis.  miiioiiniiil  llii  ir  iliiimiKl^ 
I.  ll  ll  toiii' of  niiniii  inK  uiiilniit .  n»  ini.iiri->l 
I  ir  iii>iiiiil  riji'ition  l>v  tin'  (roviTiiimnt.  This 
™v..i»l  inulinv  i  iiiiiil  ilri'iulfiij  miislrriiation  in 
I.i.iiil.n.  lull  till'  llminisii  of  tin'  KinK  nniuiiiril 
iin>liiikrii,  mill  lii'  »ii»  iiolily  «'<'onm'il  liy  tin' 
|.!irliiiiiiiiil  A  lilll  w»»  puwiiil.  pmliiliilini!  nil 
rniiiniunliaUi'ii  Willi  Ilii' iniitiiit'crH  iinilir  piiin  of 
iliuili  Miiiriiint  uiiil  Tilliiiry  Kort  wiri' iinmil 
.ih.l  i;:iiriHi.iiiil  fortlii'ili  fi  nri'i'f  tlnTlmnii's;  ami 
Mil  n.,i]  r-  liiKliiii;  till'  niliouul  fccllnKi'  >tninKly 
arraii  I  ;i.miii>i  tin  in.  Iiiriinir  urmliially  scnailili' 
that  iliiir  I  iitirpri'j'  wan  ili-«ix'ratf.  One  liy  oni' 
fl.i  .hips  riiiriii'il  to  llii'ir  tluty ;  and  on  I'ltli 
.\<uir  ill  111  i  -uliniiltiil  I'arkcr  and  scvi'nd 
iiihir  riMi:lca.i.  ^  MilTinil  ilnitli;  Imt  ili'ini'iiiy 
«  1^  . Aiiiuliil  1,.  till'  niultiiudc.  .  .  Xotwilli 
-IiikIhil-  all  tlii'st'  disM'nsioua,  tin'  liritisli  niivy 
»  1^  III  IT  iiuirr  terrilili  to  iu  em'niii'K  limn  diir 
ill-  Ihi- 1  M  infill  yi'ur  Un  the  Utiiof  Kiliriiurv, 
■ll  ^;.iiii-li  llirt  of  ,'T  sail  of  till'  lini'  and  \'i 
li.  ll  -  «hirli  hail  put  to  tun  for  thn  purixisi'  of 
rai-in,'  liii-  liliK'kaih' of  llir  Kmirll  lliirlMniRi,  Wlls 
1 11. 1.1, 111.  rill  ..IT  CajM-  •'^1  Vinrtiit  by  Sir  John 
.'ir  ~  «li,.  hail  only  !  >  ships  uiiilB  friKutcs. 
Ill  :ii  .111  iiianii'Uvri' of  lirtaking  tlic  lini'.  U  of 
till  -|.  iiii-h  ...hips  wuri'  rut  olT  from  tho  rrst ; 
ii'i  1  ii  iilniiral.  nhili'alti  inptinK  ton'^ain  tlirin 
miniiir  ruunil  tlii'  nur  of  the  HiitiKli  liuc, 
'  1^  Ixillli  assiiili'il  liy  Ni'lson  and  ('ollingwiiol. 
fi.rniiT  i.f  wlioni.  in  tin'  faptain.  of  74 
iiira);.  ll  iil  omi'  two  of  llir  enemy  n  ^iKan- 
vU,  ihi'  Siiiiiisiiiina  Trinidml  of  ISO  guns. 
1  Sail  .losif  iif  lf2;  while  the  Salviulor  del 
1  also  III  ir.i  KUKi*  i-truck  in  a  quarter  of 
111  .r  III  (olliugwiMHl      Nelson  at  length  car- 


BNOLANI).   IMM 

rini  llie  Han  Jnwf  liy  laiardlnK,  ami  larrlTnl  tb* 
H|Hinl»li  adinlml  •  •word   on   hi*  own  ((uartrr 
link.     The  SantiMlnia  Triulilad  —  an  enornioiia 
fourdei'kpr      thonuh    her    i-oloiini    werr    Iwlre 
alriiek.  iia'afunl  In  tin-  iimfiialim .   but   llie  Han 
JiMM'f  and  tlu'  Halvailor.  with  two  T4  ir»n  alilpii. 
remuiui'il   In  the  liandu   of  the  Mrtll-I'     him!   ihe 
.S|mniah  urmamrnt     Ihii"  rouird  by   lulh'   ni'.re 
than  half  lt«  own      •ni'.   nlinil  In  ilie  il<e|M'»l 
dflertlon  in  faili/..  whiih  »a«  nhortly  after  In 
aiilleil  liv  a  iNinilmnlment  from  the  ii  illaet   Nel 
mm.     A"niiin.  im|Kif(ant  victory  than  ili«t  of  !*ir 
John   .larvln   (rn'atcti    in   eiuun'iiuenie    fjirl    HI 
Vincent)  wan  never  xalned  at  wa.  from  the  evt 
dent  >iii|M'rioritv  of  nkill  ami  »<unian>iliip  which 
ll  iieiiiiini.lniteirin  the  Hrllii.1    iia*y.     The  liattle 
of  Ht.  Vincent  iliwonierliil  tin-  plami  of  T'riiKnit 
for  the  naval  i  iiiiipalKii     but  later  In  the  M-anon 
a  neioiid  Httcnipt  I.,  ri  ai  li  llri»t  wax  iimde  b\  a 
Hutch  nei't  of  I'l  >ali  of  111!    line  and  II   frit'iitea. 
under   the   ii.iimiah.l   of    l>e  Winter,  ii   iiiaii  .( 
trlitliiiurii.'iiinili\|H'riince      The  Hritiuli  block 
iiilinK  Mil  I    under  Aiimiral  Duncan.  iiin«iHtiil  of 
IH  nliipH   and    :!   frigateii;   and    llii-    liallli-    waa 
fouifht  (Iht     nil  off   <am|M'n|o»ii,   alioiil    nine 
iiiih'K  fniiii  till'  Klion    of  lloUaiiil      The  manifii- 

vr f  the  Uriti'tli  Ailinlriil  win'  lilrectid  Incut 

off  tile  emniy '•  rilniit  lo  hit  own  slion-i  and 
thin  iiaving  liii  n  ai  coniplixliiil,  the  iictioii  rom- 
inenci'd  vani  arm  t.i  jiinlariii,  and  loiiliniied 
with  the'iitini"!  fury  for  iiiofe  than  llirir  hoiirii. 
The  Diilcli  Millors  l..u»;lit  with  the  inont  ailml 
ruble  nkill  and  coiimue.  and  pniviil  tliemiK'ivea 
worllinleiMeiidaiiNof  VanT'ninipaiid  l»e  Hiiyler; 
liul  nil  proweiw  of  the  llrilihh  was  irri'siittibie. 
\i  siiil  of  the  line,  incliiiiinij  tile  llansl.  p,  two  .'i6- 
(run  sliips.  and  i  frii:ate».  struck  tiiiir  colours; 
but  the  iiianiesit  of  tin-  '■bori'  eiiablcii  two  i.f  Ilie 
prizes  to  c-J-alK'.  ami  one  7)  i{un  ship  foiiiidi  red. 

i    The  obstiiiiicy  of  Ihe  < llii  t  was  eviiienceii  bv 

1  the  niarlv  cii'iial  iiiiiiibir  of  killed  and  woiindi  d. 
'  which  aiiiimiili'il  in  tMi"  Knj.'lish.  ami  l.l«« 
j  Diilih.  .  .  Till  only  ninainiiiil  nperalioiis  of 
'  the  year  were  Ihe  capiiire  of  Trinidad  in  Febru- 
j  ary.  by  a  force  wliich  soon  aflir  was  ri'pulaed 
from  iVfori'  I'orto  Hico;  and  an  alsirtive  attempt 
I  at  a  di'scent  in  I'l'inbroke  liny  by  iiImhiI  1.4iH> 
'  Krincli.  "— A>i(""i'  ..^  .l/(«.,i'»  llml  if  Enmiie, 
\  Kit  IWt-nalo-A.  -ii.  r.  .V-.|/V..,i,/./,^  ir.,rl., 
1  Ai.si)  IN  .1.  Ailol|iliua.  IIimI  ■•!' Kikj.'  Itiinn  "f 
(Iri'l-i/r  III  .  i-h.   1IKI-Ili;l  ir    tb  — 1<    HoUtlley.   /.</<• 


—  111. 
eill:- 

ill-  i. 
aii'l  • 


ft 

Ihi  h'n  nfit  llf. 


,>f  .\'iUm.  i-li.  ».— K  .1.  Dc  Iji  liruvierc.  Skrlflim 
ih,     hfl    .V.ic.l/    »■.(<■.    r.    1.   fil-    'i.— Clipt 
Maliaii,  liitlii.iifi  llf  S,,i  l'"irir 
mill  Hiiiiiiir.  r/i.  Hiiiiil  11  (<■.   1) 

A.  D.  1798  lAujruiti.— Nelion'i  Tictorr  in  the 
Battle  of  the  Nile.  Sii'  Kiianck  A  I>  17(tH 
(M.vv— Ai  111  ST). 

A.  D.  1708.— Second  Coalition  againit  Revo- 
lutionary  France.  Sec  Kiiamk;  A  l>  17I»h- 
l7«lt(Ari.i  ST— Ai'nii.i. 

A.  D.  1799  (April).— Final  war  with  Tippoo 
Saibithird  Mysore  War).  Se  Isnu  A  I) 
ITOH-lsii.V 

A.  D.  1799  (Aufust— October).— Expedition 
against  Holland.— Seizure  of  the  Dutch  fleet. 
— Ignominioua  endinr  of  the  enterprise.— 
Capitulation  of  the  Duke  of  York.  Si'c  !•  ii  .\  .m  k  : 
.V.  1».  17im(AiMiii.— HKi-rKMHKH).  and  iSkitkh- 

UKIl— OcTiniKIl).  ,    ,      ,        . 

A.  D.  1800.— Legislative  union  of  Ireland 
with  Great  Britain.— Creation  of  the  "  United 
Kingdom."    See  1iu:lai41>:  A.  1>.  l"t>»-lWKi 


971 


MIC»OCOfY    »fSOlUTION    TBT    CHAtI 

ANSI  and  ISO  TE5I  CHART  No    2 


1.0   !fi«  m 

12.2 


I.I 


1.25 


'*'    is 


h  i~  MM 


1.4 


1.6 


_J     APPLIED  IfvVlGE 


ENGLANI*    imn. 


Pitl-M  Uut 
Adminutration. 


ENGLAND,  1801-180«. 


]■- 


A.  D.  iBoi.— The   firtt   Factory  Act.    Sec 

FA<T(>ltV   I.KlilHI.ATION 

A.  D.  1801-1803.— Import  of  the  Treaty  of 
Luneville.— Bonaparte's  preparations  for  con- 
flict with  Great  Britain  alone.— Retirement  of 
Pitt. —The  Northern  Maritime  League  and  its 
summary  annihilation  at  Copenhagen.— Ex- 
pulsion of  the  French  from  Egypt.— The  Peace 
of  Amiens.     Sic  Kuamk:  \.  U.  IS(ii_|so-,V 

A.  D.  1801-1806.— Pitt's  promise  to  the  Irish 
Catholics  broken  by  the  King.— His  resigna- 
tion. —The  Addington  Ministry.— The  Peace 
of  Amiens.— War  resumed.- Pitt  at  the  helm 
again.  -  His  death.— The  Ministry  of  "  All  the 
Talents." — "  The  uiiioii  w  itii  Irtlaml  iiitriKliiri'd 
a  new  tcipic-  (if  pariy  ili^inssiiin,  wliicli  (juiclily 

lii-inrn ily  si'ioii,!  i.i  iliat  nf  parli.uririnary  n'- 

form.  Ill  tran^plaii'ini.'  Ihc  parliament  cf'Cul- 
Ii'j;i'  (Jricn  lo  Si.  Mcpiims,  I'iU  liail  transplanicil 
the  c|iiisii,,Ms  which  wire  Uiirc  dchatcd;  anil,  of 
tliisc,  ncini'  hail  lui  11  niori'  iniporlanl  tiiaii  the 
diinaiiil  of  the  Catholiis  to  lie  ailiiiitted  to  the 
foinnioii  riirhtsnf  eiii/ens.  I'itt.  whose  Toryism 
wasrathertheimiieriousiiessiifa  liauu'lily  master, 
than  the  i;niiioiis  eowardiee  of  the  miser  of 
pmver,  tliiinLriit  their  complaints  were  jnst.  In 
his  private  neirotiations  with  the  Irish  popidar 
leaders  lie  prohalily  promised  that  emaneipation 
should  he  the  seipiel  to  the  union.  lu  his  plaee 
in  parliament  he  certainly  v'ave  an  inliniation, 
which  from  the  nioiithof  a  minister <iiiilcl  receive 
no  .SCI 1  in'  rpreiation.  I'itt  was  not  a  min- 
ister who  governed  liy  [letty  strat.-ij;eni9,  liv  am- 
Iiiijiious  professions,  imd  liy  skilful  shullles:  hi> 
was  at  least  an  lionoiiralile  enemy,  lie  prepared 
til  fiillil  the  pledL'e  he  had  L'iven,  and  to  admit 
the  Catholics  wiiliin  the  pale  of  the  iiinslitntion. 
Il  had  heeii  lir'ter  for  the  character  of  {teori;e 
III.  h.id  he  imilalrd  the  candour  of  his  minister; 
had  lie  told  him  that  lie  had  made  a  promise  be 
would  not  he  sulTeied  to  fulfil,  hefore  he  had  oh-  , 
taiiiid  the  advantaiii'  to  (.'aiii  which  that  promise 
had  lieeri  madi-.  When  I'itt  propused  Catholic 
ciiKincjpalioii  as  (ine  of  till'  tojiics  of  the  king's 
spill  h.  for  the  ,ses,sioniif  IMill,  the  nival  negative 
was  at  onii'  interposed,  and  « lien  j>unilas  per- 
sisted in  his  attempt  to  ovi  rcome  his  masters 
ohjections,  the  kini:  ahruptly  terminated  the 
loiitiriiiee,  s.iyiiiL'.  '.Scotch  metaphysics  cannot 
(Il  -Iriiy  reliiiious  oli|ii;ations.'  I'itt  "iminediatelv 
teridend  his  resij.Miation.  .  ,  .  .Ml  that  was  liril- 
liaiil  ill  Toryism  passed  from  the  caliinct  with 
the  lale  iiiiiiisier.  When  I'iii  and  C.innint;  were 
withdrawn,  with  tlieir.s.Uillites,  nolhini;  remained 
of  the  'lory  jiariy  liut  tin'  mere  courtiers  who 
lived  upon  till-  favour  of  thekinn.  and  the  insipid 
lees  iif  the  parn  :  men  who  voted  upon  everv 
suliji .  1  in  aec..rd,in(e  with  tin  ir  one  ruliiii;  idea 
—  the  nriain  ruin  whiih  must  fi.llnw  the  tirst 
pariirl.  of  iiin.ivaiinii.  Vi  t  from  these  relicts 
the  kiln.'  was  nlilijed  to  f,,rm  a  new  caliinct, 
for  applicaii.in  to  tin-  Whiirs  „;,s  nut  of  the 
qur-ihin.  Till  -,.  wi  re  iiioie  sli-cniious  for  email 
fip.iii.'ii    than    I'iti       lliiiiy    .\ildin-ton,    I'iiis 

speaker  ol    ilie  house  nf  (  .iliiiiHiIls.   was  the  pcrsiin 
upon    wlinlil    Ihe    kilius   (  hni(  c    fill,    .uid    he  sue 

ceidid,  with  the  assj^ijince  .if  the  late  preniii  r, 
in  lilHiiL'  up  liie  olliii  s  at  hisdisp.is^d.  .  ,  .  The 
peace  of  .\miiiis  was  the  t'rc.it  work  of  thisfeelile 
administntioii  [see  Kh,\nik;  .\.  1>.  lMn-l.'<ilJ|, 
and  formed  a, severe  coinment.irv  upon  the  Iniast 
ini-'s  i,f  the  Tories.  •  I'nless  the  monarchv  of 
France  bo  restored,'  I'itt  had   said,  eifrhl  veurs 


iM'fore,  '  the  ninnarehy  of  England  U  lost  fur 
ever'  Eight  yi-iirs  (if  warfare  bud  succeede.l 
yet  till'  iiidimrcby  of  Fninio  v»ii»  not  restnreii 
and  llie  orusiiile  was  stayed.  England  had  mu 
reiideri'd  her  eoiKiuests,  Fraiiee  retained  liirs, 
the  landmarks  of  Europe  had  Ixeu  in  sonic  i|. 
gree  restonil;  England,  nliiiie,  remained  hur 
dened  with  ihe  enduring  consetiiiences  of  i|,i 
niifioiis  and  useless  strife.  The  peace  was  ap 
proved  liy  the  Whigs,  who  were  glad  of  am 
respite  from  such  a  war,  and  by  I'itt.  who  l'  im 
his  support    to  the   Addington"  administralion 

Hut  he  could  not  control  his  adherents \s 

the  iiistaliility  of  the  iieace  griw  manifest,  ih, 
iiicom|ietency  of  the  iidmini.stratioii  became  gin 
(•rally  acknowh'dged:  with  I'itt  .sometimes  (hi  1 
ing,  Windham  and  Canning,  and  Lords  Spnui  r 
and  (irenville  continually  attacking,  and  ln.\ 
and  the  Whigs  only  refndning  from  violent  op 
positiiiu  from  a  knowledge  that  if  Addiui.'!  n 
went  out  I'itt  would  be  his  successor,  theconiliu  t 
of  the  governinent  was  by  no  means  an  easy  ir  a 
grateful  task  to  a  man  destitute  of  rommamlin;; 
talents.  When  to  these  iiurliaiiientury  diltleiiliii .« 
were  added  a  recoiiiineiK'cment  of  the  Vinr.  ami 
a  popular  panic  at  Bonaparte's  threatened  ima- 
sioii.  Addington  s  embarrassments  became  im  \ 
Iricalile.  lie  had  perfonued  the  liiisiness  which 
I'itt  had  assigned  liim;  be  bad  made  an  expi  ri 
mental  peace,  and  had  saved  I'ilt's  lionour  with 
the  Uoiiian  Catholics,  The  object  of  bis  up 
pointment  be  bad  unronseiously  completed,  iml 
no  sooner  did  his  pre(lece.s,sor  manifest  an  iiilm 
tion  of  returning  to  ollice,  than  the  minislni.il 
majorities  began  to  dimini.sh,  and  Addingtnn 
found  bimsolf  without  support.  On  the  I'.'ih  nf 
April  it  was  announced  that  .Mr.  A(hlington  hul 
resigned,  and  I'ilt  appeared  to  resume  his  stati'm 
as  a  matter  of  course.  During  his  temporarv  n 
tirement,  I'itt  bad,  however,  lost  one  section  .if 
bis  supporters.  The  Oreuville  party  and  liic 
Whigs  had  gradually  appro.\iniated,  and  tin- 
former  now  refused  to  ooiiie  into  the  new  arraii.T 
nicnts  unless  Filx  was  iutriHliiced  into  the  caliii;.  1 
To  Ibis  I'ilt  otfered  no  objection,  but  the  ki  • 
was  lirm  — or  obstinate.  ...  In  the  followui,- 
year,  Addington  himself,  now  created  Visciiij:it 
Sidmoulb,  returned  to  ollice  with  the  subordin  d.- 
appointment  of  president  of  the  council.  I  lie 
contlagralion  bad  ai.'ain  spread  through  EurMp, 
.   ,   .   i'itt  had  the  morlltication  to  see  bis  irriMi 

conlinental   coalition,   the  |irodu if  sin  h  im 

niens<M',\pense  aiul  Ihe  object  of  such  hope.  si,,i. 
lercil   in  one   campaign.     .\t   lioine.    Lord    M  ■! 
ville.   his  most  faithful  political  supporter,  w.i, 
attacked  by  a  charge   from  which  he  couM  1  .1 
defend  him,  and  underwent  the  iiiipeachnu  1:1  ■  f 
the  eon         is  fur   inalpr.u'lices   in    bis  otli' •    1 
treasiui  I  .:!   Ihe  navy.      Lord  Sidmoiitb  ami -i 
eral  (iilii  rs  seieded  from  the  caliinct,  ami   I'r- 
liroken  in  health,  and  dispirited  by  reverses    In! 
lost  much  of  his  wunted  eiiergv.     Thus  p, 1.-1,1 
awav    the  year  IMO."!,     On  the  L'AI  of  .Ihiumh 
I'^OC.    I'itt  (".\piied.    .   ,   ,   The  death  of   I'iil    m  i~ 
the  dissolution  of  his  administration.     Tin-  '1.  i\ 
party  was  .scattered  in  divisions  and  subdivi-i  ■  - 
iiinumerahle.     Canning  now  reiognised  ii"  ; - 
lilicil  Icaili  r,  liiit  ri  l,iiind  his  uld  loniiiiip'   '.  i 
Sidmouth  and  his  friends,  and  his  hostility  |,.  i: 
(irenvilles  tor   tlirir  breach   wilh  I'itt,     t'l-' 
reagli,  William  Dunilas,  Ilawkeshury.  orli.iili  ■ 
althougb   siillicieiitly   ellictive    when    I'ill    >■  1- 
present  to  direct  and  to  defend,  would  have  111  ,!■ 


97i 


KNULAND,  1801-1806. 


AbitlitioH  of 
iht  slait  Trmtt. 


ENGLAND.  1806-1818. 


s  liiigioless  11):iirt'  without  liim  in  fare  of  stub  lui 
i>{>|iiisiti'>iiusllu'  lioiisi'of  ('ommonHiiowalTiirilccl. 
Tlu'  iiiliiiiiiislnition,  wliii  li  wiis  ironically  <lfsig- 
iiiiK'il  ll^  ilx  opponents  as  '  All  tlii'  Talents.'  sut- 
(wil'il.  LorilOrcnville  wnslirHt  Umlof  tliftr™»- 
urv  Fox  chose  tlie  oflice  of  secretary  for  forei;;n 
alfairswith  the  hope  of  putting  an  cnil  to  the 
wiir,  Windham  was  colonial  secretary.  Karl 
S|uMiirlia(l  tlie  seals  of  the  home  department. 
Krskiiic  was  lord  chancellor.  Mr.  Oriy  was  first 
lc;ril  cif  the  adminilty.  Sheridan,  treasurer  of  the 
hhvv.  Lord  Sidmouth  wa.s  privy  seal.  Lord 
lliiirv  IVltv.  wlio,  aIthou);h  now  oiily  in  his2fith 
Tdir,  li;id  already  u(  quired  ccm.sideraljle  distinc- 
tKa  IS  uf  <l<iiiuent  \\  hii;  speaker,  was  advanced 
t,,  tlir  post  of  chancellor  ()f  the  e.xcheijuer.  the 
viicanl  chair  of  I'itt  .Such  wc re  the  men  vs lio 
ui)W  ll^^llIned  the  reins  under  circumstances  of 
uiipiiralicled  diHiculty." — O.  W.  CiMike,  llinl.  of 
I'.irtn.  r.  3,  eh.  17-18. 

Also  is:  Karl  Stainhopc  (Lord  Malum).  Life  of 
Pill.  rli.  2!)-44(r.  3-4).— A.  O.  Stapleton.  (Jeun/f 
CttiiiUuii  iiii'l  lli»Tiiiie»,  eh.  6-8. —Earl  Uus.sell. 
Life  iiil'l  Timeii  if  Charles  Jiiiiiet  Fox,  eh.  58-69 
(r";))_0.  IVIlcw,  Life  and  Corr.  of  Henry  Ad- 
lUii'jI'm.  l.«<  Vimnnt  Sidmouth,  eh.  10-26  (r.  1-2). 

A.  D.  iSo2  (October). — Protest  against  Bo- 
naparte's interference  in  Switzerland. —  His 
extraordinary  reply.  See  Fk.k.vck:  A.  I).  1801- 
Mi:i 

A.  D.  1802-1803. — Bonaparte's  complaints 
and  demands.- The  Peltier  trial.— The  First 
Consul's  rage.— Declaration  of  war. — Napo- 
leon's seizure  of  Hanover. — Cruel  detention 
of  r.ll  English  people  in  France,  Italy,  Switz- 
erUnd  and  the  Netherlands.  See  Fiiance: 
A.  1).  1H(J2-1H03. 

A.  D.  1804-1809.-  Difficulties  with  the 
United  States.— Questions  of  neutral  rights. 
—Right  of  Search  and  Impressment.— The 
American  Embargo.  See  Vmteu  States  ok 
Am  :  A.  I)   1804-1809.  and  1808. 

A.  D.  1805  (January— April).— Third  Coali- 
tion against  France.     Sec  Fkance;  A.  D.  1805 

(.IvNlAKV  — .VfUII,). 

A.  D.  1805.— Napoleon's  threatened  inva- 
sion.—Nelson's  long  pursuit  of  the  French 
fleet.— his  victory  and  death  at  Trafalgar.— 
The  crushing  of  the  Coalition  at  Austertitz. 
Sii    Kkasck:  a.  I),  180.")  (Maih'H— Deckmukh). 

A.  D.  1806.— Final  seizure  of  Cape  Colony 
from  the  Dutch.  Sec  SoiTii  Akiuca:  A.  I). 
Hsi;-isi«i, 

A.  D.  1806.— Cession  of  Hanover  to  Prussia 
by  Napoleon.— War  with  Prussia.     See  Gek- 

Mwv    .\.  I).  1800  (.Iamaky— AiiusT). 

A.  D.  1806.  —  Attempted  reinstatement  of 
the  dethroned  King  of  Naples.— The  Battle  uf 
Maida.  See  KnAN(K;  A.  I).  180r>-180«  (I)ecem- 
111.1:  -Si:iTK,Mi«:n). 

A.  D.  1806.— Death  of  Pitt.— Peace  nego- 
tiations with  Napoleon.  See  Fhance:  A.  I>. 
IS'ii;  .1  \\r MIV— OcTOUEll). 

A.  D,  1806-1807.— Expedition  against  Bue- 
nos Ayres.     ."^le  Ahoe.ntink  UEriiii.ic:  A.  1>. 

I  SI  Hi    l-.-,i|| 

A.  D.  1806-1810.— Commercial  warfare  with 
Napoleon.— Orders  in  Council.— Berlin  and 
Milan  Decrees.     .Se  FuASCE:  .\.  I)  18(i<l-18IO. 

A  D,  1806-1812.— The  ministry  of  "All  the 
Taln'.ts."  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade.— 
The  Portland  and  the  Perceval  ministries.— 
Conf,imed  insanity  of  Ceoree  III,— Beginning 


of  the  regency  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.— A»- 
sassination  of  Mr.  Perceval. — The  ".Ministry 
of  All  the  Talents'  is  "  renmrkable  solely  for  its 
mistakes,  anil  is  to  lie  remembered  chiefly  for 
the  death  of  Fo.\  (September  13,  1806]  and  the 
aliolilhai  of  the  slave  trade.  Fox  was  now  des- 
tined ut  the  close  of  his  career  to  lie  disillusioned 
with  rcKurd  to  Napoleon,  lie  at  last  thoroughly 
realized  the  insincerilv  of  his  hero.  .  .  .  The 
second  great  object  of  i'^^x's  life  he  succeeded  in 
attaining  before  his  death; — this  was  the  aboli- 
tion of  the  slave  tnnh'.  For  more  than  thirty 
years  the  question  had  lieen  before  the  country, 
anil  u  vigorous  agitatinti  had  been  conducted 
by  Clarkson.  WillMrfircc,  anil  Fox.  I'itt  was 
ipiite  at  one  w  ith  them  on  lliis  question,  and  had 
brought  forward  motiims  on  tlie  subject.  The 
House  of  Lords,  however,  rejected  all  measures 
of  this  iliscriplion  during  the  Hevolutionary 
War,  under  the  influence  of  the  Anti  Jacobin 
feeling.  It  was  resi  rved  for  Fox  to  succeed  in 
carrying  a  Bill  intlicting  heavy  pi'cuniary  pun- 
ishments on  the  trallic  in  slaves.  And  yet  this 
measure  —  the  sole  fruit  of  Fox's  statesmanship 
—  was  wholly  inadequate;  nor  was  it  till  the 
slave  trade  wits  made  feloiiv  in  IHll  that  its  Hnal 
extinction  was  sicured.  'I'lie  reuiaiiiing  acts  of 
the  .Ministry  were  blunders.  ,  .  .  Their  finan- 
cial system  was  a  failure.  They  carried  on  the 
war  .so  us  to  alienate  their  allii-ti  and  to  cover 
themselves  with  humiliation.  Finally,  they  In- 
sisted on  bringing  forward  a  measure  for  the 
relief  of  the  Catholics,  though  there  was  not  the 
slightest  hope  of  carrying  it,  and  it  could  only 
cause  n  disruption  of  the  Uovcrnment.  .  .  .  The 
king  and  the  Pittites  were  determined  to  oppose 
it.  and  so  the  Ministry  agreed  to  drop  the  ques- 
tion under  protest.  George  insisted  on  their 
withdrawing  the  protest,  and  as  this  was  refused 
he  dismis.scil  them.  .  .  .  This  then  was  the 
final  triumph  of  George  III.  lie  had  success- 
fully dismiss<Hl  this  Ministry ;  he  had  maintained 
the  principle  that  every  -Nlinistry  is  Iwunil  to 
withdraw  any  projeit  displeasing  'o  the  king. 
These  princifiles  were  totally  inconsistent  with 
Constitutional  Government,  and  tluy  indirectly 
prccipitatcil  IJeform  by  rendering  it  ibsolutely 
necessary  in  order  to  curb  the  royal  influence. 
.  .  .  The  Duke  of  Portluud's  sole  claims  to  form 
a  Ministry  were  his  high  rank,  and  the  length  of 
bi>  '■revious  si*rvices.  Ills  talents  were  never 
ver\  great,  and  tlicv  wcve  weakened  by  age  and 
disease.  The  real  leader  was  Jlr.  Perceval,  the 
Chancellor  of  the  P;.x<'Ih(|Uit.  u  dexterous  de- 
bater and  a  patriotic  statesman.  This  Govern- 
ment, iK'ing  formed  on  the  closest  Tory  basis  and 
on  tlie  king's  influence,  was  pledged  to  pursue  a 
retrograde  policy  and  to  oppose' all  measures  of 
Ueform.  The  one  really  high-minded  statesman 
in  the  Cabinet  was  Caniiing"  the  Foreign  Minis- 
ter. His  advanced  views,  however,  continually 
brought  him  into  eollision  with  I'astli  reagh,  the 
War  .Minister,  a  man  of  much  inferior  talents 
and  the  narrowest  Tory  views,  tjiiarrels  inevita- 
bly arose  iMtween  llie  two,  and  there  was  no 
real  I'rime  Minister  to  hold  them  strongly  iiniier 
control.  .  .  .  At  last  the  ill-feeling  ended  in  a 
duel,  which  was  followed  by  a  mutual  resigna- 
tion on  the  ground  that  neither  could  serve  with 
the  other.  This  was  followed  by  the  resignation 
of  Portland,  wh  >  felt  himself  wholly  unequal 
to  the  arilip'us  task  of  nianagiuL:  the  .Ministry 
any   jon^rer      The   leadership    now  devolved    on 


973 


ENOI-AND,   l«)«-lf<!2. 


The  Brgmetf. 
The  U'a/f/wrfn  Fiaten. 


ENOLANT),  1809. 


I 
\ 

I 


i! 


Pprrpval.  wlm  fmind  liimsilf  in  an  nppiiicntly 
1io|mI(ss  idnilithin.  His  iviily  sup|"irfiTs  wiri! 
I,i>nls  l.ivcrpoiil.  Klilcin.  I'lilnHTSton.  and  Willi'S- 
Icy.  Niitlicr  (  aniiing.CiistlcriiiKli.niir  Siilniiiiilli 
(A(lilinL.'t<>ii)  uonlil  join  liini.  Tin'  niiscriililt' 
c.\|>i'(lili<>n  t(i  Wall  licriii  liud  jnst  i  ndid  in  ii;nii- 
miny.  Tlic  cainpaif;!!  in  llii'  I'lninsnla  wa»  re 
Earili'd  as  a  cliiiniTiial  cnlcrprisc,  j;ot  up  mainly 
fur  llic  luiaiil  nf  a  Tiirv  ciunniandrr.  I'rrlainly 
tlic  niiKt  capalili' man  in  llic>  Caliinit  was  l.iird 
WiMislcy,  till'  Fiirii^'n  .MiTMMcr.  lint  liu  was  ciin- 
tinnally  liiwarlicl  liy  the  in<apalilr  nu'n  \\v  had 
to(l('al»illi  lldwlvi  r.  as  l<iii<  ns  lif  rcniainrd 
at  llic  iiM'ii.'n  dllici'.  Iir  supported  the  IVninsu- 
lar  War  hi'Ii  viirour,  nnil  tjialiltd  his  lirothtT  to 
carry  out  n  I'rc  c  iTialuidly  liis  plans  with  rrpinl 
to  llii'  d.finci'  of  I'ortiiL'al.  In  Novi'UilnT.  WW. 
llio  uinij  was  a^ain  seized  with  insanity,  nor  did 
lie  <\-er  n  cover  Ihe  use  of  his  faculties  iluriiij? 
tin  ri8t  of  his  life.  The  Ministry  delinniniil  to 
brin;;  fonvaid  I'ill'sold  Hill  of  17«8  in  a  some- 
what more  miMlilied  form.  F'ehruary.  IHIl.  The 
I'rinie  of  Wales  reipiested  (irey  and  (Irenvdle 
to  eriliei/.e  this,  but,  n^'ardinu;  their  reply  as 
liikewarm.  he  la'^an  to  entertain  an  illwilf  '  ir 
them.  .\t  this  naiincnt  the  judiei<ai8  Hattory  of 
his  family  bron^'ht  him  over  from  the  WInjfs, 
and  he  <leeided  lo  ecailinue  I'eneval  in  olHrc. 
Willeslev .  however,  look  the  opportunity  to  re- 
sifTU.  anil  was  suic  eiileil  by  Cii-sllereat^h,  Febru- 
ary, ixii  In  .May  I'ereeval  wasa.s.sassinateil  by 
Mr.  lielliii^ham,  a  hinatle,  anil  his  Ministry  at 
oneefiM  to  pieees." — B.  ('.  Skottowc,  Our  Ifttii- 
ovtri.iii  Kiii^js,  Ilk.  U),  rh.  ;t. 

Al.si)  IN:  F.  II.  Hill,  deonje  Cnnninii,  rh.  \.\- 
17, —S.  Walpole.  Life  if  S^vncey  Perreraf,  r.  2. — 
U  I.  and  S.  Willnrforee,  Life  <■/  WilWiiii  MWxr- 
f'm,  rh.  21)  (r.  Hi. 

A.  D.  1807.— Act  for  the  Abolition  of  the 
Slave-Trade.  See  S^i.avkiiy,  Nkduo:  A.  1). 
ITiti-lHii; 

A.  D.  1807  (February— September).— Opera- 
tions in  support  of  the  Russians  against  the 
Turks  ana  French.— Bold  naval  attack  on 
Constantinople  and  humiliating  failure. — Dis- 
astrous expedition  to  Egypt.  (See  Tliiks: 
A.  I)    ISdti-lWlT. 

A.  D.  1807  (June— July).— Alliance  formed  at 
Tilsit  between  Napoleon  and  Alexander  I,  of 
Russia  bee  Otuxn.NV:  A.  1).  1»()7  (.Jink- 
Ji  i.v) 

A.  D.  1807  (August— November). — Bombard- 
ment of  Copenhagen  and  seizure  of  the  Dan- 
ish fleet.— war  with  Russia  and  Denmark. 
fsic  Si  VMIINAVMN  .Sr.^TKs.  A.  1).  1807-1,'SlO 

A.  D.  1807  (October  -  November) —Submis- 
sion of  Portugal  to  Napoleon  under  English 
advice,— Flignt  of  the  house  of  Braganza  to 
Brazil,     Ne  l'iinrti..\r.:    .\.  I>.  |H()7. 

A.  D.  i8o3  (May).— Ineffectual  attempt  to 
aid  Sweden,— Expedition  of  Sir  John  Moore, 

bee  .N  AMIIN  VMW    SlATKS:    \.    I).    1WI7-1H1(I. 

A  D.  1808  (Julyi,— Peace  and  alliance  with 
the  Spanish  people  against  the  new  Napo- 
leonic monarchy.— Opening  of  the  Peninsular 
War,    >irMMiN:A   1>  |niiH(Mav— Shitkmhkh) 

A,  D,  1808.— Expulsion  of  English  forces 
fromCapri.  Sn  1 1  Ai.v(Sorriii:uN):  A.  I).  ISUS- 
1  .SI  I!) 

A  D.  1808-1809.— Wellington's  first  cam- 
paign in  the  Peninsula.  — Convention  of  Cintra. 
— Evacuation  of  Portugal  by  the  French.— 
Sir  John  Moore's  advance  into  Spain  and  his 


retreat.— His  dea.h  at  Corunna.    See  Spaps 

.\.   I).   lH(IH-lS(lj»(Al<HHT— .Iamaiiy). 

A.  D.   1800  (February— July),— Wellington 
tent  to  the  Peninsula,- The  passage  orthe 
Douro  and  the  Battle  of  Talavera.    .See  Si- a  i  n 
A.  1).  IHiNMFkiihiauv- .Iii.Y). 

A.  D,  1809  (July— December).— The  Wal- 
cheren  Expedition.—"  Three  times  liefon',  diir 
xwf,  the  war,  it  had  (Hcurreil  to  one  or  unollii  r. 
eonneeted  with  the  uDVernnient,  that  it  would  he 
a  piHid  thing  to  hold  Antwerji,  and  eonimaiid  tin- 
Seheldt,  mi/i'  the  Kreiieh  ships  in  the  river,  anil 
(ret  piissesKion  of  their  arsenals  and  diKkyarili 
On  eaeli  oeeasion.  men  of  military  scienee  and 
experienre  had  iH'en  consulted,  and  invuriahly 
they  had  pronounced  aj^ainst  the  scheme.  Now. 
however,  what  Mr.  Pitt  Imil  eonsiderud  imprai 
tioable.  Lord  Castlereagh,  with  the  rashness  of 
incapacity,  resolved  should  be  done:  and.  in 
order  not  to  1k' hindered,  lie  avoideil  consultiiii; 
with  those  who  would  have  objeetiHl  lo  the  in 
terprise.  Thouiih  the  scene  of  action  was  to  lie 
Ihe  swamps  at  the  miaithsof  the  S»:heldt,  he  con 
sidled  no  physician.  Having  himself  neithir 
naval,  military,  nor  medical  knowledge,  he  as 
sumed  the  res|)<in.sibillty  —  except  eueli  as  the 
King  and  Ihe  Duke  of  York  chose  to  share.  . 
It  was  .Maj,  1»(M),  iM'fore  any  stir  was  appaniit 
wliieli  coulil  lead  men  oulsiile  the  Cabinet  to  in 
fer  that  an  expedition  for  Ihe  !5<licldt  was  in  i on- 
teniplatiou:  but  soearlyaslhelRginningof  April 
(it  is  now  known),  Mr.  Canning  signitied  that  he 
couhl  not  share  in  the  re.spiinsibility  of  an  enter 
prise  which  must  so  involve  his  own  office.  .  .  . 
The  fleet  that  iixle  ill  Ihe  chancel  consisted  of  ;i9 
ships  of  the  line,  and  36  frigates,  nml  a  due  pro- 
portuin  of  small  vessels:  in  all,  24,'>  vessels  of 
war:  and  4(H)  ininsporls  carrieil  40,000  soldiers. 
Only  one  liospiuil  ship  was  providiil  for  the 
whole  expedition,  though  the  Surgeon  Geniral 
in-.plorcd  the  grant  of  two  more.     He  gave  his 

reasons,  but  was  refused.  ,  ,  ,  The  naval  i i 

mil  der  was  Sir  Hichard  J,  Slrnohan,  wliosi'  liile 
to  the  responsibility  no  one  could  perceive,  while 
many  who  Inul  more  ex|K'rience  were  unem- 
ployed. The  military  commanil  was  given  (;is 
the  selerlion  of  the  present  Cabinet  had  Ueii)  lo 
Lord  Cluilham,  for  no  better  reason  than  that  he 
was  a  favourite  with  the  King  and  Queen,  wlm 
liked  his  gentle  and  courtly  manners,  and  his 
ciLsy  and  amiable  temper.  .  .  .  The  fatal  mis- 
take was  made  of  not  detining  the  respective  au- 
thorities of  the  tworommandcrs;  and  both  In  ini; 
inexperienced  or  apathetic,  each  relied  upon  Ilie 
other  (irst,  and  cust  the  blame  of  failure  upon  1  ini 
afterwards.  In  the  autumn,  an  epignuii  of  un- 
known origin  wiis  in  every  Uxly's  mouth,  ullmir 
Knglanil: 
'  Lord  Chatham,  with  liis  sword  undrawn. 

SliKsl  wailing  for  .sir  Uichanl  Straehan. 

Sir  Kichard,  hinging  to  lie  at  'em. 

StiMMl  wailing  forliie  Karl  of  Chatham.' 
The  fleet  SI  t  sail  on  ti  i><\\\  of  July,  and  w.is  ,,ii 
the  coast  ot  Holland  Ihe  next  day.  The  tiisi  lli^• 
covery  was  that  there  were  not  boats  ciiiiii,:;h  t.i 
land  Ihe  Inmps  and  Ihe  ordianie.  The  iie.M  wis 
that  no  plan  iiail  been  formed  alxiut  how  ;.p  pni 
ceed.  The  most  experienced  otlieers  wirv  f^r 
pushing  on  lo  .\iilwerp,  4.")  miles  olT.  and  l.i^iii.- 
11  before  it  could  !«•  prepared  for  defend;  1  it 
the  commanders  determined  lo  take  Flu-liini: 
first.  They  set  alxiut  it  so  slowly  that  a  !  rt 
night  was  consumed  in  preparations.      I::   -■■■ 


974 


KXOLANI).  mm. 


ViMtrtu 
and  l>iBtfrdtrM. 


ENQLAND,   1812-1818. 


days  morr,  tlu'  l.'itli  of  AiiKiisI,  FliisliiiiK  wiis 
t;ik)ii.  AftiT  tliK  l^ml  Clmtliuiii  ^miiscd  lixiin- 
kidi  r  u  Imt  lie  slioillil  do  next :  ami  It  w»s  the  'ilut 
1*  fiiri'  111'  iH'uau  to  propiiM'  lo  >;o  on  to  Antwerp. 
Till  11  Ciiinc  the  next  discovery,  llmt,  !iy  tliH  lime 
twiiiutermediiitc  places  had  In^en  sostniiKthened 
Hint  lliere  must  Ih'  some  ttxlitins  on  the  way. 
tHi  lie  did  nothing  more  liiit  take  possession  of 
tun  siiiiill  islands  near  Kliishini;.  Not  another 
lilcnv  »;is  striieli;  not  iinolher  league  was  trav- 
orsiil  liy  this  iniitrnllleenl  ex|iedition.  Unt  the 
nui^l  iiii|"irlant  iliseoverv  of  all  now  diselosed 
ilM'If.  The  army  had  lieeii  liroufilit  into  the 
Bwaiiips  at  tile  U'lrinnim;  of  the  sii  kly  siiisim. 
Fever  spraiii;  up  under  Ilieir  fic  t.  and  ;i,IK(0  men 
were  in  linspiial  in  a  few  days,  just  when  it  lie- 
ciiiiie  ncei's-aiy  to  reduce  the  rations,  because 
priivi>iiiiis  were  falling  short.  On  the  2Tlli  of 
Aiii.'ii>t.  Lord  Clialliani  leil  u  council  of  war  to 
rvMii\e  that  'it  w-aa  not  udvisalile  to  pursue 
fiirtlier  openitions. '  Hut,  if  the,v  could  not  pro- 
ceed, neither  could  they  remain  where  they  were. 
The  etieniy  had  more  spirit  tlian  Iheir  invaders. 
On  llie  'AM\  and  Hist,  such  a  (ire  was  opened 
friini  Imtli  banks  of  the  river,  that  the  ships  were 
oblifTi'd  to  retire.  Fluslitng  was  given  up,  and 
en ry  tiling  else  except  the  islainl  of  Walcheren, 
wliii  li  it  was  fatal  to  hold  at  this  season.  On  the 
4th  of  SepieinlHr,  most  of  the  snips  vere  at 
Ihiiiii'  ii^'iiin :  and  Uonl  Chnthain  ap|H'ared  on  the 
14tli.  Kleven  tliousanil  men  were  by  that  time 
In  the  fever,  and  he  brought  home  ils  many  as  he 
c;iul(l.  Sir  Kya'  C"(K>te,  whom  he  left  in  com- 
uianil,  was  dismayed  to  .see  all  the  rest  sinking 
down  in  disease  at  the  rate  of  liundreds  in  u  <lay. 
Tliiuii:h  the  men  had  iM'en  working  in  the 
swamps,  np  to  the  waist  in  marsh  water,  and  the 
Miifs  of  their  r'eepiDg  places  bad  bi'en  carrieil 
otT  by  iKiinbanlment.  so  that  they  slept  under  a 
oannpy  of  autumn  fog,  it  was  siipixised  that  a 
supply  of  Thames  water  to  drink  would  stop  the 
siekness:  and  a  supply  of  ,5()0  tons  ,«'r  week  was 
tran.sniitted.  At  last,  at  the  enil  iif  OctolHT,  a 
liiimlred  English  brieklayers,  with  tools,  bricks, 
and  iiKirtar,  were  «'nt  over  to  mend  the  roofs; 
hat  tliey  iinnieiliately  dropped  into  the  hospitals. 
Then  the  patients  were  to  lie  HceominiNli.teil  in  the 
linviii;  but  to  spare  the  inhabitants,  the  siddiers 
Were  laid  down  in  damp  churches;  and  their 
iH'ildiiii;  had  from  ;he  beginning  Iki'p  insulflcient 
I«ir  llicir  need  At  last,  govemnn  nt  desired  the 
chief  olliiersof  the  army  Medical  Hoard  to  repair 
t(i  Wall  hireii,  anil  sit  what  was  the  precise 
nature  ef  the  fever,  and  what  cimhl  be  done. 
The  ^llll;eoll  Ueiieral  and  the  I'hysician-Oeneral 
tlrew  Hie  duty  upon  ciich  other.  Government 
a|i|"iiiitid  it  lo  the  I'hysicianGeneral,  Sir  Lucas 
I'l  pys;  1,1,1  he  refused  to  go.  H<itli  olticers  were 
ili-iiivM.l.  aii'l  the  medical  department  of  the 
arniv  was  nnrganized  and  greatly  improved. 
Ili'iU.iiiis  Were  at  this  time  from  200  to  300  a 
wi  1  k,  U  hen  Walcheren  v\as  evacuated,  on  the 
'.:iii|  of  Deeember,  nearly  half  the  force  sent  out 

\'' "Ills  before  were  (h'lid  or  missing;  and  of 

ti.i.r  «|„,  reiiiniiil,  ;t.->,0(K)  were  admitted  into 
tliiliu>|iit,Uiif  Knsihind  liefim;  the  next  1st  of 
Jiiiii .  'I  HI  my  millions  sterling  were  s|M'nt  on 
llii-cx|ni!iiinn.  It  Wius  the  piircliasi' money  of 
I'll- "I  !lin,K-,iids  of  deaths,  and  of  inelfaccable 
"'"  •  il  ilKiTMee."— II.  Slartiueuu,  IIM.  ofKiw.. 
-I'l.  M.  2.  <•/(.  2. 


In*). 


C.  Knight.  Popular  Uitt.  of  Eng.,  r. 


A.  D.  i8oo  (Au^st  — December).— DilBciil- 
ties  of  Wellington'*  campaign  in  the  Penio- 
tula.— Hit  retreat  into  Portugal.  Sec  Spain: 
A.  I),  ISOll  (Akust— Dkckmiiku). 

A.  D.  i8io.— Capture  of  the  Mauritius,  tlee 
Imma:  a.  1).    IMb.-v-lMi- 

A.  D.  i8io-t8ia.— .he  War  in  the  Penin- 
sula.—Wellington's  Lines  of  Torres  Vedras.— 
French  recoil  from  them.— English  advance 
into  Spain.  See  Si-ain;  A.  I).  1800-lSlO  (Oc- 
TOI1KH— SKiTEMiiKii).  and  1»10-I«I3. 

A.  D.  i8i I.  — Capture  of  Java  from  the 
Dutch.     Scc!  I.ndia:  A.  U.  IWaVlSlO. 

A.  D.  1811-1812.— Desertion  of  Napoleon's 
Continental  S^rstem  by  Russia  and  Sweden.— 
Reopening  of  their  ports  to  British  com- 
merce.    S<e  KiiANCK:  A.  I).  1810-1812. 

A.  O.  1813  (January).— Building  of  the  first 
passenger  Steam-boat.    See  Stkam   Naviiia- 

TION:    TlIK  Iil-;<1INMNGS. 

A.  D.  i8i3(June—Autrust).— The  Peninsular 
War.— Wellington's  victory  at  Salamanca 
and  advance  to  Madrid.    See  Spain  :  A.  U.  1818 

(June— Ai'diHT), 

A.  D.  1812-1813.— The  Liverpool  Ministry. 
— Business  depression  and  bad  harvests. — 
Distress  and  rioting.— The  Luddites.— "  Again 
there  was  much  negotiation,  and  n:i  attempt  to 
intriKJuce  I.ord  Wellesley  and  Mr.  Canning  tijtlie 
ministry.  Of  course  they  could  not  serve  with 
C'astlereagh ;  they  were  then  asked  to  form  a 
ministry  with  Cfn-nville  and  Orey,  but  these 
l<onls  objected  to  the  Peninsular  War,  to  which 
Wellesley  was  pledged.  Orenvillc  and  Grey  then 
attempted  a  ministry  of  their  own  but  ijuarrelled 
with  Lord  Moira  on  the  appointments  to  the 
Ilouseliidd:  and  as  an  American  war  was  threat- 
ening, and  the  ministry  had  already  given  up 
their  Oniers  in  Council  (one  of  the  chief  causes 
of  tlieir  unpopularity),  the  Itegent  mtlier  than 
remain  longer  without  n  ministry,  intrusted  Lord 
Liverpool  w  itii  llie  Premiership,  with  Costlereagh 
as  his  Foreign  Secretary,  and  the  old  ministry 
remained  in  odlce.  Before  the  day  of  triumph 
of  this  ministry  arrivcd.while  Napoleon  was  still 
at  the  height  of  his  power,  and  the  success  of 
Welli-igton  as  yet  upccrtain,  England  had  drifted 
into  war  with  America.  It  is  diltlcult  to  believe 
that  this  useless  war  might  not  have  Ix^en  avoided 
had  the  ndnisters  been  men  of  ability.  It  arose 
from  the  obstinate  manner  in  which  the  Govern- 
ment clung  to  the  execiilinn  of  their  retaliatory 
measures  against  France,  regardless  of  the  prac- 
tical injury  they  were  intlicting  upon  all  neutrals. 
.  .  .  The  siune  motive  of  class  aggrandizement 
which  detracts  from  the  virtue  of  the  foreign 
policy  of  this  ministry  imderlay  the  whole  ad- 
ministrathin  of  home  alTairs.  There  was  an  In- 
capacity to  look  nt  public  alTairs  from  any  but  a 
class  or  arisKKratie  point  of  view.  The  natural 
consi'ipience  was  a  eou'<tantly  increasing  mass  of 
discontent  among  the  lower  onlers.  oidy  kept  in 
restraint  by  an  overmastering  fear  felt  by  all 
those  higher  in  rank  of  the  poasible  revolutionary 
tendencies  of  any  attempt  at  change.  Much  of 
the  disciintent  was  of  course  the  inevitable  con- 
.seipie;icc  of  the  circumstances  in  which  England 
was  placed,  and  fur  which  the  Government  was 
only  answerable  in  so  far  as  it  created  those  cir- 
cumstances. At  the  same  time  it  is  iin|M)8sible 
lint  til  blame  the  complacent  manner  in  which 
the  ii'.isiTv  was  i;rni'.red  and  the;«ea-ionaI  -.^lirre'^ 
of  iudiviiiual  mercliauts  and  contractors  a'ganled 


!  ' 


975 


ENQLANI),   1812-1818. 


Affitatitm  and 
Hivl. 


ENGLAND.  181ft-1820. 


* 
*  ' 


»!i<'vi(lcm<s  iif  imlioiml  iiriwiK'tity.  .  .  .  A  picn 
tifiil  liiirvi'Nt  ill  IHI;<,  Hint  till-  opciiinp;  of  iiiniiy 
CDiitiiicnliil  ixiris,  ilid  miuli  to  rivive  lK)tli  trmle 
hikI  iiiiiniifiii'liirt'H;  hut  it  van  acToinpnnivil  by 
B  fall  in  till'  prill'  of  com  from  171s.  to  Tos. 
'I'ltr  c-onm'tpii'iHr  wiw  wiiicspn-ail  iliMtri'ss  anions 
till'  iiKririilliiristH,  wliiili  iiivolvnl  tlie  coiinlry 
IkiiiI(.s,  HO  tliiit  in  till'  two  folloniii);  yiurs 'J4I)  of 
tliini  HtopiM'il  piiynit'iit.  So  pnat  ii  cruHli  coiilil 
not  fail  toalTcot  ilii'  nianiifarliirin);  inlinst »!«); 
uppari'iitly,  for  tlii'  instant,  the  viry  rtstoratioii 
of  [M'tui:  hronght  •.. iiltsprrud  ruin.  .  .  .  Ik'forc 
llu-  t'lid  of  the  year  IHll,  wapt'S  Imii  sunk  to  7s. 
(mI.  a  wt'ck.  The  inanufartiirin^operutivt'S  wi-re 
thircforc  in  a  stale  of  absolute  misery.  Petitions 
slgncil  by  40.(HH)  or  5(I.(H)0  men  urped  upon  I'ar- 
lianient  that  they  were  starvin^^  hut  then' was 
another  cla.ss  wliieh  fared  still  worse.  Maehinery 
ha<l  hy  no  means  supersi-di'd  hand-work.  In  tbou- 
Kiinds  of  hamlets  and  eollaKes  handloonu  still 
existed.  The  work  was  iieiilier  so  gcKxlnorso 
rapid  US  work  done  by  machinery;  even  at  the 
iK'St  of  times  ii.sed  ehietly  as  an  auxiliary  to 
a^rirulture.  this  hand  labour  could  now  scarcely 
find  employment  at  all.  Not  unnaturally.  » ith- 
oiit  work  and  wilL.Mit  fiHHl.  tlit'se  hand  workers 
were  very  ready  to  iMlievc  that  It  was  the  ma- 
chinery which  causi'd  their  ruin,  and  .so  in  fact  it 
was;  the  change,  though  on  the  whole  hi-netieial. 
had  bro'jght  much  inilividual  misery.  The  people 
were  not  wisi^  en<iu);li  to  see  this.  They  rose  in 
riots  in  many  parts  of  England,  chielfy  almut 
Nottingham,  calling  theiiiselves  Luddites  (from 
the  name  of  a  certain  idiot  lad  who  some  'M  years 
before  had  broken  stixkiiif;-frames).  Bi'"'cred 
round  them  many  of  the  disbandiil  soldiery  with 
whom  the  country  was  thronged,  and  with  a  very 
perfect  secret  ori;ani/.ation.  carried  out  their 
object  of  machine  briakiug.  The  unexpected 
tbrcingin;;  of  the  villaj;c  at  nlKhttall.  a  crowd  of 
men  with  blackened  faces,  armed  sentinels  hold- 
ing every  approach,  sileucc  on  all  sides,  the  vil- 
lage inhabitants  cowering  iM'hind  closed  dimrs, 
an  hc'ur  or  two's  work  of  smashing  and  burning, 
and  tli  disapwarancc  of  the  crowd  as  rapidly  as 
it  bad  arrived— such  were  the  incident^  of  the 
night  riots." — J.  F.  iiright.  Hint,  of  Eng.,  period 
8.  rP-  13AVl;i.l3. 

AlX)  in:  ('  Knight,  I'lipuliir  Jlitt.  of  Eng., 
T.  7.  eh.  'SD—n'-tii-i'U  Hint,  of  Eng..  n.  8.  eh.  4 
(Jui'in  of  (1.  mjn  111.,  r.  4). 

A.  D.  i8ia-i8is.— War  with  the  United 
States.  See  I'.mtki)  St.\ti:«  of  Am.-  A.  U. 
IHdl-lHOU;  lH<iS;  and  INlO-l^l'J.  to  1815  (J\Nt7- 

AUV). 

A.  D.  1813  (June).— Joined  with  the  new 
European  Coalition  arainst  Napoleon.  Sec 
Ckioia.w:  a.  1).  IWlli  (M.w— Arm  ST). 

A.  D.  1813-1814.— Wellington's  victorious 
and  final  campaigns  in  the  Peninsular  War. 
HeeSi'.MN:  A    I).   IHl'i  1H14. 

A.  D.  1813-1816.— War  with  the  Ghorkas  of 
Nepal.     Sec  isniv:  A.  I).  1»().>-1S10. 

A.  D.  1814.— The  allies  in   France  and  in 

fossession  of  Paris.— Fall  of  Napoleon.     See 
'hanck:  a.    I>.    1^<14  (.Umauv— .Maucu),   and 
(Makcii— AriiM  I. 

A.  D.  1814  (May-June).— Treaty  of  Paris.— 
Acquisition  of  Malta,  the  Isle  of  France  and 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     .Sic-  Kiia.ncp;:  A.  I). 

lhl4(Ai'iui hvK) 

A.  D.  1814  (December).  —  The  Treaty  of 
Ghent,    terminating    war    with    the    United 


State*.    See  U.nitkd  Statks  ok  Am.  :   A.  H 

IHIt  (DFXK.tlHKIl). 

A.  D.  181^-1815.— The  Congress  of  Vienna 
and  its  revision  of  the  map  of  Europe.    ><i' 

ViK.NNA.  TlIK  {'OSOUKSS  Of. 

A.  D.  1815  (March).— The  Corn  Law.  s.r 
TAKiff  Lkuislation  (E.noi.aM));  a.  1>.  1s|"i 
IM'.'H. 

A.  D.  1815  (June). —  The  Waterloo  cam- 
paign.—Defeat  and  final  Overthrow  of  Na- 
poleon.    Sie  Kham  K:  \.  I).  ISl.l  (.li  NK) 

A.  D.  181S  (July— August).  — Surrender  of 
Napoleon. — His  confinement  on  the  Island  of 
St.  Helena.  See  Fuamk:  A.  I).  ISl-')  (.li  m.  - 
Aroi  ST). 

A.  D.  i8s5(July— November).— Wellington's 
army  in    Paris.— The   Second  Treaty.     .■>,(• 

FllANCK:    A.   I).    IHI.")   (.lll.V  — NoVKMHKIl) 

A.  D.  1815  (September)  —The  Holy  Alliance. 
See  Iloi.Y  Ai.i.iANCK. 

A.  D.  1816-1820.— Agitation  for  Parliamen- 
tary Reform.— Hampden  Clubs.— Spencean 
philanthropists.— Trials  of  William  Hone.— 
The  Spa-fields  meeting  and  riot. — March  of 
the  Blanketeers.— Massacre  of  Petertoo.— The 
Six  Acts.— Death  of  George  III.— Accession 
of  George  IV. — "From  this  time  the  naiw  nf 
Parliamentary  IJeform  iH'caine.  for  the  most  part. 
a  name  of  terror  to  the  (iovernnient.  .  .  li 
passed  away  from  the  patronage  of  a  few  iiri^in 
cnitic  lovers  of  popularity,  to  l)e  adviM-alnl  liy 
writers  of  '  two-jienny  trash.'  and  to  Ir'  disc  ii>si-(i 
and  organized  by  '  Hampden  Clubs'  of  hunirir- 
ing  philanthropists  and  unemployed  '  we.ivir 
boys.'  Samuel  liiimford,  w  '.m  thought  It  n'. ilii 
gniec  to  call  himself  'a  Ifcidical'.  .  .  sav-^,  at 
this  time  (1816)  the  writings  of  William  ('..1.!..  it 
suddenly  iHcame  of  great  authority;  tiny  vn 
reail  on  nearly  every  cottage  hearth  In  thi-"iii:iim- 
facturing  districts  of  South  Ijincjishire,  in  iliosc 
of  Leicester.  Derby,  and  Nottingham;  al^i>  in 
many  of  the  Scottish  manufacturing  tow  ns  Th.  Ir 
Intluencc  was  siwiilily  visible.'  Coblmi  :,!- 
vocated  ParliameiiLiry  Ueforni  as  the  corn  .  live 
of  wliatever  miseries  the  lower  classes  sulT<  n  .1. 
\  new  order  of  politicians  was  called  intoin  lim: 
'TheSunday  8ch(s)ls  of  the  preceding  thirty  \  I  :in 
bad  priHliiced  many  working  men  of  su'lli.  imi 
talent  to  Income  remlers.  writers,  ami  spi:il,i  r-,  ia 
the  village  meetings  for  Parlia-nentary  |{.  ii.riii; 
some  also  were  found  to  i>oss*'ss  a  rude  [t'niic 
talent,  which  rendered  their  etiusioiis  in.|  ilir, 
and  bestowed  an  additional  charm  on  tin  ir  ,i-m  111 
blages;  and  by  such  various  means,  an.\i"!js  lii- 
teners  at  lirst,  and  then  zealous  proselyto,  W'  re 
drawn  fnmi  the  cottages  of  quiet  nooks  iin  !  din 
gles  to  the  weekly  readings  and  discu^^i  ■,  .( 
the  IIam|Mleii  Clubs'.  .  .  In  a  Heport  1!  tlji' 
Secret  Committee  of  the  Ilousi'of  Cointiint  -  I'rc- 
sented  on  the  lllth  of  February,  1.^17.  the  II  i'ii|> 
den  Clubs  arc  descrilH'd  as  '  associalid  i-i  l.-i 
edly  for  the  purpose  of  I'arliamentarv  11.  '  rni, 
u[Km  tlie  most  extended  |irin<-i()le  of  nn;.  r^il 
suffrage  and  annual  parliainints';  but  ih  :  iii 
far  the  grcMcr  nuinbi-r  of  tliem  ...!:■  ■'■.'•»■; 
short  (>f  a  Ui^volutioii  is  the  ol)jfct  e\|ic<  i'  !  aii'i 
avowed.'  The  testimony  of  Samuel  liiMir-ni 
shows  that,  in  this  early  period  of  tlicir  Ir  ■  n, 
the  Hampden  Clubs  liinitcil  their  objci !  ■  tin' 
attainment  of  Parliamentary  lieform.   .  I'lin 

ford,  at  the  tK-L'inning  of  1S17,  came  I"  I.  :;  I"M 

as  a  deleg;lte  from  the  Middleton  (_'|i|li,   ti'       'I  li'i 

a  great  meeting  of  delegates  to  be  asscinl  ;    |  in 


970 


ENGI.AXn.   IH10-I830. 


Ths  Rtanketeert 
and  Pttfrloo. 


KNOLAND,  181ft-1820. 


I.iiiiiliin.  .  .  .  Tlic  MiiMIilim  (lilcgiitc  wiw  in 
(n"lii(ril,  umiilst  Ihirpckiiii;  lolmico  fujfof  ii  K.w 
tivcrii.  to  Itit'  Icailin^  nicinlHTH  of  a  s<H-ifty  callnl 
111.'  •  Spiiitiaii  I'liilaiitliropists.'  Tliiy  (l(riv((l 
lluirnarni'  fniiii  tliat  i)f  ii  Mr.  S|Hti(c,  ii  kcIkhiI- 
iiuMiriti  Yiirkshin ,  who  liad  (■iMi(civ('<l  n  plaii 
fur  miikimj  the  naliiin  liappy.  by  causing  all  the 
hinds  <if  till' cminlry  111  iKCdrnc  the  |irn|Mrty  (if 
till'  Sliilc,  wliiili  Stall-  dlioulil  illviilc  all  llic  iiru- 
iliiii'  fur  tlic  siippiirt  (if  tliL'  pudplc.  .  .  .  Tlii' 
Cnininiltii'  (if  till'  Siicncnins  (ipcniy  mcdillcil 
witli  siiniiry  ^Tavo  (picstidtiD  iM'sidcs  that  (if  a 
ciininiiinily  in  laiidi  and.  anionKst  oilier  nulalilc 
pri  ijii  ts.  pi'tili  iiicd  I'arlianunt  to  do  uway  with 
niarliiiiiTy.  Ani(in;:st  these  fanatics  some  dan- 
):( runs  men  had  estalitished  themselves,  hucIi  as 
Tlii-llewiiiHl.  whosiiliKeiiiiently  paid  the  penally 
iif  liv(-  yiars  of  nianiaeal  idoltiii);  "  A  nieetiii;; 
lield  ,-irS|iali(-l(l»onllie2dof  Ki-i-emlH-r,  l.HKl.  in 
IIk  inli  rest  of  tlie  Speneean  Philanlliro|iisls,  ter- 
iiiin:il(-d  in  a  sensi-h'H8  outbreak  uf  riot,  led  by  a 
yiiiiiii;  fanatic  immed  Watson.  The  mob  pliin- 
(li  n  d  some  (.'unsmitlis'  shops,  shot  one  Rentleinan 
wliordniinstmted.  and  set  out  to  seize  the  Tower; 
hut  wasdisperst'd  bv  n  few  nsoliitc  magistrutes 
ami  i-iinstables.  "It  is  dillieult  to  iniat;inR  a 
mere  ili-f;ra(h-d  and  dangerous  position  tlian  that 
in  wliirli  every  politi(-al  writer  was  placed  during 
tile  yi  ar  1HI7.  In  the  first  place,  he  was  sulijeet, 
liy  a  Si  (  relary  of  State's  warrant,  to  bi-  impris- 
oriid  upon  suspicion,  under  the  Suspension  of 
tlie  ila!H-as  Corpus  Act.  Secondly,  he  was  open 
to  an  ex-ollieio  information,  un(l(-r  wliieh  he 
would  lie  coniiM'lled  to  tind  bail,  or  l)e  imprisoned. 
Till-  iioH  er  of  e.x-ollicio  information  had  been  ex- 
tiiiiird  so  as  to  compel  bail,  by  an  Act  of  180H; 
hut  from  IHiW  to  INll,  during  nhieli  throe  years 
flirty  »ii(  h  informations  were  laid,  only  one  per- 
son was  held  to  bail.  In  tSlT  nuinerouaex-olfleio 
iufurnialions  wire  tiled,  and  the  almost  invariable 
pnii  tiic  then  was  to  hold  the  alleged  oftender  to 
liaii.  or,  in  default,  to  eonnnit  to  prison.  Under 
this  .\il  .Mr  Hone  and  others  werec-ommittedto 
prison  during  this  year.  .  .  .  The  entire  course 
(if  these  priK-eedings  was  a  signal  failure.  There 
was  only  one  solitary  i- itaiitx'  of  success —  Wil- 
liam Colihelt  ran  awa.v  On  the  28tb  of  March 
he  lli-d  tii.\merica,  suspending  the  publication  of 
his  ■  lii'L'istcr'  for  four  months.  On  the  1-lh  of 
May  eiiri  (ircy  m(-ntioned  in  the  House  of  Ixinls 
that  a  Mr.  llnne  wiis  proceeded  against  for  pub- 
lisliih!.'  some  hlasphemous  parody;  but  he  had 
ri-ai|  line  of  the  same  nature,  written,  printed, 
mill  piihlished,  some  years  ago,  by  other  [K-ople, 
withii'it  any  notice  having  been  ollUially  taken 
ef  it  The  parody-  to  which  earl  Grev  al- 
luilid.  and  a  porti(m  of  which  he  n-cited"  was 
i'.iiiiiii;:'s  f.-imoiis  parody,  '  I'raise  I-epaux  ';  and 
111  .■l^Ulll  whelhcr  the  liulhors,  be  they  in  the 
( :i!iiii.  I  or  ill  any  other  place,  wouhl  also  1h'  found 
<':>  :iii-!  vi.Miiil  with  the  penalties  of  the  law  V 
'I  In-  hint  to  liie  obscure  publisher  against  whom 
liii-r  IN "iruio  iiifiirmations  bad  been  tiled  fur 
lila-pliiniiius  .-iiid  si-ililioiis  ]iarodies.  was  ellce- 
tiM.ly  w.-rl>(-i|  out  liv  him  in  the  solitude  of  his 

rriMii.  :iii.l  in  the  ] r  dwelling  where  he  had 

Ku;r,-i:ii,l,,|  hini'-ilf.  as  he  had  dune  from  his 
I  "!:■-' ycirs,  with  a  collei-I  ion  of  (Hill  and  curious 
I-"!-.  1  i-niii  these  ho  had  gathered  an  abiin- 
(■i: '  f  knowleiL'c  that  w-as  destined  loperplcx 
l-'  -.-  luiir.il  aciiuircments  of  the  Atlorin-y-Ocii- 
'■'•■  '  '  '-■-"■'■»■'  '.'•:•■  sv.-ini  and  b-ackirr  of  lii-i  pii 
cii.i ;  X  would  be  wholly  useles.s,  and  to  cUuugc  | 

97 


the  determlnatiim  of  the  Inddcst  Judge  in  the  land 
[Lord  Kllcnboroughl  loc(iii\i(ial  any  rate,  into 

the  proslrati f  helpless  despair      Altogether, 

the  three  trials  of  William  Hone  are  amimgst  the 
most  remarkable  In  our  constitiUi(mal  history. 
They  pnMluc-ed  more  distinct  ellects  upon  the 
lemiMr  of  the  couulry  than  any  public  proeciHl- 
ings  of  that  tiri.e.  'I'hey  taught  tlie  Uovernment 
a  lesson  which  has  never  be(-n  forgotten,  and  lo 
wliii-h,  as  nnich  as  Ic  any  other  cause,  we  owe 
the  priMligioiis  improvement  us  to  the  law  of 
libel  itself,  and  the  use  of  the  law,  in  our  own 
day, — an  improvement  which  leaves  what  is  dan- 
gerous in  the  press  to  1m;  correeled  by  the  renie- 
diid  power  of  the  press  itself ;  and  which,  instead 
of  lamenting  over  the  newly-ac(|uired  ability  of 
the  ma.sses  to  read  s<'ditious  and  irreligious  works, 
depends  upon  the  general  diffusion  of  this  ability 
as  the  surest  corrective  of  the  evils  that  arc  in- 
cident even  to  the  IksI  gift  of  heaven, —  that  of 
knowledge."— C.  Knight,  Piipiiitr  IIM.  of  Kni)., 
r.  8.  eh.  .5.— In  1817  "there  was  widespread  dis- 
tress. There  were  riots  in  the  counties  of  Eng- 
land arising  out  of  the  distress.  There  were  riots 
in  various  parts  of  Uindon.  Secret  (.'ommittees 
were  appointed  by  iHith  Houses  of  the  l-egisla- 
ture  to  imiuire  into  the  alleged  disaffec-tion  of 
part  of  the  people.  The  HalK'as  Corpus  Act  wag 
susiiended.  The  march  of  the  Hlanketeers  from 
JIanchester  rMarch,  1817]  caused  punic  and  coD- 
slcrnation  through  various  circles  in  Ixmiloo. 
The  march  of  the  Ulauketeers  was  a  very  simple 
and  harmless  pniiect.  A  large  niimlsT  of  the 
working  men  in  Manchester  conceived  the  iilca 
of  walking  to  Umdon  to  lay  an  iiccoi  nt  of  their 
distress  Isfore  ihe  heads  of  tin;  Government,  ancl 
to  ask  that  some  remedy  might  be  found,  and 
also  to  appeal  for  the  granting  of  Pa.liamentary 
reform.  It  was  part  of  their  arrangement  that 
each  man  should  carry  a  blanket  with  him,  as 
they  would,  neces.sarily,  have  to  sleep  at  many 
places  along  the  way,  and  they  were  notcxuctly  in 
funds  to  pay  for  flrat  cla.s8  hotel  acconimodatinn. 
The  nickname  of  Blanketeers  was  given  to  thom 
iK-cnusc  of  their  portable  sleeping-arrangcmcutg. 
The  whole  project  was  simple,  was  touching  in 
its  simplicity.  Even  at  this  distance  of  time  one 
cannot  read  about  it  without  being  moved  by  lit 
pathetic  childishness.  These  pixir  men  thought 
they  had  nothing  to  do  but  to  walk  to  Loudon, 
ami  get  to  speech  of  Lord  Livcri)OoI,  and  justice 
would  be  done  to  them  and  their  claims.  The 
Govcmmentof  Lord  Liverpool  dealt  very  roundly, 
and  in  a  very  different  way,  with  the  Blanket- 
eers. If  the  p(Hir  men  had  been  inarching  on 
London  with  pikes,  muskets  and  swords,  they 
could  not  have  created  ii  greater  fury  of  panic 
and  of  piussion  in  ollicial  circles.  The  Government, 
availing  ils(  If  of  the  suspension  of  the  Habeas 
Corpus  Act.  bad  the  leaders  of  the  movement 
captured  and  sent  to  prison,  stopped  the  march 
by  military  force,  and  dispi>rsed  those  who  were 
taking  part  in  it.  .  .  .  The  'Massacre  of  Peter- 
l(Hi,'  as  it  is  not  inappropriately  called,  took  place 
not  long  after.  .V  great  pulilic  meeting  was  held 
[August  Ifi,  lSl!(|atSt.  Peter's  I-'icId,  tlicii  on  the 
outskirts  of  Manchester,  now  Ihe  ,sile  of  the  Free 
Trade  Hall,  wliich  many  years  later  rang  so  often 
to  the  thrilling  tones  of  .lohn  Ilright.  The  meet- 
ing was  called  to  iietiliou  for  Parliamentary  re- 
form It  should  lie  remcmlier(Hl  that  in  those 
d.iys  .M.iiu  lii--.(er.  Ijiniiiiiuhani,  itiid  other  great 
cities  wen'  without  any  maimer  of  representation 


ENGLAND,   IHIrt-INiO 


Trial ../ 
Vurm  Carhtinr 


ENGLAND,   1890-1827. 


I> 


fi 


s, 
\ 

? 

I 


1 1 

I! 

P 


in  Parliiiiiu'lil  It  wiw  «  viwt  iiutiIiik  -iumi' 
H(I,(MK)  nil  II  ami  wiiiiii  n  an'  ■.luted  In  have  Iktii 
prciMiit.  ric  yiuniaiiry  |ft  iiuiiinUd  niilitlii 
rorci),  fur  SMiiii.  rnisiiii  iiii|i<isNllili'  to  iiiKlcrHtiuiil, 
i!niliiiviiiiriilli>ilis|ii  rsctlii'im'i'lliijr,  luiiliKtually 
iIokIii'iI  ill  ii|><iii  llic  iriiwd.  s|iiirriii(j  tin  ir  liiirs<"!< 
ami  tlDiirisliiii)?  Iliiiisalirid  Elcviii  (mtsiiiim  wire 
itiileii,  mill  Mveral  liiiiiilrfiU  wen-  Wdiiiideil.  Tile 
Odvcrniniiit  linmjrlit  in.  a*  tliiir  paiiiMTii  fur 
(Kipiilur  trniilile  and  dlseDiitcnt,  llie  fanioiin  Mix 
Alts.  Tlii.si'  Ail.s  wire  »ini[ily  iiiea..<ures  to 
nniler  it  mure  ea.^y  for  tlir  aiiiliorilies  Id  |nit 
ddwn  or  lilspir.sc  liieetinKS  wliiili  iliiy  cnniiiii- 
ereil  dlijertluiialile.  ami  to  siippri'ss  anv  manner 
of  piililK  alidii  uliiili  lliey  iliiisi'  Id  eull  '.sedilidiH. 
But  uiiiiiii);  tlieiii  wen'sdine  Ilill.i  In  prevent 
training  and  drillinj,'.  and  Hie  edlleetiiin  and  iHe 
of  arms  Tliese  measures  >.lidw  wliat  the  paiiie 
(if  the  Odveriimeiit  was.  It  was  the  eimvietidn 
df  Hie  nilin!;  classes  that  Hie  pour  and  the  work- 
in);  el.isms  of  Kiifiland  were  pn'parinj;  a  revdlii- 
lu.ii  Dnriiii;  all  this  time,  the  few  genuine 

Itadiials  in  the  llduse  df  Cdiiinidns  wen'  lirlng- 
iiiK  dii  111,  .lion  nflir  nidtidii  fur  Parliamentary  re 
fdrni.  jiisl  as  Crallan  and  his  friends  were  lirini; 
inn  fdrnani  nidlinii  after  iiidlidii  for  Cathdlie 
Kmaiiiipatidii  In  l'*!'*,  ,i  m.itidn  liy  Sir  Kraneis 
iJiirdilt  for  annual  I'arliiiments  and  universal 
sulfrip'  was  Idst  liy  a  inajdrily  of  KHUo  nnlKxIy. 
I'lie  inolion  had  onlv  IWd  siippiirters  — 
Uurdett  liiin.si  If  and  his  edlliaKUe,  Lord  Cdeli- 
rane.   .  The  fdrnis  df  the  House  reijiiiie  two 

li-llers  on  either  ^ide.  and  a  ediiiplianee  « iili  this 
iiiivitahh'  ruh-  li«ik  up  Hie  uliole  streni;Hi  of 
Iliirdelt's  parly  On  .lanuarv  21),  HiO,  the 

Inn- rei'iii  of  (ieorire  111  eanicld'an  end.  Thi' 
life  of  Hie  Kini;  i  l..sid  in  daiknes.s  of  eyes  and 
mind.  .Sioiie  hlinil.  si,,,,,  d,af,  an,|,  exeept  for 
rare  luei,l  jnlervals,  uhillyoutdf  his  .senses.  Hie 
(idorold  Kiiii;  wanilei',',1  Iniiii  nxiiii  tii  rnoin  df 
his  p.iluie.  a  tdinliiiii;  picture,  with  his  hinu'. 
wliilc.  tldwinij  l«ar,l.  now  repcatini;  td  hinw.lf 
the  awful  Honls  of  .Milton —  thi'  'dark.  ,lark. 
dark,  amiil  Hi,-  Maze  of  iiihui  —  irrecovirahly 
dark  —  ii,iw,  iiiahappiirnidod.  aniiduncini;  liini- 
iielf I,,lieiiillicconi|,aiii,,iisliipofan;.'els.  (iedr)je. 
the  I'riiice  l!i'):eiil,  suicceilcl.  df  cdiirso,  Id  the 
llirdiie.  ami  (icr^'e  IV.  at  diice  aiuidunceil  his 
williiU'iie.ss  t,,  reli.in  the  services  of  Hie  .Minislrv 

of  l.oi-d  l.iveri 1      The  \Vliii;s  ha,l  atone  tiine 

expel  Ie,l  iiiucli  ffdiii  Hie  ciiniii!,'  of  Ueorge  IV. 
Id  Ihi  throne,  liut  their  iiopes  had  heijun  to  lie 
ehillcl  ,.f  late." — I.  .MeCaitliv.  .Sir  KJ„  rt  l',,l 
eh    :l 

Ai.sii  i.s  .1  l!diiH,,l-e,  Chiiiiliriii,  III,-  IIM 
of  l'.,i,'it.ir  /•r.,/,;.^s,  ,•/,.  |-,>-|!),_|[,  .Martineaii 
1/,-f  ■ft/,,-  r/,ir/,,  )-,,»■,■  /',,i,v.  /,/•.  I.  ,•/,.  .-.-17 
{"-  1 1  — !■;.  Sinitli.  Willi,,,,,  r„h'htl,  ,■/,.  -Jl-i;!  (c.  ■,'). 

—  S,  e.     als,i,       rAICIKK     I.K.(llM..VTId\     (r.N(II..XMl) 

A.  I),  INl,-,  |s.,>s. 

A.  D.  1 8i  8. -Convention  with  the  United 
States  relating  to  Fisheries,  etc.     Sc,>  I'lsii- 

KltlKS.    Nolllll    .\Ml.lllin\  :    .\      1).    |Slt-lS|S 

A.  D.  1820. -Accession  of  King  George  IV. 

A.  D.  1820-182Z.  Congresses  of  Troppau, 
Laybach  and  Verona.  -Projects  of  the  Holy 
Alliance.  English  protests. -Cannings  pol- 
icy towards  Spain  and  the  Spanish  American 
colonies.     >,,■  Viiiow.  Tin.  (  ommii  ss  ok 

A.  D  1820-1827.  The  Cato  Street  Conspir-  ' 
acy.  Trial  of  Queen  Caroline.  -Canning  in  ! 
the  Foreign  Office.  Cnmmerrinl  Crisis  of  ! 
1825.     Canning    as    Premier.      His    death.—  i 


'•  Ilhil  and  sdchil  inimTy  had.  durint;  ih,'  li, 
Keni-v,  heralded  the  XU-ign.  They  did  not  ,,,1,. 
tdalnii  t  thecdiintry.  Atiuiee  weiirepliini!,,]  im,, 
Hie  »  retched  details  of  a  ecinspiraev.  .Seen  I  in',  I 
liKcni'c  naclied  the  Home  Oltice  t,'i  the  elf, ,  1  ilm 
a  man  luuned  TlilstlewiHMl,  whii  had  been  ;,  i,  „ 
In  jail  fur  challenging  I/inl  Sidmoiilli.  hid  »ii|, 
si'veral  lu  dinpllceH  laid  11  plot  to  miir,|,  i  ih, 
Ministers  durini;  a  I ■aliliiet  dinner,  which  vmi,  t,, 
cdinc  (iff  at  Lord  Ilarniwby's.  The  (.'uisi>,|i,| 
not  )fii,  a'ld  the  police  poiinceil  on  the  riii.' 
arming  tliems«'lvea  in  a  slulde  in  Cato  Slrci  i.ii 
the  Kdgeware  Uoud.  ThistlewiHid  hh«-  out  il,, 
caiiille,  having  Hrst  slalilxd  a  (lolieeniaii  I  ,  il„ 
heart.  Kiir  that  night  he  gut  dff;  hui.  h.  i,,,- 
taken  next  day,  he  wan  siMin  huiigecl.  wjii,  ||f, 
fdiir  leailing  assiK'iateii.  This  is  called  Hi.  (  ,1., 
Street  Cinspiracy.  .  .  .  Gi'urge  IV.,  iiliii,,.i  ;„ 
.siMin  lis  the  cniwii  iHcame  his  iiwn,  liegan  i"  .fir 
in  the  matter  iif  getting  a  dlvoree  fniiii  hi,  »if,. 
lie  had  married  this  pimr  Princess  l'ar,,liiii  ,,( 

Hriinswiek  in  ITU."),  men'lv   fur  the  pur| ,,( 

getting  his  debts   paid.      Their  tlrsl   iiiiiru,w 
ilisapiidinled   buHi.     After  some  time  of  s.mi 

lianishmeiil  to  niackheath  she  had  g,i limi,! 

to  live  cidelly  in  Ilaly,  end  had  Inen  iiiii,|,  li,,. 
subject  of  mon'  ihan'one  'delicate  investi.'iii  ,|i 
for  the  purpose  of  pniciiring  evidence  ,,r  i„ii,l,| 
ity  against  her.    She  now  came  Id  Knirlan  I  'I'm,. 

tl.    IN--'(I),    ami    paused    fnim    Diiver   to    I ,| ,!, 

through  joyous  and  synipathi/.ing  cniwilv     Tin' 
King  sent  a  royal   nies.sage  to  Hi.'  I.dnls,  :i,|,iin 
fur  an   im|uiry  intii  her  coiuliiii.      |,,ir,|    l.i\,r" 
pi«d  ami  Lonl  C.i.stlen'agh  lai.l  liefdr,'  Hi,'  l.,.r,|« 
and  ('ominoiis  a  gn'cn  bag.  .stiilTed  wiHi  in.l'iint 
and  disgusting  accusatidiis  against   Hi,'  (Jii,  ,11 
Happily  for  her  she  had  two  1  h.inipioiis.   hIi.n. 
names  shall  not  readily  lose  Hie  liisln'  g.iin,  1  in 
her    defence  — Henry    liniiigliam   an,l     I  linm.H 
Deniiian,    h,r    Altorne^v  tJciieral   and    Si.liiiiMr 
(ieiieral.     After  the  failure  of  a  nei.'dli:iii.  n    in 
whicli  the  (Jiieeii  ileniandcd  twd  thing's  lii.ii  ili,' 
Minislers  nfiiseil  — the  iiisertioii  of  li,  r  uiiin  in 
the  Liturgy,  and  a  pn.pcr  receplioii  ai  vi.in.  1  r 
eign  I'oiirt— Lord    Liverpodl    briiiighi    im.i  li,,. 
Tpixr  II,, use  a  'Hill  iif    Pains  and    Pmiliii.' 
which  ainieil  at  her  degradation  from  Hi,'  iiir";i,' 
and  the  dissululidn  of  her  marria.gc.      I'lirnnijli 
the  fever  heat  of  a  scorching  sumimr  ili,   ,  1  v 
went  on,   cmnsi'l    and  witnesses   jilain^'   il„ir 
respective  parts  befon'  the  Lords.  .  .  .'.\i  I,  i!.:ili 
the  Hill,  carried  on  its  tliini  n'ading  liv  :i  iii.ij.ir 
ity  of  diily  nine,  was  abanihuied  by  Hi",'  .\|ini-irv 
(NdVemluT  10).     And  the  countrv  brok,'  out  i;,M 
cheers  and  tlaming   windows.      Ila,l    >ii.    n-!,! 
content  with  the  viiidic.iHon  of  her  lair  1 1:11.    it 
would  have  lieen  iM'tter  for  her  own  p(  .1, .       Hut 
she  went  in  putilic  priKcssion  to  St.  Paul- 1.,  ri' 
turn  Hiaiiks  for  her  victorv.     And  iiior,'  ni-iilv 
still  in  the  following  year  .she  tried  I',  f  .r,i-  li,> 
way  into  Westminster  .Vlilicv  during  '\'.-    ('.-r,,. 
nation  of  her  husliamii.Iuly  111,  p<','|),     |l,'i:i,r'T 
came  a  few  days  laliT  froiii  Hie    Kin,'  .'I    i>:ii.'-'. 
The   pc.pl.'.  trill'  I,,  hir  even  in  dr,iili.  ii.-i-!,.! 
Hiat    the  Inarse  coiii.iiijiiig  hir  reni.iiii-  -h  'ill 
pa.ss  through  H,i.  liiy;  and  in   spile  i.l'  !i;;i.ii 
lYom  Hie  curhines  of  ,lra;;i,oiis  Hiev  gain,  I  tlnir 
lii.int.  Hi.'  Lord    .Mayor  heailiiig  llie   |,r.'..~-in 
till  it  h.'iil  cliari'il  Hie  streets.   .   .   .  (lei.i.'.   (ill 
niiig  li.'iil  ri'si^rnod  |,i,  oHi,,.  ratlu-r  tliaii  '  1',-  1:1 
part   Willi  Hi,'   Livirpo'il  Cahiini   in  mi|'!.  'i  '_• 
the  •  !!i!!  ,,f  !':iii,-.  ■.■.■.■,-.\   \'„n^\'v-  '  •».!  i  ■  '    ;  -i 
t-   the  ('ontineiil  for  Hie  summer  iif  tlie  11:  ,1  v  .r 


'J  78 


KNOLANO,  1H30-IH37. 


thanbtUtit*  »/ 
IHsaentfTM  Kemovtd. 


ENGLAND,   I827-183H. 


t^irlv  in  IH'j'J  lA<n\  Siilmoiilli  .  .  .  nuiitniil  llii' 
ll.inii'  OtIIci'.  Ill'  WHM  imiTci'ilfil  liy  UnlHrt 
i'nl.  II  Hlalfanmn  ilfHtiiuil  ti>  iv  liicvc  irniiicnd'. 

(.'llllllilltC    »lH>llt    till'    MIIIK'    tinil!    WtlH    IliriTI'll    III!' 

post  ii((!iiv('rn(ir()i'iii'nil  of  liidiii,"  iiikIikti'IiU'iI 
11.  Iiiit  tiiiH  arruiiKi'iiK'iit  witx  Biiililciily  i'liiin){< 'I 
by  till'  (U'alli  of  CiiMlinaKli,  wIki  ('niiiinillnl  "ill 
ililc  in  AuKint.  Ciinnln,!,' Ilirn  iKTuinc  FnnlKii 
SiiTi'tary.  "Tlic  Kpiril  iif  CiinMlnx's  funiitn 
policy  niiHilliinK'trlnilly  op|HiM'il  lollnitof  I.1111 
iloiiillrry  |('ii»lliTr.i«li].  .  .  UifiiNlii;»  to  iiitir- 
fiTc  in  Spiinisii  ulTiiIrs,  lu'  yet  u(  l<ni>wli'il);i'il  tl'f 
ni'«  »i>n  fririliiin  (if  till'  Soiitli  Aiiiirii an  Slati's, 
wliii  li  liiul  latily  tiliakin  nfl  tlii'  Spanisli  yoki'. 
Tii  pffstTvi'  pi'aci'  and  yrt  rut  Kn^land  lnojw 
fnini  till'  lli)ly  AllianiT  wi'ir  tlui'DiiiliitinKainis. 
wliiili  till'  Ki'iii'is  (if  Canning  I'lialilcil  liiiii  to 
rr(<>niili'  [»i'e  Vkiiona.  ('i>miii».»h  ok).  .  .  . 
Diirini;  111!'  yiaM  IM-Jl-'i.").  tin:  iioiinlry,  ilriinit 
Killi  unusual  pri»|M'ritv,  Umk  that  s|ii'('ulation 
fiver  uliii'li  hasatlliiti'if  liir  more  than  iinii' iliir 

iiii;  till'  last  ivniury  and  a  half Virop  of 

fiin;;us  i-oiiipaniL'*  sprang  up  t('in|>liiiKly  Ironi 
till'  lirati'd  soil  of  the  MtiK'k  EMhani;r.  .  .  . 
Shares  wi'rt'  Ixiught  anil  K'lnildi'd  in.  Tin.'  win- 
ti-r  pas.st'(l;  but  sprini;  sIidik'  on  ghittrd  inarkrts, 
ili-priciatrd  hIin'K,  no  IiuyiTs,  and  no  returns 
frnni  the  shadowy  and  distant  iuviHlinenIs  in 
Siulli  Ameriea.  wliiili  had  absorlMil  so  iiiiii  h 
nipital.  Tlieii  llie  rra.shin;t  liej;iiii  —  llie  weak 
liriike  lirst,  Ihe  Mninj;  ne.vt.  iiniil  liaiiku  went 
ili'Wti  by  dozens,  and  eoinmerer  for  the  limi'  was 
[i.tralvzed.  Hy  eau^ini;  tin-  i.ssue  of  one  and  two 
peund  Holes,  by  coining  in  iirvnl  haste  a  new 
.-ii|i|jly  of  siiverii-:ns,  and  by  indueini;  Hie  Hank 
of  liiiulund  to  lend  money  uixm  the  seeurily  of 
i;ooils  — in  fait  to  iH'giii  Ihe  pawnlirokiiig  busi- 
ness—  the  Governinent  met  tlie  crisis,  allayed 
the  panic,  and  to  some  extent  restored  romnu'r- 
eid  credit  Apoplexy  having  . struck  down  honl 
l.iurpisd  early  in  1H;.'7,  it  liei  anie  neees«:iry  'o 
SI  led  a  new  I'reniier.  ('aiming  was  the  ehcstn 
laan  "  lie  forined  a  Cabini't  with  dilllculty  in 
April.  Wt'llingtou.  I'cel.  Eldon,  and  others  of  his 
former  colleagues  refusing  to  lake  oltice  wilh 
him.  His  iidministmtion  was  brought  abruptly 
to  an  end  ill  .Vugiist  by  his  sudden  death.  —  \V  . 
K.  Collier,  //(V.  .;/•  Kill/..  /I/..  .■I'.'li-.V.'i). 

.Vi.soiN;  Lord  Ilroiigham,  /,//'(  uml  Tiiiw.  'i,v 
/A  .,■.«.//,  .'A.  l','-lHtr.  ',>).— A.  (1.  Stapleton.  fr'i"/'//. 
I'.iiiitiMj  <iiiil  Ilia  'J'iiiuM,  eh.  lM-;il. — The  sime, 
^ituf  tljl'iat  fffi'.  nffiinnji'  Ciiitniii*],  "i  r. — K.  II 
Hill,  (f'.ori/,'  I'.iitniii'j,  !•//.  19-'.'','.— Sir  T.  Martin. 
I.iu  ■■r'  L'^nl  l.i/iiil/ii'irxt,  rif.  ~, 

A.  D.  1824-1836.— The  first  Burmese  War. 
See  Imm\:  A.  I).  lS'.':i-|s:!:i. 

A.  D.  1825-1830.— The  beginning  of  rail- 
roads.    See.SVKX.M  IjlH'OMo'rloN  ON  L.VNI). 

A.  D.  1827-1828.— Removal  of  Disabilities 
from  the  Dissenters.— Repeal  of  the  Test  and 
Corporation  Acts.—  '  Karly  in  IS.T  a  private 
iieiulnr.  of  link'  inllueiice. 'unexiieclcdly  raised 
1  ■|orin:im  ijuestion.  For  Ihe  best  part  of  a  ecu- 
tMiy  the  Dis.seiilers  had  pussiielv  suhmilted  to 
!ii'  iilMim:doiis  liosition  in  which  thev  had  lieeii 
I'leid  I'Vihe  Ixgi^laturejseealiove-  A.  I)  liillj- 
IWi  liirj-ir,7;l;  ITU-ITltl.  Nominally  unable 
■'  hold  any  ottice  under  the  frown,  lliey  weri' 
li.iiiially  '  whitew.isbed  '  for  their  infringeinent 
■1  tile  hiw  by  the  p:i-s:igc  of  an  Indemnity  .\et. 
I  iir  I'isseiiiershad  hithcrio  Ik'cii  assenting  p.irties 
r.:  :i^:- !.,.!:, -^,  Thry  f.iiicicd  that  lilt;  repeal  nf 
1"    T'  st  and  Corporatiou  Acts  would  logically 


leiul  to  Ilii'  eniani  i|iiition  of  the  Kom.in  ('athollci, 
ami  Ilicy  prefernii  remaining  under  't  dlsiililliljr 
tlieniM'lvcH  to  running  Ihe  risk  of  eoiii'isllng  rrllcf 
toolbeiH.  The  tiii'lt  nuihrslandlng.  wliiili  thill 
existed  iH'tMcen  the  Chiireh  on  one  side  and  I>ls- 
si  lit  on  the  oMier,  was  malntuiui'd  iiiiliroken  and 
almost  iim  lialleiiged  till  WIT.  It  was  1  liaMeiigeil 
in  that  year  by  \Villlam  Sniitli,  the  menilHr  lor 
.Norwieli.  .Smilli  was  a  London  banker;  he  naa 
a  Dissenter;  and  he  felt  keenly  Ihe  '  hani,  unJUHt, 
and  uiini'eeH.H;iry  '  law  which  disabled  him  from 
holding  'any  olHci*.  however  insigiilttcant,  under 
Ihe  Crown,' and  fnmi  silling  as  a  magistrate  in 
any  i  orporalioii  w  ilh<iiit  violating  his  loiist  ieiiie.' 
.Sinitli  liHik  Ihe  op|iortunlty  which  the  annual 
Indemnity  .\et  alTordeil  linn  of  stating  tlit'se 
views  in  Ihe  Ilimse  of  Cominims.  .\s  he  spoke 
Ihe  scales  fi  II  from  the  ejes  of  llio  Liberal  nicin- 
bi  rs.  The  moment  lie  sat  down  Ilar\ey.  Ilio 
memlH'r  for  Coli  hester.  twilled  the  Opposilion 
wil'i  ilisregarding  '  Ihe  substanlial  claims  of  the 
Dissinlirs,'  while  those  of  the  Catholics  were 
urged  }ear  after  .vear'wilh  the  M-hemence  of 
party.' and  supported  by  'Ihe  mlghliest  imweni 
of  ciierL'y  and  elonueme. '  The  laiiiit  C';iiU'd  up 
Lord  .lohii  Itiissi'll.  and  ellcili d  from  him  the  ilu- 
claration  that  h'>  would  bring  forvvard  a  motioa 
on  the  Test  and  Corporation  .\ets.  'if  the  l*rot- 
eslaiil  Dissenters  should  think  it  lo  their  Interest 
that  be  should  do  so,'  ,V  vear  afterwards  —  on 
Ihe  ','litli  of  Kelirii  iry,  l^'.'s"  -  Lord  .John  Uiissell 
rose  to  redeem  the  promise  wliiih  he  thus  gave." 
His  inotiiin  "was  1  artiid  by  ',':)?  \oles  to  lllj. 
The  .\litiisiry  had  sustained  a  crushing  and  uu- 
expected  reverse.  For  the  nionu'iit  it  wasiloulit- 
fill  whelher  it  could  continue  in  oltlie.  It  was 
s.ived  from  the  iiecessi'y  '■{  resigning  l«y  the 
iniHleratioii  and  dexterity  ot  I'ecl.  Pei'l  coiisid- 
ered  thai  noihing  coiiM  be  more  iinfortunate  for 
Ihe  (liiircli  than  to  involve  Ihe  House  of  C'oni- 
inotis  ill  a  conllict  with  the  House  of  Lords  on  u 
religioii^ipiestion.  .  .  .  On  hisadvicethe  Itisliopa 
oinseiited  III  siibstiiute  a  foriu.il  decl.iration  for 
the  test  liilherto  in  force.  The  declaration,  which 
eont;iineil  a  promise  that  the  maker  of  it  woultl 
'  nevci  exert  any  power  or  aiiv  intluence  to  iiijuni 
or  subvert  the  Prolcstanl  '  Established  Church, 
was  to  1m'  taken  by  the  tnemlM-rs  of  every  corpo- 
ration, and,  al  lin'  pleasure  of  the  Crown,  by  the 
holilcr  of  every  ollico.  liussell.  though  he  dis- 
liked llic  decl.iration.  a^sintcd  to  it  for  tlie  sake 
of  securing  the  success  of  his  measure."  The 
bill  was  nioilltii  d  iicconlinglv  and  passi'd  both 
HoiiMS.  thoii;;li  slreiiiiouslv  resisted  bv  all  the 
Tories  of  the  old  .school,— S.  Walpole.  "/AW.  ./ 
Hii'j.  fi-'wi  I  SI.-,,  ,'.',.  11)  (c.  -J  I. 

.\i.s(>  IN:  .1.  .Sioughton.  liiUninu  in  A'/,//.  ;'/•»>//* 
IsiKl  t,i  |s.-,d.  i\  1,  ,',.  i.  — M.  S.  Skeats,  //,'»/.  „f 
tl„   /••/',.   l:h.ir.-h,».,n-:H',  .  eh.  !». 

A.  D.  1827-1828.  The  administration  of 
Lord  Goderich.— Advent  of  the  Wellington 
Ministry.  — ■■  The  dcalli  of  Mr.  Canniiii.'  phned 
I. old  lioilcricli  :it  till'  head  of  the  .government. 
The  compoxiiion  of  the  C.ibini-t  was  sliirbtly 
altered  Mr  lliiski..soii  becaiiic  ColiminI  Seire- 
Iar.\ .  Mr.  llirrios  Chaiio.  Ilor  .if  Hie  Kvihciinr. 
The  go\eriiiiu  nt  w;is  generally  lotiNidered  to  lie 
weak,  and  not  calculaieil  tor  a  long  einluranet'. 
.  .  ,  The  ilitTi  ronecs  upon  tiii.iiieial  iiii'asiires  Ik- 
Iweeii  Mr  llerriis  .  .  .  and  Mr.  lliiski«son  .  , 
CO  lid  not  be  reconeileil  by  Lord  (Joderieli.  and  he 
til.  r.  f.rc  t,  n.i.  n  d  iiis  rcsi.gii.itiiin  r.>  tin  i;i:i.;  .in 
the  Uth  of  January,  lS-'<.     lli;i  majesty  imiiiedi- 


.1 

St 

'I    " 

|H 

^^^K 

■-  '''JJ^ 

I^^^^^^^^^B 

'-'■  ?M 

^^^^^^^^^^M 

■■        -|1 

^^^^^^^K 

■  ",' ! 

K*] 

^^H 

'.t79 


lp"l'''' 


ENULANn,   INST  INJH. 


rnrtiitinful 
hf/orr  kr/urm 


KNOLANP.   1830. 


■lely  irnl  to  Innl  l.vnilliiml  to  dcniri'  lh«t  liraiid 
theilukiM.f  WilllnKtcm  nlmulil  cirnc  lo  WimliK.r 
Tlw  ktiiK  lolil  the  (liikc  Unit  lii'  uUliiil  liini  to 
form  II  gi>vi  riiiiitiit  i,{  wliii  li  lie  oliniilil  Ih'  iIii' 
bfiiil  ...  It  WHS  iiiiiUntiMHl  lliiit  liiril  I.yiiil 
hilixt  win  to  coiitlir,'.!'  ill  otiliv  Till-  iliikc  i.f 
WcllliiKtoii  iiniiii'iliuti'lv  'ipiilic.!  i<i  Mr.  I'nl. 
wlio,  niiirninn  lo  IiIm  pimt  ,if  Scnliirv  of  State 
for  the  lloiiii'  |)i|iiirtnic  III.  hii»  the  liii|'xi»i.ililllty 
of  re  iiniliiiK'  In  tliUnciiniiii.tnitloii  tlioso  who  liiill 
forimil  Ihr  Ciiliinit  ..f  lord  l.ln  r|MH.l.  llr  de- 
•Ind  to  »triii:,'ilii  11  tin-  )to\iriiimiit  of  the  iliikc 
of  \V<lliiii.'loii  In  till  iiiirixliii  liuii  iif  luiiiii'of  the 
more  iiiiiuirtuiit  of  .Mr  ('iiiiiiliic'si  fiHimlH  Into 
the  Ciililiiil  mill  to  till  Bonii' of  tlie  liiwcr  ollli  cs, 
Tlir  iiirl  of  Itiiilli  V.  Mr  IIiiKkisM.n,  lord  riilin.r 
•loll,  and  .Mr  CliarlrH  (Jruiit,  l«Tanic  iiiiinlM'ni  of 
llir  new  adiiiiniKiration.  .Mr  William  Ijimh, 
aficnvuriN  lord  .Millioiirnc.  was  nppolntcd  Clilif 
8<cri'tarv  for  Iriluiid  Tlir  ultra  Torlfs  wiTo 
Urcatlv  inilimmnl  at  ilicsc  arratipimnts.  Tlicy 
gni.imd  and  rivilid  u»  If  the  world  was  uu- 
<lian>;id  •— C  Knight,  /h.jnil.ir  Hint.  '>f  Eng..  r. 
8,  f/i.  i:) 

Al.w.  IN:  Sir  T.    Martin,    lift  of  JjmX  l.yml- 
hurnl.  eh   \)      \\.    M     Torreus,    f.ije  "/ VitfmnI 

A.  D.  1837-1839.  -Interrention  on  behalf  of 
Greece.— Battle  of  Navarino.     Sec  GnKKrK: 

A.   I>.    IM'>1_1H-.'1). 

_A.  ^-  '8a8.— Corn  Law  amendment.— The 
Sliding  Scale.    Se  T.ihikp  Lkoiklation  (Eno- 
l.A.NIi):  A.  I)    ISM-lN-iS. 
A.  D.   1839.— Catholic  Emancipation.     Sec 

IHEI..*SI>:   A.   I)    1N11-1HV".» 

A.  D.  i830.-The  state  of  the  Parliamentary 
repreientation  before  Reform.  —  Death  of 
George  IV.— Accestion  of  William  IV.— Fall 
of  the  Wellington  Miniitry.— "  Down  to  the 
year  INIHI.  when  the  Inion  iH'tween  Orrat  Orit- 
iiin  and  Ireland  was  effected,  the  Iloiiac  consisted 
of  ,V.M  memliers;  after  IHiM),  it  consisted  of  ftW 
memlHTs.  In  the  eiirliir  (lavs  of  Oeor^e  Iir  it 
was  eleeteil  liy  lOO.OIK)  voters,  nut  of  n  popula- 
tion of  a  little  more  than  eight  millions:  In  the 
later  ilaysi.flhtttniotiardi.  it  was  elected  by  ulMiiit 
440.  (KK(  voters,  out  of  a  population  of  twcntylwo 
millions  .  .  Hut  the  liiade(|uacv  of  the  reprc- 
Henlalioii  will  lie  even  more  striking  if  we  con- 
sider the  manner  in  which  I  he  ehelora  were  broken 
up  into  (oiislituciicies.  The  constiinencies  ccm- 
sisted  liih,  r  of  counties,  or  of  cities  or  boroughs. 
<J.  hcrally  speaking,  the  .ouiilies  of  England  and 
W.ilc-i  1:111. 1  of  Ireland,  iificrtlie  L'nion)  were  rep- 
re^iitid  liy    two  nicnilicrs.  and  the  counties  of 

Sci>llaiMl  liy nil  iiiIk  r;  and  the  voters  were  the 

forlj  >liilliii-  fn,|„,|,|i.r».  The  nunilH-r  of  cities 
and  Ih.n.iii;!,,  w  |,i,  h  rituriicd  memlKTS  varied- 
but,  froiii  II, c  dull-  of  the  liiion.  there  were  about 
217  111  Kii-lMiidand  WmIcs,  14  in  Scotland,  and  .■19 
In  In  laii.l.  — .ill  the  i;iigli>h  and  \Vcl>h  boroughs 
(with  u  few  I  \(c|.iioii,i  niurning  two  minilKT.s, 
and  the  Sniir  h  and  lri,-li  buroughs  one  meiubcr' 

How  the  paniruhir  pl.iii  s  i  ame  lo  be  I'arlia a- 

tary  lioiipii-lis  i<  .i  iiucvii,,,,  ,,f  iiiui  h  hi>toric  in- 
terest, "lii.li  c;,ii:i.it  be  dealt  wiili  lien-  ill  detail. 
Oriiriiiilly.  ih,-  |,l-,,-,>  louliiih  «rii.s«ire  is.Mie(i 
H'cMi  lo  h.ivr  l„,,i  iliosin  |,v  ilie  Crown   ,,r   not 

IlllflC'lllenlly,     l.y     IIm-     Miiliirs    of    tl„.    cnllhli,.^ 

Probably,  in  i|„,  ii|-.|  invtMnee.  ih,.  men-  inipc.r- 
tnii!  placeswer,.  .,l,ct,.d,ili(.iiL'lioili,  rconsidcra- 

tl'.o-.'     ......I .       1;.;         I  ... 

:••, :   i 1  •■I-"::--:;- •  :  ;ii(  .;-.v7,»  r-i 

of  the  M.il.  ,„M  111,.  ileMre  !,,  recognise  ser\  ices 


(often  of  a  vc  ry  ipicHtlonnblc  dmntclpr)  rend'  ml 
by  such  owners  to  the  KInK.  no  doubt  had  i|„|, 
weight  In  the  time  of  Cromwell,  soini  m, 
|«iriaiit  cliiinges  wen>  niiide.  In  Itt.'H.  he  .|j. 
frnnihised  many  small  Ismiughs,  Increasid  Hi,. 
nuiiilMr  of  county  inemlM-m.  mid  enfrain  Iik,,| 
.MiiiHlieFter,  I-eids.  and  Halifax  All  tlii.s,  r, 
fomis  were  lameUed  after  the  IJeslonitlon ,  :iii.| 
from  that  time  verv  few  chiingeii  were  ni;i.li. 
.Ill  the  hiiiidnil  and  rtfly  yearn  which  f.l 
lowid  the  Hestoralion.  however,  there  wir,. 
changes  In  llii'  condition  of  the  country,  iili., 
gether  Iwyond  the  conind  of  cither  kings  I'.r  |.ir 
llaments.  Old  towns  disnppeand  or  deiiu,,| 
and  new  ones  sprang  up.  Maniheiter,  Hlriiiin:; 
ham,  nnd  I,(.<.<ls  were  nmarkablc  rxampl.  >  i"f 
the  lattir,- Old  Sariini  was  nn  eniimpl  of  ii„. 
former.  .   .\t  one  tinieu  place  of  »ome  iiii|t..r 

lance,  it  lU'clined  from  the  springing  up  i.f  .\,  » 
Sariim  (.Salisbtirv):  and,  even  so  far  Imck  a»  ilii- 
rilgn  of  Henry  Vll.,  it  cxl.stiil  ns  a  town  oiil\  in 
Imagination,  and  in  the  roll  of  the  rarlianii  niurv 
boroughs.  .  .   .   .Many    other    places    miglit    W- 
named  (kmiwii  as  Itittcn  lloroughs  nnd  I'.i  k.t 
lloroughs]  —such  as  IJuiton  in  Siirrev,  ami  l.u.l 
gershall  in  Wiltshire  — which  rcpri'sented  .  i.ly 
their  owners.      In   fact,    the  reprcscntutii.ri  i.f 
owners,  and  of  owners  only,  was  a  very  prmiii 
ncnt  feature  of  the  clectorul  system  now  iimlir 
coiisldcnition.     Thus,  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  km 
n'prewnted  by  eleven  mcmlMTs,  whosut  for  pim  s 
forming  a  part  of  his  estates;  slmihirlv,   l.nrii 
I,ons<lt:lc  was  repn'scnied  by  nine  menilx-rs  l.i.nl 
Darlington  by  ».-ven.  the  Duke  of  Hutlan.l  nml 
several  other  p«'ers  by  six  each;  and  it  Is  i-latnl 
by  one  autlionty  that  the  Duke  of  Newca»ili-  at 
one  lime,  retunii'd  one  thini  of  all  the  nii mUrj 
for  the  boruugh.s,  while,  iipio  1789,  the  mci..l«n 
for  the  county  of  York  — the  largest  and  must 
inlliicntlal  of  the  counties  —  were  always  1  In  ted 
In  Lord  It<x.'klnsham's  dlning-rnnm.     Ilut  these 
are  only  Belcctc<T  Instances.     Many  others  inicht 
lie  cited.     According  to  a  statement  made  l.y  the 
Duke  of  Ricnmond  in  1780,  6,000  nerwui..  re- 
turned a  clear  majority  of  the  House  of  Cum- 
mons.     In  17U.T  the  Hiciety  of  the  Frii mU  iif 
the  People  asserted,  nnd  declared  that  tliiv  wire 
abb.  to  prove,  th.ii  84  Individimls  return; il   I'i7 
mnilx'rs;  that  70 Individuals  returned  IMiimm 
iMrs;  and  that  of  the  1.14  Individuals  wh..  thus 
returned    307   memlK'rs- the  majority  uf   the 
Hous»!  Ix'forc  the  Union  with  Ireland  —  no  fi  «ir 
than  40  were  peers.     The  same  Scx'ietv  avi  rtnl 
in  the  same  year,  and  <lcclarcd  that  t'liev   m  n- 
able  to  prove,  that  70  members  were  riiiirmil 
by  a.'i  places.  In  which   there  were  fcarnh  .inv 
electors;  that  IM)  mcmlicrs  were  reluriidl  l.\  411 
places,  in  which  there  were  fewerthan  .Vh  1. 1  f.r-. 
that  37nicml)erswcre  nturncd  by  10  plm  -  uiih 
not  more  than  lOOeledors;  and  that  K  ni.  iii'irs 
were  returned  by  2(1  places,  with  not  nion   iliaii 
200ch-ctors:  all  these  in  Knglaud  ali  nc      l.vin 
in  the  towns  which  had  a  real  claim  lo  ri  |  1.  -1 11 
tation.  till-  friiichiM.  rested  upon  no  unifnni.    i-i-, 
.   .  .    Ill  Miiiii.  ca«-stlie  suffrage  was  pm.   ,  ,illv 
houschiild  MilTragc;  in  other  cases  ilic  >..:;..:iyi- 
WMse.vtninely  nstriclid.     Hut  thev  all  r.  ■  . 
their  t  wo  iiieiiibersiiiiiallv;  it  inaili'iio  iliil    ■ 
whether  till'  voti-rs  nunibcrcd  ii.lKK)  or  oiil . 
or  four.     Such  being  tin-  state  of  the  n  |ir.  -, 
tion,    ciirriiplinn    was   inevitable,     Hrilur, 
luiulised  II.  all  iiiciinceivaiilc  extent.     .Ml 
the  siiialkr  boroughs  had  a  fixed  price.  : 


..I 


;. la- 
wns 
..'■  Ill 
iiiil  it 


9bU 


ENOLAND,  1W». 


EX<lI,ANt>,   1830 


WM  tiy  tin  mritn«  iini'ommna  to  wc  »  iHinxiitli 
■ilvi-rilMil  fur  luilr  In  tin-  ni'wii|ia|H'rv  A« 

•n  i«nMi|p|i-  "f  iiwt  In  riiiiliM«tirii{  n  coiiiily  ilic 
linn,  ll  U  nn  ridinl  Unit  llir  j.ijnl  iximtImh  ..f 
IaTiI  Milton  nnil  Mr  IjimiIIih.  In  rnnli-nlln);  tlio 
coiinly  i)f  Vcirk  In  l«)7.  wirf  f.'ixi  ixn),   .  U 

h  nut  til  Ih- mipiMwil  tliiit  ii  ciiiiililinn  •>(  liiln^fi 
wliiili  iip|Hpint  to  in  w)  liiinlcrHlili'  nitriiitiil  nii 
atlrnllcin  Ufciri'  wlnit  may  Ih- (iilliii  ihi'  Ucform 
rni     S.  fir  Imrk  nh  ITI.t,  ."ir  Knim  U  I>iii<Ii»imi<I 
(adiTHiirilii  l.iinl  ilr  .S|Mn(ir(  nmvcil  iin  iinii  n<l 
mini  111  Ihc  AililriM  In  fiivmir  nf  lli'fonii  ,  b.nl 
(■|i:illi,iiii  liliiiM'If.  In   ITlWanil  I'TU,  spnki'  of  ilii- 
iK.r.'UKli  ri  iiriMiiIatlon  iw  •tlii'  rutliii  part  of  ihr 
ii.ii-litiiliiin.aiiil  liki'iii'il  It  ton' iniirlitliil  llnili'; 
lliv  Miiki'  of  K'l'hniiinil  of  that  ilaj.  in  17HO,  In 
truluml  It  hill   Into  thr  Khiim'  of  I.onl«  » iiii  h 
»"iilil  Imvi'  ({Ivin  nmnlKHHl  milTratfc  nml  nniiiial 
|iarll;inii  nta:   hihI    Ihnr  timp^   In  HiiiiriwiMn    In 
ITh',  17s:I,  anil   ITH.-,,  Mr.  I'llt  priipii«ii|    n'w'ilii 
linns  In  favour  iif  Ucform.   .      .   Aftir  Mr.  I'llt 
hull  aliaiiiloni'il  the  rinw.  Mr   (aftcrwariN  Karl) 
(!ny   iiKik   up  till)  milijeci.     Klmt,  In    ITOJ.  he 
pnwnlril  that  faiiimia  |M'tlliiin  fnini  thi'  WiKlitv 
nf  till'  Priiniln  of  the  INhiiiI,..  to  wliiih  iilliiHlnii 
tiaiiliiin  alrimly  muile.  ami  fiiiiiiiliil  a  rrwiliiliiin 
upiiii  ii      III' inailc  further  iHortK  III  ITl».t.  i:i».-), 
ami  ITUT,  hut  wa»  on  every  oreanlon  ilefealeil  liy 
l:iri:i'   inajorltli'H.       .   .    Knim    the    iH'vlnnini;   nf 
llie  IKlh  iintury  to  the  year  1815—  with  the  ex 
repliiiii  Iif    a  few    monllm   after   the    I'eare   of 
Aniiins  in  IWi—  EnKlitml  wan  ut  war.     During 
lliiit  tiine  Iteform  ilroppeil   out  of  notiee 
In  1NI7,  anil  uKiiin  in  1818  anil  1819.  s\t  Kranii* 
lliirdett.  who  wall  at  that  lime  meiiilier  for  West 
niiii»lir  ami  a  leailing   Keformer.  liroui,'ht   the 
ipiisiiiin  of  Heform  iM'fore  the  lloune  of  Com- 
ninns.     On  each  oeeaHlon  he  was  ttefeateil  liy  a 
triininiliiii.s  majority.  .  .  .  The  next  ten  years 
wen'  iiinipnratively    uneventful,  so  far  as    the 
•iilijict  of  this  history  Is  conrerniil.  .         Two 
fvenis  miule  the  year  ISao  particularly  opportune 
frir  raising  iIk-  question  of  ParllamenUiry  Uefnrm 
Tile  rtrst  i.f  these  events  was  the ilcatli  of  Oior).'i- 
J,,     •'"":!  2«J.--the  seconil,  the  ileiHwItiiin    .,{ 
Cliiirlis   \.  of  Fninee.   .  .   .   For  the  ilepoaiti,,,, 
of  I  hsrlis  -  followitl  as  It  was  very  s<ion  by  a 
siiiTissful  insurr.'ction  In   RelKiiim  —  poHluceil 
sn  immense  impression  U|)on  tiie  l.ilHrals  of  tills 
inunlry,  ami  upon  the   people  generaiiv.     In  a 
liw  ilays  or  weiks  then-  hull  be<n  s<-<Mire;i  In  two 
tiiMinirital  muiitries  what  the  people  of  Knirlan.i 
li;i,l  iHir,  asking;  for  in  vain  for  years  We 

nm-.t  i„,t  onm  t,>  notice  one  othJr  eireun.stanee 
lilt  liviiimil  the  cause  of  Heform.  This  was 
tin;  |)"|iiilar  ili,|re«a.  Disln^ss  always  favours 
ai:it^ii|.,ii  The  ilistress  In  18;|0  was  il"eserilH-.l  in 
II"  ll.iiiMof  Lonis  at  the  time  as  'iinparalleliil 
riiiiiy  previous  part  of  our  history.'  I'riilialilv 
I  lis  «i,s  an  eXiiKKeralion.  Hut  lh"ere  ciin  ln'  no 
il'"i"i  Ihiit  llie  ilisiress  was  general,  anil  that  it 

,,"  """,';.  •  ,-.  ">■  ""■  '"w  "«  it  stisiil  wlien 
.liTLV  1\.  ilieil.  ilie  ilemise  of  the  Crown  in- 
>i'lM.l  ii  ili^solution  of  Parliiiment.  The  I'arlia- 
min  ii,i,  1,  «.u.s  in  exisieiiee  in  1*10  hail  lieen 
'li"i  '  'f','.^",?:  ^""'''  ""'  'I'l-'iiminir  of  IN'.'H  the 
i"i;"  "f  n.liin!.'ton  h:iil  Ih'iu  Prime  Minister 
v^^i  Ii  Mr  .v.„n  „f„.r  sir  HoIktiI  Peil  as  llnme 
V'l!  ,,"'■■ !'";'  '-'■'"''■'■"f  tl»'  nous.., if  Commons. 
'»■'   'iiii.li-.|   to  ilis,siilve  at  once.   .  In    tin 

l''ril„„,„t  ihii,  ilissolveil,  iin,!  csweiiiliv  in  •"! 


ii,"f.',rl  ■'l'"'l  ''l'",","'"  '"•'  '-I""'',  till'  -iuestiiin'of 
Kilri.  hail   held   a  prominent   place.     At    the 


very  lieif  Inning  of  the  session.  In  the  first  week  of 
February,  the  Manpils  of  lllaiiilforil  (afterwarils 
iMike  iif  Marllsiriiiiuhl  nioveil  an  ameiiilinini   |o 
the    Aililn'ss.  In  wlileli.  liioiigh   a   Tory,  he   af 
llrnieil  the  lonvlillon    •that  Ihe  .State  Is  at  Ihls 
mmneiii  In  the  most  lininlnent  ilanger,  ami  that 
no  elTiiliml  measures  of  sulvalinn  will  or  ran  lie 
ailopieil  until  Ihe  people  shall  !«•  restoreil  In  ihi  Ir 
righlfiil  Shan-  In  the  legislation  of  the  lounlrv  ' 
^  lie  wassiipriorii-ilon  vervillirerent  griiiiniii 
by  Mr.  Ofonnrlj,  but  was  ilefeateil  by  a  vole  of 
im  to  11.      A  few  ilavs  later  he  InlriNhiciil  a  spe 
lillr  plan  of  Heform -a  very   ILuliiul    plan  in- 
i|e.il_l„it    was  again  k'niinilnioiislv  ilef.aleil  ■ 
then,  on  the  a:i.|  nf  February.  I^inl  ,/ohn  Kiisst-lj 
_        nski.i  for  have  to  bring  in  n  hill  for  <<m- 
firrlng    tlm  franeliise    upon    U-eds.  Manchester, 
anil    HIrmingliam.  as  the  thr,  ••  largist  uiirepre- 
senteil  lowiis  In  the  king.lom,  but  was  liefealed 
by  188  voles  to  UO  ;  and  tinallv,  on  Ihe  '.'8ih  of 
May  —  Hcanily  two  ni,inths  Is'fore  the  dissolu- 
tion—Mr OConnell  brought  In  a  bill  to  estab- 
lish iniversal  ruirmge,  vole  by  balli.l.  snii  trien- 
nial parliaiiieiiis,  but  round  only  m  ineiiilN'rs  l« 
support  him  in  a  House  of  :t;ij    ,   .   .   Thus,  tho 
i|ueslion  of  Heform  was  now  Isfori'  liie  couiilry 
not  merely  as  a  popular  biii  us  a  I'urllnnienlary 
(luestion       It  is  not  tisi  niiicli  to  say  that,  when 
tlie  dissolutiiin  occurred,  it  iHcupieil  all  nilnds. 
,  .  The  whole  of  August  and  a  i-onslibruble 
part  of  SeptemlM'r.  Ilieri'fore,  were  ix-eiipied  with 
Ihe  elections,  wlili  li    were   attendeil    by  nn  un- 
paralleled degfte  of  excitement.   .   .   .   When  all 

was  over,  and  the  results  were  reckoned   up   It 
was  foiinu  that,  of  the  •iH  meinla'rs  who  repre- 
sented the   lhirt.Tn   gp-alest  cities   in    England 
(to  sav  nothing  of  Wales,  Scotland,  or  In  liinil) 
only  i)  were  Ministerialists.  .  .  .  Of  the  3;<6  nieri 

Willi  were  n-tiirned  by  elections,  more  or  less  pop- 
ular, in   England,  only  7U  were  Minislerialists 
.  .  .  The  flrst  Parliament  of  William  IV.  met  on 
•he  2fltli  of  October,  but  the  session  was  not  nally 
opened  till  the  Ud  of  NovemlMr,  when  the  King 
came  down  and  delivered  his  .Hpi'ech.  ,  .   .  Tho 
occasion  was  made  memorable,  however,  not  by 
the  King's  Speech,  but  by  a  s(H'ecli  by  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,  wlio   was  then   Prime   Mi'iister 
.  'Tlie  mible  Earl    [Orey),'  said    the  ilukr 

has  alluded  to  something  in  the  shape  of  a  Par 
liaiiientary    Heform.    but    lie    has    Ik-cii    ramliil 
enough  to  iicknowledire  that  he  is  not  pr<i        1 
with  any  mcasim.of  Heform  ;  and  I  hin-  a»       i.^. 
seniple  to  say  that  his  .Majesty  s  (eiMriinm  t  is 
us  totally  unprepared  as  Hi.'  n.iliie  loni       Nar 
on  my  own  part,  I  will  go  furllier,  ami  sav,  that 
I  have  never  rein;  or  heard  of  any  measure   op 
to  the  present  moment,  which  eiiiili!  in  any  de- 
gree satisfy  my  mind  that  the  state  1'   the  ri  pre- 
seiiiatlon  loiild  1h'  improved,  or  Is-  n  li.lireil  more 
satisfaitory  to  tlie  country  at  lart'i  li,.in  ut  Ihe 
present  iiioiiieiit.   .   .   .   I  am  not  oil!  v  not  prepared 

111  liriiig  forwiiril  uny  measure  of  this  nature,  but 
I  will   ut  lime  ihelan'  that,  as  fur  as  I  uni  con- 
eerniil.  as  loii!;  as  I  liold  uny  staliiiii  in  the  gov- 
eminent  of  ilie  eounlry.  I  sliiill  alwiiys  fe,|  it  niy 
duly  to  risi^t  sinh  miasiires  when  iinipusi'd  by 
others'     Kvrutly  fiiiirteeniiavs  after  the  ileli\iry 
of  this  speeili.  the  Duke's  career  us  Prime  .Mil! 
istiT  came  for  the  time  to  a  rinse      On  the   lliili 
of    \iivemlier    lie  came  ilnwii    to   Westniinsii  r, 
r,:,.j   .,,,.,...,.......1   !]..,;    J„.  ;..,.:  rr^i;:n;:l  ,,n;.-.         hi 

Ihe  mea  iilme.  there  had  la'en  snmetliin!;   like  a 
panic  iu  tlie  city.  U'cause  Ministers,  apprehending 


981 


ENUI.AND.  tWIO 


TV  »Kr«» 

Krftirm  IIM 


KNOI.AND,  tll30-IH89. 


"t 


(lixliirliiiiiic,  l.ii>l  nilvlM'il  i\w  Klnu  nml  IJmi  ii  In 

al^Antloll  Al)  I'rii'lllft  Minit  ttMlillr,  nll  (In-  IMli,   Hlth 

till'  l,i>ri|  Mutiii  lit  ilii'  (liiililh  ill  (In  till'  I'llh. 
Iim.   till'  (Inn  rri  m  nt  hiiil  i^ll^llliTl^^l  p  ili  li  iit  in 

tlir    II'IIIIM'    nf    ( 'n'lMlintl'*,    I'll    A    miiti"n    prnp'iHll 

liv  ^(|^  lli'tirv  I'iin  ell  mi  tin'  piirt  nf  llu'  (tppn 
•fliiiii.  liuxliii;  nliiirui'  III  till'  ii\ll  ll.l  YhK 
ili'friit  «in  iiiaili'  1.11'  pniixl  fur  ri»lK'iiiilli'n 
Hut  It  Mii'i  Lilly  A  prill  \l  Afiir  tlir  Uiiki  t 
ilirlitmti'ii  III  rri;ir<l  i<>  Id  furiii,  hihI  In  virw  nf 
lilNil.iily  iiiiTi'iihini^  imp  'piiliirilw  lii'iinnllniiann' 
in  nlllii'  »iin  Iniim'.'.iiri'.  "— \V  lliuton.  I'lie 
Thn,  l!,f,:r,„ii;f  l\,rl,n„..,tl.  rh.  \-i 

Al-iil\:  A  Tiiiil,  lli'l  '/  It-f'rm.  rh.  1-rt  — 
\V  ItilL'i  Ii"l,  K^Kiiiin  nil  htfiilh>fnt>lrf/  titform, 
r.iuft  '.'.  -  II  CnX,  Aiiliiifl  l',irli,liiu  nliirif  (;'/,,■ 
/,,,„,.— S.    \Vill|inll>,    Th,  h:i,fl,,r,ilf  ,11,(1  llir  hu"- 

lil'irr,  .'V  I  i;  A  Kriimun,  l),,;iy,il  llirnny/it 
(lift    /.'»«..  v».  4/1,  iHri,„t 

A.  D.  iBjo-iSjj.— The  jr'.t  Rerorm  of  Rep- 
reientation  in  Parliament,  under  'he  Miniiitrj 
of  Earl  Grey.--"  r.irl  (irrv  hiikiIh  tirw  MIiiIh' 
tcr;  ami  Mr  llrniit;|iuiii  \,ir,  |,,iri|  Cliiiiin  llnr 
Tlitt  first  iiiiiiniiiin  III!  Ml  nf  ihi'  pri'Tiiiir  w.in  Hint 
the  niivirmiiiiit  wmilil  ■t;iki'  Inln  liiiini'iliiili'r.in- 
•iilinilinn  llii'  mull'  nf  tin'  rrpri'M'iitallnn,  with  it 
tIcw  In  till'  <nrrirli"n  nf  ilm^.  ilifiiu  wlilili 
huvi-  In-Ill  mru-i'iniil  in  it.  Iiy  llii' npi  riilinn  nf 
tinir;  llll'l  Willi  a  viriv  In  tlir  'ri'Cslilllliilllllrlll  nf 
tlllll    <-nlirnli  liri'    llpi'll    llic     plirt    nf    till'    pi  npli'. 

«lili  li  111'  Hiiufriiiil  rurliiiinrnliliil  nnl  ill  pn-  nt 
fiij.y,  |i.  Ilii' full  i-xiinl  Ihul  N  (•s'.i'iiiini  fnr  till' 
Hilfiiri  uii.l  Mil  ly  nl  llir  I'iiinirv.  itii'l  llir  pn  - 
ervalinn  nf  Ilir  t'n\iriiniiii!.'  'I'lir  L-nviniim  iil 
Kill'  imw  pit  ,1-1 1|  In  Ik  nil  :i-iirc  nf  purliunii-nlaiy 
riTnnn  ;  iiihl  iliiiim;  tin'  (  liriMliiiiH  rrnsH  «iri' 
iHCii|iiiil  ill  pn  piiriiiir  il.  Mi  aiiw  liili',  tin-  raii-i' 
»a»  ia::irly  Mippnrlr'l  by  the  innpli',  ,  .  .  Si> 
crrat  wi  ti'  ilii'  ililliriillii'<  »illi  wliirli  llii'  gnvirii- 
liiriit  hail  In  cniiii'ii.l.  thai  lliiy  iiinlnl  all  llii' 
i'nriiiirai.'inii'nl  lli.ii  Ihi'  pi  nplv  i-liul.l  iiivc.  Tliry 
.'■■'il  t.i  iiHfamlir  Ilir  nliii  lanri'  nf  tlir  kiiii:. — 

tllll    lllllTI>N    nf     Ihi'    prnpriilnrs    nf     llnrnll::lm. 

whirli  .Mr.  I'ill.  unul'li' In  nMrcninc,  hail  "iniitlii 

In    piiriliasr,  -  till'    nppn,itin|l    nf    twntllinis   nf 

till'  llniiM'  I'f  l.'iriii,  ami  pirlia|.-i  nf  ii  Iiiajnriiy 
li'  till'  ll"il«i'  nf  (nniliinnH, —  iiiul  uUlviMlil,  lllc 
Htrnni,' Tnry  spirit  of  llii'  rminlry.  .  .  .  On  Ilii' 
:i'l  Ki-  riiary.  whin  I'arliaiiii'iit  rrassi'iiilil.  il. 
I.nnl  (inv  nnnniiiiriil  thai  llii'  L'liviriinii'iil  1i:mI 
siuri'i  ili'i)  iii  fr.'iniiiii;  'a  nii':"iiirr  wliii-li  wnuM 
1.1'  i-IIiTliv  ■,  wiihniit  I'xn'iiliiii;  thi-  Ih.uiiiIs  nf  a 
jiisl  ami  will  allvi^^'ll  iiimliralinn,'  iiiiil  whiih 
'  li.i'l  ri  riiviil  Ihr  iiii.'iiiiiiiniis  rnn^iit  nf  thr  w  hnlc 
»:"\i  riiiiii  nt.' .  .  .  ( In  Ihr  1^1  .Man  h.  IhiiniiaMiri' 
«ai  lirnimlii  fnrH.iril  in  Ih.-  ll.inM.'nf  Cniiiiiinns 
liy  l.'T'l  .l.hn  liiisMll.  tn  wlimn.  — IhmiL'h  iml  in 
Ilii-  I  aliiiii'l. —  lliishniinraliliilulv  hail  Inin  jiisilv 
innli'l. '1  ...  (Ill  ihi'  'JJcl  M  inh,  Ihi'  m  i  miil 
ria.lii  i:  nf  Ihr  hill  w..*  i.iriii.l  liy  ii  niajnrily  nf 

niii-   n  ily,    in    a    llnii f    (iiw.^pr.'lKilily  the 

(Tlrali -1  nuinlrr  which,  lip  In  thai  liliii'.  lia'li'MT 
iMiii  a~-i  iiilli'l  at  a  ilivi-inii,  (In  Ihi'  lUth  nf 
April,  nil  L'niiii,'  iiiln  rniiiiiiitlci',  niini>l.r<  Inlllnl 
thini-i  hi',  ill  a  iiiiiinrily  nf  ii;;hi,  nil  a  n-'liiiinn 
plnpn-id  l.v  (iiliiral  (iii.'.rn.v  111-,  llial  Ihr  Ijuiiil.ir 
nf  nil  llll'l  r-i  riHirii"i  I.ir  Kimlainl  mijlit  imt  in 
hi-  iliniiiiishi'l.  (In  till-  'JI-I.  iMiiii>ti'r>.aiiiinuiii  III 
lllal  it  wa-  nnl  tliiir  illlilitinu  In  prm  i-i-.l  w  illi 
I!'  hill.  'In  thai  saiiii'  iii:;hl,  ihi-y  wire  a^raiii 
ilifi-ali-il    nil   II   ipii-.ti"n   III   ailjniirnnii  lit.  l.y   a 

niainrily   nf    l\M  ntVtWn         Tlii^   |;i*.t    Vntc  U-i^'tl... 

i-i-iv.-,     'H„-  vi  ly  111  \l  ilav,  I'arlianu-nt  w. 


1,1  In 


i  pm 


'   rniini  .1  hy  Ihr  klnir  In  in'rwin.  '  *lth  s  rli'W 
I   Iniiiii-'lliiii' iliMnliiijnn       It  una  iinri  nf  tl. 
I   rrliiral  ilavn  In  ili<>  hi^tnry  nf  niir  iniintrv 
I  Till'  iH'i'pIt' wi-ri'  now  In  ileclili*  the  nur^iii  I,. ^ 
I   mill  till  y  iliclih  il  It,      .>  trim,  pliant  tuNly  i  r  r 
;    f'irnicri  wan  ri  turni'il.  plt'il>:rii  Im  arrv  llu  n  i  rm 
i    hill,  anil  nn  till' lilli  July,  tin-  Miiiiat  nailih,;,! 
,    Ihi'  n-ncwi'l  liii'a'<iirc  wm  iiirnnl  tn.  t,v   i  nu 
Jnrlly  i,f  |:i«      Till-  niiwl  tiillmi.  nnil  irrit  ,iii,,- 
ill-.!  ii«ii|nn«  inmiiil    in  loniinilln'.— nlthl    ifi.t 
I   iil.'lil ,  mill  Ihr  lull  Willi  not  ilUpiMi'il  of  ninil  i 
•.'l»l  Si  pii  inin  r.  whin  It  wan  pa«'u'il  hv  iiniaiTi'v 
nf  liiil      That  Ihi'  pi  I  r»  Win-  ulill  ailvi-r<u  ii'ii,'.- 
hill   'V  .IM  ri>rltilii,  hut  wlifttu-r,  at   hihIi  a  >  ri>i«, 

Ihr)'   Wnlllii  vnilliri'  tn  npfHliw'    till'    natinll.il    Mill, 

waiilniililfiil,     (1,1  the  Tili()i-lnlK  r,  iiftirail.  I.i!,' 

of  livi' iilk'liN.  —  oni'  of  Ihi'  ino-'t  n,i  iiinriM,  I'V 

nhliliihat  llniiiM'  him  ■  vi  r  Ihi  n  ili>iliiii.'iii-l,nl 

ami  llu'lf  n  irnat  rviiit  In  hittnry.—  tin-  hiil  u  ^ 

ri-Ji'(-tril  nn  Ihi-  Mi-nnil  rt'itillnit,  liy  a  niaj Tiiv  ,,( 

flirty  oi.,'.     Till'  liullli'  wan  to  U'  fniii;lil  -i.iin 

Minlsii  rn  wi  ri'  tin)  far  iihilK"!  In  Ihr  |ii '  i  I.   m 

think  nf  ri'ML'nln^',  ami  nn  thi>  inolinn  nl  l,<  r,| 

iihrliii.'inii,  lliry  wrri'  iniinriliali  ly  .'■iippnri'.l  liy 

a  vnlinf  rniili,|i-nri'  frnin  Ihi'  lIoiiM-of  (',.iiimi..i;< 

(In  till'  ^'mli  (Irlnlii-r,  rarlianii-nt  wa-i  prnr.-."i.,| 

an,l  uftrr  a  Klinrt  Intrrval  nf  cxriti  iiiiin.  ti,ri  i 

I   11  iH'i'.  iinil  ilantir  |mi' Hiii«T<ii.:  A   |i.  I'-.1I|  int 

j    a^ain  nn  Ihr  lltli  I>i-rriiilii-r.     A  lliinl  n  Inriu  1  ill 

I   Wan  iiiinirillal,  ly  lirniii:lit  In. —  i-lmiiL',il  in  iiirr 

1   rmpi-i  ti.  —  ami  in'ii  h  iiiiprn\ri|  hy  ria-'nii  nl  Hi, 

!   n-ii  III  i-i-nsiis,  ai  !ntlirri>lall>liial  inv,  .lij  ,iiii!i« 

I    Aliinli;;-!    I'thi'    i  lialif:r«.    thr    tiiti.l    liiliiili,  r  .f 

i   iiirnilii T'4  wan  111  l,,n,i,,^'r  pr,'pnrtt-il  to  I,,- n 'lu,  nl, 

1   This  hill  wiiH   n-inl    a   n-i-,'ii,I    tinir   nn   .'"iiii'l.y 

:   ninriiiiitf.   till'   IHlli  nf  |)i  i  inilK-r.  Iiv  a  iii.ij-.r.'v 

]   of  lilj.     (In  Ihr  '.Mil  Manh.  it  wai  im-.-,A  i\  ilii- 

j    KniiM'  nf  ('nniinniiM.  anil  oiirr  iiinir  w  n-i  h,  f- n- 

.    thr  ll,,lls<' nf   l,,,r,U.       Ilrrr  Ihr  pi-ril  I  I  a."  liii  !,- 

Jii-lillK  il  inllM  llnl    III'  ri,lii-i-:il<i|. —  llii-  nnin.-r 

nf  Hnlllr  was    hliakrll, —  till'    patrinllsitl   nt    .-llnr^ 

arniiM-il;  mill  nftir  a  ili-lialr  of  fniir  ni.-li:-,  iLu 
si-i-nnil  riii'liiii,'  was  iiHirnii-il  liv  Ihr  nni  ->  mi. 
jiT'iy  nf  niii,'.  Hilt  il.-iiiL'i  r  slili  await,  ,1  it  Tiii 
|Ki-rs  who  w,,iil,|  nn  Iniigi-r  Villi  iirr  In  i,  i  ,  i  -in;. 
a  hill.  Hi-ri'  prrparini!  to  chaiiL'i'  iu  , --i  uii.l 
chara.-ti-r  Iiy  aiiii-mtinriitH.  Mraiiwhil  tin-  lui- 
tati,,n  nf  Ihr  pi-nplu  wan  iN'i-oiniii:.'  il.nj'r.  ;. 
,  .  .  Till- tinir  liiul  conn',  wlii-ii  (ithiTih,  1.  nis 
niii>t  1h'  <-i«-rrril  'ir  tint  ininisli-m  iiiu.t  ri-i.':i. 
This  alu-rnativr  ..iiH  Hiilinilllnl  in  thr  kii:-  il- 
ri-fiiMil  to  crralo  |K'i-rs:  tlir  iiilnisli-rs  i-i.-ii-'l, 
mill  ihi-ir  n-siirnalinn  wrs  iii-ci-iiii'it.  ,\-,i;!!  lii,- 
Cninnii'ns  raiiir  to  Ihr  ri-st-iir  of  thr  hill  an  I  tin' 
r,  Inriii  iiiini^lry.  (In  thr  in,, linn  of  I.'inl  Ij-iiii,'- 
Inn.  an  aililr,  vs  was  iiniiii'iliatily  vninl  li\  ilniii. 
riitrwin^  lliiir  r\pri-s^ini;s  of  wniili' p  t  i--ii:i- 
ill  111  r  in  thr  lair  niiiiiMi  r>t.  miil  inipl-  rii!.-  Im 
.Maji-^ty  '  In  rail  In  his  i-niliiiils  kiii-Ii  p,  r-cii-i  irV 
as  will  i-arry  inln  rITi-i-l,  iiniinpairril  in  lil  it-,'- 
M-niial  prnvisi,iiis,  ihat  hill  l,,r  ri  I'.rnii!  _'  tii- 
ri-pi-r^'litallnn  nf  Ilir  pi-nplr,  wliiili  ha>  r.,i!,';v 
pasMilihis  ll,,iiM.',  ,  .  Thi'  piihli,-  ,\-  •i!iii:,t 
was  j;riali  r  Ihaiirvi-r;  iiml  ihi-  !;i,\,  riiiii' :.'  r  I 
Ihr  pi-nplr  WI  rr  in  iniiniiii  nt  ilaniii-r  ,1  i  i  i  -■■  v 
r,,lli»','ii,  whin  Karl  (i  -y  w:,s  n-i-all,  I  I-'  'i  • 
i-,,titu-ils  of  his  sn\  ir,  iiTii.  Till'  hill  u  ,  -  :- I A  .1- 
i-uri-  Th,-  pri-rs  avi  rti  ,1  Ihr  llin-at,  ii, -I  i-l  .n  ■'■ 
1,1  thi-ir  iiunihiis  hy  al'stainin;;  Ir,  mi  t-itti-r 
iipp,,-ili,,li.  anil  Ihr'  hill.— Ihr  (inn;  liniir 
nf  |n;1J,— al  Irlii-'tll  riiilvi.l  Ihr  H,n  ii  .\-l.' 
it  is  .,..>.-  li,.,.'  !,,  aihirt  tn  ihr  pr:  \  -!■'!-- I 
this  fain, , lis  stalutui  ami  to  imiuirr  In."  in'  i' 


f>s: 


EXauvND,  law  iNna 


Atrial  nntt  tn 


KNUI.ANU.    1" 


n>rrrrtrtl  lhi>  (nulla  nf  ii  •vMi'tn.  wlilcli  liiiil  In  iti 
I nni|iliilMi'il  nf  fur  nii>r<'  limn  liiilf  ii  rcntiiry     Tlii' 
m :>in  rvll  hwl  tir«n  tlw*  nitiiilH  r  >>r  iiiniiliiiiilon.  or 
riiinn  honnighi  vnJnj'InK  llw  fnim  lilm.      1  iih 
tit  iif  iliptf,— hnvluK  li'M  llmir.',(HK)  iiihaliitanlK, 
■ikI  rituniing  III  iiu'IiiImth.  — win'  «»i|it  awiiv. 
Tlilrty  b<inmi,'ln,  Imvlnif  Iim  lliiin  4,inni  Inluilil 
kinta.  Iiwl  (ikIi  a  mi'iiilx'r.      Wi'Viiuiiilli  hihI  .NIi! 
("iiilir   JhKla  li".!  two.      TliU  'ilUrriiiii'liJM'tiii'iit 
r»liiiilnl  111  U:l  miiiilx-ri      Ttii'  mjit  fvll  timi 
tarn.    Ihiit    InrKi'     |iii|iiiliiiliiiiii    wi  ri'    iinri'iiri' 
•riiliil;  tiiil  lliU  wiw  iinw  rrilnwiil.     Twiiily 
two  liirttP  ((iwn«.  liirliiillriK  Miilrii|>.iliinn  liinlrli  in, 
nii'lvril  thi'|irivlli'i,'(-iif  rteiiriiliiir  twn  iihiiiIhm, 
111"!  '.'0  III  irr  ..f  n'lurnln»?  onr.     Tlir  liirK''  nninty 
p.  |"il«ll"n«  wrn-  sImi  ri'^tunliil  In  ilic  ill.trlliii 
linn  iif  wniB,— tlio  niimlHT  uf  mmiiv  iiinnlicrii 
U\\\g  ImniuM-il   fnim  1(4  to   I, 'ill.      Thr   jnrpr 
rniiiilliK  were  illviilcil;  hiiiI  tlif  iiiiiiilN'r  nf  iiiiin 
lur-i  tiilJiMtiil  Willi  n'fcrcnri'  lo  thi-  iinporlunri' 
of  ilii>  ronsllliicnclfii.     AniilliiT  evil  wiia  ilu-  ri- 
■Irirli'il  uiiil  unt'i|Uul  frunrliiiw-.      Tliit  Iih>  wtu 
corn rtid.      All  uitrrow  HkIiU  of  election  were 
Ml  iiniile  in  IloMUiflw;  mill  s  I'IOIioiimIiuIiI  friin 
I lii-e  wiiM iKtuliJUlii il.     The  freemen  of  < orponile 
Inwin   wire   Hie  only   i  liuis  of   cleelorH   whose 
riiihtu  wen>  nwrviil;  hut  resilience    dlliln  the 
iMirrm^rli   «iis  iilliielieil  iis  ii  nimlilinn   to  tliilr 
rii;ht  nf  vi.liiij;,       ,   .  The  eounly  eonslliuenev 
win  enhirgiil  hy  the  iiililllion  of  lopylii.liji  r>iiiiill 
liiiwliulilir.,  forlerniHof  veiir»,  iiiiil  of  tiimiiN 
»l  will  piiyiniiii  rent  of  t:,0  iiyeiir.       .   .   Tlieile 
fntii  of  the  Seiiiih    reprewiiiillon.   Uini,'  evi  ii 
tiinri'  lliiifranl  ami  Inilefeiisilile  i.,iui  those  of  Kiif; 
liii.l,  win>  not  likely  to  he  iiiiiitieil  from   l.uril 
(IrrvsKinirilKehemeof  n  form,   .   .   .   Theentin' 
riprivMiiiaiinn  wasnniish  lliil.     Korlv  live  mem- 
iHrs  hail  iN'in  ussiiineil  to  .S<iitlunil  al'ihe  I'liiuii: 
thi^  niimlnr  was  now  iiu  reiiseil  to  5;!  of  whninl'i) 
wire  iilloiteil  to  loiinliis.  anil   a:l  to  illiis  ami 
liiir-hs.     The  eiiunlv  franehise  was  exIeiiiUii  to 
all  Mwnert  of  prii|Mrly  of  tlO  a  year,  ami  tiMir- 
l.iin  I  lii.Msof  leiiseholilers;  amrthe  Imrjjh  fran- 
eliivin  „||  110  liiiii»<.h..lihrs.     The  represenla- 
tiiin  of  liilanil  hiul  many  of  the  ilefeit^t  of  the 
Kiiuli>li>vstem,  .  .   .  The  riu'ht  of  ehetion  was 
l:il>i  11  iiwiiy  fnim  the  coriioralions,  unil  vesleil  in 
i'lillifmsihnl.lirs,  ainlhirt;eiulilillim»  wereinaile 
to  ilie  eoiinly  const  it  iienev.      Tin)   numhir  of 
nil  mill  rs  in  Irelanil,  which  the  Act  of  liiioii  hail 
Willi  il  lit  Km,  Willi  now  iucreaseil  to  lo.v —T   ¥ 
M.iy.  (■„,„/.  ///,/.  i,f  Kiia.,  17W)-lNttO,  M.  fi  (r    1) 
Also  IN:  \V.  \.  Molesworlh,  //,,(,  „f  Ih,-  A',. 
/..■".  /.V«  </ 1h:)''._\V.  Jones.    Ui.-i.   ShrL,..,- 
'.,'.'  '"J"'"i  •Viii(«/fr..— Lord  llrouirlmm,  l.iu„i,',l 
h„n..  I.j,  llinmlf,  eh.  8l-2'> -S,  Wuli-.ole,  lli,l 
'■}  h'l,!  fr.nn  IHI.",,  eh.   11  (<•.  3). 

A.  D.  1831.— First  asiumption  of  the  name 
Conservatives  by  the  Tories,  .s  e  (iixsnn  \. 
■IHI.  I'viiTv. 

AD.  i83:.i832.-InterventionintheNeth. 
erlands.     Creation  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium 
with    Holland.       .See    .\|.;tiii:ui,\mi.s 

111  is:i'.' 


-War 
.\    I'.  |v 


th 


*  T?r    '*3»->833. -Abolition  of  Slavery   in 
West   Indies.  — Trade   monopoly  of  the 


East   India  Company  withdrawn.  -    Factory 

Dli  .      Inch    »i»li..         ..t-i I         .  -    .  ' 


Irish  tithes.— •■The    peiio.l    nliii  I - 

■'I  llii-  |ia,,siii^  of  the  lleform  liil   w.ki.ii,.  ,,f 

ailivity  anil  earnestness  ii.  Iinislalioii. 

Ilrst   treat  reform  wna  the  (oiiiplite 

•■:  inc  Kvslciil  ,,f  i.Unn  in  ilie   lirilisli 

I  he  slave  truilc  had  itsilf  been  sup- 


The 


iiri»ii|  -.o  far  u  we  could  mippnss  It  lonj;  lie- 
fore  thill  time,  hut  now  .h-  whole  stsiim  .if 
Hist  Imllnn  ulavery  wan  hroiiirht  In  anind  (s40 
>i\\u:v.     .Nkoihi      ,\     II     |H:iHM;tN|  .\ 

l"ii^'  ayitalion  of  till'  Hiiiall  l.ui  1 111  r^'i  tic  aiii'l- 
sluviry  piriy  Iimii^Iu  al»,i,i  n.j,  ,,r,„  ,(,„(  r,.,i,lt 
"  '"•'  ■  <<rainille  Shariie.  /.iclniry  .limau- 

lay,  f  r  ill  nif  the  hlsiorian  and  »iati  small.  Thiimna 
howill  lliiiiion.  WillHTforce,  llniiii-liam  nml 
many  olliers,  had  for  a  loni;  iim.'  Ik  in  sirli-liiK 
hard  111  MUSI,  up  piilille  iiiiinlon  |„  the  alioliiliin 
of   I  he  slave  «>sl,in  ■'     The   l,i||    whh  li    pa>~  i| 

1  arlliiiiieiit  Kave  h edlaie  fneiloni  to  nil  cMI- 

dren  »iili».i|iienlly  iMirii.  and  to  all  those  wliii 
Were  then  under  nix  years  of  aire;  wliih' it  de- 
termiiied  for  all  other  slaves  a  |m  rii«l  of  nppren- 
Iheshlp,  hisllni;  live  years  in  one  i  l.iss  i.iid  s.\en 
years  111  another,  after  wlili  h  they  atlalnnl  aliso- 
liile  fri'idom  It  appropriated  i,-,'ll,(MHI,(Kio  fur 
lliecompensatloiiiif  I  lie  ,i„ve  owners.  ■  Aiinlher 
I  nfiirm  of  no  small  Importance  was  aieiimplisheil 
i  when  the  charter  of  the  Ka«t  India  Company 
came  111  In.  nniwed  in  \^X\.      The  claus..  ifiviiiir 

I  Ihciii  a  coiiiniirciul  monopoh  of  f|„  trade  of  tho 
l.ii-t  was  aholished,  and  the  Iride  thrown  open 
to  the  iiierchaiilsof  the  world  Uce  Ispu  A  I) 
1N-.M-Is:):||,  There  wire  mlier  slaves  in  llioso 
days  as  wi  ||  as  the  nn;rii  Tin  re  were  slaves  iit 
home,  slaves  In  all  iiileiits  and   piiri«isis,    who 

"■'■'■I'  '■ hnuiid  to  a  Mrviliile  as  ri^joroiis  ns 

thai  of  the  iieijro,  iiii.|  who,  as  funis  pirvuial 
trealiiiciit  went,  siilTired  iimre  wvi  nly  than 
nciiriNs  in  the  lietter  class  planlalii.ns.  Wn 
speali  now  of  the  workers  In  the  jiri  i;t  mines 
ami  factories.  .\„  jaw  up  to  this  lime  rei,Milalcil 
with  anyihiiii;  like  reasoiialiie  slrin^iiicv  the 
hours  of  lalioiir  in  fact. iriiH.  .  .   ,   A  coimiiission 

"■•'I*  I'l'l' 'cd    to  invcsliirate  the  conliiion  of 

those  y\ho  worked  in  tlie  failorii  s.  I.oni  Ash- 
ley, since  everywhire  known  as  the  K.iil  of 
.sliafli  sliiiry.  .  .  .  hri.iii:lit  f.irward  the  iimlion 
wliicli  ended  In  the  ii|ip.iiiiinii  ni  of  the  coining, 
slim.     The  commission  ipiii  klv  liroiii;lit  lomther 

an  Immense  a iint  of   eiiil'niie   to   show    Mio 

tirrilile  eiricl,  moral  and  phjsii.il,  of  the  over- 
workiiiit  of  wominandchildii'ii,  an. I  iinairilation 
set  in   lor  the  piii|i..„.  i.f  liiiiiiiiij;  |,j    |,m   tho 

.iiralionof  thelioiiis,.!  |;,|„,iir.  .  .  ,  Thi' priiicipio 
of  h'L'i^lalive  liiiirrcniice  lo  protect  children 
workiiii;  in  facloriis  w  us  csialili^lnd  liy  an  Act 
Iiiissed  in  IKtl,  limiiin:;  the  work  of  cli'ililien  to 
ci^'ht  hours  a  il;iy,  and  that  of  yoiini;  persons 
iiii.li  r  ciirlitccii  toi;!l  |i,,iirs  a  week'  [see  F.vi  TiiiiY 
I.I  i.isi  .miiin|.  The  airitalion  then  si't  on  fisit 
an. I  led  liy  Lord  A>lilcy  was  eii:.ML.'ei|  for  years 
all.  r  in  endeavonriiij;  "to  >;ivo  that  principle  a 
more extcii.lid application.  .  .  .  Irislitithcs  were 
one  of  till-  ^'ri.vjiici  s  whii  h  came  uinlir  the  encr- 
trili.  mliniiof  Ihisp.Tio.lof  nlonn.  The  people 
of  Ireland  complaiiiid  wiili  jusliie  of  haviiii:  to 
pay  tiihis  f..r  the  ni:iintiii:irii  e  of  the  chiircli  es- 
t  ilili-liinii  t  ill  Hlii.h  liny  ili.l  not  lielii-M.,  iiijil 
iin.l.r  wli.....  r....l,  liny  nivi  r  Lent  in  worship  " 
'"  l"--.  CI itiiisiif  iioil,  lloiiscsof  l';.rliann  ;:t 

II  porled  in  l:iv..r  of  the  cxiiiictiun  of  tithes;  hut 
llii-  (loMriiiii.iii  iimli  il,,..kteiiip,.r,,riiva  si  heme 
"liiriliy  il  niii-ie  aihancis  to  the  Iri.vh  cleriry 
iiiid  a"iiiiicd  II,.  colliiii.in  of  liiliis  aiiioni;  it's 
i.»n  liiniiion.  Ii  ,,i,lv  Mi,,iid,-,1  in  maUini' 
niallirs  worse.  ;i„.|  -rv,  ral  .Mars  passed  lielore 
the  a.i.iptioii  .ill  ls;lsi,,f  .,  i,j)[  ul.j.  ij  ••  (.....vji-...;! 

""'    'I'lii'  ' posiiii.ii   iiiiii  a  rent  charge."— J 

.McCarthy,   il.r  Hifrh  „f  t!,r„rm.  ,■/,.  7-,sr 


9S:5 


ENGLAND,  1832-1833. 


(^ufrn  I'ictoria. 


ENGLAND,  1837-1839. 


Also  in:  C.  Kni^lit,  Popultr  Hint,  of  Kmi..  r. 
8,  eh.  \~.—\\.  Martimau.  IliM.  uf  Iht  fliirty 
Yeiim'  l'e,ii-f.  hk   4.  cli.  «-»  (r  2-,'t). 

A.  D.  1833-1840.  —  Turko-Egyptian  ques- 
tion and  its  settlement.— The  capture  of  Acre. 
—Bombardment  of  Alexandria.  Se  Iiuks: 
A.  I)   Is:ti-1H.10. 

A.  D.  1 833- 1 845. -The  Oxford  orTractarian 
Movement.  Si'it)XF<>iii)OK  Tuact.vhi.vn  .Movk 
MKvr 

A.  D.  1834-1S37.— Resignation  of  Lord  Grey 
and  the  Reform  Ministry.  —  The  first  Mel- 
bourne Administration.— Peel's  first  Ministry 
and  Melbourne's  second.— Death  of  William 
IV.— Accession  of  Queen  Victoria.— "On  May 
27tli.  .Mr.  Ward.  inirnliiT  (if  St.  Allians.  liniujtht 
fDrwaril  .  .  .  ris-iliiiions,  Iliat  the  Priilcstaiit 
Etvis<i)|ial  C'hiircli  of  Irclanil  iimcli  cxocdi'd  IIk- 
spiritual  waiitsnf  the  I'rote.'itaiit  piipiilatinn  ;  that 

It  was  the  riirlit  uf  the  !:<tftte,  anil  (if  I'arlii. nt, 

to  di»triliiile  eliiircli  pnim'Hy.  iind  that  tlie  tem- 
poral piis.se»siiiiis  (if  the  Irisli  thnreli  ought  to  be 
reduced.  The  iiiiuislers  delerniiiied  to  adopt  n 
middle  eourw  and  appoint  a  coininis.sion  of  in- 
quiry; they  hoped  Iheiehy  to  induce  .Mr.  Ward 
to  uithdraiv  his  motion,  l)ooause  the  ([iicstiou 
Was  already  in  novcrnnient  hands.  While  the 
negotiations  wen'  going  on,  news  was  received  of 
the  resignation  of  four  of  the  most  conservative 
meinlKrs  of  the  Oihinet,  who  reganled  any  lute; 
ference  with  church  property  with  ahhorreiice; 
they  were  .Mr.  Stanley.  .Sir  James  Graham,  the 
Duke  of  Uichnicmd,  ai'id  tlie  Earl  of  KIpon.  .  .  . 
Owiug  to  thedilference  of  opinion  in  thcCahinct 
on  the  Irish  (-(MTcion  hill,  on  July  0.  I8:i4,  Earl 
Gny  placed  his  resignation  as  I'riine  Minister  in 
the  hands  of  the  king.  On  the  lOth  the  Ih. 
of  Cotnnious  adjourned  for  four  d.iys.  On  lii, 
Utli.  Viscount  .MellMiurne  sinled  in  the  Ilonsi'  of 
Lonls  that  liis  Majesty  had  honored  him  with 
his  coinmands  for  the' fommtion  of  a  niinistrv. 
lie  hud  undertaken  the  task,  hut  it  was  not  yet 
coinphte(l.  There  n.is  very  little  cl  mge  in  ihe 
Cahinet;  Lord  .Mcllmurne's  place  in  the  Home 
Department  was  tilled  liy  Lonl  |)un(annon:  .sir 
John  Cam  llolihoiise  olitained  n  seat  as  Kirst 
('ornrnissi(mer  of  Woods  and  Fon'Sts,  and  I>ord 
Carlisle  surre  .  lercd  the  I'rivv  Seal  to  Lord  .Mtil- 
gravc  The  Irish  Church  liil'l  was  agani  lirought 
forward,  and  although  it  p:is.sed  .he  Commons, 
was  defeated  in  the  Lords,  .\ugust  1st.  The 
king  niuch  disliked  the  chur(  h  policy  of  the 
Whigs,  and  dreaded  reform.  lie  was  eager  to 
prevent  the  ineeiiiig  of  the  House,  and  circiini- 
staiicis  fav..red  him.  Before  the  8es.siiin  Lord 
SpeiHcr  died,  and  Lord  .\lthnr|ie.  Ids  son,  w.is 
thus  rem. Aid  to  the  upper  House.  There  w.is 
no  na^.in  v.  hy  this  should  have  broken  up  the 
niiiiisirv,  tiui  the  king  seized  the  opportiniilv, 
seiil  l"r  I...rd  .Millioiirne,  asserted  that  the  niin- 
islry  dip,  iid'd  (liielly  on  the  person.il  inltiienee 
of  l.'iid  .\hiinr|ie  in  tile  Connnims,  de(  lareil  that, 
(lepriviil  1,1'  it  as  il  now  was,  the  g,iveriimeMt 
coul,l  Mill  ir,iiiri.  and  dismisseil  his  niinisliTs   in- 

struiliiiLT  Mrlliiiiiriie  at  -e  to  send  fur  the  Duke 

of  Wi  HiiiL'tiiii  'riie  sensati.in  in  Liniilon  w,-is 
greiit ,  III,'  ili^iTii-~;il  ,if  111,.  inini..rrv  \v:is  eonsiil 

ered  iineiiiisiiiiiii il;    th|.  act  of'the  kiiiL'  »as 

wholly  wilhi.ilt  pree.ileiil.  .  .  .  The  Duke  of 
Weilui.Mon,  fn.in  Nuvenilnr  l.->lli  to  Deeendier 
IttJi.  uas  the  l-'irst  i.i.iil  iif  the  Treasiirv,  and  the 
Hole  Secretary  of  Slate,  haviim  ,,i,lv  one  cell. 
!e:iL-ue.  Lurd  Lviidimrst.  wii.,  h.i.l  tii,gre,,i  .^n], 


while  at  the  .same  lime  he  sat  as  Chief  Rar.m  ef 
the  Court  of  E.\(  lieipier.     This  lemporurv  l'.iv 
ernnient  was  called  a  dielatorahip.   ...  i  In  Sir 
Uoliert  Peel's  return  fnaii   Italy,  wlience  li,  hnj 
lieen  called,  he  waited    ii|iiin    the    king   ami  :ie 
cepted  the  olllce  (if  Kirst   Lonl  of  the  Trci-iiry 
and   Chancellor  of   the    E.xche(|Mer.     With   ilip 
king's  permis,sion,   he  applieil  to  Lord  Si,iiil,y 
and  Sir  James  (iraham,  entreating  them  In  _'ive 
him  the  iH'netit  of  their  C(i(i|Kriiti(in  lus  coll,  :i-u,s 
in  Ihe  Cabinet.     They  Imth  declined.     I'rev,  m,.] 
from  forming  a  moderate  I'onservalive  iiiiiu-iiv, 
he  was  reduced  to  till  his  places  with  men  i.l  iii,,'re 
pronounced  opinions,  which  prondscd  ill  f,,riiiiy 
advance   in   reform.   .   .   .  The  Foreign,    II. .mi., 
War,  and  Colonial  ofllceswere  tilled  by  W,  lliii.-' 
Ion,    (ionlburn,    llerries,    and    .Mierdl'en;    l..,ril 
Lyndhurst  was  Lord  Chancellor;  Ilardiiii.'   n  ,-. 
relary  for  Ireland;  and  Lord  Wharnclilfe,  privy 
Seal      With  this  ministry  I'eel  had  to  niei  1  a  h.is- 
tile  House  of  Commons.  .  .   .  The  Prime  Millili- 
ter therefore  thought  it  ncces.sary  to  dis.s(ilvi  I'.ir. 
liainenl.  and  took  the  opportunity  [in  whul  w.is 
(ailed  'the  Tamworth  manifesto"']  of  deeliiing 
his  policy.     He  declared  his  acceptance  of  the 
Heforni  Bill  as  n  final  settlement  of  the  cpieviioa. 
.  .  .  Tlie    elections,    though    they    returi,,,!   a 
House,  as  is  generally  the  case,  more  fav,,nil,le 
to  the  e.\isting  government  than  tliat  w  hii  h  hiul 
lieen  dis-solveil,  still  gaveur(msiihral)le  niaj,.rily 
to  I  he  Liberals.   .   .   .   Lord  John  lliis.sell.  on  .\pr!l 
Ttli,    proposed   the  resolution,    'That  it  is  tlic 
opinion  of  this  Ilous(?  that  no  measure  up,,ii  the 
subject  of  the  tithes  in  Ireland  can  lead  t,i  sitis 
factory  and  linal  adjustment  which  diMs  nil ,  m- 
iMKly  the  temporalities  of  the  Church  in  Ir,  laml.' 
This  was  adopted  by  a  majority  of  27,  ami  that 
majority  was  fatal  to  the  ministry.     On  the  fal- 
lowing day  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  in  the  il.iiise 
of  Lords,  stated  that  in  conse(iuence  of  tin'  risi)- 
lulion  in  the  House  of  Comimms,  the  ininiMry 
had  tendered  their  resignation.     Sir  Holiiri  iiiiiip 
a  similar  explanation   in   the   Commons      'r,n 
days  later.  Viscount  Melbourne,  in  moving'  the 
adjournim'nt  of  the  Iloii.seof  Lords,  slat,, I  Unit 
the  king  had  Ihcu  pleased  to  appoint  him  I'irst 
Lord  of  the  Treasurv.  ...  On  June  it.  |s:iT,  a 
lulletin  i.ssued  from  Windsor  Castle  infiiiii.iii:;  a 


loyal  and  really  alTectionate  people  that  1 1 
was   ill.     From   the    12th   tliev    were   n - 
issued  until  the  19th,  when  the  inal.idy.  i 
matiiin  of  the  lungs,  had  greallv  increa-i.l 
On  Tuesday.  June  '2illli,  the  last  of  this, 
diiciinieiils   was   issued.     His   .Majesty    1 
pired  that  morning  at  2  o'clock,      Willi'H. 
in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age  and  m 
year  of  his  reign,  leaving  no  lesiilini.ii.' 
He  was  succeeded  liv  his  niece.  Alexandrin 
toria."— A.  II.  McCalman,  .14n,ty<<? //,«^ 
Itliiit,  ;»;>.  ,5tM-.'»70. 

Also  IN:   W.  C.  Taylor.  Ufe  nnd  Ti^.,,' 
n.-'trt    i;,l,    r.    2,   (•/(.■  10-12.  — W.    .M     T 
Ml  iH'iirn  t,f  ViHrtuntt  yFtUionrfr,  r.  2.  r.'t    I 
W.  Cr-iker,  OnTtxpohitt m'e  mnt  lH>trt>s  r' 
ir  2). 

A.  D.  1836-1839.— Beginning  of  the  An'.;- 
Corn-La«r  Agitation,  .s,  r  Tmui-k  i,  .-:,i 
■Ilii\  |Km,I.,\.\1i):    .\     I).   lKili-lS:i'.l. 

A.  D.  1837.  Separation  of  Hanover  >. 
IIvmivkh     a    1)    1m:(: 

A.  D.  1837-1839.  Opening  of  the  uicn  of 
Queen  Victoria— End  of  personal  rule.  Be- 
giuuiug  of  purely  constitutional  gover;;:r.cni. 


kill;; 
il.irly 
lliiiii- 

'i.i.: 


.  V:.' 


.1 

s.,M 


•JS  I 


,.*• 


ENGLAND.  1837-1839. 


TV  I'ictorian 
Literaturr. 


ENGLAND,  1837- 


— Peel  and  the  Bedchamber  Question.— "Tlic 

Duke  (if  WillinKlim  tlioiiKl't  llif  iicccssioii  of  n 
wimwii  to  the  s"KT<ij!ii's  place  would  Ix;  fatal 
til  tlif  pri'scnt  Ihi|m'S  of  tliii  Toiica  |»lio  wiru 
tliin  expecting  a  tiiru  of  events  iu  their  fuvor.  iis 
a^Miiist  tile  WhJK  adiiiiiiistnttiim  of  Lord  Mel 
biiwrni|.  'I'lel,' lie  said,  'has  no  manners,  und 
I  huve  nil  small  talk.'  lie  si'emed  to  take  it  for 
graiitid  lluit  the  new  sovenign  would  ehixise 
hiT  Miuislers  as  a  mIkkiI  i.nrl  ehooses  her  cniii- 
paniiins  He  did  not  know,  did  not  forewe,  that 
wiih  llie  aceesniiin  of  Queen  Virtoria  the  real 
niirn  of  eonslitnlional  K"*'rnment  in  tliese  i.^ 
liimiH  Has  III  liei^in.    The  late  King  had  advanicd 

8 wliat  on  the  way.s  of  his  predeees-sors,   hut 

his  rule  was  still,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  a 
lerMiual  rule.     With  the  aceession  of  Vieloria 
the  '-ystem  of  personal  rule  eame  to  an  end     The 
eleeliiins  whiili  at  that  time  were  neees.^ary  on 
the  niiuinii  of  a  new  sovereign  went  slightly  in 
favour  of  the  Tories.    Th    'Vhigs  had  many  trou- 
bles    They  were  not  refo.  ,iiers  enough  for  the 
grial  lioilyiif  their  supporters.  .   .   .  The  Uadi- 
eals  had  s|ilit  oil  from  them      They  could  not 
inaiiiige  OCiimiell.     The   Chartist    tire    was  al- 
naily  huruing.     There  was  many  a  si'rinus  crisis 
iiif  riiijn  policy  — in  China  and  iu  Kgypt.  for 
cxauipii'      The  Canadian  UelK'llion  and  the  luis- 
£iiiu  of   Ijird   Durham  involved  the   Whigs  in 
fri  -h  an.xieties.   and  laiil  them  open  to  new  at- 
talks  from    their  enemies.      On  the  top  of  all 
caiMi'  some  distiirhances,  of  a  hgislative  rather 
than  an  insurnrtiiumry  kind,   in  Jamaica,  and 
till-  (loverninent  felt  called  upon  In  liring  in  a 
Bill  to  sus|K'nd  for  five  years  the  Ciinslilullon  of 
thf  i^lanil.     A  l.ilieral  and  reforming  Ministry 
Iriniring  in  a  Bill  to  suspend  a  Constiliitinn  is  iii 
a  liiL'liiy  awkwanl  and  dangerous  position.    I'eel 
saw  his  iipportunily,  and  opposed  the  Hill.     The 
G"vi  rniiii  nl  won  h'y  a  majority  of  only  ,").     I,or  1 
MiMinurue  aeeepled  the  situathin.  and  resigned 
[.May  7.  ls:)ij].     The  Queen  sent  for  the  Duke  of 
Wiliiiiglim.  and  he.  of  course,   udvisi'd  liei    to 
send   I'.ir   I'eil      When    IVel   came,    the   voung 
Qui  in  tulil  him  wilh  all  the  frankness  of  "a  girl 
that  slii.  was  sorry  to  part  with  her  late  .Minis 
Urs.  and  that  she  did  not  disapprove   of  their 
ciiuiliii  I.  hut  that  she  felt  liounil  to  acl  in  aceor- 
daiiii-  with  eunslitutiouul  usages.     IVel  uccepled 
•lie  t.isk   of  forming  an    Administration.     And 
then  laine  the  famous    dispute   known   as    the 
'liiili  haiulier  Question '—the  'question   de  jii- 
puis      The  Queen  wished  to  retain  her  ladies- 
111  waiting:  I'eel  insisted  that  there  must  lie  .some 
iliaiiji-      '\'ko  of  thesi'  ladies  were  clu.sely  re- 
laliil  in  Whig  statesiueii  whiise  policy  was  dia- 
'"'■I'iiallv  o|ipose(l  to  that  of  I'eel  on  ilo  h'SS  illl- 
|"'ii.int   a   iiuislion    than    the    Government    of 
Ir.  1.111,1      I'lil  insisted  that  he  could  not  uniler- 
lik.-  t,,   ;.'in,ru   under  siiidi    conditinns.       The 
Q'ii  1 11.  ai  ling  on  the  advice  of  her  hile  Ministers 
)iii  ill  n..l  irive  way.    The  whole  disimlecrialeii 
ii:  ;n,  :is,.  i.xiitiineni  at  the  time.     There  was  a 
uLiii  ,|r  al  i,f  niisuMilerslandiiig  on  both  sides.     It 
i>.i^  i|  ill  ily  sciiled,  siHiii  after.  Iiy  a  compromise 
«  ■;■  li   ilie  i.iie    Prince  Consort  "sugiicMed.  and 
»i;^  ..,;!niitkilihai  I'eel  had  U'cii  in  the  riL'lil, 
'^  inipurtaiue  to  us  now  is  that,  as  I'eel 
» "iM   111,1  give  way,  the   Whigs  had  to  come 
asiiiin.  ami  tluy  came  hack  dis.Tediled  and 
•-i<   haviui;.   as  .Mr.    Molesworth  puts    it, 
k    lnhiiid  the  petticoats  of  the  ladjeB-in 
i      —J.  McCarthy,  !fir  IMert  lUi.  ch.  12. 


ll: 
gill   l,;i 


Ai.soiN:  W.  N.  Midesworth,  IIM.  of  Eng., 
lM;t()-1874,  r.  2,  M.  l.-Il.  Diinckley,   /mi-iI  M- 

bffUVHt'.  t'/i.    1 1. 

A.  D.  1837-.— The  Victorian  Aee  in  Litera- 
ture.—" It  may  jK-rhaps  1h'  assuined  without  any 
uiiiIih'  amount  of  speiiilative  vcniurcsomeneaa 
that  the  age  of  Queen  Victoria  will  stand  out  io 
history  as  the  periiKl  of  a  literature  as  distinct 
from  oihers  as  the  age  of  Klizalieth  or  Anne,  ul- 
tliough  not  perhaps  ei|ual  in  greatness  to  the 
laller,  and  far  iiideid  lielow  the  former.  .\t  the 
opening  of  Queen  Victoria's  reign  a  great  riu  e  of 
literary  men  had  cnme  to  a  close.  It  is  curious 
to  Hole  how  sharply  and  completely  the  litera- 
ture of  Vieloria  separates  it.self  from  tnat  of  the 
era  whose  heroes  were  Scott,  IJyron,  and  Words- 
worth. Before  Queen  Victoria  came  to  the  throne, 
Siolt.  liyron,  Colcrhlge,  and  Keats  were  dead. 
Wordsworth  lived,  iniieed.  for  many  years  after; 
so  did  .Soul hey  and  Moore;  and  .Saviige  Landor 
died  much  lalerslill.  But  Woriisworlh.Soulhey, 
MiHire,  and  Landor  had  completed  their  literary 
work  hefore  Victoria  came  to  the  throne.  Not 
one  of  them  added  a  cuhit  or  an  inch  to  his  in- 
tellectual stature  from  that  time;  some  of  them 
even  did  work  which  distinclly  proved  that  their 
day  was  ilone.  A  new  and"  fresh  breath  was 
soon  after  breathed  hito  lileralure.  Nothing, 
perlia|is.  is  more  remarkable  about  the  better 
lileralure  of  the  age  of  Queen  Victoria  than  its 
complete  severance  from  the  leadership  of  that 
whii  ll  had  gone  before  it,  and  its  evidence  of  a 
fresh  and  genuine  inspiration.  It  is  u  somewhat 
curious  fact,  too,  yery  convenient  for  the  pur- 
poses of  this  history,  that  the  literature  of  Queen 
Victoria's  time  thus  far  divides  itself  clearly 
enough  into  two  parts.  The  pis'ls,  novelists,  and 
historians  who  were  making  their  fame  with  the 

beginning  of  the  reign  had  di all  their  best 

work  and  made  their  mark  before  these  later 
years,  and  were  followed  by  a  new  and  dillerent 
.school,  drawing  inspiration  fiiiin  wholly  dilfereul 
sources,  and  challenging  comparison  lis  antago- 
nists rather  than  dis<iples.  We  spwik  now  only 
of  lileralure.  In  science  the  most  remarkable 
devehipments  were  rcsirved  for  the  later  years 
of  the  reign." — I.  .Mcl'arthy,  Tin-  /,il,rfitur,'[fthe 
Vii-t'n-i,tii  Hiiiin  (A/i/ilitini'n'  J.niridil,  .Inn..  1879, 
!>.  -IWH).- "  The  age  of  Queen  Victoria  is  as  justly 
eutilled  to  give  name  to  a  lilirary  epiM-li  as  any 
of  those  perhslson  which  thisilisli'iiction  has  been 
conferred  liy  posterily.  .V  new  tone  of  thought 
and  a  new  colour  of  style  are  discernilile  from 
aliout  the  date  of  the  Queen's  accession,  and, 
even  should  these  charai  Icristics  continue  for 
geiiemlions  wilhoul  a]iparcnl  break,  it  will  be 
remembered  that  the  Klizahethan  age  did  not 
terminate  wilh  Elizabeth.  In  one  iniporlant  re- 
siled, however,  il  dilTers  from  most  of  those 
ep.ichswhicli  derive  their  appi'llathm  from  a  sov- 
I  Tiigii.  The  names  of  .\iiguslus,  Lonnzo.  Louis 
.XIV.,  .\niie.  are  nssm  ialed  with  a  lilerarv  ad- 
vance, a  claim  to  havi'  liei|uealheil  models  for 
imilalion  to  sin  leediug  aires.  This  claim  is  not 
preferred  oil  behalf  of  the  age  of  Victoria,  It 
represents  the  fusion  of  two  currents  whic  h  had 
ailirnalely  prevailed  in  successive  perio,|s  De- 
liu'lil  and  llility  met.  Truth  and  Imaginalion 
kissed  each  ol hi  r.  Practical  reform  awoke  the 
enlhiisiasiii  of  genius,  and  genius  |iiit  poetry  to 
new  use.  or  made  a  new  path  fur  itself  iu  prose. 
The  result  has  bei-a  murh  gain  >;onii-  loss  an,)  hq 
originality  of  aspect  which  would  alone  reuderour 


*^-  «i 


„y 


'J85 


ENGLAND,  1837- 


The  I'iclorian 
Literature. 


ENGLAND,  1837-. 


i 


!  : 
t  1 


»• 


Queen  s  rcifjn  intflhituully  imniomlilc.  I^)k- 
ln>:  liiuk  to  the  I81I1  nnliirv  in  Eiit'laud.  we  we 
thr  spirit  I'f  utility  ( iitircly  In  the  aMriidant. 
Intillcctual  powirisas  crnit  us  evir.  iininiirtal 
■uiioksnro  written  as  of  old.  liut  there  is  a  ireixral 
ineapacity  not  only  fur  the  prwlurlion,  liut  for 
the  eoniprehension  of  works  of  tlie  imajriiialioji. 
Minds  as  rol)ust  as  .Johnson's,  as  nrutc  as  llunii's. 
display  neither  strength  nor  inleiliirence  in  llieir 
critieisni  of  the  K.lizahellian  writers,  and  their 
professed  regard  for  even  the  masterpieces  of  an 

lii|uity  is  evi(hnlly  in  tlie  main  i ventional. 

Conversely,  wlien  the  spell  is  l)roken  and  the 
capaeily  for  iina!.'inative  loinposiiion  returns,  the 
half  ciiiturvimineiliately  preeedini;  her. Majestvs 
nreession  (Ichs  not,  oiifside  the  domain  of  tlie 
ideal,  pnxluee  a  sint:Ie  v,ork  of  tlie  lirst  class. 
Ilallain,  the  elder  .Mill,  imd  others  composi',  in- 
deed, hiMiks  of  great  value,  but  not  great  lK)oks. 
In  poetry  and  romantic  fiction,  on  the  other  hand, 
the  penius  of  that  age  reaches  11  height  unat- 
tuined  since  .Milton,  and  prohahly  not  destined  to 
be  rivalled  for  many  generations".  In  (he  age  of 
Victoria  we  wit  ness  the  fusion  of  its  pnilecessors. " 
— U.  (Jarnett,  l.ileriitnre  {The  Iteign  of  Queen 
Virl„ri:,,  „l.  I'll  T.  II.  Wanl.  r.  2,  /i/i.  44J-44«).— 
"The  most  conspicuous  of  the  suhstautial  (lis- 
tinctions  ln'tween  the  literature  of  the  present 
day  and  that  of  the  tlrst  ouarter  or  third  of  the 
century  may  be  descrihcil  as  consisting  in  the 
dilTerent  relative  positions  at  the  two  dates  of 
Pros  and  \i  rse.  In  the  Georgian  en  versi!  wa.s 
in  the  ascendant;  in  the  Victorian  em  the  su- 
prein.iry  has  piis.sed  to  prosi'.  It  is  not  easy  for 
any  niii'  who  has  grown  up  in  the  latter  to" esti- 
mate aright  the  universal  excitement  which  used 
to  be  pnnlincd  in  the  fonner  by  n  new  pinni  of 
Seolt's,  or  liyrous,  or  Mcwrc's,  or  CampheH's.  or 
t'rabbe's,  or  the  eipially  fervid  interest  that  was 
takin  throughout  a  inon;  limited  circle  in  oiieliy 
Wordsworth,  or  Sout  hey,  or  Shelley.  There  may 
have  b( in  a  power  in  the  spirit  of  pwtry  which 
that  of  prose  wouhl  in  vain  aspire  to.  Probably 
all  the  verse  ages  would  1h'  found  to  have  been 
of  higher  glow  than  the  prose  ones.  The  age  in 
question,  at  any  rate,  will  hardly  1h'  denied  by 
any  one  who  rcmenilHrs  it  to  li.ive  been  in  these 
centuries,  periia|>s  from  the  mightier  eharaeler 
of  the  events  and  cireiimstances  in  the  midst  of 
which  we  were  then  placed,  an  age  in  which  the 
national  heart  beat  more  strongly  than  i:  dcK's  at 
nrisent  in  legard  to  other  things  as  well  as  this. 
Its  reeeplion  of  the  gnat  pixnis  that  su<'eeeded 

< arioili,  r  so  rapidly  from  the  llrst  appearance 

of  .S(  lilt  till  the  death  of  Ilyron  was  like  its  re- 
reptiiiii  of  the  succession  of  gri'at  victories  that, 
ever  thickening,  and  almost  unbroken  by  a  single 
defeat,  tilled  u|v  the  greater  part  of  the  "ten  years 
from  Trafalg.ir  to  Waterloo  — from  the  last'lighl 
of  N'l.son  to  the  last  of  Wellington.  No  such 
huzzas,  making  the  welkin  ring  with  the  (aie 
viiicc  of  a  whiile  people,  iind  ascending  alike 
friini  every  <  iiy  and  town  and  humlilest  village 
in  the  land,  have  been  heard  since  then  ...  Of 
course,  there  was  plenty  of  prose  also  written 
Ihrnimhont  Ihe  verse  era;  but  no  bonk  in  prose 
that  was  then  produced  greatly  cN,itc,|  the  pub 
lie  mind,  or  drew  aiiv  c.insider'abie  arnountof  at 
tention.  till  the  Waverley  nmels  began  to  a|> 
pear;  anil  even  that  remarkable  series  of  works 
did  nut  siieiecd  in  at  once  reducing  poetry  to  the 
•econd  place,  however  i  hief  a  share  it  ni.iy  have 
bsd  ill  liiisteniiig  tliat  resuit.     Of  tin:  other  pro6<j 


writing  that  then  went  on  what  was  most  effc . 
tivewiisthatoftheperimlicalpress.  — of  theEdiii 
burgh  Keview  and  Cobbelt's  Kegister,  and,  in  a 
latiTdate,  of  UlackwoiKrs  .Magazine  and  the  Lum 
don  .Magazine  (the  latter  with  Clmries  Lamb  ami 
IK' Qiiincey  among  its  contributors),— much  „f 
it  owing  more  or  hssof  its  iiowerlo  its  vehenient 
political  partisanship.     A  (iesient  from  |ioetryiii 
pros<>  is  the  most  familiar  of  all  phenomena  in 
the  history  of  lii.Talure.     Call  it  natural  deca, 
or  degeneracy,   or  onlj-  a  relaxation   which  ilie 
spirit  of  a  pcojile  reipiiri's  after  having  been  f..i- 
a  certain  time  on  the  wing  or  on  the  streti  li.  it 
is  what  a  periiHl  of  more  than  ordiimrv  poeiinl 
IirochKtiveiiess  always  ends  in.  "— O.  'l,.  (■rail> 
('■iiiii),iiilii»iii  Hint.  1/  Eii;i.   l.itiniluir,  r.  ','.  1,,,' 
.Vi.t-.l.").  — ■' What  .  .  .  are  the  speeitic  ehanne'U 
of  Victorian  iitU'riinec  in  vcrsi'  ?    To  detlne  tla m 
is  dittlciilt,  becau.se  they  are  so  subtly  variecl  ami 
so  inextricably  interwoven.     Vet  I  think  tiny 
m;iy  be  superlleiallv  (les<ribed  as  the  idyll  anil 
the  lyric.       Inder  the  iilyll   I  should  class  all 
narrative  and  dis<riiitivc  pootrv,  of  whieli  this 
age  has  been  extraordinarily  prolific:  sometinm 
assundng  tlie  form  of  minstrelsy,  as  in  the  lays 
of  SScott;    sometimes  app.roaching  to  the  class'ic 
style,  as  in  the  llelleniis  of  Landor;  Roinelimes 
rivalling  the  novcllette.  as  in  the  work  of  Tcniiy 
son;  sometimes  aiiningat  psychological  analysis, 
as  in  thc>  portraits  drawn  by  HobcVt  Browning; 
soinetiines  contining  art  to"  bare  history,   as  iii 
(  rablK' ;  sometimes  indulging  (lights  of  pure  an  is- 
lic  fancy,  as  in  Keats'  "Eniiymion  "  and  "Laihii. " 
L'nder  its  many  metamorphoses  tlie  narrative  and 
<hscriptivc  poetry  of  our  century  (wars  the  stamp 
of  the  idyll,  because  it  is  fragmentary  and  be- 
cause it  results  in  a  pictun-.  .  .  ,   No  literature 
and  no  age  has  Ix'en  more  fertile  of  lyric  po<  try 
than  English  literature  in  the  age  of  Vieti  ria 
The  fact  is  apparent.     I  should  su|)ertluiiiis|y 
burden  my  readers  if  I  were  to  prove  the  iioiiit 
by  reference  to  Byron,  Coleridge,  Shelley,  Keat.s, 
Wordsworth,  Hos.setti,  Clough.  Swinburne,  Ar- 
nold, Tennyson,  and  1  do  not  know  how  ni.inv 
of  less  illustrious  but  splendid  names,  in  detail. 
The  causes  an'  not  far  to  seek.     Without  a  i  laa- 
pn'hensivu  vehicle  like  the  epic,  which  bilnn-s 
to  the  first  peri(Hl  of  national  life,  or  the  drama, 
which  lielongs  to  its  secondary  peri(xl,  our  puds 

of  n  later  day  have  had  to  sing  fniin  their  i r 

selves,  subjectively,  introspectively,  oln'ying  im- 
piilsis  from  nature  and  the  worhl,  which  tcnii  in  .1 
them  not  as  they  were  Englishmen,  but  as  llnv 
were  this  man  or  that  woman.  .  .  .  Wheiiiln'v 
sang,  they  sang  with  their  particular  voiie;  anil 
the  lyric  is  the  natunil  channel  for  such  sun;;. 
But  w  li:'t  a  complex  thing  is  this  Viet<irian  l\  ri.  ! 
It  includes  Wordsworth's  sonnets  and  Uossir.i  s 
ballads,  Coleridge's  'Ancient  .Mariner 'and  K.its' 
ikIcs.  doughs  'Easter  day'  and  TennvM.ns 
'  Maud,'  Swinburne's  'Songs "before  Sunrise  ami 
Bniwning's  'Dramatis  IVrsoniv,'  TIiuim-  ns 
■City  of  Dreadful  Night' and  .Mary  UoliiM»-i;a 
'  Handful  of  Honeysuckles.'  Andrew  l.aiigV  I;, I 
ladisand  Sharp's  "  WeinI  of  .Mhhinl  .Scot.'  li  !■ 
son's  dealings  with  the  eighteenth  centiirv  ami 
Noels  'Child's  Garland.'  Barnes's  I)iirM'i-.,,rf 
PiK'ms  and  Buchanans  London  Lyrics,  the  s  1  js 
from  Eiupedoiles  on  Etna  and  Ebenezer  .b  ;>  • - 
'Pagans  Drinking  Chant.' Shelley's  Ode  t..  'h' 
West  Wind  and  .Mrs  Browning  s  "' Pan  is  I>i  i!.' 
Newman's  hymns  and  Oosse's  Chant  Royal.  I  Ij' 
kaieiduscope  presented  by  this  iync  is  so  im  x 


!>86 


Ifc-Si-f ' 


ENGLAND,  1837- 


Thr  Charlitti. 


ENGLAND,  1838-1848. 


hauntiWc  that  any  man  with  the  fragment  of  n 
miniiiry  tni/|,'ht  pair  olT  BCorrs  of  pcH'ins  liy  ml- 
mind  iiiilliDrs.  and  yt't  not  fall  upon  tin,'  mime 
puRilli'ls  ns  those   which   I   have   niaile.      The 
genius  of  our  century,  (lebarnil  from  epic,  Je- 
l)arml  from  <lmma,  falls  back  upon  idyllic  and 
ivriciil  expression.      In  the  idyll  it  saiislies  its 
olijeellve  crivini;  after  art.     In  tlic  lyrie  it  pours 
fortli  personality.     It  would  be  wrong,  however, 
to  limit  the  wealth  of  our  poetry  to  lliese  two 
briuiehrs.     Such   poe'tns  as  Wonlsworth's  '  Kx- 
ciirxic'M.' lUnin's 'Don  Juan  '  and   'Childe  Ilar- 
olil,'  .Mrs.  lirowiiin^'s  '  Auron  I.eii;li,'  William 
Morris s  ■  Kartldy  I'aradise,'  Ch-UKh's  'Amours 
di'  Vciyafre.'  are  not  to  lie  classiticd  in  eitlier 
spciiis.     They  are  partly  autoliiogra|)iiieal.  and 
in  prirt  the  iiilluenee  of  the  tale  makes  itself  (lis- 
tinilly  ft  It  in  them.     Nor  ai;ain  can  we  omit  tlii' 
trunslalions.  of  which  so  many  have  iK'en  made; 
lomc  of  lliini  real  masterpieces  anil  additions  to 
our  liteniliire."— .1.  A.  Symonds,  ,1   C'liniuirintnt 
of  Eluiilfthiin  vitit  Vietorinn  I'lietni  (Furliiiiililly 
hr.,  .hill.   1.  1889,  ;i/i.  6iJ-04).  — tlie  dilTerence 
bt'twecn  the  drama  and  the  novel  "is  one  of  per- 
spi'ctivf;  and  it  is  this  wliich  in  a  witle  sense  dis- 
tinttuishes    the  ElizalH'tlmn  and   the   Victorian 
views  of  life,  and  thence  of  art.  .   .   .   It  is  .  .   . 
the  |ireseiit  aim  of  art  to  throw  on  life  all  manner 
of  Mill'  li^lits.  such  as  the  8ta;;c  can  hardly  con- 
trive, but  which  th(!  novel  profes.s<'s  to  manage 
for  those  who  can  read.     The  round  unvarnished 
tale  of  llie  early  novelists  has  lieen  dead  for  over 
acemiiry,  and  in  its  place  we  have  lietimi  that 
seeks  to  be  as  complete  as  life  itself.   .   .  .  There 
b.  then,  in  each  of  these  periods  an  excellence 
awl  a  relative  defect;  in  the  Elizabethan,  roinid- 
ncss  anil  balance,  but.  to  us,  a  want  of  fulness; 
In  the  Victorian,  amplilied  knowledge,  but  a  fall- 
iii)!  .short  of  eomprehensiveness.     And  adapted 
to  each  nspeelively,  the  drama  and  the  novel 
are  its  most  expressive  literary  form.     Theliiidta- 
tiuns  and  scope  of  the  drama  are  those  of  its 
time,  ami  so  of  the  novel.     Even  as  the  Eliza- 
ktliau  lived  with  all  Ids  might  and  was  not 
tnnililed  about  many  things,  liis  art  was  intense 
and  round,  but  nstricted;  and  as  the  Victorian 
eoinmonly  views  life  by  the  light  of  a  patent 
nailiii);  lanip.  and  to,  sitting  apart,  w-ea  mueh  to 
perplex,  tlu-  novel  gives  a  more  complex  treat- 
ment (if  life,   wiiii  ranr  success  in  harmony. 
This  rareness  is  not,  however,  due  to  tlic  novel 
itself,  hut  to  the  minds  of  its  makers.     In  pos- 
sihiiity  it  is  indwd  the  greater  of  the  two,  being 
mure  epical ;  for  it  is  as  capable  of  grandeur,  and 
is  ampler.     This  largeness  in  Victorian  life  and 
art  argues  in  the  great  novelists  n  qimlity  of 
spirit  which  it  is  difficult  to  name  without  l«ing 
misunilersliKMl.  and  which  is  peculiarly  noa-Eliza- 
Ih  than.     It  argues  what  Burns  wouhf  call  a  casti- 
gateil  pulse,  a  supremacy  over  passion.      Yet 
tliey  are  not  Lucretian  g<Kls,  however  calm  their 
alm"S|ilien  ;    their  minds  are   not   built  above 
liuiuaiiiiy.  hut.  U'ing  nioted  deep  in  it,  rise  high, 
li'itli  periods  are  at  heart  earnest,  and  the 
Flamji  ..u  liie  great  literature  of  eacli  is  that  of 
faluy,  hcigliteneil  and  miule  powerful   by  ro- 
m-imr.     Nor  is  their  agreement  herein  greatly 
s  lalieii  hy  the  novel  laying  coiisidenible  stress  on 
the  (eitsi.h.  ,,f  lifo.  wiiii,.  the  drama  is  almost 
heeil.ssdf  II:   for  they  iKith  s»'ek  to  bn'ak  into 
the  kernel,  their  variance  lieing  cliietlv  one  of 
>i"th(»l,  dicUiUd    by  dilTerence   of  kn.'iwledire 
iis;>,  auj  pt-rcepiion."— T.  D.  Itobb,  the  KHzn- 


brthnn  Drama  and  the  Victorian  Xotel  (Lippfn- 

cttll*  ifoiithty  Mar/iuiiif.  Ai>ril.  1891,  ;</i.  ri'it>-6i2). 

A.  D,  I838-I843.— The  Chartist  (gitation.— 

"  When  the  Parliament  »aso|Hned  by  the  Queen 
on  the'  ,')th  of  Kebruary.  183K,  a  passage  in  the 
Uoyal  Speech  had  reference  to  a  stale  of  domes- 
tic   affairs    whicli    |iresenteil    an    unha|ipy  con- 
trast to  the  universal  loyally  which  marked  the 
periisl  of  tlie  Coronation,     ller  .Majesty  said:  'I 
have  observed  willi  p:du  the  persevering  efforts 
which  liave  been  made  in  some  parts  of  the  coun- 
try  to  excite  my  subjects  to  disolK-dience  and 
resistance  to  the    law.  and  to  recommend  dan- 
gerous and  illegal  pnidices.'     Chartism,   which 
for  ten   subsei|uent  years  occasionally   agitated 
the  country,  had   then   iK'giui  to  take  root.     On 
the  previous  ii'.U  of  Decemliir  a  proclamation 
liad  l«'en  issued  against  illeijid  Cbarlist  assem- 
blies, several  of  w  hie  li  luiil   been   held,  says  the 
proclanmtion,  'after  sunset  by  torchliglil.      The 
persons  attending   these   meetings    were   armed 
with  guns  ami  pikes;  and  demagogues,  such  as 
Keargus  O'Connor  and  the  Uev.  Mr.  Stephens  at 
liury,  addresswl  the  jn'ople  in  the  most  inflam- 
matory   langmige.    .    .    .    The  document  called 
'The  IVople's  Charter,' which  was  emli<Hiied  In 
the  form  of  a  bill  in  1838,  comprised  six  points;  — 
univiTsid  suffrage,  ex(  lulling,  however,  women; 
ilivi.sion    of    the    United    Kingdom    into    equal 
electoral  dislriits;  vote  by  ballot;  ar   ual  parlia- 
ments; no  property  (|Uaiil1calion   for  members; 
and  a  payment  to  every  member  for  bis  legisla- 
tive services.     These  principles  so  quickly  rec- 
ommended   themselves  to  the    working  classes 
that  in  tlie  session  of  183!)  tlie  number  of  signa- 
tures III  a  petition  presented  to  Parliament  was 
upwards  of  a  million  and  a  quarter.     The  mid- 
dle ela.s.ses  almosl  univcsally  looked  with  ex- 
treme jeahnisy  and  apprehension  u|M)n  any  at- 
tempt for  an  extension  of  the  franchise.     The 
upper  class<s  for  the  most  part  rcgariled  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Cliartists  with  a  contenqit  which 
scarcely  concealed  their  fiars.     Tins  large  sec- 
tion of  the  working  populathm  very  smin  liecame 
divided   into  what  were    called    "physical-force 
Cliartists  anil   moral  force  Cliartists.     As  a  nat- 
ural ciinseiiuence.  the  principles  and  acts  of  the 
physical-force    Chartists   disgusted    every    sup- 
porter of  order  and  of  the  rights  of  proinrtv." — 
C;.  Kniifht,  ItiptiLir  Ili^t.  of  fii^..  r.  8.  ch.  23.— 
"  Nothing  can  be  more  unjust  tlian  to  represent 
the  leaders  and   promoters  of  the  movement  as 
mere    factious     and     si  If  seeking    demagogues. 
Some  of  them  were  men  of  gnat  ability  iiniT elo- 
quence; semie   were  impa.ssionid    young  poets, 
drawn  from  the  class  whom   Kingsley  has  de- 
scribi'd  in  his  'Alton  Locke";  .some  were  men  of 
education;  many  were  eaniestand  devoted  fanat- 
ics; and.  so  far  as  we  can  judge,  all,  or  nearly 
all,  were  sincere.     Even  the  man   who  did  the 
movement  most  barm,   and  who  made  liimscif 
most  odious  lo  all  rcasonalile  outsiders,  the  once 
famous,  no  ,    forgotten.   I'cargiis  O'Connor,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  sincere,  ami  t  i  luivc  person- 
ally lost  more  than  he  g;iineit  by  liis  Cli;irtism. 
.  .  .   Ill' was  of  commanding  presence,  great  stat- 
ure, and  almost  gigantic  strength,     lie  bad  edu 
cation ;  lie  had  mixed  in  gooil  .society  ;  be  belonged 
to  an  old  family.  .  .  .  'Fliere  wen'  nuiny  men  in 
the  movement  of   a  nobler  moral    nature  (ban 
poor,    huge,    wild     Feargiis    O'Connor.     There 
were    men   like  Thomas  Cooper.  .   .   .  devoted, 
impassioned,  full  of   poetic   aspiration,  and  no 


987 


ENGLAND.   IS38-184S. 


Ptnny  Vutiagr 


ENGLAND,  1840. 


i 


I! 


Hunt   nip«.siirc    of    poetic    inspiration   as   well, 
llrnry    Vincent   was  a   nmii   of   iininipeaclmble 
cliaracter.   .   .   .   Ernest  Jonet  was  ns  sincere  and 
wlf  sacrilicine  a  man  an  evir   joininl  a  sinking 
caiiw.  ...   It  Is  necesnary  to  rcail  giidi  a  b<H)k 
ax  Tliomas  Cooper's  AiiloliioRnipliy   to  umler- 
■tanil  liow  Pennine  was  the  jxKtic  and  political 
entlmsiiLsni  wliicli  was  at  llie  heart  of  the  Chart- 
I.Ht  iiiovemeni.  and  how  Iritter  was  the  siifTerinj? 
which  drove  into  iis  ranks  so  many  thoiisamls 
of  slout  workinir  men   wlio.   in  a  coiintrv  like 
England,  mitht  will  have  expected  to  lie  able 
to  live  by  the  hard  work  tliey  were  only  too  will- 
In);  to  dc.      One  must  read' the  Anti  Corn-Law 
Hliymes  of  Klienizer  Klliott  to  unders' ind  how 
the  ■  Imad  tax  '  iKc.ime  identilled  in  the  minds 
of  the  very  U'st  of  the  wiirking  class,  and  iden- 
tilied  justly,    willi  the  system  of  political  and 
economical    legislation  which  was  undoubtedly 
kept  np.  althonph  not  of  eon.scioua  puriwse.  for 
th'.'  iHiielit  of  a  clas.s.   ...  A  whole  literature  of 
Charti.st  newspapers  spranp  up  to  advocate  the 
cause.     The   '  Norlbern  Star.'  owned    and    con- 
ducted I)V  Keargus  O'Connor,  was  the  most  popu- 
lar and  mtluenlial    of   them;    but   every    great 
town  had  its  Chartist  pres.s.    Meetings  were  held 
at  which  soncjiimes  ver^-  violent  language  was 
employid    ...   A  foniudable  riot  t(H)k  place  in 
IJirmingliam.  where  the  authorities  endjavinircil 
to  put    down  a   Chartist   meeting.   .  .   .   EtTorts 
were  maih>  at  limes  to  bring  alnrnt  a  compromise 
with  the  middle  class  Lilnriilsand  the.  nti-Corn- 
Law  lea<lcrs;  but  all  such  atteinpl.s  proved  fail- 
ures.    Thi'  Cliarii>ts  wduld  not  give  up   their 
Charter:  many  of  them  would  not  renounce  the 
hope  of  s<eing  it  carrieil  by  force.     The  Oovcm- 
merit  iMgan  to  prosecute  som<!  of  the  orators  and 
leailcrs  of  the  Charter  iiKivcment ;  and  some  of 
these   were  convicted,  imprisomd    and    treated 
with  great  severity.     Henry  Viment's  imprison- 
ment at  Newport,  in  Wales,  was  the  occasion  of 
an  attempt  at  resiiie  [N'oveniber4.   1«3«]  which 
iKire  a  very  close  res<>mlilancc  indeed  to  a  scheme 
of  organised  and  nrmi-d  reb<llion."    A  conflict 
occurred   in   which   ten   of   the   Chartists  were 
kir.cd.   and  some  .50  were  wuuniled.      Three  of 
the  leaders,  named   Fro.st,  Williams,  and  Jones, 
were  tried  and  convicted  on  tlie  charge  of  high 
treason,   and   were  sentence il  to  death;  but  the 
sentence  was  commuted  to  one  of  transportation. 
'The  trial  ami  conviction  of  Frost.   Williams, 
and  .loni  s,  diil  not  put  a  stop  to  the  Chartist  agi- 
tation.    On  the  contrary,  that  agitation  MH'med 
rather  to  w.w  and  strengthen  and  grow  broader 
because   of    the    attempt   at    Newport   and    its 
conseipiinccs.   .    .    .    There  was  no  lack  of  what 
wcH'  called  energetic  measun  s  on  tlie  part  of  the 
(Joveriiment.     The  leading  Chartists  all  over  the 
country  wiic  prosicuti'd  anil  tried,  literally  by 
hiindre.ls      In    most  ca,ses  they  were  convicted 
and   senlenicd  to  terms  of   imprisonment.   .   . 
The  working  ilas.«'s  grew  more  and  more  bitter 
agaiii>t  the  Whigs,  w  ho  thev  said  h.id  prof.-ssed 
I.iheralism   miiy   to   gain   tfieir  own  ends.   .   ,   . 
Tiiere   was  a   pr.>f.iiind  distrust   of   the    middle 
d.'.ss  and  their  leaders.  "  and  it  was  for  that  rea 
son  that  tlie  Chartists  would  not  join  hands  with 
the  Anti  Corn  Law  movemen!.  Iheu  in  full  prog- 
ress.     "It  is  clear  that  at  that  time  the  Chart- 
ists,  who  represented    the   bulk   of   the  artisan 
class  in  most  of  the  large  towns,  did  in  their  very 
hearts  bi'lieve  that    England   was  ruled  for  the 
bi'neflt  of  ari.-itocri'.s  and  milM.^naires  wh.j  weft- 


absiiluuly  IndifTcrent  to  the  sutTeringn  of  the 
IxMir.  It  is  ecjually  clear  that  moat  of  what  .mj 
lalled  the  ruling  chiss  did  really  bcdieve  the  Kng 
lish  working  men  who  ioined  the  Chartist  move 
ment  to  lie  u  race  of  Iterte,  unmanageable,  luul 
stdlish  communists,  who,  if  they  were  allowiil 
their  own  way  for  a  moment,  would  prove  th.  ni 
selves  determined  to  overtlirow  throne,  altar,  iiml 
all  established  securities  of  society." — J.  .Me 
Carthy,  IIUI.  of  Our  Oirn  Timen,  e/i.  5  (r  li  _ 
Among  the  measures  of  ciKTcion  ailviKalnl  hi 
the  councils  of  the  Chartists  was  that  of  ap|i.iii)i 
ing  and  observing  what  was  to  be  callid  a 
'•'sacred  month,'  during  which  the  wurkim; 
classes  throughout  the  whole  kingiUmi  wen  i.j 
abstain  from  every  kind  of  labour,  iu  the  h"\«- 
of  compelling  the  governing  classes  to  com  i  ilc 
the  charter."— W.  N.  Molesworth,  /lit'.,  oft:,,: 
181)0-1874,  r.  2,  eh.  5. 

Also  in:  T.  CiHiiter,  Life,  by  himtelf  eh.  M -■':). 
— W.  Lovett.  Life  and  fUnii/glet,  eh.  S-ll  T 
Fnist,  Fiirtji  Ymm'  Ileenlleetiont,  eh.  3-11—11 
Jephs<m,  Thel'latfiinn.jil.i.eh.nanilWii  •.>) 
A.  D.  1839-1842.— The  Opium  War  with 
China.     See  China:  A.  D.  W19-1842. 

A.  D.  1840.— Adoption  of  Penny-Poitaee.- 
"In  1837  .Mr.  IJowland  Hill  had  publishe.l  his 
plan  of  a  cheap  and  uniform  postage.  A  (  om- 
mittee  of  the  House  of  Ccmmous  was  appoiniij 
iu  1837,  which  continued  its  inciuirics  through- 
out the  session  of  1838.  and  arrived  at  the  cin- 
viction  that  tlie  plan  was  fea.sible,  and  deserving 
of  a  trial  under  legislative  sanction.  AfUr  uiiuli 
discussion,  and  the  ex()eriment  of  a  v;ir\iii( 
charge,  the  uniform  rate  for  a  letter  not  w.  inlj 
Ing  more  than  half  an  ounce  became,  by  or.i- 1  ,if 
the  Treasury,  one  penny.  This  great  n  f  riii 
came  intooperation  on  the  10th  of  January,  1^411. 
Its  final  accomplishment  is  mainly  due  to  tlif  sa- 
gacity and  perseverance  of  the  man  who  tirst  ci.ri- 
ceived  the  scheme." — C.  Knight,  Croirit  llixi.  ,ij 
Eng.,  p.  883.  —  "  Up  toth's  time  the  rates  of  pus 
tage  on  letters  were  very  le  avy.  and  varidi  nc- 
conling  to  the  distance.  For  instance,  a  siii,'le 
letter  conveyed  from  one  part  of  a  town  to  an- 
other cost  2d. ;  a  letter  fre)in  Heading,  to  Londun 
7(1. ;  from  Brighton,  8d. ;  fn>m  AlK'rdeen,  Is.  Iljd. ; 
from  Belfast,  la  4d.  If  the  letter  was  writ- 
ten on  more  than  a  single  sheet,  the  rati'  of  pos 
tage  was  much  higher."— \V.  N.  Molesworili, 
llift.  ofKng..  1830-1874,  e.  2,  eh.  1. 

Also  IN:  O.  B.  Hill.  Life  of  Sir  Riiri.nul  Jliil 
A.  D.  1840.— The  Queen's  marriaee.— "  On 
J.tnuary  18, 1840,  the  Queen,  opening  iTirliaiaint 
in  iierson,  announced  her  intention  to  niarrv  her 
cousin.  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe  Coburg  Goili.'i-  a 
step  which  she  tnisteil  would  lie  •condu.in-  to 
tlie  interests  of  my  people  as  well  as  to  inv  "wn 
domestic  happiness.'  ...  It  was  indeed  a"  iii;ir- 
riage  founded  on  affi-ction.  .  .  .  The  Que.  ti  luul 
for  a  long  time  loved  her  cousin.  He  w:i>  n.  irlv 
her  own  age,  the  Queen  Ining  the  elder  lp\  iline 
months  and  two  or  three  days.  Francis  (  lurlis 
.Augustus  AllM'rt  Emmanuel  was  the  full  ri  uiu' 
of  the  young  Frince.  He  was  the  second  >  n  if 
Ernesl,  Duke  of  Saxe Coburg-Saalfeld.  ;i:i'l  tif 
his  wife  lyouisa.  daughter  of  Augustus,  !>»>'■  u( 
Saxe  (iotlia-Alt<'nlH'rg.  Prince  Alliert  was  |},,ni 
at  the  Itosenau,  one  of  his  father's  resid.ii.es, 
near  Coburg,  on  August  26,  181fl.  ...  A  mar 
riage  iH'tween  the  Princess  Victoria  and  Prince 
Allx'rt  had  Ik'cu  thought  of  as  desirable  aiiioog 
the  families  on  botii  sides,  but  it  was  aittnii 


988 


ENGLAND,  1840. 


rrrl  and 
the  t'ltm  iMte». 


ENGLAND,  1846. 


n isriy  refmlrnl  tliat  notliinf;  8linulil  hr  snM  to  tlu.' 
yniinj;  PniK'i'Wt  on  the  stilijrci  iitilcsH  she  licrwif 
kIkiwciI  u  ilistiix't  likiiiK  roi'licrroiisin.  In  IM:jt|. 
I'rime  AllKTt  wns  l)roiii;lit  by  liin  fiitlicTto  Kii«- 
l»nit.  iiiicl  iimilc  the  (HrMiiml  u('<|iiaiiiltiiii'L'  of  tliu 
I'rinnss.  nnd  »lic  wi'ini*  at  onie  to  Inivi!  lu'iii 
ilni»n  towuni  him  in  tlic  iiianiitT  wliirh  liirruiii- 
i)v  Hiiil  frit'iids  woiiltl  tnoHt  Ititve  ili'sircil.  .  .  . 
Till'  iiiiirriaKe  of  tlic  Qiiicii  and  tlio  I'rince  look 
phii'ii.u  Kibriniry  10  IHK)."— J.  JliCartliy,  /U,t. 
,:f(Jiir  Oini  Time*,  rh.  7  (c.  1). 

A.  D.  1841-1843.— Interference  in  Afghanis- 
tan.—The  first  Afghan  War.  Sw  Akoma.mh- 
tan:  a.  I).  IWCt-lwW;  1h:)H-1H42;  l«4i-lH(m. 

A.  D.  1841-1842.— Fall  of  the  Melbourne 
Ministry.— Opening  of  the  second  administra- 
tion of  Sir  Robert  Peel.— In  1H41,  tlic  \Vlil« 
Ministry  (McllKiiirnc's)  (Ict'Tniinctl  "to  do  Siinir- 
tliini;  fiT  frci'doniof  tradi'.  .  .  .  Colonial  timlHT 
ami  sujfar  wcri'  iliar^i  d  w  ilh  n  duty  liiiiiUT  than 
was  inipoM'd  on  foreign  tiinlHT  iinti  8iigar:  und 
fiircifrn  siipir  paid  ulightrmr  n  hciivicr  du*y  ac- 
ciiriiin^  as  it  was  iuportcd  fnnn  <>(iuntri(-s  of 
slave  liUiiir  or  countries  of  frci'  lalH)ur.  It  was 
resolved  to  raise  the  tluty  on  colonial  timber,  but 
to  lower  the  duty  on  foreign  tinilHT  and  forcijjn 
suLMr.  and  at  the  same  time  to  replace  the  slid- 
iiiL'  srile  (if  the  Corn  Laws  then  in  force  [si'e 
TutlKK  I.KOISI.ATION  (E.voi.AM)) ;  A.  1).  ISl.V 
Is'Js]  Willi  n  lixed  duly  of  Hs.  per  <|uarter,  .  .  . 
Tlieeimei'ssion  lolTereii  Ity  the  Slinistry.  tiMisniall 
1(1  CM  lie  the  enlhusiasin  of  the  free  traders,  were 
ciKiu^'li  to  rally  all  the  threatened  inleresis  around 
I'lil  liariiig  s  revision  of  the  siiL'ar  duties  was 
rcjedcd  by  a  niajcirity  of  ;)tl.  EveiylHidy  e\- 
peeled  ihe  .Ministers  to  resiiMi  upon  this  defeat; 
hill  tiny  merely  uunoiiniid  the  continuance  of 
the  foriuir  duties.  Then  I'cel  pive  notice  of  a 
virleof  want  of  conliih'nce,  and  larried  il  011  the 
lili  of  .liiiie  by  a  single  vole  hi  a  llou.se  of  (ij;t 
nieniliers.  Instead  of  resicnini.'.  the  .Ministers 
appialed  to  the  country.  The  elections  went  on 
tliMUirh  the  last  ilays  of  June  and  the  whole  of 
.Inly.  When  the  new  Parliament  was  complete, 
it  upix'.ired  that  the  Conservalives  coiihl  count 
upon  ;Hi7  votes  in  the  House  of  ('ominous.  The 
Miiiislry  met  Parliament  on  the  24lli  of  August. 
I'c  el  in  the  llouseof  Ciimmons  anil  Ui|ion  in  the 
House  of  Lords  moved  nniendments  to  the  Ail- 
ilress.  «  hieli  were  carried  by  majorities  of  !)1  and 
72  respeclively."  The  Jliiiistrv  resigned  and  a 
Ciiiiservative  (iovcrnmeiit  was  formed,  w  itii  I'eel 
111  its  iiead.  as  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury.  ■  AVel- 
linu'lon  entered  the  Cabinet  without  lilHce,  nnd 
l.yivlliiirsi  assumed  for  the  third  time  the  honours 
of  l.'irdChaneellor."  Among  tl^  lesser  niemliers 
of  the  .Vdministration- notin  the  Cabinet —  was 
Mr  Hhidsione.  who  liecame  Vice-l'iesident  of 
the  l!o;o.l  of  Trade.      -This  time    Peel  e.xperi- 

'"'■I'l  lillieiilty  with  regard  i     the  Qikh-u's 

Ihiiiselii.M.  It  hail  been  previouslv  arranged 
lliiii  111  ilie  ease  of  Ixird  .MellMmrnes  "resignation 
three  Whig  I/i,lies.  the  Uuchess  of  Ileilfonl.  the 
lliielii-s  of  .Siuherland,  and  Ladv  Norinanbv, 
sleiiilil  re-i^r,,  (,f  ihc-irown  accord.'  One  or  two 
■  'llMiei^mL'esinthe  Household  contented  Peel, 
aii.l  ilies,'  111,.  Queen  accorded  with  a  frankness 
will' Il  pl.ued  him  entirely  at  hi.s  ease.  .  .  .  Diir- 
inL,'  the  recess  Pi'cl  tiMik  a  wide  survoj-  of  the  ills 
uireeiini;  the  commonwealth,  and  of  the  p«9.silile 
reiiK.iies.  To  supply  the  ileflciency  in  the  reve- 
iijie  wiiliout^  lnyiiig  new  burthens  u|)on  the  liuin- 
.•.■:■  ;;::..-  ;.-.  rtvlvc  our  faiuiiiig  maniii.u turea 


by  -ncoumKing  the  importation  of  raw  material; 
to  B.s.suage  distress  by  making  the  price  of  pro- 
visions hiHii  and  more  regular,  without  taking 
awiiv  that  protecthin  which  he  still  iMlieved  es- 
sentnil  to  Hiilish  iigricultiiii':  tliesi'  were  the 
tasks  whUli  Peel  now  iH^ut  his  mind  to  compass. 
.  .  .  Having  solved  [the  probhnis]  to  Ids  o\.n 
satisfaction,  he  had  to  persuade  his  colleagues 
that  they  were  rit'lit.  Only  one  proved  obstinate. 
The  Duke  of  lliickinghiim  would  hear  of  no 
change  in  the  degree  "of  proliclion  iitTorded  to 
ngriciillure.  He  suvreiidered  the  Privy  Seal, 
whidi  was  given  to  the  Duke  of  Iliicclcugh.  .  .  . 
The  (Jiicens  Speech  leidmmeniled  Parliament 
to  consider  the  slalcof  the  laws  airecting  the  im- 
poitalion  of  corn  and  ollii  r  commcKlilies.  It  an- 
nounced till'  Ik  ginning  of  a  revolution  whuh  few 
persons  in  Fnglainl  thought  pos.sible.  alllioiigli  It 
was  to  be  coniphted  in  little  more  than  ten  years." 
—V.  C.  .Montague,  l.ifiofsir  U^nrt  I'til.  rh.  7-8. 

Also  in:  .1.  U.  Thiirsliehl,  Pal,  cli.  7-8 —W. 
C.  Taylor,  l.ifciiiiil  ■///,„»  „f  Sir  Uiiliert  I'eel,  v. 
3,  rh.  :(-.■). — I.  \V.  Croker,  CorrenmiiUenre  and 
Ili.ni.i,  ,■'..  '.'-J  (;'    ',•). 

A.  D.  184a.— The  Ashburton  Treaty.     See 

VniTKI)  SlATKs  (IK  .\M    :    .\.    I ).    1S1'.> 

A.  D.  1844,— The  Bank  Charter  Act,     See 

MnSKV  AMI  HaN'aINO  :    .\     I).    |S4I 

A.  D.  1845-1846  -Repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws. 

See  Ta II IK'-  Li.iiiM.AMoN  :  .\.  I).  IM  ,Vlls|(! 

A.  D.  1 84s- 1 846.— First  war  with  the  Sikhs. 
See  India:  A.  I).  1N4.'>-1M4!». 

A.  D.  1846.— Settlement  of  the  Oregon 
Boundary  Question  with  the  United  States. 
See  OliKiiiiN:  A.  I).  lS44-ls4li. 

A.  D.  1846.— The  vengeance  of  the  Tory- 
Protectionists.— Overthrow  of  Peel.— Advent 
of  Disraeli  —Ministry  of  Lord  John  Russell.— 
■'Siraiige  to  say.  Ihe  ilay  when  ihe  liill  [cxlin- 
piiisliiug  the  diUies  on  c'irii|  was  read  in  the 
House  of  Lords  for  tiie  Ihir.l  lime  [.luiie  •J.'il  saw 
the  fall  of  Peels  Miiiisliy.  The  f:ill  was  due  to 
the  state  of  Irelaiiil.  The  G'.veriiiiieiit  hud  been 
biiiiging  in  a  <  oiicion  liill  f'.r  Ireiaii.l.  It  was 
iiitroiliiccd  while  the  Com  liill  was  yet  passing 
throiigli  the  House' of  Commons.  The  siiuation 
w.is  critical.  All  the  Irish  lolloweis  of  .Mr. 
OCouiiell  would  lie  sure  to  oppose  the  CiKrcion 
liill.  The  LIIkimI  party,  at  least  when  out  of  uf- 
liei'.  had  iisiiuily  made  i't  their  |uinei|ilc  to  o|iposo 
Cisrcion  Hills,  if  ilu'y  «,ie  not  attended  with 
some  pioiuisisof  legi^lalii.'  relorin.  The  Kiig- 
lish  Uailical  menibeis.  leil  by  .Mr.  Colidenand  .Mr. 
liright.  were  cerl.iiii  to  oppose  cs'icion.  If  the 
pi'ileclionists  should  j..iii  witii  lijese  oilur  oppo- 
iients  of  the  Cinnioii  Hill,  the  f:iie  of  the 
measure  was  assim.l,  and  Willi  it  the  fate  of  the 
(loveriuueiit.  This  wasexacily  what  happened. 
Kit'lily  I'roiectioiii^is  followed  Lord  Georire  Hen- 
tiiick  into  till'  lohliy  aL'aiiist  the  Hill,  in  coiiibinn- 
ti.m  Willi  tie  ''lee  Tiaders,  the  Whigs,  and  die 
Irish  Caiho!  '  national  members.     Tlicdiii- 

si'iii  look  11'  .he  second  leading  of  ihe  Hill  on 

Thursday.  .,  ..">.  and  there  was  a  ma jorilv  of 

7:l:iL'.iiiiM  llie  .>  jii^iry." — 1  .MeCarlliv,  77,,  A;)-^'* 
•'/  llifi'ini.  /..  is:!.— riie  rcven^'cful  Tory  I'lotec- 
tioiiisl  allark  on  Peel  was  led  hy  Sir  Heorge 
Henliiick  and  Heiijauiin  Disrieli.  tiien  just  mak- 
ing himself  lell  ill  the  II. 'Use  of  Comiliolis,  It 
was  distinctly  groiindeil  up.ni  no  olpjeetion  in 
principle  to  'the  Irisii  C.iereioii  Hill,  but  on  the 
declaration  that  they  could  "no  longer  trust  Peel, 
uud,  '  must  liiereioie  reluse  to  gi\  u  him  unc'iu&'i* 


989 


|jTl?f?i 


ENGLAND.  1«4« 


TV  ChartiMlg 


ENGLAND,  184»-1830. 


5i 


tuttonnl  powprs.'.   .   .   He   hml    twice   N'tniyol 
the  party   who  liml   tniKtid   his  prciiiiiMw.    .   .  . 
'The  (retitlinien  iif    Kn^'hiiiil.'  cif    whum  it  hud 
onec  iH'eii  Sir  ItolHrt  h  priiuileat   IxuiHt  In  Im'  Ihi- 
Under,  deeliinil  aniiiiist  liiiii.     lie  wiis  ln-uleii  |jy 
■II  iiverpiiwi  rinj;  iiiiijiirily.  niid  liis  ciireer  an  an 
Eii^rliHli  Minister  was  ricwd.     Diiiraeli  h  Imd  Inch 
the  hand  whiih  dethrniieil   liliii.  and  to  Disraeli 
liiinsi'lf,  aTurthne  years  of  anan  liy  ami  nneer- 
tiinty.    (h.suniled    ilie   task   of    again   liiiildiiig 
tocetlier  the  sliatlend  ruins  of  the  Conservative 
party.     Very  nii«illini;ly  tjav  snhinitti'il  to  the 
unwelcome  "neeessiiy       ('anninj;  ami   the  elili  r 
I'itI  had  Ipoth  liein  called  adventurers,  Init  they 
had  liirlh  .iiid  conneelion.  and  they  were  at  least 
Kiiirlishini  ti.     Disraeli  hail  risen  oiit  of  adespisi'il 
r.i(  I  ;  lie  had  never  Kind  for  their  favours;  he 
had   Miled  Mild   spoken   as   lie  pleased,  whether 
they  likeil  ii  or  iioi     .   .   .    ||c  was  without  Court 
favour,  and  had  hardly  a  powerful  friend  except 
Lord   l.yndhnist.     lie"  li.id  niver  Ueii   tried  on 
the  lower  steps  of  the  olll(  iai  laddir.      lie  was 
voiinjr.  tiHi-  only  -IJ  — after  all  the  stir  that  he 
had  inaile      There  was  no  example  of  n  rise  so 
sudden   under  such  conditions.     Hut   the   Tory 
parly  had  ai  cepli  il  and  elieeied  his  .services,  and 
he  stiuid  out  alone  anion:,'  them  as  a  ih'liatiT  of 
Buperior  power.     Their  own  Ir.iiiied  nun  had  all 
ilesi  rUil  Ihiiii.     I^ird  (ieorL'eninaineil  foravear 
or  twi>  as  nominal  chief:  Init  Lord  (ieorge  (tied  ; 
the  ciaiservalins  coiihl  only  ciaisolidate  tliein- 
Rclves  under  a  rial  leailer.  and   Disraeli  was  the 
BiiiL-le  person  that  tliey  li.id  w  ho  was  eipial  to  the 
situation    .   .   .    He  had  overthrown  I'eel  and  suc- 
ceeded to  I'cels  honours.  "—.I.  A.  Fronde,  h'lil 
li,in,iiHti,l,l,  ch.   ',1— .MlhoiiL'h  the  Tory  I'rolee- 
tionisis  had  aeeomplislicd  the  overthrow"  of  I'eel, 
thiy  were  not  prepared  Intake  the  (lovirnnient 
Into  their  own    hands.     The   new  Ministry  was 
formed  under  Lord  .lohn  Uu.ssi'll.  as  First  Lonl  of 
tlieTieasiiry.  nilli  Uird  I'alnierslonintlie  Foreii.'n 
Ollice.  SirCeorftetirey  in  the  Home  Department, 
Earl  (iiey  Colonial  Serelarv,  Sir  C.WikhI  Chan- 
cellor of  the  Excheijuer,  ami  Mr.  Maiaulav  Pay- 
master tieneral.—W.   C.  Taylor,  /./le  ,ii,ii  Timn 
of  Sir   UoIhiI  l't,i.  r.   'A.  rl,'  n.—'n,,.   ii„,st   j,,,. 
portant  enaelmenl  of  the  Cinrcion  Kill  •'(which 
suliseipieiiily  fi:\\v  it   the  name  of  the  Curfew 
Aeii  was  that   which  conferred  on  the  e.veiaiiive 
Govirnment  the  power  in  priK-lainnd  disiriets  of 
forliiddin.i;  jaTsoiis  to  lie  out  of  their  dwellinirs 
lielweeii  sunset  and  sunrise.     The  riirht  of  pro- 
claiming; a  district    as  a  ilistiirlied  distriit  was 
plaee.l  in  the  hands  of  the  Lord-Lieiitenaiil.  who 
iniirlit  slalinii  additional  const.-iliulary  there,  the 
whole  1  \pi  Use  of   w  hicll    was  to  he  li'onie  liv  the 
disirirl.' — ,1.    F.  liright.  Ili-^t.  "f  Emj.,  jxrliU 
p.  l:>7. 

.Xi,-..  IN:  S.  \V;ilpo|c.  /.,7V  ..f  f^irt!  J.Jin  I!u»- 
ttU.  rl,.  \i\  w  1),  — 1!.  Di~r:ieli,  Aonf  Ueorrje  /i/i- 
tinrk.  .'.      U~lli. 

A.  D.  1846. -Difference  with  France  on  the 
Spanish  marriages,  .s.e  Fkanci:  .\.  I)  l-m- 
1^P< 

A.  D.  1848.— The  last  Chartist  demonstra- 
tion.— "'I  l»  iiii'l-.'  violri,!  (■|i:crliNls  had  lirr^Keu 
from  Hic  l{i.ii':il  ri  lormrrs.  and  li:id  lluiu^c.vis 
divi  led  ini.p  iw.,  siriions:  for  tlieir  leniiimd 
leader.  Fi  ;irirus  irconnor.  w;is  j,t  hilier  eiiiniiy 
with  inon-  liion.uirii-'oiii::  and  earnest  leaders 
such  as  O'lirim  .iiid  (  00 per,  O'Connor  had  not 
proved  :i  viiy  illi,  inu  jruide.  lie  had  enlend 
iutu  a  ;;;ad  ;<^i..  i.,,  ,,!  .,  .~..iii.:v\I,.il  doul.iful  eimr 


«cler.   .  .   .   Hehml  nlw)  Injiidlclniislytakrn  upi 
ivosilli'ii   of  active    hostility  to  the  "free  Iriid.  rs, 
and  w  Idle  thus  «pprariii)f  an  the  champion  ,,1  [ 
falliiij,'  cause   had   alh'iiated   many  of   his  ^i^,. 
porters.      Yet  the  Parliament  electi'd  in  INpi,,,,, 
taiiied    several    n^preseniaiives  of    the   Ch:^rli^t 
priiiciiilcs,  and  O'Connor  him.self  had  l«  1  n   n 
Inrmd     for   .Nottingliain    hy    11   larjre   neij.riiy 
over  lloliliiaise,  a  meinU'r  (if  the  new  Miiii>iry 
The    revolution    in    France   pave  n   Biiihleii  :iii,l 
enormous  impulse  to  the  a^ritat'on.     The  1..1111 
try  was   tilled  with    inceiiiifrs  at  which  \  I  .li  m 
speeches  wcri'    uttered   and  hints,  not  ohs.  ur.-, 
dropped  of  the  foreilileestalilishinent  of  a  npili- 
lii'  in    Kn^'laml.     A  new  (  onvention  w:is  sum 
moiled  for  the  flth  of  April,  a  vast  petition  ui, 
prepareil,  and  a  meelinv.  at  which  it  was  h.  ii.  v,  ,1 
that    half  a  million  of  people    would  have  I'nn 
present,  was  Kummoned  to  meet  nn  Keiiiiiii::!,  n 
Comninn  on  the  tilth  of  A|>ril  for  the  piirpoM-  uf 
earryiiiK  the  petilion  to  the  House  in  priK  es.^l.lll 
The  alarm  felt  in  London  was  very  (ireai     li 
was  tlioii;;lit  necessJiry  to  swear  in  s|aii;il  i  un. 
slaldcs,  and  the  weallhier  elasws  came  forwiirl 
ill  vast  nnnitiers  to  lie  enrolled,     'fhcre  are  s:ii,l 
to  have    Imch    no  lesx  than  ITd.OIKI  speei.d  cm- 
stnhhs.      The   military  amingeinenls   wen-  en- 
trusted to  the  Duke  of  \Vellini;ton;  the  piil.lic 
ottlees  were  L'liarded  and  fortitieil;  pulilicvi  hieliH 
were  forhidih-n  to  pass  Ihe  streets  lest  tliev  slj..iil,l 
lie  employed  for  barricades;  and  nieasirn  s  win 
taken   to   prevent  the  procession  from   <  ro,>ing 
tlie  bridires.   .   .   .   Such  a  display  of  (leleriiiin:i- 
tion   W'cined   almost  riiliciilous  when  conipirnl 
with  what  actually  ix'eurred.     But  it  was  in  fiit 
Ihe  causi'  of  the  liarmless  nature  of  the  meeiiiit' 
Instead    of    half  a   million,    alKiut   30,(iiiii  men 
ns,semlile(l   iin    Keniiinfrtou   Common.       Fi:iri;us 
O'Connor  was  there;    .Mr.    Maine,   the  CnMiiiii-i- 
sioner  of  Police,  called  him  asiih>.  told  Iniii  ho 
mijiht  hold  his  ineetiiii.'   hut  that  the  pr.Kvs,i.,n 
would  he  stop|H-d,  anil    that  he  would   In-  li.  Iil 
personally  respoiisihle  for  aiiv  disorder  lli:it  minU 
meur.     His  heart  hail  alreaiiy  lM>.'un  to  lull  Miii. 
and  he  .  .  .   used  all  his  iiiiruence  to  put  an  1  iii 
to  the  procession.     His  |iriideiit  advice  w:is  f..l. 
lowed,   and    no  disturlianee  of  anv  iiu|iorl;i'Ho 
took  place.  .   .  .  The  airof  riilicnIe"lhro«ii  e\(r 
the  Chartist  moveineiit  liy  the  aliorlive  close  .fa 
(leinonslr.iliou  wliicii  hail  Ikth  heralded  «ii;, -1 
iiincli  violent  talk  was  increa.sed  liv  the  1I1-.  In- 
sures attendinj;  Ihe  presentation  of  t"he  peiiii"ii" 
There  were  found    to   he  only  2.l)Uii.U00   ii:ime< 
appended  to  the  diM'ument.  instead  of  ."eoiiiHiiiij 
us  ( lainied.   and    tfreat   niimlK'ra  of  tin  m  urrs 
inunifesily   spurious.      "This   failure    pMv,  1  ;i 
ileuthhlow  to  Chartism."—,!.  F.  Hrij;lit.  Ih-l  ■/ 
h'l,;/..  ihimI  -i,  ii/i.  ITIHTS. 

Also  IN:  S.  Walpoh'.  //(■./.</ /•.'«,/,  /';■.,,,  l^I,-, 
<'/i.  '.'n(/-.  4). 

A.  D.  1848-1849.— Second  war  with  th« 
Sikhs.— Conquest  and  annexation  of  the  Pun- 
jab.    .SelMUV:  .V    D.  lS4.-,-ist!l 

A.  D.  1849.— Repeal  of  the  Navigation  Laws. 
See  N\vi(;vrioN  Laws:  \.  1).  isp.i 

A.  D.  1849-1850.— The  Don  Pacifico  Affair, 
—Lord  Palmerston's  speech,— Tiie  linii   .ii;ii- 

Cllllv  willltireece  which  c:ime  lo.i  crivi-i:i  llje 
l:ist    weeks    of     1H|1)    „lid    the    first    of     Is,",  I   >.,f 

(iiiKKci::  A,  1),  ls4f.-Isi,Vh.  „„d  which  w  i i 

nioiily  called  the  Don  Pacilieo  .\;Tair.  ■.':ne<i.:i- 
sioii  for  a  menioralile  speeeh  in  Parliaim  '.  liy 
Lord    (':ilnierslou,  UetoudiUL'  his    loreiuu  o  .liiT 


990 


ENGLAND,   imO-1850, 


l>ilm*rBtoH  anil 
tht  f\ench  Coup  itttat. 


ENGLAND,  1881-1888. 


ii;.-;,iri*t  nllarkn.  The  speech  (,Iiinp  24,  IH.Vt). 
Hhiih  ii((  iipicd  live  liimrs,  "  frum  the  dusk  of 
em  \\:\\  till  lliedawn  iif  iinothiT,"  wm  >;reutlv 
ailiirireil,  mill  pniviil  ItniiieiiM'ly  elleelive  In  riiln 
ill.' ihi^iMiiker'sn  piiliitlDii.  "The  Don  I'lieillei) 
ililmle  WIS  nnipiij-llipimhiv  iin  iin|><)rUint  hind 
iiiiirk  in  llie  llfi'  (if  Lord  I'lilnicTNton.  llitherlo 
hi-  Mil  rill  liiiil  heen  known  only  In  ii  selii  t  few; 
f.rilie  llriti-.h  pnliliediK's  not'niid  Dine  IJiKiks. 
mill  iH  a  rnh'  Iroulihs  itself  very  Utile  uhont 
fi.niL'ii  pnlitiis  at  all.  .  .  .  lint  the  I'ueillro 
Kpn  1  h  (aiJiilit  the  ear  of  the  nation,  and  wii.t  re- 
oiviil  with  a  universal  verdiet  of  approval. 
KriiMi  tliiit  hiiur  Lord  I'alinerston  iM'canie  the 
man  of  llie  peojde,  and  his  rise  to  the  premier 
Kliip  only  ft  question  of  time."— L.  ('.  Sunders, 
l.if>  ■■/  Vi>*''ottnt  l'iihiu'r:<f"n,  eh.  H. 

.Vi.so  IN.  Marquis  of  Lome.  Viiiciinit  P,ilm- 
fr,l;ii,  (•//.  7.— ,1.  .McCiirlhy,  Ifint.  of  (fur  (Jirn 
7m,.».  i-/i.  19  (r.  2). — I.  Morley,  /.ili  of  Co^l,ii, 
r  '.'.  .'(  a.— T.  -Martin.  Life  of  the  J'rinw  I'onnort 
(•/(.  '■','*  ir.  ■,'). 

A.  D.  1850.— The  so-called  Clayton-Bulwer 
Treaty  with  the  United  States,  establishing  a 
joint  protectorate  over  the  projected  Nicara- 
gua Canal.     Nf  .N|(  AiiMiiA:  A.  I>.  18,50. 

A.  D.  1850.— Restoration  of  the  Roman 
Episcopate.— The  Ecclesiastical  Titles  BiU. 
See  l'vi'v(V:  A.  I).  IMlt 

A.  D.  iSso-iSsj.— The  London  protocol  and 
treaty  on  the  Schleswig-Holstein  Question. 
Si  Si  AsniN.wnN  Statks  (Dkn.maiik):  a  1» 
ls(N-|si;-,i 

A.  D.  1851.  -The  Great  Exhibition.— 'Thi' 

(iWnf.Muy,  IS.-d.  will  alwavs  he  meinorahle  as 
the  day  on  whieh  the  Great  K.xhihition  was 
(ipiniil  in  llyile  I'ark.  .  .  .  Many  exhibiti(nis  of 
n  similar  kind  have  taken  plaee  sinee.  Home  of 
tliiv  far  s.irpiissed  that  of  llvde  I'ark  in  the 
spli  n.liiiir  and  variety  of  the  eo'lleelions  lirouiiht 
tii^i  tlur.  T\v.;  of  them  at  hast  —  those  of  I'liris 
in  IsiiT  and  IsTS-  were  inflnitelv  superior  in  the 
array  unil  di-phiy  of  t|„.  pn«luit.s,  the  ilres.ses 
the  inhahiiants  of  f ;r-(livii!ed  eountnes.  Hut 
the  impression  whieh  the  Hyde  Park  Exhibit  ion 
iiiaili'  upon  the  ordinary  mind  was  like  that  of 
the  hoys  tirst  visit  to  the  play  — an  imprcsshin 
never  to  lie  equalleil.  ...  It  was  the  first  or- 
(raiiisid  til  (ratlier  all  the  representatives  of  the 
Worlds  industry  into  one  gri'at  fair.  .  .  .  The 
In.le  I'ark  Kxliiliilion  wivs  often  descrilXMl  as 
Uie  festival  1,1  i,|,,.u  the  loiij,'  rei);n  of  IVace  It 
miL'lit.  as  a  mere  matter  of  <hroniilo>,'v  lie  railed 
»»iii.ut  any  impropriety  the  festival  "to celebrate 
llie  I  Ii-e  i.f  tiie  short  leiirn  of  Peace.  From  that 
.11  ir.  l''.!  It  may  lie  said  fairly  cnoujrh  Unit  the 
""iM  has  hardly  known  a  week  of  pence. 
III!  Iii-I  idea  of  the  Kxhibition  wasconceiveil  iiv 
Iniic,  .\ll„ii:andit  was  his  enerKv  and  intlu- 
I-  I  Aiii.i,  v,i,-,.,.,.,|,.,i  in  ..arryiiij;  tiie  idea  into 
l|!..ih,  ex.eiition.  .  .  .  Many  persons  were 
iii-l.-i  1   1,,  Mieer  at   ii ;    many   were   sceptical 

" ,",'!;  .''""I-  ■'")•  g'Kxl;   iiiit  a  few  still  n- 

;-irl..l  I  nil.,.  Alliirtasu  fiirei-mx  ami  a  pel 
"III.  and  u.re  slow  to  l„.Iicve  that  anvthin:; 
ri  ;i..,i  i'Li,  iu.d  wa.s  likely  to  be  developed"  under 

,'r  "TT\"!"l  l"'"''-'''i""-  •  ■  There  was  n 
.'■  ii  I.,  al  of  dilhrully  in  seleetijii'  a  plan  for  the 
V,  ■  •  llappil.v.  a  sudden  inspiration 
Mr  iifiirward  Sir  .loseph)  Paxton.  who 
'■'  I"  I  harire  of  tin-  Duke  of  Devon.shin-'s 
^i-iiniis  at  fhaisworth.  Why  not  trv 
';  he  asked  himself.  .  .  .   Mr.  Pa.x 


liiiii 
Urn. 


au.i  i 


Ion  sketched  out  his  plan  hastily,  and  the  idea 
waseayerly  mcepted  by  the  Itoyal  Commiimlon 
■I  lie  maile  many  linproveiiientH  iifti'rwards 
111  hiH  desi^fii;  but  the  iialiice  of  plass  and  iron 
arose  niihin  the  s|M(iileil  time  on  the  green  turf 
of  Hyde  Park."—,!.  McCarthy,  /liil  of  Our  Oum 
Itiion,  rh.  'i\  {r.  2). 
Also  IN:  T.  M.in\u,r,iff.ofthrl'rihO-Vimi>rt 

rh.  ;!a-;t(i,  :i»,  4j-»:i(r,  2). 

A.    D.    i8si-i8sa.- The    Coup    d'Etat    in 
France  and  Lord  Palmerston's  dismissal  from 
the  Cabinet.— Defeat  and  resignation  of  Lord 
John  Russell.— The  first  Derby-Disraeli  Min- 
istry and  the  Aberdeen  coalition  Ministry.— 
Ihe     ■loiip  delaf  of  DecemlMT  2nd,  \Kt\,  by 
whii  h  Louis  Napoleon  made  himself  nuiHltT  of 
France  (see  Piu.M  K:  A.  I).  IS,'*!)  l>n)UKlit  ubout 
the  disnii8.siil  of  Uird  Palmerstun  fnim  the  Urillsh 
.Ministry,  foUowed  (|uickly  by  the  overthrow  of 
the  .Ministry  which  expclhd  him.     "  Lord  Palm- 
ciston    not  only   expressed    privately  to   Count 
Walewski  [the  KriiK  h  ambiissador)  his  approval 
of  the  '(impdetat,'  but  on  the  Idth  of  December 
wrote  a  despatch  to  LonI   .Nornianbv,  our  repre- 
sentative in  Paris,  exiiressiii({  Instro'ns  terms  his 
satisfaction  at  the  aiiiceas  of  Ihe  French  Presi- 
dent s  arbitrary  action.     This  ih'spntch  was  not 
submilted  either  to  the  Prime  MinisUTor  to  the 
Queen,  and    of  course   the   olfeiicc    was  of  too 
serious  a  (liamcter  to  be  passid  over.     A  L'reat 
deal   of  correspoiKhiice  en.sued,  and  ns  Palmer 
ston's  explanations  were  not  deemed  satisfiutory, 
and  he  had  dearly  broken  the  uiidert.ikinu  be 
L'ave  .some  lime  iireviouslv.    he   was  dismis,se<l 
from  ollice.   .   .   .  Thire  were  some  who  IhouKht 
him  irretrievalily  crushed    from    this  lime   for 
ward;  but  a  very  short  time  only  elapsed  iM'fore 
he  retrieved   his  fortunes  and  was  as  powerful 
as  ever.     In  February   1S.-.2  I>.rd  .lolm  Uus,sell 
brouglit  in  a  .Militia  liili  which  w.w  intended  to 
devehip  a   liKal  militia  for  the  defence  of  the 
country.     Lord  Palmerston  strongly  disapproved 
of  the  scope  of  the  iiieasun-,  and  in  committee 
moved  an  amendimnt  to  omit  the  woni  Mocal," 
so  as  to  constitute  a  regular  militia,  which  should 
1h>  legally  transportable  all  over  the  kingdom 
and  thus  l«  always  n  ady  for  any  emergency. 
The  (Jovernment  were  defeated   by  eleven  votes, 
and  as  the  .\dministration  had   been  very  weak 
for    some    time.    Lord    .lolin    resigned.      Lord 
DiTby   formed  a   Ministry,  and  invited  the  co- 
operation of    Palmerston,"  but  the  offer  was  de- 
clined,   as   the   two   statesmen   dilTered    on   the 
question  of  imposing  a  duty  on  the  importation 
of  corn,  and  other  iiiatlers.''— (J.  Ii.   Smith,  The 
I'rino-  MinMn.f  (J,i,tu  \'irt„ri,i,   pp.  2B4-265. 
—  ■'The   new    Mini-try    [in    which   Mr    Disruell 
became  Clianci  llor  of  the  KxcheipierJ  tisik  their 
seats  on  the  2Tlli  of  February,  but  it  was  under- 
stiHMl   that   a  dissolulion  o'f   i'arliament  would 
take  place  in  the  summer,  by  which  the  fate  of 
the  III  w  Ciovemiuent  woiihl  be  dicided.  and  that 
in  the  iiiiantiiiie  the  Opposition  shoiihl  liohl  its 
hand.     The  raw  troops  |iif  the  Tory  Party  in  the 
House  of  (■■Miiiniinsl,   notwithsUiinling  tlieir  in- 
cxpiriiiiie.  aii|iiiiieil  themselves  with  credit,  and 
some    g.iod    liiils  were   pa.ssed,    the   Mililia   Hill 
anioni:  the  iiumher.  whileaconsiilerableadditiim 
to  the  stieii^'lli  (if  the  Navy  was  eiri-cted  by  the 
Duke  of  Nortliumtierland  "    No  doubt,  wln-n  the 
L-rr,.-'ril   c!-,?!..!!    \n--:n\.    liie    p.-irtv    h.i.i    r.ii...,:ii 
Itself  consi(hrably  in  public  esliniaiion.     Hut  for 
one  consideration   the  country   would  probably 


.'  -h 


M 


■M 


'JDl 


ENGLAND.   183l-18aa. 


War  m  (V 
lytmea. 


ENOLANP,   18,W-18flO. 


it 
li 


hitvi-  lH'<n  i|iiilf  willliiK  liX'iiiriiHt  ilxdcaliiilcn  In 
llu'ir  liiiii<l«.  liiil  that  line  iiiiisiihrutiim  wan  nil 
ini|M>rtiiMl.  .  .  .  The  OovcriiiiK'nt  wim  oliliK<'<l 
ti>  K"  tothv  ciiiintrv.  tii  Kiiiio  cxli'iit.  on  I'mtcr- 
tIniiiRt  primiplt'!!.  It  wiih  kiinwii  th^itn  iVrliviti* 
majority  niciint  a iiKxIiniti' import iliityi  niicl  tlic 
(i>niH'(|ui'm'<' wiw  Ihiit  l.oril  IKrhy  JiiHt  Ixxt  Ihc 
liatlli',  tlioiii;h  l>y  n  viry  narrow  nmji>rii\. 
Winn  I'urllanK'nt  iiii'l  In  NoviniUr,  I.onI  Hrhy 
and  Mr.   DIhmi  li  hail  a  very  ilillUiilt  tianic  to 

i>lny.  .  .  .  N('j;otiatiim»  wire  nt.'iiin<ip<'niil  Willi 
'almcmlon  anil  tlir  I'rilitiH.  ami  on  lliis  iM'cnsion 
Oliulstoni' anil  Mr.  Siilmy  llcrlHrt  were  willing 
to  Join  If  l,onl  I'atnMTKlon  ml^'lit  Irail  In  tlir 
lloiiw  of  ('onimonK.  Hut  thi'  Queen  put  her 
veto  on  thin  nrranKement.  ulili  h  Heeonlini;ly  fell 
to  the  (.'rouiiih  ami  l.oril  I)erl>y  hail  to  meet  the 
Dppusilion  attack  niilioiit  any  reluforeemenls. 
...  On  the  mill  of  iHeemlMT,  .  .  .  iMinjj  ile- 
feateil  on  the  lluilifet  l>r  n  maiority  of  19.  Liml 
Derliy  at  onej- re-^iiiniil.'— T.  K.  KelilM'l,  /.ifi  of 
the  hirl  (if  Ikriii/,  rh.  fl.— "  The  new  (Joverninent 
(wliii  h  BUeeeeileil  that  of  Derliy]  wan  n  rimlition 
of  \VhiK»  aiiiU'eellteH,  with  Mr  William  Moles- 
worth  thrown  in  torepreM'iit  the  Ituilleak.  I,i>ril 
AlxTilein  l»'eaine  Prime  Minister,  ami  Mr.  (Jlail- 
Nlone  Chami  llor  of  the  Kxelieiiuer.  The  other 
I'eeliliH  in  tlie  Cabinet  were  the  Duke  of  New- 
eastle.  Sir  .lames  (iriham,  anil  Mr.  Siilnev  Iler- 
hert.'— (1.  W.  K.  Uussill.  The  III.  Il<m.  \(iUiam 
F.iriirt  ll/,iihl,.i„.  rh.  T>. 

A.  D.  1853.— Second  Burmese  War,— An- 
nexation of  Pejru.     .SelM>i\:  A.  D.  1W2. 

A.  D.  1853-1853.- Abandonment  of  Protec- 
tion by  the  ConservatiTei. — Further  progress 
in  Free  Trade.  See  Tvuikk  Lkoislatiun 
i|;noh.m>):  a.  I>    lH4«-l'<Tit:  anil  Tihoe. 

A.  D.  1853-1855.— Civil-Service  Reform, 

Civil.  SKHMIK   UK.KOIIM   in    K.MII.AMl. 

A.  D.  1853-1856.— The  Crimean  War. 

Uissix:  A    D.  If<.Vl-lK.-)4,  to  IS.Vt-lN.W. 

A.  D.  1855.— Popular  discontent  with  the 
management  of  the  war.— Fall  of  the  Aber- 
deen Ministry. — Palmerston's  first  premier- 
ship.— A  brightening  of  prospects. — "(iiir 
army  system  entirely  liroke  ilnwn  |in  the  Cri- 
mea], anil  Lonl  .\lKriliin  anil  the  Duke  of  New- 
r;i.sile  were  made  llie  si-afie^oats  of  the  [>i>pular 
iiii|ji:nall(in.  .  .  .  lint  Kiicland  wa.s  not  onlv 
siilTerin;;  from  uniinpari'ilniss  and  want  of  ail- 
iiiiiiiMrative  power  in  tlie  W  inlepurtment:  there 
were  ili.s.sen>ions  in  the  Caliioet.  .  .  .  Ix)ril  .lolm 
l>iis.s<  II  nave  so  inui  h  troulile,  that  Lord  .\liir- 
ileen.  after  one  of  the  numerous  i|uarrels  and 
reeoneilialioiis  whii  li  oeeurred  at  this  juneture, 
wrote  In  the  (^uien  that  nothing  but  a  sense 
of  I  iiMir  duly  and  ilie  neeessily  for  avoidirii.; 
Ilie  SI  aiidal  of  a  ruptiiri'  kept  him  at  his  post. 

.  .  ;\l  a  lillle  later  .staiji'  .  .  .  the  dillieulties 
were  rcMiHitl.  .Mr.  Km  jimk  |;ave  notiee  of  bis 
inolioii  Inr  Ilie  appoiinment  of  a  .sileet  eommitiee 
to  iriijuire  iiilo  tlie  condilion  of  the  ariiiv  be- 
fori'  Sebastopiil,  and  Lord  .lohii  dilinilivily  re- 
siL'iied.  The  .Ministry  reniaini  d  in  olliie  to  await 
Ilie  late  "f  Mr.  It'iebiiik's  motion,  w  liii  h  was 
rarrii  d  afr.iiii-t  tin  ni  liy  the  very  lari;e  majorily 
of  l.'iT.  Lord  .Murdeen  now  placed  ilie  resiirna- 
lion  of  the  Cabinil  in  tlie  bands  of  the  (^11, 111 
I.Ian.  ;!1,  1n.m|.  .  .  .  'jbus  fell  the  Coaliljiii 
Cabinii  (if  Liipl  .\bi  nliin.  In  talent  and  pailia- 
menlary  inlbn-nce  it  was  apparenilv  one  of  the 
slii'tiiiisl  iJoMTnriicnls  i-\ir  sei-M.  but  il  sullen  d 
trom  a  falal  wanl  of    loliesioii." — U.   B.  bmitli, 


See 


S<'e 


I'riiiie  Miiii'tfn  if  Qiifrn  Yifliirin,  pp.  S27-330 
— "  [.lonl  Paliiienlnn  hiwl  piiMuil  liU  TlHIi  \.ar 
when  the  Premiership  eame  to  Idm  for  tin  iir..| 
lime.  On  the  fall  of  the  Coalition  (lovernii;!  ni 
the  (Jiieen  wnt  for  Ijinl  Derby,  anil  Hp.ii  liit 
failure  for  l.onl  John  ItiiMU'll.  'I'almersrn  wan 
wllllnit  at  the  expri'ss  request  of  her  Maj.  s^v  in 
wrve  once  more  under  his  old  chief,  but  (  I  in  11 
don  and  many  of  the  Whigs  not  unnalnrilly 
IMwilively  refused  to  do  so.  Palmerstoii  lin  ,i|y 
undertook  ami  sueeessfully  achieved  the  1,1^!,  nf 
fonninR  a  Oovernimiit  out  of  the  soimiuImI 
helero)!eneous  elements  at  his  command.  1 1  nl 
Clarendon  ronllniied  at  ibe  Korei;;n  Ollin  ,  lanj 
Oladsione  wiu  still  Chnnrellorof  the  Kxihi  {inr. 
The  War  Department  was  reorpinlseil.  Ilic  ■.|!iic 
of  Si'crelary  at  War  ilisiipiM-arin;,',  and  li,  in,; 
finally  mertt'eil  in  that  of  Secretary  of  Slih  f,,r 
War.  .XIiIioiikIi  Palmerslon  objected  In  I!,,.. 
buck's  Committee,  he  was  pnietiiully  ioiii|w  llnj 
to  accept  it,  and  this  led  to  the  resi^'iiaii  n  n( 
(ilailslone,  (irahain  and  llerlMrt;  their  plu.i 
UinR  taken  by  Sir  (i.  C.  U'wis.  Sir  (  lnrl.i 
WiMsl,  and  Lord  John  Itussell." — Mari|ui.,  nf 
Lome,  Vinniiiiil  I'liliiicnlini.  e/i.  10.  —  "ll«;isii 
dark  hour  in  the  lilstorv  of  the  nation  whni  I  ,,nl 
Palmerslon  essayed  tfie  task  wliiili  ImiI  l.>,n 
iibaiidoned  by  thi'  tried  wisdom  of  Derlu,  I m 
downe,  and  .lolin  Itussill.  Far  a«:iv  in  lUr 
Crimea  the  war  was  drairnin;;  on  wilhuui  Dm,  li 
hope  of  a  creditalde  solution,  tliou^li  tin  \niii.r 
of  disconlcnt  and  mismaiiairenient  was  lii|'i,i;v' 
over.  The  exislen<-e  of  the  Kuropean  n,n,.rt 
was  merely  nominal.  The  .Miles  had  di»i"  ■  r  ,|. 
many  moniiis  previously,  that,  llioiiLdi  .\u-iri;i 
was  staunch.  Prussia  was  a  fail'iless  friinij 
Ilitween  the  lK-llii;crent  powers  the  cloiel  if  .i;<. 
pii  ion  and  distrust  grew  thicker;  fur  .\i«>.,\- 
Medjid  was  known  to  be  freely  si|iiaiidc  tin:  lii< 
war  loans  on  serairlios  and  palaces  wiiil--  Kin 
was  slarvini;;  and  tlemirli  there  was  iii>  it  i*.,.'i 
f'T  disirusliii!;  llic  present  pixKl  failli  ■■!  ilie 
KnipiTorof  Ilie  Kreinh.  his  policy  was  Mr,i.'lil. 
fill  «ard  only  as  loni;as  he  kept  himsilf  fic  in.m 
the  iillllience  of  the  pinir  of  slcsk  joliii.  1 ,  .mil 
iiilv  ntiiri  i-s  who  composed  his  .Miiiisin  Nur 
was  the  horizon  iiiiidi  brii.'liler  on  Ilie  -  ii  if 
Kn>;land.  A  series  of  weak  i-abincis,  a,,  i  ilin 
alisenee  of  questions  of  or).Mnie  reform.  1'  il  mm 
pletely  rcla.ved  the  iKindsof  Parly.  If  tin  ■,  u  u 
norc!;ulurOp|>osition,slilllesswastliiTe.i  1.  j  ilir 
majorily.  .  .  .  And  the  hand  that  was  to  p -iri; 
order  out  of  chaos  was  not  so  steady  as  oi  \  .re. 
.  .  .  Lord  Pulmerston  wasnothii.isi  If  iliir in.- ilio 
tirst  weeks  of  his  badersbip.  liiit  the  p;  [.irt 
speedily  brlf^htened.  Though  Palmer^i  -i  u  n 
considerably  over  si'venly,  be  still  rclaiin M  i  ■■,  -ii 
ilcrful  vi^oiirof  constiiulion.  He  w.is  >  1  n 
slond  to  health,  and  was  al\*ays  to  be  !<> ,',,!  ;it 
his  post.  ,  .  .  Ills  p'ueratsliip  .si'Ciireii  ,in,!  Ii' 
tnajorilics  for  the  tiovemmcni  in  every  ,ii\!-!,,a 
diirini,'  the  session.  Of  the  eneriiy  wlii,  ',  i  ,ir'l 
l',ilMiersliin  inspired  into  the  n|ieratii>ii-  1  mi-t 
Sebaslopol,  tliere  c.in  hardly  lie  two  up-  n-." 
—  L.   C.   Sanders,    Lil'i    .■?'   VitroiiiU    !'■'  '   1. 

■■h.  1(1. 

A.  D.  1855.— Mr.  Gladstone's  Commission 
to  the  Ionian  Islands.  N  c  Ionian  I-  m- 
.\    1».  Ixi.-.-IHH-.' 

A.  0.1856-1860.— War  with  China.-  French 
alliance  in  the  war.  Capture  of  Cai  'on  - 
Entrance  into  Peltin.— Destruction  m  tlie 
Summer  Palace.    Set  Ciii.na:  .V.  D.  1- •    i'lW 


992 


k  I 


ENOLAND,  t«57-19.W. 


Cutttm  f^tmtne. 


KNCJLAND,   lH«l-t»Wl. 


A.  D.    1157-1851.—  Th«    Sepoy  Mutinj  in 

India.    »<•<'   Iniua:    A.    I).    lW,i;,  In   lHA7-lH.Vt 

(Jl  I  V— .IlNKI. 

A.  O.  1I58.— 'Aiaumption  of  the  g;o*ernmerit 
of  India  by  the  Crown  —End  of  the  rule  of  the 
Ea>t  !ndia  Co.    Su  Im>i.\;  .\.  I>   Im.w. 

A.  D.  1858-1859.— The  Conspiracy  Bill.— 
Fall  of  Palmertton'i  ^orernment.—  Second 
Ministry  of  Derby  and  Disraeli.— Lord  Palmer- 
ston  again  Premier.— "  On  .liiniiury  U,  IRW. 
lui  iinrinpt  uiH  inaiie  to  iiHMiHHinatu  Nii(Htli>nn 
111.  iiy  tt  ^ani;  of  dr^fHTiKltM-s,  liciKli'tt  liy  OrMiiii, 
hIidpm'  liciitl  i|iit)rti'rit  liail  {trcviniiHly  Imtii  In  I,on- 
(Iciri.  Not  witliDut  KiriH'  D'anin  It  wan  felt  in 
Fnincc  that  kik  li  mm  oiikIiI  not  to  Ih'  alili'  to  llml 
tin  Ittr  In  llilt  country,  uriil  the  Kn'iicli  .MiiiiHtir 
«:n  (iriUrcij  I  >  make  nprcsciilalioiH  to  tliat 
cfTn  I  binl  i'itlnii'r<iton,  alwavH  niixioiin  to  nil- 
tivulc-  till'  bikkI  feeling  of  till-  y'rincji  nation,  do- 
niri-il  to  pasH  fi  nicaHiirt'  wlilrli  Hlioiild  ^iv(>  totlif 
llriliili  (Jovcrninint  tlif  power  to  lianinh  from 
Ensrlanil  any  forilttiiir  roiihpirint;  in  llritain 
a;;aiiist  the  lifi' of  n  forriL'n  novinijin.  .  .  .  .\n 
unli>riiiii  ilcoiitliiirHtof  vitiiiNration  apiinnt  Kni;- 
lanil  ill  tljc  Kri'mli  pri'Mt,  ami  tliv  niHtilion  of 
Kuril  liitiiriiairi-  liy  odiiTPi  of  ili"  Frcmli  army 
who  ni  re  rcicivi'd  by  tlie  Kmpi'ror  wlnn  llicy 
wailid  iMi  liiiii  as  a  dcpiitiition,  nroitiH'd  very 
ani-'ry  l'jii.'IMi  ficlinK-  Lord  ralniiTKlon  liiiil 
alriMily  iiiiiiNliiccd  ilie  Hill  hi-  di'sirwl  to  pinm. 
ami  it  had  luin  riad  the  lirat  time  ly  n  mnjorilv 
of  '.'oil.  Hut  till'  fiHilis'i  lution  of  till'  Kri'nili 
lia|H Tsiliaimid  iiitinly  i|ii'  iiimnt  of  popular 
iipiiiiim.  bull  Idrliy  (uiw  Ma  iidvantaKC  An 
UMii  niliiiint  to  tlic  suToiid  ri'iidinjr,  which  was 
prill  liially  a  vote  of  ciiisiin'.  was  carried  against 
I-iinl  I'aliiii  rslnn,  and  to  his  on  n  surprise  no  less 
than  to  tlial  of  the  country,  he  wa.s  ol>|i;;cil  to  rf- 
ficn  Lord  Derby  succeedid  to  Palmerston's 
vacant  ollire.  .  .  ,  I,onl  Derliy's  MToiid  .Ministry 
«.is  » ri  iked  upon  tlic  fatal  riKk  of  lieforin  early 
III  IM.V.).  ami  at  once  appealed  to  tlie  country,  ,  .  . 
The  1  111  linn  of  Is,")»  failed  to  give  the  Conserva- 
tives a  inajoriiy,  and  siMin  nfter  the  opening  of 
thl■Sl»^ion  they  were  defeated  upon  n  vote  of 
want  of  inntlilence  moved  by  Lord  Hartington. 
Earl  (;mnville  wiisiomniissioned  by  the  Queen 
to  f..riii  a  .Ministry,  iMcause  her  Majesty  felt  that 
'tiMiNike.w)  marked  it  distinction  as  is  implied 
in  llie  1  111  lire  of  one  or  otlier  lis  I'riiiie  Minister  of 
two  Miitisinenso  full  of  years  and  lionoiiras  Lonl 
I'lilim  r.'i,n  ami  Lord  .lolin  Uus-sill  would  lie  « 
VI  ly  iiniilioiis  and  unwelrome  tiLsk,'  Kacli  of 
thi-e  M  iiraiH  was  willing  to  M-rve  under  the 
"lliir,  but  niilher  would  roUow  the  lead  of  a 
thinl.  .\nil  so  Oraiiville  failed,  and  to  Palnier- 
Hi'ii  w:is  intnisteil  ilu-  1  ,sk.  lie  succi-eded  iu 
fiiriiiin^'  whiit  was  coiisidcn-il  the  strongest  .Min- 
i^!rv  1.1  nimlern  times,  so  fur  as  tlie  inilividiial 
al'iliiy  of  iis  niemlKTS  was  concerned.  l{us.sell 
Willi  loih,.  l-'oreignomceand  (ilail-tone  to  the 
l.\i  111  '|ui  r.'— Marqui-sof  Lome,  IV«.-<»i(/i<  I'ulm- 

ir-t:.,,  ,./,,   10_ll 

.\i-iiv  T.  Martin,  Life  ,>f  the  Vrinct  Om- 
*■'■'.  ■•'.  -i-si,  (M  !i-,>.  „„,/  «,(,.  .),._T,  K.  Keb- 
l»l.  /'•    ..r/.'„.  /■,■„,•/„/•  /),,/„,,  ch.  7. 

A.  U.  i860, -The  Cobden-Chevalier  com- 
nurtial  treaty  with  France,  See  T.uiiKK 
l.i    1-1  \riii\  iKii\Mi:i:  .\.  1).  l.-:.">:!-lS((i) 

A.  I).jS6i<Mayi.--The  Queen's  Proclama- 
,  .-.r.  ^.  v...;,ji,jy  .jj.:jj,  reference  to  the  Ameri- 
can  Civil  War,     See  I'mtku  SiATES  oK  Am, 
-V  H.  I-i'.l  i.Vi-iiii— M.w), 
ti.t 


A.  D.  1861  (October).— The  allied  iaterr**- 

tion  in  Mexico.     Se  Mkxico:  A.  I>.  jMII-tHO? 

A.  D.  1861  (NoTember).— The  Trent  Affair. 

—Seizure  of  Mason  and  Slidcll.    H<>e  Unitkd 

Kt»tkmok  .\m.  :  A,  I).  INfll  (NovKMnKK). 

A.  D.    1861-1865.— The  Cotton  Famine.— 
"  I'lHin  n  iKipiilation,  containing  half  n  million  of 
rotton  o|Hriitive»,  in  n  cani-rof  niplil  prosperity, 
the  protlts  of   INfit)  rem  hing  In  some  iiistanrrs 
from  Wl  to  40  percent  upon  the  rapibil  engiigeil; 
and  with  wages  also  nt  the  highest  [loint  wTilrh 
they  liad  ever  touched,  came  the  news  of  the 
Amerlciin  war,  » 1th  the  probable  stoppage  of  W,! 
percent  of  the  raw  iiialerial  of  t heir  niiinufiieturc. 
A  few  wise  heads  hung  dcspon.lently  down,  or 
shook  with  fear  for  the  fate  of  -the  fn-est  naUon 
under  heaven,"  but  the  great  mass  of  tnulen  re- 
fiisiil  tocmlitii  report  which  neither siiiteit  their 
opinions  nnr  their  inlen-sts.  ,  .  ,  Tliere  was  i» 
four  months'  supply  hehl  on  this  aide  the  witu-r 
nt  Clirisimas  (I.Ht)()),  and  there  hud  iK-cn  three 
months'  iuiportsnt  the  usual  rate  since  that  time, 
Hnil  there  wouhl  Ik-  the  usual  twelve  months*  sup- 
ply from  other  sources;  and  liy  the  time  tliiswns 
eo.isumed,  and  the  live  months'  stock  of  gomis 
lield  by  mercliants  sold,  all  would  Ih>  right  again. 
Tliat  this  was  the  curnnt  opinion  was  proveil  by 
the  most  delicate  of  ull  banimctcrs,  the  scale  of 
prices;  for  during  the  greater  pari  of  the  yeiir 
IHdl  the  market  was  dull,  and  prices  scarcely 
moved    upwards.     Hut  towards  the  end  of  the 
year  the  a  pec!  of  alTairs  U-gan  to  change.  ,  ,  , 
The    Fedemls  liiiil  dii  lanil  n  hlorkade  of  thii 
Southern  |s)rts,  and,  all  hough  as  vet  it  was  pretty 
mucli  a  'paper  lihKkiule,'  yet  the  newly  estali- 
lislicd  Confedcnite  goveniment  was  doing  its  Ijest 
to  render  it  elTcctive.     Tliey  iH-lievcil  that  cotton 
was  king  in  England,  and  that  the  old  country 
could  not  do  witliout  it,  and  would  lie  forced.  In 
onlcr  to  secure  itsn-lease,  to  shle  with  those  who 
kept  it  prisoner.     .Mills  Is-gnn  to  run  short  time 
or  to  chisi-  in  the  month  of  Octolier,  but  no  noiss 
was  madcalHiut  it;  and  the  only  evidence  of  any- 
thing unusual  was  at  the  Isiards  of  guardians, 
wliere  She  applications  hud  reached  the  mid-wio- 
tcr  height  three  months  earlier  than  usual.     Tlie 
piMirlaw  guanlians  in  the  various  unions  were 
awan-   that   the   increusi'  was  not  of  the  -isual 
character- it  was  tm)  early  for  out  door  hiliour 
ers  to  present  tlicmsclves;  still  the  dilTerence  was 
not  if  serious  amount,  laing  only  alsiut  3,(KK)  in 
the  whole  twenty-eiglit  unions.     In  NovemlHT, 
7.1MMI  more  prestuitcd  themselves,  and  in  Decem- 
ber the  increas*- was  again  7.0<M);  sotli.it  the  re- 
cipieiilsof  relief  wereat  tliistiiiie  l'J,tt»(l(or  alsuit 
'J."i  percent)  more  timn  in  the  .lanuary  previous. 
Anil  now  serious  thoughts  Isgan  to  agitate  many 
minds;  coiiun  was  very  largely  held'by  specula- 
tors for  a  Hm',  tiie  arrivals  wire  meagre  iu  quan- 
tity, and  till-  rates  of  insurance  begun  to  show 
tiiut,   notwiihstaiiiling    the  large  proiiis  on    im- 
port-, the  bliirkuile  wiisno  loiii;eron  pu|KTaliini'. 
.luiiii:iry,  lsil>,  uililed  1(1,(XK)  ninn-  to  the  n  eipi- 
cuts  ot  11  lief,  will!  were  now  70  per  ciiit  alMivc 
the  ii>u:il  iiiiiiilii T  f.>r  the  ,s;iine    piriml  of   the 
year,     lint  fnuii  the  ficts  as  iifterw  arils  levelled, 
the  stali-ties  of  bounls  iif  guanlians  were  evi- 
dently 111)  real  measure  of  the  distress  iirevailing, 
.   ,   .  The  in. uitli  of  Febriiuiy  usually  lessens  the 
ilepenileiitsoii  the  poorr.iles",  for  out-door  lalsiiir 
lieirins  a;,'MMi  lis  soon  iisiiie  siirns  ot  spring  ap- 
pear; but  in  IHli-J  it  added  nearly  1»,IMI0  to  tjie  al- 
ready large  number  ot  e.vtra  cases,  the  ncijiienta 


B. 


J 


993 


ENOLANO,  tMI   IMS 


t\ttton  >^iHin# 


ENOI.AND.  INM-IHtW. 


if 


M 


?! 


ii 


bi'init  iinw  KW  |MT  (lilt aliovp  tlic n  mgr  for  the 
Mine  |nrii«l  nf  tlif  yi  iir  Hut  llil»  inrrniji'  e\\r» 
no  liliit  iif  the  prinniiri'  in  |utrlli'iilar  Imalltit'i. 
Till'  rnliiiii  iiiMTiillvis  wire  now,  If  lift  lo 
tlirniHt'lviH.  liki' 11  Hliiii'ii  rn  w  n|Min  ulioit  iimvl 
»loii«.  itnil  tlioM'  viTy  iini'i|imlly  illi.lrilmtiil.  iiml 
wlllioiit  I  hurt  orioMipiuw.  iinil  lio  |>n»<|i<rl  nf  kiI- 
tln«  Ui  IiukI  In  Aiililon  lliin-  wiri'  ;l. IU7,  In 
Hl(K'k|Hirt,  N.riMM;  Hiiil  in  I'rixtun.  U.4XM  iMrwinii 
almoliitily  fiHulliM,  iiiiil  wlm  ii«  vitiIiiUmpi  ily 
cllni'il  to  Ko  lo  till'  K"»r>ll»n«  To  Iihm'  fcinnl 
llic  Mgh  iniiiili'il  liiiulMif  ihi'M'  faiiiiliri  to  Imnit 
alKiiil  till'  work  liiiiiM'  loliliiin  in  ronipany  ullli 
till'  iilli'.  till'  iniproviilrnt.  tln'  ilirty.  Ilji'  ilimawil, 
anil  llii'  vii'loim.  woiilil  linvi'  Ik'iii  to  linuk  thrir 
liiiiviiiij  liiiirlM.  unci  to  hurl  tlirm  liiuillonif  Into 
iji»|iiilr.  Ilii|i|.ily  llirri'  In  Hplrit  i'i'ou(!li  in  IIiIh 
country  loti|i|irirhiliiioliiliiy.  iiin  wliiniln'saiil 
in  fiisliiin.  ami  |>riiii>  ami  Hyinpalliy  ihoukIi  to 
•pari'  inn  llir  poorint  fmni  iinni'iiniiiiry  liiiniili- 
ation.  ami  or^'anisiitioiiH  RprinK  up  for  any  im 
iKirlant  «ork  no  inMin  iw  ilii'  iiiri'»wlty  of  tin'  (•»«<• 
iH'iiMiii'd  uri-i'nt  in  any  liHulity.  Cominiltri'S 
ariiM'  Hiniost  Kiniiiltani'ouNly  In  Asliton,  HtiH-k- 
iMirt.  ami  l'ri'«ton;  anil  in  April,  lllarkbiirn  fol 
lowiil  ill  till'  Imln,  anil  tlii'  friiuniianHaml  tlir  re- 
lief roriiinilli-isof  tlii'iu'  W'Vi'nil  placi'Siiiviili'il  an 
extra  ll.(HH)ili|iiiiil,  .us  In'twiin  tin  m.  Tlicinontli 
of  May,  wliii  h  usually  ri'duirs  paup<'ri'<m  lo  al- 
nioat  its  loni'st  ilili,  aililnl  H.IMN)  niori'  to  tliv  rc- 
rlpii'ntx  from  tlir  piianllaiiM,  ami  ri.llllO  to  tlif  ilo 

pi'iiciiiits  on  till'  nliif  I iniitlrra,  wlilrli  wrri' 

now  Mix  in  numlH  r,  Oldham  ami  Pri'stwich  (ii 
part  of  Mamhi'stir)  U'mn  ailiU'ii  to  thi'  list.  .  .  . 
Thr  nionlh  of  Juiii'  Mill  ll.(MH)  more  appliranti*  lo 
Hue  for  liri-aii  lo  Ihi'  Ipoanli  of  ijuariliana,  ami 
5,0(K)  niiiiilional  ti>  thr  six  nliif  rommittn's;  ami 
thi'M'  Kix  I'linimittirs  hail  now  a»  many  iii'|H'ml- 
t'litit  iw  the  wholi!  of  the  Ixianla  of  K'liirdiaiia  In 
the  twentyeiKlit  unions  aupiMirUii  in  oniinary 
yian.  ...  In  tlie  month  of  July,  wliin  all  un 
eniployi'il  oper.ilives  woulil  ordinarily  lie  Irndlnj? 
a  hand  in  the  hay  harve.st.  and  pirkins  up  the 
means  of  liviiii;  » liilst  impMvinif  in  hiallh  and 
injoyini;  tlii'  (;lorii'a  of  a  siimmi'r  in  the  eounlrv, 
the  di.-lrrss  iiirn':i»i'd  like  a  HimmI.  1;1,()0I)  ail- 
dilioiial  appliraiils  liiiiij.'  forced  to  appeal  for 
piKir  law  nlii  f;  whilst  I  I.IMHJ  others  were  adoptwi 
liy  the  si'ven  relief  conunitlees.  ...  In  August 
the  lloml  Imd  Ix'eome  a  ili  liip'.  at  whirh'tlie 
stouli'sl  heart  might  stand  appalled.  The  in- 
crea.<id  rii  ipieiil.s  of  [Kn.r  law  nliif  were  in  a 
siiiu'le  I'lrnlh  ;i:).(HK),  tning  m  arly  as  many  as  the 
told  niiinlKr  i  harirealile  in  ihesame  nmnlh  of 
till'  pr'vious  year,  whilst  a  further  aiMillon  of 
more  Ihaii  :tl,(KH)  l«'iaine  ehar^reahle  to  the  relief 
commilliis.  .  .  .Most  of  the  cotton  on  hand  at 
tins  pc  ri"d  w;ls  of  Indian  growth,  and  netih'd  al- 
Ural  ion- (if  inaeliimry  lo  make  it  workahleat  all, 
ami  ill  L'ood  timi'S  an  employer  might  as  well  shut 
up  his  mill  as  try  to  git  it  spun  or  inaniifacturi'd. 
Unl  oh  '  how  glad  woulil  Ihe  ti'n.s  of  thousands 
of  uriwillihg  idlers  iiave  been  now,  to  have  had 
a  eliam  e  even  of  working  at  Surats,  although 
they  knew  that  it  rcnuind  much  hanier  work 

for  one  third  le.vi  than  nornuil  wages \n- 

other  monlli  is  past,  ami  OctolHr  has  added  to 
the  niimliir  iimicr  the  guardians  no  less  than 
55,0()O.  and  tollie  i  hargeof  the  relief  conimiltees 
39,(XH»  more  ,  .  And  now  dread  winter  ap- 
proai'hes,  ami  llie  aulhnrities  have  to  deal  not 
only  with  iiumiriiis  of  liiousiniis  who  are  com- 
pulsorily  idle,    and  couacijiieutly  fooillesa,   but 


who  arc  wholly  iinpn  luired  for  Ihe  Ini  lenii  n.  i,., 
of  the  M'aMin :  who  have  no  meaim  of  proi  urm^f 
neeilfiil  ehitliing,  nor  even  of  making  a  sleu  .,f 
cheerfulness  ii|Hin  the  hearth  liy  means  irf  n,,, 
ttre,  whh  h  Is  alinoul  as  imefiil  as  fiKiil.  .  'l'\i,, 
total  niimlHr  of  pimons  i hargeahh' at  the  i  ii.l  „t 
Novemlier,  INtl'J.  was.  under  IsiariUof  giianii m.. 
•J.W.a'iT,  and  on  relief  loniinillees.  3(l(»,(»^l.  !■  iil 
4.V*.44I  .  .  ,  Then' were  not  wanting  im  n  mIi.i 
saw,  or  Ihoughi  ilny  saw,  a  short  wayoiii  f  ihr 
ilillleulty,  \1/.  .  liy  li  niiignltion  on  Ihe  p;iri  ,il 

the    Knglish   Kotirnmenl   of  the  Sonlher n 

federaey  in  Ameriia.  And  meetings  wen-  liill.il 
In  various  places  lo  memorialise  Ihe  gonriinn  nt 
lo  this  elTei  t.  Such  meetings  wen'  alwiw  IkiI 
nmed  liy  counter  meetings,  at  which  it  was^li  ivm 
lliat  simple  neognition  would  Ik'  waste  of  w.rU, 
that  it  would  not  liring  lo  our  slion's  a  '■iiu'Ir 
slilplisid  of  collon.  unless  followed  up  In  an 
amied  force  to  break  Ihe  blis'kade.  whii  li  I'oiirv 
if  adoptisl  would  Is'  war;  war  In  favour  nf  tl,,' 
slave  ciinfisieraiA  of  the  South,  and  ai;alTi«l  ilii' 
fn'c  North  and  N'orlh  west,  whence  eoinesa  lir^f 
pmiKirtlon  of  our  imported  com.  In  addilian  i,i 
Ihe  folly  of  interfering  in  the  affairs  of  a  iiiti  .n 
H.IXX)  miles  awav,  the  cotton,  if  we  succi  edi'fl  in 
Kcttingit,  woulil  lie  stained  with  bhssl  andnirMii 
with  the  support  of  slavery,  and  would  alvi  pri' 
vent  our  getting  Ihe  fissl  whieli  we  mishd  fr.in 
tlic  North  eiiually  as  much  as  the  collon  frmn 
the  South  .  .  .  These  meetlngsand  ciiiiiiliT  MM  ii 
ings  pi'rhups  lielpeil  to  steady  the  actimi  .r  Hi.- 
government  (notwithstanding  the  sjmp.iiln  .i( 
some  of  its  inemlH'rs  towards  the  iSoutlu,  to  i  nii 
linn  them  in  the  isilicy  of  the  royal  prm  lam.it  i'li, 
and  lo  detennine  Ihcm  to  enfone  the  pro\i-i  ni 
of  Ihe  Fonign  Enlistment  Act  against  :ill  .if 
fenders.  .  .  .  The  maximum  pressure  upon  tlip 
relief  committees  wasn'ached  early  in  Dm  inUr. 
IMH'J,  hut,  as  the  tide  had  tuniid  ^iiforc  tin  uiii 
of  ttie  month,  the  highest  niiinU'r  ehurgr.iMi  ;,t 
luiy  one  lime  is  nowlien'  shown  The  luirli -t 
nunilier  exhibited  In  tlie  returns  u  for  tin  list 
week  in  the  year  IHflS,  viz. :  •»»'i,4:t4  persons  Imi 
In  the  pn'vioi's  weeks  of  the  same  nionili  siim. 
thousands  mon'  were  relieved."— J.  Waits  '/7,/ 
Farh  nf  the  C"ttoii  Fnmine,  eh,  8  i\mt  \'i. 

AI.SII  IN:  R.  A.  Arnold,  llinl.  of  t/„  '  7  ,, 
FiiiKXnt. — K.  Waugli,  Fntlory  Folk  iluri;:  H/ 
Cotton  Fiiininf. 

A.  D.  i86a  (July).— The  fitting  out  of  tlie 
Confederate  cruiser  Alabama  at    Liverpool. 

S11'  Al..\n.VMA  ('|,.MMS;    A.    I).    lN6a-|N(l| 

A.  D.  1865.— Govrrnor  Eyre  and  the  Jamaica 
Insurrection.     Si'c  J.\m.mc.\:  A.  I).  IMi"' 

A.  D.  1865-1868.— Death  of  Palmerston. 
Ministry  of  Lord  John  Russell.— Its  unsatis- 
factory Reform  Bill  and  its  resignation.  Tri- 
umph of  the  Adullamites. — Third  administra- 
tion of  Derby  and  Disraeli,  and  its  Reform 
Bills.— "On  the  death  of  Lord  I'alm  1-1  11 
[which  occum'il  October  IS,  186.">).  Ihe  pi  '1  j.  r 
ship  was  intrusted  for  the  si'cond  lime  !  1.  irl 
Uussell,  with  Mr.  Gladstone  as  leader  i:i  t!i' 
House  of  Commons.  The  i|ue<'n  oiHni  d  Im  i  -•  i 
eiith  parliament  (February  (1,  ISIHil,  in  ]  ■  r- 11. 
for  till'  lirst  time  since  the  prince  consort's  .|.  ,!li. 
On  .March  12tli  .Mr.  Olad.stone  brought  1  'n  ml 
his  W'heme  of  reform,  proposing  to  ext. '.  !  tlu' 
franehisi'  in  eotinlii'S  and  bomughs.  but  Hm'  "p 
[Kisition  of  the  niiMliTiite  I  jlwriiN.  imd  ih- ''"  i  'i" 
ing  the  Conservatives,  proved  fatal  to  tin  iimis 
un',   and   in  conseiiuence   the   ministry  of  Earl 


994 


KNOI.AM),  It;i»-I868. 


o/um 


ENOKA.NI).   IMJV-tMA 


Itiisw'll  nulKiinl.  Th<t  fnTrrniiiriit  hncl  In^ii 
iHmiiMlly  wntki'iuil  liy  tlii'  niiiriMivi-  ilintbii  of 
Sir  .Sliliii-y  llirl»n,  8lr(li'i)rm' Conii'wiill  l,rwl«. 
till'  l>iiki'i>r  Ni'wraiilli'.  ICarl  of  Kl|{in.  iiixl  Ijinl 
linlriuttloD  TIk!  iiiiiin  M'lit  (or  llii'  Kiirl  of 
ivrliy  lo  fnrm  ft  (  nliilirt,  who,  rIiIioiikIi  tlio 
Coii-irviiilvr  imrty  wiw  in  tlii'  minority  In  tin- 
lliiiinr  of  Commotiii,  luii'iiKit  llii'  ri'«|Hini>llillltr 
i>r  iiiKlirtHklnK  till'  nmnnKimrnt  of  Ihr  Kovrrri 
iiiriii  lull"  I'nnilirsnil  Flmi  l^inl  of  tlii>  Tniw 
iirv.  Mr  |)l»riiill,  Ctmncillor  of  ilw  i:xilH'>|iiir." 
-A  II  MrCHlnuin,  .Viriilijol  l/inl.  of  f:'ii;/liiwt.  ii 
6itl  — ■  Tin' nu'iwuiv,  infuit.  wjm  Iihi  cvlileiiliy 
A  ntnijtnMnlMc.  The  UuHm'll  unit  <llaiKioni'  M*r- 
tioii  I'l  till'  (alilni't  wnnti'il  rrfoiin.  tlii'  nmnitntit 
iif  {'nlMiimlon  a  followirn  ntllt  llninulit  it  untir- 
ci»wir\  Till'  n-tiill  Willi  lhl»  wn  Irlifil,  linkiTlnjj 
mi'itaurr,  whirli  nultiitlcil  iiolKMly,  iiiirl  illaup 
polntitl  till'  rx|Hi'talion  of  nil  curiu'iil  Id  fornirn. 
.  Till' prlnri|ml  i>|i|>OHltlon  I'tttni*  not  from  Ihr 
I  iinmrviitivrn.  hh  miuht  Imvi'  iHin  <'X|MrIi  il,  lnit 
frmii  Mr.  llontnmn  iiml  Mr.  Kolirrt  Ijihi'.  Iioih 
mrnilNri  of  the  MlHral  |iiirty.  who  from  llii' 
Tiry  llri.t  (li'iliinil  lliiy  woiilil  Imvp  noni' of  it. 
.Mr  llri^ht  ili'no'iini'ril  Ihrm  f.irloiiHly  mt 
'  Aclulhiinlti'n';  nil  who  win'  In  illHtn'sn,  nil  who 
wi-ri'  iliw-oiitt'ntiil,  httil  jjfiithrri'il  thi'tnm'lvi'H  to- 
Ki'lliir  III  till' iMilllirttI  cavi'  of  AiIiiIIhiii  for  the 
miiu  k  on  the  CJovi'mmcnt.  But  Mr.  l.o»i'.  nil 
iiimliHslii'il  by  (li'Duni'ltttion  or  niirru-mii,  ritrrlt'il 
till'  wiir  Hlmi^ht  into  tlii'  I'lipmyn  rump  In  n 
srtift  huci-rsHion  of  Hpfeclii'!!  of  i'.\tnior'liniiry 
lirilliiiiKT  anil  iKiwcr  .  ,  .  Thi>  imrty  of  two, 
ul.il  II  ill  its  oriKln  nminilcil  Mr,  Ilriijlit  of  'thi' 
.Soldi  tirrirr  whiih  win  so  lovrnil  with  hair 
ili.it  Villi  I'oulil  not  tell  w  hii'h  was  i'.w  hi'iiil  un  i 
wliiih  was  till'  tail  of  it,'  «»«  Rnuliially 
fnniil  hy  ill sirtt'rs  from  till'  ninkn  of  thi' 
iTiiiiivnt  until  at  laat  the  Ailiillamlti'S  wi'n'  stn 
I'liniicli  to  turn  the  aculu  of  a  illvinion.  Tli. 
mil'  »ilil  nifilii.  after  It  hot  anil  f iirioiiii  ilrliali', 
till'  loniliiiii'il  armies  of  the  Ailiillnmiti'H  anil 
('"iiw  rviitivi'S  carrieil  triumphantly  an  amiiiil- 
innit  lirmiKht  forwaril  liy  one  of  tlie  AiluUnniite 
I liiiN,  l,oril  Dunki'llin,  to  the  effect  that  a  rat- 
ing In'  sulwiituti'il  for  a  rental  iiuulifloation;  uiul 
till  (i'viriiment  wasatnnenil.  ,  .  .  The  failure  of 
till'  liill  liroiiijht  l,oril  Hiis>i»ir.s  olHelal  lan'ir  to 
ii>ilijM'  111' formally  haniliil  over  the  liailer 
ship  of  the  iiiirty  to  >Ir.  (iluiN'one,  anil  from  tliii 
liiM.'  tiH.k  liiit  little  part  in  imlitlca.  I,onl  Di'rliy, 
hii  i>|i|iniii'iit,  was  WKin  to  follow  his  exampfi', 
iuil  til.  11  the  lonKslaniling  iluei  lietwieii  (ilail- 
»l"iii  aii.l  l)i>raill  woiilil  be  pusheil  up  to  the 
irrv  front  of  the  parliaineni:irv  stage,  right  in 
thi'  full  glare  of  t..;^  footlights.  Meanwhile. 
Ii"«i  v,r,  Loril  Derby  hail  taken  office  [.luly  it, 
isiiii]  Di.snu'li  anil  Olailstone  were  changing 
"'  ipoiw  ami  crossing  the  stage.  .  .  .  The  ex- 
i-l'niiiil  l.iU'nils,  however,  were  rousing  a 
"il.spri'^ul  agitation  througliout  the  country  in 
fn'"ir  ,,f  Kcforin:  monster  meetings  were  fielil 
111  ll\.li'  Park;  the  Park  railings  were  pulleil 
'l''Kii;in,l  trampleil  on  by  an  exciU'd  mob,  ami 
111.  |,..li(.,.  regulations  proveil  as  iinabh'  to  iH-ar 
III.'  uii.i-iial  strain  as  police  regulations  usually 
.1."  II  Miih  iH'casions.  The  result  was  that  .Mr. 
l>i>ri.  li  In  laine  convinced  that  a  Heform  Uill  of 
^.'111.'  kiiiil  or  other  was  ineviuible,  anil  Mr.  Dis- 
niih-.  i.pini.in  naturally  ejirrieil  the  day.  The 
i'"v,rn,,,,.,,.  i.,,,.v,....,.r  .ij.i  n.,t  soairaight  lo  the 
|«'ii:l  ;ii  .iMie.  They  began  by  proposing  a  num- 
1*1  III  ri'solutioua  on  tlie  subject,  which  were 


very  mnm  laiighiil  out  of  rxUimrr  Thrn  tlwf 
hroiight  a  bill  founded  on  them,  which,  how 
I'vir,  wan  very  uliortly  nfterwanln  witbdrawa 
nfl.  r  a  very  dlMoumglng  reiepllon.  Kinally, 
the  Mlnialry.  lightennl  by  the  lonn  of  Ibrrr  iif  ita 
meinlM'rs  — the  Kurl  of  Carnarvon,  Vliwouot 
(ninliorne,  an.l  (ieiural  I'ei'l  —  nnnounri'd  llwlr 
Intinlhin  of  bringing  In  a  coniprehennive  mra- 
Kiire.  'i.e  mi  iMiri'  in  iiueillon  proiNiwil  houM- 
hold  ■iitfmgi  in  the  iHiroughs  mibjeet  to  the 
payment  of  ratn,  and  iKriipntion  fmnchlie  fur 
the  loiintii'i  nubjirt  lo  the  Mime  limitation,  and 
a  variety  of  fan. Iful  clau'U'K,  whh  h  woiihl  have 
ndmltli'd  mi'iiiliini  of  the  lIlM'ral  pnifcnnlonn, 
grndnaten  of  the  iiiiivi'r»illi  .<.  and  a  nutnlx'r  of 
other  clowM'S  to  the  franrliU.  The  inont  oovrl 
feature  was  a  claiiM'  nhlrh  iHrinltled  a  man  t<i 
ni'i|ulrp  two  vn'es  if  he  iHmM'aM.I  a  double  i|Uall' 
Illation  by  rating  nnd  bv  profeiwion.  The  great 
objeclhin'to  the  bill  was  that  it  excluded  'tba 
I'oiiipouiid  hoiiiH'holder. '  The  compound  huuse- 
holder  Is  now  iia  extinct  an  animal  m  the  pot- 
wnlloiMr  found  In  earlier  parliamentary  strata, 
biil^he  wiis  the  hero  of  the  Keforni  ilelwtcs  of 
If**!*,  and  as  such  desirves  mori'  than  u  pasaiog 
reference,  ilc  was.  In  fail,  an  occupier  of  s 
small  house  who  did  not  pay  his  rates  illrectW 
nnd  in  iHrson,  but  paid  them  through  his  Inntl- 
lord.  Now  the  iHciipiirs  of  these  very  small 
houses  were  naturally  bv  far  the  most  nuireroui 
class  of  (K'ciiph'M  in  the  iMirouglis,  and  the  omis- 
sion of  them  implied  a  large  exclusion  from  tbe 
franclilse.  The  MIsral  parly,  therefore,  rose  lo 
defence  of  the  compound  housi'holder.  and  the 
struggle  iH'came  tierce  and  hot  It  must  be  re- 
niemliereil,  however,  that  neither  Mr.  (.iladstone 
nor  .Mr.  Hright  wished  lo  hiwer  the  franchise 
iM'yoiid  a  certain  point,  and  a  mi'eting  was  held 
in  conwiiuenee,  in  which  it  was  agreed  that  the 
pMgramme  brought  forwani  in  committr.  ^lioiild 
iH'gln  by  an  alteration  of  the  rating  hi"  it 

the  compound  housi'liolder  alxive  a  ci  i 
should  pay  his  own  rates  and  Ix'  given  a 
and  that  all  occupiers  below  the  level  shoiilil   i 
excluded  from  the  rates  and  the  frnnchisi'  ulikc. 
On  what  may  Iw  d.     .iIhiI  Muglily  as  '  the  great 
drawing  the  line  ipi,    lion,' however,  the  I.llK'ral 
party  once  more  sjilit  up.     The  advanced  sec- 
tion were  dctennined  that  all  occupiers  should 
be  ailmitted,  and  they  would  have  no  'drawing 
tlie  line.'    ."iotne  llfly  or  si.xty  of  them  held  a 
nieetiiig  in  the  tea  room  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons and  ileiidi'.l  on  this  course  of  action:  in 

seiiuince  they  aiiiuircd  the  name  of  the  '  Tca- 

Uisim  I'arty.'  "  The  communication  of  their 
views  to  Mr.  Olailstone  made  him  excessively 
indignant.  He  denouLCed  them  in  violent  lar 
guage,  and  his  passion  was  emulated  by  >', 
Uright.  .  .  .  .Mr.  (iladstone  had  to  give  in,  a  '. 
Iiis  surri'ndcr  was  followed  by  that  if  Mr.  I)  - 
r;ieli.  The  Tia-Hoom  I'arty, "in  fact,  were  mas- 
ters of  the  day.  and  were  able  to  bring  sulllcient 
pressure  to  iHar  on  the  Oovernment  to  induce 
them  to  admit  the  principle  of  household  suf- 
frage pure  and  simple,  and  to  ubolish  all  dis- 
tinctions of  rating.  .  .  .  Not  only  wa:.  the  house- 
hold suffrage  clause  considerabW  extendi  .1.  the 
dud  vote  abolished,  and  most  of  the  fancy  fran- 
chises swupt  away,  but  there  were  numerous 
additions  which  completely  altered  the  character 
of  till-  iiiii,  ami  transformed  it  fr.-.m  a  b.ki.inccii 
attempt  to  enlarge  the  franchise  without  shifting 
the  balance  of  power  to  a  sweeping  measure  of 


?-:;i 


f   ; 

"I 


995 


ENULANI),    lUKi  1>HM 


Irttk  LMmt  Hill 


KN'UI.ANO.   IIM»-tN70 


i 


1  i 


Kf.imi  ■ -H  (■  Sk.i|t,.wi.,  Sli.Tl  llfl  ■■/ l\irWi 
mti.l.  <■/•  •.".'-Til,.  K.rriii  lUII  fi.r  KiikIuimI 
••  wiw  rirll.twi'il  In  |H«(M  In  iiii'ii«iiri'<  f..r  S<..lliunl 

■Uil  Irilllul        lit    llliai'  \i  la  tlii'iiMllllv  fmilllllil' 

In    KiikIiiii.I    »ih      «ii'ihliil    I.I   nil   iir'iii|MiM   iif 
hniU.ir  liiiii»<'»  c.f  ihi'  >  arl>  vul.ir  i.f  iivV  nii.l 
In  Siniliiii'l  I'l  nil  li't  |>r.'|ii'rt\    imiiiro  iiiiil  111 
I>rii|H  riy   m(ii|i(ir«.   nlilli'  ilint  In   Inliiml    »ii» 
iii'l  iilliriil        I  hi'  lH.niiij;li  fr.dn  lilx'  in   Kn^l mil 
*ihl  >ii.il;ini|  «a«  ti\rn  to  nil  rnii  |m>  iiii;  Ikhim 
bnlilira  jiiiil    I.I    I.kIu.  n  lH'lll|l^ln^  |.>lt'in>.'a  of 
till' itnniial   t  <liJi'  ..f   I'll),   nti.l   in  In  l.inil   In  all 
rnh  |.iH  irii{   tl  ii.in|ilrr«        Tim*   Ihi     l|.in«.  i.f 
CiMiini.n'i  »iiH  inii.li' niiiily  riprrw  nialivi'  nf  nil 
t«S|iii\lnt(    iiiniin.ini Ti.   r»n|il    iitfrlriilliiril    li 
iKMin  r<  un.l  »..ini  n   '  — 1>    \V    Ilaiinii-, //iW   (tut 
U'li  ■flh,   Unn    r.,„t     r/,.  I-.',  M,^/.  i 

Al.Mll>:  \V  llliiKlcilT.  A'(M.I//1  ../I  /Vl//i.i»i(/i 
laiy  llr/r,r„i.  :i  -d  II  .sniilli.  /.ii,  of  (il'iihtnie. 
fli  I"  IN  (I  ■.')  _\V  ll.ilHrtwai,  /(>"  .1/11/  Tinut 
vf  .1.1,,,  iiii'jhi.  <■>,.  ;ti)  10 

A.  O.  iaA<-ia«9  -Oiicuiiion of  lh«  Alabama 
Ctaimi  of  the  United  Slatei.-Th«  Johnion- 
Clarcndon  Treaty  and  iti  rejection.    .H<i'  Ai.a 

»A\U  Cl.MM*      A      I)     l«(l'.>    INliO 

A.  D.  1M7-1868.— EspeditioB  to  Abyttinia. 
8<f  Anvi-i-iM  »:  A    |i    INii-i-mi 

A.  D.  1868-1870.     Diieitablishment  of  the 
Iriih  Church.     Retirement  of  the  Dcrby-Di«- 
raeli   Ministry.- Mr.   Claditon*  in    power.— 
Hit  Iriih  Land  Bill.— "(in  .Manli  IH.  iNtis.  » 
rtrn,iil,:il>li'  il.lialc  l.»ik   plari'   in   tlii'   IIiium'    iif 
(iiiiini.in*      ll  lia.l  f..r  iu  >.iilijr<t  Ihc  ci.nilili.ni 
of  h(  lanil.  anil  il  »  m  intriHliiicil  liy  11  siririt  (if 
riMi.lniion'.  wliiili  .Mr  .l..hn  Kmni  i^'MiiKuIrr,  an 
Iri^li    ninnlHr,    |ir.i|».M'i|.   .   .      It  was    lai    tin- 
fiiunli  nijilit  if  lli.ili  liiili-  Unit  ilu'  iniiinrtamii.f   ! 
tluiMia^i.ii  luranu  f  Jly  nninifiKt.     Tlirn  it  w  iw   : 
lliut  Mr   (ilailnloiu.  s|    Uc.  ami  ilirlarcil  Hint   in 
liiH  oiiiiiiiiii   111'   tiini'   li.iil   iiinii- wlnn   tlii'   Iriiili    | 
Cliiin  ll  a.H  ■   ^lalf  iu..liliiliiiii  inii>t  ciaw  li>ixi»t 
Tliiu  I  vtr\      .an  In  il.u  Hdiim-  kniw  tliat  (lie  cnil 
wiwnrar     .>ir.Ma;riiiri.  wiilnlnw  lilsn..uiliilii)n  i,    . 
Till'  caiiM.  Ill'  lia.l  111  M  rvi.  wa.s  ninv  in  tlie  liauiU   j 
of  I. Ill'  uliii,  iliiin;:li  11. i|  Miri  ly  inori'  curnriit  fur  | 
Its  hihumi,  l.a.l   im.uniiaralily  trnalir  piiwir  In 
Kru' il      Till  ri' H.'i.,  priilialily  nut  a  sinijli'  EuK     | 
llslinian  lap.il  I.  iif  furniiii);  liii  iipinimi  wliii  iliil    ! 
n.it  l>nii«  lliit  fr..in  llir  nmniriit  « Inn  .Mr.  Olad-    j 
•tuni'  hia.li'  liis  lii'ilarali.  n.  tlir  f.ill  nf  tlii'  Irish    ' 

Klalc  I  liiinli  liail   Ik  i imnlv  11  (lurstiiai  of   j 

tliiii       Ml  11  only  '(ailiil  In  sir  h.,w  .Mr  <;iail»loni'    i 
tt.inl.l  pii.in.|t.i  priMiirr  its  fall.      I'lililic  i-xpcc 
tiiiii.ii  »as  not   l.Miv:   kr|il   in  MHpciiM'.     A    few    j 
(laysiifii  r  till'  ili'liair  on   .Mr.  .MaKiiiri's  ni.itL.n,    I 
Sir.  (ll.iiNt'iiii-  ).'avi-  ni.tiii'  ..f  tlirrc  riMilniinnsnn 
til.- siilij.i  I  i.f  Ihi' Iri>liSl.iir  Cliiirrh.     Tlu' lirst 
ilrrl.ir.  .1   lh:it    in    tin-  i.pliii.in   i.f  llji'    II..n«('   of 

f" ions  it  was  iiici-sMry  lliat   tlii'   Ksl.ililisliiil    ; 

Cliiirrli  of  Ircliiriil  ),lioii|,'l  ci  ii«i-  to  ixisi  ns  an 
Estal  lislinii  III,  iliii' riL'iir.l  In  in,-  In. I  1,.  a||  pir 
»<in;il  iiitirr~t>  an. I  1.1  all  in.liviiliMl  li.-liis  ,,f 
j.riip.  riv  Till-  Nii.nil  nsoliHi.in  pr.ni. .111111 .1  i| 
c.xpi-.hriil  L.pri'M  lit  thi'crialioii.'f  luw  pirsoiml 
iul-  n.sts  l.v  ilii  TM  nisii.f  nnv  piililii-  pai.'.ai:ii:i-; 
aiil  il.r  iliii.l  ,i>ki-.l  |,,r  an  ii.l.'lri-s  1.,  ilu-  t^u,  1  n. 
pnniiiL'  ili.i!  1.1  r  .M.ijisiy  wouM  |.l.ir.' m  ih.- ili, 
p.ivil  of  I'lrli.iriiiiil  li.riiilirisl  in  llw  linip.,r.ili 

tiis  ..r  III.'    Iri-li  Cliurili      Tl I.j.it  of  tlicM' 

n'Miluti..!,-,  wa-.  .Hiiiply  I.,  pr.  |.ar.'  f.irllii'  arin.il    , 
lii-islalilishiili  lit    iif    thr    (  liunli     l.v    pr.ui.li..^    ! 
tiiai  110   turtliiT  a|.poiiiinii  nl>  sli.'.il.l  '\i,-  niaili" 
•nil  tliut  till'  aiiion  ..f  palronai-'i'  slioulij  be  stuyi'd,    ■ 


until  I'lirllanKnt  iIhiiiIiI  iIitIiIi'  IIh-  fair  of  i|„ 
wlioh.  In.illiitlon  Dm  Murrhai),  \mn.  Mr  (ili.l 
•loni'  prii|Hnt'i|  Ilia  n'aoliiilniia  Not  niant  p.  r 
Miiia  ciiiilil  liitti'  hill  niinli  ilniilit  ••  to  tlii'  ri  >iili 
of  till' ilrliali  lliil  if  llirrc  winnny  am  ll.  ih,  ir 
ilniilils  niinit  liavi'  Ih'Kihi  In  vniilah  kIii  ii  11,.  v 
O'lul  till' iiotlri' 111  anii'iiilnu'iit  to  iIk-  ri'aoliiii..iii 
wlilili  »a«  itlun  liy  Ij.nl  Hlanli'V  The  am.  ii.| 
mini  prill  laiinril  rvin  niiin  aiin  ly  limn  llie  r.  vi 
liitloiia  till-  linpiniliiiK  fall  of  tlii.  Iiish  (  Imi.  Ii 
l.or.1  Maiilry  nitiat  havr  U'l  n  Hiipih.Mii  to^|>.  :i|( 
in  till'  iiaini' of  till' (loviriiiiifil  anil  thiloiivr 
Millve  pirty,  iiiiil  liis  iitm  n.iiiii  lit  iiiiri  It  .U- 
rlari.l  iliat  llii'  IIoiim',  while  iiiliiilttinK  tint  1 .  n 
kIiIi  ral'li'  iii.>iliili  atioiis  In  llie  li'iii|M.rallllea..|  liiii 
I  liiiri  ll  in  In  laml  iniijlit  appear  t.i  U' ex  pi  ilu  nt 
»aa  of  opinion  'thai  any  pnipiniiioii  liiniiiii; 
111  the  illM'at.ililishnient  ir  ilisi  111I..H  iiii  nt  of  iin. 
I  lllireh  oiikIiI  In  l.e  n  s.  rveil  f..r  the  llei  iHioi,  .,( 
the  new  r.irlianii  lit  '  l,iinl  Staiilev  aiiini  iiilii..  ni 
iisliiil  only  for  ililay  .  The  ilebiiie  w.is  .m- 

of  (inat  power  ini'il  Intenal.  ,  .  Win  11  ilii- 
ilivi.inn  was  liilliil  then'  were  i'i\  votes  f.r  im 
anunilinent.  ami  :i;ll  avaiiiat  it.  The  ilo.in  ,.f 
till  Iriah  (liiinh  was  pn.niauieeil  liy  n  inaj.  rily 
.\n  Intirvil  was  alfonleil  for  ii).'ilali..M  .  n 


..r  ni 


ImiiIi  allies.  .   .Mr.  tilailstones  llrsl  n  soli, 

eanie  to  11  iliviaion  uUiiit  a  nionth  aftir  tin  4.  f,  ii 
of  l.onl  StanUya  aineiiiliiient.  It  was  e. 1111., I 
liy  a  inaji.rily  wnnewhat  larger  than  tint  wliiili 
hail  rijeeteil  the  anienilineiil  —  IKKI  Miii  s  vi.re 
(tlveii  f.ir  the  reaoliilion;  itl.1  ajfaiiisl  11  I  In- 
majority  for  the  resoliili.  11  was  iherel.a.  i.j 
Mr  liianu'li  i|iiii'lly  oUerveil  Unit  the  li.  ,.rii 
nil  111  niiiattakeMinii' ile(i>i\'eatep  liuonM  .p..  n.  1 
of  that  \iite:  ami  11  few  iliiys  nfterwanK  il  n.-m 
uiinoiineeil  that  as  WHin  ns  the  neeeimurv  liii>iMi»t 
loiil.l  Ih.  (f.it  ihn«ij;h.  I'arlianuiit  wonl.l  I..  .11, 
•oIm'iI  ami  an  apixal  inuile  tit  the  coiinlrt  iiii 
the  last  ilay  of  July  the  ilisMiliilion  liH.k'  p! ... 
iinil  the  elictlonseaiiieon  in  NonnilKr  N.:  f.  r 
many  years  hiul  there  Ueii  so  iinportanl  a  1;.  1,.  nil 
eliition.  The  keene.  t  nii.\h'ly  pn-vailiil  a- 1  in 
nsiilis.  The  new  eonittiliieneies  ereate.l  li  i!,i' 
Iteforni  Dill  were  to  (jive  their  votes  for  ll..  hrst 
tiiiie.  The  ipiestion  at  ismu'  was  not  men  1.  ilie 
oxi.slenee  of  the  Irish  Stale  Clmnli  ll  n..,  a 
p'lieral  HlniKijh'  of  inlvanriil  l.ilKnilisni  u.  i;ii-t 
rorylsin  The   new   Parliament   wa-  t  .    .11 

apiM'ariiiiie  less  markeil  In  its  I.iUraliMi,  lii.ii 
thai  whiih  hail  Kline  Ufore  ll.  lint  mi  I  ,1  .is 
men'  niimlMrs  went  the  MUnil  party  wa»  i  m  li 
stn.nKi  r  thin  it  hail  Urn.  In  the  new  II  ,.  .  f 
Ciminions  it  co.ilil  ominl  ii|«in  a  niaj' 1  "f 
alioiit  120,  whenas  in  the  late  I'arliami  111  ,  i.  i.l 
hill  till.      Mr.  (fl.iilsioiie  it  was  ilearwo'i!.   i.-w 

have  I  verylliin;.'  in  his  o»  n  liinils,  anil  ll .n 

try  ini-lil  look  for  a  eaner  of  emrfritir  h  1.  iiii 
.  .  .Mr  Disnii  li  iliil  nol  meet  llie  m'«  1'  .n.i 
nient  as  rriiiie  .Miiiisii  r  lie  ileeiileil  vi  i  ■•  |  '.  |. 
<rly  ihal  it  woiil.l  le  a  mere  wa-.li'  .1  ;  . K 
lime  111  wait  r  r  III!'  formal  M.|e  of   Ilu    II  .  ( 

Coiiiiiu.ii^.  Mhii  :.  »  1. 11 1.1  iiiivilal.ly  1  ..null  ■:  .  ;i;i 
1.1  siirn  ii.li  r.  lie  al  i.nre  n^ii.'nril  l.i<  .:!  >  r.-A 
.Mr   (Jlailsliine   "as  iniiiniliaii  ly  w  nl   T  1  '      1!.. 

■nil     all      .\.llllil.i-  :  "11 

lasoiilylii.     .  ,:  .• 
his  ciireer.      He   was  iiraily  si\iv   \.,ii^  ■ 
hut  llieii'  were  M'an  ily  "liy  eviileni  1  1  .1  :.. 

illLT  yi:ir>  li.  Ill' M  en  oil  liis'fare.  .  .  .  Tli.  1.  .'■li 
mi'Ul  !■  ■  fiTiiiti!  \M!S  1.::.' iif  :;iii:ir!,;ih!:     ;:         !: 

.   .   .    Mr.    (ilailsioni' Weill  li>  work   ul  m :;l. 

hiu  Irish  policy.     (Ju  Maieh   1.  i-WU,  th.    1  1:1111 


IJuii  II.  ,'111.1  ill',  it.'. I   til  1,1 

.Mr    (;i.l.Mii.;e.il«oiil,|  N 


•J'JG 


ENULANt),  IMS  1»70 


Armg  /*Hrt-ArtJ«  ifM 


KN«lLANt>,   IH73  ixwi 


Mlnnlff  lnln»liir«'<l  hl«  mrMurr  f'lr  th»  iIIm-MbH 
llnliniini  itn<l  tMrtbil  illwmliiwmi'nt  nf  llii-  Irisli 
HtatrCliurrIt  Tlir  proiKmnU  nf  llu'dovirtiiiMiit 
Kin.  Ili't  llu'  Irhli  (I  iri'li  alioiilil  nliii>«l  iil 
iw I'  ••'>»<•  111  I  >l>t  iia  It  (*(uli'  fjUnlillaliliMiil, 
■  n<l  thoiilil  imw  li.tii  llii'  loiiillUoii  iif  H  fni' 
Kpiiiiiiul  <'liiinli  An  »  iimiiir  of  murm'  tlw 
Iriili  liliiliii|"<  wrri'  III  liw  tlirir  mnli  in  iIh'  IIiiiim< 
(i(  l/'Pl«  A  »yniNliil.  <ir  (r"»'''f"'"if  IhhIv.  wm 
III  lif  ilirliil  (mm  till'  rlirity  iiiiil  liilty  uf  llic 
Clitirih  ami  km  In  Ih-  ri(iiK>>ix<'<l  l>y  U"'  Diivirti 
niMii  iiiiililiilv  liiriiriHinitiil  Tlir  iinlmi  liitwri n 
llir  I  liiiri  lira  iif  Kiiiclniiil  mill  Inljiinl  uii>  In  Ik' 
i1i>»i>ImiI.  unit  llii'  Irtuli  Knli  <lii>lii<il  Cniirls 
».rii  til  Ih'  nlmllnlwil.  Tliift'  wirr  vnrlmiK  niiil 
riini'liiiiii'l  "rniniriiiicntii  Inr  llii'  jimiittliiii  nf 
till  lili'  niiiri  M»iit  tliiM-nlnitily  ImliliiiK  |Hi«iliiiiin 
III  till'  III  li  <  liiirrli,  mill  fur  lli<-np|irii|iriiitiiiii  iif 
thr  fiiiul  "lili  li  wiiulil  rt'tiirii  to  till'  iHMw'siiiiiiKif 
till'  Mull'  kIii'II  all  llitM'  liittrviU  liiul  Imi'Ii  fiilrlr 
cuukIiIi rill  mill  iliiilt  with.  .  .  .  Miiny  nnK'iiif 
niiiil^  »!"'  iiitrmliKTil  (iiil  iIImiiiwiI^  miil  mhih' 
of  lliri*'  liil  III  «  riiiitninr^y  Ulmin  llir  Iwn 
lloiimiiiif  riirllumi'iit :  Iml  iliiMiiiitriivir«y  riulril 
in  lonipniiiiiM'  On  July  ^<l,  IHIW,  tlii'  iiii'a»iiri' 
for  llir  illM'iilulilliiliiiU'Ut  iif  tlic  Irlnli  Cliiirfli  n- 
niviil  till'  Mviil  liMcnt  Liiril  IKrliy  iliil  imt 
i.ii]i;  mirvivi'  lilt'  piuwInK  nf  llii'  iiU'iMiiri'  wliirli  liu 
liuil  iippiim-il  Kitli  Mticli  fiTViiiir  Hnil  mi  ntiiili 
puihi  lie  ilik'uity.  lit'  ilicil  Ufiirt'  lliv  Iristi  Stiili' 
(hunli  liuiTi'cuiH'il  III  live.  .  Whin  tlii' Irinli 
t'liuri'li  liiiil  Ihtii  (liii|MiM'il  nf,  Mr.  liltidHtiini'  Hi 
iimvilinriiil  III*  imrKii'itt'i  till'  Irixli  lanitnyxtini. 
Ill  a  ii[H'i'i'li  ilclivinil  liy  liiin  itiirintf  liU 
tin iiiiiiiiTiii)(u>">l>iiiK'i '"  I'liin'OKliirc,  lit'  liuil  tit' 
I'bnil  llml  llif  IrUli  iiprtu  trif  liuil  llirif  gtvnt 
Ijrimh.  .  till-  Ntulti  Cliurili,  tin-  Ijiiitl  Ttniiri' 
Hyslt'iii.  uDil  the  SyttFin  tif  Kiliiratmn,  anil  tliiit 
111'  iiii'unt  til  111  w  tlit'in  all  iliiwn  if  livi'iiiilil.  On 
Kili.'uury  I'l.  1H7II.  Mr.  (llailstnnv  intriHlui'i'il  h\* 
Iri>li  binil  HIM  Into  tlif  lliiuiM!u(  C'liininiinn.  .  .  . 
It  nriicnisi'il  iit-crttiin  projH'rty  or  pitrtnt-rshln  nf 
till  li  Hunt  ill  till'  luiiil  whicli  liv  lilliil.  Mr  olnil- 
ulniii'  tiHilc  ilic  I  Isti'r  tinttntright  na  lie  fnuml  it, 
mill  iimili'  H  11  lt'i{al  iDKtitulinn.  In  pluci'S  wliire 
till-  I  Niir  prarticv,  ornoimtliinK  anHlo)CiiuH  to  it, 
dill  Hut  rsiit.  lie  thri'W  uptm  the  luiiilloni  tliu 
hurili  II  i.f  priHif  as  rt'Kanlcil  the  ri>iht  nf  evirtion. 
Till  ti  iiuiit  illstnrlK'il  in  Ihe  pnsHCMiinn  of  hia  lanil 
rciiill  I  liiiiitiiMi|>t'nsiitiiin  fnr  inipnivenitnts,  anil 
'.111  liillriMrst'il  till' existing  usgnmptiontif  the  law 
In  priMiuiingiill  inipnivi'mtntH  In  in' Hie  priipirty 
lit  ilii'  ii  luiit,  mill  li'uving  it  III  the  lamllnnl,  if  he 
luiilil.  In  prnvi'  tlie  enntriiry.  The  hill  entiib- 
li>lii  I  11  spn  iai  juilieiury  inai  hinery  fur  carrying 
(lilt  it',  pn.viMiins.  ,  .  .  It  put  uneiiil  In  llie  ri'li;n 
if  t'l"  l.iiiilliirit'ii  ulisiilute  pnwer;  it  redueeil  the 
liiill  .nl  Id  Hie  level  nf  every  other  |iriiprietor,  of 
Hi  r\  I  till  r  man  In  theeountry  vnIio  IiikI  anything 
li"-i  II  1  r  liire  .  .  .  The  hill  paKiteil  wjihnnt  suti- 
.■t;iii:i.il  ulii  rtilinn.  On  August  1,  IH70.  the  hill 
ti'-i^'i!  till-  Itiiytil  assent.  The  neennil  hraiieh 
iif  till' ii]i:is  trie  hail  lieeii  hewn  ilnwn.  .  .  .  Mr. 
Ill  i.-iii.r  haii  ilealt  with  Cliiirili  ami  laml;  he 
Inl.M'  'iiiliiil  wilh  iiniversitv  eilueatlnii.  lie 
lii'l  K"i' "It  li  Irish  iiii-iw  thus' far.  "—,1.  MeCar- 
lii.i      ■ I  Ui>t   :f  (hir  (lirii  Tiiiun.  rh.  'i;(. 

Ai-"iN:  W.  N.  .Miilisworth.  Hint  »f  F.w:.. 
I^i"  l-TI.  .-.  11,  ch.  0,  — .1(1  II i/,i/  UtiiiKU'r.  l*il), 
;'    1      /  1  ■    //iV..  rh.  i-W.  ,i,„l  1870,  r/i.  1-','. 

.A.  D.  !«7o.     Thr  Ednration  Bill      Si  >  K„i-. 

1  M'  iV     .Miilu  UN       Kl  Iml'K.VN  I.Ot.NTUIES.— K.NO- 
I.AMi     .\     1).    l(i'J'J-lHTl>. 


A.  D.  il7i.  -Abolition  of  Amnr  rurckuo 
and  Univtrilty  Rtligioui  Ttiti.  -  Oofoat  of  th* 

Ballot  Bill. —  The  great  nuamirr  of  Ilie  Hi-wlno 
(iif  l'<7l|  oiwiif  iiiiirw'  the  Army  Hilt,  »lihh 
Mii«  Inihiiluei'il  liy  Mr  CarilHell,  no  ihr  Ullh  i>( 
Keliriiary  It  nlmlialiiil  the  ayMeiii  hy  Klihh 
rii  h  men  nhtuiiHil  liy  purehiiM'  i nmiiilMlntiii  anil 
priimnllon  in  the  arn'iy,  anil  iiriivlileil  lM,llll<).iiilU 
In  hiir  all  (omniiwiiiiia,  aa  lliey  fell  In,  at  their 
ngiilatlon  anil  over  regiilatinn  value  (ihrregulA- 
timi  value  laing  a  h  gal  prii  e,  tlxtil  liy  a  l(iiy«l 
Warrn.i,  Imt  whiili  in  praiiiie  »»a  never  rr 
^Mrileil}  In  fiiliiri',  enntiiiiaMlntm  were  In  b« 
awiirileil  either  In  thiMi'  whii  wnn  them  liy  niM'ti 
eiini|<elltliin,  nr»liii  liiiil  ai  rvtil  aa  autmlti  rna  In 
the  .Militia,  nr  to  ileaerving  imn  <iimnil"loiiei| 
nllliera  .  ,  .  The  iletiale,  whieii  aeeliu'il  tiller- 
iiiiiialile,  eniliil  in  an  aiili  eliniaii  that  aalnnUhtil 
the  Tory  (Ipposilinn  Mr  I lisraell  threw  over  Ihti 
ailviKiitea  of  riii'iliaM',  eviilinily  tlrcailing  an 
appeal  III  the  loiinlry  .  .  .  The  Army  Keunla. 
linn  Hill  Ihiia  pauM'il  ihe  See  mil  Keiullng  Hllhout 
a  iliviainn,"  anil  linallv,  wltli  aome  anieiiilnienti 

Iiaaaeil  Ihe  lliiiiM'  "In  tin  lloiiae  nf  Lnrila  the 
till  Haa  again  olmlriit  teil.  .  .  .Mr  (Jliuiai.  ne 
iiiel  tiiem  vtiili  a  ImiIiI  aim.  e.  liy  aiattite  It  wag 
enaeteil  that  nnly  aueli  terina  of  INirehaae  enulil 
I  \i-t  aa  her  Majesty  ehoae  In  periiill  liy  Koyil 
Warrant.  Tlie  tjiieen,  Iherefori',  ailing  in  Mr. 
(iliuistiine'a  ailviee,  eaneelleil  her  vtiiriiint  |M'r- 
milting  I'liri'liiiM',  ami  lima  the  opruaiilion  nf  the 
I'eera  vtaa  eriialMit  liy  what  Mr.  IMaraeli  iiiillg 
iianlly  lermitl  'the  high  hanthil  though  nnt  U' 
legal '  exerelac  of  the  Uoyal  I'n'mgatlve.  The 
rage  of  the  Tory  I  Vera  knew  no  liimnila. "  They 
"  1  arrieil  »  vnle  nf  eeiiaure  nn  the  (liiveninient. 
whoignonti  It,  ami  Ihen  their  Ijirilahipa  paamil 
the  Army  Uegnlalion  liill  without  any  altera 
lions  .  .  .  The  S'saion  of  1M71  was  nlao  niaile 
inemnralile  by  the  atrnggle  over  Ihe  IlaMot  Uill, 
intheeourse  of  vthleli  neiirly  all  the  ilevieea  of 
faetiniH  ohstrui  linn  were  exhaiiateil.  .  .  .When 
t!  e  Hill  naeheil  Ihe  lloiiae  nf  l.onls,  the  real 
motive  whieli  ilietaleil  Ihe  .  .  .  iilmlriietlnn  of 
Ihe  Ciinaervutlve  Oppi  ilion  in  Ihe  House  uf 
('onmiona  was  ipih'kly  nveahil  The  I^inla  rv- 
leeteil  the  Hill  on  the  IHIh  of  August,  nnt  merely 
iN-eanae  they  ilialikeil  anil  ilreaihil  it,  but  U'e:  list; 
it  liati  eiiiiie  to  iliem  tiai  hite  for  proper  eonsiihrii' 
tion.  Ministers  were  more  Kiieeeasfiil  with  some 
other  ineaMiires.  In  apite  nf  nuieh  eiinaervatlve 
nppiwition  they  pnsseil  a  Hill  al  oliahing  reliiihins 
tests  in  the  Iniversiliesof  ( ixfiiril  ami  Cnmliriilge. 
ami  throwing  open  all  aetiileniie  ilistinetionH  anil 
iiriiilei:e»  exeepi  IHviiiiiy  Ileifnea  anil  (  h  rieal 
KelloWHiiipH  to  sluilelits  of  all  ereeila  anil  f.-iilha.' 
— U.  Wilson.  Lift  ami  Tiimanf  Qtittit  ^lV^'/'^/,  r. 
•i,  <■!,.  HI. 

Also  in:  <i   \V.  K.  Uussell.  r/ie  lit.  ll.,„.  W.  K 

aUlilft;),,-.  ,■!,     It. 

A.  D.  187 1-1872. —  Renewed  negotiationi 
with  the  United  States.— The  Treaty  of 
Washington  and  the  Geneva  Award.  See 
Ai.MuMv  (I  VIMS  .\,  |>.  is(iy-is7i;  1.S71.  ami 
IHTl    IH7'.> 

A.  D,  1873-1879,  Rise  of  the  Irish  Home 
Rule  Party  ana  r  ;anizat;un  of  the  Land 
League.     See  Ikki.      11:  A    I).  l«7:i  Is7il. 

A.  D.  1873-1880.— Decline  and  fall  of  the 
Gladstone  government. —  Disraeli's  Ministry. 
—  Hi?  -i--  t.-.  ths'  pff  ragf,  ss  Farl  of  Bi-sron?- 
field.-  The  Eastern  Question. —Overthrow  of 
the  administration.— The  Second  Gladstone 


iil 


997 


ENGLAXi).   ISTa-lSHO 


Uraconsfi^Ui  ami 
tiUuiMtone. 


ENGLAND,  188a 


Ministry.— "One  of  the  liiilc  wars  in  wiiicli  we 
Imd  til  iiif»iii;r  limki'  mit  with  the  Aslmiilii's,  a 
inisunilirsiiiiidiiii;   rcsiiliinit  fnim  our  piirclmsi' 
of  till'  I)mcli|iii!«is8ioiis(INT:l)  in  their  mlghlKHir- 
IhhmI.    Troops  ami  marines  iiniler  Wolseley  .   .   . 
Were   wnt   oiil    to    West    Alriia.     (Mssiiij,'  the 
i'r.ih  liiver.  .laniiarv  •,'()th.  1ST4.  he  defealeil  tiie 
Ashunleis  oii  ilie  last  day  of  that  nionlli  at  ii 
place  railed   Aninafnl,  eiilered  iind   Ininit  their 
eapilal.  (  iKiniassie.  and  made  a  treaty  with  their 
kliiu'.   K.itree.  Iiy  whieli  he  withdrew  all  ehiinis 
of  soveni:.'iiiy  over  the  Irilii's  under  our  protee- 
ticMi.     The  many    I.iluTal  measures  carried    liy 
the  MinisUy  eaused  modeiate  men  to  wish  for'ii 
halt.     Some  re-.iri(iions  on  the  lieeiised  vintners 
turned  that  powerlul  luxly  a-aiiist  the  Adminis- 
tratinn,  which,  on  uttemplimr  to  carry  an  Irish 
University  itill  in   ImT:!.  lice.ame  suddenly  aware 
of  lis  unpopularity,  as  the  second  reading  was 
only  c.iirieil  liy  a  majority  of  three.    I{esii;inition 
followed.     The  erratic,  hut  a.stute.   Disraeli  de- 
clined lo  undvitake  the  responsiliility  of  piveru- 
in.i;  the  country  with  the  llouseof  Comnionsthen 
existini.',  coiiscquenily    .Mr.    Gladstone  resumed 
olllce;    yet    Conservalive    rcaelion    profiressed. 
He  in  .Sepiemher  hecame  Chancellor  of  the  E.\- 
<hci|uer(-.lill  hohlinir  the  Premiership)  and  UMnl 
January,  lsr-1.  he  suddiidv  dissolved  I'arliarneul 
proiniMn;;  in  a  letter  to  the  electors  of  Greenwich 
the  limil  aliulilion  of  the  jneonie  tax.  and  a  re- 
duction in  .some  other  ■  imposts.'     The  elections 
went  niraiust     him.     The    •  hara.s.sc(l '    intcn-sts 
overturned  the  Mini.stry  (ITth  Feliruarv.   lST-1). 
.  I)n  the  accession  o'f  the  Conservative  (Jov- 
ermnent    under    Mr.    Disraeli   (Keliruarv,    IS74) 
the  l.uiliret  showed  a  l.ul.ince  of  six  millions  iii 
f.ivour   iif    the    rednetiou   of    taxation.     Conse- 
i|ueni|y  the  suL'ar  duties  Were  aliolish.'d  and  tlie 
income  l.ix  nduee.l  to  2d    in  the  pound.     This 
llie  niiiili  Parliament  of  (^ueeii  Victoria    s.it  for 
a  little  over  six  years.   .   .   .   .Mr.  Disneli,  now  the 
K.irlof  lieaeon>lield,  was  fond  of  gi  vim,- the  coun- 
try surprises.     ( >ne  of  these  consisted  in  the  pur- 
chase of  the  interest  of  the  Khedive  of  Ei.'ypt  in 
the  Suez  Canal  for  four  millions  sterliiu;  (Feli- 
ruarv.   ISTii).      .Vnother   was  the  nciiuisiiion  of 
Ihe'lurkish  Island  of  Cvprus.  handed  over  for 
the  guarantee  to  Turkey  of  her  .Vsiatic  provinces 
111   tlie  event  of  any  future    Uiissian  encniach- 
meiits    ,,       .\s  war  had  liroken  out  in  several 
of  llie  Tiirki-h  provinces  (18Tr,.,  and  as  Hussia 
li:el  inler.d  the  lists  for  the  in.sui;;ints  a;'!iinst 
the  .-Julian.   « horn   Kmiland  was  hound  tir  sup- 
I>ort  hy  .solemn   treaties,    we   were   treated  to   a 
third  surpri.-..-  liy  the  eonvevance.  in  anticipation 
of  a  lireich  with   liussi.a.  of  T.oiii)  tnsips   from 
India  lo   Malta.     The    Earl  of    Derhv,    looking 
upon  tills  luanieuvre  as  a  menace  to  that  Power 
re^i.-md    his  ollice.    which   was   tilled   hv    I.oni 
.-ahshiiry   iisrs),   ,   ,   .  'n,,.   war  pro\  -ig  disa.s- 
trous  to  I'nrUey.  t'lc  tre.itv  of  St.  Stcplia.„i  (Eel>- 
riiary.    ls;s,     „.as   com  luded    with    Uu.s.sia     liy 
whiili  the  l.itterai.piind  additional  lerritorv  in 
Asia  .Minor  m    vinUiion  of  the  treatv  of  I'aris 
(l-'.ilii.     Diirtiovi  runient  stronglv  renionstrated 
and  war  seemed  iiiiiiiineiit.     'l'iiroii:,'h  the  inter- 
ce-,sioii.li,,«,.ver.  of  HisMiarek.  tuetJermanClian-    ' 
ci-1  ,,r.  ^^ar  was  avert.  .1.  and  aeonirress  soon  -net 
m  iierlin.  al   whii  h  liriiiin  was  represented  hv 
Lords    Salisbury    and    licaconslield;    the    result 
heing  the  samiioii  of  the  treaty  already  made 
with  the  exception  that  the  town  of  ICrzerouni 
wa.s  handeij  hack  to   Turkey.     Gur  amhassiidors 


returned    home   nillier   iwmpously,   the   tVinip 
.Minister  loftily  <lechiring,  that  they  Imd  hrou  -m 
hack    '  pi'iice    with   lionour.' .  .  .   Our  e.\p,  iT-,, 
had  rapidly  increased,  the  wealthy  <iinmi.r.  i,| 
people  iKgan  to  distrust  a  Prime  .Minisiei  «h,i 
had  lirought  us  to  the  hrink  of  war,  the  |ri^h 
dehaU's,   Irish   poverty,  and  Irish  oiilraiiis  li„i 
hrought  with   them   inure   or   less  dis<re.lii  ,,„ 
tlie   .Ministry.    .   .    .    The   Parliament    »  „  ,li« 
solved   .March   2tth,   but   tli.'  elections   wnti  s,, 
decisively  in  favour  of  the  Eilxralsthat  Ue.i.  ..n, 
jielcl   resigned  (April   2;)rd).     Earlv   in    lie    |,,|. 
lowing  yiar   he  appeared   in   Ids"  plai  e   in  il,,. 
House  of  I'eers,  hut  died  April   I'Jtli.      Ihou -li 
.Mr    Gladstone   liail    in    IHT.)    ridiniinisliel    tL' 
political  leadershipin  favour  of  Lonl  llartin  ii.n 
vet  the  •  Hulgarian  Atrcnities  '  and  other  wriiiin.'s 
hrought  him  again  so  prominent  hefore  tin  puli 
lie  tliat  his  leadership  was  universallv  ai  Kih.uI 
edged  hy  tlie  party.  .  .   .   He  now  resiiincl  .,i!:,v 
taking  the  two  posts  so  freipiently  held  h,  i.^re 
hy  Prime    .Ministers  since  the  days  of   Willi  nu 
Pitt,  who  also  Indd  them,   .   .   .   The  result  ..f  tlie 
geiieml  eh-clionof  ISHO  was  the  return  of  i,,,,:.. 
LilHTils  to  Parliament  than  Conservatives  ;,u,| 
Homo   Kulers   together.     The  farmiim    intu.si 
continued  depressed  lioth  in  Great   Diiiain  au.l 
Ireland,   resulting   in  thousands  of  acres  t^.iuf 
thrown   on  the    landlords'  hands  i-i  the  f.,iiiur 
country,  and  numerous  harsh  ev  etions  in   tlii' 
latter  for  non-payment  of  rent.     .Mr  (ila.lst,,ii(. 
determined  to  legislate  anew  on  the  Irish  l.aiul 
Question;  and(lM«l)carried  through  lioih  llonsej 
thatadmiralilc  measure  known  as  the  Irisli  Land 
Act,  whiih   for  the  lirst  time  in  the  hist. .11  ..( 
that  country  secured  lo  the  tenant  remiin.  1  ,ii.,ii 
for  his  own  industry.    A  Land  Commissi. .11  (  ..in 
was  established  to  fix  Fair  Henls  f..r  a  p.  n..!  ..f 
!■»  years.     After  a  time   leaseholihrs    ».  re   in 
eluded  in  tliisbenelicent  legislation,"—!;  .I.lms 
ton,  .1  Sliart  IIM.  iifthe   'Uiieti,'s  liriu.    ,  ,   ri- 
57.  "  ''' 

Also  IN:  .1.  A.  Froude,  hird  n.iU-o„»i\,li  rh 
10-17.— G.  n.  Smith,  Life  of  GUiMone  ,■!,  :K 
2S{r.  2).— II.  .Icplhson.  T/ie  I'lutf'rm,  .■/,  :\  ti 
(r.  2). 

A.  D.  1877.— Assumption  by  tiie  Queen  o( 
the  title  of  Empress  of  India.  .See  I.vdu  \  1) 
ISTT. 

A.  D.  1877-1878.— The  Eastern  Question 
again.  —  Bulgarian  atrocities.  —  Excitement 
over  the  Russian  successes  in  Turkey.  -War- 
clamor  of  "the  Jingoes."  — The  fleet  sent 
through  the  Dardanelles.- Arrangement  of  the 
Berlin  Congress.  .See  IUi.ka.n  and  Dim  i.ui 
Statks:  a.  D.  1ST.-)-1M7.S;  and  TiUKs:  \  li 
1878. 

A.  D.  1877-1881.— Annexation  of  the  Trans- 
vaal.—The  Boer  War.  .See  Soirii  Aim.  \ 
A.   I      lSllti-1,881. 

A,  a.  1878.— The  Congress  of  Berhn  Ac- 
quisition of  the  control  ofCyprus.  S.  1  1 .  n,. 
A.  1).    1878. 

A.  D.  1878-1880.— The  second  Afghan  War. 
See  .\F(1IIA.mstan:  .V.  I).  Isiilt-lssi 

A. D.  1880.— Breach  between  the  Irish  r.v.'y 
and  the  English  Liberals.  -Coercion  li::;  ,i:id 
Land   Act.     Sie   Ii:i  1  \mi     .\     |)     |s^ 

|S8| -ISS2. 

A.  D.   1882.— "War  in  Egypt,     s, .    i     .)i 
.\,  D.  I«7.'i  1S.S2.  and  |ss2   |8-<:1 

A.  D.  1883.— The  Act  for  Prevention  of  Ci  r- 
rupt  and  Illegal  Practices  at  Parliani.  iitary 


!  : 


99b 


ENGLAND,   1883. 


Corrupt  Praetieea 
in  Ettctiona. 


KNQLAND,  1884-1885. 


I'     I 

-8* 

i.    4 


Electiont.— "Prior  to  the  General  Election  of 
18.S0  tliire  were  tliose  who  Iio|hm1  ami  iR'llevcil 
tbiilC'cirrupt  I'racticcs  at  Kleclions  wcni  ducreaa 
ill)!.  These  liopes  wire  bajK'il  upon  the  ifrowth 
of  the  constitueneiis  iiii'l  their  increased  polltieal 
Intelliijenee.  ami  also  upon  tlie  o|K'rati()ii  of  the 
Ballot  Act.  Theili.sehwii'  following  the  General 
Klcetiou  pn)veil  lo  the  jst  san);uine  that  this 
Ivliif  w.is  an  error.  ( orrnpt  pracliies  were 
fiiiirnl  to  1h;  more  i/reviileul  than  ever.  If  in 
olileii  limes  larf,'er  a(;Kre','ate  suin.s  weree.\|K'ni|ed 
ill  hriliery  and  trealing.  never  prohal'ly  hiul  so 
many  persons  lieen  brilKcl  and  treated  as  at  the 
(ieiieri!  Eleetion  of  IM80.'  After  that  elietion 
iiimteeu  |)etitioiis  against  returns  on  the  ground 
of  eiirriipt  praetiees  were  presented.  In  eight 
in-tarices  the  Judges  reported  that  those  practices 
liaihxL'Usively  prevailed,  and  iu  respect  of  seven 
of  thcv  the  reports  of  the  C.'otnnii.s.sioncrs  ap- 
piiinled  under  the  A(  t  of  1H.VJ  deinimstrated  the 
alarming  extent  to  which  corruption  of  all  kinds 
had  grown.  ...  .V  ino.st  serious  feature  iji  the 
Comiaisbioners'  Ueporls  was  the  pri«if  they 
alTorded  that  l)ril)ery  was  regarded  as  a  meri- 
torious not  as  a  disgraceful  act.  Thirty  magis- 
trates were  reported  as  guilty  (tf  corrupt  prat'lices 
uikI  removed  from  the  Coinini.ssion  of  the  IVace 
Inllie  LoriU'h.'ineellor.  .Mayors,  aldernieii,  town- 
iiHineillors,  solii-itors,  the  agents  of  the  candi- 
cicles,  ,[iid  others  of  a  like  class  were  found  to 
have  dealt  with  hriliery  as  if  it  wiTe  a  part  of 
the  ueee-sary  maihinery  fur  cuiidueting  an  clec- 
li'ii,  Wor-a  of  all.  .some  of  these  persons  had 
uitualiy  attained  munieip.il  lionours,  not  <iiily 
al't'T  tiiey  had  cor-'nitldl  'liise  practices,  but 
evia  aftiT  their  iiii^ideeds  liad  been  e.xposeil  by 
imlilii' ia.piiry.  Thi'  Keporls  also  showed,  and 
a  rarliaiiieiitary  Heturu  fiiriiisheil  still  more  eon- 
elu^ivi-  procif,  lliat  eleetion  expense's  were  e.\- 
travaLiaiit  even  to  alisurility,  and  moreover  were 
i)U  the  iiii Tease.  The  lowest  estimate  of  the  c\ 
peiiditure  during  the  (iener.il  Kleclion  of  18M0 
aiii'MMits  to  tile  enormous  sum  of  two  and  a  half 
millions.  With  another  |{.'form  Bill  in  view,  the 
prospects  of  future  elections  were  indeed  alarm 
i  ii:.  .  .  .  Tlie  iiec*'ssity  for  some  change  was 
S(lf  eviileiil.  I'ulilic  opinion  insisteil  that  tin- 
siilijeei  shouM  1m'  dealt  with,  and  the  evil  eii- 
euiniiered.  .  .  Tii"  (^iccirsiSpeeeh  of  the  (ith  of 
January,  iss],  anii,iiiiii-,.|l  t|,at  a  oieasure  'for 
the  repre>~inn  ..f  corrupt  praitii'es'  would  1h' 
stiliiiiiiied  to  I'.irli.imeiit,  and  on  the  foMowiug 
clay  till'  .Vliiirney  (ieneral  (Sir  Henry  James),  in 
fen  iiili' and  elo.|ueiit  tiTiiis,  move. l" for  leave  to 
iii!r.«liiee  his  Itill.  His  pn.posals  (severe  as  they 
Sf.Mii-.iiwcri'  recaived  with  general  approval  anil 
s.uii|.alliy,  both  inside  and  .lutsidi'  the  House  of 
IniMiiiuii,,  at  a  time  when  members  and  con 
>Ii'l'i.N  alike  were  ashamed  of  the  exia'sses  so 
r.iuiilv  l.rniii;ht  lo  light.  It  is  true  that  tlie 
tKi.aiela  half  ye;irs' delay  that  intervened  be- 
t>v'eii  111,.  iiur..,lii,.|i,,i,  ,,f  ,"i„.  Hill  and  its  tliiallv 
liie"iiiiii^.  1,  ,v  ,1  di'lay  caused  bv  the  necessitu's 
ef  Iri-h  le.'wIaliMiii,  ;,ul!iccd  vervconsidcrablv  to 
|'"'l  111'  iniliiisiasm  of  Parliament  :  ..1  the  I'lub- 
'•■•  ■  »it!nou!.'h  de^iri'  fur  reform  remaineil  t,i 
carrv  ,„  ,|,|iy  m-4:l  t|„.  mn  „f  January  Ix.Sl, 
in  -;,Iir  1  mdnd  in  detail,  but  with  its  principles 
uiie!  aii.l  its  iiiaiii  provisions  unaltered  The 
til  a-ure  which  has  n.ov  become  the  I'arlianu'U- 
I.rv  I.I,.  I1 1,11,  .V,.,  ,„•  isH:i,  was  in  lis  conception 
l'Mv,,l.,|  hv  nv,,  pri,„.i|,l,.s  The  lirst  was  to 
'•"■■'■;''■'  ■'■■■■1  hoiiiu  at  cirrupt  pr,i. lees.  lin. 


second  was  to  probibit  by  positive  legislation  any 
expenditure  in  the  conduct  of  an  election  which 
was  not  absolutely  ueci-ssury.  UrilnTy,  undue 
intluenee,  and  iwrsouation,  had  long  been  crimes 
for  which  a  man  eouhl  be  tiiied  and  imprisoned. 
Treating  was  now  added  to  the  same  clus.s  of 
offences,  and  the  punishment  C  ir  all  nMidered 
more  deterrent  by  a  liabillly  to  hard  labour,  .  .  . 
Besides  punishment  on  eonviction,  incapacities 
of  a  serious  character  are  lo  result  from  a  person 
being  reporleil  guilty  of  corrupt  practices  by 
Election  Judges  or  Kleclion  Commissioners.  .  .  . 
A  candidate  reporte.l  |K'rsoiially  guilty  of  cor- 
rupt pracliies  can  never  sit  again  for  the  .same 
constituency,  and  is  rendered  incapahle  of  being 
a  member  of  the  House  of  t'ommons  for  seven 
years.  All  persons,  whether  candidates  or  not, 
arc,  (Ml  being  repc.rtcd,  rendered  in^'apabh'  of  liohl- 
ing  any  public  ollice  or  exercising  any  franchise 
for  the  same  |)erioil.  .Moreover,  if  anv  persons 
S( I  found  guilty  are  magi.stnitcs,  barristers,  so- 
licitors, or  members  of  other  honourable  pro- 
fessions, they  are  to  be  reported  to  the  LorU 
Chancellor,  Inns  of  Court.  High  Court  of  Justice, 
or  other  authority  controlling  their  profession, 
and  dealt  with  us  in  the  ca.sc  of  professional  mis- 
conduct. Uceiiscd  victuallers  are.  in  a  similar 
manner,  to  be  reported  lo  the  liieusing  justices, 
wleimayon  tlie  next  oec;,  ,i.in  refuse  to  relle^¥ 
their  lieen.s.'.s.  .  .  .  The  emploviueiit  of  all  paid 
assistants  except  a  very  limited  uuniber  is  tor- 
bidden;  no  conveyances  are  to  1m'  pahl  for,  and 
only  a  restricted  number  of  eoinmittce  rooms  are 
to  lie  engaged.  Unnecessary  pavments  for  the 
exhiliition  of  bills  and  addres.si's"  and  for  Jags 
band.s,  torches,  and  the  like  are  declared  illegal.' 
Uut  these  prohibitions  of  speeilic  obji'cts  were 
not  considered  siilllcunt.  Had  Ihese  alone  been 
eiiacttsl,  the  money  of  wealthy  anil  reckless  can- 
didates wouhl  have  found  otherchannels  ill  which 
to  How,  .  .  .  And  thus  it  was  that  llii-  'inaxi- 
inum  scale'  was  adopicfl  as  at  once  the  iimst 
direct  and  the  most  cilieacious  means  of  limit- 
ing expenditure.  Whether  by  himself  or  his 
agents,  by  direct  payment  or  by  contract,  the 
landidatc  is  forbiildeil  lo  spend  more  iu  •  the  con- 
duet  and  managemeiit  of  an  eleetion  '  than  the 
sums  permitted  by  tin'  .Vet,  sums  which  depend 
iu  each  case  on  the  niimerieal  extent  of  the  lam- 
.stiiueney."— II.  Hi)bhouse.  YVie  l'.iiU<n:,i:it,iry 
h:Ucti,,„.-,((_'„n-i(iiliiiiil  Ittoj.tl  I'mrtic^i  Art.  \HH:i 
/-/-.  1-H. 

A.  D.  1884-1885.— The  Third  Reform  Bill 
and  the  Redistribution  Bill. —The  existing 
qualifications  and  disqualifications  of  the  SuP 
frage.— ■■S>on  alter  .\lr,  (iladstone  came  into 
power  m  HW».  Mr.  Trevclyaii  became  a  member 
ot  his  .Vdministralioii.  Already  the  I'remier  had 
siaured  the  co  opiration  of  Iwai'oihcr  iiien  new  to 
ollice  — .Mr.  Chamberlaiu  and  >lr  Charles  Dilke. 
.  .  .  Their  presence  in  Hie  .\diiiiiiistrilion  was 
liMiked  upon  asagoml  augury  Iv  the  liailieals, 
and  the  augury  was  not  dest'ined  to  pnive  mis- 
leading. It  was  iiiiderstoo.i  from  the  lirsi  that, 
with  siicOi  iiien  as  his  coadjiilors,  .Mr.  (iladsione 
was  pledged  lo  a  still  further  Ueform.  He  was 
pledged  .ilready.  in  fail,  bv  his  sp,, a  lies  in  .Mid- 
lothian. .  ,  .  (In  III'  ITih"  of  Ociiiber,  1>--<.1.  a 
great  C.iiifereiiee  was  held  at  lards,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  considering  the  Liberal  pn'L'ramme  for 
the  ensuing  .sias,.n.  The  Conference  was  at- 
tended by  no  few.r  than  'sVillKI  delegates,  who 
repie.seiiiid  upwards  of  .")IK)  i,iheral  .Vsiociatious. 


99!) 


ENGLAND.  1884-1885. 


Tkird  Rtform 
BilL 


ENGLAND.  1884-1885. 


It  wu  prr«i(lf(l  over  by  Mr.  John  Morlpv.  .  .  . 
To  It  limn  lliv  ilcluirii'cs  narocil  lis  tii  the  impera- 
tive ntix'ssity  (if   hnuscliolil  8iilIraK«   Iwing  e,x- 
tcnih'd  til  Mil'  (iiiiiilies;  ainlnhniist  ti>  a  man  they 
•greeil  alwi  a-i  tn  llie  nctcssi'y  "f  Ihc  niiasiire  lie- 
Ins  nil  IdiiKiT  ihlayiil.  .  .  .   Wlien  Parliament 
met  (in  the  ."illiof  the  fulliiwingKeliruaiy  ...  a 
nie.isine  for  '  tlie  enlarueiiient  (if  the  neciipatiiin 
franchise  i:i  I'arliuinentaty  Elections  thioii;;hont 
tlic  l'iii:c.|  Kiiij.'ihiin  ■  was  distinctly  pnimised  in 
tlic   Koyal  S|iiccli;    anil  tlie  8;ime  evening  Mr. 
Glailsloiie  LMvc  iioiiic  tliat  'on  the  fiiNt  availahle 
d.i>-  '  he  wiiiild  move  for  leave  to  brini;  in  the 
bill.     So  mill  h  wis  the  House  of  C'oniinons  occu- 
pied wilh  alTairs  in  Knypt  ami  the  Soudan,  how- 
ever, that  it  was  nut  iill  the  'J!)th  of  February 
th.it  the  I'lcinicr  w;is  alile  to  fiiHil  hi  i  pledi;e."" 
Four  nionihs  were  occupied  in  the  passiiiTc  of  the 
bill  Ihriiu^'li  till'  House  of  Coniinons,  and  when  it 
nached  till'  Lords  it  was  rcjcclcd.     This  mused 
"an  iiilciiM'  fcclini;  tliroui'hout  llie  coiintrv.    On 
the  -.Jlst  of  .liny,  a  ureal   ineeliiiL'  was  Ik'IiI  in 
Ilydc  I'.irii.  atliiidcd,  it  was  iKlieved,  liv  upwards 
cf  10.»  OiW  pl■r.^(lns.  .  .  .  On  tin,'  IWtli  of  Julv,  a 
creat  iiiectiii','iif  delefiates  was  held  in  St.  James's 
Hall.  London.   .   .  .   .Mr.  John  .Morley,  who  pre- 
sided, used  some  words  rcs|K'ctinj;  tlu'  Houselhat 
liad  rcjcclcd  Ihc  hill  which  wcri'  instantly  eauijht 
up   liy    KcfoniHTs  cvcryivhere.      '  lie   sure,'   he 
fcii.l,  •  tlial  no  power  on  carthcan  si'parate  lience- 
forlh  l!iei|iicsli f  inendini:  the  House  of  Com- 
mons from  ihci|ueslion  of  mcnclin^.  or  enijing, 
the  House  of  Lords.'     On  the  4tliof  .Viigust.  Mr 
Biiirht.  spc.ikin:;  at  Ilirmini;liain.  referred  to  the 
LorNas  •  many  pf  tliciii  the  siiawnof  the  plunder 
and  Ihcw.irs  and  the  corruption  of  the  dark  ages 
of  oiircoiintry  ■;  and  hiscolleagnc.  Mr.  ChamlK.'r- 
lain,  iiM- 1  even  Imldcr  words:     '  During  the  last 
one  hiindrcd  years  the  House  of  Lonls  has  nc.cr 
eoiitrilmlcd  one  iotJito  popular  liU'rliesor  popu- 
lar  freedom,   or  done  anything   to  udvanee  the 
common  weal,  and  dnring  that  time  it  has  pro- 
tected every  aliuse  ,iiid  sheltered  every  privilege. 
.  .   .  It  isiricsponsililewilhoiit  imiepeiidence.  (ih- 
Btiiiate  wilh.Mit  coiir.igc,  arbitrary  without  jiidg- 
niciit,  and  aiTo;;aiit  without  knowledge, '  .   .   .   In 
very   ni.iiiy  iiist.inces,  a  strong  disposition  was 
manifested  to  drop  the  agii:itioii  for  the  Keforin 
of  the  House  of  t'ominons  for  a  time,  and  to  eon- 
ceniralc  llie  wh.ilc  strength  of  the  Liberal  |iarty 
on  one  lin.il  stnig^dc  for  the  Ucform  (or,  pn'fer- 
aM.. .  the  cMiiictioii)  of  Ihc  I'lipcr  House."     liut 
Mr,  Oi.i  Isioiie  give  no  encouragement  to  this  ia- 
clin.iiioii  of  his  party.      The  outcome  of  the  ani- 
tatioii  u.i-,  tlie   paxs;i:,'c  of  llie  Franchise   liill  a 
second  lime  i:i  tlic  llonse.if  Commons,  in  Novem- 
lier.  ISSJ.  nil  i  by  the  Lor.ls  soon  aftcrwaril.s.     A 
C(iiircs,ion  was  made  to  the  latter  by  previouslv 
Bali~l\  ill,'  III,  ill  \,  ii!i  regard  to  the  contemplated 
re.lKirciai.uii  of  Mats  in  the  Hons.'of  Commons, 
for  uliii  li  ,1  sc|.iriic  bill  H, IS  framed  and  inlio- 
(liieed  ulirl.'  III.-  FiMiicliUe  Itill  w.is  vcl  iirndin;:. 

Till-  lir.li>irl..ui IJiil  |,i,sed  the  i'.pinainns  hi 

Jl.iy  and  111,-  1,1,1,1,  in  ,liiiie,  |SNV— \V.  II.Mloii 
ri.,  /'A,,-  l;.J  ,..,.■.,./  l:nl,.,„H„t.  rh  11— ■■!•', 
reg.iil  1.1,  l,-,i,,r.,l  ,|i,tri,  u.  the  e.|ii;ili/aii,,ii  in 
oiler  u.iPl-  111,-  ia,li,.il  i.l.i,lii.,nlni.r,,f  cl,-cior,il 
di-irici,.  nniii-  :,l„,iii  til,'  ,1111,'  niimbcr  of  in 
lialiii.iiiN,  I,  CUM,-,!  ,,,ii  I--,,,-  liii,  |mi|„i„.,  ;;( 
toMl,.  haviii,'  Ic-s  lliall  Cill.10  iiihaliil.illls.  iir,- 
ilivc-|,,|  ,,|  1,1,-  ri-|,i  ,,|  ,  I,.,  i|i,_.  a  vparalc  mciii 
bcr;  :(i!  i,.vvn,,  u  iih  I.  ,,  ili.m  .Mi.on  i,  ntiirn  only 
one  niciiilii  I     11  )  ir^..  o.uhi  ■,,'i;t,i:::  an  incrcaiij-   ' 


of  the  number  of  the  members  in  proportion  i,, 
tlie  population ;  35  towns,  of  nearly  ho.OH),  obiai,, 
a  new  franchise.  The  counties  are  thr(ini;li,,iit 
parcelled-out  into  '  electonil  districts'  of  al'.iit 
the  like  population,  to  elect  one  member  c  u  h 
This  single-.seat  system  is,  regnhirly.  earried  .,at 
in  towns,  with  the  exception  of  28  middle  >i/,  ,| 
towns,  which  have  lieen  left  willi  two  niem!,,  r< 
The  County  of  York  forms,  for  example.  'US  1 1,  c 
toral  di.stricts;  Liverpool  9.  To  sum  up.  tli.  r,- 
suit  siniiils  thus: —  the  counties  choose  21:1  in,  in 
iK'rs  (formerly  187).  the  towns  2,'}7  (formerly  ■,'|iTi 
The  average  population  of  the  county  <  hi  t.ral 
districU  is  now  .VJ.WH)  (formerly  7ll".siXh,  ili,. 
average  numlnr  of  the  town  ele'etonil  dUiriiUs 
5'J,7(HJ( formerly  4 1,200).  .  .  .  The  niimlii  r  ,,1  il„. 
newly-enfranchisetl  is  supposed,  accordiiii:  i,,3n 
average  estimate,  to  be  2,000,000.  "—Dr  li. 
Gneist,  The  EnijUah  Purliamtnl  in  it»  Tniurf.r 
mntiiinn.  eh.  9. 

Also  IX:  J.  Murdoch.  IM.  nf  Cwt  l!,f„rm 
in  (It.  Uritiiin  and  Ireltml.  I'lp.  277-:i!l'<  -  H 
Jephson,  The  Ptafform.  eh.  21)  (r.  2). 

The  following  is  tl:.'  text  of  the  "Tliir,|  H, 
form  Act,"  winch  is  enti'ied  "  The  Repres, ma 
tion  of  the  People  Act,  !><84  "  : 

An  Act  to  amend  the  '  ,iw  relating  to  ili,- 1{,  p 
resentation  of  the  Peo;  of  the  I'nited  Kiii-I'iii 
[0th  Dccemlier,  1884.) 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Queen's  most  Km  ,  lliin 
Majesty,  by  and  witli  the  advice  and  con„  1 1  ,,f 
the  Ixmls  Spiritual  and  Tempoml.  and  Coihih.ik. 
in  this  present  Parliament  assembled.  an,l  \.\  \\w 
authority  of  the  same,  as  follows: 

1.  This  Act  may  lie  cited  as  the  Reprix m  i 
tion  of  the  People  .Vet,  1884. 

2.  .A.  uniform  household  franchise  ami  a  iini 
form  hxlgcr  fninchise  at  elections  sliall  li,' , -nil, 
lislied  in  all  counties  and  boroughs  thro  i,!,  in 
the  United  Kingdom,  and  every  man  p.,,-, wl 
of  a  household  iiiialilieation  or  a  Imlgcr  ,|ii:iliii 
cation  shall,  if  the  qualifying  pn'miseslle^illlltl• 
in  a  county  in  England  or  Scotland,  lieentiiad  t„ 
be  registered  as  a  voter,  and  when  regisi,  r,  1 1., 
vote  at  an  election  for  such  county,  ami  if  ilu' 
iiualifying  premises  be  situate  in  a  eoiiniv  ,r 
borougli  in  Ireland,  be  entitled  to  be  rci'i-r,  ml 
as  a  voter,  and  when  registeri'd  to  vot,'  -.o  an 
election  for  such  county  or  borough. 

3.  Where  a  man  hiniw'lf  inhabits  any  ,lu,  liu.- 
house  by  virtue  of  any  olllce,  service,  "or  i  hi;  l.v 
nicnt.nnd  the  dwelling-house  is  not  inhalii',  1  !,v 
any  person  underwhom  such  man  sirvcs  la  vi,ii 
ollice.  service,  or  employment,  he  shall  ',c,l  ,  iii,l 
for  the  purposes  of  tins  Act  and  of  111,-  I!,  pr, 
si'ntation  of  the  People  Acts  to  he  an  iiil,  .^i- ,  • 
occupier  of  such  ilwelling-house  as  a  tcii.ii;! 

4.  Snliji'ct  to  the  .saving  in  this  .\i  I  f.  r  •  \i>t 
iiig  voters,  the  f>,llowing  provisions  sli.ii'  'iiv,- 
elfect  wilh  r,-ferclic,'  to  elcelions:  ll  1  \  mm 
shall  not  be  enlillc,!  to  li.-  rc:.'islere,l  as  a  .  •  r  i:i 
H'speet  of  III,' ownership  of  aiiv  r,  in,  In'  '\ 
ec|it  the  owner  of  the  whole  lif  ili.Mi;  1  i  ■;! 
charire  of  a  rectory,  viiarige.  eliapelr.\ .  •  r  '  .  i;,- 
'ice  I'l  whiclianapporlionineiilof  liihe  r,  •,^  nty 
shall  have  been  made  in  rtspi-ct  of  aiiv  p  '  i  ,  f 
tithes,  vi.)  Where  tH,i  or  in,, re  iieii  ar,  '■•■■•r^ 
cillnr  as  joint  leicinls  or  as  iciiaiiis  in  ,      ,■!,  ii 

of  an  (slate  in  any  land  or  leiieiiiciii.  0 mi 

111,  11.  lull  ii.ii  more  than  on,',  shall,  if  hi-      .  r,  -1 
is  siilliiiiiii  to  eoiifiT  a  i|iialilieah,in  as  ,1         ■  i-i 

respecl    ,,f    lb,'   ,iwnersllip   of   such   eslal  '11 

titled  \\vt  ?■!'■  i;k,-  r:i.se3  and  siibjeci  :■;  :;-    i;ii'- 


1000 


ENGLAND,  1884-1885. 


Third  Ke/orm 
BUI. 


ENGLAND,  1884-188."!. 


conditions  as  if  lie  were  tlic  .sole  owiut)  to  lie 
niiistcml  us  a  voter,  nnd  wlicn  rcgi.stert'd  to 
Villi'  at  an  di'ction.  Providcil  tliat  wlicrc  sucli 
owni'M  Imvc  derived  tluir  interest  liy  descent, 
succe.tsion,  marriage,  marriage  s<'ttl('meDt,  or 
will,  or  where  tiiey  neeiipy  tlie  land  or  tenc- 
minl.  and  are  Inmil  fide  enjragi'd  as  partners 
larryinj?  nn  trade  or  liiiHiness  tlii'reon.  eaeli  of 
-iiicli  owners  whose  interest  is  siilllcient  to  confer 
iin  liini  a  (|iiulili<'ati(in  as  a  voter  sliall  lie  entitled 
(in  the  like  rases  and  subieet  to  the  like  ton- 
iliiiiins  as  if  he  were  sole  owner)  to  be  rcRis- 
tiri'd  as  a  voter  in  res|K"et  of  siieli  ownership, 
and  wliin  registered  to  vote  at  an  election,  and 
the  value  of  the  interest  of  eiM'li  sueli  owner 
whiTt'  not  ollHTwise  legally  detlneil  shall  be  as- 
certained by  the  divisi(jn'of  t lie  total  value  of 
the  land  or  tiiiement  equally  among  the  whole  of 
.sudi  uwntrs. 

5.  Eviry  man  <Kcupying  any  land  or  tene- 
ment in  acimnty  or  borough  in  the  I'uileil  King- 
dom of  a  clear  yearly  value  of  not  less  than  ten 
pnundi  -vliall  be  entitled  to  be  registered  as  a 
viil(r  anil  » lieu  registered  to  vote  lit  an  election 
fur  sncii  ccninly  or  borough  in  respect  of  such 
cicctipation  sniijcct  to  the  like  conditions  respec- 
livily  lis  a  man  is,  at  the  passing  of  this  Act. 
iniiiiid  111  he  registered  as  a  voter  and  to  vote 
at  iin  ilcci inn  for  such  county  in  respect  of  the 
ciiniily  occu|iatiou  franchi.se,' and  at  an  election 
fur  su.  h  borough  in  respect  of  the  liorougli  iK'cu- 
|iuliiiii  franchise. 

6.  A  man  shall  not  by  virtue  of  this  Act  be 
i-nlillcd  to  be  registercil  as  ii  voter  or  to  vole  at 
liny  clc-ction  for  a  county  in  respect  of  tlie  occu- 
piiiinn  of  any  dwelling  house,  lodg""-  land,  or 
ti'uiimciit,  siluale  in  a  iMiroiij^;.. 

7.  il  I  In  this  Act  the  express!  a  house- 
li'ild  ijnaiilicatiiiu"  iiicans,  as  Tr>\  Enirland 
.ind  Ircliuiil,  the  f|ualilication  cn;u  .r.l  bv  the 
Ihird  .seciiiin  of  the  Kepreseiitalion  id'  the  People 
Ai  I,  |s(!7  (see  comments  appemled  to  this  te.\l), 
and  tlie  inactments  amending  or  alTecting  the 
same,  and  the  said  section  and  enactments  so  far 
a>  Ilicy  are  consistent  with  this  Act,  shall  e.vtend 
to  ciiiuiliis  in  Knglaiul  nnd  to  counties  and  Inir- 
on;;hs  in  In  land,  (i  )  In  the  constructiim  of  the 
said  cnaclniinls.  as  aniended  and  applied  to  Ire- 
land, tile  following  dates  shall  be  substituted  for 
till'  dales  therein  mentioned,  that  is  to  sav  the 
twiijiiith  ,|i,y  of  .Iiilv  for  the  tlfteiinlh  day  of 
■liiiy.  111,,  lirst  day  of  .Iiily  for  the  twii|itietirdav 
"f  Inly,  and  the  lirst  dav  of  .Iiuiuarv  for  the  tiflli 
day  .if  ,laiHiary.  (:l.)  The  expression  "a  lodger 
(luaiilnatiiin  "  means  the  ([ualilicalion  cnaeled, 
as  n  spcets  England,  bv  the  fourtli  secthm  of  the 
It'lirisinlation  of  the  l'eo|ile  Act,  1H07  [s,  com- 
niiuls  apiiindeil  to  this  text),  nnd  the  enactments 
am.  iidmg  or  alle.iing  the  siiiiie,  and  as  respects 
Ir.  ;i,M-l,  l,y  till,  fdiirih  seclion  of  the  Uepresenlii- 
tii.n  1.1  ihc  I'ciple  (Ireland)  Act,  18(i.S,  and  the 
enacnnenis  amending  or  alTecting  the  same,  aiiil 
Hie  said  s,-,ti,,n  of  the  English  Act  of  1*17,  and 
lneniii<n,„.|,isaineinling  .ir  alTecting  the  same. 
sli  ill.  so  l.ir  as  they  are  I'onsistent  with  this  Act 
eviiiid  ti.  ii.iinlies  in  Enirland,  and  the  saiil  sec- 
li""  "•  th.i  Irisli  Act  of  ISIW,  an,|  the  enactments 
:on'i.i|i,^,  ,„  allirling  Ihi' same,  shall,  so  far  as 
II"  .V  ir  ,i)nsist,.|it  with  this  Act.  exteml  to 
iiHiiiii,.,  ,„  Inlunii;  anil  .„.etions  tiveand  six  and  1 
■«<  Illy  IW-.  and  twiinlyihree  of  the  Pariiamen-   ! 

flr"\'''l'i  .  l""'.'''.'"'  "'■«'*"~'"'™  Act.   1878,  80  I 
'"'■'"■•''•'■•"'■'•'•  i'^li'iiigs.  shall  apply  to  ire-   ; 


land,  and  for  the  purpose  of  suih   application 
the  reference  in  the  said  section  six  to  the  Uepro- 
sentatioii    of    the     I'eople   Act,    18«7,    shall    lie 
deemed  to  be  made  to  the  Hepicseiitatioii  of  the 
People  (Ireland)  Act,  1H68,  ami  in  the  said  sec- 
tion twenty  two  of  tin;  Parlianientarv  nnd  Mu- 
nicipal  Uegistratiim   Act.    1H7K.  the  reference  to 
section  thirteen  of  the   Parlianientarv    l{ii;istra- 
tion  Act,  184;(,  shall  be  construed  to 'refer  to  the 
enactments  of  the  Registration  Acts  in  Ireland 
relating  to  the  making  out,  siirning.  publishing, 
anil  other    ise  dealing  with  the  lists  of  voters, 
anil  the  reference  to  the  Parlianientarv    Hegis- 
tralion  Acts  shall  be  construed  to  refer  to  the 
Hegistration  Acts  in  Ireland,  anil  the  following 
dates  shall  bcsiibsliliited  in  Ireland  for  the  dates 
in  that  seition  menlioncd,    that   is   to   sav.   the 
twentieth  day  of  .luly  for  the  last  dav  of' July, 
nnd  the  fourteenth  day  of  .Inlv  for  tiie  twenty- 
liftli  day  of  July,   aiid  the   \vord     ■  overseers " 
shall   be  construed  to  nfir  in  a  county  to  the 
clerk  of  the  iieace.  and  in  a  borough  to  the  town 
clerk.   (I.)  The  expression  "  aliousidioldiiualidca- 
tion  "  means,  as  respects  .Scotlanil,  the  (|ualilica- 
tion  enacted  by  the  third  siitiun  of  tlie  Itepre- 
sentation  of  tlie  People  (.Scotlandi  Act,  ISIW,  and 
the  enactnienis  ameiiding  or  allecling  the  same, 
and  the  .said  section  anil  enactments  shall,  so  far 
as  they  are  consistent    with  this   Ait.  extend  to 
counties   in   Scotland,   and    fur  llie   piirjiose  of 
the  said  section  and  enactnienis  the  expression 
"dwellinghouse  "  in  Seoiland  means  aiiv  house 
or  part  of  a  hoiis(>  occuiiicd  as  a  separate  dwel- 
ling, and  this  ileliniliim  of  a  dwellingliiMiseshall 
be   snb.stitutcd    f,,r   the   ileliniliim    einitiiiiKil    in 
section   fifty  nine  of  the   liepresentalioii  of  tlio 
People  (.Scotland)  Act,  ISIS,    (."i.)  The  expris,sion 
"a  liKlger  ipialilleation  "  iiienns,  as  nspecis  Scot- 
land,   the    i|ll:ililiealioll    eliacUd    liv    the    fourlU 
section  of  the  Kepri'scntali f  I  lie' People  (Scot- 
land) Act,  ISCiS,  anil  llie  eiiaclmeiilsaineniling  or 
alTecting  the  .same,  and  tlie  said  sciiion  anil  en- 
nctnicnls.  so  far  as  they  are  coiisisiint   with  this 
Ad.  sliall  extend   to  counties  in  Scotland.    (6.) 
The'  expression  ••county  oecupalioii  tianchise" 
means,  as  respects  Ennlainl.  the  framliise  enacted 
by  lhi>  sixth  section  of  the  Uepresenlalioii  id  the 
■  '■•opie   .\ct,    1M(>7    [se(i  eomnieiils   appiinhcl    to 
this  text);  and.  as  nspcils  Seotlainl.  the  fran- 
chise enacled  by  the  sixth  section  of  the  liepre- 
sentatioiiof  Ihe'People  (Seollancl)  Act,  IHliS;  and, 
as  respects  Ireland,  the  franchise  cnaclicl  bv  the 
first  si'ciion  of  the  Act  of  the  session  of  the'thir- 
tc-cnlh  and  foiineiinth  years  of  the  rcii;ii  of  Her 
present  .Majesiy.chaplefsixty-niiic.    (T.)  Tlieex- 
pression  •■  lioroiigh  occupation  fniiichi.sc  "  means, 
as   respects   Eniilaiicl,  the    fiaiicliise  enacted  by 
thci  twinly  seventh  seclion  of  the  Ait  of  tin'  ses- 
sion of  till'  seeonil  and  third  yi'iirs  of  the  reign  of 
King    William    tlii>   Fourth."  chapter    fori y  live 
[see  coinniints  ap|ienileil   to  this  text);  aiicl  as 
respects  Scolliiiid.   the  fianehise  enacted  bv  the 
ideviinth  siielion  of  the  Act  of  the  session  of  the 
.sec^oiid  and  third  years  of  the  reign  of  Kini;  Wil- 
liam the  Fourth.' chapter  sixty-hve;  anil  as  re- 
spects Ireland  the  franchise  enacted   bv  section 
live  of  the  Alt  of  the  scs.sion  of  tin-  t'liirt,  .nth 
and  fourteenth  years  of  the  reiu'n  of  Her  pn  -cut 
Maji'sty.  ehaptersixty-iiiiic.  and  the  Ihinl  sic  lion 
of  the  Uepresentalion'of  the  People  (Inland)  Act, 
18(is,    (8.)  Any  enactments  amendio).  or  relating 
to  the  county  occiipalion  fra.iehisc  or   lioroiigh 
occupation  trauthiae  oiuer  liiuu  tile  section!)  ui 


1001 


ENGLAND.   1884-1885. 


Thinl  Reform 

n,u. 


ENGLAND,   1884-1885. 


5J 


n 


this  Act  it)  that  Ik  Imlf  mrnlioiicil  .slmll  hv  dwrni'il 
to  1m-  rrfcrriil  tii  in  iIk  (Icflniliim  of  the  (•(iiinty 
orcupiiiiiii  francliiw'iirid  llii-  l«iri)ii)rlicMTUimtion 
friiiiclii-i'  in  this  .\<  t  incnlicuiid. 

8.  (1  )  In  tliH  Act  llii'cxpnssiiin  "tlic  Ucprc-- 
wiitalion  (.f  the  I'.'nplc  Ads' niviins  IliiTnact- 

ni.iits   fur  the  ti Inin^'  in  force  in  Knjrlanil. 

Hcolland.  am!  In  liind  n'spfciivclv  rilatinj,'  totlic 
npriM-nialiiin  iif  ilic  pcopli.,  ii'iclnsivc  of  tlir 
H(>;i>lrati(in  Acts  as  di'tincd  tij-  this  Ai-t.  (J.) 
Thr  (  xpri-s.«ic.»  "liic  lii'i:istratii)"n  Ad.s"  nu'iins 
tlic  criMctrniiits  fur  tlji'  lime  Inin','  in  force  in 
En-land.  ."<coll:ind.  and  Ireland  ri'spectivelv.  rp- 
laliii^'  to  tlie  riL'i>tration  of  persons  cntitfeil  to 
Veil'  at  elections  for  counties  and  lioroiiRlis  in- 
rlu-ivi-of  111,.  IfaliniiActsasdcllned  bv  this  Act. 
(3)  The  expres.^ions  "the  liepriwntat'ion  of  the 
I  eoph-  Acts'  anrl  "the  Ke^-istration  Acts"  re- 
spect ivdv,  where  used  in  this  Act,  shall  lii'  rend 
dislrilMiiivi  ly  ill  n  IVrenee  to  ihi'  three  parts  of 
the  I'niti  c!  Kingdom  as  nieanini.'  in  the  case  of 
each  pari  ihi-  en.iciinenis  for  the  time  lieinv  in 
force  111  that  part.  (I.)  All  enactments  of  the 
HcL'istration  Acts  which  relate  |o  ihe  reu'istni- 
tion  of  persons  iiitiiled  to  vol,'  in  lionninhs  in 
Enu'land  in  n  sp,  ,t  of,,  l„„is<hol,|  or  a  linlgcr 
cpiahlicilion.  ami  in  l)oroU).'hs  in  Inland  in  re- 
Fpeet  of  a  loili;,  r  ,pialilication,  shall,  wiih  the 
m'cessary  variations  and  «iih  the  nei-cssarv  al- 
terations of  pniipis.  ii,)ti,-,s,  lists,  ami  ,',tlier 
forms.  CXI,  nil  io(,iiinties  as  well  as  to  liorouKhs. 
(■"i.l  All  iriaitniinis  of  the  I{<'':istrali,m  Acts 
which  relate  to  III,'  rejistration  in  counties  and 
liorou,i.-lis  in  Ireland  of  iicrsons  entitled  t,i  vote  in 
respe,  I  i.f  th,.  county  meupilion  franchise  and 
the  hori>ui;h  oecuiKiIion  fraii,-liis,'  respi',iivelv, 
shall.  Willi  the  mc'ssary  variations  and  with  the 
necis>aiy  all,  ralions  of  prii',pis.  notii-cs.  lists, 
ami  olh,  r  forms.  ,\i,.nd  resp,i-iiv,'lv  to  the  re- 

Hisiration  in  ,,, i,.s  ami  lioroiinhs  i'n  Ireland  of 

p,rsoiis  (iitiiliil  lo  vole  in  respict  of  the  Ikmisc- 
hold.  ,|ualiIi,alion   conlVrred    liv  this  Ait.     (ti.) 
In  Scotlanit  all  emictineiils  of'the  Hi'irisl ration 
Alls  whiili  r,  lali-  lo  tin-  r,_L'istration  of  jicrsoiis 
eniiil,,l  lo  v.il,'  in  liiir):hs.   iiiilu,linf;  the   pro- 
visions nlalini;  to  ilati's,  shall,   with  the  neces-    i 
sary    vanalions.  ami  with  th,-  nieessary  altera-    i 
tions  of  noticis  ami  i  ihiT   forni.s,  extend   and 
apply  to  loiintii'S  as  will  as  to  hur-rlis;  ami  the   I 
eniu'lmiiiK  of  th,' Slid  Alts  which  rel.'ite  to  the   I 
n'psira.i.iii  of  persons  cut  it  lid  lo  vole  in  counties   ' 
Bhall.  so  tar  asincoiisislint  with  the  emielinents   i 
HOMpplii'd.  Iii-reiiealeil:   I'roviilei!  that  in  conn-    I 
ties  111,,  valuali an  rolls,  rciristers.  and  lists  shall    I 

f""!" I"  heiirranj;,..!  in  parishesas  heretofore     j 

9-  !.l  »  In  this  All  the  expnssi the  Itating 

Ads     nil, ins  ih,.  cnudim-nls  f,ir  the  tini,.  Iiiini;    i 
in  for,-,  in   KiiL-land.   S-otlaml.   am!  Ireland  re-    I 
spi'divilv.  nlaiinL'tolh,.  plaiin-  of  the  mimes   i 
of  oi  upi.rs  ,,ii   Ih,.  rate   li..,,k.  or  oilier  enact- 
ments nl.-iiiii;;  I,,  raliiiL'  in  so  far  as  thev  are    ' 
auxiliary  lo  ,,r,l,-.al  wiih  the  rei;is|ration  of  p,.r-    ! 
.son-,  mill,  d  I,.  voii.al,l,.,iions;  ami  the  expres-    i 
Biori      111,.  IJatin-  A,  N  '  wlicr,.  use, I  in  this  Ad    ! 
shall   li..  n  ad   ilisirit.iiii  velv   in   r,.fir,nce  to  the 
thr,,.  par'- .,f  III,.  Iiii,,.,]    Kin-.loni  as  iiieanin- 
111   111,.   ,as,.   ,.f   ,a,li    part    Ihi-    Ads  for  the  lime 
lieiiiL'  in  r..r. ,.  in  tli.il  |,.,ii.   (■.>  )  In  everv  part  ,.f 
th,.  I  niird  Kmu'il  .in  ii  -h.ili  l„.  Hi,.  ,|i,iv  „f  ,|„, 
m,rs,.,.r- ..innii..|lly.  in  ihe  monlhs  of  April  and 
May.  oroii,.  ,.|  Hi,  ni.  to  in, |iiir,.  or  ascertain  will, 
resi...,i  t,,  ,.v,ry  In  r,.,lii,iiii,  nl   wliiih  eoinpri-i.s 

Unv    ,lu.,.lliii.r.l....,^..     ,.-     ,1.,..  ,i:.. ._  1.  .,.  -J..        ' 


I   the  meaning  of  the  Reprparntatlon  of  the  P,  i.plt 
I   Acts,  whether  any  man,  nlher  than  the  own,  r  ,]r 
other  iierson  rutwl  or  lialile  to  1m'  rated  in  n  si.,  it 
of  siuli  hereditament.  Is  entitled  to  Ik'  rei;isi,  r,,| 
as  a  voter  in  respe.t  of  Ids  Inlng  an  inhaliiimi 
oeciipier  of  any  Hiirh  dwilliiiglionse,  rial  |.,,ii 
ter  in  Ihe  rate  iMKik  the  name  of  every  in  an  „, 
entitled,  and  the  situation  or  descriplion  ..f  il,e 
dwellinghimse  in  respect  of  which  he  is  cni  iii,  ,| 
and  for  the  purpost's  of  such  entry  a   sipantf 
eiilunin  shall  be  added  lo  Ihe  rate  Uxik.    (:i  )  K.ir 
the  piiriMise  of  the  execution  of  such  dnu  il,,. 
overs<.ers  may  serve  on  the  person  who  is  iln. 
otciipier  or  mtcil  or  liable  to  1k>  rated  in  r,.s|,,.ft 
of  such  hereditament,  or  on  some  agent  of  sm  h 
person  concerned  in   the  managinient   of  smli 
iKreditament.    the   miuisition   apeciliid    in  ilir 
Third  Sclieiliile  of  tins  Act  reipiiring  Iha'  ilip 
form  in  that  notice  be  accurately  tilled  up  ami 
returned  to  the  ovenwrrs  within  twenlv-om  .lavs 
after  such  s«Tvicc;   and  if  any  such' iiers.ni '..r 
agent  on  whom  such  requisition  is  served  fails 
to  comply  therewith,  he  shall  lie  liable  on  sinii 
miiry  conviction  to  a  fine  not  exeeedin..'  fi.rlv 
shillings,  and  any  oversi-er  who  fails  to  pi  rf.rm 
his  duty  under  thisstetion shall  iH-ihenici  t'liillv 
of  a  breach  of  duly  in  Ihe  execiitiin  of  tin    |^ 
gistralion   Acts,  and  shall   1k'  liable  to  be  liniil 
accordingly  a  sum  not  exceeding  forty  sliilliii,-s 
for  each  default      (4. )  The  notice  under  this  -,r 
ti"     may  be  sjrved  in  manner  provided  In  tli,. 
a.         .intation  of  the  People  Acts  with  risp,.,t 
to  liie  .si.rvice  on  occujiiers  of  notice  of  mm  pay- 
imet   of  rates,   and.  where  a  IhkIv  of  pirsins. 
coiporate   or   unincorporate,    is   riled,  shall  In' 
served  on  the  .secretary  or  agent  of  such  boily  of 
persons;  and  where  the  hereditament  |,y  n 'iviq 
of  iK'longing  to  the  Crown  or  otherwi-,.  is  m.t 
rated,  shall   be  served  on  the  chief  local  otiiiiT 
having  the  superinlendenee  or  control  ,.f  saili 
I   hereditament.     (.")  )  In  the  application  of  ihi-s,,.. 
I   tion  to  Scotland  the  expnssion  rate  bisik  in, ans 
the  valuation  roll,  ami  where  anian  enl,  nd  en 
the  valuation  roll  by  virtue  of  this  si.clion  iiiliali 
its  a  dwelling-house  by  virtue  of  any  ollii,..  Mr- 
vice,  or  employment,  there  shall  not  be  enii  nil 
in  the  valualioii  roll  any  rent  or  value  au'aiii-t 
the   name   of  such    iiian"  as  appliealiie  1..  siali 
dwellinglioiise.  nor  shall  any  such  man  In  n  a 
son  of  such  entry  become  liable  to  be  raiid  in 
resiH'Ptof  sminhvelling-bouse.     (0.)  Tliepiiu-.i 
in  section  two  of  tlie  Ad   for  the  valuaii.a  ,,f 
lauds  and   heritages  in  Scotland    pas.s,.,l   in  iht 
Sf.ssion  of  the  seventeenth  and  eii;hleeniii  wars 
of  the  reign  of  Her  presi-nt  Majesiv.   i  lupi  r 
nimty  one,  and  section  fifteen  of  the' Hi  pr. -.  .i 
talion  of  the  People  (Scotland)  Ad.  |si!-,  -I,  ill 
lie   repealed:    Provided  that    In  any  e.  u,!,    in 
Scotland  the  commissioners  of  supplv.    ..r  l!a. 
parochial  boani  of  any  parish,  i  r  nnv  'i.iIm  r  1 1' 
ing  authority  enlillc,ri,  imiiose  asses-ni,  n:-  a. 
cording  to  the  valii.uioii  roll,  niav.  if  tin  v  ihiik 
fit,  levy  such  ii.s.sessiM|.|iis  in  n  sp'ect  of  l,,ii  1-  and 
heritages  .separalel.  id  bir  a  sborli  r  p,  ii  ■!  "  i;i 
one   year  or   at   a'  rent   not    amoiiniiii^'  i  ■  ;    ;r 
poiimls  per  aniiiiin  in  llie  same  maiiinr  ai.  i  ;i  in 
the  same  persons  as  if  the  iiamis  of  II,..  ;.  :.in!- 
aml  ociipiirs  of  such  lands  ami  lieril.iL-.  -    'n. 
not  insi.rled  in  Ilic  valuation  ivll.     (T  )  In  !i  !  u"! 
where  Ihe  owner  of  a  dwelling  Inais,    i,  iiri.l 
instead  of  the  iwenpiir.  the  occupier  shall  .i:  nr 
theless  be  entitlcl  to  b,.  reu-istercd  aia  \..i  r  a'l.l 
lo  viiti;  un,Ur  the  ouiue  coudiliuus  under   v\iiii:ii 


1U02 


ENGLAND,  1884-1885. 


QualificntinnM  of 
the  Suffrage. 


ENGLAND,   1884-1885. 


in  OCTupiiT  of  n  (IwellinfC-hotiw  In  Enfclnnil  is 
rnlitli'd  In  piirsnanie  of  the  I'onr  itutc  Ahwm- 
ni(nt  and  Collection  Act,  1869,  nnil  the  Acta 
anicridini.'  the  Mime,  to  he  n'){iglcreil  nsi  a  voter, 
■ml  111  vole  where  the  owner  is  rated,  iinil  the 
fniulmenN  referred  to  iti  the  First  Scliediile  to 
this  Alt  sliall  apply  to  Inland  accordiiiKly,  wllh 
the  nioditieations  In  that  wliediilL'  ineiitioned. 
|P  I  ilolh  in  England  and  Indand  where  a  man 
inliuhils  any  dwellinif-hoiiso  by  virtue  of  any 
iillid'.  w  rviee.  or  employment,  and  is  deemed  for 
till' purposes  of  this  Act  and  of  the  liepresenta- 
lion  of  Hie  People  Acts  to  1k'  an  inhaliilant  ihcii- 
piir  of  such  dwcllinjrhiuiso  as  ii  tenant,  and 
aiiothiT  person  is  rated  or  liaMe  to  lie  rated  for 
giii  li  (iwelliiiir  house,  the  rating  of  sncli  other 
per-on  slmll  ;  r  the  pnr|Mises  of  tliis  Act  and  of 
tlie  llepresemiiion  of  the  I'eople  Acts  lie  deemed 
to  lie  that  of  the  inhabitant  occupier^  and  tlie 
Siviril  inaelinents  of  the  I'oor  Hute  Assessment 
and  (  iiIIm  lion  Act,  lS6i),  and  other  Acts  ameml- 
iiii;  till'  Mime  referred  to  in  tlie  First  Scliediile  to 
tliin  Mt  shall  for  thos<'  piirjioses  ap|ily  to  snch 

inhaliilant  occupier,  and  in   the  < slniction  of 

thosi'  cnactmenls  the  word  "owner"  sliall  be 
diemcil  to  iiicludf  a  person  actually  rated  or 
halile  lo  Ih'  mteil  as  aforesaid.  (K. )  In  any  part 
of  llie  Inlled  Kinirdom  where  a  man  inliahits  a 
ihvilliiiL'  liniisi'  in  ris|M'ct  of  which  no  person  is 
ralrci  liy  reason  of  sncli  dwellinjt-liouse  belong- 
in);  Ini.r  liiini;  occupied  on  behalf  of  the  Crown, 
or  liy  ri  avm  of  any  other  cround  of  exemption, 
8iicli  prrscjn  shall  not  1k'  disentitled  to  be  reiiis- 
lind  as  a  voter,  and  to  vole  liy  reason  onlv  that 
nimni'  is  nitid  in  respict  of  such  dwillin;;.|'i(Mis<', 
ami  Ihat  no  rates  are  paid  in  respect  of  ihe  sann  . 
liuil  il  shall  Ih'  tlie  duty  of  the  persons  inakini; 
OMl  llii- rale  li(Hil<  or  valuation  roll  to  enter  aiiv 
su( h  ilwillin^'  house  as  last  afore8.d(l  in  the  rafe 
iKNik  or  valualion  roll,  together  with  the  name  of 
Hie  inh.il.itani  occupier  tliereof. 

10.  Ndtliiiii:  in  this  Act  shall  deprive  any  per- 
soniwlioal  Hie  dateof  the  passing  of  this  Act 
is  nirislered  in  resjiect  of  any  qualification  lo 
vole  lurany  county  or  boroiigli),  of  his  riirlit  to 
In' from  lime  to  time  registered  and  to  vote  for 
6111  II  ei.iiiiiv  (.r  Isiniugh  in  respect  of  sucli  (luali- 
fi(  itioji  in  like  manner  as  if  this  Act  had  not 
passed  Provided  lliat  wliere  a  man  is  so  regis- 
tirid  in  respect  of  the  county  or  bomugh  occu 
palicri  fraiiiliisc  !iy  virtue  of  a  qualitlcation 
Willi  h  also  .pialiii.  s  him  for  tlie  fmncliise  under 
this  .\et.  he  shall  he  enlilli'd  to  lie  registenil  in 
resp.rt  of  such  laller  fraiielii.se  onlv.  Nothing  i 
m  ihis  An  shall  ciinfer  on  any  man  "who  is  sub- 
Jii t  to  any  leiial  incapacity  to  lie  n^gisteriMl  as  a 
votiror  1,1  vote,  any  rigiit  to  be  registerctl  as  a 

VOKTur  1.1  Vlile. 

11.  This  All.  so  fur  as  may  be  eonsistenllv 
Willi  til,.  t,.n.,r  lliereof.  shall  be  conslnied  as  one 
"I'll  Hie  U.pii-eiilalioii  of  the  People  Acts  as 
il.iHi.-.|  l.y  tills  All;  aii.l  the  expressions  "elec- 
li"".  ■eiiiiity."  and  "liorough."  and  other  ex- 
pn--i.iiisin  Ihis  Act  ami  in  Hie  enactments  ap- 
pli.-l  1,1  tliH  Act.  siiall  have  ihe  same  meaning 
as  in  III..  v:ii,l  Acts.  Provided  that  in  this  Act 
aiM  ;ii.  'H.l.nactments  The  expression  ■■over- 
Hir-  iii(ln.|,.s  assessors,  gnanlians.  chirks  of 
iiiiMuv  ..r  .iiher  persons  by  whatever  nam.. 
Ku.Hii  -li.  p.-ili.rin  duties  in  relation  to  raliie 
or  I..  Hi.'  r,.i:isir,;ii..n  of  voters  similar  to  those 
;.'■./.''"".  ".'  ii!-"i"'i  to  such  matters  by  over 
-•■-■■;  r.:;^;.;;.. I,     1  .,e cApreBBiou  ' '  reulciiarge  ' 


inrluiles  a  fee  farm  rent,  a  feu  duty  In  Srotland, 
a  nMit  seek,  n  chief  rent,  a  rent  of  atwizc,  and 
any  rent  or  annuity  granted  out  of  land.  The 
expression  "land  or  tenement"  includes  any 
part  of  u  house  siparatcly  (MTiipied  for  the  pur- 
pose of  any  trade.  Inisinesti.  <ir  profession,  and 
that  ixpression,  and  also  the  expression  '  here- 
ditament '  n  hen  used  in  this  Act,  iu  j5Cotland  in- 
cludes "  hinds  and  heritages."  The  expressions 
"joint  tenants"  and  'tenants  in  .  .unnion"  shall 
include  "pro  indiviso  priipriet..rs."  The  ex- 
pression "clear  yearly  value  "  as  applied  to  any 
land  or  teneineiil  means  in  Scotland  the  annuf  1 
value  as  appearing  iu  the  valuathm  roll,  and  In 
Ireland  the  net  annual  value  at  » iiicli  the  occu- 
pier of  such  land  or  tenement  wiw  rated  under 
the  last  rate  for  the  lime  luing,  under  the  Act 
of  the  session  of  Hie  (Irst  and  second  years  of  the 
reign  of  Iler  present  .Majesty,  chapter  lifty-sil, 
or  any  Acts  amending  the  same. 

12.  Whenas  the  frnncliises  conferred  by  this 
Act  are  in  siilislilution  for  the  franchises  con- 
ferred by  the  enact  menis  mentioned  in  tlie  flrst 
and  second  part-  of  the  Second  .Schedule  liereto, 
1k'  It  enacted  that  the  Acts  menlhiued  iu  the  first 
pan  of  the  sai.l  Second  Scliedule  shall  be  re- 
pealed to  the  extent  iu  the  tliird  column  of  that 
Jiart  of  the  said  sehediih.  menlioned  except  in  so 
far  as  relates  to  the  rights  of  persons  saved  by 
tills  Act;  and  the  Acts  menlioned  in  tlie  s<'cond 
part  of  the  sahl  Second  Schedule  shall  be  re- 
pealed to  Ihe  extent  in  the  third  column  of  that 
part  of  the  said  seheilule  inenthined.  except  in  so 
far  as  relates  to  the  rights  of  persons  .saved  by 
this  Act  and  except  in  so  far  as  the  enactments 
so  repealed  contain  condilions  made  applicable 
by  this  .\et  to  any  franchise  enacted  by  this  Act. 

13.  This  Act  shall  .  .unmence  and"come  into 
operation  on  the  lir-l  day  of  .lanuiry  one  thou- 
sand eight  hundi,.!  and  eighty-live:  Provided 
that  the  register  of  voters  in  any'  countv  or  bor- 
ough in  Scotland  made  in  the  lastinentioned 
year  shall  not  come  into  force  until  the  first  dcy 
of  .laniiary  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eigiitysix,  and  until  that  day  the  prevhius  regis- 
ter of  voters  shall  continue  iii  force. 

Tile  folhnving  conimenls  upon  the  foregoing 
act  afford  explanations  wldeli  are  needed  for  the 
understanding  of  s<iine  of  its  provisions; 

"Tlie  introiluction  of  the  ':ous<'hold  franchise 
into  counties  is  the  main  work  of  the  Kepresenta- 
tiou  of  tiie  People  .Vet,  1NH4.  .  .  .  Tlie  county 
houseliold  franchise  is  .  .  .  made  idenlical  with 
tile  boroiigli  franchise  created  bv  the  Heform 
Act  of  lstiT(:in^\:  :ii  Vict.,  c.  100),  to  which  we 
must,  therefore,  turn  for  thedetinition  of  the  one 
household  fniiehise  now  established  in  both 
counties  and  boroiiirhs  throughout  the  Tnited 
Kingdom.  The  lhir.1  section  of  the  Act  in  ques- 
tion  pr.iviil.  s  that  ■  Kviry  man  shall  iu  and  after 
the  year  IMIS  be  entitled  to  be  reiristered  as  a 
voter.  1111.1  \vlieuri-,'istered  to  vote,  for  a  member 
or  iiieinliers  to  .sirve  in  Parliament  for  a  borough 
|wi.  iiiust  now  (1,1,1  "or  for  a  countv  or  division 
of  a  eoiiiily'j  who  is  ((iialilied  as  folliuvs;_(l.) 
Is  of  full  age  ami  not  sulijeet  lo  any  h'L'al  in- 
eapaeily  ;  (J.  i  Is  on  I  he  last  (lay  of  ,lulv  |iiow.Iuly 
l.">lli|  in  any  year,  and  ha.s  during  the  wliol..  of  Ihe 
pr,',i'iliiig  Ivvelve  calendar  months  been  an  iiiliabi- 
laiil  oeiiipi,T  as  owner  or  tenant  f  aiiv  ihvelling 
hou.se  within  the  borough  [,.r  within  a" countv  or 
division  of  a  ,-.iiiiiiyl:  i:!  )  jl.s  .Jnring  the  time 
of  such  occupation  been  ruleii   as  an   onlinary 


'■IK 


4  i?- 


■'i 


]003 


Iff  I*  I 


.  ^'pftj.f  i;-^ 


ENGLAND.  1884-1885. 


Suffmgt 


ENGLAND,  1884-1885. 


S 

I 

V 


t  1 

t    '■ 

\  ; 

H 


occupier  In  rp«pect  iif  the  prrmlacn  iinnrriipird  by 
him  within  ihi'lHirniigli  in  hII  ralondf  iiiiy)  made 
(or  the  ri'lief  of  the  piMir  in  resixTt  of  hiicIi  prcm- 
iHfi;  ami.  (4.)  Iliwon  or  Iw-fore  the  20tli  diiv  of 
July  in  tlw  same  year  Itona  tide  paid  an  el|iial 
kmonnt  in  the  |)Oiiiiil  to  tliat  payable  by  otiier  or- 
dinary orcnpirrs  in  n'«|>ect  of  ail  poor  rales  that 
have  lieen  payable  by  him  in  res  H-et  <.f  tlie  said 


iiarv : 
liim  Ih 


pnMnlses  up  to  the  preeeding  5tli  (lay  of  Jan 
Provided  that  no  man  slmli  under  this  seiiii 
entitled  to  W  repisiered  as  a  voter  by  reason  of 
bis  U'ing  a  joint  iHciipier  of  any  dwellinR  house. 
Tlie  hhigcr  franehise   was  liie  creation  of 
the  Keform  Act  of  18fl7  (30  A  31  Vict,  t.   1(»'>), 
the  4th  seel  ion  of  which  conferred  llie  siiHraire 
upon  lodgers  wiio,  iK'ing  of  full  age  andiiotsuli- 
ject  to  any  ligal  incapacity,  have  occupied  in 
the  same  iHirougli  l(slgings  'of  a  dear  yearly 
value,  if  let  unfurnislud.  of  i'lO  or  upwarils  '  for 
twelve  monilis  preceding  the  last  day  of  .lidy. 
and  have  chiimcd  lo  Ik'  regislind   as  voters  iit 
the  next  ensuing  regiHtnition  of  voters.     Bv  lliis 
clause  certain  iinutationsor  nstrictions  were  im- 
posed on  tlie  liMlger   fnincliise;  l>ut   tliese   wen^ 
•wept  away  by  tlie  41  i^-  -1'.'  Viet.,  e.  28,  the  Olli 
•cclion  of  ttiiicli  considemlily  enlarged  tlie  fran- 
chise liy  cnailiug  lliat:— (1.)  Lodgings  oeci;pied 
by  a  pirsoh  in  any  year  or  two  successive  lears 
shall  not  Ik  .liiiiied'to  Iw  ilillcrcnt   linlgings  liy 
reason  only  tliat  in  that  year  or  eitlirr  of  tliose 
years  lie  lias  iKcupied  sonie  oilier  ri«iiiis  or  place 
in  addition  lo  Ids  originul  l(Mlgiiigs.    (2)  Korllie 
purpose  of  cjualifying  a  l(«iger  lo  vole  I  lie  occu- 
ualion  in  iiiunediale  sucecs.sion  of  diirererit  lisig 
ings  of   ilii'  rciiuisile  value  in  the  sanii'  house 
shall  have  Ihe  Siiiue  ellect  as  conlinued  iKciip.i. 
tion  of  Ihe  .same  l(Klgings,     (3.)  Where  lodgings 
are  jninlly  occupied  by  more   than  one  liMk'er, 
and  llic  clear  yearly  value  of  llic  ludgings  if  let 
unfurnislied  isof  aiiainoutil  wliiili,  when  tiiviiied 
by  Ihe  numlicrof  the  iisigers.  gives  a  sum  of  noi 
less  Hum  .tlO  for  eaih  l.slgir,  tlicn  ea<  li  li«lger 
(if  ollierwi.sc  qiialitied  and  siibjii  t  lo  the  coiidi-    [ 
lions  of   Ihe   Uepresenlation  of  tiic  I'eople  .\cl,    : 
ISOT)  shall  be  enlilled  to  1h'  ngislcreil  and  wlicii    | 
regisit  reii  lo  vole  as  a  lisiger,  provided  tliat  not   i 
more  than  two  persons  lieirig  sucli  joint  hxiirers   ! 
■hail  lie  enlilleil   to   be  registered  in  respect  of   i 
sucii    l(Hlgi[igs.   ,   .   ,    l"nlil    the    passing   of   the 
Uepresenlation  of  the  People  Act,  1HM4,  no  liouse- 
holder  was  (|iialitieil  to  vote  unless  he  not  only 
occupied  ailwelliug  hoii.se.  but  occupieilit  eillier 
as  owner  i>r  as  Hie  tenant  of  the  owner      .\nd 
where  residiuee  in  an  ollieial  or  oilier  house  was 
necessary,  or  conducive  to  liiecllicient  discliarge 
of  a  mans  duly  i.r  service,  and  was  citlicr  c.t- 
pressly  or  implii-dly  made  a  part  of  such  duly  or 
MTvice  llitii  the   relation  of  landlord  or  tenant 
was  helii   not  i,i  Ik-  created.     The  conseiiuence 
was  lli.it  a  liirire  niimlKr  of  persons  wlio  as  olti- 
cials,  as  (  niploves,  or  as  servauls  are  re(|uired  to 
reside   in   pulilir   huildiiigs,  on   Hie   premises  of 
their  empl.o  its  or  in  liouses  assigneil  lo  tliem  Iiy 
lh(  ir  nia>lers  were  held  not  to  be  i-iiiiileil  in  the 
franchi.se.      In  tiiiure  such  per.-ions  will  ...   lie 
enlilled  to  v.iie  MS  inhabilimt  occupiers  and  ten- 
ants (under  Seeiiou;i..r  11,.-  recent  Act),  iioiwiih- 
stamlirig  that  Ihei  o.cupy  Ilieir  dwelling  housi-s 
'by  vinue  of  any  ollic.-.  service  or  eniplovmen!.' 
But  this  is  suhjeei  h,  the  eondilion  that  li  subor- 
dinate canmil  (jualify  or  oliijiiii  a  vnle  in  respect 
of  adw.lling  house  which  is  also  inlialiited  by 
any   |H-r-.on  under   whom  ■  such   in.in   serves    in 


«uch  office,  tervlce  or  employment.'.  .  .  Pernnni 
aeiwd  of  (i.  e.,  owning)  an  estnte  of  inhiHiano. 
(i.  e.,  in  fee  simple  or  fee  tall)  of  fm'hold  i,  nun. 
in  lands  or  tencmenta,  of  the  value  of  Iin  n', 
annum,  are  enlithtl  to  a  vole  for  Ihe  coiiniv  nr 
division  of  the  county  In  whicli  the  estate  i-,  *\u\. 
ated.     This  is   the  class  of    ehrUira  gen. nlly 
l<nown  as  •  forty  shilling  frpehohlera.'   Oriuiniliy 
all  fri'eholdeni  were  entitled  to  county  voie-  Un 
by  the 8  Henry  VI..  c.  7,  It  was  provided  iliut  m 
freehold  of  a  less  annual  value  than  4l)s   sli,,ii|J 
confer  the  francliise.     I'niil  the  Keform  A.  i  i.f 
Wii,  4l)s.   freeholderg.  whether  their  esbii,-  «  u 
one  of  iniierilance  or  one  for  life  or  live,   »,  re 
entitled  lo  county    votes.     That  Acl,   lioii,  i,r 
reslrieteil  the  county  freehold  franehis)'  bv.lran 
ing  a  dislinclion  lietween  (I)  freeholds  of  iniiiri 
lance,  and  ('J)  fre<di<)hl»  not  of  InheriUince     Uhile 
Hie  owners  of  Ihe   tirst  cliiss  of  freeholds  n.re 
left  in  possession  of  tlieir  former  rigiils  i.  \(,  |.t 
when  the   pro|«Tly  is  situated  witliiii  a  I'urlia 
menljiry  Isirough),  the  owners  of  the  lattc  r  vvc  rp 
subjected  to  a  variety  of  conditions  ami  i.  ,iric. 
tiiais.   .   .   .   Before  Hie  passing  of  tin'  l{e|.n,i  n 
talion  of  liie  People  Acl.  IH)S4.  any  nnmln  r  of 
persons  might  (|ualify  anil  obtain  'coiiiiiv  v.trs 
as  joint  owners  of  a  freehold  of  inheriniin'v,  |,r„. 
vided  that  it  was  of  an  annual  value  .MillirK m  to 
give   4(K   fur  each  owner.     Hut  .   .   .   ilji>  rii:lit 
is  materially  (pialilied  by  Hection  4  of  Ih.-  r,  .rnt 
.\cl.   .   .   .   Persons  seised  of  an  esLate  for  life  ,ir 
lives  of   freehold  teniin>  of  the  annual   vi;.,,-  „f 
4os.,  but  of  less  llian  .t-'i,  are  enlilled  lo  a  ,  unity 
vole,   provided  Hial   Ihey  (1)  acliiallv  an.|  I  ni;j 
tide  occupy  the   premises,  or  (3)  were   se:-. -I  uf 
the  property  at  the  time  of  the  passing  "f  n,,  j 
Will,   IV  .  c.   4-'>(.Iune  Till.  XH.Si),  or  (:ti  l,a..  ic 
ipiired  Hie  properly  after  Ihe  dale  by  ni;irri:i!;r, 
marriage  settlement,  devi.se.  or  protiiniiMn  i,,  ^ 
Unelice  or  ollii'c.    .   .   .   Persons  seised  m    i;,,- 
lale   for  life  or  lives  or  of  any  larger  i --.iii   in 
lands  or  tenements  of  any  tenure  «li:i 
Ihe  yearly  value  of  i'.")  or  upwards:     Tli 
tication  is  not  conlined  lo  the  ownership   -I'ln-.- 
Iiold   lands,     riidi-r   the    words   'of  anv  i,  nuro 
wliatever'taoA:  31  Vict.,  e.  102.  s.  .'"Dcnpi  Iml  |,.rs 
liave  county  voles  if  tlieir  properlv  is  cil  iii  ■  im- 
niial   Viilueof  i'.-).    .       .  The  clceliiril  .|iiVi;ira- 
lions  in  Scotland  are  deflneil  bv  the  2  A    i  Uiil 
IV..  c,  (!."i.  Ilielil  A:  32  VicL.c.  4'^.  anrl  (in  i;r;,r' 
seiilalion  of  the  People  Act.  lH»t  (48  Vi.  i  . .     ii 
The  elfect  of    Ihe    three    Acts    talien    i-.-.tl.a 
is  that  Ihe  County  franchises  are  as  fiil|..w,  —1 
Owners  of  Land. 'Ac,  of  Hie  annual  v.ilii.  ,,'  n, 
after  deducliiig    feu   duly,    ground   [iiniii'.    t 
oilier   considerations    whieli   an   owner  luo   l». 
bound  to  pay  or  to  give  an  account  f.ir   i-  a  ',,a 
dilion    of   his    right.     '2.   I.ea.seholder»   uiiilir  ;i 
lea.si>  of  not  less  than  57  years  or  fnr  iln   lif.-  ..f 
the  li'iiant  of  the  clear  yearly   value  .I   tin.  df 
for  a  pi-riiKl  of  not   less"llian   19  years  uln  ii  tlu> 
clear  yearly   v.ilue  is  not  less  llian   l'."i,  ■  r  ti.e 
tenant    is  in  aeliial   personal  occupan.  \    .  f  ihe 
laud.     3.   Oei-upiers  of  land.    Ac.   of  iii-    .l-ir 
yearly  vahieof  till.    4.   Iluusehoi.lers.     ."    I.  »!,•- 
ITS.     0.   The   service    fniiiehise.     lioron 
cliises.  —  I     Deeupiersof  land  or  lenemep 
annual  valueof  £10.    2.   llouseliolders.    : 
ers.     4.   The  service  fr-iiichis*-.     Theipiii 
for  Hiese  franchises  is  in  all  material  n-i 
same  as  for  the  corres|)oiiding  fr.ini-li!-.' 
.Scoieli  cDunties.  and  in  Ihecountiesaii'l  i' 
of  England  and  Wales  The  At  -..  ^■ 


nf 


triii- 


111  <ti 

.  IllC 


"i.'bs 


1004 


ENGLAND,  1884-188S. 


OituMoiw 
and  DaHtbury. 


ENGLAND,  188S-1886. 


the  (ruchiu  In  Ireland  are  3  A  8  Will.  IV. ,  c.  88, 
18  A  14  Vict  ,  c.  80,  the  repreaent«ti()D  of  the  Peo- 
ple (Ireland)  Act,  18«8,  and  the  ItcpreaenUtlon  of 
the  People  Act,  1884.  Head  lojfellier  they  fftve 
the  foll(iwtn/?QUBllflcation»:— County  franchlaeB. 
—1  Owners  of  freeholds  of  inheritance  or  of  free- 
holds for  lives  renewable  for  ever  rated  to  the 
ponrstttieannualvalueof  £,V  2.  Freeholders  and 
(iipyhnlders  of  a  clear  annual  value  of  i'lU.  3. 
LciuH'liolders  of  vn-fous  tcnns  and  value.  4. 
(hTupiirs  of  land  or  a  tenement  of  the  clear  iin- 
nu;il  viiluc  of  t'lO.  H.  HouxidioldcrH.  (I.  The 
l.KliriT  fraiirhi!*'.  7.  The  service fnincldsc.  Hur- 
(Minh  fr'-icldses.— 1.  Occupiers  of  lundx  uiul 
ti'iuriuntixifthe  nnnuiil  vuluc'of  i;i().  i.  Ilousi'- 
hiililirs.  .  .  .  U.  Lodjrcrs.  4.  The  service  fran- 
chise 5,  Freemen  in  certain  iHiniughs.  .  .  . 
All  Ihi'  francliisi'8  we  have  <lc»<'rilM(l  .  .  .  are 
siiliji'd  ti)  tills  riiiiiiition,  tliat  no  nnc.  Iiowevcr 
((luililii'il.  ciiii  lit  registered  or  vote  in  n-siH'Cl  of 
Ihiin  if  he  is  sulijecled  to  any  Icu'iil  Incapacity 
111  Ihciiiui  iir  act  a.seh'i'tiir.  ,  .  ,  Ni>  uiii-n  urdcss 
trrtitlculcd  or  iiaturalis«>d,  tiu  minor,  no  Iiui.-ttic 
<ir  idiot,  nor  any  iM-rson  in.sucli  a  state  of  druiik- 
ciiiics-s  as  tu  1m.'  incapable  —  is  entitled  If  vote. 
I'olii'i'  niaiiistmtes  in  London  and  Duldin,  and 
pi)li(('  iilliccrs  throuKhiiut  tlie  country,  including 
III!'  incniliers  of  the  Hoyal  Irish  I'onstahulary, 
arcilisipialilicd  from  votiot;  cither  generally  or 
fur  (ipn.stilueniies  within  vvhicii  their  dutii's  lie. 
In  the  ca.se  of  the  police  the  dis<iuali(icution  con- 
liuues  for  six  months  after  an  olHccr  has  left  the 
force.  .  .  .  Persons  arc  dis(iu»litied  who  are  con- 
victed of  treason  or  treason-felony,  for  whicli  the 
sentence  is  death  or  penal  servitude,  or  any  term 
of  imprisonment  with  hard  labour  or  e.\ceedin); 
twelve  months,  until  they  have  suffered  their 
punishment  (or  such  us  niay  Ih!  8ul)»titutc><l  by 
ciimpelent  authority),  or  until  they  receive  a 
free  pardon.  Peers  are  di8<iualiaed  fn>in  voting 
at  the  election  of  any  member  to  scTve  in  Parlia- 
ment. A  returning  olflcer  may  not  vote  at  any 
election  for  which  he  acU,  unless  the  numbers 
are  ecpial,  when  he  may  give  a  casting  vote.  No 
person  is  entitled  to  be  registered  in  any  year  as 
a  voter  for  any  county  or  borough  who  has  within 
twelve  calendar  months  next  previous  to  the  last 
day  of  July  in  such  year  received  parochial  re- 
lief or  other  alms  which  by  the  law  of  Parlia- 
ment dis()tialify  from  Toting.  Persons  employed 
at  un  election  for  reward  or  payment  arc  dis- 
qualified from  voting  thereat  although  they  may 
l"onilierci;Uter  .  .  .  The  Corrupt  and  lllc,iral 
I'riilhcs  Prevention  Act.  1nm:i.  (Iis(|iialitics  a 
v^.ri.ty  of  oirenders."— W.   A.  lloldsworlli,  l/u 

A.  D.  1884-1885.— CampaiE;n  in  the  Soudan 
for  the  relief  of  General  Gordon,     [sec  liuwi 

A,   l>    ISSI.ISM,-, 

A.  D.  1884-1895.— Acquisitions  in   Africa. 

>■■  An!r(  \  :  A.  I>.  l,K.w4-18S.-i.  and  after. 

A.  D.  i88s.-The  fall  of  the  Gladstone  eo»- 
ernment.  -The  brief  first  Ministry  of  Lord  Sal- 
isbury.-■  .Mimist  simultaneouslv  with  the  as- 
n  luMm-  of  Parliament  [Februar'v  1».  lH.S.'i]  had 
(■oirie  111  ■  iiews  >f  the  fall  of  Khartonm  and  the 
dii'h  o|  (leiieral  Oonlnn  [see  Egvpt:  A.  1>. 
l!<s  t  1  ss-]  These  terrible  even's  sent  u  thrill  of 
honor  and  iii(ii(,'natiou  tl.-ougliout  the  country, 
ami  He  (io.ernment  was  severely  condemned  "in 
niimy  .larters  for  iU  procrastination.  Mr.  Glad- 
k'one.  \..!.,,  ..vns  stnmgiy  moved  by  Gordons 
ueaih,  rose  to  the  situation,  and  aonounced  that 


It  wat  neceuary  to  overthrow  the  Mahdl  at  Ktmr 
toum,  to  renew  operations  against  Osman  Dlgnu, 
and  to  construct  a  railway  from  Suakim  to  Berber 
with  a  view  to  a  campaign  in  the  autumn.  A 
royal  pnx'lamation  was  issued  calling  out  the  re- 
serves. Sir  Stafford  Northcote  initiated  a  debate 
on  the  Soudan  ijuestion  with  a  motion  affirming 
that  the  risks  and  sacrifices  which  the  Govem- 
ment  appeared  to  bo  ready  to  encounter  could 
only  Im!  iustifled  l)y  a  distinct  recognition  of  our 
resimnaibility  for  Kgypt,  and  those  portions  of 
the  Soudan  which  are  necessary  to  its  security. 
Mr.  John  Morlcy  intriMlui-ed  an  amendment  to 
the  molion.  waiving  any  judgment  im  the  policy 
of  the  .Ministry,  but  exjiressing  regret  at  its  dc- 
I  isiim  to  continue  the  conHict  with  the  Muhill. 
-Mr.  (iladstoiie  skilfully  dealt  with  both  motion 
and  amendment.  Observing  that  it  was  impossi- 
ble to  give  rigid  pledges  as  to  tlie  future,  he  ap- 
pealed to  the  l.ilKTal  party.  If  they  bad  not  made 
up  their  minds  to  condemn  ami  punish  the  Gov- 
erniiicnt,  to  strengtiieii  their  liands  by  an  unmis- 
takable vote  of  (ontideiice.  Tlic-  Government 
obtained  a  majority  of  U.  the  voles  iH-iiig  ;)IW  in 
their  favour  witli  L'HH  against;  but  many  of  those 
who  sii|>|iorted  the  Government  had  lilso  voted 
for  the  amendment  liy  Mr.  .Morley.  .  .  .  Finan- 
cial (lueslions  werecxtn-mcly  embarrassing  to  the 
Qovernment.  and  it  was  not  until  tlie  aOih  of 
April  thai  the  Chancellor  of  the  Kxcliequer  was 
ready  with  his  linancial  statement.  He  was 
called  upon  to  deal  with  a  deticit  of  upwanis  of 
a  million,  with  a  gri'atly  dcpre8.sed  revenue,  and 
with  an  estimated  exiM-nditure  for  the  current 
year  — including  the  vote  of  credit  —  of  no  less 
than  i:i(H(,0()(),(MH).  Amongst  .Mr.  Cbildcrs's  pro- 
posals was  one  to  levy  upon  land  an  amount  of 
taxation  proportioned  to  that  levie<i  on  personal 
property.  There  was  also  an  augmentation  of 
the  spirit  duties  and  of  the  lieer  duty.  The 
country  members  were  dissatisHed  and  demanded 
that  no  new  charges  should  lie  thrown  on  the 
land  till  the  promis<'il  relief  of  local  taxation  had 
been  carried  out.  The  agricultund  and  the  liquor 
interests  were  liiscontented,  as  well  as  the  Scotch 
and  Irish  memt>ers  with  tlie  wliiskey  duty.  The 
Chancellor  made  some  concessions,  but  they  were 
not  ri'garded  as  suHicient,  and  on  the  Sfonday 
after  the  Whitsun  holidays,  the  Opposition  joined 
Inittle  on  a  motion  by  Sir  M.  Hicks  Beach.  .  .  . 
Mr.  Gladstone  stat<>(l  at  tlie  dose  of  the  debate 
that  the  Government  would  resign  if  defeated. 
The  amendment  was  carried  against  them  by  264 
to  2.52,  and  the  .Ministry  went  out.  .  .  .  Lord 
Salisbury  ln'came  IVmipr.  .  ,  .  The  general 
election  .  .  .  [vasl  tixed  for  November  1885." — 
G.  B.  Smith.  T/i,'  I'rime  Miiiialers  of  (Jiietn  Vie- 
toriii,  pp.  ;iT3-;)77. 

A.  D.  1885-1886.— The  partition  of  East 
Africa  with  Germany.  See  .\kkic.v;  A.  I) 
18,S4-1S91. 

A.  D.  1885-1886.- Mr.  Gladstones  return  to 
power.— His  Home  Rule  Bill  for  Ireland  and 
his  Irish  Land  Bill.— Their  defeat.— Division 
of  the  Liberal  Party.— Lord  Salisbury's  Min- 
istry.—"The  lIouscofCoiniiiDiis  which  ha  I  been 
elected  in  Novemtier  ami  DecemlKT,  1H8  ,  was 
the  first  House  of  Commons  which  represented 
tlie  wliole  body  of  the  houschohlers  and  lodgers 
of  the  United  Kingdoi.  The  result  of  the  appeal 
to  new  constituencies  and  an  enlarged  elector- 
ate had  taken  alt  parties  by  surpiisc.  The  Tories 
found  themselves,   by   the  help  of  their  Irish 


'^•■| 


1005 


ENOLAND,   I88S-1 


Unmr  Hule  /.,»■ 
IrtianU. 


KNOLANI),   KWiUHM. 


allliii,  iiirraiwfiil  In  the  towns  N-yond  all  tlirlr 
hoiK.«;  the  l,llHriilii. <lli(npn<ilnte<llii  the Immuirlis 
piMl  foimil  cimipernatlon  In  iinexiKcted  unoceiiH.  « 
In  the  cmntlca:  an.l  the  Irish  \atl(.n«ll»u  hu<l 
•Im.wt  Kwept  thr  iHiiml  .  .  ,  The  Kn^JUh  rcpn 
»<.nliili..n  —  ,..\(lii«ivi.  of  „Me  Irish  .\iitl..mill>.t  f,,r 
Llv.r|HH,|—  ^Hve  li  lilxnii  iiiaj..ritv  of  28  in  llir 
fcnjrlisli  n.nMtiluencles;  wlilili  Wiilcs  ami  H<<,|. 

ami   Hwellnl    l<>  |(K)      Tlie  Irish  repr,.«.ntul 

m.l  iinil.rnoMe  ,1  Biill  „,ore  nmarkal.le  iliantfr 
Of  Ilia  nil  nilxrH  fur  the  nistir  IslamI,  85  »,re 
lliinii'  Hull  rt  ami  nulv  18  wire  Tories.  .  Tli.' 
new  House  of  Coiiuiioiw  was  exactly  iliviihil  !«■- 
twien  the  I-iImtiiIs  on  one  niile  anil  llie  Torim 
wllh  lliiir  Irish  allies  on  llie  other.     Of  lis  «T() 


meniU.rs  Just  one  half,   or    Xi\  were  Mlierals 
24«  were    lorli,  ami  8«  wer,.  Irish  Xatii.nalisis 
jorlloiiielluhrs  .   .   .   .    It  wassoonelearem.uith 
hat  Hie  allianie  hetween  the  Tory  .Ministers  ami 
lije  Irish  Nationalists  was  at  an  end."     On  the 
2.)lh  of  January    IWfl.  the  Ooverninent  was  ile- 
feat!  .1  im  an  amenilnieiit  to  lheaililre.H.s,  ami  on  the 
^8th  It  resiKiieil.     Mr   (ilailstone  was  Invitiil  to 
form  a  .Ministry  ami  ili.l  «,.  with  Loril  Hers,  hell 
for  l,or,l  Ihaneellor.  Sir  William  Ilanourt  for 
(  hannllnr  of  the  Kxehei|Uer.  Mr.   t'hihlers  for 
Home   Neritary,    I,i,ril  (Jranville  for  Seeretarv 
for  the  (  olonies,  Mr  John  Moriiv  for  Chief  See- 
retary  for  Irolai.il.  ami  Mr.  riiamlMrliiin  forl'resi. 
(lent  of  the   Loeal  lioverninent  Iloanl.     On  the 
.!»lh  of  Marili  -Mr.  (ilailstone  onnounieil  in  the 
House  of  Commons  that  on  the  Uth  of  April  he 
^youl.l  ask  for  leave  li,  lirin^  in  a  hill  'to  ameml 
the  provision  for  the  future  government  of  Ire- 
ami   ;  :oiil  that  on  the  l.'ith  he  wouM  ask  have  to 
hrinK  in  a  measure  Mo  make  nmer.ileil  iirovision 
for  the  .sa  e  ami  purelmse  of  laiiil  in  IrelamI  '  ■ 
Ihesaniiilay  .MrCham'    rlainaml  Mr.Trevelvan 
(.•sri  rilary  f..r  Inlaml)  resium-il  tliiir  »<Mts  in'tlie 
talmiit.  ami    it  was   LViierally  umlerstissl  that 
•Ilir.  niiees   of  opinion   on    the    Irish    hills    hail 
arisen.     On  the  Nih  of  April  the  House  of  foni- 
nioiis  was  ilinsi  ly  erow.leil  wlien  Mr.  (ilailstone 
IntriKliiieil  his  measure  for  trivini,'  Iloni-  Hule  to 
Ire  anil.     In  a  spee,  h  whii  I,  histeil  three  hours 
anil  a  half  h^  w  i  forth  l\w  ihtails  of  his  plan  ami 
therea-siirison  uhiihthev  were  Imseil      The  es 
sential  comliiions  ohserveil  in  tin'  framinL'  of  the 
measure,  as  he  iletineil  them,  were  these      'The 
miilv  of  tlie  Empire  must  not  he  plaeeii  in  ieo 
parily:    tlie    minority    mu.st    lie    proleeteil      the 
poliliial  iiiuaMty  of  the  three  countries  must  !«• 
maintaini  il.  ami  there  must  lie  an  eiiuitahle  di.s- 
triliution  of  Imperial  iMinlen.s.     He  then  iliseus.s<'ii 

'' ';    I  i"l"«als   whii  h  hail  laen  made  for  the 

sp.i-i.il  tnalmenl  of  lister  — its  exelu.sion  fn.m 
the  lull,  its  sepanite  autononiv  or  the  rvsiTvaiioii 
nr  lertun  matters,  sueh  as  edueation,  for  iTo- 
vinri.il  Coum  lis;  all  of  which  he  rejected  The 
estahlis  irnint  of  an  Irish  le^rislaturi'  involved  the 
removal  ol  Irish  peers  from  the  IIousi-  of  I,„rds 
ami  the  Irish  ripres<ntative«  from  the  House  of 
(  omiiions  Hut  if  Irel.ind  was  not  represeiiti  d 
at  «  iMminster.  hoiv  was  it  to  he  taxed  1  The 
hnnhsh  pinph.  wimlilmvirforrc  on  IrelamI  ta.\- 
atioii  without  representation.  The  taxing'  powir 
would  he  m  the  hands  of  the  Irish  leL'i.sl'uur,. 
hut  I  iistonis  and  K.viiv  duties  cimneet.il  wiih 
ustom.s  would  he  silily  in  the  control  of  t|, 

' "''I '/"•'';"",""■  If' li""l«  Shan- in  these  hein 

res<rvid  for  Irelaiids  iw.  Ireland  must  liav, 
security  against  her  Magna  CharU  beinir  t^im- 
pered    with-    !  »■    .,r,.vi,!.,.,    ,f   f!-„     \    t  i    ' 


1006 


herefoif  only  Ik.  eapahle  of  m.»llflrnlloi,  «|,i, 
I  he  eomiirreme  of  the  Irish  leglslaturi'  or  ifi,, 
the  neall  of  the  Irish  menilM'rstiitlie  two  ||,„is, , 
-f  I'arliannnt.     The  Irish  h-Kislature  wouM  i,  ,v,. 

all  the  powers  which  wer I  specially  ri  -  rv,,| 

from  it  In  the  Ait.  It  was  In  consist  of  m,, 
orders,  thouKh  not  two  Housis.  It  would  I.,  siii, 
JecttoallthepreroKalivesoftheCrown  im  ,i,i,| 
have  nothinir  tmhi  with  Armv  or  Navv.  or  »ii|, 
JorelgnorCohinial  reliiiions;  "nor could  il  in  lify 
the  Acton  which  its  own  aiillioritv  was  1.,^,! 
(  ontracts,  charters,  questions  of  eiliicali..ii  r, 
iu'ioiis  endowments  and  estalilishments    «,,iii,l 

■'<■."•  > '  i'x  aiitliority.     Trade  and  naviuiiin,, 

coiiiaKe,  currency,  weights  ami  measures  i,,|,»: 

right,  census,  ipiariiiitine  laws,  and  som \;,j 

matters,  wire  n.,t  to  Ih'  within  the  powers  nf  tl„. 
Irish  I'ariiami  111      The  composition  of  th,  I,  .-i, 
latiire  was  to  he  llrst,  the  W.i  niemlKrs  now  r'n 
resi'ming  IrelamI  with  im,  elii  ted  hv  the  suiV 
const  II  ueruies,  with  tlie  exception  of  ihe  liiivir 
sily,  with  power  to  the  Irish  hgislature  to  .-iie 
two  memlsrs  to  the  Hoyal  rniversity  if  it ,  li,,v 
then  the  |ircs.nt  Irish  inemUrs  of  the  II, .u,,-  ,,f 
I.onls,  with  75  elected  hy  the  Irish  people  uiirl,  r 
a  proneriy  iiualillcalhin.     The  Viccniv  illv  w,,s 
I"  Ih-  left,  but  Ihe  Viceroy  was  not  to  i"piii  uilite 
with  an  outgoing  government,  and  no  ri  li -i  hh 
illsahihty   was  to   alTcct   his  appoinliiienr      He 
would  have  a  I'rivy  Cimncil.  and  Hie  ex..  mivi. 
would  remain  a.sat  pn's<nt,  hut  might  he  i  l,aii  ■,  ,i 
hy  the  action  of  the  h'gi.slativelKsly.     The  i.r,  s"i,i 
judges  would  preserve  their  lien  on  the  i  ,.iis,,|j 
dated  Kiindoftireatllritain,  and  the  Oueenwn,ii,| 
Ix'  empowered  to   antedate  their  pensions  if  it 
Was  .seen  to  Ik'  desirable.     Future  jmlg,',    njii, 
the  excepthm  of  two  In  the  Court  of  Kvi  in  .iii,  r 
would    lie  appointed  by  the  Irish  governm.  iil' 
ami.  like  LnglLsh  judges,  would  hold  tluir.illiie 
during    giMxl    Ishaviour.       The    Coiisialiulirv 
vvoulil  remain  luider  its  present  adminisiriii.n; 
t.reat  llritain  paying  all  charges  over  a  niillinii 
hventually.  however,  the  whole  |)olicc  of  ir.l  inl 
vvoulil    be    under   the   Irish  govenin.ent     Tlir 
civil  servants  would  have  two  years'  grai .    will, 
a  choice  of  retirement  on  iK-ushin  U-for.    i.i,^iii  - 
under  the  Irish  executive.     Of  the  lli.i..,i  i  i|   ,r1 
rangemenis  Mr.  (iladstone  sjHike  In  careful   ii,.l 
minute  detail.     He  lixed  the  proportion  ni  Im- 
penal  charges  IrelamI  should  pay  at  one  lilt, mtli 
iir  in  other  words  she  wouM  pay  one  poi  ami 
J.reat  Kritain  fourteen  parts.     Slori'  than  a  mil 
lion  of  i.uty  is  paid  on  spirits  in  IrelamI  wiii.li 
come  to  (Ircat  Britain,  and  this  wouhl  h  •  i.rn  li 
cally  a  contrihntiou  towards  the  Irish  r.M  iim 
.Si  with  Irish  porter  and  with  the  tiibaeio  iii.iim 
factured  in  Irehind  and  sold  here.     All...',  :ii,  r 
the  liritish  taxpayers  would  contrihule  in  llii-, 
way  i'l.4lHI,(HK)  a  year  to  the  Iri.sh   Kx.li.  |ii.r 
reducing  the  actual  payment  of  Ireland  il-  li  far 
Imperial   affairs  to  one  twenty-sixth. "     i  in  il.r 
jiith  of  April  Mr.  (lladst/ine  inVnMliieed  hi-  InMi 
{.and  Hill,  connecting    it  with  the   II, mi,    Kil,- 
Hill  as  forming  part  of  one  great  measun- 1  >r  ihi- 
pai  ilnatioii  of  Indaml.     In  tlie  meanliiii,- 1.:,    p 
IMisitiiiii    to  his    iiolicy  witliin  the  ranks  ..i  ili,. 
l.ihiral  parly  iiad  U-en  rapidly  taking  forri      It 

was  led  hy  r,oril  llartington, 'Mr.    Chai iliin, 

Mr.  rrevelyaii,  Sir  Henry  .lames.  .Sir  John  l.ili- 
liock.  .Mr.  (ioschen.  and  .Mr.  Courtney.  1;  ,-.>,ii 
I-eceivisl  the  support  of  .Mr.  John  Hrigli'  I'lii' 
debate  in  the  Housi',  which  lasted  wiwil  •.■■  .Irl 
of  June,  was  passionate  and  bitter.     It  emnd  in 


KNOLAND,  1H8JV-1MM. 


Homt  RuU  ft*r 
itttland. 


KNOLANO,  18»a-l»93. 


Ihe  (if fp«t  of  llic  floTrmmrnt  lij-  a  majority  of 
30  iiiiulnst  Ibc  Mil.  Tin-  illviHiim  wnii  tlii^  liirKcitt 
whUli  Imil  fviT  Id*!!  Iiiki'ii  ill  iIh'  llmunMif  ('nm. 
niim»,  tl.')7 mi'iiilwrn  lM'iii){  prtwiit.  Tlii'  nmiiirity 
wa»  iimili' lip  of  2-19  CcmwrvKllviH  niiil  IM  l.ili- 
(ral»  Till-  minority  niniilsUil  of  'iW  IJImtbIh 
;mil  H".  Niiiiimulisti.  Mr  OlHcliitoiK'  appcalcil  to 
tl]i'  loiiiilry  liy  a  (iiiwoluljoii  of  I'arllHiiiitit.  Tin' 
cIciiiiinH  were  advcnic  to  liim,  ri'SiiltiiiK  in  IIm' 
Miini  to  I'Mriiunicnt  of  mcmlHr!!  rciireM'ntiiiK  ""' 
xtinil  |i:irti('!*  anil  MTtion*  of  partli'!i  a»  foilowH: 
lliMiii'  Kiili'  l.ilM'ralx,  or  (ilmlstonlan-i,  11)4.  Irixli 
Niilicpn.iliis  N.I  — total  a7»:  BcccdinK  Lilicnils 
n.  ( iriiMrvatlvca  :iia  — total  3«1.  Mr.  fJlaii- 
stuMi'  mill  Ills  ciilli'BKiU'ii  nnlv'iiril  anil  a  new  Min- 
Islrv  Hiis  forincil  uniliT  I.<inl  Sali»liury  Tlir 
l.ilMnil-i.  in  nlliani'i-  with  the  ('onstrvutfvf.i  anil 
giving'  Ihiir  hup|M)rt  to  LonlSallslniry's  (Jovcrn- 
mriil.  111  ramc  ori;aulzcil  as  a  (li>tln('t  party  iinilcr 
till'  liiiiliTsliip  of  l,onl  HartiiigtoD,  ami  liKik  tin.' 
nami'of  Mlrml  Inionlnts.— I'.  \V.  Clayilen,  A'ny- 
tanil  ttiuUr  t/tr  Cmititiun,  eh.  1-6. 

Ai*)  LSI  H.  1).  Traill,  The  .Vm-qiiit  of  Hilu- 
t>ury,,-li.  \i.—Aiiiiii<il  lii/inUr,  IMH.'i.  IStW. 

A.  D.  1885-1888.— Termination  of  tlie  Fiih- 
ery  Article!  of  the  Treaty  of  Washinrtoo.- 
Renewed  controversies  with  the  United  States. 
—The  rejected  Treaty.  Sii'  FitiiiERiKB,  Noiitii 
Amkkhan;  a.  U.  1N7i-18«.h 

A.  D.  i886.-Defeat  of  Mr.  Parneira  Ten- 
anti'  Relief  Bill.— The  plan  of  campaign  in 
Ireland.    Sie  Ikelam):  A.  I).  lfW8. 

A.  D.  1886-1893.— The  Berir  x  Sea  Contro- 
»erjy  and  Arbitration.  Sfv  L'.mtko  States  ok 
Am  :  A.  I).  IHStHHaa. 

A.  D.  1890.— Settlement  of  African  queitioni 
with  Germany.— Cession  of  Heligoland.    Hvv 
Akku  v;  A.  1).  lR>*4-lwi). 
A.  D.  i89i.-The  Free  Education  Bill.    S,,. 

tUllATIO.S.  .MoUEKN:    KlkoI"K.\.N  CoLNTllIEK — 

txiii.AM):  A.  U.   ISttl. 

A.  D.  18M-1893.  — The  fourth  Gladstone 
Ministry  -{>assage  of  the  Irish  Home  Rule 
Bill  by  the  House  of  Commons.— Its  defeat  by 
the  Lords. -On  t:.e  28tli  of  June,  18U3,  Parlia 
mini  was  ditsolveu'.  having  been  In  existence 
iini  0  ISWi.  ami  a  new  Parliament  was  summoaed 
t«  im  1 1  on  the  4th  of  August.  Great  excitement 
i'riv;i,|e,|  in  the  eusi;iii)T  elections,  which  tumeil 
alMi.,>t  eiitirtiv  on  the  iiuesiiim  of  Home  Ili.ie 
tir  litlaiiil.  The  LilxTil  or  dladstonian  party 
lavorini;  Home  Uiile.  won  a  majority  of  42  in  the 
-lull-,,  nfc.iamims;  l>iit  in  the  representation  of 
Lughnil  alone  tliire  was  a  majority  of  70  re 
lurm.l  ;i-iiiist  it.  In  Irilaml.  the  renrcseitation 
renirnn  v.-  w  lo:)  f„r  Home  Hule.  and  23  against : 
in  Nuilaiu.  .,1  for  and  21  against;  in  Wales, 
-;<  iiT  .mil  i  against.  Conservatives  and  Liln'ral 
L  uiom.is  (opposing  Home  Hule)  lost  little  ground 
m  t  !,•  Imroushs.  as  compared  with  tlic  ptevious 
ParlLimnit  but  largely  tlm  counties.  As  the 
risult  of  (he  election,  b.  i  Salisburv  and  his 
MmiMry  n.M-ned  August  12.  and  Mr  ■Olail.st.ine 
ttassiumnomd  to  form  a  Government.  In  the 
,"';"'  ,;"'"','■  ";''''■'»  «'»s  announced  four  ilavs 
R  ;  „  V,  '"«;'%'">■  '*'^"""=  Koreign  SeeretarV ; 
&".!  1  irsiliell.  Lord  flianeellorT  Sir  William 
mn,.,  |;,r™,,rt  Chancellor  of  the  Kxchequer; 
M       '       «";  A8<iuith.  Home  Secret^iry"  and 

Allliini-h  t.'io  new  Pariiament  asseinl.M  in  Au- 
»ii»  nut  until  the  13tli  of  February 


...11  1     v.      ^  """'  '""  '""'  01  reuruarv 

'"lluwing  that  Mr.  Gladstone  introiuced  hirbiil 


to  estalilish  Home  Hule  In  Ireland.  The  Mil  wu 
under  debate  In  the  IIoum-  of  Commons  until  the 
night  of  8..pUnil«T  I,  IHU;),  when  It  |>as.<«'il  that 
lK«ly  l.y  n  vote  of  Itol  to  2(17.  ■'The  Mil  pro- 
vhles  for  a  l.<'gi»latiiri'  for  Inland.  conKisting  of 
the  (jueen  and  of  two  llousts  — the  U'gislatlve 
Council  and  the  Legislative  Aswmlily  This 
Leitislature,  with  eirtaiii  resiriilions,  is  author- 
i/iil  to  make  laws  for  the  piai  e.  order,  and  kimhI 
government  of  Inland  in  reB|M(t  of  matters  ex. 
eluHivelyn  lilting  to  Inland  or  some  part  thereiif 
Hie  bill  siivs  that  the  powers  of  the  lri.sh  I.egis. 
latun-  shall  not  1  xtend  to  the  making  of  any  lav 
resiMcting  the  establishment  or  endowmentof  re- 
ligion or  pnihiliiting  the  frcw  exerelso  thereof  or 
imposing  any  illsablliiv  or  iimferring  anv  privi- 
lege  on  account  of  nlii-ious  belhf,  or  whereby 
any  jRrson  may  1k'  deprived  of  life,  lilierty,  or 
propjrty  without  due  pnM-ess  of  law,  or  whereby 
private  property  may  1k'  taken  without  just  com- 
pensation.    Aeconling  to  the  bill  the  executive 

IKiwer  in   In'land   shall  c tinuc  vested  in  her 

Majesty  the  Oiiii  n,  and  llie  Um\  Lieuunant,  on 
Ixhalf  of  her  Majesty,  shall  exercise  any  preniga- 
tives  or  other  executive  iiowir  of  the  tjueen  the 
exercLw  of  which  may  be  delegated  to  him  by 
her  Majesty,  and  sliiill  in  the  (Queen's  name  sum- 
mon, pniMgue,  mill  dissolve  the  Legislature.    An 
hxeculive  Comiiiittir  of  the   I'rivv  Council  of 
Ireland  is  pnivided  for,  which  'shall  aid  and  ad- 
vise in   the  government  of  Ireland.'    The  I/ird 
Lieutenant,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Kxecutive  Council,  is  authorized  to  give  or  with- 
hold the  assent  of  her  Majesty  to  bills  passed  liv 
the  housis  of  the  Legislature.     The  LegislatiVe 
Council  by  the  terms  of  the  bill  shall  consist  of 
forty-eight  Councilors.     Every  man  shall  be  en- 
titled to  vote  for  a  CouncUor  who  owns  or  occu- 
pies anv  land  or  tenement  of  a  ratable  value  of 
r2().     Tiic  term  of  olllce  of  the  Councilors  is  to 
lie  for  eight  years,  whi  ii  is  not  to  lie  alfected  bv 
dissolution,  but  one-half  of  tlic  Councilors  shall 
retire  in  every  fourth  year  and  tlieirseats  !«■  filled 
by  a  new  election.     The  Legislative  Assembly  is 
to  consist  of  103  memlxrs  returned  bv  the  Parlia- 
mentary  const  it  iienciis  existing   at"  pres«'nt   in 
Ireland.    This  .■Vssemblv,  unless  siKiner  dissolved 
may  e.xist  for  live  years.     The  bill  also  pnnidei 
for  80  Irish  ineiiilMrs  in  'he  House  of  Cloinmons 
In  regard  to  tiniince.  the  bill  provides  that  for 
the  purposes  of  this  act  the  public  revenue  shall 
lie  divided  into  general  revenue  and  special  rev- 
enue, and   general   nviiiue  sir  11  consist  of  the 
gross  revenue  collected  in  Ireland  fniin  taxes; 
the  portion  due  to  Ireland  of  the  heriMlitary  rev- 
euues  of  the  cniwn  which  are  managed  by  the 
Coiiimissioners  of  Wissls.  an  annual  sum  for  the 
customs  and  excise  duties  collected  in  Great  Brit- 
ain  on   articles  consuiiied  in    Ireland,   provided 
that  an  annual  sum  of  the  customs  and  excise 
duties  colliitiil  in  Inland  on  articles  consunied 
in  Great  liritaiii  shall  be  deducted  fnim  the  rev- 
enue colliitcd  in  Inland  and  treated  as  revenue 
collected  in  Gnat  Britain;  these  annual  sums  to 
be  determined  by  a  committee  appointed  jointly 
by  the  liishGoverniuent  and  the  Iinperial  Tnas- 
ury.     It  is  also  provided  that  one  thini  of  tho 
geiienil  nvenue  of  Ireland  and  also  that  portion 
of  any  imiK'rial  miscellaneous  revenui'  to  which 
Ireland  may  claim  to  be  entitled  shall  be  paid 
into  the  Tn:i;;urv  of  ihr  rn-;t,-l  Kiuginui  as  the 
contribution  of  Ireland  to  iinperial  liabilities  and 
expenditures;  this  plan  to  continue  for  a  term  of 


1007 


INOLAND,  \«n-itm. 

•I  I  yean,  at  the  pimI  of  which  time  a  new  icheiM 
of  tax  dtvliion  ahall  be  ilt-riMNl.  Thv  I^-gUla- 
turv,  in  uniiT  tii  nict't  eipenicaof  liic  pulillc  ner- 
Tire.  i»  autboiizt'ii  to  tni|HiM-  taxra  otlicr  than 
thime  iK)w  I'xiiitinK  In  Iit'lamt.  Inlnnil  ulioulti 
alwiliuvi'i'lmrKetl  u|ia|taiu»t  li<'ranill><'('iini|M>lle<l 
til  pay  iMit  iif  licr  <i«n  Trt-aniirv  all  nalarieii  anil 
|Nii«li>im  iif  .IiiiIk-ck  iinil  liiiliilitit'ii  of  all  liiniU 
wliii'li  (iri'Ul  liritalii  liiiii  aiwiinuti  for  iiiT  iHlietit. 
Till'  lilll  riirilii  r  priiviilt'iitlmt  a|<|M'ul  (nmi cuiirta 
in  Iri'laiiil  In  llic  IIiium'  iif  I.imN  kIiuII  ivnm:  nnil 
Hint  all  pir-oiis  having  the  riiiUi  >'f  »p|H'ul  nliall 
liavi-  a  like  r);;lit  ti>  ap|Hal  tullic  1^1111  u  lu  ciiuii- 

ENGLE.     ENGLISH.     S.-    Asoleh  ank 
,li  11-,  al-n,  |;m,i.\mi.  .v.  I)  .MT-IKl;!. 
ENGLISH   PALE.   The.    »tc  1'ai.k,   Tuk 

ENGLISH  SWEAT,  The.     Sit  Swkatimi 

ENGLISHRV.— 'I'll  i  lu  rk  Hie  nsMisHlnallnii 
i.f  111- t\riiiiiiiriil  Niirniaii  fnllnwiTH  liy  llii' rxa* 
pi  mini  Kiiirli>li.  William  I  lirCiiiiiiuiriiriiriluimil 
llial  till'  vvliuli'  llumlriil  »illiii>  uiiiili  iiiii>  was 
Kl:iiii  -lioulil  pay  a  liiavy  piiially.  "In  tun 
III  X inn  »iili  iliii  inailiiii'iit  lluri'  Kri'W  up  thi> 
laiiiiiii-  law  iif  Kiiclislirv,'  liy  wliiili  iviTy  inur- 
iliTril  null)  wa.s  pri'-iiimii  to  Ik*  a  Norman,  unli-ss 
priHifs  iif  •  Kiinlisliry '  wiri'  iiiuiK'  liy  llir  fiiur 
iHurist  II  liiiivin  of  liif  iliiTiiscil.  '  I'rrwntnants 
if  tntrlislirv.'  iih  liny  wuri-  lirlinkally  tiriiicil, 
ari' nioriliil  in  llii'  rii^ii  of  Itidiunl  I.,  but  not 
liilir ."— T.  1'  TaswillLuugimmi,  h'lDj.  Cuiat. 
Hint  .  II  IW 

ENNISKILLEN,  The  defence  of.   Hcc  Irk 

I  AM):    .\.  I>.   ItWS-lUXU. 

ENOMOTY,  The.—  In  tlif  Spartan  military 
nrgaiiizatiiiu  tlii'  inunioiy  "  wusuKniHllcunipauy 
of  intn.  tlu'  uunitH.'ruf  wliomwiiit  variable,  Ix'intf 
given  ililTinntiy  at  'iTt,  'Ai,  or  'M  nun, — tirillen 
ami  practiwii  lu|;;etberiu  military  eviilutiuu8,  anil 
IhiuiuI  to  earli  other  liy  a  cominun  outb.  Kach 
Kiii'imiily  liail  u  M'|>arute  caiitain  ur  enomutjirch, 
tlie  slriiiik'i'Ht  ami  ablihtMiiilierof  tile  company." 
—  (t   (iriile,  lliit.  I'fUnert,  j,t.  2,  eh.  8, 

ENRIQUE.     See  IIksky. 

ENSISHEIM,  Battle  oi  (1674).  See  Netu- 
KKI.ANi>s(lloi.i.A.M)):  A.  U.  1674-ltliS. 

EORL  AND  CEORL.— ••  The  minleni  Eng 
lisili  fonim  of  tlieise  wunla  liuve  eompb'lely  lo»t 
their  aiiiii  lit  nieunlug.  Tlie  wiinl  '  Karl,  after 
wvi  ral  lliu'l nations,  lia.s  sittleil  down  us  tbe  title 
of  mil' rank  in  tbe  I'eenige;  tbe  worii  '('burl' 
ba-  loiiie  to  lie  a  woril  of  iiiorul  reproliation,  ir- 
rr~piili\e  of  till'  rank  of  tbe  person  »bo  is  guilty 
of  llii' olTi  nil',  lint  in  tbe  primary  meaning  of 
till'  wi.riU,  '  Korl'  aiiil  '('i.'orl' — words  wlmse 
liiippy  jji.'li'  eiius^'S  tbein  to  be  eonstantly  op- 
poMci  ii.  iMib  iitber  —  form  an  esbau.stive  divi- 
sion of  I  lie  frre  mi'inliirsof  tbe  state.  Tlie  dis- 
tiiK'tioM  ill  iiiiKieru  laiiLniage  is  most  nearly 
exjiri  SMil  liy  llir  words  '  (iintli,' '  and  'Simple.' 
'I'bi'  Mi'iirl  ■  i-  till' simple  frri'inaii.  the  mere  unit 
in  Hie  iiriiiy  nr  in  llie  iLvsemlily.  wluuii  no  distine 
tioii  of  liirtb  or  oiliii'  marks  out  from  bis  fel- 
low- "-  -  I'..  .\.  Frninan.  tlint.  uf  the  yimnait 
O'ifi/.  nf  /■,'/.,7.,  eh.  :t,  »■'/.  '.;,  —  See.  also,  Ktuel; 
and  K.si.i.AMi:   .\.  D  «.-)M. 

EORMEN  STREET.     See  KinnN  Stheet. 

EPAMINONOAS,  and  the  g;reatness  of 
Thebes.  ;-;c  (jni.i.a::  V..  C.  3T9-d7i,  auiiiJTl- 
3«'-'.  alsoTiiEliEs:  li.  ('.  -A't*. 

EPEIROS.     See  Kpiul's. 


EPHE8US. 

dl.  The  term  of  ofllcc  of  the  I<ofd  TJeni.  imni 
I*  flxnl  at  all  yean,  t'ltlmateir  tbe  Koval  IH>|| 
ConaUbularv  aliall  eeaae  to  exlat  and  no  fin* 
other  than  tbe  ordinary  civil  |H)lice  aliall  In  [h  r 
■nittiil  Ui  be  fornie<l.  The  Iriah  i^gtalatun  slmll 
lie  aumnioned  to  meet  on  the  llr»t  Tnesiliy  in 
Si'pteinlH'r.  1M94.  and  tlie  tlmt  election  for  im  m 
iK'n  sbull  Ix' lield  at  urn b  time  iM'fore  llii'  ilnv 
aa  may  be  fixed  liy  lier  Mnji'«ly  ineounrii  In 
tlie  IliiiiM'  of  l.onls.  tile  bill  waa  defeatid  mi  ilir 

Ntbof  SeptemlHr  -tbi'M'i'ond  ri'ading  po.i| ,| 

to  a  dav  nix  montbsfroni  Ibatdate^by  tin  umi 
will  lining  vole  of  41Utii-tl. 

EPHAH,  The.-' Tbe  eplmli.  or  biih  «;« 
tbe  unit  of  ineasiins  of  eapaiity  for  Imlli  ii'iiiK 
and  grain  [among  tbe  anciinl  .fewsl  Tin  1  ihiii 
is  eoiisidered  liy  (^in  i|io  to  bave  Ui  n  iIm  nn  1 
sure  of  water  I'ont.iini'il  In  Hie  uniiiiil  \.ti\  \'\im 
I'Uliii'  foot,  and  lliiis  ei|iilvali'iit  to '.'U  :i7ii  !iiri>, 
orfl'ltlHlmiH'rial  gallons,  and  to  bave  liiin  n.  iiiv 
iilriitieal  wllbtbeaiii  ii'iit  I'X'vptian  artalia  it<  I  ilir 
tirii'k  metreles.  l-'or  liipiiils,  tbeepliali  »  i|i 
viileii  inti)si.\  bin.  and  tbe  twelfth  ]iart  if  tin  iuii 
was  the  log.      .Vs  u  grain  measure.  Hie  1 1'lnii  mii 

divided    into  ten  oniers.  or  gomers,      11 r 

measure  of  inaiinu  galbered  by  Hie  I-r:ii  liti  >  in 
tbe  dewrt  as  a  day's  fisid  for  eaeb  titlul'  pi  i^^w 
was  Hiiis  ii|ual  to  '.*.U  Imperial  ipiaiK  I'lu- 
largest  measure  of  lapaeily  IkiiIi  for  liipii  I- .ml 
dry  eoinmiHlilies  was  tbe  cor  of  tweive  1  pliih-  — 
II.  \V.  Cbisbolm.  Uii  the  S^icncenf  If, /<,■ ',  1 .,  /  />,J 
Mtiimrimi,  eh.  i. 

EPHES-DAMMIM,  Battle  of.-'llii  l.ittli< 
wbicb  folbiwed  David  s  eiieounter  with  11'  liilli. 
tbe  gigantic  Philistine.— 1  .Si«i.,  xni. 

EPHESIA,  The.  S..'e  Ionic  (I'an  Iimu 
Ampiiiktyo.ny.  ^ 

EPHESUS.  — The  Epbeiian  Temple.- 
"Tbe  ancient  city  of  Epbesus  was  siiu.iinl  nn 
Hie  river  t'uyster,  wbieli  falls  into  the  I'.iy  i.f 
Scala  Nova,  on  tbe  western  toaat  of  A>i:i  .Miliar 
(Jf  tlie  origin  and  foundation  of  Eplicsiis  wi  lave 
no  bistiirical  record.  Storiea  were  tull  «l.iib 
ascribed  tbe  sottieinentof  tlic  plaeeto  Aiulr  "klis, 
tbe  son  of  the  Athenian  king,  t'odrus.  ,  .  Wirh 
oilier  Ionian  cities  of  Asia  Minor,  KplnMii  fill 
into  Hie  bunds  of  {'riesus,  tbe  last  of  iln  \i'»iO 
of  Lydia,  und,  on  tbe  overtlirow  of  ('niMi-.  h_r 
Cyrus,  it  passed  under  tlie  beuvier  ynk.  .1  t!io 
Persian  desiMit.  Altbongb  from  tliiit  liui .  'iur 
ing  a  iK'riisi  of  at  least  live  lenturies,  to  iln  i  iii 
quest  by  tbe  liomans,  tbe  city  nnilerwi  1 1  -mt 
ebunges  of  fortune,  it  never  lo.st  its  griii'i'  :r  .iiii 
import'iiu'e.  Tbe  Temple  of  Artemis  i|iii:::ii. 
wbos»' splendour  lias  almost  Is'iome  pii'.i  rliil, 
tended  ebietly  to  make  Epbesus  the  iii"-'  niiru 
live  and  notable  of  ali  tbe  cities  of  .\-ii  \|;!;  r 
lis  niagniliei'iit  barlsiur  was  lllleil  wi'!i  lir. 'k 
und  I'beiiiiian  mereliantmen.  and  n;  .ri";'l'i 
lloeked  from  all  parts  to  profit  by  it-M  ■  !;iiii' no 
and  to  worsbip  at  tbe  sbriiie  of  itsluiiii!'.  i"'! 
ili'ss.  Tbe  City  Port  was  fully  four  n..:  -  Ir 'lo 
till'  sia.  wbiili  bas  not,  as  lias  bn  11  ^  .;  i  ■  -'  I 
reei'ilid  far.  .  .  .  During  Hie  geiu'mti' ;  ■  .iliuli 
inimeilialely  followed  the  i'iini|iii'-t  of  1  .i  1  :iii'l 
tbe  rest  of  Asia  .Minor  liy  the  Persian  i.::  .-  il'"' 
arts  of  Greece  attained  tbeir  bigliesl  p.  iiiiii'ii. 
and  it  was  within  this  short  periisl  of  li;'!'  lu-  "' 
tiian  t'.vu  centuries  that  the  •^v-.v.  '!  ■  ;■'  ■■ 
Artemis  was  tbR'e  times  built  upon  :!;  -ine 
I  site,  and,  us  n-ctnt  researches  have  (ouu.l,  ^atli 


1008 


EPIIESl'H. 


EPIRl'a. 


lime  on  tb«  airae  (r>n<l  nrnlr."— .1.  T.  Woml, 
IhtcTtrif  lit  Knhnui,  rh  I  — Tli«  ricKTatlon* 
«hi( li  wirr  rsiTtnl  on  at  Kpheaiin  liy  Mr.  WimmI. 
fnr  III)'  llrilUh  MiiM'iiiii.  during  flrven  yrnn. 
fnim  1^1  unlil  IM74.  ri'Milti'il  in  tlw  itncovirlnK 
iif  II  l;ir(!i'  pnrt  of  the  »IU'  of  llir  ({f'«'  Tini|ili' 
•ml  ilii'  iliU'milnlnK  "f  tin  nnlillicliiriil  (inlurc«, 
Wtl.li  H  l>rlniriiii{  to  lliclit  iniiiiy  iiiMrliilioiis  niiil 
mm li  1  .iliiiilili'  M'iil|iliiri'  Tlii' im omit  irlviii  in 
llii  «.irk  liiuiH-il  liUivi'  iHinrittllMKly  iiiliTi'iilinK. 

Ionian  conqutit  and  occupation.  Ht'v  Ania 
MiNoii    TiiK  Okkkk  Ciiiomkh 

Ancient  Commerce. — ■Tin'  »|m)I  on  tlii' A«i 
ntii  inii^I  wliirli  iorrr«|>onili'c|  nio«t  nciirly  with 
t'i'riiilli  on  the  KiiroiH-iin,  ^n-*  KpiicMiiH.  n  city 
KJiuli  ill  till'  liiPM' of  IIitihIoIii'),  IiimI  iHrn  tlir 
iiHrilni;  iK>inl  of  i'univuii»  for  I  p|M'r  A»lii.  liiit 
Hlii(  li.  iinilcr  the  i  hiiiii.'i'  of  ilyniiniii'K  uiiil  ruin 
of  rrnpiri'4,  liml  ilwiiiilli'il  into  ii  iiii  ro  provin 
(i^il  town.  Till'  inilil  »way  of  .\iii;iiiitiis  ri' 
^tn^nl  il  to  H't-iillil  Hlhi  I'lnilli'lin',  Ullil  ii.H  lllf  otli- 
iLiiiapiliilof  till'  provinri'of  .\»ln.  it  »  um  rrfiiitcil 
l.jiritlii'  ini'tropoliH  of  no  Iihk  thnn 'MID  cilicK. " 
-f   Miriiali'.  Ili't.  "fill,-  It'iifiii:  .'/i   40 

A.  D.  267.— Deitriiction  hy  the  Cothi  of  the 
Ttmpleof  Diana.    Sic  (iorni.;  A    I).  '.'.Im-'.'HT. 

A.  D.  431  and  449.— The  General  Council 
and  the  "  Robber  Synod."    Si-o  NKN'r<iiii.\N  Ar4i> 

MoSoniTSITK  CoNTHOVKKSY. 

EPHET>E,The.— A  iKmnlof  tlfty uni-Jiidcefi 
iri>iiliili>l  hy  the  li'k'islutii>ii  of  Dnirii.  ut  Allu-ni), 
fur  til*'  trial  of  (-riiiicfl  of  hltHNlHticil  upon  tliti 
Ar-opaiTiif*. — ti.    SrhOninmi.     Antiq.  ofdretre: 

n,  si,it,-.j,t.  3,  ch  ;i. 

EPHORS.— "  .Manistriiti'H.  cullcil  liy  tlic  n.iinr 
(if  Kiilioi^.  <'\i»ti'il  in  iiiiiny  lloriuii  iiit  will  iiit  in 
■■till  r  stall's  [of  iinrii'iit  (ini'Ct'l.  iiltlioiiuh  our 
iiniAvIi-ili;t'  wilh  ri'tfiirii  to  thciu  cxlrnils  no  fur- 
llur  thin  to  till'  fart  of  their  exitteme;  wliilu 
till' iiaiiii'.  whiih  niirnitles  ipiile  generally  'over- 
KIT!*.'  alloriii  rixiiii  for  no  concliiiiioM  Mto  tlieir 
poliiicil  position  or  importance.  In  .Spiirtii. 
Imwi  vtT.  the  lioarii  of  Five  Kphorn  iH'eanie,  ill 
till'  murse  of  time,  n  miiKistmey  of  such  ili);nity 
nii'l  iatliiinci' that  no  oihcr  can  lie  foiinii  in  any 
fnr  Slate  wilh  wliii'h  il  can  1k'  eoinpureil. 
Ci'iii'irriiiii,-  its  llrst  institution  nolliin^  certain 
(all  Ik' 11-1  irl.'lini'li.  .  .  The  follnuiiiK'  ii|>pear!4 
till"  :i  proliulih'  account:  —  TIk^  Kpliors  weri! 
uriL^iiiall'  maL'iitrates  appointeil  Oy  the  liintis, 
pirilv  01  p.niler  thciii  s|ieeial  a'~sisiaiice  in  tlie 
jii.lii  i.il  lie  i'i>iMii  of  private  ilispiites. —  a  fiuicthm 
^\i.ii  li  lliiy  continued  to  exercise  in  later  times, 
-  I'liilv  to  miilcrtakc.  as  lieutenants  of  tlie 
Iviiij^.  i.tliirnf  their  functions,  diirini;  their  ali- 
Mi'iv  111  iiiiliiary  si  rvice.  or  throuirh  some  otlier 
("111-  .  will  n  the  monarchy  anil  the  (icrou- 
>hi  'I  to  re  i-stahlish  their  ancient  intlucnco 
■"'iiiiiu  to  the  popular  asscmlily,  they  were 
'1  to  ai:rei'  to  a  collces^iclll  \vlii(  h  should 
"Hie  M  1  nrity  to  llie  people  that  this  power 
I  iii't  lie  aliiiseil  to  their  dctrinieiit.  Tills 
■sinii  consisted  in  llie  fact  that  the  Kpliors 
li'li  |ii'iiilciitly  autliorized  to  exerci.se  control 
'III-  kiiiL's  iheinselvcs.  .  .  .  The  Kpliors 
MiMeil  to  interfere  in  every  department  of 
liiiiiiistriiiinn.  and  to  remove  or  punish 
VI  r  iliey  fiiiind  to  Im-  contrary  to  the  laws 
ii-i  to  the  piililic  interest."— O.  F.  SdiiV 
A'-ii.;.  „f  (Imre.:   Tli,-  Slute.  pi.  3,  rh.  I. 

-■■:  .  :ii,i..,  Sr.ir.T.k.    TlIK   l\>N.STlTtlloN, 


si.i  u 
ill  "I' 

eliii- 
Kill 
si I 


tl,. 


EPHTHALITE8,  Th«.     He«  nrKi,   Tm 
Whitb. 
BPIOAMNUS.    N<>€'UiiKr.rK   1)043.^483; 

Hnil  KoHKTMA. 

EPIDII.  The.    See  liniTAiN,  Iki.tic Thibkii. 

EPIGAMIA.-'Tlie  rlKht  of  marniiKe  in  an- 
cient .XllK-nii.  — (I  F  Schnmano,  Anliq  n/Urttet: 
Thr  Shitr,  lit.  3,  r/i   ;i 

EPICONI,  The.    Sic  IkKoTU. 

EPIPOLiE.— ( (lie  of  the  parts  or  diTiaiont  of 
the  nncient  citvof  H>  racuse,  Sleilv 

EPIROT  League,  The.-  The  tempo 
niry  (jreiitncHs  of  the  .Miil(«!,ian  kinudom  \i>t 
KlM'iriw.  or  Kpirus)  under  Alexander  and  I'yrrhua 
is  niBtler  of  v'enenil  history.  Our  immediate 
liiisineiM  Is  with  the  repuhllcnn  eovernnient  which 

mice led  on  the    liliKidy  extliietion   of  royally 

and  the  royal  lliie(whi(li  iK-curred  H,  C.  'J3W] 
V'lnirint  now  iN'came  11  reptilillc;  of  thedetailiiof 
It.s  constitution  we  know  nolhiii):,  hut  ItH  form 
ran  linnlly  fail  to  have  Imcii  fedemi  Tliir  Kprl- 
rotn  formed  one  iHililieul  iHKly  ;  Pnlyliion  alwaya 
upenks  of  them,  like  the  Achaiuns  aiid  Akarnaul 
nns,  as  one  people  acting  wilh  one  will,  Keereea 
are  pasmd,  iimliasKHilor^  are  sent  and  ri'rrlvcd.  In 
the  name  of  the  whole  KiM'Irot  people,  and  Epelroa 
had.  like  .\kariianla,  a  federal  coinage  teiring 
the  common  iniiiie  of  tliewhnlu  nation" — K.  A 
Freeman,  lli)>t  ■/  Fulmit  tl„rt  ,  hk.  4,  trrt   1. 

EPIRUS.  —  THE  EPIROTS.  -  PftwlDK 
over  the  lionlersof  Akarnaniit  |iii  ancient  western 
(in'ecej  we  tind  small  nathina  or  triU'S  not  eon 
Kideri'ii  an  (ireeka,  but  known,  from  the  fourth 
century  H.  ('.  downwards,  under  the  romnion 
name  of  Kpirots.  This  word  aignilles,  properly, 
inlnihitnnts  of  u  continent,  an  oppowsl  to  those  of 
an  island  ora  penliiHula.  It  came  only  pmduully 
to  Ih.'  applied  iiy  the  Oreeks  as  their  comprelien 
Hive  denomination  to  ilesi);iiate  all  those  diverse 
trilH'S,  Ix'twcen  the  Amhrakian  (iiilf  on  the  south 
and  west,  i'indiis  on  the  east,  and  the  lllyrians 
and  .MaciMlonians  to  the  iiortli  and  north  east. 
Of  these  Epirotsthe  principal  were  —  the  Chaoni- 
ans,  Thesprolians,  Kassiipians,  and  .Molossinos, 
whooceiipieil  the  country  inliind  as  well  as  mari- 
time alotii:  the  Ionian  .S'a,  from  the  .Vkrokeraii- 
nian  inoiintains  to  the  honlers  of  .\mlirakia 
in  till'  interior  of  the  .\iiilirakian  (iiilf.  .  .  . 
.\moiii;  these  various  tribes  it  is  dilllciilt  to  dis- 
cri.iiiiiatc  the  semi  llellinic  from  the  non  Hel- 
lenic; for  lleroiliiiiis  consiilers  boili  Molos-sians 
and  Thi'sproliaiis  as  lIcMenic.  —  and  the  oracle 
of  Drxlona.  as  well  as  the  Nekyomanteion  (or 
holy  cavcni  for  iMikiiit'  the  deadl  of  .Xciicrim, 
were  Iwith  in  the  territory  of  the  Thesprotians, 
and  Isitli  (in  the  tiiiii- of  the  historian)  Hellenic 
Tliiicydiiles.  on  tlie  other  hand,  treats  both 
Mohissians  and  Thi'sprolians  as  barliaric  .  .  . 
Kpirus  is  essentially  a  pastoral  country:  its  cat- 
tle as  well  as  its  sIicphiTils  and  shepherds'  iloi.'s 
were  celeliralcd  tliriiiii:liiiut  all  antiquity;  and 
its  po|iiilation  then,  as  now,  found  divided  vil- 
lat'c  residence  the  most  siiiiable  t.i  their  means 
mill  iK'cupations.  .  .  .  Iloth  the  Chaonians  and 
Thesprotians  appear,  in  tlie  time  of  Tliucydides, 
as  havinir  no  kiiii^s:  there  was  a  pri\  ilcired  kindly 
race,  but  the  prcsidini;  chief  was  cliaiii;ed  from 
year  to  vear.  The  .Moiitsaians,  however,  had  a 
line  of  kiniis,  succeeding  from  father  t.)  son. 
which    professed    to   trace    its  descent    through 

tilleell  ^cOi  l.ltii>ns  d.OVh'vV.iI'd   ir.'lll    .\(  liillcS  aud 

Ncoptolemus  to   Tliarypas  atiout  the  year  41)0 


l(l(»9 


FJf^.'-' 


Tj  ('  "—n  Oml».  Ili'l  '/  lirrrrf,  pi  J  rh  51  _ 
Thr  MiiliMwInn  klriK»>iilmi'.iiii'nllr  •'^timliil  lln  Ir 
•■.v.rrlitrily  i.v.t  Hi.'  hIi,.)..  n.iinlrv  .iii.l  .Ivl.^l 
llutii^lv,.,  kliign  c,r  Kjilriit  I'vri-hiH,  »lic»w 
w.ir  «lih  ItiiiniMwc  Hotii':  II  c  ■.•MJ  '.'T.n)  |h  him. 
"f  tlw  Will  kniiwn  i'|.|«iili'..  .,f  lil.i„rv  ^n,  n,,. 
iiii'^i  >iiiil>lil..ii<  mill  .11,  ririili-  i,f  ih,.  ,ln„„i\  («.■<■ 
M»<HM.\n  II  (•  .MIT  JM.!,,  Ilaiiiillnil  n-i  k..ii...l 
liiMi  .limine  III,'  u'n-iii.t  i.f  miI.II,  n  In  ili.-  ii.',t 
Ktitiirv  K|.iriii  f.ll  uiiil.r  llir  .ioniinliiii  nf  |(,.iii,' 
.•<iil.«..,ii,iit|y  il  roriii..!  |..'iri  i.f  III.'  Hv/»iillii,' 
"'iiil'iri'.  tliiii  iKuiiii.'  II  M'liiiMti'  |iriii('l|i.illi\ 
riili.  In  II  lininih  i.f  lln  lini..  rial  Curnn.  iil'iii 
fiiiiill>  ,  w,i«  ii,ih|,iin.|  l,v  II,,' Turku  In  IliWiiii.t 
l«  ii..«  n  IT,..,  Ill,, I  l,y  III,'  ».iiiliirii  half  ,.f  ih.. 
i.r..viii,,.  „t    Tiirki'V.  iall,,l   Aili.iiilu —s,'   ul-.. 

•r."'llHUN« 

A.  D.   IJO4-I3S0.     The  Greek   DetpoUt. 

hr..rii  II,.'  niiii..  ..f  ||„.  Kv/aiitin,.  ■ 'iiir,-  i.v.r 
IliniAM   l,y  11,1'  Cnwi.liiN  „m.|   I'  ii.ihin,  h, 

T'-'ill,      lliil  p..rli.iii  .   sitiiiii,.         i|„,  „,.,,  ,,, 

III.   rih.-i  ,,f  IMii.lii,  «.H  s.ni'.l  fri.iii  fi  ii.lal  1I..111 

'"' I'>   Miiliiiil.  !i  iialiiril  » ,f  CmHiantlii,' 

.\nu'.;l'.s  III,'  1111, 1,., ,r  III,.  KiniM'nin,  l«i,:,'  ||  ami 
.VI.'MiiH  III  AfliT  III,'  r,,ii,(ii,',i  „f  (  MiHlaMtl 
iM.pl,'.  h.'.'s,,'iiH',lli,i„K|iini».  Hli,ri'lil>inarrian,' 
.villi  a  laily  i.f  ll„.  ,'<>iiiiirv  trivi'  him  si.iii,'  lniln 

I'll..',  aii.l   i»'4iiiiiiii^  III,' iliriili f  111,' ailiiiiiiU 

Iran.. III. f  ilir  «lii.|,',,,iiiiirv  fi,„ii  llyrrarlilur.  1,1 
Viii|iu.liis  III-  I'l.li,,  i,.||  a'.i.ii^iili'ralil,'  mlliiarv 

fi.ri^',  ami. '.i,iMKhi'iltlii"„at,. fills  am  hnrilVK'iii 
I't  illy  al  {..ariulna  ..r  Aria.  IIKii.rv  lian  1111 

f.'rniMil,  ly  pr.".,  rml  very  liiili'  liifi.riiiailonnMi 
.iriiiii,'  ilii'  i,ru'aMkili..ii  uik!  h.h  iai  I'.iiiiliiii.n  i,f 
Ml.  .Iiirir,  III  ,  Liases  anil  rail's  wliiil  lii|iali|i,.,| 
'i|..iii[ni..iHi.f  till,  prill,  I'siif  Kplriis.  Ainn.st 
Lilly  f.ll  Is  Ihat  havi'  Im,!,  |iri.'«,'rv,',l  nliili-  lo  i 
irs  anil  ailiuiii.'S  i.f  ih,.  i|,',|„,is  uml  t|i,|r  ■ 
ii's  Willi  til,'  llv/anlini'  ,'ni|Mn.rs  nnij  t|„. 
un  pnii,','s_  thiv  all  as«iiin,',l  ili,.  nam.. 

Aml'iIiw  h.inini'iii.s  Kiiku',;  un.l   Ilir  liil,.  „f   ' 
111  »p..l.  hv  will,  Il  ilii'v  ari'  lit  iKnillv  ill!.lini;uislH'il 
«us    I,    Hy/anlin,'   Inini.rarv   ■lii.lin.'liiin.    never   i 
iMirii,'    hy    ilie   larlier   1111  inUrs   iif    Ihe   faniilv 
"iiliI  il  haillMi'n  I'liiif,  rr.'.r  I.  1:,      .     v'lii'Uri.'k 
eiiiper,,r      Michael   I      il„.  f„n,„|, .   ,„    n,,.  ,|,.,.    , 
ix't.'il,  ilHiin-iiisli.'il  himsi'lf   l,v   his  tali'nu  uk  11   ; 
S..I.I1I  r  anil  a  ni'Knliai.ir      lie  exleiule.l  his  »u     | 
Ih.irity  nver  all    KiiiriiH.  Aiariiania  anil   Kl.ilia     : 
iin.l  a  pari  ,.f  Mai  eilonia  ami  Tli.'ssilv.     Thoiiirli 
vir-tuiliy    lmli'|Hii,l,ii|.  he   iieklii.w  li'",li{e,|  Theo- 
■  I'Te  I   il^iskari-i).  |at   Xi,',i'a|  us  ihe  lawful  em-    I 
p.ri.r..f  Ih.'  Kasl."     The  ahle  ai"!  lUKeriipuhuH   : 

l.i..llier  „f   Miihael.  Tliei.li.re,   » laine  his   1 

s!i„  I'SM.r  ,1,  I'ju,  eMinKiii..he.|  liv  iniiMin'si   ih,.    : 
l.'.nili,i.|    kiiiL'ili,ni   ,,f    .Sah.iiiki.    in    Maieilmiia 
lA    l>    l.'.'J).  ami  assiimeil  ihe  liMe  of  eiiipi  ri.r 
in   rn.liy   with   Ihe  (ireik   eiii|„'ri,r  at    Nieii'    ■ 
<.I:,l,li,|,„i-    his   .apilal   at  Thi'ssalimiea.     Thi- 
eiiipire   1,1    Thi'^salnniia    was   shiirt    liv,,!        |i.s 
'  ipit.il   Wis  i.ikiii   liy  the  einpiTiir  of   Nii  ea,  in 
I-'il.  aii.l  .Mil  h.ii  Is  siin  Jiilin.  Ih,  n  niiininL'   was 
fi.rn'il  I,,  r,.,i^r|,  ||„.  ii„,„.rialiii|,'.     Tlu' ih'spoial 
>l    hpinis   sur\iM"l   fi.r  anelher  I'enliirv    iiiiirh 
l.Tiianil  ,i.,!ra,t,il   l,y  war,  ami  ilomi'siie  ,;m 
Ilieis.      In  i.i.ii)  ,H  reiuaininir  lerriliirv  wa.s  (leeii- 
Piei     hy   Ihe    kiM<  „f  Nirua.  ami   linallv  it  was 
Hwaliutti'il  „p  in  lh,'e„ni|iii'stsi,ft|„' Turks  -i; 
Hnlay     //,../.   ,/  iir,„y  j,-„u  U,  (\,n,,ueH  l„,  Ihe 
I  riix,t,l,  rn,  fli    li  ■' 

Ai.N)    is    Sir  J    K   Teunent,  //i,f.  ,/  Mmlei-n 
Modern  Hiitory.     nee  Aiiia.ma.ns. 


till 

Ihe 

He 

f. 

I,: 

I.f 


fli.it 
.li'l 


ri„' 

..|  in 


Kgi  KHTKIAN  :»HHEK. 

!      EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.    rt.e  („,«,»   ,. 
Eniii.*si> 

EPISTATBS.     The  pn.lilInK  ,.m.er  '  r  

nmhnl  Alliiiilan  1,11111,11  mnl  iHiiMilnr  lus,  11,1,1, 

EPONYM.  EPONYMUs!  -  Tir„i„l,. 
ti'i  r  111,' nam,'  iflvin«  lurnnf  priinllh,' i„uli, 
in  whiili  irllK's  ami  mi  ,4  i.f  p,',>ph'  ,t  l„f,,r,; 
IImiii«.'Iv,'i.,  partly  hy  Irailllkm,  partly  hv  i,,,,,,, 
miiiiin.  iiii  heml,'  pirsmiaije  win,  U  nJipiH..,  ,|  ,,, 
••■  lliilr  I'l.innii.n  pniKeniliir  nml  Ihe  ..iir-  „f 
til.  Ir  ii.ini,' 

EPONYM  CANON  OF  ASSYRIA  v. 

A»"VKI>      Kr.lN>M  ('«\.,^  i,|r 

EPPING  FOREST..    Illl.es.,  evlensjv 

II  iin.  riil  the  ,«|i.,|i'  ,1,111,1V  ,,f    K»».'«    In 
uml    Was  I  alleil   Ih,'    Ki.r,  ,1    i,f    K»»<  \        s  ,1,^. 
.piinlly.  wh.  II  ilimini.hi.l  i„  .i„     j,  „,„  ,  ,;,,,,| 
Ualih.ini   Ki.r.'si      .Hull  laiir.  wh,,,,   fiirii,,r  r. 

lr,M,h,'il.  it  li«.k  the   n f   KppliiK    tr  Ml   , 

1..W11  that  Is  ,11,1, rue, il  in  it  It  Is  .liii  ,.,,„,. 
luri;,'.  ami  wllhin  r.'.,nl  y,  ar<  Il  has  l„ ,  „  f  r 
mally  i|, .  lari'il  hy  Ihe  (^11. ,  n  "  a  |M'..ple  ,  park  ._ 
.1    I'    llniwn,  h'l^rmlt  ■■!  A/i./ 

EPULONES.     The.    '•■The    eiiii [„ 

U.Hhi'l  fiirmeil  a  ,'„lh'i;e  f„r  ih,'  ii.lniii,i..r..,i,„n 
I.f  Ih,'  siureil  fesiivuis.--C  .Mirlvule  //,.'  / 
l/ir  /i'.i/..//,»,  ,'/■    :|| 

EQUADOR.    .XieKiiwHiH 
j   ,.  EQUAL    RIGHTS    PARTY,     .s. 

I    \>iUh     A     l>    IM.I.-,    |m;17 

i       EQUESTRIAN  ORDER,  Rom.n 

s.'l,',ii.,n   .,f  Ihe  hiiri-esM  lavalry  was  \ 

Ihi'iiMsiirs      II  was,  iii,,|„iil,|,  Ih il\,,,,„>,' 

III  iiiak,'  lli''«.'l.'i'li..ii.in|iimly  niilitarv'iT'.'iii'N 

:   iinilul  their  iiinsi.rM  t,.  insist  ihal   all' h.r,,  imn 

I    ineapaeilal.'il  liy  a-e  i,r  iitli.'rwisi',  i.rai  all  m, 

sirvii'iahle,  "ImmiIiI  Kiirri'iiil.'r  llti'ir  pill, lie  |„,rsi' 

:    Iml  il  was  m.t  easy  In  himier  them  fn.ni  l",,kiiiL' 

tonuhh' Inrlh  ni.ire  Hum   to  eupuellv,  an  I  Ir  m 

I   alliiwimr  min  of  .  luniliiitf.   »hi)  w.'n-  1.,,,,    ,„| 

niilleil.  senators  parliiiilarlv.  lo  reluin  Hi,  11  !„,rs,' 

I   la  yomi  the  iiro|«'r  time      .Vei  i.nliimh  it  i„ , 

j    Hie  prictieul  rule  for  Ihe  si'iialon  lo  vi,i,.  n,  il„' 

i   eiiihli'i'ii    eipieslrian   cenliiri.'s.    uml    H,,     ,,t|„r 

ilien    in    Hies..  «|.r„    ii„ii.n,s|   ihl.'llv   <.    tl,,' 

}iMin;;er  men  of  111,,  nnhlliu.     The  i.iii',!  ,-1  m, 

leiii.  of  eoui's.',  siiiT.'reij  fro'm  this,  not  s.,  "mu,  h 

tllroll^Hl  the  unlllii.'ss  for  .'ITitHvi-  sirvii  r  .  f  n,, 

small  part  of  the  l.'i:i,,narv  euvulry,  us  il.r.u.'ii 

the  ilesirin'lioii  of  niilllury'e.piulitv  to  win,  ',  tin' 

ehani-e    gnvv    tim- ,    th,.   nolil,.  vouih    ,„. 

iiiore  wilhilrew  from  s.'rvin(;  In'tlie  iiifani 

til,'  l.'t'ionary  euvalry  Iseamf  n  close  ari-i 

...rjis     -T.   Momiiis,  n,  //(W.  vf  H,.m, .  n. 

II.  — "Tlii'ei(ihleeneeiiiiirii's.  tiK'n'f.ire.  in 

of  lini.'  lost  their  original  inililarv  . 

I.r  ami  remaineil  only  as  u  voliiii;  lush' 

liy  Hie  Iransfi.riiialii.ii   lliiis  elTeeieil  hi  tli' 

Ul  ler  of  Ih,'  liu'lileeimnliiriesof  kiii;;lii~ 

the  i'a\aliy  servie,'  pa.s.v'il  over  to  the  ri,  1, 

/.ens  not  ineliiili'.l  in  Hie  seinilorial  faiiiii, 

a  ni'W  elass  of  Koinan  liti/.'iis  l>ei;an  jira,!; 

I  '  formeil.  ilislinei  from  the  iioliilily  pr..' 

fn.in  Hie  mass  of  Hi,'  p,,,,,!,.,  am|  ,|,',i^.„  , 

Hiei-ipiesirian  oriler  "— \V.  lime,  IU.~t      • 

Ilk     7,  rh.    l.—The   i'(|u,'sirian    orilir   I"' 

li'L'aily  I'onstil III, 'il  class  iimler  Ihe  jmli, : 

of  Cains  (iraeehiis,    11    C.    pe)    wliieli  U\ 

nienilM'rship  hy  u  census,  ami  imnsfirn,!  t  , 

jiiiinial    funeiiiins  previously  exereis,,!   ' 

senators  only      It   formed   a  kind   of  m. 

EQUITY.     S ,.  |.»w.  I':.ji  i,y. 


:'  ami 
.    .1.1,1 

,  r.i'i,' 

"lIV 

I  III,' 
■  w  i-i 
,  \\  ir- 

.'  list 

- ,  ill' 
tli.it 

I'.ii',! 


l;iw 
i  its 
'  the 

tlio 
'iry 


KiKi 


ERA 


ERri'llT 


IukI  liillii-  iiixtcfiiliiry  iifliT  l>liiiiv»lu».  iwlnpli'd 
uL'ir  Km,  whirli  hi'   tlp>t  iiitn"liiciil,  tlii' 


ity,  r   ('  tVi. 


ERA,  ChrictUui'— "I'nfortiiniitrlv  fnmnrlrnt 

(  hri'iiolxiff,  tlicri'  «u  no  imi'  Hti'ii  or  unlvrr 
lalh  I <ialili>hiil  Km.  Diffrri'iit  I'oiintrira  rv>k 
i4iii|  liv  ililTi'ri'iit  criM.  wImiw  iiiiiiiU'r  la  ■■mimr 
niwiiiir.  ami  thrlr  roinmi'ni'i-nH'tiU  not  nlwnya 
iii»ilv  III  I"'  mljiul"!  or  niomihtl  lo  iiiili  ollii  r, 
.  li  v:{^  not  iiiiill  A  l>.  niti  tliitt  lilt'  Cliritiiitii 
y.:  mm  lMH-iit"l  liy  l>lon>»lu«  K<l|{mii.,  a 
NMliian  lijr  lilnli,  anil  it  Itonmu  AI>Im>i,  who 
lliiuriiliril  III  ilu'ri'lKnof  Jimliniiin.  Dionyii 

III*  '  1  kMii  111*  rra  with  tlip  yi'iir  of  our  l^inl'n 

im  irn.ill iml    niitlvlly.   In  T    •'    7'>;i,  of  Ihr 

VirrniiUn  ('oinpiiliitlon.  or  tlir  I'llh  of  llir  .liilliin 
Km  Anil  nt  un  ciirlli'r  luriial,  I'iiihkIi  nm,  mi 
Kuipliin  monk,  who  lloiirUliril  iimlir  !lii"  Km 
IHTur  Vri'«llii<,  \  It  ill)\  hnil  ilitliil  llir  iiinir 
liiilliill  III  Ihi' WUIK-  Vi'itr  jlllt  liy  Homi'  l  llntilkr, 
ini>iiiitii  pllou  of  III*  nuiininK,  Ib'ilo.  who 
irv 
IiIm  viiir  iif  till'  Xiitlvit 
ih.'  V 

Miir.ifiir.  mill  mmli'  It  loin'mnir  ,l»n  I.  l'  t 
'VI.  uliirh  will*  an  iilliTiitliin  f"  llir  worw.  n< 
nukiiiL' ihii  (■hrl»lli(ii  Kr.i  niiilr  h  yinr  fiirlhir 
friim  llir  inir  M'iir  of  Ihi'  Niilhlly  Tln' \'iil)fi" 
Kni  l»  L'un  'II  firivuil  In  tlii'  Wiil  uIhuiI  the  tlmi! 
i.f  Ciwrlit  Murlil  mill  I'lipi'  <irii;ory  II.  A  I). 
',:VI  Itiit  it  wan  not  i  stulilMiiil  till  the  lime 

,.f  l'i,|i'  KiitfinliiH  IV.  A    I)    H:tl.  who  onlcri'd 

thil  inlll   IK'    llHIll     In   till'     |ll|hlll       ll(ir|,t,,p(       ,      .      . 

Di'  nv-iiM  w;is  Iril  to  ihili'  thi'  yiar  of  thr  .Niitlv- 
l'>.  r  f  Tfcl.  from  thi>  Kmiii^i'IIkI  l.iikrK  im- 
oHiiit  lliil  .liiliii  the  Itupiiol  iK'Kitn  III*  miiilntry 
ill  till'  lifiiiiiili  vriir  iif  III!'  nl)tn  of  Tiln-rliu 
Ciiiir',  :iiii|  lliat  .lisiiH.  al  hU  hapliitni,  'wan  h< •■ 
KliMiini;  to  Ih'  ".iHiut  lUI  years  of  H)i<-.'  I.tikc  iii. 
I-'.M  .  .  Hut  this  ihiti'  of  the  Niitlvity  l«  Ht 
viiri.iiui'  with  .Matthcwii  ucrount,  that  Christ 
w.iH  Imrii  iK'fiirc  llcriMl'.s  ihnth;  wliiili  followi'il 
fh  rtly  iflrr  liii  nmKWcn'  of  the  iiifanU  «t 
111  ilili'liini.  .  .  Chriiit'ii  lilrth,  tlii'n>fori',  coiilil 
U"l  hiivr  Ui  II  larllcr  than  L'.  V.  74H,  nor  later 
lliuii  t'.  I'  T4U.  .Villi  if  we  lUMUmi'  the  hitter 
yi'iir,  ;u  iiiiMt  eonfiiriimlile  to  tlie  whole  tinor  of 
Suiriil  llUiory.  with  ChryHiwtom,  I'elavlin, 
rn.liUH,  I'l.iyfalr.  Ar..  'Iiiu'wouhl  give  Christ's 
iiL'i  ill  !ii.  ',a|ilism,  ..LH..11  'M  years;  I'ontrary  lo 
I.iiki's  airiiiint." — \V.  Hales'  AVif  Annlymt  of 
ClifuiJ'ijij,  r  1,  hk.  1.  —  In  a  »uh9ei|iicnt  table, 
Mr  llilis  \i\\n  the  results  of  the  conimitiitions 
iiiiiile  liy  ililTerent  elmiiioloKisIs,  aiKlent  iinil 
iiiii'lirM,  Id  tijt  tlie  true  year  of  the  Nativity,  its 
uiiuiiiiiiii.Uti-il  to  what  Is  ealleil  "the  vulifar, "  or 
(>.i|Mil:irly  luei  pteil,  Christliin  Km.  The  range 
i<  tliri'iiL-h  no  less  tlian  ten  years,  from  H.  C.  7 
I"  .\  1>  :i.  His  own  eimeUisiou,  supjMirtetl  liy 
l'rii|i:iu\  anil  I'layfair,  is  in  favor  of  the  year 
H  c  ■'i.  Siniewhat  more  eonimonly  at  the 
|iriMiii  lime,  it  is  put  nt  U.  C  4.— Sec,  also, 
.Ik«s     li    c,  H— .\    I).  1. 

ERA,  French  Rtvolutionary.     S<e  Khance: 
A   II   iT'.iJ  (Skitkmiikh— NovKMiiKii),  anil  1793 

(l>l    liillKlll. 

ERA, Gregorian.   .SeC\i.KMnn,(!uK(ioniAN. 
ERA,  Jalalaan.    .Se  Tihks  (Thk  Skul'K): 

.\  ii  ''<;■-'•  io;»-.>, 

ERA,  Julian.    See  Cai.kndar,  Julian. 

ERA,  Mahometan,  or  Era  of  the  Hegira 

'  I  lie  1  poi  li  of  ilie  Kra  of  the  Hegira  Is,  ueeonl- 
iiiL'i.i  ilii-  (ivil  caleulation,  Friday,  the  10th  of 
.luly,  A  I)  ((.••:.  the  liay  of  the  flight  oi  .-rta- 
'::::•.  fr.  r.  .^i,  .>.l  to  Miiliua,  rthitii  ii>  tlic  dalo 
I'f  the  Miibumvtaus;  but  astrooomcn  and  some 


historian!  analgn  It  Id  llir  prrcnllng  day,  rig., 
Thiirwlay,  the  I.Vh  of  .Inly .  an  lm|Hirtant  fact  to 
Ini  iKirne  inmiiiil  when  fN'rusIng  Arnlilan  writer*. 
The  yearsof  the  llrglm  an'  lunar  yeara,  ami  ion- 
liiin  iwi'lve  iiionlhs,  etuh  eomiiuni  Inir  with  th* 
uew  moon,  n  pnii  ilee  whieh  neirunrriy  leads  to 
grt-ai  i-onfiiNlon  and  uncertainty,  Inaaniitt'h  aa 
every  year  must  iM'giii  eoiisidrnilily  earlier  In  th« 
season  than  111"  priiedlng.  In  ihroiioloiiv  and 
history,  however,  and  in  ilating  their  pulilir  In- 
slriimenls,  the  'I'lirks  use  nioiillts  which  contain 
nllirtialely  thirty  and  tweulv  nine  days,  eneepl 
lug  till'  last  moiilh.  which.  In  inienalary  years, 
CMiiiaiiis  ihlrly    ilav«    .  The  yiars  of  the 

llegim  are  ili'vldcif  Into  cycles  of  thi.ty  yiars, 
l.,neteeii  of  which 'iri- termed  I'omiiion  years,  of 
It.'V*  days  eiM'h.  and  .In  elevi-n  others  iiitereiilarv, 
or  abundant,  from  tin  ir  lotiststir  of  one  day 
more  Ihew'  an'  the  '.'d.  'ith.  7lh.  lOtli.  lilth,  I0tli, 
t>4lli.  '.'Isl,  '.Mill,  '.>tllli  and  '.MHIi  To  im  ertalD 
wliillier  any  given  yiar  Is'  Inlenalary  or  not 
divide  it  by  IMI.  and  if  i  ither  of  the  iilsive  nuni- 
Isrs  reiimlii,  the  year  is  one  of  :l.V>  days  "—.Sir 


II.    Nicola 


rl,r 


'f  lli'l'iri/  —See,    also, 
.Maiiomktvn  Comji  ►.»!     A    1).  mw-tl:!'.' 

ERA,  Spaniih.— 'ThcHpmii^l  era  dales  f  nun 
.IM  ii.  ('.  (.\  r  71)1)  and  is  supiioMil  to  mark 
Bimic  Important  eiHs  h  in  the  organi/.atlon  of  the 
province  bv  the  liiiinans.  It  may  coinchle  with 
the  campiiii;ii  of  Calvinus.  wliidi  is  only  known 
lo  IIS  (mm  a  notice  in  the  Ka.'.ti  Triiimphalea. 
The  Spanish  i  rn  was  pn'M-rved  in  .Vnigon 
till  M.-iH.  Ill  (  astile  lill  |:|m:i,  and  in  Portugal  till 
Ul.'i  "— (■    .Merlvale,  //i»f.  .//.'•.'  It:m,ini.  eh.  !I4, 

ERA  OF  DIOCLETIAN,  or  Era  of  Mar- 

tTfi.      S,el{llMK:    A     I)     IW.'   ■.■S4 

ERA  OF  GOOD  FEELING.  Sie  IMtkd 
St  tksokAm.  :  A.  I).  Is-JI-lH-Jt. 

ERA  OF  THE  FOUNDATION  OF 
ROME.    .s.e  Uomk:  II  c  7.-K) 

ERA  OF  THE  OLYMPIADS.  Sec  Ulym- 
riADs.  Kha  ok  thk. 

ERANI.  — AsMH'iatlons  existing  in  ancient 
.Vthens  wliich  nsimbhil  the  mutual  Is'iietlt  or 
frieiii'lyald  wMielhs  of  moilern  tliiiis.— (}.  F. 
Si'hbniiinn.  Antiq.  ofilrteet:  The  Stuie.pt.  11,  M.  3. 

ERASTIANISM.— A  dm  trine  which  "re- 
ceived its  name  from  Tlioinas  Kmstus,  a  Uerman 
Iihysicianof  the  tiilli  century,  contenipomry  with 
.uthcr.  Tlic  Work  iu  which  he  delivcn'd  his 
theory  and  nimoniiigs  on  the  subject  Is  entitled 
'  l>c  Kxcoiiimuiiicallone  Kccleslastica. ' .  .  .  The 
Kntsllans  .  .  .  Iiild  that  religion  is  an  alTair  be- 
tween man  and  his  cnulor,  in  which  no  other 
man  or  siKietv  of  men  ■,vas  entitled  lo  Interpose. 
.  .  .  I'roceeilin);  on  this  gniunil,  they  nmintaineil 
that  every  man  calling  himself  a  Christian  hiLS  a 
right  to  make  resort  to  any  Cliristian  place  of 
w. irsliip.  and  partake  in  all  Its  ordinances.  .Sim- 
pie  as  this  iili  I  is,  it  strikes  at  tlic  risit  of  all 
priestcraft." — W.  tliKlwin,  Ui»t.  of  the  iommon- 
ite.illh.  r.  I,  ,-h.  I:t 

ERCTE,  Mount,  Hamilcar  on.  tH-u  Pi'nic 
\\  \n.  TiiK  l-'iKST,— See,  also,  Klivx, 

ERDINI,   The,    Sec    1iiki.a.m>,   Tiiiues   or 

K.llll.V  CKITIC    l.MIABITASTS. 

EREMITES    OF    ST.    FRANCIS.      8oe 
Minims. 
EPETRIA.    Sec  CitAixis  and  Eketria. 
'°  K  'URT,  Imperial  Conference  and  Treaty 

O  :    e    KhANib.     A.    U.    iStRj    iiJti.l-ili.MUkU — 

Ot      -£B). 


1011 


ERECTHEIOX. 

ERECTHEION    AT    ATHENS,    The.— 

"At  a  viTy  I'lirly  piTiwI  tlicre  was,  opposite  the 
lonj,'  nortJiprn  side  of  ih-  I'lirthfnon,  a  temple 
wliich,  according  to  Henxlot,  was  dedicatid 
Jomtly  to  Atlietie  Polias  and  tlie  Attic  hero.  Enu- 
tlieus.  .  .  .  Tliis  temple  was  destroyed  by  lire 
while  the  Persians  hehl  the  eitv.  N'ot  unlikely 
tlie  rehiiildini;  of  the  Erertheio'n  was  liegiin  liy 
IVrikles  loiielher  with  tliat  of  llieothcrdestroyeil 
tpinphs  of  the  Akropolis;  Init  a.s  it  was  not  "tin 
Lshed  by  him.  it  is  {.'eiierally  not  nientiomd 
amongst  his  works,  .  .  .  This  temple  was  re 
nowiied  amongst  llii'  ancients  as  one  of  tlie  most 
beautiful  and  perfect  in  existence,  ami  seems  to 
have  remained  almost  intact  down  to  the  time  of 
the  Turks.  The  siege  of  ,\thensbvthe  Venetians 
In  1(.IH7  se<>ms  to  havi'  been  fatal  to  the  Erec- 
theinn,  as  it  was  to  the  I'arlhi'non,  "— E.  tJuhl 
and  W  Koner.  Life  nf  Ihf  (Ireiku,  »,,■/.  l.|._See, 
also.  .\('i{oi>oi,is  OF  .\tiikns. 

ERIC,  King  of  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way, A   I>.  141-,'-n:iit Eric  Blodaexe,  Kine 

of  Norway,  A.  I),  '.m'Mii Eric  I.,  Kini  of 

Denmark,    .\.    I).    KVi  M,,l £ric   I.   (cJted 

Saint),  King  of  Sweden,  A.  I),  ll."..Vil«l 

Eric  II.,  King  of  Denmark,  A.  I).  N.">t-W;i 

Eric  11.,  King  of  Norway,  A.  D.  12MO-1299 
Eric  II.  (Knutjson),  King  of  Sweden,  .V    D 
l-';'-l-''«  Eric    III.,  TCing    of    Denmark; 

A.I)  KKt.VUO:!    ..   Eric  III.  (called  The  Stam- 
mereri,  Kin^  of  Sweden,  A.  I).  1222-12.M). 
Eric  IV.,  Kine  of  Denmark,  A.  1),  li;«-li;iT 
.    ^Eric  v..  King  of  Denmark,  A.  I).   IKiT- 
Jl''  Eric  VI.,  King  of  Denmark,  A.    1). 

\-^; -'-;>'.'■        Eric  VII.,    King  of  Denmark, 

A.  1).  1  J.,!)-! •,'«() Eric  VIII.,  King  of  DenI 

maik,  A.  1)    ljs»i-i:u!) Eric  XIV.,  King  of 

Sweden,  A.  I>    l."i(io-i.-|(is 

ERICSSON,  John.—  Invention  aid  con- 
struction of  the  Monitor.  .See  IMtki)  Stktfs 
OK  Am  :  A    II.  lM(tt(MAi«iii 

ERIE,  The  City  of:  A.  D.  I73s.-Site  oc- 
cupied by  the   French.      See   Cinadi     V     D 
lTiK)-17;t.-i. 

ERIE,  Fort:  A.   D.    i764-'79i.— Origin.— 

l-ow_r  years  after  tlic^  lirilish  c piest  of  Caniida 

In  1,1)4.  Colonel  .I,,|,n  linidstreet  built  a  blo(  k' 
hoiis.  and  stockade  near  the  site  of  the  lalir  Fort 
Erie,    which    was   nm   constructed    until     17111 
When  war  with  the  Cnilcl  Slates  liMk<'  out     in 
Wl  111.'  lirilish  consid.ivd  the  ii,  iv  fort  unten- 
Rble,  or  iiiiMccessrirv.  and  evaciialed  and  iiartlv 
destroyrd  ii,   in  .May.   lSl;i.-C.  K.  H.niingt.ai 
('/■I  /■■.,■/  Krif. 
AD.  1814.— The  siege  and  the  destruction. 

f"e    I    MTKD  SrATI>  OK  .Vm.  :    A.    I).    IHII  (.III  v_ 
SM'TI.MIIKKI. 

A.  D.  1866.  -The  Fenian  invasion.  .See  (vn- 
AIU:    .\     1>.    |s»i(Ms71, 

ERIE,  Lake:  The  Indian  name.     .S(,    Vno 
AHA.    I'lu.  .\  \s\\:,  i^r 

A.  D.   1679.  -Navigated  by  La  Salle.     See 
(  AVMn:    A,    It.    ICIi!)    I(|s7 

A.    D.    1813.  — Perry's    naval   victory.      See 

I  .Mil  o  SrAii.~oK  .\M      A.  II.  IHie-l-l:!. 

ERIE    CANAL,  Construction  of  the.     .See 
^K\v  VoilK:    A.   1).   ls|7-|,M-,>,-, 

ERIES,  The.     :ve   Ami 
IlinoNs.    Ai   ,     and     Iik 

TUEIII  CONl^lKSIS 


K(|-. 


li\N    .VllolllrltNKS: 
\f     "'1NKEDE1IACV: 


ESPIN'OSA. 

ERIN.     See  InK.rANi). 

ERITREA.  The  name  given  in  18(ii:  i,,  ^ 
strip  of  territory  ac(|uired  by  Italy  on  ||„.  .\fr' 
can  coast  of  the  Kcd  Seu,  bordeiing  on  .Nal,;,, 
and  Abyssinia. 

ERMANRIC,  The  empire  of.  See  Crii, 
(dsrnoi^OTiis):  .\    I).  ;i.'iO  ;)7."> ;  and  ;i7(i 

ERMVN  STREET.-A  cornipii.Mi  .,r  i;,,, 
men  -street,  the  Saxon  name  of  one  of  ih.  .r, ;,; 
lioinan  roads  in  liritaiii,  which  ran  rmni  1.m-,;1, V, 
to  Lincoln      See  Uoman  Hoaiis  in  jimi  »in 

ERNESTINE  LINE  OF  SAXONY     >. 
Saxonv:  ,\.  I).  lISO-I.M.t 

ERPEDITANI,  The.    S,  e  Ihki.am.,  Tiaii . 

OK  KAIll.Y  (KLTIC  I.NirAHlTANTS 

ERTANG,    The.-The   soured    book   nf  n,. 
.Manicheans,     See  -Ma.nk  kkans 
ERYTHRiE.-ERYTHRiCAN  SIBYL  - 

hrih.-ie  was  an  ancient  Ionian  cilv  on  ili.  l.v  imi 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  opposite  the' island  ,.|  i  i,,,,, 

or  Seio.     It  was  ehietly  famous  as  llie  I ,,.  ,,, 

seat  of  one  of  the  most  veiierat"d  ot  the  j,ilu  |.  _ 
prophetic  women  —  of  anliiiiiity.     Thee,,!!,',  ,i,,„ 
of  Sibylline  oracle.swhieh  wa.s  sacredly  pr. .,  n.  ! 
at  Home  appears  to  have  been  largely  drrin.i 
from  Erythrii'.     TheCuma'.an  Sibyl  issi.iu,  li,,,,.* 
identitied  with  her  Erythnpan  sister,  wh.i  Is  -1,1 
to  have  pas,sed  into  Europe.— See.  also   Siiivi..' 
ERYtHRiEAN    SEA,    The.-Th.     In 
thriran  Sea.  in  the  widest  sense  of  the  1,  rin    Is 
used  by  the  ancienl.s,  eompri.si'd   "the  ArilVm 
Gulf  (or  what  we  now  call  the  Hid  s,,,  li,,. 
coasts  of  Africaoulsidetheslrailsof  liali.l  \\v  . 
deb  as  far  as  they  had  then  beenexpl.ired,  ^.s  «,  ii 
as  those  of  Arabia  and  Imlia  down  to  ih,    ,x 
tremity  of  the  .Malabar  coa.st."     The  I'eri|.|  .,  .f 
the  Erythnvan  Sea  is  a  geographical  tn  ;,ii-r  ,  f 
great  importanie  which  we  owe  to  some  inikh.u  - 
(ireek  writiT  supposed  to  bo  nearly  coiitii;i|.,.nrv 
with  Pliny.     It  is  "  a  kind  of  manual  f..r  il,,.  in- 
slnictionof  navigators  anil  traders  in  ilir  I'rv 
thraan  Sea."— E.  II.  15iiiiliurv,  //,»,'.  ,.f    I     „   ' 
'/';«/  .  eh.  i"i.— "The  Erythreliii  Sea  is  an  ,i|.p,  i 
lation  ...   in  all   appea'rance  deduced    \\-.   Hi,' 
ancientsl  from  their  entrance  into  it  by  lii,  -Tiis 
of  the  Ued  Sea.  styhd  Ervthr.i  by  ilie  i;,,,!,^ 
and  not  excluding  the  gulph  of  I'lVsia.  1..  «!,),  !i 
the  fabulous  history  of  a  king  Ervthras  i-  m.  r. 
peculiarly  appropriate."— W.   Vincint     /', ,,   '  . 
iiflh,   Knithr,,ii,  S„.  I,k.  1,  i,r,lin,.  ,l,m':i> 

ERYX.-ERCTE.-A  town  ori-iiniilv  I'l, , 
nician  or  Carthaginian  011  the  northw,~ii  ::;  :  ,-• 
of  Sicily  It  stooil  on  the  slope  of  a  m.  .;  :  ,;  ; 
which  w.is  crowned  with  an  ancient  Mi.;. .  f 
Aphrodiie.  and  whic  h  riive  tlii'  iiaiiw  IJ  i .  ■ ,,  i  . 
the  gi»ldess  wh(  n  her  worship  was  intr."!  ,■  .1  ■■'. 
Uome      See  Pr.Mi   Waii,  Tin;  Kiiisr 

ERZEROUM:  A.  D.  i878.-Take.i  bv  tlie 
Russians.  ,.Se  Tiuks.  A.  H    1S77-1-;,    ' 

ESCOCES,  Thepaity  ofthe.     Si,    \|    ,     . 

.V.  II.  IS-M-l-ejs 

ESCOMBOLI.     See  Stamimh  1. 
ESCORIAL,  The.     .See  Spain     A    \>      v 

ESCUYER.-ESQUIRE.      See  (  n:       •.., 
ESDRAELON,  Valley  of.     See  Mi 
ESKIMO,  The.    .Vi' Amkuu  an  Anoi:      ■  : - 

EsKiMAfAN  Family 
ESNE.     See  TiiKow. 
ESPARTERO,    Regency   of.     S,.         ^in 

A.  II.   IH.Ci-lNtIi 

ESPINOSA,  Battle  of.     See  Scin     \    ii 

1W)H  (SKI'TEMHKH— IH;(  KMHEIl). 


10  i: 


ESQLILINE. 


ESSENEH. 


ESQUILINE,  The.    See  Seven   Hills  or 

It.lMK 

ESQUIRE. -ESCUYER. -SQUIRE.  Sec 

('lll\  »1.KY 

ESQUIROS,  Battle  of  (1521).  S.  c  Na- 
yKVJ.I.     \    I)    lt4-.;-l.VJI. 

ESSELENIAN  FAMILY,  The.  S,c 
Ami  liii  v\  AiioHiniNKs:  Ks^^:l.l man  Family. 

E3SENES,  The.— ■•  A|iart  I'rnni  tlir  >;riiil 
hit'lir.Kul  of  .Icniih  life,  tliiri'  livcii  in  r:ili-sliiir 
ill   till'   time  (if   Christ   n   rclijiidin   ciiniiiiiiiiilv 


1  .li'wislisoil,  ililTiTcd 
Tom  tiaditionul  .hi- 
1!   fXiTcis4'<l  no  pow- 

ilVI-loplIHMlt     of      111!' 


V  u;,  I'  llioiu'h  it  irrrw  np 
'  •;-> ..       ly  ill  ni:iiiy  points 

■i  ,:-  licl     Wllilll,    l||CMIi;ll 

I  ::  ,      1  illlU'lU'l'    upon    lllr 

j»(.,  .IcsiTVi's  our  .ittinlion  as  11  peculiar  proli 
li  111  ..I  ilii'  liistory  of  ii'livion.  'riiisi-oniiniinity, 
'1,.'  ri-sriii's  or  Kswnins,  is  p'nirally,  aftrr  the 
pri'i  liciil  of  .losi'pliiis,  placcil  Itcsiiir  ilir  I'liari- 
s*'t  s  ami  Sailiiui  CCS  as  ilic  tliinl  .Icwisli  s<*ct, 
I'm  it  srarnly  iiccils  tin-  remark,  that  wv  have 
lure  In  (Iral  with  a  plicnomc'iion  of  an  cntirciv 
lilTi-rcMt  kinil.  While  llie  I'harisccs  ami  Sac! 
iliiii.^  wire  lartre  political  and  n  liirious  parties, 
die  Kssencs  nii:;ht  far  rallier  lie  compared  to  a 
iii'Hi.i^Iie  onier.  There  is  indeeil  niucli  that  is 
ciiiL'iiiatieal  in  thi'ni  us  to  particulars.  Kvcn 
tin  ir  name  is  olisciire.  .  .  .  Thi'  oriiiin  of  the 
K--eiie-;  is  lis  ohsiiirc  as  tln-ir  name,  .losephiis 
lir-i  iiieiiiionsthi'm  in  the  lime  of  .lonalhan  the 
.M  irrahee.  alioiit  l-")ii  H.  C  ,  and  speaks  c.vprcssly 
ofniie  .liidas.  an  Esscnc,  in  the  time  of  .Xrisiolni- 
Ins  I.  i|ii.-,-|n4  H.  C.  I.  Accordin^'  to  this,  the 
iiri.'in  iif  ihe  order  would  have  to  lie  placed  In 
I'ld  century  hi'fore  Christ.  Hut  it  isipics- 
wheiher  they  proceeded  simpiv  from 
1.  or  whi'tlier  forei^in  and  cspcrialiv  lie]- 
elements  hud  not  also  an  intliience  in 
riraiiiziilion.  .  .  .  I'hilo  and  .loscphus 
linialiiii:  the  number  of  the  Esvnes  in 
As  far  as  is  known. 
.   It  least  there  are  no 


the  -c. 
ti.iiuli 

.Imiii- 

lelii^li 

tleir 

iUTie 

til.  11  lime  at  aliovc  t.lMKI. 

till  y  lived  onlv  in  I'alestiiii 


certain  iraiTsofiheir  occurrence  out  of  Palestine. 
For  llie  sake  of  livini;  as  11  conimiinitv.  they 
liiil  spei  lai  houses  of  the  order  in  which  they 
il.>ell  i.i_'eilicr.  Their  whole  communitv  was 
iiin-'  -Tietly  organized  as  a  sinirle  lnwlv.  .  .  . 
Tie'  -tiMiii,'i-.t  til'  hy  which  the  inemlier's  were 
iimii  d  \va>  .ib-ioliitc  coniiniinii  v  of  uoihIs.  '  Tin' 
"iiiiiinmity  anioni,'  them  is  wonderful  [s.ivs  ,Io,c 
|ili  .>;.  ..11.  .Iocs  not  tind  that  on.  p.>ss<.ss<.s  mori' 
i!.ei  iii.iilnr.  F..r  it  is  th.-  law,  that  those  wh.i 
.iiM-  .1  hv.r  nil  th.'ir  pr.ipertv  to  the  order,  so 
III  r  iliere  is  ii,,w  h.n.  to  !).■  M-.n.  either  the  hu- 
.1  p..vcrty  or  thesupertluitv  of  wealth, 
"■  contrary  one  pr.ipertv'  for  all  as 
I'.irinid  hy  the  collccii.in  .'if  the  p.isses- 
•1  iii.livi.iuals-  •■riii'v  n.ithcr  liiiv  11. ir 
"i.'.ni:  cull  .iiher;  lint  while  one  ..;ivcs  [,, 
"•  !■   «liit    he   wants,    h..  nceivcs  in  n.Iurii 

'-  K.  fill  1.1  himself,  ami  will t  anvlhin.' 

Iini     Ili..y     r.ceiv,-    freely    whatevef    they 
I'll,  re  is  hut  one  pursi.  for  all,  and 

'  I'ei.-cs,  c.iTinnon  cIoth..s.  anil  common 

III". .11  meals.  For  coniiniinitv  of 
.|H.,  iir.  .,f  iif,,  ,,||,i  „f  „„.|,|,,  j^  nowhere  s.) 
IlMi.i  ,  ,n,l,li,l„.d  an.l  so,lcv,.|op,.,|  as  with  them 
■\  .  ties  I.  ino.iliuilil,.  For  what  thev  receive 
l'-'^  ■'<  «a-.-s  lor  their  labour,  thev  do 'not  keep 
r  ■.;..|,s,u,.,i,  l,iit  put  it  together,  and  thus 
III  I.-..  •,!  p.-,.|iiv  ,,f  ,|„.jr  „„fij  ,.,„„„„,„  f„f  ,1,,,^,,  , 
"ir  .1. -ii.  1,1  make  use  of  it.  Ami  the  sick  are  I 
"I      .  !•    li.viity  on  (tceouut  of  thi-ir  inal-.ilifv  t.-.   : 


hi).   .1, 
lir.lhn 


v.'ll 


I',...  I 


oarn.  biiausp  the  ronimon  piirs<.  is  in  readiiicss 
for  the  cure  of  them,  and  tiny  may  w  itii  all  eer 
luinty  meet  their  (..\pen.scs  from  ahimdanl  .stores,' 
...   Till- daily  labinir  of  the  Essencs  was  under 
strict  regulation.       it  hepiii   with   pravir,  after 
whiih  the  members  were  ilisniisscd  to  their  wcirk 
by  the  presidents.     They  rea.ss( milled  for  |iurl 
lymi,'   ablutions,    which    were    followed    by   the 
lommon  meal.       After  this  tla'y  ajiain  went  to 
work,  to  asscnibli'  aitain  for  their  evenin;;  meal. 
The  chief  cniployincnt  of  members  of  the  ordc.f 
was  ajtric  ultiire.     They  likewis<.  carrii  d  on,  how- 
ever, crafts  of  (.very  liind.     On  the  oth.r  hand, 
trading.' was  forbidden  as  leadinir  locovclousncss.' 
and  also  the  niakiii!;  of  wcapcuis  or  of  any  kiiiti 
of    utensils   that    niij;ht    injure    men.   ,   .   .   The 
Essencs  are  di-.vrilied   by  both   I'hilo  and  .Io.se 
plius   as    viTy    connoisseurs   in    morality.   . 
Their   life    was  abstemious,   simple   aiiirunpre- 
tcinlinj:.       'They    condemn     sensual   desires   as 
sinful,  and  esteem  mculeralion  and  frci.iloni  from 
pas,sion  as  of  tli(.  nature  of  virtue.'     Tlicy  only 
take  focKl  and  drink  till  liny  have  had  enouch  : 
abstaininj;  from  passionate  "excitement,  they  are 
'  just  dispensers  of  wrath'     At  their  meals'they 
arc  'content. (I   with   the  sunn.  (li~li  day  by  day. 
lovinj;  snllicieiiey  and  ri.jictini;    fiu-.d   expense 
as  harmful  to  mind  and  body.'  .   .   ,   There  is  not 
a  slave  anion;  them,  but  all  ari'  free,  mutually 
workini:   for   laili   other.     All  that   thi'v  say  is 
more  certain  than  an  .lath.     They  forbid  swear- 
in;.',  Iieeaus..  it  is  worse  than  pc'rjurv,   .   .   .   Be- 
fore every  meal  llicy  bathe  in  cohi  water.     They 
do  the  same  after  "|.<  rformin);  the  functions  of 
nature.   .       .   They   i-st.'cm    it    seemly    to   wear 
white  raiment  at  all  times.   .   .   ,   They   entirely 
condemned  marriage.     .loscphus  indeeil  kiiiw  o'f 
a  branch  of  the  Es,scnes  wh.i  permilled  inarriime. 
Hut  these  must  at  all  evi.nts  have  formed  a  small 
minority.  .   Aehief  peculiaritv  of  the  Essencs 

was  their  common  meals,  which"  bore  the  char 
aoter  of  sairiticial  fca.sts.  The  fooil  was  pre 
pared  liy  priests,  willi  tin-  observance  probably 
of  certain  rites  of  puritication  ;  b.r  an  Essenewas 
not  permitted  to  partake  of  any  other  foisl  than 
this.  The  meals  are  described  as  follows  by 
.los<.phiis:  '.\ftcr  the  bath  of  |Mirirtcatioii  they 
betake  theinsi  Ives  to  a  dwellin;.'  of  their  own, 
cnl ranee  into  which  is  f.irbiddcn  to  all  of  another 
faith.  And  bcin;;  (lean  they  f;o  into  the  rc.fec- 
toiy  as  into  a  sanctuary.  .  ."  .  The  priest  prays 
before  the  tii.al.  iiiiil  'none  may  eat  U'fore  tiie 
prayer.  After  the  meal  he  prav.s  au'ain.  At  the 
beirinninir  an.l  cii.l  they  li.inniir  (iixl  as  the  "liver 
of  fo.id.  Then  Ihcy  pul  olf  their  /larments  as 
siercd  and  no  back  to  their  wcirk  till  evening. 
Hctnriiini:,  they  feed  aLrain  in  the  ^:[tnf  man- 
ner.' In  their  w.irship.  as  well  as  in  that  of 
. liber  .lews,  ihi.  Ib.ly  Scriptures  were  r.  a.l  and 
evplained  ;  and  rhilc.remarks.  that  they  s|iccially 
dcliLdited  in  aileirorical  inlcrprctatidn  They 
were  cvtra.ir.liiiarily  strict  in  the  celebration  of 
Ihe  Sabbath.  Tin  y  did  not  venture  on  that  day 
to  move  a  vcssi  I  from  ils  place,  nor  even  to  jici-. 
form  the  functions  of  nature.  In  oihc  r  rcsiH'its 
too  they  showed  ilicniaclves  lo  be  .Ic.ws.  ThoiiL'h 
they  Were  e\clii.!.,|  from  the  temple  thev  sent 
L'ifts  .if  iiiceiw,.  there.  .  .  .  Concerning'  their 
doctrine  of  the  soul  and  of  its  iiiimorlalitv, 
.loscphus  expres,s<.s  himself  most  fullv.  If  we 
may  trust  his  account,  thev  taiitjht  that  bcxlies 
are  perishable,  but  sends  iminortid,  and  that  the 
'alter  -livdt  ur!;;;naHv  i:i  the  subtlest  ,ith.  r   bd 


P 


1013 


KSSENKS. 

Uiiii;  ililirt-i<il  liv  *'nsiiiil  |il|.|isiiri>«  united  tlifm- 
sclvi's  Willi  l««iii's  lis  Willi  iirisnii-.;  InitHlirn 
llirv  lire  frcid  fniiii  llii'  li  tiirn  cif  wiisc  tlicv  will 
joyfully  ■iuar  (111  lii>;li,  iis  if  clilivrri'il  fniin  luni; 
Nmcl  igf  To  till'  i.'Do.l  iMiiil>i  is  iipiHiiiili'il  ;i  litV 
l»>nnil  lli(Mi<..;iii,  .  .  .  Hut  I.I  till-  Imil  (suiilsi  is 
M|i|ioillti'il  :i  iliirk.  r.ilil  rrijinii  full  ,,f  liiui  iisillL' 
l.iiiiinii  ■  — K  Sililinr.  .1  J/i>l„n/  „i  t/„  .l,,ri,l, 
/'i,,/,/,  ill  ,'//,    Till,,  ■if.l.siii.  I  liri.i  /■'■.' 

ESSEX. -OriuiiMilly  tin-  kinpl,.iii  fnriiwil 
liy  Iliut  l«"ly  of  III,-  S.iVMi  iiMiiinii.irs.if  Hriliiin. 
ill  tlic  tiftli  mill  -ixili  riiiiiiriis.  hIih  ii(<|iiiriil. 
from  tlicir  L'ioLT.i|iliir;il  pns|ii..n  in  i|ir  jslanil. 
tlic'  iimni'  of  th.'  Km~i  Smm.iis  |i  i.iviri'il  the 
pnsent  roiinly  ,.f  Ks-.  \,  nnil  l.oii,l,,n  anil  Sliililk- 
su\      See  KsoiAMi    A    It    \"  V.'T 

ESSEX  JUNTO,  The.- In  the  Ma.ssiuhii 
scllseleilion  of  ITsl,  ■the  representatives  of  the 
.Stale  ill  Conirress.  ami  some  of  the  more  mixler- 
ate  leaileis  at  lionie.  oppi.seil  (Jovernor  llaneoeli, 
ilie  p.. pillar  laiiiliilale.  anil  siipporteil  .lames 
liowilnin,  »  ho  was  tlionirlii  i,i  represent  the  more 
eonservalive  elements,  .,  ,  li  was  at  this  time 
that  llaneipi  k  is  saiil  to  have  liestoweil  on  his  op- 
luments  the  tiileof  the  ■  Kssi^x  .Iiinto,' anil  this  is 
the  tirst  appearance  of  the  name  in  Amerieiin 
polities.  .   The   Miinlo'  was   mnenilly  sup 

posed  to  he  eoinposedof  siieli  men  as  Tlieciphiliis 
I'arsons,  (ieoru'e  ('ali.i|.  Kisli.r  Ames,  Stephen 
IIi),'i:insoii.  the  Kowells.  Timothy  I'iekiriiii.',  Ae.. 
and  look  its  name  from  the  eoiiniy  to  whieh  most 
of  its  reputed  iiiemhersorii.'inallv"lxliini.'eil.  .  ,  . 
The  r.  i.iiied  niemhers  of  the  -.irinto'  held  politi- 
cal poui-r  in  Massicliiisi'lls  |.is  lenders  of  the 
Kederalist  party]  for  more  tliaii  a  quarter  of  a 
century,"  Accordiiii;  to  Chief  .lustiee  I'arsons, 
lis  ipioted  liy  I'olonel  I'ickerini:  in  his  Diary,  the 
term  •  Ks.se\  .Iiiiito'  was  api>lied  hy  one  of  the 
Ma-^sichusi'tis  royal  iiovernor,.,  iMfiire  the  Itevo- 
liilion,  to  certain  irenllemenof  P"s.se.\  county  who 
opposed  his  measures,  Hiirn'ock.  therefore"  only 
revived  the  title  and  (;iive  il  currenev.  with  "ii 
neiv  application.— II.  ('.  I.imIl'i'.  Life  ii'ml  Littrra 
iif  (ifinie  Cnliiit.  11),    IT-'.'',' 

ESSLINGEN,  OR   ASPERN,    Battle  of. 

tHC  (iKIlMVNV;    A.    I).    1SII!)(.I.4.NLA1(V IlNK). 

ESSUVII,  The.-  A  tiallie  IrilK'  e.stahlished 
uncienliy  in  the  mc«lern  French  department  of 
the  Drue.  — Napoleon  III,,  //(■..(.  ,/  CfMi;  hk  :i 
.•//,  J.  ii.,t,' 

ESTATES,  Assembly  of.— 'An  iis.semlily 
of  estates  is  an  ori;ani,sed  collection,  made  liv 
ri'presiiiialioii  or  otherwise,  of  the  .sevi'ralorilers". 
-tales  or  conditions  of  nun.  who  are  reei)(;nised 
as  possessiiiL'  political  power.  A  national  coun- 
cil of  ell TL'y  and  liaroiis  is  not  an  assi-mhlv  of 
cstalcs.  liecause  it  does  not  include  the  IkhI'v  of 

the  pe,. pie.  the  plelis,  tile  simple  freemen  or  com- 
llloiis  — \V  Sluhhs,  (■,./,../  lli,l,  „f  hiii;!..  dt.  l."(, 
*'■^  IS.-,    _s.-.  also,  Ksr.MKs,  Till-;  Til liKK. 

ESTATES,  The  Three,- •Th.^  arrani:e- 
meiit  ol  tie-  political  factors  in  three  i-siales  is 
comiiK.n,  uiili  Mime  minor  varialion.s,  to  all  the 
Kiiro|,e,in  c(.ii-iiiiiii,,ns,  and  depeiiils  on  a  priii- 

•ipleof  al M  Uliiv.isaliicceptance,     Thiselassi- 

ti(  atioii  dilTers  froiii  the  sv-leiii  of  ciLste  and  from 
all  divisions  hasi-d  on  diircrenccs  of  hlooil  or  re- 
lijioii.  l,isi,,ric.-il  ol  pi.  Iiisiorical,  .  .  .  InChris- 
leii.|..iu  it  has  always  l,iki-ii  ili.-  f..nii  .if  a  dislinc- 
ti.iii  liiiH-.iii  el.  riry  aii.l  laity,  th.-  latter  Uini; 
.siihdivi.le.l  iiecor.liiii.'  to  iiai'ioiial  custom  into 
noli!.-  ami  11.111  nolile,  palri.  iaii  aii.l  plelH-ian, 
warriors  ami  traders,  lan.lmvners  an  1  eraflsnien 


E8TE, 

I  The  AragoncMicortcs  contained  four  hrac.H 

or  aims,  the  cltTgy,  the  great  hiiroim  or  ri.ns 
homliro.s,  the  minor  harons,  knights  or  infan 
zones,  anil  the  towns.  The  Uermanie  .!  it  .,,,,1 
pri.si'd  three  ciilleges,  the  electors,  th  lin.,., 
and  the  cities,  the  twii  former  lieing  an  ,-,,|  in 
distinct  Ix-nches,  lay  and  clerical.  .  .  .  I  h,  ( ^„ 
tllian  cortes  arranged  the  clergy,  the  ri.-os  I,,,!,, 
jires  anil  the  loninmnidades,  in  thrc  isi..i,. 
The  Swedish  diet  was  composed  of  clergy,  liipn. 
Imrghers  and  peasants.  .  .  .  In  Fniiiei',  |i,,i|,  j,! 
t',  States  (iencral  anil  in  :he  provini-ial  c«i,ii,  < 
ti..-  division  is  into  gentz  de  I'eglise,  n.ilil.-,  mA 
.uentz  lies  lionnes  yilles.  In  Kngland,  ali.ra 
tran.sitiona!  stage,  in  which  the  clergy,  th.-  lt.-.,!,  r 
and  smaller  barons,  and  the  i-ities  aii.l  lior..ii_-|„ 
seemed  likely  to  ail.ipt  the  systc-ni  used  iu  .Vi-i:,.,ii 
and  Scotlan.r.ind  another  in  which  lliecouiii\  'ml 
lioroiigh  cominiinilies  continued  to  asserl  ..'ri  , . 
sential  dilTcreuec,  the  tlin-e  estates  of  cI.tl'v,  l-.rd. 
and  commons,  tiiially  emerge  as  the  polili.  aj  .  .m 
stituents  of  the  nation,  or,  in  their  parliam.  niarv 
f.irni,  as  the  l.mls  spiritual  and  temporal  aii-l  ila 
commons.  This  familiar  formula  in  i  illi.r  -li  i|» 
iM'iirs  the  impress  of  history.  Th.'  t.riii  ..nu 
iii.ins  is  not  in  it.self  an  appnipriate  e\prc--!nii  |,,r 
the  third  estate:  it  d.M-snot  signify  priniaiih  \\,,- 
simple  freemen,  th.'  plelw,  hut  the  pl.lis  ..i_-,ii 
ise.l  and  comliined  in  corporal.'  c.immiiniii, .  in 
a  particular  way  for  particular  piirpos.  -  n,, 
commons  are  the  conimunitates  or  uiiivi  i-v;t:,i,  < 
the  organi.s<'.l  IkhIIis  of  freemen  of  tin-  siiin  .:iii.i 
towns.  .  .  .  The  thir.l  estate  in  Kiiglaml  .hiL  rs 
from  the  same  cstati'  in  the  contiiieiit.d  cin-hih 
tions,  hy  iiiclu.ling  the  landowners  under  h  .n.iii:.! 
rank.  In  most  of  those  systems  il  coniains  ilu- 
representatives  of  the  towns  or  charterd  .,,m. 
iiiuiiities  only. " — \V.  Stiihhs,  ChiikI.  Hist  ■  t'  /■'.,./ , 
<•/(,  l.*).  nrl.  1'm.->,  19;!.  — "The  wonls  '  gins  d.  li.is 
et  coninmn  etat '  are  found  in  many  aits  ( I'r  nm  | 
of  the  l."ith  century.  The  expressions  '  ti.  i- .  lai.' 
'comniun  etat,'  and  'le  commun '  are  ii«,.i  in- 
diirerently.  .  .  .  This  name  of  Tiers  fttai  h  In  ii 
Used  in  its  ordinary  sense,  properly  e.iiii|iiis.-s 
inly  the  population  of  the  privih'ge.l  (ill. «  Imt 
in  elTect  it  e.iten.ls  much  heyon.l  this;  it  in*  hil.-i 
not  only  the  cities,  Imt  the  villa.L'es  aii'l  h.iil.is 
—  not  only  the  free  commonalty,'  lint  all  11..-.  f.-r 
whom  civil  lilierty  is  a  privilcn'e  still  to  i  inii. ,  — 
A.  Thierry,  hormiitimi  iinil  I'rutiriHK  nf  II.  liir^ 
£liit  ill  h'riinre,  r.  1,  ;</!.  (II  ninlW. 

ESTATES,  or  "States,"  of  the  Netherland 
Provinces.    See  N'ktiikiii.ands:  A   I)  I"."!  I>"i 

ESTATES  GENERAL.  See  Sun  -  i.is 
KHM.. 

ESTE,  The  House  of.— "Descen.l.  1  fr.m 
one  of  the  northern  families  which  s'i'l..|  in 
Italy  during  the  darkest  pcriisl  of  tin-  miiMI.' 
ages,  the  Kste  trai-.'.l  th.-ir  lineal  iles.  i  i,i  i,j.  m 
the  tini.-s  .if  Charleiiiagne.  They  ha.l  lal,.  n  a.l- 
vanlage  of  the  freipient  dissensi.ais  Iii-Im.."  lii. 
popes  anil  the  (ieriiian  cmp.'rors  of  th.'  Ii'  i:-.  -  "f 
Sax.iny  ami  Swaliia,  and  iiei|iiire.|  wi.l.-  .i.ai.iii- 
ions  in  I.iinigiana,  ami  the  March  of  T'.'i~i. 
where  the  castle  of  Kste,  their  faiiiilv  r'-il'im. 
was  situate.l.  Towards  th.'  mi.l.lle  of  ih-  llili 
century,  that  family  had  lieen  conmct.-.l  i-.  ii.  ir 
riages  with  Ih.' (Jiielphs  of  liavaria,  aii'l  .i'  "I" 
the  name  of  Kste  was  eveutiially  to  li.-c  -  Hi.' 
common  source  fnim  which  sprung'  the  ill  -'ri ms 
houses  of  lirunswiek  ami  llaii"i.'r.  T:  IM.- 
had  warmly  espoiisi'd  the  (Jin-iph  par'  :-..' 
G'ELFs'duriuirthewirHof  the  Lomtiar.! !     .-hi-. 


Klli 


E8TE. 


ETHELHED. 


Towards  tho  ypiir  1200,  Azzo  V.,  Marquis 
of   K»t«".   married    Marrlicscjla  doitii  Ailclanii, 
daiiK'I't'r  "f  one iif  tlic  most  conHpioiKiiis  (iiiclplis 
at  Firrara,  wlicrc  tlic  int'iicucc  of  tlic  lluiiw  of 
K«ic  was  tliiis  first  cstablislu'd." — I..  Mariiilti  (A. 
(lullcnjta),  Ilnlji.  v.  2.  pp.  62-«:i.— Tlie  Mariiiicss<'s 
(if  Kstc  iH'ranic,  "uftir  sumc  of  llip  usual  flur- 
liiiilidns,  [wmiancnt  lordsof  the  cities  if  Kerrara 
[r.'IVtl  and  Mixli'iia  fl2HNj.     Alxiut  the  same  tine 
til.  V  li'sl  tlieir  (irigiiial  linliiiiij;  of  Ksle.  wlucli 
pivscd  to  I'adiia,  and  witli   I'ailiia  i,)  Venire. 
Tims  tluiiiMninal  niarciuessof  Ksteand  real  lord 
of  Fcrnira  was  not  inieoininonly  s|K>ken  of  as 
M,iri|iii— i  of  Kerriira.     In  tlie  I'lt'li  century  these 
prinris  ro«'  to  diiral  rank ;  hut  by  tl'.at  time  the 
new  diKtrine  of  tlie  teni|ioral   dominion  of   the 
re|«'<  h:id  made  jireat  advance:,.     MiHlena.   no 
nun  iliinhted,  was  a  city  of  the  Empire ;  hut  Ter- 
rani  was  now  li(dd  to  he  under  the  suprc'Riacy  of 
till'  I'ope.     Tho  Manpiess  Hnrso  hail  thus  to  seek 
his  elivaliiin   to  ducal  rank  from   two  separate 
liinls.     lie  was  created  Duke  of  Mixlina  (I  !.">;!) 
anil  lii'!.'!.'io  hy  the  Emperor,  andafterwards  Duke 
of  Firrara  [1471]  hy  tlie  i'ope.     This  ililTereneo 
of  holding;  .  .  .   led   to   the  desu.iction  of   the 
power  of  the   house  of    Kstc.     In  the  times  in 
whiili  we  are  now  concerned,  their  dominions 
lay  ill  two  masses.     To  tlie  west  lav  the  ducliv 
of  Moileiia  and  UegRiip;  apart  from  it  to  the  east 
lay  the  ducliv  of  Ferrara.     Not    lon>r  after  its 
I  iiition.  this  last  ilucliy  wiiscut  short  hy  the  siir- 
.-I'liilirof  the  iHirder  district  of  UiivIjl'o  to  Venice. 
Misleiia  and  Ferrara  remained  united,  till 
Krrriirawas  annexed  [l.'iilH]  as  an  escheated  tlef 
to  the  dominions  of  its  spiritual  overlord.     Hut 
the  iioiisi'  of  Este  still  reifrned  over  Modena  with 
Ri'!.');ii)  ind  Mirandola.  while  its  dominions  wi  re 
extcndii,     '  file  sea  hy  the  addition  of  Ma.s.sa  and 
otiiir  small  pos.s«'s.sii)nslH'tween  Lucca  and  (tenon 
Tlieiliiihy  in  the  end  pass<Ml  l>v  female  succes 
sion  til  the  lloii.se  of  Austria  li771-180;)]."— L. 
A.  Krcciiian.  Ilintnrieitl  dim/.  <>/  Hiin>iie,  eh.  8. 
*■■'    :t-4— "The  Kovernment  of   the  familv  of 
Este  at  Kerntra.  .Mo<lena,  and    l{<-.i.'f;ii)  displays 
curious  contrasts  of    violence   and    popularity. 
Williiii  ihe  palace  friirhtful  deeds  wcic  pcriie. 
tratid.  a  princess  was  heheaded  1143.')]  for  all.'),    1 
a.lultcry  with  a  stepsim;  lejiitinmtc  and  i.i-^tiij. 
male  ihililren  lied  from  the  court,  and  even  a,,   lad 
tliiir  liviswcre  threatened  hv  a.ssassins  sent  in 
piirsiiii  ,,f  iheiii  (U71).     Plots"fniiu  without  were 
imissant :  the  liiLsianl  of  a  hiustard  tried  to  wrest 
tli.iT..wn  from  the  lawful  heir,  Hercules  I.:   this 
latter  Is s.ii.|afterwanls  (Uitli)  to  have  p<iisoned 
Ins  wifi.  uii  disciiverini,'  that  she,  at  the  instijra- 
ti.itiof  herhrother,  FernuUeof  Xaph's.  was  jroinff 
to  poi.,ori  him.    This  li.st  of  tratfwlics  is  (dosed  hy 
llieplol  of  two  hastanls  apainst  their  lirolhers, 
tii.riiliii-  Duke  Alfonso  I.  ami  tho  Cardinal  Ip- 
poltto(i,-,ii(i),  which  win  discovered  in  time,  and 
I'liiiislii.l  with  im|irisonment  for  life.  .  .      It  is 
"ii'liiiialile    that    the   danjier^    to    which    these 
[■riiiivs  wire   constantly  exposed  developed   in 
jliwiieapadtiesofaremarkahlekind."— .1.  Burck- 
liar.li.  7/,,.  Cinlhati,!!!  „f  the  t'en<nl  of  the  Iif- 
';"*'r''  '■"  "'••'.»■  /''■  '■  '•''■  .l-For  the  facts  of 
III"  ( miiiii;  of  the  leiritimat*"  lUilian  line  of  Este 
>"■  I'm'.u-v:  a.  I).  1.597. 

ESTHONIA,  OR  ESTONIA:    Origin  of 

the  name.    See  .*;8Tii. 
Christian  conqueit.   Sc.    ,ivonia:  12Tn-13TU 


I 

101- 


ESTIENNES.  The  Pres»  of  the.  .Sec 
Pri.ntino:  a.  I).  14!m-1.5B8. 

ESTREMOS,  OR  AMEIXAL,  BatMe  of 
(1M3).     8»c  I'liKTio.xi.:  A.  I).  I6a7-I6«8. 

ETCHEMINS,  The.  S<e  AMEnir.\N  Aiio- 
iiiciisKH:  Ai.doMjiiAS  Family. 

ETHANDIIN,  OR  EDINGTON,  Battle  of 

(A.  D.  878).      Sic  EmiI.AND:   A.   D.  M.VVH.SO 

ETHEL,  STHELINGS.    OR    /ETHEL- 

INGS.— "The  sons  and  hrothirs  of  the  kini;  [of 
the  English]  were  distinguished  hv  the   tith'  of 
.^theliuKs.     The  word  .EthcliiiK,  like  eorl.  origi- 
nally denoted  nolile  hirtli  simply  ;  hut  as  the  royal 
hou.si.  of  Wcssc.x  rose  to  pre  eminence  and  the 
other  royal  houses  and  the  nohles  ({ciierally  were 
therehy  rediicci:  10  a  rcliilivciv  lower  grade,  it  he- 
came  restricted  to  the  near  kiiidnd  of  the  national 
king.'~T.    I'    Taswill-I.aiignieiid.    A",.-/.    r.,,.,.< 
//iV. .;/.  2i),  — "It  has  liceii  sometimes  held  that  the 
only  iioliility  of  IiIikhI  ncoiriiizcd  in  England  lai- 
fiire  the  Norman  Con.piest  was  that  of  the  king's 
kin.    The  statenient  niav  lie  regarded  as  dcticient 
in  authoritv.  and  as  the  result  of  a  too  hasty  gener- 
alization  from  the  fact  that  onlv  the  sons  and 
brothers  of  the  kings  hear  tin'  name  of  a-tlieling. 
On  the  other  hand  must  1m'  alleged  the  existence 
of  a  nohle  (edhiling)  class  among  the  continental 
Saxons  who  had  no  kinirs  at  all.   .   .   .  The  laws 
of  Ethelhert  prove  the e.xistetue  of  a cla.ss hearing 
the  name  of  eorl  <if  which  no  other  interpreta- 
tion can  i"  given.     That  these,  corlas  and  letliel, 
were  the  descendants  of  the  primitive  nohles  of 
the   first  settlement,  who,  on    the  institution  of 
royalty,    sank   one    step   in    dignity    from    the 
ancit  ntslatc  of  rude  indepemhncc.  in  which  they 
had  elei  ted  their  own  chiefs  and  ruhd  their  own 
dependents,  may  lie  very  reasonably  ((injectured. 
.    The  ancient   name   of  eorl,"  like   that   of 
a'lheling,  changed  its  application,  and.  under  tho 
iHueiice,    perhaps,  of   Danish   association    was 
.iiven  like  that  of  jarl  to  the  ollicial  eahhirmau. 
Henceforth   the   thcgn   takes   the    pla(0   of    the 
atliel,  and  the  class  of  thegns  probalily  embraces 
all  the  rciiuiining  families  of  noble  blood.     The 
ihange  may  have  Iscn  very  gradual;  the  'north 
people  s  law  '  of  the  tenth  or  early  eleventh  cen- 
tury still  distinguishcsthe  eorl  ami  iiMlieling  with 
a  wergild  nearly  (hiulile  that  of    the  caldorman 
and  seven  times  tliat  of  the  thegn;  but  the  north 
I'loplcs  law  was  pemtRited  with  Danisli  inllu- 
ence.  and  the  eorl  probably  represents  the  jarl 
rather  than  the  ealdornian,  the  great  eorl  of  the 
fourth   part  of    England  as  it  was  divided    by 
Canute.  .  The  word  eorl    is  said    to   be  the 

same  as  the  Norse  jarl  and  another  form  of 
caldorc/);  whilst  the  ccorl  answers  to  the  Norse 
Karl;  the  original  nieaning  of  the  two  being  old 
man  and  young  man.'— \V.  Stubbs,  OtnM.  Jlint. 
I'f  Kn<i.,  ell.  (i.  xiet.  04,  ,(„,/  uiitc. 

ETHEL.  — Family-land.  See  Ai.oi);  and 
Foi.ci..x.\ii. 

ETHELBALD,  King  of  Mercia.  A  D 
7I«-7.-).1 Ethelbald,  King  of  Wesjex,  A.  1) 

M.'iS-Hlid. 

ETHELBERT,  King  of  Kent,  A.  D.  ,%.>- 

818 Ethelbert,  King  of  Wessex,  A.  1).  c<00- 

8BH, 

ETHELFRITH,  King  of  Northumberland. 

A.  I),  .'.iw-on. 

ETHELRED,  King  of  Wessex,  A.  D  866- 
871  Ethelred,  called  the  Unready.  Kinir  of 
Wessex,  A    ».  978-lOlti 


1 ' 


« 

<> 


ETIIEI^TAN. 

ETHELSTAN.KingofWeHex,  A.  D.  9iH- 
94(). 

ETHELWULF,  King  of  V.'--"-x,  A.   D. 

ETHIOPIA.— Thr  Elliiopi.i  ancients, 

"intiic  oriiiriiiry  imd  vaijiir  s^  ,1  ilii'tcrm, 
was  a  vast  trai't  extending  in  ,,  n^tli  alK>vf  li 
tliiiiisand  iirlis.  friiiii  tlic  flili  to  the  illli  dcjirfe 
of  niirtli  I.ititiid,.,  iind  in  liriadtli  alnir.si  !MK)  miles, 
frtiiri  tlic  siiim  s  iif  llic  Hcd  Sea  and  Inilian  Oiran 
111  ihi- iliscrt  iif  till'  Saliam.  Tliis  tract  wan  In- 
liabilnl  for  the  most  part  liy  wild  and  liarburous 
trilii  <  —  lii'rdsmiii,  liiinlrr>^.  or  t'Nhcrmcn  —  who 
pn'W  no  corn,  were  iina(i|iiaini(d  with  lircad, 
iind  siili>istiil  on  the  milk  and  tiesh  of  their  cat- 
tle, or  on  fTiime,  turtle,  and  llsh,  salted  or  raw. 
'I'lie  Irilies  had  their  own  separate  chiefs,  and 
111  kiiou  leilu'iil  no  sinj;le  head,  but  on  the  co;i- 
Iniy  were  In  ciucntly  at  war  one  witli  the  other, 
and  sold  tlnlr  prisoners  for  slaves.  Such  was 
Klliiopi,i  in  the  coinmon  va^tic  sen.sc;  but  from 
this  must  be  iliviincuished  another  narrower 
Kthiopia,  known  sometimes  as  '  Klhiopia  Proper' 
or  •  Kihiopia  above  Kfypt,' the  limits  of  which 
were,  towards  the  south,  the  junction  of  the 
White  and  lilue  Niles,  and  towanis  the  north  the 
Third  Cataract.  Into  this  tract,  called  some- 
times 'the  kinmlimi  of  .Mcroi>,'  Kjsvptian  civilisa- 
tion had.  lont-  iM'fore  Iheeiiihth  centurv  [U,  (".], 
deeply  penetnited.  Temples  of  the  'EKVptian 
type,  stone  pynmids,  avenues  of  sphin.xes,  hail 
I«(n  erected;  a  priesthis>il  had  been  set  up, 
which  wa.s  rcirarded  as  derived  from  the  Ejryp- 
Ihm  priesthood;  monarchical  in.stitution.s had  iK'cn 
ailopted;  the  whole  tract  formed  ordinarily  one 
kint'doMi,  and  the  natives  were  not  very  much 
hihind  the  Et'yptians  in  arts  or  arms,  or  very 
diHerent  from  them  in  manners,  customs,  anil 
miHle  of  life_  Kvcn  in  race  the  dilTerence  was 
not  ;.'real  The  Ethiopians  were  d;irker  in  com- 
plixioii  than  the  Efryptians,  and  pos,se.s.seil  prob- 
ably a  greater  infusion  of  Ni^rritic  bliKxl;  but 
there  was  a  common  slock  at  the  root  of  the  two 
races  —  Cush  and  .Mi/raim  were  brethren.  In  the 
region  of  Ethiopi.i  Proper  a  verv  important 
position  was  occupied  in  the  einiilh  century 
[H.  (',]  by  Xapala.  Xapata  was' situated  mid- 
way in  the  irreat  b.nd  of  the  Nile,  between  lat. 
IW^  and  11»',  ...  It  (Hcupied  the  left  bank  of 
the  river  in  the  ne;ir  vicinity  of  the  moileni 
(Jebi  I  Hcrkal.  .  .  .  Here,  when  the  decline  of 
El',\  pt  enabled  the  Kihiopians  to  reclaim  their 
am  ienl  limits,  the  capital  was  li.xeil  of  that  king- 
dom, which  shorlly  becanic  a  rival  of  the  old 
empire  of  the  I'hafaohs  .mil  aspired  to  take  its 
pliiee.  .  .  The  kin,i;ilM:ii  of  .Men*,  whereof  it 
was  the  capital,  riached  soiiiluvanl  as  far  as  the 
m.Ml, TM  Khariimm.  and  ea.-.tward  stretched  up  to 
the  .\hy^sinian  hii;hlanils,  including  the  valleys 
of  the  .Vtliara  ami  its  tributaries,  together  with 
mo-i  i.f  the  trait  between  the  .\tbara  and  the 
'tlue  Nile  ■  .  .  Napala  continu'.ii  down  to  Ho. 
man  tiini>  a  place  of  importance,  and  onlv  .s,ank 
to  ruin  in  corKiipunce  of  the  campaigns  of 
Petronius  aLMin-t  Candace  in  the  first  century 
after  our  era.'-C.  Hawlinson,  Jliiil.  t,f  AneiiiU 
J'^/f//'t.  rh.  2,'>. 

Also    IN:    A     II.    I,.    Ileeren,    llittoriciil   Ilf- 

tenri-heii.  C<irlli,igii,i,iiii~,  h:i/,i„i,i,i,u),  dr.,  pp.  U:)- 

24il  — Sei'.  also,   EiiviT:  Audit  H.  C.    12(X>-a7U;   j 

and  I.iitVANs.  Tiik.  '   j 

ETON  SCHOOL.  S<e  p;.)ication,  Modern: 

EriKJPKAN  <'or\T!UI-> — En<}land.  I 


ETRUSCANS. 

ETRURIA,  A  .  -nt.    Sec  ETncscAso 
ETRURIA,  Th>.   kiOKdoni  of.      See   i-.t.k 
MANY;  A.  I).  1801-1803;  alsn  PoBTfim      '    I) 
mn-.  aiiilFllANcK:  A.  I).  1807-1808  (NoVKMHF.R 
— Fkbhuakt). 

ETRUSCANS,  The.-"  At   the  time  »|„.„ 
Homan  history  begins,  we  Iind  that  a  pow.rful 
and  warlike  race,  far  superior  to  the   I„iliii,  in 
civilisation  and  in  the  art.s  of  life,  hemiiied  in  i|,r 
rising  lioiuan  dominion  in  the  north.    Tin  i;n,ks 
called  them  Turrhenoi,  tlio  Homans  called  ihrii 
Etrusci,    they   called    themselves   the    liaM  1  nj 
Who  they  were  and  whence  they  came  lci<  ,  v,r 
been  n'Kanled  as  one  of  the  most  doubiful  im,! 
difflcull  problems  in  etiinolojjy.     One  coiirlu~i(in 
only  can  be  said  toliave  iK'in  universallv  ai  <•  |ii,i| 
both  inaucientand  in  iniMlcrn  times.     It  isa-nnl 
on  every  hand  that  in  nil  essential  points,  in  Im 
I   KUajre,  in  religion,  incu.stoms,  and  in  appeanuui' 
the  Etruscans  were  a  race  wholly  dilferent  fmm 
the  Latins.     There  is  also  an  absolute  agreiniint 
of  all   ancient   tradition  to  the  elTect   tlml   the 
Etruscans  were  not  the  original  inhabilaiiu  of 
Etriiria.  but  that  they  were  an  intrusive  nn  of 
comiuerors.  .  .  .   It  "lias  l);en  usually  siip|i,,s,.,| 
that  the  Ilasenna  made  their  appearance  in  \i:,\\ 
some  ten  or  twelve  centuries  iH'fore  the  (  liri^ti.ili 
era.  .  .  .  For  some  si.x  or  seven   centurii  s.  ili, 
Etruscan  power  and  territory  continued  sii  ulilv 
to  increase,  and  ultimately  stn'tched  far  soiitli  i^f 
the   Tiber,    Home   iticlf   being  included   in  tlu 
Etni.scan  dominion,  and  being  ruled  bv  an  Klnis 
can  dynasty.     The  early  history  of  Home  is  t,,  ,1 
great  extent  the  history  of  the  iiprisin;.'  of  ilir 
Latin  nice,  and  its  long  "struggle  for  Italian  mi 
premacy  with  its  Etruscan  (n\     It  took  li.  nu. 
some  si.\  centuries  of  conttict  to  break  Ilir.u,;!] 
the  obstinate  barrier  of  the  F;tru.scan  pow  <  r.    Tin 
final  conquest  of  Etruria  bv  Home  was  1  iTntMl 
in  the  year  '281  H.  ('....  "The  Itisennic  p.  pi? 
were  collected  mainly  in  the  twelve  u'n  ai  1  iii.s 
of   Etruria   proper.   t)etween  the  Arm.  .iml  ilic 
Tiber.     [.Modern  Tuscany  takes  its  name  fnni 
the  ancient  Etruscan  inhiibiUints  of  the  r.  ^.i.m.] 
This   region  was  ihe  real  seat  of  the  Kirn-run 
power.  .  .   .   From  the  ' Shah-nameh.' the  iTiat 
Persian  epic,  we  learn  that  the  Arvan  I'. T~i:in5 
called  their  nearest  non-.Vryan  neiglibour^— ilio 
Turkic  or  Turcoman  trilies"to  the  nurili  if  iliuii 
—  by  the  name  Turan.   a  word  frniii  wlii.  Ii  \\r 
derive  the   familiar  ethnologic   term    ■rurui.iii 
The  .Vryan  <!reeks,  on  the  other  hand,  i  :M:..|  iLt 
Turkic  tribe   of   the  Ha3«'nna,  the  in.-in-i  inn- 
.\ryan   race,   by  the  name  of   Turrlir!."i      ila' 
argument  of  this  biM)k  is  to  prove  Dial  tli-  Tirr 
henians  of  Italy  were  of  kindred  rare   ivj-ii'iic 
Turanians  of  Turkestan.      Is  it  tm)  inm  li  iniMi. 
^ecture  that  the  Oreek  form  Tiirrheiie   ma;,  I.- 
identically  the  same  word  as  the  Pir-i  I'l  i  ■rai 
Turan'/"— I.  Taylor,  hUrnx-itn  /Aw.i;.'..,.,  ,.',  :. 
— "  The  utmost  we  can  Ki y  is  th.alsevi  i  li  iiaii«, 
apparently  reliable,  point  to  the  concli-   'ii  ili.i! 
the   Etruscans   may  be   on    the  whole    iia'uilnl 
among  the  Indo  Germans.   ,  ,  .   Hut  1  vi  ;i  L'laiii 
ing  those  pt/ints  of  connection,  the  Eini-i  in  |>i>- 
pie  appears  withal  scarcely  less  isolalf;      '  Tlic 
Etrus<'ans,'  Dionysius  said  long  ago,  *itr'-  ii'krna 
other  nation  in  language  and  manners';  anl  »i 
liave  nothing  to  aiid  to  his  statement.   .   .      Hi 
liable  traces  of  any  advance  of  the  i:!r;iMaM 
lieyond  the  TIIkt,  by  land,  are  altogeile  r  «ani 
ing.  ,  .  .  South  of  the  TIIht  no  EtruM  an  -1  iilf 
ment  ran  \w  p.-'-intedviit  as  lisviuguwe!  i----i_-i-- 


1010 


ETRUSCANS. 


EUROPE. 


to  founder!  who  came  hj  land ;  and  that  no  Indi- 
cation nbatever  li  diacemible  of  any  serious 
pressure  by  the  Etruscans  upon  the  Latin  nation. " 
— T.  Mdramsen,  Ilitt.  of  Itomt,  bk  1,  ch.  9. 

EUBCEA.— "  The  island  of  Eulxia,  long  and 
narroH'  like  KrCtc,  and  exiilbiting  a  continuous 
barkbone  of  lofty  mountains  from  northwest  to 
eoulhe&st,  la  sfparated  from  Bipotia  at  one  point 
by  a  strait  bo  narrow  (celebrated  in  auticiuity 
uniltr  the  name  of  the  Eurlpus)  tliat  the  two 
iiiTL  (•onutctcU  by  a  bridge  for  ft  large  portion 
of  the  liistorieal  period  of  Greece,  erected  during 
tlif  later  times  of  the  Peli)ponnc»iuu  war  by  the 
iDlmbitiiuts  of  Chalkls  [Chalcis],  Its  general 
want  (if  breadth  leaves  little  nwm  for  plains. 
The  area  of  the  island  consists  principally  of 
Biiiuiitain,  rock,  dell,  and  ravine,  suiteii  m  many 
pans  for  pasture,  but  rarely  convenient  forgrulu- 
culture  i>r  town  habitations.  Some  pluinH  there 
were,  lioweviT,  of  great  fertility,  espe(  hilly  that 
of  Lelaiituiii,  bonlering  ou  tlie  .sea  near  C'halkLs, 
ami  continuing  from  that  city  in  a  soutlierly 
direction  towards  J>etriu.  Chiilkis  and  Eretria, 
both  situated  on  the  western  coast,  and  both  oc- 
CU|iyinu'  parts  of  this  fertile  plaiu.  were  the  two 
priii'ci|)at  plai'esin  tliu  islunil:  llied.>iuairi  of  eaeli 
•leius  to  have  extended  across  tile  islutui  from  sia 
tcsia.  .  .  .  Hotli  were  in  early  times  governed 
by  au  oligarchy,  which  among  the  Chalkidians 
was  called  the  IIippobot;c,  or  Horse  feeders, — 
pniprietors  probably  of  most  part  of  the  plaiu 
called  Lclantum."— G.  Grotc,  lliat.  of  Greece, 
ft.  2,  ch.  12.— See,  also,  Neokopont. 


EUBOIC  TALENT.    SeeTALBirr. 

EUCHITES,  The.    See  MTtTiciBH. 

EUDES,  King  of  France  (in  partition  with 
Charles  the  Simple),  A.  D.  887-«98. 

EUDOSES,  The.    Bee  Aviones. 

EUGENE  (Prince)  of  Saroy,  Campaigni  oC 
See  HCNOABT:  A.  D.  1609-1718;  Oermant: 
K.  D.  1704;  Italt  (Savoy  and  Piedmont): 
A.  I).  1701-1713;  NETHERLANDS;  A.  D.  1708- 
1709.  and  1710-1713. 

EUGENE  I.,  Pope,  A.  D.  65r>-fl57 Eu- 
gene II.,  Pope,  A.  1).  824-827 Eurene  III., 

Pope,  A.  1)    114^1153 Eugene  IV.,  Pope, 

A.  I).  1431-1447. 

EUGENIANS,  The.     See  llv  Niai.h. 

EUMENES,  and  the  wan  of  the  Diadochl. 
See  MACKnosiA:  H.  ('.  ;I23-31«. 

EUMOLPHIDiE,  The.    .>^ee  VmhJt. 

EUPATRID.(E,  The.— "The  EupatridoD  [in 
ancient  Athens]  arc  the  wealtliy  and  powerful 
men,  l>elongiiig  to  the  most  diatinguishc<l  fami- 
lies in  all  tlie  various  gentes,  and  principally 
living  in  th(^  city  of  Athens,  after  the  consolida- 
tion of  Attica:  from  them  are  distinguished  the 
iniddling  and  lower  iM'ople,  roughly  classiftcd 
into  bwibuu.lnien  and  artisans.  To  the  Eupatri- 
<!ic  is  ascribed  a  religions  as  well  as  a  political 
and  social  ascendency.  They  are  represented  ai 
the  sourceof  all  authority  on  matters  both  sacred 
and  profane."— Q.  Grote,  IIM.  if  Oreect,  p(.  8, 
eh.  10. 

EUROKS,  OR  YUROKS.  See  Amsbicau 
ABOHioanM :  MoDocs. 


EUROPE. 

A  HISTORICAL  SKETCH.' 

The  first  inhabitants  of  the  continent  of  Eu- 
rope have  left  no  trace  of  their  existence  on  the 
siirtaee  of  tlie  land.  The  little  that  we  know  of 
thoni  has  Iwcn  learned  by  the  discovery  of  deeply 
buried  remains,  Including  a  few  bones  and  skulls, 
many  weapons  and  tools  which  they  had  fash- 
ioned out  of  stone  and  bone,  and  some  other  rude 
marks  of  their  hands  which  time  has  not  de- 
ttrorcd.  The  places  in  which  these  remains  are 
fouiiil  —  under  deposits  that  formed  slowly 'in 
ancient  river  beds  and  in  caves  —  have  convinced 
geologists  that  the  people  whose  existence  they 
reveal  lived  many  thousands  of  years  ago,  and 
that  ihe  continent  of  Europe  in  their  time  was 
very  different  from  the  Europe  of  the  pre'sent 
day,  in  its  ciinia'o,  in  its  aspect,  and  in  its  form. 
They  tinil  reason  to  suppose  that  the  peninsula 
of  Italy,  as  well  as  that  of  Spain,  was  then  nn 
Isthmus  which  joined  Europe  to  Africa;  and 
this  helps  to  explain  the  fact  that  remains  of 
8U(  h  aiiiumls  as  the  elephant,  the  licm,  the  rhino- 
eiros,  the  hippopotamus,  and  the  iiyena,  as  well 
as  rhe  luanimolh,  are  found  with  the  remains  of 
these  early  men.  They  ail  seem  to  have  be- 
l"ii:;e(l.  togi^iher,  to  a  state  of  things,  on  the  sur- 
face (.f  the  earth,  which  was  greatly  c'mnged 
l«l'ire  the  men  and  the  animals  that  we  have 
lii,-lorieal  knowledge  of  appeared. 


The  Stone  Age. 

These  primitive  Europeans  wore  evidently 
qmii'  ;a  the  bottom  of  the  savage  state.  They 
hid  \::'.rr.::\  !■.!>  ii=c  .-.f  metah,  siiice  every  ft-!ie  of 
tUcu  Workmanship  that  can  bo  found  is  of  stone, 


or  bone,  or  wood.  It  is  thought  possible  that 
they  shaped  rough  vessels  out  of  unbaked  clay ; 
but  that  is  uncertain.  There  is  nothing  to  show 
that  they  had  domesticated  any  animals.  It  is 
plain  that  they  elwelt  in  caves,  wherever  nature 
provided  such  dwellings;  but  what  shelters  they 
may  have  built  elsewhere  for  themselves  Is  un- 
known. 
In  one  direction,  only,  did  these  ancient  peo- 

f)le  exhibit  a  faculty  tiner  than  we  see  :n  the 
owest  savages  of  the  present  day:  they  were 
artists,  in  a  way.  They  have  left  carvings  and 
drawings  of  animals  —  the  latter  etched  with  a 
sharp  point  on  horns,  Ikiucs,  and  stones  —  which 
an-  remarkable  for  uncultured  men. 

The  peri(Kl  in  man's  life  on  the  earth  at  which 
these  pee>ple  lived— the  period  be'fore  metals 
were  known  -has  liei'n  named  by  archa?oUigist3 
the  Stone  Agi".  Uut  the  Stone  Age  covers  two 
stages  of  liunun  culture  —  one  in  which  .stone 
implements  were  f;ishioned  unskilfully,  and  a 
second  in  which  they  were  flnishe<i  with  expert 
and  care'ful  hands.  The  first  is  called  the  Pal.To- 
litliic  e)r  Old  Stone  Age.  the  second  Ihe  Neolithic 
or  New  St. me  Age.  Uitwecn  the  two  periods  in 
Europe  there  seems  to  have  l)ecn  a  long  iuteTval 
of  time,  ;ind  u  consider.ible  change  in  the  condi- 
tion of  till'  country,  as  well  as  in  that  of  its  peo- 
ple.    In  fact,  the  Eurooe  of  the  Neolithic  Age 


•  .V  general  sketch  of  the  history  of  Europe  at  laixs 
cannot,  for  obvious  reasons,  lie  constructed  of  quutatiuns 

fn>nj  the  hUtnriftns^  on  the  [il»n  fnUnwe,!  in  other  tmrffl 

of  this  worli.    The  editor  ha.s  tounil  it  nix^essury.  there- 
fore, to  introduce  here  an  essay  of  his  own. 


101< 


^i;i  ^(rf^ 


EUROPE. 


Hr/ort 
ktcordrU  HMury, 


EUROPE. 


t{ 


i 


was  prol)al)Iv  ni)t  very  ilifTrri'nt  in  form  anil  ell. 
mate  from  the  F;«r»|ir  nf  mir  nwii  (la\.  Hilira 
of  the  human  life  of  tliat  thai'  an- aljimdantly 
wattcicil  ovirthc  face  of  tin- continfiit.  Thcro 
iiri'  iiotabk!  ilcposits  of  thfm  in  the  w)  nillwl 
"kilclicn  •miiliicns'of  Dcnniarli,  \vhiiliaiT);niit 
moiinils  of  Kliills.— shi'lla  of  oystiTs  and  olhi-r 
molluMS.— whicli  thisc  ancient  Hsliernien  ha<l 
oiiencil  iiii.l  eiTiplicil,  anil  then  east  upon  a  refuse 
heap.  Huried  in  tliose  mounds,  many  hits  of 
their  workmanship  have  iHen  preserved,  ami 
ni.iny  hinl.s  of  their  manner  of  life  are  gleaned 
from  tlie  sifrns  and  toki  ns  whieh  tliese  aUord. 
They  had  evidi  iillv  rivu  some  decrees  alwve  the 
staleof  the  nun  of  lli,'  ralieolithic  or  Old  Stone 
Age;  lint  they  were  inferior  in  art. 

The  Bronze  Age. 

The  discovery  and  use  of  copper— the  metal 
most  easily  \vorke<l,  and  most  frequently  found 
In  the  metallic  state  — is  the  event  by  which 
arcliieoKipists  mark  tlie  l)eginninK  <>f  «  second 
etajt'c  in  early  civilizations  Tlie  periiHl  durinj; 
which  copper,  and  copper  hardened  hv  an  allo'v 
of  tin.  are  the  only  tnet.ila  fouiiil  in  use.  tliey  call 

the    liriinze    Ace.     There  is  no  lii f    posjiive 

division  heUveen  this  and  liie  Neolithic  perioil 
which  it  followed.  The  same  races  appear  to 
have  advanced  from  th(>  one  stafje  to  the  other, 
and  probalily  some  were  in  iwissession  of  tools 
and  weapons  of  bronze,  wliili^  others  were  still 
contenting  thcnwlves  with  Implements  of  stone. 

Lake  Dwelling!, 

In  many  parts  of  Europe,  especially  in  Switz- 
erland and  northern  Italy,  plain  traces  of  some 
curious  habitations  of  people  who  liveil  through 
the  later  Stone  Age  into  the  Bronze  Age,  anil 
even  alter  it,  have  been  broujrht  to  light.  These 
arc  the  "lake  dwellings,' or  "lix  ustrine  haliita- 
tions,"  as  they  have  been  called,  which  have 
excited  interest  in  late  years.  They  were  gener- 
ally built  on  piles,  driven  into  a  lake-bc^tom,  at 
such  dist.ince  from  shore  as  would  make  them 
easy  of  defence  against  enemies.  The  founda- 
tions of  whole  vilhiges  of  these  dwellings  liave 
been  f.mnd  in  tni'  Swiss  and  North  Italian  lakes, 
ana  less  numerously  elsewhere.  From  the  lake- 
.nud  unih  r  and  around  them,  a  great  quantity 
of  relics  of  the  lake  clwellers  have  tieen  taken", 
and  many  facts  aUnit  their  arts  and  mode  of  life 
have  been  learned.  It  is  known  tliat,  even  l)e- 
fore  a  single  metal  had  come  into  their  hands, 
they  hill  begun  to  cultivate  the  earth  ;  had  raised 
will  at  .•mil  barley  and  llax ;  had  domesticated  the 
horse,  till'  ox,  the  sheep,  the  goat,  the  pig  and 
the  do-;  had  bei nine  fairly  skilful  In  weaving. 
In  rope  making,  and  in  the  art  of  the  potter 
but  wiihi.ut  till,  potters  wIktI. 

Orailiially  (oppir  and  bnmze  made  their  ap- 
pearani  e  aiiinng  the  implements  of  these  people 
as  modern  scan  hdiscove.s  them  imliceided.  layir 
upon  layer,  in  the  old  ixize  of  the  lakelHHls 
where  lliiy  were  dropped.  In  time.  inm.  too, 
reveals  iisrlf  amoii!;  their  poss<'S.sion8,  showing 
that  they  lived  in  their  laki  villages  from  the 
later  SliiJie  Age  into  that  tiiird  periiKl  of  the 
early  processor  ( ivilization  which  is  iia-ned  the 
Iron  A L'e  — when  men  first  acquired  the  use  of 
the  must  useful  of  all  the  metals.  It  appears,  in 
fact,  tliat  tiie  lake-dwellings  were  occupied  even 
down  to  Koman  times,  since  articles  of  lloman 
make  have  tieeu  found  in  the  ruins  of  tliem. 


Barrowt. 

In  nearly  all  parts  of  Europe  there  are  fminrj 
burial   mounds,   called   barrows,  which  cimiuin 
buried  relics  of  people  who  liveil  at  one  or  tin. 
other  of  the  three  periods  named.     For  the  iii,„i 
part,  thi.y  represi^nt  inhabitants  of  the  Nen|iil,i,. 
and  of  the  Bronze  Ages.     In  Great  Britain  s..iu.. 
of  these  barrows  are  long,  simie  are  rouiiil     ,.,.| 
the  skulls  found  in  the  long  barrows  are  ,liil,r 
cnt  in  shape  from  those  in  the  rcmnil  ones,  slem 
ing  a  difference  of  race.     The  people  t(ii\li,,iii 
the  lirst  iM'longed  are  called  "  long-headeil.    i,r 
'•dolichocephalic";  the  others  are  calleil  "  lir,.:i,| 
headed, "or  "  brachvccphalie. "     In  theopinimi ,,[ 
some  ethnologists,  who  stuilv  this  subject  of  the 
distinctions  of  race   In   the' human  family.  ,..« 
broad-headed  people  were  ancestors  of  the  Celtic 
or  Keltic  trila'S,  whom  the  Romans  sulxlin  d  in 
(laul    and    Britain;  wiiile  the  long-headed  im  n 
were  of    a    preceding  race,    which    the    (Vltii 
vvhcn  thty  came,  either  drove  out  of  all  parts  uf 
Kurope,  except  two  or  three  mountainous  conn  rs 
or  else  absorlied  by  Intermarriage.     The  Basiiiui 
of  norlhwe.stern  Spain,  and  some  of  their  neiL'h- 
iMirs  on  the  Fnneh  side  of  the  I'vrcmws,  are  sap 
posed  to  lie  survivals  of  this  very  ancient  pennlc 
and  there  are  suspected  to  lie  traces  of  their  en 
Istence  seen  in  the  ilark-haired  and  dark  skinind 
peiiple  of  parts  of  Wales,  Ireland,  Corsica,  North 
Africa,  ami  elsewhen^ 

The  Aryan  Nation*. 

At  least  one  part  of  this  conjecture  has  niiicli 
to  rest  upon.  1  he  inhabitants  of  western  Kiirepe 
when  our  liis'orieal  knowledge  of  them  —  thai  is, 

our  recorded  and  re|M>rted  knowledge  of  th — 

begins,  were,  certniuly.  for  the  most  part,  Ciltic 
peoples,  and  it  Is  extremely  probable  that  tiny 
had  twen  occupying  the  country  ns  loni.  as  the 
period  represented  by  the  round  barrows.  Ii  U 
no  less  pnibable  that  they  were  the  lake  dw<  llirs 
of  Switzerland,  North  Italy,  and  other  regions; 
and  that  they  did.  In  fact,  disfilace  some  earlier 
people  in  most  parts  of  Western  Europe. 

The  Celts  —  whose  nearly  p.ire  descendants  nre 
found  now  In  the  Bretons  of  France,  the  Wi  Nh, 
the  Highland  Scotch  and  tlie  Celtic   Irish,  ami 
who  formed  the  main  stock  of  the  larger  part  if 
the  French  nation  —  were  one  branch  of  the  gn  iit 
family  of  muions  called  Aryan  or  IndoEun  pi  an 
The  Aryan  peoples  arc  assumed  to  lie  akin  I.,  eia- 
another  — shoots  from  one  stem  —  Iwcansi-  tiuir 
languages  are  alike  in  grammatical  structure  uml 
contain  great  numlH-rs  of  wonis  that  nre  iii.iiil 
festlyformeil  from  the  same originui  "root  ';  aiul 
liecauscthey  difTer  in  these  rcsjiecls  from  all  i.tln  r 
languages.     The  nations  thus  identified  as  .\ryan 
arc  the  nations  that  have  acted  the  most  in:por- 
tant  parts  in  all  human  history  except  thehi-tcry 
of  extremely  ancient  times.     IVsides  the  ( .lilc 
peoples  already  mentioned,  they  include  the  V.r.e. 
lish,  the  Dutch,  the  Germans,  and  the  .siiaiuli 
navians,  forming    the  Teutonic  race;   the  Has 
sians,  Poles,  and  others  of  the  Slavonic  L-roiip, 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  with  their  tiiml 
ern  representatives,  and  the  Persians  and  lliiiitus 
in  Asia.     According  to  the  evidence  of  tin  ir  I.id- 
Kuages,  there  must  have  been  a  time  and  a  plarc, 
in  the  remote  past,  when  and  where  a  priiniiive 
Aryan  race,  which  was  ancestral  to  all  tlie«.   un 
tions,  lived  and  multiplied  until  it  outcn  iv  it» 
origin-,1  msictry  and  '.Tgali  fo  send  f-::::  -:' 
ceuive  "  swarms,"  or  migrating  hordes,  an  iiiauy 


1018 


EUROPE 


Thr  llrr.  kt 


EUHOPE. 


unnflllcil  r»ce»  have  been  seen  to  do  within  llic 
hl»ii'ric  iii[i'.  It  Ih  Iio|mIc»8,  perhiiiiH.  to  tliliilc  of 
dclirniiiiiiin  Ilic  lime  when  micli  n  diiipTHion  of 
tbc  Aryan  pcnplis  Ikjiiih;  l)iit  iimny  scholars  hi' 
liivc  it  iHWsililr  to  tnicf,  liy  vurioim iimrliM  unit  in- 
dinilii'iiH,  iu  luu)(uui;i'  uml  tlMwIiiTi'.  tlie  liiiis 
of  iniiviiiii'iil  ill  tlie  iiiiKratioii,  so  fur  ox  to  nucss 
with  Willie  iissuriincp  tlic  ri'^ioii  of  the  priniilivc 
Aryan  lionic;  liiit  thus  far  tliiTC  arc  ^n'ut  disiu 
((niniinis  in  tlie  jrni'SsiiiK.  Tntil  ncciit  jiarti. 
thi-  pre  vailintr  jiid^'ment  jMiintcd  to  lluu  liiglilaml 
distriit  in  Central  Asia  which  lira  north  of  tlic 
IliniiiHi  K(«wh  ranpc  of  niouiitaina,  and  belwein 
thi' iipptr  watirsof  tliu  Oxus  and  Jaxartcsi.  Hut 
lm<T  suiciiislmvcdisca'dltcd  this  "rat  theory  n-id 
•tarti'il  many  opposing  ones.  Tlio  strong  ten- 
dency now  is  to  lKlic\e  tlmt  the  cradle  of  all  the 
peoples  of  Aryan  apeech  was  somewhere  in 
Eurc>[ie,  nither  than  In  Asia,  and  in  the  north  of 
Euriipc  rather  than  In  the  center  or  the  south. 
At  I  111  same  time,  there  seeiiia  to  Ix' a  growing 
opinion  tlmt  the  language  of  the  Aryans  was 
commuhiiuted  to  coiiiiucred  peoples  so  cxten- 
iivcly  Hint  its  spri'ad  is  not  a  ;rue  measure  of  the 
eristiug  dilliisioii  of  the  race. 

The  Celtic  Branch. 

Whatever  may  have  lieen  the  starting-point  of 
the  Aryan  iiiiirrations,  it  Is  supposed  that  the 
braneh  now  distinguished  as  Celtic  was  the  first 
to  separate  from  the  parent  stem  and  to  acquire 
for  iiself  a  new  domain.  It  occupied  southwest- 
ern Eup.|H',  from  northern  Spain  to  the  Kliine, 
and  across  the  Channel  to  the  British  islands,  ex- 
teuilini;  eastwanl  Into  Switzerland,  North  Ittly 
ami  tlie  Tyrol.  But  little  of  what  the  tribes  and 
naiiHMs  farming  this  Celtic  race  did  is  known, 
until  tlie  lime  when  another  Aryan  people,  better 
livili/.eil,  came  into  collision  with  them,  and  drew 
tlitni  into  llie  written  history  of  the  worid  by 
eouipnriiig  them  and  making  them  its  sub- 
jeets. 

Tlie  people  Who  did  this  were  the  Itoinans,  and 
the  Honiiiiis  and  the  Greeks  are  believed  to  have 
liei  11  ( limed  into  the  two  peninsulas  which  they 
liili.iliiteii.  respectively,  by  one  and  the  same  move- 
nuiii  in  the  Aryan  dispersion.  Their  languages 
show  in.irc  atllnity  to  one  another  than  to  the  other 
Aryan  t.in(rii(.»,  „nd  there  are  other  evidences  of 
a  mar  relationship  lictween  them;  though  they 
wiiarati  il,  it  is  nuitc  certain,  long  before  the  ap- 
piaranee  of  either  '  •   dstory. 

The  Hct.enes,  or  Greeks. 

(Jr.  elis.  or  Hellenes,  as  they  called  them- 
Bflv,  s.  were  the  first  among  the  Aryan  peoples 
inhun.p,.  In  make  tlicmsi-lvca  historically  known 
an.l  III,,  iirst  to  write  the  record  which  transmiu 
niM'.ry  from  generation  to  generation.  The  pe- 
miiMila  111  wliui,  iin.y  scttirtl  themselves  is  a  vcrv 
pel  iihir  one  in  its  formation.  It  is  crossed  In 
aiiii  1-1  Ml  liinrticns  by  mountain  ranges,  which 
ai<"  e  til,,  land  into  parts  naturally  separated 
ir,  111  „„..  anuiliir,  and  which  form  barriers  easily 

mil,!",  ''i'"'"'  '"*'"''"«  f">.s.  Ik'twcen  the 
niiiuiii.iu.s  h,.  numerous  fertile  valleys  The 
iwt  1.,  i..,::,u-,il  with  gulfs  and  bays,  wllicii  notch 

n,.  i,  ',  f'  ""/'"  ""'';'*•  "'"'''''K  the  whole  main 
P  Ml  iM  a  a  .luster of  minor  peninsulas,  and  sup- 
to,  f  f  ■"  'f''' '■  "■'"'  l"""'"'™ ^''''•''  in^'tc  tl«-m 
m  r  ;  ""f^'TiiT  «nil  trade.  It  is  surrounded, 
m  ^run,  r.  u,th  ^iaaiU,  which  repeat  the  invita! 


Tl„ 


Almost  necessarily,  in  a  country  marked  with 
such  features  so  strongly,  the  Greeks  iHcanie 
divided  polilhally  into  small  independent  slates 
—  city-states  they  Imvi'  Imn  named  — and  tliosi' 

on  the  s«'acoast  lieiai iigime.l  very  carlv  In 

traile  with  other  countries  of  the  Mediterranean 
Sill.  Every  lity  of  importiin,  e  in  (ireece  was 
eiilirely  sovereign  In  the  g,,veriiiiieiit  of  Itself  and 
of  the  surniunding  territory  which  fornied  its 
doiimin.  The  stninger  anioiii;  tliiiii  c.xlen.l.d 
their  dominion  over  some  of  tin,  weakir  or  less 
yalian'  ones;  but  even  then  the  sulijeit  cities 
\i'pt  a  consi.lenible  measure  of  Inilepeii.leiiee. 
There  was  no  organization  of  national  govern, 
iiient  to  embraci'  the  whole,  nor  any  large  part, 
of  (inece.  Certain  among  the  states  were  soiiie'- 
times  united  in  temporary  leagues,  or  coiifedem- 
clis,  for  common  action  In  war;  but  these  were 
unstable  alliances,  rather  than  |>olltical  uni.ins. 

In   their  earliest   form,  the  Greek  citv-statea 
were  governed  by  kings,  wliosi-  power  apiiears 
to  have  been  quite  limited,  and  who  were  leaders 
rather  than    sovereigns.      But  kingshi])  disap- 
peared from  most  of  the  states  In  tJreece  proper 
iK'fore  they  reached  the  peri.Kl  of  distinct  and 
accepUil  history.     The  kings  were  first  displaced 
by  aristocracies  — ruling  families,  which  t.K;kall 
political  rights  and  privileges  t.)  tlicinsi-lvcs,  and 
allowed  their  fellows  (whom  they  usually  op- 
pri'ssed)  no  part  or  voice  In  piililic  affairs      In 
most  instances  these  aristocracies,  or  oliganhics 
were  overthrown,  after  a  time,  by  bolil  agitators 
who  stirred  up  u  revolution,  and  then  contrived, 
while  confusion  prevailed,  to  gather  power  into 
their  own  han.ls.     Almost  every  Greek  city  had 
its  time  of  being  ruled  by  one  or  more  of  these 
Tynints,  as  they  were  calle.l.      .Some  of  them, 
like  Pisistratusof  Athens,  ruled  wisely  an.l  justly 
for  the  most  part,  and  were  not  "  tyrants"  in  the 
modern  sense  of  the  term;   1ml  afl  who  gained 
and  held  a  princely  power  uiilawfiillv  were  so 
named  by  the  Greeks.     The  reign  of  tlie  Tyrants 
was  nowliere  lasting.     They  were  driven  out  of 
one  city  after  another  until  they  disappeared. 
Then  the  old  arlstiK'racies  came  uppermost  again 
In  some  cities,  and  riil.'.l  as  Ix'fore.      But  some 
like  Athens  had  traiiie.l  the  whole  b.xly  of  their 
citizens  to  such  intelligence  ami  spirit  that  neither 
kingship  nor  oligarchy  would  be  endurcl  any 
longer,  and  the  [R'ople  undertook  to  govern  them- 
selves.    These  were  the  first  deiiKMracies  — the 
first  experiments  in  isipiilar  government  —  that 
history  gives  any  account  of.     •'Tl;e  little  com- 
monwealths of  Greeie,"  savs  a  great  historian 
"were  the  first  states  at  once  free  and  civilized 
which  the  world  ever  saw.     They  were'  the  first 
states  which    gave   birth    to    great   statesmen, 
orators,  ami  generals  who  .lid  gn'at  dee.ls,  and  to 
great  bist.irians  who  set  down  those  great  dee.ls 
in  writing.     It  was  in  the  Greek  comm.mwealths 
in  short,  that  the  political  and  Intellectual  life  of 
the  world  bi'gnn." 

In  the  belief  of  the  Greeks,  or  of  most  men 
among  them,  their  early  history  was  eiiiIi.Hlicd 
with  truth  in  the  numenms  legen.ls  an.l  ancient 
poems  which  they  religiously  pres.rv...l ;  but 
people  in  nuNhrn  times  look  diirereiitly  upon 
th.ise  wou.ierf'.il  myths  and  epics,  stu.lving  them 
with  deep  interest,  but  un.ler  more  criti'cal  v'wwn 
They  throw  much  light  on  the  primitive  life  of 
the  Hellenes,  and  more  light  upon  the  develop 


fi 


lueul  of  liie  remarkable  genius  and  spirit  of  tli 
thoughtiul  and  iiuagiuative  people ;  but  of  act 


lOSI' 

actual 


1010 


..I 


n 


EIHOPE 


l>orian»and 

lottiaiu. 


EUROPE. 


'1 

I 

U 


history  there  (••(■  only  gliinptt's  und  guvuea  tu  be 
got  from  thi'.n. 

The  lliiniiric  pixnia,  the  "Iliail"  aoil  thu 
"OilvsHcy,"  iltsorilK!  a  condition  of  tliiOK'  '■> 
which  tlic  ruling  atatc  uf  I'cloponncsus  (the 
aoiitlicrn  pcninHiilii  of  Orvccr)  wiu  a  klnKdom  uf 
tlic  AclimuiiH.  Imving  itH  capltul  nt  Myccnii'.  in 
Artfojis. —  the  reiilmof  Kinj;  Afriimenimm.  —  and 
in  u  hicli  AllicnH  is  iniknowu  to  llie  (xHt.  Within 
rtcc'iit  viiirs.  Dr.  Schliinmnn  huH  cxcnvittcil  the 
ruins  of  Mvcc'iiic,  uiid  Iuim  founii  evidence  lliut  it 
really  niii>l  have  liicn.  in  very  early  times,  the 
M'at  of  a  stnuiK  and  ri(  h  nionarcliy.  lint  the 
Aeliaian  kintrdoni  had  entirely  disiippi'Hreii,  and 
the  Aeliaian  people  had  Nlirunk  to  an  insi^niti- 
caiit  eonnnunity,  i»n  the  tiulf  of  Corinth,  when 
the  tlnsl  assured  views  uf  (ireek  history  olHU  to 
n» 

The  Dorians. 

It  He'enis  to  he  a  faet  that  the  Achaian»  had 
heen  overw  helnied  hy  a  ureal  invasion  of  more 
liarliarciiis  (ireek  triltes  from  the  N<»rth.  wry 
nitieh  as  the  Uomaii  l-^mpire,  in  later  times,  \\:in 
I'uried  under  an  avalanche  of  Itarbarisiu  from 
liermany.  The  invaders  were  a  trilie  or  leaiiue 
of  triUs  called  Dnriaiis,  who  had  lieen  ilriven 
from  their  Mwn  pnvious  home  nn  the  slopes  of 
the  IMiidiis  moiititain  ramre.  TIa'ir  moveiia>nt 
southward  was  part,  as  appears,  of  an  extensive 
shiftim;  c.f  place,  or  miL'ratii>n,  that  i«eMrml  at 
that  tiriu'  (net  Inn^',  it  is  pmlialde,  hefore  the  he- 
(.'iunin;:  of  the  historic  periixl)  anaiuk'  the  trilx'S 
of  lleilas.  Tiic  Dorians  iluimed  that  in  ciai- 
(pierini;  I'elopoimesus  they  were  recovering  a 
heritage  from  which  their  chiefs  bad  been  an- 
cienlly  expelled,  and  their  hgends  were  sha|H'd 
accordingly.  Tlie  Dorian  chiefs  ap|M'ared  in  these 
legends  as  descendanttt  of  Hercules,  and  the 
tradiliiin  of  the  conipiest  hccame  u  story  of  "The 
Return  of  the  Ileraclida," 

Tlie  principal  states  foumled  or  posaemod  and 
controlled  l)y  the  Dorians  in  l\'lo|>ouuesus.  after 
their  con(|uest,  were  8parta,  or  Laeedtenion, 
Argos.  anil  Corinth.  The  Spartans  were  the 
most  warlike  of  the  Greeks,  —  the  most  resolute 
and  energetic, — and  their  h'ailcrship  in  practical 
alTnirs  cnmmiin  to  the  wiiolc came  to  Ih' generally 
acknowledged.  At  the  same  time tlicy  had  little 
of  the  intellectual  superiority  which  distinguished 
Some  of  tlieir  lleMenic  kindnd  in  so  remarkaljle 
a  degree.  Their  state  was  orgaiii/.ed  on  u  ditary 
priniiples;  its  lonslitutinn  (tlie  Ixidy  of  famims 
ordinanei  s  ascrilKii  to  l.yeurgus)  was  a  cihIc  of 
rigiil  di-eipliiic,  which  dealt  with  the  citizen  asa 
soldier  always  under  training  for  war,  and  lie- 
mandi  d  from  him  the  utmust  simplicity  of  life. 
Till  ir  form  of  government  combined  apiculiar 
miiii.ireiiv  ilia\ing  two  royal  families  ami  two 
kiiii.'^)  Willi  an  aristocratic  "senate  (the  (ierousia), 
and  a  diiiineratic  as.seiiihly  (which  vnted  on 
matters  unly  as  siilmiit'.eil  to  it  liy  the  senate), 
with  an  irre^piiiisilple  executive  over  the  wlmle, 
(oii-i-t,..;.'  of  tive  nun  called  the  ICpliors.  This 
singular  t'liveriiment.  e.vseiitially  aristiKTatii  or 
iiliirarihiral,  wiis  iiiaintained,  with  little  disturh- 
ance  or  elianiri  .  throiiirh  the  whole  inde|»'nd''iit 
history  of  Sparta.  In  all  resjiects,  the  Spartans 
were  the  must  e.inservative  and  the  least  progres- 
sive among  the  pnlitically  important  Greeks. 

At  the  la-ginniiii;  of"the  domination  of  the 
Dorians   in    Peloponnesus,   their  city    of   Argos 

^.V.K     ^!f'-     I'-id.     rtlfl    "rt-    the    head    vt    a    league 

which  included  Corinth  and   uiher  city-states. 


But  Sparta  soon  rose  to  rivalry  with  Argos ,  ihco 
ntlucrd  it  to  a  wcoadary  place,  and  flnallv  tub 
Jugated  it  completely. 

The  Ionian*. 

The  extensive  shifting  of  population  whirh 
had  pnxluced  its  most  important  result  in  ilie 
invasion  of  I'clnponnesus  liy  the  Dorians,  must 
'lave  c  ised  great  lonunotiuns  and  eh:nii;iii 
through  ut    the    -vliole    Greek    peninsula.    :iii,l 

quite  as  much  north  of  the   Corinthim   i^il ■« 

as  south  of  it.  liiit  in  the  part  which  lies  ii<  in  si 
to  the  isthmus  —  the  liriuich  peninsula  i>f  .\iiiia 
—  the  old  inhaliitanis  appear  to  have  lull  ilnir 
ground,  repi'lling  invaiiers,  and  their  (iimiry 
wasatlected  only  by  an  inlliix  of  fiigiiivis.  ih  im; 
from  the  conipiered  IVIiiponnesus.  The  .Vijc 
jHHiple  wire  more  nearly  akin  to  the  e\|,.  Ilnl 
Achaians  and  baiians  tlian  to  the  oiii'ini  r:i:^' 
Dorians,  altlioiiirh  a  comninii  lirotherliui'<i  in  tin: 
llellenie  race  was  recoiinized  by  all  ft  ilum 
Whatever  disliiiiiiun  there  mav' have  bi.nl,,.. 
fiire  la't ween  Achaians  and  lonians  now  ]ir:i(ii 
cally  disappcari'd,  and  the  Ionic  name  !» ..iiut 
common  to  the  whole  branch  of  the  (imk  [i,,,. 
pie  which  derived  itself  from  tlicin.  'Ilir  inipur- 
tant  divi.-.iiin  of  the  race  tlirough  all  ii..vulix'- 
qiient  history  was  between  Dorians  and  l"hi,iii.\ 
'('lie  .f^ilians  constituted  a  third  ilixi^i-ii,  et 
minor  im|uirtance  and  of  far  less  signitii  ;iii<  •■ 

The  distinction  iK'tween  lonians  and  I''  li.iiis 
was  a  very  real  one.  in  character  no  less  Iliaa  in 
traditions  and  name.  The  lonians  ».  re  tlie 
superior  (Jreeks  on  tlie  intellectual  side  It  na.< 
among  them  that  the  wonderful  genius  psiliil 
which  prcxluced  the  greater  marvels  of  art.  Iltiri- 
turc  aial  philosophy  in  (Jreek  civili/aiioii  It 
was  among  them,  t<x),  that  the  instiiiiiinm  uf 
political  freisliiin  were  carried  to  their  liit'li'st 
attainment.  Their  chief  city  was  Athene,  auj 
the  splendor  of  its  history  liears  testimony  to 
their  unexampled  genius.  (Ju  the  olln  r  liiinl, 
the  Dorians  were  less  thoughtful,  less  iiiiiiciia- 
tive,  less  broad  in  judgment  or  feelirii;  — I.ss 
susceptible,  it  would  wa'in.  of  a  high  nliiiniieiit 
of  culture;  but  no  less  capable  in  pnicticil  pur- 
suits, no  less  vigorous  in  effective  aeiiin,  iml 
sounder,  p«'rhaps,  in  tlieir  moral  coii~;iiii:iua. 
Sparta,  which  stood  at  the  head  of  tin  li.,ric 
states,  contributed  almost  nothing  to  (in.K  lit- 
eruture,  Greek  thought,  Greek  art.  or  ilnrk 
commerce,  but  exercised  a  gn'at  inllin  nn  on 
Greek  political  history.  (Jtlier  Doric  ^i  iIk.  is 
peciallv  Corinth,  were  foremost  in  idiniui  n  iul 
and  I'oloniy.ing  ciiterprise,  and  attaii.'i!  vome 
brilliancy  of  artistic  civilization,  but  w;;li  iih<l- 
crate  originality. 

Greeks  and  Phoenicians. 

It  was  natural,  as  noted  above,  that  Ilh  lonks 
sliouhl  be  induced  at  an  early  day  t.i  i.r.  ijite 
the  surniiiniliiig  si.'as,  and  to  engnire  i  ,  irnlc 
with  neighlsiring  nalioiis.  They  were  n  ■■  ri_i- 
nal,  it  is  suppoM'd,  in  these  ventures,  li-i'  I  ir:;ol 
more  or  less  of  ship  building  and  the  ar!  I  iiivi 
gallon  froman  older  |ieople.  the  I'leeiiii  ,:  -,  "li'i 
lUvelt  on  the  coa.st  of  Syria  and  I'alr-'ii  ,  lU'l 
whose  chief  cities  were  Sidon  and  'I'vi-  Tin' 
I'hienicians  had  cxtendeil  'heir  comniei. .  n  ili  l.v 
through  the  .Mediteminca.i  lafo,,.  ih,  ilreiks 
came  into  rivalry  with  them.  Tim'  ^1  ;  -  nnJ 
their  incrchaats.  and  th^  war-:-  Tii.y  r:rr-;. 
were  familiar  in  the  .£geau  when  liie  ll'jnaric 


1020 


EUKOPE 


Karly  AlKnu. 


EUKOPE 


pncim  were  compoioil.  They  neini  to  luiv  Iwn 
till  ii'iK  liiTt  of  lliv  I'srlv  (in  rka  ii<  iimiiy  tiling" 
TIhv  pivi'  llieen,  with  llulf  itntiht.  Ilie  Inviiiiloii 
cif  ihc  iil|ilmlK-t,  which  tlii'V  Ilifiiiwlvcii  liuil  Ixir 
riiKnIfriiin  Knypt.  Thoy  invrytil  hlntnof  uri, 
nhirh  iKinastonishinir  rrultH  when  pliuitid  in  Ihi- 
fiflilf  llill< rile  imHt.'iiiiilion.  Thi'y  riirriid  from 
tli>'  KxHl  strnii);)'  Htoricn  of  f;o<U  and  ilcmieiMlit, 
uliuli  inrc  woven  into  Ilic  niytliuloifv  of  tlic" 
Onilii  Tliry  gave.  In  fiut.  to  (ifieli  clvllijation. 
Hi  ii^UBinniriK,  tlic  itricili'it  iinpiilHt'  it  ncrivi'd. 
iliit  .'ill  tliiit  llrll»!i  took  from  tli4'  oiiiir  world  it 
HpiiiL'lil  into  II  iii'W  I'lmrai'lcr.  and  |itit  upon  it 
till'  Kliiiip  of  its  onii  iinniistakaltir  gciiiiis  In 
luiviculiiinaiid  conimi'rcTtlii' (IrcckMof  tlir  coiuit 
dtii'iiinil  till'  islaniNwcre  alilc.  ire  lontt,  to  mm- 
|.iti'<in  I'vrn  tirniH  with  Ihi'  i'lioniriani,  and  it 
Implii'iii'd.  in  no  jtrriit  spnci'  of  timp.  that  tlii'V 
liHil  (Irivi  n  tlir  latliT  entirely  fmin  the  .l^gean 
ami  Ihc  Kiixine  wus, 

Greek  Colonici. 

Tlii'V  liid  now  ocriipied  with  colonieii  tile  couHt 
of  A^iii  Minor  and  the  islaniU  on  tiotli  their  own 
ci«iM<  I'll!'  Ionian  Orcek't  wi  re  the  principal 
curmii/crs  of  the  Asiatic  shore  and  of  the  Cv- 
olailcs  On  the  fonner  nnd  near  it  tiny  founded 
twelve  townn  of  note,  including  Samos.  Miletii.s, 
Epiiesu!',  Chios,  nnd  IMioia'a.  widch  are  anioni; 
tlic  inure  famous  cities  of  ancient  times.  Their 
liii|«irlaiit  island  settlcnn'iits  in  the  ('y<'lades  wen' 
NiiMH,  D.los,  Melos,  and  I'aros.  They  pos- 
»<>srd,  liki'«isi',  the  >.'reat  island  of  Kiilnea,  with 
its  two  Miallliy  cities  of  Clialcis  and  Kretria. 
Tlii'se,  nilli  Attica,  con.stitiiled,  in  the  main,  the 
lonle  portion  of  ifcllas. 

The  l>ori,'ins  occupied  the  islands  of  UIkhIcs 
ml  (  OS  and  founded  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Slinor 
the  lilies  of  llalicarnasNUs  and  ('nidus. 

The  important  .-Eolian  colonies  in  Asia  were 
Snivrim  (iieqiiired  later  by  the  lonians).  Temnos, 
Lnri^!ia,  luid  Cyme.  Of  the  islands  they  occu- 
pieil  IjCsIkis  anil  Tenedos.  ! 

From  these  settlements  on  neifjliliorin!;  coasts  ' 
ami  isliiiids  the  vigorous  Greeks  pushed  on  to 
more  ilisiunt  lielils.  It  is  probable  that  their  col- 
nniis  Wire  inCyprusand  Crete  lieforethe  eighth 
(I'Utiiry,  lie.  In  the  seventh  century  IJ.  C, 
liiiriiii;  a  lime  of  confusion  ami  weakness  in 
Egynl.  thiy  had  entered  that  countrv  as  allies 
(,r  as  mercenaries  of  the  kings,  nnd  had  founded 
8  city.  Xaucratis,  which  became  an  important 
aiii'tit  in  the  e.vcliange  of  arts  and  ideas,  as  well 
as  iif  merchandise,  In'tween  the  Nile  and  the 
.Ks.'!  an.  Within  a  few  years  past  the  site  of 
.Nam  rails  has  laen  uneovereil  by  explorers,  and 
iiiui  h  has  lieeii  liroiight  to  light  that  was  obsiure 
in  IJri  I  k  and  Kgyptian  history  Iwfore.  Within 
Ihe  senile  sevinlh  century, Cyrene  and  Barea  had 
l»'ii  hiuli  on  the  African  coast,  farther  west. 
Ki.  II  .1 , ,  iitiiry  iK.fiiri.  that  time,  the  Corinthians 
111  tiki  n  possi'ssion  of  I'orcvni  (modern  Corfu) 
ami  i!m  .\ .  with  the  men  of  Chaleis  nnd  Mcgarn, 
II  ai  lively  founding  cities  that  grew  great 
II'  li.  in  .'Sitily  and  in  southern  Italy,  which 
a'ljuircd  the  name  of  "Magna  Ora-cia" 
I  ilriiii )  At  a  not  niucli  later  time  they 
nsvil  northwards  tn  t\K  Euxinc  or  Black 


k,.\  I,., 
and  11 
laitrr 

ha.l 


^  I    and   liad   scattered   settlements  along   the 
liiMiiiii  and  Macedonian  coast,  including  one 
"•'/iiin  union  tlie  Bosnhorus.   which  iK-cjim" 
U'^anii  years  Iliad  passed,  the  imperial 
Lnoatantiuople.     About  597  B.C.,  the 


ll: 
citv 


Phocirnns  had  planted  a  coluoy  at  Maaiialia.  la 
Houthcrn  Oaiil.  from  which  sprang  the  gn'»t 
city  known  in  nuHlern  times  as  MarwiMes,  And 
much  of  all  this  had  Ixen  done,  by  loiii.ins  and 
Dorians  togclher.  Infore  Athens  (in  whicli  Attic* 
now  cenlend  itself,  and  which  loomed  finally 
grealir  In  glory  than  the  whole  Hellenic  world 
iKsidesl  liad  made  a  known  mark  in  history. 

Rite  of  Atheni. 

At  first  there  had  been  kings  in  .Vthens.  and 
legends  had  gathered  about  their  nanus  which 
give  modern  historians  a  groundwork  for  criti- 
cal giicKsing.and  scarcely  more.  Then  llii'  king 
disap|ieared  and  a  magistrate  called  Arclion  tisik 
his  place,  who  held  olllce  for  only  ten  years. 
The  arclions  are  lieMevcd  to  have  "been  ('lioscn 
tlrst  from  the  old  royal  family  aloiif  ;  but  after 
a  time  the  olllce  was"  thrown  ojien  to  all  noble 
families.  This  was  the  arisliH-nitie  stage  of  |)0- 
litical  evolution  in  the  city  state  The  next  step 
was  taken  in  (W;l  H.  C.  (whicli  is  said  to  be  the 
U'ginning  of  autlieiitic  Athenian  i  hnnology) 
when  nine  arclions  were  created,  in  plaie  of  the 
one,  and  their  term  of  olbce  was  reduced  to  a 
single  year 

l''ift,v  years  later.  nlMiut  tVil  li.  ('.,  the  people 
of  Athens  obtained  their  lirst  code  of  written 
law,  aserilMil  to  one  l>nico,  and  descrilied  as  a 
code  of  much  severity.  Hut  it  gavi'  certaintv  to 
law.  for  the  tlrst  time,  and  was  the  first  great 
protective  measure  securid  by  the  people.  In 
t'll'J  H.  C.  a  noble  namcal  Kylonatlempled  to  over- 
throw the  arist'Kratie  government  and  establish 
a  tyranny  under  himself,  but  he  failed. 


"f 


Legislation  of  Solon. 

Then  there  came  forward  in  public  life  another 
noble,  H  ho  was  one  of  the  wisest  men  and  purest 
patriots  of  any  country  or  age,  and  who  made  an 
attempt  of  ouitc  another  kind  This  was  fiolon, 
the  famous  lawgiver,  who  iK'came  arehon  in  594 
B.  C.  The  political  state  of  Athens  at  that  time 
has  Ikcii  descrilH'd  for  us  in  an  ancient  Gn i k 
treatise  lately  discovered,  and  which  is  believed 
to  lie  one  of  the  hitherto  lost  writings  of  Aristotle. 
"Not  ouly,"  says  the  autliorof  this  triati.M',  "was 
the  constitution  at  this  time  oligarchical  in  every 
respect,  but  the  poorer  classes,  men,  women, 
ami  children,  were  in  absolute  slaverv  to  the  rich. 
.  .  .  The  whole  country  was  in  the  hands  of  a 
few  persons,  and  if  the  tenants  faileil  to  pay  their 
rent,  they  were  liable  to  be  haled  into  slavery, 
and  their  chililren  with  them.  Their  persons 
were  mortgaged  to  their  creditors."  Sohm  saw 
that  this  was  a  Mate  of  things  not  to  U'  endured 
by  sucha  people  astlie  .Mhenians.  and  liee.xerted 
himself  to  change  it.  lie  obtained  authoritv  to 
frame  a  new  constitution  and  a  new  cihIc  of  laws 
forthe  state.  In  the  hitter,  ho  [irovided  measures 
for  relieving  the  o|ipress<'d  clitss  of  debtors.  In 
the  fonner,  he  did  not  create  a  dcmoeratic  gov- 
ernment, but  he  greatly  increased  the  political 
l>o«crs  of  till  people.  He  cla.ssilied  them  ao- 
conlin,-  to  their  wealth,  delining  four  classes,  the 
citizens  in  each  of  which  had  certain  political 
duties  and  privileges  measun'ii  to  them  bv  the 
extent  of  thiir  property  and  income.  But  the 
whole  iHxIyof  citizens,  in  their  general  assembly 
(the  Ecclesial,  were  given  the  important  right  of 
ch^H'sing  tile  annua!  archons,  wliom  thcv  must 
select,  however,  from  the  ranks  of  the  wealthiest 
class.     At  the  same  time,  Solon  enlarged  the 

1021 


fei 
fl 


KIHOHK. 


ttrr*lu  amt 
iVrfiani 


EtROPE. 


powciKdf  the  old  »rliil(>i'r»tlt' ncnatc  —  tlip  Ari'op 
•itUH  —  (tlvinjf  It  II  «ii|>i'rvi»iim  iif  tlii'  rxi'nitinn 
nf  the  luMH  iinil  II  t-cii>uir>thl)i  of  the  inonilNiif  thi* 

|i.-..|ilr 

'■  Thi-'M*  rliiltliXi-Hiliii  111)1  riin-4tlllllr  IK-llUMTiirx  , 
—  a  form  nf  ^omtiiiiii-iii  tltt-n  iinknowii.  iiihl  for 
wliicli  tlit-n*  vvjtM  ill  yrl  im  word  in  llif  (irn'k 
hiiiL'iiiii.'i'  Itiil  llii'\  iiiiliiili'il  llic  ilciiKH'riilii' 
spirit  AtliiiiH.   Hum  fiirlv   •<tarli'il  iMi  In  r 

w;i\ .  -  t'timiit  ii'.itcfl  from  tlir  ilforiplinr  of  iiri^to 
criitif  '.(■licHil  Mi:i^t«T'*.  mill  LTowlni;  into  uii  imi- 
nf  iiijnly  liliiTtv  iui'i  -rlf  ri'Hlniint. —  nuiir  rvrii 
tiialU  niiiri  rio'  llir  iilialof  '  tlir  iiixnl  lifr  '  |.\rls 
tnlli'H  phra^M'l  lliuii  nnv  i>lluT  Sliilc  in  lli'MiM  " 
(\V    \V    r.mlrr  I 

Tjrrannjr  of  Piii(tr>tu«. 

lint  1«  fori'   III.'  .VlliiiiiaiH  rraclii'il  llii'ir  iirar 
n("*M  to  ihis  "  ^otMl  life,"  thfv  liail  to  pasH  iiiitlcr 


yranl.  "  I'nistralnH.    «li 
pcHiriT  proplc.  anil,  with  tlwir 
,\(ropolif 


Ih'  yoke  of 
Ilic   favor  of  till' 

lii'Ip.  I'HtaliliKlii'il  liimiMlf  ill  llii<  Arropolls  iVIO 
II  ('  )  »illia  fiinltfii  1,'nanl  toinaintniii  lii»  powir. 
Twire  driviii  iml,  lir  waft  Iwirr  ri'slori'd.  iiiiil 
n'iL'nrili|iiili'  jiislly  ami  priiili'iilly.  on  liii'  wlinlr. 
uuiil  liisdialli  in  'til  11  ('  llr  wait  succii'di'd 
by  liislwosonK.  IlippiaHiind  lli|)parrlins;  liiit  tlii' 
lalti  r  was  killi'd  in.')!  I.  and  IlippiiiK  wiutcxpclli'd 
liy  till'  Spartans  in  ."ilil  II  ('  ;  iiflir  wliicli  tliiTi' 
wiw  no  tyranny  in  AiIuih 

The  Oemocratic  Republic. 

(Ill  Till'  fall  of  the  I'isistratida'.  a  majority  of 
till' nolili' or  privili'Hi'd  <  Ixs-i  siriiKKli'd  liani  to 
ri'cain  tliiir  old  aM'ciiilaiiey ;  lint  one  of  tlii'ir 
nninlnr.  ('li'isllii'iiis,  took  the  sidi'  of  till'  |ii'i)pli' 
and  lii'lprd  tlii'in  to  t'stalilisli  adi'inorratic  coiiHti 
tnlioii.  III'  I  aiisid  tlii'  aiirirnt  tribal  division  nf 
till'  lili^rns  to  111'  abnlislii'il.  and  siibslitiiti'd  a 
division  whirli  niixi'd  tlir  iiirinlH'rs  nf  rians  and 
broki*  lip  or  wrakt-nril  tlir  (-laiinisli  intliii'iiri*  in 
poliiirs.  lit' I'lilar^ril  Solon's  si'iiatr  nr  I'oiinril 
and  iliviili'd  it  inlii  roinniitlirs,  and  lir  briiiii;lil 
lilt'  "trrli-si.'i,"  or  popular  ass^'inblv,  into  a  iiiori' 
artivi'i'Xi'n  iscof  its  powrrs.  Ili'iilso  introiltiriil 
till'  riistoni  of  nsirarisni,  wliiili  pirniittrd  tlii' 
riti/insof  Aliii'iis  to  banish  by  tliiir  vole  any 
man  wlmni  liny  tlioiiL'lit  daiii;i'riius  to  tin'  stair, 
'riii*  roiisiitiilioii  of  ('ti'istlii-ni'S  was  thr  final 
foundation  of  tin-  Alln'iiian  di'iiiorr.-itir  rrpnblir. 
Monun  liii  al  and  ari^loi  ralir  Sparia  rrsintrd  tin' 
|iiipii|:ir  rliaiiu'i'.  and  uinlirlook  to  ri'siorr  tin 
olii.Mn  by  liy  fori  t- of  anus  ,  but  llic  roiiM-ildi'iiiS' 
rary  of  .\tliriis  ilifiinli  d  its  newly  won  libirtiis 
witii  viiror  and  suit  rss. 

The  Persian  Wars. 

Niil  .Minns  only,  but  all  tlri'i'ie,  was  now 
aboiii  to  lu'  put  to  a  list  wliirli  provi'd  tin'  rt'- 
inarUabli'  ipialily  of  boili.  and  foriiu'd  tin'  bi'i.Mn- 
niiiL'  of  till  ir  i:ri-at  rarnr.  'I'l.i*  Ionian  litirs  of 
Asii  Minor  bad  riri'nily  biiii  Iwiri.  lonipiiri  d. 
tirsi  by  Criisiis.  Kiiii;  of  I.ydia.  and  tin  n  by 
I'ynis  till-  (Jri'at.  foiindiT  of  tin'  I'irsian  I'mpirr. 
who  bad  ovirtlirowii  Cru'sns  (II  (',  .MT),  and 
takni  bis  iloininions  Tin'  I*t'rsi;ins  oppri'ssi-d 
tliciii.  and  ill  ."iim  li  ('  tiny  rose  in  rrvnlt.  Athens 
and  Krriria  sciil  inlp  to  tbi'in,  wliiU'  Spirtu  rr 
fiisi-d  Tliu  ri'voll  waa  suppn'ssi'd,  and  Darius, 
thi'  kinit  of  I'lrsia.  planned  venneance  upon  the 
Athenians  and  Knt rians  for  the  aid  they  hail 
civ.  n  til  it.  U.:  .s.  ht  ..11  .Apf.iillou  ai^alu.st'  [iielil 
In  49;i  B.  (.'.,  whieli  was  mostly  destroyed  by  a 


102 


•lorni.  In  49«)  R  T  he  netit  a  arennd  poiMrfnl 
army  and  lliii.  wlihli  tiMik  Krrlrla  and  r,/.,|  ,t 
111  the  uroiiiid  The  )rre«t  I'erHian  arim  li,,  n 
mart  liisl  upon  ,\tln-iis,  and  was  met  at  .\I  o  iih.:i, 
bvammill  .Mlieiilan  forieof  U.iKN)inen  1 1,.  I,nl,. 
iltyof  rialieaseiil  I.IMKI  more  tiiKtand  wiih  ilntu 

ill  the  di's|M'rale  em  ounter.     They  had  i tlm 

aid  in  the  tli;ht.  and  the  ■■ersiaiiK  wen-  a  lti  ii  um 
iiiinil»red  host,  lint  .Milliades,  tlielinik  i,'iiiiril 
that  day.  planned  his  buttle  i'hari;eso  '.vill  ih  n  |„. 
roiiled  the  Asialii'  host  and  lost  lint  llli  in.  n 

Tile  I'l  rsians  abainloiii'd  llieir  iittempi  mv\  ri 
turned  to  (heir  wnilbfiil  kinu  One  ii!i/.!i  ,if 
.\tlii'iis.  Theiiiistin  li's.  had  MiK.'ieity  inoiuli  i,, 
foresi'e  Unit  the  "(Inat  Kiiii,'.  "  lis  lie  was  ki  nn 
wiiiild  not  ri'st  submissive  under  his  di  b  h  ,|,.| 
Willi  dillli  iiliy  he  iH'rsuaileil  his  fellow  i  in,-,  ns ;,. 
prepare  lliem.K'lvi  s  for  fiiiim'  eonlliets  In  liiiml 
inn  a  tliel  and  by  fortifyill^'  their  liarls.is  ilnn 
inakiiii;  Ihiniselvis  |H>\verfiil  at  wa.  'I'ln  wn 
doiii  of  his  ciiiiiisi'Ih  was  pnived  in  Iwi  II  (' 
when  Xirves,  the  sueeeswinir  l>ariiis,  I,  ,|  ^ 
army  of  priKlii;loiis  size  iiilo  tlreeee.  enis-iiiir  i|,t. 
IIi'lles|»iiii  by  a  bridge  of  Uiats  Thi-  liiiu. 
Sparta.  Coriiiih.  and  several  of  llie  h'ssi  r  siinn. 
rallied  with  Athens  to  llieilefeneeof  the  i  niiniiDii 
eoiinlry;  but  Tnebes  and  .Vrjfos  Hhownl  Iriiii.l 
Hliip  to  the  Persians,  and  none  nf  the  intpwri:iiit 
island  eoloiiies  eniitribiited  any  help  Ailiuiii 
was  the  brain  and  ri^lit  arm  of  the  war.  imiHiili 
Htiiniliii);  the  aeeiistomed  kaderNhip  nf  Spirii  in 
military  alTairs 

The  iirst  eniniinler  was  at  Therinopyl  e  wIi'Tc 
I.ennidas  and  his  :IIN)  Siuirtans  ilefeniliil  iln'  inr 
row  pass,  and  died  in  tlnir  plaie  wlnii  lln  I'l  r 
siiins  found  u  way  aeross  the  iiioiiiil.-ijti  !>>  -iir 
round  tliem.  Hut  on  that  same  day  tin-  I'l  iMan 
lleet  was  iMaten  at  Arleinisiuni.  .\er\i-.  nun  |i,.i| 
on  Alliens,  however,  found  the  i  ilv  ils.ii.i, 
and  desinived  it.  Mis  tieet  had  follow.  I  liiin. 
and  was  still  stnintfer  than  the  naval  f.i. .  .  f  lit' 
(Jreeks.  TheniisliN'li'sfnreed  II  battle,  :iLMiii-t  'lit! 
will   if  the   l'elo|Niniii'sian  captains,  aii.l  iruii 

lally   destroyed    Hie    Persian   Heel       Tin-  si 

nienioralite  bailb-  of  S.alamis  was  ih  ,-isivi'  <.|'  ilie 
war,  and  deeisive  of  the  independinei' ol  lir.'.r 
Xerxes,  in  a  paiiie,  liasleneil  liaik  iiilo  A-ii  li.r. 

iiii:  one  nf  bis  generals,  .Manlonius,  wiili  .; "i" 

men.  Ill  pursue  the  war.  Hut  .Mar.l.'niu.  »u 
routed  and  bis  host  annihilaled,  at  I'l  ii  i  i  tin- 
next  yi'iir,  while  the  Persian  tleel  was  .u  nil  .!•■ 
fealeil  on  the  s;imi'  day  at  ,>Iyeali' 

The  GolJen  Age  of  Athens, 

'I'llr  War  ll;lil  Is-ell  ^'loiioiis  f..r  tin  \l!i-  iiliin, 
and  all  eollld  see  tlial  tiieere  had  been  -.r.  "1  'y 
tlieir  spirit  and  their  inleltii^enee  .am  li  in  '<  'luu 
by  the  valor  of  Sparta  and  the  oilie:  -i  .  -  But 
tliev  were  in  a  w.ifiil  eondition,  wiili  '[!■  r  <■■')' 
destroyed  and  their  families  wiiln.'i!  h  .i"' 
Wastini;  no  lime  in  lanienlations.  iln>  r  ''i;!'  ilu' 
town,  slretrhed  its  walls  to  a  wider  i  ip  .■■•■  y.v\ 
forlilied  it  more  slroniily  than  belore,  ';:■,  1.  r  iho 
lead  of  Hie  sairaeioiis 'riiemistoiles  Tie  -  i:  ijh 
Iwirs  were  meanly  jealous,  and  S|>:iri,i  i  .  1.  i! 
tem|ilsto  interfere  with  ilie  biiildiii:;  >''."■  y-iV.-. 
but  ThemistiH'Ies  batlled  them  eimnit..  1 . .  :in'l 
the  new  .Vtliens  riwe  proudly  out  of  tie  i-;.'  -  "' 
theolil. 

The  Ionian  islands  and  towns  nf  ,Vsii  .\rni>t 
(whieli  had  bniken  the  Persian  yokel  no  v  n.  s.' 
iii/.ed  (he  supeiiurily  and  leaileisiiip  <■:  \:;i.;;.^ 
unduleaguc  was  f  jrmed  among  them  w!,!.  ii  litlJ 

■70 


>> 


.•%i 


ECROPX. 


litrUnf  a/ AOunt 


EtHOPE 


Uv  mn'tlnKi  of  Iti  dcnulln  anil  krpt  iln  Ircuiiry 
In  the  trmplx  nt  ApoUn  nn  the  nrrp<l  Ulanil  »f 
I>rl<«.  fur  whirh  rramn  It  who  cnllnl  thi'  Ciin 
fwlimcv  n(  Dele*,  or  Ibc  Dt'lliin  l^raKiii'  The 
PiliipiimHslaii  ntutni  foniml  ii  lixxnr rival  Iphkik- 
iindtT  tl'ctieailiiliipDf  Sp<irtn  Till' ('iiiifiiliracy 
n(  IMm  was  in  «ym|willi.V  »itli  |N<|>ii|iir  jt'ivcrii 
nif  iris  iiiiil  |K>|piiliir  jmrlirHrvir\  wliiTc.  whllo  the 
S|iiri:>nfi  mill  Ihi'ir  [ullnKiiii;  faMirnl  iiliKiiriliirii 
Mil  urtHtiKTiitir  piirtlfM  TIk t"  'vitc  many  ih'i-h 
umiii  fur  hiMlilily  iM'twii'n  llii-  tnn. 

Till'  Alliinlann.  at  llif  In  ul  iif  tin  ir  Cniifiil 
cruv.  wirr  stroni?.  uiilil  liny  iin|miri'il  llicir 
niimr  hy  umnit  it  In  tyniiiniml  wayt.  Many 
lf»-M  r  ilati's  in  tin*  Ici'^in'  wrrr  fiKilish  rnmii^li  tn 
cnriiiiiiiti'  in  innni-y  paynii-ntM  tin-  rmitrilMillun  of 
«lil|>(i  anil  nii'n  nliicli  liny  liml  pliilt'iil  tlirni 
mjvit  li>  niakr  In  tin'  <■ ninn  naviil  fnrrn     Tlii'i 

(Tivi-  Mlirns  till'  piiWIT  In  MM'  tliat  fnrri' lllllpnti 

(iilly.  aH  lirr  own,  anil  ohr  illil  nut  turiipli'  In  ex 
iTiiM  till- pn.'iT.  Tin*  Cimfi'ilfrary  was*  wwin  n 
naini';  tlii'  stales  fnrmini;  it  wire  nn  l<iii>;i'r aliirs 
(ifAlliiiiH.  lait  Inr  siilijicls;  hliu  rulnl  llnin  as 
till-  snvcriiitn  n(  nn  Knipiri-,  iinil  In  r  riili'  was 
mliliir  (.'iniTiiiis  nor  Inst.  TliiTcliy  Ihr  iloiililr 
til' "f  kiiwliip  anil  of  Interest  wliirli  iniu'lit  liave 
Imuinl  tin'  whole  einle  of  Ionian  siati  s  to  her 
furiiini's  anil  herwlf  was  destroyeil  hy  her  own 
ai'iH  Provoking  the  lialreil  of  her  allies  ami 
rli:ilii'ni:ini;  the  Jealous  fear  of  her  rivals,  Athens 
haii  litany  enemies. 

At  tlie  same  time,  a  danneroiH  ehan>re  in  the 
cliiniilir  of  her  ilemiirnilie  insliliitions  was  lie 
pun.  priKlneeil  es|>e(ially  liy  the  hiNtitiition  of 
|Ki|iiilar  jury  eon rts.  iM'fore  whieh  proseiiiilons 
rif  rvrrv  kinil  wen-  trieil,  thi'  eiti/.ens  who  con 
Miliiiiil  till' courts  lu'tin);  as  Jury  anil  jnilire  ut 
(inie  Tliis  pivi>  them  ii  valuiihle  trainini;.  with 
out  iIdiiIiI,  anil  helpi'il  j;reatly  to  niisi-  the  <-oni- 
miin  slanilaril  of  intelii);enee  unioii);  tin'  Alheni 
•IIS  so  hich :  hut  it  iliil  umiuestionalilv  tcnil  also 
tiiiliniiiralizaliiins  that  were  ruinous  (u  the  inil. 
Tile  jury  service,  whiih  was  slij;hlly  paiil,  fill 
mire  ami  mor  ■  to  an  unworlhy  class,  niiule  up  of 
iillirsor  iMiricuers.  I'arly  feelini;  anil  popular 
p.■i^^illl|w  naineil  an  inercasmc  intluence  over  tlie 
jiiriis  .iml  ilemaKo|!ues  acipiireil  nn  inereasiii); 
ikill  ill  nial-.int;  use  of  them.      • 

liii!  tl  seevila  were  s<arccly  more  than  in  their 
wM  .!■'  .111;  the  ureal  perii«',  "of  '•  Athenian  Km- 
pin.  ■  a-i  ii  is  sometimes  calleil,  ami  evcrvlhin^ 
niliilii  its  iH.umls  WiLs  sii!7iiseil  with  the  s'hiniiu: 
nrliii'lor  of  lliat  ma;-hless  half  cenlurv.  The 
pniusof  this  little  Ionic  state  was  stimiilaleil  to 
aiii.i/ii!-  :irliii-ven»-nls  in  every  intellectual  llel.l. 
.K~livlii-.  SophiK-les,  Kuripii'les,  Aristophams, 
wiiliiM  a  sinu'le  pMieralion,  crowileil  Athenian 
Ii!'  iiuri'  witli  the  inaslerpieccsof  classicilrama. 
I'll'  I'll  i>  iii'l  liiseom|ianionscro\vnei|  the  .\cropo- 
li-  iii'l  lilli'.l  till'  city  with  works  that  have  Ihcu 
III''  111..,!,  Is  in  art  for  all  aires  since.  Sivcrilcs 
I"  -•  in  11,.-  i|ui/./in^whi(  htnrm-il  philosophy  into 
li"!H~i  irulli  seikini;  paths,  ami  I'lato  listeneil  to 
lui'.i  .111.1  was  iiistrinteil  for  his  mi.ssion.  Tliucyil 
ill'  >  \v:iii  lull  events  with  satiacious  vouiiir  eyes 
iii.l  |'ii|i.iii.l  his  pin  forlliechroniclingof  them  : 
"liiic  llirmlotiis,  paiisinc  at  Alliens"  from  his 
«i'l'  Ir.vils,  nmlureil  the  kni)wlc(li;e  he  hail 
f I'll'  I'll  up  anil  perfeeteil  it  for  his  llnal  work. 
<i  IT  ill  of  them  lame  Pericles  to  preside  and  : 
ruli  :int  as  a  nia.slcr,  or  "  tyrant,"  hut  as  leniler. 
»:ui.ir  pairnn,  prmeely  n'puhlicttn,— statesman 
mill  piililiciau  in  one. 


Th«  Ptlopoontsian  War. 

The  perlml  of  (he  aurrniUnry  nf  Prriclrs  wiui 
the  "(fnhlen  aKK  "  of  Athenian  proB|M'rity  and 
IMiwer.  iKith  material  and  Intellectual  The  Ih' 
(.'innliiK  I'f  the  end  of  it  was  n-ached  a  little  liefon' 
he  ilhsl,  when  the  Iniii;  Ihri'atened  war  lietwei'n 
Alliens  and  the  i'elo|ionneaian  league,  Usl  hv 
Sparta,  hroke  out  ill  C  i'M)  If  Athens  Inul 
then  iMisHcsaed  the  cissl  will  of  the  cities  of  her 
own  h'aifue.  and  If  her  citl/ens  had  retained  Ihilr 
old  sohriety  and  inlclliKeme,  kIic  minht  have  tri 
iimphcd  in  the  war:  for  she  was  all  powerful  at 
sia  and  forlilieil  almost  Invini  ililv  aiiainst  at 
lacks  hy  lanil  Mill  tlic  »iih|ecl  sli '  .'s.  1  ailed  al 
lies,  were  hostile,  for  llie  most  part,  and  liel|K'il 
till' enemy  hy  their  revolts,  while  llie  death  of 
Pericles  ill  C  4'.>1I|  let  loos<-  on  Ihe  peoph'  a 
swarm  of  demairoirucs  who  Haltered  and  deluileil 
them,  and  liatlled  the  wiser  und  more  honest. 
»  hose  I'oiinscls  and  leadership  ini;;ht  have  (jlven 
Iter  HucecHs. 

The  filial  folly  of  the  lonK  war  was  an  expeili 
lion  aiiainsi  Ihe  distant  citv  of  Svrnciise  (It  (' 
4l.")-4i:!i,  Into  which  the  Atlienians  were  enliceil 
hy  Ihe  restless  and  unscrupulous  ainhition  of 
Aicihiades  The  entire  force  sent  to  Sicilv  per 
ished  there,  and  Ihe  strength  and  spirit  of  Athens 
were  ruinously  sapped  hy  Ihe  fearful  calamity 
She  luainl.iined  the  war.  however,  until  4it4  H.  ("'  , 
when,  haviiuj  hist  her  Heel  in  the  decisive  hntlle 
of  -Ktriispolainl,  and  Is  injt  helplesslv  Miskaded 
liy  sia  and  land,  the  citv  was  surrendered  to  Ihe 
Spartan  cenenil  I.ysnmfer.  Her  walls  and  forii 
lieations  were  then  ileslroyed  and  her  demoeralie 
trovcrnment  was  overthrown,  ftivinR  plaie  to  nn 
olijij'archy  known  as  the  •  thirty  Ivninls."  The 
ilemiH-raey  snonaiipprcssisl  the  thirty  tynintsand 
rek'ained  control,  and  Athens,  in  time,  rosc>  some 
what  from  her  deep  humiliation,  hut  r  verajrain 
to  much  iiolllieal  power  in  (Ircece  In  intellect 
and  eullivalion.  the  superiority  of  the  .\tiic  slate 
was  slill  maintained,  and  its  ^rrealcst  productions 
in  philosophy  and  eloiiuence  were  vet  to  Ih'  ),'iven 
to  the  world 

Spartsn  and  Theban  Ascendancy. 

.\fler  the  fall  of  .\lhens,  Sparta  was  dominant 
in  tile  whole  of  (ircere  for  thirty  years  and  more, 
exercisini;  1,(  r  power  more  oppressivelv  than 
Athens  had  done.  Then  Tin  1ms,  h  liich  had  luen 
Ireachcriiusly  ^I'w.cil  and  irarrisoned  liv  the  Spar 
lans.thrcwoiT  their  yoke  lit  ( '  :i71l)and  icdnrisinff. 
under  her  >rn  at  and  liii;h  ...iili  d  citi/cn,  Kpanil- 
nondas,  which  resulted  in  lirini.'ini,'  Thela's  tothe 
liead  of  (ircek  atfairs.  Hut  the  Thehan  a.scen 
dam  y  was  short  lived,  and  ended  with  the  deaMi 
of  Kpamin.indas  in  ;!ll','  Ii.  (' 

Macedonian  Supremacy. 

Mcanliine.  wliilc  the  city  slates  of  Hellas  prop 
IT  had  Im'cu  woundiii;;  and  wcakeiiiiii.'  one  an 
other   liy   their   jeaioii>i,s  and    w.irs.    the  .semi 

(ircek   kinu'dotii  of   Ma Ionia,   to  the   north  of 

Ihi'in.  in  tlicirown  peninsula,  had  lieeii  aci(iiiriii!,' 
Iheiri'ivilization  and  irrnwini;  stroii!:  .\nd  now 
there  appeared  upon  its  throne  11  Very  alilc  kinir. 
Philip.  Willi  tisik  ailvantai;!'  of  their  divisions. 
interfered  in  their  alTairs.  and  tinallv  made  li 
practical  ooni(iicsl  of  llie  w  hole  peninsula,  hy  his 
victory  at  the  lialtle  of  (■|iii'roiiea  ili  ('.  lllW). 
At  Athens,  the  -n-at  onlor  !)rtr...;!ii;  iws  Iwd 
exerted  himself  for  years  to  rouse  resistance  to 
I'liilip.     If  his  ehiiiucncc  failed  then,  it  hasserved 


.  \i 


4 .31 


*-f ' 


KrUiM'K 


Homr 


Kjnoi'-; 


III' 


I..-  «..rl,|  Imm..rl5ll)    nlmr.  Iiy  .IcHiiIiiIiik  »i..I   i   ku.iui  f,,r  ivit      TIi.-...  im.i  liilU    .x-ninl.  1  i, 

,ii.lni,ili,tfi„„„kliMl  iii.n..f  i«„„f||„.  null f  |i»h  ..,..«!  ►., ,,, 

Mi.i;  I  hili|.  Miw.iiciir.li.l  In  hU  fiiiiioii«»..ii  !    Ill  i.iir  aiioilur  llinl  n  >iiruU  ilinlii'  |i„|,,,|   „  „ 

Al.  \.,ii,|,  r  ilii  lir.  lit    »liii  till  un  iiriiiv  nf  Jliin'  liil.l  nti  ihiiM'  who  ilwiMid  "ii  I  In  in       Tli.  i  n     i 

.l..|,Mn,  ,.11,1  (in-rk.  ihl,.  A.lu  (II  r   laii.  ,„,T  I   .illii-r  J„h,  l..«.ihrr  ..„  utiii,  ,■ r  ll,;„i  -iZ 

liir.w    111.,    iilr.iiily    i  riiinl.ltnit    (•.i-.-hin    |".wit.    I    wlitrli  i  i.iii Iv  iiiilli  .1  Iluii.ui  |,a^..  „  ,.,  ,!,.  i 

l""-""l   ''i-  ' I'i'-l'  llifi'iiuli   Afcliitnl.i.iii  I..       I I  llvcullfi  i.f  iK.r.l.r  »;irf.in.  ih.      ,,,„i, 

ii.li.i,  mi.l  «..n  „  ^riiil  ,  ni|ilr,.  «l.l,  I,  l„.  ,|l,|  „„|       „„.r,.  l.iit.T,  ili.,,,  il nli.mrv   «„rf..r h  ,1,,",, 

llvr   l..r.llr        Will  11   liiMlH.liIl  (■    M-.M.,  1,1,  tMtl  rliiinlr,       l,.l.'.li.l.    »lll,    ,iiriik.lllMi.,|     Ml,' 

II  ill  .lui.lr.l  111.  •  iiituri'  iiiii..ii4;  lliiii.  itiiil  r..ii)slil  lliMl  uMtfiirr  »iislri..|  liUi..r\  hIiIihII,',  ,■  , -  u 
Hiili..i..Mii..il..i  l..r  in:iii>  M.irn  Hut  111,.  f,n  '  I.IK  ii,  i|,i,i  ||„^  iii,„|  ,|„,1,,.'„,„  i,,,,.,,,  n, 
.rilr.-iili  HM^ilii-  .|.r.ii.|inii  ..f  llir  i  h  ill/.iii|.,n  i«..  lilIN  «.  n- r.  ii.  ..I  wlili  a  ^liii;!..  Kill    ,|„  ,,  ', 

mil  liHj,i:,cr..f  iliitirnk,,  ,111.1  I >i,il,IWii,i,.-       « 1 « .  II.  .1  i.i,  III.  ,1,  .  |,;,„i..,  ,|  |r,.m  „|,.4h  ..  "  ' 

I  I  111.  ir  iiiiilli.  iii:il  liilliiiiui-.  in  l.irv|.|.  In  >irl.i.       i  ilr  i iiniiilil,..  Int..  triU  i  .if  ii  .liiul.. .  i.  ^ 

'"/'"^ .r.an.lUx I  -n,,,  f.,l|.,«,  m  ..f  lt.,i„„l,„  ,h  ,  ,i|,i,..|  ,|„    |.,|  „ 

n  (.niii   ii-ilf.  :i  ,t,ii,..,f  .ll.iiirliiinii-  iiiiil  ..f  lii,.    M..iii,t,  iin.l  ilir  >;,t,in.  h  »,  ri' i.  Ill,  .|    ■,    i .. 

|.,.liii..il  r.,iilii«i.in  mill    w.rikni'.-.   privulliil   f..r  IJ,iiTiii:il       At  ...ili,f,,,i,  ,,1  linn  ■,    Ihr  (  .,  h       | 

i.n..lli.r  i.iiliiri       Tin  rr  «:h  |,r..nil„.  ,,f  »,,i,„.  i  ;,|,it..iin,.,  tin'  Av.nlltn',  thr   i:..|iiiliii.    ,',!"i  i!" 

I  liliiL'  I..  II.  r.  III  th-  |..rii,,,l|,.n,  l.>    mm  ri,l  ..f  tin-  \  iinlinl  liJlK  hit.'  iiiil.r.i.  nl  In  il,.-  i  in  ,i„,    ,-i 

'  '  "I: -I'li'MI'-.  ..f  iir"nl,.|,Tii,y  ..,ll,.|  II,,'  il.'ii,  :ii..|  Ihi'iilv.in  llii'M'Vi'Ulilllslli,,.  I,  ,,„,.„| 

A,  I,  .1:111    l.iMirni-,    "liiili    iiiIl'IiI    |...><il,lv    li:,vr  th.ii  iiiini,' 

fiiliMi,,!  „n.l  i„iti.,n.ili/i.l  111,'  Hl,.,l,.  ,,f  II,  Mas  If   1 rii   Miul.'nls   ami    llilnkiT..     tl.i'.n,  . 

III  III-  .11.1,  I. Ill    llu'    l!..iii:inv   ,11   tlii,    iuniiiirr,  li:,'lil  ..n  th,'  |iii//lln(;  li't'itnl.H  ami  Im.I,!,  .,,.  ,"t 

liiriii.l  III.  ir  r.'iniuiiin-  arm.,  .:i,l»„r.|,  ami  In  lailv  li.an,-  lr.,in  iiianv  w.iir.i  s    In  Ian 1 

I  ir.r-iiii.-iv,.  Har...  I.hmhiuMI  an.l  nil  II  c  .  a.,  li:r..|..i..i ,  hav,- r,.n;trinil  tin  ir  nn  aim,   "i,,!,. 

III.  V  .  Miii-.iisl„.i  111,.  Ma,  |.,l.,i,iiii  kincil ,  anil  iv.  ili,  n  i;r.  at   iiii|,.,rtaii.  .■  allaili.s  I..  il,"„  i,,'. 

anil.  \-.l  11.  »iili  till'  »l,.,l..  |,..nii,'.iila,  1.,  tin  .1.,  iini.>iiH  ,.r  in,  .'r|H.tati..iis  ,.r  ili.iiinl   '..  iil,  ,„  ,  .'1 

""" -"['InirM I.rfiil  ri|.nl.li,'  ^    l,,  ||,    f..rniinL' i.f  tlir  ..litlnal  i  llv  M  11,       r  r  „ 

The  Romans.  I   "■':•, 'li"  '"  f''!"'";-  ;''  !'  I'rmi'.HwIii,  h  «,m  „„ 

._,     „                             ...  '    """'  ""'  »li"li'  "f   l.atiinn.  ami  tin  11  tl,.    .d,,,],. 

riir  lt..tiiahMisMati.,lalriail.i.  ar,'  I.,  li,.v,.,l  I.,  ,.f  lialv.  ami.   linallv.   \\w  «li..li.   M.  .|ii.  m,.,  ,„ 

liav..  U,ii,.iii;inall>  mar  kin.lr,..!  I,,  th,- iJr, ,  k,  «..il,l,  win-  j..iiii,|  't.i  tlir  si-vn  liilK.,|  I'.',,,,. 

Ili,".,ini,'  ni'V.  ni.  ni,  it  N  Mipi.,,..,..!,  in   il„.  m„  TIi,    Hlml,-  lii>l,.rv  ..f  H,.iiii.  li  a  liiM..r>  -I  n 

.•.•s-iv.'iiii        MninL"i,.f  Ar>an|.i..i,l,.,.,l,.|„,,ii,..l  ,  .,r|.,.r  ,ii..n ',  aii.l  il  i«  r,  a^.nal.l,' l.i  ,„  li,  v,  'i,., 

'"  '""■   I'"         1''   ""■   '','''■'"   '"'""•  '""I  i"  ""■  ""'  I'^ii"-'!  -I'l-ini;  ,.f   ll..inan  irrialii.  •.,  1,1    a,.l 

»'•*'  l""i"- 11'lHar.l.  Ill,'  iriN-H  .,f  llir  II,  1-  in  llial  larh  a,l,.i,ii,.n  ami  |.,r,istiiil  1,1.,,    ,  ,f 

II,,'.      Ain.'iiir  till'    Italian   Iriln^   «,r,'   l.iilln-,  ;    tl„'  i.,.|i,v '..f  [...liii.  ,|  al.s..ri.ti.,n    »l,i.  I,      ,,.• 

I  iiihriai,.,    Nil.in,"^     .saiiinit,,,  it,.,   „.vu|ninu'  i"ii.|.i.  M  a  1  liar.iit,  r  il   li.„l  nrv,  r  I...11,..   <..'...,. 

tin'n.i.l.  I.aml  iiiinlii.f  thi's.milnrii  |.arN,.f  ||„.  At  tin'  '..ini"  tiin,-,  tl,i,  \\,w  ..f  ll,.',i.  ,r:  .,  ..1 

iiiiiiiiMiia,  Willi,'  a  ni,vM,ri,,iis  ain  n   i„...|.|,',  il„.  ih,'  Idanan  ^lal,■  1  ..nliiliiit,.H  I.,  an  iiii.l.  i-' ,.  1-., : 

l.lriisiai,'.,  «l,  "^'nriL'iii  Um.t  km.Hn.  i,,.s„.,„'.l  ..f  lu  i.irlv  1  ..ii.titiiti..nal  lii,i.,rv       li  .,,■,,;,; 

I  i,'...iiiitry  ii'.rlhi.l  il„in  liiiw,.,  iitl,,.  Arn.iamI  thai    tin'    rini..n  ,.f   111,'   (irst   tlir,','  tnl.. ,  ,!  i,.,  I, 

III,'  liinr.      Ill  tli,'i\tr,'nii' M„itli   «iri' nnmaiiN  '   ,  ..al.H,,',!    -tli,,M'  .,f  tli,'   ralatlii,'    111.    11    i.^,,! 

■  if  a  primilivi'    ran',    tin-    lapyKiun.  ami    (ir,','k  ami  (  aiiiiLliii,'   (l,..ili  ,„,iii,i,.,|   l.y  i|„.  x', -,.',., 

cii.ains  WIT,'  Nalliri'.l  tlnr,'  ar.niml  Ihr  I'l.asN,  ,   ami  tin- ( ■.ili.in  hilU  _ ,  ml,il  tln'"|,r...          '  in 

FrMintli,;  l,,iiinM.i.raii-Ili,.  Ii,.in.,iis,  at  tin'  Ih'  '•   1  ,.r|mMli.,ii  ..n  ,'.,iial  li  rni.      Tl'i'...'  f..,       l' il„. 

^•liiliiii-  "I    ll„,r  >,  |.aril.'    iMst.ii.,.,    l,„i   ||„,r,'  „ris;inal      |{,,iiiali     pi-.ipl,' .-- thn    "falli,  1-       'I.. 

►.■.iiHi'.liaM    l,..,i,  a  Mfv  larly  i.iii..n  ..f  th.'M'  i       patriv.-    «ln.M'   iIi'm,  ,i,iaiiu   appiar    n,    ! .'..  r 

" '"-"'  ""■■"•I ui   lra.liii.,11  witliaSaliiii..  linii^as   a   ilislinit  ,l„s..r   ,,r.l,  r    11-       ■  .iri 

.'..niinumiy     »l,.r.l.y    nan   f,,r,ii,,l    Ih,'    |{,anan  <  iaiii  •■^- li..|.lin- u,„l  Mru^'dini;  I.,' n,  ,„.•,,';.  , 

ruy  -ial.'.,f  liiM'.rnal  liims      Thai   niii..n  ,  am,-  .  Iiimv,'    p,,|iii,al    riulits,    ami    I'Mliisji,    .  ,,  > .  r 

ali'iiit  thr'.'iL-h  Ih,'  s,til,in,i,t  ..f  tin'  t«.,  ,,.1,,  ,    ship  ..f  Ih,' puMi,- ,l..niain    th,'  "  a^:,  r  1,  ,',,.,  ' 

nniniti...  I.atin  an.l  .-al.in...  „i,  l».,  mi^-iili.'rin;;  :    »l,nli  I.,  lanii' a  siihj,  ,t  „f  l,iti,.r  ■  ..in' ,,:,  ;,  f..r 

hill-   11.  ,r  III.'  imiiiil.  ,.f  II,,'   ruir  TiU  r.  ,.11  ii,  :    f.air  ,  ,iiiiirii'r      ArniMi.l  llii'.,,'  1,,'ii,  ,.|   ;i,       f, 

|"i,ili.tii  l.aiik       111  III,    M,u',,f  M.ii,,' hiMi.ri.ins,  I    Unr,"  „f   |{,.im' ar.iv,.  „„,,il„.r  <  la~.  ..1   I:    ...im 

1   1-    111.     ^...u'raphi.al    P'.-iii.',,   „f   II,„m'   hills.  lir.,iiL-ht  int..  Ih,'  .■..nininniiv  hv  l.il,  r  i,  ,    .I'T:.' 

liiM.^  I.ssihai,  il„in.,st,rfiil  t,  ii,p,'raii.|,a|.aii  ti..ns.  ami  n..t  ..ii  .'.|iial  t,  rnis    '  Il  th.   m  i  ,  :  „< 

V  "I  :li.    Il.|■^.al..|.'I,tll,■,n.  Hl,i,h,l,,,rii,in,.,l  u.  r.     ■  fallnrs.     .|„  s,' «,„'  ,  hiMp  n.  ii,    ,  ,.  iiii 

til.   iii.n.l,.  n,  ,ar.,r..f  tl,..  .ityf.,iin.l..l..ii  ihal  ,  ,1  s,  ns,  .  a.|..pi,',l  inl,,  ih.-   K,,nian   I  ,1-     ,    I  ;i 

■•11.'      >■».    I  I'.l. .--,„■    l-n.inan,     "  Th,'    «li,.l,.  «  iih.iiil  a  v..ir,'  in  l'.  niral  alTairs.  ..r  a   -    ,.,    ui 

lii-i"iy..Mh.    u,„|,|  l,,,sl„.n.ht,nnin,'.l  l.y  ih,.  ili.     piiMi.     lan.ls.    ..r   ,  liciliilitv    t..   i!..          i.r 

L"  '!■  .1.  ,1  !,.  ;   1  I  at  al  a  p..nit  a  litth' Ik1..w  i|„.  ,    ..ili,-,  s  .:|  i|„' stai.'      Thi-s,- »,.|..'th.'      1           i:- 

I'lmii'.ii.f  Ih'    l,l„r  aial    II..'  Ani.,  th,.  i,.,lat,'.|  ..r      pi.l.s  ■  ,.f   I!,,,,,,.,  «l„,s,.  |„„>;  sin.           ,    :!, 

'',''^"','"'1       ,"'1'''' ■"""I»f'l'"i'ii"^i,.fth,'  i    111,    p.iiniiaiis  f.,r  p.,liii,al  an,|  a^'iai,:,,    ,:.!;K 

..li.r  hills  ,,|    l.aiiiini      0,1  a  siir  imirkiil  „ui  j    is  th,'  iilt,-  inl.  n  stini;  si.i,.  »f    l!..n,,i,    1.,-..  r. 

.1  ...  .  ,,i|,.i|„r  s,  ,.  |,,r  ,!,„„M„„n.  Ih,' ,,  i,tr,' „f  il,„.,i.'l...iil   mariv   th,' win.h'  of  .li,-  p:   -,  ■  1  n. 

llaU  .  Ill,' ,  .  1,1  r.' .'I    l,lir..rt,'   lis  lair..ii,' tl..i,  vi-..^    a         ...r,.  ..!■  ,1...  ^ la:..  '         ' 


,  '    ".....'.I.   .11.    , .  ,,1,,'  1,1 

llaly.iii,',.  nir.'.'l  I  air.. pc.  as  i;iir..pi'  ihrn  was  a 

Htiat  III,' ji,ni  li I  ihn.'.'f  thi'  ;.rri'al  iiali..iis..f 

Ilaly.  ami  Khi.  h  ha.l  il„.  ;:r,  at  riviT  as  its  liiu-h 
way  t..  lamk  l.iy.,ii.l  th.'  I.i.im.ls  i.f  Italv  sI,«kI 
tw..  |..w  hills,  th,'  hill  „i;i,  1,  I,,,,.,,  ,|„.  ■„„„„.  ,f 
i.atir:  .-:i:::rr:.  ar..:  r  .  i.iii  .,[  jiu-  incaiiiiit:  ..t 
whosi'  naiiR'  of   r.ilatino  scbulurs  will  perhaps 


if  III,'  ri'piil.lii 

Al  lii'ini'.  as  at  Alhrns.  th.'rcw.iM  a  p..  -I    .f 

larly  kiiii,'sliip.  In,'  li'cmls  ..f  whi,li  an        1  laiil 

iar  to  ns  all  as  th,-  st,irii's  of  tin,'   lti!.|.  1  lli.i 

rial  fiiits  of  whi.  h  an'  aliinisl  toialK  1.' :,  .'.mi 

II   IS  siirniisi',1   that    tlH'  ln'ir  kind's         ,.  u.ll 

kiiowu   Tuniuius  of    th.    .laatiical   tuh  -  ».!» 


1(1-1 


KLKol'K 


f'ltHHilmtt  "f 
Ih*  Htiman  Hrttufilii- 


KlIJOPE 


riniwan   prinm  (It   Is  ^  -iiiln  IhBt  thiy  wire 
fciruwaim.  «li"  liiul  limli         tb  iIiih'  iIh'  Imlr 
l^mlinii'  of  IIh'  Kiininimith.i  ■•ttimliil  thiir  «iiv 
iMi^irty  "*<t  llii'in      li    U  aimiii'i  till,   iim,  tlmt 

thlM   |>i  tIihI   nf    KlriltMlIlt   tinllillhltloli    wtlH  one    III 

wliii  h  Kniipiii  I  Ivlli/jiiliiii  iiiikIi'  II  irri'iil  lulviiiiri'. 
iiiiirr  fill  iMiiliiii  <if  H  niiiri'  <  iililv  iiiil  |>i'ii|>li' 
Hill  l(  II 'till'  ill  lt»  liifniKy  illil  kiiMW  ii  ilini'  nf 
.uh|  iL'iillon.  Ilii'  rniliirniiri'  wiiit  imt  Iniii;  li 
rirli'it  iMiiinllMi^  to  Itoiiuiii  ('liniiiiiloi;\ ,  in  thi* 
■J4'iiii  Uiir  lit  111!'  1  llv.  iir  ."Hht  H  C  .  hv  liic  i  «tiiil 
ji.iip  i.f  Tiiniiilii  llir  )*Miii|,  llir  lii«t  ,if  llii'  lkiii^< 

The  Roman  Republic. 

Till  l(i|iiilillr  niiHlhi'ii  finiiiilril .  ImiI  it  wii^  iiii 
Mini'i  niiii  iiml  mil  ii  '•■huh  mtir  ri'|iiililii'  Tliii 
o.hsiiU.  Mho  n-|iljM'('<l  till'  kln){<«,  wi-rv  rt>i|iiirt-il 
til  la  |iiiiririiin».  mill  lliry  wire  cIiiimii  liy  ilu' 
liimlihililiT'i  iif  ihr  niiilf  Till'  wiiiili'  win  |iii 
trill. Ill,  iitt  till-  liii)HiriJint  [iowitm  of  ifoviTii- 
niiril  HIT!'  Ill  piilririttii  ImiiiU,  iiml  llii'  |ili'lm  iiif 
drill  urii  iiiiiK  ii|i|irt»j<loii  in  riiiiM'i|iii  ini'  Tiny 
Win  lint  of  H  liiiiiily  Hiilinii^iilvi'  nii  i',  'Ilu  v 
iliiii:iniliil  (niwiT'*  for  tlii-ir  own  iiruti'ciion,  niiil 
liy  -i  •«  iliLTitH  lliiy  won  tlirm  —  ttroni;  u«  llu' 
|iiiirii  I  lilt  ttirr  In  tliiir  wealth  bdiI  their  Imliiiil 
IK'liliriil  xkill. 

I'ni  i«i  iy  as  In  Atliina,  tlii<  llr>it  (tniit  ilTiirt 
iini'iui.'  liii-  romiiion  pi'iijili'  wns  to  oliliiin  r.  liif 
fniii  iniiliiiif  liiirilriiD  iif  ilrln.  whirh  liml  l»>iii 

Uiil  ii| tliMn  in  precI'Mlv  tlir  winii' wiiy  —  hv 

l.iMiif  liarvintK  wliilr  ill  iniliiiirv  mrvhi'.  unit  hy 
till'  hiriliii-H  of  till'  lii^HwIiirfi  cri'ilitiint  iilniii' 
liml  fi  inn il  All  iirniy  of  pli'lm.  Just  hniiii'  frimi 
vviir,  iiiin  hill  out  of  ihc  riiy  miil  rifiisi'il  In  n-- 
lurii  iiiiiil  iiiiii.'i'.iriiln  of  Ihrir  own  i  lii«isiii«  hml 
Imii  niiHMiiil  to  tlii'in.  The  putrii  ians  emihl 
ii"i  alTiiiil  to  liisc  till'  Imiie  anil  niniw  of  their 
siiiti-,  iiii.l  liny  juhleil  the  point  In  ilinianil 
ill C.  4^l|i,      This  IlrsI  "seeeHsInn  of  the   plelw" 

hnii.-ht  hImiiii  the  tlrsl  (jriiit  ili  i Tatie  ehiinu'e 

111  !iii'  Iti'iiiiiii  ronstitiition,  tiy  iiillini;  Into  exis- 
iiii  I  a  |iii«erfiil  niaRlstraey  —  the  Trilinnis  of 
till'  I'll  hs.  who  henceforth' dtiiisl  Istween  the 
iiiiiMiU  mill  the  enmnion  people,  for  the  protee 
li'lllnl   ilie  latter 

Frmii  ihi^  llrst  suei  ('S.S  the  ph'tH'iiin  order  went 
Tim  ml,  -Il  p  hy  steji,  to  the  iittainnient  of  eijiial 
li"li!b.il  ii:;lits  in  the  eiinimonwealth.  ami  eipial 
|i:iriiii|riiliiin  in  the  lanilswliieh  Hniiian  eimiiuest 

\'- ' iimally  aililini;  to  the  pulilir  iluniaiii.    In 

iiii  II  c,  after  ten  yearn  of  otrii'.u'e.  they  se 
I'Hil  liii-  ,i|ipiiintinent  of  ii  eotni'iissiiin  whiih 
friiiiiM  ill.'  lanioiis  Twelve  Talile.s  of  the  Law, 
ami  s ,  ,-1  ihlisheil  ii  written  anil  ci-rtain  eoile 
rill  y  us  later,  the  easte  C'xeliisivenes.s  of  the 
piiiri.  i.iiis  Was  liriiken  ilown  hv  a  law  wh!  h  ner 
niiM.il  marria,i:i's   la-tween   tlie   orilers      I., 'ail7 

11^1     111''   patriiian   iiii polv  of   the   i    .i^iilar 

I'llii"  «  IS  exiin;.'nisheil,  hy  the  iiiit,.lile  l.iiiniaM 
U.i.  uiiii  h  also  liniitiil  the  extent  of  li.nil  that 
niiy  'iii/i-n  iiii^'lit  iK-eupy.  ami  forliaile  the  ex- 

I  I'l-iir  i'iii|.l,,yineiit  of  slave  lalmr  on  any  estate, 
iiiii'  by  mil',  after  that,  oilier  iiia»;istrie'ieH  were 

"{"""1  I"  llli-  plelis;    anil  ill  -JH?  Ii.  ".   Iiv  the  Lex 

II  rluisii,  th,.  pi,.),,.,,,,,  (■iiniiliiini.  iir  a.ssi'inlilv 
"as  iin,;,  imlepenilent  of  the  senate  ami  its  ae'ls 
ilii'ian.i  ii,  K;  valiil  anil  biudini;.  The  ilem,, 
'i-ilii'    iiiuiiiiiinwealth     was     now     eumpletelv 

('•rriuii.  ■' 

Roman  Conquest  of  Italy. 

■•  :i;:.  ;;i. «.  eiiani;es  in  the  con.stitutiuii  of  their 
iKpuiiii,  wore  m  progreiw,  the  Itomana  had  been 

102 


iiiaklnit  iffrat  wltaneeii  lownnl  aiiprpmaey  In  the 
|H'iiliisiila  f'Ir.l  they  liiiil  Uen  In  leaitiie  with 
their  l.alln  nelifhlM.rs.  for  war  with  the  .Kqiil 
alls,  the  Voliu'lalH  anil  the  Klniseali*  The 
Volseiaii  War  exil  nihil  over  fiirlv  V.  am,  hihI 
eiiiliil  alMiiit  .|,-i<i  II  (•  in  the  praii'lrul  iliiMi|>. 
pi  araiiie  of  tlie  Volsi  i.wn  friini  In  Inrv  (If  war 
Willi  the  .Ki|iilaiis,  iiMililiiK  U  heiinl  after  4W 
HI',  when,  as  the  tale  is  told,  Clin  innatiis  h  ft 
his  phiw  to  lead  the  itoinnno  airalii.t  tin  ni 
The  war  with  the  Ktriis<ani4  of  the  near  illy  of 
Vi'il  had  lui  n  nmri'  stiililuirn  Siis|h  iidul  liv  a 
trine  IstKiiii  471  and  4:Ih  He.  it  was  tin  it 
rinewed,  and  iiidid  in  :)!m  11  (' ,  when  the 
Klriiseiin  i  liv  mistakm  and  distroi  ed  At  the 
•iinie  time  the  power  of  tin'  KtriiiMain  was  iNlnif 
shalti  red  at  sea  hy  tlu'  (ineks  of  Tareiitiiin  anil 
.><yniiiiiM.,  H  Idle  at  Imnii'  thev  were  alt aeked  from 
the  north  hv  the  liiirluiniiis  ^luiilit  or  Celts. 

These  I  i«i  named  pe.ple.  having  eriwM'd  the 
Alps  fnini  (iiiil  and  S'(  it/erland  and  meiipieil 
iiiirthern  llalv,  were  now  pressinif  upon  the 
more  eivlli/nj  natiiuis  to  the  Kinith  of  thii  I'li. 
The  Kiriisiaim  were  ilrst  to  snirer,  and  their  den. 
pair  lieruine  «oi;ri'at  that  thev  appealed  tn  Kome 
fur  help  The  Koinaiis  (fiive'little  aid  In  them  In 
their  extreniin  ;  Imt  enoiiuli  in  provoke  the 
wmth  of  llreniiiis,  the  sava^-e  hadi  r  of  the  (}aiila. 
He  'inillid  Kiriiria  and  marehed  to  Home,  de- 
fiatinic  an  army  «  liii  li  o|ipos.  d  lilin  on  the  Allla. 
pilliiitini;  ind  hiirniin,'  the  eity  (It  C.  au<l)  and 
slaying  the  Kenatnrs.  who  had  refiivd  tn  take 
refuse,  with  other  Inlialiitants.  In  the  eapllnl. 
Till-  defemlers  of  the  lapltol  held  it  for  mven 
niiiiitlis.     Itome    was    n  liiiilt.    when    the   (laiils 

withdrew,  and  « i  took  up  her  war  aitain  with 

the  Ktrusian  eitii  s  Ity  the  niidiile  of  the  same 
nntiiry  she  w.is  mistress  of  noiitlnrii  Ktniria. 
Iliiiin;h  hi  r  territories  had  liein  ravaiied  twiee 
airaiii  liy  renewed  iiieiirsioiH  of  the  liauli  In  a 
few  jiars  mure,  when  her  allies  of  Lati'iii  eom- 
|ilaliieil  of  their  meaner  share  of  the  fiiiiis  of 
these  I'omnion  wars,  and  demandeil  Id  ni.m  ii|. 
/eliship  and  ei|iial  ri.'hts,  she  foii!,'lil  tiein 
lieiii'ly  ami  hiimlileil  tin  in  to  sulimissivenesa 
iH  ('  :t;i!l  :l;lMi,  reilueini;  their  eities  to  the  status 
iif  prii\  iiii  ial  liiwus. 

And  ii.iw,  haviiii;  awed  or  siridiied  her  rlvaU, 
her  friends,  and  her  eneiniis,  m  ar  at  hand,  the 
yoiiii','  UepuMie  swiin,;  into  llie  i  areer  of  rapid 
eiini|in'st  wldi  h  siilidiiid  In  Inr  will,  within  tliree- 
foiirthsiif  aeentiirv,  the  »  hole  of  Italy  Ih'Iow  tlK 
III. mill  of  the  .\rno, 

111  :u:i  li  C  the  Unman  arms  had  laen  turned 
airaiiist  the  Samiiili  s  at  the  south,  and  they  had 
tii'i'ii  ilri\i  11  frmii  the  Caini  aula.  In  IVJT  H.  (.'. 
the  same  daintiriiiis  rivals  wire  UL'iiiii  iLssaih-il, 
with  less  inipunily.  At  llie  ( ■aniline  Forks,  in 
H-'l  11.  ('..  the  Samnilisinllirled  IhiIIi  disaster  and 
shame  upmi  their  iiiiluinitalile  fis's;  hut  the  end 
of  the  war  ill.  C.  linii  f.mnd  Umne  advaneed  ami 
Sainnium  fall,  n  liaik.  .\  third  'ontest  ended 
the  iiui'stiiin  of  supniiiaev;  hut  the  Saninitea 
1,11,  C.  '.'IHii  siiliniitli'il  ti>  liei'iune  allies  and  not 
suliji'ils  of  the  Unman  state. 

Ill  this  last  siriii;i;le  the  Samnites  had  sum- 
tnoiied  (iaiils  and  Klruseans  to  join  Iheiu  lu-ainst 
the  coiniiinii  eneie.v,  and  Home  had  overeomi; 
their  iinili'd  fnri'isina  >:n'at  tii;lit  at  ,><entiniitn. 
This  was  in  ','».-,  II.  C.  Ten  years  later  she  lUi- 
nihilated  the  Sennnian  (!a;!!i' arreted  thi.ir  ter- 
ritory and  planted  a  colony  at  Sena  on  the  coast. 
In  two  years  more  .she  haj  paralyzed  the  Boian 

0 


■    -.HI 


J^.L3W' 


EUROPE. 


(A«  Raman  RejnMle. 


EUROPE. 


Oauls  liy  a  terrible  cbastisenivnt,  and  had  noth- 
ing niort*  to  fear  from  the  iiortliwanl  side  of  her 
realm.  Then  she  turned  back  to  finish  her  work 
in  the  south. 

War  with  Pyrrhui, 
The  Gn'ek  cities  of  the  southern  coast  were 
hani.s.Hed  by  various  inaruudinj^?  neighbors,  and 
most  of  tin  in  solicited  the  protection  of  liome, 
whidi  involveil,  of  course,  some  surrender  of  their 
independence.  Hut  one  great  city,  Tarentum, 
the  most  powerful  of  their  nuinlKT,  refused  these 
termi.  iind  hazarded  n  war  witli  the  terrible  re- 
pulilii'.  exiHctinc  support  from  the  ambitious 
PyrriiiH.  kinir  of  Epirus,  on  tlie  Oreek  coast  op- 
piisile  Ilieir  own.  I'vrrbus  came  readily  at  their 
call.  »illi  dnains  of  an  Italian  kiu);dom  more 
airneablc  than  his  <iwn.  As.sisled  in  the  under- 
takirii;  by  bi.s  royal  kinsmen  of  .Macedonia  anil 
Syria,  he  brouirlii  an  army  of  2."».(MH>  men,  with 
vU  elephants  —  which  Uomaneyi'S  hail  never  .seen 
licfore.  In  two  liloiKly  tifrlils  (H.  C.  280-27»), 
I'yriliiis  was  vii  torious;  but  the  cost  of  victorv 
was  wi  criat  lliat  he  dared  not  follow  it  up.  l(e 
went  over  to  .Sicily,  instead,  and  waired  war  for 
tlirei- years  (It.  t'.  '-JT^'-'JTt))  with  the  Carthaginians, 
who  "had  subjuKateil  nii>st  of  tlie  island.  The 
Epirot  kini;  brouulit  timely  aiil  to  the  Sicilian 
(Ireeks,  and  drove  their  I'uint^  etiemies  into  the 
western  Imnlerof  the  island;  but  he  claimed  sov- 
ereii;nty  ovir  all  that  his  arms  di'livered,  and  was 
not  successful  in  enforcing  the  claim,  lie  re- 
turned to  Italy  and  found  the  liimians  better  pre- 
pared than  before  to  face  his  phalanx  and  his 
elephants.  They  routed  him  at  Ueneventum,  in 
the  sprint' of  'JT.")!!.  ('  and  he  went  back  to  Epirus, 
with  his  dreams  dispelled.  Tarentum  fell,  and 
Southern  Italy  was  added  to  the  dominion  of 
Home 

Punic  Wars. 

During  her  war  with  Pyrrhus,  the  Republic 
had  formed  an  alliance  with  Carthage,  the  power- 
ful maritime  Phwnician  city  on  the  African  coast. 
But  friendship  iKtween  these  two  cities  was  im- 
possible. The  ambition  of  both  was  t<x)  boundless 
and  too  tierce.  They  were  necessarily  competi- 
tors for  supremacy  in  the  Mediterranean  world, 
from  the  moment  that  a  narrow  stndt  l)etween 
Italy  anil  Sicily  w;vs  all  that  held  them  apart. 
Rome  challenged  her  rival  to  the  duel  in  264  R  C. , 
when  she  sent  help  to  the  .ManuTtines,  a  band  of 
briixanils  who  had  seized  the  Sicilian  city  of  -Mes- 
sina, and  w  ho  were  Ixinff  attacked  by  both  Car 
tha^'inians  and  Syracus;in  tirirks.  The  "First 
I'linic  War,"  thin  iK'^'un,  lasted  twenty-four 
yi':irs.  and  resulted  in  llie  withdrawal  of  tlieCar- 
ili.'iLjiniaiis  from  Sicily,  and  in  their  |>ayfnent  of 
an  I  iiormoijs  war  iiidenudty  to  Home.  The  lat- 
ter a^uinid  a  prolectiirate  over  the  island,  and 
the  kiiiLriioiii  of  llii-roof  Syracuse  preserved  its 
nomitial  iii'lcpi-riileiice  for  Ih'-  time;  but  .Sicily,  as 
aniattirof  tail.  mi).'lit  already  be  looked  upon 
astlielirM  of  iliose  |irovinces.  iHyonil  Italy,  which 
Konic  liotind  to  lii-rsi'lf.  one  by  one,  until  she  had 
(onipiis-.rd  the  .>li-iliterrani-an  with  her  doiiunion 
and  L'aihiTcd  to  it  all  the  islands  of  that  sea. 

The  "Si'iond  l*unic  war,"  called  sometimes 
the  "  llannibalic  war."  was  foimht  with  a  great 
Carlhairinian,  nitliir  tb.in  with  Carthagi'  herself 
llaniili  ar  liana  had  been  the  last  and  ablest  of 
the  I'linic  generals  in  the  contest  for  Sicily.  Af 
terwards  he  undertook  the  <'oU!juest  of  Spain, 
where  his  arms  had  auch  success  that  he  estab- 


lished a  very  considerable  power,  more  than  half 
independent  of  the  parent  state.  He  nursed  an 
unquenchable  hatred  of  Rome,  and  transniittnl 
it  to  bis  son  Hannibal,  who  solemnly  dedii  :it(.|| 
his  life  to  warfarin  with  the  Latin  city.  Ilainikar 
died,  and  in  due  time  Hannibal  found  liiniMlf 
prepared  to  make  gixxl  his  oath.  He  prnvnkwl 
a  declaration  of  war  (B.C.  218)  by  uH;ii  king 
Saguntuni,  on  the  eastern  Spainsh  coast  —  a  town 
which  the  Romans  "  protected."  The  latii  r  n- 
pecteil  to  encounter  him  in  Spain;  but  Ih  Innili,. 
tieet  iH'aring  their  legions  t  >  that  cimntiy  luil 
reached  .Massilia,  he  hud  alreai'v  pussid  tin  Pyr 
euees  and  the  Rhone,  with  nea-ly  liKl.ooo  i,,;i, 
and  was  crossing  the  Alps,  toassa'l  his:ist..i;ij,ini 
fiNS  on  their  own  soil.  The  tiTriuc  hairii  r  \mh 
surmoimted  with  such  sutfering  and  loss  iln.t  ><u\\- 
2I),(M)0  fiK)t  and  fl.tMMI  horse,  of  the  gr.  ,,i  ;,ri„v 
which  h'ft  Spain,  couhl  be  mustet'i  d  l^r  iliV 
clearingof  the  last  .\lphie  pa.ss.  With  tlu>  vm,,]! 
following,  by  sheer  energy,  rapidity  and  pm  i-i.  n 
of  movement  —  by  force,  in  other  words,  ct  a  jujli. 
tarv  genius  never  surpassed  in  the  hitI'I  -l;o 
defeated  the  arndi'S  of  Rome  again  and  M.'nin, 
and  so  crushingly  in  the  awful  battle  of  (  ,iiai 
(11.  C.  2H1)  that  the  iiroud  republic  wassta-^'.  n,l, 
liut  never  despaired.  Kor  tifteeu  years  tin  -nut 
Carthaginian  held  his  ground  in  soiilhini  liilv. 
but  his  expectation  of  being  joined  bydiv.  uii- 
tented  subjects  of  Rome  in  the  |iciiin>nl,i  was 
very  slightly  realized,  and  his  own  country  l:iV( 
him  little  encouragement  or  help.  Mi-,  limii,,! 
lliisdrubal,  marching  to  his  relief  in  'lo',  li  i  , 
was  defeated  on  the  river  Metaurus  and  .slain 
The  annsof  Rome  had  prospered  miamiiin'  in 
Sicilv  and  in  Spain,  even  while  U'atcnat  home  ami 
her  Punic  rival  had  been  driven  from  li'tli.  In 
2()4  B.  C.  the  Bnal  field  of  battle  was  shiftid  to 
Carthaginian  territory  by  Scipio,  of  faniMus  imm- 
ory,  thereafter  styled  Africanus,  liecausi  li.'  "tar- 
ried the  war  into  Africa."  Hannibal  ali;iad"md 
Italy  to  confront  him,  and  at  Zanui,  in  tluaiiiiimn 
of  202  B.  C,  the  long  contention  ended,  ami  the 
career  of  Carthage  as  a  Power  in  the  anciiot 
world  was  forever  closed.  £.\isting  by  Kuiiiaa 
suiTeraiue  for  another  half  century,  .she  thiii  L'ave 
her  implacable  conquerors  another  pn  iixl  f  t 
war,  and  they  ruthlessly  destroyed  her  iB  C  IWi. 

Roman  Conquest  of  Greece. 

In  that  same  year  of  the  deslructimi 
thage,  the  conquest  of  Greece  was  tini-ln  > 
first  war  of  the  Romans  on  that  side  of  lii 
atic  had  taken  place  during   the  .Sei  "iil 
war,  and  had  Ih-cu  caused  by  an  aIIi:L 
betwien  Hannibal  and  King  Philip  ol  Mi 
(H.  C.   214).     They  pursued    it   then  n 
than  to  frustrate  Pldlip's  designs  aiMii 
selves;    but    they    formed    alliaiui  s    v 
(ireek  stales  oppres.sed  or  nnanued  by  i 
doidan,  and  these  drew  them  into  a  m  i 
just  as  the  century  closed.     On  Cyii  ■- 
Philip  was  overthrown  (II.  C.  lUTi.  hi' 
reduced    to   vass;dagi'.    and    the   fnni 
Crei'ie  was  Kolemtdy  proctaimi-d  by  lii' 
Consul  Klanuidus. 

.\nd  now.  for  the  tirst  time.  lioiiir  i 
conlliet  with  an  .\siatic  power.  'I'hr  i 
the  Syrian  monarchy,  founded  b\  .n 
generals  of  .Mexander  the  (ireat.  w  as 
by  a  king  mori'  ambithms  than  eapahli . 
acquired  a  larire  and  ltH>se!y  ioiutt*',!  d-'i 


i.f  Car 
i.  Tiif 
.■  .\ari- 

I'linic 

•  InflilrJ 

larlliir 
I  til'  III- 


if 

,,f  till' 

U,'i„l 

liuJ 
.n  ill 


ih. 


the  East,  and  who  bore  the  souudiu^-  n.  iiii.'  i 


102G 


KUROPE. 


Declin*  o/  Ik'' 
Roman  RejmUic. 


Antiochus  the  Great.  ThU  TalDglorious  King, 
huvini;  a  huge  army  and  many  elephants  at  hi8 
disposal,  was  eager  to  try  a  paaaage  at  arms  with 
the  redoubtoble  men  of  Rome,  lie  wa»  encour- 
aged in  his  desire  by  the  iEtolians  la  Greece, 
wlio  lK)re  ill-will  to  Rome.  Under  this  encour- 
agement, and  having  Hannibal  —  then  a  fugitive 
at  his  court  — to  give  him  counsel,  which  he 
larked  intelligence  to  use,  Antiochus  crossed  the 
,«i:ian  and  invaded  Greece  (U.  C.  102).  The 
Rdiiiiins  nut  him  at  the  puss  of  Thermopylic ; 
(Inne  him  Imck  to  the  shores  from  which  he 
Clime;  pursued  him  thither;  crushed  and  humbled 
him  on  the  field  of  Sliieni'fiu.  and  t(K)k  the  king- 
doms and  cities  of  Asia  Minor  under  their  pro- 
tcctinn.  us  the  allies  (soon  to  be  subjects)  of 
Koine. 

Twenty  years  patwed  with  little  change  in  the 
outwardsiiuation  of  affairs  among  the  Greeks. 
But  dwontent  with  the  harshness  and  haughti- 
ness "f  Komau  "protection'  changed  from  sul 
li'iiiRSS  to  lieat,  and  Perseus,  son  of  I'liilip  of 
Mad'ilonia.  fanned  it  steadily,  with  the  hope  of 
briniiiiis  it  to  a  Hame.  Home  watched  him  with 
keen  vigilance,  and  bifoie  his  plans  were  ripe 
her  lifxions  were  upon  him.  He  liatth'd  with 
them  ol.slinately  for  three  years  (H.  f.  171-108); 
but  his  fate  was  s>  aled  at  Pydua.  He  went  as 
a  prisoner  to  Uome;  his  kingdom  was  broken 
into  four  small  republics ;  the  Achiean  League 
was  stricken  by  tlie  cajitivity  of  a  thousand  of  its 
chief  men;  the  whole  of  Greece  was  liiunbled  to 
siibmisaiveness,  though  not  yet  formally  reduced 
to  the  state  of  a  Homan  i)rovince.  That  followed 
Rome  years  later,  when  risings  In  Macedonia  and 
Aeliaia  were  punished  by  the  extinction  of  the 
last  senildance  of  political  independence  in  l>oth 
(B,  C.  148-146). 

The  zenith  of  the  Republic. 

Uome  now  gripped  the  Mediterranean  (the 
ocean  of  the  then  civilized  world)  as  with  four 
dnircrs  of  a  powerful  hand:  one  laid  on  Italy 
and  all  its  islands,  one  on  Macedonia  and  Greece, 
one  on  Carthage,  one  on  Spain,  and  the  little 
linprof  her  "protection"  reaching  over  to  the 
U'sser  A.sia.  Little  more  than  half  a  century, 
since  thu  day  tliat  Hannibal  threatened  her  own 
rit y  L'ates,  had  sufflce<l  to  win  this  vast  dominion. 
But  tlie  losses  of  the  Republic  had  been  greater. 
aft<  r  all.  than  the  gains;  for  the  best  energies  of 
its  political  constitution  had  been  expended  in 
tlie  aei|uisition,  and  the  nobler  qualities  in  its 
charai  ter  liad  been  touched  with  the  incurable 
taints  of  a  licentious  prosperity. 

Beginning  of  Decline. 

A  eentury  anil  a  half  had  passed  since  the 
praeii(  al  enilinL'  of  the  struggle  of  pldwlans  with 
pairi  i,ms  fur  political  and  agrarian  rights.  In 
111!  "H  and  in  form,  the  constitution  remained  as 
d'  iiiiii  ralii'  as  it  was  made  by  the  Liciniau  Laws 
'  f  ^'m  It  ('  .  and  bv  the  tiiiishing  touch  of  the 
HiLiiMaii  Law  of  2M7  U.  ('.  Hut  in  practical 
w  ikiui;  it  had  reverted  to  the  arLstiHTatic  mmle. 
A  '.1  «  arUliwricy  had  risen  out  of  the  plebeian 
r:r.!  ■  'o  r.inforce  the  (dd  patrician  orchT.  It  was 
imiii'.-.d  of  the  families  of  men  who  had  beeu 
raisid  to  distinction  and  euuoble<l  by  the  holding 
"t  e;iiinent  offices,  and  its  spirit  was  no  less  ieal- 
1 1.^  and  exclusive  than  that  of  the  older  high 


EUROPE. 


The  Senate  and  the  Mob. 


Thus  strengthened,  the  aristocracy  had  recov- 
ered its  ascendancy  in  Rome,  and  the  Senate, 
which  it  controlled,  had  become  the  supreme 
power  In  government.  The  amazing  success  of 
the  Republic  during  the  last  century  just  re- 
viewed —  its  successes  in  war,  in  diplomacy,  and 
In  all  the  sagacious  measures  of  policy  by  which 
its  great  dominion  had  been  won — are  reasona- 
bly aacrilwd  to  this  fact.  For  the  Senate  had 
wielded  the  power  of  the  state,  in  most  emergen- 
cies, with  passionless  deliberation  and  with  unity 
and  fixity  of  aim. 

But  it  maintained  its  ascendancy  by  an  increas- 
ing employment  of  means  which  <lcbased  and 
corrupted  nil  orders  alike.  Tliepco|ile  held  pow- 
ers wlii<  h  might  paralyze  the  Senate  at  any  mo- 
ment, if  they  chose  to  exercise  tliem,  through 
their  assemblies  and  their  tribunes.  They  had 
seldom  brought  those  powers  into  play  thus  far, 
to  inti  rfere  with  the  senatorial  government  of 
the  Itepulilio,  simply  because  they  had  beer. 
brilK'il  to  abstain.  Tlie  art  of  the  politician  in 
Ucmie,  as  distinguished  from  the  statesman,  had 
already  become  demagogucry.  This  could  not 
well  have  been  otherwise  under  the  peculiar  con- 
stitution of  the  Ifciman  citizenship.  Of  the  thirty- 
five  tribes  who  made  up  the  Roman  people,  le- 
gally qualifleil  to  vote,  only  four  were  within 
the  city.  The  remaining  thirty-one  were  "  plebs 
urbana. "  There  was  no  delegated  representation 
of  this  country  populace  —  citizens  iM-yond  the 
walls.  To  exercise  their  right  of  suffrage  they 
mu.st  be  personally  present  at  the  meetings  of 
the  "comltia  tributa" — the  tribal  assi^mblles; 
and  those  of  any  tribe  who  chanced  to  be  in  at- 
tendance at  siK'h  a  meeting  might  give  a  vote 
which  carried  with  it  the  weight  of  their  whole 
tribe.  For  questions  were  decided  by  the  ma- 
jority of  tribal,  not  Individual,  votes;  and  a 
very  few  memlieraof  a  tribe  might  act  for  and 
be  the  tril)e,  for  all  purposes  of  voting,  on  occa- 
sions of  the  greatest  possible  importance. 

It  is  quite  evident  that  a  democratic  system  of 
this  nature  gave  wide  opportimity  for  corrupt 
"politics."  There  must  have  been,  always,  an 
attraction  for  the  base'r  sort  among  the  rural 
picbs,  drawing  them  into  the  city,  to  enjoy  the 
excitement  of  political  contests,  and  to  partake 
of  the  flatteries  and  largesses  which  began  early 
to  go  with  these.  And  circumstances  had  tended 
strongly  to  Increase  this  sinister  sifting  into  Rome 
of  the  most  vagrant  and  least  responsible  of  her 
citizens,  to  make  tiiem  practically  the  deputies  and 
representatives  of  that  mighty  sovereign  which 
had  risen  in  tlie  world  —  the  "  Populiis  Romanus." 
For  there  was  no  longer  either  thrift  or  dignity 

fossible  in  the  pursuits  i>f  liusbando'.  Thel.mg 
laiuiib.'ilic  War  had  ruined  tlie  fiirming  class 
in  Italy  by  its  ravages;  but  the  extensive  con- 
(|iicsts'that  foll.nveil  it  bad  been  still  more  ruin- 
ous to  that  clas.s  by  several  elTects  comldned. 
Corn  Mi|iplles  from  the  conipieri'd  pnivinees  were 
poured  into  Kixue  at  cheapened  prices ;  enormous 
fortuiiis,  gathered  in  the  same  provinces  by  olli- 
cial.s.  by  fanners  of  taxes,  by  money  lenders,  Uiid 
by  traders,  were  large  ly  invested  in  gn'at  estates, 
aiisorbini;  the  small  farms  of  <dden  'ime;  and, 
finally,  free  lalM)r  in  agriculture  was  supplanted, 
more  and  more,  by  tlie  labor  of  slaves,  which 
war  and  incrciwing  wealth  conibineil  to  muUipiy 
in  numbers.     Tliua  the  "  plebs  urbana  "  of  Rome 


1027 


m 


'  f,^ 


EUROPE. 


Thf  Orturhi. 


EUROPE. 


i 


were  a  depressed  and,  therefore,  a  degenerating 
class,  and  the  same  cinumslanccs  that  made  them 
BO  impelled  them  towards  the  citv,  to  swell  the 
mob  which  held  its  ndghty  sovereignty  in  their 
hands. 

So  f:ir.  a  lavish  amusement  of  this  mob  with 
free  games,  and  lilieral  bribes.  ha<l  kept  it  gen- 
enlly  siibmis-sive  to  the  s»'nntorial  government. 
But  the  more  it  wiis  debased  by  such  methods, 
and  its  vagrancy  enconnigeil,  tlie  more  cttrava- 
gaiit  gratuities  of  like  kind  it  claimed.  Hence 
a  time  eonld  never  bo  far  away  when  the  aris- 
twracy  and  the  .senate  woulii  lose  their  cmtrol 
of  the  i>opular  vote  on  which  they  had  built  their 
govcniing  power. 

Agrarian  Agitations. 

But  they  invited  the  quicker  coming  of  that 
time  h^v  their  own  greediness  in  the  employment 
of  their  power  for  sellish  and  dishonest  ends. 
They  had  i)racticallv  recovered  their  monopoly 
of  the  use  of  the  public  lands.  The  Licinian 
law,  which  forba<le  any  one  person  to  occupy 
more  than  five  hundred'jugera  (alH)ut  three  him- 
dred  acns)  of  the  public  lands,  had  been  made  a 
dead  letter.  The  great  tracts  acquired  in  tlie 
Sainnite  wars,  and  since,  liad  remained  undis- 
tributed, while  the  use  and  profit  of  them  were 
enj.>yed,  unilcr  one  form  of  authoritv  or  another, 
by  rich  capitalists  and  powerful  nobles. 

This  evil,  among  many  that  Ha.\ed  greater  each 
year,  caustd  theileipest'discontent.  and  provoked 
movements  of  reform  which  soon  passed  l)y  rapid 
stages  into  a  revolution,  and  ended  in  the  fall  of 
the  Hepublic.     The  leader  of  the  movement  at 
its  bejriiiiijng  was  TilKTius  Gracchus,  grandson   I 
of  Scipio  Africanus  on  the  side  of  his  motlier    ! 
Cornelia.     Klectid   triliime  in  i;i:t  B.  (.'..  he  .s<t   i 
bim.sclf   to  the  dangerous  task  of  rousing    the 
people  against  sen.'itorial  usurpations,  especially    ' 
in  the  nialbr  of  tlie   public  domain      He  only 
drew  upon  bim.sclf  the  hatred  of  the  senate  anil    ! 
itssi'hishsupiiorurs:  he  failed  torallva  popular  i 
party  that  was  strong  enough  for  his'protection     1 
an.l  his  enemies  slew  him  in  the  very  midst  of  li 
meeting  of  the  trilH'S.     His  brother  Caius  took    '■ 
up  the  perilous  cause  and  won  tlie  office  of  tri-    { 
biine  (».('.  l'.2:t|  in  avowed  hostility  to  the  sena- 
torial government.      He  was  driven  to  bid  high 
for  iiopular  help,  even  when  the  measures  which   i 
hi'  stn.ve  to  carry  were  most  plainly  for  the  wel-    i 
fare  of  thi-  common  people,  and  he  may  seem  to   I 
modirn  c\  I'S  to  have  jilayed  the  demagogue  with   ' 
some  extravagance.      Bu"t  statesmanship  and  pa-    i 
triotism  wilbout  demagoguery  for  their  instru-    j 
ni'iit  or  their  weapon  were  hardly  pmcticable    I 
lurli.ips.  in  the  Kome  of  those  davs",  and  it  is  not   i 
easy  to  finil  them  clean-handed  in  any  poliiical   ! 
Ica.br  of  the  last  century  of  the  Kepublic. 

Tin-  fall  of  I'aius  (iriicchus  was  hastened  by 
his  allcmpt  to  extend  the  Homan  fmnchise  be- 
yond the  •■p., pubis  Homamis,"loall  the  freemen 
<if  Italy.  'I'he  nioli  in  li.ime  was  not  pli'asi'd 
■with  such  p,.Miic;il  genirosity,  and  cooh'd  in  its 
adrnirilion  for  the  laru'e minded  tritiune.  He 
lost  bis  oltice  and  the  personal  protection  it  threw 
over  him.  an.l  then  le  .  like  his  tirother  was  slain 
(B.  C.  I'.'l)  in  a  mdce. 

Jugurthine  War. 

For  ten  years  the  senate,  the  nobility,  and  the 
capitalists  (now  beL'iiining  to  take  the  name  of 
t!:c  ei|::r~triari  .-.rd'.T;,  had  tuustiy  their  own  way 


again,  and  cfTaceil  the  work  of  the  Graei  hi  u 
completely  as  thev  could.  Then  came  dis-n«e 
fnl  troubles  in  Numidia  which  enmgcl  the 
peopl.'  and  move<l  them  to  a  new  assertion  nf 
themselves.  Tl.  •  Numidian  king  who  In  1|k.,| 
S<ipio  to  pull  Carthage  down  had  been  a  w;iril,,f 
Home  since  that  time.  When  he  died,  I,.  i,.ft 
bis  kingdom  to  !><.■  governed  ii)intly  by  two  vou,,,, 
sonsand  an  oldernephew.  The  lattc'r,  Jug'iirilm 
put  his  eousiins  out  of  the  way,  took  tlic  liin,.! 
dom  to  himself,  and  baffled  attempts  at  Hmnv  to 
call  him  to  account,  by  heavy  briW  The  (..r 
ruption  in  the  case  became  so  llagrant  that  cvin 
the  corrupted  ]{oman  populace  revolted  mlmIiw 
it,  and  took  the  Numidian  business  into  its  owu 
hands.  War  was  declared  against  Juguriliu  liy 
popular  vote,  and,  despite  opposing  action  in  the 
^k•nate,  one  Miirius,  an  experienced  solili.r  of 
humble  birth,  was  elected  consul  and  sent  out  to 
take  command.  Marius  distinguished  hinistlf 
in  the  war  much  less  than  did  one  of  his  (.lilt  ,rs 
Cornelius  Sulla;  but  he  bore  the  lions  share  oif 
glory  when  Jugurtha  was  taken  captive  ami  ( ,ii|. 
veyed  to  Rome  (B.  C.  104).  Marius  was  now  thp 
great  hero  of  the  hour,  and  events  were  prciiar- 
ing  to  lift  him  to  the  giddiest  heights  of  ikidu- 
larity.  ' 

Teutones  and  Cimbri. 

Hitherto,  the  barbarians  of  wild  Europe  whom 

the  Romans  had  met  were  cither  the  Arvan  Cells 

or  the  noil  Aryan  tribes  found  in  northirii  Itulv 

Spain  and  Gaul.      Now,  for  the  first  tiiu,',  ifie 

armies  of  Rome  wen.  challenged   by  trit.is  of 

another  grand  division  of  the  Aryan  stock,  ..mi 

I  ing  out  of  the  farther  North.     These  w.  r..  the 

i   Cimbri  and  the  Teutones,  wandering  li..ril.  s  uf 

i   the  great  Teutonic  or  Germanic  race  whi.  h  has 

:   occupied   Western   Europe  north   of   th.'   liliiiie 

!  since  thelieginning  of  historic  time.     Si  f:ir  as 

«c  can  know,  these  two  were  tlie  first  of  llie 

■   Germanic  nations  to  niigmte  to  the  South     Tlioy 

i  came  intocollishm  witli  Itome  in  113  B.  C  .  nli.Ii 

they  Were  in  Noricum.  threatening  the  Ironiiei-s 

of  her  Italian  (himinion.     Four  years  hit.  r  tiny 

were  in  .southern  Gaul,  where  the  Romans  wpre 

now  settling  cohmies  and  sulnluing  the  nitive 

Celts.     Twice  they  had  iK'aten   the   arnii.  s  .ip. 

posed  totheni;  two  years  later  they  adde.l  uiliiril 

to  tliiir  victories;  and  in  10.')  B.C.  tlu  v  threw 

Rome  into  consternation  by  destroying  l«..  cr.at 

armies  on  the    Rhone.      Italy   seeme.l    h.  l|.ks» 

against  the  invasion  for  which  these  terriM.  I.ar 

barians  wire  now  preparing,  when  Marius  w.nt 

against  them.     In  the  summer  of  pr.;  lie  lie 

imnihilated    the   Teutones,    near  Aipiie    .■^evtiae 

(modern  .Vixl,  and  in  the  following  year  he  ile 

stroyed  the  invading  Cimbri,  on  abliKHlv  liclJin 

northern  Italy,  near  modern  Vurcella.'. 

Mariui. 

From  these  great  vict..ries,  .Marius  wei;i  L.iek 
toR.ime.  doubly  and  terribly  clothed  with  jiow.  r, 
by  the  devotion  of  a  reckless  army  ami  ih.  Im  n. 
w.irship  of  an  unthinking  mob.  'The  sti'.  «a3 
at  his  mercy.  A  strong  man  In  his  phi.-  mi.'ht 
have  cru.shed  the  class  factions  and  acc.nni  !i-hwl 
tile  settlement  wliii-h  Ciesar  made  after  !i  ilf  a 
century  more  of  turbulence  and  sliaiiK  Hit 
Marius  was  ignorant,  he  was  weak,  an.l  1  ■  '"• 
came  a  mere  bhHvl  stained  figure  in  the  ■•.■una* 
auaiehy  uf  his  time. 


1028 


EUROPE. 


Man  HM  and  Sulla. 


EUROPE. 


Optinutei  and  Populares. 

The  wx-ial  and  political  stale  of  the  capital  had 
grown  rii)idly  worse.  A  middle-class  in  Roman 
Kxicty  had  practically  disappeared.  The  two 
conliniling  parties  or  factions,  which  had  talsin 
new  names — "optlmates"  and  "populares" — 
were  now  dividecl  almost  solely  by  the  line  which 
lepanites  rich  from  pool.  "If  we  stiid  that 
'optinmles'  signified  the  men  who  brilM'd  and 
abused  (ilHce  under  tlic  banner  of  the  Senate  aricl 
ItsiiinniTlions,  and  tliat  'populans'  meant  men 
wlio  brilHHl  and  abused  ofliee  with  the  interests  of 
llic  people  outside  the  Senatorial  pale  upon  tiieir 
lips,  wi'  might  do  injustice  to  many  gixni  men  on 
l)oth  sides,  but  should  hanlly  be  slandering  the 
partus  "(Beesly).  There  was  a  desperate  riintlict 
between  the  two  in  the  year  100  Jl.  (,'.  and  tlie. 
Senale  onee  more  recovered  its  power  for  a  brief 
term  of  years. 

The  Social  War. 

Tiie  enfranchisement  of  the  so-called  "allies" 
—  the  Ijilin  and  other  subjects  of  Rome  who  were 
not citizins  —  wa.H  the  burning  question  of  the 
time.  The  attempt  of  Caius  (Iracchus  to  extend 
rights  of  citizenship  to  them  ha<t  bi'en  renewed 
again  and  again,  witiiout  success,  and  each  failure 
had  increased  the  bitter  discontent  of  the  Italian 
people.  In  1)0  B.  C.  they  drew  together  in  a  for- 
michihl"  confederation  and  rose  in  revolt.  In  tlie 
face  of  this  ureat  danger  Rome  soltered  herself 
to  action  witlmhl  time  wisdom  and  vigor.  She 
yiildid  her  full  citizenship  t(  II  Italian  freemen 
who  had  not  taken  arms,  nnci  tlien  offered  it  lo 
tiiose  who  would  lay  their  arms  down.  At  the 
Kline  tune,  she  fought  the  insurrection  with  every 
army  she  could  put  into  the  field,  and  in  two 
years  it  was  at  an  end.  M.irius  and  his  old  lieu- 
tenant,  .Sulla,  had  been  the  principal  commanders 
m  this  ■•  S(«ial  War,"  as  it  was  nameii,  and  Sulla 
had  ilistin:.'iiished  himself  most.  The  latter  had 
now  an  army  at  his  back  and  was  a  [wwer  in  the 
Btatc,  and  iHtween  the  two  military  champions 
thcP'  anjse  a  riv.ilry  wliicli  produce<l  the  first  of 
the  Honian  Civil  \\  ars. 

Marius  and  Sulla. 

A  troulilesome  war  in  the  East  had  Itecn  forced 
upon  th..  Romans  by  aggressions  of  Mithridates, 
h-iiia;  ot  I  ontus.  Botli  Marius  and  Sulla  aspired 
tn  the  command.  Sulla  obtained  election  to  tlie 
consn!sl„p  in  88  B.  C.  and  was  named  for  the 
covctcl  place.  But  Marius  succeeded  in  getting 
thfa|.p„inimcnt  aimulled  by  a  popular  a.s.M.mblv 
au.l  himself  chosen  instead  for  the  Eastern  cmn- 
niaii.l  hulla.  personally  imperilled  bv  popular 
tumults,  ted  to  his  legions,  put  himself  lit  their 
n™i,  and  marched  back  to  Rome  — tlie  first 
aiiM,^.  l,,.rp,.neraU  to  turn  her  arms  against  lier- 
*l       1  "re  was  no  effective  resistjince;  Marius 

c.i.  h,.iii  M.natc'  and  people  were  submissive  to 
II  .y  h,  la  ( s  of  the  consul  who  had  become  master 
mv  '  V■^'■  1  "•^^.""laJ"  "«•  'ril«.s  decree  their 
o»ii  p.  Iiiica  extinction,  resuscitating  tlie  cimiilia 

.n,  iriaia  he  reorganized  tlie  Senate  by  adding 
lut^  .■  iun.ln-,1  to  its  memliersand  vin.Ii.-atingllie 
ri^i.l  lo.^un,•l,on  legislation;  conducted  the  con-' 
?.,■'>,"'•  '■'i'«-""Sffom  L.  Cornelius  Cinmi, 

1   i,»Iychciedconsul,  a  solemn  oath  that  he 
1.1  oiKcrve  tlie  new  regulations,  and  securing 
I     (,■,,„„,  of  Cn.  Octavius  in  Ids  own  interest 
"il      , '     ■'"-■  ;\,'^«''"-ym--,   who   bad   just 
i."akc.,  II,,  iK-e  off  his  coat,' to  use  his  own  figure 


1029 


he  turned  to  do  his  great  work  in  the  East "  (Hor 
ton). 

Sulla  went  to  Greece,  which  was  in  revolt  and 
in  alliance  with  Mithridates,  and  conducted  there  a 
brilliant,  ruthless  campaign  for  three  years  (B.  C 
87-84),  until  lie  had  restored  Roman  authority 
in  the  peninsula,  and  forced  the  King  of  Pontus 
to  surrender  all   his  conquests  in   Asia  Minor, 
I  iitil  this  task  was  finished,  he  gave  no  heed  to 
what  his  enemies  liid  at  Rome;  thoiigli  the  strug- 
gle there  between   "Siillans"  and    ".Marians" 
had  gcme  flereelv  and  bhuKlily  on,  and  his  own 
partisans  had  Imi  ii  beaten  in  the  fight.    The  con- 
sul (jctavius,  who  was  in  Sulla's  interest,  had 
first  driven  tlieconsul  Cinnaout  of  tliecitv  after 
slaying  10,000  of  his  faction.     Cinnas  caliic  was 
taken  up  bv  the  new  Italian  citizens;  lie  was 
joined  by  the  exiled  Marius,  and  tliesc  two  re- 
turnwl  together,  with  an  army  wliicli  the  Senate 
and  the  party  of  Sulla  were  imablc  to  resist. 
Marius  came  back  with  a  burning  lieart  and  with 
savage  intentions  of  revenge.     A  horrible  n.aj- 
sacre  of  liis  opponents  ensued,  wliich  went  on 
tinchecked  for  five  days,  and  was  continued  more 
deliberately    for  several   months,  until    Marius 
died,   at  the  beginning   of  the   year  86    B.  C. 
llienCinna  ruhd  absolutely  at  Rome  for  three 
years,  supported  in  the  main  by  the  newly. made 
citizens;  while  the  provinces  generally  remained 
under  tlie  control  of  tlie  jiarty  of  the  optiinates, 
III  8:t  B.  t".  Sulla,  liaviiig  finished  with  care- 
fulness his  work  in  tlic  East,  came  back  into  Italv 
with  40,(KK»  veterans  to  attend  his  steps.     He  had 
iK'en  outlawed  and  deprived  of  his  command    by 
the  faction  governing  at  tlie  ca|iital;  but  its  de- 
crees had  noclTectaiid  troubled  him  little,     linua 
had  lieen  killed  by  his  own  triKips,  even  before 
Sulla's  landing  at  Bruudisium.   Several  important 
leaders  and  soldiers  on  the  .Marian  side,  such  as 
I'ompeius,  then  a  young   seneral,  and  Crassus 
the  millioniiiri',  wi-nt  over  to  Sulla's  <.am|i.     One 
of  the  consuls  of  ilie  year  saw  his  troops  follow 
their  example,  in  a  boilv  ;  the  other  ccmsul   was 
iH'aten  ami  driven  into  Capuu      Sulla  wintered  in 
Campania,  and  the  next  sprinir  he  pressed  for- 
ward to  Rome,  fighting  a  decisive  battle  with 
Marius  the  younger  on  the  wav  and  tix.k  pos.ses- 
sion  of  the  city;  but  not  in  time  to  i)revent  a 
massacre  of  senators  by  the  resentful  mob. 

Sulla's  Dictatorship. 
Before  that  year  closed,  the  whole  of  Italy  had 
been  subdued,  the  final  liattle  beiiisr  fouglit"with 
the  Marians  and  Italians  at  the  C'olline  (iate,  and 
Sulla  again  possessed  power  supreme.  He  placed 
it  beyond  dispute  by  a  delibirate  extcrminatiou 
of  his  opponents,  more  merciless  than  the  .Marian 
massaere  had  Inen.  Tliev  were  prosiribed  bv 
name,  in  placarded  lists,'and  rewards  paid  to 
those  who  killed  them;  while  their  |iroperty  was 
confiscated,  and  became  the  source  of  vast  for- 
tunes to  Sulla's  suppurlers,  and  of  lauds  for  dis- 
triliiition  to  his  veterans. 

When  this  terror  h.id  paralyzed  all  resistance  to 
his  rule.  tli('  Dictator  (l',.r  he  had  taken  that  title) 
und<  rtook  a  coinphie  reconstruction  of  Ihi'  cin- 
slitutiiin.  ainihig  at  a  perniani'iit  restoration  of 
senatorial  aseeiid.-uicy  and  a  curbing  of  the  pow- 
ers whicli  the  peo|de,  in  tlieira.ssemhlits.  ami  the 
magistrates  wlio  especially  repre8<nted  them,  had 
gaine(l  during  the  preceiling  century,  lie  re- 
ill. ..leiie.i,  mi,ieo>er.  tiie  judicial  system,  and 
some  of  his   reforms   were  undoubtedly  good, 


^i./T^rpm 


EUROPE. 


Fumptitu,  Cnunu 
and  Omar. 


EUROPE. 


thoueh  they  did  not  prove  enduring.  When  he 
had  fashioned  the  state  to  his  lilting,  this  extra- 
ordinary usurper  quietly  abdi  '  ti'd  hia  dictatorial 
otflrc  (A.  ('.  80)  and  retired  to  ivate  life,  undia- 
turlml  until  his  death  (D.  ('.  78). 

After  Sulla. 

The  system  hv  hail  rslahlished  did  not  save 
Rome  from  renewed  distractions  and  disorder 
after  Sulla  died.  There  was  no  longer  a  prarti- 
cal  question  lu'twcen  Si'nate  and  people — 1*- 
tweeii  the  few  and  tlie  many  In  government.  The 
question  now.  since  the  lefiiimaries  held  llieir 
swords  pri'pared  to  lie  tlung  into  the  scale,  was 
whiit  line  should  apiln  iratlier  the  powers  of 
government  into  his  hands,  as  Sulla  had  done. 

The  great  Game  and  the  Players. 

The  history  of  the  next  thirty  years  —  the  last 
generation  (tf  republican  Uome  —  is  a  sad  and 
sinister  but  tlirillinir  chronicle  of  the  strifes  and 
intrigues,  the  machinations  and  corruptions,  of  a 
stupeiidiiUH  and  wicked  gaitie  in  politics  tliat  was 
played,  ,'iLrai>i>t  one  another  and  against  ,he  He- 
]iulilic,  liy  a  few  daring,  uh'icrupnlous  players, 
with  lli(  ('Ni|iin'  of  tlic>  (ivili/id  worlil  for  the 
stake  Itftwcen  them.  There  were  monr  than  a 
few  who  uspireti ;  tln-re  were  only  three  players 
whoditereil  really  as  principals  into  the  ganie. 
Th(  se  \M  re  roni|Hius.  ealled  "the  Great. "  since 
he  extinguished  the  Marian  fai'tiun  in  .Sicily  and 
in  Spain;  Cns.sus.  whose  wealth  gave  him  power, 
and  Willi  ac  i|iiire>l  some  military  pretensions  lie- 
sidcs.  liy  taking  the  licld  uu'ainst  a  forniidahle  in- 
surrection of  slaves  (H.  ('.  7;t-7r);  and  Julius 
(.")es;ir,  a  young  [latrician.  liut  nephew  of  Planus 
by  marri.ige  who  assiduously  strenglheneil  that 
connectinn  with  tlic  party  of  the  people,  and  who 
began,  very  mhiu  after  Sidla's  death,  to  draw  at- 
tention to  himself  as  u  rising  power  in  the  poli- 
tics of  the  (l.iy.  There  wire  two  other  men, 
Cicero  and  the  younger  Cato.  who  lK)re  a  nobler 
and  gnater  iM'catise  less  selfish  i)art  in  the  contest 
of  that  fateful  time.  Both  were  blind  to  the  im- 
possibility of  restoring  the  old  order  of  things, 
with  a  dominant  .Senate,  a  free  hut  well  guided 
pcipidaee,  and  a  simply  ordered  social  state;  but 
their  blinilne.ss  was  heron  and  high-souled. 

Pompeius  in  the  East. 

of  the  three  string  rivals  for  the  vacint  dic- 
tatorial chair  which  waited  to  be  filled,  I'ompeius 
licid  by  far  tlie  urcater  advantages.  His  fame  as 
asiil.lii  r  was  already  won:  liehadhe<>n  a  favorite 
of  Knrtune  frrinilhelH'ginninirof  hisca^'er;every- 
tllirll.■  li.id  succeeded  with  him:  everything  was 
i\p(  ctiil  lor  him  and  expi'led  from  him.  Kven 
wliilc  the  issues  of  the  gri'at  struggle  weri'  pend- 
ing, a  iMiiiilcrful  oppiirl unity  for iiicn'asing  his  re- 
nown w.iN..piricd  to  him.  Till- disonlers  of  the  civil 
war  h:iil  lii .  nvd  a  swarm  of  pimtes,  wlio  fairly 
p,iw—.cd  111.-  casicrn  .Mediterranean  and  hail 
in  ri'-ly  1  \tirit;itcd  tile  niarititiie  tnide.  Pompeius 
wiisMMI  airairist  till  m(l!.  C.  t!7l.  withaconmiission 
lliat  gave  iiirii  almost  unlimited  powers, and  within 
ninety  days  he  had  driven  them  from  the  si-a. 
'I'licn.  Ill  lore  he  liad  retunied  from  this  exploit, 
he  was  invested  v.\'.\\  supreme  command  in  the 
•  ritire  Kast.  where  another  trouldesome  war  with 
Mitiiridates  was  going  on.  He  harvested  tlure 
.-ill  the  laurels  which  beloiured  by  Ix'tter  right  to 
his  predecer^S'-r.  l.tieuMll-..  ilTidill';:  the  pmver  of 
Mithridatesain  aily  broken  down.     FnimPontus 


he  paned  into  Armenia,  and  thence  into  .Syrli, 
easily  aubjunting  both,  and  extinguishing  tlir 
monarchy  of  the  8eleucids.  The  Jews  resistwj 
him  and  be  humbled  them  by  the  siege  and  cod- 
quest  of  their  sacred  city.  Egypt  was  now  the 
only  Mediterranean  state  left  outside  the  all  ab- 
sorbing dominion  of  Rome;  and  even  Egvpt.  by 
bequest  of  its  late  king,  Ixdnnged  to  the  hepub- 
lic,  though  not  yet  claimed. 

The  Firit  TriumTirate. 

Pompeius  came  back  to  Rome  in  the  spring  nf 
61  U.  ('.  so  glorified  by  his  successes  tli;ii  In. 
nught  have  seemed  to  be  irresistible,  wjiiimr 
he  shindd  undertake.  But,  either  tliroiiL'h  ;m 
honest  patriotism  or  an  overweening  conlili  \m, 
he  had  dislmnded  his  nimy  when  he  nidinl 
Italy,  anil  he  hail  conmiitted  hinisilf  to  no  p:iriv 
He  KtiMHl  alone  ami  ahmf,  with  a  great  pn Mi!;'i 
great  ambitions,  and  no  ability  to  use  the  mw  nr 
realize  the  other.  Before  another  year  pawil, 
he  was  glad  to  accept  offers  of  a  helpiiiL'  lianil  in 
politics  from  Ciesar,  who  had  climlH-d  tlic  ladilrr 
of  olllce  rapidly  within  four  or  live  years  -jh ml, 
ing  vast  sums  of  iMirrowed  money  to  anniM  tlu' 
people  with  ganns,  and  dislinguishinr  hinisilf 
as  ndemix-niticctiampion.  Ca-siir,  the  arMciiiir 
i'alculatA>r,  discerned  the  enormous  a.-ixaiiLiiris 
that  lie  might  gain  for  himself  bv  massing  loirnlur 
the  prestige  of  I'ompeius,  ihi  veallh  of  (  nsMis 
and  his  own  invincible  genius,  which  w.is  .-iinD 
tie  the  master  element  in  the  comliinatii<ii.  He 
li:'ought  the  coalition  alKiut  through  a  bargnio 
which  created  what  is  known  in  history  asilit 
First  Triumvirate,  or  supremacy  of  three. 

Czsar  in  Gaul. 

Under  the  terms  of  the  bargain,  Cesar  w,is 
chosen  consul  for  .TO  B.  t". ,  and  at  the  i  nd  of  liis 
term  was  given  the  governorship  of  Cisalpine 
and  Transalpine  (}aul,  with  command  of  tlirii> 
legions  there,  for  five  year.s.  His  grainl  aim 
was  a  military  command  —  the  leadership  ofjin 
army  —  the  prc^'igc  of  a  successful  .sohliir,  Xo 
siMincr  had  he  secured  the  command  than  f  rtiinr 
g:ive  him  opportunities  for  its  use  in  the  most 
striking  way  and  with  the  most  impnssiven' 
sulU.  The  Celtic  trilx'S  of  Gaul,  north  ef  ilw 
two  small  provinces  which  the  Romans  hail  al 
ready  acquired  on  the  Mediterranean  loasl.  tan' 
him  pretexts  or  provocations  (it  niatlirnl  lii'li- 
to  CiBsar  which)  for  war  with  them,  and  in  a 
si'riesof  remarkable  campaigns,  which  :ill  snlilicrs 
since  have  admired,  lie  pusbiil  the  frniiiii  rs  of 
the  dominion  of  Rome  to  the  ocean  ;ui-l  llic 
Rhine,  and  threatened  the  nations  of  ilirminy 
on  the  fartiier  hanks  of  that  stn-am.  "  'I'lie  inn- 
quest  of  Oaul  by  Ciesar."  says  .Mr.  Fn  i  nini.  'U 
one  of  the  most  important  events  in  tin  hi-i"" 
of  the  world.  It  is  in  some  sort  the  In  L'iiiiiini  ul 
inodeni  history,  as  it  brought  the  old  \m  rid  if 
soulliern  Europe,  of  which  Rome  was  tin' luni. 
into  contact  witli  the  lands  and  naiioi 
were  to  play  tlie  greatest  part  in  laid 
witli  tiaul,  Germany,  and  Britain."  Fi 
( 'lesar  erossi'd  the  channel  to  Britain  ii 
and  again  in  the  following  year,  exaciiii-  irilmir 
from  the  Celtic  natives,  but  iittempliii-'  u  '  l"il.^' 
ment  in  th.e  island. 

Meantime,  while  pursuing  a  career  of  rMniiiisl 
which  excited  tile  Roman  world,  Casiir  m  m  rlnsi 
touch  with  the  cnpitiil  and  it.s  Keethi!:!:  i-Htics 
Each  ..inter  he  repainnl  to  Lucca,  the  i-iutin 


whi.ll 
nirs  — 


.  i;  I' 


1030 


EUROPE. 


Catar^9 

Supnwtaep. 


EUROPE. 


bis  proTicoe  which  wu  nearest  to  Rome,  aod 
coofrrrMl  there  with  his  friends,  who  flacked  to 
the  readozvuus.  He  secure<l  an  extensioo  of  hU 
temi,  to  enable  htm  to  complete  his  plans,  and 
Tear  by  year  he  grew  more  independent  of  the 
support  of  his  colleagues  in  tlic  triumvirate, 
while  they  weakened  one  another  by  their  Jeal- 
ousies, and  the  Itoman  state  was  more  hopelessly 
distracted  by  factious  strife. 

End  of  the  TriumTirate. 

The  year  after  Caesar's  second  invasion  of 
Britain.  Crassus,  who  had  obtained  the  govern- 
ment of  Syria,  perished  in  a  disastrous  war  with 
the  I'artliiins,  and  the  triumvirate  was  at  an  end. 
Disonlerin  i{(>mc  increased  and  I'oinpeius  lacked 
energy  or  boldness  to  deal  with  it,  though  ho 
leemed  to  be  tiic  one  man  prcwnt  who  might  do 
to.  lie  was  made  sole  consul  in  52  U.  0. :  he 
might  have  seized  the  dictatorship,  with  appro- 
viil  of  many,  but  he  » iiiteil  for  it  to  be  offered  to 
him,  and  the  offer  never  came.  lie  dn^w  at  last 
into  close  alliance  with  the  party  of  tlie  Opti- 
mutcs.  and  left  the  I'opulurcs  to  be  won  entirely 
to  t'icsar's  side. 

Civil  War. 

lliilters  came  to  a  crisis  in  W  B.  C.  when  the 
Sfnute  pii&sed  un  cnlcr  nnioving  t'lesar  fn>m  his 
riiniiiiand  anil  ilischargiiig  his  soldiers  who  had 
served  their  term.  He  cnnie  to  Kavenna  with  a 
single  legion  and  rciicerted  measures  with  his 
friends.  T!:'.'  ioaue  involved  is  supposed  to  have 
hen  one  of  life  or  death  to  him,  as  well  as  of 
triumph  or  failure  in  his  ambitions;  for  his  ene- 
mies were  malignant.  His  friends  demanded 
that  he  be  made  consul,  for  his  i)rotcction,  before 
laying  down  his  arms.  The  innate  answered  by 
pnH-laitning  him  a  public  enemy  if  he  failed  to 
dislnifid  hij  troops  with  no  delay.  It  was  a 
declaration  of  war,  and  Caesar  accepted  it.  He 
marched  his  single  legion  ucross  the  Rubicon, 
which  was  the  boundary  of  his  province,  and 
advanced  towards  liomc. 

I'ompeius,  with  the  forces  he  liad  gathered,  re- 
treated southward,  and  consuls,  senators  and 
nobles  generally  streamed  after  him.  Ciesar  fol- 
lowed them— turning  aside  from  the  city  — and 
his  forot:  gathered  numbers  as  he  advanced. 
The  I'oni|)eians  continued  their  flight  and  alian- 
doned  Italy,  withdrawing  fo  Epirus,  planning  to 
gather  there  the  forces  oi  East  and  return 

witli  them.  Ciesar  now  took  ^session  of  Koine 
and  secure<l  the  islands  of  S.nly  and  Sardinia, 
from  which  it  drew  its  supply  of  food.  This 
(lone,  he  priKcedcd  without  delay  to  Spain, 
where  seven  legions  strongly  devoted  to  I'om- 
peius were  stationed.  He  overcame  them  in  a 
sinL'le  campaign,  enlisted  most  of  the  veterans 
in  iiis  own  service,  and  acquia'd  a  store  of  treas- 
uri'  Ik'fore  tlie  year  ended  he  was  again  in 
Itome.  where  the  citizens  liad  pnxdaimtd  him 
dictator  lie  lieUi  the  dictatorship  for  eleven 
(\:\y\  'inly,  to  legalize  an  election  which  made 
hiiii  c.iMsiil,  with  a  pliant  as.sociatc.  He  nvr- 
L'liiLi/i.l  the  government,  eimipletc  in  all  its 
tr.ihl.is.  including  a  senate,  partly  com  posi-d  <if 
f  rill,  r  mc  niliers  of  the  Inxiy  who  had  reniaineil 
ir  rriurndl.  Tlien(B.  C.  48.— January)  he  t(X)k 
Jip  llie  pursuit  of  Pompeiiis  and  the  Optimatcs. 
I  fi^^iig  to  Epirus.  after  some  months  of  change- 

;;,     ...r;   ...j.^      -.^^     foUght     Alid      *«U     lllO    decisiVU 

t)af.le  of  I'liarsalia.    Pompclus.  flying  to  Egypt, 


was  murdered  there.  Ctesar,  following,  with  a 
■mall  force,  was  placed  in  great  peril  by  a  rising 
at  Alexandria,  but  held  his  ground  until  assis- 
tance came.  He  then  garrisoned  Egypt  with 
Roman  troops  and  made  the  princess  Cleopatra, 


who  had  captivated  him  by  her  chaims,  joint 
:cupant  of  the  throne  with  her  younger  brother. 
During  his  absence,  affairs  at  Rome  were  again 


disturbed,  and  he  was  once  more  appointed  dic- 
tator, as  well  as  tribune  for  life.  His  presence 
restored  order  at  once,  and  he  was  soon  in  readi- 
ness to  attack  the  party  of  his  enemies  who  had 
taken  refuge  in  Africa.  The  battle  of  Thapsus, 
followed  by  the  suicide  of  Cato  and  the  surrender 
of  Utica,  practically  flnishetl  the  contest,  though 
one  more  campaign  was  fought  in  Spain  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

Cesar  Supreme. 

Osar  was  now  master  of  the  dominions  of 
Home,  and  as  entirely  a  monarch  as  any  one  of 
his  imperial  successors,  who  t(K>k  his  name,  with 
the  power  which  he  laiised  it  to  symbohze,  and 
called  themselves  "  ( 'icsars, "  and  "  Imperators," 
as  though  the  two  titles  were  ci|ulvalent.  "  Im- 
perator"  was  the  title  under  which  he  chose  to 
exercise  his  sovereignty.  Other  Roman  generals 
had  Ix.'eu  Imperators  before,  but  he  was  the  first 
to  Ik  named  Imperator  for  life,  and  the  word 
(changed  in  our  tongue  to  Emperor)  look  a  mean- 
ing from  that  day  more  regal  than  Rex  or  King. 
That  Ciesar,  the  Imperator.  first  oi  all  Emperors, 
ever  coveted  the  crown  and  title  of  an  older- 
fashioned  n>yalty,  is  not  an  easy  thing  to  iH-lieve. 

Having  s»"ttleii  his  authority  firmly,  he  gave 
his  attention  to  the  organization  of  the  Empire 
(still  I^'public  In  name)  and  to  the  reforming  of 
the  evils  wliich  afllicted  it.  That  he  did  this 
work  with  consummate  judgment  and  success  is 
the  opinion  of  all  who  study  his  time.  He  grati- 
fied no  resentments,  executed  no  revenges,  pro- 
scribed DO  enemies.  All  who  submitted  to  his 
rule  were  safe ;  and  it  seems  to  l>e  clear  that  the 
people  in  genemi  were  glad  to  be  rescued  by  Lis 
rule  from  the  old  oligarchical  and  anarchical 
state.  But  some  of  Ciesar's  own  partii^ans  were 
dissatisfied  with  the  autocracy  which  they  helped 
to  create,  or  with  the  slenderness  of  their  own 
parts  in  it.  They  conspired  with  surviving  lead- 
ers of  the  Optimatcs,  and  Ctesar  ->vas  assassinated 
by  them,  in  the  Senate  chamber,  on  the  15th  of 
March,  B.  C.  44. 

Professor  Mommsen  has  expressed  the  estimate 
of  Ciesar  which  many  thoughtful  historians  have 
forme<l,  in  the  following  strong  wonls;  "In  the 
character  of  Cassir  the  great  contrasts  of  exis- 
tence nieit  and  balani'c  each  other.  He  was  of 
the  mightiest  cre-itivo  power,  and  yet  of  the  most 
penetriiting  judgment;  of  the  highest  energy  of 
will  and  the  highest  capacity  of  e.\eculi(m;  filled 
with  republican  ideals,  aiid  at  the  same  time 
born  to  be  king.  He  was  '  the  entire  perfect 
man';  and  lie  was  this  Ik'ciiusc  he  was  the  entire 
and  ixrfwt  Uoiuan.  This  m.iy  Iw  nearly  true 
if  we  ignore  the  moral  side  of  Ciesar's  character. 
He  was  of  too  large  a  nature  to  do  evil  things 
unnecessarily,  and  so  he  shines  even  morally  in 
comparison  with  many  of  his  kind:  but  he  had 
no  scruples. 

After  the  Murder  of  Caesar. 

The  niurdereis  of  Ciesar  were  not  accepted  l)y 
I  and  ' '  liberators    which 


the  pcop'.e  as  the  patriots  i 


1031 


'  .-   ■  .        '.* 


EUROPE. 


Augtutut 
and  ths  Kmpirt, 


EUROPE. 


'S'i 


they  clHimed  to  be,  ami  they  were  ioon  in  flight 
fn)iii  the  city.  Marcus  AiiUiniiii,  wlio  Imd  been 
('H»uir'8am(K-iate  in  tlieconiulgliip,  now  naturally 
anil  •kilfully  aasunuMi  the  (lirevtiim  of  affttin, 
and  axplrcil  to  gather  the  reins  of  imperial  power 
into  Ins  own  hands.  Hut  rivals  were  ready  to 
dispute  with  him  the  (freat  prize  of  ambition. 
AnioHK  tiiem,  it  in  proimhic  that  Antony  gave 
little  heed  at  tirst  to  the  young  man,  Caius 
Octavius,  or  Octavianus,  who  was  Cwsar's 
neplii'W,  adopteil  son  and  heir;  for  Octavius  was 
less  than  nineteen  years  old,  he  was  absent  in 
Aixillipuia,  and  he  was  little  linown.  Hut  the 
youiiK  Ciesar,  cominif  boldlv  tliough  cpiictly  to 
Rome,  iK'K'in  to  push  his  iieri'ditary  claims  with 
a  patient  craftlnesn  and  dexterity  that  were  mar- 
Tellous  in  one  so  young, 


The  Second  TriuniTJrate. 

The  contestants  soon  resorteil  to  arms.  The 
result  of  their  Hrst  indecisive  encounter  was  a 
compromise  and  tin-  formation  of  a  triumvirate, 
lilie  that  of  t'lesar,  I'ompeius  and  Crassus.  This 
8c<-ond  triumvirate  wa.s  made  up  of  Antonius, 
Octavius,  an<i  Jx;pidus,  lately  master  of  the  horse 
in  Ciesars  army.  I'nlilse  the  earlier  coalition,  it 
was  vengeful  and  bloody-minded.  lu  lirst  act 
was  a  proscription,  in  tlie  terrible  manner  of 
Sulla,  which  filled  Home  and  Italy  with  murders, 
and  with  tirror  and  niounnng.  Cieeio,  the 
patriot  and  great  orator,  was  among  the  victims 
cut  down. 

After  this  general  slaughterof  their  enemies  at 
home,  Antonius  and  Octavius  proceeded  against 
Brutus  and  t'assius,  two  of  the  assassins  of 
Cwsiir,  wlio  liad  gatliered  a  large  force  in  Oree<e 
They  defeated  theiu  at  I'hilippi,  and  both  "  lib- 
erators" perished  by  their  own  hands.  The  tri- 
umvirs now  divided  the  empire  between  them, 
Antonius  ruling  tlie  East,  Octavius  the  West,' 
and  ],epidus  talking  Africa  — that  is,  tlie  Cartha- 
ginian province,  w  liich  inclu<led  neitiier  Egypt 
nor  Numidia.  Unhappily  for  Antonius,  the 
queen  of  Egypt  was  among  his  vassals,  and  she 
ensnared  him.  He  gave  himself  up  to  voluptu- 
ous dalliance  witli  Cleopatra  at  Alexandria,  while 
the  cool  intriguer,  Octavius,  at  Home,  worked 
unceasingly  to  solidify  and  increase  his  power. 
After  six  years  had  passed,  the  young  Ca'sar 
was  ready  to  put  Lepidus  out  of  his  way,  which 
he  (lid  mercifully,  by  sending  him  into  exile. 
After  live  years  more,  he  launched  his  legions 
and  his  war  galleys  again.st  AnUmius,  with  tlie 
full  sahiiion  of  the  Hoiiian  senate  and  people. 
The  sia  tight  at  Aeiiuin  (H.  C.  ai)gave  Octavius 
the  whole  empire,  and  Iwth  Antonius  and  Cleo- 
patra (onimitted  suicide  after  llyiug  to  Egypt 
rile  kingdom  of  the  I'tolemies  was  now  extin- 
guished and  became  a  liomao  province  in  due 
form. 

Octavius  (AuKustut)  Supreme. 
Octavius  was  now  more  securely  absolute  as 
the  ruler  of  Home  and  its  great  empire  than 
Sulla  or  .Julius  fasjir  had  been,  and  he  main- 
tained that  sovereignty  without  challenge  for 
forty-live  years,  until  "his  ileatli.  lie  received 
from  llie  Senate  tlie  hononiry  title  of  "Augus- 
tus," liy  wliidi  he  is  most  commonly  known, 
tor  ollicial  lilies,  he  t(mk  none  but  those  which 
had  belonged  to  the  institutions  of  the  I{epublic, 
and  -.vtn  f.iiniiiiiriv  kuuvvu.  He  was  Iniperator 
as  his  uncle  had   been.      lie  was  Prineeps,   or 


head  of  the  Senate;  he  waa  Censor;  he  wm 
Tribune ;  he  was  Supreme  Pontiff.  All  the  gnst 
offices  of  the  H<-piililtc  be  kept  alive,  and  in. 
geniously  constructed  hia  sovereignty  by  uiiitimr 
their  powers  in  himself. 

Ofganizatioo  of  the  Empire. 

The  historical  position  of  Augustus,  ns  ilie 
real  founder  of  the  Roman  Empire,  is  unioue  in 
its  grandeur;  and  yet  History  has  deali  dm- 
leniptuously,  for  the  most  part,  with  his  name 
His  character  has  been  looked  upon,  to  um'  iW 
languageof  DeOuincey,  as  •'positively  repulsive 
in  the  very  hlgh(«t  degree.''  "A  cikiI  h,  i„| 
wrote  Oiblnm  of  him,  "an  unfeeling  heart  auj 
a  cowardly  ilis|>osition,  prompted  him,  at  the 
age  of  nineteen,  to  assume  the  mask  of  hvii.n'. 
ri.sy,  which  he  never  afterwards  laid  aiiile  " 
And  again:  "His  virtues,  and  even  his  viic» 
were  artificial ;  and  according  to  the  various  die' 
tales  of  his  interest,  he  was  at  first  the  eminv 
and  at  last  the  father,  of  the  Roman  world  " 
Yet,  how  can  we  deny  surpassing  high  i|iialitie8 
of  some  description  to  a  man  wlio  set  the  .■.hut- 
tered  Roman  Itepubllc,  with  all  its  demiKnitic 
bases  broken  up,  on  a  new  —  an  Imperial  —  foun 
tlation,  so  gently  that  it  suffered  no  furtlier  sliock 
and  BO  solidly  that  it  endure<l.  In  whole  or  in 
part,  for  a  millenium  and  a  half? 

In  the  reign  of  Augustus  the  Empire  was 
consolidated  and  organized;  it  was  not  niudi 
extended.  The  frontiers  were  carried  to  tlie 
Danube,  througiiout,  and  the  subjugation  of  ,'<|iiiin 
was  made  complete.  Augustus  generally  ilis- 
courage<l  wars  of  conquest.  His  ambitioin  step- 
sons,  Drusus  and  Tilierius,  persuaded  liiin  into 
several  expeditions  beyond  the  Rhine,  m;aiii.st 
tlie  restless  German  nation.s,  which  perpitually 
menaced  the  bortlers  of  Oa  ;  but  these  gaiiieil 
no  permanent  footing  in  ..le  Teutonic  territory. 
They  led,  on  the  contrary,  to  a  fearful  ilW.i^t'n 
(A.D.  9),  near  the  close  of'tlie  reiguof  Augustus. 
when  tlm'e  legions,  under  Varus,  were  il.sirnn-j 
in  the  Teuto'-urg  Forest  by  a  great  eoniliinaii.m 
I  of  the  tribes,  planned  and  conducted  bv  a  joimij 
I  chieftain  named  Hermann,  or  Arminiu'i.  win.  la 
I   the  national  hero  of  Germany  to  this  dav 

The  policy  of  Drusus  in  strongly  fortifviiu'  ilii. 
northern  frontier  against  the  Germans  h  ft  ii,,,rki 
which  are  conspicuously  visible  at  the  |>r.  m  nt 
day.  From  the  fifty  fortresses  which  he  is  said 
to  have  built  along  the  line  sprang  nianv  irupur- 
tant  nnxlern  cities,— Hasel,  Straslmrg,' Wurms. 
Mainz,  Bingen,  Coblenz,  Bonn,  Cologti. ,  and 
Leyden,  among  the  numlier.  From  similar  f  rta 
on  the  Danubiaii  frontier  rose  Vienna,  Iti^'ius- 
burg  and  Pas-sau. 

Tiberius,  Caligula,  Claudiua  and  Nero. 

Augustus  died  A.  I).  II,  ami  was  siiccee.l.  d  in 
his  honors,  his  olllees,  ami  his  powers.  |.\  Ins 
j  stepson,  TilM'riiis  Claudius  Neni,  whom  li  l.ud 
adopted.  TilM'rius,  during  most  of  his  r  i^'n, 
was  a  vigorous  ruler,  but  a  detestable  111:111.  imiiss 
his  subjects  iK'lied  him,  which  some  liisioriiiis 
»usi«>cl.  Another  attempt  at  the  coiiiiiii-:  .f 
Germany  was  made  by  his  nephew  (ieriii:i:jriis. 
son  of  Drusus;  but  the  jcalou.sy  of  the  1  iii|..  r-r 
checked  it,  and  Oerinanicus  died  soon  afti  r  k 
lieving  that  he  had  lieen  poisoned.  A  .-  ii  it 
Germanieus,  Caius,  In-tter  known  l.v  lii,  :  ii  k. 
name  of  Caligula,  succeeded  to  the  ihroiii  .  ii  llie 
death  of  Tiberius  (A.  D.  87),  and  was  the  lirii  uf 


1032 


EUROPE. 


Vtmatian 
ia  Hadrian. 


EUROPE. 


miinT  ompeiori  to  be  crMwl  >nd  mude  b«Mt- 
like  ill  luft,  cruelty  ami  nenseleMneM,  by  lliu 
•wful  unboundwl  power  which  pBMcd  Into  their 
hsmU  The  Empire  bore  hii  madncM  for  three 
Tears  ami  then  lie  >  s»  miirclcrcil  by  his  own 
luanls.  The  Senate  had  tiioiieliM  now  of  reitor- 
Inii  the  commonwealth,  and  debate<l  the  queatiim 
(or  a  day;  but  the  ioldlers  of  the  pnetorinn 
guard  lix'k  It  out  of  their  hands,  and  decided  It. 
l,v  rnKliilmlng  Tiberius  Claudius  (A.  D.  41).  a 
bri'lliir  iif  Oermanicus,  and  uncle  of  the  em- 
wn)r  jutt  slain.  (Maudius  was  wealt  of  bo<ly 
ind  mind,  but  not  vicious,  and  his  reign  was  dis- 
tlnrllv  one  of  Improvement  und  advnncc  In  the 
EmpiVi'  Me  bcRan  the  conciucst  of  Britain, 
wUicli  till'  Komans  had  negk-cted  since  Osars 
linif  iind  he  opjMied  the  Senate  to  the  provincials 
of  Gaul.  He  had  two  wives  of  Infamous  charac- 
ter and  the  later  one  of  these.  Agrippina,  brought 
hiiii  a  son,  not  his  own,  whom  he  adopted,  and 
who  8iicccc<kHl  him  (A.I).  54).  This  was  Niro.  of 
foul  memory,  who  was  madman  and  miinslcr  in 
as  sinister  a  combination  as  hisUiry  can  show. 
During  the  rciga  of  Nero,  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity, which  had  been  silently  making  Its  way 
fromJudieu  into  all  parts  of  tlie  Empire,  began 
to  altract  llic  attention  of  nu'n  in  public  place, 
ami  llie  first  persecution  of  Its  disciples  took 
plan-  (A.  I).  64).  A  great  fire  (X-ciirred  in  Ifcime, 
whidi  the  hated  emperov  was  lielieved  to  liavi' 
0!ius.-(l,  but  he  found  it  convenient  to  accuse  the 
Cliri-itiuna  of  tiie  deed,  nn<l  large  numbers  of 
thim  were  put  to  death  In  horrible  ways. 

VeipMlan  and  his  Soni. 

Xem  was  tolerated  for  fourteen  years,  until 
the  soliliers  in  the  provinces  rose  against  liim, 
an.l  lie  emnmittcd  suicide  (.V.  I).  68)  to  escape  a 
worse  death.  Then  followed  a  year  of  civil  war 
l)etween  rival  emperors  — Galba,  Otlio,  Vitellius, 
an.l  Vespasian  —  proclaimed  by  different  Unlles 
of  s.il(lier8  in  various  parts  of  the  Empire.  The 
struggle  ended  In  favor  of  Vespasian,  a  rude, 
strung  soldier,  who  purged  the  government, 
diseiplined  the  army,  and  brought  society  back 
tow.'ird  simpler  and  deccntcr  ways.  The  great 
revolt  ..f  the  Jews  (.\.  O.  66-70)  had  broken  out 
before  lie  received  the  purple,  and  ho  was  com- 
m.iniling  in  Judaea  when  Nero  fell.  The  siege, 
capture  and  destruction  of  Jerusalem  was  ac- 
complished by  his  son  Titus.  A  more  formida- 
lile  revolt  in  the  Wcit  (A.  D.  69)  was  begun  by 
tlie  liatavians,  a  German  trilie  which  occupied 
part  of  the  N'etlierland  territory,  near  ihe  mouth 
(if  till  lihiue.  They  were  joined  by  neighlmring 
(lauls  !i;iil  by  disalleetwl  Roman  legionaries,  and 
they  reeiived  help  from  their  German  kindreil 
on  the  uorthom  si<le  of  the  Rhine.  The  revolt. 
led  by  a  tliieftain  named  Civilis,  who  had  si'rved 
in  till  Konian  army,  was  overcome  with  exireine 
ilifficully. 

Vi  *pa*iari  was  more  than  worthily  succceileil 
l.\.  1>.  Till  by  bis  ebler  son,  Titus,  whose  subjeim 
.so  .1  lijinil  bis  many  virtues  that  he  was  called 

"tile  ililijilit  of  the  human  race."  His  short 
r''iL-ii.   however,  was  one  of  calamities;  lire  at 

li'  lue,  .1  L'reat  pestilence,  and  the  f rightful  erup- 
li"ri  1.1  Visuvius  which  destroyed  Hcrculaneum 
anil  I'ompeil.  After  Titus  came  his  younger 
bri.ilier  Doinitian  (A.  D.  81),  who  proved  to  be 
aiv^ther  ereaiure  r.f  thn  mnnatroiis  Kprries  tlmt 
app.ared  s.)  often  in  the  series  of  Roman  emper- 
ors    The  conquest  of  southern  Britaio  (modem 


England)  was  completed  In  his  reign  by  an  abta 
soldier,  Agrlcola,  who  fought  the  CaIe<ionlans  of 
the  North,  but  was  n^cailed  before  subduing  them. 
Domitian  was  murdered  by  his  own  Krvanti 
(A.  I).  06),  after  a  reign  of  fifteen  years. 

Nerra,  Trajan  and  Hadrian. 
Rome  and  the  Empir<!  were  happy  at  last  In 
the  choice  that  was  made  of  a  sovereign  to  suc- 
ceed the  hateful  son  of  Vespasian.     Not  the  sol- 
diery, but  the  Senate,  miule  the  choice,  and  It 
fell  on  one  of  their  numlMT,  Cocctlus  Nerva,  who 
was  already  an  aged  man.     lie  wore  the  nurplo 
but  sixteeu  m(mtlis,  and  his  single  great  distinc- 
tion in  Itomau  history  is,  tliat  he  intiodueed  to 
the  Imperial  siu'ces-sion  a  line  of  the  noblest  men 
who  ever  sat  in  llie  sent  of  the  ( 'lesiirs.     The  first 
of  these  was  the  soldier  Trajan,    whom   Nerva 
adopti^d  and  a.ss<«iuted  willi  liimself  in  authority. 
When  Nerva  died  (A.  I).  1IT»,  his  son  by  adoption 
ascended   the  limine  willi  no  oppositiiin.     The 
new  Emperor  was  simple  and  plain  In  his  habits 
and  manners  of  life ;  be  was  honest  und  open  In 
nlUiis  dealings  wiili  men;  be  was  void  of  siis- 
I)i(  ion,  and  of  mali<  !■  and  jealousy  no  less.     He 
gave  careful  attention  to  the  business  of  slate 
and    .as  wisi'  in  liis  adniinistnition  of  alTairs,  im- 
proving rcaids,  eneounigiug  traile.  helping  agri- 
culture, and  developing  tlie  resources  of  the  Em- 
pire in  very  prudent  and  practical  ways.     But 
he  was  tt  s.ildier,  fond  of  war.  mid  he  iinwis<dy 
reopened  the  career  of  conquest  which  had  been 
almost  <lo.seil   for   the   Empire  since  I'oiniH  ius 
came  back  from  the  East.     A  threatening  king- 
<lom    having    risen  among  tlie  Dacians,  in  the 
country  north  of  the  lower  Danulic— the  T.nn- 
sylvania  and  Rounianiaof  tlie  present  day —be  at- 
tacked and  cnislied  it,  In  a  series  of    igorous 
campaigns    (A.  I).  l(il-l()fl).    and   annexed   the 
whole  territory  to  the  ihiminion  of  Komc.     He 
then  garrisoned  and  colonized  the  country,  and 
Romanized  it  so  completely  that  it  keeps  the 
Roman  name,  and  its  language  to  this  day  is  of 
tilt  Latin  stock,  though  Goths.  Huns,  Bulgarians 
and  Slavs  have  swept  it  in  suecessive  invasions, 
and  held  it  among  tlieir  conquests  for  centuries 
at  a  time.     In  the  East,   he  ravaged  tlie  terri- 
tory of  the  Parthian  king,  entered  liis  capital  and 
ad.led  Mesopotamia,  Armenia,  and  Arabia  I'etnea 
to   the   list  of  Koin:in  provinces.     But  he  died 
(.V.I).  I  IT)  liltb;  satisfied  with  the  results  of  his 
eastern  campaigns. 

His  successor  abaiidoneil  them,  and  none  have 
doubted  that  he  did  well;  because  the  Empire 
was  weakiiied  by  the  new  frontier  in  Asia  which 
Trajan  gave  it  to  defend.  His  Dacian  conquests 
were  kepi,  but  all  iKVnud  the  Eupbiates  in  tlie 
East  were  given  up.  'I'be  sui-ees.sor  w  lio  did  this 
was  Hadrian,  a  kinsman,  whom  the  Empiror 
adopted  in  bis  'a^t  hours,  t'nlil  near  the  ibiso 
of  his  life,  Iladii  in  ranked  among  the  Inst  of  the 
emperors.  Rome  saw  little  of  him,  and  resented 
his  incessant  Inivels  through  every  part  of  his 
great  realm.  His  manifest  preference  for  At  bens 
where  he  lingered  longest,  and  which  llouriiiied 
anew  umler  liis  patronage,  was  still  more  dis- 
pleasing to  tlie  ancient  capital.  For  the  Kmperor 
was  a  man  of  cultivation,  fond  of  literature,  phi- 
losophy and  art,  though  Imsy  with  the  cares  of 
State.  "  In  his  later  years  he  was  afflicted  with  a 
disea.-.;t>  which  poiaiiiied  bis  nature  by  itstonnents. 
tilled  his  mind  witli  dark  suspicions,  and  made 
him  fitfully  tyranuical  and  cruel.    The  event  most 


10.33 


EVROPE. 


71U  AnUmtntt, 
and  a/t»r. 


EUROPE. 


I 


* 


notahlo  in  hU  KPnenilly  prnrrful  and  protpf roui 
rviiin  w»«  thi"  renpwiMl  ami  final  revolt  o(  tlie 
Ji'wii.  iiniirr  Itarrliochi'twa.  wlilrli  resulted  in 
their  tiitiil  rxp\ilHi<)n  from  Jerutulem.  and  Itaeon 
Teriiiiiu  into  n  lieullirn  city,  witli  a  Kunun  name. 

Tlie  Antoninci. 

Iliulriiin  liiiil  iiilopttKi  iK'fore  lila  dentil  (A.  D. 
1!W)  ft  niiiniif  lilftnicleiM  clmriii'tiT,  TiKisAiirelitii 
Aniiiiiiniis,  wlio  rereiveil  from  his  aiilijerta,  when 
lie  iM'rame  Knipercir,  the  ap|K'llati<m  "I*iU8."  to 
aliriiify  the  iliitifiil  reverence  and  kindlinesa  of 
his  (lisp<)siti(>n  He  justitied  the  name  of  Anto- 
niniiH  I'iim.  hy  which  he  ia  historically  known,  and 
Ilia  ri'i^n,  though  ilistiirlMil  by  aomc  tnmhlea  on 
the  distant  lainlera  of  the  Kmpire,  was  happy  for 
hia  Muhjeiia  in  nearly  all  ri'spccla.  "No  (freat 
ileeilt  are  told  of  him,  iuivethia,  perhapa  the  gri'at- 
est,  that  he  aecure<l  the  love  and  happineas  of 
those  he  riile<i  "  (ra|«'s). 

Like  ao  many  of  the  em,ier(ira,  Antoninus  had 
no  son  of  hia  own ;  hut  even  t)efore  he  came  to 
the  throne,  and  at  the  request  of  Hadrian,  he  had 
adopted  a  younj;  lail  who  won  the  heart  of  the 
late  Emperor  while  still  a  child.  The  family 
name  of  thia  aon  liy  adoption  was  Verua,  and  he 
was  of  Spanish  deai'ent ;  the  name  which  he  t<H)k, 
in  his  new  relationahip,  was  Marcus  Aurelius 
Antoninus.  It  ia  untiueationably  the  moat  illus- 
trious name  in  the  whole  imperial  line,  from 
Augustus  to  the  la.st  Conatantine,  and  made  so, 
not  so  much  by  deeds  as  l)y  character.  He  gave 
the  world  the  solitary  example  of  a  philosopher 
upon  the  throne.  Tlien-  have  ix'cn  a  few  —  a  very 
few — surpnaainitly  );o<al  men  in  kingly  places; 
but  there  has  never  been  another  whose  soul  was 
lifted  to  81) serene  a  hiiiilit  al)ove the  sovereignty 
of  hisstntion.  rnlimitid  power  tempted  no  form 
of  aeltiahui's.'*  in  him;  he  aitw  nothing  in  his  im- 
perial e.\altiili(m  but  tlieilulieswhich  it  imposed. 
Ilia  mind  was  meditative,  and  inclined  him  to  the 
studious  life:  but  he  comiH'lled  himself  to  l)e  a 
m.iu  of  vipor  and  activity  in  afTairs.  He  dia- 
liked  w:ir;  but  he  spent  yearsof  hia  life  in  camp 
on  the  fiiinlicrs;  iMcause  it  fell  to  hia  lot  to  en- 
counlir  the  tirst  jrreat  onset  of  the  barbarian  na- 
tions of  the  norlli.  which  never  ceased  from 
that  time  to  iK'at  apdust  the  barriers  of  the  Em- 
pire uiilil  they  had  broken  them  down.  His 
struggle  was  on  the  line  of  the  Danul)e,  with  the 
triliea  of  the  Marcomanni,  the  Quadi,  the  Van- 
dals, anrl  others  of  less  formidable  power.  He 
held  them  back.  b\it  the  resources  of  the  Empire 
wvTc  overstrained  and  weakened  lastingly  liy  the 
effort.  For  the  lirst  time,  t(K),  there  were  colo- 
nies of  barburiiuis  brought  into  the  Empire, 
from  1»  yi>iiil  its  lines,  to  1k'  settled  for  tlie  supply 
of  soldiirs  to  tln'  armies  of  Itimie,  It  was  a 
dangerous  sign  of  Itoinan  decay  anil  a  fatal  policy 
to  iHgiii.  The  decline  of  the  great  worhl-power 
was,  in  truth,  alriaily  well  advanced,  and  the 
century  of  giwul  nnperors  which  ended  when 
.Man  ui  .\iireliiis  .lied  [\.  I).  180),  only  rctardeil, 
and  did  not  arrest,  the  progress  of  mortal  mala- 
dies ill  the  St, 111-. 

From  Commodus  to  Caracalla. 

The  Ixst  of  eiiipenirs  was  followed  on  the 
thrtine  by  a  son.  ('oiiimiHlua,  who  went  mad,  like 
Kero  and  Caligula,  with  the  drunkenncas  of 
power,  and  wi.,.  Uii;,  killtd  (A.  1).  lUSi  by  hia 
own  servants,  after  a  reign  of  twelve  years.  The 
soldiers  of  the  praetorian  guard  now  took  upon 


themsrlrn  tlie  making  of  emncron,  and  plared 
two  upon  the  throne  —  llrat.  Pertlnax.  an  ngui 
senator,  whom  they  muniereti  the  next  year,  m.J 
then  Didius  Julfanua,  likewise  a  senatnr.  to 
whom,  as  the  highest  bidder,  they  sold  the  purple 
Aftain.  as  after  Nero's  death,  the  armies  on  iIk 
frontiers  put  forward,  each,  a  rival  (liiinmiit. 
and  there  was  war  between  the  rompetiiors  Ti,j 
victor  who  iH'came  sovereign  waa  Septiinim  Se 
verua  (A.  D.  194-ill).  who  Imd  iK'en  in  i.in 
mand  on  the  DanulH'.  He  was  an  aide  Milirr, 
and  waged  war  with  success  against  tin'  I'ar 
thiana  in  the  East,  and  with  the  CalediuiiniH  in 
Britain,  which  latter  he  could  not  sulxlin'  iif 
hiatwoaona,  the  elder,  nicknamed  Caracallui.V  |) 
•il  1-317),  killed  hia  brotlier  with  hia  own  Imii.K 
and  tortured  the  Konmn  world  with  his  hrutali 
ties  for  six  years,  when  he  fell  umler  the  sin.ke 
of  an  aasasain.  The  reign  of  thia  foiil  la'asl 
brought  one  striking  change  to  the  Empire.  Xn 
imperial  edict  wipt-il  away  the  last  distinition 
between  Rnmona  and  Provincials,  giving  i  iiizin- 
ship  to  every  free  inhabitant  of  the  Eiiipirc. 
"Rome  from  this  date  l)ecame  conatitiitiijii;illr 
an  empire,  and  ceoaed  to  be  merely  a  immifi- 
pality.  The  city  had  become  the'  world,  or, 
viewed  from  the  other  side,  the  world  Imd  be- 
come 'the  City  '  "  (.Merivale), 

An«rchj  aad  Decay. 

The  period  of  aixtv-acTen  years  from  the  mur- 
der of  Caracalla  to  the  accession  of  DiiMleiiiui  — 
when  a  great  conatitutional  change  oeeurnil  — 
demands  little  space  in  s  sketch  like  this.  The 
weakening  of  the  Empire  by  causes  inherent  la 
its  social  and  political  structure, —  the  chief  amnnir 
which  were  the  deadly  influence  of  its  system  of 
slavery  and  the  paralyzing  effects  of  lis  autoc- 
racy,—  went  on  at  an  increasing  rate,  while  ilis- 
onler  grew  nearly  to  the  pitch  of  ananln .  mm- 
plete.  There  were  twenty-two  em|>erors  in  the 
term,  which  scarcely  exceeded  that  of  two  j;i  inr«- 
tions  of  men.  Nineteen  of  these  were  taken  fnim 
the  throne  by  violent  deaths,  through  niiuiny  or 
murder,  while  one  fell  in  battle,  and  anothiTnii 
held  captive  in  Persia  till  he  died.  Only  live 
among  these  twenty-two  ephemeral  lords  nf  the 
world, —  namely  Alexander  Beverus.  I>e(  iusinlio 
was  a  vigorous  soldier  and  ruler,  but  wlm  |i(T>e 
cuted  the  Christians  with  exceptional  rniilivi. 
Claudius,  .\urelian,  and  I^robua. — can  lierrriliinl 
with  any  personal  weight  or  worth  in  tin  liisiury 
of  the  time ;  atid  they  hehl  power  tixi  lirii  liy  lo 
make  any  notable  mark. 

The  distractiona  of  the  time  were  mmlt  worse 
by  a  great  numlKT  of  Imal  "tyrants."  us  tiny 
were  called — military  adventurers  who  rosi  in 
different  parts  of  the  Empire  and  e«i:ililisliiil 
themaelves  for  a  time  in  authority  over  m.iih'  dis- 
trict, large  or  ainall.  In  the  reign  ol  (lillirims 
(A.  1).  'jeo-StW)  there  were  nineteen  of  ihi  •«  pi  tty 
"imperators,"  and  they  were'  s[>okiii  >  i  :is  tlie 
"thirty  tyrimta."  The  more  iiiiporiani  of  i lit 
"  provincial  empires  "  thus  created  win  ih.  si  .if 
Postumus,  in  Gaul,  and  of  Odenalusof  l':iliii\r:i 
The  latter,  under  Zenubia.  (jue<en  and  sunr^sor 
of  Odenatus.  iH'came  a  really  nnposing  nn'innliv, 
until  it  was  overthrown  by  Aureliau.  .\   I'  ■.'"3. 

The  Teutonic  Nations. 

The  Genimiiie  uutioiia  beyond  llu-  Ui<<  "  ."'^'^ 
the  Danube  had.  by  this  time,  imprnvil  tliiir 
organization,  and  many  of  the  trilxs  forimrly 


1034 


EUROPE. 


Conatanlin»  and 
ImptTial  CkrUlminlt. 


EUROPE. 


irptntcd  and  Independent  were  now  SHtlicre)! 
Into  powerful  confederHllons.  The  m<Mt  formiila 
ble  of  tliciM!  lengue*  in  the  West  wua  tlmt  wliiiili 
icquirwiilie  common  nume  of  I  lie  Fruuka.  or  Fni'- 
men  »ml  which  wnmnrtilc  up  of  llii-  ix'ople*  oc- 
cupyinK  territory  alonij  the  courw  of  the  Ix>wcr 
Rliiiic.  Anotherof  nearly  eiuml  |M)W<'r.  iliiminat- 
InK  the  Oi'rman  •iilc  of  the  l'|ii><-r  Rhine  and  the 
hcaclwBlers  of  the  Danube,  in  tielleved  to  have 
ilMiirlird  the  trilM«  which  hail  Ih'ch  known  in  the 
previous  century  h»  Boil.  Miirconianni.  Quad!, 
and  Dllioni.  The  (teneral  name  it  recilvcd  wii» 
tlmt  iif  the  Alemanni.  Tlie  Ah'Mmiuil  wire  m 
inliiimte  luwociution  with  llie  Siiev  I,  anil  little  i* 
knnwu  (if  tlieilintinctlon  that  existed  iH'twien  the 
two.  They  hail  now  iH^un  to  make  iiiiiirsiona 
icnws  the  llliinc,  but  were  driven  Imck  In  2:W. 

Fiirllierto  the  Eiwt,  on  the  I..ower  DanulM-,  a 
itill  more  danKerous  linnle  was  now  thn'ateninK 
the  llankiiof  the  Empire  In  it»  Europ«'an  domain. 
These  were  Clolhs,  a  people  akin,  without  doubt, 
to  the  Sweiies,  Xoncmenand  Dnnex;  but  whence 
and  when  tliey  made  their  way  to  the  nelKhlHir- 
hixxi  nf  tile  Black  8ea  Is  n  i|UeHtli>n  in  diitpule. 
it  WHS  in  the  reign  of  C'aracaiia  that  the  Romans 
became  lirat  aware  of  their  pn'sencc  In  tiie  coun- 
try since  known  as  the  Ukraine.  A  few  years 
later,  when  Alexander  8«'veru9  was  on  the  throne, 
thiy  iH'gnn  to  nmke  Incursions  Into  Oacia.  Dur- 
Inif  the  reign  of  Philip  the  Arabian  (A.  D.  244- 
2IU)  they  passed  through  Dacia.  crossed  the 
I);iniilH-,  and  Invaded  Miesia  (modern  Bulgaria), 
in  Ilieir  next  Invasion  (A.  I).  2.'>1)  they  pa.s.seil  the 
Balksns,  defeated  the  Romans  In  two  terrible 
battles,  the  last  of  which  cost  the  reigning  Km- 
penir.  IK^cius.  his  life,  and  destroyed  the  citv  of 
I'hilippopolls,  with  100,()tKt  of  iu  people.  But 
when,  a  few  years  Inter,  they  attempted  to  tjike 
piMseiMion  of  even  Thrace  and  Macc<lonla,  tlwy 
wen' erushingly  defeated  by  the  Empenir  t'liiu 
dius,  whose  successor  Aurelian  made  peace  by 
•iim'niliring  to  them  the  whiilc  province  of  Diieia 
(A.  U.  270).  where  they  seltleil,  giving  the  Em- 
pin'  no  disturljunce  for  nearly  a  hundri'd  years. 
Ei'fore  this  occurred,  the  (Joihs,  having  aci|uired 
the  little  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (the  moilern 
Crinira)  hail  iK'gun  to  launch  a  piratical  navy, 
wliiih  plimdere<rtlie  coast  cities  of  Asia  .Minor 
and  (inice.  Including  .\lhens  Itself. 

On  the  ;V.siaticstile  of  the  Empire  a  new  power, 
a  rt'vivcil  and  rvgeneniteil  Persian  monarchy, 
bad  ri<in  nut  of  the  ruins  of  the  Parthian  king- 
dom, whiih  it  overthrew,  and  had  b'.'gun  with- 
out delay  tn  contest  the  rule  of  Rome  iu  the  East. 

Diocletian. 

Briofly  dest:ribed,  this  was  the  stati'  and  situa- 
tion of  the  I{i>man  Empire  when  DhKlelian,  an 
alili:  lllyrian  .soldier,  came  to  the  throne  (.V.  I). 
2H4)  His  accession  marks  a  new  e|)oeh.  ■Froni 
tliis  tiino."  s;iys  IX'an  .Merivale,  "the  old  names 
of  the  Hepuljlic,  tlie  consuls,  the  tribunes,  and 
Ilic  Sinate  iLsilf,  cease,  even  if  still  existing,  to 
liav'  iiny  political  signiScance. "  "The  empire 
of  1!  iMii:  is  heiuefortli  an  Orienlid  sovereignty." 
But  ihi'  I  lianges  wliieli  Piocletian  made  in  "tiie 
or^'aiiizaiiiin  and  ailminislration  of  tlie  Empire, 
if  ilii y  dill  weigh  it  down  with  a  yet  more  crusli- 
iiif:  uuiiKTaiy  and  contribute  to  its  exhaustion 
in  111!' iiul.  did  also,  for  the  lime,  stop  the  wast- 
ing "f  11-!  iasl  energies,  iiiiil  gather  iheiii  in  huiiil 
for poiiiit  use.  It  can  liardly  be  doubted  that 
he  liuij'thencd  the  term  of  Us  career. 


Finding  that  one  man  in  the  exerctae  nf  auprema 
aoverelgnty,  a*  alMolule  as  he  wishetl  to  make  it, 
could  not  give  aullicient  care  tocvery  part  of  the 
vast  realm,  he  flral  assoclateil  one  Maximlan  with 
himaelf,  on  equal  terms,  as  Emperor,  or  Aiigustua, 
and  six  years  later  (A.  I).  203)  he  M'le<'ted  two 
others  fnim  among  his  generals  and  investeti 
lliein  with  a  siilHinlinate sovereignly,  giving  them 
Ihelitlenf  "Ciesars."  The arranginienl  appear* 
to  have  worked  satisfactorily  while  DiiH'lelian 
remained  at  the  head  of  his  ini|M'rial  college.  But 
in  :iO.'i  he  wearied  of  the  splendid  biinlen  that  ho 
Imre.  and  alMlicateil  the  throne,  unwillingly  fol- 
lowed by  his  associale.  Maxiniian.  The  two 
Ciesars,  Cnnstantius  and  Oaleriiis.  were  tlien  ad- 
vanced to  the  im|K'rial  rank,  and  two  new  t'u.'sar» 
were  iiained. 

Jealousies,  quarrels,  and  civil  war  were  8<x>n 
rending  the  Empire  again.  The  details  are  un- 
important. 

Conitantine  and  Chriitianity. 

After  nine  years  of  struggle,  two  compctitora 
emerged  (A.  1).  314)  alone,  and  divideil  tlio  Em- 
pire iK'tween  them.  They  were  t'onstantine,  son 
of  C'onstantius,  the  C'lesar,  and  one  Lielnlus. 
After  nine  years  more,  I.iclnlus  had  dlsappi'iired, 
defeated  and  put  to  <leatli,  and  C'nnstantine  (A.  1). 
32;i)  shareil  the  sovereignty  of  Rome  with  none. 

In  its  linul  stages,  the  contest  had  become, 
practically,  a  trial  of  strength  between  expiring 
Paganism  in  the  Roman  world  and  militant 
Christianity,  now  grown  to  great  strength.  Tlio 
shrewd  adventurer  Constantinc  saw  the  political 
Imporiance  to  which  the  Christian  Church  had 
risen,  and  IdentiHed  himself  with  It  by  a  "  con- 
version "  which  has  glorilied  his  name  most  un- 
deservedly. If  to  be  a  Christian  with  sincerity 
is  to  lie  a  goiHl  man,  then  Constantine  was  none; 
for  his  life  was  full  of  evil  dei^ls,  after  be  pro- 
fes.scil  the  religion  of  Clirist,  even  more  than  lie- 
fore.  "  lie  poured  out  the  la'St  and  noblest  blood 
in  torrents,  more  especially  of  those  nearly  con- 
nei'te<l  witii  himself.  ...  In  a  palace  which  ho 
had  made  a  desert,  the  niunlerer  of  his  father-in- 
law,  his  brothers-in-law,  his  sister,  his  wife,  his 
son.  and  his  nephew,  must  have  felt  theslingsof 
remorse,  if  hy|K«ritiial  priests  and  courtier 
bishops  had  not  lulled  his  eons<'ienie  to  rest" 
(Sismonili). 

But  th"  so  called  "conversion  "  of  Constantine 
was  an  evinl  of  vast  import  in  history.  It 
chtuigeil  iiiinieiiseiy,  and  with  suitdeiiness,  the 
posilion,  tile  state,  the  intluence,  and  very  con- 
siilenibly  tin  eb.iractir  ami  spirit  of  the  Christian 
Churih.  The  liierarehy  of  tlie  Cliurcii  iK'iame, 
almost  at  once,  the  greatest  power  in  tlie  Empin', 
next  to  the  Kinpenir  hinisclf,  and  its  politiral  as- 
siH'iations,  whiili  win'  dangerous  fniin  the  be- 
ginning, soon  proved  nearly  fatal  to  lis  spiritual 
integrity.  "  Both  the  imrity  and  tlie  freedom  of 
the  Clmrcli  were  in  danger  of  being  lost.  Stale 
ami  Cliiiri'li  wen'  iHginiiing  an  anialgamation 
fniuglit  wiih  peril.  The  State  was  iK-enniing  a 
kind  of  Cliurih,  and  the  Church  a  kind  of  .Slate. 
The  KnipiTor  pn-ai  lied  and  summoned  councils, 
ealleil  hiinstlf,  llioiigh  half  in  jest,  a  'liisliop,' 
and  the  bisliops  had  become  Slate  oHiciais.  wlio, 
like  the  high  dignitaries  of  tlic  Empin'.  travelled 
by  tlie  imperial  courier-si'rviec,  and  frequeiitetl 
the  aiite-ciuiliibel's  of  the  paiaees  in  Cuiislalili- 
nople."  "The  Emperor  determined  what  doc- 
trines were  to  prevail  in  the  Church,  and  banished 


1035 


^i* 


EL'KOI'K 


Tht  (Intlu 
in  th4  Kmptrt. 


EUROPE. 


Ariiii  to-day  and  Atlianaiiiiii  to  mnrmw  "  "Tlie 
I'liurrb  wai  mirfviliKl  Willi  prii|M'rtr  anil  privi- 
lecM.  The  Kinpt'ror.  ii  |Mi»r  fliinnni'r.  lni|HiviT- 
ialinl  thr  Kiiipin'  to  rnrtrli  "  It  (I'lilliiirn).  Tliiit 
ClirittUniiy  liml  ahttrttl  the  trniii  of  tlu'Clirintlan 
Cliun'h  from  thmc  (^n'ut  cIiuiiki'x.  I»  very  inn« 
tlonahU*. 

By  nnolliiT  event  of  liU  ri'lun,  ('on»tiintine 
marke<l  It  In  liUtory  with  laslInK  ctTrei.  lie  ri' 
built  with  nmtcnltlrince  the  (iriTk  elty  of  llv/iiii' 
tliini  on  the  lionphoniH.  tniiiiiferreil  to  It  IjIk  iin- 
|<<  rial  rcKlileiire,  and  nilM'it  it  to  a  noinlnnl  ei|imlity 
with  lioine,  hut  to otllcliil  iiiid  pnietliiil  iiu|H'rior 
lly.  HK  the  I'lipllal  of  the  Kinpire.  The  old  Home 
dwindled  In  rink  iind  pnxliire  from  Unit  da\  ; 
thi'  new  Konie  —  the  iHy  of  Coii'ititntlne.  or  (on- 
Mnntinople  —  rmie  to  the  iHiprenx'  pluee  In  the 
ryes  and  the  Iniiij^lnatloiiM  of  men. 

Julian  and  the  Pagan  ReviTal. 

That  ConHtiintlnemlileil  the  ahllilles  of  a  slates- 
mun  to  tlie  un»crupulon.H  ileviniess  of  an  ad- 
venturer Is  not  to  Ih' disputed  :  liut  he  falhd  to 
KJve  priMif  of  thU  when  he  dlvi<li'd  the  Kinpire 
IxiHeen  his  thne  sons  nt  his  ileath  (.V.  I>.  -i^ITi 
The  iiK'Vilalile  eivll  wars  ensued,  until,  lifter  six- 
teen years,  one  survivor  gal  hired  the  whole  realm 
miller  his  sei'jiter  again,  lie  (Consiantius),  who 
dehased  niid  ilisgraiid  the  Chun  h  more  than  his 
fallier  had  ihine,  wiissueeeeded  (.\.  I).  lUlllliy  his 
cousin,  Julian,  an  honest,  lliouglitftil,  sirong  man, 
will),  nut  iinnuturally,  preferred  the  old  pagan 
Greek  philosophy  to  the  kind  of  Clirlstianlty 
which  he  had  siin  tloiirlsliini.'  at  the  lly/antino 
court,  lie  puMii'ly  restored  the  worship  of  the 
ancient  goils  of  Itrei-ce  and  Home;  he  excluded 
Christians  from  the  s<-hools.  and  iMstowed  his 
favor  on  tliosi'  who  hmrned  Ihe  Church:  luit 
he  enicri-d  on  no  violent  perseciilioii.  Mis  reign 
was  liriif.  lasting  only  two  years,  lie  perislnd 
in  H  haplesn  expedition  against  llie  I'lisians.  hy 
whom  the  Knipirc  was  now  almost  incessantly 
harassed. 

Valentinian  and  Valens. 

His  RUrces.sor,  Jovian,  whom  the  aniiy  eleetwl, 
died  In  si'veu  months;  hut  Vah'iiiinian.  another 
soldier,  misi'd  hy  his  eoinrades  to  the  throne, 
reigned  vigorously  for  eleven  years.  He  assiKi- 
nied  his  hrollier,  Valens.  with  him  in  the  sov- 
ercii;nty.a.ssigning  thclalter  toihe  Ea.st,  while  he 
tis)k  the  ailinini.-lration  of  the  West. 

Intil  llie  death  if  Valenliniaii.  in  ST."),  Ihe 
nortliirn  frontiers  of  the  Kmpiie.  along  the 
UhiTie  and  llie  l>aniilH-.  were  well  defended. 
Juli.in  liad  coniinandeil  in  (iaiil.  with  I'aris  for 
his  capital,  six  years  licfore  he  iMcaiue  KmiM'ror, 
and  li.id  oriiaiii/ed  its  ilcfcnce  uii>st  ellectively. 
Valenliniaii  m;iintaincil  the  line  witli  succc>s 
ag.'iin^t  tlie  .Mciiianni;  vvliilehis  lieiiteMant.  Tlico 
dosius,  dcliien-d  IContan  Itritairi  from  tlic  ruinotis 
attacks  of  the  Scots  ami  I'icts  of  its  iioMaci'u 
n-gioii.  On  till  Ilaiiulie,  tlicie  contiiiiicd  to  lie 
wace  Willi  tlic  (inilis.  wlio  licld  back  .ill  other 
barliarians  from  that  iiorihcasieru  liordcr. 

The  Goths  in  the  Empire. 

But  the  ill  atli  of  Valcniini.iii  was  (helH-ginning 
of  fatal  calamities.  His  lirolher,  Valens.  had 
none  of  his  capahility  or  his  vigi.r.  and  was  un- 
eipiat  to  suclia  cn-.isas  now  isM-urred.  The  terri- 
ble nation  of  ihe  Huns  hail  entered  Kurope  from 
the  Asiatic  stepjies,  and  the  Western  Ootlis,  or 


Vlsiftolhs.  flnl  Ivfure  tlirm.  Thnr  fiiElilTci 
liegtfed  to  hp  pcnnltliMl  tn  rmaa  the  DaniiU  und 
M'ttii-  on  vacant  lands  In  Miraia  aiHl  'lliraip 
Valens  consrnted.  nnil  the  whole  Vlslgothn  m. 
thin,  tKIO.iNN)  warrloni,  with  their  wonu  n  ml 
children,  pasmd  the  rlvrr(A.  I>.  HTfl).  li  i>  p«. 
sihie  lluii  they  inltflit,  hy  fair  treatniiiu  have 
iMtn  (sinvertiil  Into  loyal  ellUeiit.  and  usi  lul  .It- 
fendent  of  the  land.  Iliit  the  corrupt  ollii  i  il.  ,,f 
the  court  tiHik  Hilvantaxv  of  their  di|Mii.i>iit 
state,  and  wrung  extortionme  prices  fmic  tlum 
for  dlsgiiHtlng  fiMMl,  iinlll  they  rose  in  ih^p.  miMn 
and  wasted  Thrace  with  (In'  and  swoni  I'nsli 
iKaliesof  Osinigoths  (Kasteni  (lothsi  and  uili  r 
harlisrians  came  over  to  Join  them  (.\  |i  :;>i, 
the  Komiiii  armies  wen'  Isatcn  In  two  gn  it  \a\ 
ties,  and  Vahns,  the  Kni|i«'ror,  was  slain  riii- 
vh'torioiis  (icihs  swept  on  to  the  very  «  ill-  •.! 
Constantinople,  wlueh  they  could  not  sunn  iinl 
and  the  whole  open  country,  fniiii  the  llhn  I,  n  i 
to  the  Adriatic,  was  mvageil  liy  them  at  »ill 

Theodotiui. 

Ill  the  nienntinie.  Ihe  western  division  "f  tin- 
Kmpin'  had  passed,  on  the  death  of  Valcniinj.iu, 
under  the  nominal  rule  of  his  two  viiuiii:  -•  ii«. 
liraliau,  aged  sixteen,  and  Vnhntlnian  II  .  a.'.ii 
four,  'iralianhad  mitdean  HItenipt  tohrini'liilp 
to  his  uncle  Vahns;  hut  the  latter  fmighl  In- 1  itiii 
tiattlewhile  the  Isty  einpiTor  was  on  the  u:i\,;iiiii 
the  latter,  upon  hearing  of  it,  turned  hack  I  Iji  ii 
(tnitiaii  (Hriorined  his  one  great  act.  Ih  -  (iit:lii 
a  collcanue.  and  called  to  the  tlinine  tin  iij.^t 
onimising  young  soldh'r  of  the  day  11.1-  \mh 
riieiHlosius,  whos<>  father.  Count  Thiislnvin-.  the 
deliverer  of  Itrltain,  had  Ihcii  put  to  il<  nij  l>r 
Valens,  on  some  jealous  accusation,  i>iil\  tlini' 
years  Isfore.  The  new  Kminnir  tisik  the  K;i-t 
for  his  realm,  having  (iratlan  and  Vali  iiiim m  II 
for  (olhagues  in  the  West.  He  speidili  i  i>. .  kcil 
the  nivnges  of  the  (iolhs  and  nstond  iIji  nnii. 
deuce  of  the  Hoiiian  sohllers.  Then  he  i'lnnutit 
diplomacy  to  In'iir  u{H>n  the  dangerous  sit'iniicu. 
and  sueeeeded  In  aminglng  a  pence  "ith  ilw 
(iotliic  chieftains,  whieli  enilsted  them  in  iIji  Itji 
perial  service  with  forty  thousand  of  Ihiir  iini 
Hut  lliey  retained  their  dlstiiiclive  org:iiii/  iiwii, 
under  their  own  chiefs,  and  were  called  'iMlir- 
atl."  or  allh's.  This  concession  of  a  si  im  in.i,- 
IM'iiilciiep  to  so  gn'at  a  iMsly  of  arined  Icir'aM.iiis 
in  tlie  heart  of  the  Knipire  was  a  fatal  i^  i-l  kt. 
as  was  pniveil  Is-fore  many  years. 

For  tlie  time  Is-iiig  It  si-cured  iH-ncc.  nii'l  .:iih 
Theislosius  opportunity  to  attend  to  otiii  r  'i<:i~-< 
The  coiilroversics  of  ihe  Cliurch  wen  nn.  in: 
the  sulijeels  of  his  consideration,  and  I'x  i  li^irn.' 
the  side  of  the  Athanasians,  whom  his  pri  i  --.r 
had  pcrsi'ciited.  he  gave  a  tinal  vielorv  i  .  Ii:;i 
tarianism.  in  the  Itoinan  world.  His  iii.[i  u  n 
sign.ili/.ed,  nion'over.  hy  the  formal,  otln  :  .1  ^il"'- 
lltioii  of  paganism  at  Home. 

Tlie  weak  hut  amiahle  (initian.  niji  :-  it 
I'aris.  lost  his  throne  and  his  life  in  ;;s.;  ,,:i,i' 
consci|Ui'nee  of  a  revolt  which  Is'gaii  ii.  i;i:i.i;ii 
and  spread  to  Ciaui.  The  successful  u  :  ..ml 
usurper,  Maximiis,  si-emcd  so  strong  i!i  li.*' 
dosius  made  terms  witli  him.  and  ackii"  '  !-"l 
his  sovenignty  for  a  niiinlier  of  years.  I!  .:  '.r\ 
content  with  a  dominion  which  cmlii-M  I  ISnl 
ain,  (>aul  and  Spain.  Maxiniiis  souL'ht  !'  r  :> 
tune,  to  ailii  Italy,  where  Ihe  youth.  \  i :•       :  ' m 

II..   was  still  enthroned   (at   Slilan.    mi    i  •. 

under  the  tutelage  of  his  uiotlier.     V  ti         ■m 


1(W6 


El'KOPK 


KfUOI'lt 


flrili>'Th<'Ail>Miiiii.  thf  Rnntrrn  KmiH-ror  wlontcil 
hi,  iiii<>i'.  anil  reat»n-il  lilm  l<>  lii»  lliniii)'.  ili'fciit' 
in.- III!  ii«iir|H'r  Hiul  imllliiK  liii'i  to  ili'ittli  (A  l> 
^x  Kiiiir  riiini  Inli-r  V'uli'nlliilitii  II.  lilitl; 
tiuitlirr  iiaurJH'r  anxt',  ami  *Kal"  Tltnxliiiilua 
(A  l>  ■llMi  miiviTi'il  tlic  lliriimv 

Fiiwl  Diviiion  of  th*  Empire. 

Tl»'i>l<«iu>  WOK  now  iiloni'  In  tlic  ■•)V(>n'lirnty. 
Tin  Kiiiplri'  wan  onii'  mon-.  and  fur  the  Ib>iI  time. 
In  ill  lull  extent,  unlletl  iiniler  a  iiinKli'  l<inl.  It 
rrmiineil  wi  (<>r  l>iit  a  few  monlliii.  At  the  Ih' 
lliiiiiiiii:  of  tlie  vear  .'IU.1,  Ttii'ixliMiii'i  illeil.  ami 
III,  iw<i  weak  winx.  Arcailitia  ami  llimurliii*.  <llvi 
ileil  the  iH'riHliInK  Kinplri'  iN'twet-n  tlieni.  only  to 
nutimenl,  in  Itit  inore  venemlilc  tt-at,  the  ilUtreiM 
of  III!'  iniinnilinK  fall. 

Anwliu'i.  at  the  ugp  of  eif;hlren.  took  the  (fi'V 
rrniiieiilof  the  Eaxt;  lIonorliiH,  achilil  of  eleven. 
fwsy  his  name  to  IheailniiniHtrallon  of  the  Went. 
EiirheiniH'nir  was  iinitef  the  Kimnliiinshlp  of  a 
miiiislir  ehosen  hy  Tlie(»limliw  Infore  he  lUed 
Kiilliitis.  who  held  aiilliorlly  at  ('onHiHntlno|>h'. 
was  »iirthles.slnHll  waya;  Htllieho,  who  helil  the 
nlnsiit  Milan,  wa.s  a  Vamlal  by  hinh,  a  solilier 
anil  »  siiiiesiiian  of  vigorous  powers. 

D<c>7  of  the  Weitern  Empire. 

The  West  seimed  more  fortunate  than  the 
Ea«t.  in  Mils  ilivislon;  yet  the  evil  iluys  mm  fast 
ciiniini;  near  fell  inishhik'l.v  on  (he  older  Umne, 
ahili'  the  New  Itonie  livnl  throuffh  tlieni,  and 
eiiiliired  for  a  thousand  yeara.  \o  doiilit  the 
Kni|>ire  hail  weakent^l  iiiore  on  its  elder  side; 
liail  ,iiiriTed  more  e.xhaustion  of  vital  powers 
It  liiil  liiile  iirifunie  vitality  now  left  in  it  If 
111.  sttMniis of  harliarie  invaders  had  iK^en  waiting; 
mil  »!iii  liinL'  at  its  doom,  and  preasiui;  upon  it 
Inmi  evi-ry  |silnt  with  InereasinK  tlereeness.  it 
!«Tins  pruli.ilile  that  it  would  have  jroiie  to  pieees 
in'  liMiu  tlironvh  mere  deeay.  And  if.  on  the 
iitliiT  li:iiiil,  it  eould  have  kept  the  vipiroiis  life 
if  il.i  Isst  Kpiililiean  days,  it  niivhl  have  defied 
Triitiiii  and  Slav  forever.  Hut  all  the  iliseascs, 
I«'lilii"il  am,  soeial.  which  the  Hepulilh'  eiiKeii- 
iliTiil  in  ilself,  hiul  iM'en  steadily  eonsuminK  the 
.Mali-  »ilh  their  virulence  even  increased,  since 
it  tiHik  on  tile  ini|s-rial  constitution.  All  that 
impiri:ilisni  did  was  to  gather  waning  enerjtiea 
in  hiinl.  mv\  make  the  most  of  them  for  external 
iiM  It  stopiHilnodecay.  The  industrial  palsv, 
iiiiliuiil  liy  an  ever-widenim;  system  of  slavV- 
luliiir.  mniinui-d  to  spn-wl.  'I'nsluclion  de- 
iriiiMil.  I  lie  sum  of  wealth  shrunk  in  tlii-  hands 
■  •f  i-;irli  sihieedintf  penenuion  ;  and  yet  the  t;reat 
fiirtuii.  ■.  iiii.l  ureat  estates  grew  hitrijer  from  aife 
III  airi  The  ;.'iilf  In-tween  rich  and  [xxir  o|K-ni-d 
iliiisr  :iiid  wider,  anil  the  bridites  once  liuilt 
:ii  ri~s  it  hy  iiiiilille  cliws  thrift  were  faUen  down. 
I  111-  liiiriliii  of  iin|M-rial  government  laid  iH-come 
an  mil  iiiliin.lile  weight;  the  iinivincial  munici- 
jKiliiii ^.  nimh  had  oni-e  l)een  healthy  centers  of 
aliH:il  |i.i|iti(-;il  life.  Were  strangled  hy  the  nets 
(if  1:1X11.111  iliini:  overthem.  .Mensouglit  n-fuge 
ivdi  ill  il,  .,i||  fnirn  the  magistracies  which  made 
liiiiii  r.-p.,nsil,le  to  the  imperial  tniasury  for 
II VI  nil. .  « |,i,.|,  i|„,y  rnuld  not  collect.  Populn- 
iiiin  i|.v;ii,iliil,  year  hy  year.  Recruiting  from 
till  lii.lv  ,,t  ( iti/ens  for  the  common  needs  of  the 
iiriiiv  1...  line  more  imposaible.  The  state  was 
tiilly  ill  !.,M.I,.ni,.  Mt  !a,t.  on  Iwr'nric  mrrrPRsrlM 
111  i.ui-  iiiIh  fur  im  defence  against  barbaric  in- 


li-N  1.1  iiii.thcr;  and  it  was  uu  longer  able,  as 


of  old.  to  lmpr<'M  its  savage  nrrTltom  with  awe 
of  il«  rnaJf.Hty  and  its  name 

Stilicho  and  Alaric. 

Hiilii-ho,  for  a  time,  stoiillv  lireaxted  the  rising 
HishI  of  disaster  He  ehei'ked  the  I'Icts  and 
rtt'iilsiif  Northern  llrilaiii  and  the  Alemannl  ami 
their  allies  on  the  frontiers  of  liaul  Hut  now 
there  ani»<-  again  the  mon-  dreadful  liarlnirlan 
host  whii  h  hull  fisitiiiu'  In  the  Kmpire  iliK-lf,  iiiid 
which  Tlieislosius  had  taken  into  pay.  The 
Visigoths  cheled  a  king  (A  l>  ;il»."ii.  and  were 
IH-rsiiailed  with  ease  tn  i iirve  a  kiiiudom  for  him 
out  of  the  doiiiiilii  wlilrh  seemed  waiting  to  Ih- 
siiali'hisi  from  I  nil' or  InMh  of  the  feeble  nionarchs, 
who  sat  ill  miskery  of  slate  at  Constantinople 
and  Milan.  Aluric,  llie  mw  (iothic  king,  moved 
first  against  the  capital  on  the  liiisphnriis;  but 
KiiHiiiis  |H'rsiiadeil  him  t.  pass  on  into  (Ins'cc, 
when-  he  went  pillaging  and  destroying  for  a 
year  .St i lie  ho.  the  one  manly  defender  of  the 
Vliiipire,  came  over  from  Italy  with  an  aniiy  to 
oppiisa' him  :  but  he  was  stopiad  on  the  eve  of 
liaitle  by  onlers  from  iln-  Kasiem  Court,  which 
will  him  biu'k.asiin  olllcious  meddler  This  art 
of  niisi  hief  and  malii  e  was  the  last  that  liullniis 
(oulil  do.  He  was  inunlen-d,  sisiii  afierwanis, 
and  .Xreailiiis.  Ising  free  from  his  influence, 
thenialled  upon  Slilhho  fur  hel|i  The  latter 
came  oiici'  more  to  deliver  tinei'i'.  and  did  so 
with  sui  1 1  Hs.  Hill  .Marie,  though  expelled  from 
the  iH'iiinsiila,  was  neiihercriished  nor  disarmed, 
and  I  he  Kaslirn  Court  had  still  to  in, ike  terms 
Willi  him.  Il  did  so  for  the  nionieiit  by  cmiferring 
on  him  the  government  of  that  part  of  lllyrieum 
which  the  Servia  and  llosnia  of  the  pn-sent  day 
coincide  with,  very  nearly  lie  rested  lliere  in 
IM-ace  fur  four  vi-ars,  and  then  (,V  I).  4llii)  he 
called  his  people  to  arms  again,  and  led  Ilit 
whole  nation,  men,  women  and  children,  into 
Italv.  The  Kmperor,  lloiioriiis,  lied  from  .Milan 
to  liavennii,  which,  Ising  a  safe  shelter  U'liind 
marshes  and  stn'ams,  iH-canu'  the  seat  of  the 
court  for  years  thereafter.  Stilicho,  stripping 
liritain  and  (iaiil  of  trisips,  galliered  forces  with 
which,  at  Kastertide  in  the  year  4ll'J,  and  again 
in  the  fiiUowing  year,  he  defeated  the  (ioths,  and 
forced  them  to  retreat. 

He  had  .si-ariely  n-steil  from  these  exertions, 
when  the  valiant  Stilicho  was  i  ailed  ui«in  to  con- 
front a  more  savatre  leader,  Kadagaisus  bv  name, 
who  latne  from  iM-yond  the  lines  (.V.  f).  W.'i^ 
with  a  vast  swurin  of  mixed  warriors  from  many 
irilK's  pouring  after  him  across  the  Alps.  Again 
Stilicho,  by  superior  skill,  worsted  the  invaders, 
entrapping  them  in  the  mountains  near  Kiesole 
(mislern  Kloreiiiei.  and  starving  them  there  till 
they  yiehled  thein.-M-lves  to  slavery  and  their 
clueftain  to  death. 

This  w'a.s  tlie  lust  great  service  to  the  dying 
Ii<iman  state  wliiili  Stilicho  was  permilleil  to  do. 
L'nilermiiied  by  the  jealousies  of  the  cowardly 
(-ourt  at  li;ivenna,  he  st-ems  to  iiave  lost  suddenly 
the  power  by  which  he  held  himself  so  higli. 
He  was  accusi'd  of  tri'asonable  designs  and  was 
seized  anil  instantly  executed,  by  the  Emperor  a 
command. 

Alaric  and  his  Goths  in  Rome. 

Slilu'ho  deail.  then-  was  no  one  in  Italy  for 
.•Man.- ti- fi-sr,  sii-l  h-  j-romptly  re?iirm-l  t^f■^l3s 
t'ij  Alps,  with  the  nation  of  the  Visigoths  liehind 
him.     There  was  no  resistance  to  bis  march,  and 


1037 


KIHOI'E 


m/  Harharutn* 


KCKOPK 


h<'  ikilvmiii-il  ■Irulvht  ii|>in  Idmii'  lie  cllil  iml 
ftMMill  xUv  witlU.  Ittit  Hilt  iltinii  U-forr  tin-  tfiitri 
(A  l>  tiixi  iiiiill  lliiKturtiii)(  I'lti/i'M*  p.iiil  him 
»  irnul  ruii»>iiii  in  -llvrr  uiiH  uiM  uml  pn  rluii'< 
npio'i  iinl  •.ilkrii  riitH  <  Willi  ihis  ImhiH  hr  rt 
I  (nil  Uir  >li<'nliiii  r  iiilnTiiii  iin    »|ii  n  lii^  :iriii> 

H;mM\\rlli-<l    l>v  ttl'iitsilhts  iif    Idu'itivc    tiurlluri.lll 

»laM-«.  II nil  liy  ri'inf«>rri-tiiriit<<  of  Uo}|i<«hmiI  lliiii'* 
■■' '■' ' 'I     iiiaMtiiiliuin    Willi 


Frnlll     lii^     i:uri(l     III-     n|M 

t'  IllJItlililltf    llli-    Lfoxi  rritlMIII     nl     |>ill 


II 


nrli 


111. Hill.    \.llrll:l  atiil    Nuliiuiil.    «illl    rirlllin    Hiih 

^i'lil1    "f     li''>     illlil    I'lIU         rill-    I  i'lllrlll|i|IMi' 

I'Olirl.  >iillll>ill;;  ;ll  ItilMlllKI.  iMlllil  lii'llliiT  llllkr 
w;ir  li'.r  !iinlii.  I  Miiris-i.iti^,  iiinl  it  minn  i-xliuii-lril 
till'  |..  ..Ill  I'  iif  llir  liiiiliiiriiiii  liy  iiH  |iiii  rllilii'.< 
llr   111. ri  lull   iiir;lill    t..    H.iMii'   l  A    I '    tmt),    wi/r.l 

llir   p.. I  I    ..r  (),li  ,      Hilli   il,  .l||.{.|ir..  i.f  ;;!  lill.    :i|i.i 

I'lirri  i|  llii     liil|il,«»  nipitiil   111  j..iii    liiiii    ill    |,|., 


riailiiliu' 


riv.il  iiit)irriir      Tlii'  |iriTri-I 
tin     mil'    An.iliii,    iiiii-|iii-il   till'   purpli 

!■«     IllMlllll 
ll 


if        llll 

••'.• .....•..!-,    |.i..i   llll    j-.i.,.i.    ill    hi 

huiiil-.  mill  pliiwil  llll'  piipin'i  fur    1  li- 

ill  iiiipiTial  ri.lH.      Ilui   ihr  <.i  hiiiii'  p, , 

priitil.ilili  .  .Vll.iliHWii.,  ill  pii«<il,  mill  iii-cuiiiiiiiii- 
wrrr  n  "pi  Mill  w  iili  ll..hiiniii  Thiir  milv  i.-miIi 
HUH  11  In  sh  prii\in  atinii  w  Iiii  h  <M>ni  .Vl.irir  mirr 
niiiri'  iiiTaiiiii  Itniiii'.  a  111  I  lliin  linii-  h  iili  \\riilh  an- 1 
vrin.'1-aini-  ill  hu  111  tri       Till  II  ihf  trri-if.  aii;:ii'i 

I'lipilill  I.f  lllr  wnrj.!  u.is  rllliTi  i|.  tlinillt'll  In. II  h 

cry  iir  liy  iiirpriiu.  mi  ihi-  iii;;lil  nf  Ihi'  ■.'tili  i.f 
Aiiiiii~l.  till,  mill  ^.niririil  all  ihal  llif  ln>l.  Ihr 
(rrmily  mill  Ilii-  (•niil  nf  a  liarliarmiH  ariii\  hi 
liMiHi.  II  HI  111  iiitlii  I  iin  all  uiiriHiHiiiiu'  i  ily  .  1 1  wa-* 
liir  liril  i.\pi  rii  111  1' I.f  thai  ^iipriiiii'  i  ataxtniphr 
iif  war.  viiii'i-  Itri'iiniw  miil  Ihi-  ttauU  iiiiiii'  in, 
hill  ii  «a<  111. I  III  III'  till'  last 

Frnlll  till' Mirk  iif  liiiiiii'.  Alaric  nimiil  •miitli 
wanl.  iiiii'iiiliiii,' til  riiiii|iirr  Mi'ily  .  Iml  ii  wiililrii 
illiii  HH  lirmiL'hl  his  I  irrir  In  mi  iinl 

The  Barbarians  Swarming  in. 

Till  I  iiipiri'  Wat  luiw  likf  ii  ilyiii^'  ipiarry 
pulli 'i  .I'.wii  hy  til  ni-  hiiiiiiiiir  p'-  iis  aiiil  tnrnnti 
I'lrrv  Mill  Till-  ii'ihs  will'  at  its  throat,  the 
trilirs  of  (fi-rinmiv  sihm-^,  \'iuiilats.  lliir>;iiii 
iliaiis,  Alans  hall  liapi.l  lln-  Ithiiii' I  A,  l>,  4iMi 
anil  swariiii-il  iipiiii  iis  ilmiks,  ihriiiii:liiiiit  (iiiiil 
anil  Spain,  Thr  inriisli  lii'i-a.i  ufti-r  (Slilii  Im,  tii 
ill  frill  Italy  iiv'aiiisl  Alarirmiil  HuihitiaiMis.  Iiml 
Ktrippil  till'  friiniiirs  nf  Irimps,  .Siii'm.s.  Van- 
dals, an.l  .Mans  pa-»i'i|  sluwly  tliriiiii;li  lln-  prm 
inri  -  ih-viiiiriiii;  ih.  it-  h.  allh  ami  niakiiii;  liamr 
nf  thi-ir  1  ivili/iitii'ii  1-  tliiy  Willi,  Afti'r  tlirt'r 
yi  u-s,  till  y  hiiil  riiu  li.  I  iui'l  siirniiiiintiil  tlu'  I'vr- 
i-iiiis.  aii.i  «i  rr  spti  uliiin  Ihr  suini'  ihslructiim 
ihrMiiirli  Spiiiii 

Till' iiiiilriliriiii.l  triln'siif  thr  Franks  hail  nl 
n-.iily  111  in  ailniiiti  il  as  allii-s  intn  northwrsii'rn 

tjiiui,  illiil  HI  rr  silllnl  Ihirr  in  IHilrr  .\|  lirst, 
tiny  stiwiil  faithful  tn  thr  Uuinan  allianir.  ami 
Viiliiiiitiy  n-'isiitl  Ihr  iirw  inviisinn.  Iml  its  ninn 
hi  rs  im  rpiA>i  ml  tliiiii,  mnl  thiir  liili  lily  L'avi' 
Hay  Hhiii  Ihiy  saw  Ihr  piilairr  nf  tin-  iliKiinnl 
|ir.nillris    i;iiini:    nil        Till  y  prrs.  iilly   j,,inri|  Ihr 

harliiuiiiis   iiinli,  iiml    with  an  rnrriry  which  *-- 
iiin  il  till-  linn  s  shiirr  nf  plninlrr  ami  ilmnain. 
Till  Itut-uhilians  iliil   nnt  Inllnw   thr  Vmiiliil.s 

ami  Mli'Vis  In  thr  snllllm-rst,  lillt  liKik  pnssi-ssinll 

Iif   till-   lift    hmik  nf    till-  niiilillr    Uhinr,  Hhriiir    . 
tlirv  LTiiilii'illy  .sprrail  inin  wrstrrn  Swii/rrlaml    j 

aiwf  Su\-..\      iiii.l    ,!..\i!i    til;-  v:i!!i.".-..  nf    llll-    !i}l:-.:-.:-     ' 

ami  .Sinin-,   rsliililLshini;    in    tinir   an    iinpni-mnt    j 
kiiiL'iliiin.  Ill  whiih  tlu-y  gavr  thi-ir  naini- 


'--  tM 
init\  ,,? 
ill  »l,., 
1.  imr 

ll'l    Wi* 

"r\     1!. 

-I     -.,:;. 

t-   -!'! 

"■lilt 

,    ..1     ':,„ 

"'  .-r.  ji 
i  in  t 


Nil  hi'lp  (mm  lUrpnnit  or  lliimi'  <  aim 
prrUhlnit  liriivinriiilK  nf  Dmil  In  Ihr  rtin 
Ihririll-tn  s»    liiilaprrtinihrnrnsi  111  llrii  i 
iiMMtiini'il  thr  Iniprrial  titlr  iinil  |iriiniisiil  i 
afii'i'      ItririiNM'il  iiM  r  to  UhiiI  In   i't"!  a 
Kriinniril    »lili    itiKiriii-u.   Imtli    thin 
Spain.  tiiHlilih  In- uiltaniiil      llr  Kain. 
sniiisK,  partly  hy  i-iilistiii);  miil  partiv  In 
liiK  thr  invaihrs    lint  his  larnr  was  hrn  t 
iin  11  nilrrs  iip|ii  irnl  In  Mirlniis  pnivim. 
\Vrsi ,  hut  thr  anar.  iv  nf  thr  tliiir  Has  i 
fur  anv  aiillmrilv,  Irui'tlniatr  nr  ri  viiliiiii.i 

rsliihlish  llsl'lf 

Tht  ViiiKOtbi  in  Caul. 

.\ml.  nnw,  intn  thr  ti'inptiiii:  i  mintrv  .  f  tl,r 
iitlliiliil  <i.iiils,  iiln-aily  I  niHih  il  Hiih  npirii.u, 
fn  I  liiinii  rs,  llll-  Visijfnilis  nunli  tin  ir  hh  Ii,.;, 
ni-H  kiiiL'.  ,\l.iiilph,  nr  .\i|ii|pliiis,  Hh.i  sii  i,..:..i 
.\larii.  pass<.i|  iiiiii  liiiiil.  lint  mil  i  nniiiii--i.  t..  i 

as  siiinillinrs  statnl.  in  nstnli  11,.  ihij.ir.,,, 
snM  rrlt'llH   thin-         llr  liiiiMil    Allh   |,i.  I,  ,||.,..    ,, 

Alilii  hail  innti'il,  mill  Itiih,  li\  In.  .|i|.irii,r. 
Hiisn  111  \  111 ,  lint  Narlxinni',  Ynulniisi  ,  i;.  nlin., 

an.l  Ihr  Aipiii  liiiian  rniintrv  .it   lar;;.     \'.  ,. 

-uhji  1 1  111  his  inniiinml  I  A,  It  II.'  li'.i  M,- 
pissiil  Ihr  I'y  nun  siinil  miinil  .Spain  n  h.  n  ;in 
a»»iissin  tiHik    his   lifr      Ills   siiiiis„.r.    \\  illu 

llniM'thrSilrvi'sintn  Ihr  innlinlllilH.itlil  til.  Villi 
llals  intn  Ihr   Smth;     hilt  ilhl  tint  lakr  pn,«-„i.,i 

nf  Ihr  1  niintry  until  a  liitrr  llini'.  Tin-  \  i-i.-.iliv 
ri'tiirnini;  In  Aipiiliiinr.  fniiiiil  thirr,  iii  i.i.t,  i|,, 
kiii:;ilnni  b  liii  h  .Vlarir  ,srt  nut  fn.in  Ihr  |iitiiil» 
111  Mi'k,  ami  tliry  wrrr  i-stulillshnl  In  it  \iillitin- 
Kninaii  KinjKnirs  i  iinsrnt.      It  was  kin.iMi  isilii- 

kiiiirilnii.  nf  (inlhia.  nr  .S-ptiinmiiii,  Inn  i-  r. 

rniiiinniily  lalliil,  fnmi  its  iiipital,  Ih-    kin.-il.  m 

nf  Tnlllnllsi 

Tht  Eattera  Empire. 

Allairs  in  tin  Ka.sicni  Kinnirr  liiiil  in  vi  rarriv.i 
at  Ml  ilr>i|M'rHti>  »  s'atr  as  l.-  till'  Wi  si  Willi 
till'  ilrpurtiin'nf  .Marie,  it  hail  iK'in  nln  vnl  In  m 
its  innsi  il.int'i'rnii.s  iiniiii'iliuli'  fnr  Tin  n  liiul 
U'ln  tuinnlts,  ilisunlrrii.  as-siissiiiiili'ii-  i  urt 
innspiririrs.  lii-nr  ri'liKinus  Htrifi's,  aii-l  ivrrr 
■'\iih'iii'i'  nf  a  t;nvi>rnini'iit  with  nn  mHIlI  hi 
thnrity  mnl  im  titlr  tn  ri'»pi  rl :  hut  vi  t  tin  Km 
pin-  siiKHl  anil  was  nnt  yrt  srriniisly  Vhiikrii  In 
■In-S  .Vrrailiusilii-il,  llis'ili-iiih  was  lin  ln«.,  ili"ii.-li 
III'  lift  nn  infant  snn  In  takr  his  plair;  I'.rlii  rsi 
lift  II  ilaiiL'hlrr.  I'uh'hrriH.  whn  prn\i.|  i..  U-  ii 
wniimnnf  niri'  virtiiruniltalrnts.  ami  wh..riii.'i!..l 
ill  lirr  linithrr's  niiiiir 

Aetiui  and  the  Hum, 

Till'  inilMiilr  llnnnriiiK,  with  wh  -i 
failiiiir  wivrn-irfiily  nf  Umni'  hail  Ut 
aslniiisly  linki'il  fnr  rinhl  ami  iHi-iily  y 
in  r.M,  An  infant  m  plirw  was  his  In  i 
riilia,  thr  innlhrr,  mini  at  Kavi'iiiia  h- 
nf  a  i-i-nliiry.  in  thr  iiainr  nf  In  i  rliil.l. 
Hiis  far  stnuicrr  than  lirr  wntrhnl  |ir.-;li 

hn-ll.  In-ralisi.  shr  LMvi- Inyal  Slippnrt  I.,    i 

mill  iihlr  iiian.  whn  stnnil  at  hrr  .si-h 
lirr  liiinistrr.  iliil  all,  pi-rhaps,  ihat  iii,iii  i 
tn  hnlil  Miinr  parlsnf  liiiul.  :inil  tn  pl.K  I. 
at.iiiist  harharian  -  -  IIiiii  ajiainst  (inlli  ,1. 
--  in  skilful  ii:|iliiniiny  ami  i'iinr:it.'i'nij^  v\ 
nnthinir  that  iir  wnn  was  anv  liistin:;  1;  ii 
111  hi.  yniiili    A'tiii-h-i.!  !^..- •- 

lamps  nf    lintll  thr  tintlls  mill  thr  Ilnll- 

iimilf-'  iu-i|Uaintani'rs  iininnL;  thr  rliirft  ii'i- 


il.t- 

ill.v 

llll-l 


ll-rni.-n 


-li.i.l 


l-Viiik 


.'1  i,.i.i 

,;  !«.tli 


lO.IH 


KfHOPK 


#f  MMJ  atut 


Kl  IMlHK 


«hli>>  vrTHt  III*  niilliv  iiiwiy  timn      |l<>  hul 
,„  1        .1  llir  Urrifili'  lliiiin  III  llif  iHrlv  vinr*  nf 


>h.„ 


bia  II iry    >u<l  ihtIiiiim  th'y  liixt  liHrmil  toi 

niiiHiiif  lilt  wi'itkii<«cif  111!  UiMiiiiii  HliiU-     TliiiM 
iitiwt  fi-tirfu)  nf  all  llii'  t.iirlitirliiM  |h'iii> 
•urirli'tf  In   Kunip<*  liiwl  Intii  H«tllril. 
\i'iir'*,  in  tht'  n-irliiii  Minn'  catti'il  llunn 
Aitilii.Ilu'lrnMiai  r>iriiililiiliii' khiir      llii.  i| 

4I)  til*-  Niirriiiitiillntf  luniN  unit  cxi-rclM-ij  a  icil 
•lil|ifn>in  llu'('>ui(iliiii  III  till'  lliillir  mill  tlii'  Ulilni' 
Till'  lni|Mriiil  riiiirt  iil  llii  iOii»t  i>(i>>|n'i|  in  |iiiy 
him  iiuniiiil  triliiiii'  fur  itlnliilnin;;  (rmii  ilii>  in 
Miaiiin  lit  ilK  iliiiimiii.  Hut  in  t'lO.  wlnii  thr  rr 
•flit  I'uli'liiTiii  iMTiinir  Knipri'HH  nf  ll)i>  Kiwi.  Iiy 
lii-r  tiriiltirr'^  ilriitli.  itiiil  liiarrlcil  it  Kriivr  niil 
wililiiT.  >ltin  inn.  111  iinlcr  t"  ^ivr  liiin  tin'  ^nv 

i-niHIL'  IMiwrr,  H  lirw  tnlH*  V>H%  liriinl  in  till*  Viiirc 

frimi  Ciinntautiuiiiili'  hIiIiIi  iiimwirril  Attilii'a  ili- 
n.iunlii. 

Defeat  of  AttiU. 
Tlw  llun  tliiii  a|i|><'iir»  III  liBvc  Mm  tlmt  llir 
■iiikinK  Kinpin*  nf  tin-  Wi-it  ulTiritl  a  iiiun'  I'l-r 
Uin  vit'tiiii  to  liiH  trrnir^  ainl  IiIh  ariiH,  hihI  In- 
lurntil  tliiMii  III  tliiit  iiiili'.  Kir-l  forming  an  ul 
ILinii' with  tin'  VniiilalH  (wlin  hail  rrnsMii  frinii 
^pHiii  111  Afrini  ill  4'.'0.  IiihI  raviitftil  ami  ••iili 
iiiiil  till'  Uiiniiin  [iriitiiii'i'-t.  ami  liiul  <"<lalilishi  i|  a 
kliii;iiiini  iin  llir  (arllniifliiian  Knninil.  willi  a 
n»viil  {HiwiT  in  till' Carthacinian  S<'tt).  Atlila  liij 
hi*  liiii,'!' iiriiiy  Inlii  siilTirluK  (iaiil.  Then' wini 
IlilMuiilliK,  mill  warrliirit  frmii  many  (iiriiiaii 
irilm.  11*  will  u»  llunii.  in  tlii'  liTritlr  linit;  fnr 
Aiiiliti  arm  htn-trlii'il  fnr,  anil  IiIh  kiiIiJitIm  wrrr 

[irnil  1.1  fulliiw  wlii'n  lie  Icil       llin  r Ini;  iiitu 

liiiiii  iilTrii.'lili  i|  limnans  ami  linrlniriaiis  aliki , 
mill  Miiilnl  tlirni  in  u  rnmiiiim  ilifiniu'  AiiiiH 
fi.rniiii  an  aillamr  Willi  TlniHlnrir.  tl»'  Vis! 
follii.  kiiii;.  ami  lliilr  funis  wen'  Jniniil  liy  Bur 
i;iiiiili:iiiM  ami  Krankn.  Tliry  nirt  .Vltilii  iirar 
I  li.ili.iiH.  anil  tliiri',  im  a  ilay  in  .Iiiiir,  \  |).  4."i|. 
upon  till'  Calalaunian  Di'IiIh,  wim  fiiiii.'lit  a  liallli< 
tliiit  U  iilwiiyi  ('oiintcd  nmiin)(  tlii'  few  wliii  h 
jlivi  »|ia|H'  III  all  siiliM'iiuint  liisliiry  Tlir 
lliiiMiMTi'  luiitin  liaik,  anil  Kurii|H'  wiU  sjiviil 
(riiiii  llii-  lin|M  lisn  iiljfht  that  must  Imve  fi.lluwcd 
iiT:irtiirriim|iiist  in  tlmt  iij,'r. 

Attila  tbreateninK  Rome. 

Altila  rilnatiil  In  (iiTiimny,  fnili'il  Init  not 
lUuiiliil  Tlir  next  y«ir  (A.  O.  4.V.'i  lir  invailnl 
Italy  mill  laiil  ».iii;c  to  Aiiuili'iii.  an  iinpnrlaiil 
(ity  wliiili  »1i.imI  in  his  puth.  It  rrsi^ii-il  Inr 
ilirir  niiiiiili'.  anil  wax  thin  utterly  ilistmviil 
Till'  fi«  iiilialiiianl.H  who  rscaiiwl.  w'ilh  fuirilivi-n 
friini  iitiiihiH.riMu  piirt.s,  fnuiiil  u  rffiiiTf  in  siiii,i- 
i-!;iiiiliiif  till'  Ailriatio  coast,  and  foriiiMl  then'  a 
slirliirnl  Mtlliimnt  which  j;rcw  into  the  i;ri  at 
lily  1111,1  ri  piihlirnn  «talf  of  Venice,  .Vetiu-i 
Hiiiile  ^lrl■llllllu^l  exertions  to  gather  fiirws  for 
ani.iliir  l^mile  wiih  the  llun-;  liut  the  rixuirees 
"f  Itie  Ijiipin-  hml  sunk  verv  low.  Wliih'  he 
iiiliiri.l  to  ciillect  triKips,  the'elTertof  u  paeiiir 
niilti~-y  »  us 'li-pairinitlv  tried,  ami  il  went  fortU 
I"  1  lei.iiiipi.f  AtliUi,  leil  bv  the  vencrulile  liisliop 
i,f  Uiiii,,.  — il„,  !ir,[  p.jwcrful  I'ope  — I,eii  I 
i.illiil  111.  liriat.  The  impression  which  Lei'i 
marliiiii  ;hi.  Iliiunish  kinft,  by  his  veiieraliic  pres- 
iiicv,  mill  liy  I  he  iM^rsuusiveiiesa  of  his  words,  ap- 
1"  iirs  III  luvi.  I„cn  extraonlinary.  At  all  events. 
.\llii,ii,iiis,iii,.,||,,post|Minehis"de»l){Uson  l{oine; 
ll."inr !  hi-  ..!e!.i:i:..:!ed  ,„,)  r«.-^!v-„{  i>r->riii=t.-  uf  a:: 
■""iiiiil  inl.iu.  The  ne,  -inter  he  died,  and 
Kiiiiie  vvus  tn.uliled  liy  Uif        more 


Rome  Sacked  by  the  VuuUlt. 

Hill  niiollier  eiwiiiy  laiiie.  who  rivalled  Atllle 
III  rulhlesNiieiM,  and  who  ifave  a  iiaini'  to  Iwr 
Imrilv  Hhiili  il  has  kept  to  Ihls  day  The  Van 
\  il.il  kliii'.  Uens<'rii.  who  now  nwepi  the  .Mulller 
'  ramaii  »  Itli  a  piralli  al  Ihi  I.  iiiiidi'  liia  iipiHaraiire 
'  ill  Ihe  TiUr  (A  l>  IV'ii  and  found  Ihe  Itoiiiaii 
i!ipiialpo»irli«<lorisi-tlilsatlai  k  The  veiiini 
hli  ('ii|i.-  |.4'ii  anal, I  lull  Til  lied  for  the  city,  and 
olilaimd  a  prmiusi'  Ihat  mplivcH  Khiiidd  iiot  lit- 
totliiriil  iii.r  liulMliii,"<  liurmd  -  »hh  h  was  Ihe 
iilniost  slnli  h  of  nil  riy  llial  Ihe  Vandal  1  mild 
alfonl  Once  imiri',  lliiii,  was  Home  ninii  up. 
for  fourteen  ila\s  ami  nlithls.  In  pilliit'e  and  the 
horrors  of  Imriiarir  ileliam  h  •  Wh.iiever  hml 
survived  Ihe  former  sack, —  whalevi-rihe  luxury 
of  Ihe  lloniiiii  I'alrii  lite.  diirInK  the  lulerviiilui; 
fully  li\i  years,  had  airiimiilaled  In  reparation 
of  Ihiir  loss  -till'  ireisuns  of  thi'  iiii|H'rlal 
piiliiii'.  Ihe  ifiild  and  siher  vessels  employed  in 
the  ehun  lies  Ihe  slalues  of  paifan  divinilies  and 
men  of  Koniaii  renown,  Ihe  ifihled  nuif  of  the 
temple  of  (  apiioliaii  .love.  Ihe  plate  and  orna 
iiients  of  privale  individuals,  were  h'isurely  I'oii 
veved  111  Ihe  Vamlal  Ihet  arid  shipped  oft  lo 
Africa"  (Shepparill 
The  Vandal  liiMisioii  had  Iseii  precisled,  in  tilt; 
,  same  year,  by  11  piilm  e  revolution  vthicli  liriiiiKlit 
,  the  liy  nasly  of  Theisiosiiis  lo  an  end,  IMacidia 
'  wasdeaii.aiid  her  iinworihy  son.  Valeiilinian  III  , 
provoked  assassimilion  by  dishominiii.'  the  wife 
of  a  weallhy  seiialor,  .>Ia,\lmiis,  who  mounted  to 
Ills  place  .Ma.\imiis  was  slain  by  a  mob  at  Itoiiie. 
lust  Isfore  the  Vandals  entered  Ihe  city.  The 
Knipire  was  now  wilhoiit  a  head,  and  Ihi'  throne 
wilhoul  an  heir  In  former  times,  i|„.  .Senate  or 
the  army  would  have  tilled  the  vacant  imiicrial 
sial ;  now.  it  was  a  liarbariiin  iiioniireh.  riiio 
dorii.  the  VisijT'ilhlc  kinir.  whoimiiie  choice  of 
a  successor  lo  the  Cii'sars,  lie  iiained  a  tiallie 
noble.  .Vviiiis  by  naiiie.  who  hail  won  his  cHtecni, 
and  till'  iioiiiinalioii  was  conllrmed  by  Manioii. 
Kmiiemr  of  tin    KasI 

Ricimer  and  Majorian. 

Hut  the  iullucnee  of  Thcishirii'  in  Iloinao 
affairs  was  sism  rivalled  liy  thai  of  Count  Hid 
iiier.  another  Ooth.  or  Suive.  who  held  hi^h 
eomniand  in  the  imperial  ariiiv.  ami  who  resented 
the  elevation  of  Avitus,  'flic  lalter  was  de 
posed,  after  reiiriiini;  a  sinirle  year,  and  Majorian. 
a  snlilicr  of  really  noble  and  heroic  ehanicter. 
was  proinoied  to  the  throne  lie  was  tisi  iL'reat 
and  t(K>  sincere  a  man  to  U'  Hicinier's  tiKil.  and 
the  same  hand  which  raised  him  tlinw  him 
down,  after  he  had  rcifjiied  four  years  (.V  I). 
4."i7— mil  lie  was  in  the  midst  of' a  powerful 
undcrtukini;  ai;ainst  the  Vuudals  when   he  jmt- 

islied.       .\Iajiiria;i  "  .-  Ia.st  Enip«'n>r  in  the 

Western  line  who  deserves  to  ik-  named. 

The  last  Emperors  in  the  West. 

Uicimer  ruled  Italy,  wiili  the  riL'or  of  a  despot, 
iimler  the  iiioili'Ki  liile  of  j'airieian.  until  -172. 
His  deatli  was  sism  fullowed  by  llie  rise  of 
another  tencriil  of  the  baibarian  troops.  Orestes, 
lolike  autocracy,  and  he,  in  turn,  irme  way  to  a 
third,  Oiiiiacer.  who  slew  him  and  look  his  jilace. 
The  ereaturi  s.  half  a  dozen  in  uuniber.  who  put 
t'l:  :i."i!  p-.i;  iliT  ihc  piirpic  r.iiir.  at  tii.  i-.,iiori,.rni 
of  tlicsi' adventurers,  who  played  with  ilie  iiiaj 
esty  of   l{uiue.  need  no  further  meution.     The 


1039 


fflf??^ 


:;.„]; 
'': .  i. 


ELKOPK 


OMtnuwthic  Kntilttnm 
of  Thvodoric. 


EUROPE. 


S 

i 


iMt  of  tlipm  was  Uomulus  Auk''"'"!''".  »""  "' 
Orestfs.  wild  isiupol  liis  falluTH  fute  liy  for- 
iniillv  rcsiciiiiiL'  tin-  thromv  lie  wiis  tlio  last  Uii- 
man"  Empfror  in  tlic  West,  until  Clmriciiiacm' 
rcvivcil  the  tillc.  tim'i'  icnturiia  anil  ii  (luarliT 
l.itiT.  "Till-  siHicsdiDii  (if  the  Western  Emper- 
ors lanie  In  an  end,  and  the  way  in  which  it 
eanie  ti-  an  end  marks  the  way  in  wliieli  the 
names  and  lilies  of  Kiimo  were  kept  im.  while  all 
power  was  pxssini;  into  the  liands  of  the  liarlia- 
rians.  The  Hoinaii  Si'nate  voted  that  one  Em- 
peror was  eimuL'h.  and  that  the  Eiustern  Einpen)r. 
Zcno.  should  n  iu'ii  over  the  whole  Empire.  Hut 
at  the  same  time  Zeiio  \v:is  Miaih' to  entrust  the 
(jovermiieiitot  Italv,  with  the  title  of  r.ilrieian,  i 
to  Udoacer  .  .  .  Thus  the  Uonian  Empire  went  ' 
on  at  t'onstanlinople.  or  New  Uome.  while  Italy  | 
and  the  Old  Home  itself  passed  into  the  power 
of  the  liarliariaiis.  Still  the  Homan  laws  and 
names  went  on.  and  we  may  1h'  sure  that  any 
man  in  Italy  would  have  lieeii  niueh  surprised  if 
he  had  Uiii  toM  that  the  Homan  Empire  had 
come  to  an  end     (Freeman). 

Odoacer. 

The  Kovirnment  of  Odoacer.  who  ruled  with 
the  aullioritv  of  a  kinir.  thouirh  pretendiii),'  to 
kiu;;ship  onlv  in  his  own  nation,  was  linn  ami 
stroMi;.  Italy  was  Intter  proteetid  from  its 
lawhss  miiih'liors  than  it  IimcI  Ikiii  for  nearly 
a  century  liefore.  Hut  uothiiitf  could  arn>st  the 
decay  of  its  population  —  the  lilight  that  had 
fallen  upon  its  prospiTity.  Nor  couhl  that  tur- 
liulent  a!.'i  allord  any  term  of  iH-ace  that  wouhl 
\h:  lonu  enouiiii  for  even  the  lietfinnin;;  of  the 
cure  of  su(  h  inaladies  and  such  wounds  as  had 
liroutfht  Italy  low  For  fourteen  years  Odoacer 
ruleil;  and  then  hi'  was  overthrowQ  liy  u  iiev 
kin^'dciiu  siikiii},'  liarliarian.  who  came,  like 
Alaric,  out  of  the  Oothic  swarm. 

Theodoric  the  Oitrogoth. 

The  Ostroiroths  had  now  escaiM'd,  since  Attihi 
died,  from  the  yoke  of  the  lluns.  and  were  pre- 
pared, under  an  alile  and  ainhitious  young  king, 
TheiKiiirie,  who  had  iM-en  rean-d  as  a  hostage  at 
Constantinople,  to  imitate  the  career  of  tlieir 
(dusiiis,  the  Visi>:oths.  Having  troubled  the 
Eastern  Court  until  it  stcHsl  in  fear  of  him,  Theo- 
doric asked  for  a  commis.siou  to  overthrow 
(lil.iaier.  ill  Italy,  and  received  it  from  IlieEni- 
ixriir's  hand.  Thus  empowered  by  one  still  rec- 
o^inized  as  law  ful  lonl  on  both  sidi'S  of  the  Adri- 
atic. riieiHlcirie  crosseit  the  Julian  Alps  (A.  I). 
4s".l)  with  the  familiis  of  his  nation  and  their 
household  giKals.  Thpe  battles  imule  him  mas- 
ter iif  t  he  peninsula  iiial  deeideil  the  fate  <if  his 
rival  Od.iaeer  hehl  out  in  liavemm  for  two 
VI  ar»  and  a  half,  anil  surrendered  on  n  promise 
."■f  e,|ual  snvireiL'nty  with  the  Ostrogothic  king. 
Hut  riieo.|..rie  diirnot  scruple  to  kill  him  wiUi 
his  own  sword,  at  the  first  opportunity  which 
1  anie  In  that  act,  the  native  savagery  in  him 
liriike  loose ;  but  through  most  of  his  life  he  kept 
his  passions  decently  tamed,  and  aeletl  the  bar- 
barian less  freiiuently  than  the  ci/ilized  staU's- 
man  and  kiii^'  He  gave  Italy  peace,  security, 
and  substantial  justice  for  thirty  years.  With 
little  war.  he  i Mended  his  sovereignty  over 
lllyriiim.  Pannonia.  Noricum.  Kliietia  and  Pro- 
vein  e.  in  south  eastern  Oaul.  If  the  exten- 
sive kinizdom  which  he  formed  —  with  more 
I  nii,i;iiti  nmcnt  ihaa  any  other  an-.ung  those  who 


divided  the  heritage  of  Home  —  could  have  m 
dured,  the  parts  <if  Europe  which  it  mvernl 
might  have  fared  better  in  after  times  thm  ih,., 
did.  "  Itjily  might  have  Uvn  spared  -is  lnni. 
(Ired  years  of  gloom  and  degradation  Hut 
powerful  intluences  were  against  it  fnun  iW 
first,  and  they  were  infiuences  which  pn.ic,il|.,| 
misthievously  from  the  Christian  I'liun  h  ll^ui 
the  (ioths  iH'eii  pagans,  the  Church  iiiiL.-lii  li:ur 
turned  a  kindly  face  to  them,  and  wch.. .1  tlnni 
to  Kinversion  as  she  wixK'd  the  Fnink^  liir 
they  were  Christians,  of  a  heretic  stamp  hmiI  Ih' 
orttiishix  Chrisliaiiity  of  Home  held  iljnii  in 
deadly  knithing.  While  still  lieyond  lii.-  Hin 
uIh',  they  had  receivetl  the  faith  from  im  .\rbn 
apostle,  at  the  time  of  the  great  conllii  I  nt  .Vtim 
nasius  against  Anus,  and  were  stubbnrn  in  tlit 
rejection  of  Trinitarian  dogma.  llnin  the 
Chun  h  in  the  West  was  never  reconi  ili.l  t..  tlir 
monarchy  of  Theixloric  in  Itjily,  nor  1..  ih;it  i.f 
the  Visigoths  at  Toiilmise:  and  its  hostilin  wis 
the  ultimate  cause  of  the  failure  of  Imtli 

The  Empire  in  the  East. 

To  understand  the  events  which  inuneiliatilj 
eausi'd  the  fall  of  the  Ostrogothic  |i"«i  r  vie 
must  turnback  for  a  moment  to  the  Kiiiiiin  in 
the  East.  Marcian,  whom  Piikheria.  tin  wise 
daughter  of  Arcadius,  made  Emperor  liy  iii.irry 
ing  liini,  died  in  4.57,  and  Aspar,  the  InrlKiri'm 
who  commanded  the  mercenaries,  si  li .  I.il  liij 
successor.  He  chose  his  own  steward,  im  I,io 
who  proved  to  have  more  indeiH'iuli m  i-  tl.iiu  !ii« 
patron  expected,  and  who  succeeded  in  ili-imy. 
ing  tlie  latter.     After  I,eo  I.  came(47Mr  i 

grandson,  lyco  11.,  whose  father,  an  I 
chieftain,  t<Hik  his  place  when  he  died,  with  ..  i... 
year.  The  Isaurian  a.ssume<l  aOreek  iiami  Zni" 
and  occupied  the  throne — with  one  inli  rval  "f 
flight  and  exile  for  twenty  months —  dm  in;;  sivin 
years.  When  he  died,  liis  whUiw  gan  In  r  li:in.l 
in  marriage  to  an  excellent  ofilcer  of  the  puhKc 
Anastiisius  by  name,  and  he  was  sovereign  of  the 
Empire  for  twenty-seven  years. 

The  reign  of  Justinian. 
After  Ana.stasius,  came  Justin  I.,  born  a  |»iu 
ant  in  l)acia(m(Hlern  Koumania).  but  advam  i  .1  ;is 
a  soldier  to  the  eimimand  of  the  iinpi  riil  ^-ii.inls, 
and  thence  to  the  throne.  lie  linl  ;ilr<:iily 
adopted  and  educated  his  nephew,  Justi:ii;iii  md 
before  dying,  in  .VJT,  he  invesKnl  him  with  -v 
ereignty  as  a  colleague.  The  reign  <>i  .liistiuian 
was  the  most  remarkable  in  the  whch  liisi.ry  "I 
the  Empire  in  the  East.  Without  hr.  a.lth  "( 
understanding,  or  notable  talents  of  :iii\  l>ii"l 
without  eoiimge:  without  the  least  ii'liliiyul 
character;  without  even  the  virtue  of  ilij.  lity  to 
his  ministers  and  friends,  — this  reniarkilli  iii.n- 
areh  contrived  to  be  splendidly  sirvi  illiv  ni  n 
traordinary  generation  of  great  Mihli.  rs,  criat 
jurists,  great  statesmen,  who  gave  a  linlliiim  i  tn 
his  reign  that  was  never  rivalliil  wliili-  ih.  liy  /an- 
tine  seat  of  Empire  stisid.  It  owes,  in  iii.«iini 
esteem,  its  greatest  fame  to  the  iioblr  i.Hnti  a 
of  Roman  laws  which  was  made,  in  tin  I'linhns 
and  the  Cixle.  under  the  diret'tionof  ili.  -.mm-  awl 
leanied  Tribonian.  Transiently  it  w  i-  J.riii'i 
by  comiuests  that  iKire  a  likeness  tot li.  iiiinhjt 
the  resistless  legions  of  ancient  Hoim.  iii'l  tlie 
laun-lletl  names  of  Ikdisariusand  Nar^  - 1  hiiniol 
a  place  on  the  columns  of  victory  witii  thi  immt 
of  Cifsar  And  Pr.n,! -tus      But  the  st!- 


uf 


1040 


EUROPE. 


Jxulitiian't 
Hecuvery  u/  Italy. 


EVROPE. 


thf  relRn  were  much  more  th«n  offset  hy  miseries 
and  calamities  of  the  darkest  kind.  '•The rel^n 
of  Justinian,  from  Its  lensth.  its  jjlory  and  its 
disaiitern.  may  be  fompured  to  thf  reittn  of  Loiiis 
Xl\' .  whlch'cxci'tHled  it  in  length,  and  e(iu»lle<i 
it  in  »tl"f.v  "n''  disaster.  .  .  .  tic  extended  the 
UmitH  of  liis  empire ;  but  he  was  unabli^  U>  defend 
the  torritorv  he  had  rec'elved  from  hie  preileees- 
iors.  Kvefy  one  of  the  thirty  eixht  years  of  his 
reign  was  marked  by  an  invasion  of  the  barlmri- 
m»;  and  it  has  been  said  that,  itt^koninx  tliosc 
who  fell  bv  the  sworxl,  who  perishe<t  from  want, 
or  were  led  into  captivity,  each  invasion  cost 
200,0<H)8ubjcctstotheempire.  Calamities  which 
human  prudence  is  unable  to  resist  seemed  to 
combine  against  the  Honians,  aa  if  to  compel 
them  to  expiate  their  ancient  glory.  ...  So  that 
the  very  period  which  gave  birth  to  so  nianv 
monuments  of  greatness,  may  Ixj  looked  liack 
upi'D  with  horror,  as  that  of  the  widest  desola- 
tion and  the  most  terriOc  mortality  "  (Sismondi). 
The  Urst  and  longest  of  the  wars  of  Justinian 
was  the  Persian  war.  which  he  inherited  from 
his  nn'deo'ssors.  and  which  scarcely  ccaac<l  while 
the  Persian  monarchy  endured.  It  was  in  these 
Asiatic  campaigns  that  lielisarius  began  his 
career.  But  his  first  great  achievement  was  the 
overthrow  and  extinction  of  the  Vandal  power  in 
Africa,  and  the  restoration  of  Roman  authority 
(the  empire  of  the  new  Rome)  in  the  old  C'artha- 
giniiin  province  (A.  D.  .'>3iJ--534).  He  accom- 
plished tills  with  a  force  of  but  10,000  f<M>t  and 
5.000  hijiM ,  and  w;i»  liastily  recalleil  by  his  jeal- 
ous lonl  on  the  instant  of  his  succesa. 

Conquettt  of  Belisariut  in  Italy. 

But  the  ambition  of  Justinian  was  whetted  by 
this  marvellous  conquest,  and  he  promptly  pro- 
vided an  expedition  against  the  kuigdom  of  the 
Eastern  Uollis.  The  death  of  TheiMloric  had 
occurred  in  l>26.  His  successor  was  a  chilil  of 
ten  yiitrs,  his  grandson,  whose  mother  exercised 
the  ngeucy.  Anialsuentha,  the  queen-regent, 
was  a  woman  of  highly  cultivated  mind,  and  she 
offendeil  lier  subjects  by  too  marketl  a  Itoniaui- 
istiim  of  her  ideas.  Her  son  died  in  his  eigh- 
teenth year,  and  she  as8<K'iated  with  hersidf  on  the 
thnine  the  next  heir  to  it,  a  worthless  nephew  of 
TlieiHliiric.  who  was  able,  in  a  few  weeks,  to  strip 
•II  her  power  from  her  and  consign  her  to  a  dis- 
•aiil  prison,  where  she  was  soon  put  to  death  (A.  I). 
5a.')i  She  hud  previously  openinl  negotiations 
with  .Iu>tlnlan  for  the  restoration  of  bis  suprem- 
acy III  Italy,  and  the  ambitious  Kinperora.Msunied 
with  caL'imessarighttoavengeherdeposition  ami 
dentil  The  fate  of  Amalsuentlm  was  his  excuse, 
the  disiuuient  of  Roman  orthodoxy  with  the  rule 
of  the  heretic  tioths  was  his  encouragement,  to 
•end  iin  iirniy  into  Italy  w  ith  Belisarius  at  its  head. 

First  taking  |M>»8i«(ion  of  Sicily,  lielisarius 
landed  in  liily  in  5;t0.  took  Naples  and  advanced  on 
,K"iiu  All  iilile  soldier.  Vltigcs.  had  lieeii  raised 
to  ihi'  (Joilijc  throne,  and  he  evucuatt-d  Home  in 
DikimIht;  but  he  returned  the  tcdlowing  March 
and  hii.l  sir^'e  to  the  ancient  capital,  whiih  Beli- 
sarius \m\  o((  upietl  with  a  moderaU'  force.  It 
was  diiindid  airulnHt  him  for  an  enlirt-  year,  and 
the  sir  ii.Mli  of  tlie  Gothic  nation  was  consumed 
on  till  ...iic  r  side  of  the  walls,  while  the  inhabi 
UiiiN  uiiiiii,  Wen.'  wasted  by  famine  and  disiiise. 
Ih..  (;.il„  invoked  the  aid  of  the  Franks  in 
J'".'  ".','  """"■  li'rce  warriors,  crossing  the  Alps 
A. .}  .i-'y:  .;.i>.;-,|^|  \n7l\i  Cnilhs  and  Gnrks.  with 


indiscriminate  hostility,  destroyed  Milan  and 
Genoa,  and  mostly  iKrished of  hunger  tliemselves 
liefore  they  n'treated  from  the  wasted  Cisalpine 
country. 

Itelcased  from  Rom.'.  Belisarius  advanced  In  hia 
turn  against  Ravenna,  and  tinik  the  Gothic  capi- 
tal, making  Vitiges  a  pris4)ner  (.\.  I).  HSiii).  His 
reward  for  these  successes  was  a  recall  fnim  com- 
mand. The  jealous  Kmpcror  could  not  alTord 
his  generals  too  inui-li  glory  at  a  single  winning. 
As  a  consequince  of  his  follv.  the  Goths,  under 
a  new  king.  Totila.  were  allowed  to  recover  so 
much  ground  in  the  next  f<mr  years  tliat.  when, 
in  .'V14.  Belisarius  was  sent  back,  almost  without 
an  army,  the  work  of  conquest  bad  to  be  done 
anew.  Rome  wa.s  still  being  held  against  Totila. 
who  ln'sieged  it.  and  the  great  general  went  by 
sea  to  its  relief,  lie  forced  the  passage  of  the 
Tiller,  but  failed  through  the  misconduct  of  the 
conmianiler  in  the  city  to  accomplish  an  entry, 
and  once  more  the  gn^at  capital  was  entered  and 
yielded  to  angry  Goths  (A.  1>.  !)46).  Tlu'y  spared 
the  lives  of  the  few  |>eo|)le  they  founil.  and  the 
chastity  of  the  women:  but  they  plundered  with- 
out restraint. 

Rome  a  Solitude  for  Forty  Days. 

Totila  commanded  the  total  destruction  of  the 
city;  but  his  ruthless  hand  was  stayed  bythere- 
inonstranci'S  of  Belisarius.  After  demolishing  a 
thini  of  the  walls,  he  withdrew  towanls  the 
South,  dragging  the  few  inhabitants  with  him. 
and.  <luring  forty  days,  Rome  is  said  to  have 
lieen  an  un|M'ople<l  solitude.  The  strnc  which 
thisolTers  to  the  imagination  comes  near  to  being 
the  most  iinpn-ssive  in  history.  At  the  end  of 
that  periiMl  it  was  entereil  by  Belisarius.  who 
hastily  repaire<l  the  walls,  collected  his  forces, 
and  was  prepared  to  defend  himself  when  Totila 
came  back  by  rapid  inarches  from  Apulia.  The 
Goths  made  three  assaults  ami  were  bloodily  re- 
i...h..l. 

Had  of  the  Ostrogothic  Kingdom. 

But  again  Bcdisarius  was  recalled  by  a  mean 
and  jealous  court,  anil  again  the  Gothi<~  cause 
was  reanimati'd  anil  restoreil.  Rome  was  taken 
again  from  its  fet  ble  garrison  (.V.  I>.  !yV)),  and 
this  lime  it  was  treateil  with  respect.  Most  of 
Italy  and  Sicily,  with  Corsica  and  Sardinia,  were 
BuUlued  by  Totila's  arms,  and  that  king,  now 
successful.  apiM'iiled  to  Justinian  for  [K'uce.  It 
wa.s  refuseil,  and  in  Hiii  a  vigorous  iirosecution 
of  the  HarresumtKl.  under  a  new  conunander  — 
the  ninarkalile  eunuch  Narses,  who  proved  hira- 
s(df  to  Im^  one  of  tlie  great  masters  of  war. 
Totila  was  defeated  and  slain  :n  the  first  battle 
of  the  campaign ;  Rome  was  again  iKdeaguered 
and  taken;  and  the  hist  blow  nee<led  to  extin- 
guish tlie  Gothic  kingdom  in  Italy  was  given  the 
foUowing  year  (.\.  1).  't'^i),  when  Totila's  sue- 
ces.sor.  Tela,  ended  his  lifo  on  another  disastrous 
tiehl  of  battle. 

The  Exarchate. 

Italy  was  restored  for  the  moment  to  the  Em- 
pire, ami  «as  placed  under  the  goveriiineht  of 
an  ini|xrial  viceniy,  caUi'd  Exarcli.  wliii  h  high 
ollice  the  valiant  Narses  was  the  first  to  fill.  His 
successors,  known  in  history  as  the  Kxarclis  of  Ra- 
venna, resided  in  that  capital  for  a  long  periml, 
while  the  arm  of  their  authority  was  steadily 
shorteneil  by  the  eonqin-sts  of  new  invaders, 
■whose  storv  is  vc;  to  be  told. 


fifl 


1041 


i 


KIHOI'K. 


f  Kngliah  UUIory. 


EIROPE. 


ETcnts  in  the  West. 

Uaviiin  Italy  ami  Humr.  once  iiiort'  in  the  ini 
jHTial  fi>lil,  liiii  niiri'  imiviiKTS  now  of  ft  ilistaut 
ami  aliinati'il  sonrriiinly.  it  is  ncci'ssiiry  to  turn 
liaik  III  till-  West,  ami  L'lani'r  ever  tlie  ri'pions  iu 
»lii(  li,  when  we  hnikdl  at  tliini  last,  tlii'  institii- 
tiniis  (if  Httiiiiiii  i:<^^^^llln('Ilt  ami  sm-icty  wen-  Im'- 
inu  (iisvitlvi-(l  ami  lirnkcn  up  l»v  lloixl  upon  |I(mh1 
of  liarliarii-  invasinn  from  tin'  'V*'Utoni<'  North. 

Teutonic  Conquest  of  Britain. 

If  «(■  tic  L'in  al  till'  fartlicst  Wist  wliicli  the 
Koiiiaii  iloiniiiiiiii  riai  hc'il,  »i'  sliall  tinil  tliat  llii' 
islaiut  of  Itritain  was  altaiHliMii'il,  prai-Iicatly,  by 
the  imp!  rial    L;nvi  riiiiHiil   i.nlirr  lliaii  Ihcvi'iir 

4111,    Wll-  II    liolili'   MU-  -illkillL-   limlcl-  III!'   lllnHs  iif 

Alaric.  Kroni  that  liirii>  thr  iiilialiilaiits  wirclrft 
to  iliiir  "\Mi  irovirriiiiciit  ami  llicir  own  difi'iu-r. 
To  till-  inron.U  of  the  --avaL^f  Cali-iloniali  l*i(  ts 
ami  Iri-.]!  Sroi^,  ihrrr  wen-  aiMi'ii,  now.  tlit'co-'j^t 
ravaL'i  s  of  a  ;.warni  of  rntlilrss  piralfs.  whirli 
the  IriUs  'if  nortliwi'>li'rn  Kiirope  liail  livfinn  to 
launch  upon  the  tiiTiiiaii  or  Ndrtli  Sen,  Thi' 
imi>t  cTiirl  -iThl  Irrrihli'  of  Ihcscoii-an  fn'rhiNitcrs 
wen-  till  SuXoii-..of  thr  Kllic,  ami  llii-y  pivi' their 
nnnic  for  a  liim'  to  tin-  wholr.  Tlieirilr>triirli\i' 
raiils  upon  tlic  coasts  of  lirita-.i  and  (iaiil  hail 
coniniiTii  I  il  more  than  a  iiiiliiry  iH'forc  the 
Konians  witlulrew  tlieir  lejiimis,  anil  that  part 
of  the  llritish  roji'^t  most  exposciltothi  ir  ravaircs 
was  kiiovMi  lis  the  Sa.xon  Shore,  For  alMiuf 
thirty  years  .ifier  the  Koman  ami  Homanized 
inliaiiil'aiits  of  Itritain  had  Urn  left  to  ilefi'iid 
thiriiselM>.  they  held  their  LTound  with  ^.'ihmI 
Coiira'.'e.  as  appears;  lint  the  inees>ant  altaeksof 
the  rielsHoic  out.  at  last,  their  eonlidi'liee  ill 
themsilies.  Mild  they  were  f.ilally  led  to  seek 
help  from  tlieir  other  enemies,  who  seour;red 
them  from  the  sen.  Their  invitation  was  jiiven, 
not  111  ih(  S.ixons.  hut  tii  a  hand  of  .lutes  —  war 
riors  fiiini  that  Danish  |>eniiisula  in  wliieli  they 
huve  left  their  name.  The  .lutes  lauded  at  Klihs- 
lleet,  in  the  Isli-  of  Tlianet  [X.  II  44it  or  4."iOl. 
with  two  chiefs,  Ileiiirest  and  Ilorsa,  at  their 
head.  Tliev  i  ime  ;is  iilties.  and  fouL'ht  hy  the 
side  of  the  hriioiis  a!;ainst  the  I'iiis  witli  excel- 
lent succe-^.  Till  n  lame ipiarrels,  iiiid  presently, 
in  4").  the  arms  of  IleiiL'est  and  Ilorsa  were 
turned  aL'aiii^t  their  employers.  Ten  years  later 
the  .lutes  had  Miure  possession  of  tiie  part  of 
Hritain  11.  iw  I  iillid  Kent,  and  llenu'est  was  their 
kiiii:,  llorsi  'i.i;  ini;  fallen  in  the  wiir.  This  was 
Mil-  LeL-iiiiiiiiL'  of  ilie  tnin.-forniation  of  liomaii- 
Celtie  lirilaiii  into  till.  Telitoilie  Kni.'hinil  of  later 
history.  '1  111  ^uiievsof  the  ,liile>  drew  their 
1  oiisiiis  ami  piraiicid  eomradis.  the  Saxons  and 
the  .\in;li-.  Ill  ,M  ek  kingdoms  in  the  .same  rich 
i-laiid.  The  S.-ixoiis  eaiiie  lirst.  lamliiiu' near  Sel 
sey.  in  177.  and  takiiii:  irradual  pii>scvNioii  of  a 
disirii  t  "  hii  h  lieiame  kmiHii  as  the  kiiiirdom  of 
liie  Soiiili  S.ixons,  or  Sus,MX.  The  ne.\t  inva.sioii 
w;i»  liy  >:c\Mii,,  under  Cerdic,  ami  .lutes,  who 
joini  .1  to  fi.rm  ihe  kiio-'diim  of  the  West  Saxons, 
or  W  I  —1  V  1  'M  riiiL':ilioui  the  territory  of  miMiern 
llaiiip'-liire  N.  iiiiieh  of  their  coni|iie>t  w:is 
•  Miiiplei.  Iiy  the  \.:ir."i!l>.  At  about  ilie  sjime 
time,  other  colonies  were  estahli^hed  and  irave 
their  names.  ;is  Kiisi  S;ixons  and  .Middle  Siixons. 
to  the  llssix  and  ,Miildlesex  of  mi.lerii  Kniflish 
^.'eoirraphy.  .\  ihinl  tribe  from  the  CernMii 
shore,  the  Aiii;les,  now  emiie  (A.  I>  'if-'i  i.i  take 
tucir  i  un  ia  tiii  ..,ii.,w,  .,i  ,,f  ii,.  i.si.iu.i,  aud  llieBc 


laid  their  hands  upon  kingdoms  in  the  Kast  m\\ 
North  of  Knglond.  wi  miiih  largpr  thiin  tin  iiii«| 
est  Jute  and  Saxun  rralniH  intheixmth  tli:ii  tlnir 
name  tixcd  itself,  at  la.st.  upon  the  whole  eiiinun 
when  it  lost  the  name  of  Britain.  Nurtliiiiiili'r 
land,  which  stretched  from  the  Hiimlii  r  i,i  t|,.. 
Kirtli  of  Forth.  .Mcrcia.  which  coveml  :ci  ,,1,, 
time  the  whole  middle  re^iion  of  Kntrhiinl,  ami 
East  .\nj;li»,  which  iH'canie  divhied  iiiln  the  i»,, 
Enirlish  ciuinties  of  Norfolk  (.N'orth  folk)  um! 
Suffolk  (S)uth  folk),  were  the  three  jrriMl  kinc 
dolus  of  the  Angles. 

The  Making  of  England. 

IJcfon'  the  end  of  the  sixth  century.  aliinMilir 
whole  of  nioilern  Knghind.  and  part  of  .S rnhnil. 
on  its  eastern  side,  as  far  to  Ihe  north  a-  !Min 
buri:h.  wiw  in  possession  of  the  (lerinan  iiiv.iii.r> 
They  had  not  merely  suImIuciI  the  fornu  r  jms-i. 
sors—  Britons  and  Uomiiuiirovincials  (it  l;..iii;iii, 
remained  in  the  island  utter  their  ilniiiMiiiii;, 
ceasedl. —  but.  in  the  judgment  of  tin  In  si  ji 
vestigiitors  of  the  subject,  they  had  pnn  iii-,ill'. 
swept  them  fn nil  all  the  parts"  of  the  isbml  i;. 
which  their  own  settlcinents  were  esialili-liu] 
That  is  to  say.  the  prior  population  h,is  liiln; 
exterminated  by  the  merciless  Kwonls  of  tliiv 
Saxon  and  Knglisii  pa;.'aiis.  or  wasdrivi  n  ii,i,,!|,, 
mountains  of  Wales,  into  the  peiiinsiil.i  of  (  ,,n 
wall  and  Devon,  or  into  the  Slralhi  lydi  (i.,i.r 
of  Scottish  territory. —  in  all  which  re^'imK  il. 
ancient  Hriti.sh  race  has  inaiiitained  ilsi  If  in  il.i, 
day.  Scarcely  a  vestige  of  its  i-xistem  e  n  iiiiiii;- 
cLsewhcre  in  England. —  neither  in  l:iii::ii.i.'i-,  n.ir 
iu  local  names,  nor  in  instit.itions.  iioi-  m  sum 
vals  of  any  other  kind;  which  shows  thai  tin  in 
habitiints  were  elTaced  by  the  compi.  si,  a,  lii, 
inhabitants  of  (Jaul.  of  Spain,  and  of  |i;iiy,  fnr 
example,  were  not. 

The  new  society  and  the  new  slates  «hiih  lum 
arose  on  the  .soil  of  Britain,  and  Iuvlmii  i..  sIi.i]v 
thcms<dves  into  the  Euirlaiid  of  the  fiiini. .  iiiri 
as  purely  (iermanic  1-  it  they  had  grown  tiji  Id 
the  Juti.sh  ixninsula  oroii  the  EIIkv  Tin  iusiiiu 
tions,  political  aud  s<M-ial.  of  the  iiuiiiii'raii! 
nations,  had  U'en  nioditicil  by  chaiu'id  i  :n  i.ia 
stances,  but  they  had  incorporated  ainiosi  iiniiiinir 
from  the  institutions  which  tliey  foiiml  \isiiiii; 
ill  their  new  liome  and  which  they  supphiiinl 
Broadly  speaking,  nothing  lioinaii  ami  niiliiiiL- 
Celtic  entered  into  Iheiu.  They  were  i  .ni-inn  iml 
on  (lernian  lines  througliout. 

The  barbari'-'inof  the  .Saxons  and  lln  iri>i;i  'vliv; 
they  entered  Britain  wiis  far  iiiore  uhiuiiij  ii.'i 
t hail  that  of  most  of  the  Teiiiiniii  inln  s  "  Imli 
overivhelnied  the  contineut^d  provii  e.  ^  .'t  liiiiii 
had  been.  The  (ioths  had  Ih-cu  iiilliii m  .  .1  t" 
some  extent  and  for  quite  a  perio-t  by  Wv.wh 
I'ivilization.  and  had  iioniinally  aeeepi'l  i  lii> 


tiai!  prc'ipls  and  beliefs,  before  lln 
against  the  Empire.  The  Franks  hal  I" 
of  Home  11  lid  iu  contact  with  the  n  tii:' : 
Itoman  (Jaul,  for  a  century  or  Iwo  h  I 
became  masters  in  tiiat  pi'ovinee,  ^I  ~ 
other  nations  which  Iransphinii  d  tlntn- 
Ihe  lifth  century  from  bcyoml  the  HI. in. 
homes  iu  the  provinces  of  Itoine.  ha.l  h.  ■ 
for  generathiiis  on  the  borders  of  ilir  Ij. 
near;  li.id  acipiired  some  acqiiaiiilati.  i . 
with  the  ciiilii'.ution  which  they  did  ii 
and  conceded  to  it  a  certain  rcspei  t .  w  h 
of  them  hud  liorue  arms  for  the  Eiiii' 
lakeil    his    pa> .       HuL    the   Saxons.    .\i>- 


k  anil* 


■  ri; 


..f 
V  iIj.v 

..f  11.'.- 
I\.s  in 
t,.  Ill  w 

livi.i" 


1042 


EUROPE. 


Kingdom 
of  the  Frank*. 


EL'KOPE. 


Jiit.«  hiui  thus  f«r  iH'cn  n'mott-  from  every  intlu- 
ence  or  ex|M'rienre  oi'  the  kind.  Tliey  knew  the 
Ki'iiians  only  mt  rieli  atniiij'ers  t<i  Ik^  [ihiudcred 
ami  fiK'H  to  \tv  fiiu)?lit.  Christianity  represented 
nulliinjc  lo  them  hut  an  insidt  to  their  gods. 
Tliire  MTins  to  1m'  little  doulit,  lliirefore.  that 
the  livili/.in^'  work  which  Uonie  had  ihine  in 
wistern  KiiroiH'  was  oblileniled  nowhere  elsi'  so 
rulhUs.tlv  and  so  wantonly  as  in  Itrilaiii. 

Chrisliaiiilv,  still  shellered  and  slron^'  in  Ire- 
land, wa-i  »lio!ly  e.vtiniruished  In  F:ni,'land  for  a 
riMliiry  and  more,  until  the  menioralile  niLssionof 
.VuL'iiMine.  M'nl  by  I'opi'  Gri  ifory  the  (Ireat 
A  1>  -iKT),  lH',i,'an  the  eonversion  of  the  savai;e 
i-laiiders. 

The  Kingdom  of  the  Franks. 

Im  (Juul,  nieiinwhile.  and  ill  soiilhvvestcni  lier- 
ii.aiiv.  till'  Franks  had  l»>i'onie  the  dominant 
|i.i\\ir  They  had  moved  tanlily  to  thc>  con- 
l|lll^l.  liut  'vl'ien  Ihey  niovi-d  it  was  with  rapid 
^!ride■^.  While  they  dwilt  aloni;  ilie  [.ower 
l!liii;i-.  iliey  were  in  two  divisions:  the  Salian 
Kr.ink*.  »iii>  oecupied,  llrsl,  the  country  near 
till'  iiioiilh  of  tli(^  river,  and  then  spread  south- 
ward-, lo  the  Sonnne,  IT  Iwyond;  and  the  Hipu- 
ariaii-.  «ho  lived  farther  up  the  IJhine,  in  the 
iiri-hhtirlio'Ml  of  ("oloirne.  advaneini;  thenee  lo 
III,-  M.i^lle.  In  the  lati  r  part  of  the  tlftli  een- 
lury  a  iioiniui  I'atrieian.  Syairrius.  still  exer- 
({-III  sonii  kind  of  authority  in  northern  (laid; 
hiit  in  4.'*i!  he  was  defeated  and  overthrown  liy 
tlili«lviv',  or  Clovis.  the  chief  of  the  Salian 
Kniiiks  Ten  years  later,  I'lovis,  h>adini;  lK)lh 
tlie  Salian  and  the  liipuarian  Franks  in  an  atta(  k 
iiimii  the  (Jernian  .VIenianni.  hi-yond  the  I'pper 
liliirie,  suIhIuciI  that  people  completely,  and  tisik 
tlit'ir  country.  Their  name  survived,  and  ad- 
ii<  rill  to  the  whole  people  of  Germany,  whom 
iln  Kniiks  and  their  successors  the  Fniich  have 
iilliil  .Vlleiniiiids  to  this  day.  After  his  eon- 
11114  of  (he  Alemamn,  Clovis.  who  had  married 
a  (  hristian  wife,  aii  iplial  her  faith  and  was 
liipii/ed.  with  three  thousiinil  of  his  chief  men. 
'I'lie  prufes.s*'tl  conversion  was  as  fortunate  politi- 
lally  for  hitn  as  it  had  Inin  for  Constantine. 
Ill'  ailiiptid  the  Christianity  which  was  that  of 
the  Uoiiian  Church  —  the  Catholic  Christianity 
iif  the  Mliaiiasian  creed  —  and  he  stotsl  forth  at 
•  iiiii'  as  the  <  hainpion  of  ortliO(h)xy  aiiainst  the 
Inniii  IJiitlis  anil  Kur^undiaiis,  whose  reliirion 
lii-l  Ui-ii  piiisiaied  hy  the  eondenmed  <hs-trim's 
"!  .\rius.  The  hlessinfis,  and  the  more  substau- 
tiai  tiiileavors.  of  the  lioman  Church  were,  there- 
firi ,  on  his  side,  whin  he  attai  ked  the  IJur):iin- 
lians  and  made  them  tributary,  and  when,  a  few 
Mars  later,  he  exiadled  the  "Ootli.s  from  Aijui- 
taiii-  anil  drove  them  into  Spain  (.V.I).  .5iK)-,")(Wi. 
Ill  iriiuiiiiL',  appari'iitly.  as  one  of  .several  chiefs 
amniii.'  till.  Saltan  Fiiinks,  he  eniied  his  career 
l")lii)  a-i  -nil-  kiiiL'  of  the  whole  Fruik  nation,  and 
niastirof  all  (Jaiil  except  a  Gothic  corner  of  I'ro- 
V'liii,  uiMi  a  consiilerable  doiidnion  lievond  the 
Hhin. . 

The  Merovingian  Kings. 

Kut  Clnvis  left  his  nalm  to  four  sons,  who 
'liuil.il  ii  iiiii,  as  many  rinu'doms.  with  capitals 
ai  M.t/,  llrleans,  I'ai^is,  aiid  Soi.s.sims.  There 
"1.  -'iiir  and  war  Intween  them,  until  one  of 
III.  lirmli.r^,  I.olliain',  united  anain  the  whide 
Mii^il'in,  which,  meantime,  had  iM'en  enlarged 
li>  till  I  unijucst  of  Thnringia  anil  Provence,  and 
}y  .!;:■  :  s;t;r,rt:.-.r.  ..f  \\^^.  tributary'  iiuricuudiau 


kings.  When  he  die<l.  his  sons  rent  the  king- 
dom again,  anil  warred  with  one  another,  and 
once  more  it  wiw  brought  together.  Says  Hal- 
lam;  "It  is  a  weary  and  unproBtuble  task  to 
follow  tlies,'  ehangiHin  detail,  through  scenes  of 
iiunult  and  bliKMlshed,  in  widcli  tlie  eye  meets 
with  no  siinsh'ia-,  nor  can  rest  upon  any  interest- 
ing spot.  It  w'ouKI  be  dillieult,  as  Giblam  has 
Justly  observed,  to  tind  anywhere  nim-e  vice  or  less 
virtue."  Hut.  as  Dean  Cliurth  has  remarked,  the 
Franks  wen;  nuiintaiuiil  in  their  a.scendaney  by 
the  favor  of  the  clergy  and  the  circumstances  of 
their  iNisition.  despite  their  divisions  and  the 
worthless  anil  detestable  chamctcrof  their  kings, 
after  Clovis.  "  They  occupied  a  land  of  great 
nalund  wealth,  and  great  geiiu'ra|>hical  advan- 
tages, which  had  been  prepan-d  for  theni  by 
Latin  cidlure;  tiny  iiilii  rited  gnat  ill hs  whicu 
they  had  not  biiiit,  and  lields  and  viiicyariis 
•whiili  Ihey  had  not  planted;  and  tiiey  had  the 
wisilom.  not  to  destroy,  but  to  iw  their  con- 
quest.  Tliey  %vere  able  with  singular  viuv  and 
cijiitidcnce  to  employ  and  trust  the  siTvicc  i.  civil 
and  military,  of  the"  Latin  i>opulat;on.  ,  .  .  The 
bond  belwein  the  Franks  and  the  native  rices 
was  the  eliTiry,  .  .  ,  The  forces  of  the  whole 
nation  were  at  the  dlspii>.il  of  the  ruling  race; 
and  iindi ''  Frank  chiefs,  the  Latins  and  Gauls 
1,  arncd  once  more  to  be  warriors."  This  no 
doubt  sUL'i:ests  ;i  iiuitc  true  explanation  of  the 
success  of  the  Franks;  but  tin)  much  may  easily 
1m'  inferred  from  it.  It  will  not  Is'  safe  to  con- 
I  bide  that  the  Franks  were  protectors  of  civili- 
zaliiiu  in  (iaiil.  ami  did  not  lay  destroying  hands 
upon  it.  We  shall  presently  sic  that  it  sank  to 
a  very  darkened  state  under  their  rule,  though 
the  ei'lipsi*  may  have  been  less  complete  than  in 
'   stjme  other  of  the  barbari/eil  provinces  of  Itoine. 

Rise  of  the  Carolingians. 

The  division  in  the  Frankisli  donnnion  which 
linally  marked  itself  deeply  and  tweamc  permanent 
was  ihat  which  separated  the  Ka.st  Kingihim.  or 
.\ustra.sia.  from  the  West  Kingdom,  or  Neustria. 
In  .Vustrasia.  the  Germanu' elcnienl  jinvailed;  in 
Neustria,  the  Uomau  'Uiil  Gallic  survivals  cntereil 
most  largely  into  the   new  .society.     Austrasia 
widened  into  the  Germany  of  later  historv;  Neus- 
tria into  France.     In  both  these  kingiloms,  the 
Frankish  kiims  sank  lower  and  hiwer  in  charac- 
ter,   until   tliilr   name  (of    .Mcrwings   or   Mero- 
vingians, from  an  ancestor  of  Clovis)  became  a 
bywoid  for  sloth  and  wiirthle.ssness,  Ineach  king- 
dom there  arose.  iHsiile  the  nominid  monarch,  a 
strong  minister,  calUd  the -Major  I  )omus,  or  .Mayor 
of   the    I'ahiie.    who  exercised    the   real   power 
and  g.iverneii  in  the  king's  name.     During  the 
last  half  of  the  seventh  century,  the  Austrasiau 
Mayor.  I'ippiii    of    lleristul,    and   the    Neiistrian 
.Mayor.  Liiroin.  converted  the  old  antaironisni  of 
the  two  kingdoms  into  a    pirsunal  rivalry  and 
stru;:L'le  for  supri-inai\ .     Kbroin  was  luurden'd, 
and  I'lppin  was  the  tbial  victor,  in  adecisive  bat. 
lie  at  Teslry  iilNii,  which  made  him  virtual  mas- 
ter of  the  wliole  Frank  realm,  allhoiigh  the  idle 
!    Merwin^s  still  sat  on  their  til  rones.     I'ipiiin's  ^fii, 
!   Cbarlrs  Martel.  strengthened  and  extended  the 
j   ilomiiiation  which  his  fatlier  had  :ui)uireil.     He 
I   drove  back  the  Saxons  and  sulnlued  the  Frisians 
i   in  the  .Nortli.  and.  in  the  great  and  famous  battle 
j   of  Tours  (T".','|  he  repelled,  once  for  all.   the  at- 
tempi  of  the  .\rali  and  .Moorish  followers  of  .Ma- 
j    iicanrl.    :iliT:tdy    l'.':!:;ed   il:   SjTahi,    ..j   pu-h   tlieir 


1043 


EUROPE. 


Mnhumel 
and  thf  KaMt. 


EIHOHE. 


wiKiUfstn  tx'yond  the  I'vrinii's.  Tlio  next  nf 
tin-  fiiinily,  Pippin  llic  Sliort,  sun  of  Clwrlcs 
Miirtil.  put  an  cud  to  the  pnlinie  of  (lovcrnintr 
In  tlie  mime  of  a  pupiH'i  kiiiv.  Tlii'  last  of 
the  McrovhiRiuns  wiis  i|iiiftly  iK|m>sc(I  — lacking 
even  importance  cnouuli  tii"lii>  put  to  ili'alli  — 
and  Pippin  received  the  crown  at  llie  ItaniU  of 
Pope  Ziicliary  (A.  I ).  T51).  lie  died  iu  'tin,  and  tha 
nign  of  Ida  son.  wlio  sucordcd  him  — tlie  (Jnat 
CliarlcH  — ilic  Clmrli'nmirni'  of  niediieval  history 
—  is  llie  intHMluction  to  so  new  un  era,  and  so 
changed  an  order  of  circumslances  in  the  Kuro- 
luan  worlil,  that  It  will  1h>  iK'st  to  liniBh  with  all 
that  lies  behind  it  in  our  hasty  survey  before  we 
take  it  up. 

The  Conquests  of  Islam. 

Outsiilf  of  Europe,  a  niw  and  strange  i)<>wer 
had  now  risen,  and  liail  spread  its  fortes  with  ex- 
tmonlinary  rapiility  an)unil  the  southern  and 
eastern  liriuit  of  the  .Medicrranean,  until  it 
tn)ul)led  IhiIIi  ixtnniilies  of  llie  northern  shore. 
This  wits  the  power  of  Islam  — the  proselyting, 
war-waging  religion  of  .Mahonii't.  the  .Vrabian 
prophet.  .Vt  the  ileath  of  .Mahomet,  in  «:«.  he 
was  lird  of  .Arabia,  and  his  armies  had  just 
cn)ssed  the  horihr,  to  attack  llie  Syrian  pos.ses- 
sionsof  ttic  Kxstern  Uonian  Kniplfe.  In  seven 
years  from  that  time,  the  «hi>le  of  I'lilcstine  ami 
.''yria  iiad  Iwcn  overrun,  .lerusdem,  Damascus. 
Aniiech.  and  all  the  strong  cities  taken,  and  Ko- 
man  aulliorily  ex|nlliil.~  in  two  years  more, 
thiy  hail  dealt  the  last  blow  to  the  .Sa.<.sanian 
mi  narchy  in  Persia  and  shallered  it  forever.  .\t 
the  same  time  they  wen'  Ik  sicL'iiig  .\lexandria 
and  adding  Kgypt  to  their  coiniuisis.  In  WiH, 
ou'y  thirty  six  years  after  the  death  of  the 
Propliel.  they  wrn-  at  the  gales  of  Conslanlino- 
ple.  making  the  first  of  tlieir  many  attempts  to 
gain  iK.sscssion  of  the  New  Home.  In  (iiW  tin  v 
had  taken  Carthage,  had  iKcupied  all  .North  .Af- 
rica to  the  .\tl.iniic  coast,  had  converted  the 
.Maiinlanians.  or  .Moors,  and  absorlHil  them  into 

their  Inwly  politic  as  well  as  into  tlieir  nmu- 

nion.  In  Til  the  commingled  .Vralis  and  Misirs 
cmssed  the  .straits  and  entered  .Spain,  and  the 
overthrow  of  the  t'hristian  kingdom  of  the  Visi- 
gnlhs  was  pnulically  acconiplislied  in  a  single 
balth' that  Nimi  year.  Williin  two  years  more, 
the  Mi«irs(as  tiny  came  to  be  most  commonly 
lallecl)  Were  in  imssession  of  the  whole  southern, 
CI  ntral,  and  ciuslcrn  parts  of  the  .Spanish  penin- 
Mila,  trcalitig  tlie  inhabiianis  who  had  not  tied 
with  a  more  generous  toleration  than  differing 
Cliristiaiis  were  wont  to  oiler  to  one  another. 
The  Spihianls  (a  mixed  population  of  Koman, 
Siieiic.  (ioihie.  and  alKiriL'inal  descent)  who  did 
not  submit  took  nfiige  in  the  mountiunous  re- 
gion of  the  .\sturias  .ind  (Jalicia,  where  they 
maintained  tlieir  indi  pen.lence.  and.  in  due  time, 
Ueanie  aggressive,  until,  after  eight  eeuturies, 
they  recovered  their  whole  land. 

The  Eastern  E.apire. 

At  the  Kast.  as  we  have  s.in,  the  stmgj^le  of 
the  Kiiipire  with  the  Arabs  Isgaii  at  the  tirst 
nioment  of  their  can .  r  of  foreign  comjuest. 
They  came  u|ion  it  w  hen  it  was  weak  from  many 
wounds,  and  exliaust.il  by  conllict  with  many 
foes.  Hebire  the  ileath  of  .lustinian  (.W.'i).  ihe 
transient  ghiriis  of  liis  nign  had  been  wanini; 
fast.  Ills  inimciliate  suiies.sor  saw  the  work  of 
Li  lisanitii  .iiid  N<iisi.s  undone,  for  the  most  part. 


and    the   Italian    |ieninsuln   ovemm   by   ,i  m-* 
horde  of  Inirbariaiis,  more  rapaeioiis  liml  irmn- 
savage  than  the  (Joths.     At  tie.  same  linn  .  !li,. 
Persian  war  broke  out  again,  and  drain..!  ih,. 
im|H'ri.il  ri'sourees  to  pay  for  victories  thai  hail 
no  fruit.     Two   lietter  and  strongerenipi  r..rs  — 
Tilierius  and    Maurice  — who  came  after  liim 
only  made  an  honorable  struggle,  without  l.av 
ing  Ihe  Enijiire  in  a  better  state.     Then  a  liriM.il 
creatun'  — I'hiHss- held    the   throne   for  li-lii 
years  (003-010)  and   sunk   it   very   low  hv  la. 
crimes.      The   hero,    Hcnicliiis,    who  wa  "n..» 
rais(Hl  to  jHiwer,  came  too  late.     Assailed  mi.1 
denly,  at  Ihe  very  iH'ginning  of  his  reiun,  l.\  i 
tierce  Tersian  onsel.  he  was  powerless  i.i  rl^i^I 
Syria,   Egypt  and  .\sia  .Minor  wen- sue.  is-iviK 
ravaged   and   eoni|uend    by    the   Persian  iirni> 
They   cann'  even    to  the   Uosphorus,    an.l    fir 
tea  years  they  held  its  eastern  shun'  and  nuiiu 
tained  a  camp  within   sight  of  t'oii.sla,;lin..|.l. 
itself:    while    Ihe   wihl    Tartar    nation    i,t    ih. 
.Vvars    raged,    at   the   same    lime,    thniiii.'li  ili, 
northern  and  western  iimvinccs  of  the  Knipir. 
and    threatened    the    capital    on    its    lan.lwir.l 
sides.     The  Human  Empir».  was  reduceii.  I..r:. 
lime,  t.)  "the  walls  of  l'onst«ntiiiople,  with  ih. 
remnant  of  GrtTce,  Italy,  and  Africa,  ami  niii. 
marilime  cities,  fmm  Tyre  to  Treblzond.  ..f  ili,. 
Asiatic  coait."     Hut  in  023  Ileraclius  turne.1  tlii. 
tide   of  disaster  and    rolled    it    back    up..n  lii> 
enemies.      Despite  an  alliance  of  the    I'l  r-im- 
with   the  Avars,   and    their    combineil    a^^mli 
U|M>n  Constantinople  in  038.  he  re|Hlli.|  Ih.  lai 
ler,  ami  wnsteii  fnini  the  former,  in  a  -.  ri.s.l 
nniarkable   campaigns,    all    Ihe   Icrriliiv    iln\ 
had  sii/.eil.     He  had  but  jus;  accomplisli.  .1  ilr;. 
gnat   ihlivenince   of   his  dominions,    wh.ii  il" 
Anibscanie  u|«in  him,  as  .stated  alkive      Tin  r. 
was  no  strength  left  in  Ihe  Enipin'  t..  n  «isi  il,. 
terrible  pniwess  of  these  warriors  of  th.  .1.  v  r' 
They  extinguished    its  authority   in  Svrii  aii.l 
Egypt,  as  We  have  seen,  in  the  first  year*  ..t  Iln  ir 
(aner;  but  then  turned  their  arms"  to  ili.   Ka-t 
and  the  West,  and  were  slow  in  dtspuliiij  A-ii 
Minor  with  its  Christian  lords.     "Kr..iii  ili.  lim. 
of  llcrailius  the  Uyzai  line  theatre  is  .  i.miim.  ti.l 
and  darkened:  the'line of  einjdn' which  In. I  l...n 
<letln(.||  by  the  laws  of  .lustinian  and  Ih.    inn-.. I 
Ifclisarius  recedes  on  all  sides  fnini  ...ir  \u\\ 
((iiblKin).     There  was  neither  vigor  nor  .inn.-  in 
the  descendants  of  Ileraclius;  and  wli.  n  il,.  Ia>! 
of    them    Wiis   ileslroyed    by   a   |Mipul.ir  rising' 
against  his  vicious  tjrannv  (711).  revoliiii..ii  f..!- 
lowed  revolution  so  ijuie'kly  that   llin.    mlmi- 
wcre  iMgun  and  ended  in  six  years. 

The  so-called  Byzantine  Empire 
Then  came  to  the  thnine  a  man  ol  -ir..ii; 
chamctiT. whonHli>einedital  hast  fmnii .  ni.  iii|  I. 
who  inlnsluced  a  <lyu:i.sly  which  enilni..i  f-r  i 
century,  and  whosi' "reign  is  the  lH-i:iijiiii._- i.f  a 
new  em  in  tlie  history  of  the  Eastern  Kiniir. .  s.. 
marked  that  the  Enipin' has  taken  tnantliai  tini. 

i"  the  < inion  usage,  a  cbangi  .1  nam.    ,im.!  i- 

kiiown  thenceforth  as  the  Hy/.antin.-  rill.,  r  tli;cn 
the  Eastern  or  the  tJmk.  This  was  I.. ..  1 1,.  Niu 
riiui.  whosaviti  Constantinople  fmnia  m.  miiiis- 
perate  .Moslem  siege;  whoclK^ked  b.r  ^i .  ..-i.i.  r 
able  |«-riisl  Ihe  .Mahometan  advance  in  !l  .  K..-' 
who  reorganized  the  imperial  adminisir  iii.ii  .u 
lasting  lines;  and  wliose  suppressieti  ..t  inciir.- 
worship  in  llie  Christian  chunhes  of  lii- .  nipirc 
led  to  a  ruplun'  with  the  Itoniau  Chiir.  n  in  liio 


1044 


EUROPE. 


Kim  of 
Ihipal  power. 


El'HOPK. 


^P(,t,_to  the  breaking  of  all  relations  of  tic- 
peiiilence  In  Itomc  and  Italy  iii>on  the  Empire  in 
the  East,  and  to  the  creatinff  of  a  new  imperial 
io»ercipity  In  Western  Eiiro|)t?  which  claimed 
luccossion  to  that  if  Home. 

Lombard  Conqueit  of  Italy. 

On  tlie  con<iue«t  of  Italy  by  lieiisariiis  and 
Nars<<,  fi''  Justinian,  the  eunuch  Narses,  as 
nliiiiil  tx'fore,  was  made  governor,  residlnfr  at 
KaviMina,  and  bearing  the  title  of  E.varcli.  In  a 
few  ye.irs  he  was  displaced,  throiiL'h  the  iiillu- 
cnce  of  a  palace  intrigue  at  ('onstuntinople.  To 
be  revenged,  it  is  said  that  he  piTsuaded  the 
L(inihanl»,  a  German  trilw  lately  iH'come  tlireiit<n- 
Ingontlie  Up|>er  Danulx-,  to  enter  Italy.  Tley 
came,  under  their  leailer  Alboin,  and  almost  the 
whole  northern  and  middle  parts  of  the  peniii.sida 
tulmiitled  to  them  with  no  rcsislanie.  I'avia 
it«<«l  a  siege  for  three  years  before  it  sunrndered 
to  iHiiime  the  Ixjmbard  capital ;  Venice  received 
an  uilili'il  population  of  fugitives,  and  was  safe 
In  liir  lagoons  —  like  liavenna,  where  the  new 
Einrch  wiitche<l  the  march  of  Ijombard  conquest, 
and  Biancly  opposed  it.  Itonu'  was  preserved, 
with  part  uf  southern  Italy  and  with  hicily ;  but 
no  more  than  a  shadow  of  tin  sovereignty  of  the 
Empin'  now  stretched  westward  beyond  the 
Ailriatic. 

Temporal  Power  of  the  Popes. 

The  city  of  Home,  and  the  territory  surround- 
ing it,  still  owned  a  nondnal  allegiance  to  (he 
Enipi Tor  at  Constantinople ;  but  their  immeiliatc 
and  ri-:il  ruler  was  the  Bishop  of  I{ome,  who  had 
ilready  aiiiuired,  in  a  special  way,  the  fatherly 
nanieiif  "I'apu"  '  I'ope.  Many  cireumstunces 
had  ciiiiiliiiied  to  plac<-  iHith  spiritual  and  temporal 
thjwer  in  the  hands  of  these  Christian  irfmtilTs  of 
Itonie.  They  may  have  Iwen  originally,  in  the  con- 
stitution of  the  Church,  on  an  equal  fiHiting  of  ec- 
clesiastical authority  with  the  four  other  chiefs  of 
the  hienin  hy  —  the  Patriarehs  of  Constantinople, 
Ale.\;indri:i,  Ant  loch  and  Ji-rusalcm;  but  the 
great  nanie  of  Home  gave  them  prestige  and 
wiii;lii  of  superior  Inlluemx' to  liegin  with.  Tluii, 
th<y  stiHMl,  geographically  and  sympathetically, 
iani;irist  relations  with  that  massive  Latin  side 
of  Christendom,  in  western  Europe,  which  was 
nevi  r  much  disturlxMl  by  the  raging  dogmatic 
coniron  rsies  that  tore  and  divided  the  Chureh 
on  its  Kastcm,  Greek  side.  It  was  inevitable  that 
the  Wistirn  Church  should  yield  homage  to  one 
h<':ul  — toone  bishopric  alwve  all  other  bishop- 
ries; and  it  was  more>  inevitable  that  the  See 
of  liomi!  slioiild  be  that  one.  >So  the  K|iirilual 
suprcniaiy  to  which  the  PiqMs  arrived  is  easily 
enough  explained.  Tlie  tempimil  authority 
wliidi  they  ac()iiired  is  accounted  for  as  obvi 
ously.  Kvcn  l)cfore  the  interruption  of  the  line 
of  epii»Tcirs  in  the  West,  the  removal  of  the  im- 
perial n^iilinie  for  long  [M'riods  from  Rome,  to 
ConstiiMiHiople,  to  .Mihin,  to  Kaveiina,  lift  the 
i'ope  tlii-  most  impre.ssive  anil  intlueiitinl  person- 
age in  Ihi'  ancient  capital.  Political  functions 
»Hi'  fornd  oil  him,  whether  he  desin^d  to  ex- 
rniw  ih,  nior  imi.  It  was  Pope  U-o  whohiaileil 
the iiiii. is>y  to  Attila.  and  saved  the  city  from 
the  Hull-.  It  was  the  same  Pop*'  who  p'lea<leil 
for  it  w  ith  the  Vandal  king,  Oensiric.  And  still 
mori'  iiii.l  more,  after  the  imperial  voic<^  whuh 
utt«'ri,lo,i:i-imiHl  ciimnsiinds  to  hi?  Roman  su'.i 
jecu  wu,  heard  from  a  distant  palace  in  Con- 


stantinople, and  in  accents  that  had  beconir 
wholly  Greek,  the  chair  of  St.  Peter  grew  throiu>- 
like,— the  res|iect  paid  Ut  the  Po|>e  in  civil  mat- 
ters took  on  the  spirit  of  oU-dience,  and  his  as- 
pect liefore  the  |M'Ople  iM'came  that  of  a  temporal 
prince. 

This  process  of  the  political  elevation  of  the 
Papacy  was  completed  by  the  I^)mbaril  conquest 
of  Italy.  The  Ijombard  kings  were  Ih'iiI  iiixm 
the  acquisition  of  Rome:  the  Pop<'S  were  resolute 
and  successful  in  holding  it  against  them.  At 
last  the  Papacy  made  its  memorable  and  momen- 
tous alliance  with  the  Carcilingian  chiefs  of  the 
Franks.  It  assumed  the  tremendous  siiikt  im- 
[Mrial  right  and  |M)«er  to  ilis|H>se  of  crowns,  by 
taking  that  of  the  kingdom  of  the  Franks  from 
Cliihlerie  and  giving  it  to  Pippin  (751);  and  this 
was  the  first  assumptiim  of  that  right  by  the 
chief  priest  of  Western  Cbri.stemlom  In  return. 
Pippin  led  an  army  twice  to  Italy  (754-7.').')),  lium- 
bleil  the  I-ombarils,  took  from  them  the  exarch- 
ate of  Ravenna  and  the  Pentapolis(a  district  ea.st 
of  the  Appeniiies,  lictween  Ancona  and  Ferrara), 
and  transfem'd  this  whole  territory  as  a  con- 
queror's "donation"  to  tlii>  Apostolic  S'c.  The 
temporal  sovereignly  of  the  Popes  now  rested  on 
a  ba.S(>  as  political  and  as  substantial  as  that  of 
the  most  worhlly  and  vulgar  potentates  around 
them. 

Charlemagne's  restored  Roman  Empire. 

Pippin's  greater  son.  t'harliinagiio.  riiieweil 
the  alliani'C  of  his  Iioum'  with  the  I'apacy.  ami 
strengthened  it  by  completing  the  compiest  of  the 
l,ombards,  extinguishing thi'i;  kingdom (774), and 
contirmirg  his  father's  donation  of  the  States  of 
the  Chiirrli.  Cliarlema.gne  was  now  supn*me  in 
Italy,  and  the  Popt;  became  the  representative  of 
his  sovereigntyat  Rome,  — a  position  which  htst- 
ingly  enhanced  the  political  importance  of  the 
Ibinmn  See  in  the  pt'nin.sula.  Hut  while  Po|)e 
and  King  st<M)il  niated,  in  one  view,  as  agent  and 
principal,  or  subject  and  sovereign,  anotlier  very 
ilitTcrent  relationship  slowly  shaped  itsj'lf  in  the 
thoughts  of  one,  if  not  of  tioth.  The  Western 
Church  had  broken  entindy  with  the  F.a.«tern,  on 
the  ipicsthin  of  image-w<irshi|i;  the  titular  sov- 
ereignty of  the  Kasteru  Emperor  in  the  ancient 
Roman  ca|>ital  was  a  worn-out  fiction;  the  reign 
of  a  feiiiah'  iisurpi  r.  Irene,  at  Coii.stantinople 
offordeil  a  good  ix-iasion  for  renouncing  and  dis- 
carding it.  Rut  a  Roman  Kinperor  there  must 
be,  somewhere,  for  lesser  princes  and  sovereigns 
to  do  homage  to;  the  political  habit  and  feeling  of 
the  Enntpeun  world.  sha|H'il  m".  tixeil  by  the  long 
domination  of  Ronie.  still  called  for  it.  "  Nor 
could  the  spiritual  head  of  Christendom  dispense 
with  the  temporal;  witlmut  the  Roman  Empire 
then'  could  not  Ik,  "  according  to  the  feeling  of 
the  ninth  century,  "a  Roman,  nor  bv  neci'ssary 
consequence  a  Calholic  and  Apostolic  Cliiinh" 
For  "men  could  not  separate  in  fact  what  was 
Indissolubh' in  tliough;.  Christianity  must  stand 
or  f;dl  along  with  the  great  Christian  state:  they 
were  but  two  names  for  one  and  the  sami  thing" 
(Hryeei.  Then^fore  the  bead  of  the  Chureh.  bi.l  lly 
enlar::ing  the  assumption  of  his  predect-<sor  who 
bestowed  the  crown  of  the  Merovingiais  U]ioii 
Pippin. now  took  it  upon  himself  to  set  thediaih  lu 
of  the  Casars  on  the  head  of  Charlemagne.  <  Mi 
the  Christmas  Day,  in  the  ycarM(K»,  in  the  basilii  i 
of  St.  Piter,  at  Honu'.  •!::■' sii!i:ii:)  net.  of  eornn:! 
tion  was  pirforincd  by  Po|w  l,eo  III. ;  the  Roman 


1045 


Kl'KOPK. 


The  Northmm. 


Kl'KOPK. 


I 
: 


Empire  IWrnl  Hgtin,  in  the  I'stinmtiiiii  of  timt  nKi'. 
and  ('hnrli'9  tlic  Girst  rcoiMnwl  the  intcrnipttil 
Uav  of  Htu'OptMirH  to  Ati>;uHtus. 

HefoiT  tliia  iniiH'riiil  roroniition  of  ('liarlpmBf;ni' 
of-(-iirri'(l,  ho  liati  already  made  his  dominion  im- 
perial in  extent,  by  tlie  niaL'nitiide  of  hia  eon- 
<HieHt».  North,  wiiith.  east,  ami  west,  his  armies 
hiul  Urn  iverywheri'  vletorioiis.  In  i'ii;liteen 
lampaiifiiM  a^aiiiHt  the  Heree  and  troulile!u>me 
Saxons.  lieHulHliied  tlioae  stulilM>rn  pa^'ans  ami 
foned  tliein  to  suliniit  to  a  Christian  liiiiitisin  — 
witli  liow  iniieli  of  immi'<li»te  relii;iou»elIiet  may 
Ih'  easily  sunnisei!.  Hut  liy  opening  a  way  for 
tile  mi>re  ("hrist-like  ndssionaries  of  the  eroHs, 
who  folloneil  him,  this  missionary  of  the  l)attle- 
!i\  ilid,  no  iloiilit.  a  very  real  apostolic  work. 
Ile<lic<'kcd  till'  nvajres  of  tlie  piratical  Hams. 
lie  inisliid  the  Avars  and  tmik  their  country, 
wliieh  comprised  parts  of  the  Austria  and  Hun- 
pary  of  the  present  day.  lie  (K'cupieil  Itavaria. 
on  tile  oni'  hiiiid.  and  llritlany  on  the  other.  He 
crossed  the  ryrein-es  to  nieasun'  swonls  with  the 
Saracens,  ainl  drove  tliem  fnim  the  north  of 
Spain,  as  faris  the  Khro.  llis  lonl.ship  in  Italy 
has  Uen  n<'tired  aln'ady.     He  was  uucpiestion- 

:ihlv  oi f  tlie  greatest  iniiiiarchs  of  any  npe, 

and  di  serves  the  title  Mui;niis.  allixed  to  his 
name,  if  that  title  ever  has  been  desirved  hy  the 
kinpa  who  were  tlatten'd  with  it.  There  was 
much  more  in  his  ehnrnetertlian  the  mere  airtrres- 
>ive  cner^iy  wliich  sulijujinled  so  wide  a  lealni. 
lie  w  as  a  inan  of  enllfihteument  far  iH'Vond  his 
time;  u  mau  who  strove  after  order,  in  that  dis- 
oplcrly  age.  and  who  felt  oppressed  Iiy  the  igno- 
rance into  whicli  the  wcirhl  had  sunk.  He  was  a 
seeker  after  learnirii;.  and  the  friend  and  patron 
of  all  in  his  day  «  ho  );roi>ed  in  the  darkness  and 
felt  their  wiiy  towanls  the  lijrht.  He  orpanizeil 
his  Kmpin'  w  itli  a  sense  of  political  system  which 
was  new  amoiii;  tlie  Teutonic  masters  of  Western 
Kiiro|M>  (i  xeept  as  shown  hy  Thetsloric  in  Italy); 
hut  there  were  not  years  enough  in  his  own  lift? 
for  the  orffunism  to  mattirv,  and  his  sons  brought 
back  chaos  again. 

Appearance  of  the  Northmen. 

B«f<)re  Charlemagne  died  (SI4)Iie  saw  the  west- 
•  ■ni  coasts  and  river  valleysof  his  Empire  liarrietl 
liy  a  fresh  oiit|i<iuring  of  s<'a-rover»  fniiu  the  far 
North,  and  it  is  said  that  he  had  sad  forebodings 
'■f  the  attliction  they  would  la-come  to  his  people 
iheriafter.  These  new  pirates  of  the  North  Sea. 
whotiHik  up.  after  several  centuries,  the  aban- 
doni'd  trade  of  their  kinsmen,  the  Saxons  (now 
retired  from  their  wild  coursis  and  resiK'Ctably 
^■•tthd  on  one  side  of  the  water,  while  sulHlued 
rind  kept  in  <mleron  the  other),  were  of  the  ImiIcI 
.ind  riiL'ired  .Scandinavian  race,  which  hihabited 
tlie  (oiiiiiries  since  known  as  Denmark,  .Sweden 
and  Norway.  Tliey  are  more  or  less  confused 
uni'iTtlii-  ircnenl  name  of  Northmen,  or  Norsi-- 
mt  I.  -nil  11  of  the  North;  hut  that  term  appears 
to  have  lieen  applied  more  especially  to  the  fne- 
IsiotiTS  from  the  Norwegian  eoitst,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  "  Danes"  of  the  lesser  iM'iiin- 
sula  It  is  convenient,  in  so  general  a  sketi  h  as 
this,  to  iL'nore  the  distinction,  and  tosiK'akof  the 
Northmen  as  inclusive,  fortlmt  age,  of  the  whole 
S(aiiilinavi;>n  race. 

Tliiir  visitations  lH'i;an  to  terrify  the  coasts  of 
Kiiglanil.  France  and  tiermany,  "and  the  lower 
vaMtivs  of  the  rivers  wiiich  they  found  it  po^silije 
lo  ascend,  home  time   iu   the  later  half  of  the 


eighth  century.  It  is  protmhle  thitt  their  appesr 
anee  on  the  sea  at  this  time,  and  not  Ufon'.  «u 
due  toH  revolution  which  unitetl  Norway  iin.lrr 
H  single  king  and  a  stronger  governniini,  iinil 
which,  by  suppressing  independence  anil  iliscnltr 
among  the  petty  chiefs,  drove  many  of  tliiiu  to 
their  ships  and  si'nt  them  ahruad,  to'lead  a  life  of 
law  lessness  inon'  agreeable  to  their  tastes.  It  js 
also  pniliable  that  the  northern  cnimtries  liiel  W 

c e  populated  la-yond  their  resources,  as  si  iniid 

to  have  happened  before,  when  the  (ic.iln 
swarmed  out,  and  that  the  nutlet  by  sra  w;i.^ 
nwessarily  and  dclil«'rately  o|iened.  Wli.iii  vir 
the  cause,  thcsi?  Nors<"  adventurers.  In  lli  i  is  (,t 
long  boats,  issued  with  some  suddeniiiss  fmni 
their  "vies,"  or  (lords  (whence  the  iiainr  'vi 
king"),  and  Iniian  anextraonlinary camr  Fir 
more  than  half  a  century  their  rahls  had  im  «\< 
ject  but  plunihr.  and  wiiat  tliev  tisik  tin  v  car 
ritd  home  to  enjoy.  First  to  tlie  Frisian  '( luist. 
then  to  the  Hliine  — the  Seine  — the  Uiire.— tluv 
came  again  and  again  to  pillage  and  il'  ^iniv; 
cros.sing  at  the  same  time  to  the  slions  i.f  t|i,'.jr 
nearest  kinsmen—  but  heeding  no  kinshi|.  in 
their  .savage  and  nlentless  forays  ahing  tln'  Kiii; 
lish  coasts  —  and  around  to  Ireland  and  liii'  Sii.i 
tisli  islands,  where  their  earliest  l<Klgiiieiii.s  wtn- 
made. 

The  Danes  in  England. 
AlKiut  the  miihlle  of  the  ninth  century  thiy 
iM'gaii  to  seize  tracts  of  lanil  in  F^ngland  and  I.i 
[  s<ttle  themselves  there  in  iM'rmaiienl  linnii-^ 
'  The  Angles  in  the  northern  and  eastern  |Birn 
i  and  the  Saxons  in  the  southern  part  of  Kiitlan'l 
had  weakeneil  themselves  and  one  aimlh  -  In 
rivalry  and  war  iH'tween  their  divided  kiiii;,loms 
There  had  been  for  three  centuries  an  UU( lasiiii; 
struggle  amonK  them  for  supri'macy.  At  tlir 
I  linii'  of  the  c<iming  of  the  Danes  (wlio  win- 
I  prominent  iii  the  English  invasion  and  gave  tluir 
name  to  it),  the  West  Saxon  kings  had  mm  a 
I  ilecided  ai«'endan<'V.  The  Danes,  by  diirncv 
stripjK'd  them  of  wliat  they  had  gaineil.  Niirtb 
timberland,  Merciaand  l-jist  Aiiglia  wereiK  lupiiil 
in  succession,  and  Wessex  itself  was  allaciiHi 
King  Alfri'd,  the  great  and  admimble  liini  of 
early  English  history,  who  came  to  the  throne  in 
Mil,  spent  the  first  "eight  years  cf  his  reiirii  in  a 
deadly  struggle  with  the  invauers.  lie  vm 
obliged  in  the  en<l  to  coneinlc  to  them  the  wlinlr 
northeastern  part  of  Englanil,  from  the  Tiuiiiirs 
to  the  Tyne,  which  wiis  known  thercufiir  iis 
"the  Danelaw  ";  but  they  lM>eaiiu  his  viissils,  anil 
submitted  toChristian  bapti.sm.  A  cenliiry  later. 
the  Norse  rovers  resumed  their  attacks  iipm 
England,  and  a  cowanlly  English  liiiiL'.  <lis- 
trustiiig  the  now  settliKi  and  peaci  fiii  Dines, 
onlercil  an  exlensive  massacre  of  tin  in  d"".') 
The  ragewhieli  this  provoked  in  Denmark  kd  lo 
a  grt'iii  invasion  of  the  country.  Engliml  iviu 
comjdetely  eonquered,  and  remained  suhji  1 1  to 
the  Danish  kings  until  UHi,  when  its  Ihr' m  nas 
rec'overeil  for  a  brief  spatv  of  lime  by  iIh  Kug 
lish  line. 

The  Norman*  in  Normandy. 

Meanwhile  the  Northmen  li.id  gained  i  nmrh 
lirmer  and  mori!  important  fisitiiur  in  thrirrri 
tory  of  the  Western  Franks—  which  hail  n .1  nt 
ac<juin>d  the  name  of  France.  The  Sriii'  ami 
its  valley  attracte<l  them  again  and  airim.  ami 
after  re|te;it(*il  expe.'litjons  up  the  riv;r  ;  ■.;  t:  !" 
the  city  of  I'aris,  which  they  iK'sieucd  w.-ral 

1040 


El'KOPE. 


The  fVudal 
tijfttem. 


El'IIOPE. 


llnic!i.  I'lii'  "f  their  chlefn.  Holf  or  Rollo,  (fot  pirn- 
nrwinn  i>f  lUiucn  ami  Ik-koh  u  pcrmnni'nt  M'tllc- 
nii'iit  in  llie  country.  Tlir  Frank  King,  t'lmrltn 
till'  Simple,  now  nmilr  tpnnn  witli  l<nllo  nnil 
irmntitt  him  a diHtritt  nt  tlii'  mouth  of  tin-  Htinc. 
iDli),  thi'  lattiT  i«knowi<il)flng  tlie  Hiizcniinty  or 
fiuil.'il  sti|M'riorlty  of  Charlca,  and  Hi'tcptinK  at 
till'  suiiii'  tinii-  the  ili)ul>ly  new  rhiinirlfr  of  n 
Iwptisi'il  ChrintiuD  niiil  n  Vrankixh  I.Mikc.  Tin- 
Northmen  on  tlic  Heine  were  known  thenceforth 
us  NiimianM,  their  iliikeilom  an  Nominwly,  hiiiI 
tiny  playiil  a  ({"'at  part  in  Eiiriipean  history 
iliiring  tlie  next  two  centuries. 

The  Northmen  in  the  West. 

The  imrtlieni  si'arovcrs  who  liad  seltleil  neitlier 
in  inlanil,  KnKlanil,  nor  Frankliinil,  went  farther 
atii'lii  into  the  West  anil  North  anil  hail  wonder- 
ful adventures  there.  They  tofik  ixiiiHesHion  of 
the  ((rkneys,  the  ShetliiTids.  the  lleliridea,  and 
iilliir  islands  in  those  seas.  liK'liidiii);  Man,  and 
fouiidid  a  powerful  island  kingdom,  which  Ihiy 
held  for  a  lonK  |H'riiMl.  Thence  they  pasMd  on 
to  Farofand  Iciland.  and  in  Iceland,  when'  thi'y 
lived  isaceful  and  ipiiit  lives  of  necessity,  they 
fiiiiiiiliil  an  interesting  republic,  and  develoiH'd  a 
very  nnmrkalile  civilization,  adorned  liy  a  litcra- 
nw  which  the  world  is  learning;  more  and  more 
to  iidiniri'.  From  Iceland,  it  was  a  natural  step 
to  the  liiscovery  of  Un>enlund,  and  from  Green- 
land, there  is  iiow  little  doubt  that  they  sailed 
soiitliwards  and  saw  and  touched  th«!  continent 
of  Aniiriiii,  Hvc  ci'iituriis  Isfore  Columbus  made 
Ills  voyage. 

The  Northmen  in  the  East. 

While  the  Northmen  of  the  ninth  and  tenth 
rinturics  were  exciting  and  disturbing  all  West- 
'•m  Eiin)i>e  by  their  nu\'al  exploits,  other  aiivcn- 
timr>  fnan  thcSwiHlishsideof  the  ^H'andiImvian 
('"uulry  were  sidlying  eastwanls  under  dillcrent 
n.Hini's.  Both  as  warriors  and  as  merchants,  thev 
niuile  their  way  fnim  the  Bidtic  to  the  Ulack 
Si'u  auil  the  Uosphiirus,  and  bands  of  thcni  cn- 
tiri'd  the  service  of  the  Eastern  Emperor,  at 
Constaiiliiiople,  when;  they  received  the  name 
"f  Varangians,  from  the  oath  by  which  they 
liiiund  themselves.  One  of  the  Sweilish  chiefs, 
Kurik  liy  name,  was  chosen  by  certain  trilics  of 
till-  coiiiitry  now  called  Kussia,  to  be  their  prince. 
Ibirik  s  ( apital  was  Novgorod,  where  he  formed 
the  iiuilius  of  u  kingdom  which  grew,  thmugh 
many  vicissitudes,  into  the  niishrn  empire  of 
liu-sia.  His  successors  tmnsferreil  their  caiiital 
til  Kii  f.  and  ultimately  it  was  shifted  agam  to 
Mn«(-c.w.  where  the  Musi'ovile  princes  acquiri'd 
Ilie  titli',  the  power,  and  the  great  dominion  of 
tile  Czars  of  all  the  Uussias. 

The  Slavonic  Race. 

The  IliKsiaii  sovereigns  were  thus  of  Swedish 
"riKiu;  but  their  subjects  were  of  another  riwe. 
Tiny  !» Ic.nged  to  a  tiranch  of  the  great  Arvan 
-t'K  k. ,  iilliil  the  Slavic  or  Slavonic,  wldch  was"tlie 
liist  1. .  Ihi  (iniH  historically  known.  The  Slavonians 
Ism'  MO  imixirtant  part  in  events  that  we  have 
knowledge  of  untd  several  centuries  of  the 
l'liri>ii.in  era  had  passed.  Thev  were  the  ob- 
^iiiiT  inhaliiiants  in  that  periisl  o"f  a  wide  tvgiim 
111  K  l^t.  rii  Kiiro|ie.  between  the  Vistula  and  the 
.r'"'"  I  '"  '*"'  "''"''  "'.'it'TV,  pressed  by  the 
..>.'ir>.  !.!t  y  .-r.-rifii^l  the  Yisluia.  moving  west 
»aril-  iilniiLMhcHaltic;  and.  almut  the  same  time 


they  movcil  southwania,  acrou  the  DanidN-,  and 
established  the  settlementa  which  formiil  the 
existing  Slavonic  states  in  South  eaatem  Euro|M' 

—  Servw,  Croatia  and  their  lesser  nelghlsirs. 
Hut  the  principal  seat  of  the  Slavonic  nici'  within 
historic  times  lias  always  lieen  In  the  region  still 
iK'Ciipied  by  its  principal  representatives,  the 
Kussiaiis  and  the  i'oles. 

Mediaeval  Society.— The  Feudal  System. 

We  have  now  come  to  a  pcrlisl  in  European 
history  — the  middle  |M'riiHl  of  the  Mhldle  Ages 

—  when  it  Is  approiiriate  to  consider  the  peculiar 
state  of  .siK'iety  which  had  n-sultiil  friiii  the 
transplanting  of  the  (Jermanic  nations  of  the 
North  to  the  pnniiiiis  of  the  Human  FZmpire, 
and  from  placing  ne  well  civilized  surviving 
inhabitants  of  the  latter  in  subjection  to  and  in 
assix-iation  with  masters  so  vigorous,  so  capable 
and  so  barbarous.  In  (iiiiil,  the  I'onqiierors,  un- 
ii.sed  to  town  life,  not  attracted  to  town  pursuits, 
and  eager  for  the  po.ssi'ssion  of  lanil.  had  gener- 
ally ^|ln'ad  tlieniselvesover  the  country  anil  left 
the  ;'itii's  more  undistiirlM-d.  except  as  they  pil- 
laged them  or  extorted  ransom  from  them.  The 
Kiinian  (iailic  population  of  the  country  had 
souu'ht  refuge,  no  doubt,  to  a  large  extent,  in 
the  cities;  the  agricultural  laborers  witc  already, 
for  the  most  part,  slaves  or  half  slaves  —  the 
cohmi  of  the  Koman  system  —  and  remained  in 
their  wrvitiide;  while  some  of  the  [Mionr  class 
of  fnenien  may  have  sunk  to  the  same  condition. 

How  far  the  new  nia>ters  of  the  country  had 
taken  |>ossi'ssion  of  Its  land  by  actual  si'izure, 
ousting  tlie  former  owners,  and  under  what 
rules,  if  anv.  It  was  divided  among  them,  are 
iiueslions  involved  in  great  obscurity.  In  the 
time  of  Charleniai^iie,  there  seems  to  have  Isi-n 
a  large  nunitier  of  small  landowners  who  cul- 
tivated their  own  holdings,  whuh  tliey  owned, 
not  conditionally,  but  absolutely,  by  tiie  tenure 
calhsl  alliHlial.  Rut  ulonuside  of  tliesi' pea.sant 
proprietors  there  was  another  landed  class  whose 
estates  were  held  on  very  dillirent  tirnis.  and 
this  latter  class,  at  the  time  now  spoken  of,  was 
rapidly  absorbing  the  former.  It  \v  ^  a  ihtss 
which  had  not  existed  Isfore,  neitlier  nimg  the 
(Ji  rmans  nor  among  the  Homans,  and  tur  sy.stem 
of  land  tenure  on  which  It  nsted  was  ei|ually 
new  to  Isith,  although  both  si'em  to  have  con- 
tributed something  to  the  origin  of  it.  This  was 
the  Kendal  System,  which  may  lie  iles«rilie'd,  in 
the  wonis  of  Kisliop  Stiiblis.  as  Ising  "a  com- 
plete organization  of  soi'iety  through  the  medium 
of  land  teniiri',  in  which,  from  the  king  down  to 
the  landowner,  all  are  Isiund  together  by  obliga- 
tion of  .service  and  ilefi  lice;  the  lord  to  pmtcct 
his  vxisal.  the  vassal  to  do  sirvicc  to  his  loni; 
the  ilefi'iiee  and  service  being  basi'd  on,  and  regu- 
lated by.  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  land  held 
by  the  one  of  the  other."  Of  course,  the  service 
exacted  was.  in  the  main,  military,  and  the  sys- 
tem gnw  up  as  a  military  system,  expanding 
into  a  general  governing  system,  during  a  time 
of  loosi' anil  inelTeetivc  administnttion.  That  it 
was  a  thing  of  gradual  growth  is  now  fairly 
well  settli'il,  although  little  is  clearly  known  of 
the  prisi'ss  of  growth.  It  came  to  its  perfeition 
in  the  tenth  century,  by  which  time  most  other 
tenures  of  land  bad  disappeared.  The  aMislial 
tenure  gave  way  l)i'fon>  it.  l«"caiise,  in  thosi'  dis- 
onieriy  times,  men  of  .^mail  or  miiiicraic  prapeny 
in  lanii  were  in  need  of  the  protection  which  a 


104'i 


EUROPE. 


fhrmatiim  of 


Kl'HOPE. 


.' '*  ^ii 


Giwi-rful  loril,  who  hail  mnny  ri'lainrn  nt  hi* 
Ilk.  or  It  atronK  nii>niuiUT)',  iiiiikl  give,  aoil 
wrn-  initiKiil  to  hiiiti'IhUt.  to  one  or  tiie  other, 
thi'ir  fri't'  owni'mhip  of  the  land  they  held,  rccelv- 
Idk  It  hurk  an  tenantu,  in  onler  to  establlah  the 
relation  wlileli  Bei'iired  n  protector. 

In  it«  tlual  orj^uir.alloD.  the  feudal  ayatem,  as 
atnti'd  liefon',  eniliraiiil  t'le  whole  aorlety  of  the 
kingdom.  Theoreth»lly,  ilie  kini  waa  the  pin- 
nacle of  the  ayittem.  In  the  politual  view  of  the 
lime  —  BO  far  a«  a  political  view  existed  —  he  waa 
the  overloni  of  the  realm  rather  by  T«aaon  of 
iN-inK  itx  ultimate  landlord,  than  by  being  the 
center  of  authority  and  the  ftuardian  of  law.  The 
(treater  nubonlinatc  lonlshipa  of  the  kingdom  — 
the  dukiiloma  and  counties —  were  held  aa  huf(e 
I'HtutcM.  called  Hcfs,  deriveil  oriftinallv  by  grant 
fn>ni  tlie  kin^,  aubject  to  the  obligation  of  mili- 
tary m'rvice,  and  to  certain  acta  of  homage,  at'- 
knowledgini;  the  depemlcnt  relntionahin.  The 
greater  feiidatorieH,  or  viuwala,  holding  ImmiHli- 
alely  from  the  king,  were  Ionia  in  their  turn  of 
a  second  onler  of  feudatories,  who  held  lands 
under  them :  and  they  again  might  divide  their 
terrilories  among  vasHals  of  a  thint  degree:  for 
the  pnH'css  of  aub  infeudatiou  went  on  until  it 
n';iclie<l  the  cultivator  of  the  soil,  who  Imre  the 
whole  siM'iiil  structure  of  society  on  his  bi'nt 
back. 

Hut  the  feuiial  syslem  woulil  have  wrought 
few  of  tlie  etTects  which  it  did  if  it  liiul  involved 
nothing  liut  land  tenure  and  niilititry  service.  It 
beciinu',  however,  as  before  intimat^Hl,  a  system 
of  goveriuncnt.  ami  one  which  inevitably  pro- 
duceil  a  disintegration  of  society  and  a  destruc- 
tion of  ii.iiional  Uimls.  A  grant  of  territory 
gene-Hlly  ciirriiil  with  it  almost  a  gnint  of  »ov- 
en'ignty  over  the  inhaliilants  of  tlie  territory, 
limited  only  bv  certain  rights  and  powers  re- 
served to  tlie  king,  which  he  founil  e.xtn'nie  dilli- 
culty  in  exercising.  The  system  was  one  "in 
wliich  every  loni  jiulgeil,  ta.viKl,  anil  commanded 
the  class  next  Ih'Iow  him,  in  whicli  abject  slavery 
formed  the  lowest  and  irres|M>iisil)le  tyranny  the 
highest  grade,  in  whicli  private  war.  private 
coinage,  private  prisons.  tiKik  tlie  place  of  the 
imperial  institutions  of  goveniment     (Stubbs). 

Tliis  was  the  singular  system  which  had  its 
original  and  s|H'cial  growth  among  tlie  Fnuiks, 
in  the  .Middle  .\g(s.  and  wliich spnail  fnim  thi-m, 
under  the  gciiirally  similar  comlitions  of  the  age, 
to  oilier  countries,  witli  various'  degnn'sof  misii- 
tlcalion  and  liiiiilallon.  I's  iiiHuence  waa  ob- 
viously o|>poM'<l  to  political  unity  and  social 
onler,  ami  to  the  development  of  institutions 
favonilile  111  ilie  piuple. 

But  an  opposing  inthieme  had  kept  life  in  one 
part  of  SIM  illy  wliidi  feudalism  was  not  able  to 
enveloi>e.  Tliat  was  in  cities.  The  cities,  as 
before  si .  iii,  liail  Is  en  Ilie  refuge  of  a  large  and 
pi'rhaps  a  iMitiT  part  of  llic>  UoniantJallic  fne 
population  wiiich  survivid  the  Ixirluirian  C(m- 
qucsl.  Till  y.  in  c-onjunction  with  tlie  I'hurcli, 
pnsiTveil.  witlioiit  doubt,  so  much  of  the  plant 
of  lionian  civili/.alion  as  esiaped  destruction. 
They  cerlainly  sulTend  heavily,  and  languished 
for  .several  centuries:  liut  n  slow  revival  of  in- 
dustries and  arts  went  on  in  them.— trade  <  rept 
again  into  its  olil  channels,  or  found  new  ones. — 
and  wealtlila-gan tola- accumulated  anew.  With 
the  consciousnesa  of  wialth  came  feelings  of  inde 
prndrnci- ;  an-i  siirii  ti'.wii- w-rt-  ii"W  iirgiiiiiiuf; 
to  aciiuire  the  spirit  which  made  them,  a  little 


later.  iiniHirtiint  inatnimenta  in  the  weakenin.'  imj 
bn-aking  of  tlie  feudal  system. 

Riw  of  the  KinKdom  of  France. 

During  the  |>eriod  U'tween  the  dealli  of  t  |,ar 
lemagne  ami  the  settlement  of  the  Noriii:iii<  in 
the  rsrlovingian  Kniplre,  that  Empin'  liu<l  U 
come  permanently  divideil.  The  Hnal  si'puriii.ii, 
had  taken  place  IMHT)  lietwiTn  the  kiiiKdnni  .,i 
the  Eait  Pmnks.  or  Oermanv,  and  the  kiiiv'ii.rn 
of  the  West  Fnuiks,  which  presently  Ihi  im,. 
Fmnci-,  Between  them  stretcbeil  angiim  in 
disput4>  called  Lotbaringia.  out  of  whii  h  cmir 
the  duchy  of  Ixrraine.  The  kingdom  of  Ilur 
gundy  (aimietimes  cut  into  two)  and  the  kinirilnm 
of  Italy,  had  regained  a  separate  existenei':  uoil 
the  Empin>  which  Charlemagne  bad  n-vivni  vm 
nothing  but  a  name.     Tlie  last  of  the  CiirLivin. 

f[ian  eniiK'n)rB  waa  Amiilf,  who  died  in  Will  Tlic 
mperial  title  waa  borne  afterwania  by  a  iniiiiN  r 
of  petty  Italian  potentates,  but  lost  all  iiii|N  rinl 
aigniticani'e  for  two  Ihinis  of  a  century,  nniil  ii 
was  n'stonil  to  some  gnindeur  again  and  in  ;i 
lasting  influence  In  history,  bv  another  (iimiiui 
king. 

Bi'forB  this  iMcurnil,  the  Carlovingiiui  me  .  f 
kings  hail  disapiH-aml  fn>m  Ixitli  Ilie  Frank  k'nn: 
doms.  Diirinj;  the  last  hundred  years  ..f  ilmr 
ndgn  in  the  West  kingitom,  the  tlinini-  liu.l  Ixin 
disputed  witli  tliein  two  or  three  times  bv  niim 
liersof  a  rising  family,  the  Counts  of  l';'iri-i  ami 
Orleans,  who  were  also  calleil  Dukes  of  ||i,. 
Kn'nch,  and  whose  duchy  gave  its  name  i.i  Die 
kingdom  which  they  tlnafly  made  llieir  own  Tlii> 
kings  of  the  old  race  held  their  capital  at  l.ann. 
with  little  power  and  a  small  domlninn.  uniil 
#*'•.  when  the  bust  one  died.  The  then  Ciruni  nf 
Paris  and  Duke  of  the  French,  llin;li,  i-il!c.l 
Capi't,  iN'caiiie  king  of  the  Fn'ncli,  by  il.iii.ni, 
Paris  iH'Ciime  the  capital  of  the  kinirdnni.  anl 
the  France  of  modem  times  hail  its  birlli.  ihoiii-li 
very  far  fn)in  lis  full  growth. 

The  royal  power  had  now  declined  to  i Mr.nii- 
weakness.  The  development  of  feiiiiali-ni  ]m[ 
undermined  all  centml  autliorily.  and  IIiil'Ii 
Capet  as  king  had  si-arcely  nion-  "powt  r  ili.cn  \w 
drew  from  his  own  large  tlef.  "  At  tir^i  lir  »;i» 
by  no  means  acknowledged  in  the  kiiis;'l"i".  I'm 
.  .  .  the  chief  vassals  ultimately  gave  at  I.  .i>t  a 
tacit  consent  to  the  usurpation,  and  p.  riuitinl 
the  niyal  name  to  descend  undisputed  >i| »  i  hi^ 
posti-rily.  Hutthiswas  almost  the  sole  ai'rilHiii' 
of  sovereignty  which  the  first  kiiiirs  of  ihi  tliinl 
dynasty  enjoyeii.  For  a  long  [m  riiKl  l»  Inrf  anl 
after  the  accession  of  that  family  Fiaim  lia>, 
pmpcrly  speaking,  no  national  liislorv    ill  ilUim 

The  Communes. 

When  the  royal  jMiwer  iH'gan  to  g.iin  i-iiu 
ilancy.  it  seems  to  have  la'cn  largely  ill  I  oiivi|ii'ii(r 
of  a  tacitly  foniied  alliance  latwii  ii  tli'-  ki'i"' 
and  the  commons  or  burghers  of  the  tnwn-  'ilw 
laltiT,  as  noted  Is-fon',  were  ac(|uirin.r  a  ^|iirit 
of  independence,  Isim  of  incn'ased  pr  .-|«rily. 
and  were  convening  their  guilds  or  traia  ■^  nniini 
into  crude  forms  of  niiinieipal  ortrani/ niiu  a> 
"  communes  "  or  commons.  ISoniciiiin  >  li>  I'"'- 
chase  and  sometimes  by  fim'c,  Uiiy  win  lil'lin!; 
themselves  of  the  fiudal  pn'lensions  w  lii.  Ii  m  i::li 
boring  Uinls  held  i)\  ir  them,  and  were  nl.i  nnin*; 
charters  which  delined  and  guaranteed  ir.iiiiii  ipal 
frt-ctloni  to  Ihrin.  One  or  two  iiinps  ■  :'  •':;■  '•^'^ 
happened  to  lie  wise  enough  to  give  i  nr  .urajri" 


1048 


I 


u 

■•                         «                          11 

.1 

/ 

'      / 

/ 

iM^       y*r^^Sfck_ 

pit-  Vfi., 

;.^ 


Rrr: 


El'KOPK 


Human  A'm|iiti 


KIHOI'K 


HHiii  |i>  thU  RKiTrmrnt  Uiwunla  tlir  rnfranrlilio' 
mrni  iit  till  (iironiiinni,  himI  It  pnivml  tn  liitvfaii 
)iii|«irtant  intliiriKi"  In  wntkrolntt  iVuiUINin  bihI 
.fnuiitliiriliiir  r"y»Uy 

G*rm«ay. 

Ill  till' <i<'riiiHii  klmrilom.  miirli  the  miiii)'  pro 
,.  .M  y  of  ilivlnti'icriilliin  liiul  iiriHliiriil  mm  li  tlii' 
Miiir  ri»iill«  an  ill  l'"r»mT.  Tlw  iinal  IliU  lulu 
ttlil.h  ll  wit*  ilitiili'il  —  till'  illli'lllrii  of  Siltiiliv. 
Kniiioiiia.  >»iililiiiiiiilHi«vi«rlii  —  wirrrviii  murf 
l«i»irfiil  limn  tlw  Kf»l  IliN  "f  Friinii'.  Wliiii 
lilt-  Ciiri'iviiitfliiii  livniiMly  I'tiiiie  to  itii  rml,  in 
nil.  till'  iinlili'K  Miiutf  rlioUi-  of  »  klnu.  I'li'itiiii; 
iMiiriil  of  Ki^tni'iinia,  itnil,  iifliT  hint  lUtUi,  llrnry 
III.  Ki.«lir,  IMiki'  ii(  Hamiiiv.  Tin'  nidimnliy 
ciiMtiiiiiiil  ilirri'uftrr  to  U-  cWtlvi'.  iictiiallv  «" 
Will  ii>  in  llirorv  a  Inni;  ixTioil.  Tlini'  tiinrH 
till  rMwn  W.I  "i"'  itanii'  fuiiiilv  iliirinit 

«vrral  Ml"  ,iiin"<:  III  tlii'  llmmc  of 

■NUoiiy  fr  II,     .•       ii;,J;ln'''    ''"ii.«' of  Kran- 

cuni.i  fn        I'  '  • '    '  f    'lif 

I|.,li,n«l  I  -     i'  >■■•  ■>  l-'Vl. 

but  il  •      •   •<■■    'I'l  ..      -  I  I.  ■TltllK.' 

im'i'  'II    *    !,■  1    .1       n  ii.-i»ion 

,it  .  tl.      ■'  I    '      I  •      -  '•(•timi 


\     '      K,.        -    i  i:  ji, 

■  I'      ■!    ■    i  1>.   .         \       ,->  .      ,»tl|0  I.. 

,       •  I.. I  '    I    'i.ll  tlllr. 

.11  (il    iL..:i.    ill     'ii'  \Vr»t. 

II'  ■;■  ,  1  I'    '  I  ll.      Town  of 

•■     •      iJirii    .lie  Human 

II  .11    -     ,  1      '  lUlll'il    to  <•«- 

II    '      i    ^    '.*'nunr  oiii* 

.  1.1  r   |i.  ,     liistorv  for 

vciir^  lUgli  wliioni 

lint    till' 


III  Ml,    ■         ■      1 

Kiiijiir.     \Mii-i.         I 

'.llllisll    I'llli     I  i'l    , 

.if  ilii'  iimsf,    I 
m.in-  iliiiri  I'l  '  . 

IllnP'    (llllll     11    M, 

"liiiilow  i  II.1  till*  iianii'  wi'tt'  tliiwM'  of  tin-  j^rrat 
UiMiii'  iif  :iiiti<|Ully,  anil  tlit-  ml^^lily  nii'mory  it 
liiul  l.fi  ill  ilie  world  jjavi'  a  i(iip«Tliir  dignity  anil 
'(  111  ilii"-c  (it'nilun  tniiH'Mni,  I'vca  whlli'  It 
ilihiiniMliiil  tlii'ir  actual  ihiwit  a»  klnKH  of  (k'r- 
miiny.  Il  mnfi'rrtit  upon  thi'ni.  inilLtil,  iiiori' 
tluii  rank  unil  dignity :  it  beatowi'd  an  •' olllii'" 
W'liit'li  till'  iilias  and  feelings  of  Hint  ai;e  eoiild 
net  sillier  to  remain  vaeant.  The  linperiul  olllce 
wi mill  lo  Ih'  ri'ipiired.  in  matti'rs  tein|Himl.  to 
liulime  mill  lo  \k  the  annplement  of  tlie  I'lipiil 
"HiiT  ill  iiuiiiini  Hpiritiinl.  "  In  natun^and  cuin- 
piiw  the  tMviTnment  of  thew  two  potenttiteH  is 
llic  S.111II'.  ilillirinjj  only  in  the  Kplieri'of  lis  wurk- 
inir.  iinil  it  niaturs  not  whether  we  lall  the  I'ope 
:i  ■'piritii:il  Kinp»'ror,  or  the  Kin|M'ror  a  Miiilar 
l'.,|i.  "  Thus  the  Holy  Uoiiian  Churth  and  the 
II.ilv  K.'inim  Kinpire  arc  oncund  the  same  thins, 
in  i«ii  .i«|iii  ts;  and  Catholicism,  the  principle  of 
tlieiiiiiv.  r<;i|  Christian  siH-h'ty.  is  also  Humanism; 
Unit  i».  n  Ms  ii|ion  I^llne  as  the  origin  and  typ.' 
i>f  i's  iiiiivi-rNiliiy  "  (Hryce).  Thesi'  media" 
iii.iis.if  tile  ■■  Holy  Itoman  Einpiri',  "  as  it  rami 
iKrullciiniil  iinineiliately,  hiitafti'r  a  time),  pi 
inip.,rt:iiiriiiuthe  iin|Mrial  coronation  thencefoni. 
iliiiu.  I  l.y  the  GiTinan  kinjss.  It  was  a  facti- 
'i.iiis  imp  ri.iiice.  so  far  as  concerned  the  imrnC' 
'hull-  ri  uhii  of  tlnwe  kin^s.  In  0«rmany,  while  il 
hr.ii;;!.!  ii.i  incniise  to  their  material  ()ower,  il 
Uiil.l  t..  iilarm  feudal  jealousies;  it  tended  tu 
'Iri  >  ihr  kinirs  away  from  their  natural  identili- 
iMti.iii  with  ihelr  own  country:  it  tendeil  to  din- 
r::r:  r:;. :;;  tr,.ni  .ill  ilTei  live  royal  policy  aliionie. 
hy  iTLii,'!!  ambitions  and  aims;  and  "altogether 


It  Inlerfind  mtIuikIv  with  the  iiatlonnll/ntlonuf 
llermiinv.  nmi  irave  ii  l.niicer  play  to  the  dlarupt 
lni(  iiirtiieiDia  of  feiiiUlimii  in  that  country  than 
III  any  other 

llaly,  th«  Empire  >ad  th«  Papacy. 

oiiu  I  hiiil  w.iii  liiiU  iiiiil  thi'  Im|M'rliil  cniwn 
(IHI'Ji  very  eu»lly       Ki.r  iiion-  liiilf  a  century 

the  iM-niiisutu  tutii  Iwen  in  .lepUintlile  utal^*. 
The  elective  Loiiilmril  cruwii,  qiiarri'led  ovi  r  hy 
Ihediiciil  houses  of  Kriiitl.  S|MtU-(o.  Ivrea.  t'rov 
ence.  and  otiii  rs.  Hcilled  nowhere  with  any  mire 
ni'NM,  and  lost  nil  dliriiity  and  stn'iisth,  tlioiiifh 
si'Veral  of  (lie  |Mliy  kiiiir-.  who  won'  il  had  la-en 
cniwiied  eiiipiriirs  liy  tln'  I'o|m  At  Home,  all 
lenltimiile  k'uviriiiiient.  iivil  or  ei  i  hslaatlcal,  hiul 
disap|H'ari'il  The  cily  iiiel  ll»'  Chun  h  hail  Ueo 
for  years  iimhr  the  rule  ..f  .i  family  of  courte- 
sans, who  iiiiide  |H,|s-sor  lliiirlovehi  and  their 
suns.  S.iiiflierti  Italy  was  Ih-iii)^  ru\:ii(ed  liy  the 
Saracens,  wli.i  lui-iipied  Sicily,  and  Northern 
Italy  was  ilcsulnicil  liy  the  lluni;arians.  I'lider 
thcs<'  cinumstanci'S,  ( Itto  1  .  the  Oi'rmiin  king, 
listened  to  an  ap|H>al  from  an  uppresM-d  i|ucen. 
Ailelaidi-,  wtduw  of  uniuniercd  kinir.  and  itosmsI 
the  Alps(D.'il).  liki'  a  Kallaiit  knight,  lu  her  re- 
lief. He  chaHllwd  and  humlileil  the  oppn-swir, 
rescued  the  qiiis-n.  and  married  her  A  few 
years  later,  on  further  |irovu<'atliin,  he  iiilensi 
Italy  a).'iiiii.  ilc|H,si'd  the  troiihlesome  Kiiii;  Her- 
eiiifar.  caused  liiiiisi-If  to  Im'  i-ruwiied  Kin^  of 
lliilv.  and  received  the  iiii|H'rial  cruwn  at  l{ome 
(im'.;i  from  line  of  the  vih  «t  of  a  vile  linssl  of 
IHiiies.  .lohti  XII.  .Sisin  iifterw arils,  he  whs  iin- 
)N'lled  to  convoke  a  syiiisl  which  de[Mis4-d  this 
dls|;ricefiil  puiie  and  circled  in  his  place  l.is> 
VIII  ,  who  had  Iseii  Otto's  chief  sei  retary  The 
citi/i-ns  now  cunceiled  to  the  Km|M'Mranalisuliitn 
veto  on  papal  elections  and  the  new  |Mipe  con- 
tinned  their  act.  The  (Jcrnian  sovereigns,  from 
thai  time,  for  many  years,  iiswrled  their  rii;ht  to 
contnil  the  tillint;"of  the  chair  of  St.  I'eter,  and 
exercised  the  ri^'lit  on  iiiaiiy  mcasions.  thouish 
always  with  diltlciilly 

Noininallv  thi-v  were  sovereigns  of  Home  and 
Italy;  hut  durii  their  ioiu.'  aliseticcs  fMin  the 
coiMilry  they  wi.cely  iiiaih'  a  show  of  adminlM- 
tralive  Kuvenimeiit  in  it.  and  their  visits  wen? 
generally  of  the  nature  of  e\|H'illtiuiis  fur  a  re- 
conqnest  of  the  land.  Their  claims  of  sorer- 
eiifiity  wen'  nsisteil  inon'  and  nion',  |)ulitically 
Ihmuuliout  Italy  and  ecclesiasthally  at  Home. 
The  Papacy  cmancipnled  itself  from  their  con- 
trol and  acquired  a  natunl  leadership  of  Italian 
opiMisition  to  tierman  imperial  pntenshins.  The 
conllict  Is'lwecn  these  twci  forces  la'cume,  as  will 
In;  wen  later  on.  one  uf  the  dominating  facts  of 
Kiinipean  liislorv  for  four  ifnturies  —  fnim  the 
eleventh  lu  the  fuiirliinth. 

The  Italian  City-republici. 

Tlie  ilisunier  that  iiad  licen  si-arcely  checketl  in 
Italy  since  the  Ootlis  came  into  it. —  the  practical 
exlinilion  of  central  authority  after  Charlenmgno 
dropped  his  weptn'.  and  tlie  incnasing  cunHicts 
of  thi'  nolilcs  among  themselves,  —  had  one  con 
sei|iieiice  of  n'lnarkalile  importance  in  Italian  his- 
tory. It  u[M'neiI  o|i|>ortunities  to  many  cities  in 
the  northern  parts  of  the  fM'ninsula  fur  acquiring 
municipal  fn-islom,  which  they  did  not  lack 
spirit  tu  improve.  They  IihI  the  movement  and 
set  till-  example  whicii  i-reaieii,  a  liliie  iau-r,  so 
many  viguruus  communes  in  FUnders  and  Frwice, 


1049 


Ip 


1  'r     :\ 


rV. 


EUROPE. 


Kmptrvrt  and 


ErROPE. 


auci  imiM-riitl  fnv  ritics  in  (^rmiHiir  at  a  8till  latpr 
ilay.  Tlicy  wcri'  I'arlirr  in  wiiiniuiL;  their  lilit'r- 
tii'S,  anil  tilt  V  piislirii  tlicni  farther. —  to  tile  point 
in  many  eases  nf  (reatin);.  as  at  I'iaa.  Oeniia, 
Kliinii.e,  anil  Venice,  a  n'puliliean  eity  state. 
Veniee.  uniwinj,'  up  in  the  neeiirity  of  her  la- 
pixms  from  aelusterof  llshini;  villaKratoaKreat 
eily  of  palares,  IumI  U'en  tnile^tenilent  fron'  the 
beirinnini:,  e.vi'ept  a.H  slie  aeknowlett^eil  for  :,  .line 
the  nominal  Mipreinaey  of  the  Kiisti  rn  Emiieror. 
Others  won  their  way  to  imlependence  through 
stniirirles  that  are  now  ohseure,  anil  ilevelopiHl, 
iH'fnre  IheM'  ilark  eenturies  reaiheil  their  elose. 
an  ener^'y  of  life  anil  ii  K|>lenilor  of  genius  that 
eoine  near  t"  eomparis^in  with  the  power  And  the 
(leniiiirirthitirei  k»  IJiit.  like  tlie  rlty-nMiublies 
of  (iriiee,  lliey  were  perpetually  at  Htrife  with 
one  anoiliir.  ami  .sairilleiil  to  their  mutual  jeal- 
ousies, in  the  iiiil,  the  precious  libirly  which 
made  tliein  ereat.  and  which  they  iniKht.  by  a 
well  settled  union,  have  preservi'd.' 

The  Saxon  line  of  Emperors. 

Such  were  the  conditions  existini:  or  taking 
shape  in  l!:!ly  when  the  Krnpirc  of  the  West  — 
the  llnly  Hciiii.in  Knipire  of  later  times  —  was 
foiindi  d  Miiew  liyothn  llie  (imit.  Territorially, 
the  Kiepire  .is  he  hll  it  einend  ticrniany  to  its 
full  extent,  and  two  thirds  uf  Italy,  with  the  Eni- 
piTor  s  superiority  aeknow  led);ei|  liy  the  subject 
slates. .f  UurL'undy,  Hoheniia,  Mor'nia.  I'oland. 
DeiiiiiMrk.  and  lliim.';iry  -  ilie  1m«i  iiiiincd  with 
more  dispute. 

<)l  ho  I  he  (treat  died  in  !IT'.'  Mis  two  inimediale 
suici  ssiirs.  oihn  II  |ip7:)-iiH:t)i,nd  Olle.  111.  («*(- 
Kur.'i  aciiiinplislied  litlle,  llioi.;;li  the  latti  r  hail 
irreat  aniliiiioiis.  phinniiii:  to  rai.se  Konie  to  her 
ohl  plaie  as  the  lupilaliif  the  world;  but  he  died 
in  his  \ouih  in  Italy,  and  was  siicceedii!  by  a 
cousin,  Henry  11.,  wiliiM'  election  was  eontesled 
by  rivals  in  tierniany,  and  n^piidiited  in  Italy 
In  the  Liiier  cniintry  the  >.'reat  nobles  placed 
Ard'iin,  nuiri(uis  of  Ivrea,  on  the  Lombard  throne; 
but  the  f:ii  lions anionuMliein  siKin  causeii  hisover- 
throw,  and.  Henry,  cnissin?  the  .\lps,  rerlaimed 
the  ernwn. 

The  Franconian  Emperors. 

Henry  II.  was  the  l.isl  of  the  Sa.xon  line,  and 
upon  bis  death,  in  In,'!,  the  Housi.  of  Kraneouia 
came  to  ihe  ihroni-.  by  llie  elcclion  of  Conrad  II  , 
cilled  "IlieSalie."  I'lidiTt 'iinrad,  the  kingdom 
of  Hurirunily.  aflern arils  <  ailed  the  kinis'doin  of 
.\rlis  (which  is  to  Iw  distin^'uished  from  the 
Kn  111  b  Uuihy  of  Iiuri.'unde  —  Ihe  northwestern 
part  iif  the  old  kinplomi  us  reunited  to  the 
Kiiipire,  by  llie  bc.picst  of  last  kinir,  Uudolph 
111  t'nnrails  son.  (trandson.  and  irreat  tinnd- 
sun  siicceciicd  iiiin  in  due  order;  lleiirv  III.  from 
liKiit  I.I  lo.-,iJ:  Hinrv  IV  from  lll.'Hi  to  lIlMi; 
lleiir>  V  from  lli»iio  llJ.-i.  Inder  Henry  HI 
till-  lOiiipire  w.i>  al  the  suniniil  of  ils  piiwer. 
Henry  11  .  even  isiiiir  ihe  ini|H-rial  pn-roiralive, 
had  rai^e.l  ili,.  Duke  of  HiiiiL'arv  to  royal  nink, 
(.'iviriir  liini  liie  liiie  of  kinir.  lleiiry'lll.  now 
fi.rii.l  Ilie  llunirarian  kiii::  t.i  aekno'wled);e  the 
imperial  supreniacy  and  pay  Iribiile.  The  (Jer- 
nun  kinail.itii  «:is  ruled  with  a  strong  hand 
an. I  peace  ani..iiL'  ils  inenilKrs  compelled,  "In 
|{..iiie.  no  (iemiiin  s.ivereiL'ii  had  ever  Immu  so 
aliM.hlle  .\  ili^LTa.eful  conlcsl  iMlween  three 
ciaiiii.iiiN  of  Ilie  pa|';il  elixir  had  .shoii.ed  even 
till-   1.1  kle-,,  apathy    i.f    lialy,     Henry   depusid   j 


them  all  and  oppnintpil  their  «ucc<'K»iir'  Tl.. 
svikmI  iiaiKH'd  a  deenv  crnntiuK  to  Heiirv  ih,. 
rightof  nominating  the  supreme  iMintilT;  in.l  n. 
Roman  priesthiKMl.  who  had  forfeited  liii  p  «|..  i 
of  the  world  even  more  by  Imbitiial  siiin.in  li,,, 
by  the  llairrant  corruption  of  their  manner.  « ,  r,. 
foned  to  receive  German  aft<'r  Herman  .i.  ili.ir 
bishop,  at  the  biddini^  of  a  ruler  so  pow.  rlul.  .., 
fnvere,  and  so  pious.  But  Henrys  eii.r.niiii 
ments  alarmed  his  own  nobles  no' less  i}i:iii  itii> 
Italians,  and  the  naelion,  which  ini^'lii  liavr 
htfu  dangerous  to  himself,  was  fatal  l.i  lii.  m;. 
cesser.  A  men-  rhanci ,  as  sonic  miglil  mil  ii 
detenidned  the  course  of  history.  Tli.'  i;riat 
Em|H'ror  died  suddenly  in  A.  I).  HCii;.  .in.l  i 
child  was  left  at  the  lielni,  while  stonn.  wir. 
gathering  that  might  have  demanded  ili.wiM-i 
hand"(Bryee). 

Hildebrand  and  Henry  IV. 

The   child    was    Henry    IV.,    of    uiiLiniimii. 
memory;  the  siorins  which  Isset  hitii  biev  froiii 
Idmie.     The  I'apacy,  lifted  fnini  ils  dciira.lali. n 
by  Henry  s  fallier  and  grandfalher,  lia.l  ri  inv 
ereil   its  iHildness  of  tone  and  enlarge.l  ii«  |iri 
tensions  and  claims.      It    hail    come   iin.lir  i!.. 
intliience  of  an  extraordinary   man,   tin    iii.ink 
IlihlebrHnil.whoswayedtliecoiincilsof  f.  >iir{..i|i. . 
lafore  he  iK'eaine  |iope  himself  (11)71!),  iin.l  wIhm 
pontilieal  reign  as  On'gory  VII.  is  the  ip.Kh     f 
greatest  initiortance  in  the  history  of  tlie  Unnim 
Church.     The  overinaslering  ascendancy  uf  i|„. 
jMipes,  in  Hie  Church  and  over  all  who  a<  kn.nvi 
edge  its  cominunion,  reall,v  began  when  iliis  in. 
vincilde  monk  was  rais'il    to  the  papal  ilinn' 
He  broke  the  priesthoisl  and  the  wli..le  hi.  i;ir<  1.;, 
of  the  West  to  blind  ola'tUence   by   his  r.  Ii  iiili>> 
disi-ipline.     He  isolated  them,  as  an  oriiir  jtpiiM, 
by  enforcing  celibacy  ii|K)n  them;  ami  In  i  Mi;: 
gdished   the  <orrnpiing    practices    of    .iiM.niy 
Then,  when  he  had  marshalled  the  forii  s.  I  il.. 
Church,  he  priMlaiined  ils  independein  e  an.l  In 
supremacy  in  absolute  Icrins.     In  the  gruvtli  ..f 
feudalism  throughout   Kiirope,  the  ('hiinli  li:i.| 
lieeome  I'ompromi.sed    in  many   ways  wiiii   iln- 
civil    powers.      lis    bishoprics  and  abU  ys  li;i.l 
aripiired  extensively  the  natureof  tiifs,  ;iii.l  l)i>l. 
ops  and  abliots  were  ri'ipiired  to  do  hoii;:tL'.- 1',  i 
secular  lonl  iM'fore  theycouhl  reieivc  :iii  ■  iiivi- 
tilure"  of  the  rich  estiiles  wliicli   lia.l   t.n.ii. 
attached   by  a  feudal   tenun'  to  their  -• .  -     Tl.. 
ceremonv  of  investiture,  mon'over,  in.  hi. I. . I  .!■ 
livery  i<t  th    cro'.iirand  the  pastoral  rin^'.  «lii'  li 
were"  I  he  very  synilMils  of  their  spirit  ii;il  .Hi. 
Against  this  depeDilence   of   the   Cliiir.  ii    iip.  u 
temporal  pow  -rs,  Gregory  now  arrayc.i  it  in  r.' 
volt,    and    Uirm    the    "War   of    Invi  «iiiiin>  ' 
whidi   lasieil   for  half  a  century.     Tli.'  -ti  n 
battle  ground   was  (lermany:   the  Knii.r.r.  .1 
necessity,    was  the  ihief  oppon  ..I.   :in.l  11.  nn 
I\'.,  wliosi'  youth  had  been  ba.lly  Iriin.  .1.  ;ii  I 
whose  aulhorily  had  la'i'n  weakeiic.l  li\    i  ',"■,". 
ill-giianlianed  minority,  was  at  a  liivi.jv  mi.ii" 
in   the   cnntest.       His    humili.'ilioii    ;ii    *  tfi"—;. 
(1077),  when  lie  sIoimI  tlmiugh  Itine  wir:;  r.ia>> 
a  suppliant  befort^  the  door  of  Ihe  .a-.!:.    \',l.!.li 
liMlgeil  his  haughty  enemy,  prayiiiL'  i"  '"  '•  '•  '''•* 
from  the  dread  penallies  of  exioniniuiiii  .ii  n.  i- 
one  of  Ihe  familiar  labhaux  of  lii.i.iry      M.  lil 
a  poor  revenge  seven   years  laler,  w  lull  I"  '■'"'>^ 
Uoine.  drove  Gn-gory  into  Ihe  casilc  S'    Aii_-'  I" 
and  s*-ated  an  ami  pope  in  the  Vatican      IIm!  1ii> 
triumph   wa.s  brief.     There  came  to  Iln    p  ~i  "* 


lOGO 


EUROPE. 


.\orman  ('ttnqMestt. 


EUROPE 


of  the  belMguerol  Pope  certaio  new  actors  In 
Italian  history,  whom  It  ia  now  DH-esaary  to  in- 
troiluce. 

The  Norman*  in  Italy  and  Sicily. 

The  M'ttlemrnt  of  pri'ilaUiry  Northmen  on  the 
^m\  whii'h  Ux>k  the  niimc  of  N'ormiindy  and  the 
{•imslinilion  of  a  ducal  tii'f  of  Fr.inri',  liiul  lonjf 
simr  ^riiwn  into  an  importunt  lialf  lndt'|>t'iid<'nt 
Btiitr.  Itjf  people  —  now  railed  NormunH  in  the 
smiHiliuT  9pee<h  of  the  South  —  had  IcHt  .some 
lliiciij  of  their  early  rudeness,  ami  had  fallen  a 
liiile  uniU'r  the  »|m>I1  of  the  rising  chivalry  of  the 
si;e ;  hut  the  goad  of  a  warlike  tem|H'r  whieli  drove 
tjieir  fiithen  out  of  Norway  still  prieked  the  sons 
and  .-ient  them  aliroad,  in  restli'ss  st'iireh  of  ad 
ventures  and  gain.  Auiie  found  Iheir  wav  Inlii 
the  south  of  Italy,  where  Oreeks,  I..oml>anl»  and 
.Saracvns  wen;  lighting  merrily,  ami  where  a  giHxl 
swonl  and  a  tough  laiiee  were  tools  of  tlie  only 
industry  well  paid.  Tresi^nlly  there  wasljaniled 
ameng'thein  then!  a  little  army,  whieli  found 
itslf  a  mateh  for  any  force  thai  (Jnek  or  Lom- 
banl,  or  other  opp<m"ent,  could  bring  against  it, 
and  whieli  priKVoded  accordingly  to  work  its 
own  will  in  the  land.  It  seized  Aptilia(104'.')and 
divided  it  into  twelve  countships,  as  au  aristo 
eniliiri'iiublic.  Pope  Ix'o  IX  ledau  army  against 
it  anil  was  Is-aten  au<l  taken  prisiuiir  (l(i,"i:t).  To 
ri'Ua*^  himself  he  was  coui|ielleil  to  grant  the 
duehv  they  hail  taken  to  them,  as  a  lief  of  the 
C'hut^h,  and  to  e.xteml  his  grant  to  whateverthey 
miirht  succeeil  in  taking,  hevond  it.  The  chiefs 
lit  '.Uf  No-inans  thus  far  had  Ihcii,  in  succession, 
tljne  sons  of  a  poor  gentleman  in  the  Cotentiii. 
Taucreil  by  name,  wlio  now  sent  a  fourth  son  to 
tlic  siene.  This  new  conu'r  was  l^)bert,  having 
the  suriiaine  of  (}uiscanl,  who  U'came  the  fourth 
liiuler  of  the  Norman  Inxip  (10.">7),  atid  who,  in  a 
fi»  years,  assumed  the  tith'  of  Duke  of  Calabria 
and  .Vpulia.  Mis  duchies  ccjuiprised.  sulistitu 
tully,  the  terriuiry  of  the  later  kingdom  of 
NhIiIi's.  .V  fifth  brother.  Itoger,  bail  ineantime 
(Tossiil  to  Sicily,  with  a  small  follnwing  of  his 
iniiiilryTnen, and,  iH'tween  10*10 and  ld!»ll,  b,iile\- 
pelliil  the  Saracens  from  that  island,  and  pus 
sissed  it  as  a  lief  of  his  brother's  duchy.  Hut  in 
the  next  :;iiieralion  these  relations  lietween  the 
two  eiiiinuests  wen'  practically  n'versi'd.  The 
wm  (if  KoL'iT  rireived  the  title  oi  King  of  Sicily 
triiin  tile  I'ope,  and  Calabria  and  .Vpulia  were  an 
nixid  til  hii  kingdom,  through  the  e.vtinction  of 
Itiilsrls  family. 

Tlii-.,i-  N'lirnians  of  Southern  Italy  wen*  the  al 
lies  wlin  eaine  to  the  rescue  of  Pope  (Iregnry. 
wliiii  till'  F;in|»>nir,  Henry  IV.,  iK'sieged  him  in 
Ci.-tle  St.  .\iigeli).  He  summoned  Uolxrt  (liiis 
f;ird  as  a  vassjil  of  tlit;  Chun-h,  and  the  response 
WHS  |iniiu|it.  Henry  and  his  GiTinans  retreated 
wliiii  till-  Nnrmanscame  near,  and  the  latter  eii- 
i.ri-  i  Ii,.'ii,  i  11IS4).     Aieuslomed  to  (lillage,  tliey 

''■•LMii.  > I,  to  treat  the  city  as  acaptunsl  place, 

an  1  lie-  li.iiuaiis  nise  against  them.  They  n'tali- 
itcd  Willi  itireli  and  s'vord,  and  once  more  Koine 
-i!tirel  fnim  the  dcslniyiiiL'  raire  of  a  barlia- 
ri'i-  -,il.|l,'iy  let  l.nise.  "  Ncitlii-r  ttoth  nor  Van- 
'lil.  11  ith.r  (ireek  nor  (Ii'rmaii,  bniuglit  siieh 
'!■-  ill!'  "1  nil  tlie  city  as  this  captiin'by  tli^'  Nrr- 
'II  "is  Milin.uii.  liuke  Itoliert  made  no  attempt 
1"  Iml  I  ill.'  ruined  capital,  but  withdn-w  to  bis 
"wn  lioiniiiMM^,  The  I'lipe  went  with  him.  and 
4i.d  „»iii  .it.rwards  (ll),s,-)i,  unable  t..  return  In 
H  piiii'    liii'.  ;iji'iin|K'rioustein|ier  lieliad  imported 


to  the  Church  wax  lastingly  flxeil  In  It,  and  his 
lofty  pretensions  were  even  sur|>a"iM'il  by  llie  pon- 
tiffs whosucceishsl  him.  He  spoke  fortlie  Papacy 
the  first  syllables  of  that  awful  pnH'laination  that 
was  aoiiniied  in  ilM  finality,  after  eight  hundn'd 
years,  when  the  dogma  of  infallibility  was  put 
forth. 

Norman  Conquest  of  England. 

I       The  Nornians  hi  Italy  eslablislied  no  dunible 

I    power.     In  another  ipiartir  they  were  more  for- 

i   tiinate.     Their  kinsnien,  the  Danes,  who  subju- 

I   gated  Enirland  and  annixed  it  to  their  own  king- 

I   dom  in  lOUl,  had  lost  it  ag,iin  in  1U42,  when  tlie 

,   old  line  of  kings  was  restored,  in  the  person  of 

,    KilwanI,    called    flic   Confessor.      Hut    Willlaiu. 

\    Duke  of  Norniaudy,  had  aciiuired,  in  the  course 

of  tliesi'  sliiftings  iif  the  Knglish  cniwn,  certain 

claims  which  he   put  forth  when  Edward  died, 

and  when  Hamlil.  son  of  the  great  Earl  Uoilwine, 

was  elected  king  to  siiecieil  him,  in  KMW.     Toen- 

fone  his  claim,  Duke  William,  commissioned  by 

the  I'ope,  invaded  Eni.danil.  in  the  early  autumn 

,   of  that  year,  and  won  the  kingdom  in  the  great 

'.   and  decisive  battle  of  Senlae,  or  Hastinirs.  where 

j    Harold  was   slain.     On   Christmas  Day  he  was 

crowned,  and  a  few  years  sullhed  to  end  all  n'- 

sistanee  to  his  authority.     He  established  on  the 

I    Knglish  tlinine  a  dynasty  which,  though  shifting 

sometimes  to  cidlaieml  lines,  has  held   it  to  the 

!    present  day. 

,       The    Norman    Coni|uest,    as    estimated  by  its 

greatest  historian,  I'mfessor   Kreenian.   wrought 

I   more  !;i»mI  elTects  than  ill  to  the  Eiiiflish   people. 

It  did  not  sweep  away  their  laws,  customs  or  Ian 

i   giiage,  but  it  niiHlitied  them  all,  and  not  unfavor 

i   ably;  while  "it  amused  the  old  national  spirit  t" 

'    fresh  life,  and  gave  the  coin|uereil  people  fellow 

workers   in   their  eoni|iiiTors. "     The  monarchy 

1    was  strengthened  by  William's  advantaires  as  a 

I   conipiiTor,  usi'd  with  the  wisdnniand  miMleration 

of  a  statesman.      Feudalism  came  into  Knt'land 

I   slrip|xsl  of  its  disrupting  forces:  and  the  iiossilile 

!   alternative   of   ali-,<ilutism   was  hindend  by  po 

lent  checks.      \\   the  same   time,    the  Coni|Ucst 

:    brought  Enirland  into  n  latluns  with  tli"  Continent 

'    wlueh  miiilit  oiberwi.si- have  arisen  very  slowly, 

■  and  thus  gave  an  e.irly  importance  to  the  naiion 
in  Eiinipean  history. 

The  Crusades. 

.\t  the  iieriod  11, iw  naelied  in  mir  survey,  all 

,    Europe  was  nu  the  e\e  of  a  profnmider  excite 

'    ment    and    commntlon   than  it    had  ever   before 

:    known     -one  wliii  !i  stirn'd  it  fi>r  the  first  time 

with    a    cominon     fi-ling     ind    with    common 

Ihouiflits      .V  great  cry  nin  tlimugh  it.  for  help 

to  deliver  the  holy  places  of  the  Christian  faith 

I    fnini    the   inlidels    who    possi>s«'d    them       The 

I    pious  and   the   advenliirniis.    the  fanatical    and 

!   the  vagrant,  rose  up  in  one  motley  and  tiimiil 

■  tuoiis  response    to   the  appeal,    and    niolis   and 
I   armies  (hardly  distinu'iiishablei  of  Crusaders  — 

warriors  of  the  Cross  —  began  to  whiten  the  high, 
ways  into  .Vsia  with  tluir  Ismes.  The  tir~t  ninve 
meiit,  in  UIIM',.  swept  :iil().il(«l  men.  women  and 
chililnn.  under  Peter  the  Hermit,  to  their  ilealb. 
with  no  other  result,  but  nearly  at  the  same 
lime  then'  went  an  army,  Kreiii  li  and  Norman 
for  the  most  part,  which  m.tde  its  way  to  ,lernsa- 
lein.  took  the  city  by  assault  (KHWiaiel  biiindcl 
akiiiirilom  then',  which  defended  it~elf  for  almost 
a  liiiiidn'd  years.  Loiii;  iM'fori'  it  fell,  it  was 
pressi  d  sorelv  liv  the  surroundi    -■  .Moslems  and 


t<if3 

m 


tl 


lo.-.i 


Kl'UOPE 


•       i 


Turlut,   Hi/titHtitfn 
and  cyu»ulrrn 


Kl'ROPE 


cried  to  Eiiroiw  for  liclp.  A  Srcoiid  Cniiuuli'.  in 
1147.  u<'<'imi|ilislii'<l  iiDthiiii;  for  iti  rtlii'f.  i)iil 
sp<'iit  v«»i  iiiiiltiliiilr'<  (if  livrs,  ami  wliiii  the 
fiflile  kiniriliini  (lisitpiMareil.  in  1|hT  and  the 
Mepiilchn-  nf  Uh'  Suvinur  whu  iletiled  uijain  liv 
unlH'lievers.  (Iirisleniluiii  grew  wild,  unci'  mori'. 
with  [lii.'iHiiin.  and  a  Third  Criiiade  wan  led  liv 
the  niluiililalil.  Knipercr  Pn  di-rii  k  liarliaioiva, 
of  tierniany.  Kini.'  HichnnI  diMir  .Ic  Linn,  of 
Kiifrlaml,  and  KiriL'  I'liilip  AnirnBlus  c.f  Fnmre. 
The  Kniperiir  iHTishednii.sinilily  on  the  way  anil 
his  army  was  wasted  in  il>  niareh;  the  French 
and  Knirlish  e.xhansted  themselves  in  sieges  which 
wiin  nuthing  'if  ilurahle  advaniaire  to  the  Chris- 
tian world;  the  Sultan  (*aladin  gatbervU  moat  of 
the  laurels  of  the  war. 

The  Turks  on  the  Scene. 

rin-  annies  uf  l>lani  w  hieh  the  (.'rusailers  en- 
eounlered  in  Asia  .Minoi  anil  the  Holy  Ijind  were 
no  longer,  in  their  leadership,  of  iho'rai-e  of  Ma 
hoinet  The  religion  of  tin'  I'rophet  was  still 
iriuniplmnt  in  tin-  Fast,  hut  his  nation  had  lost 
its  lordship,  and  Western  Asia  hud  siihmitled  to 
new  masters  These  wcri'  thi-  Turks  —  Turks  of 
the  Mouse  ipf  Seljuk  — first  eoniersof  theirswarin 
from  ihf  great  Aral  liasin.  First  they  had  Ixm 
iliseipli's,  Won  liy  the  early  armed  inissiunaries 
ot  the  Crescent ;  then  sirvants  and  nienenaries. 
hired  to  light  its  halllesand  guard  its  prli.ces, 
when  the  vigor  of  the  Arali  coni|uerors  iH'gan  to 
!»■  sipped,  and  their  eharaeler  to  lie  corrupted  by 
lu.nury  and  pride;  then,  at  last,  they  wen'  masters. 
Aliout  I  he  middle  of  the  ninth  century,  tliet'ali|>h 
at  Itagdad  iMc.ime  a  puppet  in  tlii'ir  hands,  and 
Hic'  .\Io~li  rri  Kmpire  in  .Vsia  lAfriia  and  Spain 
liiing  ilivided  luiween  rival  CaliphsisiHin  |ias.sed 
.iiidi  r  lie  Ir  control 

I  lies,,  wen-  the  poss.ssors  of  .lerusulem  and  its 
s;irrid  shrines,  wleisc  grievous  and  insulting 
lre;iimirii  of  Christian  pilgrims,  in  the  la.st years 
.'f  ihr  elev.rilh  eiiitury,  had  stirred  Euro"|)e  to 
wratiiand  pro\okid  tin-  gnat  movemi'nt  of  the 
Cnisailes  The  inovemint  hail  ini|sirtant  con.se- 
(lUinces.  Ii<itli  immediati'and  ri'nioie;  hut  its  tirst 
elfisls  wiTi'  sin:ill  in  moment  c.inipand  with 
those  wl.ii  h  laggeil  after  To  undersiand  cither, 
it  will  !«•  neces.s;iry  to  glance  hack  at  the  later 
COUPS-  of  events  in  the  Kastern  or  Byzantine 
Kmpin- 

The  Byzantine  Empire. 

The  fortunes  of  iln-  Kmpin'.  since  it  gave  up 
Syria  and  Knypt  to  the  .Siirac.ns.  had  iM'cn.  on 
•he  wholi',  h'ss  unh.ippy  than  the  dark  prospect 
at  that  lime  It  had  checked  the  onrush  of  .Vrihs 
at  llie  Taurus  mountain  rant'c.  and  retaineil  Asia 
Minor,  it  had  held  Conslantino|>!e  against  them 
IhmuL'h  two  li'rrilile  sieges;  it  had  fought  for 
time  eenluries.  and  liiially  suUdiied.  a  new  Tu- 
ranian incmy.  the  Hulgarians.  who  had  estjili- 
lisliid  a  kin^'ilom  si.ulh  of  the  DanulM'.  where 
their  nam.-  nniains  to  tin'  pnsint  day.  The  hi 
tory  .if  its  lourt.  during  muihof  the" period,  hail 
heen  a  I. lack  and  disirusting  n'coni  of  conspira- 
cies, in-ai  hi-rii-s,  munh-rs,  miililations.  usurpa- 
tions and  foul  viicsof  ivery  desi-riplion;  wiih 
now  ;uid  thin  :i  manly  ligiirc  climlnng  to  the 
ihn.neand  doing  heroic  things,  for  the  nio.st  part 
iiMJissly ;  hut  ihi-  .sysii'i,,  ,,f  governmental  ad- 
ministralion  sien;s  to  h.ive  U-eii  so  well  con 
siruiled  that  i!  worked  with  a  cerlJiin  indeiH'n- 
ihnieof  iis  vileorimliei  ih'  heads,  audthccouutrv 


Was  pnilialily  better  and  lietter  gnvemnl  ihiin  iii| 
*-ourt. 

At  Constantinople,  nntwithslundlnir  fnqu.-ni 
liiniulls  and  n'Volutions,  there  had  Ixsn  niaicri,,] 
linisperity  uiul  a  gn-iit  gntlivring  of  wealth  Tlif 
.Saratrn  eouquesls.  by  cloHln^  other  a\iniiis(,| 
trade  lie.  ween  the  tjist  and  the  West,  had  n.i,,,,, 
tralisl  thai  most  profltable  commerce  in  I  In  ju 
/amine  capital.  The  riaiu^  commercial  i  iiiisi.f 
Italy — Amalphi.  Venice-,  (}eima,  I'isi  -siai,.,) 
theirenterprisesthen'.  Art  and  literalun-.  wl.ici, 
had  tiecayed,  began  then  to  revive,  and  Itvzan. 
tinecuhiire,  on  its  surface,  look  nioiv  of  siiiKri 
oritv  to  that  of  Teutonic  Europe. 

The  coniiuests  of  the  Stdjuk  Turks  grue  j 
Hfrious  check  lo  thisimpnivement  of  ih.- 1  in nm 
stances  of  Ihe  Empin'.  Momcntarilv,  li\  .liviil 
ir.g  the  Moslem  iwiwcr  in  Asia,  they  had' hikiihI 
an  iippon unity  lo  nil  energelic  Ein|)cror.  Ninph 
oriis  I'lioeas,  to  recover  iiorlhern  Svrii  luul 
Cilicia  («fll-U«U).  Hut  when,  in  the  n,  \i  i.n 
tury,  Ihey  had  won  a  complele  niaslerv  of  td,. 
iliiminions  of  the  Caliphate  of  Itagihid.  tliev 
spivdily  swept  back  the  Hvzantines.  and  oun-aii 
and  (Kcupied  the  most  of  Asia  .Minor  and  At 
nicniu.  .\ilccisive  victory  at  Manzikeri  in  inTl 
vlen  Ihe  empinir  of  Hie  nionienl  »;i>  iikin 
I  ;i.soner  and  his  army  annihilated,  u'm  lljini 
1  '  II  nigh  Ihe  whole  territory  lo  the  11.  11.  -|Mnl 
■  '."  Empire  wa.s  nearly  rtsluccd  to  its  Kiir  i|«-un 
ilomain.  and  sutTered  ten  years  of  civil  «:ir  Ik- 
Iwi-en  rivals  for  thi'  throne" 

At  Ihe  end  (if  that  lime  it  Hi(|uircil  a  riili  r  in 
the  person  of  .Vle.xiusComneniis,  who  is  ilir-  ir.  r; 
erally  Is'st  known  of  all  the  liyzaiitirn  lin, ,  l» 
cau.se  he  ligun's  noialily  in  the  stories  ,.f  i|i, 
First  Crii.siule.  He  was  a  man  of  cnifn  iiMli 
lies  and  ('(miphte  unscrupulousness  lie  Im.i1, 
the  Kmpire  at  its  lowest  stale  of  ahascnii'iii  ;iii,i 
dcnioralizathin.  In  Ihe  lirst  year  of  his  r.  irii  lie 
had  to  face  a  new  enemy.  ItoU'rt  (Jul-.  :ird.  Hit- 
Norman,  who  had  ciiniiuen-d  a  dulo.l.nu  in 
Southern  Italy,  Ihinight  the  situation  f:;v.'r,lplo 
for  an  attack  on  the  Eastern  Einpin-.  :iiid  f..r 
winning  the  imperial  cniwn.  Twice  In-  iiu  I'ii.l 
Ihe  (!n-ek  peninsula  (II»sl-10H4)  and  il.ti;iiol 
Ihe  fon-es  bniiight  against  him  hv  Al. aims.  I.ii' 
trouhles  in  Italy  ncallcd  himon'the  iir-t  ii..;i 
sion,  and  his  death  hnjiight  Ihe  sicond  i  \p..li 
lion  lo  naught 

Such  was  the  situation  of  Ihe  Hvzaniiii.  s  h-Iuh 
the  waves  of  the  First  Cru.sa<U',  nilling  .\si  i  «;tni 
surged  up  to  the  gales  of  C(inslaniiii"|'l.'  I' 
was  a  visitation  that  might  W(  II  .ippal  tli.in,- 
these  hosts  of  knights  and  vagahon.ls.  i  Miami 
and  freebcHiters,  who  claimed  and  pn.!!.  r.  d  Ih  Ip 
in  a  common  Christian  war  with  the  inii-i.  i-.  :irul 
who,  nevertheless,  had  no  Chrisliau  romni'minii 
with  Ihem  —  schismatics  as  Ihev  wir.  .  ii-iij. 
the  fold  of  the  Koman  shcphenl"  Tin  i'  is  mt 
a  doubt  that  they  fean'd  the  (  rusadiiu-  Kraiks 
more  than  they  feand  Ihe  Turks  TIm  v  kri.  w 
them  lens,  audllie  littli!  hearsay  knowl.  Ij.  lln  v 
had  was  of  a  lawless,  barbarous,  li-liii:  .•  f.'i 
dalisinin  thcconntricsof  the  West.—  m.  r.  ;  .n.'ii 
anil  uncouth,  at  least,  than  Ihi  ir  .i-^n  'i.  I'.r 
melhodsof  munleringandniiitilaliiiL'oii.  ;i;,.itliir 
They  received  their  dangeniiis  visitors  «  li  iicr 
vousness  and  suspicion;  but  .\lexiu- i  ininiiii- 
pnived  e(|ual  lo  the  delicate  position  ,  i  wIm.Ii 
he  found  himsi'lf  jilaced.  He  bunl.  ii.  I  i.i-  «il 
with  lies  and  perhdies;  but  he  nian;i;;.  I  iil.iirs 
so  wonderfully  that  Ihe  Empire  pluckc:  ■!..  In'^i 


101 


EUROPE. 


Sfftrtt  of  thf 
Onuaam*. 


EUROPE, 


fruiu  of  thp  first  Crusades,  by  recovcrinj;  a 
mat  pnrt  of  Asia  Minor,  with  all  tliv  coasts  of 
thf  Euxineand  llie  .^;(tean,  from  thr  wMikcncil 
Turks.  Tlie  latK-r  wrre  so  fur  sliaki'n  anil  ilc- 
nn<«r<l  bv  tlie  ban)  blows  of  the  CrtisaderH  tlint 
thiy  tnmlileil  the  Byzantines  very  little  iu  the 
cintun'  to  come. 

Hut  af;ninst  this  lmnie<iiate  gain  t4>  the  Eastern 
Empire  from  the  early  Crusailes,  tlicre  wore 
srriou*  bitiT  ollsets.  Thecommerc«^  of  Constanti- 
nopli'  ilirlined  rapidly,  as  soon  as  the  Mimlein 
bl.i<ii*li-  of  the  Syriaii  ci»i«t  line  was  broken.  It 
|c»t  iis  monopoly.  Trade  ran  buck  u^ain  into  other 
nii|i< iiiil  1  hiinnels.  The  Venetians  and  (linwse 
Ijcraiue  more  imle|H'nilent.  Korinerly.  they  had 
mriml  privile(fs  in  the  Empire  as  a  jrnicious 
nimvssiiin.  Now  tlwy  dictateii  the  terms  of 
IlifiniMnmcnial  treatiesand  their  naval  alliances. 
Tliiir  rivalries  with  one  nnothir  invidvcd  the 
Kmpirc  in  i|uarTels  with  iKith.  and  n  state  of 
tliiiik'''  ^V'L't  broiij^ht  ut)out  wliich  liiul  nnit-li  to  do 
willi  the  culaslro|>lie  !■!  I'.'04,  wlnii  llie  foiirtli 
(  ru>ail»'  WHS  divrrlml  to  the  cnoinirsi  (if  Con- 
>iauliii<ipl<'.  and  a  Ijilin  Knipire  suppiuuted  the 
Kmpirv  of  the  Honnm  <iriik-i. 

Effects  of  the  Crusades. 

Hriftly  noted,  these  were  tlie  c-onwijuences  of 
\hr  t'.'irly  Crusades  in  tlie  East.  In  western 
Eurii|«;  "they  had  slower,  but  ileepiT  and  more 
kslimr  elltits.  They  weakened  feudalism,  by 
sending  aiirouil  so  many  of  the  feudal  lonts,  and 
by  im|KiviTiKhing  so  many  more;  wlienby  the 
towns  piiiHil  more  opportunity  for  (iil'mnehis*- 
mrnt,  hihIIIic  crown,  in  France  particularly,  ac- 
(piircil  more  power.  Tliey  clieckcd  sniallcr  wars 
and  priiaie  quamds  for  a  time,  and  ^a\v  in 
many  niunlrics  unwonted  sca-sons  of  peace,  dur- 
inii  wtiiili  the  thoughts  and  feelings  of  men  were 
urti'd  on  by  nion*  civili/.ing  iiiHueiicert.  They 
Itiiiil'IiI  mm  into  fellowship  who  were  oidy  ae- 
(usliiniid  lo  liL'lit  (me  another,  and  thus  softened 
tlirir  prnvinciiil  and  national  antipathies.  Tlicy 
•  xpaiiilicl  llie  knowledge  —  the  cxpcriincc  —  the 
icl.a^  — of  llic  whole  bcsly  of  thi>sc  wlio  visited 
ilu  K.ist  and  who  survived  the  adventurous  cx- 
piilitinn:  made  tlieni  aeqiiaiuteil  with  civiliza 
tiiiiK  at  least  more  polished  than  their  own; 
taUL'h!  Ihi  II  many  things  which  tliey  could  only 
learn  iu  tii'se  days  by  actual  sight,  and  sent 
till  in  Iraek  lutlieir  homes  throughout  Europe,  to 
lie  instruclors  anil  missionaries,  who  did  much  to 
pri  (lire  Western  Christendom  for  the  lienaissance 
or  ii.»  binh  of  a  later  time  Tlii'  twelfth  cen- 
tury—iIm  ceiilurv  of  the  gri'at  Crusudes  —  saw 
the  cny  day  break  in  KuMi«-  after  the  long  night 
otilarkiiis,  which  settled  down  upon  it  in  the 
liflb  III  ilie  Miirteenth  it  nwhcd  the  lirighteii- 
ii'.'ila'.vii.  and  in  the  tifteenth  it  sIih.iI  in  the 
full  iiiornin;.'iif  the  moih'rn  day.  Among  all  the 
nwv.  nieiii-  l,y  which  it  was  pushed  iml  of  dark 
oes-s  ini..  li-lit,  that  of  the  Crusades  would  appear 
t"li;ni-  biMi  the  most  imimrtant;  important  in 
ilM  If.  as  a  scH  ial  and  iMiliticai  movement  of  great 
Hianvi .  and  important  in  tlie  seeds  that  it  scattered 
I'T  a  future  liarvesl  of  ellects. 

In  1«  ih  llie  Byzantine  and  Arabian  civiliza- 
li.iiis  of  th.  Kast  there  was  much  for  western 
turi  pf  ;,.  1,  ,irn  I'erhaps  tliea'  was  more  in  the 
las!  n,iii„-,|  iPan  in  the  Hrst;  for  the  Arabs,  when 
1 1'  y  .  mn-  out  from  liehind  their  deserts,  and  ex- 
iliii.i'id  llie  nomadic  life  for  the  life  of  cities, 
m:,    i.MiMi  „,|  ania/ing  aviditv  for  the  lingering 


science  of  old  Greece,  which  they  enooiinteii"d  iu 
Egypt  and  .Syria.  They  had  preserved  far  more 
of  ft,  and  more  of  the  old  fineness  of  fci'li.ig  that 
went  with  it,  than  had  survived  in  Greece  it- 
self, or  in  any  part  of  the  Teulonized  empire  of 
Itiiint!.  The  Crusaders  got  glinip.Hes  of  its  in- 
Hiieiice,  at  least,  and  a  curiosity  was  wakened, 
which  s<'nt  students  into  Moorish  Spain,  and 
opened  scholarly  interchanges  which  greatly  ad- 
vanced learning  in  Eim>|K', 

Rising;  Power  of  the  Church, 

Not  the  least  important  effect  of  the  Crusades 
was  the  atmosphere  of  religion  which  they  caused 
to  envelope  the  great  alfairs  of  the  time,  and 
which  they  m.ule  conimon  in  politics  ami  so- 
ciety. The  inlliienceof  the  Church  was  increased 
by  tliis;  and  its  organization  was  [xiwerfully 
strengthened  by  the  great  monastic  revival  that 
followed  presently:  the  risi-  of  purer  and  more 
strictly  disciplined  orders  of  the  •■  ri'gular"  (that 
is  tlie  secluded  or  tnoimstic)  clergy  —  Cistercians, 
lienedictincs.  Franciscans.  Doniinicans,  etc. ;  as 
well  as  the  creation  of  tlie  great  niilitary-religious 
orders—  Knights  Templars,  Kiiiirlitsof  the  Hos- 
pital of  St.  John,  Ti  utonic  Knights,  and  othera, 
which  were  immediately  connected  with  the 
Crusades. 

To  say  that  the  Church  gained  influence  is  to 
say  that  the  clergy  gained  it,  and  tliat  the  chief 
of  the  clergy  the  I'ope,  loncentrated  the  gain  in 
Iiims4>lf.  The  whole  clerical  ImkIv  was  making 
encroachments  in  every  tield  of  [xilitics  upon  the 
domain  of  the  civil  authority,  u.sing  shrewdly  the 
advantages  of  superior  I'.-arnitig.  and  busying 
itself  more  and  more  in  temporal  alTairs.  The 
popes  after  Gregory  VII.  maintained  his  high 
pretensions  and  |iursiieil  his  audacious  course. 
In  most  countries  they  encountcretl  resistance 
from  the  (  rown;  but  ilie  brunt  of  the  conflict 
still  fell  upon  the  emperors,  who.  in  some  re- 
spects, were  the  mo--t  [toiirly  armed  for  it. 

Guelfs  'nd  Ghibellines. 
Henry  IV..  who  outlived  his  struggle  with 
Gre,ory,  was  Is^aten  down  at  last  —dethroned 
by  a  graceless  son.  excoiiiiniiniealcd  by  a  relent- 
less Cliurcli  and  denied  burial  when  lie  died  (1 106) 
bv  its  clergy.  The  nlHllious  sun.  Henry  V  ,  in 
Ills  turn  fought  the  same  battle  over  for  ten  years, 
and  forced  a  compromise  which  sitved  about  half 
the  rights  of  investiiiire  that  bis  father  had 
claimed.  His  death  (I  l^.'i)  ended  the  Franconian 
line,  and  the  imperial  crown  relurned  for  a  few 
years  to  the  House  of  Saxony,  by  the  election  of 
tlie  Duke  I.,oth:ure.  But  the  estates  of  the  Fran- 
coni.au  family  had  fuLssc'd.  by  his  inotlier.  to 
Frederick  of  Holieiistaufen.  dukeof  Swabia.  and 
now  a  bitter  feud  arose  Intween  tlie  Hous«'  of 
Saxony  and  the  Hoiisi'  of  Hohenstaufen  or  Swa- 
bia,—a  feud  that  was  the  most  memorable  and 
the  lonircst  lasting  in  history,  if  measun'd  by  the 
duration  of  party  strifes  which  began  in  it  and 
which  tiMik  their  names  from  it.  For  the  raging 
factions  of  Guelfs  and  Ghibellines  which  ilividcd 
Italy  for  two  centuries  had  their  iM'ginning  in 
this  Swabian-Saxon  feud,  among  the  Germans 
The  Guelfs  were  the  partLsans  of  the  Iloiis.'  of 
Saxony;  the  (Jhibellines  were  the  party  of  the 
Hohenstaufens.  The  Hohenstaufens  triumphed 
when  l,othaire  died  (lllWl.  and  made  Conrad  of 
their  House  Emperor.  They  held  the  crown, 
moreover,  in  their  family  for  four  generations, 


t:  - 


luj;j 


KIIIOPK 


(Mtrlfi 
and  OhihrUinrt. 


EUROPE. 


extrndinKthmiiKh  murp  limn  a  rcntiirv ;  and  m  It 
hapiH'iuKl  tliiit  the  (iiniMii  niiiiii'  of  tlio  U<-riiiun 
imrtv  of  till-  Ili>hcn.stjiuft'nH  niiiii-  to  Ih-  iili'iitltliil 
in  Itiily  with  the  party  or  fiu  lion  in  Hint  country 
which  Kiipportcil  inipi'riiil  iiitircHtji  iinil  cliilnw  In 
the  fro'cilicHaiiil  ncninst  the  jiopcs.  Whi-rciipon 
llivopixwcd  party  imnif  wiia  lH>rrowcd  from  (Irr- 
niiiny  likewise  nml  appliitl  to  the  Italian  faction 
wliieli  tiHik  KMiind  a>rainsi  the  Empi-rorH  —  al- 
Ihoiifth  the*'  Il^ilian  Ouelfs  had  no  ohjects  in 
<'oinni<m  with  the  partistiMK  of  Saxony 

The  Hohenitaufeni  in  Italy. 

The  tirst  llohenstaufen  enipemr  wum  f(ucc<*eded 
(IIV.'i  liy  [\i»  nephew  Frederick  I.,  iMilleil  IJar- 
harossa.  U'caiiHe  of  IiIh  reil  lH>anl.  The  lonji; 
reitn  of  Frederick,  uniil  IIW),  wiis  mainly  tilled 
with  wars  and  contentions  in  Italy,  when?  he 
punhcd  the  old  cpiarni  of  the  Kmpirc  with  the 
I'apacy,  anil  where,  furthermore,  he  resolutely 
iindertiMik  to  i  luck  the  v'rowinj?  inilc|M'iidence  of 
the  Liiniliaril  cities.  FIm'  times  during  lii.s  ri'ign 
he  led  a  ^reat  army  into  the  peninsula,  like  a 
hostile  invader,  and  his  destroying  inarches 
tliniii:.'li  the  country,  of  which  he  claimed  to  Iw 
»overeii;n.  were  like  thowMif  the  liarliarians  who 
came  out  of  the  .Norlli  si'veu  (cnturies  iM'fore. 
The  more  powerful  cities,  like  .Milan,  wen-  un- 
iloulitedly  oppressinir  their  weaker  neiirhlHirs. 
and  Itarliarossa  assumed  to  he  the  champion  of 
the  latter  Hut  he  smote  impartially  the  weak 
and  the  sironi;.  the  villajre  and  the  town,  which 
provoked  his  arroirant  Ieiii|iiT  in  the  sli^'litest  de- 
V'ree.  Milan  escaiHil  his  wrath  on  the  tirst  visi 
talion.  liut  went  down  liefore  it  when  he  came 
airaiu  dlVi.  anil  was  lni.illy  distroyed,  the  in- 
haliitants  lieimr  scattered  in  other  tow  lis,  Kven 
the  I  nemies  iif  Milan  wire  moved  In  compassion  ! 
hy  tlicHavaL'eiiessnf  this  piniisliment,  and  joined, 
a  few  Mars  liii  r,  in  reliuillink'tlie  prostrate  walls 
and  fciundinir  ,Milaii  anew  .\  irre.it  '•l.eapueof 
l.omliardy  "  was  fcirnied  liy  all  1  he  northern  towns, 
loiiifeiid  their  friednm 'ai;aiMs|  the  hated  Km- 
pemr,  and  the  parly  of  the  (ihilielliiies  was  re 
diiceil  for  the  time  ill  a  feelile  minority.  Mean- 
time llarliarosNa  had  forcid  his  way  into  Home, 
stormid  the  very  Cliurih  of  St.  I'eter,  and  .seated 
an  ami  pi'pe  im  the  thrmu'  Hut  a  sudden  |M-sli- 
liiiie  Irll  iipiin  his  iirmy.  and  he  Ihd  In-fore  it, 
out  nf  Ita.v ,  almii-i  alone.  Vet  he  never  nlaxed 
his  ill  lirniinaiion  to  licnil  Imth  the  I'apai  y  and 

the  I iliard  repu'ilii's  to  Ills  will      .\fter  seven 

years  he  nturneil,  f.ir  the  lifih  time,  and  it 
proved  to  U'  the  1:.^'  The  l,iaL'uc  met  him  at 
l^'L'nario  <  1  ITl'o  a.i.l  .dmiiiistered  to  liini  an  over- 
whilmin^  •!' fi-.-it  ICveii  Ids  olisliuacy  was  then 
ovi  rcoiiii  .  .iiid  afii-r  a  truce  of  si-\  years  he  niaile 
peace  wiihtlii-  l/-aL'.ie  and  the  Pope,  on  terms 
nllil  h  loiireilid  most  of  the  lilieriies  lh,-it  tlie 
citii-s  rliimed  It  was  in  the  reii;ii  i  f  Frederick 
that  the  nane-  "  Holy  Uonian  Kmpin  "  Ih-lmii.  it 
si-elns,  to  lit-  Used 

Fri-di-rii  U  died  while  on  a  i  rusade  and  was 
suiiieiiid  (lI'.Kii  liy  his  .son.  Henry  VI  ,  who  had 
niurrii.l  the  il.iu;,'h"tir  and  hi-in-ss'iif  tin-  Kini;  of 

Sicily    ,iiid    who    aciiuired    lliat    kill;,'i|oni    in    her 

riiili!  Hi-.  >lioi-i  rt-ii,.oi  was  oeiupi.-d  most  I  v  in 
sutiduinL'  till-  >irili,in  possession  When  hei'lied 
illliTi  his  son  I'ridiriik  was  a  child,  Frederick 
Mil  rreiled  to  ilie  crois  n  of  Sicily,  hut  his  rijihts 
ill  (iermany  iwhen-  hi^  fatlii-r  had  already  caused 
him  to  Ih-  IIOWII..I  ■■  KiiiL'  of  the  Homaiis"— 
the   step    preliiiiiiiir.     ■..    .li    im|ieri:il    electioni 


were  entirely  iKnorpd.  The  Oerman  rrnwn  »« 
disputed  iH'tween  a  Stvahian  and  a  Saxon  i  laim 
ant.  ami  the  Saxon.  Otlin,  waa  Kinj;  aihl  Ki^ 
iwnir  in  name,  until  I'JIM,  when  he  dinl  Um 
he,  too,  ipiant'lfd  with  a  p<ip«'.  alMuit  tin  lamlj 
of  the  CounteiM  Matihia,  which  »he  l'iui  tH||,r 
Chun  h;  ami  hia  quurrel  waa  with  Iiiihh  >  ui  ||i 
a  po|M'  who  realizisl  the  autiK-nicy  whii  li  lli|,|,, 
brand  liad  lixikiKl  forwanl  to.  ami  w  ho  lifti-il  tbr 
I'apacy  to  the  greatest  height  of  power  it  i-\,r 
attained.  To  ca8t  down  Othii,  Imim-cni  t.«ik  ii|> 
the  cause  of  FriKlcriek,  who  nTcived  tli.  rivul 
crown  a  second  time,  at  Aixla-Chnpi  II.  iij|-,i 
and  ihe  iin|H'rial  crown  at  liome  (!',",'oi  |-ToJ 
click  II.  (his  designation)  was  one  of  ih.-  f,n 
men  of  actual  genius  who  have  e.ii  ~|iriini: 
from  the  sovenign  families  of  the  world  ,  .-i  uiiui 
sii  far  in  adv:iine  of  his  lime  that  he  a|>|«-ar> 
like  a  iiush'ni  among  his  niediieval  cnriiiiii|i.| 
rnrics.  He  »ii»  su|Krior  to  Ihe  superstiiiuij., „f 
his  age,  — superior  to  its  higolries  and   it>  pr, 

vincialisnis.     His  large  sympathies   aiicl   i..s 

politan  frame  of  ininil  viere  acted  upon  In  uH 
the  new  Impulses  of  the  e|iiM'h  of  the  i  luvj.jic 
and  made  liim  retlirt,  in  his  brilliant  i  h  im  i.r 
as  in  a  niirmr,  Ihe  civilizing  proees.si  s  ihii  «,ri- 
working  on  Ids  generation, 

Ilelween  kucIi  an  emperor  as  Fridi  rii  s  II  ani 
such  poiN's  as  IniiiKcnt  III.  and  his  innii..iiali- 
siicce8,sors,  there  could  not  fail  to  he  coili-i-ii  ,im! 
sirifi'.  The  man  who  might,  perliapv,  nii-lir 
other  cinnmstances,  have  given  soim-  i|iiiikir 
iiiovenient  to  the  hands  which  measiin-  l.iiiirin 
pnign-ss  on  the  dial  of  time,  s|«-nt  lil~  lii.  ir, 
barely  proving  his  ability  to  live  :i:,  !  n  iju 
under  the  anathemas  and  proscriptioi-  ,  f  il,,- 
Church,  Hut  he  fought  a  hising  ti^ii  mn 
when  he  seemed  to  1m'  winning  viiiorii  -  i',  i,.  rtli 
ern  Italy,  over  the  Ouelf  ciliis  of  I,  mlunlv, 
and  when  Ihe  parly  of  Ihe  (JhilM-llini^  n  | .  ir-.i 
to  tie  ascendant  Ihniughout  the  |M-niii^ii!  i  lli« 
death  (r,!,VI)  was  Ihe  end  of  Ihe  11.  h.  n-i,uli  li- 
as an  iin|H<rial  family.  His  son.  Coiiri.l,  uli.. 
survived  him  four  years,  was  king  of  sj,  .iv  ^i,,,) 
had  lieen  cniwncil  king  of  (Jerinaji.  hii  !„- 
never  won-  the  crown  imperial,  Conii-I-  ilk 
gilimale  brother,  .Manfnsl,  succei.!..!  on  iIk 
Sicilian  thnmc;  but  the  implacalile  l':i|.,i.  v  .'lo 
his  kingdom  to  Charles  nf  .\njoii,  Im  ih.r.f 
Kim;  Louis  l.\.  oi  France,  and  invii.  .1  a  .  r::-:ii!.- 
for  Ihe  coniiuest  of  it,  .Manfred  "  i~  -luii  in 
battle.  Cimnid's  young  son,  Coiiradiii  |.iri>!iil 
on  Ihe  scalTiild.  and  Ihe  Hohenstaiiti  n^  .iisiji- 
peared  from  hisinry.  Their  riu'hts.  or  .  :  .iin.  in 
Sicily  and  .N'aph'S."  pas.s<si  to  tlie  Spam-li  il"iiM 


if  -Vragon.  by  the  marriage  of  Miiiln  i 
U-r  to  the  Aiagonese  king;  wheiue  !■■:;.' 
Im-I  ween  the   Hiiusi' of  Anjoii  and   t'l.    li-'. 
.\ra,i;iin.  and  a  Iroiilili'd  history   f.Tiii     \- 
lans  and  Hie  Sicilians  during  .s.  mie  i-i  iiiiiu.  - 
the  end,  .\iij..u    kept  Naples,  while  .\r-i-.ii 

Sicily,  tile  lyings  in  Isiili   lines  calliil  u • 

Kings  of  Sicily,  and  a  subsei|iii'n!    r.   -.m 
the    two  crowns  created   a   n-ry  .,!i..!'i  l 

•  KinL'dom  of  the  Two  Sicilies 

Germany  and  the  Empire 

After  Ihe  death  of  Frederirk  II  .  tl:-    i;-i 
kings,    while    niaintainini.'     the    iiiij-iri,' 
practically  abaiidoiieil  tln-ir  scri-.-i-    •■■■■v.] 
inforie   an   actual    sovcreiLrnlv    iii    I' o' 
llol>    Itomaii    Kiiipire.  as  a   |ii'ilitii  a'  I  i  :   r 
pn-hi-ni'imr  nior.-  than  (jcrinacy.  ii"->  '    .>' 


:ut-.i 


J  (154 


--^aA.' 


KrROHK. 


tiermani/. 


EL'HOPE. 


trality  tn  pxist.  The  nnmc  livi'd  on,  tint  oDiy  tn 
repnsrtit  a  tlsttfring  llillon  fur  nm)j:nifyin){  the 
rank  and  imijortamu  i>f  the  Otriniiii  kiiieii.  In 
Italy.  Il»'  cDiitlict.  08  iM'twet'ii  I'uimcy  niid  Eni- 
nin'.  iir  lH'tw<fn  I^>nil>unt  rcjiiililicttii  cilifs  uud 
kmiiin'.  was  at  an  end.  No  further  <K'ca»l(in 
itiKlcd  fi>r  an  inipi'rial  party,  nr  an  anti  ini|K'riiil 
luirty.  The  Uiiilf  and  UliilH'llinc  names  and 
ilivi.«ions  had  no  more  tliu  little  meunlnK  tliut 
drst  Ix'lonKi'd  fc>  them.  Btit  Quelfu  and  Uhibel- 
lineH  r,\ii<d  «K'*'i»*'  ""o  anolhi^r  more  furiouHly 
than  liernn',  and  generations  patiaeil  Ix-forv  their 
feud  diol  out. 

Wliili'  the  long,  pmfltleait  Italian  contlirt  of 
till'  Kinpi  nira  went  on,  their  kinKxIiip  in  Uer- 
tnany  sutreretl  sorely.  Aa  they  gra!4[MHt  at  a 
similiiwy  imperial  title,  the  substance  of  royal 
•utliiirily  slipped  fn)m  them.  Their  freciuint 
pniliinei'il  iilmeiire  in  Italy  giiveopiHirtiinities  for 
enlargiil  iniieix'ndence  to  the  Uerinuu  princes 
awl  friidal  lonU;  their  dilliculties  beyond  the 
Alps  foriiil  tlii'm  to  buy  «up|M)rt  from  their  vas- 
sals at  home  by  fatal  conc«>HHions  and  grants; 
llitir  ucirlcct  of  Uemian  atTiiirs  wcakeue<l  the  lies 
of  loyalty,  and  provokeil  revolt.s.  Tin-  result 
might  have  U'en  a  dissolution  of  Germany  so 
complcti'  as  to  give  rise  to  two  or  three  strong 
states,  if  uiiotiur  potent  intluence  hail  not  workeil 
injury  in  a  dilferent  way.  This  came  from  the 
ivisliim  of  ii|ualized  inheritance  which  pn>vailcd 
aniMMi;  the  (lermans.  The  law  of  primogeniture, 
wliicli  iilri'iiily  governeil  hennlitary  tnmsmissions 
of  tirrilori.il  sovereignty  in  maiiycimntries.  even 
«h  re  it  did  not  give  an  undivided  private  is 
tale.  a<  in  Kiiiilanil,  to  the  eldest  .son  of  a  family. 
gilt  fooling  in  (iemiany  very  late  and  vcrv 
«1"»1>  .\t  the  time  now  descrilK-d.  it  was  the 
(piile  ciiininon  practice  to  iliviile  principaliliis 
biiween  all  the  sons  surviving  a  ileceased  duke 
or  iiiar'.'ran'  It  was  this  pnicticc  which  gave 
ri  .'  to  ilie  iusloiiishing  numlHT  of  petty  states 
into  whiih  <iermimy  canu^  to  Ix'  dividcil.  imil 
the  forms  of  which  are  still  intact.  It  was  this, 
in  till  iiiuni.  ivhich  prevented  the  growth  of 
any  stales  to  a  power  that  would  absorb  the  rest, 
(hi  the  oiher  hand,  the  tlimsy,  half  lictitioiis 
general  eiinsiiltitiim  which  the  Empire  siibsti. 
inteil  for  such  an  one  as  the  Kingdom  of  (Jer- 
many  wmihl  initunilly  have  grown  into,  made 
aneireitivi-  cenloilizaiion  of  sovereignty —easy 
as  ihe  ii.h.liiioiis  si-eintsl  to  1h>  preparisl'for  it  — 
Miiili  inipossilile. 

Free  Cities  in  Germany  and  their  Leagues. 

line  happy  conaeiiiiencc  of  this  state  of  things 
Was  I'll  I  iifrani  hiscment,  either  « liollv  or  nearly 
so.of  iiurn  ilirivini;  cities.  The  gniwfli  of  cities, 
«9  eini,  r,  of  indiistrv  and  commerce,  .and  the 
liev.lopnieiitof  iiiiiniiipal  freedom  anion,  iheni 
JaMonsiih  rahly  hill  r  in  (icrmany  than  in  Italy 
trance  an.l  iiic  .\.  ilierlunds:  but  tlie  indepen- 
denee  f.Mini<!  by  some  among  them  was  more  en- 
tire Ihan  III  ilie  |,ow  Countries  or  in  Kmiicc,  and 
morel.i.iin^  than  in  Italy. 

M..s[  ,,1  i|,e  free  ,.iti,:H„f  ( Jer. ,iany  were  ili- 
feellyi.r  iinnieiliately  subject  to  the'  Kiiiperi.r 
■mil  Mnoliy  inili  pendent  of  the  princes  whose 
terriinn.s  surrounded  them;wheui-c  they  were 
'ai.i'l  imperial  cities."  Thisr.dationship"l«iuiiil 
111' III  •  ■  the  Linpire  by  strong  ties;  they  had  less 

liar  ,r,,in  u  than  from  the  nearersmall  potcu. 
i.it'-y.  !U,r  country;  and  it  probably  drew  a 
loiis,  .ei.,1,1,.  piirt  of  such  strength  as  it  possessed. 


I  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  eenliiries,  from  their 
I   support.     Their  own    power  was    Uing    aug 
I   niented  at  this  perlisl  by  the  fonnation  of  exten 
!   sive  lA'agties  among  them,  for  coninion  defensi'. 
and  for  the  protection,  regulation  and  e.xtension 
I   of  their  traile.     In  that  age  of  lawless  violence, 
then'  was  so  little  force  m  government,  every 
when-,  and  so  eiitiri'  a  want  of  eo  oiM^ration  la-- 
'    tween  goveniments.  that  the  operations  of  trade 
j   were  e.\|M)s<'il  to  piracy,  niblsry.  and  blackmail, 
1   on  every  sea  and  in  every  land.     Hy  the  organi- 
zation of  their  LcagucH.  tlie  energetic  merchants 
of  northwestern  Eiinipe  did  for  themselves  what 
their  half  civilized  governments  failed  to  do  for 
them      They  not  only  creatiHl  effective  agencies 
for  the  |iroleclion  of  "their  trade,  but  thi'y  legis- 
lated, nationally  and  internationally,  for  them 
selves,  establishing  c(«lcs  and  regulations,  nego 
tiatiiig   commercial   treaties,   making   war,  and 
exercising  many  functions  and  powers  that  seem 
strange  to  niishrn  times.     The  git-at  llansa,  or 
llansj'atic  Kcagiie,  wluch  rose  to  importance  in  the 
thirteenth  century  among  the  cities  in  the  north 
of  Oermany.  was  the  most  extensive,  the  longest 
lasting  and  the  most  formidable  of  these  confed- 
erations     It  cimtroUed   the  trmle  lalween  Oir 
many,  Enghiml,  Uussia.  the  S  iialiniiviau  coun 
!    tries,  ami  the  Xetherlands.  and  through  the  latter 
I   it  made  exchanges  with  southern  Europe  and  the 
East.     It  waL'eil  successful  war  with  benmark. 
i    Sweden  and  Norway  combined,  in  dctianceof  the 
:   opposition  of  the  h'mix'nir  and  the  I'ope      IJiit 
the  giowthof  its  power  engenden'd  an  arrogance 
which  pnivokcd  ciiniity  in  all  loiintries.   while 
the  slow  crystalizing  of  nationalities  in  Europe, 
with  national  .sj'utinicnts  and  Hiiibitious,  worked 
^    in  all  dircitions  against  the  conimircial  monopoly 
I   of  the  llansa  towns.     Hy  the  end  of  the  tiflecutii 
century  their  ha!;ue  hail  liei;un  to  break  up  and 
'   its  power  to  decline.     The  lesser  a.sHsialions  of 
similar  (baraiter  — such  as  the  KheuLsh  auil  the 
Swabian  — had  biau  shorter-lived. 

The  Great  Interregnum. 

I       TIhsc  ciiy-coiifcilcrat hum  represented  in  their 

!    time  the  only vemciil  of  ci.ncenlnitioii  that  ap 

peareil  in  (Icrmaiiy      Every  olhcraciivit  v  seemed 

tciidiiiLMi.ward.iissoliitiiMi.      Ileailsbip  t'licrcwas 

'    none  for  a  i|ii.irier  of  a  century  after  Kredcrick 

'    II.  ilicil.     'I'l lection  of  the' Kind's,  who  tisik 

rank  and  tillc  as  Emperors  when  irowned  by  the 
I'ope.  had  now  U'come  the  e\clii.sivc  privilege 
of  three  prince  lii-hopsaiiil  foiirtemporal  princes, 
who  ae.|uirei|  the  title  of  Electors.  .Icalous  of 
I  one  .■moilier,  .iml  i.f  all  the  gnater  lords  outside 
their  ill  itoral  colleir,..  it  was  airainst  their  policy 

!    b)  < IVr  the  scepter  on  any  man  who  sceieeil 

:  likely  to  wield  it  wiili  .islroin.'  hand.  Fortwcntv 
years  — a  peri'Hl  iutjeriiian  history  known  as  the 
(ireat  lull  rie;;iiiini — tliey  kept  Ih'c  throne  prac 
tically  V  iiaiii  Part  of  the  Eleilors  were  brilHil 
I  tochisiM'  Hiihanl.  i:arl  of  Cornwall,  brnther  ot 
the  English  King  llinry  III.,  and  the  otln  r  pan 
gave  tbeirvoles  to.Vltonso.  Kiiigof  Castile.  \\ 
fonso  never  came  to  be  crowned,  cither  as  Kiiii; 
or  Emperor;  |{ii  hard  «  as  crowned  Kinir.  but  excr 
ci.scd  no  powi  r  ami  lived  mostly  in  his  own  coun 
try.  The  Empire  wa.s  virluallv  cMiuct.  tin- 
Kingdom  hardly  less  ,-.o.  Hiirgundv  fell  awav 
from  the  imperial  Jurisdieiiou  cveii  more  than 
Italy  did.  Cousiilcrable  |)arts  of  it  pas.seii  to 
France- 


1005 


'?I1 


:  M  . 


•*rf 


I 


-\^\ 


El'KOPE. 


Rite  of  th«  Home  of  Anitrim. 


Franef  in  Ike 
TifVlh  Cmlury 


EUROPE. 


I 


At  iMit,  in  13T3.  the  iiitprrrffniim  wu  ended 
by  the  iliTtidn  of  a  Ut-rman  nol)Ie  to  be  tUog 
of  Ofrniitny  This  »»»  Kndoinh,  Count  of 
Ilupiiliiirir.— I(inl  of  n  mnHll  domain  and  of  little 
important-r  fntni  IdHowii  ixwfu'HHionn.  which  I'X- 
plninn,  without  doubt.  IiIh  mlcction.  But  I(o- 
dolpli  iimvi'd  lo  !p«'  «  viiromuD  kinjt.  and  he 
foundt'd u fiiiiiilr of  xucli  lasting utainina and auih 
M'lf  M't'kini;  ciipaliilily  that  it  aeruifd  In  time 
IHTUiunrnt  (HtHwsHjon  of  th**  <}i*nnan  crown,  and 
acipiircd.  outside  of  (Jcrniaiiy,  a  K"-at  dominion 
of  it»  own.  lie  iH'ijun  tlie  aifi^randizement  of 
his  ilousi'  by  lukini{  the  fine  duchv  of  Austria 
from  the  kingdom  of  liuhenda  and  U'stowinK  it 
U|Mm  his  sons,  lie  wius  energetic  In  improving 
opportiinilirs  like  lliis.  ami  eniTitetic.  t<K>,  in  de- 
stroying llie  casilis  of  roblsT  knights  and  liang- 
ing  till'  rolilMTs  on  their  own  huttlements;  but 
of  suli->taiilial  aulliority  or  |)ower  he  hiul  little 
enough,  lie  never  went  to  Home  for  the  imperial 
cniwii;  nortniuliled  himself  much  with  Italian 
attairs. 

On  Uololphs  ileath  (1291),  his  ma  Albert  of 
AiiNlria  was  a  eandidat"  f'T  the  crown.  The 
Kiel  tors  rijictiil  him  ai  I  eliiled  another  piKir 
nolile.  Adolphus  of  N'as.-<au;  but  Adolphus  dis- 
pleaseil  them  after  a  few  years,  and  they  decH'ed 
his  deposition,  electing  Alls-rt  in  his  place.  War 
followed  anil  Adolplius  was  killed.  AIImtIs 
reign  was  one  of  vigor,  but  he  accomplished 
little  of  p<nnanent  effect,  lie  plantetl  one  of 
his  sons  on  the  throne  of  Kohemia,  where  the 
reigning  family  had  iM-conie  extinct;  but  the 
uiw  kinu'  (lied  ill  a  few  months,  much  hate<l.  and 
the  HoIk  niians  resisted  an  Austrian  successor. 
In  l^M'*.  .VIlM-rt  was  assas.sinated,  aixl  the  electors 
raisid  Count  Henry  of  l.uxemlmrgtiiihe  throne. 
as  Henry  VII.  Ilinrv  VII.  was  the  flrst  king  of 
Uerniany  since  the  llohensta\ifens  who  went  to 
lliily  (i:llii)  for  the  crown  of  Lombanly  and  the 
crown  of  Dtv  (  lesjirs,  iMitb  of  which  he  receiveii. 
The  tihitirllinc'  parly  was  still  strong  aniimg  the 
Italians  In  the  distracted  state  of  that  country 
there  were  many  patriots  —  tlie  pis't  Dante  pnmii 
nent  .iiiionif  them  —  who  hoped  great  things 
from  the  reappearance  of  an  emperor;  but  the 
entliusia>lic  wihome  he  re<eived  was  mainly 
from  tliose  furious  partisans  who  looki'd  for  a 
party  triumpli  to  1h'  won  under  the  new  emper- 
or's had.  When  they  found  that  he  would  not 
let  himself  Im'  made  an  instrument  of  faction  in 
the  unhappy  country,  tl;ey  tumeil  against  him. 
Ili^  unileiiakingH  in  "Italy  jToniised  nothing  bi.t 
failure,  when  he  died  siiclui  nly  (i;iiai,  from 
poison,  as  the  (ierinans  believed,  ijis  successor 
in  (ierinanv.  chosen  by  tlie  majoritv  of  the  dec 
tors,  was  l,iwis  of  Uavaria;  but  Widerick  thi' 
Fair  of  .Vu^iria.  supported  by  a  minority,  ili< 
putt-d  tlie  eleitiori.  and  there  was  civil  war  for 
twelve  years,  until  Frederick,  a  prisiiiier,  so  won 
the  iie.iri  "i  Lewis  that  the  latter  divided  the 
throne  with  him  and  the  two  reigned  togethi  r. 

France  under  the  Capetians. 

While  tieriMJttiy  and  the  tietitious  Kmpire 
linkid  with  ii  wire  thus  dropping  from  the  fore- 
most plan'  iti  western  Kuro|K'  into  the  back- 
(.Touiiil.  sevenil  kiriirdonis  wen-  slowly  imerging 
c.iii  nf  the  anarchy  of  feudalistn.  an<!  acquirini.- 
llie  organi/jiliori  of  authority  and  law  whieli 
creates  sUble  anil  substautial  [lowir      France  for 


two  eenturiea,  under  the  lint  three  ('a|ieii,ii, 
kings,  hail  ma<le  little  progrewi  to  that  eml  At 
the  acoeasion  (1108)  of  the  fourth  of  Ihosi  l<in^, 
namely,  lA)ui»  VI..  it  is  estimaUsl  that  the  ^k  imj 
posM-saiona  of  the  l'n)wn,  over  which  It  exen  iwl 
Mivereignty  direct,  ei)iialltsl  no  more  than  hIkhu 
live  of  the  mislern  detmrtnients  of  Kniiiee .  wiiji,. 
twenty  nine  were  In  the  great  flefs  of  Fhiii.|,rv 
Rurgundy,  Champagne,  Normatuly.  Itriitam 
Anjotj,  Vi-nnandois.  and  Boulogne,  where  tl'tp 
royal  authority  was  but  nimiinal;  tliirn  ilmi. 
south  of  the  I/lire,  were  hardly  conneeii'il  wjuj 
the  Crown,  and  twenty-one  were  then  de|»  ndiiit 
on  the  Kmpire.  The  iictual  "  France,"  a^a  kini 
dom,  at  thiit  time,  was  viTy  stnall.  "Thi'  ri.,,] 
(hiinain  of  Louis  VI.  was  alimmt  eontlned  in  Hje 
live  towns  of  Paris,  Orleans,  KstamiH^.  .Mrhm 
anil  Complegne,  and  In  estates  In  their  tieit'liUnir 
IkhhI."  Hut  the  stn-ngthening  of  the  (  r.,«n 
was  slightly  liegun  in  the  reign  of  tliis  ki.u;.  by 
his  «is<-  policy  of  eneourHging  tlie  eiifr:iiirlii«e 
ment  of  the  commiim's,  as  noted  before,  whicli 
intrmliKi'd  a  helpful  alliance  Is'tweeii  the  nii>D 
archy  ntid  the  burgher-class,  or  third  isiiie  us  jt 
<  ame  lo  l>e  called,  of  the  cities,  against  the  f. mlal 
aristiK'racy. 

Hut  progress  in  that  direction  was  sliirlii  at 
flrst  ami  sh)wiy  mmle.  Louis  VII.,  wh.'num  tn 
the  throne  in  11117,  acipiired  monieiitarilv  tin- 
gmit  <luchy  of  Aiiuitaine.  or  Ouienne.  In-  hi, 
niarriiige  with  Ehainor,  who  Inheriliil  it ;  l.iit  be 
divorced  her,  and  she  married  Henry  I'laiiiiu-irot 
who  l)ecnme  llenrv  II.,  King  of  Kiii;laiHl  l..inf 
at  the  same  time  f>uke  of  Normandy  In  iihrri 
tame  fnmi  his  mother,  and  succeeding  hi-  I.iImt 
in  Vnj.iu,  .Maine  and  Touraine.  Kleaii  r  luin; 
carried  to  him  tlie  great  Aiiuilaiiiati  il  i:i;i!ii  .f 
la  .■  family,  he  was  soven-ign  of  a  lar_'-  r  |.  ir:  , ' 
iniHlern  t'rance  than  owned  aihgiaiiee  i  .  !||. 
French  king. 

French  recovery  of  Normandy  and  Anjou. 

Hut  the  next  king  in  Fninee,  l'liil]|',  iilli.! 
Augustus  (UNO),  who  was  the  son  of  l.iii-Vll 
wrought  a  change  of  these  circunisl  im  "-  ll.' 
wiLS  a  prince  of  nunarkable  vigor,  iiiil  lie  nllii-.i 
with  rare  aliilily  all  the  foreis  that  ihe  i  r,wn 
couhl  command.  He  wn'sted  Veniiaiii!  i-  friii 
the  Count  of  Flanders,  and  cxtorteil  -^  iiiMi->;  i 
fnun  the  relsllious  Duke  of  liiirL'ui  ;v  .■*!- 
pi'iiding  his  projects  at  home  for  .i  im;.'  in  t.. 
irusading  to  the  Holy  Ijind  in  cuiiipiiv  »i!li 
King  Hicliardof  Kngland,  he  resuniett  ih'  lu  wiih 
fresh  energy  after  Kiclianl  s  deaili  i  i  •  l..i!.r 
was  succeeded  by  his  mean  bmiher  .I'l  ii.  wti.' 
wems  to  have  ts-en  hati-il  with  unaniini' >  .I'lliii 
was  accused  nf  the  iiiunler  of  lii»  VMinij  ■  ■  I'lii  » 
-Vrthiirof  Itrittany.  who  disputed  tlie  iiJ);  r:i;in(f 
from  Itiehard.  .\s  Duke  of  .Ncrin  Ui^iv  aiu! 
.\iijou.  .bihii,  though  King  of  Kiijl.ii:il,  w-is 
nevertheless  a  vassjil  of  the  King  it  Kmnce- 
IMiilip  summoned  him.  on  charire-.  Im  u  iri-il 
iiy  his  peers,  .lohii  faileil  to  iins\\«r  Mh*  -uni 
moiis,  and  tlie  forfeiture  of  histiels  w;i-  jt'  nip:lT 


deelan-d.  Tlie  Kreneli  king  stotnl  w  i' 
to  make  the  contiseatioii  etfeetive,  w  '-'' 
S4-rious  trouble  with  his  Knijlish  su!.i< 
offer  little  n'sistanee.  Thus  llie  N..rr: 
of  the  Knglish  kings  —  their  cirijinai  il 
was  lost  iK'yond  recovery,  and  with  i'  ,> 
Maine.  They  held  tfuieiiiie and  I'l'i' 
}■  ,s;  but  the  baSi'S  of  the  Frele  h  ' 
were    broadened  immensely  fn>iu  tli* 


i.l 


inliy 


KI.JG 


EUROPX. 


SainI  Umit, 


EUROPE. 


the  giMt  Nomiao  aod  Angevin  fled  became 
rojtl  donutn. 

Th«  Albif  eiiMi. 

ErenU  In  the  loutb  of  Franre,  during  Philip's 
wijfn,  prepared  the  wny  fiira  flmll<■raKKral1diM'' 
nH'Dt  of  tlH-  Crown.  AnrlcDt  Ijitlii  civilization 
hwl  lingered  iongrr  tlirrr,  In  apirlt,  at  leant,  than 
in  tlic  (vntral  and  nortlu'm  dUtrlcU  of  tlm  king- 
dom, and  the  Htiite  of  unolety  intellectually  waa 
both  livf licr  and  more  reflneil.  It  was  the  rcilon 
o(  Eiinipe  where  thuught  tint  showed  slRnsof  in- 
dependence, and  where  the  spiritual  des|H>ti9ra  of 
Rome  wa.1  di»putad  first.  A  sect  aroee  in  I.«n- 
pinloc  which  took  its  name  from  the  district  of 
Allii.  and  which  offenditl  the  C'luirch  pt'rhaps 
mcin-  liy  ilic  freedom  of  opinion  that  it  claimed 
lli»n  tiy  the  heresy  of  the  opinions  tliemsclvcs. 
Tliear  AlliiKeols.  or  AlWgenites,  hail  Ufa  at  Isaiie 
with  the  clergy  of  their  country  and  with  the 
I^pscy  for  some  year*  U'fore  Innocent  III  ,  the 
pontilical  autocrat  of  his  age,  priHlaimed  a  cru- 
sade against  them  (120H).  and  launched  his  sen 
trace  of  excommunication  against  Kaymonil 
C'oiint  of  Ti>uIouse,  who  gave  tiicfn  cftuntcntmt  «■ 
if  nut  sympathy.  The  fanatical  Simon  de  .Mont 
fort,  father  of  the  great  nolile  of  like  name  who 
fii;iin's  more  granilly  In  Knglish  liislory,  ti»>k  the 
lead  of  the  ('riisa<le,  to  wliicli  liigotH  and  linital 
»dvcntiir<'r»  flocked  togiilicr.  Langueiloc  was 
vasted  with  Arc  and  8»r>n|,  and  after  twenty 
year*  of  iTitermitt<>nt  war.  in  which  l'et«'r  of  Ara- 
'gi>n  liKik  part,  a.iaisting  the  Alliigeois,  the  Count 
ofTnulouw'  purehaseil  |HMice  for  his  ruine<i  land 
bv  ceding  part  of  it  to  the  king  of  France,  and 
givini,'  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  the  king's 
brollier  Alphonso.  —  by  which  marriage  the  re- 
mainder of  tlie  country  was  transferred,  a  few 
years  later,  'o  the  Fretieh  cn>wn. 

The  Battle  of  Bouvinei. 

Philip  Augustus,  in  whose  reign  this  Imital 
rnishiiii;  "f  I'rovcnval  France  la'gaii,  took  little 
part  in  it.  Imt  he  saw  with  no  unwillingness 
»niitli>r  too  iiowerful  vassal  brought  low.  The 
next  lilnw  •,<  like  kind  he  struck  witli  his  own 
luiid  .lulin  of  Kngluud  had  quarreled  with  the 
miv'hiy  l'i>|ie  Innisent  III.:  his  kingdom  had 
bit-a  |)i:«ed  under  inu-rdict  and  his  subjects  al>- 
ii<)U(d  friim  their  allegianw.  Philip  of  France 
eagerly  iitTered  to  be<<)ine  the  I'xeculor  of  the 
papal  deiTM',  ami  gathenil  an  anny  for  the  in 
viLfinn  .if  Kngiand,  to  oust  .lohn  from  his  throni'. 
Bill  .luliii  liiistened  now  to  make  peatv  witli  the 
C'liiircli,  siihmitting  himself,  surrendering  his 
kin:;ii  .111  III  tlie  ro|)e.  and  receiving  it  hack  as  a 
pupil  tiif  Tills aivomplished.  the  all-powerful 
|xmiul  persuadiil  the  Fn-iich  king  to  turu  his 
army  iiL'.iiint  tile  Count  of  Flanders,  who  bud 
wv.T  ii.i  II  reiluciil  to  a  pro(>er  degree  of  suli- 
iui«i..ii  1.1  liis  feudal   soven'ign.      He   si'ems  to 

'"»;•  I"'' e  tlie  recognized  head  of  a  Usiy  of 

li.lil.s  All,,  ,hiiwed  alarm  and  resentmi-nt  at  the 
L'n.Aii.;  |„iwir  of  the  Crown,  and  the  war  which 
>ii-ii.i!  .v.iM.^iiiie  e.Mmoriliiiary  in  its  political  im- 
•  "'  h  .  King  .loiin  of  Englanil  came  (aTsim- 
;li.  iwiistaniT  of  tlie  Flemisli  Count,  \h' 
!  ihi  hiUnd  he  felt  towanls  Philip  of 
I  Mho,  Kinpenir  of  (}<'rmaiiy,  who  had 
.  \  iHininiicaleil  and  ileposed  hv  the  Poi>e. 
>!i..  wisstriii.'gling  for  I'is  crow'n  with  the 
.'  H  .III  iisuiiilen,  Fnnhrick  II..  lo<ik  jwrt 
.  Im  ill-,  liecauae  John  was  his  uncle,  and  be- 


alK 


Kmi 
ll.rr 


In 


cause  the  Pope  wu  for  Philip,  and  becauie  Oar- 
many  dreaded  the  rising  [Miwer  of  Prance.  Ho 
the  war.  which  aci>med  at  first  to  be  a  trilling  af- 
fair in  a  comer,  la'came  in  fart  a  grand  clearing 
Rtnrm.  fr>r  the  settlement  of  many  largo  issues, 
Important  to  all  Kiirom'  The  settlement  was 
accoinplisheil  by  a  single  decisive  Inittle,  fought 
at  Bouvlncs  (t'.it4),  not  far  fromToumay.  Ites- 
tabllshe<l  elTeetivejy  in  France  the  feudal  supe- 
riority and  actual  sovereignty  of  the  king.  It 
evoktnl  a  national  spirit  among  the  French  |>eople. 
Iiaving  lM.<'n  their  first  national  victory,  won 
under  the  lianiH'rs  of  a  definite  kingdoin,  over 
foreign  fiN-s.  It  was  a  triumph  for  the  Papacy 
and  the  Church  and  a  crushing  blow  to  those  who 
dare<l  resist  the  mandates  of  Kome.  It  sent  King 
.lohn  Imek  to  Kngiand  so  hiiiiibleilanii  weakened 
that  he  had  little  stimiaeh  for  the  (-ontest  which 
awaite<l  him  there,  anil  the  grand  event  of  the 
signing  of  Magna  Charta  next  year  was  more 
easily  brought  alsiul.  It  sctth'd  the  fate  of  Otho 
of  tcerinany,  and  cleared  the  bright  ojvening  of 
the  sl.rniy  career  of  Frinierick  II  his  succesaor 
Tiiii'-tlii'  liHtth'of  liouvines.  which  is  not  a  famous 
field  ill  coiiimon  knowledge,  must  really  Im-  num- 
Is'red  among  the  gn-ut  and  important  battles  of 
the  world. 

When  Philip  Augustus  di-d  in    ViiS.   the  n- 
galily  Hliieh  be  b<>i{ue»theil   to   his  sun,   Ixiuis 
VlII  ,  was  s<iinethlng   vastly  greutir  than  that 
which  came  to  him  fnmi  his  pri'deces-sors      He 
had  enlmnce<l  both  the  dignity  and  tiie  (xiwer. 
iKJth  the  authority  and  the  prestige,  of  the  Cniwn, 
and   made   a  suiistantial    kingdom    of    Fronce 
Louis  VIII.  enlarged  his  doniinions  by  tlie  con 
(jtiest  of   Uiwer  I'oitou  and    the  t.tking  of  Ko 
chi'Ue  from  the  Knglish:  but  he  sowed  the  seeds 
of  futun-  weakness  in  the  iiiiumnhv  bv  creating 
gn-at  duchies  for  liis  children,  » hii  h  la-iamc  as 
tn>ubles<iine   to   later   kings  us   Normandy  aid 
Anjuu  had  been  to  those  liefore  iiim 

Saint  Louii. 

I>iuis  IX  — Saint  l.oiiis  in  the  calendar  of  the 
Catliolic  Church  —  who  cauic  to  the  throne  in 
1226.  while  a  child  of  eleven  years,  was  a  king 
of  s<»  noble  a  type  llmt  he  stands  nearly  alone  in 
history  Marcus  ■Viirelius.  tin'  Kni|H'ror.  and 
King  .Vlfri'd  of  Kngiand,  are  the  onlv  siivcreigns 
who  M'em  worthy  to  1h*  i-oni|iiinif  with  him, 
and  even  the  purity  of  ttmsi'  rare  souls  is  nut 
ipiite  s<i  simple  and  so  sellless,  perhaps,  as  thiil 
which  shines  in  the  iM'autifiil  charKter  of  this 
niost  Christian  king  His  gisHlness  was  of  that 
({uulity  whicii  riws  to  great ne>w  —  atnive  ail  other 
measures  of  greatness  in  the  disilni  lion  of  men. 
Itwasof  tliat  i|Ualitv  which  even  a  wicked  worhl 
is  comiK'tled  to  feef  and  to  la-nd  to  u-s  a  |Miw(.r. 
much  exceeding  the  power  of  slate  cr.ift  or  of 
theswonl  Of  all  the  kingsof  his  line,  this  Saint 
I^ouis  was  prolialdy  the  one  who  had  least 
thought  of  a  rmal  iiiliresi  in  Fnime  ilistinci 
from  tile  iiitensi  of  tlie  piople  of  Franci  :  and 
the  one  who  eiiiisciiiusiy  did  least  to  aggrandize 
the  monurch>  and  enlarge  its  powers,  but  no 
king  liefore  liiiii  or  after  liiin  was  so  niinti  tlie 
true  architect  of  tlie  founilatioiis  of  tin-  alisoluli- 
Fn-nch  monarciiy  of  Liter  times.  His  <  onstani 
purpos*'  was  t(»  tive  peaci-  to  his  kingdom  anil 
ju.stice  to  his  [M'ople;  to  end  violence  and  wrong- 
doing. In  pursuing  this  purpos«'.  lie  gave  a  new 
character  ami  a  new  iuttuenee  to  tlie  royal  court*. 
—  established  them  in  public  coufideuix'. — accus- 


1057 


Kl'ROPK 


Philip  Ikf  Abir. 


ErnoPE 


Inmiil  Ilia  »utiJiTt«  tci  Hppciil  In  thrm ;    lie  ilr     ( 
iiiiiiiiiol  llic  liriitiil  «iiwli'ii.HricH(i  i>f  Irinln  liy  iiim     i 
lull.   hihI  iimiiiiiiiKlcil   their  iilH>liti(in :    lie   gnvv    i 
eiiiiiiir:i|.'iiiuiit  111  Hie  "itiiily  iiiiil  the  iiitriMliietliiii    | 
iif  ({'■mail  l.iH  .  !inil  «ii  lielixd  to  dispel  the  ermle   | 
luilitlial  :i>  will   -.It  li'irnl  IiIchh  tlnit   feniliiliain 
reileil  III!      IIi'<  iiiia«iirii  In  llii'<e  ilireeliniiH  all 
ti mleil  III  tile  lIMilerillillillir  "f  Hie  reilillll   HVHteiii 
ami  til  till'  linakiiiL'  ilii«  n  nf  tlir  liii|i|Mndenee  i.f 
the  ureal  va-wili  win.  iliviiliil  Mninii:tily  wiHi 
Hie  kiiiL'      At  Hie  Miiiie  lime  tlir  ii|iili;lil  mmiI  ii(    ' 
KliiK  I^iiiiH.  ilrviileillv  (liiius  will  iif  Hie  Cliiireh 
nH  he  wan,  yii  Icleil  UU  i  ihi'm  ii me  to  it.  mill  tlie 
Just  iiriliiiiiinis  iif  Ills  kiniriliini.  im  inure  lliaii  lie 
yielileil  III  Hie  liaiiL'lily  tiiiliiili  nil-  of  Hh'  u-reat 
viissjil'.  of  the  1  riiwn 

The  final  Tiiisfm tunes  nf  Hir  iei)fti  iif  SiiinI 
l.iiiii'*  were  the  t  wiieiilaniitiius  Criisiiiles  in  which 
he  ihiraL'nl  il'.'IH  \i'i4  anil  I-'TOI.  anil  In  tlie  liisl 
<if  whiih  hi.  ilieil  Till  V  were  fiilih'  in  every 
«ay-  as  iinwixly  i  .mhIiii  leil  as  they  were  iiii 
wisily  lone.  iviil;  liiit  Hiey  emint  aiiioii);  tlie  few 
irnirs.ifaniil.le  t-nal  life'  Iti'iianl-il  iiltnirether. 
in  the  lii;hi  «  liiili  after  liisturv  tlinms  liaek  iipiin 
it  Hie  niiin  nf  I.umIs  IX  Is  inure  Inflily  dlslin 
Kni-liiil  than  any  other  in  the  annals  uf  Kranee 

Philip  the  Fftir  ftnd  Pope  Boniface. 

Till  ri    i»  liitle  to  ilisiiniruish  the  rei)fn  of  SI 
l.iiiiis  snii,  l'hili|i  III  .  ■■  le  llarili."  "  the  Ittisli  "    : 
ir.'Tii-l-.N.-ii,  ih.iiiL'li  Hie  reni.iins  of  ih,.  jrreat  tief    ! 
of  TniiliiiiM' Hen' aihleil  in  his  time  to  the  nival 
lioiimin     Imt  iiinler  the  Kmnilson  of  St.   I.iniis. 
the  fnuiiii  I'hilip.  siirnumeil  '   le  Uil."  thiTe  was 
a  siasiin  ,.f  storms  in  Kraner      This  I'liilip  was 
iMe|iiesti,,n;il.ly  a  man  of  elear,  enlil  Intellect,  ami 
of  |in«crfiil  iinlienilini:  u  ill      There  was  noHiim; 
of   He-  s.ililiir  in  him.  mm  li  of  the  lawvirlike 
miii'l    :iiiil   .li«|iosii|.iM       fhc   men  of  tlii-  (town 
well    hisiomiscllors.  Ill  ailvaiK  I'll  their  inlliience, 
anil    |ironii.lii|  the  aii  i  ptaiiee  in  France  of  the   * 
lirini  i|ilesiif  tin-  Itoman  or  civil  law.  which  wiTe 
aiil.iironistic   i,i    fimlal   i.lcas       In    his  attitmle   , 

to«anlstliel'a|iaiy  — whii  hhaililecll I  un^allv    | 

In  eharaiier  anil  jiowi  r  within  the  eeiitnrv  past  ' 
-he  was  extnionlinarily  liolil.  Mis  famous 
i|viari.  I  with  l'o|ie  Honiface  V||I  n'snlteil  in 
liiiiiiiiiaii'.ns  t.i  the  hcail  if  the  Clmnh  fmni  \ 
"liiili  ill  Minii'  n's|H'its.  thin'  was  no  ris'overv.  i 
rill-  i|ii:irnl  anise  on  ipn  sHons  conni'Cteil  ehieriv  i 
with  Hietaxi."i;of  thcelerL'V.  The  I'i>[ielaunehe;i  i 
..lie  aiiL'ry  linll  after  annlher  against  the  ainla  i 
lions  kini:.  ;in.|  the  latter  ntorteil  with  Onii-  I 
Tiani  I  ~  whiih  wiTe  ilmITci  live  as  the  Hulls.  K.\-  i 
I  ..miniinieatiiiii  was  ileticl :  the  Inijiiisition  wa.s  ! 
sii|i|.n  vsiil  in  Kninci  ;  appeal  taken  to  a  (lenerni  i 
(•"iHiiil  ..f  the  Cliiin.h.  At  lust  Uonifai-e  siif-  ! 
liTiil  iiirxiiial  viohnce  at  the  hanilsof  »  party  of  i 
Jiinil  iMiliaiis.  in  Kn-iich  pay.  who  attackwl  lilni   '• 

1'  'li miry  psiilcnce.  ami  receiveil  such  In     I 

.IlL'iiiiiis  thii  he  ixpih.l  soi.ti  afti  ri.f  shame  ami    i 
raL'i        rill    p., pi    inim.  liiilely  succeislinc  ilieil  a   '. 
lew  nMiiili>  lai.-r,  ami  liark  s'uspicions  as  to  the   i 
(au~i.  ..I  hi-  ill. .nil  Wen-  entertained;  for  lie  jrave   I 
Iiliri-  i|;iii.'o  1,,  ,,nc,  ('lenient   V..  who  was  the   j 
|M.,1  ,.f  the  Kniiih  kim;,  Imiinil  to  him  bv  pledges  | 
.iiiil  L'o.iiaiit.e-  liif'.n'  his  i  leeti.in.     This  Pope 
I  lenii  III  nin.n.il  the  papal  nsiilenee  fnmi  Ifcimi'    ] 
I..  AviKinai,  ami   for  a  lonjr  |ieriiNl  — the  perioil 
know  lias     the  Ha  I  iyloni,h  Captivity  "—the  Holy   j 
Sic  was  siilisiTvieiri  to  the  monuroliv  of  Kranei-. 
Ill  this  ii.iiii  vi  with  the  I'apacv.  I'hilip  thn-w 
li' It  '  I'  111'  -iippori  of  the  whole  UkIv  of  U\» 


pt'oph'.  coDTokli  „  ilJlin.')  the  flml  tnwtim.'  .,f  u,, 
rhnv  Kslaten  — the  Hrsl  of  the  few  general  p„ 
lianienls   -  ever  iipwemhlwl  in  France 


A 


Dcitruction  of  the  Templari. 


ilw 


till  TI' 


more  siuisltr  event  in  iJie  n'tifn  it  l'l,,ii|. 
IV  Willi  hin  proM'i  iitioii  and  ilesirui  imn  .|  i,,' 
fanioiia  Onler  of  the  Knight*  Teoiphut 
dark,  itminnlh  ntory  liaa  iH'eu  told  iinun 
anil  its  inciilents  are  familiar  I'lrlnii'.. 
will  never  Ik.  uKreeiiieiil  as  to  the  lull.,.,, 
iriiHi  that  nii»flit  exist  In  the  i  liari-i  -  lin.u  ii- 
at'alnHt  the  Order,  hut  few  i|iiesl|i.ii  i|„  f",, , 
that  ita  lihickesl  ((iiilt  in  the  ey en  of  tli.  Kr.  mi  li 
Kln){  Wtt8  Its  wealth,  which  he  c.iviinl  ij,,,! 
which  lie  Has  n's<ilveil  to  find  reasons  f.r  i.ikini; 
to  hinimlf  The  knights  wen'  arcusi.l  ,,f  jnj 
ilitlty.  hliispheniy,  and  aliotninalile  vin,  riin 
wen'  triisl.  tortured  letiipted  to  mnli -,,.,„, 
liurned  at  the  stake,  and  their  hinds  ai.l  l'..i«1. 
wi'n'illvideil  iN'twecn  the  Cniwn  and  tin  Ku,  .)ii, 
of  St   .lohn 

Flemiih  Wealth  and  Independence 

I'he  wilful  kiiiK'  liail  Utile  men  v  in  l,;,,..|.i 
heart  and  few  scruples  in  his  calciilanii-  \.tm 
Mis  character  was  not  admlmlilc;  Imi  v.j  ,  i;.|, 
which  he  eoinpasmil  wen-  moHllv  K"  .|  f  r  iln 
streimth  and  independenei.  of  tiie  moicin  In  uf 
Fnince.  and.  on  the  whole,  for  Hie  ivilfuri'.  ,<< 
the  people  suliject  to  it.  Even  the  i|i-a,|,rs  (,! 
his  rei;:n  had  someliines  their  (food  ■  iTn  I  a- 
in  tile  ease  of  his  fallun'  to  sulijuL'ate  il 
ciiunty  of  Fhimlers  Originallv  a  li.  f 
Kiniis  of  Fnince.  it  had  Im-cii"  j;n.«iii 
fnim  the  Frenih  inmianliy.  Hiniiii.'li  ■! 
IK  iident  inlenstsand  fi'elini;s  that  msi  jn 
the  incn'ase  of  wc'dth  ainom;  its  sin-ni 
diistrious  and  thrifty  people  The  l.i.u 
tries,  or  Netherlands"  on  IhiHi  sides  of  ih, 
had  liei'ti  the  llrst  in  western  Kurope  lii.|in'l,i|i 
imluslrial  arts  and  the  trade  that  1:1  hs  «i!ii  ilnin 
in  n  HioniUKhly  iiitelliKitit  and  svsii  m  iii,  «:iv 
The  Flemings  were  leaders  in  tliis  iinln-iriil  .1, 
vehiptneiit.  Their  TOiintry  was  full  ..r  l.ii-v 
I  itics,— communes,  with  larjre  lilMrii.  -  111  [..  h 
session.  — where  pnwpenius  artisan-,  pur-uiiii; 
many  crafts,  were  organized  in  (riiiU  ami  fi'ii 
Btnintr  for  the  defense  of  their  ihartir..!  rii;lii« 
<}|ient  I'xeceded  Paris  in  nclies  and  |  .1  il.irii.ii 
at  the  end  of  the  thirtei.nth  eentiirv  ilnici-* 
V. as  nearly  its  eijual;  and  then'  were  many  .if 
less  note.  The  country  was  aln'ailv  a  |.ri/.  !.i 
Ik'  coveted  liy  kings:  and  the  king- of  Kraiiri'. 
who  claimini  the  rights  of  feudal  -iipirmniv 
over  its  count,  huil  long  Is^eii  seekini.'  I.,  ir.ak'i- 
their  sovereignty  dinrt,  while  the  spini  ..f  ilir 
Flemings  carried  them  inon.  and  111. .r.  timanl 
inilepi.ndenee. 

In  1294.  Philip  IV.  lK.eanie  involvi.l  111  war 
with  l-Mwanl  I  of  England  over  (luiiime 
Flanders,  which  traded  l.irgely  wiili  Ijulainl 
and  was  in  closi.  friendship  with  tie  i.ML'li*li 
king  and  peoide.  took  sides  with  the   IiU'T  aii.l 


1  ■  I'r.'ni 
"f  ihi 
.'  i]'.ir' 
I'  iii.l, 
I  ii  .vitli 

iriv  il; 


lllii 


wiLH  basely  aliandoned  when  I'hilip 
maih-   i)eaci.,  in    VM'2.     Tlic    Fnm  h    k: 
seized  his  opimrtunitv  to  siilijiigali   lii 
iiigs,    whioh   he  practically  aicoiiipli-ii 
time,  mastering  all  of  their  cities  exn  : 
His  need  and  his  greed  made  the  liunl.  ;. 
which  he  now  laid  on  these  new    siil'j 
heavy  and  thev  were  soon  in  n.v.il' 
dent,  and  the  folly  of  the  French,  the. 


ar.| 


Kl.iii 

1   I'.r  a 

1  limit 

;  ia.v.,'» 

N  Very 

!y  ai'ci 

uiiii  3 

loss 


ELIIOPE 


Kngtanil  uivier  the 


Et'KOPE. 


(mrfully  dcflsil'e  Tlitnrv  «'  f Viiirtmy.  whrn-  w.inc 
ihniimniU t>f  the  mililrrt  anil  kniiihiK  !•!  Kruiici- 
ihiiriri'l  IpIIikIIv  Inloii  nimil,  und  wiT»'  dniwiifil. 
jiiffi"  iit«l  »ncl"  "IiiiikIiIitmI  in  li«>iip».  The  car 
FiHsv  w»s  wi  «"•»!  Ihm  It  hrokf  llip  utrenytli  nf  the 
fiuilal  (hivalrv  "if  Framf.  ami  llir  Krii.  Ii irnBH. 
*liili  it  liml  F'liiiiilfra,  yet  g»iD(il  \,i)viir  friin> the 

In  Mil.  I'liilll'  IV    .Ii'  '  ,  llin-'  »on«. 

wtiniHcupiiil  Ihp  thrill'  trrm-^  In  »ii<: 

,,».i.iii    I inX.miiT  (.|liinril<T>  who 

-iirMviiJ  hi<  futlHTlltl  inaytar.  F'hilip 

V  i-illil  III''  Umif  "i  '  I'W).  iiiid  Charlci 
IV.kn..»iui«'  'hi-Kiilr'  (UfJ'.'-liWH).  With  tlm 
,|f«lli  of  Charlfs  ilir  Kiir.  the  ilinrt  line  of  tlip 
( apt'tian  KiiiK*iamet  .animi.  iinil  rhill|i.  Cimnl 
,.f  Viil"i«,  tlr^i  rousluol  thr  latr  kiii>r'<.  ami  Krniiil- 
uin  .it  I'lillip  III.,  camp  ti>  the  lliriim-.  aa  I'liillp 

VI  Jiilr.Hliirinf!  the  Valnin  line  of  kings 

Claims  of  Edward  III.  of  England. 

Till'  V"  iiilliil  Siilic  law.  cxcIuiIIm)?  fcnmlc*.  In 
Kriiiii-,  fnmiihc  throne,  hiul  now.  inthearmiiKe 
Mint  nf  ilii  sc  recent  succewlona.  In'tn  afflnmil  anil 
.iifiinni  It  was  promptly  liiKpiileil  liy  Kinjf 
Kdwarii  III  of  Kntflanii.  whiielnlnieil  the  Prench 
irimn  liT  rmhi  of  fiin  molliir.  liaiielitirof  Philip 
IV  anilsinter  nf  the  l»»l  three  kliii{8.  ilia  al 
iini|it  tiMiifiiriT  thin  claim  wan  llie  U'^inninf;  of 
tlir  wiikiii  ilisohiiinK  "  lliiinlnil  Vears  War" 
l«l»ien  Kiiiflanil  anil  France,  which  well  nii:h 
miniil  ihe  latter,  while  it  enntriliuteil  in  the 
li.mur  111  the  aiivanceinent  of  the  coinnioiia  in 
(iolitii:il  power. 

England  alier  the  Norman  Conqueit. 

Til'  IJiv'laniliif  thereifjn  of  KilwanI  III.,  when 
!iii  llijiiilnil  Years  Wur  iH'iran.  was  a  country 
(iiili' ililTi  nnt  in  conilillun  from  that  which  our 
iiarralin-  lift,  al  the  time  it  hitil  yielileil  (atHiiit 
lnTli  III  Willi.ini  the  Norman  coiM|iien>r  The 
Kni!li!<li  iHiipli-  were  liroujiht  low  liy  that  Hiihjii- 
ifition.  ami  the  yoke  which  the  N'ormans  laiil 
upon  til.  Ml  was  heavy  inilei'il.  They  wen'HtripjMil 
of  tli.-ir  ian.ls  liy  coiitiscation:  they  were  dis- 
arniiil  ami  .lisoriianized:  every  attempt  at  n' 
III  lli.in  faili'ii  iiiiKerahly.  and  every  failure  linmcht 
will,  r  cntiM  ations.  The  old  nobility  miffend 
niii»t  ami  !!■.  ranks  wen-  thinnisl.  Enttland  be 
iiim'  N'.iriiiaii  in  its  nristiK'rncy  and  remained 
KDi:li.«h  in  its  louinuins  and  itji  villeinage. 

Hodi6ed  Feudaliam  in  England. 

Bifori'  the  Conipiest.  feuilalUm  had  crept  into 
iis  n..iitliiTii  parts  anil  was  working  a. slow  change 
iif  ii«  .il.l  fni-  Oermanic  institutions.  But  the 
N'iriuans  i|uickeneil  the  change  and  widened  it. 
.Vt  111.  wine  time  they  conlmlhsl  It  in  certain 
«a\f.  faiiirahly  IkiiIi  to  the  monsrcliy  and  the 
pe.ipl..  They  e.stal>lisl».(l  a  feudal  system,  but 
it  »a>  a  sy-iein  different  from  that  whieh  broke 
up  till' iir.iiv  of  iHith  kingdoms  of  the  Franks. 
Wiliiiiii  ^hnwd  statesman  that  he  was.  took 
lar.  tliat  no  ilangenius  great  llefs  sliouhi  be  cre- 
ate.!, an.l  he  took  care.  tiwi.  that  every  landlord 
in  Kn.'l  iihI  shoulil  swear  fealty  ilin-ct  to  the  king. 
—  lli.i^  ll.i.  ill'.;  the  ('Mwn  in  imm<Hiiate  relations 
»ii!i  .11  ii-  >iili|eils,  [H-rmitting  no  intermediarv 
Ir.l '.  t.ik.  ili.ir  tirst  allegianc;-  to  himself  and 
pa-'^  it  oil  at  M'cond  hand  to  a  mere  crownett  over- 

I'T.I 

^  Til.  .IT.it  of  this  diluted  nrganizatiim  of  feu- 
..alisu.  in  Euglanil  was  to  make  the  monarchy  »o 


•tmng,  from  the  lu-ginninir.  that  both  arlstorrary 
and  eommonn  were  naturally  nut  on  their  defence 
against  It.  ami  aci|uinHl  a  feeling  of  asMH-iation, 
a  s«.n»e  of  common  Intenst.  a  habit  of  nllinncr, 
whh  h  iM'caine  very  important  Inlliieneea  in  the 

{lolith  aI  history  of  the  nution  In  Fraiue,  n«  we 
iuveM.)'n.  there  hud  Uen  nothing  of  this.  There, 
al  the  beginning,  the  feudal  aristixracy  was 
dominant,  and  held  it»<'lf  so  haughtily  alsive  the 
commons,  or  Third  Estate,  that  no  iMilitiinl  en 
nfieration  iM'tween  the  two  ortlers  could  be 
thought  of  when  circumstances  calleil  for  It.  The 
kings  shiwiy  undermineil  the  aristiKratic  power, 
using  the  communes  in  llie  process;  and  when, 
at  last,  the  power  of  the  monarchy  hail  become 
thn'alening  to  both  order*  In  the  slate,  they  were 
s<'paraleit  by  tisi  gnat  an  alienathin  of  n^ellng 
and  habit  to  act  well  togelher. 

It  was  the  great  gixsl  fortune  of  England  that 
feudalism  was  curlsil  by  a  strong  monarchy.  It 
was  the  greater  g.sKl  fortune  of  the  English 
piHiple  that  their  priiniliv.'  (lermanic  inslitu- 
lions  — their  folk  misits.  himI  their  whole  simple 

fiopuhir  system  of  l.s.il  government  —  should 
lave  hiul  sii  long  and  stunly  a  growth  ln'fore  the 

feudal  s<  hen f  soiiely  b.gan  siriously  to  In 

triiile  upon  them  The  Noriiiun  coni|ueror  did 
no  violence  to  those  inslituti.iiiH  He  claimed  to 
Ih'  a  lawful  Rtigli.'ih  kinir.  ren,iecting  English 
laws  The  laws,  the  CUHtoms,  the  organization 
of  government,  were,  indeed,  greatly  niislified 
in  time,  but  the  miHlillcation  was  slow,  and  the 
liaw  of  the  wliole  political  structure  that  rose  in 
the  .Vnglo-Nonnan  kingdom  niuained  wholly 
Knglisli 

Norman  Influences  in  England. 

The  Normans  brought  with  Ihem  into  England 
a  more  active.  enter|irising.  enquiring  spirit  than 
had  aninmted  the  land  iM'fore.  They  brought  an 
iiicrea*' of  learning  and  of  the  appt'tjie  for  know  I 
edge.  They  brought  a  more  eilucated  taste  in 
art.  to  improve  Ihe  building  of  the  country  and 
its  worknmnship  in  general.  Th.y  brought  a 
wider  aciiuainlanee  with  the  affairs  of  Ihe  nut 
side  worlil.  and  drew  England  into  political  re- 
lations with  her  continental  neightiors,  which 
were  not  happy  for  her  in  the  end.  but  which 
may  have  contributed  for  a  time  to  her  develop- 
ment. They  bniught.  also,  a  more  powerful  or- 
ganization of  the  ('hurch.  whu  h  gave  England 
trouble  in  later  days. 

The  Conqueror's  Sons. 

When  the  Comiueror  died  (UWT),  his  eldest 
son  Kobert  succeeded  him  in  Normandy,  but  he 
wished  the  crown  of  England  to  go  to  his  son 
William,  callisl  Knfus.  or  '■  the  |{ed."  He  coidd 
not  settle  the  succession  by  his  will.  be<'aus(,'  in 
theory  the  succession  was  subject  to  the  choice 
or  assent  of  the  nobles  nf  the  realm.  But,  in 
fact,  William  llufus  iKcaine  king  through  mere 
tanliness  of  opposition ;  and  when,  a  few  months 
after  his  conmation.  a  formidable  reliellion  broke 
out  among  the  Normans  in  England,  who  pre- 
ferred his  wayward  brother  Rolwrt,  it  was  the  na- 
tive F^ngiish  who  sustainiMl  him  and  estJtIilished 
him  on  the  throne  The  same  thing  iM'cnrreii 
again  after  William  Uufus  died  (lUK)).  The  Nor- 
man English  triiHl  again  to  bring  in  Duke  i{ol)ert. 
while  till-  native  EarlMi  prrferred  the  younger 
brother.  Henry,  who  was  bom  among  them.  They 
won  the  day      Heoiy  I.,  called  Beauclerc,  tliie 


ior)'.t 


m 

Kl-ROPt 


0rhnlllr,wM•ntrMlnnlh<•th^Hlp.  Unlike  William 
Riifuii,  »lii>  liail  nil  (nillliiilr  fur  tlui  mippiirt  IIm 
EnKliah  gavK  blin,  %nA  riili'<l  tlirm  hanhly, 
lli-nry  kIiiiwi-iI  farnr  to  hla  KhkUhIi  •iilijrclii, 
uul.  dtirint(  lil»  nign  of  thirty  tiv«  jran,  Ihn 
two  rai'i's  wiTr  »<i  cffirtually  rcroiullril  anil 
drawn  tuiri'llirr  that  lilllv  (lUllnrtlou  Ix'twran 
thi'iii  «|i|H>Hr>i  thircartrr. 

Ill  nry  aii|iilnil  Nnrmamly.  «.  well  aa  Eiiir 
land.  llnlllIl^•  niriiln  tlii'  two  mivi t' ii;ntle«  of  hia 
fathir      III*    thririNiia    limtliiT.     Iditirrt,     hail 

Eli'ili-'iil  thi'  iliik.ilt.iti  iM  Willlani  Kiifua,  wlii> 
nt  'iui  niiinrv  for  a  iniMulinK  rtioililion  Hi- 
turn  If  piniiiliiii,  HoUTt  tricil  to  ri-rover  lii» 
hrrii  ii'i':  but  llinry  liaimed  il  anil  nuitl«  giMxl 
tbp  rl^siin 

Anarchy  ia  Stephtn't  Rticn. 

At  lli'nry'a  ili'alh.  Ilir  miinTiiKl  >n  Ml  Into  dia- 

Sutr.  Ilf  Imil  loot  Ilia  only  aon.  Ilia  ilniiKhtir, 
lalilila.  Itrat  nmrriiil  to  thi-  Kmprror  Hrnry  V  . 
hail  »ul>M'i|iii'nlly  wiiMiil  fount  tJrolTri'y  of 
Anjou.  hy  whom  alii'  Imii  a  son.  llenn  siroTi-. 
diirini;  liii  lifi'.  In  binil  hia  nolilfa  lir  ikiiIi  u>  ar- 
rrpt  M  iiil'la  ami  lirr  aon  »h  his  am  '  1'a.sora.  Uut 
on  Ilia  iliinh  (IIM)  thilr  promlwn  mitp  broken. 
Thiv  (ravr  \\\r  irown  to  Htrphrn  '  '  Hhiia.  whose 
moiliir  waa  llrnrya  vlaifr;  whir  ,|ion  Dure  pn- 
•upil  ilip  iniMl  ilri'Hilful  pcrlial  of  livil  «  ir  anil 
anarrliy  Ihiit  Knijliinil  I'vrr  knrw  Mt<  plipn.  at 
'lis  loronmion.  «Hon>  to  pninii^i'H  wliU  h  he  iliil 
■t  kii'p  I  -irii;  iiiiiiiy  of  IiIh  »iip|)orli  ra  for  tlml 
n  iiaon:  tin-  KinprcnH  .Mntililii  iiiiil  hir  yoini);  »oii 
lli'nry  liail  niiniinma  piirtiaaii-'.  niiil' mi  h  «ulc 
\\!i^  aM'  In  ilr-iroy  rITiTlmilly  Ihr  autliorily  of 
till*  old  '  Thi'  priri-  of  thr  KUpihirl  iriv  u  to 

IkiiU  w.,,  till'  aunic  — mImoIuIi'  lirinre  to  biiilil 
tttstlr>.  1.1  praitlae  privati'  war,  to  liiinK  thilr 
priviil.  .  iii'mii'S.  to  pluniler  their  ni'lghlanira.  lo 
coin  thiir  numey.  to  eiercla*  their  p«'lty  tynin 
niea  aa  they  nlianeil."  "Caatlea  Innuinenilili' 
•pranir  up.  nnil  a.i  fast  m  they  were  built  tiny 
were  lllliil  with  devils.  eHih  lonl  jucljfed  anil 
taxed  iiml  roiiiid  The  fi  udiil  spirit  of  ili>  nle- 
(tration  liud  for  onie  iia  full  piny  Kven  party 
union  wai  at  an  end.  nml  eviry  liiiron  fought  on 
hiaoH!!  iH'hulf.  Fi'Udaliani  had  ita  day.  and  the 
compleieneaa  of  ita  triumph  ■  naund  its  fall" 
(Stubba) 

AngcTin  Kingi  of  England. 

At  lenctli.  In  I  \  ">3.  peine  waa  tnaile  by  a  treaty 
whirh  left  Siipliin  in  poaaeaaion  of  the  throne 
during  Ilia  lil  but  niiiile  Henry,  already  re<o){- 
ni/id  ii,H  Dull.-  of  Normandy,  hia  heir.  Stephen 
died  the  follouiinr  year,  and  Henry  11.,  now 
twi  fLly  line  years  old,  ranie  quiellv  Into  his  king- 
doui  iH'Kinninj;  a  new  royal  li'ne,  railed  the 
An;;i'vin  kiUL'-i.  Iieeauw  of'  thi  i-  deaient  from 
(leolTrey  of  Aiijoii;  alao  taking  'he  name  J'lan 
taiieneis  fri'in  (ii'otlri'y's  fashion  of  wearing  a  I  it 
of  briHim.  I'iunta  (/eniata.  in  hia  hat. 

II  'TV  II  proved,  happily,  U>  lie  a  king  of  the 
atn  lit'  iliiraeiir  that  was  netiUil  in  the  England 
of  ihat  vvritrhid  time  He  waa  liold  and  ener- 
pi'lir,  vei  Kiu  iiiua.  prudent,  politic  He  loveil 
power  and  Im  uhi'iI  it  with  an  unaparing  hand: 
but  he  us>'d  II  with  wiw  j  .lirment.  and  Englaml 
w.'i.s  the  lieiiiT  for  it  llr  (.truck  hard  ami  |)er- 
siBtiiilly  at  the  lawleaamaa  of  feudalism,  and 
prarliiallv  iniled  it  forever  aa  a  menace  to  oriler 
ami  iiniiy  of  (.'overiiinent  in  Kn^dand.  He  de- 
etroyed  hundreds  of  the  caatlea  which  luul  ipruog 


KrRorK. 


I  up  throughout  the  tanti  In  8|pphpn'»  linif  i„  i, 
neataof  rolihrraaulalrtinglHihlaof  ri  I"  111  11  ||, 
hiiniblifl  the  ttirhuleni  iNtniua.     He  ilil  m  Ku( 

land,  for  tlw  iironiollon  of  Jualhv,  ami  t.r  ibf 
enforcement  of  the  nival  authority,  what  l.,.uli 
IX.  did  a  little  later  \\\  Krancr.  tlml  i.  h,.  ^ 
orirani/nl  and  airengtiieiinl  the  kinu  i.  ct.iin^ 
cri'atlng  a  judicial  ayatem  whhh.  in  il»  m.«i 
eaaenttal  featiirea,  haaeilateil  to  the  prewnt  um. 
Hia  orKanizing  hand  Imiughl  syslem  and  riti 
cienrr  Into  every  department  of  tiie  gov, mnieut 
He  tIemaiHleil  of  the  Church  that  il<  d,  r;v 
ahouhl  tw  •iiliject  Ui  the  common  law.  ..f  rli,' 
kingdom.  In  matlera  of  crime,  and  to  iri.,1  l»  f.rp 
till'  onllnary  coiirtai  and  It  was  thia  \\m-\  j,„t 
n'form  of  a  crying  abiiae  — the  e»,ni|,ihn  o( 
ch'rica  fmm  the  Juriailiction  of  aei  iilar  i..urt«_ 
which  brought  alMiut  the  nieniorable  rollj.i..ii  nf 
Kinij  Henry  wIthThomaa  Beekit.  Ilic  iriiliMi,!, 
arrhtilahop  of  Canterhurv  Ihckrl  ■<  iritiiil 
death  made  a  martyr  of  him,  and  plaiMl  H.nrv 
In  a  penitential  |M)*ltion  which  i  hci  kid  hii  nn  it 
works  of  rt'forni;  but,  on  the  whole,  |,i,  riu'n 
waa  one  of  sphndid  succeaa,  and  aliiiifH  aiiinii; 
the  e|H«h*  that  throw  light  on  tin  L-riai  nfiir 
career  of  the  English  nation 

Aside  from  hiaini|Hirlun<  easiin  r,ii^]i>l>  siatii 
man.  Henry  II.  Hgured  largely.  In  his  linu'  umi.tii; 
the  mcait  imwerful  of  the  moiiiin  lis  ,if  Kiini).. 
Ilia  dominions  on  the  continent  eiiilirarid  iiiinh 
niorr  of  the  territory  of  niialern  Kr  um  r  ihati  «»« 
ruhd  ilirectly  liv  the  coiitemiiorarv  Fr.  ii.  Ii  kiiii; 
lliiiugli  nominally  he  held  Ihenris  a  i  i.sal  ii( 
the  laltiT  Normandy  came  In  him  friiii  lii. 
granilfniher,  from  hia  father  he  iiilHriiil  tin 
large  (ni»aes«:,,na  of  the  lloiiae  of  Aiijnii;  hi  l,ii 
marriage  i-  ili  Eleanor  if  Ai|Ull»im  livurnd  hi- 
i^iuia  VII  f  France,  aa  mentiomd  altnnlii  \,- 
aci|ulre<i  her  wide  and  rich  doiimin  i  in  ili.i  n 
tliienl,  therefore,  he  nihil  Nurmaii.li  M  nn. 
Touraine,  Anjoii,  duienm'.  Poitou  and  lin-,  mi 
H«  may  Iw  aahl  to  have  addnl  Irilaiiil  lu  lii< 
Engliah  kingdom,  for  he  liegan  the  coim|>ii  -i  llr 
held  a  gri'at  iilapi'.  In  hia  century,  and  hi-t.irii  allv 
he  la  a  nolable  ligun-  In  the  time 

Hia  ri'lH'llious,  undullful  son  Itiilianl  I'rnirlr 
I.ion,  the  Cruaailer,  the  lutnl  tiiililir.  tin  l,i.i:lit 
of  many  rude  advenlurea.  who  Mircisiliil  llitiri 
II.  in  IIHO.  la  (mpularly  lielter  known  llmi  li.-. 
but  Rlrhard'a  nolay  brief  can-er  »h..«s  |i..irlv 
when  compared  with  hia  father'a  lif.  of  ih  'Ui.'lii 
ful  atateamanahip.  It  dm'S  not  >\v  im  aiily 
however,  like  tliatof  tin  voungir  smu  .IoIim.  wli" 
came  to  the  limine  In  IllW.  The  si.ry  nf  ,l,,hnj 
pri'Nable  munler  of  Ida  jroiing  nrplnw,  .\riliur 
of  lirillany,  and  of  hia  conaeipi>  t  loss  of  all  tlir 
Ar.L'  vin  landa.  and  of  Norniamti  i.M  i  |.iiii;;"i.ly 
the  .Norman  islamU,  the  Jeraevs,  whi.  h  have  n 
iiiainiil  Kngliah  to  our  own  da>  )  has  h- 1  ii  Nti-  fly 
told  hen'tofiire.  when  the  ri-iu'ii  of  l'liili|.  .\iil''1' 
tus  of  France  waa  under  review 

The  whole  nign  of  John  was  i.'ii.iiiiiiinii' 
He  quarreled  with  the  I'lipe  — with  the  iiil.Mlilc 
InniH-ent  III.,  who  humlded  many  I>mi-^  enr 
a  nomination  to  the  Archbishoprii  "I  (  niietl'urv 
(rJO.-i);  hi  kingdom  waa  put  umier  ii.iniii.t 
(l-'o's);  be  waa  threatened  with  dep..  'i  ;;  an  i 
«  ■■  \\  in  alTright,  he  aiirri  iiderel  '  »  i-  ■' 
at'jectly  done  that  he  swore  fealty  t.i  llie  l'i|« 
na  n  vas.aal  to  his  suzerain,  consiiiiiii.'  !■■  li"M 
hia  kingdom  aa  a  lief  of  the  .\|Histilii   >•• 

The    triumph   of  the  I'apacy  ii       lU  ili>Iiu''' 
brought  one  great  giaal  to  Engl  >  1'  "'^' 


1060 


EUROPB. 


TV  Kni^iak 


KCIUII'E. 


SMphn  Uui(taa  Aichbbbnp  of  Cantfrbury .  uid 
Ikmb^  inv«  •  wUe  and  ri||ht«iua  Iriuler  to  tlin 
oppi»)'Bi« •>(  tta«  king!  oppn'Mivi'  rule  LiinU 
u(l  mmmoiu,  Uity  •ml  rl<TKy.  w<-re  all  allko 
■uffrnTu  fmm  .luho  •  nn-wl.  liU  |»T»lily,  hl«  inrnn 
(trvii^^  Mill  bU  r<int«'m|it  of  Uw.  Ijtiitfioii  nil- 
linl  iliirii  to  a  K  lirr,  ■t«rn  xiilb^l  (liriioiwlmtloii, 
whti  h  awn!  K>  K  jiibli.  uliil  itimpclkit  liliii  to 
pul  Ilia  «fal  to  M.  tnm  Clmrta — IIm-  Kntnil  t'liur- 
Iff  of  K.nKlUh  lllirftl«  ( lil.l),  A  fiw  wifkn  later 
ke  trini  to  annul  what  he  luul  done,  with  en- 
riHiniiP'mrnt  from  tlie  IVi}*.  who  anatlii'ninll/.i'<l 
thr  ('h»rt«'r  and  all  who  hod  lo  do  with  It.  Thru 
rrrtaln  iif  ilw  liaronn.  In  their  ngv,  offrnil  ll;i' 
EniilUli  irown  to  the  hi'lr  I  Krnnif.  afliTwitrdit 
l/iui»Vlll. ;  and  till'  Kninh  prlnot  actually  caini' 
tnEni;l«nd  (121)1)  willi  an  army  toMiiiri'  It.  Hut 
Mim  Ihr  fonra  (jnllirri'd  ou  I'ttili  nidp  wi  n' 
bnmglit  lo  «uy  di'dnlvp  Imttlr.  John  ilinl.  Ixmis' 
p«rtlwin«  then  (Iriippwl  away  from  him  iiii'l  i;,e 
n-xlyi-ar,  after  a  dcft-at  at  ava,  he  n'lurin.l  to 
Fnuii  I 

Htary  III.  and  th«  Barona'  War. 

Jcilin  left  a  don.  a  Iwl  of  nine  veam,  who  (frew 
In  tie  a  lietter  man  than  hiniMlf.  thnuKli  not  u 
lioid  king,  for  he  wa«  weak  and  uninilhful  in 
I'luintrtt'r,  though  amialile  ami  prolialily  well- 
nie«iiini{  lie  held  the  throne  for  liftv  sU  yi'iira. 
ilurinx  whh'h  lone  time,  nfter  hl4  minority  <kuk 
pwMil,  11(1  mininterof  ahilitv  and  hononilile  ehiir- 
(Utir  iimld  Ret  ami  k«'|)  olnee  in  the  r<iy(d  w  r- 
vid  lie  wao  jealoua  of  mlni"lem.  preferring 
m  Teadminiatmtive  elerku;  while  he  wax  iU»Mr 
1(1  favorileit.  and  pieked  them  for  llie  miwt  putt 
tnmi  (i  Hwnrni  of  foreign  ailventureni  whom  the 
aaliiiii  ileleittetl.  The  (Jreat  Charter  of  M»  father 
li(ul  Ih'i'ii  reattimiett  in  his  name  ooim  after  he  re- 
crivnl  ilie  erown,  and  in  VtHi  he  waa  required  to 
iiwue  it  a  third  time,  aa  the  condition  of  a  gnint  of 
mnney;  but  lie  would  not  rule  boneatly  In  com- 
pllmue  with  iU  provialonit,  and  Miughl  contliid' 
tlly  to  lay  and  collect  heavy  tnxcM  in  unlawful 
way*,  lie  apent  money  i  xlmvagantly,  and  wiia 
ftailiali  nnil  ivekleM  in  foreign  undertjikinga,  ac- 
crjiliiiK,  for  eianiiile,  tile  Kingilom  of  hiclly, 
oftinil  III  hi*  aon  Mmund  by  the  Pope.  whoMi 
gift  iiiulil  only  be  nude  good  by  force  of  arma. 
At  the  name  lime  he  was  aervilo  to  the  po|H'!i, 
whom*  ln(  reaaing  demanda  for  money  from  Kng* 
land  win'  rouaiug  even  the  clergy  t<i  nwliitantr. 
Hii  llie  cauaes  of  diacontent  grew  aliumlantly 
uniil  they  brought  it  to  aoerlotia  head.  All  cIuhm's 
of  llie  |>i(iple  wen-  drawn  together  again,  a*  they 
hail  hi'in  to  reaiat  the  aggreaaiona  of  .liihn.     The 

Cit  liiuiicila  of  the  kingdom,  or  oaM'mliliea  of 
inaiind  liishopa  (which  had  taken  the  place 
of  the  wiienagemot  uf  the  old  Engliah  time,  and 
wliii  li  now  began  to  be  called  I'arliamenta),  1k'- 
oamr  limn'  unit  more  united  againiit  the  king.  At 
la"!  tijc  iIImci intent  found  a  leader  of  high  capacity 
aiiil  uf  liiTiiic  if  not  lilameleHii  character,  in  Sinion 
lie  Mi.iiifurt.  Karl  uf  Leicester.  ISimon  de  .Mont- 
fort  WM  i.f  fi.n-iKn  birth,— a<in  of  that  fanatical 
iriituli  r  nf  the  aaine  name,  who  spread  niin  over 
ll»  fiiirc.iiniry  of  the  Allilgcois.  The  Kngliah 
nirMi.mnf  Leicester  hail  passeil  to  bis  family,  and 
il"  >i'uii:;ir  Simon,  receiving  it,  came  U)  Kngland 
unil  1m  ,  tunc  an  Kngiiahman.  AftiT  some  years  he 
ilin  iv  liinisi-lf  into  the  struggle  with  the  Cnmii, 
aii'i  111, !.  Mill  r>liip  was  sisin  recognized.  In  12.V<. 
»  |wrli  iMiiiit  III  III  at  I^indon  comi«'lled  the  king 
lui "I1.M  lit  Ui  ibe  appulntmeut  uf  an  extraurUUutry 


commlaaion  of  twenty  four  '>«mni,  rlotheil  whli 
full  iHiwer  Ui  nfiirm  the  govemmrnt  The  com 
inlmion  was  iianied  at  a  aiilMei|urnt  nuvllng  of 
purllanuut,  the  aame  year,  at  (XfonI,  where  the 
((lievttnim  to  la-  rednwHil  wen-  *'t  forth  In  a 
(Kijier  kni'Wn  aa  the  I'roviaionsof  Oafiinl.  Kmm 
the  twenty  four  cnmmiuloiieni  then-  werechoM-n 
ttfteen  to  lie  tlu-  King  n  Council.  This  was  really 
the  creation  of  a  new  c<inatlliitlon  for  the  king 
diim,  and  Henry  awnre  to  olawrve  it.  Hut  i-n- 
biiig  Im'  priKiinil  a  tmll  from  ilie  I'ope,  almilving 
bini  fr  'III  hia  oiiMi,  and  he  began  to  prepare  for 
II  riiKiiig  olT  the  n-olraliita  that  hail  iHin  put 
upon  him.  The  oilii-r  aide  tiaik  up  arms,  under 
Siiiiuira  lend;  hut  |M'ace  waa  tin-wrveil  for  a  time 
by  referring  all  i|ui«liiiiia  In  dli<put4i  In  tlie  arlil- 
trillion  of  Louis  l.\.  of  Kranie.  The  arbiter 
decided  against  the  Inirons  i  I'itti)  and  .Montfort'a 
iiarty  refuwd  lo  aliiile  liy  the  award.  Then  fol 
lowed  Hie  civil  conlliit  known  as  Hie  liurona' 
War.  Till'  king  was  (lefciili-il  and  taki  n  pri.soiier. 
ami  was  obliged  III  Miilimtt  In  conilitions  which 
pnu'llcally  tniiiofirrrd  llie  admiiiixlration  of  the 
giivi-riiment  to  tlin-e  roiiiisetiors,  of  whom  Simon 
lie  Moiitfort  was  the  i  liii  f 

DcTcIopmcnt  of  the  icogliah  Parliamtnt. 

In  .laniiary,  I'^l-V  a  memnnilile  parliitmeni  w>ia 
caMeil  liigellii  r  It  was  the  tirsl  iiiiUoiiul  assem 
Illy  ill  wliicli  the  larger  eliiiienl  of  Hie  Kngliah 
Comni'  (IS  made  llsap|K'aniiui- :  fur  Montfort  had 
siimniiiiicil  loitci  rlaiiinpn«entativesof  laimugh 
towns,  along  willi  the  luirons,  Ihe  bishops  and 
Hie  nlilsils,  and  along,  mnreovcr,  with  n'|ires<>n- 
talive  knights,  wlio  luid  Isi-ii  gaining  ailmiltance 
of  late  years  to  what  now  iNiame  a  conxiHalloii 
of  the  Thri'e  K.states.  The  parllamenlary  mislil 
iliiis  roughly  Nhaix'd  liy  Hie  i;reat  Karl  of  IjIcck- 
iiT  waa  not  continuou»ly  fulliiwed  until  another 
genemtion  came  ;  but  it  is  Ids  glory,  nevertlieless. 
to  have  given  lo  Kngland  the  norm  and  priiii  iple 
on  which  its  unexampled  parliament  was  framed 

liy  diswnsions  among  themm-lves.  Simon  ih- 
Miinlfort  and  his  party  B<s>n  hist  Ihe  greiii  udvun- 
tage  lliey  had  wmi.  and  on  anoHiiT  ap|H  al  to 
arms  ilii  y  were  ilifialed  (t'ill.'il  by  Hie  king's 
valiant  and  able  son.  afterwiirds  King  Kdward  I., 
and  Monlfort  was  •.lain.  It  was  seven  years  after 
this  Is'fore  Kdwanl  succeeded  his  falliir,  and 
nine  Is'forc  he  came  to  the  throne,  Is-cause  he 
was  absent  on  a  Crusade;  but  when  be  dii', 
it  was  to  pnive  himself,  not  merely  one  of  the 
few  statesmen  kings  of  Kngland,  but  one  large 
eiiiiiii.'h  in  mind  to  lake  h-sstms  fnmi  Hie  van 
i|iilslied  enemies  of  the  Crown.  He,  in  reality. 
liNik  up  the  half  planned  ciinslitutimial  wiirk  of 
.Simon  de  Miuilfnrt,  in  Hie  deve'.ipmenl  of  the 
English  Parliaineht  as  a  liisly  represt-ntative  of 
all  iinlers  in  the  iialinii.  and  carried  it  forward  to 
Niibslantial  compli  tiuii.  lie  did  it  laeause  lie 
had  wit  to  sie  Hiat  Hie  pi  iple  he  rideil  could  be 
led  mure  e(i.^ity  tlian  Htv  could  Is-  driven,  and 
that  Hieir  free  giving  of  supplies  to  the  Crown 
wiiiilil  Is'  more  open  lianib'il  than  their  givini; 
undir  ciMiipiiMnn.  The  year  I'.'U.'i  "  wilnessid 
the  llrst  sdiiimons  of  a  perfect  and  iuihUI  parlia- 
meiil ,  tlie  clergy  repr'M'Uleil  by  their  lii^liop<, 
deans,  arclitleaciins,  and  elected  pris'lors,  llie 
barons  sdiiinioiied  si'vcrally  in  person  bv  Hie 
king's  special  writ,  ami  the  eommoii.-i  Mdinnioneit 
by  wrils  adilressed  to  HiesherilTs,  directing  Hiem 
to  siud  up  Iwii  elected  knighls  from  each  shire, 
two  elected  citizens  from  each  city,  and  two 


lOGl 


r!"  ?"''■"  15%-— ,»■. 


If 

I 


EUnOPE. 


ChriatUiH  Spain 
and  the  Moon, 


EUROPE. 


fleeted  burghers  from  oacli  tM)rouKh  "  (Stublia). 
Two  years  laler,  tlio  very  fiiiidiinientul  principle 
of  the  ^:ll;;li^ll  Constitution  was  estalilished,  by 
a  Conflrniation  of  tlie  Charters,  coneeiled  in  KJ- 
ward's  al)sen(e  i)y  his  son,  but  afterwards  assented 
to  liy  him.  whieli  ditinitily  renouneed  the  riffht 
of  the  kini:  to  ta:  ilie  nation  without  its cons<'nt. 
Thus  the  reijjn  of  Kdward  I.  was  really  the 
niMst  important  in  the  eonstitutional  history  of 
I'.Ufrland,  It  was  siarrcly  less  important  in  the 
history  of  Knu'lish  jurisprmlence;  for  Kdward 
was  ill  full  sympalliy  » ilh  the  spirit  of  an  aife  in 
which  the  study  aiid  nforni  of  the  law  were 
wimdcrfully  awakened  Ihrouphout  Europe.  The 
t:r(  at  statutes  of  his  reijin  are  among  the  monu- 
iniuts  of  Kdward's  .statesmanship,  and  not  the 
least  important  of  them  are  those  liy  which  he 
checked  the  encroachments  of  the  Church  and 
its  ilaniicrous  acipiisition  of  wealth. 

\t  llie  same  lime,  the  tein|K'r  of  this  vigorous 
kiiiir  was  warlike  and  apirressive.  He  suWiied 
the  Wilsh  and  annexed  Wales  as  a  principality 
to  England.  lie  enforced  tin'  feudal  supremacy 
which  the  Englisli  kings  ilaimed  over  Scotland, 
and.  upon  the  Scottish  throne  becoming  vacant, 
in  1-,'!M),  seated  John  Baliol,  as  a  vassal  who  did 
homage  to  him.  The  war  of  .Scottish  Indepen- 
dence then  ensued,  of  whi<h  William  Wallace  and 
Kolnrt  Bruee  were  the  heroes.  Wallace  perished 
on  an  English  scalloM  in  i;i().");  Hriice,  the  next 
year,  secured  ll;i  Siottish  ( rown.  and  eventually 
broke  the  lioiids  in  which  his  countrv  was  helii. 
Eilwanl  I.  diid  in  i:ji)7,  and  his  liinglv  capa- 
bility lUed  with  him.  He  tninsniitted  "neither 
spirit  nor  wi.sduin  to  his  son.  the  second  Edwanl. 
who  irave  himself  and  his  kingdom  up  to  foreign 
favorites,  as  his  grandfather  liad  done.  His 
angry  subjects  praeiically  took  the  government 
out  of  liis  h.inds(i:jlOi.  and  (imtiihd  it  ton  b(Mly 
iif  twenty-one  memlMTs.  called  Ordainers.  His 
reign  of  twenty  years  was  one  of  protracted 
strife  ami  disorder;  liut  the  con.stitutioiial  power 
of  I'arlianii  nt  made  gains.  In  outward  appear- 
anie.  howevi-r.  tliire  was  nothing  to  redeem  the 
w  retche<iiiess  of  the  time.  The  struirgle  of  fac- 
tions was  pushed  to  civil  war;  while  Scotland, 
by  the  irreat  blow  struck  at  IJannockburn  (i;tl4), 
Tiiide  hi  r  independence  comph'te.  In  V.ii'2, 
'I'leimas,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  whose  descent  was 
as  rii,\:d  ,-is  ihe  kinu's.  but  who  he.iiled  the  oppo- 
nents of  Edward  ami  Edward's  unworthy  favor- 
ites. wasdelVatcd  in  battle,  taken  prisoner,  and 
tirou;.'ht  to  liie  block.  Tins  martyrdom,  as  it 
was  ealleil.  endialiued  Lancaster's  memory  in  the 
iiearts  of  the  people. 

Edward  III,  and  his  French  Claims. 

I'ln  (piien  of  Edward  II..  I.siliella  of  France, 
dauirhterof  Ihili|)  the  I'air,  niaiU'.  at  la.st,  com- 
mon cause  Willi  his  enemies.  In  .lanuary,  ia-27, 
he  was  forced  to  formally  resign  the  cn.wn,  and 
in  ScptemUr  of  the  .same  year  he  was  murilered, 
Ihe  (|iieen,  with  little  cloiibt,  a.ssenling  to  the 
deed.  His  son.  Edwanl  ML.  who  now  came  I o 
the    throne,    foiimlid   claims   to  the  crown  of 

''"'■■"Kc    U| the  rights  of   his   mother,   whose 

tiirec  liroihiTs,  as  we  liavi'si-en.  had  iK'en  crowned 
111  suice.ssioii  ami  ha.i  dieil,  bringing  the  ilirect 
hue  of  roviilty  in  France  to  an  end.  liy  this 
<  laim  tlie  two  ciunlries  were  plunged  into  the 
miseriis  of  the  dreadful  Hundred  Yea's  'War, 
ami  tlie  pn.t.ress  .>f  civilizalinn  in  Knropr  was 
■riouslv  checked. 


Recovery  of  Christian  Spain. 

Before  entering  that  dark  century  of  war  it 
will  be  necessary  to  go  back  a  little  in  lime  and 
carry  our  survey  farther  alield,  in  the  Kmnirii., 
of  huro|)e  more  remote  from  the  einier  nf  tin 
events  we  have  already  scanned.     In  Simin  f  r 
example,  there  should  lie  noticed,  very  brii  ilv  n 
turning  movement  of  the  tide  of  Mahonu  i;il  i  ,,r 
quest  which  drove  the  Spanish  Christi:ci,<  int , 
the  mountains  of  the  North.     In  the  eiirliili  nn 
turv,    Iheir  little    principality  of    Aslurin  l,,„i 
widened  into  the  small  kingdom  of  Lccii.  amlil:, 
eastern  county  of  Leon  had  taken  the  ri.iin,.  „f 
CasteUa  (Castile)  from  the  number  of  fnrts  (,r 
castles  with  which,  it  bristled,  on  the  M(i.,risli 
border.     East  of  Leon,  in  the  Pyremcs.  iliirc 
grew  up  alHiut  the  same  time  the  kiiiL'dnm  nf 
Navarre,  which  iK'came  imimrtant  in  the  i  Icvcnili 
century,  under  an  enterprising  king,  .Sim  hd  tlic 
Great,  who  seized  Casiile  and  made  a  s. nirali' 
kingihim  of  it,  which  he  lM'i|iiealhed  lo  his  sim 
The  same  Navarrese  king  e.xtendeil  his  dnniiiii,,n 
over  a  considerable  part  of  the  SpaiiMi  M-.mb 
which  Charlemagne  liad  wrested  from  the  Moirs 
in  the  ninth  century,  and  out  of  this  territory  ihi' 
kingdom  of  Anigon  was  presj'ntly  fomnd.   flu  si 
four  kingdoms,  of  Leon,  Nnviirre,  Castile,  mid 
Aragon,  were  shuffled  together  and  divi.li. I  u'-ain. 
in  changing  combinations,  many  times  dm  iiiirilii' 
next  century  or  two;  but  Ciustile  and  I.1..11  uin 
permanently  united  in  l-':tO.    Meantime  I'nrne.Ml 
wrested  from  the  Moor.s,  iK'came  a  di-iin.  t  kin;; 
dom;  while  Navarre  was  reduced  in  si/i' ;iii.l  iiii 
portanee.      Castile,    Aragon,    and    I'miip.-.i!  arc 
from  that  time  the  Christian  Powers  in  iln- 1>, 
ninsnla  which  carried  on  the  unemlinL'  »  ir  wiilj 
their   Miwlem   neighbors.      Hv   the  end   nf  ih, 
thirteenth  century  tliey  had  driven  the  M(p..rs  im,, 
the  extreme  south  of"  the  [K'ninsuLi.  wIktc  tlir 
latter,  thenceforth,  held  little  Iw'yond  111.'  small 
kingdom  of  Granada,  which  ih'fended  ilself  fur 
two  centuries  more. 

Moorish  Civilization  and  its  Decay. 

The  C'hristians  were  winners  and  tin  Mn^lcini. 
were  losi-rs  in  this  long  battle,  becaiisi-  ;Mh,  r>iij- 
had  di.seiplined  the  one  and  prospiriiv  Ij.hI  re 
laxed  and  vitiated  the  other.  Suiiess'l.n.l  (ii^• 
union,  and  the  spoils  of  victory  engen.lind  i.r 
ruption,  among  the  followers  of  Malioiml.  virv 
([uiekly  in  Iheircareer.  The  middle  of  tin  ,  i;;liiii 
century  was  hardly  jiassed  when  the  liU';'eni|iire 
they  had  coiKiuered  broke  in  twain,  an  1  two 
Caliphates  on  one  side  of  the  Mediterra in,  imi- 
tated the  two  Itoman  Empiresonlheoili.  r  We 
have  seen  how  the  Caliphate  of  Ihe  Ki>i  uith 
its  seat  at  liagdad.  went  steadily  to  w  iv,  I  1 
fresh  converts  of   Islam,  out  of  desiri^  .1' 

North,  were  in  readiness,  there,  to  iraii,.;  tlie 
fragments  and  construct  a  new  Mali.iiMtan 
power.  In  the  West,  where  the  (  :ili|> 
their  court  at  Cordova,  the  same  crunil 
their  power  befell  Ihem,  through  feud  1 
ousies  and  the  decay  of  a  si'nsuoiis  r.u 
there  Were  none  to  rebuild  it  in  the  I'r  .|>liils 
name.  The  JI(M>r  gave  way  to  the  1  i^'  ;  'i  in 
Spain  for  n'asons  not  dilTering  very  inii  li  Irnni 
the  reasims  which  explain  the  suppi.iniin-  d  llic 
Arab  by  the  Turk  in  the  East. 

While  its  grandeur  lasted  in  Spain.—  in  in  llie 
eighth  to  the  eleventh  centuries  —  llie  i  ii,|  innf 
tie-  's^raeetn.  i»r  Moors,  was  tiic  m.):;t  .-;  :.:;:::  •: 
ita  age.     It  devehijicd  a  civilization  wiiiv  11  must 


III 


d 

-   nf 

j.-al- 

llllt 


1062 


KUHOPE. 


Frrr 


Sjpani. 
fnsUt 


tiitiont*. 


ElKOPE. 


h.ivi'  liocii  faf  flnrr.  in  the  siipcrliciiil  sho'vinir, 
liiid  in  niiicli  of  its  spirit  as  wril.  tliiiti  iinvtiiiiig 
fdiinil  iu  Cliristian  Europe  iit  tliat  time.  Its  n- 
tiirious  temper  was  less  liercf.-  and  intttleniiit. 
lis  intellectual  ilisposition  was  towanis  liroailer 
tliinJiinf,'  anil  freer  iii(|uiry.  Its  artistic  feelitii; 
wus  truer  and  more  instinctive.  It  t(H)k  Iess4>ns 
fnirn  classic  learning  and  philosophy  before  Ger- 
iiiiinized  Europe  had  lifcome  aware  of  the  exis- 
iiiicr  iif  eillier,  and  it  Rave  the  lessunsat  si'coml 
]i:iiiil  'o  its  Christian  iieitrhliors.  Its  industries 
vvcri'  c'dnduileil  with  a  knowli'dire  and  a  skill 
Ilia;  inuld  Ix'  found  amoni;  n.)  other  people. 
SavsHr.  DrniHT:  "Eunipe  at  the  present  day 
(liK-s  nnt  olTcr  more  taste,  more  relineineiit.  more 
iliL'iiiice.  than  mijilit  have  been  seen,  at  the  ([khU 
lit  which  we  are  speaking,  in  the  capitals  of  the 
Spanisli  Anilis,  Their  streets  were  lighted  and 
wiliilly  paved.  Their  houses  were  frescoed  and 
(arpiicd;  they  were  wanmil  in  winter  by  fur- 
nan  ■,  and  iiH>h(l  in  sunnner  with  perfunx'd  air 
limmrlil  by  nndergriumd  pi|M's  from  thiwer  beils. 
Tliiy  liailhaths.  and  libniries,  anil  dinin;;  halls, 
fiiiiiilains  of  quicksilver  and  water.  City  and 
ciiuntry  were  full  of  convivialitv.  and  of  daucinf; 
t(i  lute  and  niamhilin.  Instead  of  the  drunken 
au'i  ijluttcnous  wass;iil  or.trie.s  of  their  northern 
misiiiicirs.  the  feasts  of  the  Saracens  were  marked 
with  wt'tiriety." 

Tlic  lirilliancy  of  the  Moorish  civilization  .seems 
like  liiat  of  some  short-lived  flower,  which  may 
spriiiL'  from  a  thin  soil  of  nit  lastini;  fertility. 
The  ipialilies  which  yielded  it  had  tiieir  season 
of  asi  1  iiilancy  over  the  deeper-lyinj;  forces  that 
worked  in  the  Oothh'  mind  of  Christiaa  Spain; 
!mt  time  exhausted  the  one,  while  it  iuatured  the 

etiliT, 

Medizval  Spanish  Character. 

Tliiri  M'cnis  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  loni; 
Kinllict  of  races  and  religions  in  the  peninsula 
alTi'itiil  the  character  of  the  Spanish  Christians 
more  prnf.iiindly,  both  for  gixxl  and  for  ill,  than 
it  aireileil  the  iM'ople  with  whom  they  strove. 
It  harclriii  il  ,irid  iiiiTKized  them,  preparing  them 
fi>r  tile  biild  adventures  they  were  soon  topursue 
in  a  111  \v  f.iiiiiil  world,  and  for  ii  lordly  career  in 
all  parts  of  the  rounded  jrlobe,  Il  enibittereij 
ami  irave  licrceness  to  a  sentiuwut  among  them 
wliirli  bore  some  likeness  to  religion,  but  which 
wa^;,  in  reality,  the  partisanship  of  u  church,  and 
11.4  iiii  ilivotinn  of  a  faith.  It  tended  to  put 
liii'iiirv  in  the  place  of  piety — rtdigious  rancor 
in  liii  |. lace  of  charity  —  priests  and  images  in 
thi  |ilaii  of  Christ  —  much  mori'  among  the 
SpaiiianK  than  among  other  peoples;  for  they, 
iilimi.  Wire  Crusaders  against  the  Moslem  for 
ciL'iit  liiinilred  ye^rs. 

Early  Free  Institutions  in  Spain. 

Til.  p..liticaleirectsof  those  centuries  of  strug- 
i'li  III  till-  peiiinsida  wen'  also  remarkable  and 
-trail,'.  Iv  Miixiil.  In  all  the  earlier  stages  of  the 
iiali.ii.,1  ill  vilnpment,  until  the  close  of  the  ii.e- 
ilia\ 111  ]i,  ri.ul,  there  seems  to  have  Ix'cnas  prom- 
Nii,:  a  i;ri.wth  of  popidar  institutions,  in  most 
.lir..ii  !!-.  as  can  be  found  in  England  itself. 
Appal,  uily.  there  was  more  giHKl  feeling  be- 
i«. .  a  ilassis  than  elsewhere  in  Europe.  Nobles, 
kiii.'lii.  t„|,l  commons  fought  side  by  side  in 
-..  .■•ii'in.ii.iis  II  batth'  that  they  were  more 
m.i;.l!v  ami  lainiliar  in  aciiuainta'nce  with  one 
:■-■■:■  r  M..ii-.n,i.  ii,r  ennobled  and  liie 
Kiii-'l.'. .!  «.re  greatly  more  numerous  in  Spain 


than  in  the  neighboring  roimtrics.  The  kings 
were  lavi.sh  of  sinli  honors  in  rcwanling  valor, 
on  every  battlelield  am!  after  every  campaign. 
It  was  impossible,  therefin-",  for  so  great  a  dis- 
tance to  widen  iM-tweeu  the  grandee  anil  the 
peasant  or  the  burgher  as  that  which  separated 
the  lord  and  the  citizen  in  Oernniny  or  France. 

The  divi. '  ill  of  Christian  Spain  into  severnl 
Iielty  kingdoms,  and  the  circumstances  under 
which  they  were  placed,  relanled  the  growth  of 
monarchhal  power,  and  yet  dhl  not  tend  to  a 
feudal  disintegration  of  society;  iM'cause  the 
pressure  of  its  perpetual  war  with  the  infldcls 
force'l  the  jireservation  of  a  certain  <iegree  of 
imity,  siillicient  to  Ih'  a  .saving  inlluenie.  At 
the  same  time,  the  Spanish  cities  liecaine  pros- 
perous, and  iialurally,  in  the  circumstances  of 
the  country,  aciiuireii  much  freedom  and  many 
privne!.'es.  The  inhabitants  of  some  cities  in 
.Vnigiin  enjoyed  the  privihges  of  nobility  as  a 
body;  the  magistrates  of  other  cities  were  en- 
nobled. Hiith  in  Aragon  and  Castile,  the  towns 
had  ileputies  in  the  Cortes  bifore  any  represen- 
tiitivesof  boroughs  sal  in  the  English  Parliament; 
and  the  Cortes  seems  to  have  Ihcu,  in  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth  centuries,  a  more  potent  f.iitor  in 
,rovernment  than  any  assendily  of  estates  iu  any 
otbir  part  of  Europe. 

Hut  something  was  w.inting  in  Spain  that  was 
not  wanting  in  England  and  in  the  Netherlands, 
for  example,  to  complete  the  evolution  of  a  pop- 
ular government  from  this  hopeful  beginning. 
And  the  primary  wiiiit,  it  would  seem,  was  a 
polilical  sense  or  faculty  in  the  people.  To  illus- 
trate this  in  one  particular;  the  Castilian  Com- 
nio.is  did  not  grasp  the  strings  of  the  national 
purse  when  they  had  it  in  their  hands,  as  the 
priu'tical  Englishmen  did.  They  allowed  the 
election  of  deputies  from  the  towns  to  slip  out 
of  their  hands  and  to  iM'Come  an  ollicial  function 
of  the  municipalities.  wluTe  it  was  corrupted 
and  controlled  by  the  Crown.  In  Arairon,  the 
popular  riu'hts  were  more  etliciently  maintained, 
jierliaps:  but  even  there  the  politie.il  faculty  of 
the  people  must  have  been  defective,  as  compared 
with  that  of  the  nations  iu  the  North  which  de- 
veloped free  government  from  less  promising 
germs.  .Villi,  yet,  it  is  possible  that  the  whole 
siibsci|uent  failure  of  Spain  may  be  fully  ex- 
plained by  the  ruinous  prosperity  of  ij.  r  c.iri'er 
in  the  sixteenth  century. —  by  the  fat.,  gohl  it 
gave  her  from  America,  and  the  independent 
power  it  put  into  the  hands  of  her  king.s. 

Northern  and  North-eastern  Europe. 

While  the  Spaniards  in  their  southern  peniii 
sula  were  wrestling  with  the  intidel  .Mi«ir,  their 
(lotliic  kindred  of  Sweden,  and  the  other  N'orse 
nations  of  that  uppusite  exlrennty  of  Eiiro|ie. 
had  been  easting  ulf  |>aganism  i>nd  emerging 
from  the  barbarism  of  their  piratical  age.  very 
slowly.  It  was  not  until  the  tenth  and  eh-venth 
centuries  that  Ciiristianity  got  fixiting  among 
them.  It  was  not  until  thi'  thirteenth  centiirv' 
that  imity  and  order,  the  fruits  of  timi  goveni- 
nuiit.  benan  to  be  nally  lixed  in  any  part  of  the 
Scandina .ian  peninsulas. 

The  same  is  substantially  true  of  the  greater 
Slavic  states  on  the  I'asteru  side  of  Europe.  The 
Poles  had  accepted  Christianity  in  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, and  their  dukes,  in  the  same  century,  had 
assumed  tne  title  ot  kings.  In  tlie  Iwcltlli  cen- 
tury they  had  aciiuiri'd  a  large  dominion  and 


m 


:U' 


i(i{;3 


•■■1*1 

^■>lif 


t4^ 


'•ili 


it 

II 


EUROPE. 


TV  T\irUtnih  and 
>\>%trteeHth  Centuriea. 


EUROPE. 


fxprciaed  great  power;  but  the  kin);il(im  was 
ilividod.  W118  brought  into  tiiUision  with  the  Teu- 
Uiiiie  Kiii|i;lit.<.  wlKx'onqucrcd  I'russiu,  and  it  fell 
inli)  u  iliwinlered  state.  The  HiLtiiiung  hud  been 
Christ  iaiiized  in  the  same  missionarv  century  — 
th<'  tenth;  but  civilization  made  slow  progress 
aniiing  iIkiu.  anil  their  nation  was  being  divided 
and  ri' ilividcd  In  sliifting  prineipalities  by  con- 
tending families  and  lords.  In  the  thirteenth 
century  they  were  ovcrwiiclniiil  by  the  fearful 
ealaniiiy  of  a  eon(|iiest  by  Mongol  or  Tartar 
hordes,  and  fell  under  the  "brutal  domination  of 
the  successors  of  (ienghis  Khan. 

Latin  Conquest  of  Constantinople. 

At  Coiistaininniile.  the  old  Greek-Roman  Em- 

f)ireof  the  Ka>l  hiul  Ixcn  passing  through singu- 
ar  changes  sinci>  wc  noticed  it  last.  The  dread 
with  which  Alexius  Comnenius  saw  the  coming 
of  till'  Crusailers  in  IdUT  was  justified  by  the  ex- 
perience of  his  sueees.sors,  after  little  mori"  than  a 
himdred  years.  In  1204,  a  crusade,  which  is 
s()metinies  nundiercd  as  the  fourth  and  some- 
times as  the  fifth  in  the  crusading  series,  was 
diverted  by  Venetian  influence  from  the  rescue 
of  .Icrusalcin  to  the  coniiuest  of  Constantmople, 
ostensilily  in  the  interest  of  a  claimant  of  the 
Iniperial  throne.  The  city  was  taken  and  pil- 
laged, and  till'  Or.'ek  line  of  EmpiTors  was  sup- 
planted by  a  Krank  or  I.,atin  line,  of  which  Bald- 
win, fount  of  Flanders,  was  the  first.  But  this 
Latin  Kinpire  was  reduced  to  a  fniction  of  the 
eon(|uircd  dominion,  the  remainder  iH'iug  divided 
among  several  partners  in  the  coniiuest;  while 
two  Greek  princesof  the  fallen  house  saved  frag- 
ments of  the  ancient  realm  in  Asia,  and  throned 
tliiins<lvcs  as  emperors  at  Trebi/imd  and  Nica-a. 
The  Latin  Kmpire  was  maintained,  feebly  and 
without  <lignity,  a  little  more  than  half  a  cen- 
tury; and  then  (12fil)  it  was  extincuished  by  the 
B  )vereign  of  its  Xiciean  rival,  Michael  Palieolo- 
gus,  who  tiK)k  Constantinople  by  a  night  sur- 
prise, helped  by  tn'aehery  within.  Thus  the 
Greek  or  Byzantine  Empire  was  restored,  but 
miK  h  shorn  of  its  former  European  possessions, 
and  nuieh  weakened  by  loss  of  commerce  and 
wealth.  It  wassiKin  involved  in  a  fresh  struggle 
for  life  with  the  Turks. 

The  Thirteenth  Century. 

\Vi'  have  now,  in  our  general  survey  of  Euro- 
iwau  history,  just  i)asse(l  l)eyond  the" thirteenth 
ecntiiry,  and  it  will  be  instructive  to  pause  here 
a  nKimint  and  gl.uice  back  over  the  movements 
and  events  which  distinguish  that  remarkable 
age.  For  the  thirteenth  century,  while  it  be- 
loiiL's  cliroiioloi;ically  to  mediieval  times,  seems 
niiiri  r  in  spirit  to  the  l{cnai.s.sance — shows  more 
of  tiic  tnivail  of  the  birth  of  our  mmleru  mind 
and  life  —  tli.iii  the  fourteenth,  and  even  more 
than  thi'  gn  ati  r  p.irt  of  the  years  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

For  Kngliiiid,  it  was  the  century  in  which  the 
enduring  bxses  of  constitulioiial  pove.-nment 
weri'  laid  (li>wn ;  within  w  hich  Magna  Charta  and 
its  ('.iiitinn:iti..in  were  siL'iied;  wiHiin  whi<h  the 
I'ariiurneEif  of  Simon  de  Monttort  and  the  Parlia- 
ineiitsof  lMw;inl  I.  gave  a  repn'senlative  form 
iinil  a  (otiiri)lliiii;  p.iwcr  to  the  wonderful  legis- 
l.il.ireof  ilic  Kriirlish  nation.  In  France,  it  Wiis 
the  (eiitury  of  ilir  .Vlliigenses;  of  Saint  Louis 
hhil  !ii,  j;:aici;ii  rr::Tiiis;  and  ir  .stnui'i.d  wiiiiin 
two  years  of  tiie   tirst   meeting   of  the  States- 


General  of  the  kingdom.     In  Switzerland,  it  wai 
the  century  which  Ix'gan  the  union  of  llietlirc,. 

forest  cantons.      In  Spaiu.it  was   fl nnirv 

which  gave  Aragim  the  "General  Privil,  u,.  of 
Peter  III. ;  in  Hungary,  it  was  the  eenturv  el  n^ 
Golden  Bull.  In  Italy  it  w;w  the  cenfurv  uf 
Frederick  II., —  the  man  of  miHlern  spirit  Mt  in 
mediffival  circumstances;  aixt  it  was  tln'  eenturv 
too,  which  mouhled  the  eity-repulilics  thm  ^ 
sisted  and  defeated  his  despotic  preteri-i,,ii. 
Everywhere,  it  was  an  age  of  iinpid>e^  iniird 
freedom,  and  of  mighty  upward  striving.',  out  ut 
the  chaos  anil  darkness  of  the  feudal  st^cie 

It  was  an  age  of  vast  etiergies,  direi  ie.|  wii;, 
practical  judgment  and  power.  ItorLMiii/eiJili 
great  league  of  the  llan.sa  Towns,  wlji,  1,  sur. 
pas.s<-d,  us  an  enterprise  of  combination  in  i  ,jii,. 
mercial  affairs,  the  moststupen(hiusuiiilert,iliiii..s 
of  the  presii.t  time.  It  put  tlie  wiavirs  uiid 
traders  of  Flanders  on  a  finiting  witli  kniirli;, 
and  princes.  In  Venice  and  (Jinoa  it  i mwu,  i 
the  inerchant  like  u  king.  It  sent  .Man  o  I'l.lu  i,, 
Cathay,  and  inoculated  mtn  with  the  iti  h  ef  (\ 
ploration  from  which  they  find  noea.se  tuiljiMlav 

It  was  the  century  whic'  mw  paintln;;  reiivel 
as  a  living  art  in  the  world  by  Cim  ilme  ;iii,| 
Giotto,  and  sculpture  restored  byNicci'l.i  l'i>anM. 
It  was  the  age  of  great  churcli-buildiDi:  in  Italv, 
in  Germany  and  in  France.  It  was  the  c  iDtiirv 
of  St.  Francis  of  As.si.si,  and  of  the  creiti.n  lif 
the  mendicant  orders  in  the  Church. —  a  liiur 
ligiousreformatiim  in  its  spirit,  howevi  rnnliuiipv 
in  effect  it  may  have  been.  It  was  tin'  tiim'  if 
the  high  tide  of  mediaeval  learning;  thee  poclnf 
Aquinas,  of  Duns  Scutus,  of  Roger  Haeon;  ili. 
true  birth-time  of  the  Universities  of  I'urisaiii 
Oxford.  It  was  the  century  which  nlucattl 
Dante  for  his  immortjil  work. 

The  Fourteench  Century. 

The  century  which  followed  was  a  iieri'Kl  ef 
many  wars  —  of  rinnous  and  deadly  wars,  ani 
misenible  demoralizations  and  disi  lir^,  whiili 
depres.scd  all  Europe  by  their  elfects.  In  tin 
front  of  them  all  was  the  wicked  Hundred  Ye.irs 
War.  forced  oti  France  by  the  amiiitii.n  ef  an 
English  king  to  wear  two  cowns;  while  witli  it 
came  the  blisHly  insurrection  of  the  Inc i|iiiri. , 
the  ravages  of  the  free  companies,  and  ruining 
anarchy  everywhere.  Theu,  in  Italy,  tlnrewn 
a  duel  to  the  death  trefween  Venice  ami  (enw. 
and  a  long,  wasting  contest  of  rivals  f.ir  the  |ii^. 
session  of  Naples.  In  German,v,  a  coriIe>(ei!  iiu- 
perial  electiim,  and  the  struggle  of  the  Swi.» 
againsit  the  Austrian  Dukes.  In  I'lainli  r-,  re 
iwated  revolts  under  the  two  .\rliM  Mx  In 
the  East,  the  terrible  fight  of  Christen. i^m  «itli 
the  advancing  Turk.  And  w  hile  tin  n  were 
everywhere  so  busily  slaying  one  aiio'li'  r.  there 
camethegre.it  pestilence  which  tin  >  cille.i  iln' 
Black  Death,  to  help  them  in  the  griin  wnrt..  .111! 
Europe  was  half  depopidaled  by  it.  .\1  Hi- 
same  time,  the  Church,  which  migiit  lin 
died  some  In-aeon  lights  of  faith  ami  In 
midst  of  all  this  darkness  and  temir.  w.i 
to  its  lowest  state,  and  Rome  hail  bei  ^  ; 
ruled  roblH'rs'  den. 

There  were  a  few  voices  heanl,  aliovr'  1 
lug  and  the  battle-din  of  the  atHicled  :iL'e 
channed  and  comforted  it;  voices  width  pr 
the  pun'  gospel  of  Wyililfe  ami  llu— 
i'eeiled  tile  great  4  pic  of  Daote. —  \^ti(t  i.  -> 
the  meliKlioiis  verse  of  Petrarch  and  (  L  . 


lllie 

-  -inkinj 


ilied 


1004 


,*■ 


EUROPE. 


7^  Hundred 
Year$  War. 


EUROPE. 


which  t"hl  the  gsy  tules  of  Boccaccio;  but  'he 
pau.sfs  (if  peace  in  whieli  men  iniitlit  listen  to 
mil  messages  and  give  thems<  Ins  to  such  dc- 
iighta  were  neither  many  nor  long. 

The  Hundred  Years  War. 
Thi-  (ontliet  l)etween  Engliinil  and  France  l>c- 
cin  in  Kl.iiiilers,  then  connecK'd  with  tlie  Eng- 
li«li  vi-rv  closi'ly  in  trade.  Philip  VI.  of  Knmee 
tiirncl  ilie  Count  of  Flanders  to  expel  English 
niiriliiiTits  from  his  territory.  Edward  lU.  re- 
uliati'il  (i:f:«t)  by  forbidding  llie  exportation  of 
Koil  to  Flanders,  and  this  speedily  reduced  the 
Flemish  weavers  to  idleness.  They  rosi'  in  revolt, 
(iriive  (lul  llieircount.  and  formed  an  alliance  with 
Eufl:iiid,  iirahr  tlie  lead  of  Jacob  van  Arteveld, 
ahriw.r.  of  (Jhcnt.  The  next  year  (i;J37)Edwanl 
j.iiiiil  the  Flemings  with  an  army  and  enteri'd 
FraiHi';  liut  made  no  successful  a<lvan(  !•.  al- 
tliimgli  his  tleet  w(;n  a  victory,  in  a  si'atight  off 
Sliiys,  and  hostilities  were  scHin  suspendeil  by  u 
truic.  Ill  1^141  they  were  renewed  in  Brittany, 
ovir  a  ilisputed  succes.sioa  to  the  duliedom,  and 
the  SI  ritlired  sieges  and  chivalric  combats  which 
miiilc  up  the  war  in  that  region  for  two  years  are 
dewrilMil  with  minuteiieis  by  Froiss;irt.  the  gos- 
sii.v  (hrcmicler  of  the  time.  After  a  second 
trmr.  tlie  grimly  serious  stage  of  the  war  was 
rcacliid  in  lIMtt.  It  was  in  that  year  that  the 
Eiiiilisli  won  the  victory  at  I'recy,  which  was  the 
liriiliand  Imastof  their  natim  for  centuries;  and 
tlie  next  season  they  tcx)k  I'alais,  which  they  held 
fur  mure  than  two  hundred  years. 

Philip  ilieil  in  1350  an<l  was  succeeded  by  his 
,s<iii  .liiliii.  In  133.'i,  Edwani  of  England  repeated 
his  invasion,  ravaging  Artois,  while  bis  son,  the 
I'lac  k  Prince,  from  Ouienne  (whicli  the  English 
hill  111  1.1  since  tile  igevin  time),  devastated  Ijm- 
iiui'iliK .  The  iiex.  year,  this  last  named  prince 
nwilcannllier  sally  from  Bordeaux,  northwards. 
Imvanls  the  Loire,  and  was  encountered  by  the 
Frinili  king,  with  a  splendid  army,  at  Poitiers. 
The  \ii  i.ry  of  the  English  in  this  case  was  more 
i.virwlii  liiiing  than  at  Crecy,  although  they 
Wire  pnatly  outnumbered.  King  ,Iohn  was 
taken  prisoner  and  conveyed  to  London.  His 
kini'lmii  was  in  confusion.  The  dauphin  called 
luirnlii  r  the  StatesOeiieral  of  Frame,  and  that 
liculy,  in  wliicii  the  commons,  or  third  estete,  at- 
taiiiiil  to  a  majority  in  numlMTS,  as.sumed  powers 
aiil  niinpilled  assent  to  n'forms  which  seemed 
liki  ly  tn  |ilaee  it  on  a  footing  of  equal  impor- 
tann'  Willi  the  Parliament  of  England.  The 
liaili  r  i)f  the  third  estate  in  tlie.se  measures  was 
Kiiiiini'  or  .Stephen  Marcel,  provost  of  Paris,  a 
man  nt'  ((''iinanding  energy  and  courage.  The 
ilanpliin.  under  orders  from  his  captive  father, 
allenipirl  to  nullify  the  ordinances  of  the  iStates- 
(li  iinil  Paris  Msi'  at  the  call  of  Marcel  and  the 
friu'li'i mil  prince  became  submissive;  but  the 
notilcsii!  tile  provinces  resented  thes<' high-handed 
piK  1 1  liinL'siif  the  Parisians  and  civil  war  ensued. 
Till-  [H  isants,  win)  were  in  gri'at  misery,  t(H)k 
ailvam.iL'i' lit  the  situatiim  .iriscin  support  of 
thi'  I'tns  Imrgesses,  and  for  the  redressing  of 
tlnir  I.  VII  wrongs.  This  insurrection  of  the 
•III  jiiirir.  as  it  is  known,  produced  horrible 
ilivN  ^1  "iiirage  and  massacre  on  both  sides,  and 
Ml  ui>  III  have  had  no  other  result.  Paris,  mean- 
ill"isi,  was  besieged  and  hanl  pressed; 
!  ^'l-;!l•!■•e<l  iif  :in  intended  !n';»chery,  ivas 
<l.  anil  with  his  death  the  whole  attempt  to 
assert  p  -pillar  rights  fell  to  the  ground. 


tini. 
Mi.r 
kiili-i 


The  state  of  France  at  this  time  wan  one  of 
measureless  misery.  It  was  overrun  with  free- 
iHKiters — dischargiil  soldiers,  <les|KTate  homeless 
and  iiUe  men,  and  the  riilHans  who  always  Ixrstir 
themselves  when  authority  disappears.  They 
roamed  the  coimtry  in  bands,  large  and  small. 
8trii)i>ed  it  of  what  war  had  spared,  and  left  fam- 
ine iH'hind  them. 

At  length,  in  130<),  terms  of  peace  were  agreed 
upon,  in  a  treaty  signed  at  Hretigny,  and  light- 
ing ceaseil,  except  in  Brittany,  where  the  war 
went  on  for  four  years  more.  By  the  treaty, 
all  French  claims  upon  Aiiuitaine  and  the  tie- 
penileneies  were  given  up.  and  Edward  aciiuired 
full  sovereignty  tliere.  no  longer  owing  honmge. 
as  a  vassiil.  to  the  king  of  France.  Calais,  too, 
was  ceded  to  England,  and  so  heavy  n  ransom 
was  exacted  from  the  captive  King  John  that 
he  failed  to  collect  money  for  the  payment  of  it 
and  died  in  London  (i;MI4). 

Charles  the  Wise. 

Charles  v..  who  now  ruled  independently,  as 
be  had  ruled  for  some  years  in  his  father's  name, 
proved  to  be  a  more  prudent  ami  capable  prince, 
and  his  counsellors  and  captains  wire  wi.sely 
chosen,  lie  was  a  man  of  studious  tastes  and  of 
considerable  leaniiiig  for  that  age.  with  intelli- 
gence to  see  and  umh'rst and  the  greater  si  nircesof 
evil  in  his  kingdom.  Above  all,  he  had  iiatience 
enough  to  plant  better  things  in  the  seed  and 
wait  for  tliem  to  grow,  which  is  one  of  the 
grander  secrets  of  statesmanship.  By  careful, 
judii'ioiis  measures,  lie  and  those  who  shared  the 
task  of  government  with  him  slowly  improved 
the  discipline  and  conditiimof  their  armies  The 
"  great  cimipanies  "  of  freebiMiters,  too  strong  to 
\k'  put  down,  were  lured  out  of  the  kingilom  by 
an  expedition  into  Spain,  which  the  fainoiis  war 
rior  Uii  iiiiesriin  <-ommanded,  and  which  was 
sent  against  the  detestable  Pedro,  called  the 
Cruel,  of  t^astile,  whom  the  English  supported. 
A  stringent  economy  in  public  expenditure  was 
iutriKluced,  and  the  management  of  the  linances 
.vas  improved.  The  towns  were  encoiir.iged  to 
strengtliL'n  their  fortilications,  and  the  state  and 
feeling  of  the  whole  country  were  slowly  lifted 
from  the  glixmiy  depth  to  "which  the  w'ar  had 
depressed  them. 

.\t  length,  in  lliti'J,  Charli-s  felt  prepared  to 
challenge  another  encounter  with  the  English, 
bv  repudiating  the  ignominious  terms  of  the 
ti-eaty  of  Hretigny.  Before  the  year  closed,  Ed- 
wanis  armies  were  in  the  country  again,  but  ac- 
complished nothing  beyond  tlie  havoc  w  hieli  they 
wrought  as  they  marelied.  The  French  avoided 
battles,  and  their  cities  were  well  ilefended. 
Next  year  the  English  returned,  and  the  Black 
Prince  earned  infamy  by  a  fiToi'ious  massacre  of 
three  thousand  men",  women,  and  children,  in 
the  lity  of  Limoges,  when  he  had  taken  it  by 
storm.  '  It  was  his  last  campaign.  Already  suf- 
fering from  a  mortal  disease,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  died  a  few  years  later.  The  war  went 
on,  with  no  decisive  "results,  until  1375,  when  it 
was  suspended  by  a  truce.  In  1377,  Edward 
III.  died,  and  the  French  king  began  war  again 
with  great  success.  Within  three  years  he  ex- 
pelled the  English  from  everv  part  of  France 
except  Bayonne,  Bordeaux,  Ijrest.  Cherbourg 
and  Calais, 

If  he  had  lived  a  little  longer,  there  might  soon 
Lave  been  an  end  of  the  war.     But  he  died  in 


S'B    1 


lOOo 


KUROPE. 


HurguHtiiatiM  and 
A  nmii/naiM 


F.VROPE. 


liW),  and   fresh  cal»niitii'»   f<ll   iip<iii  uiiliiippy 
FniiH'c. 

Riling  Power  of  Burgundy. 

'I'Uv  sun  who  surcci'dcil  liiin.  C'Inirlcs  VI  . 
wiSiin  cpilcplir  lioy  iif  twelve  yiurs.  who  huil 
thriT  sriiily  and  sclll-ih  unclrs  lo  ipmrril  ovir 
the  coiitrcil  i)f  him.  and  t<v  plun<lcr  Ihi-  Crown  of 
terrilorv  and  Iriasuns  Oni'  of  these  was  the 
Duke  of  Hiir!;iii)cly.  the  tirsl  prinee  of  a  new 
great  house  whi'h  King  John  liad  f(K)lishly 
(Teateil.  Just  Kfore  that  fatuous  kin>;  dieil, 
the  old  line<if  Uurirundian  ilukeseame  to  an  end. 
and  he  hail  the  oppr)rtunity,  whieh  wise  kini;s 
iH'fore  him  would  have  improved  very  eafierly, 
|o  iiuiex  that  lief  totheerosvn.  Instead  of  doinj; 
V.  he  ;;ave  it  as  an  appana;;e  to  his  son  I'liili)). 
eallc'l  'the  IloM,  "and  thus  riMiti'd  anew  plant 
of  feudalism  in  Franee  wliii  h  was  ileslined  to 
cause  mui  li  trouble,  .\nother  of  the  uncles  was 
Louis.  Duke  of  Anjou.  heir  to  the  erown  of 
Naples  under  a  will  of  the  lately  nuirdered 
Queen  Joamia,  and  who  was  jireparinir  for  an 
expedition  to  enforee  his  ( laim.  The  third  was 
Duke  of  Hirry.  upon  whom  his  father.  Kini; 
John,  hail  eonferred  another  great  appanage,  in 
iluiling  Iterry,  I'oitou  and  Auvergne. 

The  pillage  and  misgovernment  of  the  realm 
under  these'  rapacious  guanlians  of  the  young 
king  was  so  iinat  that  desperate  risings  were 
provoked,  the  most  fonniilalile  of  whiih  broke 
out  in  I'ari-i  They  were  all  supiiresscd,  and 
with  merciless  vverity.  At  the  same  time,  the 
Klemiugs.  who  had  iigain  submitted  to  their 
i-ount,  revolli'd  onci'  more,  uixler  the  lead  of 
I'hilip  van  .\rlevcld,  son  of  their  former  leader 
The  Frenih  Uioved  an  army  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Count  of  Flanders,  and  the  sturdy  n\en  i>f 
(ihent,  who  confronted  it  almost  alone,  aulTered 
a  crushing  defeat  al  H.Hisebeke  (!:!«).  Fliilip 
van  Arteveld  fell  in  the  batlh',  with  twenly  six 
thousand  of  his  men.  Two  years  later,  the 
Count  of  Flanders  died,  and  the  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, who  had  married  his  da\ighter,  aecpiired 
that  rich  and  noble  possession.  This  I)eginning 
of  the  union  of  liurgundy  and  the  Xi'ti  rlaiKls. 
ereatini;  a  powir  by  the  side  of  the  t  none  of 
Fnince  whicii  thn'atcned  to  overshadow  it.  i:.nd 
having  for  its  ultimate  consci|Uence  the  c.isl}!!;,.- 
of  lije  wiallli  of  the  l.ow  Countries  into  the  I  in 
of  the  House  of  Austria  and  into  the  colTirs  of 
Spain,  is  an  ivent  of  large  importance  in  Kioc- 
p«'an  history 

Burgundians  nnd  Armagnacs. 
When  Charles  VI.  caini'of  age,  !»■  tiM)k  the  gov- 
ernment inio  his  own  Jiands,  ami  for  .some  years 
it  was  adminislereil  by  capable  min.  l!ut  in 
i;V.li  the  kini-'s  mind  gave  way.  and  his  uncles 
regained  conlrol  of  affairs.  I'hilip  of  Hurgunily 
mainlaincil  the  asci'iidaney  until  his  di'ath.  in 
I4itt.  The  n  the  lontrolling  inllueiice  passed  to 
the  king's  brother,  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  between 
whom  and  the  new  Duke  of  Hurgundy.  John, 
called  the  Fearless,  a  bitter  feud  arose.  John, 
who  was  iMiscrupulous.  employed  assassins  i.i 
waylay  ami  murder  the  Dukeof  Orleans,  which 
they  ilid  in  November,  1  HIT.  This  foul  dic.l 
gave  rise  to  two  parlies  in  France.  Those  w-ho 
sought  vengeance  ranged  themselves  undcT  the 
leadership  of  the  Count  of  Armagnac,  and  were 
tailed  bv  his  name.  The  Burgundians,  who 
.>u.-laiiicii  Duke  John,  Wire  in  tiit  main  a  party 
of  the  jieople;  for  the  Duke  had  cultivated  JMip- 


ularity,  especially  In  Paris,  by  advocating  hberd 
nieasiins  and   extending   the   rights  arul    i.ri'. 
ileges  of  the  citizens. 

The  kingihun  wa.s  kept  in  turmoil  and  i.  ri,,r 
for  years  by  the  war  of  these  factions.  es|ie,  iail\ 
in  and  aliout  I'aris.  v>liere  the  guild  d  ;h'. 
but<'hers  t(Hik  a  prominent  part  in  alTaiin.  (  u  tin 
Ilufgiindian  side,  arming  a  riotous  IxKly  irt  nii  n 
who  were  called  CalHichiens,  fnim  their  l.ud.  r» 
name.  In  UlSthe  Arnmgnacs  sucieedeil  m  n 
covering  pos.sessiciii  of  the  capital  and  the  C:ili.i 
chii'iis  were  suppressed. 

Second  Stage  of  the  Hundred  Years  War. 
.Meantime.  Henry  V.  of  Kngland,  the  uni.i 
tious  young  Lancastrian  king  who  came  to  tin- 
tlinine  of  that  country  in  141H.  saw  a  lav,.niliie 
opportunity,  in  the  distracleil  stale  of  Fmiii  .  to 
reopen  the'(|Uistions  left  unsettled  by  llie  Imik 
ing  of  tin-  treaty  of  Bretigny,  lie  ihv:eii.| 
Fran(c>  in  141.">,  as  the  rightful'king  coniinu  to 
dethrone  a  usurper,  and  iK'gan  by  lakirm  Ibir 
llenr  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  after  a  -i( -e 
which  i-ost  him  so  heavily  that  lie  found  it  prii 
dent  to  retreat  towards  Calais.  The  Fn  iii  li  in 
tercepted  him  at  Agincourt  and  forcid  hitii  t.. 
give  them  battle.  He  had  onlj-  Iwi'iity  liiniisiiid 
men,  but  they  formed  a  well  dis<iplined  and  nell 
ordered  army.  The  French  had  gatliend  i  i^-litv 
thousand  mm,  but  they  were  a  feudal  nmb  I'lie 
battleended,  like  tliosj'  of  Creey  and  I'oili.  r^,  in 
the  routing  and  slaughter  of  the  French,  wiili 
small  loss  to  Henry's  force.  His  army  n  in  liiici 
too  weak  in  numbers,  however,  for  o|ieniiiiin^  in 
a  hostile  country,  anil  the  English  king  r.  tnnul 
home,  with  a  great  train  of  captive  pritn  c>  mikI 
lor''s. 

He  left  the  Arinagnacs  and  Burgiiinliiii^  still 
fighting  ipiie  another,  and  disabling  Fnmi  i-  :i> 
ctTeclually  as  he  coidd  do  if  he  stayiii  lo  r:i\;ii'c 
ihe  land.  In  1417  he  oime  back  and  lH.!.Mti  to 
atlaek  Ihe  strong  cities  of  Normandy,  niie  by 
■mv.  biking  Caen  lirsl,  hi  the  next  ycir.  I.y  :i 
horrible  massacre,  the  Burgundian  mob  in  Puis 
overcami'  the  Arinagnacs  there,  and  niusl^itid 
Duke  John  of  Burgundy  in  possession  of  tin- 
capital.  The  latter  was  alreiuly  in  neg"ii,iti"ii 
with  the  Knglish  king,  and  evidcnily  pii  |i  irni 
t.i  sacrifice  the  kingihim  for  whatcvi  r  iniirlii 
s»'em  advantageous  to  himself.  But  in  lib! 
Ilenrv'  V.  tiNik  Uoueii,  and,  when  all  il  Nor 
nianify  submitted  with  its  capital,  he  dciimnili'l 
nothing  less  than  thai  great  province.  «itli  llrii 
lany,  Uuienne,  Maine,  Anjou  and  Tntir.iitH.  in 
addition,  — or,  subslanlially,  the  wcstcni  li  ilt  "f 
France. 

Burgundian  and  English  Alliance. 
I'arlcyings  were  brought  to  an  end  in  >•  !•■'  »'• 
ber  of  thai  year  by  the  treacherous  iiiur  !■  r  "f 
Duke  John.  The  Arniagnacs  sU'W  liitn  f.ully, 
al  an  interview  to  which  he  hail  Ih-cii  iiiii.  ii!,  "ti 
the  bridge  of  Montercau.  His  son.  DnUr  !'lii'i|i 
of  liurgundy,  now  reopened  negiilitiii"ii-  wi'li 
ihe  invader,'in  conjiiuction  with  (Jin'ti  Ivil"  il:i 

.  (wife  of  the  demented  king),  who  had  iiI.l\..!  m 
I'vil  part  in  all  Ihe  factious  Iroublcs  of  ili.     iiii' 

i   These  two,  having  conlrol  of  the  kiiii;  >  |"  t-'i;. 

I   concluded    a   treaty    with   Henry  V.   at    It  .\<-. 

I   according  to  the  terms  of  whicli  lb  iiry  -u  .iil'l 

]  marry  the  king's  daughler  Catherine;  ^^h  ■■••■'  I"' 
adiiiinislrat.'i  of  the  kitig.l.-m  .if  Krc.i .  ■-•.  !:i!'-- 
Charles  VI.  lived,  and  shouhl  receive  lli'  i  r  un 


lOOG 


EVUOPE. 


ElHOl-K. 


wh.>n  the  Utter  die<l.  The  marringe  took  pla^t 
Tt  ,mo.  «n.l  alm.«t  II..'  wholr  of  France  norll. 
„(  (1,.-  l...lro  8«.me.\  H..l.i..l«.iv  t..  tl.e  arrangi-- 
°  ,  '  The  8tat«.(Jrnenil  an.l  the  I'.irlmmeiil 
"  iriH  L"iV<-  oniciHl  rec.Kniti.m  K.  It;  the  .Usin- 
I 'r  icI  'Huphin  of  Knime,  whose  own  motliyr 
,  ii„e,l  «w»y  his  n-,r.il  herltHK-e.  r.air..<l.  w  h 
,V  \rnuiuMme  supporters,  to  the  country  south 
'!f  the  Loin',  ar.ilh.ut  little  apparent  prospe<t  of 
h.iMiii^'  even  tlml. 

Two  Kings  in  France. 

Hut  a  mortal  nmhuly  Im'l  "lr™'ly  »<";',H,^," 
KiKlIenryV..  an.l  he  .lied  iu  AuRUst.  142.'. 
T  ..  ,inf..rt>mate.  ranly  c..ns.io..s  Kri;nc:h  kmp 
„h„«.  crown  H.'nry  Im.l  wait..!  for  .i..-.l  sev.M, 
wXs  l.il.'r.  Ka.-h  l.'ft  hu  h.'ir  who  was  pn- 
da  in,.,l  king  of  France.  The  K.-Rlish  prelen.l.r 
I  I  ,rv  VI  in  KnRlaml.  Il.iiry  11.  in  Fniu..) 
^as.il.iiin.K'.nt  infant,  ten  ni.mths  ol.l;  hut  his 
cmrt  VVI.S  in  Paris,  his  ac.vssion  was  pr.H>laim..l 
with  line  wremony  at  St.  Dims,  his  sovereiRiuy 
was  nTOK"i'e<l  by  the  Parliament  an.ltlj.' Lni- 
ve^ilv  ,,f  that  city,  an.l  the  half  ..f  France 
.nm.ar.,1  resiRn.Hl  t^.  the  la|)He  of  nationality 
'wIE'  itl  accptance  of  hiin  siu-nin...  Tl...  tn.e 
heir  .if  the  r.)yal  h.>iis<'  of  France  ((  liarl.'S  \  11.) 
was  a  yountf  man  of  nearly  n.alureage  an.l  of 
fairlv  iiromisinR  character;  hut  he  was  pro- 
dainu.l  in  a  little  t..wn  ..f  B.'rry,  by  a  sniall 
fiillnwini,'  of  lor.l9  anil  kui.uhts,  an.l  tlic  nali.>u 
for  which  h.-  stiKMl  liardly  w-.-mcl  to  exist 

Tlic  Kn'lisli  8iipix)rtcrs  .if  tlie  hn(fhsli  king  of 
Frm.T  w.ie  t.H)  arr.)Rant  an.l overlH'arinR  t4)  n- 
tain  v.rv  long  the  g.K..l  will  .>f  their  allies  anionR 
tin-  Knn.li  popl.'.  Soniethins  like  a  natumal 
f«liiiu'  in  northern  France  was  ar..us.-<i  by  the 
hiistility  they  pr.>v.ike.l.  an.l  tin'  stren-th  of  tli.' 
p.witiou  in  which  ll.nry  V.  left  them  wa.s8tca.lily 
but  slowly  l.)st.  Charles  proVLil  incapable,  how- 
eviT  .>f  usinR  any  a.lvantnRes  which  opencl  t.i 
l.im'.irof  ^'iving  his  iH'ttcr  c.>unscH.)rs  an  op- 
portunilv  losiTVC  him  with  r.hmI  elTcct,  ami  ni> 
i,u|«.rMiit .  ImnRc  took  pla.-e  in  the  sUuati.m  of 
alTairn  ..mil  llw  Enijlisli  hil.l  SK'ge,  in  1  »W.  '<' 
till- .  iiy  "f  Orl.-ans,  whi.'h  was  the  strongholU  .it 
111.'  Fiiii.li  cause. 

Jeanne  d'Arc,  the  Maid  of  Orleans. 
Th.  II  .>.ciirr.>.l  one  of  the  most  e.vtt»or.linary 
cnisKln  in  history;  the  appearance  of  the  young 
p.;«iul   k'irl  .)f    L.)rraine,  Jeanne  .I'Arc,   wli.ise 
ccmiiiiK  upon  the  s<ene  of  war  was  like  the  .Ic- 
wciit  of  MU  angel  out  .if  Heaven,  sent  with  a 
Iliviiii.dmmissi.m  to  rescue  France.     Belief  in 
the  iM>|(iration  .if  this  simple  malilen,  wh.)  hail 
faitli  in  hiT  own  visions  an.l  voh'es,  was  j-asur 
f.ir  tint  a;;.-  than  belief  in  a  rational  rally  of 
puhlii  inirgi.'S,  an.l  it  worke.l  like  a  miracle  on 
till  spirit  .if  the  nation.     But  it  could  not  have 
dim.'  M.  with  elT.-ct  It  the  untaught  country  .L'lrl 
of  D.iMiriinv  had  not  been  eu.l.iwe.l  in  a  w.m.ler- 
fill  win.  with  a  wise  mind,  as  w.'ll  as  with  an 
im:i-in,iiive  one.  and  with  courage  as  w.'ll  us 
Willi  1  liili.     When  the  belief  in  her  inspire.l  mis- 
sion lmv.;  her  power  to  lea.l  the  fcxilish  king,  and 
auiliiriiv  to  command  his  disonl.-rly  tr.H>ps,  she 
ai till  iilmnst  invariably  with  un.lerstanding,  with 
^•.»«1  s.  11^,..  with  a  clear,  unclou.led  judgment, 
will;  Mrii'.;htforward  singleness  of  pnriiose,  an.l 
with  aliMiliite  personal  fearles8nes.s.      She   saw 
till'  Miii>^ity  for  saving  tjrl.ans;  an.l  when  that 
iiiv'i  ipft  a  liiinc  uu.ier  liei  uwu  cuptuiaty  ^i  120), 


Bhe  miw  how  greatly  King  Charles  wouM  gam  in 
pn'slige  If  he  ma.U'  his  way  t..  Uheims.  and  r. 
.•eiv.-.l,  like  his  pr..h.-.>ss..rs,  a  s.)l.'mn  .■.ironatl.m 
un.l  .•onwcration  in  lb.-  cathe.lral  of  that  city. 
It  was  by  f.>r.  •  of  b.r  gentle  obstinaiy  .>f  .1.- 
termination  that  this  was  il.m.-    ami  the  elT. .  t 
vin.ll.ate.ltheMC.-aiitv..f  the  Mai.l.     Th.-n  sli.' 
l.M.k.'il  upon  h.  r  mis>iii;i  as  a..omplish'd,  an.l 
w.ml.llmvc  gi.ne.|iii.tlyh.iine  to  h.r  villaui; ;  lur 
she  s<.ins  to  hav.-  nniaiiud  as  simple  in  I. ■.ling  as 
when  she  Uft  her  fathers  h.ius.'.  an.l  was  mn.i- 
cent  to  the  eml  of  aiiv  wllisli   pl.asur.'  li.  tin- 
fame  she  ha.l  won  an.l  the  im|).irlanc.>  she  hail 
acii.ilred.     But  thi«.-  she  ha.l  lielp.d  wo.ild  rot 
\vl  her  go;  an.l  v<t  thev  w.uil.l  ii.it  la-  gunl.  d  li.v 
h.rwith.iut  wrangl.-  an.l  n-sistan.c.     Mi.MVHlieil 
to  move  the  nrniv  straight  from  Khiims  to  1  arts, 
an.l  enter  that  city  lM-f..r.'  it  ha.l  time  t.i  rccov.r 
fr.im   the  conslcrnatiim   it    was   in.     Hut    <)tlier 
connscnors  reUir.le.1  the  mar.h.  by  stopi>ing  to 
capture  small  towns  on  tlie  way,  until  111.'  .>p- 
portunity  for  taking  Paris  was  lost.      1  he  king, 
wh.)  ha.l  been  bra.T.l  up  to  a  little  .nirgy  by  b.r 
intlucnee,  sank  back  into  his  indol.iit  pl.asures 
an.l   faction  an.l   frivolity  p.iss<ssi'.l  th.'   cmrt 
again.     Jeanne  strove  with  high  iimrag.'  again.st 
miiligiiant  opi).isiti.m  and  many.lish.artenm.-nta 
in  the  si.'ge  .)f  Paris  an.l  aft.r.  cX|)osing  herself 
in  battle  with  tin'  brav.ry  .)f  a  s.asoneil  warrior; 
an.l  her  rcwar.1  was  to  rtnil  h.rxlf  abanilone.l  at 
last    in  a  ciwanllv  wav,  t..  the  enemy,  wh.n  she 
had  leil  a  sortie  from  tli.'  town  ..f  Compi.gn.-   to 
drive  back  the  Duke  of  Burgumly,  who  was  Ix- 
siiging  it.     Taken  pris.ii..r.  she  was  iriveii  up  to 
the-  Duke,  and  sold   by  him  to  the  English  at 

Tlmt  the  Mui.l  a<t.-.l  with  supernatural  powers 
was  lKlieve.1  bv  the  English  as  lirmly  as  by  the 
Kriinh;  but  those  powers,  in  lli.ir  belnr.  .ami-, 
not  fr.)in  Heaven,  but  from  llill.  In  tli.ir  vi.w 
she  was  not  a  saint,  but  a  sor.-.res.s.  Th.v  pai.l 
a  high  pri.e  to  th.'  Duke  .,f  Burgumly  for  his 
captive,  inonlert.iput  b.r  on  trial  fi|rthe  witch- 
craft which  thev  hel.l  sh.-  ha.l  practis..!  agaiiisf 
them,  ami  l.>il.'itr.)v  li.'rmis<liiev.«is  t«)W.r.  Nt. 
cimsi.leralion  for  her  sex.  .ir  her  youth.  .>r  f.irthe 
iM'autv  ami  purity  of  character  that  is  r.'yeal.'.l  in 
ull  til.'-  luamiits.if  her  trial,  movcl  her  imlg.ata 
cm,  ission.  Thev  condemncl  her  rcmorsil.sslv 
t..  III.'  stake,  ami  she  was  burae.1  on  the  .list  .^ 
May  USl,  with  mi  elT.irt  put  forth  on  the  part 
.'if  the  French  .ir  th.ir  ungrut.ful  king  to  save 
her  fr.)in  that  horrible  fate. 


End  of  the  Hundred  Years  War. 

Vft.r  this,  thing's  went  badly  with  the  Kngb-b. 
thiiu.'h  some  v.ars  passe.1  befor.'  Charles  \  11. 
was  rous,.,!  again  to  any  .lisplav  of  .apable  pow- 
ers Vt  last,  in  U;!.").  a  g.-m-ral  conferen.e  .if  all 
parti.s  ill  the  war  was  bmught  about  at  Arra>. 
Tlie  English  were  oflVred  Normandy  an.l  Aiii.i 
taine  in  full  s.ner.  ignty,  but  they  nfus<-.l  it.  ami 
withdrew  from  th.'  conference  whcii  gr.-at.T  con  _ 
C'ssi.ms  were  <lcni.-.l  to  them.  ri).-  Duk.-  ot 
Burgumlv  then  imule  terms  with  Kuig  <  harles. 
abamh.ni'ng  the  English  alliame  and  olitainmu' 
satisfaction  for  the  murih-rof  bis  father,  t  iiarl.s 
was  miw  all!.',  for  th.- lirst  timi' in  his  riign.  t.. 
enter  the  .apital  of  bis  kingdom  (May.  U:W.  ami  It 
is  Siii.1  that  he  found  it  so  wast.'.l  by  a  pestilence 
umlsoruim-d  and  .leserte.l.  that  wolves  came  into 
the  city,  ami  that  forty  p.rs.ins  were  .Icvour.-il 
by  Ihcui  ill  ii  ^i"gl'-  '^'•fk.  some  two  years  later. 


i 

99e 

|ir 

^H 

'--:; 

iH 

1001 


I 


KlUOl'K 


KHglnnd  during 
Ihr  war  ii»  >Va»». 


EUROPE. 


^.V' 


li? 


Ch»r1c!i  now  iMw'iin  to  sli'iw  Ik'IIit  (iimlitii-ii 
thrni  Imil  ii|.|>.iirt  il  in  liin  <  liariidir  iK'fMrc  Me 
lulonli'il  utrom;  imasiiri'S  to  Mi|i|>ri«t  the  Imnjlit 
of  iimmiiiliM  who  ImniHwil  aiid  wasti'd  the 
miiiitrv,  uiul  lo  l>rini;  nil  ariiiiil  forcis  In  Ijic 
kiiiiril'iin  nnilir  tlir  control  imil  coinniand  of  tlii' 
Crown  IltlML'iin  llir  cnulioii  <if  n  (li«(  i|i'lncil 
nnil  r<i;uliil.  .1  niiliiiii  in  Friimc  llr  (mIIhI  Into 
liiii  wrviic  till' uriiilist  Frciiili  nun  hunt  of  tin' 
diiv  .laninis  Cuiir,  who  Mi(i<«sfully  n'ori-aii- 
i/nl  the  linaiKis  of  thr  sliitu,  ami  wliosi-  riwuril. 
■.lUvr  a  fiw  viars.  was  to  Ivr  prosccutiil  hikI 
pliiiuli  rcil  livinaliK'nantcowrthTn.  while  ihi' kinj; 
I.K.ki-,1  |iassiV(lv  on.  u»  lic>  had  1. Hiked  on  at  the 
tri  il  and  ixii  ution  of  .Iranni'  d'Arr. 

In  111!!,  li  frisli  attack  npon  the  Knelish  In 
Xorinaiidv  was  l«');iin;  and  an  civil  war— the 
War  of  the  lioses— waslhin  at  the  (loint  of  out- 
hnak  in  Knjrlaiid.  they  could  make  no  cITiclive 
nsistancc.     Within  n    vear.  the  whole  of  Nor 

mandv  had  In me  oUdieiil  au'ain  to  the  rule  of 

the  ki'ij!  of  France.  In  two  years  nioreOuienne 
had  lull!  recovered,  and  when,  in  OctolnT.  H.'iS, 
the  Kriii  h  kini;  entered  llordeaux,  the  Encli.sh 
had  Uen  tlnallv  .  xpelled  from  every  foi>t  of  the 
realm  excepl  ('alais  and  iU  near  iieiLdilH)rlio<Kl. 
The  llumlred  Years  War  was  at  an  end. 
England  under  Edward  III. 
The  oenturv  of  the  Hundred  Years  War  hiul 
iM'cn.in  Kniihind.  one  of  few  conspicuous  events; 
and  whin  theronianlh-  tale  of  that  war  — the  last 
sanijwinary  romance  of  expiring  Chivalry  — is 
taken  out  of  the  Kn^lisli  annals  of  the  time,  there 
in  not  much  left  that  looks  interesting  on  the  sur- 
face of  thini;s.  Itiliiw  the  surface  there  are 
moveiiienls  of  no  little  importance  to  Iw  found. 

When  Kdward  111.  put  forward  his  claim  to 
the  Clown  of  France,  and  prepiireil  to  make  it 
j;iHi<l  hy  force  of  arms,  the  English  nation  had 
atisolulllv  no  inleriM  of  its  own  in  the  enter- 
UTIM'  fnim  which  it  couhl  derive  no  possible  ail- 
van'aL'c,  hut  which  did,  lai  the  contrary,  promise 
harm  to  it  verv  phiinlv,  whatevernii.L'ht  1m>  the 
nsult.  If  the  kiUK'  succeeded,  his  English  realm 
would  111  come  a  mere  minor  appendage  to  n  far 
more  imposing'  continental  dominion,  and  he  and 
his  successors  miilht  easily  iici|uire  a  power  in- 
ilepiiidentand  alisolute,  over  their  suhiects.  It 
he  failed,  the  humiliation  of  failure  would  wound 
the  pride  and  the  prestige  of  tlie  nation,  while  its 
resources  would  have  lieen  drained  for  naught, 
liut  the-        Uonal  considerations  did  not  sujtiee 

t,v  hr I  any   discoveralile  opjiosition  to    Kim; 

Edwiirds  aiuhilious  undertakini;.  The  Parlia- 
ment "live  sanction  to  it;  mo>t  prohalily  the 
pi  111. le  at  laru'e  approved,  with  exultant  expec- 
taiioi.s  ,.r  n.itii.nul  >:lory:  and  when  Crecy  and 
I'oitiirs  with  victories  over  the  hostile  Scots,  tilled 
the  iii.asure  of  Eniilands  jilory  to  overtlow- 
inir.  tiny  were  inloxicaled  by  it,  and  had  little 
Ilioii-lit"tliin  of  the  cost  or  the  cimseiiuenees. 

But  loiiL'  Ulore  F,dward's  reign  eaine  toun  end, 
the  spliii.Fid  paL'eaiitries  of  the  war  had  passeil 
out  of  .--ii-'iit.  and  a  new  fieneration  was  looking 
al.  and  wa-  Mill'  ring  from,  the  inisi-ries  and  mor- 
lit'iialiniis  that  i  .ime  in  its  train.  The  attempt  to 
loiiquer  France  had  failed;  the  fruits  of  the  vic- 
tories of  Creev  and  I'oitiers  bad  been  hist;  even 
(iuienne,  whii  h  had  lieen  English  ground  since 
the  days  of  Henry  U  ,  was  mostly  given  up. 
.\nd  Kni-'lanil  was  "w.mIv  !r..Mi  iii.  draiii  (if  iu;):iry 
and  men  which  the  war  had  caused.     The  awful 


plauuc  of  the  14th  renturv,  the  Blark  Pinlli, 
inid  smitten  her  people  lianl  and  left  dlminlsluil 
nnmlM'm  to  U-ar  the  Inirden.  There  had  Inin 
fai.iine  in  the  land,  and  grievous  distress,  ami 
niuoli  sorrow. 

But  the  calamities  of  this  bitter  time  wnaielit 
lieneflcent.  effects,  whi<li  n<>  man  then  living  U 
likely  to  have  clearly  underst<><sl.  By  plague. 
famine  and  battle,  laW  was  made  scarce,  wiigis 
were  raisid,  the  lialf  enslaved  lalionr  wasspenl 
lly  etimncipated,  despite  the  efforts  of  I'ariiii- 
ment  to  keep  him  in  iHinds,  and  landowiiiM 
were  forced  to  let  their  lands  to  t»"nant  farmers, 
who  strengthened  the  EnKlisIt  mlddle-clas.s.  11) 
the  ilemands  of  the  war  for  money  and  men,  the 
king  was  held  more  in  dependence  on  I'urliariiint 
than  he  might  otherwise  liave  been,  ami  tin- 
plant  of  constitutional  government,  which  lugan 
Its  growth  in  the  previotis  century,  tisik  ilee|iiT 

In  t lie  last  years  of  his  life  Edward  Til.  I.»t 
all  of  his  vigor,  and  fell  under  the  liillueiii  e  i.f  u 
woman,  Alice  Ferrers,  who  wrongisl  and  scan. 
dali/.wl  the  nation.  The  king's  eldest  son.  tlie 
Black  Prince,  was  slowly  dying  of  an  iiu  umlile 
disease,  and  took  little  part  in  affairs;  whin  lie 
iiitcrfere<l,  it  si'cms  to  have  lieen  with  s.mie 
leanings  to  the  popular  side.  The  n:'xt  in  age  ut 
tlie  living sonsof  Edward  wasaturbnlent,  proml, 
self-seeking  prince,  who  gave  Enghiml  nimli 
trouble  and  was  liatwi  pnifonndly.  'I  Ins  was 
John,  Duke  of  Lancaster,  called  .lolin  of  (iaunl, 
or  tiheut,  because  of  his  birth  in  that  citv. 

England  under  Richard  II. 
The  Black  Prince,  dying  in  1376,  left  a  youns 
son,  Richard,  tlien  ten  years  old,  who  was  ininie 
diaU'ly  recognined  as  tlie  lieir  to  the  tlirone.  ami 
who  succeeded  to  it  in  the  following  year,  whiii 
Edward  III.  died.  The  Duke  of  I,ania>ii r  lia.l 
iM'en  suspecU'd  of  a  design  to  set  Kichanl  hsuIi' 
and  c'aiin  the  crown  for  himself.  But  he  ilnl  not 
venture  the  attempt ;  nor  was  he  able  to  .wcuri' 
even  the  regency  of  the  kingdom  ilunng  the 
young  king's  minority.  The  distrust  of  him  was 
so  geni-rai  that  Parliament  and  the  lords  pn- 
ferrcd  to  invest  Richanl  with  full  sovereignly 
even  in  his  iMiylioiHl.  But  John  of  (Jaunt,  net- 
withstanding  these  endeavors  to  exelmle  hira 
from  any  place  of  authority,  contrived  to  altam 
a  substantial  mastery  of  the  government.  m;in- 
aging  the  war  in  France  and  the  expeudiiuriMif 
public  moneys  in  his  own  way,  and  maTi:ii;ini 
them  very  badly.  At  least,  he  was  biM  <  Imny 
responsihle  for  what  was  bail,  and  his  name  was 
heard  oftenest  in  the  muttcrings  of  P"pu!:ir 
discontent.  The  peasants  were  now  grniviiii; 
very  impatient  of  the  last  fetters  of  vill.iiiaic 
which  they  wore,  and  very  conscious  of  ilmr 
right  to  complete  freedom.  Tliosti  feelm-s  wire 
strongly  stirred  in  them  by  a  heavy  p. .11  lax 
which  Parliament  levied  in  UWI.  Tin  iinw- 
quence  was  an  outbreak  of  insurrection.  1.1  I'V 
one  Wat  the  Tvler,  which  beeaine  fnniii  il'le 
and  dangerous.  Theinsurgentsbeganhy  m  .kuis' 
evervbislv  tliey  encountered  swear  to  Im'  iru.'  t.j 
King  Richard,  and  to  submit  to  no  l<in;-'  'um.. 
John,  meaning  John  of  Gaunt.  They  m.  r n-.M 
in  numliers  and  boldness  until  they  eiiten.l  .iii.l 
tiHik  pos-sessiim  of  the  city  of  I.on.|..ii,  wlari' 
they  beheadeil  the  Archbishop  of  ('aiili  rlmry. 
snd  ntl-..-Tohn.-.'iC!i!iis  persons;  bni  nermiile.l  n" 
thieving  to  be  done.     Tlie  day  after  tliisoe.  urreil. 


1UG8 


EUROPE. 


H'ai  Tttrr  aiui 


EIHOPK 


W«t  Tyl(-r  rnft  the  voiinit  klnir  »t  Smlthflcld.  for 
»  coiifiTi'iid'.  and  wiin  iiuilili'iily  klllicl  by  iini'  nf 
ihi*'  will'  HtU'iiili'il  till'  kiritf.  Thr  cxciiw  maili' 
(„r  llir  ileed  wan  wmii'  woril  of  liisdli'iici!  on  tlii^ 
part  "f  till"  in«"W'iil ''•«'•'''' ;  '""  ll""'  '*  <'vi'ry 
'inniiiniiHT "f  « fiml HI''  •''  Irciirlii'ry  in  tin- alliilr. 
lliiltinl  i>n  till*  iMTUsioii  IkIiiivciI  lx)l(lly  and 
with  iniirli  |iri>!«'iii'i'  iS(  nilnil,  aiiiulrinu  liy  liin 
murigc  nnd  rcadlnrssiii'Diiinmnd  i)Vir tlii'unxry 
nlH'Is.  wliiili  ri'siilliii  in  tliiir  dlsixTslon. 

Till'  \V:ii  Tylir  rclK'Hion  upprars  ti>  lia%i' 
luinid'HU'il  a  ninri'  rudirally  diimx  nitii-  stati'  'if 
tliinkiriK  and  filling  amiiiii;  liii-  ciininion  piiiple 
iliiin  ixistid  airain  in  Knjtiaiid  iMforL'  tin-  wvin- 
uintln.'nturv.  .Iiilin  Hall,  a  jirif.-l.  and  utlicrs 
ttli"  wiTc  aitiMiattd  willi  Wat  Tylir  in  the 
li;iilirship.  pnaclwd  diMtrint's  of  wicial  (M|iiality 
lliut  would  nrarly  liavr  wilisli.d  a  .laioliin  of  llic 
Kriuili  Kivolntion. 

Tliis  t(  iniMr  of  poliliial  nidicalinMi  had  no  up 
parint  connfition  witli  tin-  ninarkalili^  riliKions 
ficliiit;  of  the  time,  which  tlii'  >;rcat  rifornur, 
Wvilif,  hadaroum'd;  yit  the  two  nioviMnfiits  of 
till-  Knslish  mind  wcri'  undnulilnlly  utarti'd  by 
(iwand  the  name  ri'volutionary  slioik,  which  it 
tiKik  fn)m  the  grave  alarms  and  anxiilici  of  the 
a({e.  and  for  which  it  had  iMcn  prepared  by  the 
uwHkeninif  of  the  prevh)uscintiiry.  Wyclif  was 
the  first  KiiKlish  I'uriUin,  and  more  of  the  spirit 
of  tile  nformation  of  relijr'on  whicli  he  »ouj;lit, 
tluin  the  spirit  of  Luther's  reforniation,  went  into 
tlie  Protestantism  that  ultinmlely  took  form  In 
Einrlarut.  The  movement  he  stirred  was  a  more 
wiiudirful  ttUtieipatiou  of  the  n-lit;ioiis  revolt  of 
the  sisteepth  century  than  oiy  oiliir  which  oe- 
(urred  in  Euni|)e;  for  that  •  ;  ili-s  in  IJohemia 
took  its  inipiilw  from  Wyclif  ioid  tlie  Kuglish 
Uipllunls.  as  Wvellf's  followirs  w. n   called. 

Uichiiril  was"u  weak  but  wilful  king,  and  the 
kiutfiinui  «.is  kept  in  trouble  by  liis  liltul  at- 
tiinjits  al  indeiMiidence  and  arbitrary  rule,  lie 
imule  enemies  of  most  of  tlie  tfreat  lords,  ami  lost 
tlie  hikhI  will  and  contidence  of  I'arliament.  lie 
did  what  was  looked  uiMin  as  a  (jreat  wroni;  to 
lliurv  of  Holinghroke,  son  of  .bilin  of  (iauni,  by 
liaiii>'liin|,'  both  him  and  the  Duke  of  Norfolk 
from  till'  kini;doni,  when  he  slioiild  have  judged 
ktwec  11  Hum ;  and  he  niadu  the  wrong  greater  by 
s-i/.iu^' llie  landsof  the  Lancastrian  house  when 
.luhii  uf  daunt  died.  This  caused  liis  ruin. 
Iliiiry  cf  liolingbroke,  now  Duke  of  Lancaster, 
eiime'li:ick  to  England  (l'!l''JI.  encouraged  by  the 
di-C'Miieiil  in  the  kingdom,  and  was  iinmeiliatcly 
joined  by  so  many  adherents  that  IJiehard  could 
elliT  iittii'  rcsi.-,lauee.  He  was  deposed  by  act  of 
I'urliiiiiieiil,  and  the  Duke  of  Lancaster  (a  grand- 
*iii  "f  Kdward  111.,  as  liicliard  was),  was  elin-ted 
to  the  throne,  which  he  luseciiiled  as  Henry  IV. 
liy  jiidL'Mient  of  King  and  Parliament,  liii  liard 
was  pn  «eiitly  condeniueil  to  impri>.)nmeiit  for 
life  ill  I'omfrit  t'astle;  and.  early  in  the  follow- 
iiii;  \i:iT.  after  a  ecmspiracy  in  his  favor  liarl 
bi'i'ii  di-(.'Vered.    he   died    luysteriously    in    his 


[iriv.n 


England  Under  Henry  IV. 


ih.r.iu'auf  IbMiry  IV..  wliicli  histed  a  litth' 
iii'iti  :h:ui  lliirtieii  years,  was  troubled  by  risiriirs 
aiuli,.ii~|iirueifs.  alloriginalingainongtlieni  ' 

nut   .il         ..-----.       -    r 

liavia^ 


, ,s- f, 'Iilcs 

lU.MS  purely   personal  or  factious,  and 
real    piditicul   signilicance.     Uut    no 

!■'.■!■:;;;  i;;   K,;>.ri.:^|,  >.,.^r;>ry  Jir-^    niore  coinm.-Ti'.y 
familiar,  or  seem   to  lie  invested  with  a  higher 


importance,  than  the  relM-lllons  of  Owen  Olen- 
dowiT  and  the  Percys.— NorthiinilKTland  and 
Hurry  llotspur  — siniply  bemuse  !Shakes|)earB 
liiui  lahl  hilt  muffle  ujion  what  citlierwis*'  would 
be  a  utory  of  little  note  Wars  with  the  alwayn 
hoHtile  Scots  siipiilled  other  stirring  incidents  to 
the  reconi  of  the  time;  but  lhesi>  came  to  a  KUin- 
inary  end  in  140.%.  when  the  crown  prince,  .lames, 
of  Scotland,  vovaeing  to  France,  was  driven  by 
foul  winds  to  I'he  Kngli^h  co.isl  and  bik-n  pris- 
oner The  princes  father.  King  l^lberl,  dieil  on 
liearinL'  the  news,  and  James,  the  laptive,  was 
now  entitleil  to  be  king.  Hut  the  Kiiglish  held 
him  for  eight,  en  vc.irs,  treating  him  as  a  guest 
at  their  court,  ra'thcr  than  as  a  prisoner,  and 
educating  him  with  can.  but  withhohling  him 
from  his  kingdom. 

To  strengthen  hi-,  precarious  scut  upon  the 
throne,  Henry  ciiltiv  ited  the  friendship  of  the 
Church,  and  seems  to  have  found  this  couruu 
exiM'dient,  even  at  con'^idcrable  co^t  to  his  popu- 
larity. For  the  attitude  of  the  cninmon^.  toward* 
the  (hurch  during  his  reign  was  anything  but 
friendly.  They  went  so  far  as  to  pass  a  bill 
for  the  contlsiation  of  Church  |iroiHTty.  which 
the  Lords  rejected;  and  they  seem  to  have  re- 
pented of  an  Act  passed  early  in  his  reign, 
under  which  a  iruel  iHTserution  of  the  Lollards 
was  begun.  Tin'  clergy  and  the  Lords,  with  the 
favor  of  the  king,  maintained  the  barbarous  law, 
anil  England  for  the  lirst  time  saw  men  tiumed 
at  the  sUike  for  hensy. 

England  Under  Henry  V.  and  Henry  VI. 

Henry  IV.  died  in  1  Uli,  and  was  succeeded  by 
his  spirited  and  able,  but  tcsi  ambitious  son, 
Ibnry  V,,  the  Prince  Hal  of  Shakespeare,  who 
gave  up  riotous  living  when  called  to  the  grave 
duties  of  government  and  showed  himself  to  l)e 
a  man  of  no  common  mould.  The  war  in  Prance, 
which  lie  renewed,  and  the  chief  events  of  which 
have  Ih'CU  sketched  alriudy.  tilled  up  nio^t  of 
his  brief  reign  of  nine  years.  His  early  death 
(Mi'.;)  left  two  crowns  to'an  infant  nine  niontlij 
old.  The  Kngli>li  crown  was  not  disputed.  The 
French  crown,  though  jiractically  won  by  con- 
I  ipiest,  was  not  permanently  secured,  but  was 
still  to  be  fought  for;  and  iii  tin'  iiid.  as  we  have 
seen,  it  was  lo^t.  No  more  iiceil  be  said  of  the 
incidents  of  ilio  war  which  had  that  roi:!!. 

The  infant  king  was  repres"nled  in  France  by 

bis  elder  uiiclr.  the  Duke  of  liedl'ord.      In  Kng. 

land,    the   governinent    was  carried  on  for  him 

during  his  ininority  by  a  council,  In  which  his 

vounirer  uncle.  Ilumphri'y.  Duke  of  i;ii>uee.-.ter, 

.   occupied  the  chief  phiee.'but   with  |iowers  that 

were    jeahei'^iy    restricted.      While  llie    war  in 

France  lasli-.|."  i.r  during  most  of  the  thirty  one 

vears    tliMiigh    which    it    wa^    protracted   after 

ilenry  V.'s  death,  it  engrossed  tlie  Knglish  mind 

and  overshadowed  diinii'slic  interests,  so  that  the 

time  has  a  meagre  history. 

1       Soon  after  he  came  of  age.  Henry  VI.  married 

(bUl)    .MarL'irel    of    Anjou,    (laughter  of   IJi'iie, 

Duke   of  .\iijou,    who  claimed   to  br    King   of 

i    .N'aples   and  '.lerusalcui.     The   marriage,    which 

I   aimed  at  peace  with  France,  and  which  had  Is-eii 

brought  about  by  the  lession  to  that  country  of 

Maine  and  .Vnjo'u.   was  unpopular  in   Kngland. 

I    Discontent  with  the   b'clde  management  of  the 

war.  and  with  the  general  weakness  and  incapa- 

!   l;i!itv    of    Hie    ;;overiune!it.     grew    apace,    and 

showed    itself,  "among    other  exhibitions,  in  a 


IS^"" 


1009 


t-'i:  I" 


m 


aw 


EITBOVE. 


Wnr»  »/  llu  Horn* 
and  thtir  rfrcU. 


EUROPE. 


rrUlll'in  (l+V))  known  iw  .lack  Cadpn,  from  tli<i 
nniiir  of  iin  Irlaliiimn  who  );ot  llii'  lew)  of  it 
Jni  \  Citili'  iinil  hU  follnwiTii  t>K)k  |HiMH'>wiiin  o( 
lA>iiilon  Hnil  Ill-Id  It  for  tlini'  iliiyn.  only  ylrlilln)? 
lit  I  list  li>  imolTirof  jtcninil  punlon.  iiftir  tlirv 
hnil  iHliraili'il  Loril  Siiy,  the  nwMt  olmoxloiiii  nif- 
viwr.if  the  kiriir  A  priv|iiii«  mob  hiul  taken 
the  head  of  the  Kiirlof  SiilTolk,  wli"  wiiit  ili'li'nU-il 
Hllll  iniiri'  ,i»  till'  eiintriviT  of  llif  klnc'n  murrliiK<' 
niul  ofllu'  liiiiiiill.'iiliik'  |H>liiy  in  Knuuc. 

The  Wart  of  the  Rotei. 

At  Icrnith.  till'  I»nkc  of  York,  n  j>n'wnlln)t  iin 

clihr  11 f  roviil   (liMint  fnun  Kilwiinl   III  , 

tiHik  the  lead  of' till' iliMiiiilarilccI  In  tlir  niilliiii. 
and  livil  nar  wa»  iininini'iit  In  ItVi;  liiit  piirltli' 
roiiiKils  priviiilrd  for  tlir  nioiniMit.  Tin-  kinit, 
wliciliad  iilwaVH  In  in  wiuk  iiiiiidi'd.  and  I'Utirily 
undiT  till'  Inldiriu  T  of  tin'  niiiir  now  mink  for 
aliiiir  into  a  Hiair  of  conipliti'  ►  .i|>or.  and  was 
iiiiapalilv  of  any  art.  Tlir  l^irils  in  I'arliaini'iit 
tluTiupon  ap|Miiiitid  llir  Diiki'of  York  I'rotcrtor 
of  r.nv'land.  and  the  pivirnnicnt  was  vi)f"roiiBly 
coniliirtid  liy  liiin  for  ii  fiw  nionllis.  until  tlir 
kiiii  riiovcri'd.  Tlie  ipicin,  iind  llii' coiini'iltors 
sill'  favorid.  now  ncuinid  lliiir  rontnilot  iiffalrs, 
and  till'  opposilion  tiMik  ariii>. 

Till'  lout!  wrii'S  of  IIiti'i'  Hlrnnijli'S  lii'twi'i'n 
llinr  two  parlii's.  wliirh  is  loiniiionlv  cnlli'd  tlio 
Wars  of  till'  Uosis,  iK'^tan  on  tlii'  'iii\  of  May. 
14-Vi.  with  a  liatlli'  at  St  Mliuiis  —  tlic  llrst  of 
tv  II  that  Hiri'  fuii'ilit  on  llii'  miiu'  (.'f"'!"''-  At 
till'  lii'^'iiiiiiiiir.  it  was  ii  ronlist  for  tlii'  piiss<'sslon 
of  till'  iinfortiinatr.  irrt'spoiisilili'  kinit.  and  of  tlir 
riiyal  autlinrity  wliirli  risidid  nominally  In  his 
pi'Vson.  lint  It  iHiami',  iri'  Ion:;,  a  I'onlrst  for 
tlif  cniwn  wliii  li  llrnrv  won',  and  to  wliirli  llii' 
Duki'  of  York  ili  riiiil  liis  ri^rlit.  Tlir  Diiki; 
tranil  liU  aniislry  loom'  son  of  Kdward  III., 
and  Kliii.'  Ilriiry  to  aiiolliir  son.  Hut  tlii'  Duki'S 
fnrifatliiT,  I.ioiiil,  was  prior  in  liirtli  to  tlir 
Kim;  s  forifitlnr,  .lolin  of  (iaiint.  and.  us  an 
ori);inal  proposiiion.  tin'  llonsi!  of  York  was 
cliarly  man  r  than  thi'  IIowh'  of  l..ini'asti'r  to 
till'  nival  lim  whirh  had  Ikiii  intirriiptcd  wliiii 
I{i(liard  II.  was  drposid.  Tin'  rij;lits  of  Ihr 
latfr  lloi.'ii'  win'  snih  as  it  had  jraiiii'd  pri'serip 
tivily  hy  half  a  rinluryof  possi'ssion. 

Atoiii' tiini' it  was  ifi'i  idid  liv  tin'  I,onla  that 
Henry  siioiild  In'  kiiii;  until  he  liied,  aii<l  that  the 
Duke  of  York  and  his  heirs  should  sueeeed  him. 
But  IJueen  Marirant  would  not  yield  the  rights 
of  III  r  sun.  and  n'Tiewed  the  war.  The  Duke  of 
York  was  killed  in  the  iiiM  liatlle  lou.^rh!.  His 
sou,  r.dw.anl.  eoniiniied  the  eoutest,  and  early 
in  mil,  liuvim;  taken  pos.-j'.sion  of  I/ondon.  he 
w.is  ileiland  kill:;  liy  a  eoiineil  of  I,onls,  wliiih 
foriiially 'lepo-i'd  Henry.  The  I/iniaslrians  wiTe 
driven  from  the  kiii:;doin,  and  Kihvaid  held  the 
pivi  rnuieiit  with  lillle  disturlianee  for  eii;lit 
years.  Then  a  riiptun'  oieurn'd  lietween  him 
and  lii^  nio-l  powirful  supporter,  llie  Karl  of 
\Var\\ ;  W'arwii  k  put  liiiusi'lf  at  the  head  of 

u  n'lic  h.  Ti  wliieh  faili-d  ill  the  lirst  iiisiaiiee.  Imt 
wliieli  iiiially,  will  II  Warwiik  had  joined  fones 
Willi  (.liiiiii  Mar:;arii.  drovi-  lCtl»ard  to  lli-'ht. 
The  laller  tiH.k  nfiiLT.-  in  the  Nelherlaiids  (117"), 
where  lie  reeei\ed  proteetion  and  as-.istaiiee  fmm 
the  Duke  of  HuruMuidy,  who  was  his  lirotlier  in- 
law. Henry  VI.  was  now  restored  to  Hie  throne; 
but  for  no  loni;er  a  time  than  six  months.  .Vt 
the  end  ot  that  pereid  Kdward  laiuleil  ai^ain  in 
Engluud,  wilhu  small  furcv,  prufessiug  thut  be 


ramr  only  to  ilpnuuid  hl«  itukmlom,  A»  s,»,n  ■« 
lie  finiml  hlmiM-lf  well  rrcidvccl  niul  .<lMni.'l(  miii 
(iiirtisl,  h(i  threw  utt  thu  mask,  n-iiumi'd  ilie  liil,, 
of  kinK,  an<l  lulvnnrtMl  to  Ltmdon,  win  n  tin 
I  Iti/ens  ifuve  him  wvlcnme,  A  few  da\ ..  hii  r 
(.\prll  14,  1471)  he  went  out  to  meet  \V  ir«irk 
and  ilefctttisi  anil  hU'W  him  In  the  llene  linil,  ,,( 
Hamet,  One  more  flglit  at  Tewkeslmr'  viliin- 
({nei'D  Miirgant  was  taken  piiMiner,  ended  ilu 
war.  KbiK  Henry  dhsl,  mmpieioimly,  in  tlic 
Tower,  on  the  very  nlitht  of  his  vhlorioii..  rivnl , 
ntiini  t4i  Nmilon.  and  i-Mwanl  IV.  hid  ill  h\a 
inemiea  under  Ilia  feet, 

England  under  the  Houte  of  York. 

Forafi'w  years  KnKlanil  enjoyed  [nai.  vsi'liin 
her  iMmlers.  and  the  material  efTeets  of  tin  pn 
tnieted  civil  wara  were  nipldly  elTaeeil.  Iiidml 
the  ){n'Uter  part  of  Kntclanil  apiH'am  to  h  n  i  u  i  n 
liKlitly  toueneil  by  tlmae  elleeta.  The  p.i.|.|.  ni 
larve  bad  taken  liltle  part  In  the  eimlliii  mul 
had  iH'en  leiw  itlatiirlHsl  liy  it,  in  their  iiidii'.lrii's 
and  in  their  eommerce,  than  nilcht  have  In  <  n  v% 
Iieeted.  It  hail  been  n  strife  amoni;  the  i;ri'iil 
fiiiniliea,  enlisting  the  jrentry  to  a  larue  iMi  iit, 
no  doubt,  but  not  the  middle  eliuss  Id mv  itn 
I'liief  eonseipienee  had  U'en  the  tliiiiiiiiii:  and 
weukeninn  of  the  aristoemlie  onler.  wliirli  nla 
lively  enhuneeil  the  |Nilitieal  importanie  of  liii' 
eominorH,  But  tlieenmmoim  wen'  not  yd  tniriiil 
to  IK  t  liiilependeiitly  In  politieal  alliiirs  Tli.  ir 
risi'  in  power  had  U'ln  thniUKb  joint  aili.in  i,f 
lonlsaml  emnnions  ai;ainst  theCniun,  »iilitlii' 
former  In  the  lead;  they  were  aeeiislonied  omIi' 
IM'nii  on  arlstiH'ratie  Kuidiinee,  and  to  li.ui  mi 
aristoi'ratie  support.  For  tliis  reason,  they  win' 
not  only  nnpn'pan'il  to  take  udvuntase  nf  tlie 
^reat  i>p|Mirtnnity  whieli  now  opt'iied  to  ili'iii, 
for  decisively  graspinK  the  control  of  c'^'ni 
ment.  but  they  were  unntted  to  hold  "hal  liny 
had  previously  won,  without  the  liel|>  of  tlie 
class  almvc  them.  As  a  consi'ipieiiee,  il  ua^tlip 
kinit  who  pnitlled  by  the  decimation  and  iiii 
povcrishinent  of  the  nobles,  Kraspini;  not  "iilv 
the  power  wliieli  they  lost,  but  the  pow.  r  «liiiii 
the  commons  lacked  skill  to  nsi'.  For  a  1 1  iiliiry 
mill  a  half  following  the  Wars  of  the  It.isi^.  ilu' 
English  monarchy  approached  more  n.  iil>  i" 
absolutism  than  at  any  other  periiKl  \uV  n  er 
after. 

The  unsparing  ronliscations  by  whii  li  Kdwinl 
IV.  and  his  triumphant  party  eriislnd  tin  ir  "p 


.[  iiiaik' 

Whin 

■p.  Mil' 

,lf.-ii 

lallt^ 

ef 

"f 

,   thllt 

III' 

or  re- 


poncnts  enriched  the  Cniwii  for  a  time  ,;ii 
It  inilepcndeiitof  parliamentary  siili^i.lii  ^ 
supply  from  that  source  iK'giin  to  fall  -li 
king  invented  another.  He  demeaned  hiii 
far  as  to  solieit  gifts  fmm  the  wealthy  iiiiri  I 
of  the  kingdom,  to  wliieli  lie  gave  ilie  i; 
"  benevolences,"  and  he  pmcticed  tlii"  sv 
royal  iM'Lgary  so  persistently  and  elfreiiM 
he  had  no  need  to  call  Parliament  lou-i  ilu 
thus  began,  in  a  manner  lianlly  pireiu.i 
sisted,  tjie  arbitrary  and  unconsliluliniial  iiiilr.if 
government  which  hi.-  suecessors  earrii'l  P.rilnr. 
until  the  nation  roiised  itsi'lf  and  liok  I'.i'U  it* 
stolen  liberties  with  vengeance  and  wruh. 

Richard  III.  and  the  first  of  the  Tudors, 
EdwanI  IV   died  in  US;l,  havinu'  i"" 
sons,    the    elder    not    yet    thirteen       K 
bnither,  Hiehanl,  contrived  willi  aiiii/i"^' 
and  iinscrupiiloiisness  lo  ueipiiii-  i.-.iti  ■:  -  :  ■■"■ 
government,  firat  oa  Protector,  and  pres.  uily  ^m 


i;iM:: 
,ira'- 

■hilV 


1070 


A. 


EUROPK 


Itriain  n/  Itf 


EUROPE 


Kinii  Thf  younnprlnrrn,  ronlimHllnlhc/Tiiwir, 
wtrr  munlrml  tlicrf.  uiid  Kiiliitnl  III  iiil«lil 
l,«n'  wrrawl  U)  I"'  iH-niri'im  liU  wlcki-illy  w.m 
lUronc  fur  III' (11(1  not  liM'k  |Mi|Hil»rlty.  milwllli 
lUniliiitf  111"  <'fln><'»  "'"  '"'  'K'l'nifc''  •"""  •"*""'• 
In  the  ii«T«)n  of  Henry.  Eiirl  of  Ulilimoiid.  who 
oUlmol  till!  Cniwn.  Ilciiry'n  cliiliii  wiw  not  n 
itriiiiK  (inc.  TliroiiRll  liln  Iiiotlicr,  lie  traced  liU 
liiiciiiic  to  •'"'"•  "'  <*'•"»'.  "■■'  '''"  liuncintriiinn 
h»<l  done;  but  It  wiw  Ilic  mintrens  and  not  llii^ 
wife  of  Hint  prince  who  Ixirc  llciirvii  unccHlor. 
Mil.  cmndfathcr  wim  a  Wcluli  clilcftiiin.  Kir  Owen 
Tudcir.  who  won  the  heart  of  tlie  widowed  ((Uccn 

o(  llciiry  v.,  Catlierine  of  Krai and  married 

her  Iliit  the  claim  of  Henry  of  Ulchmond,  If  a 
weak  (MIC  (fenealoirieally,  milllced  for  the  over- 
lliri.w  of  the  n'd  liaiide(l  usurper,  llii  hard. 
1I(  nrv.  who  had  In'en  In  exile,  landed  In  Kni^liind 
in  .\ii)ju«t.  I4H.V  and  WttiKie'ekly  lolned  bv  larne 
nunilH  ra  of  supixirter*.  Ulehard  hastened  to  at- 
tack iheni,  and  wiw  (hfealed  and  iilain  on  Ifcw- 
wiirtU  Field.  Willi  no  more  oopositinn,  Henry 
wim  Ilie  kinuihiin,  and  foundeil,  an  Henry  VII.. 
the  Tudor  ilvnimty  which  hehl  the  ihrone  until 
the  di-illi  of  felUalK'th. 

liider  that  dynaHty.  the  liluli  ry  of  Knifland 
KKik  on  a  new  chanielcr,  dlwloslnn  new  ten- 
cliucies,  new  impulscK,  new  current" of  intluence. 
nfiv  |iromiiic9  of  IIk'  future.  \Vc  will  not  enter 
upim  it  until  wc  have  hK)kcd  at  some  prior  evcnU 
in  (iilier  rcgionn. 

German;' 

If  we  return  now  to  flermany,  we  take  iii>  thi! 
thnad  of  events  at  an  inlerentlnK  point.  We 
purticl  from  the  affairs  of  tliat  l^oiililcd  country 
wliiic  two  rival  Emperors,  lymU  IV  .  or  Liidwi);, 
of  llavaria.  and  Frederick  of  AuMlria,  were  eii- 
(li'iimrinmlifW)  to  nettle  thelrdl»pulc  In  a  friendly 
Kuv,  liy  tiliarlng  the  thnuic  toifclhcr.  Before 
ndtiiii!  the  result  of  that  chlvalrie  and  remnrkahio 
ccimiminiisc,  let  u»  (fiance  buck  ward  for  a  luoment 
attlie  most  im-norable  and  lin|H)rtunt  Incident  of 
Ui(.'  civil  war  which  \vt\  to  It. 

Birth  of  the  Swiss  Confederscy. 

Tlie  three  cantons  of  Sv.ll/.crland  which  arc 
known  ilistinctlvely  ii.h  the  Forest  Cantons,  iiame- 
Iv.  Schwytz  (which  (!avc  it.s  imiiie  in  time  to  the 
vihiili'  country).  Vri.  and  Un>"r\valden,  had  st(KKl 
in  pKruliar  fclatlons  to  the  llapsbiirif  family 
lime  loTi)!  iKfore  liudolpli  iK'canic  Kiiiperor  and 
Ills  hiMisi'  liicaine  the  llou.w  of  Austr'i.  lu  those 
c^inlims,  tlie  territorial  riijhta  were  held  mostly 
by  sin-it  monasteries,  and  the  counts  of  Haps- 
biir^'  for  jjcnerations  pxst  had  served  thealiUils 
anil  ;ililKs.ses  in  the  capacity  of  iidviK-ates.  or 
cliinipions.  to  ruli^  their  vassals  for  thciu  and  to 
drfiMul  ilicir  rifilits.  Authority  of  their  own  In 
the  crinlims  they  had  none.  At  the  same  time, 
till'  iiMii  lions  they  iierformed  so  continually  de- 
vi'liip'd  ideas  ill  their  minds,  without  doulil, 
whiili  i;riw  naturally  into  iiretensions  that  weri^ 
oflcMsiieto  ;lie  bold  mountaineers.  (In  the  other 
hiihil.  the  '  irimnstances  of  the  situation  were 
call  111  lied  t.i  breed  notiims  and  feelings  of  in- 
lii'prii.lriKe  iimoni;  the  men  oi  the  mouiitains. 
Tiny  LMve  tiieir  alle^riance  to  the  Kinpemr  —  to 
till'  liiL'li  sovereiizn  who  ruled  over  all,  in  the 
iciiiii'  ef  Hume  —  iiiid  they  opiwisi'd  what  c.'iiiii' 
lii'i.nc'ii  them  ami  liim.  'it  is  miinlfesi  that  a 
tttn.itriiin.r  eniiiplii'iitlim  for  theni  arose  when 
till'  (.  imiit  of  llapsburg  becuuiu  Euipcror,  which 


(KTiirred  In  1278  The/  hiul  no  nerlous  dllflciilty 
with  Uiiihilph.  In  hi*  tini",  but  they  wisely  pre- 
pared theniselveii  for  what  ml|flit  come,  by  form 
InK,  or  by  rennwlnit,  in  liBl,  a  league  of  the 
three  cwntons.  — the  lM-|{lnnlnt(  and  iiiiek'imof  the 
Swiwi  Confeilemtlon.  whUh  has  nialnlalned  lis 
lii(le|M'ndence  and  Its  freedom  from  that  day  to 
this.  The  leHKUe  of  t'JBI  had  existed  soinelhInK 
more  than  twenty  years  when  the  confederated 
cantons  wenf  Anit  called  U(Mmlo»land  toKelliir 
In  reslstiince  to  the  Austrian  prelenshnis.  This 
occurred  In  KU.I,  diirinif  the  war  Isawcen  Koiils 
and  Frederick,  when  U'o|K)hl,  Iliike  of  .Vustriii, 
Invaded  the  Fonsl  Cantons  and  was  disastrously 
U'Bten  In  a  ll«ht  at  Hie  puss  of  .Mnruarlen.     The 

victory  of  the  confederates  and  the  iiiih'|M>udei 

secured  by  It  K»ve  them  s<i  much  pn'stl^e  that 
neluh'iorlnir  cities  and  eanions  soiiirht  ttdinis- 
sion  to  thidr  league  In  M:li  I.ii/.ern  was  re- 
ceived Hs  a  mcmlMr;  In  i;l.">l.  Wti.  and  lll.lit. 
Ziirli  h,  (llarus.  Zuij,  and  llern  came  in,  liiereasInK 
the  memlHnhip  to  ei«ht.  It  took  the  name  of 
the  (»hl  l^'iiKue  of  lliirh  tiermaiiy.  and  Its  mem 
bers  were  known  as  KldKcnossen,  or  (!onfeder 
ales 

Such,  In  brief,  are  the  »S(Trtaiue(l  facts  of  tl.e 
orii(in  of  the  Swiss  Confederacy.  There  Is  noth- 
ing fotiiid  In  authentic  history  to  substantiate  the 
IK.pular  IcKcml  of  William  Tell. 

The  cpnstlons  Imiwccu  the  league  and  the 
.\ilstrian  princes,  whUli  contiiiue(l  to  be  trouble- 
some for  two  (.'eneratious,  were  practically  ended 
by  the  two  battles  of  Senipacli  and  X.iefels, 
fought  In  i:w«  and  i:lHH,  hi  both  of  which  the 
Austrians  were  overthniwn. 

The  Emperor  Louis  IV.  and  the  Papacy, 
While  the  Swiss  were  (tainiiiK  the  freedom 
which  they  never  lost,  (Jermany  at  larife  was 
iiiaklnK  little  progress  In  any  satisfactory  direc- 
tion. Peace  had  not  been  restored  bv  the  friendly 
airrcement  of  IHW  iHtween  I.udwii;  and  Frede- 
rick. The  partisans  of  nelllur  wire  contented 
with  It.  Frederick  was  broken  in  heiiltliand  smm 
relircil  from  the  povernnient ;  in  \'-\M  he  died. 
The  .Vustrian  house  persisted  in  le.siility  toLouis; 
but  lis  more  formidable  eneiiiii  s  \m  re  the  I'ope 
and  the  Kinjr  of  France.  The  1"  i  ioil  was  that 
known  In  pa|ial  history  as  ■the  Ilaliylonish  Cap- 
tivity, "  wlieii  the  popes  resided  at  Avignon  and 
were  generally  cn'atiires  of  the  French  court  and 
Fiibscrvient  to  Its  ambitions  or  its  animosities. 
Philip  of  Valois,  who  now  reisned  in  France,  as- 
pired to  the  imiMiial  crown,  wliii  li  Hie  head  of 
the  Church  had  conferred  on  the  (ierm.in  kind's. 
and  which  the  same  supreme  pontilT  niiirht  claim 
authority  to  transfer  to  the  Kovi'reif;iis  of  Frani  e. 
Tliis  is  supposed  to  have  bei  n  the  sei  ril  of  the  re- 
lenlh'sa  hostility  wiih  which  I.oiiis  \viis|iursued 
by  the  Papacy — liiiuself  excoiiiuniuieated,  his 
kinKiloin  placed  under  interdict,  and  every  elTort 
made  to  bring  about  his  deposition  by  the  princes 
of  (lertiiany.  Hut  divided  and  depres-seil  as  the 
Ocrmaiis  were,  they  revolted  a!;aiii-t  these  mal- 
evolent preleiisioiis  of  the  popes,  and  in  |:i;t.Stlic 
dedoral  princes  issued  a  bold  dccUiration.  as- 
serliin;  the  sullh  ieiiey  of  tlic  act  of  elei'lion  111 
ciiiifir  i.nperial  dijiiiity  and  power,  and  denyiii): 
the  necessity  for  anyiiapal  conlinii,iliiin  what 
ever.  Had  Lmis  been  a  coinniandini;  leader,  and 
iiide|)enileiit  of  the  Papacy  in  his  own  feelinirs, 
he  could  prohablv  have  rallied  a  national  .senti- 
meiit  on  tills  issue  tiial  would  have  puwcrfiilly 


^ 


1071 


r  ■ 


h'\*   ' 


EiRijpr. 


KokrmtaH  Hr/vnmtlktn 


KfKOPE. 


1  hi  •  IP.'-    ■ 


;ifff<'t»J  Ihi'  fiiliin'  (if  (ItrmHti  lil»ti>ry      Hm  I"' 
iHckt'il   the   nri'ilfiil   rlinmctir.  iiikI   IiU  Imiilili'X 
ointlniii-il  until  Uv  iliiil  (l:U7l      .V  yi'iir  iK'tnri' 
Ilia  ilt'ittli.  Iiin  ii|i|Hii»'iitN  lirul  I'li'iii'il  iiiiil  |iiit  fi>r 
wuril  It  livitl  I'liiiH'mr.  Clmrli'*,  tlu'  mm  ii(  Kini{ 
Joliii  lit   Holiniiln       Clmrli'i)  ilV  t    ""Ut   miliw 
qiiintly  riiotrnl/iil  iu>  kliitc  williuiil  ili^piili'.  unci 
wTiiricI  till'  lni|Mrial  imwn.   "  It  niiiy  iHiilllnmcl 
Willi    Iriilli    timt   llii'  u'l  iiiiiiii'  iinricni    Kiii|iin'. 
wliUli  I'onluiiii'il  II  tiiriiiiiii  kiniiiloni.  i  iiiii'  tn  iin 
I'liil  Willi  till'    Kiii|u  ror  l.iiilwiir  tln'   Itnnrliiii 
NiMii' hirovi' iiitiiin  iifli T  hi*  ilciiili  ti>  n-inn'  llir 
iiuixrial  |Miwi  r.    'I'lir  tti>l'liM  ImiII  nf  hi-  »iii(rs 
».r  Cliiirlii  IV  wrilnl  Ihi'  fjilf  nf  tlu'iil'l  Kiiii'lri' 
Tlinmv'li  it.  mill  Imlri-il  Ihrniiitli  Ilir  riitlri'  mn 
<llll  t  of  Clnirll  It  IV  .  Killtfiir  IliillrlllhlllK  hr  rriilly 
Wilt.  iiiiili'iii|"'riir»i  ;irn  ly  iiuiri'  thuii  In  n mu'.  Ilii- 
iiii|M'riiil  ^nM'riiiiicnt  pif^Hi'il  iiiorr  iiml  inori'  into 
till-  liitiiiU  iif  till-  |iriiiii' ilirlont.  »lii«  i-aiiir  tori' 
giinl  tilt' ciiiiH'ntr  III!  liiniTi'r  ii.s  t>irir  niiittrr,  tint 
lit  till- |iri'!>iilriit  of  iinii'>»i  iiilily  in  »liii  h  hrnlmr'  >l 
till'  power  with  tliiiiiti  Ivrs ''     "  Kroni  the  tlnii- 
iif  (Imrlin  IV.  llm  iimln  olilict  iiiul  rhiifmrii- 
|i;ilhin  of  till' I'lnpi'mr't  wiin  not  thi'  Knipiri',  hut 
tilt'  uggriin<li<u-iiiriit  mill   itt'turity   of  their  own 
iioiiat'.     The  Kni|iire  wrved  only   iw  tile  nieiini 
Hiitl  instrunieiit  nf  llieir  piir|ioin'"  (IWMIIn|!er) 

The  Golden  Bull  of  Charlea  IV. 

The  (Jolilen  Hull  refernil  to  hy  Dr  iNllliiiifer 
waa  »n  inttrumiiil  whirli  lieniini'  ili"  t'onmitii 
tiou.  HO  to  niHiik,  of  the  Holy  lloniitn  or  <)i  r 
niunlt  Knipire  It  pri'ierilml  the  iiiihIi'  of  the 
I'lection  of  the  Kinit,  iinil  ili  tliiilively  nitnied  the 
wven  Kleelors.  It  iiNo  lonferreil  iirtiiin  it|>ei  i:il 
i.iHi  rn  mill  privilei;!  i*  on  tliest"  seven  priiiies, 
whii  U  riii'Mil  them  niinh  iiliove  their  fellinvn  iiml 
tMVB  them  iin  inilepeiiileiHe  that  iiiiiy  lie  Kiiil  to 
leive  ilestroyeil  every  hope  of  (leriimnie  iinily. 
Tliin  WHS  till' one  murk  wliieli  the  n  inn  of  Charles 
IV  left  upon  the  Kinpire  His  exertions  iis  Km- 
iH'ror  were  till  ilireileil  to  the  ii|rirniii(li '"ineiit  of 
his  own  family,  iiml  '.villi  nut  iiiin  li  hi-lintf  re 
suit.  In  Ills  own  kiiiu'iiom  of  llolii mill  lie  riileil 
with  lutter  elTeet  lie  niiiile  its  i  apitiil,  I'riii.'iie, 
nil  imporliint  eity,  mlornin';  it  with  nolile  Imilil 
ini;s  iiiiii  foiiniiini;  in  it  the  iiiost  iinriep'  of  <}er- 
man  universities.  This  I'niver'-ity  of  I'miriie 
>iHin  soweil  stills  friiin  whieli  sprang  the  ..r-t 
movement  of  n  liuioiis  nforniiilion  in  llerniuny 

fliarle^  IV..  ilyini;  in  IIITH,  was  siiei  ei'ileil  liy 
his-  '1  Wi'M/il.  or  Weiiitsl.ius,  on  the  im|H'ria! 
tliri'..'-  ii--  well  as  the  lli'lieiiiian.  Weneeslausnei; 
liili.l  li.iih  till'  Kmpiri  ami  llie  KiiiLriloiii.  ami 
the  eiiiilu-i.'ii  of  thing's  ill  ilermany  L'rew  worse. 

.s ■  of  till' prineipal  lilies  rnniimu  d  to  seeiire 

loii.-^i'li Talile  frei'loin  anil  prosperity  f.ir  llieiii 
silV'S.  Iiy  llie  eoml'illiil  elfoMs  of  llieir  leagues; 
Imt  1  .'TVttliere  il>e  L'reat  ilisonler  ami  oppres- 
sion 1  ri  vaileil.  It  was  at  this  linie  that  the  'iva 
Mail  I  '"  II',  t"  the  niiiiiher  of  forty  one.  forii.eil  a 
liiiioii  ami  wa^'eil  uii'in  res>fiil  war  w  illi  a  li-.iirue 

«  hiell  Hie  ll.'lili-sellleli-ililllo  a^Jllinst  tllelll.   Tlley 

\M  re  .li  fi-ale.l,  ami  iru-.hini;ly  ileiilt  with  liy  the 
Kniperor 

111  1  inn  Weill  e-liu~  was  ih'poseil  ami  llupi-rt  of 
the  I'al.iliiiale  was  eleeteil.  proilui  in>{  mioiher 
i-i\il  war.  ami  reiliiiiiu  lie   iiiiperial  Kovernmeut 

loae'illiplele  nilllilv         Kllpill  ilieil  in  14111,  Ullll, 

after  some  eoiiieiiiioii,  Sii;muinl,  or  Slj^isinunil, 

;„...!...r  ..f  W.  ■!'.-!  ,:;s,   %vu,  r,i^,!  to  ti,e  throIH- 

lie  was  Mari:n>.ve  of  UramleiiliiiiL''  ami  King  of 


llnuKnry,  anil  woultl  hrttmu'  Kln;{  rf  l<oh<  i 
wlu'ii  M enifnUuii  illftt 

Th«  Reforauitiea  of  Hum  ia  Bohcmu. 

IViliemiii  wii»  nlHiiit  to  iK'eoiiii' the  «<  I II'  .|  „, 
I'Xtmonliniirr  nllitlouii  iiiriliilinti.  <«hiili  l.-lm 
lliisK.  Iiiulii'r  aiiif  prt'tu'lier  In  the  m »  imt 
iilniiily   fiimiiiiii  Tnlvintlty  of  I'thkih,  i\  i    Ii, 

f:lnninK  to  otlr  IIiimi,  who  ilrrw  nn  reor  I,  .  ,,| 
lis  iiiatilrntlon  fMIii  Wyi  Iif.  unth  Ipiilt-il  IhiIim 
In  llie  iNililiit'iui  of  liU  nttiii'kii  uiNin  iiiiipiiin.  h, 
the  (hureli.  Ill  M»  cHM'  iiK  in  I, mill  I-  i|i> 
iilKiiniiialion  whhh  he  coiilil  not  iiitliire  tt  i-  iln 
«ali'of  piipiiliniliilKi'iieesiaiiil  it  wiiHlit  hi->l  i  un 
I  iaiion  of  tliii*  Impious  fniinl  Iiml  lie  ili  a  ,.,| 
liiiiisi  If  Ihi'ih'iiilly  wnilli  of  the  Itoniiin  hii  m  \:\ 
lie  WHS  Hnmmont-il  Is-fore  the  jcreiil  ronni  il  ..f 
the  (huri  li  whit'li  o|>eneil  itt  ('oiistanii  la  III) 
He  ots'ynl  the  Miitnmons  ttiiil  wt'iit  to  Iin  (  "uii 
til,  U-iiriiitf  Ik  Mife  t'ohtli.-'t  froiii  the  l.iiipiriir 
u hiell  pU'iiiieil  (iroleelion  to  liini  iiiiiil  le  r>> 
liiriieil.  NotwillislanilinK  tills  impiri.il  plnl- 
lit' wiislnipriitont'tl  for  seven  months  at  t'oii-i.iiKi- 
ttiiil  wiM  then  impntit'ntiv  lisleneil  to  an!  <  "ii 
(lemneil  to  the  Dtuke.  On'themii  of  .lult  IIIV 
he  Hiui  liiirni'il.  In  llii'folluwlni;  May.  Iii~  lii'  ml 
anil  iliHiiplc,  .leniiiie  of  I'raitue.  siiITi ml  ihr 
sjiine  miirlvrilom.      The    Kmiieror.    Sttri-in'inil, 

lililslenil  a'lltlle  lit  tin'   Insolint  violati I  lilt 

safe  eoiiiliiet:  hut  itareil  ilii  iiothini;  to  in.ik'  il 
elleelive. 

Ill  Ilolieinia,  the  exiitenient  prisluinl  In  tlev 
ontnitfes  WHS  universal.  The  wlmle  ii.iti.m 
seeiiieil  torisi'.  in  the  llmt  wiile  spreiul  a^-ir-  --ivi 

ixipular  ivolt  that  the  Cliiinli  of   U In  I  mi 

iN't'ii  I'lilleil  upon  til  inciiuiili  r  In  lll'.i  ilnri' 
WHS  an  arnieil  iissemlily  of  lO.IHMI  im  n,  nii  ,i 
mountain  whieli  lln-y  ealleil  TalKir.  win.  {ilmil 
tlieniM  Ives  iimhr  the  leailership  of  .lolm  /i^k  i  a 
iiolili'iiian,  one  of  lliiss'  (riemis  The  l.ill"nirs 
of  Ziska  mioll  llisphiyed  h  viole.iee  of  II  IM|.<  I  iili'l 
u  railiealisiii  whieli  ri'pelleil  the  more  iM'"iiiiie 
lliissites.  or  lli'formers.  iiiiiltwoparlii  -,i|'|'.  ir..|. 
one  kiioAU  as  the  Taliorili's.  llie  oilier  a-  \\u  i  ,e 
liMinis.  or   rirai|uist.s.     The  fi.riin  r   ii>i-i'  Imi 

entire  separalioii  from  tlie  Cliiin  li  of  K iln- 

latter  eontlneil  their  ilemamls  to  four  tv'miii«. 
namely:  Kree  preaeliini;  of  the  W.inl  i  1  U'l. 
the  irivinit  of  the  Kiieharislie  ei;p  to  iln  liiiv, 
the  takiiu:  of  secular  |K.wers  miil  of  -nii'lly 
(Toisls  from  theeler^y;  the  i-nforciiiL'   "t  i  iiri. 

tian  iliseiplii'i'by  all  iiiithoritie-..     ^ u  ii  -'i'  -i 

was  laiil  liy  the  t'alijctines  on  llii-ir  i !  liiii  i  ■  'k- 
iliHliee  or  (lip  ((•oiumuniiin  in  Isilli  kiii'l-  '!'  ii  i' 
(lave  tliem  tin  ir  iiaiiu'.  The  lire.n  li  !'  ''>"ii 
llie-t'  parties  wiileiieil  until  tliey  were  :i .  I.  -Ill'- 
to  each  oihi  r  as  to  the  Catholics,  aii'l  ili'    li 'ln- 

iiiiaii  rcf'Tiii  vcnient  wiis  rnineil  in  'li    •  ■'  1 1'.* 

llii'ir  (lit  ision. 

In  1  Hit.  till  'i'po-iil  Kiiip.  ror  Ucii"-!i  .-  -il'" 
luul  slili  rclaim  li  his  kiii^riloiii  of  li"li' n  i  '.>;i» 
miinlire.l  in  his  palace,  at  I'ra;.'U''.  Hi^  ■  ■  -'"t, 
the  Kniperor  Si;;i»iiiiiiiil.  was  hi-.  Il' il  '■  '  111'' 
llussiies  refiiseil  till-  crown  I"  him.  '""I  i  '"''''^ 
his  preliiisioiis  with 'inns.  This  aiM'  i  '  i  l"i 
cal  conlliet  ti  the  reliL'i"ii-.oni'.  ami  K'li  "  '  '>  !■■ 
alHieteil  wilh  a  friu'liiful  civil  war  1  ;  :i  'H 
years.  Ziska  fortilicl  mount  Tali'T  ..:  !  '  "k 
'posses.-.i.'ii  of  l'rai;iie.  Tlic  Kiii|iii"i  '  '}" 
I'ope  allied  themselves,  to  crush  an  in- ,i  ■- ■ ''"ii 
whiili  was  aimed  af;ainst  both.  1 1.-  •'<" 
n*.o:'.i-;!  t'hri-^tcntloni  ton  new  cru-^a'!''  '"  -  ^i  'i^ 
miiiiil  led   IIKI.IMIO  men  aiiaiust  I'rai.'u.     .:   ;i.''l 


1072 


CrROPK 


7\t  OrMi  Kihitm 


KIHOI'E 


ZUk*  R"!  him  unil  ilrfmlril  him.  miiI  ilrnitt'  him, 
with  bli  miMMlrn.  fnim  Ihr  niiinlnr,  Tlii' T* 
IktIii'*  «>''<'  n"*  m*<lili>ii'il  hy  ihrlr niKirHi,  miil 
nicnl  over  th«  ImhI.  ilrolnivlllK  inlivrlit*  tllil 
liiirnlnit  prWiU.  Thilr  diMlrtiU'ii.  iiionovir,  lie- 
(nn  to  lAKV  on  a  ■uirlnll'illi'  nml  n  piililii  iin  i  hnr- 
mli-r.  thrrsti'tiliiK  iir(>|Nny  in  Kiiiinii  iiikI  i|iii»- 
ilniilnit  tiMiwnliy,  li«i  Tiii'  wiilloilo  iiwl 
(i(ii»<T»»Uveci«iMiM  win- mini' Biiil  iiiori'  ri'iM'lliil 
fMin  Ihrm 

In  H-1  «  x'toiHl  triimiiliiK  iimiy,  ■.'"Hl.iKHi 
UrMiii!,  Invmli'il  U<''i'miii  ami  wiw  willi-nii  llk<' 
cli»lT  liv  /.inkJi  (no  <  Iilin4l)  iiml  lil«  pruMtnl  ml 
ill. TV  TIm'  next  yp«r  tluv  ilrfr.ilid  llii'  KmixTor 
minm,  Iml  in  HH  Zl«ik»  illcd,  ami  ii  |irii'»t  rallid 
I'rHi.|iiiiH  tlii'ilniit  li»ili  lil»  pliiiT  riiiltT  thrir 
nc*  Umlir.  Ilif  llini'  TulKirlti*  <mtv  iih  invliu  i 
lilrMtliiy  lull!  Ihtm  iiniiiT /l«liii  Tiifv  rnutnl 
ill  iiniwrliil  nrmy  In  1  li«,  »ml  llii'n  <  iirrii  .1  tin- 
wir  lilt"  Aii»tria  and  SllcitU,  cinnmlitiiiir  frarfiil 
ISTaKi'D  Hllll  aiiutlitr  cruiittiii'  wiix  ml  in  motion 
•jtiiiiiKl  llicin  by  till'  I'oiM',  anil  iitill  iiiiothir  ill«- 
ulriHiK  failure  wan  iiiaiii'  of  It.  Thin  »ii  rnimiy 
•(niii  HUlIiTwl  a  nion>  frlclil'iil  vUllallon  from 
tlir  vi'DKifiil  IIiimIU'ii  llian  iH^forr.  TownHaml 
»llliii;<'«  were  ilciitniyitl  liy  ImiidniN,  and  «idc 
tmikii  of  ruin  and  ili'atli  wi  rr  iiinrkiil  on  llii>  tmc 
of  Ihi'  land,  to  lU  very  iinliT  ()inr  niorr,  and 
for  ilii'  liiHt  tinii'.  In  U:il,  the  Ocrinaiw  ralliiil  a 
fin  111  fonr  to  ri'lulUu*  lliiw  iillaiks.  and  tliiy  met 
ill  fi.it.ttnlnallpn'vlousi'iiroiinU'rs.liiitmoniom- 

flili  Iv  than  L'ViT  Ixfori'.  Tliin  tlii'  roln'aiidllir 
liiilKiMr  (jave  up  lio[M'  ..f  putlliitf  down  tlir  in 
ilnniiUlili'  rovolutlonisii  hy  forir.  and  iipriii'd 
psrh  vings.  The  I'opo  culUd  a  loiiiiiil  at  lliiml 
fiirlliV  dUuMion of  ijiii'sllons  with  tin'  lIuHniliH. 
Mill,  tliiiilly.  In  UM.  thrir  moili  ralr  (i.irly  was 
priviiilid  "upon  to  luapl  a  n  mi  promisu  whii  li 
rially  I'lniidfJ  nothing  to  I liiin  <'\iipt  I'li'  us<' 
of  till-  riip  In  tlic  lonimuiiion.  Thi'  TalNiritrs 
nfiixil  till'  liTinit,  and  tlic  two  partk'!i  ^'rapiiUd 
null  iiiliir  In  a  Itcrre  »tru){){h'  for  tlir  ronlnil  of 
till'  >iati'.  lint  Ihi;  cxtrunilsu  had  lout  inui  h  of 
tluiriilil.<triuKlh,  and  tlit  I'lranuislH  vaniiuislud 
thiMi  ill  a  dicislve  battle  at  Lipau,  In  .May.  U:!l. 
Two  \  ( iirs  lattT  Slginnmnd  wiw  fonnall  v  ackiiow  I  • 
filni il  King  of  Bohemia  and  rcteived  In  I'rttiiiii'. 
In  H.I7  111!  died.  Hi»  noninlaw,  Allx'rt  of  Aiw 
Iria.  Willi  fiuftcctled  him.  lived  but  two  years, 
auii  III!'  Iieir  to  the  throne  then  wus  n  Kon,  (.adis- 
luii*.  hum  after  lilit  father  d  diatli.  Tliis  lift  Ilo 
luini.i  ill  a  utate  of  great  eonf union  and  diMirder 
fur  M  vinil  yearn,  until  a  utronit  mm,  George 
I'mlirlinil,  iici|iiired  the  eontrol  of  altiiirs 

Mi:;iiiiiiie,  tlie  Utmi|uisl!(  had  organised  a  Xu- 
tiiinall  liiiri'hof  Bohemia,  eoiisideratily  divergent 
frmn  Itmne.  It  failed  to  satisfy  the  deeper  re 
liiiii'iii  fn  lings  that  were  widely  eiirreiit  among 
llie  l^llll  iiiians  in  that  age.  anil  th<re  grew  up  a 
lucl  wliii  h  look  the  name  of  "  L'nilim  Kratrum." 
nr  'I'liiiy  of  tlie  Brethren."  but  whieh  after- 
wiiri!-'  litiunie  ineom'elly  known  iw  llie  Moravian 
lintlinn  Tliinseet,  still  existing,  has  iKirne  an 
imp.iri.iiii  purl  in  the  inissioimry  history  of  the 
Ctiri-ti.m  wiirld. 

The  Papacy.-  The  Great  Schism. 

I'll'  I'lptiiy,  ui  ilie  lime  of  lis  eontliet  with 
till'  ilii^^iiis.  in  llohemia.  was  ripidlv  sinking  to 
lliat  I  UI  St  live  1  of  ilebaaeinent  whieli  it  reached 
ill  till  liter  part  of  the  tiftoenlli  century.  Its 
filati'  w:is  not  vet.  tui  i)h})orr>?tit  uu  it.  I'liirie  to  Imj 
iinilortlic  Uiirgias;  but  it  had  been  brought  even 


more  Into  contempt,  (lerbapa,  by  Ihe  dlvUiniia 
and  coiitenthinaof  "thi  C treat  HchUin  The  mi 
called  "Bubyhinlih  Caplivily"  of  the  m  rii  4  of 
popea  who  rvahleU  for  nevenly  yearn  at  Avignon 
(t:M),'i-ltl>ni,  and  who  were  iiinier  Kn m  li  in- 
fluence. ha<l  iMfD  hiiniiliiilliiti  l<i  the  <  Imri  li .  but 
the  Mhimn  which  imnieilialely  follomd  (l.l'iX 
1417).  when  a  mn  lennion  of  rival  |Kil>e«.  or  popi  » 
and  anll|io|H'i<,  tliuiidenil  anulhemnn  and  eXKOi 
niunicatlona  at  one  Knot  her,  from  |{ome  and  linii 
Avignon,  wan  evin  more  iuaiidaiou»  and  »linme' 
fill  ('hriatcDdoin  Ha»  divided  by  the  ijiiarrel. 
France,  Hpain,  Scollmid,  and  Mime  h  saer  oliilia, 
gave  ijielr  aMegiance  to  Ihe  |i<i|h'  at  Avignon; 
Knulaiid.  (iermaiiy  and  the  iinriiiern  klnudoma 
adhered  to  the  po|M-  III  Home.  In  I  lO'J.  an  at- 
lempl  to  heal  the  M-hl.i4m  was  iiiade  by  a  gi  iiiral 
('otincitof  till' riiiirch  con vi-iied  at  I'loa  tide 
ci-eed  Ihe  di'posilloii  iif  both  Ihe  contelidilli:  pon- 
IIITx,  and  elirled  alliird:  but  lis  iiullinrilt  una 
not  rei'ognl/ed.  and  tlie  conriitinii  ot  iln-  riiiircli 
was  only  iniide  «ors<'  by  bringing  llirn  popea 
into  Ihe  ipiarn'l.  instead  of  two.  Tweue  yiars 
later,  aiiothiT  Couiiiil.  held  at  (■onstiuiee, —  the 
same  which  burned  lliiss. —  had  iiion-  siici  ess 
Kiirii|ie  had  now  ltoh  ii  so  llrid  of  the  m  aiidal. 
and  so  disgusted  with  the  lime  pntiiiders  to 
spiritual  supremacy.  Itial  the  ii<  tloii  of  llie  ('uiiii- 
cil  was  liacki><l  by  piilili.  opiiiJMii.  ami  tin  y  were 
suppresMil  A  fourth  po|H'.  Martin  V  .  wliom 
the  (ouni  ii  then  wated  in  llie  chair  of  St  I'eter 
llllTi.  was  iiniverHally  acknowledged,  and  Ihe 
Ureal  Schism  wiis  at  an  end. 

BtU  otlii-r  waiidals  and  aliUM-s  In  the  I'liureh. 
nliich  public  opinion  in  Kiirope  bad  already  be 
gun  to  cry  loiiu.v  ai::iiiist,  wi-re  uiitoucliid  liy 
tlicse  Councils.  A  suiiscipient  Coiincii  at  Itiisel. 
which  met  In  I4III.  attempted  Mini"  restraints 
upon  papal  extortion  (ignoring  the  more  sirlous 
moral  evils  that  clatnu'd  iillentinn);  but  was 
utterly  IsNiteii  In  theconllict  wilh  I'ope  Kiikreniiis 
IV'..  which  this  actimi  broiiirht  on.  ami  itsdcerees 
lost  all  eirecl.  So  the  religious  autiK-racy  at 
Koine,  sinking  stage  by  stage  below  the  foulest 
sicular  courts  of  ihi'  tinii-,  coiiliiiued  without 
I  lii'i  k  lo  insult  and  outrage,  mon-  and  iinire.  Ihe 
pii'ly.  the  common  nciim'.  and  tiie  decent  feeling 
of  (  lirisletidoin.  until  Ihe  habit  of  reverence  was 
i|Uitc  worn  out  in  Ihe  minds  of  men  tliroui:hout 
the  bitter  half  of  Kiiro|M' 

Rome  knd  the  last  Tribune,  Rienzi. 

Tlie  city  of  Koine  liail  fallen  from  all  trialnesa 
of  its  own  wtieti  it  came  to  tie  depeiident  on  tluf 
fortunes  of  Ihe  popes.  Tluir  dcpa'tiiie  to  .\vig- 
noil  hud  ndiieed  it  to  a  l.iiiiriilable  slate.  Fliey 
took  with  lliem,  in  n.iliiy.  the  siisleiiance  of  Ihe 
city,  for  it  lived,  in  Ihe  iiialii.  on  the  revenues 
of  llie  l'apai\.  and  kmw  litth- of  commerce  lie 
yonii  the  pi'olitalile  irallic  in  indulgences,  alisolu 
lions.  Ik'HciIci  s.  nlirs  iind  papal  blessings,  \.hicU 
Willi  to  .\vii.'non  Willi  the  head  of  the  Cliunh 
.Xiiihoiity,  lisi.  departed  with  the  Pope,  and  the 
wretched  city  was  given  up  to  anarchy  almost 
uiK-onlroilcd.  A  niimlicrof  powerful  familii  ■ — 
the  t'olon.ia.  th"  Orsini.  and  others —  perpetually 
at  strife  willi  one  another,  fought  out  their  fi  ihIh 
in  the  streets,  and  abused  and  oppressed  their 
neiglilMirs  wilh  iinpunltv.  Their  houses  were 
Impregnable  castles,  and  their  retainers  were  a 
fonnidable  army 

It    was  while  this  stall'  of  things  was  at   its 
j    worst  that  the  famous  t'ula  di  Uieuzi,    'last  ot 


■>1^ 


1073 


'A 

pi  : 


•J 


EL'IUJPK 


TroubUa  in  Itaty. 


EUROPE. 


the  Trihuncs,"  arromplialicd  a  revolution  which 
was  short  livi'il  hut  I'xtniordinary.  Ue  rou^M•ll 
the  peoples  to  actioH  u(;uinst  tlieir  oppressors  uiid 
the  (lislurlurs  of  tlieir  peace.  He  apiH-aleil  u> 
them  U>  restore  llie  republican  iiistilutions  of  an- 
cient Home,  anil  when  they  responded,  in  ll!47. 
hy  conferrinj;  on  him  the  title  and  authority  of  ii 
Tribune,  he  actually  succ<eded  in  ( xpelliiiiT  ''i'' 
turbulent  nobles,  or  redueinit  them  to  sulmiis- 
sion,  and  istiiblisheil  in  Koine,  for  a  little  time, 
what  he  calliil  "  llic  (iisid  Estate."  But  his  head 
was  (piickly  turned  by  his  success;  he  was  iii- 
tlatcd  with  coiK  lit  and  vanity;  he  became  arm- 
pint  and  despotic-;  the  people  tired  of  him,  and 
after  a  few  muiuhsof  rule  he  was  driven  from 
Itome.  In  1;.">1  lie  came  back  as  a  .Senat.ir,  ap- 
pointed bv  the  I'ope,  who  tliouclit  to  use  him  for 
the  restoration  of  papal  :cithority;  but  his  in- 
rtuence  was  jrime,  and  he  was  slain  by  a  riotous 
mob. 

The  return  of  the  Pope  to  Home  in  lliTll  was 
an  event  so  lonir  and  ardently  desired  t)y  the 
Konian  people  that  they  submitted  thems<lves 
tagerlv  to  his  jiovirnmei'it.  But  his  soveri'ipnty 
over  liie  .-states  of  the  Church  was  substantially 
lost,  and  the  reirainini;  of  it  was  the  principal 
object  iif  tln>  exertions  of  the  popes  for  a  long 
subse(ju^-nt  period. 

The  Two  Sicilies. 

In  Southern  Italy  and  .'^iiily,  inee  the  fall  of 
the  llohcnstaufens  (l^lW),  the  tim.s  had  been 
continuiiusly  evil  The  rule  of  the  French  con- 
(jueror,  CbaVlisof  .\iij  -u,  was  hard  and  unmerci- 
ful, and  tlie  power  he  established  iM'came  tlireat- 
eniu);  to  the  l'a|)acy,  which  nave  the  kingihan 
to  him.  In  li>*'i.  Sicily  freed  itself,  by  the  savage 
massacre  of  Kreiichimn  which  bears  the  name 
of  tlie  Sicilian  Vespers.  The  Kiiiii  of  .Vratfon, 
Peter  III.,  whose  ipuen  was  the  llohenslaufen 
heiress,  support ed  the  insurreciioii  promptly  and 
viiiorously.  took  poss<.'ssiou  of  the  island,  and 
was  recoiini/ed  by  the  people  as  their  king  A 
war  of  twenty  years*  duration  en>ueil.  Both 
Charlis  and  Piter  died  and  their  .sons  contiinied 
the  battle.  In  the  end,  the  .\iii.'evin  house  hehl 
the  mainland.  e.sase|iarate  kingdoiu,  with  Naples 
for  its  capital,  and  a  younu'er  branch  of  the  royal 
family  of  Arairon  riigneil  in  the  island.  Hut 
both  sovereigns  called  themselves  Kings  of  Sicily, 
.so  that  History,  ever  since,  has  been  forced  to 
speak  |iuz/linL'ly  of  "Two  Sicilies.  '  For  con- 
vi'iiicnce  it  seeiiis  best  to  distiriguisli  them  by 
<alliiiL'  one  the  kiiuxdoiii  of  Naples  and  the  olljer 
the  kiligdoni  nf  Sicily.    <  )ll  the  Ne.ipolilan  throne 

till  re  I  unie  o siiiilable   prince,  in  linbrrt.  who 

reiL'iied  fr.iMi  i:tiin  tn  i:>|:i,  and  «lio  was  a  friend 
ol  peaii  anda  pair.ni  of  arts  and  Irlters.  lint 
after  leiii  ilie  throne  was  In  foiileil  by  crimes  and 
vie  s.  and  the  kinL'diitii  was  ni;ide  miserable  by 
civil  v.ais.  Hi-  grandil.aiii:hti  r  .Inanna.  or  .lane, 
siicciidid  liini  Itohirts  elder  lirntliiT  ('aril>ert 
had  liieonir  Kin^'uf  HoiiL'ary.  and  .loaiina  IH'W 
marrird  onr  d  Ili.it  kind's  sons  —  her  cousin 
Ariiln-',.  \t  ilii' I  ml  of  tWM  ye  ir- In- was  niur 
di  red  (i;lt."»i  and  liif  ijueeii.  a  notoriou-ly  \iiiniis 
v-'.nn.in.  w:'-  ai  cu-eil  of  the  i-rinie.  .Viidn-ws 
brollier.  I.oui-,  "lei  liad  suieeeded  to  the  ihruMc 
in  IliiiiLMr\.  invaded  Naple- to  a\eiiue  hisiiealli. 
and  .loaiina  w.is  ilriven  In  llit'lit  The  country 
then  siilbred  from  the  wur-l  li.rni  of  civil  Wiir  — 
n  War  carri.-d  ..n  by  the  liir-lii-^  riilVi  Oi- .-f  ;!e' 
•■free  coui|)anies  "  who  roamed   about  Italy    in 


that  age,  .selling  their  swonls  to  the  highest  l.iil 
(lers.  In  13.")1  a  peace  was  brought  almiit  \\  hii  h 
restored  Joanna  to  the  thnme.  The  lluni;uri:iu 
King's  son,  known  as  C'lmrh's  of  Diirazzo.  win 
her  recognized  heir,  but  she  saw  tit  to  di>inlierit 
him  and  adojit  Louis,  of  the  Sei  onil  Iliiii«.  uf 
Anjou,  brother  of  Charles  V.  in  France.  (  liarlij 
of  Dumzzo  invaded  Naples,  tix)k  the  i|iiii.|i 
prisoner  anil  put  her  to  death  lAiuin  of  .\ii|,iii 
attempted  to  ilisplace  him,  but  fiuled.  In  i;is:l 
Louisdied,  leaving  hisdaimsto  hisson.  Cliarlis 
of  Duruzzo  was  called  to  Hungary,  after  a  liiai-. 
to  Uike  the  crown  of  that  kingdom,  and  l.li  Ins 
voting  son,  Kadislaus,  on  the  Neapolitan  Ihrniie 
The  Angevin  claimant,  Louis  II.,  was  then  r.ilii.l 
in  liy  his  jiartisans,  and  civil  war  was  n  niwid 
for  years.  When  Ladislaus  reached  in:inlin,«l 
he  succeeded  in  expelling  Louis,  and  he  In  11  ili.' 
kingdom  tintil  his  death,  in  1U4.  He  w  a-  sue- 
ceeded  by  his  sister.  .loanua  II.,  wiio  provid  tn 
be  as  wicked  and  dissolute  a  woman  as  her  pn  • 
deccssor  of  the  same  name.  She  iniurnd  tlie 
enmity  of  the  Pope,  who  persuaded  Louis  111, 
8<m  of  I.<)ui3ll.,  to  renew  the  claims  of  lii-lmuse 
The  most  renowned  "  condottiere  "  (or  military 
contractor,  as  the  term  might  be  translated!,  if 
the  day,  Attendolo  Sforzii.  was  engaired  to  make 
war  on  Queen  Joanna  in  the  interest  of  l.i'iii- 
On  her  side  she  obtained  a  champion  by  prniiiis 
ing  her  dominions  to  Alfonso  V.,  of  .\ra;;nn  aii.l 
Sicily.  The  struggle  went  on  '  r  year-,  wiili 
varying  fortunes.  The  fickle  ami  Ireailnripus 
Joanna  revoked  her  adoption  of  Alfonso,  afli  r  a 
time,  and  made  Louis  her  heir.  Wlnii  1.  uis 
died,  she  iK-queathed  her  crown  to  his  limtliir 
Keiic.  Duke  of  Lorraine.  Her  death  iHciirn  .1  iu 
U.'i."),  but  still  the  war  continued,  and  m  arly  all 
It.ily  was  involveil  in  it.  takiiit'  "iie  side  or  ilie 
other.  Alfonso  succeeded  at  la  I  M'.'i  in  i-lah- 
lishing  himself  at  Naples,  and  Kme  praiiiially 
gave  up  the  contest,  although  he  kept  lie  title 
of  King  of  Naples.  He  was  the  faili.r  ol  ilie 
famous  F^nglish  tiueen  .Margaret  of  Anjnn,  who 
fought  for  lier  weak-minded  husband  and  In  r  -oa 
in  the  Wars  of  the  Uos.  s. 

While  the  Neapolit  n  kingdom  was  p.i^-iuj; 
through  these  endless  miseries  of  anarcliy.  i  ivil 
war,  and  evil  governmi-iit,  the  Sicilian  kiriL;i|"in 
I'ujoyed  a  more  peaceful  anil  prospenms  inis- 
lence,  Thecrown.  brielly  heldby  a  cadi  I  lirain  li 
of  the  House  of  .'.ragon,  was  soon  renniinl  in 
that  of  .Vragon;  ami  under  Alfon-o.  as  ».■  Iiai.' 
seen,  it  was  once  more  joined  with  that  of  N  :i|l'-, 
in  a  "  Kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies."  1!'^  !i"ili 
tlii's*!  unions  were  dis.solved  on  the  .1-  I'li  'f 
.Vlfonso,  who  beiiueatlied  .\ragiin  and  >;- ily  •■> 
his  legitimate  heir,  and  Nafdes  to  a  lia-t  irl  -•» 

The  Despots  of  Northern  Italy. 

In  Northern  Italy  a  great  ciiange  in  tin  p..|i'ir;,l 
slate  of  many  among  the  fonmrly  fiii'  r  lu.';  ii 
wealths  had'  been  going  on  since  ilir  tliir' '  n'li 
lenlnry.  The  e.\|M'rience  of  the  (ire  k  ■ ;'..  ><• 
publics  had  lieell  repe.-ited  in  them.  Ill  ■  '  '  •'  o 
;ind  another,  they  had  fallen  undi  r  lie- 'I  nnii  i 
tiim  of  powerful  families,  who  had  eviiliii-in  d  i 
despoiic  rule  over  them,  sometimr-  .■  ;;!:•  r.iii; 
seviTal  cities  and  their  siirroundiiur  liiri!  I'l  i'"" 
a  lon-ideralile  dominion,  and  oblainin-'  h  i 'In 
Kmperor  or  the  Pope  a  formally  ii.ii!i'i.  I  unl 
hereditarv  title.     Thus  the  Viscoini   h  .  I  • -' i'' 


li-ihid  thenis 


Milan 


.,1   i,,.l   ii, 


ducal  house.     After  a  few  geueratioiis  tin 


1074 


EUROPE. 


Th«  Florentin0 
HepiMtc. 


EUROPE. 


war  to  the  military  adventurer,  Francesco  8for/.a, 
•on  of  theSforza  who  miwle  war  for  LouI.h  111.  of 
Anion  on  Joanna  11.  of  Naples.  In  Verona,  the 
Delia  Scala  family  ri'igne<l  for  a  time,  until  \  eniie 
oviTcainc  them;  at  Mixlena  ami  Ferrara,  the 
Kslis;  at  Mantua,  the  Gon/.aga.s;  at  Padua,  the 
Carranis. 

The  Italian  Republics. 

In  other  cities,  the  iwilitii  al  clmii.ites  were  of  a 
ililTerent  ehanutcr.  Venice,  wliicli  grew  rich 
•111(1  powerful  with  extniorilinary  rapidity,  was 
tvrannically  governed  by  a  haughty  and  exclu- 
(ive  iiristiK-nicv.  In  commerce  and  in  wealth  she 
,„n,.,s.<ed  all  lier  rivals,  anil  her  affairs  were  more 
.liri'Willy  conducted.  She  lield  large  pos.scs.>iiims 
in  tlic  East,  and  she  was  acquiring  an  extensive 
ilimiinion  on  the  Italian  mainland.  The  (Jeiio- 
esc  who  were  tlie  most  fonnidalile  lonipetilors 
of  Vcnicein  commerce,  pnwrvedtlieirdinHKTacy, 
but  at  some  serious  expeiiHc  to  the  adniinistni- 
tivc  iffliieiicy  of  tlieir  govirniinnt.  They  were 
trinibliil  by  a  nohilitv  which  could  only  lie  tur- 
bulent mill  could  not  control.  They  fought  a 
Jpsponite  but  losing  light  with  the  Venetians, 
and  were  several  times  in  sulijedion  to  the  dukes 
of  MiliUi  and  the  kings  of  France.  Pisa,  wliicli 
hiul  led  iMjtli  Venice  and  Genoa  in  the  comiuerciiil 
nue  nt  tlie  beginning,  was  ruined  by  her  wars 
with  Ibe  latter,  and  with  Florence,  and  Siink,  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  under  th('  rule  of  llie 
Visconti,  who  sold  their  rights  to  the  Florentines. 

Florence. 

The  wonderful  Florentine  republic  was  tlieoni' 
which  preserved  its  ip'lependenee  under  popol;ir 
institutions  tlic  longest,  and  in  which  tliey  bore 
the  most  splendid  fruit.  For  a  periiKl  that  began 
in  tlie  liiler  part  of  tlie  thirteenlli  ccmury,  tlie 
p.ivcniniiiit  of  Florence  was  so  radically  ileriin- 
cnliclli.il  the  nobh'.s  (gnuidi)  were  nmde  irii  11- 
L'ililc  to  "Hue,  and  could  only  iiualify  theinselves 
fur  iliition  to  any  place  in  the  magUtracy  by 
ubiinilonhig  their  order  and  engaging  in  the  labor 
of  Mime  rrdl  or  art.  The  voi'nticuis  nf  skilleil  in- 
dustry wile  all  orgaiii/.eil  in  gilds,  called  Arti,  and 
wea'ilivi.l.il  into' two  elas.ses,  one  reprexnlinir 
wluitweie  recngni/.ed  as  the  superior  arts  i.Vrii 
M:ijiir,  eiiibraeing  professional  and  inereaiilile 
ciliiu^s,  withsonieotliers);  the  other  incliidiiigl  lie 
ciiinuiiinrr  industries,  known  a.s  the  Arti  .Minori. 
Frimi  tlie  heads,  or  Priors,  of  tlie  Arti  were 
flinsen  a  Signory,  changed  every  two  inoulhs. 
viiii(  h  was  entrusted  with  the  govirnmeiit  of  the 
repulilir.  This  popular  constitution  wius  iiiain- 
taimd  in  its  essi'Utial  features  Ihnuigh  the  better 
p;irt  id  a  century,  but  with  coiitiioial  resist.iiiee 
aiiil  ili^lurb;inee"from  the  excluili'd  nobles,  on  one 
A\t\  uhil  (null  the  coniinon  laboring  people,  on 
the  oilier,  who  belonged  to  no  art  gild  and  who, 
tlurefiire.  Were  excluded  likewise  from  partiei- 
patiiiu  in  piililieal  affairs.  Ititwein  these  two 
upi»T:uid  lower  discontents,  the  bouri.'eois  eon- 
stiluiiiiM  L'iive  way  at  la.st.  The  inob  got  control 
fur  a  tiiii'  ;  but  only,  as  always  happens,  to  bring 
iibdu'  ;i  reactionary  revolution,  which  placed  an 
'lii'^iM  hy  in  power;  and  the  oliirarehy  niaile 
>iuni  lit  ihe  way  for  a  single  family  of  great 
v.e;ilili  ,eid  popular  gifts  and  graces  to  rise  lo 
siipp  luurv  in  llie  state.  This  was  the  renowned 
fanii,.  wliii-li  bi-^'iiri  to  rule  in  Flonnce  in  14;i.">. 
wlii/iit  iviiuo  lie'  Meilici  entered  on  the  olliei' of 
!^.;:f;!..^:.  r.       The  Mtdi.  i   w-re  le-t  d-^p^^---,  of 


the  class  of  the  Viacontl,  or  the  Sforzas,  or  th« 
Kstea.  They  governed  under  the  old  constitu- 
tional forms,  with  not  much  violation  of  iiny- 
tlilng  except  the  spirit  of  lliem.  They  nciiuired 
no  princely  title,  until  the  late,  declining  days  of 
till'  liousc.  Their  |«)wer  rested  on  inlluence  and 
prestige,  at  first,  and  finally  on  habit.  They 
developed,  and  enlisted  in  their  own  support,  ii» 
soinething  reflected  from  themselves,  the  pride 
of  the  city  in  itself,— in  its  magnilicence.— in  its 
great  and  lilieral  wealth,— in  its  patronage  of 
letters  and  art  —in  its  fame  abroad  andtheiul- 
miration  with  which  men  looked  upon  it. 

Through  all  the  political  changes  in  Florence 
there  ran  an  unending  war  of  factions,  the  bitter- 
est and  most  inveterate  in  hisuiry.  The  control 
of  the  eitv  Itelonged  naturally  to  the  Ouelfs,  for 
it  was  the"  head  and  front  of  the  Ouelfio  party  in 
Italy.  "  Without  Florence,"  says  one  historian, 
• '  there  would  have  Ix^en  no  Ouelfs. "  But  neither 
jiarty  scrupled  to  call  armed  help  from  the  out- 
side into  its  quarrels,  and  the  Gliibellines  were 
able,  nearly  as  often  as  the  Guelfs,  to  drive  their 
opponents  '  oiu  the  city.  For  the  ascendancy  of 
one  faction  .neant  commonly  the  lliglit  or  expul- 
sion of  every  man  in  the  other  who  had  importance 
enough  to  be  noticed.  It  was  thus  that  Dante, 
an  ardent  Ghibelline,  became  an  exile  from  bis 
beloved  Florence  during  the  later  years  of  his 
life.  But  the  strife  of  Guelfs  with  Ghilielliucs 
did  not  suffice  for  the  partisan  rancor  of  the  Flor- 
entines, and  they  complicated  it  with  another 
split  of  fiutions,  which  bore  the  mimes  of  the 
Biauchi  and  the  Neri,  or  the  Whites  and  the 
Blaek.s. 

Fur  two  or  three  centuries  the  annals  of  Flor- 
ence are  naught,  one  thinks  in  reading  them,  but 
an  unbroken  tale  of  strife  wit'iin.  or  war  without 
—  of  tumult,  riot,  revolution,  disorder.  And  yet, 
undirneiitli.  thereisanamazingstory  to  lie  found, 
of  thrift,  industry,  coninierce,  prosperity,  wealth, 
on  one  side,  aiid'of  the  siiblimest  genius,  on  an- 
other, giving  itself,  in  pure  ih  Milion.  lo  piH'try 
and  art.  The  contradiction  of  cireunistanees 
>eeiiis  irreciineilable  to  our  nuxleru  cxiK'rience, 
and  we  huve  to  seek  an  explanutiou  of  it  in  the 
verv  dillirent  coiiilitions  of  nieiii;eval  life. 

It  is  with  certainty  a  fact  that  Florence,  in  its 
denioiralic  time,  was  phenomenal  in  genius,  and 
in  ricliness  of  life,  —  in  prosperity  both  material 
and  intellectual ;  and  it  is  reasonable  to  credit  to 
that  time  the  pb'.ntiiig  and  the  growing  of  fruits 
which  ripened  surpassingly  in  the  Mediceanage. 

The  Ottomans  and  the  Eastern  Empire. 

[  So  little  iKvasion  has  arisen  for  any  mention  of 
the  lingering  Ka-tern  Kiiipire,  since  .Michael  Pal- 
ivoUiiTus,  the  Grcrk.  recovered  Consuntinople 
from  the  Franks  (IJlil),  that  its  existence  might 
i  easily  be  for^'oticn.  It  hiul  no  importance  until 
I  it  fefl.  and  tliiii  it  linuiied  large  again,  in  history, 
not  only  by  the  tragic  inipris.-,ion  of  its  fall  upon 
the  iiii;iginations  oi'  nun.  but  by  the  potent  ciui- 
sequemes  of  it. 

Fur  marly  twu  hundred  years,  the  sin  cesvirs 

of  I'alMiiliiirus,  ^lill  calling  "themselves  "  Kiiipir- 

ors  of  the  Kiiinans,"  and  ruling  a  little  Thmcian 

and   Mandoniiin  corner  of  the  old  dominion  nf 

I    the  KaMern  (\esars.  struggled  wilh  a  new  rare 

,   of  Turks,  who  liad   followed  the  Seljuk  lionle 

j    out   of  the  .same  t'entral  Asian  region.     One  uf 

the  first  known  leaders  of  this  tribe  was  t)sni;m, 

!   .-.r  (  uliiuan,  after  '.vhum  tbev  are  sometimes  culled 


,hii 


1075 


I   1     'I,, 
i        ,  I'  I   u 


EUROPE. 


Ihr  Turia  in 
Europe. 


EUROPE. 


I 
I 


\'\\ 


I 
It;'- 


Osmanlis,  but  more  frequently  Ottoman  Turks. 
They  ap|)eun'd  in  Asia  Miniir  almut  tlie  niiildle 
i)f  the  tliirti'enth  century,  attaelving  both  Chris- 
lian  and  -Malioinetan  states,  and  Kf"<ltially  ex- 
tendinij  their  e<iiu|uest  over  the  wliole.  About 
tlie  end  of  tlie  first  eenliiry  of  tl''ir  eaner,  lliey 

{)a.<is<il  the  straits  and  won  a  fiHitiiijj  in  Kurope. 
n  l:tfil.  tliey  tooli  iladrianopleanil  niaile  it  tlieir 
capiud.  Tlieir  sultan  at  this  time  was  Amiirath. 
As  yet.  they  did  not  attaek  Constantinople. 
The  eity  itself  was  toostronj;  iuils  fortitieations; 
but  U'yond  the  walls  of  the  capital  tliert^  was  no 
Btrenirth  in  the  little  fra^rnient  of  Knipire  that 
remaineil.  It  appealed  vainly  to  Western  Ku- 
rope for  help.  It  sought  to  nnike  terms  with 
the  Church  of  Hoim.  Xotliiiii;  saved  it  for  the 
momi'nt  hut  the  eviilent  disposition  of  the  Turk 
to  rejrard  it  as  fruit  which  would  drop  to  his 
hand  in  due  tin){>,  and  wiiieh  he  niii:ht  safety 
leave  waitini^  while  he  turned  his  arms  ai^aiiisi. 
its  more  fumudahle  nt-iirhlxirs.  lie  contented 
himself  withe.\aitin);  Iriliule  from  the  emperors, 
anil  humiliatini;  them  hy  conunands  whiili  they 
dared  not  di.^ol)ey.  In  the  Servians,  the  Bos- 
nians, and  the  Hui::arians.  Anuirath  found  wor- 
thier fix's.  He  took  Sopiiia.  their  prineipid  city, 
from  the  latter,  in  1:1S'.';  in  Kfsithe  defeated  the 
two  former  nations  iu  tie  ^reat  hattie  of  Kos- 
sova.  At  the  moment  of  victory  he  was  assassi- 
nated, ami  his  sun  Haja/et  iie'iinled  the  Ottoman 
throne.  The  latter,  at  Nicopolis  (!•''■•'''.  over- 
whelmed and  destroyed  the  one  army  which  AVcst- 
ern  ]-^iropc  sent  to  oppose  tiieconqiierin,:;  m:iri  h 
of  his  tcrrilile  race.  Si.\  years  later,  he  hiiiwlf 
wa.s  vanquished  and  taken  prisoner  in  Asia  hy 
H  still  more  terrible  eoiupicror.  —  the  tiendish 
Timouror  Tamerlane,  then  scouririiii:  tin* eastern 
Continent.  For  some  years  theTurks  were  jiara- 
lyzed  hv  a  disputed  succession;  but  under  Am- 
iirath ll..  who  lame  to  the  tlirone  in  UJl.  their 
advance  was  resumed,  and  iu  a  few  years  more 
their  Ion;;  combat  with  the  Hun;;arians  U'^^an. 

Hungary  and  the  Turks. 

The  oriirinal  line  of  kimrs  of  Iluiu^ary  liavin;; 
ilicd  out  in  Mol.  the  iiitlueiiee  of  the  Pope,  who 
claimed  the  kin^'ilom  as  a  tief  of  the  papal  sec. 
seiured  theclcction  to  the  tliniiie  of  Charh'S  Koli- 
ert,  orCarihert,  of  the  Naples  branch  of  the  House 
of  Anjoii.  lie  and  liisson  l.ouis,  called  theOreat. 
raised  the  kimidoin  to  notalile  im])ortance  and 
power.  I.oiiis  adiied  the  crown  of  I'olaiid  toth.it 
of  iluii;.Mry.  and  on  hisdeath,  leavin;;  twodauL'ii- 
ters.  tile  I'olisli  crown  passi'd  tot  he  husliand  of  one 
and  the  lluiiir.'irian  crown  to  the  husband  of  the 
other  This  l.iiter  wasSiL'ismiiiid  of  [.nxcmbur:.'. 
wlioafierwardsliccame  Kmpcror.  aiidalso  KiiiLr..f 
IJohemia.  riider>ii:ismunil.  IItini;ary  wastlireat- 
ctied  on  one  side  by  the  Turks,  and  ravaged  on  the 
other  by  the  Hussites  of  Hohemia.  lie  was  suc- 
ceeded 1 1 1. IT  I  by  his  son-ill  l.iw.  .\lbert  of  Austria, 
who  lived  .inly  two  yciirs.  and  the  linter  was  fol- 
lownl  by  W  i.i(li-lau-^.  Kini^of  Poland,  who  a^rain 
united  tile  two  crou  IIS.  thiiuudiat  thecost  of  a  dis- 
tract in  i:  civii  w.ir  w  ith  partisans  of  the  infant  son 
of  AllK'i-t.  It  w  as  in  the  rciL'ii  of  this  prince  that 
the  'I'lirks  liciran  ilieir  ohsiinate  aiiacks  on  lluii- 
^Mr,\',  and  tliencef. iiili.  for  two  cent iiriesand  mure, 
tliat  ali!ie!ed  ct.iiiilr,\  si  rveil  Chrisieiidoin  as  a 
battered  bulw.irk  wliicli  the  new'  warriors  of 
Islam  could  biat  and  disii^rurc  but  could  not 
break  down.  The  hero  of  iliese  tirst  IliinL'ariaii 
wars  Willi  I  lie  Turks  was  .lulm  lluniades.  or  llun- 


yady,  a  Wallocbian,  who  fought  them  with  sur- 
ees8  until  a  peace  was  concluded  in  14-t-t.  Hut 
King  Wladislaus  was  pcrauadetl  the  .same  year 
by  a  papal  agent  to  break  the  treaty  and  to  leail 
an  ex|H>dition  against  the  enemy  a  lines  'pi,,. 
result  na«  a  ralamiloiis  defeat,  the  death  of  ihi 
king,  and  the  almost  totnl  destruction  of  his 
army.  Iliiniailes  now  Ix'came  regent  of  ilii. 
kingdom,  during  the  minority  of  the  laie  Ki,,;; 
AllMrt's  young  son,  Ladislaiis. 

He  suffered  one  serious  defeat  at  the  liamls  i,f 
the  Turks,  but  avenged  it  airain  and  aL'.iiii.  with 
help  from  an  army  of  volunteers  raisid  in  M 
parts  of  Europe  liy  the  exertions  of  a  /enlouJ 
monk  named  Capistnmo.  When  Iluniadi  sili,  il, 
in  M.")6,  his  enemies  already  controlled  the  ui.nh 
less  young  king,  Ladislaiis.  and  the  latirr  |iiii 
sued  him  in  his  grave  with  denimcialiMiis  :,>  ^ 
triitor  and  a  villain.  In  1-t.W.  Ladislaii,  ,|i,  i 
and  .Malliias.  a  son  of  lluniades,  was  (I.,!,.; 
king.  After  he  had  sittled  himsi'lf  s,,;,r,:i 
up  111  the  throne,  .Mathias  turned  his  amis,  n.": 
airainst  theTurks,  but  aijainst  the  Hussites  ,,f 
Hohemia.  in  an  attempt  to  wrest  the  crow  iic.f  ihit 
kingdom  from  Ocorge  I'lHliebrad. 

The  Fall  of  Constantinople. 

Meantime,  the  Turkish  Sultan.  Molianitiie,]  1[  , 

had  aceoinplislied  the  capture  of  Coiistaai pi. 

and  brought  the  veiicralile  Kmpire  of  tlie  i; ,,;  — 
liomtwi,  tireck,  or  Byzantine,  as  wc  cii"....  t<i 
name  it  —  to  an  end.  He  was  challciu^eil  t.i  tlie 
iinderttikiiig  by  the  folly  of  the  Iti.st  i:tii|., fer. 
Constantine  I'alaMilogiis,  who  threatened  tnsii|i 
port  a  pretender  to  Mohammed's  throne  The 
Ititter  began  serious  piepantions  at  one.-  lit-  i 
siiL'e  of  the  long  coveted  city,  and  opened  his 
attack  in  April.  I4.");l.  The  Orecks.  cvi  n  in  ihit 
hour  of  common  danger,  were  loo  hotly  eii-i.'i  d 
in  a  religious  quarrel  to  act  defensively  in^teiln  r 
Their  last  preceding  emperor  had  gone  |i.  r-"ii 
ally  to  the  Council  of  the  Wesleni  climeh.  iit 
I'lurcnce.  in  14:i!),  with  some  of  the  bislmiis  uf 
the  (ireek  Church,  and  had  arranged  birihestili 
mission  of  the  latter  to  Home,  as  anictinsnf  y'" 
curing  help  from  Catholic  Kurope  iur.iiiisi  iliv 
Turks  His  successor.  Constantine.  aillnieil  to 
this  engagement,  professed  the  Catliolii  f.iithiini 
ob.served  the  Catholic  ritual.  His  siibje.  s  in 
genertd  repudiated  the  imperial  contra' t  \\itli 
scorn,  and  avowedl,v  preferred  a  Turkish  mi't,  r 
to  a  Uoman  shephcnl.  Hence  they  t'i"k  litlr 
part  in  I  he  defense  of  the  city.  Constant  iiie  with 
the  siiitill  force  at  his  command,  foui'lil  iIm  ji.i^t 
of  besie:;ers  w  ith  noble  eoiir:ii:e  and  i'li^!:ni'> 
for  seven  weeks,  receiving  a  little  stii  cei  trntn 
the  (ieiiiKsi',  but  fioei  no  oiher  quarter  I'ri  tlr 
-".nh  of  May  the  wtills  were  carried  I  .  -I'liii. 
the  Kmperof  fell,  lighting  braM-ly  to  tin  I  -■ ,  :,ii  1 
the  Turks  became  masters  of  the  city  .•!  i  'ii 
•stantiiic.  There  was  no  extensive  iii;i--i  p  ei 
the  inhabitants;  the  city  was  given  up  I  ■  jii!  i-' 
but  not  todcstruction.  for  the  conqiieri'f  i'l'i  nih-'l 
to  make  it  his  ca|iital.  .\.  number  ol  I.J:i>'s 
had  escaped,  before,  or  during  the  sj.  ;.  a'l'l 
made  their  way  into  Italy  and  Milnr  p.ois '  i  l.'i 
rope,  carrying  au  irdbience  which  w;i-  inij-r 
talitly  felt,  as  we  shall  prcsi-iitly  see.  li>:l  itui""' 
captives,  men.  women  and  eliihlreii,  v\.ii  -.In 
into  slavery  and  scattered  throughoiit  ii  utt" 
man  Kmpire. 

(in'cce  and  most  of  the  islands  of  tin   .i;_-':iii 
siMin  shan-d  the  fate  of  Constantinople,  c;  i  ti 


1070 


EUROPE. 


Renaimanct. 


El'  iOPE 


•ubiuealion  <>f  Servia  and  Bosnia  was  niatle 
complT'te.  M  iiammod  was  even  threatpiiing 
Italy  when  lii'  ilie'l.  in  1481. 

RenaitMuice. 

Wo  have  now  come,  in  our  liasty  survey  of 
Euruwan  hisU>ry.  to  tlie  streteli  of  lime  witliin 
wliicli  historians  lmv(^  quite  gi'nenilly  acreed  to 
nVice  the  erulinR  of  tlie  sUt^  of  tliintfs  eluiraeter- 
ialionf  tlie  Middle  Ages,  and  tlie  l)e),'innins  of  , 
the  (liiinged  renditions  and  the  dilTerent  spirit 
tlmt  iK'long  to  the  modern  life  of  the  civilized   ^ 
w(irM     Tiie  transition  in  European  six'iety  from 
m,(li;eval  to  miHlerr.  ways,  fci'liiiu's.  and  thoughts   i 
has  iH'en  called   Henaissance.  or  new  hirtli;  l)ut 
tlie  tii;ure  uniler  which  tliis  places  the  coneep-    ; 
tiim  liefon'  one's  mind  does  not  seem  to  lie  really 
a  luippv  one.     Tliere  was  no  birth  of  any  thin ;   ' 
new  in  the  nature  of  thv  jrenenilions  of  men  who 
Di^secl  thnniifh  that  chaii^ie,  nor  in  the  .simicIus 
wliicli  they   fonned.       What  m(  urred  to   niuke 
dmie'is  in  Iwth  was  an  e.vpansion.  a  liheration, 
an Cnlii-'htenmenl  — an  opening  of  I'Ves,  and  of 
,  iirs  and  of  inner  senses  and  sensihililies.     'I  luTe 
vv,<  H"  time  and  no  plaie  that  can  lie  markeil 
at  wliich   Ihis  began;    and    tiiere   is   no    cauM; 
uiir  chain  of  causi'S  to  which  it  can   1m'  traccil. 
\\V  have  fiiunil  siiriis  of   its  cnmiiig.  here  and 
tluTc    in  one  token  of  movement  and  another, 
all  till'  way  throuiili  later  iiiedi.eval  times  — at 
UustMnivthefp-st Crusades.      In  the  thirteenth 
ccniiirv  there  was  a  womhTful  (luickeiiiiiL'  "t  all 
till'  ni'iiiv  processes  which   niaile  it  up      In  the 
fdurlienth  ceiitnrv  thev  weri'  checked;  hut  still 
tlii'V  went  on.     In'tlie  lifti'cnth  they  revived  with 
^'ri'aler  eturgv  than  Iw'fori';  and  in  the  sixteenth 
Ihiy  rose  to  their  clima.x   in  intensity  and  elTect. 
tli;0  which  look  phice  in   European   society 
WHS  mil  a  renaissance  so  much  as  the  re-wakening 
(.f  iiii'M  lo  a  (lav  light  existence,  after  a  thousand 
vi'ars   of    sunless   niiiht.  —  miMmlighted    at    the 
iiest.     The  truest  descriptive  tigure  is  that  which 
represents  these  pn'ludes  to  our  modern  age  as  a 
Mieniingdawn  anil  daybreak. 

I'mliiililv  foremost  amimg  the  causes  of  the 
ilian.'i  in  "Western  Europe  from  the  media'val  to 
the  Mioilirii  state,  we  must  place  thos('  influences 
that  .•xtiiii!uislied  the  disoriranizing  forces  in 
fciulalisiii.  Habits  and  forms  of  the  feudal  ar- 
ranii'iueat  remained  troublesome  in  society,  as 
thiv  lid  ill  some  measure  to  the  present  (hiy;  but 
fi'ii'.l,ili-Mi  as  a  system  of  social  disorder  and  dis- 
intr'-'iMiion  was"by  Ihis  time  cleared  away.  Wi' 
li:i\.'  ii'.ti'.l  in  passing  some  of  the  undermiiiiiig 
aiT'iitics  by  which  it  was  dcstroyi'd;  the  crusad- 
ini;  ninven'ients;  the  growth  and  enfraiicliiscmeiit 
iifi'iiir.;;  the  spread  of  I'ommerce ;  the  risi^  of  a 
iniiMlc'cla.ss;  the  study  of  Uouiau  law;  the  conse 
ciiii'iil  increase  of  royal  authority  in  France,  —  all 
Iliese  Were  among  the  cau-es  cd'  its  d^'dine.  I5ut 
pcNsiliiv  none  amona  tlu'iu  wnm^jlit  such  ((Uick 
aii.M.a.llyhanu  to  feiiilalisin  as  Ihe  iiilrodticlinn 
iif  cuiipiovdrr  and  tire  arms  in  war.  which  ■>.' 
eiirnd  in  the  fourteeulh  ceiilurv.  When  his 
ni'.v  «ia|ions  placed  Ihe  fool -soldier  on  a  fairly 
evtii  I'niiing  in  battle  with  the  niailid  and 
moiiiiiid  knight,  the  feudal  mililur>  organi/a- 
lioii  .if  society  was  ruined  lieyoml  'emedy.  The 
fliaa-i'd  conditions  of  warfare  made  traini'd 
arniii-,  and  Ihen'fore  stJUiding  armies,  a  neees- 
sity;  staiuling  armies  implied  centralized  au- 
thurity.  with  n^itralized  autliorily  the  feudal 
iimauicn  itisuppeared. 


If  tliese  agencies  in  the  generating  of  the  new 
movement  <if  civilization  which  we  call  Mixlem 
are  placed  iM'fore  the  subtler  and  more  powerful 
influence  of  the  printiiur  press,  it  is  ln'Cause  they 
had  to  do  a  certain  work  m  the  world  liefore  the 
iirinting  press  could  be  an  etUcient  eiliicator. 
Some  iKginiiing  of  a  public,  in  onr  modern  si'nse, 
rcipiired  to  1m'  created,  for  letters  to  act  upon. 
Until  that  came  about,  the  copyists  of  the  mon- 
asteries and  of  the  few  palace  libraries  existing 
were  moiv  than  sulllciciil  to  satisfy  all  deniaiids 
for  the  miilliplieation  of  amienl  wriliUKSor  the 
pulilication  of  new  ones  The  printer,  if  iie  had 
existed,  would  have  starved  for  want  of  employ- 
ment. He  would  have  lacked  malerial,  more- 
over, to  work  upon;  for  it  was  the  rediscovery 
of  a  great  aiichnt  lilenilurc  which  made  him 
busv  w!i<n  he  caiiii . 

Invention  of  Printing. 
The  preparaliim  of  Europe  for  an  elleclive  use 
of  the  art  of  printing  may  be  said  to  have  begun 
in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  when  Ihe 
•jiU-nl  universities  of  I'aris,  Holoiiiia.  Naples, 
I'adiia.  Mi«leiia,  anil  others,  came  into  existinee, 
lo  1m' ('"Ulers  of  intellectual  irritation  — disputa- 
tion—ciiallengc—nroping  inquiry.  But  it  was 
not  until  Ihe  fourleeiith  cenliiry,  when  the  latmrs 
and  the  iiillueiice  of  I'etrarch  and  other  si'liolars 
ami  men  of  genius  roused  iuli'rist  in  the  for^'ot- 
leii  litiT'ilure  of  ani'ii'iil  I'oiiic  and  (Ireece.  Unit 
Ihecravini;  and  s<'ekiii!;  for  books  grew  consider- 
able. Scholars  and  pretended  scholars  from  the 
(ireek  Empire  then  began  to  lied  employiiienl,  in 
Ilalv  more  espechilly,  as  teachers  of  the  (jpek 
lanijuaire,  and  a  niarkil  was  opi'iii-d  for  maii- 
uscripls  of  the  older  Creik  writings,  which 
broiiirht  many  precious  ones  to  liL'lit,  after  long 
buriiil,  and  miilliplied  copies  of  them,  Kiom 
Ilalv,  this  revival  of  classic  learniiii,'  crept  wesl- 
'  ward  and  iiorlhwanl  somewhit  slowly,  but  it 
went  steadily  on,  and  Ihe  bo.ik  as  a  commiHlity 
ill  the  comuierce  of  the  worM  rose  year  by  year 
in  imporlaiice.  unlil  the  printer  came  forwanl, 
aliout  Ihe  middle  oi  the  tiftcinlli  century,  to 
make  it  abundant  and  cheap. 

Wlielhcr  John  tiiilenbcr;.',  at  Mcntz.  in  14. .4. 
or  Laurent  Coster,  al  llaarl.iii.  twenty  years 
earlier,  executed  the  first  printing  with  movable 
Ivpes,  is  a  question  of  small  importance,  except 
as  a  ipieslioii  of  justice  lietwecn  tlie  two  possible 
inventors,  in  awarding  a  great  f.iine  which  be- 
loiiu's  lo  one  or  both.  The  grand  fact  is,  that 
Ihouiiht  ami  knowledL'c  look  wiiii;s  from  that 
'  sublime  invention,  and  ideas  were  s|>read  among 
i  men  with  a  swift  ditTiisi..ii  llial  l!  e  world  had 
!  nevi'rdi'caiued  of  before.  The  slow  wakening  that 
had  gone  on  for  two  centuries  bei  aiue  suddenly 
so  quick  that  scarcely  more  than  liliy  years.from 
Ihe  printinir  of  the  lir^l  Hibli',  sulliced  lo  inocu- 
late half  of  Europe  with  the  indep.'iideiit  Ihiuk- 
ini;  of  a  few  boldly  enlightened  im  ii. 

The  Greek  Revival. 

If    (!ulcn\M'r;.''s   iirinting   of    I'ope    N     Imlas' 

leiur  of  imlulgeiice,  in  14.")4,  Wiis  really  i.ie  lii'^I 

!    achievement  of  Ihe  new  born  art,  llieii  it  follow,  d 

by  a  single  year  the  event  commonly  lixed  upon 

,    for  the  dating  of  our  Mislcrn  Era,  and  ii  derived 

1   much  of  its  earliest  imporlunce  indirectly  from 

that  event.     For  the  fall  of  Constant iiiople,   in 

14,">:i,  was  preceded  and  followed  by  a  lliglil  of 

(ireeks  lo  Wenleru  Europe,   bearing  .such  ;rc:ui 


1077 


1 


i 

■j; 
11 


■  ■  ■  i  i  1  , 

ni  ■[';;■ 
nil;;, 


EUROPE 


Dtacovery. 


EUROPE. 


urcH  lis  llicy  ooiild  savr  fnmillirTiirks.  Happily 
tliow  tmiKiircs  incliidnl  pnci.ius  nmnuscripts; 
and  amoiitr  the  futfilivcs  was  mi  smalt  iiiiiiiIht 
of  ((lucalcil  (irccks.wlii)  iM'cami'  IcacliiTH  of  their 
lan$;uaKi'  in  the  West.  Tims  teaching  8"'l  text 
were  iilIiTiil  at  the  inoiiunt  when  the  printing 
press  stiMMi  ready  to  make  a  ennimon  jjift  of  tlieni 
to  every  liiinKeriiij;  student.  This  opened  the 
seeiind  of  the  Ihrie  stanes  wliieh  the  late  John 
Addinsrton  hyincaids  ihlined  in  tln>  history  of 
Ki'holarship  durinir  the  ltenais.siinee:  "Thi'  llrsi 
istheui;eof  passionate  desire;  Petrarch  porinj; 
over  a  Homer  he  eonld  not  unilerstand.  and  Dm'- 
<  aeeio  in  his  nialnrily  learnini;  Greek,  in  order 
that  he  mieht  drink  from  the  well  heail  of  p(  etic 
inspiratiiai.  are  the  heroes  of  this  periisl.  They 
inspired  the  Italians  with  a  thirst  for  antiipie 
eulture.  Ne.\t  comes  the  ajre  of  ac(|nisilion  anil 
of  lihraries.  Nicholas  V.who  foundeil  the  Vati- 
can Library  in  I4.*i;l.  Cosmo  de'  .Medici, who  lH-);an 
the  .Medii-ean  ('ollectiim  u  little  earlier,  and  Po^. 
;;!(>  Hracciolani.  who  ransjK'keti  all  the  cities  and 
convents  of  Knrope  for  manuscripts,  loijcther 
with  the  teachers  of  (ireek,  who  ill  tuc  first  liidf 
of  the  tifteentli  century  escaped  from  Constanti- 
nople with  precious  frei);hts  of  classic  literature, 
are  the  heroes  of  this  second  pcriixl."  "Tlien 
came  the  third  a;;e  of  siholarship  —  the  a)te  of 
the  critics,  philologers,  anil  printers,  .  .  .  Flor- 
ence, Venice,  ISaslc,  ami  Paris  j;roaned  with  print- 
ini;  presses.  The  Aldi,  the  Slephani,  and  Krohcn, 
toiled  liy  nii;ht  and  day,  employing  scores  of 
scholars,  men  of  supreme  devotion  and  of  nii>;hty 
hraiii,  whose  work  it  was  to  a.scertain  the  riirhl 
readinj;  of  sentences,  to  accentuate,  to  punctuate, 
to  comiiiit  to  the  press,  ami  to  place  beyond  the 
reach  of  monkish  hatred  or  of  envious  time,  that 
everlastins  solace  of  humanity  which  exists  in 
the  classics.  All  snliseiiuent  achievements  in  the 
field  of  scholarship  sink  into  insiifrilicance  he- 
side  the  lahours  of  these  men, who  needed  iJenius, 
enthusiasm,  and  the  sympathy  of  Europe  for  the 
accomplishment  of  their  titanic  task.  Virgil  was 
printed  ill  1 170,  Homer  in  I4HS,  Aristotle  in  14!tM, 
Plato  ill  l."ili.  They  then  hecame  the  inalienahle 
hcritai,'e  of  m.inkinil.  .  .  .  This  third  age  in  the 
history  of  the  Itcnaissance  .sicliolarship  may  he 
said  to  h;ive  reached  ilsilimaxin  Krasmus[l48,>- 
l."ioil|;  for  hy  this  time  Italy  li.id  handed  on  the 
torch  of  Iciirninir  to  the  northern  nations"  (Sy- 
miiiids). 

.\rt  hail  already  had  its  new  liirlh  in  Italy;  hut 
it  s|i:ircil  Willi  iverytlii:ii.'  s|iii'itiial  and  inlellec 
tual  Ihi'  wonderful  quickening  of  the  age,  and 
pro'lurrd  till*  great  masters  of  the  tifteentli  and 
siNteiiiili  centuriis:  .Michael  .Viigelo,  I.rt'onarilo 
da  Vim  i.  l!;i|>ii:H  I,  Titian,  in  Italy,  the  lirotliers 
Van  Kyrk  in  Flamlris,  llolhein  and  Di'irer,  in 
ttiTinany.  and  ilie  host  of  their  compeers  in  that 
astonisiiiiiif  ;ii:e  of  :i-'  »ic  genius. 


Portu, 

.V  ruder  and  nioi 
the  spiril  of  llie  a; 


plorations. 

Ileal  ilirection  in  which 
iiianilested  itself  eons|)ieu- 
iisly  and  niili  proiligious  results  was  tli.at  of 
esplnring  na\i'_Mii"ii,  to  pem-irate  ttie  unknown 
regions  of  the  yldhi-  and  lind  Ilnir  srcrels  out. 
lint,  slrangi  ly.  it  was  none  of  the  older  inaritiiiic 

and  eomnieni.il  peoples  who  led  Ille  w  ;ty  ill  this: 

neitlier  the  Vini-tians,  nor  Ilie  (tenoese.  nor  the 
Catalans,  nor  the  FliiuiiiL's,  nor  the  ilaiisa  Lea- 
giuTi.  r::ir  ::ic  Kii::li>,ii,  '.VLTf  i  ;iriy  in  liu-  sf;iriii 
for  new  countries  and  new  routes  of  trade.     The 


Kmnil  exploit  of  "busineas  entcrpris<:  '  in  the 
tifteentli  century,  which  changed  the  face  of  i  niu 
merce  throughout  the  world,  whs  left  to  In  |ii  r- 
formed  hy  the  Portuguese,  whose  prior  niin 
mercial  experience  was  us  slight  as  that  of  anv 
[H'ople  in  EumiM'.  And  il  was  one  great  iii:m 
among  them,  a  younger  son  in  their  roynl  f:iiiiily 
Prince  Henry,  known  to  Inter  times  as  the 
Navigator."  who  woke  the  spirit  of  cvploiaiinii 
in  them  and  pushed  them  to  the  acliievi  nieni 
which  placed  Portugal,  for  a  time,  at  the  In  nl  uf 
the  maritime  states.  Ik'ginning  in  14:14,  I'riiHe 
Henry  sent  expedition  fojhiwing  expedition  iI.hh 
the  western  coast  of  Africa,  searching  fm  tlir 
southern  extremity  of  the  continent,  anil  a  way 
round  it  (o  the  eastwar'— to  the  In. lies.  tin. 
goal  of  commercial  ambition  then  and  long  after 
In  our  own  day  it  seems  an  ciusy  tliiii!;  t"  sill 
down  the  African  coiust  to  the  CaiM';  hut  it  \v;n 
not  easy  in  the  middle  of  the  llfleeiith  century. 
and  when  Prince  Henry  died,  in  14110,  his  shijis 
had  only  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Oaniliia.  oi  a 
little  way  beyond  it.  His  countrymen  had  grown 
interested,  however,  in  the  pursuit  which  he  lie. 
gan,  and  expeditions  were  continued,  not  eagerly 
but  at  intervals,  until  Hartolomew  I)hi/.,  in  US6, 
niunded  the  southern  point  of  the  continent  with. 
out  knowing  it,  and  Vasco  da  Uania,  in  14',t;, 
passed  beyond,  and  sailed  to  tlie  coast  of  Imlia. 

Diicovery  of  America, 

Five  years  before  this,  Columbus,  in  the  sir 
vice  of  Ferdinand  and  Isub<dla  of  iSpuiii,  hid 
made  the  more  venturesome  voyage  westwinl, 
and  had  found  the  New  World  of  Amcriia.  Th;il 
the  fruits  of  that  8urpas.sing  discovery  Ml  tu 
Spain,  is  one  of  the  liappenings  of  history  whii h 
one  need  not  try  to  explain;  since  (if  weesupl 
the  Catalans  among  them)  there  were  no  people 
in  Europe  less  inctincil  to  (K'can  adveniiire  th:tii 
the  Spaniards.  Hut  they  had  just  tinishnl  the 
coniiucst  of  the  Misirs;  tlicir  energies,  long  i  vir 
cised  in  that  struggle,  demanded  .some  new  nut 
let,  and  the  Geiiocsi'  navigator,  seeking  iiniiify 
and  ships,  and  liatHed  in  all  more  prnmisiin; 
lands,  came  to  tliein  at  the  right  moment  f.r  a 
favorable  bearing.  So  Castile  won  the  aiiiiiziii;,' 
prize  of  adventure,  which  seems  to  have  he- 
longed  by  more  natural  right  to  Genoa,  or  Vi  iiiee 
or  Bruges,  or  hulieck.  or  IJristol. 

The  iniineiliate  material  elTccIs  of  the  liiilim 
of  the  new  way  to  the  Asiatic  side  of  the  \wiiii 
were  far  more  important  than  the  clTeeN  nf  the 
discoviTy  of  America,  and  they  were  prmiiiiily 
fell.  Nosismer  had  the  Portuguese  .seeiirnl  ihiir 
footing  in  theeastern.seas.  aiidon  the  ruiili-itjiiiu  r, 
which  they  proceeded  vigorously  toil,',  tliaii  liie 
commerce  of  Europe  with  that  riili  r.  i.'i''n  "f 
spices  and  .silks,  and  curious  liiniiriis  uhi.  li 
Europe  loved,  abandoned  its  aniieiit  eieinuiK 
and  ran  quickly  into  tlie  new  one.  'I'hi  re  wMe 
si'veral  strong  reasons  for  this:  .,  the  i  irii:i.'e 
of  goisla  by  the  longer  ocean  roi  te  \\,i>  elu  ipi  r 
than  by  caravan  routes  to  tlie  Medilerr.imri ;  :J 
the  pestilent  .Moorish  pirates  of  tlie  Itailiai.i  I  i-t 
were  eseapeil;  (:i)  European  meniiinis  f  ,:!ni| 
heavy  ailvaiita:;es  in  dealing  directly  \\i!':  'ii' 
East'insteail  of  trading  at  seeond  liaml  lid  .-li 
.\rabs  and  Turks.  So  the  commerce  ot  the  l:,iiii> 
lied  suiMenly  away  from  the  Meditemi 
tlie  .\tlantic;  lied  from  Venice,  from  (ii  ii.^ 
.M;iriciiic.s,  from  iiarcciuiia,  fniiii  (':■?:•::;::;■;"', 
from  Alexandria;  Ucd,  too,  from  many  .hiis  of 


111  t.i 
Irutn 


1078 


EUROPE 


SationaliMaliOH 


EUROPE 


ttiP  arrogant  Hanse  league  In  the  North,  which 
had  U-arned  the  old  ways  of  traffic  and  were  slow 
to.atch  the  Ulea  of  a  pomihle  change.  At  tlio 
outw't  of  the  rtarrangeiiienl  of  trude  the  Por- 
tuaucsi'  won  and  held,  for  a  lime,  the  flrst  hand- 
liDS  of  East  Indian  <omm<Klitie.s,  while  Dutch, 
EiiBlish  and  Oennan  tmders  — esperially  the  tlrst 
named  -  met  them  lit  I.i«lK>n  and  took  their  w-ares 
(or  ilistriliiitlon  throiiRh  central  and  northern 
Eun.pe  But.  in  no  long  time,  the  Dutch  anil 
Eiu'lisli  went  to  India  on  tlieir  own  account,  anil 
ousliil  tlie  Portuguese  from  their  profltuble  mo- 

"Timunercially,  the  discovery  of  America  had   I 
little  elliil  on  Europe  for  a  century  or  two.    ; 
Holitic.illv,  it  hail  vast  conwiiuencis  in  the  si.\-    ; 
U'cntli  cinlurv,  whicli  came,  in  tlic  niiiin,  from    i 
the  ixm-.r  aiiil  prestige  timt  accrued  to  Spain,    j 
But  IiiTliiips  its    iiiiMl    important   effects   were    | 
thiwe  iiionii  ami  intellectual  ones  which  may  U'   ■ 
attriliutiHl  to  tlic  sudden,  surprising  enlargement 
of  the  geographical  horizon  of  men.     The  liftmg 
of  the  curtain  of  mystery  wliicli  hail  hung  so  long 
lictwciii  two  halves  of  the  world  must  have  com- 
[xlleil  every  man,  wlio  tliought  at  all,  to  suspect 
that  other  curtains  of  mysU'ry  might  be  hiding 
failt  iis  simple  and  substantial,  waiting  for  their 
Culumlms  to  ilistlosc  them :  anil  so  the  bondage 
of  the  media'val  mind  to  that  cowanlice  of  sii- 
ncrstition  which  fears  imiiiiry,  must  surely  have 
been  gnatly   looseneil   by  the  startling  event. 
But  the  Spaniards,  who  rushed  to  tlie  oossession 
of  tlie  newfound  worid,  shownl  small  signs  of 
anvsucii  effect  upon  their  minds;  anil  perhaps 
it  was  the  greedy  thought  of  tiieir  possession 
which  excluilcd  it. 

Nationalization  of  Spain. 
Tlie  SpiUiiards  were  one  of  Imlf  ailozen  peo- 
plis  in  Wistcrn  Europe  who  had  just  arrived, 
in  this tiftienth  century,  at  a  fairly  consoliiliited 
iintioniilitv.  iiiiil  were  prcpareil,  for  the  first  time 
in  their  history,  to  act  with  something  like  or- 
ganic uiiiiv  in 'the  affairs  of  tlie  world.  It  was 
iini'  "f  the"  singular  birthmarks  of  the  new  era 
in  liiMiirv.  that  so  many  nations  passed  from  the 
inclHiate"  to  the  ileflnite  form  at  so  marly  the 
wiine  time.  The  marriage  of  Isjibella  of  Castile 
to  Finlinaml  of  Anigon,  in  1 U19,  cITiclcil  ii  l>er- 
niamni  luiion  of  the  two  crowns,  and  ii  subslan- 
tiiil  i'l.oriionitioii  of  the  greater  part  of  the 
S|Kiuisli  pininsula  into  a  single  strong  kingiloni. 
miulr  vo!  stnuiL'cr  in  1491  by  the  comiuesl  of 
<;riii:iii:i  ;inci  siiljjii:;alioii  of  the  last  of  the 
Sp.iui^ii  Moors. 

Louis  XI.  and  the  Nationalizing  of  France. 
I'll!'  Jiiitiimalizing  of  France  had  iK'cn  a  siniol 
taiinm-.  Iiiit  ipiite  different  |>iik'cs,s.  From  the 
mi.'^rihlv  iloHiifallen  and  iliviiled  stale  in  wliirli 
it  ttin  lift  by  the  Hundreil  Years  War,  it  was 
ruisiil  li\  a  singular  king,  who  employed  strange, 
iirii'.lili  'iiiflli'xls,  bill  employed  them  with  re- 
nmrkiiliir  success  This  w;is  l.uuis  XI.,  who 
owi's  111  Sir  Wiilier  Siott's  luiiiaiiec  of  ■■liueiitin 
iTil"   an    imrniluelion    to    eoinmon    fame 


IlM 

wliicli  h 

Sillif  pd 

kiiiH  ul 

whi<  Ii  h 

Lnni.s 

nhiiti  s, 


eimlcl  lianlly  have  secured  otiierwise, 
|iul:ir  attention  is  not  often  drawn  to  the 
eiiMiiing  and  hidden  work  in  poliiics 
'.lid. 

XI  ,  on  coining  to  the  throne  in  1401, 
:::;;-;  if  surrounded  liy  a  stale  of  tilings 
•  iiied  much  like  a  revival  of  the  feudal 


slate  St  its  wont,    when  Philip  Augustus  and 
I.Kiul8  IX.  hud  to  deal  with  great  vassals  who 
rivalled  or  overtopped   them   in   power.      The 
recklesa  granting  of  iippHiiages  to  children  of 
the  royal  family  had  raised  up  ft  new  group  of 
nobles,  too  powerful  and  loo  proud  to  lie  loyal 
and  oiK'dient  subjects  of  the  monarchy.     At  the 
head  of  them  was  the  Duke  of  Hurgundy.  whos<r 
splendid  dominion,  extendeil  by  inarHage  over 
most  of  the  Nelherhiiids,  raiseil  him  to  a  place 
among  the  gnalcr  princes  of  Europe,  and  who 
iplile  oiitslione  the  King  of  Fmnce  in  everything 
but  the  royal  title,     it  was  iinpi>s.sible,    under 
the  circiinistances,  for  the  crown  to  establisli  its 
supremacy  over  these  powerful  lords  by  means 
direct  and  open-     ''''"c  craft  and  dishonesty  of 
Louis  found  methiKlsmore  effectual.    He  cajoled, 
beguiled,  lietniyed  and  clieated  his  anlagonisU, 
one  by  one.     lie  played  the  seinshncss  and  am- 
bitions of  each  against  the  others,  and  lie  skilfully 
evoked  something  like  a  public  opinion  in  his 
kingdom  against  tlie   whole.     At  the  oiiUset  of 
his  ndgn  the  notiles  formed  a  coniliination against 
him  which  they  called  the  League  of  tlie  Public 
Weal,  but  winch  aimed  at  nothing   but   fresh 
gains  to  the  privileged  class  and  advanUiges  to 
its  chiefs.     Of  alliance  with  the  people  against 
the  crown,  as  in  England,  there  was  no  thought. 
Louis  yieli'ed  to  the  League  in  appearance,  and 
cunningly  went  beyond  its  demands  in  his  con 
cessions,  "making  it  oilious  to  the   kingdom  at 
lai  ,e,  and  securing  to  liimsilf  the  strong  support 
of  the   States-General  of  France,    when   he   ap- 
pealeil  to  it.  ..    ,    , 

Tlie  tortuous  policy  of  Louis  was  aided  by 
many   favoring  circumstances  and  happenings. 
It  was  favored   not    least,   perliaps.  by  tlie   hot- 
headed chaneter  of  Charles  the  Hold,  who  siic- 
eeeiled  his  father,  Philip,  in  the  Duchy  of  Bur- 
giinily,  in  1467.      diaries  was  inspired  with  a 
great' snil  not  unriNisimablc  ambition,  to  make 
his  realm  a  kingdom,  holding  a  middle  place  be 
Iween  France  and  (Jermanv.     He  had  abilities, 
but  he  was  of  a  passionate  and  haiiglily  temper, 
and  no  match  for  the  cool,  pertidioiis,  plotting 
'    Kingof  Fniiiee.     The  latter,  by  skilful  intrigue, 
involved  liim  in  a  war  with  tlie  Swiss,  which  he 
i   comliicted    impnidentlv.   and  in  which  he  was 
;   defealed  and  killed  (1477).       Mis   death   cleared 

:  L( 

hft'onlva  daughter.  Mary 'of   Uurgunily.  and 

her  situation  was  helpless.     I.cmis  lost  no  tune  in 

seizing   the  Duchy   of    Burgundy,   as  a  tief   of 

!    Frame     and   in   I'iie    preleiideil   exercisi'  of   bis 

i    riahts  as  godfather  of  the   Duchess   Mary,      lie 

also  tmik    p.issessiuM   of  Franehe   Coinle.  which 

was  a  fief  of  the  Empire,  and    he  put  forward 

claims  in  Flanders,  Artois.  and  elsewhere.      But 

the  Nelherlamlers.  while  they  took  advaiita!.'e  of 

i   tlieyi>uiig  diiehess' 'iiuatioii,  11  \d  exaeled  large 

'   eimeessiniis  i.f  charlereil  priviliL'es  fnim  her, 

iiiaintaiiied  her  rights;  ami  belore  the  first 

of  her  iir|iliaiia::e  elosed.  she  oblaineil 

piiin  bv  in.'iriiaL'e  with  the 

of  Auilria.  sun  i>f  the   Einpi-ror,  Freiieiii  k    111. 

Maximilian   was  sueeessfiil  in   war  with    Louis; 

iml  tile    latter  suei lied.   after   all.  in    lioliHng 

Burgundy,  wliiili  was  theneeforth  absorbed  in 
the  royardomaiii  of  France  and  gave  no  fiirilier 
trouble  to  the  monarchy,  while  lie  won  some  iiii- 
jwrtsi-.t  <\tc!wi.iiisof  tiie  northwestern  frontiers 
of  his  kingdom. 


I,niiis'  path  to  complelc  niaslery  in  France,  and 
le  iiiailc  the  most  of  his  opportunity.     Charles 


vet 


chain 
.\rchiliike  Maximilian 


I    n-l 


1079 


)' 

il 
it 


h' 


Jiffvt'  - 


El'ROPE, 


Italy 


El'ROPE. 


Boforo  tlio  (IcRlli  of  I-iniis  XI.  the  Fn^ncli 
rrowii  n'Kiiiniil  .\rijmi,  Mnini'.  unil  I'nivoiitT,  liy 
inlirritiuiii'  fn>iii  llic  liiMt  ri'iiri'Mnlutivc  of  thi' 
frri'Ht  W'l'onil  lloiiscof  Anfdn  Thim  tliv  kln^- 
(Idinwliiclihr  lift  li>  liiHsim.  Clmrli'*  VIII.  (HHiti, 
WHS  II  <'iins(>li(liiti>il  niition.  iinilainiiii!  in  ilH  icii- 
tralizcd  (idvcrniiieiit  llii'  (riTiiis  nf  tin-  nt)»)lntc' 
monariliy  <<!  ii  later  diiy. 

Italian  Expedition  of  Charles  VIII. 

Cliarlcs  VIII.  w.i.s  a  ImiliKh  nml  iinciliK  atiil 
I«iy  ni  fi;:lit  years  when  liis  fatlicr  liicfi.  Ilin 
capahlc  si.stiT  .\nnc  carrii-fl  <>ri  the  ^ovcnunriit 
fur  Mimi'Vrars.  ami  iiailiiiiiiil  licr  fatliir  s  work 
tiy  (lifciiiiii:  .a  rrvnlt  of  Iln'  iinhlrs,  and  liy 
niarryinir  tin- ynniiir  kinu'  to  ilic  licin-sM  of  Hril 
taiiy  —  TliiTiby  nniiint:  to  thr  crown  tlir  last  of 
tlit'  irrrat  srnii  iii<l('[)<-tiilt>nt  licfs.  Wlicn  Cliailrs 
I'aini'  of  aL'i',  lie  conrcivcd  tlif  idra  of  rrcoviTiiitf 
till'  kint'doin  of  Napli".  wlilili  the  House  of 
.\i)joii  elainird.  and  whlili  he  looked  upon  as 
pari  of  his  inhirilaiiie  fioni  that  llinisi'.  lie 
was  ini-ited  to  the  enterprisi',  tnon'over,  hy  l.iido- 
vieo  il  Mnro.  or  I."Uis  tin-  Moor,  ati  inlriiiiiiiii; 
iinele  of  the  yoniiir  Mnke  of  Mihtn.  who  eon- 
spired  to  displaii' his  ne|ihew.  In  I  lilt  Charles 
(Tossed  the  .\lps  w  iili  a  larL'e  and  well  diseiplineil 
arinv.  and  tTiel  with  iioetTeetnal  oppositinii.    Tin' 

Medici  of  riorenee  .•ind  the  I'ope  had  aiir i  to. 

p-tinr  to  resist  this  l-'reiieh  intrusion,  whiehtliev 
feared  :  luit  the  in\  adin;;  Utrrr  proved  too  forniid- 
ali!".  .'Uid  the  Florentines,  thin  under  the  iiillu- 
c'liee  of  .siavonafcil  I.  looked  to  it  for  their  liliera 
lion  from  the  Medieeati  rule,  already  oppressixe. 
,\e(orilini:ly  Charles  niarehed  triumphantly 
thiou,i;li  thi'  peninsula,  inakini.'  some  stay  at 
liotne.  ( tn  his  approaeh  to  Naples,  ihi'  .\ra:,'ii- 
nese  Kini:,  .Mf.-nvn,  atidieated  in  favor  of  his 
son.  Ferdinand  II.,  and  died  soon  after,  Ferdi 
nand,  shut  out  of  Naples  by  an  insiirreetion.  tied 
to  Sieily,  and  Charles  intered  the  eity,  where  the 
popniaee  weleomed  him  with  wurmtii.  Most  of 
the  kiiii^dom  siilnnitted  within  a  few  weeks,  and 
the  eoni|Uest  seemed  complete,  as  it  had  lieen 
easy. 

Hut  what   they  had  won  s isilj    thi'  French 

held  with  a  careless  hand,  and  the,v  lost  it  with 
eipial  case.  While  they  revelh'd  and  caroused  in 
-Naples,  abusinir  the  hospitality  of  their  new  siili- 
,jecis.  and  L'atherinir  plunder  with  reckless  L'reeil. 
u  daiiL-'erous  eonihination  was  formed  ai^ainst 
them,  throUL'ljoiiI  the  peninsula.  Ilefore  th.'y 
were  aware,  it  had  put  them  in  peril,  and  Charles 
was  forced  t'l  leireal  with  haste,  in  the  spritur  of 
1  i'.>."i,  leavinir  an  inadeipiatc  ;:arriscn  to  jmld  the 
Neapolitan  c;ipit,il.  Ill  l.iiinhanly,  he  hail  to 
tit'lit  with  the  Veiieti.ins,  Mild  with  his  jirotene, 
l.oiiisihe  M...  now  I>ukeof  ,Mil.an.  Iledid'ealed 
tln-m,  ;uid  rei;..iii''  '  Frani-e  in  Ni>vemlier.      I,on^ 

1.,  fMivlliMt  time    Ilie  small  force  he  left  at   Na|iles 

had  In  I II  "\erc  .inc.  ;uid  Ferdinand  had  recovercil 

his     ki|iLr,l,,||, 

III  line  sense,  1  he  French  had  noihinir  to  ^huw 
for  this  their  tir^I  c.\p<-dition  of  conquest.  In 
another  m-iih-  they  had  much  to  show  and  their 
jrain  w:is  L'leal.  'riiey  hail  made  their  lirsi  ac- 
ipiainiaiice  with  the  superior  cnlliiic  of  Italv. 
They  h.i.l  hrcalhed  the  air  lieyond  the  .Up's, 
wdiiih  w.is  then  siircharL'ed  with  the  inspirations 
of  the  lienai-siinee.  Moth  the  iileas  and  the  spoil 
they  liroULdit  hack  were  of  more  value  to  Fnince 
than  can  tie  easily  estimated  They  had  re- 
turned laden  with  iMiotv,  and  much  of  it  was  in 


1  trniHurra  of  art.  ovcry  HlRlitof  whirli  «iis  ,  l,» 
!   Min  to  till'  Hrnac  nf  iM-iiiity  nnil  thr  tuitte    f  |{„. 

IH'opIc  Bmontr  wliiini  llii'y  wen' «liown.  Tin  e\ 
j   iM'rieiii'e  nnil  the  intlucni'c  of  the  Itiillan  i  \|u>|i 

Ihm  were  iindouhlcdly  very  irrciit,  and  lie    H, 

nalKsanci'  in  France,  as  an  artistic  and  a  liii  nrv 

birth,  is  n'lisiinalily  dated  friini  it. 

Italian  Wart  of  Louii  XII. 

('liarlc'D  VIII.  died  suddenly  in  U'.w  :iii  I  u  ,.. 
siiccenU'ii  by  his  cousin,  of  the  Orleans  hrinii  loif 
the  Valois  fainil,\ ,  l.oiiis  XII.  The  new  knu'  u:is 
w'i-ak  in  character,  but  not  wicked.  Ilj^  ilrsi 
thouu'lit  on  mounting  the  throne  was  if  i|„. 
claims  (if  Ills  family  to  other  thrones,  in  pi^ 
ISesides  the  slandiii^'  .\iii.'evin  claim  in  tjie 
kintrdom  of  Naples,  he  asM*rted  riuditsi.t'  lii-..uii 
to  the  diicliy  of  Milan,  as  a  descendant  nf  \  ,1,  i, 
tina  Vis<'onii,  heiress  of  the  ducal  liou^i  uliiili 
the  Sforzas  supplanted.  In  141HI  lie  -,  n!  m 
army  a>;aiiist  Louis  the  MiHir,  and  the  tiiit.  i  t!<  tt 
from  .Milan  without  an  attempt  at  ii  ^i-in,,, 
l.oiiis  tisik  poss.'ssion  of  the  diicliy  wi'li  ih. 
jmatest  uimkI  will  of  the  people;  lull,  1.,  |,.r, 
half  a  year  had  pitssed,  French  taxes.  Ft.  inji 
>;overninent.  and  French  manners  li.td  iii..!i-!oi 
tliein.  and  they  made  an  attempt  to  resl"iv  ih,  jr 
former  tyrant.  The  attempt  faihd,  and  l.i.iii> 
llie  Moor  w,as  imprisoned  in  France  for  ti.e  n 
niainder  of  his  life. 

Milan  secured.  I,ouis  XII.  beuan  |iri  p:iraii..ii- 
to  repeat  the  undertaking'  of  Cliarle-  \  III 
av'ainsi  Naples.  The  Neapolitan  coovu  Inl 
now  passi'd  to  an  able  and  popular  kin.;,  I'ri.lr 
rick,  and  Frederick  liail  every  rca.son  t..  vi;|,|„,„. 
that  he  would  be  supported  and  helpn!  !>'.  Iii^ 
kinsni;in,  Ferdinand  of  .Vrairoii,  tie-  \m  II  l.tmun 
consort  of  Isabella  of  Castile,  Feniiiiaiil  liail 
the  power  to  hold  the  French  kiiiL'  in  eh- .  k  .  la' 
instead  of  iisiiit;  it  for  the  defen-e  of  the  Ni  .|"ili 
tan  branch  of  his  house,  he  si'cretly  ;iii'l  ii-  n  Un 
oiislv  aureed  with  Louis  to  divide  the  l,iii_(l..iii 
of  N'apleswith  him.  rndcrthesicirciinisi  nn  s, 
theeoni|Uest  was  easily  accomplished  i  I'l"!  ^  Thr 
betrayed  Fo'dcriek  surrendered  to  |,.iiii..  mi. I 
lived  as  n  pensionary  in  Fnmi'e  until  hi-  .i.iih 
The  Neapolitan  bramli  of  the  House  c.f  .Via.  ,11 
came  to  an  end. 

Uaiis  and  Ferdinand  speedily  1(11:110  1.  I  ..v.r 
the  division  of  their  .joint  coniiuest.  'I'li.  ir.  1. 1, 
erons  Spaniard  cheated  the  French  kiie:  ii;  T.  .iiy 
ncL'otiatioiis.  ^ainini;  timi'  to  ,send  f.i' .  -  in;" 
Italy  which  expelled  the  French,  It  wi-  r.  tin- 
war  thiit  the  Spanish  jri'iicral,  (!oiistii%.i  .It  dr 
dova.  won  the  reputation  wliieh  L'tiv  lititi  tit.- 
name  of  ■'the  (Jreal  Captain":  and  i:  «  .-  \i'-f 
wise  in  this  w:ir  thtit  the  cliivalric  Frem  h  l,i,t:'!ii 
Havard.  besran  the  winnini;  .if  his  fun. 


The  Leag;ue  of  Cambrai  and  the 
League, 


Holi 


Naples  had  airain  slipped  from 
f'ranee,  and  this  time  it  had  passi 
l.oiiis  XII.  abandoned  the  tini|itini 
his  rival,  and  applieil  liiinsi'lf  to  the 
of  his  sovercitinty  over  Milan  anil 
S.'ine  territory  formerly  iM'lonniiiL'  to 
had  lieen  ceded  to  Vi-nice  by  the  J 
himself  had  ceded  another  district  . 
republic  in  pavment  for  services  reii 
dinand  of  Spain  had  made  payment- 
kind  of  coin,  from  his  Nctipotiitin  reali 
tian  help  to  secure  it.     The  warlike 


-,...f 


kill 

t  111  1.1 

,~:..: 

:;-ltitti: 

il-  ■ 

■,  till. 

Ih  ^ 

-I..1,' 

il. 

.  ■-  '11.' 

l.f.  1 

in  il 

r.r 

-iMir 

111.  |. 

■  \  im- 

l'.'!" 

.liiliui 

1080 


EUROPE. 


rk«  biack  iiQe  nf 
the  Papacy 


EUttOPE. 


II  MW  HImlnl  ami  otliiT  towiM  formerly  lie- 
hmilinK  t"  H"'  StHtcs  of  tlif  (Iluirih  iii>w  <'iiiinb-<l 
«ra>'iiir  III''  iHxwcssiiin'*  of  the  proud  mUtri>»«  of 
t|,|.  .\ilri:itir  All  of  tlii'w  iliHpuUtnU  In  Itiily 
n.»Ml(il  thr  Riiins  wlilili  Vriilir  had  Biitlicrwl  at 
til,  ir  cxiiciisi',  and  ciivliil  and  frari'd  hi'r  Komi'- 
wh;il  insoli'nt  pros|MTity.  Tlii'V  aciortliuKly  "'"•■ 
l» niKil  their  nuiirri'ls  with  one  anothiT.  to  form 
!i  liairiii'  for  lirnikini;  her  down  and  for  denpoil- 
jiii;  hiT.  Till'  Kmpcror  Maxiinihan.  who  had 
i;Hiv:iii(<M  of  IiIh  own  against  Iho  Venetians. 
Siincci  l!ie  eomhinatlon,  and  Klorenee  was  lirilieil 
teUroine  a  party  to  It  liy  the  1m  trayal  of  l'i«i 
iiitii  liiT  hands,  'riins  vas  formed  the  shameful 
|,,ui;ui'  of  Camhml  (l.'iOH).  The  Freneli  did 
iii,»t  of  tlie  lluhtin);  in  the  war  that  ensued. 
llicUL'li  I'ope  Julius,  v.ho  t(M)k  the  Held  in  per- 
siiii.  lasilv  proved  himself  a  iN'lter  soldiiT  than 
priist.  I'lie  Venetians  were  driven  for  a  time 
from  tlie  criater  part  of  the  dominion  they  had 
iiripiiricl  on  I  he  mainland,  and  were  sorely  pressed. 
Hut  lliev  made  terms  witli  the  I'oix-,  and  it  then 
bcTunu'his  interest,  not  nurely  to  slop  the  eon- 
(liiists  of  his  allies,  but  to  press  them  out  of 
lUilv.  if  p(>ssilile.  He  heijan  aciiprdinjily  to  In- 
trigue against  tlie  Kreiif  h,  anil  presently  had  a 
law  lea^'ue  In  oiieration,  making  war  upon  them. 
It  w;is  called  u  Holy  League,  la'cause  the  head 
.)f  tlie  Church  was  Its  promoter,  and  It  einbnued 
ihc  KmiM-ror,  King  Ferdinand  of  Spain.  Kins; 
llriirv  VIII.  of  En;;land,  and  the  Hepulilic  of 
Vmii'e  .\s  the  result  of  th(^  rulldess  and  de- 
structive war  whieh  they  wajied,  Louis  XII.,  Iie- 
fiire  he  (lie<l.  in  1,51,').  saw  all  that  he  had  won  in 
l.nmliardv  stripped  front  him  and  restore<l  to  tlie 
.^[iirzus  — the  old  family  of  the  Dukes  of  Milan; 
VriiiiT  ri'iovered  most  of  her  pos.sessions,  but 
mvi T  ri  gained  her  formiT  power,  sinee  the  dis 
iiniTV  of  the  <K-ean  routi^  to  India,  round  the 
(ape  "f  (icHiil  Hope,  was  now  turnini,'  the  rich 
tnide  (if  the  Kast.  the  );reat  souree  of  her  wealth. 
inlollic  hands  of  the  I'ortuj,'uese;  the  tempond 
iliiininiim  of  the  I'opes  was  enlari,".'d  by  the  re- 
(dviry  nf  lloloi;na  anil  I'erugia  and  by  the  addi- 
tion "f  I'arinaanil  I'iaeenza;  and  Klorenee,  whieh 
liiid  lie  iiarepiililiesinee  the  death  of  Savonarola, 
wiis  f.iriid  to  submit  anew  to  tlie  .Mediii 

The  Age  of  Infamous  Popes. 

Till- ii/liliui,'  I'i'pe,  .lulius  II..  who  nniile  war 
auci  liilaiMiics,  while  professing;  to  be  the  vicar  of 
lliiu  who  liMuijIit  the  inessiiue  of  i;oiHl-will  and 
IH'-.nc  til  mankind,  was  very  far  from  beiiis;  the 
u.ir>t  iff  the  popes  of  his  aue.  He  was  only 
imrlilly.  iliiiikiiu;  mueli  of  his  politicil  place  as 
a  liiii|i"ral  viverciL'ii  in  Italy,  and  little  of  his 
!>piritMal  "Itice  as  tln'  head  of  the  t'hurch  of 
(■liri>t.  ,\s  Ihesoverei^'u  nf  Hmnc  and  the  I'apal 
Stiitc^,  .Iiilius  II.  rail  a  briiliaul  career,  auil  is  one 
of  till'  spli-mliil  li^'ures  nf  tlie  Italian  riMiaissiinee. 
I'atrMiinf  Micliail  Aiiireloand  liaphael.  |)rojei'Inr 
nf  St  p.  tors,  there  is  a  certain  irraiidcur  in  his 
i-hara't'  r  t.i  lie  admired,  if  we  coiilil  lorL'et  the 
prilciiilcd  a|in.stolic  rolie  which  he  smirched  with 
IKrIiiliniis  pnlitics  and  staineil  witli  IiIoikI. 

liu!  i!ir  imiiicdiale  predecessors  irf  .lulius  II.. 
Sixi\|.<iV.  and  VIexander  VI..  had  had  nothinir 
in  ill'  ir .  Ii  ir.ii  lirs  to  Inn'  attcntinii  from  the  liid- 
I'lHH  '  \  iiiiplis  (if  bestial  wickedness  wliicli  they 
wt  l.i.iv  the  world.  Alexander,  especially, 
till  iii'iMimis  Horjria. — systeinatii!  murderer 
-r,.;  ..  ,;.,.i^  iinr  and  liiHTtine.  —  aceompiisiied 
nructiiirjin  r  of  every  crime  and  every  vice  tliat 


wag  known  to  the  wontt  soriely  of  a  depraved 
freneratlon,  and  dhanielesaly  open  In  the  foulest  of 
Ilia  (hihiftn. —  there  Is  seureely  a  pa^'an  monster 
of  untliinity  that  is  not  whitened  by  comparison 
with  lilni.  Yel  he  sat  In  the  supposed  seal  of 
St.  Piter  for  eleven  years,  to  Ix'  venenited  as  the 
Viear  of  (•jirlst,  the  •"•  Holy  Father  "  of  the  Chris, 
tian  Church;  his  deeluralions  and  deenes  in 
niatlemof  faith  to  Ih>  accepted  as  Infallible  in 
s|iiralions;  Ids  absolution  to  Ih'  craved  as  a  pass 
port  to  Heaven;  his  anathema  to  la!  dreaded  as  a 
condeiniiation  to  Hell' 

This  evil  and  lualiiinant  beiutf  died  In  l."io:t. 
poisoned  by  one  of  Ids  own  cups,  which  he  had 
brewed  for  another,  .lulius  II.  reiiined  until 
l.li;!;  ami  after  him  came  the  Medicean  Pop*', 
IieoX..s<inof  Lorenzo  the  Majjnitlcent,  — primely 
and  worldly  as  .lulius.  Iiiit  in  si'iithi"  fa-li'on; 
hivinu  ease,  phasure,  luxury,  art.  and  laridess 
of  all  that  IM-Ionifcd  to  relinion  iH'yond  its  cere 
mmiies  and  its  eomfortalde  establishment  of 
clerical  estates.  Is  it  Strang'  that  Christeniloni 
was  prepared  to  give  ear  to  Luther'' 

Luther  and  the  Reformation. 

When  Luther  raised  his  voice,  lie  did  but  renew 
a  protest  which  many  pure  and  pious  and  coura 
jreous  men  iM'fore  him  had  ultered,  against  evils 
in  I  lie  Cliurch  and  falsith'S  and  impostures  in  the 
Papacy.  But  some  of  them,  like  Arnold  of 
Hresciii.  like  Peter  Wahhi.  and  the  Albinensis. 
had  been  liM)  far  in  advance  of  their  time,  and 
their  revolt  was  hopeless  from  the  iKMrinnini.'. 
Wyilifs  movement  had  been  timed  uiiforlu- 
naiely  in  an  ai,'e  of  ^rreat  commotions,  Hliich 
swaUowed  it  up.  That  of  lluss  had  mused  an 
iiriiorant  peasantry,  too  uncivilized  to  represent  a 
reformed  Chrislianily,  and  had  been  ruined  by 
the  llereeness  of  tlieir  misi;uidcd  zeal.  The 
Iteformalinn  of  Savonarola,  at  Klorn(c,  had 
been  nobly  bcL'iiii,  but  rint  wisely  led,  and  it  had 
spent  its  Inlluence  at  tlic  end  on  aims  less  reli 
gious  than  political. 

Hut  then- occurred  a  combination,  when  Luther 
arose,  of  character  in  himself,  of  circuiuslaiices 
in  his  country,  and  of  temper  in  his  generation. 
whicli  maih'his  protest  lie  re  lastingly  elTeel:vc. 
He  had  high  courage,  without  rashness.  He  had 
earnestness  and  ardor,  without  fanaticism.  He 
had  the  plain  gimd  sense  and  sound  judgment 
which  win  public  coiiiidcrii c.  His  sulisiimtial 
learning  put  him  on  lermswith  the  scholars  of 
Ills  day,  and  he  was  not  so  miicli  rclined  by  it  xs 
to  liise  touch  with  the  ciMiimoii  peiiplc.  A  cer- 
tain coarseness  ill  liis  ualiirc  was  not  olTcnsive  In 
the  lime  in  wliic  li  lie  lived,  but  rather  lieloiiged 
among  tliecleiuents  of  power  in  him.  His  spirit 
uality  was  not  line,  but  it  was  strong.  He  was 
sincere,  and  men  biliived  in  him.  He  wasopen. 
straightforward,  manly,  cnniiuamling  respect. 
His  iiiialitiis  showed  I'bcmsclvcs  in  his  speech, 
which  went  slrai'_'ht  In  its  mark,  in  'lie  simjdest 
words.  niniiMing  the  forms  and  plira-es  of  the 
Cierman  liiiguage  willi  more  lasting  ellVct  than 
the  spcccli  of  any  otiier  man  who  ever  used  it. 
Nut  many  have  lived  in  any  age  or  any  country 
who  pos.sesMil  the  '_'ift  of  so  persuasive  a  tongue, 
with  so  pnwertiil  a  cliaracter  to  command  the 
hearing  for  it 

And  the  generation  to  whieh  Luther  spoke 
really  waited  for  a  bold  voice  lo  break  into  tin- 
seerei  of  its  llinllghls  ei.m  ellillig  the  t'liurcii. 
It  had   inherited   a  century  of  alienation   from 


"^i 


1081 


1  \U  -'i 


El'llOI'E. 


iMihtr  and 
th*  Ht/ormation. 


El' ROPE. 


quarrclinK  pope*  anil  (crwHly,  romipUHl  pricnU; 
•ml  now  then-  liwl  iMTn  mlcUil  In  lln  firlinK  tlic 
(Ici'P  itbliorrcni'i'  miim'iI  tiy  mii'li  villainH  u»  the 
l{<ir((lu  III  till'  pupiil  olmir,  itnil  liy  tlii'lr  rrr»turf» 
ni»l  iiiiniimH  In  tlie  prii'KlhiHHl  of  tbi'Cliurth.  If 
It  Is  ( TwIllinK  liMi  niiidi  to  llip  conimon  niiiili- 
tilili'  of  the  time  to  Riip|M>w  tlioin  urciitly  Hick 
oni'<l  liy  till'  vIrt'Hiinil  <'orriiptlon»of  tliilrprlmtn, 
Wf  may  Ik>  mirr,  iit  Inisl,  tliiit  llii'y  wrri'  wnirifil 
unil  Hntrirnl  by  tlii' ixarlioiiH  from  tlnni.  wlilrli 
a  vicious  liiininhv  loiiliniially  Ininaseil  Tin' 
cxtriivuKaniT  of  tin'  I'apary  krpt  parr  wllli  lis 
ilcfiniilalion,  anil  CliriHtiniloin  Kroani'iliiiiilii  tlit' 
biinli'ii  of  till'  laxrs  lliat  wiri'  wniiiK  from  it  in 
thv  nanii'  of  tlir  lowly  Saviour  of  nianklnil. 

Nowliiri'  in  Kurii|M'  wi'n-  the  extortions  of  tlir 
Cliunli  flit  iMori'  si'Viri'ly  than  in  tii'nnany. 
where  llie  wrfilom  of  the  peasiinlii  wiw  h'III  real 
■ml  hiirii,  ami  where  the  dipressinK  weight  of 
the  feuilal  Bvsti'in  hail  wuriely  Inen  lifteil  from 
■iK-ii'tv  at  art.  Keiiilalisin  huil  jriven  way  in  that 
t-ounlry  less  tlmn  ill  any  otlnr.  Central  iiiitliority 
nniaiiii'il  as  weak,  anif  national  soliilitleation  ax 
far  away,  us  evrr.  Of  ornanie  unity  in  the  het- 
eroKenuiius  liunille  of  elietoriil  prineipalilios. 
ilui'hies,  niarnravates  ami  free  eilies  wliirli  nmile 
up  the  nominal  realm  of  the  King  of  the  Uomaiis. 
there  was  no  more  at  the  iK'cinnini;  of  the  six- 
teenth eentury  llian  there  hail  Ix'en  in  the  twelfth. 
But  that  very  lirokeiiness  anil  ilivisiim  in  the  po- 
litiial  stale  "of  (leriiiany  proveil  lo  lie  one  of 
the  ( ireunislaiiii's  wliieh  favoreil  the  I'rolestant 
Ueformalionof  thi'Cliurih.  Uailmonaiihiealaii 
thority  esIiiMi-lnil  ilsilf  there  as  in  Franee,  then 
the  Ausiro  Spanish  fiiniily  wliiih  wielileil  it,  willi 
the  eoniiniriiliil  liiifotryof  their  narrow  iiiinileil 
raie,  woiilil  have  enisheil  the  relijrious  revolt  as 
rompleti  ly  in  Sa.Miny  us  they  iliil  in  Austria  uii'l 
Bohemia." 

The  Ninety-five  Theses. 

The  main  events  of  the  Heformation  in  Ger- 
many are  so  ooinmonly  known  that  no  m,ire  than 
the  sli;;hlesl  skelehiiij;  of  them  is  neeihil  here. 
Li'tliTsiil'  inilulirenri',  piir|«irlin^'  to  jjrant  n  re- 
tnissinii  of  till'  temporal  ami  purgatorial  penaUies 
of  sill,  hail  lii'iii  solilbvt  he  I'hurih  for  centuries; 
but  none  liifoie  l'o|n'  L'li  X.  hail  iiiaile  nierchan- 
<li/.e  if  thein  in  Ko  peilillar  like  ami  shameful  a 
fasliion  as  lli.'it  wliieli  scanilali/.eil  the  inlelliceiit 
piety  of  Kiiiope  in  l'">17.  Luther,  tlien  a  profes- 
sor in  I  lie  new  I'niversity  of  WittenlH'r);,  Sa.\iiny, 
nmlil  not  hide  his  inilitfiiation,  as  most  men  iliil. 
IlestiKil  fill-Ill  liolillyaiiilchalleni.'1'il  the  impious 
frauil.  ill  asiriesof  pro|iosilionsiir  ihesi-s,  wliieh, 
aftiT  the  nianni  r  of  Ilie  time,  he  naileil  to  the 
iloiir  of  WiltenhiTi;  Cliunli.  .lust  that  liolil  ae- 
tiiin  was  niiiliil  to  li  t  lisw  Ihe  pent-up  feelini: 
of  till-  (irriiiaii  people.  The  niiietv -live  theses 
were  priiiiiil  anil  went  liroaili-asl  throu).'h  the 
hind,  to  lie  riaii  and  to  lie  listened  to,  and  to  stir 
every  I  l:iss  with  iiidipeiideiit  ideas.  It  was  the 
first ';rri':il  appeal  made  to  the  pulilie  opinion  of 
tiM'  HorM.  after  the  invintion  of  priiiliiit?  had  put 
a  trtiiiipi'l  I'l  Ihe  nioiillis  of  eloipieiit  men,  and 
the  elTiet  was  ton  amazinc  to  he  helieved  liy  tile 
careless  ['(.[ir  and  Ills  eoiirtiers. 

Political  Circumstances. 

But  more  than  possibly — probably,  indeed  — 
ttk  iK.ir.i:,ir  li  I :;::_-  aiirr;:,!  up  wouid  nc-jr  have 
arconiplishrd  the  rupture  with  Home  and  the  re 
ligious  independence  to  which  North  Germany 


ntttainni  iti  the  end,  If  ptilltlrnl  molivis  liel  nnt 
coincided  with  rrliglous  frelinx*  to  brin^'  < '  ri.iin 
nrlnn-K  and  ffreiit  mihles  Into  sympalhy  hiiIi  die 
Slonk  of  WlttenlxTif.  The  Elector  of  Sa\.,i,y. 
I.ulher'it  linniiHllitte  HOTcrelKn.  hail  Iuuk  In  i  n  in 
opiMmitinn  liilhel'apBcy  ontheBubjeet  of  itsiii„r 
niiius  cnllectiiinii  of  money  from  his  siihji  1 1-.  Hiil 
he  wiM  well  pleaurd  to  have  tliehawkini:ol  iinliil 
({euces  clieekiHl  In  his  (lominions.  I'arily  f.rr 
this  reason,  partly  iHcaiise  of  Ihe  pride  iiml  in 
tcrest  with  which  he  chcrislied  his  in  v\  1  uj 
venity,  partly  from  |K'rsonal  liking  and  ^nliiiin 
tion  of  Luther,  and  partly,  li«i,  no  doulii. 


and  partly,  loo, 
recoKnilion  of   the  need  of  Cliureh  ref 


li" 


nave  l.ulher  a  ipdet  protecthin  and  a  einn  i  :ilic| 
support,  lie  wait  the  stronKest  and  mo<.t  imlii 
enlial  of  the  primes  of  the  Kmpire,  and  liis  "li 
villus  favor  to  the  movement  advanced  it  power 
fully  and  rapidly. 

.Vt  llrsl.  there  was  ni>  intention  to  liriuk  «iiii 
the  I'apucy  and  the  I'ajml  Clinrch,— uTiniiilv 
none  in  Luther's  miml.  Ilisatlitiide  tii<vanM"itii 
was  eoneilialory  in  every  way,  except  as  r.m 
nrmil  the  falsities  and  InlquitieH  whii  li  In  ImkI 
prot4'sted  aKainst.  It  was  not  until  the  l'"|ii', 
in  June,  \K0,  liinnehed  aKainst  him  the  Iimihiis 
Hull,  "  Exurjte  Doniine,"  which  left  nonliinu- 
tive  iM'tween  abject  submission  and  opi  n  w;ir, 
that  l.nther  and  his  followers  castolT  the  luilmr 
liy  of  the  Koman  I'hurch  and  Its  In  ul.  ami 
Krounded  their  faith  upon  Holy  Seripturi  al.iin' 
By  formallv  btirninj!;  the  Bull,  l.uther  iiiii|itiii 
the  papal  clinllen>re,  and  thosi'  who  Ulievid  with 
liim  were  ready  for  the  contest. 

The  Diet  of  Worms. 

In  I.ISI,  the  reformer  was  sunimoned  lufnri  » 
Diet  of  the  Empire,  at  Worms,  where  a  li.  arini! 
was  given  him.  The  inlliience  of  the  (  Ininli. 
and  of  the  yimntt  Austro  Spanish  Kieiiinir 
t'Imrles  V.,  who  adhered  to  it,  was  siill  jirral 
enough  to  priKurc  his  condemniition.  Imi  liny 
did  not  dare  to  deal  with  him  as  llu-s  Im.l 
been  dealt  with.  He  wiw  sulTend  I  "  'li|Mrt 
safely,  pursued  by  an  iir^periul  eilii  t  "  iiii  li  pliin'il 
the  ban  of  the  Empire  on  all  who  siiniiM  i;ive 
him  counlcimnee  or  support.  Mis  frii'ii'l-.  aiii'mc 
Ihe  nobles  spiriteil  him  away  and  i  cii  c.iK'l  liim 
in  a  castle,  the  Wartbiirg,' where  le  p miiin'l 
for  several  months,  employed  in  iiKil%i'i.'  Iiii 
translation  of  the  Bible.  Meantime,  tin  Lmii  nr 
had  iHcn  laHed  away  fnim  Germany  by  his  iiiiil- 
tifariims  alTairs,  in  the  Netherlands  and  S|iiiin, 
and  had  little  attention  to  give  to  l.iillii  r  :iiid  iln' 
ipiestions  of  religion  for  half  a  il"/eii  vi n-  lie 
was  repri'senled  in  Germany  by  a  Coiim  il  "I  Ki 
geney,  with  the  EU'Cteir  of  Saxony  :ii  I  lie  In  .nl  "1 
it;  and  the  movement  of  reforiiiaiion.  if  it"1  i" 
coiira/ii'd  inliisa''seii<'i',  was  at  1.  a«t  i "ii-i'li  rilily 
protected.  It  siHm  showed  llirealei;iie-' ^i^:isiif 
wildness  and  fanaticism  in  many  ipiaii'i'.  bat 
Lutlier  proved  himself  as  powerful  in  li -el'  r-iiip 
as  he  had  In'cn  in  agitation,  and  the  n  li:.'i"iH 
passion  of  tile  time  was  controlled  ilT'itmly, 
on  the  whole. 

Organization  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

Before  the  close  of  the  year  l.V.'l.  l'"l"  I.'  '  ^ 
died,  ami  his  successor,  .\drian,_  whil-  ihm-ii'jI 
n|)on  the  enforix'ment  of  the  Ediei  ■■'•  ^'"'"■'^ 
u;;ai:i^t  I.ut!i'-r  riiid  !,-:- siipp.-.rter.:  y. :  ..,.!■■>■ 
ledged  the  eorrupthms  of  the  Chureli  m  1  [i!"" 
iseil  a  reformation  of  them.     His  prniin-'  -  >  n"' 


1082 


EUROPE. 


The  rruinu  o/ 
f.'hartts  y 


EUROPE. 


loo  lute.  hU  ronffiwlomi  cnly  (fftvi-  tatllmcmy  t.. 
th.' iml>|K.'n.Wnl  r<'f(>rm<TH  whlcli  llM'lr(i|M«iiwnt«   ] 
cuM  not  ImiKWli.     Then'  w;ik  ii.>  Ioiik.t  iiuy 
tliouxlit  of  cIcHnsInK  tli.-  Clninh  i>f   lloim'    to 
ilililf  in  It.     A  wpaniUil  —  «■  n'«U)ml  (  liiircli  — 
WW*  ( lri«rly  <leUTinlni'<l  on,  iiml  hiillnT  fninii'il 
,  m,i,-m  of    fullli   unci    iliwiplini'    wliirli    wiis 
mlonU.I  in  Siixony.  anil  then  mirpud  v.ry  ifin 
fnllv  liy  till'  refornKil    Chun  lies    ilirounliimt 
(l,rMi.My     In  l.VA  the  Klcet.ir  Krechriek  of  Siix 
imviliwl.    He  liiul  iiuietly  iMfiien.le.l  the  I.ullier 
,niun.l  tolemlfd  the  n'forni,  but  mver  lil.'nlill.il 
hlm-Klf  with  lliem.     Ili« hrolher,  John   who «ue^ 
,w,l(d  him,  nimie  nul>lic  pnifiwion  of  \\\»  Im  lief 
111  llie   I.Htlienm  dcHtrineit,  iinil  iiutlionliillvily 
estiililitli'il  tlie  ihurehnVHteni  wlileh  l.utlier  liiiil 
ininKlueid.     Tlie    IjimlKnuc   of    Hess.'  CiisMel     ; 
tlic  Miirnnive  of  nnin<l<'nliurK,  nnd  tlie  Dukes  of   | 
Mc<  klenlnirg,  I'oinemnlii  itnil  Zell.  f(.lloweil  his   1 
cxumpk';  while  the  Iniperiul  lilies  of  Kriiiikfort, 
NurinilKTR,    Hrenien,     Stnislnir«,    Hninswhk. 
Nopilhausen,  iinil  olliem.  fornmlly  niiireil  Iheni     , 
(olvcs  on  the  winie  siile.    Hy  the  yeiir  l.VJd,  when 
a  diet  ill  Spires  (lethin'il  the  freedom  of  eiieli    ; 
lUile  In  the  Empire  to  chiil  with  the  religious 
reform  iieeonling  to  its  own  will,  the  Uefornia     i 
tion  ill  (Jermany  was  ii  solidly  orK«nized  faet 
Bui  I  hose  of  the   reform  had  not  yet   rereived 
llicir  iminc,   of  ' •  Proteatants. "    TImt  eiinie   to 
them  Ihree  years  later,  when  the  Uoman  party 
hiul  rallied  its  forces  in  a  new  diet  at  Spires,  to   1 
uml.i  the  ileclaralion  of  I.VJ«,  and  tlie  leaders  of   , 
tlic  Liithenin  party  reeonhd  their  solemn  protest. 

The  Austro-Burgundian  Marriage. 

To  un.lcrstaml  the  siiuation  politirally,  dur 
inj{  the  piriiHl  of  RtrUKgle  for  and  against  the 
liiforination,  it  will  be  necessary  to  turn  lia(  k 
u  little,  for  the  noting  of  iinporUnt  occurrences 
wliicli  have  not  Utn  mentioned. 

Wlien  AllM^rt  II.,  who  was  King  of  Hungary 
and  Hohemia,  as  well  us  King  of  the  Itimaiis 
(Kmiieror  chit,  as  the  title  came  to  1k'.  soon  after 
HiiriU),  died,  in  1439,  ho  was  8ucecide<l  by  his 
scion.l  eousin  Frederick  HI.,  Duke  of  Styria. 
and  fnii.i  that  time tlii'  Uomui or  Imperial  crown 
was  liilcl  aintinuimslv  in  the  Austrian  family, 
liecomin^  practically  liereditaiy.  Hut  Frederick 
dill  not  Miiceed  to  the  diieliy  of  Austria,  and  he 
fiiiini  of  election  to  tiie  throne  in  Hungary  ami 
Boluini;!.  Hence  his  jiosition  as  Emperor  was 
peiuliaiiv  \.eak  and  greatly  impoverislied. 
tliroiiv'li  want  of  revenue  from  any  cocddenible 
po^i^Mons  of  his  own.  During  his  whole 
long  n  iirn,  of  iieariy  lifty  four  years,  Frederick 
was  liuiniliated  ami"  hampered  by  his  poverty  ; 
the  iiii|H'iial  authority  was  brought  very  low,  and 
Grriniinv  vnhs  in  a  greatly  disonlered  state. 
Their  wire  frcipient  wars  between  its  members, 
and  1«Hm(.|i  .\ustria  and  Bidiemia,  with  relsd 
lioiK  ill  Vienna  anil  elsewhere;  while  the  Hun- 
C'lriiu^  were  left  to  eoiiteiid  with  the  aggressive 
TiiiUs,  almost  unhelpeit. 

Il'ii  ill  1177  a  remarkable  change  in  the  cir 
riiin>i,iii(e<  and  prospects  of  the  family  of  the 
Kin;"i..r  I'lederick  111,  was  iniide  by  the  inar 
ni^eiii  iiis  son  and  heir.  Maximilian,  to  Mary. 
till-  ilii.;h!er  and  heiress  of  the  wealthy  iiiid 
poweilul  Duke  of  Burgundy,  Charles  the  rtold. 
The  liiiili'irrooin  was  so  poor  that  the  bride  is 
5,!!i!  !o  have  hami'd  him  the  money  wb.ich  en- 
anlid  him  to  make  a  tit  aiiiiearimee  at  the  wed 
diUL'     s^lie  had  lust,  as  we  saw,  the  duchy  of 


nnrgiindy,  but  the  vnllnnt  arm  of  Maximilian 
e.iableil  Iter  U>  hold  the  Hurgiindian  eouiitv, 
Franche  Comte,  and  the  rich  provinces  of  tfio 
.NetherhiniU,  which  foriniHl  at  that  time,  iwriiapH, 
the  most  valiiabh'  priuciiiality  In  Europe,  The 
Duibess  Mary  lived  only  live  vears  aft<r  her 
marriage;  but  she  left  a  son,  l'liill|i,  who  ir< 
bi-rited  the  Netherlands  and  Francln-  Ccmite,  and 
.MaximiMan  ruleil  them  as  Ids  guardian. 

In  14li;i.  the  Ent|icror  Frederick  died,  and 
Maximilian,  who  hail  l«en  ehited  King  of  tin- 
Itiiiiians  some  years  iK-fon-,  succeeded  him  in  the 
imperial  oltlce.  He  was  never  crowned  at  Home, 
iind  be  liMik  the  title,  not  used  Isfun',  of  King  of 
(hrmanv  and  Erni"  for  ehct.  He  was  Archduke 
of  Austria,  Duke  of  .Styria,  Carinlliia  and  Ciir- 
niolii,  and  Coinit  of  Tvrol;  and,  with  his  guar- 
dianship in  the  l/iw  Countries,  he  rosi-  greatly 
in  Importanci'  and  power  above  bis  father.  Hut 
he  iieco.nplislied  less  than  might  possibly  have 
been  done  by  a  ruler  of  more  sureiiess  of  judg 
inent  and  I'ixitv  in  purpos<v  His  plans  were 
generally  Isvoiid  his  means,  and  the  failures  In 
his  undertakings  were  numerous.  He  was  eager 
to  interfere  with  the  doiiign  of  Charles  VIM  and 
l^iuls  XIII.  in  Itiilv;  but  the  (hrmanie  diet  gave 
him  so  little  support  that  heioiild  do  iiotliing 
ilTcetive.     He    joined   the    League   of   Cambnii 

against  Venice,   and    the    Holy    I gue  against 

France,  but  iMire  no  Important  part  in  cither. 
His  reign  was  signali/.nl  in  (ierinany  by  the 
division  of  the  nation  into  six  administrativi^ 
•■Circles."  aftirwanls  increasi'd  to  ten,  and  by 
the  (nation  of  a  supreme  court  of  appeal,  called 
the  IniiM'rial  Chambir,  — both  of  which  mens. ires 
dhl  nomething  towards  the  diminution  of  private 
wars  and  disorders. 

The  Austro-Spaniih  Marriage.— Charlei  V. 
But  Maximilian  ligures  most  consphiiously  in 
history  as  tin'  iinmediale  aiicistor  of  the  two 
great  sovereign  dynasties— the  Austrian  and 
the  Austro  Spanish  —  w  liii  h  sprang  from  bis 
marriage  with  Marv  of  Burgundy  and  whiili 
dominated  Eiimpe  I'or  a  century  aftir  bis  death. 
His  son  Philip,  heir  to  the  Biirgiiiidian  sover- 
i  eignty  of  the  Netherlands,  married  (14iHI)  .Jo- 
amia,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa'oella  of 
I  Spain.  Two  eliildren.  Clmrtes  and  Fenlinand, 
wen'  the  fruit  of  this  marriage,  Charles,  the 
elder,  inherited  moie  crowns  and  coronets  than 
were  ever  iiathereil.  in  realilv,  by  one  sovereign, 
bcfon'  or  since.  Feiiiiiiaiicl  and  Isabella  bad 
united  bvtlndr  marriage  the  kingdinns  of  .\ra- 
gon  and  Castile,  .iml.  by  tliecoiniuest  of  (Jranada 
.and  'he  partial  complect  of  Navarre,  tlic  entire 
peninsula,  cxi'epl  l'ortu;,'al,  was  siibsciinently 
added  to  their  joiiii  dominion.  .loanii.i  inherited 
the  whole,  oil  the  death  of  Isabella,  in  lo04,  and 
the  death  of  Ferdinand,  in  l.'ilti.  She  also  in- 
herited rniiii  lier  falliiT,  heiilin.ind,  Ihi'  kingdom 
of  the  Two  Sicilies  — which  he  bad  leiinitcd  — 
and  Iheidandof  Sardinia.  l'hili|i.  on  his  side 
already  in  posMssion  of  llie  Nelherlainls  and 
Fninciie  Comte,  was  heir  to  tlie  domain  of  the 
House  of  Austria,  Both  of  these  gn  .il  iiilieri 
tances  descended  in  due  course  to  Cliarles.  and  be 
bad  not  loni:  to  wail  for  them  His  lather. 
Philip,  died  in  l-IOCi,  and  his  mother,  .loanna, 
lost  her  mind,  through  grief  at  that  event.  The 
.leath  of  his  Spanisli  grandfather,  Fcriliiiand.  m 
curred  in  l.">lil.  and  thai  of  his  .Viistrian  giami 
father,  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  followed  three 


Ul 


1083 


I-,  1    '  ■  ■ 


i^m 


BLUOl'E 


Hri/iiiKinu  <if 
n  ,1/  Spain 


ihr  TMi 


EUHOPE. 


ji'sr*  Intrr  At  llii'  iiKr  nf  iwpnty  Tcsw  (nprc 
M'litlnk:  Ills  Miiithir  in  lur  iiirii|iii<  it\  1  Chiirli'ii 
fi)tiii<t  liini^  It  s<»\i'r('ii;ii  ot  Sptiiii,  mid  AiiM-rii'ii. 
iif  SIrily.  N  ii)!!"*.  Siinliiiiii.  Ilir  l.iiw  (oiintrliH. 
KniiHlii' < 'iiiriif  Aii^triii.  iiimI  ilir  tlticliit"*  iiH-ici 
lllnl    Hilll    il  Till-    iHllIc    >iur    (l"ilHi    lie    »;!•< 

clHiHrii  KitiLT  "f  Ui-riiiany  ami  Kiii|irnir  t-lrrt 
ufli  r  :i  ki  in  ruiitc  >l  iivirllir  lni|>rrl;il  imwii,  in 
wliiih  Kriiiii  1^  I  III  KrMiur  iiiul  lli  i.rv  VIII  "I 
KimliiiHJ  \M  ri'  liin  i'i)iii|iftit<>r«  On  tiltiiiniiiL' 
llii«  ili^'nin,  lie-  riiiifiriiii  111!'  Aii-<lri.iii  imiswi 
■•ion^<l>n  llii  liriillii  r  Ki  nlinMnil  lint  lii' ri'iiiiiiiinl 
tile  ihMs;  ptitrnt  liiiil  iniiMi^iriL:  nitniunii  tlhit 
KiirnjK'  liail  HI  t-n  ^inif  ('jiarlriiia^nr  lie  (aim- 
upon  til)  staiTi*  jii"!  ai  LnltiiT  liaij  niarsliiilli-il, 
in  *»«Tni:in\.  ihr  nftirnitiii:  forri-H  I'f  Ilir  tirw 
iTa.  ai;aiii>>t  intnlrraMt-  iniipiili<''%  in  tlir  Papal 
(liiircli  rnlMrtniiali  l\.  Iir  1  aim,  willi  liix  vai-t 
arnianirnl  nf  powt-r^.  in  ri'ii>l  Ilit-  lit'iiiitiiilH  of 
liin  ai;>'.  anil  to  Ih'  tlir  rlianipiiai  nf  nlii  faNilii's 
mill  »riiiiir».  Imtli  in  Clinrcli  ami  Siair.  Tlicrc 
\\as  iMtliiii;;  in  tlir  natiin-  nf  tlir  niaii,  nor  in  liiH 
fliuaiinn.  iinr  in  tlir  intlui  m  r^  w  liirli  bnrc  u|Htn 
liiiii.  froi  1  I'iiliir  till  >pa'iisli  nr  tlir  AiHtrian 
►  ilir  nf  Ills  laiiiily.  tn  put  liini  in  empathy  with 
lifliiiL'  innMini  iitH  nr  with  lilicral  iilias  llr 
ni-vrr  fornu'il  a  rnini'ptiun  nf  tlic  wnrlil  in  wliiili 

il  Innkril    laru'iT  111  lli»  cyis.  nr  Kinililinl    lllnn'  In 

hilll.  than  tlir  ;;liilir  upim  IiIh  snptcr 

Si>.  iialiiiallv  rniiii);li,  tliii  Cii-sar  nf  tlii'  \\i- 
fiui^-anri'  (Chailis  V  in  (irrmaiiy  iinil  Clmrli'S  1. 
in  Spaini  iliil  hi-  iiliiinsi,  frniii  the  ihiy  he 
rlinihnl  lln'  lliiniir.  M  tlinisl  Kiirnpi'  back  inin 
tlir  iiiiirk  nf  till'  fniirtri'iilli  cinttiry.  wliii  li  hi' 
fniinil  it  pretty  nrarly  I'si'apnl  frnni  lie  iliil  tint 
suni'i'il;  Ilia  lie  ::avi-  years  nf  iiiinery  In  sevenil 
eiiiiiilriiK  liy  hi.H  e\erlinn>,  ami  he  nsimieil  the 
task  tn  a  sneiesscir  wlimn  llie  wnrlil  is  never 
likely  In  lire  nf  alilinrriiii.'  ami  ilespisinj; 

The  end  of  popular  freedom  in  Spain. 

The  alTairs  «  hii  h  ealleil  (  liarles  V.  away  finiii 
<fi  rniany.  afier  launi  liiii;:  his  inelTeetiial  eiliit  nf 
Wnnns  aL'ainst  I.iitlier  an<i  Kiither's  supporii-r-, 
LTi-w  ill  pan  nut  nf  ilistiiiliaiieeH  in  his  kinL''lnni 
nf  Spain.  His  eleetinn  tn  the  imperial  nlllee  li.nl 
nnt  been  plea.-iiiir  tn  the  Sp;iniariis.  who  antiei- 
pateil  the  I  nnipIieatiniiN  tin  y  wnulii  be  ilra^;;eil 
intn  by  it.  the  fnreiL'ii  I  h.araeler  w  hit  li  theirsnver- 

ei:;n  (alrea'l.   fnreiL'll  ill  IllimI  by  his  e.lueatinll  in 

till-  Nelherl.iniKi  wniil.l  be  inniinneil  in.  ami  the 
imlilfiTem  e  with  wliirli  tlieir  i;rievaiiees  wniiM 
lie  reL'anle'l  Knr  their  ::rie\ames  airainst  the 
mniiaieiiy  hail  been  L'mwiii::  >erinus  in  the  la.st 
year-  lit  rerilinainl.  ami  siiiee  his  ilealli.  The 
1  rnwn  iiail  L'aini  il  pnwer  in  the  pmeess  nf  (Militi- 
eal  ei  iitrali/aiinii.  ;iiiit   its  aL'irranili/eiiient   friini 

the    pi.s-i  ssinii  nf    .\lllerira    bi-L'all   In    tnnlii    start 
lilr.'ly   in    till-    Hl-IiI    nf    the    enllipie-t    nf     Mesien. 
ju-l  Ml  hit  \i^l        1>UI  ill','  the  absenee  nf  Charles  in 
(11  Miiaiiy  .  hi-  fnrniiT  piieipinr.  (  anlinal  A'irian. 

nf   I    tnrlll     lieill-    in  I  lial  L!e  nf  the    i;n  V  i   ril  lliellt    ILS 

ri  L'l  Mt.  a  ri  \.'lt  lirnke  nut  at  Toieiln  which  spreail 
wiilily  .in-i  bi-caim-  alii  luiii-.'.  Tlie  insuru'enis 
orLrani/cl  tie  ir  inn\eimii!  iimler  the  iianie  nf  the 
Sania  .lunia  nr  llnly  heaL'ue,  anil  liavinu  nii 
taini  '1  pn-se— inn  nf  ih''ilcinenteil  t^ncen.  Joanna, 
they  as-'uncil  In  act  Inr  In  r  ami  witli  lur  aulhnr 
ity.  This  rebellinii  ua-  supprcsseil  with  ililli 
cully;    but    the    -uppres-inii    was   aiTiiinplisheil 

i  t  "■;  I -!"■'','■.   :•.::■:  1;   i•:•*^e■l  !■•  lie  illr  iaril  ^tr;::r:^iL■ 

fnr  piipnlar  freeilniii  in  Spain.  The  Kiivernnient 
useil  its  \ictnry  with  an  uiisparini;  ileterniinalinn 


III  eslithlinh  shsoliitc  nowcni,  and  il  nurrrrili-il 
riiei'onilllliin-  iiiliil  riiritlMoliilliim  wen  iln  uii 
cri'iileil.  In  fie  by  the  ihmlly  l>li);hl  hIh.  Ii  ||„ 
lni|tii<ilthiii  liiiil  iH'en  I'liKliiitf  ii|hiii  Spain  hi  luriv 
yearn  Since  Ilie  iHifiniiinu  nf  the  friL'liilui  in.rk 
iif  Tnripieniaila.  In   I  t><;i.  it  liiul  U'ln  ilili unit 

Murcliink'  nil!  iiml  ileKtrnyliiK  every  cer 1  In. 

Ilinili.'lit  anil  manly  cluiraiier  lliat  inti  \\w 
smallest  siuMiiif  friii'l  fulness  In  the  kiiiL"l'iii  ml 
the  crushing  nf  the  Sniitu  .liinia  may  I"  -iil  tu 
have  lefl  few  in  Spain  win*  ileserveii  i  li.M.r 
fate  than  the  iHilltlcal.  llie  reliu'iniH  ami  'Ik  m 
telli'i'tiial  servitiiilc  iimler  which  lln-  n  iin.h  mhI, 

Periecution  of  the  Spanish  Moriacors. 

Charles,  w  liiiM'  miiiil  wasileiise  in  it-  l'!...!rv 
uri,'eil  nil  the  Iniiuisilinn.  ami  pninteil  ii.  .ti,  i,\ 

fill  ellvinck  nf  ileslrilcllnll  aicaillst  the  i|!i|.TIii 
liale  .MnrlnciH'H.  nr  Mnnrs,  whnh.l'l  been  lTn.|t,j 
submit  tn  Cliristi.iii  b.iptisiu  after  their  -ulpi.-it 
tinll  Many  nf  these  fiillnners  nf  .Mahniiii  I  hul 
afterwarils  taken  up  a^ain  llie  prayii-  .e.ij  prai 
tiees  nf  their  nwn  faith,  either  si-crelly  i.r  In  .|iiirt 
ways,  ami  their  n-lapsi>  appears  In  hivi  Imt, 
winkeil  at.  ninn' nr  lens,  tor  they  w.  n  i  lue-t 
useful  penpic,  far  siirpa»iin<!  the  Sp.iiiin.l.  in 
iiiiliistry.  in  thrift  anil  Kiinwhilirc  nf  a.'ii.  ilmn  . 
anil  ill  mecliaiiiciil  skill.  NIaiiy  nf  the  .nt-  ;itiil 
nianufact tires  nf  the  kiii;;>liiin  were  i  dmti  !v  in 
their  hands.  U  was  ruiiinu.<<  tn  iniiii,ir  »{i|i 
their  iH'aceful  lalHirn.  Hut  Charles,  a- In  itln  ni-h 
as  the  (Iraiid  Turk  when  it  suited  his  i ml-  i  >  U- 
so.  iniild  liMik  nil  these  well  U'llavol  ali'l  uv  bil 
Mnnrs  witii  lln  eyes  but  the  eyes  of  an  miiIi, «!.,,« 
piety,  and  cnuld  lake  lu'cnuiit  of  nothin.'  hut 
their  ititlilcl  faith  lie  lieu-an.  Ilien  bin  .  in  IV.'4. 
llie  heartless,  si-nselcs-  and  stiiciilal  pi  i- > 'i;i..ii 
nf  the  Mnrisi-ix'S  which  e\teriiiiii.'ili'>l  111.  Ml  (If 
drnve  tlieiu  f mm  the  1. 1 ml.  and  which  i  on; M.ni Nil 
sii;nally  tn  the  makini;  nf  S|iain  :in  iMMii'iirv 
p;iiiper  aiiinni.'  the  natiniis. 

Despotism  of  Charles  V.  in  the  Netherlandt. 

In  his  priivinees  nf  the  Low  Cnunirii  -.  (  ii  .rli - 
fniind  iiinrethan  in  Spain  tn  prnvnke  hi- il* -j>"iir 
liiu'ntry.  The  Fleiiiiiids  and  the  Itutrii  lii.ll.iii 
tastillK  nf  freeilnm  Inn  llllich  fnr  hi-  111. in,-.  III 
n'ceiit  years,  and  ideas,  ImiiIi  |iolit'i;il  I'l ;  n 
li^ious.  li;ii|  been  spreadin;;  aiiinii^'  tlici.  wliAx 
were  nnt  the  ideas  nf  his  aiii^iist  niiml.  .ill  ;iiu-i 
therefore,  nf  necessity,  1h'  false.  Tin  >  li  i'!  i! 
ready  become  infected  with  tlii'  rebelli  i.-  ;i!-'l 
papal  doctrines  nf  Luther,  Indeed  \\\-\  'i  I'l 
iM-en  even  riper  than  l.iilhcrs  couiiirv  in.  n  '  r  i 
reliL'iniis  rcvnliilion.  when  he  sniimlni  tii'  -uiial 


note  which  ccIkh'iI  lliroULdi  all  imrtl 
Intiermaiiy,  the  elected  einpernr  cmill  t 
an  edict  against  the  aiidaeiniis  lebinm  i- 
Inid  small  power  to  L'ive  bine  In  i; 
Nellier'iinds.  he  possessed  ;i  so\erii_li 
pnteiit.  and  he  ttsik  instant  ine;isuri-  to 
the  iitninsi  arbitr;triness  nf  wliicli  In  i  oi; 
it  (ilp.lble.  The  Duchess  .\!;iri.Mr.  t.  Il 
will)  IkiiI  been  u'liveriless  of  the  plnvin 
cnniirined  by  him  in  that  nllice.  ;iiid  h-  i 
the  pnwers  in  her  coiiiniis-inii.  lli-  ■" 
practically  superseded  the  ie:.'ul;ir  •  •■» 
Mlbjeeled  the  whole  ;iillllini-tr;llinn  111  I 
his  arbitrary  will  and  that  nf  hi-  rr|irr- 
At  the  same  time  they  stripped  tin  .^ 
tticir  le^i-ihuive  funetinti:^  :tiid  *"—!■:•■■■ 
insi)?nilicaiiee.  liavini;  thus  tniinpl'l 
civil  liberties  uf  the  pruviuies.  he  bnri  i 


I  !llll>e 

.   :i;.lit. 

•  -.    »l|.1 

•;lir.-...l 

;lllil- 

I-     :lll-l 

;,il  in- 


in   die 
J   III.' 


1084 


EITROPI! 


£1barlM  r  mmd 


Rl'ROrE 


Infimiil  rnclnrry  nf  tb«  In(|ul«l(lnn.  *nil  iiitni' 
.lijd'il  It  (iir  till'  ilratniniiiniif  rcllKioiH  f rmlmii 
lit  tint  vii'tliiiii  wi'M!  two  AiiKUatliii'  iiioiikii.  iDn- 
li.ri'il  of  l.iitlM'rnniiim.  wli>>  win'  liumi'il  nt 
Hru«ii'<.  ill  July.  l'W;t  Till'  nr*t  iiiiirtvr  In  llnl 
latiil  *M  ft  jirli'st  v^hn  niilTrri'il  liiipiili-tiii-nt  uii 
will  u»  iHiniliiif.  Ill  '111'  lliitfiii-.  In  IV.'I  Kniin 
lliiti'  l»  iriniilnirn  till'  iMTWiiillnii  Kf  »  i  riiilir  hh 
III'  iliiii.iiiiiniif  till' miililiorn  Ni  linrluiuli  th  fnmi 
llii'  I'liiirili  iif  Itmnr  wiiliuril:  uiiil  (  liiirli'H  illil 
ni>i  ir.;^'  Ill  fan  ilH  llri'ii  wllli  mirri'sslvi'  |in)rlii 
niiition^iir  jiliiruriU,"  wlilrli  ilrniiiinrril  iiml  for- 
Iwli'  run-  ri'iuiinK  of  S<rl;itiin'.  rvirj-  iiit  of 
<li'viiii<>ii.  I'vcry  rnnvi'rwitlon  of  rrlii^ioii.  In  |iiili 
Iir  IT  priviiti'.' wliirli  llir  iirii'M*  of  Ihi'  Clniri  li 
iliti  Mill  ( nndiirt  "Till'  niiniU  r  of  NitliirliiiidirK 
Willi  «rri'  Imrni'il,  ilrannli'il,  IkIii'ihIiiI,  or  liiirii'il 
ulivi'.  in  i>lK"llrnir  to  lil'<  I'lllrtH,  .  .  Iiiivi'  Ix'i'n 
pliuvil  iw  IiIkI>  »»  HKMKM)  liy  iliHlinifuiilii'il  an 
ihiirillii.  mill  liuvi'  iii-vit  Imiii  [iiit  iil  ii  lower 
iii»rklUiui.'KI.(K)0." 

Charles  V.  and  Francit  I.  in  Italy. 

Tliiw'  I'XcrriHi's  of  iiii  aiitiH-mlii'  plitv  In  Spiiin 
anil  till'  I.OW  (ounlriii  iiiuy  Im'  coiiiiKiI.  piTliiip'«, 
tmiini;  Ihi'  |ili'ii»iin"<  of  tlir  yoiiiiK  KniiMTor  iliir 
iii){  till'  I'lirlirr  yi'iirnof  lilHriiKii  llln  iiiori'  wrl 
11119  HtTiirs  wt'fi'  lonnirti'il  iiiitinir  with  lili  in 
li'n'«l»iir  iiinliitiiins  in  Itiily.  «liirfi  wi'nu'il  to  Im' 
tliri'iinni il  liy  tlii'  KinKof  Kriinrc  The  tlironi' 
ill  tli.il  niuntry  wiiHiiow  iKciipiiil  by  Kninris  1.  ii 
eiiiwrnif  l.iMii.')  Xli.wlio  Imil  Hiiri'i'i'iliillhi'  latter 
in  I'lli'i,  mill  will!  Iiail  tiikrii  up  aiii'W  tlir  Italian 
priiji'iti  in  nliii  li  l,ouiH  fiiilnl.  lu  'lir  tirxt  yr.ir 
of  IiIh  ri'ii:n,  In'  itohmi'iI  tin'  .VIpM  with  an  iiriny. 
(irrriiti-il  Mil-  SivK-H  will  nil  till'  I  111  ki'  of  Milan  rni 
pliivi'il  :ii.'uiiisl  liiin,  anil  win  ilir  wlmlr  iliirliy 
liyiliiil  »in;:li' llitlit.  Tills  ri'-cstaliliilinii-nt  of  tli'i' 
Fn'iiih  :i1  Milan  was  ri'^ariliil  with  rMiiilini.' 
iraliiUM  liy  till'  AiiHtrian  intirrst,  ami  l>y  lln' 
1'm|h'  M.ixiniiliuu.  shortly  lit'fori'  his  iliaili.  hail 
maiKa  fiuilf  ittort  to  ili!tliHli;u  tliini.  iiinl  (hi  rlis 
V  .  1111  iniiiin):  to  the  tlironr.  lost  no  tiiiir  in  or 
L'lni/im;  plans  to  tlii'  Hiinir  iinl  lli'  riiteriil 
iiiiii  ill!  aliiaiii-i'  with  I'opc  Lro  X..  hy  ii  Iri'iity 
whirl!  In;ir<  till-  saini'ilali'iisthr  Kiliit  of  WorniH 
uiiiiiii^l  l.iitliir.  anil  Iliori' run  Ih'  lltlli- iloulit  that 
till'  Iwii  iit..tninirnts  wcri'  p:irt  of  onr  iiinlrr- 
stauiliii.'  liiiili  partii's  courti'il  tln'  frii'iiilship  nf 
lliiiry  VMI  of  Kiii.'lanil.  whose  powir  anil  iin 
ponini  I'  hill  risiii  to  a  \iif;U  iimrk.  anil  Henry's 
alili'  iiiiiii-tiT.  Carilinal  Wolsey,  tiifiireil  notiilily 
in  till-  liiplciniatie  intristnes  which  went  on  iliirini; 
m:iny  \  i-  iin. 

Wir  111  ^aii  III  IV.'I.  anil  in  three  months  the 
Fr-!H  h  wi  11- i-xpilli-il  frmn  ni-arlv  every  part  of 
till-  Mil.hiM-  ti-rritory.  I'o|.i'  Leii  X.  liVi-il  just 
lim^Mn..iiL'll  111  reeeive  the  news.  His  Sileeessiir 
»iis  A-lri,iii  VI  .  fiirmer  tutor  "f  the  Kinperor, 
Il  vain  attempt."  to  arraiiire  a  pi-ai-e. 
ImiI  hn.ii-ht  Henry  VIII.  of  Kinrl.-iinl 
^liliiuii-e  airainst  Kranris,  expeetini;  lo 
r-ipil  tiara  tlirout'h  the  l-'.mperor's  in 
'-  M  III-  wa-  ilisapp.iiiit.-il. 

liiu.li-  an  i-irurt  ii.  l.V.M  to  n-i-over  Milan  ; 
i-ippli-il  .It  the  inonieiit  of  si-nilim:  his 
-il  ai  n.ss  the  Alps  hy  the  tri.-iMin  of  the 
-v-ir'iil  Miilile  of  Friim-e,  the  ('inistalile. 
Ii'iki-i.f  Hiiurbon.  The  Constalile  ha<l 
'  1--  iLiiiilalTi-onteil  liv  the  K in ;;'s  mother, 


Willi 

Wi.Ki-v 
int..  111.- 

will    II.. 

till. -11. 

l--r,i::, 
hut  -,\.i. 


Cliarii 

twi-ll  -.' 


aoil  li 


\  lie 


'riL'ili-r"  at  eiilirt.  ami  he  reveni-eil  him 
■sit  ii:i»i-;y  liy  _'>imL-  over  to  the  enemies  of  his 
touuiry.    lathi-eanipaii.'nswhielifiilloweilM.V.':i- 


MVU).  the  Prcnrh  liiwl  III mircrM.  ami  liwt  tli«lr 
rhlvalrouii  nml  faiiniiin  kniifhl.  Ilnyitnl,  in  oih'  of 
the  lut  nklrininhi'H  of  tlu'ir  retreat  .\tiotlier 
i-hnnKc  now  iN-eiirriil  In  the  oi-i-iiimniy  of  ilm 
piipnl  throne,  tiiiil  Woliwy'ii  uinhltloim  w-lieiiiea 
wen'  folli'il  nifiiln  Thi'  m-w  I'ope  wan  (llullii 
ile'Mi'illi-l,  who  tiKik  the  iiaiiie  of  Clement  Vtl 

iiiiee  iiion'  the  Kliii;  of  Friini e,  in  ihiolM'r, 
IV.'I,  h'll  his  forres  |n  rsonally  Into  Italy  ami  laiit 
siei;e  lo  I'livlii  It  was  a  ruinous  nnilertiikiitu 
He  was  ilefeati'tl  ..verivlteliiiii'tfly  in  hatlle 
foiiirlit  iM-fore  I'avia  tPeliriiary  'ii,  l-'i'-.o  an. I 
taken  pri  mer  .\fti-r  a  i-aplivlty  in  Spain  if 
nearly  II  year,  he  n  ^aim-il  his  fn-eiloni  i||»i;r:ii-e 
fully,  liy  -i<iiln)(  ami  soleiiinly  sweariri-,'  to  it 
tn-aty  w  lili  h  he  invi  r  inienileil  In  olisi  tm  By 
this  treaty  he  not  ..niy  reiioiim-eil  all  elainis  to 
Milan,  Naples,  (lenn.i.  ami  other  Italiitn  territory, 
liut  he  K"*!'  up  the  iliiiliy  of  lliirijiinily  He 
li-a.s<-il  In  Kixsi  filth  on  these  terms,  in  the  early 
part  of  IVifl.  he  pertiilimisly  repiiiliatnl  the  treaty, 
mill  Ih'KUII  fn-sh  preparation!!  fur  war  He  f'Miiiil 
the  Italians  now  us  n-aily  to  oust  the  .Spuniarils 
fnaii  their  peniiiHula  witli  t'n-m  h  help,  as  they 
hail  lieen  riaily  U-fon'  to  expel  the  Kreneh  with 
lielp  from  .Spain.  The  p-ipal  interest  was  In 
^'reul  alarm  at  the  power  ai  iiuiretl  liy  the  Km 
pemr,  ami  V'eiiii-e  ami  .tlilaii  shan-il  the  feeliiik. 
A  new  ■•  Holy  Allium  e"  wasa(-(-orilini;ly  formeil, 
with  the  l>o|H'ut  Its  heail,  anil  with  Heiiry  VIII 
of  Kiii;la:Ml  for  Its  ■  I'rolei-ter  '  Hut  iM-fiire  thU 
Leai^iie  took  the  tli-M  with  its  fori-es.  Home  unit 
Italy  wen-  strieken  ami  tniinpleil.  us  tlioui;li  by 
a  frish  invasion  of  (lotlis. 

Sack  of  Rome,  by  the  army  of  the  Constable. 

The  imperial  army,  i|U.-irti-ri-il  in  the  iliiihy  of 
Milan,  iinih'rtheeiiininunil  of  ilie  ('nnstalile  Hour 


Imn.  was  si-untily  paid  aie 
were  fori-eil  to  plumler  11 
their  siih.sistem-e,  anil,  of  . . 
eumstaiii-es.  there  was  lit 
then-  The  rei;ion  wliieh 
soon  exhausteil.  In  tin 
stiippai,'i'   nf   inilustries 


I  I.      The    soliliers 

.ml  eounlry  for 
uniler  those  i-ir- 
liseipline  aiiioni; 
til.  y  terriirizi-il  was 
r  rolilM-ries  ami  liy  the 
ami  trade.  It  then  Ih- 
(-aim-  neeessary  for  tin-  t 'nnstalile  to  lead  tlii-ni  to 
m-w  lielils,  ami  he  moved  smithnards  His 
forees  were  made  U|i  in  part  of  Spaniards  ami  in 
pan  of  (ii-rmaiis  —the  laiti-r  under  a  l.uthi-raii 
i-iiniinainler.  and  enlisted  for  war  with  the  ro|Hi 
ami  for  jiillai;e  in  Italy,  lie  direeted  the  inarch 
to  Home,  innstraiiieil,  perli,ips.  by  the  deinaniU 
nf  his  ■.iildiery.  but  i-xpei-iin:.'.  likewisi-,  to  crush 
the  l,eai;iii-  hv  si  i/irur  it.  aoostolii-  head,  tin 
the  .-ith  of  May.  l.'e.'T.  hi-  |ii,i«lO  liriu'amis  arriveil 
lii-fiire  theiity  .Vt  il:i\liri-ak,  the  next  in-irnin^. 
tln-y  assaulted  tin  wall,  irre.istilily  and  swarmeil 
o'-rlhem.  Itniirlinii  wa.  killed  ill  the  assault, 
and  his  nnii  wen-  left  um  .intrnlleil  masters  of 
lln-  vi-ni-ralili-  eapilal  nf  tin-  norld  They  held  it 
for  seven  nninths.  pillairiiu:  and  liestroyini;,  com 
miltirn;  every  pn-silile  eseess  and  every  iinaiii 
liable  saerilei;!-.  Home  i- believed  to  havesllllen-d 
at  their  hands  more  lastini;  defacement  and  loss 
of  the  s|ili-nilors  of  its  art  than  fniin  the  .sackini; 
of  Vandals  nr  (niths 

The  I'lipe  held  out  in  Castle  St.  Aimeln  for  a 
month  and  then  surrenden-d.  Tin-  liypoeritical 
Charles  \'.,  when  In-  learned  what  his  imperially 
cninniissinm-il  baintils  had  dnin-,  inadi-  haste  to 
express  linrror  and    i^rii-f.  bill    did   tint    liasleii    to 

ehceU  or  n-pair  tli itrat-e  in  the  least       I'opc 

t'lcment  was  not  released  from  captivity  until  a 


1085 


vn  fry^'s  '^T  i"?"  ■  ff'HIf 


Kl'llOPK 


KI'RnPK 


(fTPni  iiiiiwy  |>B»iinril  liml  l«'>ii  i'\ti>ni'<l  fmm 
hliii.  Willi  llii'  |iriiinlMMir  II  iti'iHTiil  iiiiini'll  <>f  tin' 
t'liiinli  Ici  nfi)rm  iiImi«<'»  iiml  I'm  rwllnilc  l.iilliir 
nuiiiiii 

Spaalih  Domination  in  Italy. 
Kiirii|M'  »ii»«li(H  ki'l  li\  I  111-  iiiirlwrlty  ■  fllHMup- 

tlir4'    (if    IliiMM'.   Illlil   Mil-    rlHIIliii    ll   I  unci  I    lH,'ltiM«t 

I'liiirl.H  win-  •lliniiliilnl  I"  \wm-  viniiriiim  ivr 

t|i>n<     \»l<li'il  nlih  iiiiiiii't   rr Kiikiliiinl.  Kniii 

1»  « lit  iiii'illiir  ..riiiy  iiiln  liiiiy,  «lilili  limk 
OirliMi  iiimI  I'livlil  iiimI  llliir.  mil  In  Nll|ilr«.  Mm  k 
iiilitii,' Mil' I  ii\  li\  »•  II  iiikI  I.iikI  Hut  till'  xli'tfi' 
iir.niil  filiil  111  '111'  Kn  lull  iiriiiy  S.i  Mi;iiiy  (ht 
Uliiiliif  ili-Mu-f  tli:it  till  «iir\ivi.r»  »i  n  lift  iil 
lilt-  tiirrr\  lit  llir  nii-IM\.  ithil  iiipitlllilli'il  ill  .Hi-|i 
trmliiT.    iV."< 

Till'  iTiiil  liiiim"' Ailiiiiriil,  Aiiilriii  huriii.  Iiml 
In  I'll  iiltrnili  .1.  iiii  iinlliiii-,  liv   Kiiiif   (•'ruiirii.  iiinl 

llllil  IM  iti'il  llii  li'lli.W  I  III/.,  Ill  111  II  ri'HilllliiMl, 
uliiill  llriili'  lit'llml.  imif  III11M-.  IIII  lllili'|H'l|i|i  III 
ri'imlilii .  Willi  Idiiiii  III  ill  liiiiil  Slmrlly  Iw  l.irr 
llil,  1.(1  urn  ll.  Kliirinn' liul  I'Xpilliil  llif  Miilli  i 
iiiiil  ri'iirL-iiiil/.iii  liir  u'liMrniiii  hi  ii|miii  tlii-  nlil 
ri'|iuli|ii  IIII  liii«i'.  Hut  llii'  ill  fi'iil  iif  till-  Kn  mil 
iKliin'  N;i|ilrH  null  ll  nil  Iml"'  "f  lliillun  liln  riy  . 
•lllir  till'  I'lijii'  n  ■.lirlliil  lilMimlf  nftir  tlmi  rvi  nt 
to  till'  »lll  iif  iIk'  l.iii|ii'nir  mill  tlir  |iii|i.il  ami 
illl|irrl;ll  ili'.>IiiiliiMl-i  liirilllir  Ullitiil  IH  imr.  In  l'\ 
lirniiniili-  fr Imii  fmiii  Ilir  |ii  iiin-iii'i      Klnnmi' 

»;is  llir  lir>t  \irtilll  nf  till'  riilllluililliiin     'I'lliM  ity 

Will  iKili'itril  mill  tiiki'ii  livthr  Kiii|irpir'ilnKi|n, 
ill  riiiii|iliiiiiri'  with  Mil'  wUliii  nf  till'  I'lilK'.  mill 
till'  Miilii  i.  Ills  nliitivi's,  m  n  n  Hti.n  ■!  Kniiirii 
iiiiiiiniiiil  WW  fi'ilily  iiiiHI  IV.MI,  » Inn  ii  |iciiri' 
nilliil  the  •  l.mlii'ilViiii  niKliniiinlit  iiIkhiI.  liv 
iii'ijiiiiiiliiiiii  liit«i'iii  ilii-  Knm  ll  Kiiii:''*  iiinlliir 
mil  till  Kiii|n mr  1  unit  Tliit  wiis  |iriirti<'iilly 
Ihi-  mil  uf  till'  I'lUL'  Kniii  li  whin  in  Itiily. 

Germany. 

Mull  Wirt'  111!'  1  viiiti  «lii(li.  ill  ililTirciil 
((uiirtirs  nf  till-  wiirlil.  ilivirtiil  tlii'  iilliiitin'  if 
llif  KiiiiMmr  iliiriiiir  «'vinil  m  urn  fmiii  l.ii  .ir 
iiiil  till'  Iti  liiniiiitinii  in  (iiriniiiiy  Tlir  pIIkIiiiw 
iii.ivinii  lit  in  tliii«c  yiiirs  liml  Ihi  ii  iiiiikliii;  ii 
Ml  I'lv  iiilviiiiii'  Vrt  ItH  I'lii'iiiii  s  1,'iiini'il  riintml 
..f    .>i.itlii'r   Kilt   Ill-Ill  lit   Spin's  in   l.'i'.Mt  iitiil  n- 

V,  r-i   I    li nlinmiii-   nf   tin    I>ii-|    ..f   !.V>«.    liy 

«liii  ii  1  1.  ll  -\A\v  li.iil  U-i-n  li-M  fn-i-  til  il™l  ill  ii^ 
.ivMi  iniiiini  r  witli  tliiM-iliit  nf  Wnriii-*,  .Vpiiti-t 
UiLMilinh  f  till-  Dirt,  llii'  l.ntlirriiii  prinn-s  iiihI 
I  111-  iipn  ■.i-ni.iim^nf  tin-  l.iiilii-rmi  tnvvns  inli-nil 
tlii'ir  ^nli-inn  |irni.-.I.  tmil  sn  ai'i|iiiri 'I  tin-  niiiin-, 
' -rrnli-^lmit-.  Hlilrli  liiriinii-  in  linn-  tin-  iii- 
npti-il  iinil  Hiliiplrii  niinir  nf  nil.  in  nm^i  pnrts  nf 
till'  wi.rlil.  wlin  vviiliilri'W  frnin  tin-  Itniniin  i-niii 
niiininn 

The  Peasants'  War  and  the  Anabaptists. 

\\t  Int.  iiii>  linn-.' Ill-  Kilmni  li.nl  pii»i'il  tlinni'.'li 
si-rinii^  tri.iU  r-iiniiiu'  frnni  t-\ri-ssi-s  in  tin-  vi-rv 
spirit  nut  nf  uhirli  itsi-lf  liinl  rist-ii  unit  In  wliirli 

it    L'lvi-    1- iiriiiri  nil  nt-     'I'lii-   Inni;    .siiircritif.'. 

nun  ll  nppr<^>i'il  iM-a^antry  nf  (iiTiiiaiiy.  wlin  liinl 
fniinil  lii^li.ijw  a<  pitili'**  rMnrtinnrnt  us  InnN. 
raut'lil  1'  ii-'irly  ;it  a  Impi  nf  n-lirf  fnmi  tin-  nvi-r 
tliniw  nf  till-  am  iriii  Cliiin-li.  .S-vi-ral  linns 
Hi'liin  till-  pnnilinL:  half  iintiiry  tiny  liail  risi-n 
in  fnrniiil.ilili-  ri  \nlts,  wiili  a  pt-asaiits'  i-lni^,  or 
!ni!iiUi-!:u!i  f-ii-!!::-ir!ianm-r.  in  H'i"!  fri-sU  risini;" 
(Mi-nrri-ii  in  Swaliia,  Kram-niiia.  .\K.-n'i-.  Lnrniim', 
liiivaria.   Tliuriuf-'iii  ami  rlscwlnn-.  iiml  a   irn'iit 


I'l-nxuila  W»r  rairni  for  mnoIlM,  Willi  frrtK-ti, 
ami  liriiliilllv  (III  tMiIti  Hiilt'M  Thi-  iniinUr  ^\i.. 
in-rlalH'il  In  thi-  wnr  Urallnialnliit  IIMI  inni  h^, 
■li-niaiiilN  iiiiuli'  liy  llii'  (M'aiMnlit  wi<n<  fur  m.  i.nn  < 
■  if  tlic  ulniplritt  JllntUi' — -fur  Ihn  IHrnn-.!  ii;lii. 
I  ml  privlli'i;i'<«  In  lifr  Hill  tlirlrraiiN  »  \.  i ,!., ,, 
11,1  liy  half  I  m/i'i|  n-llirlou*  fnmitli  •.  mIi.  I...  n!, 
In  i>iiiiH>  piirtiillnir  li-mli-nt,  nml  am  li  a  iImm.  i,r 
wiia  ^lvl•ll  111  ll  lliat  ri  muiiialili-  rifiiMm  i- ».  r. 
jlKlllTril.  |H-rliaps.  Ill  ai'ltlllK  lllrlll»<-l\i  >  >!.  rll^ 
iilmIiisI  It       Till-  wllilrsi  jirnplli  t  nf  llii    ..ii|l,ri  li, 

mis  -   Tlminas    MlUi/i-r.    a   pni  iirMn   ..|   il 

fn-n/inl  "111  nf  tin-  .Viinliiipli  s  Mhn/  i  p.  i 
ishi-il   in   Ilii-  wri'i  k  nf   till'   pi-asants'  ll  \.  !i     l  ,,i 

snlm-  nf  his  ilislipli'S.  Willi  lli-ll  illln  U.  .I|,|i,ih, 
mill    till-     \i-ll|rrl.ll|i|s.    Iliaili'    rniuirts    ^'.    l;i|.|.|^ 

In  llii-  tnwii  nf  Mi'insi  r  thai  in  l"iM"i  Him  i.ii 
tnilliil  till'  1  ilv.  i-X|H-llril  i-nry   inliiliirui:   »i.., 

n.illlil     nut     jndl     llnir  <'iilllltlllllinn.     rliil<.|      Hill 

I  rnvt  mil  a  kin;;,  iimlrxliililli-il  a  niaitnr^.  m  tin  ir 
iinH  1 1  iliiiiTs  lliat  Is  lianlly  npiallnl  in  hi-i-.n 
I'lii  i\|Hrirmi'  al  Mllnsii-r  iiiiiy  n  ,i-  i-nliv  1.. 
iliniiahi  liiliiivn  pnivisl  ihr  Hniimlm  -H..|  l.mli,  r , 
{inU'imiil  in  n-fiisinic  rniinlriiiim  r  In  iIh  i  :,ii.„ 
nf  tin- nppn-ssi-il  |Ha.ants  win-ii  tiny  n  In  11.. I 

\{   nil  rn-llls.    Ills  ilppnsilliMI  In  till  111    «,i-llir-l 

-mil  liiitrr  .Vml  it  has  la-i-ii  n-iiiarknl  Hi  n  nlMt 
may  U- nilli-il  l.iilln-r  s  pnliliral  pnsiii,  n  m  i;,  r 
niii'nv  Inni  ln'iiiiii-  liy  this  linn-  ipiili  i  hiiicnl 
"  Insti'iiil  111  111'  mail  nf  tin-  pmpli  .  l.mli,  i  1., 
riitm- tin-  imin  nf  Ihi' prim  IS  tin-  nniiuil  i.iiii 
ili-iiri'  Uiwirii  him  ami  Ihr  iniKsi--.  wlmli  li.nl 
siippnrti-il  tin-  llrsi  falli-rinu'  slips  nf  th.  iii..». 
imiil.  washnikrii.  Ihn  ih-imM-ratir  rlrim  ni  »,ii 
siippliiiiti-<l  liy  thi'  aristiH-nilh-.  ami  tin-  lii  l.-niu 
linn,  wliirh  III  llrsl  hail  pnniilsul  tn  I.  i.|  i.i  n 
irn  III  naliiimil  ilriinHmry.  i-mh-il  in  r>i  ilili-liiii:; 
llii-  li-rritiirliil  siipri-imu-y  nf  tin-  ()i  rin m  priiiri> 
.   .   .   Tin-   I^-fllrlllatinll  was  jtrniliinllv  n^^iiiniii;.' 

II  ninn-  si-riihir  i-liann-li-r.  itml  li-ailin^-  i--  ;:r.  ii 
piili:  al  i-iiiiiliinallnns'iKyiri 

Progress  of  Lutheranism  in  Cerinanjr. 

Hy  tin-  yi  ir  l-hlll.  thn  Kinpi-mr  ili  irl.  <  wm 
pri'panil  In  (.'ivn  iiinn'  attiiil'nn  In  wW.wr^  in  (In 
iiniiiy  anil  tn  gratify  his  aniiiinsily  tnii  u-l-.  ilu- 
lllnvi'llll'tlt  nf  Id'fiilimilinll.  Ili-  hail  ilTnlu.illv 
iK'iiti'ti  his  rival,  tin'  Kiiii!  nf  l-'iann-,  ln-l  i -i.ili 
lishi-il  his  niipn-niary  in  Italy.  Innl  liiiiiil.l- il  ili'- 
I'lipi-,  ami  was  ipii'ti-  willilid  in  In-  lli-  /.  ,il-i'i> 
rhainpinii  nf  a  siiliiiiis.sivi' Cliiin  li  111-  l-i-'l'" 
Ki-nlimiml.  Ilif  .\rilnliiki-nf  .\iisiria.  Ii.i-I  -  ^  iiml 
anainst  iiiin  h  nppnsitioii.  Imth  tin-  liiiii.' in  n.  iii'l 
till- lliilii-iiiiaii  inmns.  ami  Ml  lirinly  iliil  miilur 
was  i-\  i-r  aiiiiin  wrnsti-il  fnnii  his  f:iiiiii\ ,  iln 
Ihi-v  i-nntiniii-il  fnr  snim-  linn-  tn  In  nniin 
i-li'i"-tivi-.  Tim  iliiiiiiniiins  nf  l-'i-nliinn-l  h  i  I 
fnn-il  a  irn-at  Turkish  invasinii.  in  t  '<:•■' 
Sultan  Siilyiinili,  wlm  prm-trati-il  i'\i  ii 
ami  iM-sii-it'i-il  tin-  i-ily.  Init  withniii  -m-i- 
hciivilv  ill  Ills  n-tn-at 

In  >lav.  I.VtO,  Cliarli-sn- i-iili-niHi.  Ill 

Italy.     Till- fnlliiwiiii.' iminlli  1 1"  "- 

tini:  nf  till'   Dii-t,    wliii-h  Innl  Ini' ' 

.ViiL'slniri,'.  His  lirst  ait  al  .Vii:;^!"" 
sllininnlltlll'  prnli'StillL'  prinn-s.  nf  .--iaN.  i 
llramli-nliiiri;.  iiinl  nll,-r  siali-s,  Inl-i. 

In  siiinily  tn  iln-ni  his  inipi-riil  i in  n 

liih-raliiilinf  I.nlhrriinisni  in  tin  inl I'l: 

i-i'iisn.  Hi-i'XiM-rli'il  llii'ni.imlati-  in-iiili- 
hv  fniiin!  it  inniri-rtiial.  In-  n-ijiiiml  nii  -i''-'!;"' 
nf  tin.' ni'W  ri'liuiims  ilm-trim-s  tn  l»-  hii  i«  i-i- 
him.     This   was  pn-|iiin-il   hy   Mi-I:iiii'li"ii    'i"' 


Hi 


-  \  I 


I1-- 


i-l-hi-llii' 


\\\v  II 


Kt^G 


F^^^s; 


Kt'KoPK 


n»  Mrhmmlknlili. 
H'nr 


Kri«»p>. 


iiflrrw*nU  known  m  Oh-  ( 'nnfrMlnn  nl  ,\  itn»U»rit. 
IvinnM'  iIh'  I.tillipnin  atitnilitril  nf  riiltli  t'lii' 
('mholir  ihriiliiidHim  |ir<'|>nrMl  >i  nplv  !••  il.  mul 
Imlli  wen' milimltUtl  lit  Ihi'  Km|H'Mr  Mr  iiimli' 
iiHiN'  iiltrnipl  III  lirliiK  itlxiit  iii'iitti|in>itil«'Mf  ilu' 
ililTrri  iiii'K,  liiit  III' ill  iiiitniliil  iif  III!'  I'mtrHtiiiita 
iIkiI  iIii.v  •IiiiiiIiI  niilimlt  llirniM'lvi'H  In  thf  i'H|ii'. 
IH'inliiiK  till'  rtiml  iliclaion')  if  II  |irii|KH<4'il  kiiiituI 
('<iiiiii'lt  iif  till*  <'liun'li-  \V)m-ii  IIiIh  witH  rrfiiM'iF. 
Ilr  Dirt  fiiriiiully  riimli'miiiil  llirlr  iliutriiir*  iiml 
ri'i|<ilri'>l  iliiiii  III  n'linili'  ItiriiiMhiH  ullli  Ihr 
('.illmllr  I'liiiri'li  iHrnrr  llii'  t^lli  i<t  .\|irll  fcillnH 
lin{  Till  Kin|MTiir.  In  Nuniiiliir,  {■.Kiinl  u  ilf 
irii' 111  iiinlinul).  ri'iii'wlii«  iIh'  Killri  "f  \Virriii« 

HII'I  r>itllMlllll<lllltf  lit  rllfiiri'l-lllrllt. 

Till-  j'riilrtiiinl  |trliirr<t,  lliii'*llirfiiti'iir<l,  ittM-in 
lik'cj  hi  rniili  n  III  r  at  HrliiimlkjiM  at  <  liriiliiia^. 
IVm.  ituil  llirrr  iirxaiil/.i'il  tlirlr  riinuMH  arniiil 
^'iiKiii  Hut  fri'uli  |in'|iiiraliMii-i  For  war  liy  iln' 
Turk  iiuw  riiiii|H'llril  CliarlrM  tii  iiiiikc  Irriiii  with 
liH  l.iillMTaii  Miili)rrlH  Tlir>  i^'fiim'tl  In  irivr  aii> 
wtiitami'  t>i  AiiMrlii  or  lliiiiKiiry  niialiml  llir 
Miiltaii.  wlilli'  llirrali mil  liy  tlii'  Aimaliiirv  ili' 
iTii  rill'  itritvlly  '■r  lllr  ilalllfl  r  (nnnl  armini 
ptiiin  tn  iliriii,  mill  liv  till-  IN'iii'i-  uf  Niin-itiln  lu' 
ilVf.'iit  tvii.1  aitniit  tliat  llii'  i'mtrstiiiils  ^-Imiilil 
liavi'  (ri'iiloiii  iif  wiiri^lilp  until  thi'  nrnt  |li<  i 
»liiiiilit  iiii'i't.  iir  HOriitral  Cuuiiriliiliiiulil  Ih'  IhIiI 
Tlii-i  |ii'ai'i'  was  m'vi-ral  tiiiii'H  n-m-wi'il,  iiiiil  tlirn- 
wiTi-ti-ii  y  farm  if  quirt  iiniirr  II.  in  Urrniatiy.  iliir 
iiiif  wliii  11  timi'  till'  laiisi'  of  I'rMlr^laiilioiii  inailr 
mpi'l  iiilvaiin"4.  Ity  lln'  Mar  I'llii.  il  liail  rolali 
IIhIii'iI  an  a«  riiiliimy  In  SVlUlinilu'ri;,  anions;  tlii' 
tlati'^iiir  llii'  Small,  ami  III  t."  ini|ii  rial  riliit  i<( 
N'lirriiitwrjf.    AuKnlnirLT.    ''  '  nii!*laiii'i'.     ami 

Stri^Hirj;  ItM  iliMtrinr'i  li..  hi'ii  ai|ii|iti-il  li\ 
■till'  wlinlf  iif  niitral  (iinini  ,  TliuriiiKia.  Max 
iiiiy.  llnHi .  part  iif  Hriiinwli  ».  ami  llii'  Irrritury 
of  till' il>irl|ilis;  In  till' mirth  by  till' lilHiiii|ir'  suf 
Miif'li  liiirK,  llallH'mtailt.  anil  Naiiniliuri;  .  . 

liy  Kill  Frii  "ilitiul.  Ihr  llauM'Timiiii,  iliililiin  ami 
siiili'sulit.  I'linu'ninla.  Mi'i-khiiliiiri,'.  Aiiliall.Si 
li'4ia.  till'  Saxiiii  Kliiti'K,  liramli'iiliuru.  ami  I'riiiMia 
IK  till'  larKir  Hlntrit  llnit  wiri'  rlnoiil  ai;aiiiot  it 
lliiri  niiiaini-il  only  Aiitlria.  Ilavarla.  Ilu-  I'ahill 
iiatiaii'l  till'  Uhi'nlah  Klirliinili'!«"(llaiiiim'r)  In 
I'M.'.  iMiki'  lliMiry  nf  Ilrunswlrk,  llir  last  nf  llii' 
Niirili  (iiTiiiaii  [irliH't'ii  who  ailhi'ml  to  tin*  l*a|ial 
t'lmriii,  uasi'xpclli'it  from  liUihirhy  ami  I'roti's 
tmiti^iii  rslalilUhi'il.  AlHiiit  thr  Hainr  tiiiii'  tlir 
.\rilibiHlii.|>  Kli'i'tiir  of  Colonni'  aiimiunn'il  his 
ii'imilinuiif  tin"  truthof  till'  I'mti'itaiit  ilm  irini'H 

The  Schmalkaldic  War. 

(  liiirlr-  Was  still  liNi  iniuh  iiivolviil  in  foniirii 
Wiirs  to  vniiiri'  ii|»iii  a  >.lru(;itli'  with  llir  |,ii- 
tlirnii-;  liiit  a  fi'W  yiars  niori'  suMlrnl  In  fnr  his 
liaii'i'^  Till-  Triatv  of  Cri'spy.  in  l.Vtt,  iiiiliil  his 
l.'i'-l  I'lrillid  with  fnimis  I.  In  tin-  siiiiii'  yiar. 
I'"|"  I'lal  III.  nuiiumini'il  thr  loiij;  |iriiiiiiiti'il 
(r  II' nl  CniiiH'll  of  till  ''liurch  III  mrrt  at  Tri'iit 
till-  t''llin%iii|t  ■iprinj:  —  liy  whiih  appuintiiirnt  a 
tiriii  was  put  to  the  tolrVatiiin  loiurihil  in  thr 
I".  II'  ,.f  XiiritnlNTir.  Thr  I'rotrstaiits,  ihoujih 
^T' itly  iiirnawil  In  niiinlHTs.  win'  now  lr»s 
Miiiti'i  III  an  at  thr  limr  uf  thr  forniatiun  uf  thr 
I'-i  liniilkiil.lir  l.riiuur.  Tlirrr  wiw  niurli  ilivisiim 
■iiii'iii.'  Ihr  Iraillii)?  prinrrs.  Tliry  ylrlilnl  im 
l"n:;i  r  lo  llir  iiitluriifr  of  thrir  wiwut  ami  alilrst 
ilii'f  I'liiiip  of  Hrsae.  I.iitlirr.  Hlmsr  roiiiisrls 
li.i'l  :ilu;i\s  Ik...q  f..r  ptacf.  apprtiat'Uii!  hi«  rsul 
aii'l  ill.  .1  in  l.-Hfl.  Tlie  lirrumstanerH  wrrr  favor 
ai'l'  1"  till'  KmiKTiir,  wlirn  hu  ileteniiintnl  to  put 


n  alJip  to  III!'  lii'fnrnuilliin  liy  fiini'  Ilr  wi  iin  il 
itn  liii|Hirliiiil  ally  In  llir  vrry  lunn  of  I'rotiiiiaiii 
(Irrniaiiy,  wInnliiK  hm  r  to  hU  >lih'  tlir  m  Itlah 
M  hi'inrr.  Itiikr  Maiirii'i' of  Ha\oti>  inw  tlirliriiil 
of  Ihr  .\llH'rtliir  liraiii'h  of  thr  Haxoii  hoiisi'  In 
IMlllir  It  pn'imriil  ami  war  In  nan  Tlir  siii 
.1  VM  H  w.  rr  all  on  tin  iiii|H'rlal  siilr  Tlirrr  w.ik 
no  nil  rify.  ti"  unity,  no  fori  tlioiii;titfuliii'Hii  of 
iiliii,  anionit  llir  l.iitln  rail'-  Thr  Khiti  r.  ,|olin 
Kn<|rrlik.  of  Saxiiny.  ami  I'liillp  of  II.'<m'  l»ilh 
fill  iiiio  thr  Kni|H'ri>rs  liamis  ami  wrri'  liarliar 
oiisli  iiiijirlsoiiril  Thr  forim  r  W.I14 1  oiiiiii  III 'I  III 
irsluu  liH  KIri  torair,  airl  il  was  loiifrrri-.l  upon 
llir  ri'iir;;.'t<ti'  l>iiki'  \liuriii'  I'll. lip  was  krpl 
ill  \ilr  plai  rs  of  roiifliirnii-nt  ami  inhiiinaiily 
trratr.l  f'.r  yrars  Tlir  l*riili'staiiis  ••!  (frnnaiiy 
wrrr  rutin  iy  In  ,itin  ilnwii.  for  Hi,  liinr  Iniiii;. 
Mil'l  thr    Klliprror  ill||«mi'i|    llpi'll    till  III    ill     I'ilS    II 

I  null  ssioll  of  raitll  I  illllll       Ihr  llllrrilll.   '  thr  rhii-r 

niissionarirs  of  wliiih  wrrr  tin-  'Spanish  s^tMi.  rs 
whoiii  hr  hail  liroutihl  Into  thr  I'luniry  llui  if 
thr  l.iithrraiis  li  ul  siiiTmil  tlimis.  In  si.i  Ik  um  r 
loinr.  ihiy  wrrr  iioi  riaily  lo  [»■  inshlrii  upon  In 
so  ihspiiiir  a  niaiinrr  Kvrii  .Maiiriir,  iioiv  KIrr 
lor  of  .-^axony.  moihil  fruiii  thr  tyranny  whiili 
t'liarh's  siiuulit  to  rsialilish.  wliih'  hr  rrsriitril  Ilm 
iiihiiniati  Iriatim  lit  of  l'liili|i  of  Ilissr.  whowiia 

hlsfatlliT  ill  l.iw.      Ill' llrilllril  allrw   lrai:ur.  thrrr 

fori'.  whi<  Il  was  foniiril  iiifaiii^t  Ihr  Kinprror.  ami 
whiili  I  III' ml  into  a  mint   allianir  with   llrnry 

II  of  Kraiiir  (Kranris  I  havinu'ilhil  in  I.'ilTi 
riiarti's  was  lakrii  hy  siirprisr  w  tirti  thr  n-vlt 
lirokr  out.  in  l.'i.'i'.*.  mill  lianly  rsra|M'il  ra|iliiri'. 
Till-  oprralioiisof  Maiirirr  wrn*  \ii;oriiiisaiiil  a  lily 

I Iiiili'il.  ami  ill  a   hw  wnks  thr   I'roirst.inla 

hail  nrovi  nil  all  Ihr  i^niiiml  lost  in  l.'iPI  T.  whilii 
tin-  Kn-iii  11  hail  iiiiprnvril  thropiiortuiiity  tosri/r 
thr  tlinr  liishiiprirs  of  .Mil/.,   I'oiil   ami  Vrriliin. 

Till'  iilllniati'  n'siilt  was  Ihr  so  laMnl  '  llrlii;ioiiH 
I'lairof  AiiifHliiiri..' rum  hull  il  In  IVVi,  wliiili 
t'avr  rrliithiiiK  fn'nhini  to  thr  riiliii:i  priim  s  of 
lirrinany.  Iiul  iioiir  whatrvrr  to  thr  |H'iplr  It 
put  Ihr  two  nliiiloiis  on  llir  s.iiiir  footiim.  Iiiii  It 
waHsiinply  ii  fiNiiiii^  of  npial  inlnlrrani  r  Karli 
riilrr  hail  thr  ritflil  to  rlioosr  his  own  rrrnl.  ami 
to  iinposr  it  arliitrarily  upon  his  siihjrrts  il  lir 
saw  III  tiiiloHo  As  a  prarllial  i'olisri|llrliii  .  thr 
lliial  ili\ision  of  (irrniaiiy  iKtwrni  I'ri'trsiiiiuisni 
anil  Cathotirisui  was  siilistaiitially  ilrtrriiiiiinl  hy 
thr  prinirs  ami  not  hy  thr  proplr 

Tlir  liiiinlliatini;  falliin' of  Charlrs  V  tiuriisli 
thr  Krfiirniation  in  I  frnnaiiy  wiis  no  ilouht  pniiii 
illi'tlt  lllliolli;  thr  rxprrirnrrs  w  liirll  sirkrlinl  him 
of  thr  iinpirial  olllrr  ami  ili ii  rininril  him  to  ali 
iliratr  till'  thriillr.  wliirh  hr  iliii  111  thr  alltUIIIIl  of 
l.VVI 

Reformation  in  Switierland. 

.V    crllrratioll    iiail    now     pasvl    sitirr    tilr    1,11 

liirran  ninNriiu  iit  nf  Hi'formatioii  was  lit'L:iiii  in 
(trrmany.   ami.    within   tliat   limr.  imi   only    liiiil 

thr    wavr   of    illtlllrllrr     from    WitlrlllH'ru'    swrpi 

iivrr  all  wrsU'rii  Kiiropr.  hut  othrr  rrfornirrs 
hail  ri.si'n  inilrprmhiitly  ami  ronlrinporaiu'oiisly, 
or  nrarly  so.  in  ntlirrniiiiilrirs.  anil  hail  m  o[ii'ra- 
tril  piiivrrfiiUy  in  makini;  llir  movrnirnl  irnirral. 
Thr  rarlii'st  of  thrsr  w.'is  Ihr  Swiss  rrhirinrr. 
ririili  Zwiut-'li.  wiiola-L'an  pnaihinj;  aL'aiiist  in 
iliilirrnrrsanilolhrr  tlai^ranl  aliiisi's  in  tin- i'hurrh, 
at  /iirii-h.  in  I'lltl.  thr  sanir  vrar  In  wliii-h  I,utlii-r 
opi-nril  !li^  a!!ai-k  Thr  r!I«'t  tif  his  pn-arliinij 
was  so  irrrat  that  /iirirli,  four  yrars  latrr.  hail 
prartiially    sr|iarutril    its<-If    from    tlit    Uomuu 


108 


.   .   -       •  I   '    ■  J 
.  1   ■  It      . 


Mii 


!_. 


f   ■  1 : 


EUROPK 


yrancr  fi»u 
fA<  He/vrmattim 


Church.  Fnim  llmt  Ix-pinning  the  Rofommlion 
spread  sonpiilly  tliiit  in  hiilf  udo/.i'n  yciirsil  hiul 
initatrri'il  most  (if  tlie  I'antoiis  i>f  Switzcrluud 
outsitit-  of  the  tivc  Forest  Ctintons.  where  C'lithol 
ieisin  hclil  its  j;riiunil  willi  stiililHirniiesx.  The 
two  relJL'ions  were  tlien  re|iriseriteil  liy  two  pur 
ties,  which absorlH>(l  in  tlieinselvesall  the  political 
as  well  as  the  relii;ious  (picstions  of  the  (lay.  ami 
which  speeilily  came  to  blows.  The  Catholics 
allied  thcni.sclves  Willi  Finliiiaiidof  Austria,  anil 
the  I'rotcstanis  with  several  of  the  imperial  cities 
of  (ierinany,  Ihit  such  an  union  ln'tween  the 
Swiss  and  the  (.tcrnmn  Protestants  as  seemed 
plaiidy  dcsirahli-  was  jjreventetl,  mainly,  by  the 
dictatorial  obstinacy  of  hullicr.  Zwini;li  s  rv 
furniini;  ideas  ivere  broachr.  and  al  the  same 
time  more  radical,  than  Luther's,  and  the  latter 
opposed  them  with  irreconcilable  hostility.  He 
still  belli  with  the  t'atholics  to  the  ibHtriiii'  of 
transiibsiaiitialioii,  wbic  h  the  Swiss  reformir  re- 
jected. Hence  Zwin^li  was  no  less  a  heretic  in 
Luther's  eyes  than  in  Ihi'  eyes  of  the  pope,  and  the 
anathemas  launched  atrainst  him  from  Witicn- 
ber>;  were  hardly  less  thiiinlerous  than  those  from 
Uonie.  So  the  two  contemporaneous  reforma 
tioii  movements,  (ieriuan  and  Swiss,  were  held 
apart  from  one  another,  and  went  on  side  by  side, 
with  little  lielp  or  sympathy  from  one  another. 
In  |.''>:il  the  Fnnsi  Cantons  attacked  and  de 
fented  the  men  of  .  irich.  and  Zwin^li  was  slain  in 
the  biittle.  I'cace  was  then  concluded  on  terms 
wliicb  left  each  canton  free  to  establish  its  own 
creed,  and  each  coni.'rei.':itioii  free  to  do  the  same 
in  the  common  territories  of  the  confederation. 

Reformation  in  France. 

In  Frame,  the  freer  ideas  of  Christianity  —  the 
ideas  less  servile  totradition  and  to  Uonii — that 
wi  le  in  till'  U|iper  air  of  Kuro|ii'an  <  iiltiire  when 
the  sixteenth  ccnliiry  be^raii,  bad  found  some  e.\ 
prt'ssion  even  liefore  l.utlierspuke.  Theinttnrnre 
of  the  new  classical  learinni;,  and  of  the  "hunuin- 
isls  "  who  imbilH'd  its  spirit,  tended  to  that  lil«'r.i- 
tionof  the  mind,  and  was  felt  in  the  t;reatest  cen- 
ter of  the  Icarnini;  of  the  time,  the  I'idversity  of 
I'aris.  I!ut  not  sulliciently  to  overcome  the  con- 
siT\atisni  of  the  SnrlMiiine  —  the  theoloi^ical  fac- 
ulty of  the  I'nivcrsily  ;  for  Luther's  writinjrs  wen' 
solemnly  condemned  and  burned  by  it  in  to'JI.and 
a  persecution  of  thosi'  inclined  toward  the  new 
d'ntriiies  was  early  bct^un.  Fniicis  I.,  in  whose 
earelessand  coarsi'  nature  thcie  was  some  taste  for 
litleis  and  liarnin^',  as  well  as  for  art,  and  who 
patroiii/iil  in  an  idle  way  the  Renaissance  inoxc- 
ini-ntsiif  bis  iiiirti.  M'iMned  disposed  at  the  beirin- 
nini;  to  be  friendly  lo  the  religions  Keforiners. 
IJtiI  be  w.is  too  sliallow  ;i  creature,  and  too  pro- 
foumUy  unprini  ipled  and  false,  lo  stand  lirnily  in 
any  r.iu^e  "f  riirblci'ii^nt-ss,  and  face  such  a  power 
as  Ibat  "f  lionir.  His  nobler  sister.  .M.irL'uret  of 
AnL'ouicnic,  wbiMiiibraceil  the  reformed  doctrines 
with  I  i'n\ii  iImm.  I  \trted  a  stronir  inlluence  upon 
the  UiriL'  in  ibiir  I'axnr  while  she  was  by  bis 
sidi  ,  bill  alli  I  liir  rnarriaiie  lo  Henry  d'.VIbrei. 
KiM_'  of  Na\.irri .  and  after  Fnmeis  bad  sull'ered 
ill  b  lit  and  -liaiiii'  in  lii»  war  with  Charles  V  .  be 
was  iiadv  to  ni:iki-  birnself  the  servant  of  the 
rap.iiy  tor  uliiii.  vir  it  willed  airaiiist  bis  I'rolcs 
taet  subject-,  in  mdir  to  have  its  alliance  and 
support.  So  till  piTMiution  v'rew  steadily  more 
lierie,  more  .systein.itie,  ami  more  detertnined. 
x-;  tiir  spiri;  i.f  tia  Iti  t.)rm.i;irin  spread  iiior. 
widely  throutdi  the  kiniidoni. 


Kl  KOPK 


Calvin  at  Geneva. 


One  of  the  consequences  of  the  persi ,  iiij,,n 
was  the  flight  from  France,  in  I.W4,  ol  .bilm 
Calvin,  who  suhst'tpiently  Ix'Ciime  the  t  iimlir 
and  theexpouento'  a  system  of  I'rotestant  tin  nj 
ogy  which  obtained  wider  ticeeptanee  in  Kinii|ii' 
tlnin  that  of  Luther.  .Ml  niinordilTerenn  -^  vrri' 
praethally  merged  in  the  great  division  In  i una 
these  two  tlieolngles — the  Lutheran  arnl  tin. 
Calvinistie  —  which  split  the  Iteforniaii  n  iu 
twain.  After  two  years  of  wanderini;  iilviri 
settled  in  the  free  city  of  Ociieva.  when-  l,i-  in 
lluence  very  soim  rose  to  so  e.vtniordinary  a  In  i^jit 
thai  hi'  transbimied  the  rimmiimweallh  and  mini 
it,  inisellishly,  luid  in  perfect  piety,  but  wiih  inm 
handed  despolism.  fur  a  ijuarter  of  a  century 

The  French  Court. 

The  reiffn  of  Francis  L  hius  oih'  other  mark  in 
history,  besides  that  of  his  ix'tseciitiori  ..t  ilir 
Reformers,  his  eareles,s  patronai;e  of  ail>  :inil 
letters,  and  his  unsuccessful  wais  with  tin  Kin 
peror.  He  gave  to  the  Frenili  Court  at  ll;l^l 
more  than  his  predecessors  had  done  —  tin  i  Imr 
aeter  which  made  it  in  later  French  liisi  iry  mi 
evil  and  mischievous  a  center  of  dissobiti  ins.  nf 
base  intrigue,  of  natioiml  deinondizatioii  It 
was  invested  in  his  time  with  the  fasi  iinili"ii.« 
which  drew  intuit  the  nobles  of  France  :iiiil  its 
men  of  genius,  to  corrupt  them  and  to  itistrnv 
their  indepindence  It  was  in  his  time  tinil  the 
Court  Ixgan  to  seem  to  he,  in  its  own  i\i«,  a 
kind  of  S4'lfeentered  society.  eontainiiiL^  ■ill  nf 
the  Fn'neh  nation  which  needed  ordesi  rv..|  i,.ii 
sideration.  and  hohling  its  place  in  the  eidir  nf 
things  ipiite  apart  from  the  kingdom  w  hirli  it 
helped  its  royal  master  to  ride.  Not  to  br  .f  ilie 
Court  was  to  iM'iionc.xivtent  in  its  view  .  und  iljiis 
every  ambition  in  France  was  invited  lo  im-li  il 
its  fatal  doors 

Catherine  de'  Medici  and  the  Guises, 

Fnineis  L  died  in  1.VJ7,  and  was  f..|l..n,.|  .m 
the  throne  by  bis  son  Henry  H.,  w  Imse  iii.irri:ii;i' 
to  CatheriiU'  de'  Medici,  of  the  renowmd  KiMirii 
tine  family,  was  the  most  importanl  pij>mm:i!  .n  t 
of  his  life.  It  was  im)iortant  in  tin  ):i:iii_'n 
fruits  which  it  bore;  since  Catherine.  iiIn  r  hi* 
death,  gave  an  evil  Italian  la-nd  sinister  i'.  I'ri  i.'  Ii 
politics,  which  had  no  lack  of  crookediii ..'» In 
Henry  continued  the  war  with  Cliarl.  -  \  .  iml 
was  afterwards  al  ^var  with  I'liilip  II  ,  i  liiriis' 
son,  and  with  Knglaml,  the  latter  eniiiiui  l-in^' 

Calais  in  tbccon|e>t,  —its  last  Fremli  | s-:"H. 

I'cace  wiis  made  in  l.Vill,  and  celeln  iiei!  «iili 
splendid  tournaments,  at  one  of  w  liicli  ni<  I'n  n  li 
king  reieived  a  wound  that  caused  hi-  'l'  r't 

He  left  three  sons,  all  weaklings  in  I  ii  iinl 
character,  who  reigned  suecessi\ely.  11.  -  11'  r. 
Francis  II. .died  the  "ar  following'  ii'  "'-■ 
sii  n.  .Mthougli  aged  out  seventeen  ■.  ■  ti  In- 
died,  be  bad  been  married  sonn  two  yir--  ^l.l^v 
Smart.  t!ie  youni:  ipieen  of  Scots,  'i'li,-  ei  ii!i:i::i' 
bad  helped  to  raise  to  greiil  power  in  'S'  kill;: 
d"m  a  faniilv  known  as  the  (luises  11.  ,  were 
a  bmnch  o"f  the  ducal  House  nl  I  'Tiiin'. 
wliosi'  duchy  was  al  that  time  indii' 'i  ii  i.i  "I 
Kranee,  and,  allhougb  the  father  ol   ii'    :  iiiili 

made  Duke  of  Ouisi'  by  Fnmeis  I     U  \  ':     nir 

naliirali/ed  in  France  in  l.'iu.'i.  Iii^  -  -  .\'i'' 
;,...kid  up.iU  .i^  furiigiii  rs  by  lie   j...:  ■ ' '• 

men  wdjoin  they  supplanted  at  Conn      '"  'lie  six 


1088 


EL'KOPE. 


Calhtrinr  <ir  ilrdici,  Ihf  OuiM—, 
arul  the  lluyuenott. 


EUROPE 


ions  there  were  two  of  eminonco,  one  (llie  seconil 
duke  of  Oiiisc)  a  famous  generul  in  his  day,  the 
otliiT  a  powerful  eardinal.  Five  sisters  eoni 
nliteil  tlie  family  in  its  seeonil  geiicnilion.  Tlie 
tMiriiftiiese,  Marv.  liml  married  James  V.  of  Seot- 
IhikI  (wiiose  niollHT  was  llie  Enirlisli  prineess, 
Mifiiiel.  sister  of  Henry  VUI),  and  Mary  Stuart. 
ijiiirii  "f  S<ois.  lH)rn  of  lliat  inarriajre,  was  tliere 
f',re  ;i  nieee  of  th<'  Guises.  Tliey  lia<l  l)rouKlit 
alK.iil  iier  miirriase  to  Knineis  II.,  wliile  lie  was 
(liiupliin,  and  tliev  inountisl  with  lier  to  supreme 
intiiniuo  in  llie  liinKdoin  wlien  slie  awended  tlie 
tliniiie  with  her  husband.  The  (jueen  mother. 
Ciitliiriiie  de'  Medici,  was  as  eapT  as  the  Guises 
toioiilr4>l  the  government,  in  what  appeareil  to 
licr  ivis  the  interest  of  her  children;  hut  durin!; 
the  short  reinn  of  Francis  II.  slie  was  iiuile 
thrust  iisiile,  and  the  quein's  imcles   rided  the 

Tlie  death  of  Francis  II.  (l.'MiOi  tiroufih:  a 
cliiinire.  and  with  the  accession  of  Charles  IX..  a 
Ixiv  of  ten  years,  there  liepin  a  hitter  coulest  for 
asi'dicliuicy  iKtween  Catherine  and  the  Guises; 
anil  llii-i  stniKL'le  iMcame  mixed  anil  stnin).'ely 
(omiiliealed  with  a  deadly  eonl!ict  of  relittions, 
whii  h  the  steady  advance  of  the  Ueformation  in 
Fruiue  had  hroiight  ut  this  time  to  a  crisis. 

The  Huguenots. 

InilT  the  powerful  leadership  which  Calvin 
assuir.ii.  at  Genev:i.  tln^  reformed  reliffion  in 
Fmiice  h;id  aciiuircd  an  organized  tirmness  and 
slrriiirth  which  not  only  resisted  tlie  most  cruel 
piTseculion.  lint  maih''  rapid  headway  against 
It  •■protestantism  had  iK'Come  a  party  which 
dill  not.  like  I.utheranism  in  Germany,  spring 
up  from  the  depths."  "It  numliered  its  chief 
adiieriiits  among  the  miihlle  and  upper  grades 
ef  s<.,iitv,  spreavl  its  roots  rather  among  llii' 
nolilis  than  the  citizens,  and  among  learned 
men  and  families  of  distincthm  rather  than 
aini'iii;  llie  people."     "  fSome  of  the  highest  aiis 

tdcriu  \,  who  were  disc tented,  and  siihmilted 

unwilinsily  to  the  supremacy  of  the  Guises.  Iiad 
jeiiieil  the  Calvinislic  opposition  —  some  undoulit- 
edly  froTii  policy,  otiiers  from  conviction.  The 
TureMms,  the  Uolians.  and  Soubises,  pure  nc- 
bles  wlio  addressiKl  the  king  as  '  nio.i  cousin.' 
cspcciiilh  the  IJourlMins,  the  agnates  of  the  royal 
liiiUM',  luid  adopted  the  new  faith  "  (Ilausser). 
Oiif  hnuah  of  the  Hourlsins  had  lately  ae- 
ipiireil  llie  crown  of  Navarre  The  Spaiii.sli  part 
(if  till'  old  Navarrese  kingdom  hud  iK'cn  suli- 
juiiilid  uiid  ubsorlH'd  bv  Fenlinand  of  Aragon; 
Iml  it^  ti  nitory  on  the  bVeiich  side  of  the  I'yre- 
iiics— liiiiniaiid  other  counties— still  maintained 
a  iKilf  independent  iKitional  existence,  with  the 
dignity  I'l'  a  reg.-il  government.  When  Margaret 
lif  .\iiL:"iilenie,  sistirof  Francis  1..  married  Henry 
dAlriil,  King  of  Navarre,  as  mentioned  before. 
bin-  ciniid  to  that  small  court  an  earnest  inclina- 
tion loHiodslliediMtrines  of  the  Ueform.  Under 
li'.r  prnicilion  Navarre  became  largely  I'l'otes- 
tiiiil.  and  :i  place  of  refuge  for  the  persi-cuted  of 
FiiiiHT,  Maigarcl's daughter,  the  famous  .Jeanne 
dAI!n, :.  ispouscd  the  reformed  faith  fully,  ami 
liiT  lin<li:iiid,  .\ntoiiie  ch'  Itourbon.  as  well  as 
.\nl  iiiii '^  liidlher,  Louis  de  Coiide,  found  it  poli- 
lir  In  |irnfc^s  the  siuiie  belief.  For  the  Protes- 
tans  .\lii)  were  now  aeipiiring,  in  some  unknown 
Way.  'Iir  name  of  Huguenots)  had  become  so 
iiih.Li  ;',ii>  and  so  coinpacliy  organised  as  lo  foiiii 
a  p.riy  capable  of   being  wielded   with  ga'al 


effeet,  in  the  strife  of  court  factions  wliioh  the 
rivalrv  of  Catlierine  and  the  (Juises  priMluced. 
Hence  politics  and  religion  were  iiiextruably  con- 
fused in  the  civil  wars  which  broke  out  shortly 
after  the  death  of  Francis  II.  (I.VIO),  and  the  ac- 
cession of  tlie  boy  king,  Charles  IX.  These  warn 
iH-long  to  a  different  movement  in  the  general 
current  of  European  events,  and  we  will  return 
to  them  af'  a  glance  at  the  religious  Heforina 
lion,  and  i:  .le  piditical  circumstances  connected 
with  it.  in  Kngland  and  elsewhere. 

England. 

Henrv  Tudor,  r^arl  of  Uichmond.  made  king 
of  England  by  his  victory  at  IJosworth.  estab- 
lished himsidf  so  llrmly  in  the  seat  of  power  that 
three  succes-sive  rebellions  faihil  to  disturb  him. 
In  one  of  these  (UH7)  a  pretender.  I.amliert  Sim- 
iiel.  was  put  forwaril.  who  claimed  to  !«•  the 
Earl  of  Warwick.  In  another  (I4!!i-U97)asicon(l 
pretender.  Perkin  Warlack.  iiersoiiated  one  of 
llie  young  princes  whom  Uichaid  III.  had  caused 
to  be  murdered  in  the  tower.  Neither  of  the  iiii 
postims  had  much  success  in  the  kingdom. 
Hinrv  VII.  was  not  a  popular  king,  but  lie  wiis 
able  and  stroni:.  and  he  soliditied  all  the  bases  of 
monarchical  independence  which  ciri  umstances 
liad  enabhd  Edward  IV.  to  begin  laying  ihiwn 

It  was  in  the  nigii  of  Ilinry  that  America  wiis 
discovered,  and  he  might  have  Im'CU  the  patron 
of  Columbus,  the  benertciary  of  the  great  voy- 
age, and  the  jiroprietor  and"  hird  of  the  grand 
realm  which  Isaliella  and  Ferdinand  si-cured. 
But  he  lueked  the  funds  or  I  lie  fait  h  —  api>arently 
both— and  put  aside  his  uneiiualed  opportunity. 
When  the  Held  of  westward  exphiration  had  lH><>n 
open.d.  how-cv.  r.  he  was  early  in  entering  it. 
and  sent  the  Calsits  upon  those  voyagi'S  which 
irave  England  her  ehiim  to  the  North  American 

r.i-ists. 

During  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  there  were 
t  wo  (piii-t  marriages  in  his  family  which  strangely 
inlluen.ed  subsi'i|uent  history.  One  was  the 
marriage,  in  loOl,  of  the  king'sehlest  son.  Arthur, 
to  Catherine  of  AniL'oii.  vouniresi  daughter  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  "  Tin-  niher.  in  irm, 
united  tlie  kings  daugliter,  .Maru'aret.  to  .lames 
IV..  King  of  Scotland.  It  was  through  this  lat- 
ter marriage  tliat  the  inlieritaiu.- nf  the  English 
crown  passed  to  the  Scottish  House  of  Stuart, 
exadlvone  hundred  vears  later,  upon  the  failure 
of  the'direct  line  of  descent  in  the  Tudor  family. 
The  tirst  marriage,  of  Prince  .Arthur  to  Catherine 
of  Aragon.  was  soon  dis,solved  by  the  death  of  the 
prince,  ill  blOJ.  Seven  years"  afterwards  the 
widowed  Catherine  married  her  late  husband's 
brother,  jiist  after  he  iKcame  Henry  Vlll..  King 
of  England,  upon  the  death  of  his  father,  in  l-lilit. 
Wli(-nee  followed  notabU'conseiiuences which  will 
presently  appear. 

Henry  VIII.  and  his  breach  with  Rome. 

It  was  the  ambition  of  Henry  VIII.  to  play  a 
conspicuous  p:irt  in  European  alTairs;  and  as 
England  was  ricli  and  strong,  and  as  the  king 
!i:id  obtained  ne.irly  the  absoluteness  of  the  crown 
in  France,  the  parti-  to  tile  great  contests  then 
going  on  were  all  eagi-rly  courting  his  alliance, 
His  anihitioiis  ran  parallel.  t(«i.  wilii  those  of  the 
able  minister,  Thonws  Wolsey,  who  rosi-  to  high 
intiuence  at  bis  side  soon  after  his  reign  liegaii. 
W.risey  u.^pircd  :o  ;!ic  Papa!  crowo.  with  the 
cardinal's  cap  as  a  preparatory  adornment,  and  he 


'I 


■-31  it  J' 


i^^i-^f 


1089 


■  1.  , 

'1     .  '• 

nrrfr 

■  1  ■- '  1-  ■ 

,';iVi' 

"■■;•■ 

hW^' 


ErKOPE 


Henry  VHf.  nnd  hit 
Irrntrh  Wtth  Rome. 


EUROPK 


ilrpw  Enjilnnil.  iis  we  have  seen,  into  tlip  stormy 
politiiN  of  llic  sixtcTtith  (ciilury  in  Kunipc.  willi 
III)  eiiiii,  iif  plciry  or  ntliiTwisc,  to  tlic  imlioii,  aii<l 
not  null  li  ri'sull  of  my  kiiiil.  When  tlii'  Kinprrnr 
Maxiinilian  ilii'd.  in  l.")19.  Henry  ciitiri'il  llir  lists 
apiinst  Maximilian's  f;raiulson.  Cliarlrs  of  Spain, 
anil  Kram  is  I.  of  Kniiuc  as  n  caniliilatc  fortlii' 
imperial  crown.  In  the  siibs<'i|iiint  wars  wliicli 
Iiroke  out  iHtween  Ills  two  rivals,  lie  tiwik  tlii- 
side  of  tlie  siiicessriil  Charles,  now  Kinperor.  anil 
lielpiil  him  to  elimli  to  siipremaey  in  Kiirope 
over  the  jirostnite  Kreneli  kini;.  lie  hail  ilreanis 
of  loniinerini;  Frame  at'iiin.  ami  eastiii);  the 
glories  of  Henry  V.  in  the  sliaile;  imt  he  ii'rrieil 
his  enterprise  li'ttle  heyoiiil  the  dreaniin^'  \S'hen 
it  was  too  late  to  cheek  the  growth  of  Charles' 
overshiiilowinir  power,  he  ihanu'cil  his  side  and 
took  Francis  into  alliaiiee. 

Hut  Ilinry's  motives  were  always  seltish  anil 
personal  —  never  political;  and  the  personal  nio 
tives  had  now  taken  <ai  a  most  despicahle  cli:ir 
arter.  lie  had  tirid  of  his  wife,  the  Spanish 
Catherine,  who  was  six  years  older  than  himself. 
lie  had  two  imtexts  foi- discontent  with  his  mar 
riafrc:  I.  that  his  i|iiecn  had  liorne  him  only  a 
daiiclilcr.  whereas  Knirland  neeih'd  a  male  lieir 
to  tiie  throne;  'J.  that  he  was  trouliled  with  scrii 
pies  as  to  the  lawfulness  of  wedliKk  with  his 
lirother's  widow.  On  this  lat' ■■  ground  he  he- 
u'lm  inlriirues  to  win  from  the  1  .■!)<■.  not  a  divorce 
in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  hut  a  declara 
lion  of  the  niillity  of  his  marriaire.  This  dial 
lenired  the  opposition  of  the  Kmperor.  Catherine's 
nephew,  and  Henry's  alliamcs  were  naturally 
ehaniji'd. 

The  l»o|«'.  Clement  VII..  refused  to  .innul  the 
marriairc.  and  Henry  turned  his  unreasoniiiL' 
wrath  u|ioii  Cardinal  VVolsey.  who  had  condiicti'il 
neirotiatioiis  with  the  I'ope  and  failed  in  them. 
Wolsey  w.is  drive  n  from  the  Court  in  disi;race 
and  died  soon  afterwards.  He  was  succeeded  in 
the  kinu's  favor  '"•  a  mori'  uncnipuloiis  man. 
Thomas  Cromwell  Henry  had  not  yet  despaired 
of  liriniriiiL-  the  I'ope  ti'i  compliance  with  his 
wishes;  and  he  Ik'umii  att;icks  upon  the  Chiircli 
and  upon  the  piipal  reveiiins  which  mii,'lit  shake, 
as  he  hoped,  the  tirmness  of  the  powers  at  Home 
With  the  help  of  a  pliant  minister  and  a  suh 
servient  l';irliamcnt.  he  forced  the  cleriiy  (I.Vil- 
l.l;!','!  in  Convocation  to  aiknowleilL'e  iiim  to  he 
the  Supreme  Head  of  the  F.iiL'lisli  Church,  and 
to  sulimil  tlieniselvcs  entirely  to  his  autiiority. 
At  thesiime  time  he  irnispcii  the  '  annates.  "  iir 
tir-i  yc.irs  income  of  liishoprics.  which  had  liien 
the  riclie~i  per(|ui>iie  of  the  papal  treasury. 

Ill  all  liuse  ]>roiiedinj;s,  the  F.iiL'li^h  kiiif:  was 
.■icliiii;  on  a  line  p:ifallcl  to  that  of  the  i  oiitinental 
risiii;r  ai.'aiiisi  Home;  liiit  it  was  not  in  friendli 
nevs  toward  it  nor  in  synipatliy  wilh  it  that  lie 

dill  so.  H>  li:l(l  hcell  amollir  the  Iiittcrest  enemies 
id'    the    K'l.  rmalicill.  .Illd    lie    m  ver  cea-ed    to   he 

so  He  li.i  I  Won  from  ilic  I'ope  the  i  uipiv  title 
of  "  Deteiid.  r  of  th.  Faith.  ■  hv  a  t'oolisir  l„K,k 
;i:.'ain^t  l.uiliir.  and  lie  laith  wiiiih  lie  defended 
ill  I.V.'l  w.iv  lie-  faith  in  which  he  died.  Uut 
when  111  I  iiiid  ihat  Ihc  inlluclice  of  Ch.irles  V. 
at   UoMie  w.i^  loo  !_-r.al  to  lie  ovcleonii'.  and    Hint 

the  I'opc  could  hi   Ml  iiher  Inilied.  persuaded  nor 
coerced  to  s:inciion  tile  piitiiiiLT  away  of  his  wife, 
he   resolved  to  make  Ihc   KiiLTlish  Chiircli  suit! 
cieiit  ill  autiiority  to  satisfy  his  demand,  hy  estali 

il^IltliL'     i's    ei  I  iesiaslicai     illiicpcliiicllee.     witil     a 

ponliir  of    its   own,    in    himself.      He    purposed 


nothing   morp  than  this.     Ho  ronlpmplaiid  nn 

clianKc  of  diKtrine.  no  eleiin.sini;  of  ahusi~     ||, 

prrmitted  no  one  whose  ncrviees  he  eoniiiiaiiilnl 

in  the  undertaking  to  bring  siieh  ehaii<;i  -.  im,, 

eonti'inplation.     So  far  as  eoncenieil  llciin  ~  j,, 

itiative.  there  was  ahsolulely  nothing  of  ri  li-inu. 

Uefornmtiiin  in  the  moveinent  which  seiiai;ii,i| 

the   Church   of    Kngland    from    the   Chunh  ,,f 

Home.      It    accomplished   its  .sole   original   .  i),| 

whi'n  it  gave  linality  to  the  decree  of  an  lai-li>li 

ecclesiastical  eonrt,  on  the  ipiestion  of  the  kini.', 

marriage,  and  liurred  ipieen  Catheriiii  s  aiiiual 

from  it.     It   was  the  intention  of  Ilmiy   \|ll 

that  the  Church  under  his  papaev  should  n main 

precisely  what  it  had  been  uniler  the   Pop,   ai 

Home,  lind  he  sjiareil  neither  stake  nor  irilili,  i  in 

his  persecuting  zeal  against  impudent  relorini  in 

,        Hut   the  spirit  of  Kefi  rmalion  which  ua^  in 

the  atmosphere  of  that  tinu'  lent  itself,  ncv.  mIm 

less,   to  King   Henry's  |iroject,   and   nwdr  thai 

practicable  which  could  hardly  have  In  1 1,  mi  a 

I    gencnition  befori'.     The  inllui'iu'c  of  \V\  i  hf  hail 

I    never  wholly  died  out:    the  new  h'aniiiij   u,l^ 

I    making  its  way  in  Knghind  and  broadeniiu;  im  ii> 

j   minds;  the  vo'ice  of  Luther  and  his  fellow  \m,i|, 

j   ITS  on   the  continent   had   been  heard.   ;iiiil  imt 

j    vainly,     F.ngland  was  ripe  for  the  religions  rive 

i    lution,  and  lier  king  promoted  it,  witiioiil  inti  n 

i   tion.     Hut  while  his  reign  lasteil,  and  his  di  ^pui 

I   ism  was  heavy  on  the  land,  there  was  innliini: 

I   accomplished  iitit  the  breakingof  tl Id  (  hiin  li 

[    fetters,  and  the  binding  of  the  nation  am  u  «ii|i 
I    green  withes,  which,  iireseiitly,  it  wmilii  liiit-i 
asunder. 

The  conspicuous  events  of  Henry's  n  iirii  an 
familiarly  known.  Most  of  lliem  beiir  tin  staiii|. 
of  his  monstrous  egotism  and  sellislinc-~  Ih 
was  the  incomparable  tyrant  of  Knglish  hi-i.in 
The  monarch  who  re|nidiHted  two  wivi-  »i  in 
two  to  the  bliM'k,  and  shared  his  bed  wiili  mi 
two  more;  who  made  a  whole  iialioii;d  ilmnli 
the  servant  of  his  lusts,  and  who  took  tin  li\i^ 
of  the  purest  men  of  his  kingdom  whin  tln-v 
would  not  bend  their  consciences  to  say  tlii'  liV 
did  well  —  has  a  pedestal  ipiite  his  own  iii  ih. 
gallery  of  infamous  kings. 

Edward  VI,  and  the  Reformation, 

Dying  in  bllT,  Henry  left  three  chiMni; 
Mary,  daughter  of  Catlierine  of  ,\ia!.'"ii,  l.li/i 
iM'tli.  daughter  of  .\nne  Holeyii.  and  Kdu  ini 
son  of  .lane  Seymour.  The  latter,  in  hi'  i-ntli 
year,  becanie  KingiKdward  \'I.i.  and  iii-  ui;i  li 
the  Duke  of  Somerset,  acquired  the  iMum  I  "I 
the  govertmiciit.  with  the  title  of  I'lohii't" 
Somerset  headed  a  party  which  had  luji.ri  •>■ 
fore  the  death  of  the  king  to  picv>  |,  i  nint,- 
I  lianges  ill  the  character  of  the  inw  i  jnio  h  el 
Kngland  and  less  adherence  to  tlir  |ii'!i  in  nI 
Uollle.  There  seems  to  be  little  icaM.'i  |..  ^nh 
pose    that    the    lolirt    leaders  of    litis    pill     \M|i 

much  moved  in  liie  niattcr  by  any  itiii  ii -'  i!  a 
religious  kind;  but  the  growili  of  lllin^^i':J  in-l 
feeling  in  Kngland  tended  thai  way.  an  I  tin  -iil' 
of  Heformation  had  beeoiue  the  sironai  t  Tli' ,v 
simiily  ir;ive  way  to  it.  ;iiiil  abandoin  1  '^"  r. 
prcssion  which  Henry  hail  persisted  in  \i  Hn 
sjime  lime,  their  new  policv  irave  lliriii  in  ri  In  i 
ilom  to  grasp  Ihc  spoilsof  the  old  Cliiii.  h  iili;'ii 
Henry  VIII.  had  bcirun  to  lav  hand-  ■"  'n 
siiiiprcssion  of  montistcrics  iinii  eonii-.  I'i  ii  "' 
liieir  estates.  The  wcaiili  thus  seipicsii  !r  i  ■  '  i" 
largely  into  private  liauils 


lotto 


El'UOPK. 


Tfc*"  Ht/nrmatiin 
m  the  Xiirth. 


EUROPK 


It  wiig  In  the  short  reign  of  EdwHol  v  i.  that 
the  Church  of  England  rtally  t<Hik  on  il»  orKiinio 
formas  one  of  llie  Churches  of  tlie  lUformation 
by  llie  mmposition  of  its  first  i.r.iyer-liooks,  and 
iiy  llic  framing  of  a  dilinite  (Tied. 
Lady  Jane  Grey. 

In  iri.'):'..  Ilie  younu'  king  dii  d.     Somersca  had 
fillin  fnmi  power  the   previous  year  and   liad 
lilTired  dealh.      lie    had   Imch   Hiippliiiiled    l)y 
Diidlev  Earl  of  Warvviek  and  Duke  of  Nnrthuni     ; 
l«  iWd  iinil  that  minister  had  persuaded  Kilward    ; 
lolKciuealh  his  erown  to  l,ady  Jane  (Jrey,  grand     i 
iliUL'lilerot  the  younger  sister  of  Henry  \  III.    ; 
Uiii  Ni.rthunilierland  was  hated  by  the  |)eople, 
1111(1  few  could  reeogniz<-  the  right  of  a  Ikiv  on  the 
throne  to  chanire  the  order  of  ri-gal  succession  liv 
his  will      Parliament  liad  formally  hgitniiated 
iKilh    Catherine's    daughter,    Mary,    anil    Anne 
lii.levn's  daughter,    Elizabeth,    and   had   idaced 
rliini  in  the  line  of   inheritance.      Mary  s  legal    ( 
titli.  to  the  crown  was  dear.     She  liad  adhered    i 
*iili  her  mother  to  the  Uoman  Church,  and  lier 
iidvcnt  upon  the  thnme  would  mean  the  subjec 
ti„ii  (if  the  English  Clmrch  to  ihe  Papacy  anew ;   ; 
sime  the  constitution  of  the  Church  armed  the 
sovereign  with  supreme  and  indisputable  power 
over  it.     The  Protestants  of  the  kingdom  knew 
what  t(.  exiH'Cl,  and  were  in  great  fear;  but  they 
Mitiniitted       Ijidv  .lane  (Jrey  was  rec(aiimen(le(l 
to  tlicMi  by  her  Protestant   iK'licf,   and  by   her 
tiwiiitirul  ('lianicter;  but  her  title  was  loo  defec 
tivc  and  her  supporters   too   much   distrusted. 
There  were  few  to  stand  by  the  poor  young  girl 
when   N'orthumberland    proclaimed    her  ((Ucen. 
anil  she  was  easily  dethroned  by  the  partisans  of 
Mary.     A  year  later  she  was  sent  to  the  biix'k. 

falliiilicism   was   now    ascendant   again,    and    ' 
Kii:;land  was  bniught  to  share  in  the  great  r(.'ac^ 
tiun  airaiiist  the  Iti'formatiim    whidi    prevailed 

L'dierally   tliMUgh  Europe  and  which  we  shall 
I'lri'senllv    consider.       Before    doing   so,    let    us 

L'lanci'  lirietlyat  the  religious  state  of  some  other 
iiiiinlnes  not  yet  touched  upon. 

The  Reformation  in  Scotland. 

In  Scotland,  a  (U'cp  undercurrent  of  feeling' 
against  the  corrupt iims  of  llie  Church  had  been 
ri'imssed  bv  resolute  persecutions,  until  after 
the  iiiidille  (if  the  sixteenth  century.  Wars  with 
Kiiillaiid,  and  the  close  coiiiiection  of  llie  Scotlisli 
Court  Willi  the  Guisesof  France,  had  both  leiided 
to  ril.ird  llie  progress  of  a  reform  seiilimeiit,  or 
to  delay  llie  manifestation  of  it.  Uul  when  tin- 
|.iiil  uji  freling  began  to  respond  to  the  V(dic  of 
Ihe  -Ti  111  Calvinistic  evangelist  and  organi/er. 
.I.Oiii  Kiio.\.  it  swept  the  nation  like  a  storm. 
Kn..\s  llrsi  pri  i  liing,  after  his  eaplivily  in 
Friiir.  and  exili  lo  (ieneva,  was  in  l."(j"i.  In 
l,")tiO.  lie'  aulhnriiy  of  tiie  Pop''  '*^''"*  reiiounced. 
tin  iM;ivy  priiliibili'd,  and  llie  tjeiieva  confession 
(if  fiiilli  iiil.ipled,  bv  the  Si'ollish  Estates.  After 
lliiil  lime  the  Heformed  Church  in  Scollaiid — 
lhe(  !iurili  of  I'resbvterianism  — had  only  lo  re 
M>l  liic  futile  hostility  of  .Mary  Sluarl  for  a  few 
Viiiis  uiiiil  it  came  lo  its  great  struirgle  airiiinst 
"Knl:'.i^ll  Kpiseopacy,  under  Mary's  sou  and  :;ranil 
son.  ,1  lines  and  (  liarles. 

The  Reformation  in  the  North. 

In  1  In- 1  line  Scandinavian  nations  the  ideas  of 
li,.  i:.  i..io.,iii.Mi,  .iiltuscd  fioui  li.  riii.iny,  naii 
won  i.irly  favor,  bolh  from  kings  and  peopli , 


and  had  soon  8>.'cured  an  enduring  foothold. 
They  owed  their  reception  (piite  as  much,  per 
haps,  to  the  i«)litiial  situation  as  to  the  religious 
feeling  of  the  northern  peoples. 

When  the  ferment  of  the  Keformalion  move 
mint  began,  the  threi'  crowns  wire  worn  hy  oni- 
king,  as  thev  had  been  since  Ihe  •  Iniim  of  Cal 
mar,  "  in  llili?,  and  Ihe  Kingof  Denmark  was  the 
sovereign  of  the  riiioii.  His  actual  power  in 
Sweileii  and  Norway  was  slight;  his  theoretical 
aiithorilv  was  sulli'cienl  to  irri'ate  Ixith.  In 
Sweden," especiallv,  llie  nobles  chafed  under  the 
yoke  of  the  prolilless  fe(Uratioii  Christiau  II  , 
the  last  Danish  kiiiL'  of  the  three  kingdoms, 
crushed  Iheir  disalfeclion  by  a  harsh  comiuest  of 
the  country  (LVilH,  and  by  savi:ge  executions, 
so  pertidio'us  and  so  numerous  that  they  are 
known  in  Swedish  liislnrv  as  the  Ma.ssacre  of 
Stockholm.  Hut  this  brutal  and  faithless  king 
became  so  hateful  in  his  own  proper  kingdom 
that  the  Danish  nobles  rose  against  him  in  1.5'J:t 
and  he  was  driven  from  the  land  The  crown 
was  given  to  his  uni  le,  Eredcrick,  Duke  of 
Schleswig  Ilolstein  In  that  (Jermau  Duchy, 
l.iitlieraiiism  had  already  made  its  way,  and 
Enilerick  was  in  accord  with  it.  On  coming  to 
the  throne  of  Denmark,  where  Catholicism  still 
prevailed.  In  pledged  himself  to  attempt  no  in 
lerfereiue  with  it;  but  he  felt  no  obligation,  on 
Ihe  other  hand,  lo  protect  it.  He  demanded  and 
eslablisheil  a  toleralion  for  bolh  doctrines,  and 
gave  to  the  reformers  a  freeihim  of  opportunity 
which  speedily  undermined  the  old  faith  and 
overthrew  it. 

In  the  meaiilime,  Sweden  had  undergone  the 
important  revolution  of  her  history,  wldeh  placed 
Ihe  national  hero,  (Justavus  Vasa,  on  the  throne, 
i  (iuslaviis  was  a  younir  ••  'ile  whose  title  to  the 
crown  WHS  m.l  deri  .  irom  his  lineage,  but 
from  his  iienius.  Af  lirislian  11.  l-.ad  bloodily 
exterminated  Ihe  ( i  .aihTs    if  Ihe  Swedish 

state,  this  voung  hiro,  iiien  a  hostage  and  pris- 
oner in  the' tyrants  hands,  made  his  escape  and 
t(H)k  upon  himself  the  mission  of  selling  his 
i-ountrv  free.  For  three  vears  (iustavus  lived  a 
life  like  that  of  .\lfreil  the  Ureal  in  England, 
wlu-ii  lie,  too,  struggled  with  Ihe  Danes.  lli,H 
Ill-roil-  ailveiilures  wi-re  crowned  with  siii-i-ess, 
and  Swedi-n,  led  to  iuih-pendence  by  its  naliiral 
king,  bestowed  the  regal  title  upon  him  (IV-i:!) 
iiiid  seated  him  upon  its  am-ietil  throne.  The 
ui-w  Danish  kiiii.'.  Fn-ileriik.  a(-kn(iwh-(lged  the 
n-voliiiiiiii.  and  the  I'niou  of  Ciilmar  was  ilis 
solved.  Sweden  iiiidir  (iii-lavus  Vasa  ri-covcred 
friiiii  the  stale  of  greal  disonli  r  into  which  it 
had  fallen,  and  irrew  lo  be  a  nation  of  important 
stri-iiL'lli.  .\s  a  iniasiire  of  p(dii-y,  he  ciicotir 
ai:eil  the  iiiiro  lie  liiiii  of  I.ullieninisin  and  pro 
luoteil  tin-  spread  of  il,  i'  order  to  break  the 
!  power  of  till-  Calliolic  (lerny,  and  also,  in  onler, 
without  (loulil,  loobiainpos.-esviiinof  lhepro,icrly 
■  if  the  Chiiri-li.  wliii-h  secured  to  llie  Crown  the 
siibstanlial  n-veiiues  il  reiiiiired. 


Italy. 

Ill  liiilv.  llie  reforuK-il  diM-irincs  obtained 
popular  loonni;at  any  lime,  tliougli  many  aim 
Ihe  (Ulliviiled  p(-opl''ri-L'arileil  lliem  with  fav 
iinil  would  gladly  have  wilm-ssi-d,  not  onl 
practical  purgiiig"of  Ihe  Church,  but  a  revi> 
of    those   Catholic  dogmas  most   olTi-iisivc  |i 

-      1  !>...'    ..,.1.     i;..( , 

ralicnai    in:::-:.        ii-n    --'•  ' ■ ' 

stirred  in  ilcii  din-clion  was  .soon  slopped  by 


no 

>ng 


.1  a 
ion 


the 


1091 


mv 


J^i?;, 


EUROPE. 


Thr  Calholir 
rraction. 


EUnOPE. 


•uccessof  the  Emperor,  Charles  V,  in  his  luiliun 
wars  with  Kninem  I.,  and  by  tlie  W|iaiiish  dimil- 
nalioii  in  Ilie  peniaaulu  whicli  ensuwl  ihcreon. 
Tlie  Spain  of  that  a^e  was  lilse  the  ll.KHlless 
(Ktopiis  which  pamty/.es  the  victim  in  itscliitcli, 
anil  Italy,  gripped  iii  half  of  its  many  princli)ali 
lies  l>y  tlie  (leailly  Icniailes  thrust  out  from 
Madrid,  showed  no  consciou.sness  for  the  next 
two  centuries. 

The  Council  of  Trent. 

The  loni:  demanded,  loni;  promised  General 
Council,  for  cunsiderinfr  the  alleu'cd  abuses  in 
the  Church  and  the  allewd  falsities  in  its  doc- 
trine, and  generally  for  di.scussion  and  action 
upon  the  (pie«ti(Mis  rai.sed  bv  Ihi'  Uefi>rmalion. 
assei.ilihd  el  Trent  in  DeeendKr.  l.")4.").  The 
Kinperor  seems  to  have  desired  «ilh  sincerity 
that  I  he  Coumil  iniL'hl  \h-  one  which  Ihe  I'niles 
tants  would  have  conti<lence  in,  and  in  which 
thiy  ini;;ht  hi'  represinled,  for  a  full  discussion 
of  their  diirirences  with  Home.  Hut  this  was 
made  iinpossibh'  from  the  bcf^innini;.  The  I'rol 
estants  demaniled  tiiat  "final  appeal  on  all  de 
baled  points  should  ik' made  to  the  soleauthorilv 
of  Holy  IScriplure."  and  this  beini;  refused  bv 
Ihe  I'ope  (Paul  III  ).  there  remained  no  frrounil 
on  which  the  two  parties  could  meet.  The  Ital- 
ian prelates  who  composec!  the  majority  of  the 
Council  made  haste,  it  wciulil  scimu.  lotiilie  action 
which  closed  the  doors  of  eoneilialion  ai;ain.st 
the  Ucfortners.  '  Kirst.  they  declared  that  ilivine 
revel.ition  was  continuous  in  the  Church  of  whi<li 
the  I'ope  was  the  head:  and  that  the  ehi<-f  wril 
ten  (lepositcjry  of  this  revelation  — namely,  tin- 
Scriptuns— had  no  aulhiiritv  except  in  the  ver 
sion  of  the  Vul^'alc.  .Seeondlv.  theviondemued 
the  docirine  of  juslilication"  by  i'aith.  .  .  . 
Tiurdly.  they  conlirmed  the  ellleaiv  and  the  bind 

ini;  authority  of  the  .Seven  Saeran'ients. I'lie 

Council  terminated  in  Deceudar  [IMVM  with  an 
act  of  suliinission,  whi<'h  placed  all  its  (lecrees  at 
the  pleasure  of  thi'  Papal  smction.  Pius  |Pius 
IV.  became  Po[>e  in  l.")(l(l|  was  wise  enough  to 
pa.ss  and  ratify  the  decrees  of  the  Tridentiia' 
fathers  by  a  Hull  dated  on  December  26,  l.W:!. 
rcMTvin!.'  to  the  Papal  sovereign  the  sole  riirht  (jf 
interprelini;  them  in  doulilful  or  disputed  east's. 
This  he  couldwell  allord  todo;  for  not  an  article 
had  been  penned  without  his  concurrence,  and 
nyt  a  .sti|iulalion  h.-id  Im-cii  made  without  a  pre- 
vious undersiandin;;  with  the  Catholic  ouwers. 
TiieviTyternis.  moreover,  by  which  his  ratilic  at  ion 
was  conveyeil.  secured  his' supremacv ,  and  con- 
ferred upon  his  sucicssors  anil  him.scir  the  privi- 
li'!,'i'sof  a  court  of  ultimati'  appeal.  .\t  no  pre 
vious  p(  lioil  in  Ihe  liistory  of  the  Church  had  so 
wide,  so  undclined.  and  so  tinlindlefl  an  authoritv 
lieen  accoriled  to  the  .See  of  Koine "(Sym(mds). 

SoiTie  practical  reforms  in  Ihe  Church  were 
wrou^'ht  by  the  Council  of  Trent,  but  its  dis<i- 
pliiiary  decni  s  were  less  imporlant  than  thedog- 
iniiiie.  Kroui  b,i;inninir  lo  end  of  ils  si'ssions, 
which,  bn.k(  n  by  many  suspensions  and  adjcairn 
inenls.  draL'L'(d  Ihroui;!!  eiiihleen  vcars.  it  ad- 
drissed  itsrlf  to  tl!.'  task  of  .-olidifving  the 
Church  of  Home,  as  i.ft  by  Ihe  Proteslaiil  schism. 
—  not  of  Inalin^'  'lie  s<h"ism  itself  or  of  rmuov- 
ing  tiK'  iirovoi'alioi'  to  it.  The  work  which  the 
Council  did  in  liiai  cinciion  was  of  vast  impor- 
tance, anil  profouniliy  alTected  the  future  of  the 
I'aj. ary  and  nf  ii.s  .spinlu.il  lealni.  h  gave  a 
Brm  dogmatic  footing  to  the  great   reattiouary 


II  alitl 
liiil 
liif 


new  foreog  whirh  now  came  into  play,  viih 
greasive  enthusiaimi  and  /.eiil,  to  arii'st  iln 
vunce  of  tlie  Ueformation  and  roll  it  liaek 

The  Catholic  reaction. 

The  extmonlinary  revival  of  Calholi.  j-m 

thrusting  back  of  Protestantism  whiel i, 

in  Ihe  later  half  of  the  sixteenth  eeiiiur. 
several  causes  iK-hind  it  ami  within  it. 

1.  The  spiritual  impuls<'  from  whiih  il 
ormalion  started  had  consiilerablv  s|ieiii  ii,,  ||  ,,r 
had    iKTomi'  debased   liy  a  gross  adiiii\iui.  i,f 
poliliial  and  mercenary  aims.     In  (JeriiMnu    ii,,. 
spoils  derived  from  the  suppressing  of  m  ij  i,i|, 
establishmenis  and  Ihe  scTUlarizing  of  1 1 ,  \,^a. 
Ileal  liefs  and  estates.  ap|K'ared  verv  earlv  :iiii(.ii,r 
Ihe    potent    inducements   liy    which    miir.iarv 
princes  were  drawn  to  the  side  of  the  l.iiiii.  iiii 
reform.     I,.iter,  as  Ihe  opposing  leagues,  l'r..tis- 
tant  and  Catliolie,  sellleii  into  chronic  up;  ..Hiimi 
and  hostility,  the  struggle  lietween  them  i  ...k  ,,ii 
more  and  more  the  character  of  a  greiii  p..liiiial 
game,  and  lost  more  and  morethespirit  of :,  ImIiIi 
for  free  conscieiHe  and  a  free  mind.     In  l-Mun. 
as  we  have  noticed,  thu  political  tnianglenn  iiN  nf 
Ihe  Huguenot  parly  were  such,  bv  this  linn    il,.,t 
it  could  not  fail  to  be  lovered  bv  them  in  in  re 
ligious  tone.     In  England,  every  brealh  ..I'  spirit 
u.ility  in  the  movement  had  so'far  do  lii,  ,|,:,tli 
of  Henry  VIII.)  Im-cii  stilled,  and  it  showi,!  n,,i|, 
ing  but  a  br.i/.cn  political  front  to  the  nmlil      In 
Ihe  Xellierhinds.  the  struggle  for  relii.'i.,ii.  In, 
loin  was  al«)Ut  to  merge  it.self  in  ■,         :  ,.1  f,.nv 


||'  :ill.l 
,in|».,l 
-I  Illc 
.1    Ku- 


years  for  self-government,  and  Ihe  i  i  i 
valor  of  Ihe  citizen  were  more  siirel\  li 
in  that  long  war  than  the  faith  and  ''  mi 
Chrislian.  And  so.  generally  lhrou::li.. 
rope,  Protestanlism.  in  ils  loirilict  will,  iIm  lin- 
ers of  the  ancient  Church,  had  descendid.  .  nih,. 
sixteenth  century  ran  far  into  ils  Mcond  ii.,li,  i,, 
a  distinctly  lower  plane  than  il  oeciipii  ,1  -.,<  lii-i. 
On  that  lower  plane  Home  fronted  il  iik  n  i.ir 
midably.  with  stronger  arms,  than  on  Ihr  lii.:h.T, 
','.  Broadly  stating  the  fad,  il  inav  be  ~;ii,!  iliai 
Piotcstanlism  made  all  il.s  great  inniids  upmi  ilie 
Church  of  Home  l«'fore  parlisiinship  eaiiir  i  ,  ih,. 
rescue  of  the  latter,  and  chisi'd  the  o|p.  n  iiiiml 
with  which  l.uther,  and  Zwingli,  and  I'nn  I  iiiM 
Calvin  were  lislenid  lo  at  first.  It  li:i|.|i' ;>  il 
ways,  when  new  ideas,  combative  of  ol  I  ..m,, 
whelher  religious  or  political,  are  lirst  p 
ward  in  Ihe  world,  they  are  listened  t..  f..r 
with  a  certain  disinlerestedness  if  alli  ii' 
lertain  native  candor  in  Ihe  mind  —  w  liii  I 
them  a  fair  hearing.  If  they  seem  ria- 
they  obtain  ready  iicceptance,  and  s|ireail  r 
—  until  the  con.sirvatism  of  the  be  bits  n 
takes  sirious  alarm,  and  the  radic:diMii 
innovating  belii'fs  becomes  ambitious  au. 
Iiaiit;  until  the  for  and  the  against  si ilbh 'I 
selves  ill  opposing  ranks,  and  the  voice  nl  .u 
menl  is  drowni'd  by  the  cries  of  Jiaiiy  I 
ends  all  shifling  of  masses  from  the  .'M  i. 
new  ground.  That  ends  conversion  i-  :  t 
deniie  and  dwindles  il  lo  the  sporailir  >  i-  i  " 

'■>.   I'l'oleslanlismbecanieiiiiii  riydiviiii  ; 
it.self  at  an  early  slage  of  ils  career  In  •'. 
dilTereiices.  tirsi  between  Zwinglians  mimi  I   . 
alls,  and  then  betwc'cn  laitheraiis  and  (  .il>::. 
while   Catholicism,    umh-r    all.iek.    miiI'  ! 
more  unity  and  solidity  than  In  lore 

4.    Tile    tremendous     powiT     in     l.n    ;  ■ 
which   the  ypuuish  mouurchy,  with  ii~  -ah 


1,1  I'lf. 
:t  lime 


'I    llie 
run- 


1092 


EUROPE. 


mUp  11.  and 
the  rum  o/  .Spain. 


EUROPE. 


dominions,  and  its  dynastic  relations,  hul  now 
riacn.  pasxrd,  in  I.'k'W,  to  u  dullbruined  and  soul- 
less WKiit,  who  saw  but  one  use  for  it,  namely,  the 
ixtiiution  of  all  dissent  from  his  own  iM'liefs,  anil 
alliip|>i»ition  to  hisown  will.  Philip  II.  dilTered 
friim  his  father,  Charles  V.,  not  in  the  enormity 
of  his  hiu'Oted  esotism  — they  were  cciuals,  per- 
taps,  in  diat  —  liut  in  the  exclusiveness  of  it. 
There  was  something  el.se  in  Charles,  somethin)? 
siimi  limes  faintly  adinirahle.  He  did  have  some 
iiiti  ri>t.s  in  life  thot  were  not  purely  mali);nant. 
But  his  horrid  vampire  of  u  .son.  the  most  re- 
piiMve  creature  of  Ins  kind  in  all  history,  Iiail 
noliiiii!,'  in  him  that  was  not  as  deiidly  to  man- 
kiuil  as  the  venom  secreted  iMliiud  the  fan;;  of  a 
ciilira.  It  was  a  frightful  day  for  the  world 
when  a  despotism  which  shiulmved  Spain,  Sicily. 
Italv  ami  the  lyiw  Countries,  and  which  liad  I"- 
f:uii"t(Mlrag  unhounded  treasure  from  Amen  i. 
fell  to  the  pos.se»sion  of  such  a  hi'ini;  as  this. 
Noiliiiij;  sulistantial  was  taken  away  from  the 
piiuiit  inalivDience  of  Philip  by  his  failure  of 
ilcctiiin  in  tJermany  to  the  In'.perial  throne.  On 
the  coiiirary.  he  was  the  stronger  for  it.  because 
all  his  iliiininion  was  real  and  all  his  authority 
niiiht  assume  to  be  absolute.  His  fallier  had 
Ixrn  more  hanilicapped  than  helped  by  his  Cier 
mull  respcmsibililies  and  end)arra.ssments,  which 
I'liilip  escaped.  It  is  not  strange  that  his  con 
cintntion  of  the  vast  enginery  under  his  hands 
to  "lie  limited  aim,  of  exterminating  what  his 
dull  ami  ignorant  inind  conceived  to  1)0  irreligion 
and  trciusoii.  hail  its  large  measure  of  success. 
Tlif.stnmgerthing  is.  that  there  was  fortitude  and 
courage  to  resist  sucli  power,  in  even  one  corner 
of  Ills  realm. 

.5  rill'  I'apiicy  was  restored  at  this  time  to  the 
purir  and  higher  character  of  its  iM'st  ages,  liy 
Will  ::uiiled  elections,  which  raised  in  successidii 
111  llie  thriiiie  a  numU'r  of  men,  very  dilTeniit  in 
aliililv.  and  quite  dilTcrent,  too,  intlie  s|)irit  iif 
tluir  jiiety.  but  generally  alike  in  dignity  and 
diivuiy  of  life,  and  in  i|ualities  whicli  command 
rspiit.  The  tiery  Neapolitan  zealot.  CaialTa. 
will!  Iweame  Pope  in  l.'i.jS  as  Paul  I\'. ;  his  cool- 
tfni|irr(  il  diplomatic  successor,  Pius  IV.,  wlio 
manipulated  tlic  closing  lalKirs  of  the  Council  of 
Trriit ;  tile  austen^  inquisitor,  Pius  \', ;  tlie  more 
i.iniiuniiplaee  Gregory  XIII.,  and  the  powerful 
Sxtus  v.,  were  ponlills  who  gave  new  strength 
to  Cithiplieisin,  in  Iheir  ditTerent  ways,  lioth  by 
what  tiny  did  and  by  what  they  were. 

6.  The  revival  of  zeal  in  the  Koinan  Church. 
natiinlly  following  the  attacks  upon  it,  gave  rise 
to  many  new  relighms  organizations  within  its 
ela.-tii'  tnld,  some  reformatory,  some  missionary 
and  luilitant,  but  all  bringing  an  elTectual  rein- 
fnriinirnt  to  it,  at  the  time  wlicn  its  as.saiianls 
liegan  ti;  sliinv  faltering  signs.  Among  these 
was   .ii„  _  biyola's    Society   of   Jesus — whieli 

mar.  lud  pr (illy  to  the  front  of  tile  battle,  and 

wliiih  eoiitriliiited  more  than  any  other  sinijle 
fnnv  in  till- liild  to  the  rUlying  lif  the  Cbiircli. 
In  111.' Miippiu:;  of  retreat,  and  tn  the  facing  of 
its  MiililKirii  columns  forward  for  a  fresh  ail - 
vam...  TI,.  ,Ii.»uits  Umk  sueli  a  lead  and  accoiii 
pli>li..l  such  results  by  virtue  of  the  military 
priii.vi.ii  iif  discipline"  under  which  they  hail 
iK'en  placed  and  to  whicli  they  were  sing'iilarlv 
jrain.,1  hy  the  rules  of  the  founder;  and  alsii 
I'.v  I  ITiri  id  a  certain  subtle  sophistry  that  runs 
;iii...iuii  liu-ir  elliical  maxims  and  tlieir  couusi'.'s 
of  pioty.    They  fought  for  their  faith  with  a 


sublime  courage,  with  a  devotion  almost  iiiipar 
alleled,  with  an  earnestness  of  bi  lief  that  cannot 
Iki  questioned;  but  they  used  wea[H)nsand  misles 
of  warfare  which  the  higher  moral  feeling  of 
civilized  mankind,  whether  Cbristiai  or  Pagan, 
has  always  condemned.  It  is  not  Protestant 
enemies  aliine  who  say  this.  It  Is  the  accusation 
that  lias  been  brought  against  them  again  and 
again  in  Iheir  own  Churih.  and  which  has  ex- 
pelled  them  from  Catholic  countries,  again  and 
again.  In  the  tlrst  century  or  more  of  their 
career,  this  plastic  consiienee,  nioiilded  by  a  pas- 
sionate zeal,  and  surrendered,  with  every  gift  of 
mind  and  body,  to  a  service  of  olK'dience  wliiidi 
tolerated  no  evasion  on  one  side  nor  bending  on 
the  other,  made  the  .lesiiits  the  most  invinid- 
ble  and  daniriTous  body  of  men  that  was  ever 
organized  for  defen.se  and  aggression  in  any 
eausi'. 

Tile  order  was  founded  in  I'llO.  bya  bull  of 
Pope  Paul  III.  At  the  time  of  I,oylda's  death, 
in  l.'i.V!.  it  niiinlH'red  about  (uie  thousand  mem- 
bers, and  under  I.ainez.  tlie  s'cond  general  of  the 
order,  who  succeeded  Loyola  at  the  head,  it  ad- 
vanced rapidly,  in  niimiiers.  in  etHciency  of  or- 
ganization, and  in  wide  spread  intluenie. 

Urielly  stated,  these  are  the  ini  iilents  and  c  ir 
ciimstances  which  help  to  explain  —  not    fully, 

Iterhaps,  but  almost  sutliciently  —  the  idieek  "to 
'rotestantism  and  the  restored  energy  and  ag- 
gn'ssiveness  of  the  Catholic  Church,  in  the  later 
lialf  af  the  sixteeutli  century. 

The  Ruin  of  Spain. 

In  his  kingdoms  of  Spain.  Philip  II.  may  be  said 
to  have  linished  the  work  of  death  which  his 
fatlierand  his  falhvr's  grandparents  committed 
to  him.  Tliey  began  it.  niid  appointed  the  lines 
on  which  it  was  to  be  done  The  Spain  of  their 
day  had  tlie  fairest  opporiunily  of  any  nation  in 
Kurope  fora  great  and  noide  career.  TTlie  gohli'n 
gates  of  her  oppoitunitv  were  unlocked  and 
opened  by  good  (Jiieen  Isabella;  but  the  pure 
hands  of  the  .same  pious  queen  threw  over  the 
neck  of  her  country  the  niHise  of  a  stranglir,  and 
tiglitened  it  prayerfully.  Her  graiiilson.  who 
wasneitiier  pious  nor  goiHl.  thing  his  vast  weight 
of  power  upon  t.  Uut  the  strangling  halter  of 
the  Spanish  Inquisition  did  not  extinguisl!  signs 
of  life  in  his  kingitoiu  fast  enough  to  satisfy  his 
royal  impatience,  and  he  tightened  other  cords 
upon  the  sulfering  body  and  all  its  limbs.  Pliilip, 
when  he  came  to  lake  up  the  murderous  task, 
found  every  eqiiipnient  for  it  that  he  could  de- 
sire. He  ii.id  only  to  gather  the  strands  of  tlie 
infernal  mesli  into  his  hands,  and  bring  the  .strain 
of  Ills  aw  fill  sovereignly  to  iie.ir  upon  them:  then 
sit  and  watch  the  palsy  of  death  creep  over  his 
dominions. 

Of  polilical  life.  Charles  really  left  nothing  for 
his  son  to  kill.  Of  positive  religious  life.  Iliere 
can  have  been  no  important  survival,  for  lie  and 
his  Inquisition  had  been  keenly  vigipint;  but 
Philip  inaile  imiili  of  thi'  little  he  could  discover. 
As  to  the  industrial  life  of  Spain,  faliier  and  son 
were  alike  ailive  in  the  murilering  of  it,  and 
alike  inirinious.  They  paralyzed  manii  failures, 
in  the  lir.,t  instance,  by  persecuting  and  cxpilling 
the  thrifty  and  skilful  Moriscoes;  then  tliev  made 
their  work  complete  by  heavy  duties  on  riw  ma- 
terials. To  extinguish  tin-  ai.^i'iciiltiiral  inilus- 
tries  of  the  kingdom,  they  had  happy  inspira- 
tions.    Tliey   prohibited  the  cxpurtutiun  of  one 


1013 


IT 


1.1 


Kt'UOI'K. 


Kentit  ■</ 
thf  Sethrrlawi*. 


EUROPK. 


commixlity  after  anutluT  —  ci>rii,  lattlt',  W(h)I, 
tloth,  leather,  iiiul  the  like  — until  they  hail 
Imiujjlit  Spiiin  praetieiilly  ti>  the  point  of  iM'hiK 
depemlent  on  otiiir  cnuiitries  for  many  prodiiets 
of  8l<ill,  anil  yet  of  having'  nothing  to  otTer  in  ex 
change,  rxeipt  the  treasure  of  precious  metaU 
which  slie  drew  from  America.  Ilenee  it  hap 
pened  tliat  tlie  silver  aii<l  jrolii  of  tlie  Peruvian 
and  Mexican  minis  ran  like  ouicksanil  throUfih 
her  till).'!  rs,  into  iheeotTirsof  the  merclianis  of 
till'  Low  (  oiirilries  and  of  Knv'land;  anil,  proh 
alily,  no  other  loiintrv  in  Kuropc  s;i\v  so  little  of 
them,  had  so  lillle  of  iH'ndil  from  thi'm.  as  the 
eimntry  they  were  supposed  to  enrich. 

If  the  killin<;  of  .s;pain  needed  to  he  made  com- 
|)h>te  hyan\thin>^  more.  I^hilip  supplied  tlie  need. 
Ml  the  dc:„lline-s  of  his  tiix;ilioii.  Spendim;  vast 
sums  in  his  attempt  to  repeat  U[>on  the  Nether 
hinds  the  work  of  national  murder  lie  had  aceom 
p}i-'i'il  in  ^paiii;  Icsini;.  I>y  the  same  ai'l.  the 
rii  li  icviiiues  of  the  thrifty  provinces;  launching; 
into  new  c\penililiires  as  he  pursued,  liy  idiimsy 
warfarc,  his  uiissiun  of  death  jito  fresh  tlelds. 
aimini;  now  at  the  life  of  France,  and  now  at  tlic 
life  of  Knuland.  — he  s((Uceziil  tlie  cost  of  his 
armies  and  armadas  from  a  country  in  which  he 
had  slraniiled  prodiiiiiou  already,  and  made  pov- 
erty the  common  estate.  Il  was  the  last  drainiim 
of  the  life-Iilood  of  a  nation  which  oii|;lit  to  have 
iM-en  stronir  and  irreat.  hut  which  siitfered  iiiiii 
iler  most  foul  and  unnatural. 

We  hardly  e\ai:L'er:ite  even  in  tii;iire  when  we 
nay  that  Spain  was  a  dead  natinii  when  Philip 
quitlcd  the  scene  of  his  arduous  lahors  It  is 
Irui'  that  his  succes.sors  still  found  somelliiuj^  for 
their  hands  to  do,  in  the  w;iys  that  were  pleasant 
to  their  race,  and  liurncd  and  hied  and  crushed 
the  unhappy  kiniidom  with  inilifatinahle  [KTsis- 
tency ;  hut  it  was  really  the  corpse  of  a  nation 
whicli  they  jiractiM  d  on.  The  lite  of  Spain,  as  a 
hri'atliiiii:,  sentient  state,  eante  to  an  end  umler 
the  hands  of  Philip  II  .  tirst  of  the  Thiii-'s 

Philip  II.  at.d  the  Netherlands, 

The  hand  of  Charles  V.  had  lieen  heavy  on  the 
NetheilaiiiK,  hut  resistance  to  such  a  power  as 
that  of  Spain  in  his  il.iy  wa.s  hardly  dreamed  of. 
It  was  mil  easy  for  Philip  to  outdo  his  fathers 
despotism;  less  ca^y  to  drive  the  laliorious  llol 
landers  and  l''leiiiin::s  to  desperation  and  force 
them  into  rebellious  war.  Hut  he  accomplished 
it  lie  tilled  the  country  with  S|ianisli  troops. 
He  renrL'ani/ed  and  stimulated  the  Imiui^ition. 
He  mull iplied  hishoprics  in  the  Provinces,  airuinst 
the  wi^h  of  even  llic  Catholic  |iopulatiiMl.  He 
sc"rriitl  the  counsels  of  the  ;;re;il  nohles,  and 
;,'a\e  foreiiril  ad\  i-ers  to  the  Ke^ent,  his  ll.-llf  sis- 
tir.  MaTL'aret  of  l';irnia,  iiliLMiiiiiale  daui^hler  id" 
Cliarles  v..  wlium  he  |il;iieil  at  the  head  of  the 
ij:ovi  rnmi  III.  His  oppre>-ions  were  endured, 
w  itli  iih  ri  .iviuL'  si;:ns  of  hidden  pa-sion,  for  ten 
years.  'I'li.  ii.  in  l.VKl.  the  llist  movement  of  pa- 
triotic loiuhinaiioii  jippe.ired.  It  was  a  le;i;.'ue 
anion;.:  citain  of  tiie  noMis,  its  oiijccls  were 
])c;tcitul.  its  p!  i-,^  were  IcL'.il;  hut  it  was  not 
coiinlenaneed  li\  tiie  wiser  of  the  patriots,  who 
saw  thai  e\eiits  were  not  ri|te.  The  menihers  of 
the  Icii'jue  went  in  solenin  procession  to  the 
Heu'ent  with  a  petition;  whereupon  one  of  her 
councillor^  denounced  lliini  as  "a  troop  of  lie;; 
^  ,»■*  ! '■-■y  pr- 'itii"* -y  -,--!/,-i  ihe  -pi;!!'*    :;-i-! 

appropriated"  it      .V  hei;i;ar's  wallet  heeaine  their 
emhleiii .  the    ide;i    w;LS   c;iught   up  and  carried 


throush   the  country,  ami  a  visible    pari\  ms' 
ipdcWly  IntoexUt^-ncc. 

The  rt'llKinus  fiTlinj;  new  gained  iuMniw 
Eiiormoua  tIeUI  meptlnKn Ix'ptn  to  he  hi  Id.  iimlir 
aring.  in  every  part  of  the  open  lounlry  il.  fv 
Inf;  eilieta  and  Inquisition.  There  follownl  a 
little  later  roiiic  fanuthal  and  riotous  outlireik^ 
in  several  eities,  breaking  imiiges  and  devi  r;it 
ing  cliurehes.  Upon  tnes4i  ixcurreiices,  I'liilip 
ilespatebed  to  the  Netherlands,  in  the  suiiiiiht  hI 
1.V17,  a  fresh  army  of  Spanish  troops.  coniniiMli.l 
by  a  man  who  was  after  his  own  heart  — a^ni  an 
as  false,  as  iiiereilcH.s,  as  little  in  hoiiI  and  niiinl. 
as  himself,— the  Duke  of  .Viva.  .\lva  limuL'lii 
with  biin  authority  winch  pructieally  supers  ilol 
that  of  the  Pejient,  and  secret  Instruciions  nM.  || 
ilisiinei!  i'very  man  of  worth  in  the  Proun.-r-i 

At  the  head  of  the  nobility  of  thecoiiniry.  In 
emiiienee  of  character,  no  les«  than  by  pn n  il. m . 
in  rank,  sKkhI  William  of  Nassau,  I'riiiee  i,f 
Oranfie,  who  derived  his  hii^her  title  from  ;i  p,nv 
and  remote  princiiialitv,  hut  whose  l;ir;;i  fimilV 
posses-shms  were  in  Klanders.  Urahant.  llolliiM 
and  Luxembur>r.  .Vs-siM'iatisI  closi'ly  « itii  him, 
in  friendship  and  in  political  action.  Were  Cniiiii 
Ki,'mont,  and  the  Admiral  Count  llorn.  ilie  fu 
ter  of  a  family  relateil  to  the  .Montmoniieies  i.f 
France.  These  three  I'onspicuoits  noiiles  I'liilip 
had  marked  with  s|ieeial  malice  for  the  liemN 
man.  tliouuh  their  solitarv  crime  hid  been  tin; 
frivinj;  of  advice  against  his  tyranni  s.  Willi;im 
lit  Orunite — "the  Sih'iit."  asheeameto  he  kiiovMi 
—  f:ir-s<'cintf  in  his  wisilom.  and  well  :iih  Im  1  liy 
trusty  aftenls  in  Spain.  wilhdri'W  into  (iEriiciuv 
iK'fore  Alva  arrived.  He  warned  his  frieiiK  ,if 
their  damper  and  implored  them  to  s:ive  tlniii 
si'lves;  but  they  were  blinded  and  wo;i!ii  itni 
listen.  The  iwrtidious Spaniard  lured  them  wiili 
Ihit'eries  to  liru.sseU  and  thrust  them  into  pri»"ii 
They  were  to  Ik'  the  first  victims  of  the  ap|MlliiiL' 
sacritice  reipiired  to  appeasi!  the  dull  riire  of  tlu' 
kinj:  Within  three  months  they  leid  i  iL'liiiiii 
hundred  companion...  condemned  like  tin  mi^Ivin 
to  the  sc:iltold.  by  a  <'ouncil  in  which  .\lv  i  pp 
.sided  and  which  the  people  called  "the  Cminiil 
of  HIoihI."  In  June,  l.'itis.  thcv  were  broUL'lit  le 
the  block. 

Meantime  Prince  William  and  lii>  Imiilnr 
Louis  of  Nassau,  had  raisi-d  forces  in  (ieriii:ui\ 
;ind  attempted  the  resiue  of  the  lerron/.d  I'r  v 
iiiccs;  but  their  troops  were  ill  p;iid  ;iiid  nMilii'ii-, 
and  they  sulTered  defe.-it.  For  the  lime  h.  in,- 
the  Netherlands  were  crushed.  As  nciiiy  of  tli.' 
peo[ile  as  could  escape  li.id  lied;  eoninn  ree  «;o 
at  a  standstill;  workshops  were  idle,  ilie  eiiiiv 
once  so  wi;;ilthy,  were  inipoveri>iied .  iU-iiU. 
moiirnin!^,  and  icrror,  were  cveryu  Inii-  -\l\.i 
li;id  done  very  perfectly  wlmt  he  w.i^  scjjI  to  ■[" 

The  tirst  break  in  the  bhii  liuess  of  the  i  1  i'l■l^ 
appe;ircil  in  April,  l.'iT'J,  when  a  licet,  nri!;ii'l  liv 
refui:ce  adventurers  who  <':illcil  tlieni-..  he-,  .sr:i 
I!cL'i;ars,  attacked  and  c;i|ilureil  tlie  i  ah  el 
Hriil.  From  tliat  day  the  revolt  ha  1  !;>  ri-li' 
fiMitinir,  on  the  ilecksof  the  ships  of  the  i"  >'  ^iil 
ors  in  the  world.  It  faced  Philip  from  thai  dav:o 
a  neiritinic  power,  which  would  irrow  bv  ilieviry 
feediiii;  of  its  war  with  him.  un'il  ii  l-a  1  ^  "H 
Slimed  cverytliinirSp;inisli  wilhin  its  le.eii  Tli' 
lakini.'  of  llrill  soon  nave  the  palrioNio.iir .!  ,.|  -■ 
main'  places  in  Holland  and  /ealand  Ilia;  .i  inei  i 
i,,^  ;.f  i|.,[>,„i,.s  Was  h-M  i'  l>-'-'.  )''  '■■■'■■■  '■■■'- 
which  declared  William  of  OraiiL'e  to  li.  ili.' 
King  s   leffal  Studthohler   in   Holland,  /..  li.ui'l 


1094 


EUUOPK. 


tndependmcr  of 
Ike  Vnlted  ProvinerM. 


EUHOI'K 


FricHliind  ami  I'treclit."  mid  rroimimciiili-il  tii 
llic  olhiT  I'ruvlniTH  timt  lie  U;  iippulnlfil  Pro 
ticl.ir  iif  nil  111''  Ni'tliiTliiiidii  iliirliiK  llir  Kin){'» 

all*'""'- 

Alviis  ri'iK"  <>t  Icrror  liud  fulled  wi  HiKimlly 
Unit  I'Viii  lie  »'iw  lUiMiiiiniKed  iiiid  iisked  li>  1h' 
rifiilled  It  WHS  liU  ImiusI  when  he  retired  tliiit 
111'  li;id  put  ei);hteen  thouiuind  uiid  six  liiiiidreil  nf 
the  Nillnrluiiilent  In  deHth  Biiiie  lliey  were  de- 
liviTiil  int"  his  liHiids.  iilMive  mid  lieycind  the 
hcirrilile  iniiKHiien'S  by  which  hi'  hiid  half  depiipii 
lilc'l  every  e^iplured  tiiwii.  I'lider  Alvu'»  sue 
ri'sHiir.  l)"n  LiiiilHile  Iti'i|tieM'ii>i,  ti  111:111  nf  more 
jiHliee  1111(1  hUTimiiity,  the  slrii).'i;le  went  on,  ml- 
vcrwlv.  upon  the  wlioh'.  to  the  piitrioli,  llioiii;li 
llicv  tiinniplieil  j[lorliiiisly  in  the  fiinioiis  ik'fe"se 
of  Levden.  To  win  help  from  KnL'liind,  they 
(ilTiri'il  llie  sovereignty  of  tin  ir  country  to  Queen 
Kli/iilietli;  liiit  in  vain.  They  nuidc  no  heudway 
in  the  wiiithem  provliires.  where  CatholieiHin 
privailed,  mid  wherethe  religious  dilTerence  drew 
lH..|ile  iiiore  to  the  Spanish  Hide.  Hut  when 
Ki'i|Uisens died  suddenly,  in  the  spring  of  l'")7li. 
and  ilie  Spiiiiish  noldiery  bt'iki'  into  tt  furiuiis 
miiliny.  siiekiiii;  Antwerp  mid  oilier  eities,  then 
the  iiiilileH  of  Klmiders  and  Braliant  applied  to 
the  nnrtliern  provinees  for  help.  The  roult  was 
atri'aty,  called  the  Pacilhiilion  of  (ilieiil.  wliirli 
oontiniplated  a  general  effort  to  drive  the  Span 
ianis  from  the  whole  laud.  Itiit  not  iniieli  eanie 
of  this  ccinfederaey  ;  the  Calholio  provinees  never 
cooiHrated  with  the  Protestant  provinees,  and 
the  hitter  went  their  own  way  to  freedom  mid 
prosperity,  while  the  former  sank  liaek.  siilnnis 
sive,  to  liieir  ehains. 

For  a  short  time  after  the  death  of  Ueijiiesi'iis, 
Philip  w;is  represented  in  the  Netherlands  hy  his 
illcgiliniale  half-lirotlier,  Don  .lolm  of  Austria; 
but  Don  .lohn  died  in  Oetolier,  l,"i78,  mid  then 
eame  the  great  general,  Alexander  Karnese.  Prince 
of  l'ariii;i.  who  was  to  trv  the  patriots  sorely  hy 
hi'i  military  skill.  In  l''itl),  the  Prince  of  Orange 
(Irciv  ilieiii  more  closely  together,  in  the  I'liion 
of  rireclu.  which  Holland.  Zealand,  (lelderlaiid. 
Ziitplii'ii.  rtreehl.  Overyssel.  and  tfroningcn.stih- 
siriliicl,  and  which  was  practically  the  foiinila 
tion  of  the  Dutch  republic,  though  allegiance 
(0  l'liili|i  was  not  yet  ;enceMiced.  This  followed 
two  years  later,  in  J  ily,  l.'."!,  when  the  Slates 
Giuiral.  as^emhleda'  the  Hague,  passed  a  solemn 
Act  'if  .Vlijumiioii,  which  ileposi'd  Philip  from 
his  -ovi T.  ii'iily  and  transferred  it  to  the  Duke  of 
Aiijoii.  a  prince  of  the  royal  family  of  France, 
vvhoili'l  nothing  for  the  Provinces,  miil  who  died 
s(«in  after.  Ai  the  same  time,  the  immeiliali' 
sii\  IP  iL'Miy  of  Holland  and  Zi'ahind  was  conferred 
oil  till-  Prince  of  Orange. 

In  Mirili,  l.->sj,  Philip  made  his  first  dclilicr 
ate  atleiiipt  to  proeim'  the  assiissinalion  of  the 
I'rin.v.  lie  |ia<|  I'liiered  into  a  contract  for  the 
IHiri"!-".  and  signed  it  with  his  own  hand.  The 
a.ssa-in  1  iiipl'Hcil  faih'd  only  because  the  .sav,'ige 
I'ist"!  U'Minl  he  intlieled,  in'tlie  neck  ami  jaw  of 
hi-  vi'  liin.  di'l  not  kill.  The  inuster-inuiderer. 
ai  Mi'l'M,  was  !iot  discoiira.ired.  He  launched 
hi-  a— .i-sins  line  followin!.'  the  other,  iinlil  six 
hail  iiii'li'  ilicir  trial  in  two  years.  The  sixth. 
one  l!ililu/ar  Cierard.  lu-eoi'nplished  that  for 
wiiidi  li'-  «a- sent,  anil  William  the  Silenl.  wise 
siativiuii  and  adniinilde  patriot,  fell  under  his 
.!■:::■:■.:■::;.-  I'l.  i.Vs4;,  Phiilp  \vas  so  iiiiiiiea.siii - 
ali!.v  il'liu'iiled  at  this  success  tliikt  he  conferred 
ilirie  I'.rlsliips  on  the  [larcnts  of  the  !:i;.rderer. 


WIllimnH  wm,  Maurice,  though  but  eightci'ii 
years  old,  was  immediatelv  chosen  Stiidlholder 
of  Holland,  Zealand  and  i'treclit,  and  High  .\d 
iniriil  of  the  I'nion.  In  the  subsequent  years  of 
the  war,  he  proved  himself  11  general  of  great  ca- 
pacity. Of  the  details  of  the  war  it  Is  impossible 
to  speak.  Its  most  notable  event  was  the  siege 
of  Antwerp,  wliiw  citizens  defended  themselves 
against  the  Duke  of  Parma,  with  aslontshing 
coiiraL'c  and  obstinacy,  for  many  monllis.  They 
capitulated  in  the  end  on  honorable  terms:  biit 
the  •Tospcrliy  of  their  city  had  neeiveil  a  blow 
irom  which  if  never  revived. 

Onei'inore  thesnvcreignty  of  the  Provinces  was 
otlered  to  Queen  Klizals'lh  of  KuLfland,  and  once 
iiiori' declined ;  but  the  i|uei'n  sent  her  f.ivnrite. 
the  Karl  of  Leicester,  with  a  few  thousand  men, 
to  help  the  struggling  Hollanders  (l.")S.-,).  This 
was  done,  not  in  sympathy  willi  them  or  their 
causi',  but  purelv  as  a  self  defensive  measure 
against  Spain.  'I'lie  niggardliness  and  the  vacil 
lations  of  Klizabcth.  combined  with  the  incoiii 
pelency  of  Leiceslcr,  caused  troubles  to  the  Prov 
inces  nearly  eijual  to  the  beiietlt  of  the  forces  lent 
Iheiii.  Philip  of  Spain  was  now  involved  in  his 
iinihrtukings  with  the  Uiiisis  and  the  League  in 
France,  and  in  his  plans  aL'ainst  Kngland.  and 
was  weakened  in  the  Netherlands  for  some  years. 
Parma  died  in  VM.  and  Count  Manstlehl  tmik 
his  pl.ice,  succeeded  in  his  turn  by  the  Maniuis 
Spinola.  The  latter,  at  last,  made  an  honest  re 
port,  that  the  subjugation  of  the  rnited  I'mv 
inccs  was  impracticable,  and.  Philip  II.  being 
now  ilead,  the  Spanish  government  was  induced 
in  Kill'  to  agree  to  a  suspension  of  arms.  A 
truce  for  Iwi'lve  vears  was  arranged;  practically 
it  was  the  termination  of  the  war  of  iiidepeii 
deuce,  and  practically  it  placed  the  t'nited  Prov 
inces  among  the  nations,  although  the  formal 
acknowleilgmeiit  of  their  independence  was  not 
yielded  by  Spain  until  1(U«. 

England  under  Mary. 
While  the  Netherlands  had  olTcrcd  to  Pliiliii.if 
Spain  a  special  tield  for  bis  malice,  there  were 
others  thrown  open  to  him  wliicli  he  did  iml 
neglect.  He  may  be  said,  in  fact,  to  li.ive  whetted 
his  appetili'  for  blood  and  fur  burned  hiini.tn 
llcsh  in  Kngland,  whither  he  went,  as  a  ycuiiig 
prince,  in  l,"i-"il,  to  marry  his  elderly  second 
(iiusin.  Queen  Mary.  Wi  may  be  sure  that  he 
did  not  check  the  anhir  of  his  I'oii.sort,  when  she 
hastened  to  re-establish  the  supremacy  of  the 
Pope,  and  to  rekindle  the  lliesnf  religious  perse 
eution.  The  two  hundred  and  seventy-seven  her 
dies  H  liom  she  is  reckoned  lo  have  burned  may 
ii;ive  seemed  to  him,  evi'ii  then,  an  insignilicanl 
handful.  He  quickly  tireil  nf  hir.  if  not  of  her 
ciiiiL'cnial   work,  and  left  her  in  I.Vm.      In   \"<H 

she  died,  ami  the  Cliurcli  nf  Koine  fell  01 ninre. 

ni'vcr  lo  regain  ils  old  fnoling  nf  aiitlinrilv . 

England  under  Elizabeth. 

Kli/.alictli.  daughter  of  .Vniie  Hnleyii.  who  now 
cjimi*  lo  the  Ihronc.  was  Prnle-tant  by  llic  lirces 
sitii's  of  her  position,  whether  doelrinally  cnn- 
viiici'd  or  nn.  Tlie  Catholics  denied  her  legiti 
niaiy  of  birth,  and  disputed,  tlierefnre.  Inr  right 
lo  liie  crown.  She  depended  iionn  Ilie  Prnies 
lanis  for  her  support,  and  Pre  tanlism.  cither 
aclive  nr  passive.  Iiad  iM-coiie,  vviihnul  'I'Hibl. 
tile  dominant  failh  of  the  nation,  lint  Ihe  mild 
schism  which  fornierlv  took  most  of  its  direction 


'I  ■ 


1095 


!••■■      ■(  • 

\  ■  V    ;  • 

»  ) 

■  Is 


EUHOPE. 


and  Mary  slMarl. 


KUROPE. 


from  LiitluT.  hiul  iinw  Ihtii  [xiwiTfullv  luU'd 
upon  by  the  intlucnci'  of  C.ilvln  (Inirvii  huil 
iMi'ti  the  nftiKc  of  many  mlnUtcn  iinil  Iciiilicri 
who  llcil  from  Miiryu  tin'*,  ami  th<7  ritiirncil  to 
npn^iid  iiiul  (Ici'iMMi  hi  Kntilund  the  »tcrn,  8tron({. 
forml.hiliU'  plily  whii  h  Ciilvln  cvoktil.  Thc«' 
Culvinisiic  I'rotest.mls  now  mniU-  thi'iimclvc!.  fill 
as  a  puny  in  Ihr  »'.ilc,  uml  were  known  en-  lontf 
liy  tliiit  imrni-  wliiih  Ihr  next  ccnturv  n^nilcri'il 
famous  ill  Kn){lish  ami  Ainirlcaii  history  — tlic 
Krivit  niiiiic  of  thf  I'urilanH.  Thi'v  wire  not 
iiilisllid  with  the  slalily.  ili'iorous.  iVrimonioiia 
(,'hiirili  wiiic  h  Elizaliiili  nronstriniiil  nn  llio 
pattern  of  tlir  Chun  h  of  Kdwanl  VI  At  the 
Kami'  time,  no  party  loiild  1k'  oiuitid  mi  more 
miri  ly  for  I  lie  Mipport  of  tlii'  i|HiTn,  siiirc  the 
iiopeof  I'roli  staiilisin  in  Knulaud  de|Hiich'd  upon 
her.  even  as  slie  ».is  dc  inndeiit  iiiion  it. 

The  Ciilholiis,  deiiMin;  leiiitimacv  to  Kli/.a 
ImiIi.  reid;,'iiiied  Mary  (^ueeii  of  Sols"  as  tlie  law 
fill  sovercii^n  of  Kii.t;laiid.  And  Mary  was,  in 
fml.  the  next  in  succ ission,  triuiii):  her  lineage 
OS  staled  lief.ire,  to  tlie  elder  sister  of  lliiirv  VIII. 
If  Kli/,alwiii  liiil  iMcn  willini;  to  fianklv  ai'kiiowl 
edj.'!'  Marys  liiirsliip.  failing  heirs  of  hir  own 
biKly,  it  .seems  prohalile  iIimI  tiie  partisans  of  Ilie 
Seollish  (lueell  would  liave  been  i|uii'ted,  to  a 
Rfeat  extent.  Hut  .Mary  hail  angered  her  bv 
aKsuinim;.  while  in  Fraiiee.  llie  arms  and  stvie  (if 
(iueeii  of  Kn^dand.  Slie  distrusted  and  diiliked 
her  Smart  <oiisin.  and,  mini  over,  the  whole  idea 
of  a  sell  lenient  of  tlie  suiiessioii  was  repiiirnaiit 
to  hi  r  mind.  At  li.e  same  time,  slie  could  not  be 
brou):ht  to  marry,  as  her  Protestant  siibjeels 
wished.  .She  eo(|uelieil  with  the  iiiilion  of  m,ir- 
riao'  tlirouj;h  half  her  reiijii,  but  never  to  „nv 
purpose'. 

Sui  h  Were  the  elements  of  apUation  and  troiibh' 
in  Hnirliind  under  KlizalM'tli.  Theliisteryof  well 
nii.'li  halfa-.eiitury  was  sliaiM'd  in  almosi  all  its 
events  by  tin-  threateiiinir  attitude  of  Catholieism 
uml  its  supporters,  domestic  and  f  ireijrn.  toward 
the  Kmrli^h  ijueen.  She  wiw  supported  bv  the 
majority  of  hersubjecls  with  Htaiim  h  lovaltvand 
fidelity,  even  tliouirli  she  treate-d  thenrnone  tiHi 
Well,  and  Iroiibied  tlii'iii  in  their  verv  defense  of 
Ik  r  by  lur  w  liims  and  capriies.  They  idenlitied 
her  caiw  with  themselves,  uml  took  suili  pride 
In  her  eoura::e  that  they  shut  their  eyes  bi  the 
many  wiakiiessis  that  went  with  it.  She  never 
grasped  III,.  alT.iirs  she  dealt  with  in  a  broadly 
capable  w  ly.     She  never  a<-ted  on  them  with  well 

coii.sidcTnl  jiidi; nt.      Her  ministers,  it  is  dear, 

were  never  able  to  depend  upon  a  reasonable  ac- 
tion of  lur  mind.  Iler  vanity  or  Inr  jeahiusy 
IiiiL'liI  put  rea.soii  in  eclipse  at  any  moment,  anil 
u  skilful  llatterer  could  make  the  queen  as  foolish 
us  a  niilkiiiaid.  Hut  she  hail  a  royal  iciuratre  and 
a  royal  pride  of  country,  and  she  did  make  the 
K'hmI  and  uiory  of  KiiL'land  her  aim.  So  she  won 
the  alTi  elicMi  of  all  Kni;lishinen  whose  heart.s  were 
not  in  t.ie  keepiiiL'  of  the  I'ope,  and  no  monarch 
so  arbitrary  was  ever  more  anlently  udmireil. 

Mary,  Queen  of  Scots. 

In  l.WT,  Mary  Stuart  was  deposed  bv  her  own 
Bubjeets,  or  forced  to  abdicate  in  favor  of  her  in- 
fant son,  .lames.  She  had  alienated  the  .Scottish 
people  first  by  her  nliirion,  and  then  by  l-  -sus- 
pected   personal    crimes.      Ilavim;    m.irried  her 

Sl-coml   enUNin     !I,::ry  SJipirt.    I.-.rd    Drirtliev,  =hi: 

was  aioused  of  Uuiii,'  false  to  him.     Darnley  re 
vengcd  his  supposed  wrongs  an  a  husband  by 


I  lie 

V  in 
l«- 


"I  ill 
I  l.^ili 

l"ll!.l[l 


iniinlprinf;  h.^r  nwrrctury,  Duvld  UUzii.  b 
next  yeard.VJT)  Darnley  wiin  klMed:  Ih.  Ii.i 
the  tarl  of  liothwell  itppeim'il  iiuite  plnri 
the  crime,  and  the  (iiii'en'ii  coinplieit\  «  ,. 
Heved.  Shccontlrined  theHUspieionsat';iiii,i  I,,  r 
self  by  marrylni.'  liothwell  wHin  ufterwird-  Ti„  i, 
her  Mubjecta  rose  against  liiT,  iiiiprl-nn.  (|  j,,  r  i„ 
IjkIi  l,cven  Castle,  and  made  the  Karl.il  Murr,v 
regi'iit  of  the  Kingdom  In  IVW  ,Muri  ...  i|„;| 
from  liiT  Scottish  prison  and  entered  In  .i,,i,,i 
From  that  liiiie  until  her  death,  in  I.'in;  ^u.  „  „ 
u  captive  In  the  hands  of  her  rival,  l^m  ,  i,  jj„^ 
Ixth,  and  was  treated  with  sh'iider  mai.'ii:iiii'iiiu 
More  than  lM'fon\  khe  iK'caine  Ihe  bm 
Irigiies  and  conspiracies  wliieb  thnaii  i 
the  throne  and  the  life  of  Elizabeth.  aii>l 
ing  feeling  of  hostility  to  the  wreiilii  i 
was  inevitable. 

Ill  l."(l,  I'ope  I'iiis  V.  i.ssued  against  l.li/,l,i|i 
his  formal  bull  of  excomiiiuniciitioii.  :iii.,,iiiin 
her  siibji.cts  from  their  allcgiani  e.  Thj,  ,,iii[  k" 
em.il,  of  (ourse,  Ihe  activitvof  the  ploin  rMi^jmi.t 
the  ipncn  andst't  treason  astir.  I'liesN  IrMiu  i|,i. 
Knglish  Catholic  Ki'ininary  at  Douai.  iifl.  rii.iril.« 
at  Uhein.s,  began  to  make" their  appearm..  in  il,,. 
country:  a  few  Jesuits  came  over;  and  li.ili  uiri. 
active  agents  of  the  schemes  on  fool  »lii,  I,  i..|i 
templatediheseatingof  .Mary  Stuart  on  I  In  ii,rnni. 
of  KlizaN'th  Tudor.     Some  of  thcsi.  eMii«Mirii.s 

N.eri'  execiiteil,  and  they  are  ciainled  an •  tlir 

martyrs  of  the  Catholic  Church,  wliii  h  i.  a  v.  ri 
oils  mistake.  The  I'rotestantism  of  the  >i\i,,  nlli 
ci'iitury  was  ipiiti  capable  of  reliL'ioiH  |irr-..u 
tiiin.  even  to  death ;  but  it  has  no  respoii-iliiliiii-s 
of  that  nature  in  these  F;iizabethaii  casi  s  .\,a 
matter  of  fact,  the  religion  of  the  .Iisiiit  viiif,  nrs 
in  the  reign  of  Klizalnah  was  a  mere  iiu  i.|.  iii  m 
taehiiig  itself  to  a  high  political  iriiiie,  «  In,  li  :i,> 
nation  ha-.  ..ver  forgiven. 

The  plotting  went  on  for  tweiiiy  \,,,i.,  U, ,  |, 
ing  the  nation  in  unrest;  while  biyinel  i;  ili,  r,. 
were  tliickenii;g  signs  of  a  great  proj,,  i  .■!  inv:i 
sioii  in  the  sinister  mimi  of  I'hilip  II  .\i  li.i. 
in  I.Wfl,  tlic  coolest  councillors  of  Kli/i'" 'lj  jht 
siiailed  her  to  bring  Mary  Sluarl  |,,  iri:i!  f„r 
uUeged  complicity  in  a  c,rnspiraev  ,,l  ,i":i"in,i 
tion  which  hud  lately  come  to  light.  (  "ini.  l,-,!. 
and  condemned  to  death,  Mary  einl,,!  I,  r  nuI 
life  on  the  seullold,  at  Fotheringav,  ,m.  lii,  •'\h 
of  February,  l,"i87,  AVliethiT  giiilt'v  or  -iiil;l,-^s 
of  any  knowledge  of  what  had  Ihiii  il.ii.  i;,  li,r 
name,  against  the  peace  of  England  aii.l  ,_-,;H-t 
the  life  of  the  English  queen,  it  caiiiiMt  b,  il  .ti.'lit 
strange  that  I'roU'Stunt  England  t,.,.k  In  r  lit. 

The  Spanish  Armada. 

-V  great  burst  of  wrutli  inCallioli,.  Tin  :>-  «;,.s 
caused  by  the  execution  of  .Mary,  and  r,i;!|i,if 
Spain  hastened  forwani  his  vast  pr,.|,;,i.i;i  i,-  f.r 
the  invasion  uml  comiuest  of  Englaii.l  b,  lis'*. 
tlie  •■  invincible  armi«la,"as  it  was  Ii.j.l.I  |,i 
be,  .sail(.d  out  of  the  harliors  of  l'.,iii,.'ii  iml 
Spain,  and  wri'ckeil  itself  with  cliim-i  i'  '■• '  rii.v 
on  till'  Hrilish  and  Irish  coasts.  Ii  -.  i,  .  i\  ,!i,l 
more  than  give  sport  b>  the  eager  Ki:..;  '■  -  ;1  r- 
wlio  seattereil  its  helpless  shipsaiul  1,.;.  I  ilmii 
down.  Philip  troubled  £nglan,l  n,.  i.,  p,  and 
conspiracy  ceased. 

England  at  Sea. 

Hut  the  undcci.in,,!,  h.iif  pir,,;;. ,,:  -...rf^ir.- 
which  private  adventurers  had  been  ,  ■■: .  i  i;:  "D 
against  Spenish  commerce  for  many       ,;•  ;i,i* 


109G 


EUROPE 


Wan  of  RfUQion 


EUUOPE 


,f,|i,lriil  fmh  eneW-  I>n»ln-.  Unwklnn.  »V.- 
bulii  r  (Iri'DvIl,  lUlflRh.  "ere  the  litn>lc  Hpiriirt 
(if  ilil«  fnHTprldliiK  warfare ;  hut  they  hail  ninny 
(ellows.  It  wttH  iIh"  »chm)l  of  the  future  navv  <if 
Eii)[l«iiil.  iiikI  the  ftiundathiim  of  the  BrUI»h  Km 
nln"  KiTi'  laid  clown  hy  tiioiic  who  ciirrlfil  It  on. 
Othcrwlw'.  Kli/alM'th  hiicl  Utile  '.iir  upon  liir 
baniU.  ixi'eptin  Inliiml,  wlier-!lie»lHteiif  nilwry 
indilisoriliTliadiilremly  1h>.'»  lonj;  rlironie.  The 
Brit  nnllv  co-npUle  coniiueKt  of  the  Inland  wu» 
KT(ini|ili»lii'd  liy  l/ord  Mountjoy  Ix-tween  IfWK) 
10.1  ItKM. 

Intellectual  Eogland. 

But  III  Itherthe  political  imuldei  nor  the  nnvnl 
Hnil  military  triuniphu  of  Knxland  durlnj?  Ilie 
nlgn  "f  Kli/alH'th  ari'  of  nr  '■  Inipirtanee.  after 
all.  ciiinpared  with  the  woi  il  HowerinK  of 

Ihp  ({iniiw  of  the  nation  wuun  t(Hik  plaee  in 
that  njie  Sluikedpeare,  Hpenser.  Haeon.  U<ii 
J„ii*m.  Marlowe,  (looker,  ItaleiKh,  Sidney,  an' 
tlip  cria'  faelnof  EUzabeth'n  time,  and  it  HlilneH 
with  ilie  luster  of  their  nauiea,  the  jM'riod  most 
gloriii-.is  in  Kngllsh  hUtory. 

The  RelisiouB  Wart  in  France. 

Wlicnur  tlie  stealthy  iirm  of  the  inlluenci'  of 
Philip  II  of  Spain  eoiild  reach,  tlicn'  the  ('alho- 
lie  nmtion  of  his  lime  liHik  on  a  maliifimnt 
fiirm.  In  Fninee,  it  in  (piile  prolialile  lliut  Ihe 
Ciilhuliis  iind  Ilie  lluuuiiiots,  it  left  to  them 
seivis.  wiiuld  have  come  to  lilow.s;  liut  it  is  cer 
mill  tliiil  the  meddlim:  tinjrers  of  the  Spanish 
kiDK  put  llireeiiesM  ami  fury  into  the  wars  of  re 
ligioii,  whicli  ritfed  from  ITWi  to  l.'ilMl,  and  that 
till  V  wen;  prcilonijed  liv  his  eneinim),'eiiient  and 
hilii 

I'liiliiTiue  de'  Mediei.  lo  dtrcngtlicn  lierwlf 
muirist  tlietiui.ses,  after  the  deal li  of  Kraiieis  II  . 

oHiriil  iitnntions  for  a  li to  Ihe   lluijiienot 

noliles,  anil  eiicouraBiil  lliem  lo  .-.xiiecl  a  hiru'e 
ami  luslini;  nieasun' of  toleralion.  She  went  so 
fiir  tiiiil  tile  Huguenot  intluence  iit  court,  sur 
rinnnliiii;  Ilie  yoiinsf  kiuK,  iH'came  very  Hcrioiisly 
alaniiiii!.'  In  ciitliiilie  onliKikers.  mith  at  Iionieand 
ii\>xn.u\.  .\iiiun){  the  many  remons:r.inees  ad- 
ilr.sMil  In  Ihe  (|ueeiire«ent.  Ihe  one  which  ap 
piirs  In  Inn  Ik  111  decisive  in  its  elfcct  came 
fmm  riiilip  He  cohlly  sent  her  won  1  'hat  he 
iiiliii'l..!  In  inlirfere  InFninee  and  lo  cslalilisli 
till'  Mipn  iii;icv  of  Ilie  Calhclie  Church ;  that  lie 
siinwll  i;ivi'  Ills  support  for  that  piirposi?  lo  any 
mil'  hi'  ml  nf  the  Cliurch  «  ho  iiiiirht  niiiiest  ii. 
Wlnilnr  CrilliiTine  had  entertained  an  honest 
piirpn-i- nr  nni.  in  her  dealing;  wiili  Ihe  IliiL'iie- 
iiiiis.  ilii^  ilirral,  with  what  lay  hchiiii'  it,  put  an 
ciiil  In  ihi'  linpc  nf  jusliec  for  Iliem.  It  is  Inie 
llul  all  a>-i  iiilily  of  notalili'S.  in  .laiiuary.  l.'iH'.'. 
itiil  pr^jn^f  :i  law  wiiicli  Ilif  iiueeii  put  rnrtli. 
ill  «hu  i>  known  as  ilie  "  Kdiit  of  .laniiary." 
will  nil  till'  lliiiruiniils  were  L'ivin,  for  the  lirsl 
tinii .  :i  It  _':il  rrcofxnitinn.  cnrisiiii^  In  Im'  outlaws, 
iin.l  tti  ri'  |«  rniilled  to  hnlil  iiiiitini:s.  in  liic  day- 
(iMlr,  ill  nptu  places,  oiit^idc  nf  wallrii  cities; 
I'll!  iliiir  elmreiics  were  taken  iiway  fmiii  iliem, 
tiny  vii,'  Inrliiilcleii  to  huild  nmre.  and  they 
C'luM  lit.l.l  11,1  itieetiiii;s  ill  walled  towns.  It  was 
a  ill.  i-iire  of  inleratioii  very  dilTiTcnt  from  that 
wiiii  li  III.  y  liiiil  lu'cii  led  to  e.vpect ;  and  even  the 
li;i!i'  ii,iti-,l  out  hy  this  Kdict  of  Jr.iuary  was 
scu.M  .!.,.u  n.  i,>  iiave  no  iruarantee.  Within  three 
nil  ml.-,  till'  Duke  of  (iuisu  had  found  an  oppor 
luuiiy  l.jr  eshihiting  his  contempt  of  the   new 


law,  hv  onlerinn  his  armed  followers  to  attark  a 
connn'Kalioii  al  Va.ssy.  killinK  fifty  and  woundlnit 
two  hiiiidn'il  of  the  JMBeefiil  wornhlppers.  ThU 
oiilniKe  dnive  the  lliiKuenots  lo  arms  and  Ihe 
civil  wars  lie^'an. 

The  frivolous  Anthony.  KiiiK  of  Navarre,  had 
iKi'n  won  hack  to  the  Ca'lliolic  shie,  llinslaunch 
wife,  Jeanne  d'.Mlirel.  with  lar  youiiit  son,  Ihe 
futun'  Henry  IV..  and  his  limllier,  Louis,  I'rincc 
of  Coiide.  nniained  true  lo  their  faith.  Condo 
was  Ihe  chief  of  the  parly  Next  lo  him  in 
nink.  and  llrst  in  nal  worlh'and  >.  .iclil.  was  the 
nohle  Admiral  ('oli«ny.  The  llrst  w  ar  was  brief, 
llioii;;h  hin»{  enniidh  lo  cud  the  caners  of  .\n 
thony  of  Navarre,  kiUed  in  liattle.  and  Ihe  Duke 
of  (iiiise,  lussassinalcd.  Peace  was  made  in  1.">II3 
IliroiiKh  a  lomproiiiise,  which  conceded  certain 
places  lo  Ihe  lluiruenols,  wlienin  llii  y  iiiiRlit 
worship  Gml  in  their  own  way  Hut  il  was  a 
hollow  peace,  mill  Ihe  inalieiiiiis  tinker  of  Ihe 
(jrcat  luaslirnf  ii«sassins  at  .Madrid  never  ceasi'd 
pickiiiL'  at  il  111  l."ilMI.  civil  war  limke  out  a 
si'cond  lime,  continuini;  until  l.'iill.  lis  principal 
hallles  wen.  thai  of  .larnac,  in  which  Conde  was 
taken  prisoner  and  hasely  a.ssasainated  hy  his  cap 
lors,  and  that  of  Moiiciintour.  The  lluiruenols 
were  defeated  in  iKilh.  After  the  death  of  Coiide, 
youti);  Henry  of  Navarre,  who  had  reached  his 
iiftcenlli  year,  was  chosen  lo  he  the  chief  of  the 
party,  with  t'olin.iy  for  his  instriiclor  in  war. 

ARain  peace  was  niiiile,  on  a  hasis  of  sli),'ht 
concessions.  Henry  of  Navarre  married  the 
KiiiLTssisler.  Martraret  of  Valois;  prior  lo  which 
he  and  his  inoilier  lisik  up  their  nsidence  with 
Ihe  court,  at  I'aris,  where  Jeanne  d'Alhrel  soon 
sickened  and  die.'.  The  Admiral  foliirny  ai' 
(piind,  appannlly.  a  marked  intlucnie  over  the 
iiiind  of  the  yniiiii:  kini;;  and  once  mnn'  then" 
seemiil  lo  Ih'  a  siiiiliiiu'  fulure  foi  the  Iteformcd. 
Hut damnahletnachcries  were  hidden  underneath 
lliis  fair  I  liowini;.  Tlie  most  hideoiis conspiracy 
of  niiMlern  times  was  Ik  in;;  planned,  al  the  very 
inomcnl  of  the  oslentatious  peace  niarriiiBc  of 
IheKinirof  Navarre,  and  the  iliief  parlies  lo  it 
were  Catherine  ile'  .Medici  and  Ihe  (iiiisis,  whosi; 
evil  incliiialiniis  in  conimon  had  liroui;lit  Iheui 
loirelher  at  la^I.  On  the  'J-'d  of  .Vii^usI,  l.'iTJ, 
Coliiliiy  was  wi'iinded  liy  an  assa-^iii.  employed 
liy  the'widnw  lunl  son  oi'tlie  liile  l>uke  of  (Juise, 
whose  ileiitli  they  charged  auainst  him,  iiotw  ith 
standim;  his  pmlcslalimis  of  innoceiic,'.  Two 
ilavs  liiler.  the  nionslrous  and  aliimsi  iiicn'dilile 
Massacre  of  St,  liiirtliolniiiew'..  Day  was  lietfiiu. 
I'aris  was  full  .if  lliitrueiinls  —  the  heads  of  the 
party  —  its  incii  of  weiijlit  and  inllueiice  —  who 
had  I. .'Ill  drawn  to  the  eapital  liy  Ihe  Kinj;  of 
Navarn-s  marriin-'e  and  liy  the  suppoMil  new 
era  of  favor  in  wliieh  Ilii'.- siiiiiil.  To  cm  these 
oir  was  lo  deeapilale  l'rnle>iaiilisiii  in  France, 
aii.l  thai  WHS  Ihe  purpose  nf  ilie  infenial  schenie. 
The  weak  iiiinde.l  youiii:  kiiii;  was  not  an  oriijiiial 
parly  lo  the  pinl.  When  everythiii,!;  had  lieeii 
planned,  he  was  easily  excited  liy  a  tale  of  pn' 
leiideil  1  ;ueiint  conspiracies,  and  his  asMUt  to 
siiiiimarv  ..leasures  of  preveiilion  was  secured. 
.V  little  afler  inidiiiu'lii.  nu  the  moriiin;;  of  Sun- 
day. AuL'iist  •i\.  the  si::iial  was  liiveii.  liy  Cath- 
erine's onh  r.  whicli  li  I  lons|.  a  wailiui;  suanii  of 
assjissins,  Ihnninlioul  I'liris.  on  tlie  \ieliiiis  who 
had  Iseii  iiiarkeil  for  them.     The  IIui;iii'nois  had 

hail  ji.i  waniin;:  ;    lllev  were  laki'Il  eVerv w  here  liy 

surprise,  and  Ihcy  were  easily  munlered  in  tlieir 
beds,  or   hunted. low  n  in  their  ho|icless  lliglit 


513 


1097 


'Pii,f!W|^fi 


I'l  I.  I      \    '  > 

.1.  i,..ur 


KIKdl'K 


llrnrii  fif  Vi\t,n» 
»i»t«(  Hrnri/  it/  Sttinr 


Kl'K<»l'K 


m 


Vv 


Tlir  iimM,.  (  nllanv,  |iro>lriilcd  l.y  111.-  w.iund  lir    :    (il.irr  iii  IliWr  rliitf.     Tlir  h.ml.)f  111.   II  ,  .,„  „  , 
hii.l  r.-..l\..l  |«,.  .Iin,  l»f.,rc.  HiiNkill.'.l   in  hi-.    '    »««  ii.iv*  llii.  h.  I' iiri«iim|illn' I..  II... . ,,.  mj     ,i 

HmiiiUr.  iiri.l  hi«  li...|j  ||,i,n,  ,,.,|  ,,f  ||„.  nii,.|.,H  ili,.  wnhlini.  In.  ii.iil.l.'  1.Im«  h.is  li.in     i,„,,  i  " 

llMy.Miiii,'  link.    ..f  (iiiU.  >i.«h|  wiiilinif  In  111.'  I.v  lii»  f.ar  ..f  (I.iIh.' I.i  l.»>k  I..  Ijh  Hum r  l' 

.-..url  l»'l..H.  l..i,'liMl  ..n  lli.-.nr|...',in.l  III  hiiHi'ly  r,,r   riii|>|i..rl        ll    «;i«   n   »lrniii.'.'    Miuuii.,,    "l, 

»|.nrn  il  «iili  his  f„,.i  |,>m  j,  „„,|,,„,nl  „  siiii.l.r  .hiuiL'.'      .;,..,   „  ' 

111.' niii-^i.r.' ill  l.iri-*  Has  .arri.-.l  ,,n  llir...ii;ii  liU  l.n.lli.  r.  III.' Canlinal    w.-r.' In.iIi  „, ,    ,.    . 

'"""''-''"•' I  !»..  liu.v,;  iin.l,  f.ir  iiii.n-  ll.an  II  In    Hi.'    kind's    l..,h  irnar.!     a.  tin-    ui.l.rt' 

ni..nlli  l..||„Hini:,  th.' .xanini.' ,.f  ih.- .  apilai  was  kiut's  ..r.i.Ts.  in  llM'r..ial  i-.si.l.n.  .■  .11  il,.  1  ,.'1! 

nniiai..!  irM.lli.r.ili,s,.t    1- nui.  .■,  us  ll,..  n.ws  .,f  ..f  |l|,,is      Wli.'ii  III,,  iniii.l.r  lia.l  I.. ,  „  .|  ,     ,1 

»liai  ».r..  .ail.-.l    ■ili.'   I'aris   Maliiis  '   iva.  I,.,|  .nHanilv    kin-   s|Mini.'.l    liis  ,l.a.|    .„..„'.    «.,|, 

111.  Ill       II..' Iiilal  nnnili.  r  ..f  vi.lirns  in  111..  kiiiL'  I. is   Iin.i,    us    ()ni„..   si\t...n    v.i.rs    I..  1   ,.     |V 

.l..m  isisinnai..!  varimi-ly  lu  liai..  Is.  ii  ImIh.  .11  simrii..!  Hi..  innnl.'r...l  CiliiinC    aii.l  mhI      |  '„ 

IH.^nly  lli.iiisan.l  aii.l  .hm-  liiiinir.  .1  lli.iiisanii.  Iviii;.'  iil  laM    '     II..  was  inisiak,  11       Hi,  ,>,il,.,i  'i,' 

ll.nry   nl    Navarr..   uri.l  11,,-  y.niiii;  I'riiii,.  ..f  vaiiisli...l  »  illi  Hi.,  vil..  ,|..,..|  In  v>  hi.  Ii  l„. ,  v., ,'  , 

(  .iii.i....Ma|,...|  Ih.ina-sa.r...  I.iil  lh..>  «a\...l  Hi.  ir  t..  n  invli-i.ral..  il.      I'aris  Im.k..  iiii .,„'i,|..l 

liv.sl,yali.M'"'nli..,ilal.iiiraii..n..fHi.irr..|iL-i..ii  li  m.     Th..  I..ai;ii..  r »..|  llsa.liiii,  n.,,     .., 


Th"  slriiii;:..si    ii.wn   in  Hi..   |>.i»s.ssi.rii  .,f  Hi. 

Ilii:;n.ii..ls  w  IS  l.a  li.i.  h.ll...  ami  ynal   nninl..  rs 

..f  Hi.ir  iiiinisi.  rs  an.l  |i...|ih.  ,.f  mark  wli.isin 

viv.il  III.,  niassa.r..  11..W  l.uik  r.fn:.'..  in  thai  .il\. 

"iili  i"  I ill.  lahl..  Ii.»ly  ..r  arnii..|   iiii'ii      'i'ii.. 

rity.il  I'nri.s  laid  si..^..  i,.' Hi.,  .iu .  l.nt   ina.l..  iim 

iiniiri.,sii.n  ..11  iN  .l.l.nii  s.      IVa.'.-  was  .•.m.iiii.l 

in  111..  .n.|  ..n  I. mis  nlii.li  imaiii  ppunis...!  Hi.. 

Iluu'ii.  ii.iis  soini'  lihiriy  ..f  \v.ir~lii|i      lint  ihir.' 

H.is  11.1  sirn.rity  in  il. 

In  I-".:!,  Charhs  IX   .li..l,  and  his  l.r.illi.r.  Hi.. 

iMik..   ..f    Aiij...!.   Willi   liail    lal.  ly   li...n    .h-.l...! 

Kiiiu' .if  I'olan.l.  raiiawayfri.nl  his  I'.ilisli  ia|.i 
lal  wiih  .lisi,'ra...fiil  liasl.'"  ami  siir. ,  v.  I.,  s..  iir.. 
111.'  |.'r.ii.li  ..mwii.      II.'  was  Hi.,  nii.'sl  w.irlhl.'.ss 

i.f  III.     \al..is  M..,li.,aii   lir I.  anil   Hi..  Kr.ii.li 

niiiri  in  his  r.  i:.'n  allain.il  iis  l..»..vt  .h  plh  ..f  .h  ;; 
ra.laliiiii.  Th..  .-..nl.  n.iiiiif  nliu'Liiis  w.r..  si»in 
al^war  ai.'ain.  willi  Hi..  u.."nsi.im...l  ri-siill.  in 
l.'iTH.  I.f  aiiiillnr  sh.irtliv.il  |i..a.-..      Tli.'  ('allin- 

li.s  w.r..  .livi.h.l  ini..  I»,.  fa.  Ii..ns. fanalhal ., ,„„  „„  „.„  ,„ 

l..||.,\niit.'    III..    <.nis,.s.   III..   ..ih.r  .•lanp.is.-.l   i,f       In  w.ii.l  ni.in..v  an.l  Ir.H.|is  inl.i  l-'raii...      'I 

ni.i.l..ral..  111.11.  .•allm..'ih..nis.lvi  sihi.  I'l. lili. III. s.  ..riii.'S  ..f  his' insiirnilh.anl  h.miIh,i,  VI  .■;•■; 
wh.ihal.-.l  Hi.,  ^|.allls|,  inllii.n...  iin.l.Twhi.liih,-  iralcl  .111  llir  .l,.sir<.  t.i  k..-p  Hi..  Imvii,,!  i;,  ,r 
(.iiisiswii-..  always  a.  lint',  an.l  wh.iH<r..willini,'  ii..s..  fr..iii  Hi..  Hin.n.'  ..f  Kraii....  Ili,i  l,i,,|.ili 
In  iiiak..  I.iiiis  Willi  Hii.  Ilin;ii.iM.|s.  Th..  (iiiis.s  his  pnwrrs  w..ri.  n.i  liiim'cr  ...pial  I.,  hi,  iniliir' 
11ml  th..  viliia(atli..li.s  11, ,w  ..ri;aiiiz...|  tlir.iiinii  In- was  mill  Nlai;i;..rini' tiiiil<.rili..  Mi.u  whirl,,!,' 
.•Ill    braii.v  a  «r.al  .lalli  l.,piin,|  "IIlIv  I,..ai;iii.  ■.       slr..v...l  his  j.'r.al  Annii.lii 

will,  h   l...ain..  s„  f.,rnii,lalil..  in  p.iw.r  that  111..    ,        II..|irv    r......iv..||    winir    li..lp    in    1 ,n    (,  „„ 

kin-  I.H.k  Irmlit,  piu  InniM.lf  at  Hi.,  h.-ail  .if  il.  .  (Jii(.<n  Klizalnlli,  uii.l  .-,.IKK(  Kn,'li,li  :,,.rs„.,i, 
aii,l  r,.ip..ii...l  war  wiHi  Hi,.  U,f.,rni...l.  ..ami-  ..v.r  I.,  j,.iri   his  iiniiv.      II,.  w  ..   ,.,   ,M,r 

M,.r..an(liii,,n'.  lli,M,,iilliil,il  ri'lini.iiis  U...aiiii.  ni'mnil  llian  iinv  ani.inir  lii's  i,p|"iii,  111-  ,1  '  I.. 
...iiliisiil  wilh  .|n..sii,i,is  i.f  p,i|iii(.s  ami  ini.snl  iniiil..  Ii..aihvav  a-aiiisl  Hi.in  His  m,],  ,;,|i,l  ,  j, . 
Willi  p.r>.,nal  ipiarnls.     Al  .,11..  liin...  Hir  kin-s       l.irv  at  Ivrv.  ,111  Hi..  Itilinf  Mar,  h    l.-.li,.  ii..|  ir- 


'Ut    Kmiii...     Till-   kiiiu,  aliaii.1,,11,  ,1  ,,, 

,'n  all  si.|..s.  Iri'l  n.iw  n.>  ...iirs..  ..p.  n  j,.  ii,,,,  ),,,j 
an  iillian...  wilh  ll.nry  ..f  Naiarr.  .ii.il  i!,, 
llii;,'n.'n,iN  Th..  alliani.'  was  .-If.,  i.il,  mM  ii„. 
IH,.  Il.iirys  Jiiin,,l  fi.r.-.s  1.,  snluln,.  ii,,,irr,,,t 
I'aris.  Whil..  Hi,'  si.'-..  ..f  Hi.,  .in  w,,  ,.,  .."r.  • 
r.ss  (l.Vxiii.  Il.-nry  111.  f.ll  a  \hiiiii.  i:,  l,!,V,m 
1,1  111..  iiiiir.l..r..iis  mania  nf  his  .l.pr  n.  .1  ;,_•,  ,,n.\ 
...inrl.      II..  Hasassassinil.'il  ti_\  a  I  in.iii,  ,1  nmnk 

Henry  of  Navarre. 

n,'nry  ,,f  Na\arr..  m.w  si.p,  ini..  M,.  i.ir, 
1,'r,, 1111,1  , if  Kri'ii.h  hisinry,  as  Hiiin  |\  ,1,,mi.| 
Kini;  i.f  Kram,.  as  w.ll  lis  .if  Navaii,  .  :,i,  1  r,  i.|i 
I,,  pn.v..  his  r.iyal  liH.'  Iiv  a  in,..,'  u-,  :  ,1  r.  ■!! 
Hi.'in    111..     Kri'ii.'li    nali.in "  lia.l    km.vin   -in.,    ji 

l.iM'ii'.l  Si.  I is,  hi,  lasl  aiici  sl.ir  ,.ii  li,    liir,.., 

Hill  his  liil..  was  r,','.iL'ni/,..(l  al  lirsl  I,'.  1.  ,.  ,i|! 
sill,.  Hi.,  parly  .if  Hi..  llii-ii.n.iN,  II,,.  |,,  ,_.,„ 
w..nt  i.p.nly  ini,,  nlllaii. ..  wilh  I'liilip  ,,1  >.,,in, 
wli.icvi.ii  half  sl.ippi'.l  his  war  in  Hi,.  \,  tl„  il  ,i„l, 

t ...1     ,    ._  !       .  11 


y. .1111^1  r  lir,.Hii'r.  Hi..  Dnk..  ,,f  A1.'M..',iii,  ha.l  j.',,iii. 
.i\.r  I..  111..  IIiiuii.'ii,,!  si. I,-;  lint  siav.,1  .inly  hini: 
.n.iu-h  l,,...\t.irt  fr,,in  lli.'.,iiirt  siini,'  app.iini 
III,  Ills  whi.li  h..  .l.'sir.'.l.  I'll.,  kill::,  im.r..  ih' 
spi-.,l  hy  his  Milij.'.'ts  than  any  kin-  .,f  Kram.' 
ll.  r,,r.  him  lia.l  ..v.r  li...'n,  >:'r.'W  iinriasin-lv 
j,  ih.iis  an.l  afraiil  .rf  Hi,.  p,,piilarily  ami  slnn-rh 
.,f  Hi,'   llii;>....f  (iiiis,'.  wh.iwas  pn.vin.-  I.)  h. 


I.'.l  liisf.ill.iw.rsan.l  t.«,k  ll.  art  fr,,iii  III,'  I.,  .... 
II..  was  ilrivf.ii  fnini  his  sii!is..,pi,  ni  -i^'  ,| 
I'aris  hy  11  Spanish  ariiiv.  iimlir  l!i,'  |i:,l,"  ,1 
I'ariii..i;  Imi  th..  v..ry  inl|."rf.'r.'M.'i'  ,'f  il:,'  s;  .,:i!-h 
kiiii;  hrlp...!  1,1  tiirii  Kr..n.  h  f.iliii-  in  Ihi.rv, 
fav.ir.  On  th..  •J,-,th  ,if  .liilv.  |.",!i:l.  h,'  pr.i,  i.  .'i;v 
..\tin),'iiislii',|  til..  ,,pp.,'.ili,',n  1,.  him-.  If  l\  lii- 
liiial  siihniissi.in  In  Hi.,  t'linr.li  ,,f  lt.,iii.       ll  .i  1- 


: "■  "'""".IS  j...r»inw   I,,  i,(.  ,-t  iiiiai  suiiniissi.in  [.I  111..  I  liur. 

nian  ,piil.'  siipirnT  1,,  his  falli.r  in  .apaliilil  v.  an  easy  lliim;  fur  liiin   t.,  .l"      Hi,  r  li   , 'u  -.n 

I. Ills,.   ,,11    his  si.li'.   was  mail..  arr,,-aiit    liy  his  li-litlv"  on   him.      II..  lia.l   a.'.'.pi,,!   il    It  in  !,i, 

,:'ii„'  ,,|   pMU,'r.  ami  his  aniliiii..n  .s.,ar,'.|    hifh.  in.ithi.r;  li..  lia.l  a.lli.'r...l  I,,  il  -  ii'  ■   r,;::,!,!!!- 

Ih.r,    w,r.' r.  as.ins  l..r  iH'iu'Vin-  Iliat  li...li,l  ii<,i  as  th,Mr...',l  ,,t  a  parly      11..  ...nM  -iv   ii  !,^  in 

''"^."l ""■  tlii-'.n..  ils.'lf  as  l,,y,,ii,|  his  n.i.'h.  I'Sihan-..  f.ir  ll...  .r.lwn  .if  Kram,'   ^m.l  I  ,!  i„> 

Aliir  l.,s|    u|„n  Hii'  Diik..  ..f  Al.  n,,,iii  (l)nk,.  Irnulil..   .,f   ..|ins('i..m ...      lint    th..   li.l' ::':.!   r, 

.,f  Aii.j,,ii  iin.i,  r  his  hill  r  liil.i.li.'.l.  II  ii.'w  p.iliii.  '    li-i.,n    in     Kram  !■   was    r.'allv    l,..m  11:.  I    1.    IM 

.al  .|ii,'s|i,.ii.  va-ily  ilistiirl.in-.  was  hr,iiii;lil  inti,  ap.istai.y.      l'..a.'i.  .am..  I.i  th..  kin '.1.  i.i    i-  'li,' 

•'"■"'■.'■•     ."'■"  '''■■''''  li'll  II"  li.ir  t.i  till,  .r.iwn  in  .',in.s..,pi"i.n....,— a  pi.a.'i.  nf  iiianv  y,  ar,    -  '  :  ^hr. 

111..  \  alias   111.',  ami  111,-  Kim;  ,,f  Navarri'.  ..f  Hi..  ,    llii.i-iicmits  w.r..  shi'llcri-.l    iii".',;ii-i,i,riM.    r. :, 

ll.ms,.  ,,r  |l,Hirl",ii.  Was  m.u  m.anr  in   liirih  In  I    jriniis  fri.i..lnni  l.y  Hi..  p..a<'.'      Il.iirv  >■  ■  iin -I  i' tn 

111.' tlirnn,.  than  any  nilnr  liviii-  piisin,       ll.nrv  !    th.-in  in    i.','.!".   liv  !!:.■   fanmi:-;  K,!i':'i   ,1'   V.;:.!,-. 

iiml     inii^;  .  ri.    this,  rclra.  t.'.l    l.ii  alijnratinn  nf  •    wliicli  rcmuiut-d"  in   Inr.V.'  for  iK'arlv  a   I.  .i..lr,',! 

1,.^'.  hii.l  n.jnin.'.l  tho  llu,!,'ucii.its  anil  taken  his  years. 

1098 


■Mi: 


ll*; 


KIHOI'K 


TIm'  rr\ltn  nt  Henry  IV  wii»  mii'  nf  llii-  »iili< 
tiulorv  |><rii»l»  ill  tlir  llfi'  >if  Fnimr.  mi  fur  iix 
ii.nc«rii«  llw  nmtcriiil  |in>«|MTil,v  i>f  Ihr  imti'm 
II,.  wiw  »  miiri  iif  pilripiiif.  kiiii  liilillid.  «illi 
nnnnc'»><  nf  will  iiiid  iliwlliltv  <l  I111111.T.  l>iil 
w,.„k  Mil  llic  incinil  Mr.  Ili'  win  nf  llioiu'  wlm 
Kill  iuliiiiniliim  ami  frli'iicl<liii> .  iisil\ ,  iiml  lif  n- 
niiilM«  tni.lllic'rmlly  tlw  mo^t  |M.|.iiliir  ..f  Kr.  n.  Ii 

kiiiL"'.      Hf    111"'    "»'    (fi'iiii"    f'""    Ki'M" Ill 

»lil>h  «<>  ririlv  riilnclil'it  willi  r".V'il  liinli  A 
»U  iiiiiilHlir.  ilii'  I>iik>'  nf  Sully  ir.ivi-.l.iliilil.v 
10  Ills  iiiraKiiriH,  iinil  Iwlw.iii  lliiiii  iImj  mh 
wiIihI  In  ri'iiiiirkalilv  liii|irci\iii_' iiiiil  |iriirii..liiii; 
Ihc  iiirrlciilliinil  iimf  the  iii.iiiiifiii  tiirJML'  itnlus 
trirs  ..f  KriiniT,  <IT;ii'iiii,'  lln'  ilr^tnic  iIm'  riT.  ru 
i.f  till'  liiiii;  I  ivil  will  ■,  ui"l  liriiiL-iiiu'  iroii.Miiv  iiml 
i.nliT  liii'i  till'  tlimiKi-' I'f  ll'i-  I'Ni  iliiinliiMil  111 
lion.  IliHiiwfiil  iiirii  r  wiiscinlnl  liy  iiii  ii-.».i>-.lii 
111  ItllO 

Germany  and  the  Thirty  Ye»ri  War. 
'I'lii.  riiutliiimrv  »;ir-i  nf  riliui"ii  in  (iiriiiniiy 
niini.  hiilf  II  ciiiliiry  lali  r  llinii  in  Kriinc  >■,  Wliili- 
111,.  Iiiliir  roiinlrv'wiis  liriiii;  l"in  liy  111,'  Iuiil; 
,iiil  ,niilli(t»  wfilcli  ll.iiry  IV  liruiii;lit  In  an 
Hill.  Ill,'  fiiriiu  '  wiH  iH  iii'iirlv  ill  Ilic  rii|iivinc'iit. 
nf  ri'lU'l'ius  |>iiiri'  ii.<  till-  ini-rnililc  iMiiii  niiciiK  in 
til,.  l».-i.ni  "f  I'mlc'SliiiitiMii.  Ixlwrrii  l.nllirriiis 
aii.l  Ciihini-lH  dlif  liillir  iii"n'  1  luiiiipnily  calliil 
•■111!'  liilurini'il"),  wi'iil'l  liirinil  On  llir  iilnli 
i-iiti"n  nf  Cliiirli.s  v..  In  1.>>*I.  In'  Innl  f'lrtiiniiii'ly 
fiiil.d  i.iliriiiK  iilKiiit  lliiM.|i.i  lii.ii.if  lii<~iii  riiiliji 
In  llii- iiiiiMTliil  llirniir.  His  lii'illiri-  Fi  rilinanil. 
.\ri  iicliiki' of  Aimtriii  mill  Kliiit  nf  llnhrniiii  iiml 
lliiii:;arv.  »iih  clinwn  Knijn mr.  ami  llial  snvir 
fL'ii  liU'l  tiHi  iiiiinv  liiHilil,.^  in  liis  iniiniilialc  i|n 
iiiiiiiniH  Id  1m-  willini;  In  invili'  11  rnllisinii  willi 
Ihv  I'mlistanl  priiici-snf  (iriniaiiy  al  lart-i'  Tin' 
Tiirk-i  liail  nvirriiii  lliinvary  iiini  1  stalili^ln  i| 
lliiMi-«lvi.<  in  iMiHsi'Ssiiin  nf  (■.aisiilrriilil,.  |iarl-.or 
111,. iniiiiirv.  Ki  rilliiiiiiil  iililainril  prair  witli  llir 
riilniililalili'  Sultan  Siiliiinaii.  Imt  mily  by  pay 
111, UN  (if  iiiiini'V  wliicli  iKiri.  a  Hlnuin  liliriir>'>  tn 
iriliiiti'.  lie  mKicfdnl.  tlinaiKli  his  pnnliiit  and 
skilful  iMilicv.  in  inakini,'  linlli  tin'  lliiiiiiaiiaii 
mil  th,.  Itiiliiiiiiaii  rriiwns  practically  luiciiilary 
ill  111,.  Il.msi'iif  .\ii>lria. 

liviiiLT  in  l.'itU,  I'l  rilinaiid  tranHniittid  Imth 
tlin>i.  kiiiirilnins,  with  tin'  Auslrian  Arc  liilinliy 
ami  till,  iniprrial  (illlrc,  tn  lii.s  sun.  Maximilian  11  . 
111,.  Iiniaili-st  and  must  lilnTal  minded  of  Ills  ran'. 
'fliiiiii;li  idiii'iitcd  ill  Spain,  and  in  cninpanii'ii- 
sliip  Willi  liis  .inisiii.  I'liilip  II,.  Maximilian  rx- 
liiiiitr.l  111,,  ninsi  tolerant  spirit  that  appears  any- 
niii.ri'  in  liisap'.  I'erliapsit  was  I  he  liatefiiliie^s 
nf  iirllii«lnx  zeal  as  I'Xeinplitlcd  in  I'liilip  w  liii  li 
ilrnvi.  th,.  more  iii'iieroiis  nature  nf  Maximilian 
1"  reinlt  lie  adheri'il  to  the  Uoiiian  coinmii- 
iii..ii;  liiM  lie  manifesteil  so  minli  respi.it  for  the 
il..rtriii..s  of  the  Lutheran  that  his  father  felt 
rill,..!  upon  at  on  Mine  tn  make  apoloi;ies  for 
liiiu  to  tile  I'oiM'.  idiii;hoiit  his  ri'lsin  he  held 

liiiiiM  If  aliKif  from  11  lisiniis  disputes,  sellini:  an 
lAiuiiple  of  tnleranee  and  spiritual  inteUitxeiiee  tn 
all  111-  -iilijeits.  Luthemns,  Calvinislsaiid  t'atlin- 
lie^  ilikc,  whieh  nimlit  to  have  intlueneed  tliein 
iimrr  I.  r  tliiir  ;.'(h«1  than  it  did,  I'lider  the  sliil 
lir  .-f  III,,  tnleralion  whieh  Maximilian  i;ave  it. 
Ff.it.^laiiiisin  spri'iid  ipiiekly  over  Austria,  w  here 
it  liiid  had  no opiKirl unity  Ind'ore;  revivi'd  the  old 
""—■•■•  ■•-'••nti  m  !r.|h-::ds,  mrtdf-  gre i!  gun-  in 
Iliiiuiry.  and  advanced  in  all  parts  nf  hisdomiii 
ieiis  extipt  the  Tyrol,     The  time  permitted  In  it 


KIHOI'K 

for    tlii*    pnurn'SK    was   "hurt,  sliiie    Maximilian 

rt  lltlliil  lull  Iwehe  velirs        He  diill  III    l."l7H.    Illd 

his  son  l(iiili>lpli  who  r.il|,i»i,|  him.  hroUL'hl 
e\il  ehunues  iipnii  llieeoiinirv  ill  all  things  III  . 
loo.  hiul  Ini'ii  ediiealed  in  Spain,  hut  with  11  m  ry 
ililTeri  lit  rtsull  lie  I  lime  h.li  k  aiTeature  of  llie 
.le-iiits.  lint  sii  wiaUlv  wilful  11  1  reatiiri'  that 
I'Mii  ili..\  lould  do  Utile  with  him  Aulhnriiy 
..f  trnveriimi  111  w,  nt  in  pii  ri,«  In  lii.<  Inenininii  nt 

hands,  aiel  al    li-l,  in  I'l'M,  a  f.iliiilv  1 ilavi-i.f 

piiiieis  of  Hie  Suslriaii  limine  li,  L-aii  nieasUM - 
whieh  iiime.l  at  dispnsvs.liu;  Uielolpli  of  hi- 
varinus  »overeiL'iille»,  «n  fir  as  p..-^ilile,  in  favnr 
of   lUH  liMllnr  Mallhils.      Itudolpll   resist, ..I  with 

SOI Ifeii    and    in    llie  iniileM,   n  lii,  h    eiiMi.'.l 

the  l'rnle-.laiiui.r  .\ii~tii  land  II.. In  mi  1  improved 
th,  ir  npporiiiiiilv  f  ir  sieuriii;.'  an  eiilar.-iineiil  nf 
iliiir  rkdit-  >(attliias  madi'  tin-  ,1.11,  ,s.i..ii  nf 
I  i.iiipli  le  tnlinitinii  ill  Aii-lri.i,  while  liinlnlpli.  in 

lioliemia.  irrallted  the  e.  lel.lali  d  ehaller.  eallid 
the  Lett,  r  lif  Ma|e-lv  I  U'"!''.  w  llii  h  -ive  entire 
relisiious  lilier.y  in  nil  s,.,  ts, 

'rile"i'nnie-»io|lH»iTeii|T,.nsiM.lolrtn  prlllies. 

llie  .\iilidiike  l-'i  iiliiiaihl  .if  Myria,  and  Duke 
Maxiiiiili.iii  of  lt,i\aria,  who  had  already  taken 
Ihe  lead  ill  a  \i'_'oiiiu-,  niiMllieiit  ,.f  Catlinlie  re 
iieiinii,  SoMi,.  pro,|.,.diiii;..  oil  111..  |. art  of  Maxi 
miliaii,  wliii  h  till'  Kmperor  saiieii.ui,  d.  iiualnsi 
Ihe  riot, .-taut  free  eity  of  |)oiiaii«,irtli.  had 
eaiisid  eerlain  I'rotistant  primes  iiinl  eiti's,  in 
liKH.  to  form  adefeii-iv,.  I'liioii.  Hill  the  Kleelor 
Palatine  ..v  ho  allaehed  llimsilf  loth,.  Itifnnile.l 
i.r  Cahiiiist  Cliiireh.  w  is  ai  the  head  of  this 
liiioii.  and  the  l.iu'niid  l.utlerans.  especially 
the  Kleetnr  nf  Saxoliy.  l,,nke.l  with  eoldlli  ss 
upon  it  On  the.  otlii  r  hand,  the  Catholii-  slates 
formeil  a  loiinter  ornani/ilioii  —  a  ll.ilv  Leaiine 
—  whiili  was  more  eoiiipaet  and  eireelive  The 
two   parties  hi.iiii;  thus  mI   in   array,  there  ros,. 

suddelllv    iHlwedl    them    a    polilieal   ipieslinli    of 

the  most  ilisturliiiii;  I  haraeter  It  nlalid  tn  the 
riiiht  of  siiicssion  to  an  iinportanl  diiehy,  that 
of  .Iiiliers.  Clevis,  and  lUri;  There  h,  re  several 
powerful  eiaimaiils.  in  liolli  of  the  Saxon  fain 
ilies.  and  ineludini;  aKo  th,.  Kleetnr  of  Itraii- 
deiilmri,'  ami  the  PaUiirave  of  Niulieru'.  two 
iiiemlHTs  of  the  I'lii.iii  As  usual,  th,'  politieal 
,lue>tioii  totik  posscNsioii  of  the  rellLnous  issue 
anil  usid  ii  fnrilsowii  purpoH's.  The  rrnteslant 
lllinll  npelll-d  11,  u'otialiolis  vsitli  lliiiry  IV.  of 
Kraiiee.  who  saw  an  opportunity  tn  weaken  the 
limine  of  Austria  and  to  iiiake'somi-  ;.-aiiis  for 
Kraiiee  at  the  expense  nf  (iermaiiy,  .V  tnaly 
was  coneliideil.  and  Henry  U.^aii  in  in,,  prepaia- 
tiniis  fnr  campaiL'iis  in  Imih  thrniaiiy  and  Italy, 
with  Mrimis  iiitiiit  to  liumlile  and  iliminish  the 
Austrian  powi.r.  The  lliiteh  came  into  Ihe  alli- 
ane,..  likewir.,-.  and  .lam,.>  1,  of  KiiL'land  prom- 
Im.iI  his  in  npi.iatinii.  The  eomliinalion  was 
fnrmidalile.  and  niii;lit  have  chaiii;eil  very  exteii 
siv(.ly  the  eniiis,.  of  i.veiiis  that » wailed  unhappy 
(ieriiiaiiv.  if  the  w  liol,.  plan  had  iml  lueii  fnis- 
triteil  h'v  the  assassiieition  of  Henry  I V  ,  in  HilO, 
All  theparties  to  ihe  alliaiiee  drew  hack  afler 
that  evinl.  and  linth  sides  waited. 

In  mil.  liuilolphwasdepnsi'd  in  ISohemia.  and 
the  followinir  ve.ir  he  died.  .Matthias,  already 
Kini;  of  Hun^'a'ry.  siieeeeded  Hiidnlph  in  Itohe 
mia  and  in  ihe  Kin|iire.  Uut  Matthias  wa> 
scarcely  strniiu'er  in  ininil  nr  IhmIv  than  his 
nre.ther  am!  the  same  family  pre.-.sure  whieh  had 
pushed  Uiidolph  aside  now  forut'd  .Matthias  to 
accept  a  coadjutor,  in  the  |Kison  of  the  vigorous 


1099 


I! 


it ; 


f 


I   I 


.•*■! 


Kritt)PE 


TV»  r»(r«|f  Vaon 


RUROPR. 


KiTillnunil.  Arrhiliikpnf  Htyrin  ri>r  thr  n-miiln 
liT  .if  Ills  n\itn  Mnllhliia  wim  »  ilph.r.  Hml  nil 
P<>»ir  III  ilic  uiivcriiiiH'ne  wiw  iiiTi  Uij  hy  K-r 
fllniiiiil.  Ill«  lihiir  iipiKMitliiii  l<i  llii'  iilliTiint 
ixill.y  whlili  linil  |iriv;iil..il  (j.iiiTiillv  t,,r  liulf  ii 
iTiitiiry  wttK  wi  II  iiiiilirktiNxl  lliiii .-.  |ji<  rlx-  t>i 
•iipn'imuy  In  llii'  Kiiiiiiri'  unvf  iii.'ln-  llmt  llir 
iliiy«  iif  nlltfloiiii  |Mii...  Kin'  .nili-il  Tlii'  i.ui 
liriiik  »t  <  Ivil  wiir  »««  ni.t  Iniiv  In  ciniliix 

BtKinnlof  ot  th«  war  in  Bohemia. 

Il  Ink:iii  ill  Ikihi  nii.i      A  vli.luil.ni  .pf  ilii.  pnil- 
<-lniil  rlnlil"  iTiiiiriinl.iil  In  Ilii'  Ijltirnf  Miiji«lv 
pniviikiil  It  rMiiir  iimli  r  ('i.iini  Tliiirii       Twn  rif 
the  kliii;  «  coiiii.  iliir,.  wiih  i|„.|r  PM'crciury    win- 
Hum;  fri.m  a  IiIkIi   »liiil(n*,,f  tlii'  nn.il  i«»ili- 
mill  thin  111  t  iif  vii>lrtiii>  WIM  follnwc.l  hy  iiinri' 
rivi)liii|imiiry  iiniiniin-x      A  priivi«iiiiml  (juviTii 
mini  iif   Ihirty   IHnrturn  him  mi   up  unit    ih,. 
klnc'ii  iiutliiirily  wt  wlmlly  uililr.     'riii'  rnilis 
tiint  I'liiiin  iinvv  prompt  ituppi.ri  In  llii'  llolii'mliin 
inwirriilliiii  iiml  miiI  ((hui^  M.ui!»rt..|,|  with  ilmc 
tlioiiwiiil  Mil.liiTK  1,1  llH  iilil.     Thr  Tlilrtv  V.iiM 
Wiir  wiw  iMjfuii  (|()|S| 

fjirly   in    llnw    .li-iurliiimi s.    Mullliiiw   illi'il 
(l«H».     Kinliiiiiiiil  hail  iilnwlv  mmlc  Ills  »u<ii« 
xliin  WTurc.  In  Au»lriii,  Itnliniilii  iiml   lliiii)fiir» .    ' 
Hiiil  llir  imiMriiil  (Tiiwn  wiiH  |ini«iillv  iiinfiTn-ii 
'in   lilin.      Hut   thf    Koliiiiiiani    n  iiuilialiil    lil» 
kln)f«lilp  iiiiil  iilTiriil  tliiir  rnmn  tu  Kti'iliTick 
till'  KliTliir  I'ahiiini..  jati  Iv  iiiarrli'il  l.i  tlii'  I'riii' 
•  iss  KII/.alKlli.  ihiiiL'liliro'f  .luims  1.  i,f  Kniflaml. 
Till'    Kl.cinr,  pi  r«iiiiiliil.  it  ii  wiiil,  hy  lii,  mu. 
bitiiMi-  viiiinjf  wifi'.  iinwistlv  arnpiiil  ilii.  iinipt 
ini;  li.iulili',  iiml   wiiit   tr.  f'riiifm'  to  nriivi-  It 
liut  III' hail  nrltliirpriiih  nil'  non  iiirfv  to  Just  If  v 
Ills  holii   inilirtiikiiii;.      In.tniil  of  >tri'ni;tlii'iilnit 
hini-'lf  for  I  '-I  rnntrst  wiili  K.  nliniinil.  hi'  Im  icun 
imiiiiilialily  tocnrav'''  lii-*  ni'W  siilpjiris  liy  prrw 
liii.' Calviiiisiii'  forms  iiml  iloitrinis  iit     ■  them, 
mill  hy  arri>),'aiilly  iiitirfi'riiiB  "i'l'  •  iiukIis 

of  Worship  Mis  ri'lirn  was  so  hriif  i.iat  lir  Is 
known  ill  lloluniian  annals  as  •tin'  winiir  kiiii: ." 
A  sinirli'  lialtli-.  won  In-  Count  Tillv,  in  ihr  s<r- 
viii'  of  till'  Catholii'  Lniitui'  an.rof  its  i  hiif 
Maximilian,  Duki'  ..f  ilinarii.  iininl  his  sovir 
"■i)?ntv  II.  lost  his  Kli'ilorali'  as  wi  II  as  liis 
kiiiL'iloin.  ami  was  a  waiuliriii;;  fiicilivi'  for  tin' 
riniaimli  r  of  Ills  lifi',  llolii'inia  was  iniriiicssly 
ihalt  Willi  liy  ihi'  virtoriiiiis  Frnliiianil  Niit 
only  was  I'miistaiilisin  rrush.'il,  anil  (  atlioliiism 
(stalilislii-ii  as  till-  I'xiliisivi'  ri'lit-ion,  hut  tin-  virv 
lifi'  of  till'  loiinlrv.  iijlilli'ituullv  aiul  maliTially. 
was  I'MiiiL-iiislnili  so  that  Holii'iiiia  iii'V 'r  a^aii'i 
St. Kill  n  laiiii  I'l  till'  rivili/.atloii  of  Kiimpi'  as  it 
ha.l  stissl  li.f,,r.-,  wiii'ii  I'ranuu  was  an  iiii|.orlaiit 
nnli'rof  Irarniiii;  ami  thought.  'I'oa  lissi'xt.iil. 
Austria  siill.'r.'.l  llii'  saiiii'  rcpri'ssion.  ami  its 
I'r.ii.  stantUiii  was  upriHiii-.l. 

In  Ihis  sk.iili  it  is  unii.'.'i'ssarv  to  foll.iw  tin- 
ih'lails  of  th,.  fri-hiful  Tliiru   V.'ars  War.  whi.  Ii 
lii'ilan  as  h.r.'  il.srrilM.l.       Kuril,:;  tli.-  lirsi  v.ars 
it  was  rarri.'.l  .m  mainly  liy  ilir  ir.a.ps  .,'f  ih.. 
Calli.'ii.  I.,  airti.'.  uiiil.r  Tillv,' arlinv'.'iLMiiist  I'n.t 
istam  for,,s  whi.  h  |,,,.|  vi'Vv  liltl,'  rolLTiiii'i'  or 
unity,  ami  uliiili  »,r.'  I.il  i.vC.iiiii'    Maiis!i.l,| 
•  liristi.in  of  Aiihali,  .in, I  otii.'r  iiiihl.  >.  in  lonsi.l' 
I  lal.l.'  iii.l.p,  nihiii ,  1,1  ,„|,.  anollii'r.      In  Id'.'.",  ilir 
lirsI  intirviniion  fr..iii  oiiisi,!.- iK.curn'il,      Chris 
tiaii  IV  .,f  Kinniark  Iisik  ii|i  Ilii- causi' of  ihriat 
I'lit'il    I'roli'stanti.siii.       .\>    |)i,k,'   of   S.-lik'swii; 
If'-lstyir,,  hv  ',v:ts  a  print-;-  ,,f  ;.•„    i;,,,|,o, .  a,„i  jTi.    i 
joineil  with  oth.-r  I'roti'staut  prin.is  in  ('uniliinii     ■ 


Init  the  il«p<i*ltlnn  of  thr  Klnlor  Pnlmln,.  „ i„_, 
rlei'inrnl..  Iiml  !».,.„  .-.inf.rrwl  on  M»«i,„i||,.„ 
of  Ititvitrl*      KInK  Chrlnilun  i-ntrrml  Int.,  ,„  ,| 

liHmi'  with  KnidHDil  mi.l  llolliiinl.  whli  I,  , , 

proniliiwl  hi'lp  for  the  ri'lnstDKnii'm  of  ti,,   h. 
lor     Hilt  ihi'  nil)  Klun  was  Irlltlnir.  ai„|  .li  .i,, 
.1I.1I.M,.,  w|,h||('hrl.l|mi  mill  liUliirnian    ,I|„, 
oliUliM'il  iiKiiluiit  Tilly  WITH  wiiiu clmniri ,1  i,,  mm 
oiu  ri'vcncii 

Wall«nit*in. 

For  Ihi'  llmt  llmciliirlnif  llic  war.  thi'  Kii,i..r.,p 

III  IlK 
'         It 


■  "•"*  iMiiv  TiMiiiif(  iiif  war.  till'  r 

now  hriiiiirht  Into  ihi'  fl.'lil  itn  iiriny  ailin 
own  nam.',  ami  not  In  llmt  of  ih.'  l^-,,^ 
WM  iliini'  in  iioliiKiilarmunTii'r  — hy  rom,  ,, ,  ^, 
to  »iM'uk,  with  It  Kniil  MihlliT  mill  wialiin  ,„,,,|, 
man.  Ihr  fanioiin  Wallrnati'ln  Wall,  n^i,  n  ,,f 
firi'il  to  thi'  KmiM'nir  llu'  (MTvlrcn  of  an  „ri,,i  .,( 

.VI.INM)  men,  whli  h  In-  woiilil  riilw  ami  ,,,  „ 

lil»owiii'ji|>i'n»,'.  anil  whlihuhinihl  Ih'  im.ihi  ,i,„',i 
without  puhllr  ro  .  —  that  U.  hy  pliiml,  r  Hi, 
pro|i,«a|  wii»  urn  uii.l  th,.  ^irtnlilahl,    1m«|v 

of  tm  m.l  anil  |>.  ,,||y  lm„il|,.,|  hrltfan,!,  »  ., 

launchisl  iijion  (l.rn.anv,  fur  Ihti  lorlun  un.l  .1,. 
Kiruf'tiiiii  of  I'V.ry  n'Rlon  in  whlili  It  nun, ,1  |i 
wan  Ihc  liMt  appi'nntni'i'  in  EuroiMan  wurli  ,  „f 
ihi'  "r'onilolll|.n."of  the  Ml.lilli'  Axis  \\  ,11,,, 
si'in  nnil  Tilly  swept  all  U'fon'  tin  in  li,,. 
foriniT  faili'il  only  lii'fon.  tlir  muhliorn  i,,»n  .,f 
.>*iral>iiinil.  which  ili'll.'il  hh  olvgi:  >r.nsM,l,| 
mill  Christian  of  Anitult  Imlhi''  il  In  ltl','7  I',  m. 
wan  furi'iil  u|Hin  thi'  Daiii.sh  klm;.  Tin  l'r..n,- 
lant  raiiw  wim  pnwinit,.,  nml  thr  Knii,,  n.r  ,1,' 
"piwil  lu  wi'iikiu's.  HO  far  thiit  hi'  isMi.,|  ,,„ 
fcilii't  of  Hiiililiiiiiin."  I'lmiiiianilinK  >li.'  -,.r 
n'mltr  of  ccrtHin  liiHliopricii  ami  in  h  si  ,,ii,  ,i 
i-staU'K  which  hail  faM-n  into  I'roti'siani  hmU 
•iiicc  the  Trcan  of  IV.»an.  At  the  sam.  .ii„. 
he  yii'lih'il  to  the  leahaisv  which  Wall.  ii,i,  ,„  , 
JMiwir  IiikI  excitiHl,  liy  illsini«»ini;  that  roiuin  m.l,  r 
I^>nl  his  wrvlce. 


Guiturut  Adolphut. 


h.i'l 


lll^ 

!      Ill 


1100 


The  lliiie  was  an  unfaviirahle  om-  for  mi.  h  m 
ex|n'riiiienl.  A  newiinil  reilouhtahlii  liaiii|.i..ii  ,,t 
I'rotestanlisin  liiiil  just  a:>[M'ari,|  on  11..  ., ,  ,i,. 
anil  was  aL.  .'  •  -vive  ili,-  ,.ii  -n,  ,  „  ,. 
(Iiislavii-s  A.l.ilphi.  ,  ;;m.i;  of  Sw.'ili-n.  vm; 
ainliitions.  i;rievam-es  ami  nlinioin  symp  ; 
all  iirriiiK  hiiii  to  rescin'  the  I'roiesiaiit  -i  i 
(ierniany  from  tin  Austrlan-Catholi.-  ,l.s|i 
wlili-h  scenieil  to  Im'  iiii|H'iiilini;  over  tli,  in 
inlerfert'iiee  was  jealously  resi-nte.i  at  lir 
till'  greater  I'mtestunt  pr'im-is.  The  Kl. . 
HraiiileiilMiri;  siiliniill.-il  to  an  alliam.-  «i;l 
only  iiinler  compulsion.  Tli.'  Kin-tor  .■.  > 
iliil  not  join  the  .Sweilish  kill;;  until  ,\i;.\\ 
liail  ravak'eil  his  territories  with  fi-r.nin  I,,, 
2"K)villai;es.  Wln-nCustavus  hail  iiia,i,-  lii- 
ini;  in  the  coiiniry  weiire,  he  i,iii,k!v  | 
him.sclf  the  greatest  8,,|ilier  of  his  a-', 
was  ov.-rwlielmi.l  In  a  liallle  fon^'lii 
Hreitenfi  111.  at  iviipsic.  The  follow  ju'  s|.i 
was  a;;:iiii  iM-aien.  on  the  l,i-,-li.  in  ll.iv" 
ilii-.l  of  wouiiils  ncelve.l  in  the   hal'l. 

tiim.  til.'  i;rati-r   part  of  (J.-rinanv   w 

feel  of  ihe  ."iwe.lish  kiiii;;  an.l  asinVir.-. i-  m 

lion  li.tw.'i'ii  him  anil  the  (Jermaii  prim,-  .M 
prolialily  have  eiiileil  the  war.  Itiil  mii.!'  ■  .ii 
liileiii-e  i-xist.'il  iM'tween  these  allies,  aii-l  Kn  1..- 
lii'ii.  the  shrewil  t'ariliual  who  was  riilinj  1  ■  nr, . 
iia.i  lieuuii  intrigues  whieli  mail.'  iii.  I:.i;iv 
Years  War  pruUtahlt'  in  the  end  to  Frai,- '       I  liV 


h 


ll!k 


M. 


.irl 


BlRitl'K 


HVafi 


•IV  ttf 


vxwn'V. 


.Iit.irira  of  Qiiit*Tiiii  nn-i.tro  bi  hrir  lllllr  friill 
Vt':ill>'ii>t<-in  wna  •iiMimiiwil  ■mi')'  nmn-  In  hiM' 
tbi'  Kiiiprrnr'a  ntiw.  niul  ri'it|i|n'<tr>'il  In  tlw  llilil 
will)  4*1.1X11)  mrn  Tlu'  lirruli'  Mwiilo  rmiKlit  Mm 
ai  UUX'ii.  on  til**  l'i<l>  <■'  Novi'iiilH'r,  IIIH'J,  miil 
riiiitt'il  lilm.  iHit  fi'll  ill  till-  tmllli'  itiiiiitiK  tlic  aliiln. 
With  llir  ilralli  iif  (liiaUviia  Aclnlphux.  Ilii' 
pouiliilliy  »f  a  •nlNr.ictory  •'•inrliiaion  •>(  tin' 
war  tiiiiitipil  Tliv  Mwiiliali  amiy  nnmliK'il  in 
(kriii^tny.  iiDiIrr  III)'  iiilllliirf  roiiitimii  '  'f  |liik<' 
liriihiinl  "f  Kii«i'  Wi'ini»r  himI  (Iriii'.  •\  ll'irn, 
hut  iin'liT  till'  |Hilllliitl  illn-ctliin  iif  A«i'l  Oxiii 
iiiirn.  till'  ulilf  Swnliati  <iiitnirlli>r  (In  tlii'  liii 
prriil  alili'.  Walk'natt'iu  agitlii  Iniiirnil  I'latriial 
iixl  •iiaplrion  ill*  imwt'r  wua  aii  fiirniiiUlili' 
that  Ilia  rni'inlra  Wi're  nfrukl  lii  lit  him  live 
Till)'  pl'Xtnl  III*  ili'Htli  )iy  naxHaalnnllim.  hdiI  Iii' 
wan  muriliTPil  im  IIm'  'illli  nf  Ki'liriiary.  WU 
Tbr  Kniju'Mr'n  aim  Prnliniinil  mm  tiMili  ilii'  ((iiu 
naiiil  of  till'  liii|ii'rliil  riini'a,  luiil.  n  Trw  innnllM 
Ulir.  Imvlnu  ri'ivlvfl  rrliidmi'iiiiiila  fmni  Spiilii. 
be  luxl  till'  ifiaal  fortllDlt  Ui  ilvfrilt  tlu-  Swi-ili'a  ul 
NAnlliiivi'M 

Tht  Frtach  in  thi  War. 

Tin'  EliK'tiir  of  Haxnny,  atwl  otiiir  l'riiti'at«nt 
princp!',  tlii'n  nwili'  pi'Hti'  with  tlic  Kiniiinir.  iiii'l 
the  *«r  waa  only  |in)loniriil  'ly  tlii'  intrii:iiiH  of 
Ri(lii'lii>ii  iinil  for  tlii'iiKKiV'Kli/.i'nK'nt  of  Krjiiii" 
In  thia  tiiiiil  *\ntv  of  it.  wlirii  llii'  orixiniil  rlr 
mi'nt.H  of  ninti-ntioii,  ami  iiioat  of  tin-  orii;iiii<l 
riinirnliiiilH.  Im<l  iliHiiii|iriin'il.  It  hoiid  lor  yri 
fiitirtirii  yi'»r«  Krnliniinil  II.  ilii'il  in  IH^I7.  itml 
«;t^  ■lU'ii'i'ili'il  by  lii^  iK'ii  Kirillimiid  III  Diiki' 
Hiniluiril  ilifil  in  ItCtM.  In  tlii'  liitrr  yi'itra  of 
III!  wir,  Iln'oloniinl  on  tlii'  lni|H'rlHl  aiili',  itiinir, 
TiirsiiiiMiii  iinil  WmnK'l  at  llii'  Iii'mcI  of  tlu' 
8»i'ili'i.  :iiiil  I  iirt'niu'  mill  Conilu  in  coinnmiiil  of 
thf  Krimli.  wirt'  tliu  nulilii'm  who  iiiimIi'  grcnt 
mini"' 

Deitructivcncfi  of  the  War. 

Ill  MUt*.  till'  lonK  anlTiTinK  of  Oi-rmiiny  wiia 
eu.m''l  by  Ilie  IVm-r  of  Wi'atplmliH.  Yi'iira  of 
quill,  mill  of  oniir  fairly  ri'storwl,  woiilil  lie 
Di'i'ilfil  t.i  liral  till'  lili'i'iling  wouiiiIh  of  tht;  roun- 
try  mill  n  vivr  its  ainngth.     Knim  mil  to  vaA,  it 

11   tranipli 

■.i,i,l,  p 
Tlurr  is  nothing  inorr  wli  i.'  ulni;  in  tin 

f  war  than  thi'  liracrlptiona  whirh  I'Vi'- 

•s  liavi'  lift  of  the  iiiiacry,  the hor-or,  thit 
ill M  la! i.. 11  of  iliiit  fri);litful  prriial  111  Oiriiiiin 
■li-liTv  "EsiMiially  in  tlii'  aoiilh  ami  wral, 
(Jrrmany  wa.na  wilili'rni'Knof  ruiiia;  pliuis  tliat 
«iri'  Inrmi  riy  tli«  wiits  of  priwiiiTity  wiri'  tlii' 

f  wolvia  uiiil  rotiln'rH  for  niimy  it  lon>! 


Iiii 
nrttiit  t 
pa.'iaiil 
Hiiimli 
witius: 


lialtll! 


iipliil   upon   for  n  iriniTtttion   by 
pliitiii'  nil  iu"l   (li'^iri'Viil  us  tb'V 


viir  It  i<  I'Htiniiiti'il  thttt  the  popula'tion  viiut 
iliiuiiiHlinl  by  twenty,  by  noine  even  by  tifty,  (mt 
n  tit  llir  population  of  Ailgsbiirt;  » iis  reiiiueil 
fr.iMi  Mi.iHKi  to  IH.IKW;  of  Fninkenllial.  from 
I'^'aio  to  ;i.>t  inliabitaiit.s.  In  Warteinberjr,  In 
l«tl  .  f  4oo.iH)0inh«biUnt»,  ■W.noOn'iimini'il;  In 
tl"  I'.ilitiiiali',  in  19IM1,  tueri'  were  liOI  peasant 
fariuitv  :iiiil  in  1648,  but  a  tiftieth  part  of  the 
IH'piiliiiMii  ninaiiii'ir'  illlusser). 

The  Peace  of  Weitphalia. 

By  ihi-  tnalii'S  of  Westplmlia,  the  relljrious 
que*ti.,:i  «;,s  siltleil  with  finality,  Calholiis, 
Lulliirmi.  anil  the  Itcformeil  (Calvinlalsl.  wire 
p'.I  "II  uii  I'lpiai  iootini;  ot  religious  lilMTty. 
I'lli'ti.i'.iy.  the  elTeeta  of  the  I'l'iiie  were  radical 


anil  laatlntf  in  ilielr  in|iiry  to  the  (hrnmn  |h'iiiiI>> 
Till'  few  lainiN  of  III  rinanir  unity  whh  li  liiol 
aiirvlnil  the  nlifn  of  reii<liill«ni  were  'iliaolveil 
The  iiial  ve  tlite  of  niilliorlly  tn  the  Kinpire  wua 
ileatroyeil  "  Kmmi  llila  lime  (liTinany  lonu  tf 
niuineil  a  mere  U«  iimfeiieralion  of  |m  I'ly  ili  apol' 
i  iia  mill  ollirarriiiia  with  hanily  any  iiiiiloiiul 
fielliitf  Ita  lioumiarlea  to<i  were  etii  abort  III 
varloiia  waya,  Tlii'liiile|»niliiiii'iif  tbi  t»o  tnt- 
t'onfiihratlon*  at  the  i»o  emla  of  tlie  Kniplre. 
tbiwof  SwiUerlmiil  ami  the  (nlleii  I'roUniea, 
wliiih  hail  loiiKlHin  prarlirally  i  iit  ofT  fniiii  the 
Kni|iiri',  wiia  now  formally  hi  kiiowleilt'eil  .\nil, 
what  wiut  far  inun'  Important,  the  two  fonlifn 
kiiiiiihima  whli'li  hail  bail  the  i  hlef  aliare  In  the 

war,    Fmnee    miti    Sweilell,    olila'lleil    |)i>N«raMlolia 

williiii  till'  Kinplri',  Hint  lu'iniivir,  as  iruariiilora 
or  aiiretlea  of  the  jM'aie.  (Iiev  obtaine'l  a  Kenenil 

ritflit  of  nieilillliii;  111  lia  alTalrs I  he  riu'lit  of 

Kranre  to  the  'Tl.rie  l.i.lliarinL'iiin  Hlaiioprii  a,' 
wbii  h  liiiil  lain  ai'1/.eil  n<  arly  a  biiiiilnil  year'  Im' 
fore,  waa  now  foniially  aikiiowleilireil.  anil,  Ih- 
aiileathia,  the  |)iiaai-<miHnH  anil  rfulllaof  the  llouail 
of  Aiialrirt  ill  Kl"a»«.  tin'  (ierinan  laml  latwieii 
Ihe  Uhlne  aL  I  tin  V"«l'i«.  i  allnl  In  Kraiiee  .VI 
iwue.  wen'  ){lven  to  Knime  Tbe  free  i  Ity  of 
Straaburt;  anil  other  iilarea  In  Klaa>a  atlll  re 
niaineil  inileiKnilent.  imt  the  whole  of  South 
Oermany  now  layo|Hn  to  Kranee.  'I'lila  w.latlll• 
l.'^ealesl  aiivunee  lliat  Frame  hail  yet  muile  at 
the  exiNn-'i'  of  the  Kmpire.  Within  tli  riiiany 
ilii'lf  the  Kliiior  of  llraiuhnliuri;  also  rereiveit 
a  iMrite  iniTeiiM'  of  territory  "  (Freeman). 

,\nioni;tlie  treatlea  wlileh  niiiile  up  the  I'laie 
of  Wistplialhi  waaoneaigneil  by  Spain,  arknowl 
eilKinx  the  iiiih'peiiili'iieeof  tbet'nili'il  I'rovineea, 
ui.il  reiiouneini;  all  elainia  to  them. 

France  under  Richelieu. 

The  L'reat  Kains  of  Fmnie  from  the  Thirty 
Years  War  weie  part  of  the  fruit  of  lailil  anil 
eunnhik!  Ktatesmaiisbip  wliii  h  Uli'lielli  i  hail  ri 

IH'iieil  anil  plui  kill  fur  that  now  risini;  nation 
"or  a  time  after  the  lUalli  of  lleiiry  IV  .  liiiios 
hail  SI  emeil  likely  to  ntiirn  at'iiiti  in  Frame.  His 
son,  Louis  XIII  ,  was  but  nine  yars  olil.  The 
niolher,  Marie  ile'  Meiliri.  whoweureil  the  re 
Keiiiy,   was  n  fiailisli  woman,  riileil    by  Italian 

favi'i'lle.!     will!    niaile    tliein-'i'lves    Ihlinll-'    l.i   the 

Freiiiii  iH'ople.  As  soon  as  the  yoiiiiir  kiii^r  ap 
priiai'lii'il  inanliiaal,  he  put  himself  inopposiiiuu 
to  his  mother  uinl  h<  i'  favorites,  umler  the  in 
tluenee  of  a  set  of  rivals  no  more  worthy,  atiii 
Fnuiee  was  earrieil  to  the  ver;,'e  of  civil  war  by 
their  pill  rile  liostilities.  Happily  there  was 
aomelhini:  in  tlie  weak  i  liaracter  of  Louis  .\lll. 
wliieh  laiil  him  iiinler  tlie  intluenre  of  a  really 
ftreat  minilwhen  linumstanees  hail  l>rou|,;lit  him 
within  its  reaeli.  ItieinMeu  entenil  the  Kim;  s 
eoiiniil  in  lti','4  The  kiiii;  was  soon  an  inslru 
iiient  in  his  hainls,  ami  he  riileil  Friiiiee,  asthoiiirli 
the  .seepter  was  bis  own,  for  eli;liteen  yi'ars  Ile 
was  as  pitiless  a  ilespot  as  ever  si-t  iieil  on  a  na 
lion's  iieek ;  liut  the  power  wliieh  be  irraspeil 
with  what  seemeil  to  1h'  a  misi-rly  mni  eominoii 
place  irreeil,  was  ail  jiatliensl  tor  tin  miijran 
ili/emeiit  of  the  monarchy  that  he  siiveil  He 
lielieveil  that  the  nation  iieeiled  to  have  one 
master,  sole  aiiil  umpicstioneil  in  his  sovereignty. 
TImt  lie  ell  joyeil  biiiii;  that  one  master,  in  reality, 
white  he  liveil,  is  hanllv  ilotibtfiil ;  bot  hiswluji' 
ambition  is  not  so  ex|)laiiiei|.  He  wrousrlit  ac 
conlinft  to  Ills  belief  for  *•"— ".'j. .  am)  t'      kini;. 


1101 


:>-      ■■-..:  -  If- 


KlUOPK 


Itirhflieii  <ii 
Maztirin 


KIHOPR 


in  liis  vyrs,  was  tlie  cinboilinuMit  of  France.  Ilr 
en  (ted  tlic  (H'lirstal  on  which  "the  irrantl  nmn 
anil  ■■  nf  the  lU'Xt  ^'mrnitinn  |ii»sr(i  with  tliralri 
cal  clTrrt, 

Thnf  tliin.LTs  Itifhrliiu  iliil:  I,  \\r  cnfonrd 
llir  niyal  aiith<irity.  with  incxnralih'  iiu'"r.  au'ainsi 
Tli<- irrcat  families  Mini  |Mr>nM;ii,'i-i.  uh.phail  nut 
If-arnrd.  t'vcn  nmii T  llinry  IV  ,  tliat  ihry  wt-n* 
Mihjccts  111  the  uh-nhnt-  >(nM-,  'J,  Mr  Mrnrk 
the  ilniriiinols,  nnt  ;i--  a  nliiriniis  mtI.  hut  a**  a 
pntiiiral  party,  ami  p.  nnipt'Tily  stopped  their 
ijnfwth  <if  strenirth  in  that  (  haraeter.  wiiiili  had 
('learly  iM-eoine  Ihrealeiiiriir  lo  the  slate.  W.  lie 
<>ri;ani/etl  hnMility  in  Kiirnpe  tn  the  civerhearirii: 
ami  d.niirenai-.  An-tro  Sp:nii^h  power,  put  Fraiiee 
at  the  head  nf  it,  :ii)<l  t'*..k  fur  her  the  hnn's 
sliare  of  the  eon(pie--tM  hy  wliteh  the  Ilapshuri^s 
were  n-dueed. 

Mazarin  and  the  Fronde. 

The  L'real  ( 'ardirial  died  nc;ir  the  <lose  of  the 
}.'ar  HUJ;  liiid  l.ouis  XIII.  followed  him  to  tlie 
grave  in  ihi'  su^'eeedinir  Miiy,  leaviiii:  a  smi.  Koui-; 
aIV..  not  \('t  live  years  of  a:.'e.  under  the  n- 
^eiM  y  of  his  rntitli'T.  Anne  of  Austria.  The  min- 
ister. Tardiiial  Ma/arin,  who  enjoyed  the  eonii 
denee    of    llie    q  .eeli  reiT'-Tlt.    arid    who   was  sup- 

iioseil  1o  injoy  ht-r  alTi-eliiais  a**  well,  had  been 
{ieJH'JM'irs  diMiple.  and  took  the  lieirn  of  l'ov 
ernmenl  on  Kiehelitu's  n-eornniendalioii.  lie 
was  an  adn)it  politician,  with  sonn- sTati'srnanlike 
si.LMcity.  hut  lirlacki-d  the  potent  spirit  liy  whicli 
his  master  liad  awci  Mud  ruled  every  circle  into 
w  tiirh  he  came,  irreat  or  small.  .M;i/.;irin  had  the 
Thirt  ■  Years  \V:ir  to  hrini;  tn.-i  <]os(^  mid  lie  ina" 
ai:ed  the  clilHc  ii!t  husim-s  with  suee.  ss.  wastini; 
n«»tliini:  of  the  itfrel  of  the  hrilli;int  victories  of 
("onde  and  Turcime.  Util  the  war  had  heeii 
verv  co'-tly.  M;i/arin  was  no  lu-ttrr  Ilnaiieirr 
th.'in  Itirhi-lieu  had  \Hin  tiefore  him.  ami  the  bur- 
di-ns  of  ta.v.itioii  win-  irreater  tli.an  wise  manam'- 
nii  Ml  wiiuld  have  netde  them.  There  was  inev- 
itable discontent,  and  Ma/arin.  as  n  foreiirner. 
was  inevitably  uiipf»pular.  With  pulilie  feelini^ 
in  thi-%  state,  the  Court  involved  itself  in  a  fool- 
ish eoMlliit  with  the  FarliamciiT  of  l*:iris,  and 
presently  iliere  was  a  Paris  rfVohiii'tn  and  a  civil 
war  afi'ot  (MUIb,  It  was  a  st  ran  ire  alT.iirof  froth 
and  "'Uipty  raises — this  war  of  "The  Kronde,"aH 
it  w,is  railed  —  havini:  no  d^'pth  of  earnestness 
in  it  and  n<»  ho.n-sty  ol  purpose  anywhere  visible 
in  ilv  r'.mpticailons  The  men  and  women  who 
spraiiu'  I";i  had  in  it  —  Ihe  women  more  activt-ly 
and  rahcrou-^ly  than  tiie  men  —  were  mere  actors 
nf  parts  in  a  L'reat  play  t)f  court  intriL'iie.  f(tr  the 
prrfnrnianee  of  which  unhappy  France  had  lent 
its  L-^rand  -"laije.  Tlnrr  --i-ems  to  iiave  been  ne.cr, 
in  any  oihrr )  ivil  contlict  which  history  describes, 
so  extraordinary  a  mixture  of  treason  and  lib- 
ertini-ui.  of  political  and  u'uorous  intrii:iip,  of 
h' ar' l(  ^siirss  and  frivolity,  of  Imt  passjoji  and 
cool  Mlii"-hness,  The  prnpli-  who  fouirlit  mo.st 
and  sutbreil  most  hardly  appear  as  iinliceable 
factors  in  tin*  conlisl.  Thi'  court  performers 
amuM'd  'lieMiselves  with  the  slratairems  and 
bloofly  dnJiiLis  of  the  war  as  they  miirht  have 
done  with  tile  trit  ks  of  a  masipieraile. 

It  was  in  keepini;  wiiii  the  character  of  the 
FroU'ieurs  that  thrv  wrnt  into  alliance,  at.  last, 
with  Spain,  and  that,  even  after  pea<e  within  the 
naiion  had  Iwen  restored,  "the  Kreiit  Condu"  re 
niatned  in  the  Spanish  .service  and  fouixhl  airainst 


()f  affairs,  and  managed  thrm  on  the  uii.  ^  ,  ,  v 
and  well,  Me  broiiirht  about  an  alllaii"  ah), 
Kn;;lanil,  under  Cromwell,  an<l  hnmb'ed  sp  ,,,,  ,,, 
the  aeeeptanci'  nf  a  treaty  which  couvi,],  j  i},i^ 
rai.M'd  the  |)osition  of  France  amoUL'  ih'  Kun. 
ptan  Fowei-s.  IJy  this  Treaty  of  the  l'\pri-<* 
(Itrilt).  the  northwestern  frontier  of  tin  kii -l.  m 
wa.s  iKith  streiiiithened  and  advanced,  I  ri,  ,. 
was  shorn  of  sonn-  of  its  territory  and  pi.  j  ,i  i 
for  the  absorption  whi<h  followed  after  c.  ;  :_ 
tinu';  there  were  irains  made  on  the  ^id'  ■  i  tt;- 
I'yrenees;  and.  linally.  Louis  XIV.  wa-^  \w.Mmi 
to  the  infanta  of  Spain,  with  .solemn  t'-iti..  :.i 
tionsiat  her  part,  for  herself  and  hiT  lii-'i .  !;,i,,in- 
(f  all  claims  upon  tin-  Spanish  eroun.  or  np'i 
Flanders,  or  HurL'unily.  or  Charo'ai--  N.  t  . 
claim  was  extinirnishcil  by  these  solenui  r, -i;  r, 

ciations.  and  the  Treaty  of  the  Pyrenr--  i- \. 

remarka1)le  by  Ihe  number  of  si  rinij,  w  n,  ,,:,  | 
important  events  to  which  it  uMve  ri>-e 

Cardinal  Ma/arin  died  in  lUtU  aint  >'  '    .-...  it, 
merit    was  assumed    personally  I'y    I.nu;,  \|\ 
then  twenty-three  years  old. 

England  Under  the  Stuarts. 

While  (lermany  and  France  had.  e.e  li  ;n  ;  ,r--\ 
been  di-itrderei|  by  extremely  unlike  .i\il  w  e- 
one  to  the  imnutiirated  devastation  and  pri^ir, 
tion  of  the  land,  tlie  other  to  the  plain  piii'ih.:  i:i 
proof  of  the  nothinirnessof  the  nation  at  ! .:::.  ,> 
ai:ainst  its  nionan-hy  and  court,  the  .I'lm-iii 
peace  of  Fn;:land  had  been  ruMled  in  a  :•  v\  .h: 
i'ererit  wav,  and  with  verv  dilTi'renl  eib.u 

Thedea'lhof  (^uei-n  Kli'/.abeth  Mnite.l  tin  ,  ,,.^^r, 
of  Fiii:!;ind  with  that  of  Scotland,  on  ili.  !■-  rj 
(if  .lames,  son  of  the  indiappy  Mar-y  Siunt  In 
Kiiirlaml  he  was  James  I.,  in  Scotland  .laim  >  VI 
Ilis  character  combined  shri'wdne>->  in  ^mmh  ilin  i 
tionswilh  the  most  foolish  sim|)lieii\  iii  -ili.  :- 
He  was  not  vicious,  he  was  not  in  any  p.irtii  ul  ir.t 
bad  man;  but  he  was  ;'xa*^peraliriLr  in  hi^  Hjiin 
ionatcii  sclf-ciaiceit.  atid  in  his  i;auc  Inri'  -<>!  n'iiil 
and  body.  The  Knglishmen  of  tlinvr  dr.-  ili'i 
not  love  the  S<"ots;  and,  all  thinu's  mnsMi.  nil 
we  may  wonder,  perhaps,  that  .lame-  i-  ••  ..•\  -ii 
well  as  he  did  with  his  l^ngHsh  su'M"'-  11' 
had  high  notions  of  kingship,  and  a>iij>M!iM\r 
opinion  ()f  his  own  kingcraft,  as  h'lMfiil  ?li.' 
art  of  government.  He  scarcely  devjir^  i  in  !ii 
the  ari)itniry  lines  which  Kli/.abeih  lie!  !  li'i 
(.'Hvn.  though  he  had  nothinir  nf  Kli/d"'ir- 
popularity.  IleotTended  the  natimi  !iy  n  ;i  kii:],' 
to  its  old  enemy,  'he  King  of  Sp.tin.  and  }'P  -- :ij 
almost  shamefully  for  ii  marriai^e  of  hi^  i  i  S  r  v,,:i 
to  the  Spanish  infanta.  The  fa\"rih>  i-  <  i; 
riehcd  and  lavislieil  honors  upon  weir  :  -  !i  n: 
upstarts,  ili^treatmeei  uf  the  ;'ro\\  in-  I'  :!ii m 
ism  in  Knglish  rcliuMon;  feeliriL'  wa^.  rr;;i,  wn-vi- 
ous.  There  was  s<'arcely  a  point  on  wKsli  iny 
considerable  number  of  his  subjeet-  c^'ild  ii- 1  in 
agreement  with  him,  or  entertain  Iru  ni-  liin, 
a  cordial  si'nlimcnt  of  loyrdly  or  n -;" ' "  \'' 
his  reign  id'  twenty-two  years  was  di-'  j'^^I  ''• 
nothing  more  .serious   than   the    fain      •      -ui; 

pf>wder  plot"(l(Ht:i)  nf  a  few  diseoiUrni.  ;  (  -.'U" 
lies.  Hut  his  son  had  to  sulTer  th"  n  iv;  1  "'i- 
senuen<"esof  a  loyalty  growiiii:  we  ik  i^n  ■insi'l'-. 
while  royalty  stniined  its  prcrnLM'i\'>  -n  i!" 
other. 

The  reimi  of  .lames  I,  witnes-^ed  '!i'   -l^i^n^-' 
iM'iriimingsof  Kn;.dish  colonl/alinti  in  \;:(''h  i 
the  planting  of  a  durable  setllirnen'     ■    ^  ■^y-<'ii 
...jji  tjij.  ..ji^^-itioTi  of  !he  Filirri;!!  l"  "'■'■  ■  -  '  ■  "^^  ^^' 


1102 


EVIIOPE. 


undrr  thf  Stunrt». 


KlUUI'K. 


Ent'lHral.  Thi"  latter  movcniciit  (16211)  «u«  one 
iif  vnlunUirv  fxilf.  pi.>il"i  I'l  liv  llu'  hard  trrat 
,„int  inllicteil  on  tliosc  '•  S<|.anilist8'  it  ■IikIi' 
i«iuli'tits"  who  loulil  iiiil  riKiiicili'  Ihcmsclvus  In 
',  «i;iii  isWlilislicil  <:iMirili.  Ten  ytars  later,  llir 
I'ilnnni  nidvi'iiirril,  i)f  liiilc|iciHli'nts,  was  fnl- 
|,,«,.,1  liy  till'  urcalcr  iiiinralidii  "f  l'iiril;ins  - 
,|iiili'  (liliircnl  ill  rlass,  in  ilmnwtcr  anil  in  spirit. 

Charles  I. 

.Iiiinrs  iliiil  in  Wl'i.  ami  tlii'  Iron'li'il  rciu'ii  of 
\tU  -nil  Chiirlcs  I.,  iK'^aii  (■iiarlcs  loi.k  nvcT 
fnim  liis  fallior  a  full  nir-         ■  cif  popular  ilis- 

roiitvnt.  aloin;  with  lO':-  ' "'  :•••  springs  in 

opcnition  for  iiirrcas'  .  t.  Tli.' in. -^M  ro,!MCtivc 
„(  llH-si'  was  Ihc  f  "nic.  |}nci;i'i  .-H.imi  flio 
iriiitJMUnl  to  iH.'  the  I'  (-.rnitlnr  :nMl  i  ■  i  sUT 
„f  ihf  voung  kint:.  1  ..■  .niK'  ii  n'  il  lUliT 
oni'.  a.iilwhowas  nil  >  .,,1.  Ini  "  'Jii.'i.  I,  fnr 
cool  ri'asnrw  of  inca.-  '  ii  aiii!  "■  inT'.\  Aorth- 
icssiKss.  In  the  kins;  hiniwlf,  iii,..,'h  n<-  had 
virui's.  Ihi'rc  was  a  roldm-ss  and  a  fa.sity  ot 
natim  wliifh  wirr  sure  to  widiu  the  breach  1h' 
t  Men  liim  and  his  people, 

Kiiiliii:;  the  Spanish  niarriatfe,  Charles  had 
wiililed  (lH'-4)  a  Kn-iieh  prineess,  lli  nrietla  Ma- 
ria, sislir  of  l,oiiis  XIII.  The  previous  subser- 
viciK  y  to  Spain  had  then  been  followeil  by  a 
Wiirwilli  tliat  ((Uinlry,  which  laiiie  to  Charles 
mmi'Z  liis  iiilurilaiiee's,  and  w  liieb  UiickinKliam 
mismiiii,i:;iil,  to  the  shame  of  Kii.i;land.  In  ItitiT 
aii"llier  war  bei;an,  but  this  time  with  Kranei', 
nil  ac-cnimi  nf  the  lliifjiii-nols  l)i'sie;.-ed  at  l.a 
Ur«  lulle.  .\!.'ain  the  meddlesnme  hand  of  Ifiiek- 
iuiliaiii  wrnuirlit  disaster  and  national  disirraee, 
;iiid  piihlie  iiidiirnr.tinn  was  (.-natly  stirreil. 
Wlieii  Parliament  eiideavnred  In  call  the  iii- 
lile  iiiiiii-ler  to  aeeoiinl,  anil  to  obtain  some 
iiriiv  Inr  ^i  bell,  r  maiiaiienieiit  nf  alTairs,  tin.' 
kiHL-  liissnlved  it  Twice  was  this  dime,  and 
(  li.irlc-  and  his  favorite  employed  every  arbi- 
Irirv  iiiidi|iiestionable  device  that  could  be  eon- 
IriMcl  Inr  them,  to  raise  money  without  iieeil  of 
till- ripieseiitativesof  the  peo|ile.  A',  lenirth,  in 
Itl.'s,  i|i,.y  were  driven  to  face  a  tliiid  I'arlia- 
iHiMi.  ill  order  to  obtain  supplies,  Uy  this  time 
tljeC.iiiiiunnsof  Knu'land  -ere  wrouifht  up  to  a 
liiirli  and  ilelemiined  assi-rtion  of  their  rights,  as 
iiL'uii^t  the  Crown,  and  the  I'nritans  hail  gained 
:i  111  ijniily  ill  the  popular  representation.  In  the 
I'lwr  ll.iiise  nf  Harliament,  therefore,  the  de- 
iiiiiiiiUnf  Mieking  for  money  were  met  by  a  conn- 
III  .liMi:iiiil  for  guarantees  to  protect  the  people 
{r"!ii  i'i\;il  ( iicroacliments  on  their  liberties. 
Tilt-  C'tiiiiinns  were  n'solute,  and  Charles  gave 
way  I"  tliiiii,  signing  with  much  reluctance  the 
fiininm  iiisiriiiuent  known  as  the  "  Petition  of 
Itiirlit."  .vliicli  pledged  the  Crown  to  abstain  in 
t'liliirt-  frnin  fnrced  Inans,  from  taxes  imposed 
witlinii!  I'iirliameiuary  grant,  from  arbitrary  im- 
priMiiiiiii  [Its.  without  cause  shown,  and  from 
dilii  r  ill  s|»,iii-  proi-eeilings.  In  return  for  bis 
siuiiaiMie  In  tlie  I'elitinn  nf  Uight,  Cli.irles  re- 
iiiviil  :i  grant  nf  mnney ;  but  the  Cnmmnns 
nfii-i-l  1.)  authorize  his  collection  of  certain 
iiM'  1  i~  •liiiics,  called  Toniiiii;!'  and  Poundage, 
Ipii,  i,.l  ,  -iiejle  year,  and  it  began  attacks  on 
lint  kiiiL.'liaiii, —  whereupon  the  king  prorogued 
it.  Mi'iiily  afterwanls  Huckinghatn  was  assas- 
>ina!r  i ;  ;t  second  expeilition  to  relieve  UiK'lielle 
taiinl  ■  li^c  rablv;  and  earlv  in  KK!)  I'arliament 
»a>  ,1-..  riilileit  again,      'fhis   time  the  Puritan 


ea|i,l 


!ln 


b< 


ibelf 


measures  lo  put  a  stop  to  some  revivals  nf  an- 
cient ccremnny  which  had  appeared  in  certiiin 
churches.     .\t'lhi-  same  time  nUieers  nf  the  l.iiii.', 

whn  had  sei/ed  gnisls  iH-longing  to  a  meiiil f 

the  House,  bir  iioii  payment  nf  Tonnaire  and 
Poundage,  were  siimmoned  to  the  bar  lo  answer 
bir  it.  The  king  protected  lliem,  and  a  dii'eit 
cniillii  I  nf  authority  arow.  On  the  id  of  March, 
the  kiiiiT  sent  an  order  to  the  Speaker  nf  the 
House  of  Coininniis  fur  ad|oiiriiiiieiit ;  but  the 
Speaker  was  b>rcibly  lielil  in  bis  chair,  ami  imt 
lierinitted  In  announce  the  adinuriimeiii,  uiilil 
three  resnliitioiiH  bad  beiii  reail  and  adnpied,  de 
nnuncini;  as  an  enemy  tn  the  kiniidom  ever_\ 
person  who  lirniii,'lil  in  innnvatiniis  in  religinn. 
nr  who  ad  -ed  the  levyini;  nf  Tniina:;e  and 
PnunilaL'e  uilbnut  parliamentary  L'raiit,  nr  who 
vnliintarily  paid  such  duties,  sn  levied.  This 
dniie,  the  iiiembers  dispersed;  the  king  dissnlved 
Parliamiiit  iminedialely,  and  his  re-nliitinn  was 
taken  tn  govern  KiiL'land  theiiceb>rih  on  bis  nw  n 
authnrilv,  with  no  assembly  of  the  npre-ciita- 
lives  nf'the  people  In  ,|lleslinn  nr  criticise  him. 
He  held  In  that  determinalinii  b>r  eh-veii  years, 
duriii','  which  li>ng  liim-  iin  Parliament  sat  in 
KuL'laml,  and  the  (.■niistitutinn  was  practically 
nblileratcd. 

The  leaders  of  the  Cniniunns  in  their  recent 
prnceeiliniis  were  arrested  and  iinprisnned.  >ir 
.Inhn  Klint,  the  fnremnst  of  iliein,  died  in  harsh 
cniilinement  within  llie  Tnwer,  and  otlers  wen- 
held  in  long  i-nstiKlv.  refusiiii:  to  recouni/.e  the 
jurisilielionof  the  kluL''s  jiidu'esnver  things  dnne 
in  Parliami-nt. 

Wentworth  and  Laud. 

One  man,  nf  irnat  ability.  whnli,'id  .stond  at  tiie 
beiiiiiniiig  wi'h  Sir  .Inhu  Klint,  and  ailed  with 
the  party  which  oppnv-d  tin-  king,  now  wi-nl 
nvcr  tnlhi-  side  nf  Ihc  latter  and  rose  liiirh  in 
rnyal  favnr,  until  he  came  in  the  end  In  l»-  held 
chietly  lespniisible  fnr  the  exircine  absnluliMu  to 
which  the  gnveriimeiit  of  Charles  was  pushed. 
This  was  Sir  Thomas  Wentwnrth,  made  Karl  of 
StralTnrd  at  a  later  day.  in  the  tardy  rewardiiiu'nf 

bis  services,    lint  William  l.aiid,  IJislmp  nf  I 

dnu,  and  -ifterwards  .Vrchbishnp  nf  Canli-rbiiry, 
was  the  evil  (-minselnr  nf  the  king,  much  ninre 
than  Wentworth,  in  theiarlii-r  years  nf  the  dec- 
ade nf  tyranny,  it  w,is  l.aud's  part  tn  nrnani/.e 
the  svsti'm  of  despotic  inniian  by  on  its  ecclesias- 
tical side;  lo  iiiiroot  Piiritaiiisiii  and  all  dissent, 
and  to  cast  reliL-ion  for  Kmiland  and  for  Scotland 
in  one  mould,  as  rlL'id  as  iliat  of  Kome. 

For  some  years,  tin-  Kn-xlish  nation  seemed  ler- 
rnri/.ed  or  slupetied  by  tin-  audacity  of  the  com- 
plete nverlhrnw  nf  its  Cnnslituiinu.  The  king 
and  his  si-rvanls  might  easily  imaixiuc  that  the 
ilav  of  troublesome  I'.irliameiits  and  of  inconvi-- 
iiii-nt  laws  was  passed.  At  !ea-t  in  those  early 
\i-ars  of  llicir  success,  it  can  scarcely  have  m-- 
curred  to  their  minds  that  a  time  of  accounting 
fnr  broken  laws,  and  for  the  vinlalcd  pledges  of 
the  Petition  of  l!ii;ht,  iniL'hl  come  at  llie  end. 
At  all  events  ihev  went  I  heir  way  with  s.eining 
.satisfaction,  and  ii-sled,  year  by  year,  the  patii  tit 
endurance  of  a  people  which  has  always  been 
slow  lo  move.  Their  courts  of  Star  Chamber  and 
of  High  Commission,  linding  a  parainoiiiit  law 
in  the  will  and  ph-asure  of  the  kiiii.',  imprisoni-d, 
lined,  pilloried,  tlogired  and  mutilatcil  in  ipiile 
the  spirit  of  the  Spanish  lni|uisilion,  Ihoucli  they 


•lid 


Tl 


T. 


no:: 


ElltOI'E. 


Cifil   llfir 
m  Kitglttnit. 


Si 
0) 


Pouiuliiffc  without  parliiiiiit-ntury  rdjiwnt,  and 
scrvili'  juiIl'cs  ciifiiiicil  till'  luivinint.  Tlicv  iii- 
viiitid  a  ilairii  fur  "  >liip  inniii  y  "  liii  ((iimnutM 
tioii  of  an  aiiricnt  <ltMiiatiil  fur  >liips  to  mtvc  in 
the  Kini:  s  ii:i\ yt  fntni  inliiiid  towns  and  counties, 
as  wfti  as  from  the  coiuincri  iai  ports,  and  wlicii 
violin  ilarnpdcii.  a  sipiirt-  in  itii('kini:liainsliiri'.  re- 
fused |iaynienl  of  tlie  utdawful  las.llieir oliedient 
judL'es  i:ave  judi;nii'nt  airaiiisl  liini.  And  still 
the  people  endureil ;  liul  iliey  Were  layini;  tip  in 
memory  many  thitiL'^,  and  L'atlieriiiir  a  store  of 
reasons  f.a-  llie  aetii'ii  lliat  W(juld  Ity  and  by 
l)ei,'in. 

Rebellion  in  Scotland. 
At  la>i.  it  ^\as  Scotland,  not  Knt:land.  tlmt 
moved  to  relii'l.  I..aud  and  tlie  l^irii;  had  de- 
tennineit  to  lire.ak  down  l*reshyterianism  iu  the 
northern  kiii;:dom  and  to  force  a  I'ray cr  Hook  on 
the  Seotlish  Chureli.  Tliere  was  a  etmseipient 
riot  at  St.  (liles.  in  Kdiuhuruh  (llioT);  .leiiny 
O.'dihs  threw  her  stool  at  the  lii.sliop.  and  Seoi". 
land  pri'seiiily  was  in  revolt,  siirnini,^  u  National 
Covenant  and  defyint^  tlie  kini;.  Cliarles.  at- 
teinp^iiiL' to  frighten  the  resolute  Scots  witli  an 
army  whii  h  he  louhl  not  pay.  was  wkhi  driven 
to  a"  treaty  with  them  (UW.li  which  he  had  not 
honesty  eiioULrh  to  keep.  \V*-ntworth.  who  had 
lieeii  i.ord  Deputy  of  Ireland  since  H>;!i,  ami 
who  had  framed  a  moilel  of  alisolntism  in  that 
i.sl.ind,  for  the  admiration  of  his  collivau'iies  in 
Eniilaiid.  iiuw  returned  to  the  kin^^'s  side  and 
liecame  his  cliief  ailviser.  lie  coiiiisilled  the 
calliiii:  of  a  Parliament,  as  the  only  means  by 
which  KiiL'lish  help  could  he  i;ot  for  the  reslor- 
ini:  t>f  royal  authority  in  Seothinil.  The  I*arlia- 
n'cnt  was  summoned  and  met  in  April.  Itl-lO.  At 
once,  it  sliowed  a  temper  which  alarmed  the 
kiU'^  and  he  di^sol\4'd  il  in  three  weeks.  A^ain 
t'liarles  made  the  attempt  to  put  down  his  Seipt- 
tish  subjects  without  help  from  an  Kn;^lish  Par- 
lianicnt.  and  iiL'ain  the  aliiiiipt  failio. 

The  Long  Parliament. 

Then  the  desperate  kini;  stoiunoneil  another 
Parliament,  which  concentrated  in  itself,  when  it 
came  toL'ether.  the  suppres>ed  rebellion  that  hud 
been  in  the  heart  of  Kn^'land  for  t<'n  years,  and 
which  broke  his  tlinisy  fabric  of  absolutism,  al- 
in  -t  at  a  siiiL'ii'  !)low  It  was  the  famous  Ii<uii; 
I'.irliarncMt  of  KtiL'lish  history,  which  met  in  No- 
vember, lino,  and  wliiih  ruled  Kn^hind  for  a 
dozen  years,  until  it  uave  way  to  theCromwellian 
dielati'ir^hip.  It  sent  l.aud  anil  SlralTonl  to  the 
Tower,  impe.-ichid  thi'  lallerand  broujiht  liim  to 
the  lilock.  within  six  months  from  the  be.L'innini^ 
of  its  scs^i'iii,  and  the  kint;  lmvc  up  his  minister 
to  the  v.-nueance  of  the  anirry  Coniiiions  with 
hardly  one  huinst  attempt  to  protect  him.  Ijiiid 
Wiiited  in  jtri^on  live  yc'ars  befi>re  he  sutTered  thi^ 
.■«inie  fate.  I'he  Parliament  declareil  it.scif  to  hi; 
indissoiublt  by  any  royal  command:  and  the 
kinir  a-.-(ntcd'  It"abolished  tlie  Star  Chanilwr 
ami  the  (ourl  'pf  ili.iih  Commission;  and  the 
kini;  ap|iro\cd  It  swept  ship  money,  and  fori'st 
claims,  and  all  of  Charles'  iavvlcss  nioney-^ettinij 
ileviccs  into  the  limbo:  anil  he  put  his  si;;natiire 
to  its  bills.  Hut  all  the  time  hi'  was  intriuuiiDT 
with  the  Scots  bir  armed  hi  Ip  to  overthrow  his 
ma.sicrfnl  Kiiu'li^h  Parli:inieiil  :ind  he  wa.s  listen- 
ing.' to  Irish  emi-ssariis  who  oifered  an  armv  for 
the-  -:tMie  pur!'"—.  ■•!!  condition  that  Ireland 
sliMiild  be  surrendered  to  the  Catholics. 


ElUOPE. 


Civil  War. 


Cliarles  had  arrant'cd  nothing;  on  either.  I  ili.-,. 
treacherous  plans,  nor  had  he  irained  .tnyiliiii_'  ■..  • 

frotti  the  division  between  radicals  and  t !•  i  o,, 

that  was  beLciniiin^  to  show  itself  in  the  pi-pul;,. 
p.irly,  when  he  Niidileiily  brought  tin  Mr, in,,; 
situation  to  a  crisis,  in  .laiiiiary.  llilj.  I.v  l,i. 
most  foolish  and  arro^'ant  act.  lie  iinadiil  ili.- 
House  of  Comnions  in  person,  with  a  lar^'e  IxaK 
of  arined  men,  for  the  purpose  of  arrc>t'ri_'  )j\',. 
members  —  Pyin,  llampdeii.  Holies,  lli/liri.,- 
and  Strode  —  whom  he  accused  of  ha\in-  m  _-,, 
tinted  treasonably  with  the  Scots  i  Ullu  T||. 
live  members  escapeil ;  the  House  appciili .!  imlir 
citizens  of  London  for  protection;  kiii_'  :i!i,l 
Parliament  lH'>;an  immediately  to  r.ii-i  tnnp.. 
the  nation  divhicd  and  arnyect  ilsi'lf  on  ihc  t«,, 
sides.  —  most  of  the  gentry,  the  Cav;ilji  rs.  m,., 
portint;  the  kini;.  and  most  of  the  I'liriiMn  mil 
die-i-lass,  wearini;  close-cut  hair  ami  rinjvitij 
the  name  lioiindheads,  being  raiiu'cd  in  ihepiriv 
of  Parlianient.  They  came  to  blows  in  Oitnlirr. 
when  the  lirst  batlleWas  fouj^ht,  at  Kd-ehill 

III  the  <'arly  [leriiKl  of  the  war,  the  pii  liimii  n 
tarv  forces  wire  commaniled  by  the  K:irl  of  Ik-A. 
anil  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax  was  their  i^eni  imI  h?  ;i 
later  staire;  but  the  triii'  leader  on  tii:it  sid. .  l.ir 
war  and  for  politics  alike,  was  soon  bmiid  in 
Oliver  Cromwell,  a  mi'inlu-rof  Parliannnl,  wli.i^ 
extraordinary  capacity  was  first  shown  in  tl.r 
military  or,^anization  of  the  Eastern  Cniiiiiiiv, 
from  whuii  hie  came.  After  ll)t."i.  wli,  ti  'Iu 
army  was  reinixleled,  with  Cromwell  :is  Mcml 
in  rank,  his  real  ehicftaiuship  w;is  si  ;irri  ly  lli^ 
pulsed.  The  decisive  battle  of  the  war  w.i-e 
foiiirht  that  year  at  Xasehy,  when-  lln  kiii_'- 
caiisc  sullereii  an  irrecoverable  deb  ai 

The  Prestiyterians  of  Scotland  had  nnw  ullii.i 
tlietiiselvcs  with  the  Engli-h  KoimdlicaiU.  en  lun 
dition  that  die  Church  of  Kii^dand  should  !"■  i. 
miHlcli'd  in  thee  Prcsbyteri.in  form.  Tin  I'uri 
tan  majority  in  Parliament  heiiiL.'  favor:ilile  l.i 
that  form,  u  Solemn  I.eai,'ue  and  Comiiuii  Ik- 
tweeii  the  two  nations  had  beiii  eniind  i:ii -.  iii 
IIH;!,  and  an  Assembly  of  Divin,  ^  wa-  ;■  iiMiirl 
at  Westminster  to  fnime  the  cm  eiiiplriird  --vn- 
tern  of  the  Church.  Hut  the  Indepiiidi  rit-,  vvlio 
disliked  Presliylerianisin,  and  wlio  wi  r.  mi'Ti 
tolerantly  inclined  in  their  views,  had  l'P  iiK  in 
crcasi'd  in  numlH-rs,  and  some  of  tie  sir"ir."T 
men  on  the  Parliament  side,  includinL'  Cn'ii:"'!! 
the  strongest  of  all,  were  amoni;  tin m  fiii- 
dilTerenee  hntught  about  a  sh;r.  ;i  siriiL.'L.'ii'  \\i:i;l!i 
the  popular  party  for  the  control  of  tin  fra:i- .  f 
the  triumph  now  boginniii!,'  to  seem  -.  .qn 
I'lider  Cromwell,  the  .\rmy  1m-(  :inie  a  p'iA' rlul 
organization  of  religious  Indepcii.li  m  y.  "  iilr 
Parliament  suataiiied  Pre.sbyteriani-iii.  :ii'l  ili.- 
two  stiHHl  against  each  other  as  rival  ;...-.Mr^i;: 
the  state. 

At  the  iH'gimiingof  the  year  Willi  lif  f  riuiirs 
of  Charles  had  fallen  very  low.  lli-  |Mi!i-.iii 
Montnisi',  in  Scotland,  h.nl  been  biaoii.  hi-  in 
trigiies  in  Ireland,  for  the  raisiiur  of  .i  i.ilielii 
army,  had  only  alarmed  and  disgii^icd  lii~  hii:;- 
lishfrhaids;  lie  was  at  the  end  of  In- :— 'in  •■-. 
and  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  Scot-,  i  I  '  1  ilM 
in  conjunction  with  Ihc  Presbyterian  ii  ;!"iil>  ni 
Parliaim-nt,  were  willing  to  in;ike  iiriii-  wi'li 
him,  and  restore  him  to  his  throne,  on  i  'Mliiii'ii-i 
which  ineb.ided  the  ^liznuf^  "'  'I'"  loniiMit 
and  the  establishing  of  Preshytcri;u;i-i!i  i:    iln' 


1104 


EIROPK 


('.,((111 

Ifftorittf 


iniii'.fllh. 


Kl HoPK 


He  nfuwil    the 
Ix'lii-f    llmt    the 


Churches  of  both  klnKiloms 
pr»po<.il,  iM^iiiK  (Icliul.'il  liv 
imirn  1  nf  Inilei«'ri(hMits»n(l  I'li  sliytcniins  w.mlil 
own  hiiwiivt"  the  r.rov.TV  of  power  wilhcut 
„nv  rnruo^inns  at  iill.  Tlie  Sects  then  siirr.'M- 
,l,.Kil  hii"  '  '  'lie  Kii(.'lish.  iiiul  he  w.ia  lieM  ill  eon- 
tin.-iiieiit  I  ihe  latter  for  the  next  two  years, 
wherniii"  I  piirsuiii!.'  intrijuies  in  iiiaiiy  diree- 
ticiiis  and  ecmvlnrini;  all  whoil.alt  with  liim  that 
his  piiri«ise«  were  neviT  slrainhtfcjrwurd  — tliat 
he  was  faitldess  and  falsi'  to  the  core. 

Ill  will  and  snspicion,  nuanHliile.  were  widen- 
ini  the  hrcach  iMtween  I'arlianiint  and  the 
Arniv  Political  an<l  relijiious  agitators  wen' 
niiii'ii"  intliietice  in  the  lattiT  and  rcpiililicau 
Wras  were  spreadiiiK  fast.  At  lenulh  (Kcccni- 
bcr  \M>*).  the  Army  took  matters  into  its  own 
liaiiils;  expelled  from  Parliament  those  meinlMrs 
will)  favored  a  n'conciliation  with  the  kill};,  on 
the  ha-sis  of  a  Presbyterian  cstalilisliinent  of  tin' 
Church  and  Knplaiill  passed  under  military  rule. 
TlH'  '•  puru'cd  "  Parliament  (or  rather  the  iniri;cd 
lli.usc  of  Commons,  which  now  set  the  House  of 
1/,p1s  a.si(le,  declaring  itself  to  lie  the  .sole  and 
supreme  power  in  the  state)  l.roiinht  hmif 
ClwrUs  to  trial  in  the  followini,'  month,  Ix  fore  a 
IliL-h  Court  (if  .Justice  created  for  the  occasion. 
llew.is  convicted  of  tn'uson,  in  makin;;  war 
upmi  his  subjects,  and  was  iR'headed  on  the  ;!0lli 
of  ,Ianuary.  1049. 
The  Commonwealth  and    the    Protectorate. 

Tlie  kini;  beins  thus  disposed  of,  the  House 
lit  Commons  pniclaimed  Knj:land  a  Commoii- 
Kialth,  "without  a  King  or  House  of  Lords." 
tdiik  to  itself  the  name  of  Parliament,  and  ap- 
p.iinlecl  an  executive  Council  of  Stat<',  forty mic 
in  numtsr.  The  new  government,  in  its  lirst 
year,  had  arelK'llion  in  Ireland  to  di'al  with,  ami 
sent  Cromwell  to  the  SI  He  c.i.shcd  il      iih 

a  in.  n  ilcss  hand.  The  .\t  year  Scotland  u  as 
in  arms,  for  the  late  king's  son,  now  called 
Charles  II,,  who  had  entereil  the  country,  ac- 
iipldl  I'resbylerianism,  and  signed  the  Cove- 
nant. Again' Cromwell  was  the  man  for  the  oe- 
(■■l^ion,  and  in  a  (ittiiipaign  of  two  tiionths  he 
lUih.l  the  Scottish  war,  with  such  decision  that 
he  Iwd  no  more  lighting  to  do  on  KnglisU  or 
Soitti.^h  soil  while  he  liveil.  There  was  war 
with  th"  Dutch  in  W'll,  Ui.");iaiid  10."i4,  overques- 
ti.ms  of  trule,  and  the  long  roll  of  English  naval 
viilories  was  opened  liv  the  great  soldier-seaman, 
K(i!»rl  liiiike. 

But  llie  power  which  upheld  and  carried  for- 
wanl  all  things  at  this  time  was  the  power  of 
Oliver  Cromwell,  ma.sterof  the  Army,  and,  Iherc- 
fiire.  ma.sterof  the  Commonwealth.  The  surviv- 
ing fraguieiit  of  the  Long  Parliament  was  an 
imuiualv.  a  fiction;  men  called  it  "the  Itiiinp." 
In  \;.ril,  IIm;!,  Cromwell  drove  the  mi-mbers  of 
il  fr  Hii  'heir  chamber  and  formally  took  to  liim- 
M  If  ilie  reinsof  government  which  in  fact  he  had 
hien  holding  iK'fore.  A  few  uioiilhs  later  he  rc- 
iiiM  ■!  fMin  his  immediate  supporters  the  title  of 
l.'ird  I'r.iieciiir,  and  an  Instrument  of  Goverii- 
meat  wfis  frameil.  which  si'rved  as  a  constitution 
liuriiig  the  next  three  years.  Cromwell  was  as 
iniw  illiiig  as  Charles  had  been  to  sliari'  the  gov 
cn.nii  III  with  a  freely  elected  and  representative 
I'.irl  iiiient.  The  first  House  which  he  called  to- 
giilii .-  was  dissolve<l  at  the  end  of  five  months 
iHi.V;^  !!;-;a;:-:j-  it  !«'r«:iitrd  in  discussing  a  rev!Ki;m 
f   the  njiistilution,      Ui8  »cooud    Purliament, 

1 


which  hesiimmnneil  the  following  year,  rmuired 
to  be  purged  bv  the  arliilrary  exclusion  of  about 
a  hundred  memlK'r-  before 'it  <oiild  be  brought 
to  due  submission.  This  traitable  bisly  then 
made  certain  impor'ant  changes  in  the  constitu- 
tion, bv  an  eiimtment  calh-1  the  ■  Humble  Petition 
and  Ailvi.c.  '  It  created  a  •ccoiid  house,  f.i  take 
the  place  of  the  House  of  Lords,  ami  irave  to  the 
Lord  Protector  the  naming  of  persons  fo  be  life- 
mcinlM'rs  of  such  ujiper  house.  If  also  irave  lo 
the  Protector  the  riuiit  of  appoinlintr  his  own 
successnr.  a  riL'hl  whii  h  Cromwell  ixcrised  on 
his  deathbed,  in  l(ri-<  bv  designating  his  sou 
Uichard. 

The  responsible  rule  of  Cronnvell.  from  tlieex- 
pulsion  of  the  liump  and  his  assumption  of  the 
dignitv  of  Lord  Protector,  covered  only  the 
period"  of  live  vears.  Hut  in  that  brief  time  he 
made  the  worl({  respect  the  power  of  Kiigland  as 
it  had  never  iM'en  .espected  tx  fore.  His  govern- 
ment at  home  was  as  absolute  and  arbitrary  a.s 
the  government  of  the  Stuarts,  but  it  was  inli- 
iiifciv  wisiT  and  more  just.  Cromwell  was  a 
statesman  <if  the  higher  order:  a  man  of  vast 
power,  in  intellect  anil  will.  That  he  did  not 
iK'long  to  the  vet  liighir  order  of  commanding 
men.  whose  slat'  nanship  is  pure  in  patriotism 
and  uniolored  by  selfish  aims,  is  proved  by  his 
failureto  even  plan  a  more  promising  settlement 
of  the  government  of  Knglaml  than  that  which 
Uft  it,  an  anomalous  Protectorate,  to  a  man  with- 
out governing  iiualities,  who  happened  to  lie  ULs 
son. 

Restoration  of  ihe  Stuarts. 
Uichard  Croinwell  was  brushed  aside  after 
eight  inontlis  of  an  absurd  atteiupi  to  play  the 
part  of  Lord  Pnifecfor.  Theofliecrsof  the  Army 
and  the  ri-suscifa' .d  Uuiup  Pai  liaineut.  between 
them,  managed  alTiiirs.  in  a  f  ishiim.  for  almost  a 
year,  and  then  they  too  wen-  pushed  out  of  flu- 
way  bv  the  arniv  which  had  n  stationed  in 
Scotland,  under  (Icneral  Cieor  'oiik.  liy  the 
action  of  Monk,  with  the  conse  .lul  with  more 
than  the  consent,  of  Lngland  at  larne,  the  Siai.rt 
monarchv  was  rcstori'd.  Charles  II.  was  invited 
to  return',  and  in  May,  lOtib,  he  took  his  scat  on 
the  re  erected  throne. 

The  nation,  speaking  gen.  ■  dly.  was  tired  of  a 
militarv  ili'spotism;  tire.',  o,  Puritan  aiisfcrily; 
tired  of  revolution  and  Oiiical  u;i.  ertainty  ;  — 
sotireil  that  it  threw  iisi-U  down  at  the  fei't  of 
the  most  worlhless  incniberof  the  most  worthless 
roval  fainilv  in  its  history,  and  gave  itself  U|i_to 
hi'm  without  a  coudiiion  or  a  guarantee.  For 
tweiitv  live  viars  it  endured  both  oppression  and 
disL'riicc  at  his  hands.  It  sutlered  him  to  make 
a  brothel  of  his  Court;  to  empty  liie  nati>mil 
purse  iniollie  poiki'ls  of  his  shameless  mistresses 
and  deliauehed  coiupani'Uis;  to  revive  llie  cede 
siaslii'il  fviaiiiiv  of  Liinl;  to  make  a  <riine  of 
the  reliL'ious  cn'edsaiid  the  worship  of  more  than 
half  his  subiecfs;  to  sell  himself  and  sell  the 
honor  of  KuL'land  to  the  king  of  France  for  a 
secret  pension,  and  to  be  in  every  possible  w;iy 
as  i;:nolile  and  despicable  as  his  lather  li;.d  been 
arnrLfant  and  falsu.  When  he  died,  in  h\<t.  the 
prospects  of  the  English  iiatiim  were  not  im- 
pnived  bv  the  accession  of  his  broilier,  the  Duke 
of  York,  who  lu'came  .James  II.  .bones  had  more 
honestv  than  his  brother  or  his  father;  but  the 
narr'.iwn'-ss  >xw\  meanness  of  the  Smart  race  were 
I   ill  his  bhMKl.     He  had  made  liims.lt  intolerable 

105 


M  . 


I 


KIKOPK 


WilluitH  of  iirnngr 
ami  hi»  IluuMf. 


KIK(>|»K. 


i;-n 


tc.  hi;.  .>.\ilii((i~.  Iniih  Kn^'li^li  anil  Soolrli,  by  cii- 
tiTiiii;  the  (  iitlinlic  Cliurcli,  oprnly.  white  Clmrlt'S 
Wiis  lirlii  \i*,i  til  lia\t'  iliiiH'  liir  same  in  secrft. 
His  n-iiLni'ii  \v;(.s  ni  rr^strily  liiirntrv.  Iii'cuiisi*  nf 
till-  >nialtiir^s  nt  Ills  natitri'.  ami  lii'  oppnsril  it  to 
tlir  rriitistaiili-ni  nf  llir  kiiiu'iimii  "illi  ii  kiml  nf 
linital  aL'i;ri'— iviiirv>.  Ill  till'  lir»l  ynir  nf  liis 
.•i-i^ni  tli'Tc  uiiN  a  rrtiflliiin  iiiiiliTlak'  n.  in  tlir  in- 

liri-.l    nf    a    lia-lani    > f  (  liarl.  ^    |I  ,    ralliil 

Diikr  .il  Muiiiiioulli ,  lull  it  wa-i  >avaL,'.  ly  put 
iliiwn.  lir>l  liy  tnne  of  annw.  at  SrifL'iniciMr,  ami 
iifti'rn  arils  liy  lliv  "  lilocily  as>i^is  "  nf  tin- null 
Itss  .Iinlirc  .Irtfri'y>.  KnrmiraL'iil  liy  tlii-  siirciss 
airiiin^t  Itis  iiirinifs  .Ianii->  lii-^aii  In  iiiimrn  the 
■  Tr-t  Alt.  «liiilii  xiimlril  (  ailmliis  fmninlliri-. 
anil  In  MiiTniiiiil  iiinisi-If  liy  imii  nf  hisnwn  rr 
li;:inn.  Till'  I'l  «i  Ail  was  an  iinri^'liti'ims  law, 
ami  till  "  Di'i  laratinii  nf  lniIiilL:i'iii'i' "  uliiili 
.lanii's  i^^uiil.  fnr  thr  tnli  ralimi  nf  Catlmlirs  anil 
l>i-MiiiriN.  was  just  in  priniiplr.  arrnriliii::  in  tlir 

iillas  nf    lati  r   tilnis;    lillt    lllr  ailinn  nf   till'    kiuu' 

Willi  ii's|ii  it  tn  bnili  was.  m-virilii'U'ss,  a  L'l'n-^ 
anil  tluiali  iiiii::  vinlalinii  nf  l.iw.  Kiit'laml  liail 
sulimitti'il  tn  Hnr.si'  mm  lint  fmiu  C'Inirli'S  II  ,  hut 
its  I'rntrstant  ti'iiiiuT  \\as  nnw  rinisiil.  ami  tin- 
Inxally  nf  till'  sulijirt  w.i.s  rniisuini'il  liy  tin- 
liiTii-ni-ss  nf  till'  ( 'iinrrlnnan's  wrath,  .'aims' 
ilaiiirlili  r.  M.iiy,  ami  In  r  luisliaml.  William. 
I'rimi'  nf  OraiiL'i',  wrri'  iiiviiiil  fmni  lliilaml  tn 
<-nnii-  n\ir  ami    ilisplanr   Hin    nlmnvinns  fallirr 

frnin  liis  thr ,     'I'hiy  ariiptril  the  invitatinn. 

Nnviluf'-r.  HISS;  the  llalinii  rnse  tn  welennie 
llieiii:  .lainis  lliil. —  ami  the  ureal  Itevnliitinii. 
whiih  eiiileil  arbitrary  ninnanhy  in  Kiik'laml  fnr- 
e\tr.  anil  establisjieil  ennstitiitiniial  .^nverninent 
I'M  ei'-arly  iletiiieil  ami  lastiiiL'"  bases,  was  acenm- 
plishi'il  w  iiliniil  the  sheililini;  nf  a  ilmp  nf  blnml. 

The  House  of  Orange  and  the  Dutch  Republic. 

Williaiii  nf  <  ti'.iiiL'e.  w  hn  thus  iii'ipiireil  a  plaee 
in  the  line  nf  Kiij:lish  kiiiijs.  Inlil.  at  the  same 
time,  the  nearly  leiral  ntliee  nf  Slailtlmliler  nf 
Itnllaml;  but  till'  nlliie  hail  lint  reinaitieil  cnn- 
tiiiuniisly  in  his  family  sinee  Williain  the  Mleiil. 
wlinse  .irreat  i:ranil~nn  he  was.  .Mauriee.  the  sun 
nf  the  miirilereil  William  the  Silent,  hail  been 
rhnsen  tn  the  stailtlinlilership  after  Ills  fathers 
iletilli,  anil  hail  earrieil  fnrwaril  his  father's  wnrk 
with  sill  less,  sn  far  as  cnni  eiiieil  the  liheratinii  nf 
the  I'nile-l  I'mvimes  fmni  the  .s;paiii..,h  ynke. 
He  w.'is  an  abler  snl.lier  I'lan  William,  but  tint 
his  equal  as  a  sialrsuian.  nnr  as  a  iimn.  Tiie 
vreaier  statesman  nf  liie  pi  rim  I  was  .Inhn  nf 
Hariievel.lt,  betvM'en  wlininaml  the  Staittlmlilir 
an  nppn^ilinli  ;;rew  up  whieh  [iriHluieil  jealmisy 
ami  hn-lilily.  ninie  espei  iaily  nil  the  part  nf  tile 
lat'ii.  .V  shameful  ieli;.'inus  eniitliet  hail  arisen 
at  tills  time  between  the  CaUlnists.  wlm  iiiim- 
b.  ri.l  iMn-t  nf  the  ilerL'y  in  their  ranks,  ami  a 
ili-.-eniiii_'  billy,  leil  by  .Jaenb  llerinaim,  nr  Ar 
miniiis.  whieh  pmiesteil  iiirainst  the  ilmtriiie  nf 
pri'ili'.-tiuaiinn.  liarnevelilt  fa\nreil  the  Armiii- 
ians.  Tile  Siailihnliler  .Mauriee.  without  any 
apparent  tlienln;;ieal  cnnvii'tinn  in  the  flatter, 
threw  hiswlinle  weiL'ht  nf  iiilluence  on  the  .siile 
nf  the  CaMnisI-;  anil  was  able,  with  the  help  nf 
the  (':ilvinisi  preaeheis,  tn  earry  the  (;reiiter  part 
nf  the  enminnii  penple  intn  that  faetiim.  The 
.\rminians  wereever\  where  put  ilnwnas heretics, 
barreil  fmm  preaeliii'i:;  nrteaeliiu}.'.  ami  ntherwise 
sileiiteil  anil  ill  tnateil.  It  is  a  siiurnlar  fait 
that  at  ill..  V,  ry  tiHe-  .-f  this  ..utbiii-'  -'f  V-.u- 
viuistie  fury,  the   Diiteli  were  e.xhibitin.,'  uthur- 


-sarily,  Hiat  the  liiii,  i 
insl  the  .Vrmini.ins  w  , 

inllS    in    its    smii 

■  ily  II  leeable  in  tin 
.Mauriee.  anil  the  p  e 


iii'l 


wise  It  far  iiinre  Inlerint  temper  in  reli;;i,,ii  n,,,, 
any  nt  her  penple  in  Kiirnpe.  a-iil  liail  thrnv.  n  n),.,, 
their  oiiiintry  as  a  phiee  nf  shelter  bir  the  pi  rv,.. 
ciiteil  nf  iitl'ier  lanils,  linih  Cliristian  -.iirii, 
iinil  .lews.  We  inl 
llesH  nf  till'  Calvin 
ninre  pnlitiial  ili 
that   the  sniiree  i- 

amliitinn  nf  I'rinn .,  ,,„ 

the  party  whieh  suppnrleil  his  siispi 
I  ill  aims. 

Itarnevelill  Inst  inlluenee  as  the  cniiseipii  I;,  .■  (,f 
the  Calvinisiie  iriiinipli.  anil  w;is  expnsi.l  i,, ;,, 
les.,Iy  tn  the  vimlielive  leitri'il  nf  I'rillee  \|  .iirin  , 
Willi  iliil  ii.it  seniple  tn  eaiise  his  arrest  h  ,  iri:,[ 
ami  exeeulinii  (IDI'.I).  nil  eliar^'es  whieh  i, -ii.  lu 
lii'Veil.  .Mauriee,  whnse  inemnry  is  bliiek.  i„  .1  i.i 
this  irreiil  eriiiie.  ilieil  in  tti'J.'i,  ami  Wiis  sm.  i .  ii..| 
by  his  liiilf-lirnther.  Freilerie   llinry.      ri,.'  «.ir 

with  Spain  hail  I n  reneweil  in  Kl'jl.  iii  ih.  i  ml 

nf  the  twelve  years  trine,  ami  ninre  tlein  u  ilhiiL'iv 
reii'weil;  fnr  till'  iiierehani  class,  ami  tl,,  m.-irj. 
lime  interest  In  the  eilies  whieh  felt  s, ,  i,],.  |,r,,. 

b  rie.l  Wiir    tn    pi'ilee.        I'mler  a    hnslilr    ll.i-l||,v 

I'lisheil  their  enmmeree  intn  Spiinish  nii-l  I'eriii 
friiesi.  si-iis  f-nm  wliiih  a  treaty  nf  p.  ik  ..  «.,u].l 
umlnllbleill;,  exelu.Ie  them;  iinil,  s,,  |,  .,_-  ,„ 
~'|iiiiiish  Amerieaii  silver  lleets  were  iiil.  ,;  tin 
sfinils  nf  neean  Wiir  were  vastly  etirii  hiii.-  U 
Wits  ilurini.'  these  years  nf  wiir'  th:ii  lie  Untili 
L'nt  their  fnntini.'nn "the  farther  siiles  nf  tl,,  u.n'M 


lliell 
^ll•.| 
i.Tal 
l!i,' 
,il.-.| 
illlil  ill- 


I 


I   Siiiiie 
t.   iicri' 

illlulie 
ill.,  a  ill 


.  I.isi' 

11  III.' 


aiel  nearly  wnn  the   mastery  nf  tl., 
I    llii'ir  sinwer  but  strnni.'er  Kiiirlish  riv;il 
I    finiii  them   in  the  eml,      Nnt   until  tli 
j    I'laee  nf  Westphaliii.  in  Kits,  was  ii  i:i 
j    meiit    nf    issues   belweell   Spain  ainl   ti 
I'rnvinees  brnllirhl  abniil.      The  fieeili.iii 
ilepemleliee  nf  the  Pnivinees  as  snveriii;i 
Wils  then  aekllnwleilireil    by  the  hlllnble' 
ianl,  anil  favnrable  arrani;einenls  nt  lie 
enneeileil     tn     them.        The     snutheni      ( 
I'rnvinees,  whieh  Spain  hail  helil.  wt-u- 1.  i. 
Ihi'ir  snbjeetinn  tn  her. 

Kreilerie  Henrv,  the  tliiril  Slailihnlil.  r  .v  r--iii' 
i-eeileil  in  ll>47  by  his  snii.  William  II.  11,.  !;,ii.  r 
wasteil  his  slinrt  career  nf  h'ss  than  biur  \.  ir-  iii 
binlisji  pinltin;;  tn  revnlut inni/.e  the  i;. '\  i  riiiii.  HI 
aiiil  Iritnsf.irni  the  stailtlinlilership  itii.i  :i  iiien- 
arehy,  siippnrteil  by  Kranee,  bir  tin'  In  i|i  nf 
whieh  cnnnlry  he  seemed  willini:  tn  p:i\ 
ami  ireasunaiile  price.  Dyiiii;  sml.lml 
iniilst  of  his  scheminir,  he  left  an  iinl'i.iii  ,-u!i  — 
the  future  William  III.  nf  Kn^'Iiiml  —  «!i  ■  ■aim 
'  into  the  wnrlil  a  week  after  his  hither  Inni  ]■  li  it 
I'mler  these  cireumstanees  the  siiitllii'l.ji  r-hij! 
Wiis  suspeii. It'll,  with  stmni;  feelings  a:;;ii;:^t  lli- 
revival  nf  ii.  resulting  frnm  the  enmlm  i  ..!  U  ii 

liiini    U.        rile    lessiT    lirnvinces   then    b  !1    ilil'lil 

the  ilnininatinn  nf  llnllaml  —  sn  niiieh  se  iLii  ili< 
name  nf  llnlliiml  In  ::an  snnn  tn  be  appli.  .1  i.i  iIk' 

cniib'ileratinn    at    lariie.  ami    is   very  i.niii Iv 

iiseil  with  that  meanini;  fnr  a  Inn::  sn!.^.  ,[mii' 
time.  The  chief  minister  nf  the  K^bii.^  ni  11.1 
laml,  knnwn  as  the  (iraml  I'l'iisiniem  .  !.  •  aim 
the  iiractical  heail  ol  the  federal  l'i'\  ' 'iiiin  iii 
.\fier  1(1.1;!  the  otnee  of  (iraml  I'eii-i  i"  "i- 
lilleil  by  a  statesman  of  hi^'li  abilin.  .1  "tiii  il'- 
Witt,  the  chief  end  nf  whose  pnlii  y  a;.!'. 
have  been  the  prevenlinn  of  tin'  n  lai 
the  House  <if  Omnije  to  power.  Th.'  l' 
iiient  thus  iiilniinistered.  and    contmlli'!    1. 

entimierfiitl    ^■ia^s.  was    sncressfui    i:;     ; 

tile  general  prosiierily  of  the  prnvini.'-,  a 


nf 


I  ho 


1106 


ErK()l*K 


/Vujuiu. 


KUROPE. 


^iTiiiii ini!  their  miiritiiiif  ininDrtiimc uihI  |m«cr 
w  "llllm  tr.l  l»..«Mrs  Willi  knu'land  -  ......  vv.lh 

l„.  (■omi...m».'iilll.  aii.l  .>ii.'   "ill.   Hit'  r.xt.ir.-. 
r,.|,V— 1111(1  .■.ml.l  •■l»i".  "'  I'"*'  ""  ''I"''' 
l];r,-  i.f'tl"'  II"*"'   «-''"fy  """  '"  '■"'■''      ""'  'i 
„''.l..lf.l  II"'   li.i"!  .l.-f.»»'-  "f  ""■  f"»..lr.v,  UI..1 

'  "  l,„i...lsl...i.i.l.illv  iii,|.r.paiv.l  in  ITO.  «l..ii 

;'„„,„,  f„r„„..i  i,..t «....,..,.., IS  x  V  '■ft;;'";,'' 

'■',,   iri.iil.li.-    Iiiiml'li'l   aii.l   ilislr.-sMd   liy    I  he    , 

„L,ii.-,.  .it  a  irrcat    liiM..ii.-    muu-.  .iii.l   I'tm..! 
s  uratl.  aL'ai..>t  Xhr   parly  ..f   !),■  Win.     '1 1..- 
Prill...  » as  ..la.l..  Sia.Hli.il.l.'r,.l..spit..  111.-  ..|.|";     ; 
'i,i,,„  ,,(  .li.li.i  .!.•  Will,  a.i.l  111.'  lult.T,  Mitli  li.-s 
i,r,,ili,rl'..rii.'li.i>.  wiisiiiur.l.r.-.llna  iii..lial  Am-    j 
M.T.iai.i      William  <.f  t Ira..-.' |"-"v..l  Imll.  wis.- 
,1,1.1  l..r..ii-  as  a  l.a.l.-r.  an.l  111.-  p.-.^pK-  w.-n-  r.ais.-,     i 
„,  ,1  ,„.w  ...ur^'y  ..f  r,-sisla.i.-.-  I.y    i.s  ai>p.-als  an.     ; 
his  ,  \ainpl.-.     Tlii-y  <  111  tli.ir  .lyk.-s  aim  II.kkI-,     ; 
tin-  lii.il   siiliji-c-tiii!.'  lh.-nis.-lvi-H  1.)  iiiim.-asur.-.l 
1,1V,  ,11,1 '.lislr.-ss.  lint  p(r.-iiipl..rily  sl.ippins.'  tli'- 
Fn-ii.  lia.lvaiir.-.nnlillim.- wasj.-aiiic-ilf.irawalv.-.i- 
inj  pulili.-  f.'.li'i^'  in  Kiin.p.-  a.-ai.ist  tin-  airirn-s     '■ 
si„rs,.t  III.-  nMs.riipiil.mt  tr.iuli   kini;.      1  li.ii 
William  ..f  nraiiL'.-  li.-i-'an  that  wlii.li  was  i,i  Ik- 
\,U  ..n-at  an.l  iiiip.irlanl  mission  in  lit.-,---!  i-  ..r- 
,',„i/im.' ..f  n-sislam-,- t.i  I.i.nis  XIV.     W  .th„nt 
til.- l.-r.-iilit  anil  p.-m-lritinn  ..f  h  r.-ii.h  ili-sii;iis 
uhiili  lie.-viii.-.-.l,— with.iiit  hisiiiilla,i.'L'ni-.->..-r- 
ti,,iisl..rili.-iii-Mlhi"v  vi-ars.— wilhiuitliisiliplii 
iiiiiiu-  t:n-t,  his  skill  .if  iiiaiiaL'«-nii-nt.  his  imti.-n.-.- 
111  war  liis  .ihsliiiati-  p(-rs<-v.iaiK-.-.— it  a-i-nis  t.i 
Ik-  -1  .■i-rtuinly  that  tin-  aml.iti.ms  --.irrun.l  m.iii- 
iirili  ■,-,iii.-i-iilratiii,i:  tin-  wli.iU-  p.iwi-r  ..I  Kraiici-    , 
in  liiiii-.lf,  w.mlil  liaM-  lii-i-n  alili-  t.i  l.r.-ak  tli.- 
s.irr.i,iii.linK  imti.ms  ..ni-  by  ..in-,  an.l  tli.y  w.nil.l 
ii„i  li,iM-.-.imliini-.l  tli.-ir  slri-nirth  f.iran  .-IT.-.-tivi- 
s,lfpri.ii-.-li.in      Tin-    r.-v..lnli.m    ..f    IIW^-'J  in 
Ei!-!aii.l.  whiili  pivi-  the  iriiwii  of  that  kin>;(loni 
t,V\Villiain,  anil  hiswife  Mary, i-.>ntriliiit.-.l>;rc-iilly 
III  hi-  -ii(-i-(-ss.  ami  was  an  t-vi-nl  m-arly  as  impor- 
tant ill  Kiiroi..-an  politii-s  at  lari;.-  as  it  was  in 
111,,  ,,,11-lilntioMal  history  of  Gri-at  Britain. 
Germany  after  the  Thirty  Years  War. 
li!  a  natural  onh-r  of  things,  ti.-rniany  sli.ml.l 
kivi-  ^iipplii.l  Ih.-  main  ri-»istani-(-  to  l...iiis  XIV. 
aii.l  h,l,l  his  niismipnhins  aniliition   in   cln-rk. 
Bui  (ii-iinanv  hail  falli-n  t.)  its  lowest  state  of 
jH,liii.al  .l.-morali'/atiou  iiiul  liisor.ler.     'I'hi-  very 
idea  ,if  iiaiionality  had  iiisap|n-areil.     Tin-  K.n- 
piri-.  i-Mii  eollapseil  to  the  Germaiii.-  s.ii>.-.  an.l 
.-v.ii  r.  il.i.i-.l  to  a  frame  an.l  a  form,  ha.l  almost 
Viuii-h.-.l  from  practieal  allairs.     Tin-  inini.-r.nis 
pitlv  sl,iles  whieh  iliviileil  the  German  people 
sLmkI  apart  fniin  one  another,  in  siilislanlial  in- 
{iip,ii.kii. .-.  an.l  were  siin.leri-.l  liy  small  Jealous. 
its  aii.l  .lisirnsls.     Little  alisolute  prineipalilies 
tli.-v  wir.-,  .a.h  havinj;  it.s  litth-  court,  wlii.  h 
ai>.,|,  in  :i   lillle  wav,   the  jirainl   e.nirt  of  tln- 
i;raii,l  iii.iKir.  Ii of  Friim-e  — e.-ntral  .ihjeet  of  the 
iiiii:,iMii.,ii  an.l  the  envy  of  all  small  ».ml9  in  its 
tiia-      Half  of  them  were  r.-aily  to  l>.iw-  down  to 
tlh   ~;  liii.li.l  hiini;  at  Versailles,   an.l  t.i  lie  his 
.ri.ii^.ri-.  if  he  eondesceiideil  to  liistow  a  no.l  of 
piiT'iiaL'e  and  alteution  upon  th.-iii.     The  Kr.iii  h 
kih^'  li.i.l  more  inlluem-e  lui.oni;  them  than  their 
n,iiii:i:il  Kn.|ii.-ror,     More  ami  more  distiiielly  the 
b-.i,r-.!v;.-.-.  :-.;iart  in  hU  inimeiliate  douunions  as 
an  .V.islrian  sovereigu;  ami  more  and  more  com 


pletelv   Austrian   inten-8lH  and  Austrian  iiolioy 
hi-iaine  removed  and  eslranned  from  the  interests 
of  the  (ierinanie  pi-ople.     The  amliitioiis  and  the 
earesof  the  lloiiseof  llapslmrj.' w.-n- i..ereasi.i).'lv 
in  .lir.-.li.i.is  most  opposite  t.i  the  G.-rmaii  si.h- 
of  its  r.-lati.ins.   t.n.lini;   towards  Italy  and  the 
soutli.-ast-,  whil.-,  at  the  same  time,  the  narrow 
ehiirili  inttii.-me  wlii.  h  ilepressi-d  the  Austrian 
states  widene.l  a  hopeh-s«  iiitelleitnal  dilTerenee 
belweeu  them  and  the  northern  (lennan  people 
Brandenburg.—  Prussia. 
The    most    ii.ilal.l.-   iiio\. mints    in   (lull    Oer 
man  alTairs  aft.  r  tin-  I'.a.e  of  Wi-slplialia  were 
lliose  whii-h  eoniK-.teil  themselves  with  the  set 
tliiii;  and  cenli-rini,'  in  liian.h  nliiiri;  of  a  iiiii-leiis 
of  L'rowini:  pow.r,  ar.mn.i  wlii.h  tin-  national./.- 
in.'' of  (ierinanv  has  Ih-.h  a  (-rvstaliziiii;  pr.H-ess 
,-vTr  siiiee.     Thi-  Mark  .if  Itran.h-nhuri:  was  one 
of  tin- i-arlii-sl  e..iiiiuests  (l.ntli  (-eiitury)  ot   the 
U.-rniauH  fro...  the  W(-n.ls.      Prussia,  afterwar.ls 
unil.-.l  with  Ilran.lenliiiri;,  was  a  later  (-..n.iuest 
(Ihirleenth  e.-ntiirv)   from  Weiidish  or  >lavoi..(- 
aii.l  .It her  panaii  inlialiitanls,  and  ils  siili.jii,L'alion 
was  a  inissionarv  enlerprise.  aieoniplisli..l  liy  the 
1  r.isa.iiii"  l>r.h-f  of  T.-u'oni.-  Kiii!;lit.s,  iiii.h-r  the 
aulhorilv  ami  dire.tionof  tin-  I"o|.e.     Th.-l)r.ler, 
whi.h  In-hl  the  (imntry  hir  more  than  two  een 
turii-s,  an.l  rnl.-.l   it  ha.llv.  l..-.aiiii-  .len'-m-rati', 
and  iiliout  th.-  mi.l.ll.-  of  the  tilt.-.-iilh  e.-iitiiry  it 
was  oveieoni.-  in  war  liv  (asi.nir  I\  .  of  I'olan.l. 
who  t.iok  awav  fniii.  it  Ih.-  western  part  of  its 
irrriti.rv    an.l  fori-e.l  it  t..  .1..  honiane  to  him  for 
111,-  easii'm  part,  as  a  li.  f  ..f  the  Polish  .-rown. 
Sixlv  M-.irs  later,  the  li.-formation  movi-inent  ui 
(iermany  liroiii;lit   alioiil  tin-  e.vtint;nisliiiient  of 
the  Teiitoiii.-  Or.l.-r  as  a  p..litieal  p.iwer.     The 
■   (iraii.l   Miisl.r  of    the  Order   at   that   tune  was 
Mliirt    a  lloheii/.ollern  |irinee,   beloiiKin;:    to  a 
'   voiui".  r  hraii.  h  of  the  liriiii(U-iilmri;  family      lie 
iH-eaim-  a  I-nlheran,  an.l  snei-eeded  in  pl-rslladlu,^' 
the  Polish  kin;;,  >ii.'is.nuiiil  1,  t.)  transler  tliesov- 
eri-i"ntv  of  the  Kast  Pru.ssian  li(-f  to  him  person 
iillv    as"  a  duehv.     II.-  transmitte.l  it  to  his  de 
seen'.lants,  whnheld  it  for  a  lew  >;i-nerain.ns    hut 
the  line  lieiameextinet  in  llilK,  an.l  the  Dm  liy 
of  Prussia  then  pass.-.l  loth.-  ehlerlmimh  of  the 
family  ami  was  unit..!  willi  Hran.lenlinr;;.     The 
Mark"  of    liraiul.-nliuri;   lia.l   heeii  raisi-.l  to  the 
rank  of  an  Kleelorale  in  i;S."i<i  am!  Iia.l  he<-n  ae- 
,   ouiri-il  liv  111.-  lloli.n/.oll.rn  family  in  1417.     The 
i   siip.-ri.ir"w.ii;lit  .'f  the  Iti-aiid.nhurtc  eh-.-l.irs  in 
i   iiorlherii  G.-niiaiiv  iiiav  In-  dat.-.l  from  their  ae- 
.piisition.if  tlieiniporianl  Din  liy  of  Prussia;  liut 
Ihev  ma.le  no  mark  on  alTairs  until  the  time  ot 
!    l->."deriik  William  I.,  eall.-.l  the  tir.-at   Kh-etor, 
!    whosineei-d.-il  to  tlw  Kleetorate  in  ll'>ll>.  mar  tlie 
!   ,.'  ,s,-  of  ihe  Thirlv  Years  Wa.-.     In  the  arran.ne- 
I   minis  of   th.-   P.a.e  of    Westl>halia  li<-  seenred 
I    I'.a-t  Poinirania  and  olli.-r  (-on.si.U-ralile  a.ulilions 
1   of  lerritorv.      In    lt-."i7    he   made   his   Dm  liy   ol 
i    Prus-ia    iii.lep.-ii.li-iil  of  Polaii.l.  by  treaty  with 
i   til,-  P.ilish  kinn      In  lliT-'  and   1B74  he  lia.l  tlie 
eoiira"e  an.l  tin-  iii.li-pen.lenee  to  j.iin  tin-  alli.-s 
against    Louis  XIV  ,   and  when  the  Swed.-s,  ... 
ariianee  with   Louis,  invaded  his  .himinio.is,   he 
d.-l'eate.l  and  huml.l.-.l  them  at  F.--hrli.ll.n,  ami 
took  from  them  tin- f^reater  part  of  their  Poiiie 
rinian  lerritorv.     When  the  Great  Eleel..r  iln-d, 
in     KiSS     liraiah-nburg    was    the    (ommandin^' 
Norlh-Ger.nan    power,    and    the    Ilohenzollern 
family  lia.l  fully  entered  on  the  great  career  it 
has  siuee  pursued. 


1107 


'  1 1  •  ■  1 


I-  M  .    .  ( 


■ilf.   ,'; 


KIHDHK 


ISttanit,  Hiiiutn  awi 


KIHOPE 


Frederick  WIlIlaiiiH  son  Krwicrirk,  willi  iimiu. 
of  his  futhcrs  talciii,  liml  n  pusliiiia  liiil  slmlluw 
umliitidn.  lli'  ii.s|iiricl  in  In'  »  kiiii;,  ami  circiim- 
Btiiiurs  niiide  Ijis  friiiKlsliip  »ii  iin|M)rliint  to  tlii' 
Kiiipcrdr  I,ii>polil  1  llial  tlji.  lallir.  ix(  rcisini,' 
till' lln'(ir('li(iil  siiprr  Miviri  i;;iilv  of  th>-  Ca'siirs, 
iiiildwcil  him  with  llir  rciial  tilli'.  Ili'  w.is  iiiaiii' 
Kiiijr  iif  I'nissia.  nut  of  Itraiiilciiliiiri;,  liccaiisc 
RriiiKiciiliiirii  mKhmI  in  vassalai;c  to  thi'  Kmpirc. 
while  I'russlii  was  an  indiiMiulint  state 

Poland  and  Russia. 

^Vhen  Brandenlniri;  and  Prussia  united  Uiian 
to  ris»'  to  iniportanre,  the  neiehl«irinf;  kinirdoni 
of  I'oland  had  already  passed  the  climax  of  its 
career.    IndertlieJairillon  dynasty,  sprunir  frojii 
the   Duke  .lairelhrn  of   I.ithi'iania."  wlio  niarri.  d 
IKdnifi,  Queen  of  I'olanil.  in   lltWJ.  and  united 
the   two  states,  I'oland  was  a  j;reat  power   for 
two  centuries,  and  seemed  more  likilv  than  Uus 
sia  to  dominate  the  .Slavonic  peoples' of  Kurope. 
The  Rus,siansatthat  lime  were  under  the  feit  of 
the  .^lonirol.s   or  Tartars,    whose   lerrilic   sweep 
westwards,  from  Ihe  steppes  of  Asia,  h.id  over 
whelmeil  Ihem  <omplilely  and  si  enied  to  lirinj; 
their  indepeiiihnt  history"  loan  end.     .slowly  a 
Uussiaii  duchy  had  eiue"ri.'i(l,  liavinR  its  sc  at  of 
doulitfid  sovcrei^'iity  at  .^I.kcow,  and  iHiiii;  snip- 
ject  (piile  humhiy  to  the  .Monirol  Khan.     Aliout 
1177   the    .Muscovite    duke  of   tli.it   lime,    Ivan 
Va.silovitch.  linike  the  Tartar  yoke  and  acquired 
iiid.'pendence.     Hut  his   dominion    was  limited. 
The    I'.iles    and    Lithuanians,   now    iiniticl,    had 
taken  Iio-sissionoflar(,'eaiid  important  territories 
formerly  Russian,  and  the'  Muscovite  state  was 
entirely  cut  oil  from  the  Baltii .      It  lieuan.  how 
ever,  in  the  next  cenlury.  under  Ivan  the  Terri 
hie.  tlrst  of  the  Czars,  tii  make  idni|iiests  south- 
ward   and  soiitli castwanl.     fron,    the    Tartars, 
until  it  had  reached  liie  Caspian  Sea.     The  do' 
minion  .if  the  C'zar  stretched  norlliward,  at  the 
sami'    lime,    to   the    While   Sea,    at    the   sinirle 
port  of  which  trade  wiis opened  with  the  Russian 
country  liy  Kiiirlish  mercliant  adventurers  in  the 
rei-,'11  of  Klizahiih.     I.ate  in  the  sixtcditli  ecu. 
tiiry  the  old  line  of  riilirs.  discemled  from  the 
Sivindinavian  Kuric.  came  to  an  end.  and  after  a 
few  years  .Mi.hael  R molT  estalilished  the  dy- 
nasty whii  h  has  reii;ned  since  hi-^  time. 

As  hetwci-n  the  Iw)  principal  Slavonic  nations, 
Kii.ssia  was  now  jiaininj,'  slahili'y  and  weijiht! 
while  I'oland  had  lM'i:un  to  lose  lioth  It  was  a 
fatal  dav  tor  the  I'olcs  when,  in  1.17:!,  on  the 
death  of  the  last  of  the  .laplions.  Iliev  made 
their  monareliy  luinly  elective,  aliolish'ini;  the 
restrieti.,11  to  one  f.uuilv  which  hail  previoiislv 
prevaihil.  Tli.'  eliction  was  hy  the  sufTrai.'c  o'f 
the  nohlcs.  not  the  peopl,.  at  'laru'c  (who  were 
(.'enerally  m  rt'si.  and  the  trovernmeiit  liccame  an 
oliL'archy  of  tlii>  most  uniei:ulatc-d  kind  known 
in  liisloiy.  The  <To\Mi  was  stripped  of  power, 
and  the  i  .;  illiiiiniess  of  tlii.  noiiility  to  sulimit 
to  any  naliotial  authority,  even  tlial'of  its  own 
ius.seiu!i|y,  nar  hcd  a  poiin.  ahout  the  iniildle  of 
the  sevciiteeiiih  century,  at  which  anarchy  was 
virtually  a^'re.-il  upon  'as  the  dcsirahlc  po'lilical 
state.  Tile  cMraonlinirv  "  liiierum  veto."  then 
made  part  of  llie  I'.ilisl',  c  .institution,  ^-ave  t.i 
each  sinirle  incniliir  ..f  tin-  a.ssiMnlilics  of  the 
nohles.  or  of  thi-  depiiiiis  ivpresentinj;  them,  a 
ri;rlit  to  forhi.l  any  enaciinent.  or  to  arrest  the 
wliolepnjccidinp-^wf lii.  ;>,,.iy,i.\  lo^un-.ipporifil 
negative.     This  ainazini:  preroiiative  apfiears  to 


\1H, 


have  lieen  exercised  very  ranly  in  ii.  ii, 
hut  its  theoretical  existeiiie  elTictUiillx 
KUlshed  piihlic  spirit  and  paralvze.l  all  r 
h'Kislalinn.  Linked  with  tlmsinirnlar  li.I.I.  i,,,. 
of  the  nmnarehv.  it  leaves  small  riK.iii  l.r  -iir 
prise  at  the  uitiniale  shipwrei  k  of  ih.  |',,|i,|, 
state. 

The  royal  elections  at  Warsaw  cani.'  i..  i,, 
prize  contests  at  which  all  Kurope  .,^m>i..| 
Kv.  ry  Court  set  up  its  eaniliilalc  for  ili.>  pilin 
titular  place;  every  eandidate  c'luptii.l  hi-  pur- 
into  the  I'olisli  capital,  and  Ijiihe.l.  intriii.il 
corrupted,  to  the  U'st  of  his  ahilitv  t),.'..  ,„ 
h'ast  (U'74),  when  the  jraiiie  was  on.  .i  -u.l.l,.,, 
breeze  of  patri.itie  feelinjr  swept  Ih..  ir,i>:,  l„r, 
out  of  the  diet,  ami  inspired  llii-  el.iii,.;,  ,,|  , 
national  hero,  .lolin  Sohieski.  to  wIi.mm  Km,', 
owes  much;  for  it  was  he  who  ilrovi-  ha,  k  tli. 
Turks,  in  lilt*;!,  when  their  last  h..|i|  p.,-!,  im, 
central  Kurope  was  made,  and  when  ih.  \  h.p 
storminir  at  the  sales  of  Vienna.  HiiT  n  h..,, 
Soliicski  dii'd,  in  llliMl,  the  old  scamlal.ni-  i,  ,„ii„ 
of  a  crown  was  re-opened,  and  thi'  Kl.  .i.i  ,.: 
Saxony  was  the  buyer.  During  nioxt  oi  n,,  i  „i 
two  centuries  of  "its  history.  I'.ilaii.l  s.l.:  j-. 
throne  to  one  alien  after  an'olher.  an. I  ;ii|.,u..| 
foreiiin  stales  to  mix  and  meddle  with  it-  :iir;ui- 
tlf  real  nationality  there  was  not  niie  li  h  It  i,. 
cxtinijuish  when  Ihe  time  of  extin(ti..M  .  im, 
There  were  patrioLs,  and  very  notil.'  p.mi  ,.- 
amonj;  the  I'oles,  at  all  peric«ls  of  Ih.  ir  |ii.i.,i., 
but  it  seems  to  have  been  Ihe  viTy  h..|..  1. --n. -. 
of  the  stale  into  w  liich  thi'ir  couiilrv  ha.l  .iril'i  i 
which  intensitied  their  pntriotii-  feeiiiiL' 

Russia  had  ai'iiuired  ina>:niliide  ai;.|  Mnii.-il, 
as  a  barbaric'  power,  in  the  sixieenili  an,;  -.  vl-n 
Icentli  centuries;  but  it  was  not  until  t|j,.  pi;,,, 
of  I'eter  the  (ireat.  which  opeiii'd  in  IC--.',  iliat 
the  creat  Slavonic  empire  bcL'.iii  !,■  t  iK.-  .,ii  i 
Kuropeanrharaeler,  with  Kuropean  in  ,  r,-i-.,ni,l 
intluences,  and  to  assimilate  tlie  ci\  i!i/,,ii,,n  ,,f 
Ihe  West.  I',  ter  may  he  sai.l  t..  Iia\e  ki.,itt..l 
Russia  to  Kurope  at  bothextreiuiti.  -  li\  pu-liiii;., 
his  dominions  to  the  liallieon  the  noiili  m.;  !,.ili.- 
Ulack  .Sea  on  the  south,  and  bv  putlir.i;  I  i-  ,  «ir 
ships  altoat  in  both.  From  his  day.  I(ii-m  Ius 
been  steailily  gatherinir  weit'lit  in'  e,,.  h  .1'  ih.- 
two  continents  over  wjiich  her  va.-i  I.m!;,  ,  !  cm 
pire  is  sirelehc'd.  and  moviiij;  to  a  inv-!,r  .:- 
great  destiny  in  lime  to  come 

The  Turks. 

The  Turks,  natural  I'nemi.-s  of  all  th.c  l,ri-  :.iij 
races  of  eastern  and  soulheastern  Km,  i"  ..c!,,- 
liractically  to  the  end  of  their  Ihii-at.  inr.  ,  n. ,  r 
of  con.picst  about  the  mid. II.'  ..f  i!;,  -i\',-ii'li 
century,  when  Suleiman  the  M.iv'iiii;. .  i,:  .|i,,| 
(l.")titi)  He  had  occupied  a  gnat  p.ri  ,,!  III.!: 
gary ;  seated  a  pasha  in  liu.la;  lai.l  .-i,  j,  i,, 
Vienna;  taken  Rhc«Us  from  Ihe  KmIl'Ii!-  ,  1  .-i 
.I.din ;  attacked  them  in  .Malta :  mail.  :ii.  :i!li  iin 
with  the  King  of  France;  brouL'lit  a  'r.iki-i, 
tieet  into  the  wcslern  Meclilirnin.  .in.  .hhI  h.  M 
Kurop.,'  in  positive  terror  of  an  otl.iiini  ,1  iiii 
nation  fcjr  half  a  century.  His  son  S.  ilin  i,i,i,d 
Cyprus  to  the  Turkish  c'ompiesi,-;  Imi  u  i-  l,;in. 
bled  iu  the  Mediterranean  hy  lie  grc  ii  i  l:ii.i  ,!i 
victory  ci,  Lcpanto,  won  hvthe  cniliie,  I  il,;- 
of  Spain,  Venice  and  the  I'ope,  iin.l.  r  I'  ".  .1,  hi 
of  Austria.  Afterthat  time  Kurope  ii  .,1  i,  ,  lT'..' 
fear  of  the  Turk;  thcmirh  he  still  |,„;-i,  lnr.i 
Willi  tiie  Vclii'tlans.  tlie  I'oles.  tlje  lin-,  ii -.  tin, 
Hungarians,  and,  once    more,   carrinl    !ii-    .rai^c 


1 


1108 


EUROPE. 


H-ur» 


KCKOPK. 


even  I"  Vfcnua.      But,  im  llir  wliolu.  it  wii«  a 
loeiug  llglit;  tlic  cri'sii'iit  wiw  im  llic  wauf. 

Lait  glorie*  of  Venice. 

In  llio  «hi)li'  strudi-'li'  «i'li  the  Ottoniiitis, 
thnviitl'i  the  llfti'ciilli.  sixtofiilli.  iiml  wvciitirmh 
(rnliiriis.  till'  ri'piiblk'  "f  Viiiicc  Ixin-  ii  luiliU^ 
part.  She  ciintcHtcil  with  lliciii  fiHit  l)y  fcKit  liii' 
(5n(k  irtlaiiils.  IVlnponrii'sim,  ami  tin?  wislirii 
sti.ircs  lit  the  AilriBtic.  Even  lifter  lier  ciiimiierie 
heiriin  til  Slip  from  lier  eimtriil.  luiil  tlie  Htrenglh 
»hi<h  eiiiiie  fniiii  it  unnk  nipiillv,  slie  Kiwu  up 
hir  eiuiterii  noswessions  but  RJowly,  (iiie  liv  one. 
Mill  after  stimt  rc'sistiiiice.  Crete  .  oat  llic  Turks 
»  war  of  twentvfour  years  (KM.VKMW).  Fifteen 
vcars  aftirwarila  tlie  Veiietiiins  ftalliered  their 
inerijies  afresh,  assiinii'il  theiiirBressive,  luiil  eon- 
(iiured  the  wh'ili'  I'ehiponneiius.  wliieli  they  helil 
for  a  i|iiarter  ./I  a  century.  Then  it  wan  lost 
aRain.  anil  the  Ionian  Ishinils  ahmo  remained 
Venetian  territ<>ry  in  the  Kiuit. 

Rise  of  the  House  of  Savoy. 

Of  Italv  lit  hir^e.  in  lli<!  seventeenth  rentury, 
lyinK  prostrate  unihT  the  lieiivy  hand  of  Spain, 
there  isno  liiatiiry  to  claim  attention  in  so  brief 
a  sketch  as  this.  One  soviTeiiin  family  in  the 
imrthwetl,  lung  balanced  on  the  Alps,  in  unier- 
taiuty  between  a  cis-Alpine  and  n  trans-.Xlpiiie 
(listiiiv.  hut  now  dearly  committed  to  Italian 
tiirliiiuH,  had  iH'jrun  to  win  iis  fiHilin;;  iinionit  the 
niilieeable  .smaller  powers  of  tin'  day  by  sheer 
dexterity  (if  trimming  and  shifting  sides  in  the 
eiintliits  of  the  time.  This  was  the  House  of 
Savov,  whosi'  tirst  possessions  were  gathered  in 
the  eriinihliiig  of  the  old  kingihim  of  Itiirgundy. 
aul  lay  mi  both  slopes  of  tile  Alps,  coinnmndiiig 
sevenil  iiiipiirliint  piusses.  On  the  western  and 
niirthern  side,  the  counts,  afterwards  dukes,  of 
Sttviiy  luiil  to  contend,  as  time  went  on.  with  the 
expaiiiling  kingdom  of  Fninceiind  with  the  stout- 
hiiirteil  (iimmunilies  which  ultimately  formed 
the  Swiss  Confedency.  They  fell  back  before 
both.  Atone  periisl,  in  the  Vifleeiith  century, 
thiir  ilnminiiin  had  stri'tclied  to  the  Saone,  and 
to  the  lake  of  Neufchatel.  on  Imth  sides  of  it, 
surrmiiiilnigihe  free  city  of  (Seneva,  which  they 
were  never  ubie  to  overcimie,  and  the  lake  of 
Geneva  eiitin'.  After  that  time,  the  Savoyards 
^Tiiliiallv  lost  territory  on  theOallicshh'and  won 
ciinipeiisaticaH  on  the  Italian  side',  in  I'iedmont, 
ami  at  the  e.\p<iise  of  (Jenoa  and  the  duchy  of 
Miluii.  The  l)uke  Victor  Amaileus  II.  was  the 
most  succi  .^^fiil  winner  fi-r  his  house,  and  he 
made  his  gains  by  remarkable  nmnieuveriiig  on 
b<ilh  siiles  of  the  wars  of  l.oiiis  XIV.  One  of 
his  aeipiisitions  (17i:()  was  the  island  kingdotii  of 
Siiily,  which  gave  him  ii  royal  title  .V  few 
years  lalir  he  exchanged  it  with  .\ustria  for  the 
island  kinirilom  of  Sardinia  —  a  realm  more  de. 
siniile  to  him  fur  geographical  rea.soiis  only. 
Till!  ilnkrs  of  Savoy  and  princes  of  I'iedmont 
thus  bcciime  kings  of  Sardinia,  and  the  name  of 
till'  kini;dom  was  often  applied  to  their  whole 
iliiMiininii,  down  to  the  recent  time  when  the 
llijiisi'  iif  .Siivoy  attained  the  grander  kingship  of 
united  iLdy. 

First  wars  of  Louis  XIV. 

Till-  ivirsiif  Louis  XIV.  gave  little  opportunity 
fer  we>Iirn  niiil  centnil  Kiirope  to  niitki'  any 
iiimr  iii-tory  than  that  of  struggle  and  battle, 
iiiv.isi  111  liii.i  devastation,  intrigue  and  faithh'ss 


diplomHcy,  shifting  of  political  lendmarks  and 
trallic  in  lainler  populations,  ustlmugli  they  wiri' 
pastured  callh'.  for  llfly  years,  in  the  list  partof 
the  seviiiteenlh  leiitiiry  and  the  first  part  of  the 
eifhteenlh  (1IMI,")-17I,">)  It  will  be  rcnienilHTcd 
that  when  this  King  of  Frame  married  the  In- 
fanta of  Spain,  he  jnineil  in  a  solemn  renuncia- 
tion of  all  rights  <m  her  jiart  and  on  that  of  lier 
childri'n  to  such  (himinioiiH  as  Blie  miiilit  other- 
wist'  inherit.  But  such  a  renum  iation,  with  no 
sentiment  of  honor  behind  it.  was  worthless,  of 
course,  and  Louis  XIV.,  in  his  own  csli'eni,  stood 
on  a  height  quite  alsive  the  iiioral  considerations 
that  have  force  witlicoiiiniiui  iiicii.  Win  ii  I'liilip 
IV.  of  Spain  died,  in  l(!(i."i,  Louis  promplly  began 
to  put  forward  the  claims  wliii  h  I  e  had  phdged 
himself  not  to  make.  He  demanded  part  of  the 
Nelhcilands.  an.i  Fram  he  Ci  iiitc — llie  old  county 
(not  the  duchy)  of  Uiirgiindy  —  as  behini,'ing  t<i 
Ilia  queen.  It  was  his  j;ihh1  fortune  to  be  .served 
by  some  of  the  greatest  generals,  military  en 
gineers  and  administrators  of  the  day  —  by  Til 
reniie,  Conde.  Vaulian,  Louvois,  and  others  —  ami 
w  hen  he  sent  his  ariiues  of  invasion  into  Flandi  rs 
and  Franche  Comte  they  cairicd  all  before  thein. 
Holland  tiKik  al.rm  at  these  agirressions  which 
came  so  near  to  hi  r.  and  foriiieil  an  alliance  with 
Kngland  and  Sweden  to  as.sist  Spain.  IJut  the 
iinprimipled  Knglisli  king,  (barhs  II.,  was 
easily  bribed  to  iM'tray  his  ally;  Sweden  was 
bought  over;  S|iain  suiimitted  to  a  treaty  which 
^ave  the  liurgiindian  county  back  to  her,  and 
surrendered  an  important  )iart  of  the  Spanish 
Netherlands  to  France.  Louis'  tirst  exidoit  of 
national  brigandage  had  thus  been  a  glnrioiis 
success,  as  glory  is  detincd  in  the  vocabulary  of 
sovereiiins  of  his  (lass.  He  had  stolen  several 
valuable  towns,  killed  some  thousaiulsof  ]i(iiple, 
carried  misery  into  the  lives  of  some  thoiisainls 
more,  and  provoked  the  Dutch  to  a  i  halleiiL'e  "f 
war  that  seemed  |ii(imising  of  more  glory  of  like 
kind. 

In  lfiT'3  he  prepared  hims(df  to  (diasliw  the 
I>iit(h.  and  his  Knglisli  pensioner,  (liarlis  II., 
with  several  liiniian  princes,  juiiied  him  in  the 
war.  It  was  this  war.  as  related  already,  w  liich 
brought  alxiiit  the  fall  and  the  death  of  .lolin  de 
Witt,  (iraiiil  Pensionary  of  Holland;  w  liii  h  raised 
■\Villiaiii  of  Orange  to  tlie  restored  stadtliiililersliip, 
and  wliicli  u'avi  him  a  certain  leadership  of  in 
tluence  in  Eiirope,  as  auaiiist  the  Freiieli  king. 
It  was  this  war,  likewise,  which  gave  the  Hohen- 
zollerns  their  tirst  (.'real  battle-triunipli,  in  the 
■ii  feat  of  the  Swedes,  allies  of  the  French,  at 
1-  irbellin.  For  rnderiik  William,  the  Orcat 
uleetor,  had  jniiied  the  Kmperor  Leopohl  and  the 
King  of  Spain  in  anuther  IcaL'ue  with  lloUand 
to  resist  the  aL'grissionsof  France;  w  hile  Sweden 
now  t(«ik  sides  with  Louis.  England  was  sism 
wilhilrawn  from  the  contest,  by  the  deterniined 
action  of  I'arlianieiit.  which  furi'ed  its  kiiiL'  to 
make  peace.  Otherwise  the  war  bcianie  ireiieral 
in  western  Europe  and  was  friiihtfiil  in  thediath 
and  niisi  ry  it  co^l.  (Jerierally  the  Frcindi  had 
the  most  siiicess,  Tiiieiine  was  killed  in  lii7."i 
and  C'lHie  retired  the  same  year;  but  able  ciini- 
inanders  were  fuiiiid  in  L'.ixembiirg  a'td  Cnqui 
to  sinceeil  them.  In  opposition  to  Willi.ini  of 
Orange,  the  Dutch  niadc  peace  at  NMiiieirneii.  in 
HITS,  and  Spain  was  forced  to  iiive  iiji  Fram  lie 
('unite,  with  another  fraction  of  her  Netherl.ind 
territories:  liut  Itollanil  lost  uoilunL.'.  .\gaiii 
Louis  XIV.  had  Inaten  and  robbed  his  neit'hbors 


1109 


K.UUOI'K 


Want 


ElKOPK 


i 

1 
t 

I 


f   '1 ,;  ■• 


«ii)i  sni-ccss,  ami  ^^as  at  llir  pliiiiaili-  nf  lti>« 
trlory  KraiHf,  it  is  tnir.  was  iipprrivscd  ami 
lAli.iUNti  il.  lull  Ik  r  kiiiL'»asa  •' i;miiil  rmman  li,' 
athi  sl><>  iiiii^l  iit't'iU  Im'  nttilrnl. 

For  a  I'l  w  _\fars  the  L'rarul  iimnanh  cnntt'iiti'tl 
liiin»(  If  Willi  Miiall  lilcliiii'.'s  of  ti  rritiiry,  «liiili 
kipt  liis  i-unMiihcr  supple  anil  L'a>r  practic  !■  lo 
his  >.|iiL'ht  "f  harnl  I  'n  ipfir  pnliM  auil  aimllHT 
lie  Mi/ii|  tciwii  afli  r  liiwri  in  AKarr,  ami.  al  la-l, 
|ti'<l.  MirpriMcl  aii<l  raplund  llic  inipirial  fnc 
*  1I\  of  Stra^liuiir,  ill  a  tiliir  of  tlitirt'  pracr.  lie 
tininbarili-il  lirnna,  limk  Ax  i.L'iinn  from  tin'  Poj"-. 
Iiiilliiil  and  alni»c.l  fiiMr  Spain,  in.icli'  larL'i' 
I  laiins  on  tin'  I'alalin.'ili'  in  the  iiaini'  of  his 
si»li'i'  in  law,  hilt  aLMin-t  liir  will,  ami  iliil  iii'arly 
whit  hi'ua-  pliaw'd  to  .lo,  wiihoiil  any  cITcrliM' 
rrsi-ian.  [',  iiniil  afti T  William  of  Oranu'i'  liail 
lii'i-n  ..ill.  .1  I.,  ihi'  KiiL'lish  tlir..ni'.  That  c.im- 
rtl.I..i  a  ::r.ai  iliiM:.'.'  in  tli.'  Iair..pi'aii  <.itiiatl..ii. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

Till'  .  h  MIL'.'  ha. I  alna.lv  h.,  n  moro  than  half 
hr.riiL'hi  ah.'iM  hy  a  foul  an. I  f.ioli^h  ima.-nn- 
wlii.li  l,.i.iis  ha. I  a.l.'pti'il  in  his  .l..ni.'stir  a. I 
minislrali.iii.  Ciir-i  .1  hy  a  tyrant  s  imp  itiinir  al 
tin-  i.l.'a  of  fr.'i'  tlioiiL'nt  ami  frt-.-  opini..n  am.tn-.; 
his  siihji  I  IS.  h.'  ha.l  l»'i  11  prrsllaihil  hy  Catllolic 
/.ial..ls  n.ir  his  pi'rs.in  t.)  rrv.ikc  tin"  Kiliit  of 
Nanlis  all. I  ri'\  i\i'  i.irsrriiii.iii  ..f  the  liiimu'iiots. 
This  Mas  il.ini'  in  HIS.V  Thi.  fatal  ciri'cts  with 
in  Kranci'  n-v  iiihl.'il  those  whi.h  f.ill.iwi'il  tin- 
pirsi'C'iiti.ai  ..f  the  M.iris.'ois  of  .Spain.  The 
lliiL'inn.its  forme. 1  a  larui'  prop.irli.iti  of  the  hesi 
mi.lill.'elass.if  till'  kim;.l.>iii. —  lis  inaniifaeliin'rs, 
its  imrihaiils.  its  skilleil  ami  thrifty  artisans. 
Infamous  elforls  were  I'la.h'  toiletaiu  them  in  the 

eoiintry I  III.  re  force  Ihem  to  apostai  y  or  hol.l 

III.  in  iin.l.r  pimi~liinent  if  they  withsLnsl.  liiit 
there  was  riot  p.iwer  (ii.Mn:h  in  tlii'  inonarehy, 
with  all  its  ahv>hiti~in.  to  emlose  Kranee  in  siieli 
a  wall.  Va^t  nnmh.rs  ese.ipe.l  —  half  a  iiiillioii 
it  is  tli.iii;;ht  —  earryinj:  Ihi'ir  skill,  their 
khowl.'.lL'e.  111.  ir  iminsiry  ami  their  eiieriiy  into 
ll.illaml.  Kiiiilaml.  Sw  iizerlan.l,  .ill  p.-irts  of 
Protestant  tierinany.  aii.l  aer.iss  the  ocean  to 
America       Kraii.  .■  was  half  rnineil  hy  the  loss. 

The  League  of  Augsburg. 

.\1  the  s.'uiie  time,  the  I'rotestant  allies  in 
111  rniaiiy  ami  the  .North,  w  lioin  L.aiis  ha.l  li.l.l  in 
Mihs.  r\"ien.  y  t.»  liinis.lf  s.i  Ioiil'.  were  anirer.-d 
aii.l  alarme.'l  liy  his  ail.  They  joineil  ii  new  de- 
feiisiie  l.'.'iL'Ue  aLiailisI  lillii.  foriniil  at  .ViinslMiri.', 
ill  llj^tl,  which  cinhrace.i  the  i-linper.ir.  Spain. 
II.>lIaii.l.  an. I  Swi'.l.ii.  at  lirst.  ami  aftiTwards 
took  in  Sa\oy  ami  oilar  llalian  st.'itcs.  aloiii; 
Willi  <i.rmany  alm.isi  .mire,  lint  the  l.eaL'Ue 
was  iiii-.ralily  iinprcpar.'.l  f.ir  war.  ami  liarilly 
hin.l.r.'.l  the  march  of  I..iuis'  armies  when  he 
Slid. I.  Illy  in.iv.'.l  tli.'iii  into  the  itiienish  electorates 
in  HISS  |-"or  the  secon.l  time  in  his  n  iirii.  and 
iin.ler  his  or.lers.  the  ral.iiinate  was  tVarfiilly 
dciasiai.'.l  wiih  tire  ami  swor.l.  iint  this  attack 
on  (Mi'many,  occiipyiiiL:  th.-annsof  France  irave 
William  of  i)rani;e  his  .ipp..rlniiity  lo  entt  ■  IOiil'- 
1.111.1  iin.ippos.'.l  .'inil  take  llii'  l-!ni.'lish  (rowii. 
Tliata.n.mplish.'.l,  he  sp.-i  .lily  hr.niL'ht  KiiL'land 
into  th.'  I..a-iie.  .  iila'L'^ini;  it"  lo  a  ■■jrraml  alli- 
ance "  of  all  w.'stern  Kiirope  a^'ainst  the  ilanu'cr- 
oiis  monanli  of  Fiance,  ami  inspiring;  it  with 
some  measure  of  his  ow  ii  emriry  ami  conrat'e. 

Flam  e  had  now  jo  deal  w  iih  enemies  on  everv 
side.     They  swarmed  on  all  her  fniiniers,   anil 


till'  Ktreiii;lli  iiiid  vnliir  with  which  nlie  iiu  I  iluni 
were  aniii/.iiiK  For  three  yearH  the  Fren.  h  ii,i,p. 
than  lielfl  their  own,  not  only  in  Ian. I  li;.'tii]ii^- 
hnt  on  the  sea.  where  they  Heenied  lik'  h  f,,r 
a  time,  to  dispute  the  Niipreiiiitev  of  th.  1  i'_':,|| 
ami  the  Dnlcli  with  Huciess.  Hut  ihe  liijim,,! 
draft  made  on  the  nsiiurics  of  the  iiaiii  a,  :aii| 
the  strain  on  its  spirit,  were  more  than  ...iM  \^ 
kepi  up.  The  ol.stinaey  of  the  kiin.'.  ami  l.i-  in 
dilTcrciice  lo  till  KUlTeriiiL's  of  his  pi..]!,  y,., 
loiH.'1'.l  the  war  iinlil  IIIIIT.  hut  with  si,  „i  |,,., 
to  Hie  Flench  of  the  a.lvanlaL'es  .th  win.  'Ii,  v 
hi',i;an.  Two  years  liefore  Hie  en.l.  I,..ii,  |,:,;| 
liouL'ht  over  the  Knki'  nf  Savoy,  hy  u'iiiiii;  l...  li 
to  him  all  that  Frani c  had  taki-ti  from  \„.  |i.,{i:,„ 
tirrilories  since  liichelieii's  time  U  h,  i,  il„. 
final  peace  wasselllcd.  at  iiyswick.  lik.  -uri.  n 
ders  had  to  he  made  in  the  Nelherfnui.  I.i.r 
raiiic,  ami  hey. .ml  tin  iihine;  hut  .Ms...  ujii, 
SIrashiiii;.  was  kept,  to  he  a  (iernian  liiI:  .  u 
France,  until  the  sharp  I'riissiaii  |irniiiii^  l,iuii 
in  oiir  own  time,  cut  it  away. 

War  of  the  Spanish  Succession. 

Then'  were  three  years  of  pea.  e  alt.r  ii,. 
treaty  of  Ityswlck.  ami  tlii'ii  a  new  war  i 'iii;,r 
inor.'  hitter,  and  more  dcsirin  live  tli.ia  ili,.-,  |, 
lore  it — arose  out  .»f  i{uestions  c.,iiii..i,-|  wnii 
the  silccessioll  t.i  the  (Town  of  .Spain  1  lii.rj.s 
II..  last  of  the  .\ustro  Spanish  or  Spaiiisl,  |l:,|is. 
hiiri;  kiniis.  died  in  ITim.  Icaviiii;  m.  h.  ir  Th.' 
nearest,  of  his  relalives  lo  thi'  lhr,.iu'  h.i.iIi.' 
dcscendanls  of  his  I  wo  sisters,  one  of  w  Ii,,ia  li;i,l 
inarried  l.oiiis  XIV.  ami  Ihe  other  th.'  i;iii|«r..r 
Leopold,  of  the  Austrian  llonsi'.  I.o.ii,  .MV  .  iis 
We  know,  had  reiioiince.l  all  the  Spani-li  rii;ijn 
of  his  ipii'in  and  her  issue;  hut  that  r.n.niiiii 
lion  had  heeii  shown  already  t.>  he  wasi.il  |i:i|,.r 
i.e., p.. Id  had  renounced  noiliini;;  hiil  li.' Iiml  r. 
ipiircd  a  renunciation  of  her  Spanish  cl.iiius  |r  .m 
the  one  daiiirhtcr.  Maria,  of  his  S[ia!ii-li  wi!,-, 
and  ln'  put  forward  claims  to  the  S|,:ihi-li  sii. 
i-ession.  on  his  own  behalf.  Iiecaiisc  his  nieiinr 
had  heeii  11  princess  of  that  nali.iii.  as  w.  II ;.~  his 
wih'.  lie  was  willing.',  however.  1..  traiist.  r  liis 
own  rit'lits  to  it  yonntrer  son.  fruit  of  a  .s.i'..ti,l 
niarriafie,  the  Archduke  Charles. 

The  question  of  tin'  Spanish  sincs^iiin  w.m 
one  of  Kiiropean  interest  ami  iinporiaii. .',  uml 
attempts  had  been  inaile  to  setlli'  ii  i«  .  y.ars 
hefore  the  death  of  the  S|>anish  kiiiL',  in  |il'J'<, 
hy  «  treaty,  or  a^irceimnt,  hetwe.:.  rr.ii.f, 
Km.'laml.  and  llolland,  Ity  that  tri:ity  lii,— 
oiitsi.le  powers  (consultiiiir  Spain  not  at  aii  un 
dertook  a  partition  of  the  Spanish  inoii  in  li;. .  i:i 
what  they  assumed  lo  he  the  int.  rc-i  <•<  Ilic 
Kiiropcan  halanee  of  power.  Tiny  a",,ir.|.il 
Naples,  Sicily,  and  some  lesser  Italian  p"'s.-3 
sitiiis  to  a  L'r.'iiid.s..n  of  I.oiiis  .\IV..  tin-  .Mil.iii.»' 
territory  to  the  Arch.liike  Charl.s.  an. I  lli.'  r.st 
of  the  Spanish  dominions  1..  an  intaiil  s..n  of 
.Maria,  the  Kmperor's  danirlilcr,  wli..  «  's  mar- 
ried to  the  ele.'tor  of  liavaria.  liui  l!,,'  iahiiil 
so  .selecte.l  to  wear  the  crown  of  Spain  .lid  M«in 
afterwards,  and  u  .second  Ir,  aty  of  p.iriiii'a  was 
framed.  This  fiave  the  .Mil.intse  to  Hi.  Hiiki  i;f 
Lorraine,  in  i'.\cliani;e  for  his  own  iln.  In.  v, liiili 
he  pnimised  to  cede  to  yrame  ami  Usr  Mhli' 
remainder  of  the  Spanish  inlicrilaii..'  '.i.is  cii 
ceded  !.>  the  Austrian  archdnke,  (  h  irl. -.  In 
Spain,  thesi'  a^raIl^enlellts  were  naiiiiiMv  re 
setited.  hy  hotii  people  ami  kini^.  an.i  ti:,  im.'i 
wiui    persuaded    to    set    against    th.  m    a   "ill. 


1110 


EIHOI'K 


ir.ir  11/  Ihr 
SjMtntnh  .Siirrrajti' 


IriuMiiliinL'  nil  ll'ii'  I"'  fil''!  '"  'I"'  vi)unL'<T 
miMl~.ii  "f  Umi*  XIV  ,  riiilip  of  AiiJMii.  mi 
(i.iiililu'U  llml  till'  liiltir  nriiiniirc  fur  lilriiMlf 
»ti,l  for  lii«  l"'irH  nil  (liiiriit  In  the  innm  of 
hYiniiv  il"'  Iniluiriniiil  t'l  I  his  1ki|iii»I  »:!•* 
Ill,,  p.uvcr  wliirli  llir  Kiiii:  "f  Kniiiic  pcwsissiil 
i.i.nforcf  it,  mill  «"  !'>  jinsirvr  llif  uiiily  of  tin- 
Simni^li  riMilm.  'rii:il  ll"'  aii.'iin"'nt  anil  tin' 
n.r>u;i«iim  niiiii'  fri'iii  I.oiils'nwn  airriili.  v,\i\W 
i.tlii-r  iini'iils  miius.-il  Kniiliiiiil.  Ilnlliiinl  ami 
An.ir'i  Willi   tnalii-s  of   piirlitioii.  is  loliralily 

il'-"'  .      ...  . 

NiNir  till'  fiiil  of  till'  yiar  I  il"l.  tlii'  hihi;  of 
Spiiin  i.ii'il.  his  will  was  ilis<.|uMil ;  llu'  Irruiirs 
wiTi' ii«  iiiilly  iiriion-il  as  Ihr  prior  rriiiiiiiialioti 
lull!  Urii,  anil  llir  young  Frcnrli  prinri-  was  mtiI 
|Miiip"ii-lv  into  Spain   lo  ainpl  llir  prolTrrr'l 


KIHOI'K 

The  Peace  of  Utrecht. 

ii.'lil   pi  air,  anil  was  willinir  tn  (ro  fur 


h\ir  a  liiiic.  tlicri-  was  Imlitfnalioii 
KMnipi-.  lint  no  iiion>.  William  of  I  )raii!.'i'  nmlil 
piFMiaiii.  ncilhiT  Knclanil  nor  llnllaml  In  war. 
:iiii|  AuMria  coulil  not  vcntiin-  hostililii's  witlioiil 
iliiirhrlp.  Hilt  Ih.at  Kiihiiii.ssivcmss  only  ilri'W 
fniiii  till'  irranil  iiionarili  fri'sh  ilisplays  of  liis 
ilisli.iTir^tv  anil  his  insoli'iiri'.  I'liilip  of  Anjini  ' 
n.iiiiiiriat'inn  of  n  possitili'  Kiirri'ssinii  to  lln. 
Kri'iiiii  tliroiii..  wliili'  oiriipvini,'  that  of  Spain. 
Kiis  prarlli'allv  luiniilliil.  I'Ih'  u'civrrnniinl  of 
Spiiii  "as  u'liiili-il  friiiii  Paris  lilii'  that  of  a  ili- 
i.i.iiilc.tii  V  lif  Kranri'  Diitrh  anil  Kiinlish  rmn- 
num.  was  injnrril  liv  liostili.  nirasiirrs.  Mom'- 
mints  alarniiiiL'  to  Iliilliiml  win-  iiiailc  on  the 
friintiiTs  of  thi-  Spanish  Nitlirrlanils.  Finally, 
wlii-n  till'  fiifiilivr  I'.v  kind  of  Knulanil.  .lanii's 
1I-.  iliiil  at  SI,  (icmiains,  in  S|.pti.inlirr,  ITUl. 
Liiiis  arUnowlc-ilircil  .laiiirs'  son.  the  I'rcti.mliT. 
;i<  Kiiiiiiif  Kniilanil.  This  insult  roiiscil  thr  war 
vpirit  in  Kni.'lanil  whirli  Kiii.i:  William  hail  striviii 
Miliiiiil  t.ii-viikc.  Ill'  hail  already  arninircil  till' 
IiniH  iif  a  ni'W  ili'fi'iisivr  Oraiiil  .Vlliamr  witli 
llnllaiiil.  Austria,  ami  must  of  Ihc'nTiiiaii  stalis. 
Tlur.  uMsiioililticulty  now  ininaki.  ,i;ilanolTi'n 
btvi.  loiiitiination. 

lint  William,  always  wnik  in  licaltli,  ami 
wiini  liv  Miiiny  cari'S  anil  liara.s»inir  tniutili's,  ilinl 
in  Marili.  ITi'C  liefnrc  the  war  w  liirli  hr  ili  siriil 
limki.  iiiit  Ills  ilrath  inaili'  no  paiisv  in  tlii' 
mnvi.nii  lit  of  fvcnts.  Alili-  .statcsnu'ii.  umliT 
l^iiiiii  Anni-,  liis  siiiTCssiir,  carriiil  forwani  his 
[Kiiii  V  anil  a  tri'at  solilirr  was  fiiiiiul.  in  the  pir 
Mill  lit  .I.ilin  ('liurchill.  Duke  of  MarllioroiiL'h.  tu 
ciiiniiKin.l  till'  armii's  of  Entclaml  anil  Hit'  Diilih. 
Anuihir  lonimanilrr.  of  rcniurkalilf  jiiniiis. 
I'rimi'  Kiiircnu  of  >noy.  took  scrviii- with  tho 
Knipimr.  anil  till'-  'io.  ai'tini;  coriliallv  to- 
LTillii  r.  liuinlili'il  Ihr  mi  rwi-i'nin,!!;  priili'  of  I.iniis 
XIV  ill  llir  lalrr  yrars  of  his  rriun.  III'  liail 
wiirii  nui  Krani'i'  "liy  his  loni;  rMiitions.  His 
Mnni^'  niiiiistrrs,  ('oIlK'n,  l.iuivois  ami  othrrs. 
«iii.  ili-.iil.  anil  he  diil  not  tiiiil  siii-rrssors  for  thriii, 
III' li, ill  able  jit'iit'rals,  but  nonrriiiial  toTurrnnr. 
Cniiilr  nr  Ltixrinburg, — miiir  to  c-opr  with  .Marl 
liiiMiiirli  anil  I'riiK'e  Kujiriu'.  Tlir  war  was 
uilll■^prl■a^l.  on  a  stujirmlmis  sralr.  anil  it  lastni 
fiiriinlvr  yrars.  Its  campaigns  wrrr  fought  in 
lhi.  i.mv  ciiuMlrus.  in  (irrinany.  in  Italy  anil  in 
Sii.iia  li  irlorilii'il  the  ri'ign  of  Aiiiir.  in  Knglish 
hi~ior>,  l.y  tlir  shilling  victorirs  of  BU'iihriin. 
Kii.iiilii  ^.  (iiiilrnarilr  iinil  Miilphu|Urt,  ami  by 
till.  I  ipinrr  of  Gibraltar,  tlir  paillock  of  the 
.Mill!!' rranran.  The  misery  to  whirh  Fnniee 
wi»  riiliirril  in  the  later  years  of  the  war  was 
I  tiManiy  the  greatest  tUiit"  the  luiieh  sulferiug 
!iii'  ,"  I  VI  r  knew. 


I.Ollis       , 

in  snrrrnilrrs  lo  obtain  it.  Itut  llir  allirs  prrssiil 
him  loo  haril  in  tliiirilrina'iils.  Tin  y  wiuiM  havr 
liiin  not  onh  abamlon  thr  lloiirlKin  ilynasiy  that 
hr  hail  srl  up  in  Spain,  but  join  Ihrni  in  over 
Ihrowing  it,  llr  nfiisnl  to  nrirotiatr  on  siirli 
trriiis.  am  Kortiinr  approvnl  bis  rrsoliilion,  by 
giving  iliiisive  \iitorirs  In  his  arms  in  Spain, 
while  ilialing  oiil  ilisasirr  ami  ilrfeat  in  rMry 
other  tirlil,  '  KiiL-lanil  u-rrw  wrary  of  Ihr  war 
whin  it  lainr  Inapprarrnilliss.  ami  Marlbiiriiui:h 
anil  thr  Whins,  who  hail  larriril  it  on.  vvi  rr 
oiistiil  from  [lowrr.  Thr  Torirs,  uniler  llarli  y 
anil  Itolingliri.kr.  eaiiir  iiitnolliir  ami  iirgoiiatnl 
thr  famous  I'rair  of  llrnht  (ITi:t).  Ill  whiili  all 
Ihr  brlligrrrnts  in  Ihr  war.  .save  tln'  Kiiiprrnr. 
iiinsintril.  Thr  I'.mprror  yiililnl  to  a  supplr 
niriilarv  trralv,  siL'iiril  at  liasiailt  llir  nrxt  y:\r. 
Thrse  t'rraties' lift  Ihr  Kmirbon  King  of  Spain. 
I'liilip  v.  on  his  Ihronr.  but  bouml  him.  by  frisli 
ri  niinriations.  not  to  br  lik^wisr  Kinir  of  Kraiiie. 
Thrv  gave  lo  Knglanil  (iibraltar  ami  Minorra,  at 
till'  1  \prnsr  of  Spain,  ami  Nnva  Srnlia.  Nrw- 
f.iiinillanil  ami  llinlsons  Hay  at  thr  rxprnsi'  of 
Framr  Thrv  took  mi'.ih  "more  from  Spain. 
Thrv  tiHik  Siiilv,  whiih  they  gave  to  ihe  Duke 
of  Saviiv,  Willi  the  title  of  KiiiL'.  liny  took 
Naplrs.  Slilan.  .Mantua  ami  Sarilinia.  whirh  thrv 
gave  111  Austria,  or.  imirr  strirtly  spraking.  In 
Ihr  Klllprlor;  anil  tiirv  took  Ihr  Spanish  Nrtllrr- 
lanils,  whirh  thrv  gavr  to  Austria  in  the  main. 
Willi  some  barrier  towns  to  Ihe  Diilrli.  Thrv 
took  from  Franre  her  roni|Urstsiin  the  right  bank 
of  Ihe  Ithinr;  but  thry  lift  her  ill  possrssion  of 
Alsaie.  with  Sirasburg"  ami  hamlau.  The  great 
virliin  of  the  war  was  Spain. 

France  at  the  death  of  Louis  XIV. 
hoiiis  XIV.  was  nrarthr  mil  of  his  reiL-n  whin 
this  last  of  Ihe  fearful  wars  whiili  hr  lansril 
was  brouglit  to  a  closr.  lie  iliril  in  Septeni- 
brr,  ITl.'i,  h.avinga  kingilom  whirh  hail  rrasonslo 
i.iir...r  his  memory  in  every  partieular  of  its  stale, 
Mr  hail  foileil  the  exerlioiis  of  aswiv'  a  minisler, 
.leaiiCiilbert.asevrrstrinr  to  iIol'ooiI  lo  Fr.inrr. 
lie  hail  ilriril  Ihr  sniiriis  of  iiatiimal  life  as  willi 

a  searihing  anil  n si nnis  sponge,      llr  hail  re- 

prrssril  evrrylhing  whiih  In-  loulil  not  absorb  iu 
his  llaunling  court,  in  his  ilrsiroying  armies, 
anil  in  himself,  lie  hail  ilealt  with  France  as 
with  ailuiiib  beast  thai  hail  Ih'cii  given  him  to 
brslriilr;  to ilisplay  himself  upon,  brfnre  the  iraze 
of  an  envious worli'l;  lobe  briilleil.  ami  spurred  at 
bis  plrasuir,  .'inil  whippiil;  lo  toil  for  him  ami 
brar  liunlrns  as  lie  willeil;  to  Irrail  upon  his 
1  iiemies  anil  trample  his  neighbors'  lielils.  It  was 
he,  more  than  all  ollnrs  before  or  after,  who 
iiiaile  France  that  ilunib  creature  wliicli  siiiTcreil 
ami  was  still  for  a  little  longrr  lime,  ami  then 
lagan  thinking  anil  went  mail. 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden. 

While  the  I'owers  of  wrstrrn  K.urope  were 
wrestlins:  in  the  great  war  of  the  Spanish  Succes 
sion,  the  nations  of  the  North  ami  Kast  were 
teariiiL'  each  ulher,  at  Ihr  same  time,  with  eipial 
stubbornness  ami  ferocity.  The  beginning  of 
Ihrir  conllici  was  a  wanton  attack  fnim  Hussia, 
I'ohiml  anil  Denmark,  on  the  piisses.sions  of 
hweiien.  Swriicn.  in  liie  past  eeiiiuiy.  bail  liiaiie 
extensive  conquests,  aud  her  terriliiries.  outside 


1111 


rr'll';!''?"'^"' 


^^:!;;;;'i 


KIIIOPK 


( liarirt  XII 
Swrilrtt 


El  HOPE. 


nf  Ihi' SrnndinnTtiin  (Hnliisiibi,  win-  tlini«t  pn 
V(<kiii|Clyiiili>tlii'»ii|('H(>r  iillllii  M'lliri'i  iii'ik'lil«>r!i 
TImtc  liiitl  lifi'ii  tlin-c  ( 'liiir)i'?44-M  lui  tilt- Swedish 
Iliniiii-  ill  Bill  i-cHniiiii.  rolliiuJMi;  CliriHlinn.  Iliii 
iIhiiu'IiIit  'it  OiiHlHVUK  AihilpliiiM  l^iiiiii  Clirii 
Iiii;i,  nil  t-rn-iilrii-  c-liiiriHlir.  Iiiul  iilMlinili-il  In 
III.M.  ill  .mlir  In  Jiiiii  ilii  Ciilhi.lii-  (  liiirdi.  iiinl 
liiiil  Im'i'ii  niiii'i'i'iIiiI  Iiv  liir  r.iu«ii\.  I  li.-irh  »  X 
Tlio  six  vriirs  n-ii;n  nt'  ilii->  ('liHiht  km  .iii<-  i.f 
ciinsliiiil  wiir  with  tin-  l)iiiii-».  -mil  tin-  INili'*.  nml 
kImiiisI  iiiiifiiriiily  In-  «a«  tin-  ai:i;ri-»«iir  llit 
will  mill  sii((-r«ii(ir.  ('Iiarlr>i  Xl  .  Milli  n  i|  tlii-  >;ri'at 
ili-fial  at  K'rlirlM-lliii  wliiiii  lmvi-  pri-ilii;i'  tn 
Hraiiiliiilmri,'.  Iml  In-  was  shii-lili-il  In  tin-  puis 
Kant  arm  of  Ijniiit  XIV  .  lii-4  ally,  anil  Inst  iin 
t(-rritiiry.  Mnn  siiiri-s»fiil  In  liis.liiinislir  |Mi|iry 
than  In  his  wars.  In-,  |i,.ih  prai-lii  ally  anl  fnr 
nially.  cslalilislicd  ahsnliitisiii  In  Ihi'  niiiiiarrl" 
Inlii  ritiiii;  frmii  his  falhi-r  that  alisnluli-  pnw. 
whili-  inhiritiiii;  at  tin-  sanii-  tinii-  tin-  rutlili-ss 
iiiiiliilion  iif  his  uramlfathir.  Charli-s  XII  <-ami- 
tiilhi-  thriini-  In  ItiliT. 

Ill  Ihf  llrsi  two  yi-arsiif  his  rclKii.  this  cxtraiir 
iliiiary  Vduiitf  aiitmral  slmwi-il  sn  liiih-  of  his 
i-haiarliT  that  his  royal  in  iirhlinrs  tliiiiii;lit  him  a 
wiaklinir.  anil  I'l-ti-r  tin  (iri-al.  of  Uiissia.  c-oii- 
spiri'ilwilh  Aiiu'iistiis  of  I'olaiiil  and  Kn-di-rii  k 
I\'  of  IVninark  to  strip  him  of  thosi-  parts  of  his 
doniinioii  whidi  tln-y  si-vi-rally  (oviti-d.  Vlii- 
rrsnit  was  liki-  thf  rou^inu'  of  a  lion  hy  hiinirrs 
who  Willi  forth  to  |iiirsnr  n  liarr.  'I'Ih-  Mninit 
Swi-di-.  droppinir.  instantly  and  fon-K-r.  all 
frivoliliis.  spraiii;  at  his  asHiiilants  iH-fori'  tln-y 
dn-aiiicd  of  tlinlinir  liiin  awaki'.  and  the  eanic 
wasMiilili-nly  n  vi  rsi-d  Tin-  liiinti-rs  iHiaini'  tin- 
hiiiilrd,  and  lln-y  had  no  ri-st  for  iiini-  vi-arx  from 
tin-  Iniplaralilr  pursuit  of  ihrm  w  liiili  Charli-s 
kept  lip  III-  di-fiali-d  tin-  Dams  anil  tin-  Kns 
siaiis  in  tin- tirst  yi-ar  of  thr  war  (ITmn  In  17(»-J 
III-  iiivadi-o  r -land  and  iH-riipii-d  Warsaw;  in 
ITi'l  In-  for-  -  Ml-  di-positioii  of  tin-  Saxoii  Kinn 
of  I'oland.  A  i^iislus.  and  tin- i-lt-rtioii  of  Slaiiis 
laiis  l.ir/inski.  Not  yit  salisili-d.  In-  follownl 
Anu'iistus  inio  hlsi-li-i-ioralr  of  Saxony,  and  (oni- 
pi-lli-d  him  thi-ri-  to  rrnoiini-i-  tin-  Polish  rrown 
and  tin-  liiissiaii  alliaiin-  In  ITnH  hi-  invadrd 
lius^ia,  marrhini;  on  Mosi-ow,  hut  liirnini;  asidi- 
to  111. It  an  i-xp.-rii-d  ally,  Ma7i-p|ia  tin-  ('os.sirk. 
It  was  tin-  mi  'iki-  whi'ih  Napoli-on  rrpi-atnl  ii 
<-rntury  lali-r,  Thi-  Swi-di-s  i-xhaiisii-d  tliniisi-lvis 
ill  tin-  man  li,  and  tin-  liussiaiis  iiiili-d  thi-ir  lliiir, 
Piti-r  tin-  C/.ar  had  ili-voi.-d  liu'lit  yi-ars.  ,siiiri' 
I'harli-s  drfiati-d  him  at  Narva,  to  iiiakiii;;  sol 
dii Ts.  Will  Iraillid.  out  of  tin'  llloll  wlliill  thai 
tiLfht  si-alti-n-d.  Whin  ( 'liarlis  had  worn  his 
army  down  to  a  slin.lrr  and  disln-artini'il  Ion  r, 
Pi-l.rstniikaiiddi-.iroyi-diI  at  Piiltowa.  Cliarli-s 
i',s(:ip.d  tiMin  till-  wri-rk  and  took  ri-fiii:!-.  with 
II  fiw  hiiiidri-ds  of  hi>  j.'u,-irds.  in  tin-  Turkish 
proviiiri-  of  Hi-s.viralii.i.  at  liindi-r.  In  that 
►hrltir,  which  tin-  Oilomans  hospitalily  anordid 
to  him.  Ill-  n  iiiaini  d  for  livi-  yi-ars,  intrit'uiiii:  to 
liriiii:  lln-  Porti-  into  war  with  his  .Miisi-ovili- 
••iiniiy.  »hiii-,-ill  tin-  Iruilsof  iMsiiini- yi-arsof  ion- 
ipn-st  in  lln-  .North  win-  sirippi-d  from  him  hy 
till-  old  li-aL'ui-  ri-vivi-d.  AiiLMistus  n-turiu-d  to 
Poland  and  n.  ovi-ri-d  his  i-rown  Pi-Ii-r  took 
pos.-,i-ssion  of  l.ivoiiiu,  IiiL'ria.  and  a  nn-at  part 
of  Kiiilan.l.  Kn-di-rirk  I W ,  ..f  Diiiniark,  attaiki-d 
Swi-di-n  it.si-lf.  Tin  kini;li-.ss  kiiit'dom  iiiadi'  a 
valiant  ili-li-iisi-  aL'aiiisi  tin- i-roud  of  i-a^i-r  vni-- 
iiiii-s;  tiut  I'harli-.-,  had  usi-d  tin-  lii-si  of  its  euc-r- 
gii'8  and  its  rtsources,  iiiid  it  was  not  stronf:. 


XrHrlhccndof  17III.I'liiirl(-)imir(Ti-di-d  m  |.i.,|i 
liitfthi-  Sultiiii  into  war  with  the  C/ar.  an.l  ii,.  i,, 
li  r.  advain-lnir  Into  Mnldiivla,  riiHhIv  pin.  .i|  in,,, 
Ri-lf  In  a  |H.»itloii  of  i;rnit  peril,  wlii  n-  ih.  I  uK-. 
hailhiin  n-allyat  tliilr  Mnn  y  Hut  t  ath.iii,,  .|„ 
(Variiia,  who  was  pri<s<-nt.  found  imaii.  i-,  i,.ii,. 
tlii'Tiirkish  \i/ii-r  inronimaiid.  and  Pi  i.  r .  -.  i|i,,| 
wilhiioloss  niori'  sirioiis  than  tin-  sum  n.l.  i ,  i 
.\/ov  That  rndi-d  tin-  war,  ami  tin  I,.  |„,,.| 
till- .Swi-dish  kiiii:  Hut  still  thi' still. li.ini  I  h,ii,, 
wi-arird  Ihi'  I'orli-  with  his  iniportiiuiii.  .  ,,,,!|i 
In-  was  roniiiiandr.l  to  ipiit  tin-  ioiiiitr\  l,,,ii 
tin-n  In-  ri-fiisi-.l  to  ili-piirt,  —  n  sisli-.|  »  I,,  a  I  n.- 
was  iisid  to  i-X|>.-|  him,  and  did  imt  t,iUi  hi.  I,  o, 
until  late  In  Novi-iiili<r.  I7H.  wlii-ii  li.  1.1.1. ,,i 
iiili-llidriiri'  that  his  sulijii-ls  win-  pn  p.inii- i,. 
appoiiit  his  si>li-r  rr«iiit  of  tin-  kiiii;.|..M.  ml  1,, 
inaki-  [x-aiT  with  tin- C/.ar,  That  iii-w.  liiirri..! 
him  honnwiir  I:  hut  only  for  roniiiim-.l  «,ir  II,- 
was  alioiit  1.1  tiiaki-  ti-riiiii  with  Itus^i.i  ml  ., 
Hi-riin- lii-r  i.lliaiH-i-ai;aiiist  Di-ninurk,  p.ilinl  ,i„| 
llaiioM-r,  wlii-ii  In-  was  kilh-d  diiriiik'  an  in-,  1,1,,,, 
of  Norway,  in  tln-sii-p- of  Krii-driikshall  ill.  .,,„ 
lirr.  171^1.  Till- i-r.ivvn  of  .Swi-di-n  w.is  il..  h  ...n 
fi-rnd  upon  his  sisti-r,  hut  shorn  of  :.l,.,.ii,i,. 
powi-rs.  and  prailirally  ih-pi-ndinl  u|-.i;  t|... 
nohli-s  All  tin-  wars  In  whii-li  Ch.irli--  Ml  l,,.l 
Involvi-d  his  kiii.u'iloin  wi-n-  hnnmhl  i..  n,  ,  !„1 
liy  trniit  siu-ritlc-i-s,  iiinl  Uiissiu  i-..m-  i..  ii,,  j.^. 
of  Swi-.li-ii  as  till'  iliii-f  |iovvi-r  in  tin-  Nmiii.  ||i,. 
Hwi-di-s  paid  hi-avily  for  tin-  1  an  ir  -1  ili.jr 
•  Norllii-rn  .\li-\andi-'r. " 

Alliance  against  Spain. 

Hi-fon-tlii-l>i-llii;i'n-ntsiii  tin- North  1,  i.|  ,p,i.  :i,| 
thi-nisi-lvi-s.  thosi-of  till- Wi-st  wi-n-,-iL'iiia  in  inn- 
Spain  had  falli-n  iinilir  tin-  IiiIIui-m.  i>  ..I  ivm.  ,  i^-.  , 
and  n-.sth-ss  aniliitioiis.  that  of  tin-  .pn. n.  Klizi 
Ix-tli  of  Parma,  and  an  Italhiii  niinisii  r  (  iniini 
AllK-roni;  and  tin-  si-lii-mi-s  Into  wlii.  Ii  lii.-.  i-.i 
ilnw  till  Itoiirlion  kinir,  Philip  V  .  s.s.n  in|ii  in.: 
tlii-rliisi-  n-latioiis  with  Friiuii-  wlii.  h  l.--iii«  ,\1V 
hail  ruiin-d  his  kingdom  to  lirimr  al. -n  T, 
i-hi-i-k  tln-iii.  a  tripli-  alliani-f  was  l..riii..l  !Ti:, 
ln-twi-i-n  Fniin-i-,  Kiicland  and  II..II,iiii|,  .  !■ 
lariri-.l  tin- ni-xt  yiiir  to  a  ipia.lnipi.- ;illi  in  •  l.v 
tin-  adiu-'on  of  Austria.  .\t  tin-  ..ii'm  1  ..I  ih.- 
war.   S|)ain   inadr  a  roiii|iii<si  of  .S:iii|jiiii    m.l 

almost  aiToniplishi-.l  tin-  sann-  in  Siiili     1 1,. 

KiiL'lisli  rnishi-il  Inr  navy  ami  Inr  ri.ii.u  .--ip 
tni-n-i',  whili-  fin-  Kri-inh  rnis,i  .1  ih.-  I'voi;-.- 
with  an  army  whii-li  tin-  Spai.iar.K  ...ill  -i. . 
ri-sist,  A  va^t  lonihinatioii  wliii  h  .Mil- !  !.;  n  :. 
wi-aviii);,  and  whirh  tisik  in  ('liarl- -  .Ml  I'.'-' 
tin-  tJn-al.  till-  Stuart  pn-li-ndi  r,  lln  1:  l-m-Ii 
.liii-ol.ilis,  and  tin-  oppont-nls  of  ;i|.-  r-  l-  n-  .  in 
Krani-i',  fill  to  piiii-i-s  wln-ii  tin-  Sw.  .|i-ii  ki  _  1.  li 
.\llii-niiii  w  as  drivi-ii  Innii  Spain  aii.l  lil  1.1-  \  iii» 
wi-n-  iiivin  up.  Tin-  Spanish  kini.'  -.i;-  ,11.  v 
fniiii  Sii'ily  ami  siirrriiili-n-.l  Sar.liiii  1  I '-  Kn. 
pi-nirand  tin-  Duki- of  .Savoy  i-.vilMU.-.'ril  1.  ;i,.|. 
MS  slati-il  Is-fori-,  and  tin-  fonin-r  (lioiilm.'  N  ii.li- 
aln-a.ly)  n-vivi-d   tin-  old    Kliiirdoiii  i-l 


Tu- 
Sifllii-s,  whih-tliL-  lattrr  iH-rann-  Kiiii:.-f  >.-'liM.i 

Wpr  of  the  Polish  Succession. 

Tln-si'  distiirbani-'-s  rnilnl,  thin-  w. '-■  i  1- v» 
years  of  ri-st  In  Kiinipi-,  and  tlnii  aii-iii. :  nar. 
of  till- i-harai-ti-r  |>i-riiliar  to  tin-  rii:lit. . nili  .  .-ii 
tury,  linikt' out.  It  had  its  raiisi-  in  iin  I'oibli 
elfiJtiou  i.-f  a  kiuir  to  siii-ri-i-i!  Ati^-ii-!!:-  !!  .\^ 
usiiul,  till-  nt-ii;hlHirini;  nations  form.-i  ,1  l-'niii,' 
ring  of  onlookt-rs,   so  to  sjHak,  an. I      '-i-l^.-i 


1112 


i\  '■■, 


Kl  ItOl'K 


liofr 


,l„„,.>..r,il  .•uiull.l.it.  ■.  li.  i.vilv    ,  Tlir  .I.1.--I 

1  ,  «iliil  kliiir.  SiiiiiWiiiiH  l,<r/iri«kl.  «li'i  ri 
,',iv,.l  l.i-  <r.mn  from  I'lmrl..,  XII  uii.l  I'-i  il 
',(,,, r  l'ii'iii«».  »"■<  "»•  ►'"■»'  Il  <iiii'll'l'>i''  f'T  '"■ 
I,  I  ,„:,rri...l  l.i.  .Uuu'ht.r  lo  l...nH  W  ItmI 
U  \UL'n»l..«"f  S'""'")-.  -"..f  llH-  lat.-  Klntf 
»„i/u-,ius  «:.>.lli<-  Uii-iun  >iimI   Aii-lrLiii  ( iimll 

\W       Thr    .olll.M    r.Hllltr,|    111  ,1  .1.  ..llllr  r  licl  I..I1 

i;:t;l,,  .in.l  ..iii   ,.f  ll.al   .urn.;   «^r,     S|.,,iii  |.imI 

'l  llViiM-   iIm-    lliHis.-   „f    Au-lru    Hiillmil 

'in'itlv  in  tlH'  "^'r.  I'-l"-'  'I"'  T« ..  M.ili.-.  «  liii  li 
«,,',t  liiSimm.  iiiM  «.rf  CMiif.  rr.d  ..n  a  N.iiiiiiicr 
.     „til,.kiti.:.  .r.Miiiiu'  ..  thini   ll.Hirl,..n  ni.m 

„r.ln       l":irt   "f   ll"'  'I'l'I'V  "f    ^'''"'   "''^   "''",' 
u,|,|,,l  l.v  AuMlriii  I.I  tlic'  Kiiii:i'f  Mpliiiiii;  iiii.l 
ill,  Dukc'iif  Li.rriiiii.',  liiiKlmiifl  cf  III.'  l.iiii'.nir  s 
,1,11 'iii.r   Miiriii  ■riiiriH.i,  iin\>'  n\t  Iih  ilii.liy  l.> 
Swhiiliii".   wli.>  r.  luiiiiir.'.l  lli.i.f.T  hH.biMi..n 
,1,;    ,n.«,i  ..f   l'.il.u,.l.     Til,,    nuk.'  ..f    l,..rn.in.. 
r,.,,iv.,l  u^  i..inii<'M«iili.iii  "  riu'lil  "f  «u..  .—i.jii  I" 
thi.  i;rni.l  .lii.liv  .if  'I'livaiiy.  wii.r,.  ih.-   M.'.li 
iT.in  II. .Il-'  »■"  "I""!'  '"  I'^pif      ''I""''   "'■'■'■ 
111,- 1. rill,  iliil  iniiw.iiiiii.'t,  liiiMiillMlliit;  t.i  Aiis- 
lri:i  ..f  wliiit  is  kii..»ii  as  III.'  Kir-i  Kiiinily  C.m- 
i,:i,  1  iif  111.'  Fri'iiili  mill  Simiiisli  ll.iiirliiiiis. 
War  of  Jenkins'  Ear. 
Thi-  iilliHiiii'  iM'twi'.'ii  111.'  I».i  ...iirls  I.MVI'  .11 
,„,iri-,.iii.  Ill    I.,   h.'slil.'  ili'iiiiiii-inili.Mi     ill    III.- 
Snaiii-li   ...liiiiit'i   aLMiiHt    Kniilisli    Iri.l.T-.   «li.. 
ii,r.'   i,  iii'..'il  "f  .'Mi'iisivr  hiniiL'i-'lin'.'.   ami   llir 
,„ii,,iii.,'  «as  a  p.lty  warll7;)lti,  nillcl    -111.'  W  ur 
„f  .1,  iikiiis'  Kar." 

War  of  the  Austrian  Succession. 

I«f.ir.'    111.'*'     ll.mliliti.'S     WIT.'    lll.l.'.l,    alLltlHT 

wiir  .if  «ii.'.i's«i'>".  '  ni.."'  w'ri.iiis  lliaii  any  U' 
f,.r,  il  wa*  Hi.'kc.llv  linmnlit  ii|hiii  Kurop.', 
Til.  K.i'ii|..'r.,r.  Clmrl.'-i  VI.,  <li.'.l  in  IM".  Laviin; 
II,,  M.ii  lull  Iransniittim-  IiIh  li.rc.lilary  il.iiiiiii 
i,,ii„l,.lii.H(lili'M  iliiiiK'litcT,  tlKM'.'l.'lirat.'J  Maria 
Tli.risa,  inarri.,1  t.i  111.'  cxDiik,'  ..f  l...rraiiii', 
Y.ars  U'f.iri'  liis  il.alli  In-  liii.l  simu'lit  I"  |ir..viil.' 
imaiiisi  any  piKsilili'  ilisputiiiK'  of  Hi.'  »ii.-i'.'»'*ioii, 
bv  an  iiistrwiiH'iit  known  at  Hi"'  l'ra','mali.'  S.in.'- 
tr.Mi.  t,i  wliirli  111'  olitiiin.'.l.  lir-l,  lli.'  iissi'iit  of 
tli.'.^tat.'i.il'  all  111.' provini'i's  iiii.l  kiiiij.loins  of 
III,'  Aii'.iriaii  ri'aliii,  iin.l.  wconilly.  111.'  nuaraiily 
t,v  v.il.iiiii  ir.alv  of  uliiiost  I'ViTy  Kiiropiaii 
Vo^ur  Ml-  ilii'ifin  tlir  ln'li.f  lliat  In-  liail  .--lali- 
Il-Ili'I  liin.lauL'lil.r  wi'iiri'ly,  iiii.l  l.'ft  litr  lo  111.' 
iiii..iiiiiiit  .il  a  p.ii.'i'fiil  n-litn  It  was  a  pilifiil 
illu-ion.  II.'  was  warci'ly  in  his  irrav.'  lu'lori' 
InU  111.'  L-naraiiliirs  of  tlic  l'ruj;niiilir  Saiulioii 
w,r<  piiltiiiK'  forwanl  claiins  to  this  part  jiiiil 
tliii  piri  of  llii-  Aiistriim  tcrritori.'s.  Tli.'  Kl.r- 
Icr  .if  liavaria,  the  Klcclor  of  Saxony  lin  his 
«il',->  iiaiiiii  uml  till'  Kiiii;  .if  Spain,  claiin.il  tlii' 
wh.il,-  siuccssi.m;  thi'  two  lirst  m.'iilioii.'.l  on 
irriMiiiilsof  c'ollali'nil  lini'air.',  tin'  lall.r  a  Hour- 
lnTi  .iirkoo  in  th.i  Spiinish-llapslmrtr  iit'st)  as 
Niii.:  till'  li.  ir  of  tli.'  Ilapsliuri;s  of  Sjiain. 

\Miiir  lli.'s.'  larii.T  pn'l.'iisi.ms  wurc  still  jos- 
!lih  :  .  nil  olln-r  in  the  diplomatic  staiii.'.  u  minor 
iliiinaiii,  who  siiiil  lillU-  hnt  uitc.l  powerfully. 
-  '.I  l.i-.  .li-niaiiils  to  the  Court  of  Vicnua  with  an 
■•'■  ••  fcllowin:;  clost'  lit  their  heels.  This  wiw 
ri(  k  II  of  I»ru»!iia.  presently  known  as 
.■ilk  Ilie  (ireat.  who  R'suseitatvil  iin  obsii- 
'  liiii  "11  Silesia  and  took  iHisscssion  of  the 
Ml,  a, 111  U )  without  waitiuKt.>ril. 'hale.  If, 
vvvli'T,  .   lliere  Imil  been  virtuous  hesitations 


('..  Kriioi'fc 

iKf.re,  his  liol.l  »lr.ike  eiul.il  Iheiii  KriiiH'* 
eoiilil  not  ».'  h.  r  ol.l  Aiislriaii  riMil  .lisim  in 
Inr.'.l  Willi.. Ill  Imsi.ninu' I.I  ura«p  a  »lian'  Shi' 
imilrm  I.. I  with  Hie  Spanish  kiiii;  iiii'l  H"'  Kh'i 
l.ir.if  llavarialo.  iif.ir.i'lli.'  lall.  r  s.  Uinis  an.l  l.i 
lak.lh.'.Vusiriaii  N.  Ih.rlah.ls  In  pr.is|K  .  I  f..r..iiii 
p.iisall.m,  whil.' Spain  sho.il.l  lln.l  lii.l.nii.lly  in 
Hie  Aiisiro  Italian  slat,  s  Kri'.l.ri.  k  .if  I'mssia. 
haviiii;  Sil.'sia  in  hiin.l,  ..H.-n.!  to  join  M  .:a 
■rii.resii  In  the  .h  f.ii".' .if  h.r  r.in,iiniii-' .I'miin- 
ions,  hilt  his  proposals  w.r.'  r.fii-.'l.  iiii'l  I"'  >" 
l.'n.i  III.'  l.airn.'  iii-'ainst  li.r  Saxony  .li'l  Ih" 
sain,'  Knu'laipl  an.l  Sar.linia  w.'r.'  iiloii.-  In  Ih' 
fri.n.llnif  Ansiii.i.  iii.l  Kmrlaiul  was  only  sironjf 
als4a  Maria  I'll.  r.sii  f.iiiii.l  her  li.  iili.st  sup 
lliiii'.'arv,  wh.r.'  sli.'  iiiii'l.'   a    p.  rsonal 


Fr. 
Ft. 

I,!, 


p..rt   III    .  ,    ,    . 

app.al  lo  h.  r  hiilijeils.  an.l  eiilari;.''!  Ili.ir  ...n- 
siiliiii.mal    privihir-s      In    ITl'J   the    i;i..l..r  .,f 
liavaria   was  elieli.i   Knip.  ror,  an  Cliarl.  s   \  II. 
Ill  111.'  sain.'  y.ar,   Maria  Th.  resa,  ailiiiu;  uipI.T 
pr.s,iir.'    fr.in'i    Knu-laiul,    Ka»<'    up   thi'    ^r.'aliT 
pari  i>(  Sil.sia  l.i  Kre.l.ri.  k,  liv  Iniily,  as  a  pri.o 
pai.l.  ii.'t  lor  111.'  h.'lp  h.'  Iia.l  ."itT.r.,!  al  llrsl.  hut 
liar,  iy     for    his  ii.iilralily.      lie   ahainh.ii.'.l    hlii 
alii,  s"  iin.l   wilh.lri'W  froii'i  the  war      His  retire- 
in.'iii  pr.Hlii.-..l  an  lininense  .lilTereini'  in  llie  eon- 
.lili.iiis  of  till'  eonl.'^l.     Saxony  ma.h'  p.a.  e  at 
111.'  sain.'  liini'.  an.l  li.eain,'  an  aelh.'  ally  .m  tin- 
Aiisiriaii   si.le      So    rapi.Uy   .li.l   Ih.'  lail.r  Ih.ii 
ri.i.v.r  Ih.ir  uroun.l  aml'lhe  Kn  n.  h  sli|i  hink 
Ihal    rre.l.'ri.k,  iifl.  r   I  wo   years  of   ii.iilralily, 
h.  laiii.'  iilarnii.l,  an.l  foiin.l  a  pii  lixi  to  lak.'  up 
iiriiisiii;aiii      Tl"'  sialic  was  now  lipp.il  lo  Ih.^ 
si.l.'  on  whi.li  he  llinw  hiin-elf,  hut  nol  iinine.li 
alelv;  aii.l  wh.n,  in  ITI.%,  the   Kiniieror,  t  liarl.s 
Vir,  .li.'.l  sii.lihnlv,  .Maria  Tli.r.sji  was  ahh'  l.i 
».iiiri'  Ih.'  .I.rlion  of  ler  husliaiul,  H'raii.is  of 
l..irraiii.' lor  Tiisianyi,  wlii.li  foiinih'.l  Ih.'  Uaps- 
Imri;  L.irraine  ilvnaVlv  on  tin'   imperial  lliron.' 
This  was  in  Si'i'ilemriir       In  ih.'  foUowini,'  De- 
lemlier  Fri'.lerii  k  was  in  l)res.h'n,  ami  Saxony  — 
Ihe  on.' elTe,  live  ally  l.'fl  l.i  Ihe  Aiislrians,  siiieii 
Kimlaiiil  hail   wilh.lrawn   from  the  war  in  the 
previous  .\u'_'usi --was  111  his  feet,     Maria  The- 
r.sa,  havinit  Ih.-  Spanianls  ami  Ihe  Kriin  h  siill  lo 
liirhi  in  Italy  ami  Ih.'  N.  Ih.rlan.ls,  eoiiM  .lo  iiolli- 
ini:  hut   make  l.rms  with  111.'  lerriliU'  I'nissian 
kinu'      The  irealv.  siirniil  at  Mnsihii  on  Christ 
iiias~l)av,  ITl.").  repeale.l  til.' i-.'ssion  of  Sil.sia  to 
Kr.il.ri.'k,    wiili  (ilalz.  ami  nslor.il  Sax.my  t.i 
till-  humhl.il  Kl.ilor, 

Treaty  of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle. 

Fran.  I'  ami  Spain,  ileserl.-il  th.'  seeoml  time  liy 
Ih.ir  failhh'ss  rriissiaii  ally,  eonliiiu.'.I  the  war 
uiilil  ITl'*.  wli.n  the  intluen.e  of  Km;laml  ami 
Uollaml  hroiiu'lit  aUmt  a  treaty  of  |>i'aii' sitfne.l 
at  Aix  la  (hap.  11.'.  Friince  piine.I  nnlhini;  from 
the  war.  hill  lia.l  sulTere.l  a  loss  of  presline,  ills 
limily.  Austria,  iHsi.les  pivinif  up  Sil.'sia  to 
Freih'riik  of  Prussia,  was  reipiireil  lo  surremler 
a  hit  of  I.omhanlvto  the  King  of  Sarilinia.  an.l 
I.)  make  over  I'arma.  I'iacen/.a  and  (iuastalla  to 
Don  I'hilipof  Spain,  for  a  hereditary  primipal 
ity,  L'ndir  Ihe  I'ireumstanees,  the  result  t^, 
>(aria  Tlieri'sa  was  a  nolahle  triumph,  an.l  sin 
share.I  with  her  en. my.  Frederick,  the  fruitau'e 
of  fame  harvest. 'd  in  lii.'  war,  Uut  antaisimism 
iM'tween  th.'s.'lwo  ami  iHtween  the  interests  and 
amhitions  which  Ihey  res|«'Ctively  ri'presi'nled  — 
ilynasth'  on  one  side  and  national  on  the  other -- 
»'a.s  hell,  ifi'tlii  ,sittini  and  irn'ttineiia!''-,  aii-i 
could  leave  in  Oermany  no  durable  peace. 


1113 


II 

I! 

t 


K 


KIHiU'K 


Celoal*!  CMlictt  of  Franc*  »ai  Bngland. 

Till'  |H'mi'  wii«  lir^krii.  wit  for  (ii  rmmiv  ah'iii-, 
bill  liir  Kiir'>|u' iiimI  Inriiiiu.ml  tlnwnrlil  m  mrnr, 
In  MJs  yriirMuftrr  till  vlifiidiu  dT  tin- 'rri-iil>  of  Aix 
lu  ClmiM  llr      Tlir  rii|>liiri'  •«  ■  uin.l  tlr-l  ViTV  fir 
fniiii  KunijM-    till  ilir  nihir  -lilf^  nf  ilir  i:liiln'.  In 
.\iii<rl<»    .ml    llliiil>»tiiii.   wliiir    r.iiitl'iiiil    mill 
Kritiu-i-  wi-n-  i-iii;rr    rivuU  In  iitl..niiil  riHHjui-'*! 
In  Aimrlin.  liny  li:iil  qihirn  liil  "inn'  llii'  Tnilv 
iif    llrnlil  imr  Ilir    iH.iin.hirli  t   "f    A' inli.i.  nr 
Niivn  Hiiiti^i.   hIiIiIi  tliiil    Inuly    lr;in-frrrri|  Im 
Kni;liinil        l.iitli  riy.  tliry    liail  riMiir  in  ii  iimrr 
mtIiiik  iiillisiiin  in'llii'  iiiiiri'ir  nf  tlir  rniiliiii  iil 
Till'  Knirli-li.  r.«.|liii.' Iliiir  |..i.«Hsi,>ii  ..t  lln- Al 
liintli'  w'iiliiiiinl  liy  •.imnii  ami  »l.'ilili'  •iHli  innil'*, 
liiiil  In'i-ii  lanly  rxplnnri  iiiiil  mIii>\  in  jiu'itini;  llir 
Alli'triiniit  III  llir   nulMii   iiihiiiil      On  tlir  iitliir 
liiuiil.  Ilii'  Kn  111  Ii,  nlnilili'  ami  nili  rjiri^iiiii,'  in  <  \ 
|iliiraliiiii,  ami  In  military  m  i  iijitiliiin.  Init  mijht 

tlrial I  aiiilli  iai  in  i  ii|i>iii/iiii.'.  Iiail  |iiiiliiil  lliiir 

way  ti>  a  lonii;  i  iriuit  frmn  (  aiiaila.  tliri'imli  llir 
(fnal  jjiki  -  til  llii'  Inail  walrrnnf  tlir  i  (hiu.  ami 
HiTr  fortify  iiit;  a  Mill'  in  tlir  nar  nf  'lu'  llritl«li 
I'liliiniri.  frmii  till'  valliy  of  I  In' SI  l.a«rinri' In 
tlic  valli'V  of  Ihr  Mi'.»i»»i|i|il.  In  fi.ri'  tlu'  l■;lll;li^ll 
wiri'  wi  ll  uHari'  of  Iliiir  intiiit  'I'l.i  ii  tin-  inln 
ni»tM.  N'irL'iniani  itinl  IN'tinnylvaniaii'',  liMili  artn-.. 
mill  t  111' ram  r  lift  ill  irL'rWasliiiiitlMti  was  111  L'lin  as 
liinirri.f  iiiir\|«'ilitiiiiiiii  ITMliiilrin'iln  Kniiili 
frmn  tlir  ttliin.  It  was  m.l  »iiri  i  ssliil,  uiul  a 
xtnuii;  Inrii'  of  nunlar  lri«i|>-i  »i»  m  iit  uviriiext 
_\i'ar  by  tin'  Hrilisli  unvrrnim  iil.  unilrr  Hraililm  W, 
ill  rrjirat  till' iitli'iii|it.  A  Iriuliifiil  raiastrii|ilir. 
wiirsf  iliiiii  lailiiri',  ranii'iif  lliis  mrniiil  iinilirtak 
lnL^  aiiit  t>|ii-n  uar  iH-twi'i-n  Kranrr  iinil  Kii:;lan'l. 
wliii  h  hail  iiiil  Ml  Im'i'II  ilirlariil,  fullnwiil  -  i 
This  riiliinial  lunllirt  of  Ki'ulamI  timt  K>  '  •' 
liml  till'  train,  wi  In  sjK'iik,  wlili  li  raiisi'il  a  nn-stl 
I'Xpliisinii  iif  siip|iri'H.s<'il  hiisiilitirs  in  Kiiriii«'. 

The  Houte  of  Hanover  in  Englaod. 

If  till'  KiiLftisli  rrnwn  hail  nut  lii't'ii  wurii  liy  a 
(ti-riiLiii  kiiii;.  Iiuvini;  ti  tiirin.in  prinripulily  t<i 
ili'friiil.  till-  Kri'iirh  uiiil  Kiit;lish  inik'ht  lia^r 
(iiiit,'lit  out  llii  ir  ipiarnl  on  tlii'  iH'iaii,  ami  in  tlii' 
wiMrrnrss  of  AiiU'rira.  or  on  tin'  plain.s  of  the 
t'lirnalii',  willimit  ilistiirliiiiK  thiir  niiitlninlal 
iiri^rliliiirH.     lint  Kni,'laml  was  now  iiiiilir  u  ni'W. 

fiirriirn  Imil  lii f  »iiv('ri'ii;n»,  ilrstrmhil  frmn 

Ihiil  itaimliti  riif  .latins  I  .  tlii'  pritn  ss  Kli/.ulHlh. 
who  inarrii'il  llic  iinfortiinati'  Kliitor  Palatini' 
mill  was  ipii'i'ii  of  Hohi'inia  for  ii  lirirf  wiiitrr 
liTin  .Mtir  William  nf  (»nin:.'i'  iliiil,  his  wifr. 
l|iiri  II  Marv,  haiiiiK  prinihil  him  In  thi'  i:ravr, 
mill  111!  rliililrin  liavini,'  liiin  Imrn  Intliiin,  Atiiii', 
llii'  ^i^ll  riif  Mary,  hail  Iki  n  rulliil  tn  tin'  throiii' 
It  was  in  liiT  ri'icn  thai  tlir  lirilliaiil  viilnrirs  nf 
MarllHirnii:,'li  wirrwon,  ami  in  lirr  rrifn  tlial  tlir 
I'liion  of  Srnttaiiil  with  Kni:laiiil,  uiiilrr  niir  par 
Haiiii  lit  as  wrll  as  niir  so\rri'ii;n,  was  Itrmi^Iit 
itlKiut  On  Aiinr  s  liratli  (171 1),  hir  lirnthir,  Ihr 
Hiin  of  .l.iinis  II.,  lailiil  ■Ihr  I'ri'trnilrr."  was 
still  rxilmiiil  from  tlir  tlirniir,  lii'raiis*.  of  hiii 
rrliL'ioa.  ami  tlir  iirxt  lirir  was  smi^hl  iiml  BUin- 
m.inril.  ill  tlir  pirson  nf  tlir  Klrrtnr  lirnrKr.  of 
llanovrr,  wlinsi'  nmntr  am  islrrss  wiis  KlizitlMth 
Smart,  (Jriiri.'r  I.  hail  rriL'uril  thirtri'ii  years, 
mill  his  smi.  Grorirr  II,,liiul  hrrn  twrnlysi'vi'ii 
vrars   on  tlir  Ihronr,  whrn  Ihrsr  i|iiarnls  with 

Vrani-r  arnsi'        Tlirnllirlintit  thr  two  rriifllM    linlil 

\Hi.  thr  KiiL'lisli  nation  hail  lirrn  krpt  miMtly 
ut  priur,  liy  Ihr  potrnt  inlliuiKr  of  ii  final  inih 


Islrr.  Sir  IbilN'rt  Witl|Hili..  nml  liiwl  mailr  i  <|i|.  n 
illi!  iiilvaiiir  In  iniilrrliil  pnM|N'rlly  mnl  ^ti.  u^n, 
whilr  llir  •y>lrm  nf  inlnUlrrlitl  Koviriii,.  i<! 
naimiiallilr  In  l*arliaim'iil  mill  Inili'pinili  ni  ■■',  tl,. 
Crown,  wliii  h  has  litt'it  In  Ulrr  Itnirs  Ihr  pi  i  ;iii,r 
fraliirr  of  Ihr  llrllish  rnnstilllllnli,  w  k  I  ikli.j; 
»lia|ii'  In  i;r.>,  \Val|Hilr  fill  from  pnw.i  ,ii,{ 
tlir  rrii  nf  prai  I-  fur  Knulanit  was  iii.IkI  I',:.' 
Ill  r  iirw  ilynnsty  liiul  iH'rn  llrmly  u  ttli  <l.  iij  1  ;. 

litiially.   Iiuliistriallv.  ami  mminrrriall).  i 

linn  was  so  wiiinil  In  Us  roiiilition  as  t.i  ),.  u,, 
prrpiiriil  for  Ihr  sirlrs  nf  wars  Into  win.  i,  i^ 
iiliinirnl  In  llir  War  nf  thr  .\iisirian  f"i: . .  ..in 
Kiitclmiil  hail  taki  II  a  limllnl  part,  ami  wiiii  ■n.ii| 

rrsillls  In   hrrs4'lf        Sill*  was   linw  alioiil   liiMi'ir 

iiiiiliT  till'  li-ail  of  till'  liiiih  splritril  ami  ami  ;!:,.ij, 
I'iit.  afirrwanls  Karl  of  rhatliam,  tin  n  ,•  .• 
ran  rr  of  <'iini|in'st  in  hi  r  history 

The  Seven  Veari  War. 

As  U'fon'  sai'l,  it  WHS  Ihr  aiivirly  ni  li,  ,,rjH 
II  for  his  rlrrlnnitr  nf  llalinur  wliiili  ■  i  i-,  .|  ,11 
rxplosinu  nf  llimtllilirs  In  Klinipr  to  .,ici,r  ,,» 
rnllsl'illlrm-r    of     till'    ri'lllotr    lll^lltill;;    of     Kliiiiji 

ami  RiiKlish  colonists  in  .Vmrriiii  I'  r  il,. 
>iln'iiv;tliriiiiii,'  of  llanovrr  HKalnst  all.n  i.^  Innii 
Kniiii-'  hr  soii;rlit  an  alliaiu'r  with  Fri.liii.  ^.f 
I'rusiilu.  This  limkr  the  limit  stamliii/  lun 
Kn'iirh  allianrr  of  Kii::lanil  with  .Vii-hii  .nl 
.Viistriii  Joiiinl  fortiinrs  with  hrranririil  11.-  .r'^ii 
rnrmy,  inonlrrto  hr  hilpnl  to  thr  n-v  .^r  »i  In.  li 
Maria  Tlirn'sa  now  prmniscil  Inrsili  iln'  p!.  i. 
iin'  of  rxrriitimr  upon  Ihr  l*riis.siaii  km.'  .\* 
thr  mmliinalinn  tinally  sliapnl  iisril  <„,  ihi 
Kniii'li  siilr,  it  riiilinrisl  Kranir,  Aii-iiii  Hn 
sia,  Swi'ilrii,  I'niaiiil,  Saxnny,  ami  thr  I'.il  I'm  ii. 
anil  its  inspiring  piirpnsi'  was  tn  hnak  I'ni-.ii 
ilnwn  anil  parlilinn  lirr  trrritmirs.  ralln  r  ll.  i;i  i.. 
siip|Hirl  Franrr  »<;aiiist  Kiii;laiii|  Th'  ijn. 
inriits  111  this  rtiil  wrn'  iiiailr  in  «  1  n  1 .  ; 'i' 
Ko'ilrrirk  nhlainril  kiinwh'ili;i'  of  llnni.  m.l 
IrariH'il  lliiil  paprrs  pnivimt  tin  i..ii^ii:riiv 
iiffiiiiist  him  wrn'  in  thr  anhivrs  of  tin- >.im.i!v 
irnvrrninriit.at  Drrsilrn.  1 1  is  art  ion  w:isil, ,  ili-l 
with  that  pnimptituilr  w  liirli  so  ofini  .li-.  ..i: 
rrrli'il  his  mriiiirs.  llr  iliil  imt  wait  to  1.,  it 
larkril  liy  tlir  In-mriiiloiis  Irat'iir  forim  '1  a^'.iin-i 
him,  nor  wasir  linir  in  rlTnrts  to  ili--.ilM' 11.  Imi 
ilrllaiitly  slnirk  Ihr  tlrst  lilow.  llr  poiin.l  lii> 
army  iiitn  Saxony  i.Viiniist,  IT.VI),  Mi/ni  I'n  -|.ii 
hv  Hurpris*.,  rapliirril  Ihr  ilis'iiinrnts  li.' .l.  .ir-.l 
aiiil  piililishrd  llirm  In  ihr  worM  in  ini.l..  .i;  ■" 
nf  his  Hiimiiiary  pn'ri|iiialioii  of  war  lii- ;i 
liliM'kailinit  thr  jiaxmi  iiniiy  in  I'iriia.  hr  pi.  ■-.  .1 
rapiilly  Intii  llohrmia,  ilifralnl  Ihr  An-tri  111-  11 
l.owosit/.,  ami  n'turiiisl  as  rapiilly.  to  r. n  ii'  Hi'- 
siirn'iiilrf  nl  Ihr  Saxons  ami  to  riili-i  111  -'  ■'■ 
tlirm  in  his  own  ranks.  This  was  llr  I'ur.  |»  1:1 
nprniiii;  nf  llir  Si'Vrn  Yrars  War,  wiii.  Ii  r.  '  I. 
lirst  mill  liLsl,  in  all  ipiartrrsuf  tin-  l'IoIh- 

In  tlir  srroiiil  vrurof  thr  war,  Kn  'i.  riil.  _■  mi'  i 
an  imimrtaiil  virlnry  at  I'rauui'  ami  sni'.  1.  1  i 
wriiHi.s  rrvrrsi'  at  Kolin.  wliirli  llin  i\  iir  -■  "f 
Silrsia  into  thr  lianils  of  Ihr  AiiNlriaii-  1  '.•-<■ 
fnUowini;  thai  iK'fral  ramr  rriisliiiii;  11.  ,'.  -  :■■  111 
lliinovrr,  whrrr  thr  iiirmnprli-ni  l)ukf  -■!  i  .'ii 
iK'rIanil.  I'limiiuimlint!  lor  his  f.itln  1.  llr  l.n_  i-li 
Kin«  (irorKr.  hail  allnwnl  tlir  h'rnii  1.  '  .  I  !"• 
him  In  an  uicrrrmrnl  whirh  ili-hamli'l  li:^  '-ly 
anil  Irft  Prussia  ahinr  in  lIu-  Irrriii  ••->'' 
Kn-ilrrirk's  pnsilimi  .sii-inril  iloiiinil.  '"'\  ''i- 
riirrifv  n'trirvril  it,  llr  tmi^ilii  ami  liii'-r;  i  ""• 
Krruc'h  at  |{iw.sbiich,  iirar  LUI/.rn   on  H"     '  i'  •'■ 


IIU 


Ipf  ■;- 


»4  r  1        ' 


1 1; 


1  i 


EUROPE  1 768 AD 

PAPAL 

VENETIAN 

HOUSEOF  SAVOY 
AUSTRIAN   ' 
MABSBURCi 
HOHENZOLLERN|_ 

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EUROPE. 


KuMia  and  the 
CzarinOM. 


ElKOPE. 


Vovember  »nd  the  Austrians,  at  Loutlion,  miir 
Breslau.  exactly  one  month  lul.-r.     In  the  tani- 
Zm  of  1758,  he  cnc<...nur.-.l    the    Kus-smns 
it  Zonulorf,  winninK  a  bLnnly  triumph,  and    ..■ 
susUiiKMl  a  defeat  at  lloohklrk,  m  battle  with  the 
Au9tri:in8.     But  Englan.l  had  repudiated  (  iirii 
l*rlan(r»  convention  anil  recalU'd  hhii;  hnghsh 
and  Ihiiioveriun  forces  were  asain  put  into  tlic 
flelil    under  the    capable    command  of    1  nnce 
Fnui.ri(k  of  l!run«wi<k.  who  turned  the  tide  in 
th»t  (iiKirter  asiiinst  the  French,  and  the  results 
of  tlic  v.ar  were  penerally  favorable  to  !•  rederick. 
In  17,"ll)    the   Hanoverian   army,    under    I'rince 
Ffrilinaml,  iinpr.)ved  the  situation  on  that  side; 
but  tlie  pros|HTts  of  the  KiiiK  of  Prussia  were 
clouded  by  lieavv  disasters.     .Mtemptiug  to  push 
a  vid.irv  over  the  Uussians  t.K>  far,  at  kuiiirs- 
dorf  lie  wxs  terribly  beaten,      lie  lost  Dresilen, 
and  a  tfreut  part  of  Saxony.     In  the  next  year  he 
recovtriil  all  but  Dn^sden,  which  he  wantonly 
and  iuliumaaly  bombardcl.     The  war  was  now 
bein"  carried  on  with  preat  dlltieulty  by  all  the 
cnmCatants.     Prussia,  Krniiee  and  Austria  were 
suffirim;  almost  equally  from  exhaustnvn;   the 
mLwrv  anion),'  their  pople  was  too  jireat  to   k' 
ignorcil ;  the  armies  of  each  hail  dwindled.      1  he 
onwmi  Ills  of  Pitts  war  policy  in  England  over- 
came him.  in  OctolK-r,   17«1,  whereupon  he  re- 
gilliud  and  the  Kngli.sh subsidy  to  Fnderiek  wa.s 
witlidrawn.     Uut  that  was  s<M)n  made  up  to  hmi 
bv  the  withdrawal  of  Kussia  from  the  war.  at  the 
biuMnnini;  of  1702,  when  Peter  of  Ilolsliin,  who 
acirairwl  t'rederick,  became  Czar.     Sweden  iiiadi' 
mace  a  little  later.     The  reniainrler  of  the  worn 
and  wiariid  fighters  went  on  striking  at  each 
other  until  near  the  end  of  the  year. 

Miiintiine,  on  the  colonial  and  EiLst  Indian  side 
of  it  this  i)P«ligious  Seven  Years  War.  as  a  great 
struitfle  for  world  .nipire  between  England  and 
lY.imf,  had  iK'cn  adding  eomiuest  to  eoncpiest 
and  triumph  tolriuiuph  for  the  former.  In  K.")!*, 
Wolfe  Inul  taken  tiuelK'C  and  died  on  the  Heights 
of  Abraham  in  the  moment  of  victory.  Another 
twelve  months  saw  the  whole  of  Canada  clear  of 
Krinchmcn  in  arms.  In  the  East,  to  use  tlie 
laui!ua!;e  of  Macaulay,  "cimiiuests  eiiualling  in 
nipidity  and  far  surpassing  in  magnitude  those 
.if  (.'ones  and  Pizarro,  had  iM'en  achieved."  "  In 
tlie  .space  of  three  years  the  English  had  founded 
a  miirhtv  empire.  The  French  had  been  defeat- 
ed in  every  part  of  India.  Chandernairore  had 
yielded  toilive.  Pon.licherry  to  (.'oote.  Through. 
out  Heuiiiil,  Bahar.  i  >ri.s.sa,  and  the  (.'arnatic,  the 
authoriiv  of  the  Kast  India  Company  was  more 
alwilulith.m  thai  of  Acbar  or  Aurungzebe  had 
ever  lieeu. " 

Treaties  of  Paris  and  Hubertsburg. 

Ill  Feliniarv.  176:!.  two  treaties  of  peace  were 
eonc'Uel.d,  oiie  at  Paris,  on  the  IDth,  iMdween 
EuL-luiid,  Fniiiee  and  Spain  (the  latter  Power 
h^ivi;i-.'  joined  France  in  the  war  as  late  as 
.lanuiry,  ITtiJ),  the  other  at  Ilubertsburg,  on  the 
l."iili,  hi  twein  l*russiaand  Austria.  France  gave 
up  !.)  Kni;land  all  her  possessions  in  North 
Anieriea,  except  Louisiana  (which  pa.s^sed  to 
Spain),  and  yieldeil  Minorca,  but  recovered  the 
Philippines.  She  surrendered,  moreiiver,  cmisid- 
crilili  iriteresls  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  Afrha. 
The  II  I.  niul  aspirations  of  the  French  were  cast 
down  by  a  blow  that  was  lasting  in  its  etfi'ct. 
As  liitui.,  n  Prussia  and  Austria^  the  triiimphs<>f 
the  pe;iee  and  the  glories  of  the  war  were  won 


entirely  by  the  former.  Frederick  came  out  of 
it.  "  Frederick  the  Great,"  the  most  famous  man 
id'  his  century,  as  warrior  and  as  statesman,  Inith. 
He  had  defended  his  little  kingdom  for  seven 
years  against  three  great  Powers,  and  yielded 
not  one  acre  of  its  territory.  He  had  raised 
I'russia  to  the  plac<'  in  (.Jermaiiy  from  which  her 
subseciuent  advance  became  easy  and  almost  in 
evitable.  But  the  great  fame  he  earned  is  spotted 
with  many  falsities  and  mueli  cynical  iiidinerenee 
to  the  commonest  ethhs  of  civilization  His 
great  lass  is  of  that  character  which  reciuires  to 
be  looked  at  from  selecteil  standpoints. 

Russia. 

Another  character,  soniewhat  resembling  that 
of  Frederick,  was  now  drawing  attention  on  the 
eastern  side  of  Europe.     Siia  e  the  death  of  Peter 
the  Great,  the  interval  in   Uussian   history  had 
Imcu  coverecl  by  six  ndgns.  wilh  a  seventh  just 
opening,  and  the  four  sovereigns  who  really  ex- 
ercised   power   were  women.       Peter's    wulow, 
Catherine  I.,  h.id  succeideil  him  (17i">)  for  two 
vears.     His   son,  Alexis,  he  had    put    to  death, 
but  Alexis  left  a  son,  Peter,  to  whom  Catherine 
iH-queathed  the  crown.      Petir  ii.  dieil  after  a 
brief  reign,  in  17:!0;  and  the  nearest  heirs  were 
two   daughters  of    Peter  the   Great,  Anne   and 
ElizalKtli.     Bill  they  were  set  ashh'  in  favor  of 
another  Anne— Aniie  of  Courland —daughter  of 
Peter  the  Great's  brother.     Anne's  reign  of  ten 
years  wasunder the inlluence of  (jierman  favorites 
and  ministers,  and  neariv  half  of  it  was  occupied 
with  a  Turkish  War,  in  coi^peration  wilh  Austria. 
For  Austria  the  war  had  most  humiliating  re- 
sults, costi-   •  her  Belgrade,  all  of  Servia,   part 
nf   liosnia  a. id  part  of  Wallai  hia.     Uussia  won 
back  Asov,  with  fort  illcat  ions  f.  rbidilin.  and  thai 
was  all.     Anne  willed  her  er.iwu  to  an  infant 
nephew,  who  appears  in  the  l{iis.-,ian  annals  as 
Ivan  \T. ;  but   two  regencies  were  overthrown 
by  palace  revolutions  within  little  more  than  a 
year,  and  the  second  one  carried  to  the  throne 
that    Princess   Elizabeth,  younger  dauL'hIir  of 
Peter  the  Gri  at,  who  had  lucn  put  aside  eleven 
vears    before.       Elizabeth,    a     woman     openly 
licentious  and  intemperate,  reii;ned  for  twenty- 
une    vears,  durinir  the  whole  important  periiMi 
of  the  Warof  the  Austrian  Succession,  and  almost 
to  the  end  of  the  .Seven  Years  War.     She  was 
bitteriy  hostile  to  Ftedi  rick  the   Great,    whose 
sharp  "tongue  had  olTcnded  her,  and  siie  joiueil 
Maria  Tlieresci  with  eairiruess  in  the  great  eltort 
of  revense,  which  failed.     In  the  eiriy  part  of 
her  reign,  war  with  Sweden  hail  been  more  sue 
cessfurand   had   added   South    Finland   to   the 

Uussian  lirrilories.  It  is  claimed  for  her  domes 
th'  govcrninenl  that  the  general  prosperity  of  the 
country  was  advanced. 

Catherine  II. 

(In  the  death  of  Elizabeth,  near  the  end  of  the 
year  1701,  the  eiowu  pas.sed  to  hirnephew.  Pelt  r 
Iif  lIol,..tein.  sou  of  her  el.lest  sister,  Anne,  who 
had  married  the  Duke  of  llolstein.  This  prince 
had  liecu  the  recognized  heir,  living  at  the 
Kus,sian  eourt,  diirinu'  the  whole  of  Klizalieth  s 
reit'u.  He  was  an  iirnorant  boor,  and  be  ha.l  be 
come  a  besotted  drunkard.  Since  1T41  he  li.id 
iM'cn  married  to  a  younu'  German  princess,  of 
the  Anhalt  Zirbst  family,  who  took  the  bap- 
tismal name  of  Catherine  when  she  entered  the 
(ireek  Churcli.   Catiicriue    possv».se.|    ,i   .^ui.eri.ir 


1115 


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EUKOPE. 


Catheriiv  It.  nnti 
tKe  Partition  o/Potatui. 


EUROPE. 


inti'l|p('taDilastr<mK<'liHni<'ti'i':  but  Ilic  vile  court 
inu>  wliicli  slic  cunic  as  it  voiinK  ^'irl,  lH)un(l  to  a 
ilisKUHtiiii;  liusliuixl.  Imil  di-luiuclii'il  licr  in  nioralH 
Mnd  lowered  Iter  to  its  own  vilencisii.  8he  i;ained 
(io  jireiit  an  uMeuiliiuey  that  the  tourl  was  sub- 
servient to  her,  from  th<'  time  that  her  incapable 
husband.  Peter  III.,  su<ceeded  tothethmne.  He 
rei^'ned  by  sulTerance  for  a  year  and  a  half,  and 
then  (,Iuly,  li(l2>  he  was  easily  deposed  and  put 
to  ileath.  In  the  deposition, Catherine  waa  the 
leading;  actor.  Of  the  »ul)se(|Uent  murder,  acme 
historians  are  dispo.sc'd  to  a<'i|uit  her.  Slie  did 
rot  s(  ruple,  at  h'ast.  to  accept  the  benefit  of  both 
ileeds,  w  liich  raiseil  her,  alune,  to  the  throne  of 
the  C'zais. 

Partition  of  Poland. 

Peter  III.,  in  his  short  rei;rn.  hail  made  one  Im- 
portant change  in  Uussian  policy,  tiy  withdraw- 
ing from  the  leaj;ue  atraiiist  Fri'deriek  of  I'russia, 
wlioni  he  greatly  admired.  Catherine  fimnil  rea- 
sons, (piite  aside  frcjni  those  of  personal  admira- 
tion, forcultivutini;  the  friendship  of  the  King 
uf  Prussia,  ami  a  dost*  understanding  with  that 
astute  monarch  »:i»  one  of  the  earliest  objects  of 
her  endeavor.  She  had  ilctermiued  to  put  an  end 
t<p  the  independence  of  Poland.  As  she  first  en- 
tertained the  design,  there  was  [irobablv  no 
thought  of  the  partitioning afterwaniscontrived. 
But  her  purpose  wiuito  keep  the  Polish  kingdom 
in  disorder  and  weakiics.s,  and  to  make  liiissian 
intluence  supreme  in  it,  with  views,  no  doubt, 
that  liKiked  ultimately  to  something  more.  On 
the  death  of  the  Saxon  king  of  Poland,  Augus- 
tus III.,  in  lTH:t,  Callicrine  put  forward  a  native 
candidati'  for  the  vacant  throne,  in  the  person  of 
!stani^hllls  Poiiiatowsky.  e  Uussianized  Pole  and  ii 
former  lovcroflicrinvn".  The  Kingof  Prussiasup- 
portiil  lnr  (amliilate.  and  Poniatow.skv  was  duly 
ilecKil,  witii  lO.IHHI  Russian  tnK)ps  inSVarsaw  to 
see  lh.it  it  Wiis  proiH'rIy  dcni-.  The  Poll's  were 
submissive  to  the  inva.sion  of  their  political  in- 
dependence; but  when  ("atherine,  who  sought  to 
create  a  Uussian  party  in  Poland  by  protecting 
the  memlKrs  of  the  Gnek  Church  and  the  Prot- 
estants, against  the  intolerance  of  the  Polish 
Catholics,  forced  a  concession  of  civil  eipialily 
to  tile  former  ilTI)."*).  there  was  a  wide  spreail 
Calhiilic  n-volt  In  llie  tierce  war  which  followed, 
a  band  of  Poles  was  pursued  across  the  Turkish 
border,  and  a  Turkish  town  was  Inirned  by  the 
|{u.s.sian  pursuers.  The  Sultan,  who  profes.scd 
sympathy  with  the  Poles,  then  declared  war 
against  Russia.  The  Rus.so-Turkisb  war,  in  turn, 
I'xcited  Austria,  wliieh  feared  Russian  coni|Uests 
from  tile  Turks,  and  another  wide  disttirbanee  of 
the  piace  of  Kiirope  seemed  thri'atening.  In  the 
mid-t  111  the  excitement  there  came  a  whispered 
suu'geslion.  to  the  ear  of  the  courts  of  Vienna  and 
Si.  Petersburg,  that  they  sive  ally  satisfy  their 
tirritori.il  cravings  and  mutually  assuage  each 
other's  jialniisy.  at  the  expeusi'of  the  crumbling 
kinv'doiii  of  Poland.  Tlie  whisper  may  have 
come  from  Friileriek  II.  of  Pru.s.sia.  or  "it  may 
nut.  Tlii'iean-nMiopiiiionson  thepoiiit.  From 
wliativir  source  it  came,  it  fmiiid  favorable  con- 
siiliTaiioh  at  Vii  una  and  SI.  Petersburg,  and  be- 
i-.mii  Feliruary  ami  .\iigust,  1772,  the  detailaof 
llii-  p.'irlition  were  worked  out. 

Poli.nd  was  not  yet  extinguishiil.  The  kingdom 
was  only  shorn  of  some  ItiO.IKKt  .square  miles  of 
territory,  nion-  than  half  of  whii-h  wcniio  Uuuaia. 
It  third  to  Austria,  aud  the  reiuuiuder,  less  than 


10,000  a<iuarc  miles,  to  Prinwitt.  This  last  nun 
tloned  aniiexathin  was  the  old  distriii  of  \Vi>t 
Prufwia  which  the  Polish  king,  Casimir  IV  ],.„{ 
wrested  fnjni  the  Teutonic  Knlghls  in  I  iw,  i,. 
fore  Brandenburg  hud  aught  to  do  witl,  prus 
sian    lands  name.      After    three   iiiiinrieii 

Fritlerick  recmimed  It. 

The  diminished  kingdom  of  Poland  .-li,i\v,.,| 
more  signs  of  a  true  national  life,  of  an  ■  irmst 
national  fwling,  of  a  solx'red  and  ratioii;il  |.;iiniit 
ism.  than  hml  appeared  In  its  former  histnrv 
The  fatal  powers  mono|M)lized  by  the  11..I1I1 «,  tf,,. 
deadly  "  lilierum  veto,"  the  corrnptiiur  1  In  live 
kingship,  were  hKikctl  at  in  their  true  lit-lil.  an.iin 
May,  1791,  a  iiewcoustitutiiui  was  adnpiniuiij,!, 
reformed  thosc^  evils.  But  u  few  iioliles  ii|i|.i,m.i| 
the  reformation  and  ap|H'aled  to  Russia,  sujipiv 
ing  a  prt-text  to  Catherine  on  which  sin  lilli  d  I'ip 
land  with  her  trisips.  It  was  in  vain  ilial  ihe 
patriot  Kosciusko  led  the  best  of  his  munirv 
men  iu  a  brave  struggle  with  the  ievadir  Tiuv 
were  overlsirne  (17a3-171t4):  the  unliapjiv  nutiim 
was  put  in  fetters,  while  Catherine  anil  a  iii»- 
King  of  Prussia,  Frederick  William  II  ,  arrangiil 
the  terms  of  a  second  partition.  This  gave  In 
Pru.ssia  an  additional  thousand  square  niili «.  in 
eluding  the  important  towns  of  Daii/iL'  iind 
Thorn,  while  Russia  took  four  times  as  iniiih 
A  year  later,  the  small  remainder  of  Pnlisji  tir 
ritory  was  disnienilKTed  and  divided  Ijiiucin 
Russia,  Prussia  and  Austria,  and  thus  I'.ilanililjs 
appeared  from  the  map  of  Eiiro]ie  as  a  si.ii,. 

Russia  as  left  by  Catherine  II. 

Meantime,  in  her  conflicts  wiili  ih,.  Turks 
Catherine  was  extending  her  vast  empire  to  ilj,. 
Uneisterand  theCaiU'iisus,  and  openini;  a  p;iss;iL'e 
for  her  fleets  from  tlie  Hlack  Sea  to  tin.  Mnliier 
ranean.  By  treaty  in  1774  she  placed  iln  I'arliirs 
of  the  Criini'a  iu  independence  of  the  Turks  uml 
so  isolated  them  for  easy  conquest  Iiil7s:(!lii' 
conquest  was  made  complete,  iiy  liie  s.uiu' 
tri'aty  she  secured  a  right  of  remonstraineuii  be 
half  of  the  Christian  subjects  of  !lie  Siillan.  in 
the  Danubian  principalities  and  in  iIr  (inik 
Church  at  Constantinople,  which  opiiiiil  nmny 

(iretexls  for  future  interference  ami  fnr  war  at 
iussian  convenience.  The  aggressii.ns  of  tli" 
stronif-willed  and  powerful  Czarina  and  lluir 
dazzling  SUCCCS.S,  fliled  Iht  subjects  »iili  priile, 
and  effaced  all  ri'inembrance  of  her  funJL'n  .TiLrin 
and  her  wantof  right  to  the  seat  w  lii.  Ii  sin  lill.il 
She  was  ambitious  to  improve  t  he  1  in  pin  .  is  vm  II 
as  to  expand  it;  for  her  liberal  mind  i.n.k  in  tin' 
large  ideas  of  that  speculative  age  and  was  iiiinh 
moved  by  them.  She  attempted  many  11  f<irnis; 
but  most  things  that  she  tried  toil..|.ir  the  liii- 
lering  of  civilization  and  the  lifliiigof  ila-  pinpli; 
were  done  impt'riously,  and  spoiled  \<y  ila  aiit" 
cratic  methixl  of  the  doing.  In  hi  r  I  ah  r  vr  irs, 
her  inclination  towards  liberd  ideas  vva>  1  In  c  ki  il. 
and  the  French  lievolutiou  put  an  etui  t.>  ii. 

State  of  France  in  the  Eighteenth  Century. 

In  tracing  the'destruction  of  Poland 
aggrandizement  of  Russia,  we  liav-'  |.j 
dale  of  that  great  catastrophe  in  Krain 
ended  the  old  modem  order  of  thing's,  ai 
diiced  a  new  one,  not  for  France  univ 
Europe  at  large.  It  was  a  latasin  pi.. 
which  the  abu.sed  French  people  had  !■  . 
slippinir  for  ireneratinns,  pushed  iie.r; !. :. 
it  by  blind  rulers  and  a  besotted  arislMcra 


.r.\.i  tir 
-H.I  Ilie 
!■  -.Miirll 

,|  intre 

lajl    fiir 

iciv\.inl 
1  -l..«lv 


.-K- 


By 


1110 


EUROPE. 


Stat*"  nf  f\aiv:*  befarti 
the  Revolution. 


EUROPE. 


ikiiurc  a  people ardeotsml  llTcly  in  temp<;r,  hop.- 
fiilan.l  bravr  inspirit,  fullof  inti-lliKencc  they  Imil 
iHfD  liilil  il<iwi' '"  iluml)  rcpreswion:  silenced  In 
voice  even  for  the  iittcrinK  of  their  complaints ; 
tlic  niilional  meelinR  of  their  reiiresentative  htutes 
suppressetl  for  nearly  two  centuries ;  taxes  wriini; 
from  lliem  on  no  nieiisure  save  the  will  of  a 
wanton  Hiindiil  and  ignorant  kinp ;  their  t)cliifs 
nrcucribed,  their  laws  ordained,  tlieir  conrts  of 
iiuilicc  eomnianiled,  their  indiistrii'S  directed, 
llifir  trade  lied)fe<l  round,  their  rights  and  per- 
iiii«iions  in  all  particulars  nieled  out  to  th( m  liy 
llie  same  hUindering  and  irresponsil)le  autocracy. 
How  lonK  would  tliey  iH'ar  it?  and  would  their 
I'diveninci'  come  hv  the  casinit  of  their  yoke,  or 
liy  the  hreakinc  of  it Y— were  the  only  iiucs- 

Tliiir  state  was  iiroliatily  at  its  worst  iu  the 
liter  years  of  I.mus  XIV.  That  seems  to  be  the 
(flnilusion  which  the  deepest  study  has  now 
naclicJ.  ami  the  picture  formerly  drawn  hy 
tii>torian».  of  a  society  continually  sinkinj;  into 
lower  jiiisirics.  is  mostly  put  aside.  Tlie  worst 
slate  wiiiiiimlv,  was  passed,  or  nearly  so,  when 
I/iuisXlV.  died.  It  iK'iran  to  mend  under  his 
(lespicalilc  successor,  l.ouis  XV.  (17t,V17T4), — 
jH'riiai" '  *■'"  'I"""'!  '''^'  "'»-'•■'"'>'  "f  ""'  prolliirate 
Orleans  ll'l.VliSHi.  Why  it  memled,  no  his- 
torian has  learly  explained.  The  caust-  was  not 
in  iKtter  '.'  )Viriiinent;  for  the  noveriuneut  trrew 
svi.rse.  it  did  not  come  from  any  rise  in  chiirac- 
iTof  the  privileged  classes;  for  the  privile;;ed 
c;,i.s.*s  al)US<Hl  their  privileges  with  incriasint; 
scltishness.  Hut geiiend inlluiiiccs  were  at  work 
ill  the  world  at  large,  stimulating  activities  of  iill 
kiniis,— industry,  trade,  speculation,  combitvi 
tiiin,  invention,  experiment.  8<-icnee.  philosophy, 
-ami  whatever  improvement  (Hiurred  in  the 
material  condition  and  sisial  state  of  t  lie  common 
piople  of  France  may  (ind  its  explanation  in 
tlusp.  There  was  an  augmentation  of  life  in  the 
air  of  tile  eighteenth  century,  and  France  t(Hik 
soniL'  invigoralioa  from  it.  despite  tlie  many 
maliiiliis  in  its  scKial  system  and  the  oppressions 
of  goviniinent  under  which  it  lient. 

iiut  the  dilTerence  between  the  France  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  tlie  France  of  Louis  XVI.  was 
luori'  in  the  people  than  in  their  stale.  If  tlicir 
misery  was  a  little  less,  their  patience  was  less, 
ami  liy  not  a  little.  The  stimulations  of  tlieage, 
wliiehiiiay  liave  given  more  elTectiveness  to  lalsir 
ami  more  energy  to  trade,  hail  likewis<>  set  think 
'vi'Z  a>iir,  on  the  same  pnu^tical  lines.  .Men  whose 
niiiul-i  ill  former  lenturies  would  have  labored 
on  riilillis  dialectical,  metapliysical  ami  theo- 
losieal.  were  now  bent  on  the  pressing  problems 
of  tiaily  life.  The  mysteries  of  ci'tmomic  science 
began  tot liallcnge  tliem.  Every  aspect  of  sur- 
rouniliii;  society  tliru.st  questions  iipim  tlicui. 
eonei  riiiiiu'  its  origin,  its  history,  its  inei|iialities, 
its  la.vs  and  tiietr  principles,  its  government  and 
III!  s, ,iirio  of  authority  in  it.  The  so-called 
•  pliili'V'iilii  rs"  of  the  age,  Itoussi'aii,  Voltaire 
anil  !!h.  rtu  yelopiedists —  were  not  ilu-  only  nucs- 
iKiijrrs  ..f  I'h..  wK'ial  world,  nor  diil  llie  iiueslioii- 
ta'ail  collie  from  what  lliey  taught.  It  was  the 
imcll  c  IU  il  c  pideniic  of  llie  time,  carried  into  all 
coiiiitriis,  iun"trating  all  cliusses.  and  nowhere 
"illi  mccrc  ciiiriision  tlian  in  France. 
.\fo  r  the  successful  revolt  of  the  Kuglish  col 


oiiii  s  in  .ViiitTica,  and  the  conspicuous  blazoning 
"f  t!i;- ..loi-tricf-i  of  pi-.litiral  i-ijuality  -^nd  pe.pu- 
Idr  «.  If  uoiverninent  in  their  declaration  of  inde- 


pendence and  thflr  n'publican  constitution,  the 
ferment  of  social  free-thinking  in  France  was 
naturally  inerea«c<l.  The  French  had  helped 
the  cidonists,  fought  Bide  by  side  with  them, 
watched  their  struggle  with  intense  inten'St.  ami 
all  the  issues  involved  in  the  American  revolu- 
tion were  discus-sed  among  them,  with  partiality 
to  the  repulilican  side.  Fninklin,  most  republi- 
can n'presentative  of  the  young  republic,  came 
among  them  and  captivateil  every  class.  He 
recoinmemhMl  to  them  the  Ideas  for  which  he 
stood,  perhaps  more  than  wc  suspect. 

Louia  XVI.  and  hii  reiKD. 

And  thus,  by  many  inHuenees,  the  French  xko 
pie  of  all  clasjies  except  the  privileged  nobility, 
and  even  in  that  class  to  some  small  extent,  were 
made  increasingly  impatient  of  their  misgovern, 
iiient  and  of  the  wrongs  and  miserhs  going  with 
it,  Louis  XVI.,  who  came  to  the  throne  In 
1774,  was  the  la'st  in  cliaracter  of  the  liourlsm 
kings.  He  liail  no  noxious  vices  and  no  baleful 
amiiitions.  If  lie  had  found  right  conditions 
prevailing  In  his  kingdom  he  wcidd  have  made 
the  best  of  them.  Hut  he  had  no  capacity  for  re- 
forming tlic  evils  that  he  inlierited.  and  no 
strength  of  will  to  sustain  those  who  had.  lie 
accepted  an  earnest  refcming  minister  with 
more  tlian  willingness,  ami  approved  the  wise 
measures  of  econciniy,  of  ciiuitable  taxation,  and 
of  emaniipation  for  manufactures  and  tmde, 
which  Turgot  proposed.  Hut  when  protected 
interests,  and  the  privileged  order  which  fat- 
tened on  existing  abuses,  raised  a  storm  of  oppo- 
sition, he  weakly  gave  way  to  it,  and  dismissed 
tlie  man  (1778)  who  might  iiossibly  have  m.ade 
the  inevitable  revolution  a  peaceful  one.  Another 
minister,  tlie  Genevan  banker.  Neeker.  who 
aimed  at  less  reform,  but  demanded  economy, 
sutlered  the  same  overthrow  07H1).  The  waste, 
the  prcitligate  expenditure,  the  jobbery,  tlie 
leeching  of  the  treasury  by  high-born  pension- 
ers ami  sinecure  (.tlice-holders,  went  on,  scarcely 
cliiTkcci,  until  the  beginnings  of  actual  bank- 
ruptcy had  appeared. 

The  States-General. 

Then  a  cry,  not  much  heeded  before,  for  the 
cirnvmation  of  the  States  gciie'-al  of  the  king- 
dom—  the  ancient  great  legislature  of  France, 
extinct  since  tlie  vcar  1014  — lacame  loud  and 
general.  The  king  yielded  (17HN).  The  States- 
general  was  called  to  meet  on  the  1st  of  May, 
17Si).  aie'  ll'c  royal  suiiimoiis  chcreed  that  the  dep- 
uties elio  c)  it  from  the  tliird  estate  — the 
common  p<  c— slicmld  be  ei|ual  in  numtier  to 
the  deputic:.  of  the  nobility  and  the  clergy  to- 
getlier.  So  the  dumb  lips  of  France  as  a  nation 
were  opeiic  1.  its  tongue  unlcKised.  its  coiiimon 
public  opiiiioi.  and  public  feeling  made  articu- 
late', for  the  tirst  time  iu  one  hundred  and  si'V 
enty  live  years.  And  the  word  that  it  spoke 
was  till'  mandate  of  Uevolution. 

The  States  general  lussemliled  at  Versiilles  on 
the  .'ith  of  -May,  and  a  c  inllicl  between  the  third 
estate  and  the  nobles  (K'curml  at  once  on  the 
question  between  tlm'c  assemblies  and  one. 
Should  the'  llirc-e  orders  deliberate  and  vote  to- 
gether as  one  Imdy.  or  sit  and  act  separately  and 
apart.  The  commons  demamliHl  the  single  as- 
semblv.  Tile  nobles  and  most  of  the  clergy  n' 
fuacdthe  union,  in  which  their  vot<;»  wouUl  be 
overpowered. 


111^ 


II 


1  •  ■  i 

w 


pi 


M'. 


'I 

■'I,,'-. 


EIUOJ'K 


HrffinniHit  uf  the 
KevitlutiitH. 


ElUOPE. 


The  National  Aitembly. 

After  wimo  wcrks  of  ilntil  liH'k  on  tliU  fiiiiilti' 
mental  JHiiiie,  the  tliini  extulc  liri)iik(lil  it  to 
a  suinmury  dwision,  liy  Ixijilly  iiasiTtliic  Its 
own  siipremaey  as  repreMiitatlvc  of  Ilic>  muss  of 
the  nation,  and  oruani/ini;  itself  in  the  ehanii  ler 
of  the  ■'  National  Assembly  "  of  Kmnee.  I'mhr 
that  name  and  eliaraiter  if  was  joineil  l)y  a  eon- 
siileralile  part  of  the  humbler  i  lerjry.  and  by 
some  of  the  nobles,  —  ad<iitioual  to  a  few,  like 
MiralK'aii,  wlio  «iit  fnmi  the  lH'j;inninf;  with  the 
third  estate,  as  elei  lid  representativis  of  the 
people.  The  kini;  made  a  weak  allempl  to  annul 
this  assumption  of  lei;islalive  siillieieney  on  the 
part  of  the  lliinl  estate,  and  oidy  hurried  th.  ex 
posure  of  his  own  powerlessness.  I'ersuailed 
by  his  worst  advisers  to  attempt  a  stroiiiriT  dem- 
onstration of  tlie  ri>val  aulliorily.  he  tilled  I'aris 
with  tnhips.  and  inlkmeil  the  excitement,  whii  li 
had  risen  already  to  a  passionate  heat. 

Outbreak  of  the  Reyolution. 

Neeker,  who  lia<l  Is'en  reealh'd  to  the  ministry 
when  the  meetirij;  of  the  States^eneral  was  de- 
eided  upon,  now  n'ciived  his  second  dismissal 
(July  lU,  and  the  nesvs  of  it  acted  on  I'aris  like 
n  signal  of  insurrection.  Thi'  city  next  day  was 
in  tumult.  On  the  14th  the  liast  lie  was  at  tacked 
and  taken.  The  kind's  j.'overnmeni  vanished 
utt(  ly  His  tnsips  fraterni?:ed  with  thi'  riotous 
people.  Citizens  of  I'aris  ori;ani/.eil  themselves 
as  a  N'ational  Guard,  on  which  every  latpe  ai 
order  dcpiiKh'd,  and  I.af.iyette  took  eommanil. 
The  friiililened  nobility  beijan  lli).'ht,  tirst  fnan 
I'aris.  and  then  from  the  pnivinces,  as  mob  viu 
lence  spread  over  the  kinirdom  from  the  capital. 
In  Octolx'r  there  Were  rumors  th.it  the  kin^  had 
plaiMicd  to  follow  the  "cmiL'res"  and  take  refufte 
in  .Met/,.  Then  occurred  the  famous  rising  of  t lie 
women;  tiicir  pnsission  to  Versailles;  thecn)ivd 
of  men  which  followeil,  accomiianicd  but  not 
controlled  by  Lafayette  an<l  his  NaliouaKiuanls; 
the  eonvcy:incc  of  tin'  kin^  aiid  royal  f."mily  to 
I'aris,  where  liiey  remained  during  the  sulis*' 
<iu(nt  year,  practically  in  captivity,  and  at  the 
nieriy  of  the  I'arisian  inob. 

.Meanwhile,  the  National  Assi  inbly.  neifliiient 
of  the  danjicrs  of  tlic>  moment,  wliile  actual  an- 
archy prevailed,  busied  it.sclf  with  debates  on 
consiilutional  theory,  with  eniutmcnts  for  the 
alKilition  of  titles  and  priviliires,  and  with  the 
crialini.'  of  an  inconveriible  paper  money,  Imsi'il 
onconliMatcdtliurchland.s,  tosupply  lhi'"nc>edsof 
the  national  treasury.  MeautiTue,  too,  the  mem- 
bers of  tile  Assinibly  and  their  supporters  out.side 
of  it  wiTi'  breakini;  into  parties  and  factions,  di- 
vided by  till  ir  dilTercnt  purposes,  principles  and 
aims,  and  fori iiini:  clubs. — < 'enters  of  agitation  and 
discussion. — I'lubsof  tlie.lacobins,  tho  I'ordeliers, 
till'  Fi  iiilliints  and  the  like, — wheie  fear,  distrust 
and  jealousy  were  soon  enixenderini;  feris-ious 
eoiillicis  among  tlie  revolutionists  themselves. 
And  outside  of  Krancc.  on  the  border  where  the 
fuL'ilivi'  nobles  lurked,  intriu'iie  was  always  ac- 
tive, St  ri vim;  to  enlist  foreign  hel|)  for  Kiun  I>oiiis 
against  his  Mitijccls. 

The  First  Constitution. 
In  April.  171II,  MiratM-aii.  wliosi'  inlluence  liaii 
Ix'cn  a  powi  rliil  restraint  upon  the  Uevolution, 
died.  In  ,lune,  the  kiUL'  made  an  attempt  to 
es«,ipe  irwlii  Ills  diilaiMi-  ill  I'jiiis.  but  vsasi.-tp- 
tured  at  Vareiines  and  biou;,dit  back.     Angry  de- 


mands for  his  deposition  were  now  neiiic.  m,!  , 
tumultuous  republican  deinonatration  I'Murn.l 
on  the  ('hump  de  .Miirs,  which  Ijifayeiic  .ni.i  n,,, 
nniyor of  I'aris,  liailly,  di8|M'rw<l,  with  blc.,NU|„,i 
Hut  repiiblicanlKm  liad  not  yet  got  its  I  «.!iii^. 
In  the  constitution,  which  "the  Assemiily  u.im 
pleted  »t  this  tifu'.  the  tlmiin'  was  h  li  lunli- 
tiirlM-d.  The  king  nciepted  the  instruin. m  iiiil 
a  e<institutinnal  monan'hv  appeared  i  i  Im. 
quietly  t  (ken  tlii'  place  of  tlie  iibvilute  iii'iiun  In 
of  the  past. 

Tlie  Cironditti. 

It  was  an  appearanie  not  hing  diliisiv.  li,,. 
Constituent  Natiimal  Assembly  beiiii;  di— ..lvi,| 
gave  way  to  a  (..egi.slutive  AJwembly  (iiii,,Ur 
ITitl)  elected  under  the  new  constitution  In  tin- 
Legislative  Assembly  the  n'publieaiis  appi  in,l 
with  a  strength  which  soon  gave  them  i  i.innil  ni 
it.  They  were  divided  Into  various  irri.i.p-;  Imi 
the  most  eloquent  and  eni'rgeth-of  tin  s,.. .  ..iiiin; 
from  Itonhaux  aial  the  department  of  tlniii 
ronde.  ti.xeil  theimineof  (iinindists  upon  ilii  puriv 

to  which  they  iHlonged.     The  king,  as  ;i , ;j 

tiitioiittl sovereign,  was  forced  prescnilv  im  li.«i.i 
ministers  from  the  ranks  of  the  (Jiroiidisi-.  ;iii.l 
they  controlled  the  govenunent  bir  sivir.il 
months  in  the  spring  of  17W.  The  i  irlii  si  u^ 
they  made  of  their  control  was  to  liiirry  iIumi.imi 
try  intowarwith  the  (tcrman  powers,  ivhii  h  v.p 
aci'ii.sisl  of  giving  encouragement  to  ili,'  li(,.ii|, 
plans  of  the  emigri'S  on  the  border  It  i~  n  .w  a 
well-determined  fact  that  tin-  Kuiperor  I..  .'|..  ]! 
was  slrounly  opposed  to  war  with  Krin. .  :ii,.| 
used  all  his  intlueme  for  the  pn  scrviiti  iti  ,.' 
JM'iice.  It  was  revolutionary  Kriiiii  e  «hirii 
opened  thecontlict,  and  it  wast'lietJinnnli-'-  .vln. 
letl  and  shaped  the  policy  of  war. 

Overthrow  of  the  Monarchy. 

In  the  tirst  encounters  of  the  war.  the  iiikiI'.  i 
pliiie<i  French  Irisips  were  beaten,  and  l':iri>  «;. 
in  panic.  Jleasun'S  were  adopted  whiili  iIk  kiji.' 
refused  to  siiretion,  and  hi' ilisniissi  <l  In^tiinm 
dist  mini.sters.  Lafayette,  who  was  rniiiii;;iiii!iii; 
one  division  of  the  army  in  thetield.  apprnM^i  ili.- 
king's  course,  anil  wrote  an  unwise  li  iirr  !.■  tli.- 
As.sembly,  intimating  that  the  army  vmuII  ini 
submit  to  a  violation  of  the  coiisiinitiMi;  Tli,- 
republicans  Were  enragiil.  Kvirviliiii_'  srriiii.l 
priKjf  to  them  of  a  treasonable  cminiv  iiii . 
the  cncinii'S  of  France,  to  bring  aUmf  il. 
jui;ation  of  the  country,  and  a  fun  ilil<  n 
tion  of  the  old  regime,  absolutism,  ari-i 
privilegeand  all.  On  the '.'mh  of  .liinr  li..  i 
another  rising  of  the  I'aris  mob,  iiii.linki 
those  who  could,  as  yet,  have  eoniroll'  li  i: 
rioters  broke  into  the  Tuilerics  atid  lintfiili.ii 
the  king  and  queen  with  insults.  Init  di  i  ui  vi 
lence.  Lafayette  came  to  I'aris  and  ;f' iiipi 
to  reorganize  his  old  National  (iiianl.  t  i  ih'-' 
fensi'  of  the  constitution  and  the  itn—  '■•  t-i'ti 
order,  but  failed.  The  cxtreniisis  ih' p  n -^K 
to  throw  down  the  topplini:  moii  in  ii\  /  ■'V^ 
by  a  sudden  blow.  In  liic  ciirlv 
.Vuirust  lb,  they  expelled  the  Counri 
the  .Municipality  of  i'aris  from  tin-  lb 
and  pl.ieed  the  governinent  of  the  i  ii 
control  of  a  provisional  Comniiinc.  \\i'i:  |i:it!'"ii 
at  its  head.  At  the  same  hour,  iIm- ni'  I'uhiili 
these  conspirators  held   in  readini --    ':.:v,liiili 

they    liirecled.    allaeked     lie-  'i'lliiil  !•  -  .!■    i    >'.  t.- 

sacred  the  .'^wiss  guard,  while  Ihi    ki'i :  .i;d  llie 


■  uitli 


■|  I,.- 


:  .■   "1 
:  ii  I'f 

.rti:. 


1118 


EUROPE. 


Trrrur, 


KinoPE 


roTiil  famllv ewapeil  for  n-fuRe  to  the  f 'liKmUr 
of'tlii-  UKiiiUtiv  A»«inl)ly ,  nciir  iit  Imud.  Tliirc. 
in  thr  kiux's  pniicnc'c.  <iii  a  foriiml  ilcniiinil  iiindc 
by  llif  iH'W  wif  Miiistltiiti'il  Miiiii(i(mlity  orCimi- 
niuDi'nf  I'lirin,  tlif  Asm-mlily  (li-cliircil  Iiwihih'Ii- 
>|<ni  friiiii  I'Xi'iutivc  fuuitiotiH.  iiml  liivilnl  tliu 
ntiiulc  I"  i'li'<l  witlumt  delay  a  Xalloiuil  Coiivfii- 
iMin  for  tin;  ivvUiiig  of  the  ('oiistitiitii)ii.  Omi- 
missionint,  hastily  writ  out  to  the  pruvlnccs  arul 
till'  armii'S  in  theflrld,  wiTc  n-cclvnl  i-viry wliiri^ 
with  siilmiissinn  to  tlir  cliaiiKir  of  Bovcriimciit. 
rio|>t  liy  Ijifavi'ttc  and  liis  army,  In  and  around 
Seiliiii.  Thu  Maniiiis  placfil  llii'in  iindir  arnst 
HDil  liiok  friini  (lilt  soldiers  a  new  oath  of  lidclity 
fci  till' constitution  and  the  kinij.  Uut  he  found 
liimsclf  uimiipported,  and,  yielding  to  the  sweep 
of  tveiits,  he  (ilwyeil  a  dismissal  by  the  new  gov- 
ernment from  his  cominanil,  and  left  Frame,  to 
wait  in  exile  for  a  time  when  he  might  mTve  his 
country  with  a  eonseienee  more  assured. 
The  Paris  Commune. 

Pending  the  meeting  of  the  Convention,  the 
Piiris Commune.  Inereased  in  numlMr totwohuu- 
dreil  and  eightyeiglit.  anildomiuate<l  liy  Dunton 
ami  ItolK-spierre,  iK-eame  the  governing  power  in 
Frame.  The  l^'gislativeAssenihly  wassiibservi 
eut  to  it;  the  kinglesa  .Ministry,  whieh  had  Dan. 
Kin  ill  aswHiation  witli  the  restored  CJirondlsts, 
»as  no  less  so.  It  was  the  tierce  vigor  of  the 
Commune  whieh  eauseil  the  king  and  the  royal 
familv  to  1k'  Imprisoued  in  the  Temple  ;  which 
institiitiil  :\  special  triliunal  for  the  summary 
trial  of  political  prisoners;  which  searclic'd  Paris 
for  "sus|ie(ts,"  on  the  night  of  August  iU-ao, 
gallieri'd  three  thousand  iiieu  and  women  into  the 
prisniiH  ami  convents  of  tile  city,  planned  and 
iiniireil  the  "SeptemlK  r  Massacres"  of  the  fo|. 
liiwinfT  week,  and  thus  thinned  the  whole  numlur 
uf  lliise  ■suspects"  liy  a  half. 

Fall  of  the  Girondiits. 

Un  the  2ii\  of  September  thi>  National  (,'on- 
venti'iii  assembled.  The  .lucobins  who  lon- 
triiUid  the  Commune  were  found  to  have  carried 
\':mi  ovcrwliclmingly  and  all  France  largely 
nilli  iheiu,  in  the  election  of  representatives.  A 
furious,  fanatical  denioi  racy,  a  bloiMlthirsty  an- 
iiriliism,  was  in  llie  asieiidant.  The  repiililicuu 
Giromlists  were  now  tlie  conservative  p.irty  in 
ilic  Convention.  Tliey  strugglcil  to  hohl  their 
LToiiml.  and  very  sism  they  were  struggling  tor 
111.  ir  livis.  The  Jacobin  fury  was  toh'nuit  of 
iioii|ipnsilion.  What  8t<Hid  in  its  path,  with  no 
ilt':ulli(T  »r;ipon  than  an  argument  or  an  appeal. 
iaii>t  111',  lint  merely  overcome,  but  deslroyeil. 
Tlu'tiiriiii'iists  would  have  Siived  the  king  fnim 
till'  iuilliiiiuc.  but  they  dared  not  ailopt  Ids  dc- 
fi'uw.  and  tlieir  own  fate  was  si'ahil  when  they 
iiavi'  villi's,  under  fear,  which  sent  him  in  .lami- 
iiry  to  his  death.  Five  months  lon,ger  they  con. 
U'Tiiliil  irn solutely,  as  a  failing  faction,  with 
till  iriirriMe  adversaries,  and  then,  in  June,  170:1, 
tliiy  \M  re  proscribed  and  tlieir  arrest  di'creed. 
Nnii  i'si.;ipi'il  ami  niised  futile  insurrections  in 
lU' jir.n  inces.  Some  stayed  and  faced  tlie  death 
wiiiili  .nviiiti'il  them  in   the   fast  approaching 

ri'i;;ii  111' terror." 

"The  Mountain"  and  "the  Terror." 

Til.    f.l!  .,f  the  Girondists  left   tlii-  Jaenbiu 

M.'uni.iiu"  (so-called  from  the  elevation  of  the 

»'at-  .ill  which  its  deputies  satin  the  Conven- 


tion) unopposed.  Their  [xiwer  was  not  only 
absolute  in  fact,  but  uiii|iieHtioned,  and  they  in- 
evitably ran  lo  riot  in  the  e.xereise  of  it.  Tho 
same  nunlni'ss  overiame  them  in  the  muss  w hiih 
overcame  Nero,  Caligula,  Caracalhi.  as  individ- 
uals; for  it  is  no  more  striinge  that  the  iinnat 
ural  and  awful  feeling  of  unliiiiileil  diiininion 
ovir  oiie's  fellows  shoiilil  turn  the  brain  of  a 
suddenly  triumphant  faction,  than  that  it  slioidd 
inaihh'ii  a  single  sliaUow-miniled  man.  The  men 
of  ■the  Mountain"  wen'  not  only  masters  of 
France  —  excc|il  in  La  Vendee  and  the  neighbor 
ing  region  south  of  the  l/Oire.  where  an  obstinate 
insurn'clion  had  brokin  out  — but  the  armies 
which  obeyed  them  had  driven  back  the  invad 
ing  (lermans.  hail  iMciipied  the  Austrian  Nether 
lands  and  taken  possi'ssion  of  ^^avoy  and  Nice. 
Intoxicated  by  these  siicces.ses,  the  Convention 
hall  priK'laimed  a  crusade  against  all  monarchi- 
cal government,  oirering  the  help  of  Fnince  to 
every  people  which  would  rise  against  existing 
authorities,  and  declaring  enmity  lo  lliosi'  who 
refused  alliance  witli  the  Kevolution.  Holland 
1  was  attacked  and  Kngland  forced  to  war.  The 
I  spring  of  ITUtl  found  a  great  Kuropean  coalition 
I  formed  against  ri'voliitioimry  France,  and  jii.sti 
i  lied  by  the  aggressions  ,if  the  Jacobinical  gov 
ernnient. 

For  elTective  exercise   of   the   power  of   the 

Jacobins,  the  Convention  as  a  whole  proved  tis) 

I    large  a  Isiily,  even  when  it  liad  iM'cn  purged  of 

i   (iirondist   oiiposiiion.     Its   authority    was    now 

I    gathered  into  the  hands  of  the  faniourt  Coinmit- 

;   tee  of  Public  Safety,  which  bi  came,  in  fact,  the 

Revolutionary  (iovernnient.  controlling  the  na- 

!   tional  armies,  and  the   whole  admiiiislration  of 

I   domestic  and  foreign  alTairs.     Its  reign  was  the 

Heign  of  Terror,  and  tin'  fearful  Hevolutionary 

I   Triliunal.  wbicli  Ingaii  its  bloody  work  with  the 

I   guillotine  in  October.  ITlKi,  was  ilie  chief  instru- 

I   iiicnt  of    its    power.      Hola'spierre.    Harcre,    St. 

j   Just,  Coulhon,   Hillaiid-Varennes,  Colhit  d' Iler- 

I    hois  and  Caniot  —  the  latter  devoted  to  the  busi- 

i   ncss  of  the  war — were  the  controlling  members 

'  of  the  Committee.     Dantoii  withdrew  from  it. 

refusing  to  si'rvc. 

In  SeptemlM'r,  the  policy  of  terrorism  was 
avowedly  adopted,  and,  in  the  language  of  the 
Paris  Commune,  "the  Ucigr.  of  Terror "  Incanie 
"llie  order  of  Ilie  day."  The  arralL'ninent  of 
i  "sus|M'cts"  bcfori'  the"  Kevoluliouary  Tribunal 
i  iH'gaii.  On  the  11th  of  October  .Marie  Antoinette 
was  put  oil  lii.il;  111!  the  Kith  she  met  her  death. 
On  the  :ilst  the  twenty  one  imprisoned  (iirondist 
dcpiitieswcve  sent  to  the  guillotine:  followed  on 
the  Kith  of  Noveuilier  by  the  remarkable  woman. 
.Madame  liiiland.  who  was  hxiked  upon  as  the 
real  leader  of  their  party.  From  that  lime  until 
the  mid  sumnuT  fnilowiiig.  the  bliKHl-madness 
raged ;  not  in  Paris  alune.  but  throughout  France, 
at  Lyons.  Marseilles.  Toulon,  ilordcaux.  Nantes, 
and  wherenT  a  show  of  iusurrecliou  and  resis- 
tance had  cliallcii'_'i  il  the  ferocity  of  tiie  Com 
missioncrs  nf  the  Uivuiulionary  (Jovernincnt, 
will)  had  bcin  sent  into  the  provinces  with  un- 
limited ill  atli  dealing  powers. 

But  wliiu  Jiiobiiiism  had  destroyed  all  ex- 
terior oppiisitiiiu.  it  began  very  soon  to  break 
into  factions  wiihiu  it.si'lf.  There  was  a  pitch  in 
its  excesses  at  wliicli  even  Uaiiton  and  Uobes- 
pierre  bei'anie  conservatives,  as  aLTiiinsi  lleliert 
and  llie  atheists  of  his  faction.  A  brief  struggle 
ensued,  and  the  llcbcrtists.  in  March,  1794,  passed 


1119 


t  ,'•  ■ 


i  I'i 


!■  I ' !     ,1 


I . 


I  ; 


I  i 


i;Hji;- 


i-V 


KinoPK 


Homipitrtr 


EUROPE. 


tinilir  llii'  knife  of  tlii'  ;;iiilli>tim'.  A  month  'ntcr 
Oiintdns  cni'niirs  liail  nillliil  nnd  lii'.  willi  liix 
fdllimrrs.  went  dcwn  Inl'ipn'  tliflr  ultiirk,  itml 
(III'  xliarp  knifi'  in  tin'  I'liirr  ilc  In  Uuviiliiiinn 
Milt-ni-('<l  liJH  IhiIiI  t<ini;tii'.  UiilN-<«|ii<'rn'  rt>tnii{nr>l 
iluniiniint  fur  n  fiw  wi  iks  Innifcr  in  tin-  mill 
ri'iu'iiiriL'  ('iirnnillli't'  I'f  I'nhlir  Siiftty ;  hut  Ills 
(loniin.ilioii  was  alri-atly  unilvrniiiiril  liv  ntiinv 
fears,  (li^tnisls  ainl  jt-alousies  ainttiii;  liis  coi- 
liaL'iiis  anil  llmiuirhiiiit  his  parly  His  ilnwii- 
fall  1  ariif  >ii(lih  iilv  im  tlii>  ".'Tlh  uf  .Inlv.  Dti  the 
iniiniiii:.' iif  (hat  ilay  lie  was  the  ilielalur  iif  the 
('(invention  ami  of  its  rtilini;  cnniniittee ;  at  niL'lit 
he  was  a  hi  ailtevs  ciirpsi',  and  Paris  was  shunt inj^ 
uilh  jiiy 

(In  The  ihalh  nf  Itnhespierre  the  Ueif:n  nf 
Terror  earne  qniekly  to  an  end.  'I'he  reaetion 
was  !*iiiiilen  and  swift.  The  t'oinniitter'  of  l*uli- 
lie  Safely  was  ehan;;ed;  of  the  old  niemhers 
only  Carnot.  iinlispeiisalile  orL'aiii/.er  of  war. 
reniainiil  The  itevoliitionary  Trilninal  was  re- 
niisli  liil.  Tlie  Jaeoliin  C'luli  was  lirokiii  up. 
The  siirviviiii:  (firondist  depiit't  s  came  hack  to 
the  Ciinvi  Tiiion,  Prosecution  of  the  Terrorists 
for  their  I  I  s  lienan.  A  new  slruirL'leo|H'ned. 
iM'tweeii  :  lower  elements  ill  Parisian  mid 
Frellell  soelely.  the  (Winseulolle  elements,  which 
had  conirolled  the  Uevolulion  thus  far,  mid 
the  iniildle  class,  the  lioiirL'eoisie,  hmi;  cowed 
ami  suppressed,  hut  now  rallyinj;  to  recover  its 
.share  of  power.  Itonr^reoisie  triumphed  in  the 
contest.  The  Sansculoties  ntade  their  last  cITort 
in  11  risini;  on  the  1st  Prairial  (.Mav  20,  ITKS) 
and  were  jtut  down.  .V  new  ronstitution  was 
framed  which  oriiani/.ed  the  trovcrnment  of  tile 
Kepulilie  under  a  IcKislatup'  in  twiicliamhers, — 
u  Counei]  of  Kive  lliinilred  and  ii  Council  of 
.VnciciiH,—  Willi  an  executive  llircctory  of  Five. 
Hut  only  one  lliird  of  the  li'^islature  tlrst  as 
senililed  was  to  he  freelv  elected  by  the  pi'ople 
The  remainini,'  two  thirds  wire  to  W  taken  from 
the  iiieiiilKrsliip  of  the  Ciisliii);  Convention. 
Paris  rejected  this  last  nientioiied  feature  of  the 
ciinstiluliiin,  while  France  lit  hirjie  nititied  il^ 
The  National  Ouard  of  Paris  rose  in  insunvition 
e  i:itli  Venilt'iniari!  (OctolMr  5),  and  it,  was 
oil  this  occasion  that  the  yonni;  Corsicun  olllcer. 
Napoleon  itonaparte,  ^ot  his  fisit  on  the  first 
round  of  the  ladder  hy  which  he  climlied  after 
wards  to  so  t'ri  ,'it  a  heiu'ht.  Put  in  eommand  of 
the  reirnlar  troops  in  Paris,  wliieli  nuinhered  only 
."i,(M«P,  a;;aiiisl  :lo.il(li)  of  ilic  National  (iiiarils,  he 
I  rushed  llie  laller  in  all  aclion  of  an  hour.  That 
hour  was  the  opeiiini;  hour  of  his  career. 

The  government  of  the  Uircctorv  was  insli- 
tiiteil  on  Ihe 'JTth  of  Oeiolhr  foUowinc;.  Of  its 
live  miinlH'rs,  Carnot  and  Harras  were  the  only 
men  of  note.  Iheu  or  afterwanls. 

The  war  with  the  Coalition. 

While  Kraiiee  was  cowerini:  luider  "the 
Terror,  its  armies,  under  ■lourdan.  Iloclie,  and 
Piclii;;ru,  had  wilhslood  ila'  ^'real  Kliropean 
com  lii  nation  w  iih  a-^lonishinir  success.  The  allies 
WI  re  WI  alo  I:  d  hy  ill  feelin;;  iM'twcen  Pni-^sia 
and  .V'l^lria  over  tlicMiond  |iartition  of  Poland, 
and  neni  rally  hy  a  w.-mt  o!  concert  and  capahle 
leadership  in  I  heir  action.  On  the  other  side,  the 
democralic military  systemof  the  lieiiiililic,  under 
Carnot's  keen  eyes,  was  continiially  hrinj^in;; 
fiTv.  ani  ire- ii  s.;iiiicriy  tairnt  in  tiic  fron:.  The 
tail  of  the  .laeohins  made  no  chanire  in  that  vital 
lieparlmini  of  the  administmtiiin,  and  the  sue- 


ce.wi'B  of  the  Frenrh  were  rnntinueil  In  i|„. 
suminer  of  I'M  fhev  <arried  the  w  ir  inin 
(lerinany,  and  <<xp<'lled  the  allies  fn.ni  ili, 
Austrian  NetherlaiidH,  Thence  they  iiouclMl 
llolliind,  and  iM'fore  the  end  of  ,laniiar\  171,1.', 
they  wen'  niiuiti'rK  of  the  country;  tin  M:ii|| 
holder  had  tied  to  Kii).'lmid,  and  a  llalatiui  Id 
piihlic  hail  Isen  or^ani/ed.  Spain  had  ^ulhml 
losses  in  hattle  with  them  aloiii;  the  l'\  1.  ihk 
and  the  Kill).' of  Sanlinia  had  yielded  lotli,  in  tli,. 
passes  of  the  Maritime  .\lps.  'in  April  lin  Kirii; 
of  Prussia  made  laace  with  France,  lii  fun'  ihi 
close  of  the  viar  17115  the  revolt  in  l.a  \  1  nili'i. 
was  at  an  end;  Spain  liiiil  made  peace,  I'ii  In  ijru 
had  iitlemptid  a  ^'reat  iNtrayal  uf  the  iinnnsnn 
the  Uhine,  and  had  failed. 

Napoleon  in  Italy. 

This  in  brief  was  the  Nltuatioii  at  the  npeniiii: 
of  the  year  ITIHI,  when  thi'  "lilile  C.r-ii.in 
onicer."  who  won  the  contidence  of  ilir  m w 
pivernnient  of  the  llircctory  by  savins:  iu  nn 
stitiitioii  on  the  lllth  Vendemiare,  pl.iiiiii  il  Hi, 
campaign  of  the  year,  and  received  the  1  oinni:m,l 
of  the  army  sint  to  Italy,  lie  attacked  iln  >:ir 
ilinians  in  .\pril,  and  a  single  montli  siiillinl  i,, 
break  the  conra^re  of  their  kiiiu'  and  fnne  hini  i.i 
a  treaty  of  peai-e,  Hn  the  Kith  of  Mn  l„  ,|, 
fi'ated  I  he  .\iistrians  at  Lisli;  on  I  lie  I'ltli  h,  u  ,, 
in  Milan.  I.oinlmrdy  was  abamloni  d  In  liiin.  .,:i 
central  Italy  was  at  his  mercy,  and  he  In  l.';mi  i., 
act  the  soverei!,'n  coniiiieror  in  the  pi  i,ni«ul:i, 
with  a  coiit«'iiipt  for  the  goverimnni  ai  i'.iri* 
which  he  lianlly  concealed.  Two  eplniin-ral  n- 
publics  were  created  under  his  liiriiiiiiii,  tin 
(isalpine.  in  Lombardy.  and  the  (  i-pailuie,  em 
hnicin);  MiMh'na.  Ferrara  and  HoIol'm.i  T1,c 
Papacy  was  shorn  of  part  of  its  territori, » 

Every  attcnii>t  made  by  the  .Vu-lriaiiv  1,,  wl,;,!;,. 
the  hold  which  Itonaparte  had  lastiiiiil  mi  ilii' 
peninsula  only  tixed  it  more  lirmly  In  llit 
spring  lie  In'^an  movenieiits  In-yond  Ilie  .\I|i'i. 
in  concert  with  Uishe  on  the  Hliiin .  «liiili 
threatened  Vienna  itself  and  friuhli  ind  .\ii>iri;i 
into  proposals  of  peace.  Preliniinarn  >,  -iL'm-ii 
in  April,  foreshadowed  the  hard  ti  rii  ~  if  Ilie 
treaty  concluded  at  Cainpo  Forinin  in  il,>'  fnl- 
lowinjr  OctolMT.  .\ustria  jriive  up  in  r  Niiliir- 
land  pnivinces  to  France,  and  jiart  of  In  r  lialiiin 
territories  to  the  Ci.salpine  llepnlili,  ;  l"il  if 
ceived,  in  partijil  i-omjicnsaliiin,  the  1  iiy  nf 
Venice  and  a  portion  of  the  doiiiinini;s  nf  thf 
Venetian  stale;  for,  bi'lwcen  the  arini-iiie  iiiiil 
the  treaty,  lionaparte  had  atlaekiil  :ii,  I  evir- 
Ihrown  the  venerable  republic,  ami  iniw  'livi,iiii 
it  w  ith  his  humbled  enemy. 

France  under  the   Directory. 

The  masterful  Corsican.  who  haii'llnl  iIi,h- 
preat  matters  with  Ilie  aiis  of  a  --in,  ii  i.ii  mav 
have  known  liimiself  already  lo  he  ihi  .  iiiiii; 
master  of  France.  For  tlie  ineviial4e  -  ,!  n,i"i"ii 
apiin  of  till' many  to  one  w, IS  i;ii."iii-   i  Uiii  in 

discernini;  eyes.  'The  I'riL'hIfiil  mI !'    n  liiii;-' 

of  the  Uevohiiion  bad  noi  impi-i— ■!  !v^iii:il 
lessons  in  polilies  on  the  mind  of  tin  i.irrtiiirl 
democnicy,  so  nuicli  as  suspicions,  iii-;i'i-i-.  atiil 
alarms.  All  the  sobriety  of  iein)H  r.  Uii  riiiili- 
ilence  of  fecliii;:,  the  con'slrainiiii:  liili'  "I  |i"h- 
lie  order,  without  wlii<'li  the  self  v'l'V'  '>'■'"•  nl"'" 

picpic  is  inipr.iriir.iblc,  -.vcru  y;;  tn  ' ;  -.-, • 

French  ilemoeracy  was  not  more  pri  in'ii  fnr 
republican  institutions  in  171(7  than  ii  ii"!  toi 


1120 


EUROPE. 


TV  fini  Consul. 


KlItOPK 


In  I7B9  There  wiw  no  ninrc  tcmpomnce  In  its 
f..tl..nH,  no  more  Ulunce  iH'tw.Hii  purll.H.  no 
mon'of  «  .ter^lylng  pot.'ii.y  In  piil.ll.-  opinion. 
H,ii  It  hml  iKfU  bnHiKht  to  it  »liitf  of  fcluiK 
,h,t  would  prefer  the  nlukliiK  of  nil  fmtliMw  iin 
ler HdiiiP vigorous aiito<ru.y,  rutli.r  lliiin  iiiiotlir  r 
uniMiil  of  llw'f  "I'l'irfl"  '"  ""'  «»"''<•'"»'  ;V",' 
ri'af.  wr«  movlnn  fi.«t  to  a  point  nt  wlil.  Ii 
lluit  .holce  woiil.1  nM|>ilrc  to  !«■  nniilf.  11«'- 
,  mni-T  of  1797  foun.l  tlif  niiinlMn.  of  the  \)i 
MltTV  In  liolM'lcsH  oonHUt  witli  our  imotliir  uml 
with  iIh-  li'Kislntlvf  connriln.  On  the  -till  of 
S.pl.iHlH-r  »  •■  '-""P  '1'  i'""."  to  «l.i.;l.  IJonaimrt.. 
nmIribut.Ml  wiim-  li.'Ip.  pureed  iKitlitlif  I>ir-|r 
Uirvaml  Die  Coumlls  of  men  olinoxioiis  to  he 
5i,;iiiit  fiictlon,  and  fxllrd  Hum  to  (iiiliinii.  1 1  r- 
hiiii'*  111!'  moment  wiisfuvornM.-  Ili.ii  foriiw.ldicr. 
with  till'  cn'Ut  prt'StlKc  tli.it  Ifcrniipart.-  hid  wn. 
to  ni(nmt  to  the  wal  of  power;  lint  lie  did  lid  so 

^"'  *'       The  Expedition  to  Egypt. 

He  planned,  Instead,  an  expeilltlon  to  Kjrvpt, 
(lireclrd  against  the  Hrillsh  power  in  the  Ka.*!, 
-an  expeaitlon  that  failed  in  every  olijecl  it 
could  have,  except  the  Bliseiue  In  which  It  kept 
him  fr.ini  increanlnn  political  ilisorders  at  lioiiie 
He  «iis  able  to  maintain  some  appearand  of 
duarw,  hv  his  »nl)jugati(m  of  Kgypt  and  his  iii- 
v.i»i(in(if  t*yria;  but  of  harm  d<iiie  to  Kiii;laii(l, 
or  (if  LHiin  to  France  in  the  Mediterranean,  there 
»,is  none;  sliioe  Neimm,  at  the  liatth'  of  the  Nile. 
,l,siroved  the  French  lle<a,  and  Turkey  wa.s 
added' to  the  Ani:hi-.\u8tri»n  coalition.  Ibe 
Wunder  of  the  eX|H'dilion,  ii»  prou-d  liy  Us 
whole  results,  was  not  seen  by  the  trench  peo 
pie  soplainly,  however,  as  they  saw  the  growini; 
hiinehssnesii  of  their  own  iMilltlcal  stale,  and 
the  iilanning  reversi'S  which  llwlr  armies  in 
Italy  and  on  the  Uhinc  hail  sustwlned  Bince  Ikma- 
parie  "(111  away. 

French  Aggretiioni.— The  new  Coalition. 
(' r.niiiiiied  auirres-slonson  the  part  of  the  French 
had  provoked  a  1.  'v  Kuro|M>an  coalition,  formed 
in  1'9H.  In  Wwlt/.ei...-'d  they  liad  overthrown 
the  aiuient  eonslltutlou  of  he  confitlenic.v,  or- 
pini/inu'  a  new  Helvetic  Ikpi  blic  on  the  (iallic 
miKlil.  but  lakiiiK  Geneva  ti  themstlvcs.  In 
Italy  thev  had  set  up  a  tliii  1  rcpulillc,  the 
Ronuiii.  removini;  the  Pope  forcibly  from  his 
sovirei'.'otv  and  from  Koine.  Every  state  with- 
in n  ai  h  liad  then  taken  fresh  alarm,  and  even 
Ku,«iu.  iindisturlx'il  ill  the  distance,  was  now 
enlisted  against  the  troublesome  demiKracy  of 
France. 

The  unwise  King  of  Naples,  entering  rashly 
into  tile  war  before  tils  allies  could  support  him, 
and  havi.tiiiis;  to  restore  the  I'olM',  bud  been 
driven  (!)ei  ember,  1T«H)  from  his  kingdom,  which 
underwent  iransformation  into  a  fourth  Italian 
repulilii,  Ihe  I'arthenopeian.  Hut  this  only 
stimulated  the  ctTorts  of  the  C'oalllion,  and  In 
the  <our-.e  of  tlie  fidhiwing  year  the  French  were 
expelled  from  all  Italy,  saving  Gi'uoa  alone,  and 
Ihe  ephemeral  republics  they  had  set  up  wereex- 
liiiL'oishid  On  the  Uhinetbey  had  hist  ground; 
I'.i!  Ihev  bad  liehl  their  own  inSwitzerlaiul,  after 
a  111  ree  >iriigi'le  with  the  Uusslau  forces  of  t>u- 
warrow. 

Napoleon  in  power. 

When  news  of  these  disasters,  and  of  the  ripe- 
ue^--  of  tlie  situatiuQ  at  Paris  for  a  new   coup 


delat,  reached  Bonaparte,  in  Kgvpl.  Jic  lUsertpil 
bis  armv  then',  leaving  it.  under  klelKr,  in  a 
helpleim'sltualion,  and  nimle  his  way  back  to 
France,  lie  landed  at  Frejus  on  the  Hlh  of  Oeto 
ber.  Precisely  a  month  later,  by  a  combination 
with  HIeyes,  a  veteran  revolutionist  and  iiiakiT 
of  constitutions,  he  accomplished  the  overthrow 
of  the  Direcliirv.  lt.-rore  the  year  closcil,  a 
fn'sh  constitiillon  was  in  force,  which  vested 
substantiallv  monnrchieal  powers  in  an  '"'eeu- 
live  called  the  First  Consu'i,  and  tbeibosiii  Ursl 
Consul  was  Napoleon  Honaparte.  Two  as.Ho 
elate  Consuls,  vslio  sat  with  him.  bad  no  pur 
pose  but  to  conceal  for  a  short  time  the  real 
absidiiteiiess  of  his  rule 

From  iliat  time,  for  fifteen  years,  the  history 
of  Fninci — it  Is  almost  possible  to  say  the  his 
lory  of  KuMiK — Is  the  story  of  theciinerof  the 
ext'raordinarv  Cnrslean  advi  titiirer  who  took  pos 
session  of  the  French  natimi,  with  uiiparaUeled 
iiudai  ilv,  and  who  used  it,  with  all  that  iwrlalned 

t,,  it lives,  fiirtiines.  talents,  resources  —  in  the 

most  prodiL'lous  anil  Ihe  most  riitbless  iindertak 
lugs  of  personal  loiibitinii  that  the  imslern  world 
has  ever  seen,     lie  was  s<  lllshiiess  Incarnate;  and 
he  was  the   liiciirnalion   of   genius  in  all  those 
iikhIcs  of  liitcUectiial  power  wliieb  iH^arupon  the 
mastery   of   momeiitarv   i  in  uiiistanies  and   the 
mastery  of  men.      Ilul"of  the  higher  genius  that 
iiii-ht  havcworlhilyemjiloyeil  such  vast  isiwers. 
— tiial   might   have   enhghteiied   uiul  inspired  a 
reallv  L'nal  ambition  in  the  man.  to  make  himself 
an  enduring  builder  of  civilization  in  the  world. 
he  had  no  spark.     The   soul    behind  Ills  genius 
was  Ignoble,  the  spirit  was  mean.     And  even  on 
the  intelleitiial  side,  his  genius  had  ils  narrow 
iiess.     Ills  projects  of  sidllshiicss  weie  extriior 
diiiary,  but  never  sa^'acious,  never  far  sighted, 
Ihougbtfullv  .studied,  wisi  ly  pl.iiined.      There  Is 
no   apiM'arancc   in   any   part  of  his  career  of  a 
pondered  pidicv,    guiding  him  to  a  well  deter 
mined  end  in  what  he  dhl.     The  c  ir.umstaiices 
of  any  moment,  whether  on  the  battle  lield  or  in 
the  piditical  arena,  he  could  handle  with  a  swift 
appreiieiision.  a  mastery  and  a  jiower  that  may 
never   have   been   surpas.sed.      Hut    iiiucli   com 
moiier  men    have   apprehended   and  have  com- 
manded  in  a  larger  and  more  successful  way  the 
general  sweep  of   circumstances  in  their  livis. 
It  is  that  fact  which  belittles  Napoleon  in  the 
comparison  often  made  between  him  uiid  Casar 
lie  was   probablv   Ciesars  eipial   in  war.     Hut 
wb.i  can    iiiiai.'iiie  Ciesar   in    Napoleon's    place 
roiiimilting    the    blunders    of    blind    arroLranee 
which  ruiiied  Ihe  laller  in  (iermaiiy  and  Spain, 
or   making   his    fatuous  attempt   to  shut    Eng 
land,   the  great  naval  jiower,  out  of  continental 
Kiirope  ■;  ,         .   .  , 

Mil  domestic  administration  was  benehcial  to 
France  in  niaiiv  wa_\s.  He  restored  order,  and 
maintained  it.  with  a  powerful  band,  lie  sup- 
pressed faelioii  cll'eelually,  and  eradicated  f.irthe 
time  all  the  political  insaiiitiesof  the  Uevidution. 
lie  exploited  the  resources  of  the  country  with 
admirable  success;  («r  his  discernment  in  such 
mailers  was  keen  and  bis  practical  juilgiiient  was 
geiierallv  sound.  Hut  he  consumed  the  nation 
faster  tlian  he  gave  it  growth.  His  wars  — the 
wars  in  which  Kuropc  was  almost  unceasingly 
kept  by  the  aggressiim  of  liis  insolence  and  his 
jjreed— were  tlic  most  murderous,  the  most  de_ 
vouring.  that  any  wariioi  aiiioug  Ibe  liviiiz.a 
races  of  mankind" has  ever  been  cliargcable  with. 


:i 


1121 


'Wt 


'a 


:.,  t 


!'; 

!  i  ■ 

■   i 
\  1 

;1: 

KlUOPK 


7^  AVa*   k'.mntrp 


KIKiM'K 


lli>  liliKul  pillltillrtH  In  llli'M'  wiir«  Is  tllr  "111' 
KiiiriiiL'  l!i<  I  wliii  li  I'lik'hl  III  •«■  fiiriiiiii«t  In  ivorv 
lliiiiii.'lil  iif  till  III  Hill  li  It.  nut  'i'liiri'  \t  H 
pliiiililr  riuiliiii'-i  In  niiinkliiil  ti>  Im'  ilii//lril  iinil 
■  liiali'il  l>\  rill  liiiiilr  Ikhli.  uliin  It  liKik»  iiitn 
iii^liiiv  tnr  liiii'ii.  iiiiil  tVw  tl^iuri'-*  havi-  Im-i-ii 
trlxrllliil  niori'  illn-iMlv  In  llir  wurMn  ivr  tliun 
till-  iiiiirvrliiiii  wiirriiir.  ilii-  viik'iir  nilinltil  ihIm  n 
Inn  r.  Ilic  priiliiry  nf  -rlf  I'XiillIni;  jiiiitns.  Nairn 

Irnn    il<'1l;l|i:irtl' 

In  llir  llr-l  \iar  nf  liis  (nn-iiliili'.  Iliiim|mrti' 
riiiivrrril  li;il\.  Iiv  till'  rxininrilinarv  .Miin'iiL'n 
<'ain|iail.'ll.  »hili'  Mnnaii  wiUi  ilir  vlrlnrvnf  lln 
lirtlllnilrll.     all'l     Ilir     Triulv      if     l.nnrvilli'    WIIH 

liniiiL'lil  aliitiii  Aii^lria  iiliialni-il  jn-ari' airaln  liy 
rrtii-w  inu'  till'  riiiirr'*>ii>ji'4  iif  ( "ainpii  Kiirinlii,  uml 
liy  takiiiL'  p.irt  in  a  rrmDNiriirtinii  nf  (irnnany, 
ii'nilrr  llnnii|iarti' I.  iliriatimi.  wliirli  Ncriiliirl/iil 
till  n  I  linia-tiral  slati'i,  r\linL'ni--lii'il  thi' frvi'ilnni 
nl  Millet  nt  Ihr  iin|H'riiil  ritii-i*.  unit  Ktri^ranili/i'il 
Hav.iria.  Wiirli  iiilMri;.  Hailm  iiml  SiiMmy,  an 
prnti'-i's  anil  ili'piniliiii'i."*  nf  Kraiicr,  Kn^'lanil 
was  li'tt  ainni-  in  tin-  war,  \Nitli  iniirii  liiisiili-  frrl 
ini;  raisi'il  aL'aiiisi  jnr  In  l-inrnpi' ami  Atm-rlra  li>' 
till'  ari'iiitani  iisi-  slii'  liail  inailr  nf  Inr  niasii-ry  lif 
till- sia  Till'  niiilral  pnwirs  liail  all  Imniin 
liillirril  liy  lii'i' iiiaritinii'  pirli'iislnns.  anil  Itniia 
parti'  iinw  liiniiL'til  ulmnl  tlir  iiri;ani/aliiin  ainnn^ 
llicni  nf  a  Nnrilii  rii  l.i  aijiH'  nf  annul  iiriilrallty. 
Kiiiilanil  limki'  it  witli  a  sin:;li'  lilmv.  liy  Ni'l- 
snn's  lintnliariimi'tlt  nf  Cnpi'tiliairrll.  Napnlcnn, 
linwi  \ir.  Iiail  mill  I'iviil  ilii'  plan  nf  starvini; 
Kn<:lisli  iniliistrii's  anil  ritlnini;  Itritisli  traili' 
liy  a  ' ■rniilinrlital  s\slrni     nf  lilnrkailr  iiL'ailist 

tlll'lll,  Wllil'll    jnViilvril    till'  innipillsnry  rM'lllsjnn 

nf    liritish    ships    anil    Itrilisli    u'iukIs    frmii    all    I 
Kiirnpi-an   rniintrii-s       This    iinpnssilili'    prnjiTt 
r'Hiiiiiiiti'l  him   In  a  ili'spt  rati'  striiu",zlt'  fnr  tin' 
^iiliiiiL'atinii  nf  Kiirnpi ,      It  tt lis  till'  fiimliiini'ii 
lal  I  aiist'  nf  hi^  ruin. 

The  First  Empire. 

Ill  l""!!','  Ihr  First  (  niisiil  ailvaiici'it  liis  rcstiira 
tinn  nf  alisniiilisni  ill  l-'ranri'  a  sci  onil  strp,  liv 
siTiirin;.'  thr  (  niisiilali'  fnr  lifr.  A  shnrt  inter 
val  nf  pi'Hi'  with  KiiL'lanil  was  arrini.'i'il.  lint 
war  lirnki-  mil  ain'W  tin-  fnllnwinir  yiar,  anil  tlii' 
Kiii:lisli  tnr  a  tinir  hail  nn  atlirs.  Tin'  Kri'iich 
ni'i'iipii'il  IlaiiiiMT.  mill  tilt'  (nrinans  wen'  ipiii's- 
i.iit  lint  in  IHiit,  Hnnaparti'  sInK'kcil  Kiinipi' 
hy  thr  aliilintinn  ami  I'Mriitinii  of  tin'  linnrlion 
priiiiT.  Miir  irKiiL'hiiii.  ami  Iii'lmii  to  challi'tiL^i' 
attain  till'  intfrlVrcm-i'  nf  thi'  siirnmnilintj  pnw 
crs  by  11  iii'W  series  '  '  airirressive  measures 
His  aniiiitinii  liail  tlirnwii  nIT  all  ilisL^iiises;  lie 
hail  ir.iiisfnniii  il  the  ItepiiMie  nf  France  intn  an 
Knipire.  so  ealleil,  ami  hiinsetf.  hy  title,  into  an 
Kinpernr,  wiih  an  iniposin;;  ernwn.  The  ('is- 
alpiiii'  nl'  Italian  Itepiililie  reeeiveil  siKitt  after- 
wards the  iniisTitiitinii  nf  11  kin^'ilntii.  anil  he 
tnnk  the  ernrtti  to  hiinself  as  Kiiii;  nf  Italy, 
(hima  ami  siirioiinilin^'  territory  illie  l,ii;iirian 
Hepnhliei  were  anneveil,  at  nearly  the  Siiine 
time,  to  Fr.iiiee;  several  ilnehiis  were  deelareil 
to  he  ilepeii'leniies.  aiiil  an  Italian  principality 
was  L'iveti  to  Napoleon  s  ehler  sister.  The  I'lTect 
priHliiceil  in  Fiirope  hy  such  iirhitrarv  anil  ml 
monitory  pim  eeiliiiirs  as  these  cnahleil  I'itt.  the  I 
yniin:;er.  mnv  at  the  Inail  nf  the  Kiii-'lish  pn  I 
iriiineiil.  to  lorni  an  alliance  (IKK.-ii,  first  with  I 
i{i!-~ia.  afterwar-,!-.  with  .\ll-;!ria  Svvi-Hil!  ami  ! 
Naples,  anil  linally  with  Prussia,  to  lireak  the  | 
yoke  which  the  Freiuh  Knipemr  hail  put  upuD   j 


Italy.    Ilollanil.   Swll/irhiiiil    ami   llamni,     ,,  | 
In  rt'KlNt  hilt  further  iicu'reMMiims 

Auitcrtits  and  Trafalgar. 

Till'  itiim/inir  I'liervy  iiml  inlUtary  kcmiu.  i 
Na|Hileiiii  never  hail  innn'  astonishin:'  pr.^.i 
than  In  I  he  km  If  I  cattipuliin  which  hmke  iIiim„,|| 
linn  at  riniiinil  Anslerllt/..  Auslrii  was  haiolt,, 
another  hiiiiiillatlhi;  tn'uiy.  which  Knrnh>lin,| 
X'cnice  aiiil  Veiteihi  to  the  ciiiiipiinir's  m  u  K,,*,- 
iloin  of  Italy  ;  nave  npTynil  to  llaxarii ;  \ii  l,i,,| 
iitlier  territory  to  WllrleinlH'rvr.  uml  ni-.  i|  Ih.ii, 
electnrstnthi'  rank  of  kiiii;ii,  while  inakiiiL:  liilm 
a  L'nimliluchv.lerrltnrlallveiilari.'iil  I'n,--  ,  u  i, 
ilraL'L'cil  liy  force  inPi  aflame  with  Flam.  im,| 
tiiok  Hanover  lis  pay  Hut  Fnu'laml  triiiiii)  ai'lit 
the  Kline  linieoiilicroHnelenii  lit.  ami  N  qi.  I.nn. 
ilreain  of  carrylni!  his  Ii'kIiiih  across  cn-  i  ii.ai 
iiel.  us  Casiir  illil.  was  forever  ilispe|l,,|  |,v  \,.| 
son's  iluiin  victory  yl  Trafalirar  Tleii  l.,!i|,. 
which  ilestrnyeil  the  eiiinliiiieil  iia\  ies  ot  I'niiii- 
ami  Spain,  emleil  hii|H'  of  eniiiciiiliiii.'  -iki,-., 
fully  with  the  releiithss  Hriliins  at  si  a 

End  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

France  w. IS  never  i«rtnilteil  in  liaiii  ihi  -u  H 
niisiii  ss  nf  Trafalirar.  ami  il  put  nn  clu  .  k  >h  ilir 
vaitllini;  aniliitinn  in  Napoleon  wliiili  u.w  Ih 
j.'aii  to  o'erleap  itsi'If.  Ili'iravc  frii  ri  III  1.1  lii. 
arriii;anci'  in  all  ilirei't  inns.  The  KiiiL'nt  Nii'l... 
wiis  |.\pelli.il  fniin  his  kin);iloin  ami  He  .r.'»ii 

confernil   nn   .loseph   lloiiaparte.      I is   lli.i;:i 

parte  was  inaile  Kin^  of  Ilollaml.  N.irli.ni 
ticrnianv  was  suililcnlv  recntistriirte.l  ;i::iiii 
The  littte  kiiiL'ilonis  of  S'apnlcon's  in.iii.ii  an. I 
the  siniill  states  siirrniimliiii;  them  wi  i.  .I.iiire.l 
to  he  .separateil  from  the  iinciciit  i;ni|iir.-  in.l 
were  fnrmeil  intn  a  (nnfeileratioii  nf  ilj.  I!l,iii. 
umier  the  prolei  lion  of  Frame.  \\  arm  .1  i'\  tlii- 
rinle  annnuiieement  nf  the  precarinii>  t.  i.ui.  <.t 
his  imperial  title  as  the  licail  of  the  11. 'U  L.tuiii 
Kinpin',  Francis  II.  resifiieil  it.  ami  t..  .u  m  liim 
self,  insteaii,  a  title  as  meaiiin];lcs-<  .-i.^  tjeii  wUu'u 
Napnleon   hull  as-iiineil.  —  the  title  nf  Km 


nf  Austria.     The  vctierahle  lleii f  tin 

Unman  Knipire  ilisappeanil  fmni  hi~i  .rv 
Hth  nf  August.  ISIW 

Subjugation  of  Prussia. 

Hut  while  Austria  hail  liecnnie  siih-ni-- 
the  iifTeiislve  ineasnres  nf  Napoleon.  I'r.i-- 
eaine  now  llri'il  with  uiicxpei  Icii.  smi.li  'i  . 
ami  ileclareil  war  in  Oclnher.  Ism;  li 
rash  explosion  of  national  resenliiieiil.  n 
rashni's.H  was  ilearly  paiii  for.  .\t  .!■  i, 
Auerstailt.  Prussia  sank  nniler  tlie  f. .  i 
merciless  ciiiiiiniror.  as  helplessly  -iil'|ii_. 
a  nation  coulil  Ih'.  Uiissia.  atlempiin.;  h. 
cue,  W11.S  overcollie  at  K.\  tail  ami  Frii.i!.'  i 
Imth  the  vaniiiii^heil  imwers  came  to  i.  '.  . 
the  victor  at  Tilsit  (July.  IwiTi  Tli.  Im 
Prussia  giiv*'  up  all  his  kiiiL:'lnm  w.-*  . 
Kllie,  Hiiil  all  thai  it  hail  aeipineil  in  ih'  - 
nnij  tliinl  |iartilii)ns  nf  I'nlaml  .V  ii.  i  '<' 
kiiiirilnm,  of  Westphalia,  was  constriii '.  ■!  t. 
poleon's  younp'st  hrotlier,  .leroine.  A  ':.- 
of  I>an/.ii;,  ilepemli'iil  on  Fniiiic.  anl  ,.  ' 
Duchy  of  Warsaw,  were  createil.  Ti"  1^ 
('/.ar,  hrilM'iI  by  .some  pieccsof  Polish  I'r  i— ; 
liy  pr(i.spectivettcipiisil  ions  from  Turk")  -ii. 
ill  11,  Iwcamc  an  ally  of  Napnlcnn  a::;!  :;;:  :; 
plice  in  his  plans  for  the  sulijietion  d  I' 
lie    enlisted    his    empire    in    the    "n.i.iii 


IL.Iv 

•II  i:i. 


ir.i'l, 

.1   III. 
:il..| 

.f  li..' 


■I  III.' 


.Iltal 


1122 


Kn«<»i'K 


rlltiriln.l  t.lll 


th.- 


.i-i.m  ■  niti>ln«t    KimliiiMl.  nnd   nirn..|    i.^ 

riiiiiiiil  iif  llif  >i<>">'  »lii<li   Nii|"'l 

,|  inuii  IWrllii.  il>rliirini{  !ln'   llriii»li  l«hiii(U 


ifnriiiiniil  iif  I'"'  "li'";''  *'l'' ''..^",''1'''.'"."    ' 

i«..tii  ,„ ^ 

lalf  of   liliHk.iilr    mill    pruliilillliiK  Iniili 
III  till  III 


KIIUH'I. 


The  chaiteniiiK  of  Ctrmanj. 


Tlix  llrilWi  itiivi  riiiiiiiil  riinrl.il  liy 
11.     ..r.liTi  III  iiiiiniil.  ■  wlilili  li|.»  kiiiliil  111  III'' 
liki  inl"  r  fiMiliii'ii  hII  |H>tl»  iif  Kram  .•  iiml  "f  III'' 
,11,,^   \„,\    .l.iM  i..l.'n.'ii  "•    "f    ►"■■"■'I''      A"'l  /" 
KiiL'liii'l  mill   Nh|»iI.'.iii  fimiflit  "i"'  hmhiIh  r  f..r 
v,ir-  in  iIh'  ix'iici'fiil  iiniiii  of  I'oiiiiiii  in',  tn  till' 
rv„-|.TiiiHii'if  niulru!  imii.,11-  iiimI  llii-  ilr-lriii- 
li,,i,  Ml  111,- li'iilliniair  Iriiili'of  lli.-  wcrl.! 
The  crime  against  Spain. 
\r  I  n.nv  lmvin^' |iii»inili'iUii  riiiiiiiv  aiiilr'i|>     i 
liv  ,ii  ,1  III.'  ('/iir,  Nii|".l'''"i  liirii  il  t..»  unl  .iiiiiiliir   1 
lirl.l  whirlilmil 'iiirri'ly  li'll.  ii'<>i  I,  lii'inlrii'.lM-    : 
liaii.l      >|miii  Imil  Ih'''!!  ill  M-rvili-  iilliiinri-  wiili 
Kniiir  I'T  ti'n   vriint,    wlilli'   l'orliii.'iil    M.llirP  il 
.i,i„|ih  1.1  liiT  fHinilxliip  Willi  'iri'ai  liritain.  aii.l 
i,,.w  r.  IHi«'.l  t.>  111' "iKiliriit  1.1  111.'  lliriiii  l>..rr.'     , 
Sii|»il.-.iii  l."ik  Iir"iii|>l  ini'iisiiri  ■<  f.ir  llir  puiii-li 
mill'  .if  >.>  I»>l'l  il  ili'll-iiiii-      A  di'lii-iv.'  Irialv    I 
«illi  III.  SpanMi  ('..iirt.  f.T  tli.-  iiarlili.in  ..f  tin     , 
.iimll  kini;.l.>"i  "f    'III'  llriiL'aii/a-..  »..ii  |iirinw 
.inn  [i.r  all  ariiiv  iiii.l.r  .I1111..I  Im  nl.T  I'.irtuv'iil, 
Iliruii-li  Spain."    N"  r.'«i>ilallii'  !.■  il  "  a»  mail.'. 
Tij.'  ri.val   faiiiilv  .if   l'..rlii)tal  i|iiilli.l    I,i>lH.ii. 
wttuiij^iil  f'T  llni'il.  »'"'  •111""'   '""1^  p.isHis 
.i„n  '"(   ilii'   kiiiL'.liHii       Hii'    'iii--   ii.>'.'iiipli-lii''l 
..iih   half  ..f   Napiili.'ii's  .l.siu'ii.      Ill'  iii.aiii   L. 
\mf  .-pain.  iiK  will;  aii.l  111'  fi'iui.l.  ill  llir  iiii^  r 
Mf  -Mil'  iif  till'   roiiiiTv.  Ill"   .ipp..riiiiiii>'    '" 
M.rrli  .lilt  nil  iiii!i'iil"ii~.  iiii-(riipiil..iis  m  Iiiiih'  I'.'i' 
iiv.i.  .|iii»ili.'ii      Hi"  ai;.  Ills  M't  iin  f.«il  a  n  i.ilii 
linniirv    iii.ivi'iii.iil.    ill    fav.ir   ..f   llii'    w.irllilr>s 
,r..»n  priiHi'.    K.r.liiiaii.l.    aL'ain-l    lii-   .  .[iiallv 
«.,rllil."  lallii'V.  Cliail.''  IV..  aii.l  pri'i.M-.  «ir.' 
,,l,i.,iii..l  r.r  nil  iiili'i-fiTi'iici.  Ii.v    Fri'ii.  Il  ini-ips. 
(  liarl.-   «a«   tir-l    (.x-rci'il    iiil.i   an    alnli.ati.in . 
tli.M  K.r.liiiaii.l  wan  liiri'.l  t.i  1111  inter' i.'W  willi 
N.ip.il...M.  at  liimiin.'.  wai  iiia.l.'  pris.iiiir  tlirrr, 
iiud  .■..iiipi'll.'.l   ill    lii'<   liirii    1.1    rrlinipii-li    111'' 
(r..wii.     .\  \a.'aM.'\  "11  till'  Spanish  I liniii.' liav 
iiiL' lui'n  tliiiH  cri-aii'il.  tin'  Kiii|>''r..r  L'alli'T'.l  iif 
Hav..iiii''   a    Miiall    HsM'iiiMy   "f    Spanisli     imtii 
lil.'«.  »li..  .ilTi'f.il  the  «'al  t'li  .owpli  H.niap;  rti'. 
iilriM.h  KiiiL'  .if  Niipli'H.     ,l.ii«'pli.  .iln-.lii'iit  t.iliis 
i.upiri.il  lir.itlu'r's  wish.  nsiKiii.!  Ilii'  Xi'iipiilitan 
.ri.Mi  1.1  Mural.   Iii»  si^iir's  hiisliaii'l.  ucci'pH'l 
:!i.'.r"Wii  "f  Spain,  iin.l  wiis  csialilish.'.!  at  Mail- 
I  ni'li  a  Fri'iuh  army  at  his  hark. 
Thi- was  1.111' "f  thirtw.i  iii.ist  riiiii.iiH  "f  till' 
|«.lili.  al  hliin.lirM  iif   N'iip..li'.>n'.s  lit'.,      lie    liiiil 
.li.aL.I  aa.l  insiilliil  tlir  wliiili' Spanish  nati..n. 
iiiiu.iy  to.,  (■..ntcinptiiiiiis  t"  Im'  .'iiiliirr.l  cvi'ii 
liy  a  |»;.pli-  limit  ca.st  (l.iwn.     TliiT.'  was  a  rev. .It 
whi.  Il  ,liil  n.'t  sprinir  friim  any  iiKHiiinlarv  pas 
-i.in.  I.ul  whirli  liail  an  "hstinary  ..f  'h  rp  fi'i  lini; 
l»liiii.llh,ii  Mia.lc  I'll.'itivc  »ui>p"ri'ssii,n  .,f  it   im 
l»Ksi),li.       Krrii.h   armies  ciiil'l    heat    Spanish 
ariiii. .,  ami  ilisperse  them,  lull    tli.'y  e.uil.l   n.it 
fe.-'li  III.  Ill  .lispepu'd;  tinil  they  eiiiil.l  nut  break 
u]!  111.'  .iti,MMi/.atiiiii   iif   11  relK'ili.in   whiili  iir- 
u'liii/.  li  iK.lf  in  every  pr<>vinee,  unii  wliieh  went 
"11-  uli.ii  n.'i'ssnry.  without  any  organization 
ill  lil      Ijiu'laiiil  sent  forces  to  the  peni'isiila,  un- 
.1.  r  U  .  lliii_'t..n.  for  the  support  of  the  insiiri;ent 
>l>.i.;  inl- aii.l  I'ortuguese;   ami  tlienceforwiiril. 
1.1  in.   1 11.1  of  his  career,  the  most  inextricable 
■;■:■■:■.■::':■-  "i"  Napok'cm  were  thiraf   in    wliieh    tie 
hii.l  .  iiiaiiL'l.'.l  bimiwlf  OQ  the  suutUeni  side  of 
the  rvr.'iiiTs. 


Thi  i.lh.  r  .ir.linal  I. liiii.hr  In  Niipol.i.n  «  eon 
.111.  I.  whii  h  pr.ne.l  m..reilflrii.  live  I"  iiim  llm" 
1  he  1  lime  iiiSpiiiii.waK  liUi  \ai.peratiini  tn  utnieiit 
,.f  (i.riiiai.y  Thi  re  was  neither  mairnaiilmily 
.11  the  moral  si.le  "f  him  iii.r  real  wlsiloiii  011  the 
int.  11.1  tiial  side,  1. 1  II  strain  him  fr..m  tislnu  liin 
\i.l..rv  Willi  itiim.sliral'' iusohnee  II''  P'lt  as 
mil.  h  sh.iiiii  as  he  e..iihl  Invent  Into  tin'  liiimilla 
tl.ais  of  111''  (lerman  p'l.ph'  He  ha.l  I'mssla 
limit  r  his  heel,  iiii'l  he  unaiiid  the  he.  I  upon  her 
lie.  k  Willi  111''  wle.h'  welu'hl  of  Ills  p"Wi  r  The 
is.ns.  .pi.'ii'i'  was  a  pain  ami  a  pa.ssi..n  wlileh 
\vr.iiii;lit  iliani.'.  s  Ilk.'  a  mlnii  h' In  the  t'lnixrund 
ih.irailir  of  the  ahiisiil  nation.  There  wire 
spriiitrs   ..f  f..linif  ..pi'ii'il  a. 1.1  eiimiits  of   iia 

ll..iial  Iif'-  s.t  ill  lion  'hat   niinlit   never  liiiv.' 

he.  II  ..therwis.'  .Ii-e.,ver.'.l  Knlinhlin' .1  imii 
1111.1  stnaiu  ni'ii  from  all  parts. .f  Oermuiiy  foiinil 
th'iiisi'lvis  iiillt'il  to  I'russ,  I  and  to  the  front  of 
lis  alTalrs.  iiiiil  tin  ir  way  iniule  '  asv  for  them  111 
lals.rs  ..f  restoration  and  rif.irin  Stein  ami 
llaril.  nliiiri.'  ri  iii.i.h  li'l  the  iidminlstralion  of  th« 
kiiiL''li.iii.  Mpr.H.li'l  th.'  ri mains  of  t.  rfihim  In  It. 
aii.l  L'ave  law  freeilom  1."  its  eiierKhs.  Seliarn 
h.irst  ori:anl/.''l  th.'  military  system  on  whieli 
rose  in  tini''  the  ^'r.al.-st  '..f  military  powers. 
Ilumliol.ll  plaiin.'.l  the  siIiih.I  syst.ni  wlili  li  edil- 
'■at. '.I  I'mssia  h<yon.l  all  her  miirhliors,  in  the 
sii.  Ill  .liii_' V'' ii'Tatioiis  r.veii  the  philosojih.'rs 
I  anil'  "i.t  "f  Ih.ir  rl..s.is  aii.lt. s.k  part,  as  Fi.'hto 
.li.l.  in  th.'  stirriiK'  aii.l  iiplifllni:  of  llii'  spirit  'if 
their  .■.luntrvnieii,  S<iit  wi'sihat  tin- oiitriiires  of 
Napol'.iii  ill  tleriimiiy  reveiiL'i'l   tin  .ii.s<'lves.  by 

,11m liiii:  inlo  exisleii.  e  an  iiiisus|m'i  tid  emrt'y 

that  ".mill  111-  tiirne.lai.'.'iiiisl  him  to  ilesimy  him. 
in  till'  en. I 

Hut  the  tiiii.'  of  .lestr.iiti  .11  was  not  yet  come, 
lie  had  a  lew  years. .f  triumph  still  Isfore  him, 
—  of  Iriuniph  .'very  where  eveeplin  l'ortiii.'al  an.l 
Spain,  .\iislria,  resistill^'  him  onei'  in.ire  .1><0!I|. 
was  ..nee  ni.iri  enislie.l  at  VVairrain.  and  to  su.  h 
sul.iiii-sivi  n.si,  that  it  ;.'ave  a  daiii-'hler  of  th.' 
imperial  lion-'  in  niarriai.'''  to  'h''  parvenu 
s,iveriiL.'n  ..f  rriiii.  c.  ii'\t  var,  wli.ii  In- .livoreed 
his  wile  ,li.siphine  II.'  was  at  'he  summit  of 
his  ren.iwn  that  ve.ir.  hut  alrea.ly  deilinin^,' Irom 
the  ^'reatest  h.  iL'ht  of  hispowi-r  In  IHU  th.re 
was  littli'  t".  liaiiL''-  till'  situation 

The  fall  of  Napoleon, 

In  IHl'J  th.'  il.iwiiiall  of  Nap.de.in  was  lieu'iin 
by  his  fatal  ixiH-dilioii  t.i  liussia.  The  next 
\I'ar  I'russia.  li.ilf  r.'i;.nerat''il  within  the  liri.'f 
iiniesiiiie.il  11a  an.l  Tilsit,  went  into  alliance  with 
Itussia.  an.l  III.-  War  ..f  l.ibeniti.in  was  Is'irun. 
.\iistria  s.s.ii  j.iine.l  th.- alliame  .  an.l  at  I,ei|./,ii; 
iilet.  I"*  lsi;ii  the  three  naiioiis  shatter.'!  ai  lust 
ik.'  of  oppressi.m  that  had  Imund  Kurope  so 
.Vt  the  same  lime,  the  Kreiieh  armies  in 
were  expell.'.l,  iinil  WeMiiiirton  enlere.l 
Kranee  tiroiiirli  the  I'yreiiees,  to  ni.'it  tln'nllies 
who  piirsiiid  Napoleonai  rosHthi'  Uliiiie  Korir.l 
11.1  retire  1.1  the  little  island  of  Klha 


th.'  VI 
l..nj 
^paili 


to  ab.lieate  an.l  retire  l.i  the  little  island  of  Klha 
(the  sovireii;iily  "f  which  was  cede.l  t"  liimi.  In 
ri  niiiine.l  tliiTe  in  quiet  from  .May,  l^U  until 
.March.  lSl."i,  whin  he  esciipnl  and  reappeared  in 
Kranee.  Army  and  people  welcomeil  him  The 
Hourbon  mona'rchv,  which  had  Isen  restored  by 
il„.  .!!;...,  f.n  ai  hH  approiu'h.  The  kinir. 
l.ouis  XVIll.,  lied.  NaiHileou  recovered  his 
throne  anil  occupied  It  for  a  few  weeks      llut  tUu 


m^M 


1123 


'  i'^  I  - 


! 

I 
1 


■l:i'!^;ii' 


Kllird-K 


Ar  IhJt    IKiiliio 


KriinPK. 


•IIUn<r  whirh  liiul  r»|x  llnl  liltii  fmni  It  nfiiMil 
li' I"  null  liU  nrnnT)'  nf  |m»rr      Till' i|iii»ll"ri 

niia    nlllril    Itllllllv    lit    WlllirliNi.  r>n    till'    l*<lll  "f 

.liihi',  Hlii'ii  It  llrllUlinriiiv  iiiulir  N\  illlniitoii  hmiI 
«  rniuhiii  uriiiy  iiiiiirr  Ullli  liir  umii  n  \liliirr 
wliUli  III!  riii  liit|>i' III  lilt' littiii  II  KiiijuMr      He 

■  iirniKli  nil  IiIiiim  Iftullii  rHiiiinaiiilrrof  n  llrilUli 
miumI  iif   »nr,  uiKJ   wiiK  wiit  In  toiitliicniint  fur 

■  111' niiiiiliiiU'r  i>r  IiIh  liri' iin  till'  niiiolt'  ialiiiiil  of 
M    lliliiiii 

The  Cengrtii  of  Viann*. 

Hilt  Kiiri«in'.  ilrlhcriil  from  ••jtr  tvriiiiiii<  iil 
ttiUHiir.  w;i.<4  iiiiw  irivrn  t>\ii  t(i  hi  V(  nil  of  tliiin, 
III  It  riiiiiliiiiallnii  «lilrli  iip|irrs><  il  it  fiini).'!  Hint 
Hull  Till'  iMivirilifiiit  who  liMil  tiiilliil  ii'  ilr 
thriiMi'  Nti|Mili-ttii,  Willi  llii-  Iwii  I'lniHT'  ■  *,  nf 
AiiHtriiiHiiil  Itiianlii,  III  thiir  luml.  iiml  hiiIi  iIm' 
AumrUii  iiiliiMir.  Miltiriiirh.  fur  lliilr  imml 
•riiKtiil  niiiiiM  Inr,  iiKniiiiinl  llr>.l,  In  Ilir  (■iini;r<»» 
nf  Viciiiiii,  H  Bi'iiiriil  wnrk  nf  iniliiiriil  ri'iirriiiiu'i' 

mini.  In  rr|lllirtlli'  Krvnllltinmirv  liml  Nil|Hilrnlllr 

illNtKrIiiiiiri'i.  iiiiil  ttii'ii,  siil)si-i|iii-iitly,  itn  iiiitlinri 

IllliU'  KlIIH'rvi^inTl  nf  Klirn|ii'lin  Iinlilirt  wllilll 
pniti-il    111   nirilitlrHnlllr   IIH    N'llpnirnli  s  llail  Ihi-ii, 

Tlirlr  llr»l  lilt,  iiH  U  fnri'  ulaliil,  wn-.  tn  n -inn' 
till'  llniirlinii  iiinniiri  liy  in  Krittin  ,  inililTrri  iit  tn 
till'  «l>lii's  nf  till'  |ii'n|'>li'  I.  ,>i|i:iili,  Ftnlllliinil 
liiiil  iilri'iiily  l.ikt  11  tlir  llirniit'.  ttlnii  .Insipli  lliil 
In  Italy,  tin'  Kiiitf  nf  Siinliniu  wan  rriitnn'il  uiiil 
Uiima  tninifi  rri'iltn  liiiii.  I.ninliarily  ami  Viinthi 
wiri'  trivrn  liark  tn  Aii'.lri.i,  Tiimiiiiv,  Mi»lina 
aM'l  Miini'  iniiinr  iltirliii's  rrrri\i'<l  KapsliiirK 
jiritiii"*.  till'  l'ni>i'  ninnml  liin  IStati's.  ami  tlii' 
ItniirlmnH  ntiirni'il  tn  Naplis  and  Sirlly.  In 
liirinany.  Ilii'  rriinolaii  kinuilnni  was  riilarirril 
iiL'ain  liy  m-viTal  iiltinr|itinn<4,  Inrlinliiii;  part  nf 
Saxuiiy,  lint  Miini'  nf  !l!t  I'niisli  tirrilnry  was 
>.'ivi'n  tn  till' (7ar;  llaimvir  luranii'  a  kiii";:ilniii ; 
Austria  rrniinii'il  till'  prnviiins  wliiili  .\'a|N>li'>n 
liail  rnnviyril  tn  his  liliiiiisli  prnti'iti's,  ami, 
tinally,  it  (iirinanii'  Cnnfiiliralinii  wa»  fcirnn-'l  >•< 
taki'  thi'  plaiT  nf  till' I'xilni't  Kinpiri',  an<t  uiili 
nn  nmri'  I'llirirnry  in  ilM  inii>'tiliitinn  In  ilm 
Nrlliirlaiuls,  a  ni  w  kini.'i|nni  wa.s  fnrniiil.  In  li.  ar 

till'   Ni'tlirrlainl  ii;i iiml  tn  inilimri'  ll'illaml 

anil  Ih'luiiini  in  iininii,  with  Ilir  IlniiHi' nf  (iran);i' 
nn  till'  Ihrniii' 

The  Holy  Alliance. 

Ih'twirn  IhrC/ar,  tin  Kinpirnrnf  AuMrii,  iiiiil 
till-  Kiii'^  nf  I'rii-sia,  Ihiri'  wa.-i  a  piTM.n.il  au'ri'i' 
Hunt  thai  witit  Willi  tlii-M'  iirraiii:rnnnis  nf  thr 
t'nniiri'N')  nf  Viiniia,  ami  whirli  was  pr. .IfHiiii'il 
for  a  iiiinilri'r  nl  yraM,  In  tin'  pnliji.'  nmlir- 
slaiiiiin:.',  thin  w a'^  ii>s'«'iati'il,  pi-rliaps  wmnirlv, 
Willi  a  writliii  <li  i  lai'ali"ii.  knnwn  ii-.  ihi'  lln'jv 
Alli.iiiii',  in  whirh  tin- Ihri'i- snvi  niirtii  m-i  fnrth 
till  ir  iniiniinii  tn  rcL'iilati'  tlnir  fnrriiin  ami  iln 
ini-»lir  |>Mliiy  liy  thr  prii'ipl^  nf  CliriHtianily, 
ami  invui'.l  all  prim  '  -  tn  jnin  thi'ir  alliami-  fiir 
thr  iiiuintriianri' nf  p.  ail'  ami  tlm  pmnintion  nf 
lirnihi  riy  Invr  Whrihir  iiliiitiral  as  a  fact  with 
this  llnly  .Mliihir  nr  siirrli'il  liiliiii'l  it,  thi'ri' 
wa>,  ami  Ini:;  inMliniml  tn  hr,  all  iimlnlllitcil 
hauni'  III  1  wi  ill  till  s.'  -nvirrisiis  ami  nlliirs. whirh 
liail  aims  vi  ry  ililfiri  nl  Imiii  ihr  prnniniinn  nf 
lirntliirly  Inv,  It  was  wlmlly  ri'arliniiary  ,  hnslili- 
tn  all  pnlitical  liU  ralisin,  ami  ripn'ssivn  nf  all 

!i;..v;Tiii!>!,    hi    :'„..    iDti.r..-!  ..f    ;!,,.    i.,..,pi,..        Mf- 

tirnii  h  was  its  skilful  niiiii-ti'r,  ami  llii'  ilcaitly, 
BniillisM    syslini    nf    UaiinaiMratir    ahsulutism 


whiili  111'  iir)f»nl/!iil  In  Aimlriit  ua>  lli<   u.  -I,\  .) 
Unx  rnrni'iil  thai  It  >lniti-  In  Inliolin  i 

In   Italy,  tin'  ifnvi'rnnn  iiln  |[>iiiralU    >i.|,   n 
iliniil   In  till'  .Xiislrian  iiinili'l,  ami  Ih'    |'  liiinil 
Klalrnf  thi'pi'nliisiilH,  fnr  flirty  yi'nr»,wa<   ,  ,r..li 
la  III  r,  if  at  nil,  than  II  liml  Ihi'ii  iinih  r  ili.  S|,,, 

lali  riilf  In  till'  sixi.i'iith  nml  wti  nin  hii 

lurtis 

(li'rmany.  as  illvhli'ii  nit  rtrr,  iimli  r    i  iiln.i 

InllslilllllMli  whil'h  fi'lh-nitl'll  llnlhlliir  I  |.,   ..  ,|,Mj  Ij 

a*  till'  llii;  ami  llllli'  rniirts  ami  ila  ir  n 

lilias,    was    prnrniimlly    ilipri'sx-il    ii, 

spirit,  whlli'  prnsiH'riiiK  nialirlalh  ami 

iintalili'  siu'iis  nf  inti  Ihrliial  llf.' 

I        Kraiiif  wasiint  slnw  In  Hiiilliitr  th.ii  III,   i,,i,ir,,| 

j    llniirlKins  ami  thr  ristnri'il  riiiiL'ri's  Im.I  iMr;i'ii.ii 

iinlhiin;  ami  liarinil  nnthlnir,  in  tin   i>\ihi<  im 

I    vi'iirs  nf  thiir  I'tih',     Thi'y  piil  all  ilii  n  -n,  i,."h 

I    liilii  llif   tllrnlll^■    Inn  k   nf   thi'  i  Im  u.  in 

I    iiiaki'  it  Ktrikr  iiL'aln  Ilir  limirs  In  w  hii  h  i| 

nliiiinii  ami  Napnhnii  hail  lain  ..i  lni.i 

'■    fiilili'   Wnrk;    I. Ill   il   siiki'iii-il   ami   un::.  i 

■    nalinii   nniir   till-   I,-,       Aflir  all  Ih  -  ,ii, 

siriiL'Kli'  It  hail  cniii'  thrnii^'h    tin  n   \\  ,,  i 

iialmii    yi't    tn   nsist    thr    llniirlMiiii-m    I 

I    hark  In  pnwi  r       It   rrriinrnl  fmni  i)„    ,  ,,„„„ 

jinii    nf    lis    wirs    wllh    II    lnar\rllniis   ijllli  kliX" 

'I'lii'  inllliniis  nf  pi'asaiit  lami  nwinis.  «  h  .  »,!'■ 

Ihi'    •;riMti'st   iriali if    tin-    Hi  inliiii.ii    .I'l: 

wi'iilih  frnni  lis  snil  with  iiiilirini:  fm-  anii.    ni.l 

KiKin  iiiaili'  it  till'  iiiiMt  primpirniisliml  in  |  ,,<■ 

'I'lirnimh  iniiniry  nml  lity,  thi-  hh  i-nf  ili.  I 

liilinn  w'lri'  In  Ihr  liriiiis  nf  il inim 

w  hill'  its  ('iii'ri;ii's  wiri'  In  tlnir  lir  iw  ri 
lainisni  iii'i'ih'il  innrr  wisilnm  than  il 
wssi'ij  tn  ri'i-nm-ili'  thrm  In  its  ri  -n-rai 

Revolution*  of  1820-1821 

It  wiut  niil  In   Kranri'.  Iinwi'ur.  Imi 

that  till'  Ilr:  t  rlsiiiij  iii;iiiimt  thr  nsim. 

thiiit'siKiurrril.     Krrilinaiiil  VII  ,  v%liiii  nl 
frnm    his    Kri'iirh    iinprlsnnmriit    in    |s||    »j 
warmly  ri'crlvnl  in  Spain,  anil  •nnk   iln    i  nnvi 

with    ipiitr    L'rllrral    innsrilt.        Ilr    a'-n  I'N   I   till 

rnn-litiitinii  iimh  T  whirh  thr  mnniry  li  il  l»ri 
ll(i\>  1  mil  sjm  V  l.spj  1,11(1  miuli'  |iiri;r  \\  iiu  itmih 

Isis   nl    a    lilii  I'll    rillr        Ulll  wlirll   w:ili.|   ni>   Iln 
llirnllr,    hr    Mlpprrssi'il    till'    (■nllstitnlii'M.  T'  • 

thr  ImpiisiiiMii,  ri'\ivi'il  Ihr  nmnasi'Ti' -  1 
hark  thr  rxpi.liil  .Irsllils,  mul  npiiml  i.| 
IS'rsrrlllinn   nf    thr    lilirrals    ill    Sp:illi*li    |" 

Nil  rlTiTlivr  rrsi-tanrr  tn  him  w;i>  nr.  i 
until  Is'.'ii.  wlirii  a  rrvnliilinnary  imn,iiiin: 
fiiriM  whirh  f'lrrril  thr  kiiii:.  in  Mn.  I.,  i 
I'stal'Ii-h  thr  I'nnsliliiiinn  ami  rail  ilitli :' 1 1 
to  hi-  rniinril.  rnrtiii.'al.  at  tin'  -ni'' 
nilnpinl  a  similar  rnnstitiilinii.  ami  ]]<■  • 
kill::.  .Inlin  \'I  ,  ri'tiirnin^  iinw  fri'iu  \'<'  1/1 
npiril  it, 

Thr  rrnilnlinn  In  Spain  srt  tlir  r,  ili.     'i 
tint    that  hail  sinniililrrril  in   lial\        1!) 
Iirnkr  forth,  ill  the  siiininrr  nf   l>«Jii    n  N 
wlirrr  thr  Hniirhnii  kin>;  mailr  m-  ri-i-i  c    * 
Miihlrn  rrvnit  nf  .solilirrsHiiil  riti/.rii~.  I'lii 
thr  rnnsiitntinn   tliry   ilrinaiiilrd  ai  'i,' 
ilinia  fnllowisl.  in  thr  iirxt  sprini:,  «itl 
nf  thr  IMi'ilinnntrsr,  rripiirimr  rnn-iinin 
rnimrnt,   Thr  kin^',  Virtnr  Knimanui  I  ! 
vrry  nlil,  rrsiKnril  thr  rrowii  tn  his  hr.  ii  Im  : 
Frlix.     Thr  laltrrrrfllsril  thrilrlmiii  I-    ' 
HlihutnnaH^ls  am!   raliv;:    i;;—;:  .\-. 

Tlll'sr    nilthrraks    nf    thr    ri'Miliili    li  i' 
wurc  alitriiiiut;   In  tin'  Knvrrriiii-'  i 


l"lin,  ,1 

-1"\1  Ih. 


li'V 
I    U   I, 
I      III!' 
-    .'11.1 

ir"ii.' 
"i.'lii 


Itin. 

,„,,,, I,' 
:ili  1  IS."ir 


I'l.  r'f 


lllc'l 


.,'1 


'■  I"  I 

l.i.'ll 


-I'irii 
ll'lv 


1124 


iii^' 


KIROPE 


,./  IMW  ntii  H 


KllMtPR 


Alli»m»  «i«l  f«'ll<'<l  l'«''»  '"  »  vlgoriiUH  w 
li,li)  TlM'y  iiinvniinl  a  Ciinirri'M.  flint  »» 
Triiiwu  In  <><l"l"r.  "*•'•■  i4ft"rw»nU  at  l.ii.v 
Iwli.  ii"'l  «'"«l'y  »»  Viroim.  loi.liri  .m.rl4.l 
i^lMn  f.ir  Ihf  «u|(|)r»-««iiiK  "f  tlii'  ivp  im"»"' 

raniiniif  tlir  llliii'.     An  tlir  rr«iill  of  II,.--  r..n 
t,rfnii«.  llm  riiiiKi'nIiil  iluty  uf  n'»Uirlin{  iilimi 
liilium  In  llie  Tw"  Hlrllli«.  ami  i.f  li«l|il»i{  llii^ 
Kin«  cpf  Sunllnln  «if»ln«t  lilt  •iiIi|mI»,  wm  lin 
iHUHil  ii|»m   AiKlrlii   »iiil  wlllliinly  piTforinnl . 
•  hill  Ihi'  IJimrlKiii  riiurt  nf  Knuiri'  wuh  mlli  ili'il 
1,1  put  »n  inil  I"  'If  l"wl  ••«iini|ili'  "I  r,in»lltu 
lliiiiitl  i-i.vrrnmriU  In  Mimlii       liolli  riitnmisil.nit 
wrn  t  \n  utiil  ollli  Hililliy  Hnil  »ciil      liiily  wa» 
Iliiiiitiliiwii  Hhcl  fi'lliTtil  iiuaiii .  Kri  mil  ln«,|«iK 
iiil)M',l  Siml'i  fniMi  ixill  iiniil    l^vT      Knirliiii'l, 
.l.>iw.  |inili»iiil  at'ttli)"!  tlii'<  tliiitmrit  ikiH,  iii,r  ,,f 
Kiiri.i»'  l,y  lliii  Iliily  Alllan""'      liiiiiilnn.  il-,  »|ilr 
iii'.l  mliil'.it  r,  "iiiIIimI  In  the  N',w  \V,,rl,l."  n-,  hf 
il,»  rlli.ll  liU  [Millcy.  "Ill  Miri-w  llii'  liiiliinii' iif 
llii-"M. "  hy  ricoifnljtliiif  tin-  Imlipiiiili'nif  nf  ilir 
•i|i,ini.ii  nilimirn  In    AniiTlcu,  «liiih.    Culiii  v\ 
,v|ii,',l,  win'  niiw   iu|iiiniliil   fun  vir   frmn   IIm' 
imwii  iif  S|min,     llm/ll  In  like  nmnni-r  wnit  ciil 
|,».»<  fpmi  tlir  I'ortiiiriii'si'  iTiiwn.  Hnil  iixuni)',! 
Ill,-  ,iiM»liliitliin  iif  nn  ,  nipin'.  iuhUt  Ihun  IVilm, 
till' ,  liliat  win  nf  Joliii  VI 

Crtck  War  of  Independence. 

Tliiw  Mirti'd  nvnliill'iii*  In  »i-»l<m  Kiini|ic 
f«ili,l  tfiilisiiiumKr  iiiniin',ili»llnal,.  Uiiiiirri  i  linn 
vliiili  iH'tCHn  in  till'  l'^t'<t.  niii,iiiK'  tin'  (lirlsliuii 
.uhJiTli  "f  tli'r  Turku,  In  IHJI  Tlir  Oilnmiiii 
i[.ni'rnn»nl  liiiil  Ix-in  Krowini;  wi'uki  r  itml  iimri' 
\ii  i..iiH  fnr  many  yi'urs.  The  cnrriipli'il  iiiiil  liir 
Iml,  nl  .laniswirlr*  wcri'  llif  iimsti  rs  ,if  111,'  I'inpirr, 
aii(|a»alttt«  wlui  utt(iii|ilr,|.  uh  S<lini  III.  (ITNIt- 
l^iTi  IluI  iliini'.  til  inlriKliiii'  rrfnrni".  wan  piil  In 
(l.-iili  Ull»^ia.  uml'T  .\li\anilir  I  .  Iiail  Imih 
i.mliiiiiini;  to  Riiln  (.Tniinil  lit  tlif  ixpin^-  nf  Ilir 
Turk...  iinil  iiitoiiiiiliiif  ninri'  itml  iimri'  nf  »  pat 
ri.nai:i'  nf  tin'  ClirMhin  milijirU  nf  tin.  I'nrlr. 
There  wtm.i  In  Ih-  llltlr  ilnulit  I  hat  I  he  ri-iii>r  !»• 
jiuiiin  ISJI.  whii'li  hull  itH  Htart  In  Miililavi:i.  anil 
In  llrsi  lewler  in  ii  (Jreck,  YpHilanli.  win,  liail 
Imn  ail  iiltlei-r  In  the  Uussliin  wrviie.  rireiveil 
eiiiiiiirauciiiint  from  tilt-  t'/.ar.  Hut  .Vlexainiir 
luniiil  his  hark  on  it  wlipn  tlii'  Oniks  spranif  tn 
arms  mill  scrimisly  »p|>i'iilt'i|  tn  Kiirn|ii.  fur  help 
inaw.iruf  naliniial  iniliiH'Uih'iK'e.  The  ('iiiinre-.» 
iif  ViT'hainmh'nineil  tlif  Orcek  rlHiiii;,  in  inin 
moll  Willi  that  nf  Spain.  A^'ain.  Kiii;laiiil  alniie 
«li'">ii|  KViiipiilliy,  Imt  iliil  iinthini;  as  a  pnerii 
mint,  anil  left  the  i.trii){K'intf  *'ri'<k<  In  mhIi  Iii1|> 
an  ilii  y  iiiii'lit  win  frnni  imlivi'lual  friiuils.  Lnril 
Byrmi,  with  nllicra,  went  to  (iri'iHT.  eurryiiii? 
mtiiity  litiil  linns,  anil,  >;eneriilly.  these  vtiliin- 
leiry  list  inueli  of  their  anlnr  in  tlie  (Jreek  eaiise 
whiii  tiny  lame  intntUise  cnntaet  with  its  native 
»iip|inn.  rs.  Uiit  the  (Ireeks.  hnwever  lai  kini;  in 
Iii;.'li  <(ti  ilities,  made  an  obstinate  lli:lit.  unii  helil 
Iliiir  .'niiiiiil  :ii;ainsl  the  Turks,  iiiilil  llie  feelini; 
"I  Miii|i.iiliy  with  llieiii  liiiil  frriiwii  li",  slroiii;  in 
Eiiirliiiil  :ini|  ill  F'niiiee  for  the  unveriiiiieiils  nf 

ll,..--  r.ilinlrifS  Tn  he   lleeilless  nf   II.       Mnn-nviT. 

in  l!u-.i,i.  All  xaiider  I.  hail  lieeii  »iir<eedeil(lH-,'.")) 
tiyili.  .iL':.'rfNsiveNieholiu*,  who  had  iinl  patieiire 
1 1  H  lit  i.r  the  kIow  eriimlilini;  of  the  Otmniaii 
|ii"M  r.  l.ut  wiLS  determined  to  lireiik  it  as  siiiii 
inirily  i.  he  enidd.     He  joined  Friiiiee  and  Eni: 
I;:;.!    1  :......[■.. r,.    I,,  .,j,  aHiam-r   a:i(i    in   a   cavai 

il  iiiiiisiraiiim  against  the    I'lirks  (tH37),  whirli 
Lil  iN  r,>uli  in  the  battle  of  Navarinu.     The 


nMi< «  of  NIelioUa  Went  no  farther  tint  he  pur 
>i|ei|  tlie  itiidrrtakiiiit,  In  a  war  wliii  h  liMlid  iiiiitl 
the  aiiiiimn  nf  l«2tt  Turkey  at  the  end  ,,f  II 
i,iii,i,le,|  II, r  iiiili  p.  iiilenee  nf  On-ei,'.  and  prai 
Ih  ally  Ihai  nf  WulU  Ida  and  Mnhhivla  In  |f4:li>. 
a  enni,  reiiee  at  Lninlnn  eHl»lills|ii',|  the  (iri'ik 
kiiiKdiiiii.  and  in  l><i:i  a  Ihivarinii  prinit',  (lllin  I 
was  «etlh'd  nil  llie  I' 

Revo  r  1 130. 

Ihfi.n'  this  nsiill  v.../.  i.iuliid.  revoliilioh  In 
w,  si,  rii  Kiihipe.  airishd  in  l"-'l  i\,  had  lirokrii 
out  atri..'i  HniirlH'iiisiii  had  iHi'onie  iineiidiira 
III,-  In  rrallee.  (  liatles  X,  » ho  Kili-i-eeded  his 
lirnllli-r  l.nllis  XVIII  ill  l"*.'*,  »hn«i,i  nnl  niily  a 
iiinn-  arliilrary  ti  iii|m  r.  lull  ii  dis|H,sitli,ii  nmn- 
,hfi-n-nlial  In  Ihe  (iiurih  iliaii  hi-,  pn  di  i>  ssor. 
Ill-  was  fund  nf  the  ,li  suits,  wlmm  I, Is  »iil,JieU 
n-ry  eniiiiiiniily  dlslriisli  d  and  disllkid  He  at 
t,  iiipleil  In  put  shaikhs  mi  tin  press,  and  when 
ileetinns  to  the  rli,iiil,i  mf  di  piiiiis  «,nl  r,-iH  il 
e.lly  at'iiiisl  Ihe  Ki'Verniiienl.  In-  umii  rtisik  prae 
Ihiilly  In  alter  the  siilTrau'e  liv  nrdiiiain  i  s  ,,f  his 
own  .\  r,-vi,liilinii  si  I  nii,|  llii-ii  in  Is-  Ihe  only 
reiiiedv  lliat  was  op,  II  to  llie  iiatinn.  uiid  it  wim 
iidiipli-d  In  .Inly,  l"*;!".  the  viuran  l.af.iyi-tle 
liiklnif  Ihe  leiil  t  h.irlis  X  was  drheii  in 
alsliiallnn,  and  left  Frame  for  Knuland  Tlie 
enmii  was  tninsferri-d  In  l.niiis  I'liilippe.  of 
Ihe  Orleans  liraiii  11  nf  the  IJniirlKin  laniilv,  —  smi 
nf  the  I'hiiip  Kiralili-  who  Jniind  Ihe  ./aioliUH 
in  the  Iti  vnliiilnii 

The  .Inly  Uevnluthin  in  Kranee  pMvisl  a  siirniil 
fnriniiri-  n'litlinaks  in  nihi-r  parts  nf  Kiirnpi  than 
had    fiiUowed    Ihe   .Spanish    rising  of  ten   yearn 

lilfnn-. 

lli-lciiim  lirnke  away  fmiii  the  uninn  with 
llnlliinil,  whhli  had  never  siilislieii  its  people, 
and,  after  snine  striiL'i-'le,  wnii  rei-ni;ni/.ed  liidi- 
pi-ndeiiee,  as  a  new  kiniidnin.  with  l.i-npnld  nf 
Save  rnliiiriiraistd  in  Hie  Ihrnin-. 

Uussiaii  I'nlaiid.  iH-arini;  the  name  nf  amii'ii 
tuliniial  kintdnm  sim  e  IMl.",,  hut  huviiii;  lln- f/ar 
fnr  itskinaainl  llie  C/.ars  limlln-r  fur  vieeroy. 
fniinil  110  liiihler  nppri-ssinn  than  iH-fnre,  and 
made  a  IiiumIi-ss.  hrave  alleinpt  In  esi-ape  from 
its  IkuiiIs.  'rill-  nvnll  was  put  ilnwii  with  un 
niereiful  sevi  riiy,  and  thniis;iniU  of  llie  hapleiw 
palrinls  Willi  In  exile  ill  Sils-ria. 

In  (ii-rni.iny.  tin  re  wen-  nuuii-nuis  deninnntra 
lions  in  Ihe  Miiiiller  slates,  wliii  h  sui-eeeiled  more 
nr  less  ill  extiirtinir  eoiistitiilinii,-il  emii-essioiis . 
Iiut  then-  w-a.s  m,  nvnlutionary  iiinvi-nii-nl  on  a 
lari;i-r  si-.ih- 

Itiily  remained  i|Uii-l  in  Isitli  tin-  north  and  the 
south,' wln-reili«lurliaiiei-s  had  arisen  l»-liin-.  but 
('oinninlinns  m-riirn-d  in  Ihe  Papal  states,  and  in 
Mish-na  and  I'aiina,  wliii  li  required  the  arms  nf 
Austria  tn  siip|in->s. 

In  Knirlainl,  tin-  au'itatinns  of  the  eontinenl 
haslened  fnrwani  a  n-vnlution  whii  li  went  far 
iH-yoiid  all  ntlnr  pnpul.'ir  ninvenieiits  nf  the  time 
in  till-  lastiiii;  inipnrtaiii  i-nf  Its  elfi-ets,  and  whii-h 
exhiiiiti-d  ill  tlnir  lirst  L'niit  triiitnph  Ih,-  peaie 
fill  fnnisnf  tin-  I'latrnrm  and  the  Press, 

England  under  the  lait  two  Georges. 

Riit  we  havi-  L'iven  little  atteiitinii  tn  alTairs  in 
Great  llhlaiii  liurini;  the  past  half  leniury  or 
more,  and  need  to  >;lani-e  baekward. 

rnritr  ihr  liiird  •-!'  ih-  >h~-r-i--.  'li---'  ws-  .'ii-- 
tinetly  a  elieek  (.'iven  to  the  politiial  progreaa 
whicli    Knglaud    hud    la-en    nmkiiig   since    the 


1125 


■  i  ■ 
.      i  ■ 

■  ! 

•    .'■ 

It: 

1       < 

i'       '  ; 

t.  !  1  .  .     1 

'. ' '  ■ 

r* 


EIROPK 


The  Kffnrm  F.rn 
m  KngUind. 


EIFIOPE. 


l{<voluli(iii  i.f  KWS.  Till'  wilfulness  iif  llic  kiiii.' 
luirly  liriiki' iliiMii.  fi>r  a  (diisiilinilili'  ptriiHl.  tlir 
syMim  (if  rc'spiiiisilili'  luliiiiit  (riivcrniiKUt  wliii  li 
liiid  Im'cii  takini,'  sliapi'  ami  rimt  uiiilcr  tliu  twi>  rar 
liir  llanovirians.  and  niinistirs  liccanii'  »Kaln.  Iiir 
a  tinu',  mere  rnDiiIlipitcis  of  tlir  niyul  will.  Tin' 
rnptnrc  with  lla-  Anicriian  culoniis.  and  the  iin- 
succi  ssful  war  which  ended  in  tliiir  iride;\n 
ilenie,  liioUL'ht  in  annther  inlluenee,  adverse,  fur 
till'  lime  lii'iriir.  to  popularehdnis  in  povenunent. 
I-'or  it  was  not  Kinj;  (ieon.'e.  alone,  nor  lAird 
North,  nor  any  small  Tory  f.iction.  that  prose 
lilted  and  njiheld  the  attempt  to  make  the  colo- 
nists in  A rica  siilimissive  to  "  ta.xation  with- 

o'lt  representation."  The  Knirlish  nation  at  large 
approveil  the  war;  Kiiu'Iish  national  si'ntiini'nt 
was  hostile  to  the  Anierieuns  in  tlieir  indi'pen- 
dent  attitude,  and  the  Whiirs  — the  lil«Tiils  then 
in  Kniilish  politics— were  a  discredited  and 
Weakened  party  for  many  years  iK'cause  of  their 
leaning  to  the  Ami  rican'side  of  the  .piestions  in 
dispute.  Followini;  close  upon  the  .\merican 
war.  came  the  Krcin  h  Uevolulion.  which  fright- 
ened into  Toiyisni  gnat  numluTs  of  people  who 
did  not  hy  naiiire  Ix-long  there.  In  Kngland.  as 
everywhere  elsi-.  the  reaction  lasted  long,  and 
gi>verninent  was  more  arhitrary  anil  nprcssive 
than  it  could  possildy  liaveiontiniied  toU'  under 
iliirerent  circumstances. 

Meantime  extraordinary  social  changes  had 
taken  place,  which  tended  to  mark  more  stroiiL'lv 
the  pilrilying  of  things  in  the  political  worlil. 
The  gri  at  agi  of  mechanical  invention  had  Inen 
fully  o|ieiied  Machines  had  lieguu  to  do  the 
work  of  huTuau  hands  in  every  industry,  anil 
steam  had  lii  siun  to  move  the  "niai  hines"  The 
organization  of  laior,  too.  had  assiimed  a  new 
jthase.  The  factory  system  had  arisen;  and  with 
it  had  appeared  a  new  growth  of  cities  and  towns. 
I'roduction  was  accelerated;  wealth  was  accii- 
mulalinir  more  rapidly,  and  the  di.strihution  of 
Wealth  was  following  I'litTerent  lines.  The  Kiig 
lish  middle  class  was  rising  fa.st  u.s  a  nionev 
|)ow(r  and  was  iratliering  the  increased  energies 
of  the  kiinrdom  into  its  hands. 

Parliamentary  Reform  in  England. 

Hut  while  the  tendency  of  sinial  changes  had 
iK'en  to  increase  vxstly  the  iiiiporlance  of  this 
powerful  middle  class,  the  political  conditions 
had  .ictually  diminished  its  weight  in  puhlie 
alT.iirs.  In  r.-irliaieent.  it  had  no  adeipiate  rep- 
res<  Titation.  The  old  horimghs.  w  hieh  sent  ineni- 
liers  to  the  lloiise  of  rommons  as  they  had  sent 
till  in  for  L'l  nenilious  iMl'ore,  no  longer  Contained 
;i  le^pectalile  liaiiion  of  the  "  commons  of  Kng- 
land." siiiiposed  to  Ih'  reprisenteil  in  the  Mouse, 
and  thiM-  who  voted  in  the  horoughs  were  not 
at  all  the  Initer  class  of  the  new  Kngland  of  the 
niiii  teeiilli  iiiitiiry.  (inat  nuinUrs  of  the  lior 
oUL'hs  were  nil  re  priv.iie  estati-s.  and  the  few- 
votes  pollid  in  them  were  cast  liy  tenants  who 
elected  till  ir  l.'indlords' nominees.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  l;ir;.'e  ,iiiis  and  the  numenuis  towns  of 
nceiit  trowth  had  either  no  repri'M'titation  in 
I'arliaiii.  lit,  or  ihiy  had  eipial  repri'sentatiou 
■Aiih  the  ■rotten  horoughs"  which  cast  two  or 
three  or  half  a  dozen  votes. 

That  the  eonmions  of  Kngland,  with  all  the 
L'ain  of  >iili  :antial  streiiL'th  they  had  heen 
makiiiL'  in  the  last  half  of  the  eighteenth  ci'iitiiry 
and  the  first  ipiarti  r  of  the  nineteenth,  endured 
this  travi.-ty  ..!  po|Hil,ii    leprescnlutiou  so  long 


as  iMitil  1H34,  is  proof  of  the  potenev  of  the  en 
seryatism  which  the  French  Itevolutioii  iii,||„,.,| 
The  suhject  iif  parliamentary  reform  h  nl  |«,„ 
now  and  then  discussed  sinie  Chatham^  ij|,„ 
but  Toryism  had  always  iK'en  aide  to  iliru-i  |i 
aside  and  bring  the  discus.sion  to  n,iiii;lii  .\, 
last  then'  came  the  day  when  the  (piestion  w,,ii|,| 
no  longer  hi'  put  down.  The  agitations  of  |s;;ii 
condiiiied  with  a  very  serious  depressinn  nt  jr, 
dustry  atiil  trade.  pfiKiueed  a  state  of  hiliu- 
which  could  not  1k' delieil.  King  and  l':irliiii„in 
yielded  to  the  pulilie  demand,  and  the  I- ir-i  ||, 
form  Bill  was  passwi.  It  widened  the  MilThi  ■, 
and  amended  very  consideralily  the  inei|;iiiii.,r,f 
the  parliamentary  representation;  liiil  In.ih  n 
forms  have  iHTn  ejirried  much  farther  sim,  |,v 
two  later  hills 

Repeal  of  the  English  Corn  Laws. 

The  reform  of  Parliament  sixai  lii>.iii.'ht  » 
liroader  spirit  into  legislation.  Its  tin. -i  Iriiit,* 
iK'gan  to  ripen  alHiut  \K\X.  when  an  a!;iiiiii..ri  U„ 
the  repeal  of  the  foolish  and  wicked  V.wzMi 
■•corn-laws"  was  iipi'iied  hy  ColMlen  and  Itri'i.'lit 
In  the  day  of  the  "  rotten'lioroughs."  wh.-niin. 
laniUords  contndleil  Parliament,  thev  inii-innl 
that  they  had  •■protected"  the  farmiliL'  iiiirnst 
and  secured  higher  rents  to  themselves.  h\  l;nir,j; 
lieavy  dutieson  the  importation  of  Ion  i;;ii  lin-ul 
stiilfs.  A  famous  ■■sliding  scale  "of  vuh  iluiiis 
had  iM'cn  invented,  which  rai.sed  the  ilini,  >  «|„n 
prices  in  the  home  market  dropped,  and  l"»i>ri'i| 
them  proportionately  when  home  prii  i  >  nw 
Thus  the  consumer!)  were  always  di  piii. d,  ;is 
much  as  possihle,  of  anv  cheapening  -i  tlnir 
bread  which  iKiuiitifiil  N'ature  might  ..|l,r,  iiml 
paid  ft  heavy  tax  to  increase  the  gain-  nf  the 
owners  and  cultivators  of  land. 

Now  that  other  ■■interests"  iHsidis  ih,  a^-ri 
cultural  had  a  voice  in  Parliamenl.  and  hiid  b,' 
come  very  strong,  they  iK'gan  to  cry  oiji  ;i:;:iii]si 
this  iniipnty,  and  demand  that  tin  •'luni  Ian* 
Ipedoneaway  with.  The  famous  ■■ami  i..ni  iiw 
hague,^'  oriranized  mainly  by  the  cm  rii.HK  ef 
Kichard  Cobdeii,  eonducteil  an  airitaticni  of  the 
i|instioii  which  brought  about  the  n  pial  of  tin- 
laws  in  1H4«. 

Butlheelleetof  the  agitation  did  not  i  mi  iliire 
So  thorough  and  prolonged  a  discussion  of  i|j,. 
matter  had  eidighteneil  the  Knglish  pi  ..pie  ii|,,,n 
the  whole  question  In'tween  ■•  protei  li.  ii  mil 
free  traile.  The  nmnufailurers  and  nmliiiH.-, 
who  had  led  the  inoveiiient  agaiiisi  pr..inii\.. 
duties  on  foiMl-stuir.s,  were  broughl  t..  -.  i  \\m'. 
they  were  liandicupped  more  than  pr.i..  nl  l.y 
duties  on  imports  in  their  own  depaiii.i.  lii- .if 
priMluetion.  So  ColMlen  and  his  party  i  ..niiiiin.l 
their  attacks  on  the  theory  of  •■  protei  ti.m  iiniil 
every  vestiL'cof  it  was  cleared  from  tin  IJiL-li.li 
statutti  iKHiks. 

The  Revolutions  of  1848. 

Another  year  of  revolutions  throiiLdi.  .111  ljir'.|.r 
rame  in  1H4M.  and  the  starting  point  ..I  .\.ii. 
ment  was  not.  this  time,  at  Paris,  but.  ^lr,!;J.i^ 
enough,  in  the  Vatican,  at  Home,  Pius  l.\  \:.v\ 
iM'en  elected  to  the  papal  chair  in  l"-!!!  ;i;;.l  lia.l 
iinim.iliately  n'joice.l  the  hearts  and  i.i-.  .1  il.t 
hopes  of  the  patriots  in  misgoverned  li.li  1 ,»  l.i- 
lilKTal  measures  of  reform  and  his  pi  iiii-iiiv' 
wonis.  The  altitudf  of  the  Pope  g;n.  .Tir..iir 
ageinent  to  popular  deinunstrations  in  >  in.  us 
Iiuiiau  stau-ii  (iuriug  the  later  |mn  ol  |s|,     iini 


1120 


ElKOI'E 


1H4M 


EIROI'K 


Si    .■■<      Kin-'  Krnliimnd  11.  was  .■,.n.|Hll.|l  to 
iiililiiH  niiiiist.TS  and  Id  .oiitrdr  a  (■..nstiln- 


(lid  not  lonjj  ris|«Mt 


tii'ini;  kiiidliil: 


ihiiuj.'     .  ,  , 

tion   wliuli  li'  .... 

ijiuit'ur.lv  was  slow  lliis  time  in 

„  ,    V,  n  lienc.     'Hio  Auslria.ls  wen-  driven  lirM 
Milan  (Mar.li.    1H4H).  and  lli.n1  mm  .ily 
■    V   until  Ili.'V  s'.'.'ini-.l  t.)  1h'  aliandnnini; 
cssions  altou'i'lli.T.     V.ni. - 


frain 
:ifur  i-i'.v 

m    luvo     Duni.'l    Maniii.     ('liarl..s  Al  ...rt. 

n,    Sardinia,  tlion^d.t  tl,..  tin,..  lav..n.M,.  for 

„    ,;  rin-  l...mlK.r.ly  I"   l.iinH.lf.  and  .  .M-land 

"        ..  i nsl  Austria.     Tli.^  ..xpnisioii  ..f  ll..'  Aus- 

H  „  "l.,ra,m>  tlie  'l''"'^'"'!  "f  tl,..  .■mm'  l..;inn 

„„|  ..v..ntli,.  1'..1H..  the  (  n.nd  l)..k,.ot     ns 

,.  ,v  and  till'   King  ..f    Napl'"  «<"■   f""'''  '" 

:.-,a\\w    natri..tic    niov.in.nt     in    ap|M.-.ran.v. 

L'    ""t  with  sincrily.     lint  ll,..  kinL';.f  Sar 

r  ron-ht  r.iii.  .m  tli..  «li..l.;  nud-'rlakiiii:.  hy 

sXininirl.  fatal  .lefrat  in  haltl.'  at  fuslo/./.a,  in 

''"&inr.*'lia.l  iM^n  for  soni.'  time  w.ll  pr.J.ar.Ml 

,„r  r.v"l'.  and  was  .(Uhk  to  Ih'  inov.-.l  liy  th,. 

7«l,is,..r  ..t  it   from  Italy.     Th.'  sl..,rt    iv-d 

„ml,,rit;.>f  l-onis  I'iiilipiK.  was  a ir  of  t  "■ 

,;,       Tlare  was  wi.l.sprea.l   .lis.-onl.nt    with 

,m„v  thiau'S  an.1  ,.sp.rially  with  th.'  linut.-.l  suf^ 

r  l'.'     The  Fieneh  p."|>le  had   th.'  .h-sir.'  an.l 

ili'eiuTrt.if  s.)iii«'thini.'  like  that  tfrand  imasun..f 

,.|, ,t..ral  reform  whi.h  KnKlaii.l  se.  nr.'(  s<.  laa.'.'- 

fulh  in  is;!''  ;  hut  tliev  e.)nlil  n.it  r.a.  li  it  in  th.^ 

irucful  wav.     The  aptitu.le   au.l  th. 

Lmlliiii.'  an.l  .lin"(-tinj:  the  irreat  fnr.-.s 

.minion  elli-         Iv  i"  sueli  ii  sitnalnm  wi-r.'  alike 

wai.ti...-  air  them.      Tli.T..  was  a  m."";"-; 

mnn.iviT  of    o,  ial  the.>n.-s  and  .Imims  in  their 

|,„liti,;..l  inulertaklnfT.   which  h.af.l  th.'  m..ve- 

meiil  ;.iid  ma.le  it  m.ir.' eertainl>     M'''«iv'\    ''"' 

I'lri-ian  iiioli   tiH.k   arms  an.l     'Uilt    liarnea.li;s 

„ii  the  iM  ..f    Fehrimrv.     The  n.xt  .lay  l..>nis 

Pliilippe  siiiniil  an  alHlii'ation.  an.l  a  w.-.'k  later 

|„. «  1^  an  .'xile  in  Knirlanil.     F.ir  the  r.niain.l.r 

.  f  til.  vear  France  was  stranu'ely  riile.l;  IirsI  by 

1  silf  I'Mislilut.'il    pr.ivisi.mal    iiovernment,   I,a 

Mi.riin.'  at  its  hea.l.  which  .ilMiii.l  national  w.irk_ 

«h.,iis,  and  attempt.'.!  t.>  (live  enipl.>ym.iit  an.l 

iiiv  to  l-rLtHMt  .nnilli'il  citizens  in   n..'.l;  aft.r^ 

«:ir'l>hy  a  Constituent  Sational  Aswiiddy,  an.l 

.11  Kxi.'utiv.'  (.'.imiiiissi.m,  wlmh  found  thi-  na 


ahit  .if 
lulilii' 


tioual  ' 


;  work-liops  a  .lev.iuring  m.uist.r.  .liHi.'ull 
h,  .-oairol  iind  hard  to  destroy.  Paris  irot  ri.l  of 
the  shops  in  .lune,  at  the  cost  of  ii  liatlh'  whi.h 
hisii.l  lour  .lays,  an.l  in  which  m.ir.' than  H.tKlO 
p.  ople  w.  r.-  w.iunded  .ir  slain,  lu  N.iveinlKr  a 
repul.li.an.iinstitutiim,  fnini.'.l  'ly  the  Ass.'mhly. 
was  adopt,  d,  and  on  the  lOlh  ..f  KeccnilMT  l^iuis 
Sapi.'i.oii  lionaparte.  son  of  I..>uis  lionaiiart.'. 
..nie  Kins  of  ll.>lland.  anil  .if  llort.ns.'  l».'aii 
liarnais.  .lauohterof  the  ICnipr.ss  .losephine,  was 
el.,  i.d  l'r.sidint  .if  the  Kepiihlic  by  an  .nor 
inoii-  popular  vote. 

Tlie  nv.ihilionary  shmk  of  1H4N  was  f.lt 
iiiil'Tmaiiv  siHin  after  the  fall  of  th.'  monarchy 
i;,  I'raiii,  "  In  .Mar.h  therewas  ri.itins  in  H.rlin 
ml  .  lullisiiin  with  the  tr<K)ps,  whicli  alarme.l 
ll.i  kin,'  S.1  seri.iusly  that  he  yieMe.1  promises  t.i 
ahiioM  (MTV  ili'iimiid.  Similar  risings  in  .ither 
eapit  il<  iiad  about  the  same  succewt.  \t  Vienna. 
till     li'i  rak  was  ni.iri'  violent  iiii.l  dr.>ve  Imth 


aud  lilt  Euiptioi  tloUi  the  city.      In 


the  first  llush  of  these  popular  triumphs  there 
cameaLiiul  a  most  hop.fuld.H>kliig  eh.tmn  .>f  a 
C.nnanii'  Nali.inal  Assembly,  repr.s<'ntativ.' ol 
all  (iermanv.  an.l  L'athir.'.l  at  Frankl.irl.  .m  the 
invilathin.if  th.'  Di.t.  f.ira  revisu.n  <if  the  I'on 
stiluli.inoftlicCimfi'.lerati.in.  Hut  the  Ass.mlilv 
.■.inlaine.l  inor.'  liariu'd  sch.ilars  than  pra.li.a 
statesmen,  and  its.onstitutional  w.irk  wasvsasli'.l 
lalMir  A  C.instiiuent  Assembly  ih'ct.'.l  m  1  rus- 
sia  aecomiilish.'.!  no  iimr.-.  an.l  was  .lispersi.l  in 
Iheen.l  wilh.iul  r.-  islan.c;  but  the  king  granle.l 
a  c.Mistitiili.in  .if  his  .iwn  frainiii!.'.  Thi'  rev.ilu- 
tionarv  movein.nt  in  (iennany  hit  its  elT.cts.  in 
a  g.'n."ral  liKisiiiinir  ..f  the  Ikiii.Is  »f  harsh  gov. 
ernmeiit  a  g.n.  ral  br.iail.nirig  of  p.iliti.al  id.as. 
„  linal  breakiii-  of  th.-  M.lternich  intlu.-n.-.'. 
evi-ninAusiria.  but  it  pass..!  i.ver  th.' eMsling 
insliliitionsof  the  mm  h  .livi.l.d  country  with  a 
V. TV  liuhl  t.itich,  ,  ,      .1 

I'll  llnii-'iirv  the  revolution,  stmiulat.d  liy  !lie 
ehiipnn.  I  of  "Kossuth,  was  <-arri.-.l  to  th.'  pit.h 
of  s.  rioiis  war.  The  Hungarians  had  r.-solv.d  to 
b.-  an  iiiilcp.-n.l.-nl  nation,  an.l  in  the  stniirglc 
whi.h  .nsu.-.l  th.v  appr.iach.-d  v.ry  mar  the 
altaimn.-nt  ..f  th.ir  .lesin-;  hut  Russia  came  to 
th.-  h.lp  of  111.-  llapsbiirgs.  and  th.-  armi.-s  i.t  the 
two  il.spi.tisiiis  combined  w.-re  more  than  the 
lluni.'anans  could  resist.  Th.ir  n-volt  was  aban- 
.h.n.il  in  Auiiust,  1H4'.»,  and  Kossuth,  with  other 
h-ad.rs,  .-M-ape.1  thr.iugh  Turkish  t.-rrit.iry  t., 
olh.r  lan.ls. 

Th.'  siippres.sion  of  the  llun._'arian  r.-volt  was 
fiillow.-.!  bv  a  lomph-le  r.-sl.irati..ii  of  th.-  .l.-spot- 
ism  an.l  ihnninalion  of  the  Austnans  m  Italy, 
(harl.-s  AllK-rt,  .if  Sardinia,  had  lak.-i:  murage 
fr.imIli.-slruL'!;l.-in  lluiiL'ary  an.l  ha.l  lenewe.i 
hostilili.s  in  Man-h,  lH4!t  Hut,  again,  h.'  was 
cnishinixly  .lef.ati-il.  at  N.ivara.  an.l  resigm-.l.  iii 
.i.siiair  the  cr.iwn  l.i  his  s.in,  Victor  Kinmaniiel 
II  Venice,  wliiih  ha.l  ri-sist.-.l  a  l.mg  sieu'.-  with 
h.r.iic  c.mstancy.  capitidate.l  in  August  of  the 
sjiiiie  year  Tin-  wh.ih-  .if  l,.imtiar.ly  an.l  \  .nelia 
was  I'low.-.l  once  iii.iri'  un.ler  the  in.-r.il.-ss  tyr- 
annv  .if  the  Austnans,  an.l  savage  n-veng.-s 
wer'etak.-n  up.m  th.-  patriots  who  fail.-.l  t.i  es- 
cape It.iine,  whcn.-e  tin-  I'.ip.'  — ii.i  long.T  a 
palnin  of  lili-ral  poliths  — had  llcl.  and  w  lere 
a  r.-pubU.-  had  li.-.-n  on.e  mon-  si-t  up,  with  Uari- 
hal.li  an.l  .Ma/./.mi  ill  its  (-.inslitu.-nt  a.ss<-inbly. 
waslH-si.'u'.'.l  an.l  taken,  and  the  ri-publn-  over- 
tuni.-.l  bv  tnsips  sent  from  r.-pulilican  France. 
'I'he  Neap'olitan  king  r.-slori-.l  his  atr.H-ious  abso- 
lutism with.iut  help!  by  in.-asnn-s  of  the  grt-atcsl 
lirutalilv.  ,  .  ,  , 

\  civil  war  in  Swil/i-rlan.l.  which  iM-curn-d 
simullane.iuslv  with  the  political  c.illisions  in 
surr.iun.ling  c.iunirhs,  is  hardly  t.i  b.-  .hissed 
with  th.ni!  It  was  ralher  a  reliui.nis  .-ontlict, 
iN-tween  til.-  lioman  Catholics  an.l  Ih.-ir  .ippo- 
n.nls  Tin-  C.ilholic  .antons,  unite.1  in  a  l,.'ague. 
i-ille.i  th.'  Sondirliund.were  def.-ate.l  in  the  war; 
the  ,1.  suits  w.-r.-  i-.\pill.-.l  fr.nn  Swit/.irlaii.l  in 
,-.iiis.-.pien.-.-.  and.  in  September,  IHlH,  a  new 
conslitnlion  for  ill.-  .onfch-racy  wits  a.hipte.1 


The  Second  Empire  in  France. 

eli-.-li.in  .if  I..)uis  Saixih-im  t.>  the  I'resi- 
,.,,.,,  ,if  the  Fn-iich  Uepublic  was  .nnin.ius  .)f  a 
disp.isili.in  ani.inu  th.-  pi-.iple  t.i  bring  back  a 
Sap.il.-oiii.-  regiim-,  with  all  th.-  falsities  that  It 


Thi 
il.-ncv 


miil'ht  imply.  He  s.i  cmatriiLsl  the  vote  winch 
.-le.t.'.l  him,  and  .Lies  n.it  si-em  to  have  l>.'en 
mijtakeii       lUvin-j'    surtouuded    himB-.'lf   with 


1127 


■  I  '  ■ '  *  .' 

*  i  '.        i  . 

■  ;  1  t    .  * 


■>\- 


i  , 


EUROPE. 


I'nifimtioH  of 
llnly. 


EUROPE. 


unprincipled  adventurprs.  iinil  employed  three 
yeiirs  iif  IiIh  presiileucy  in  prepurutions  fur  the 
Htteinpt,  lie  exeeiitid  iiVoiip  d' eliit  on  the  2d  of 
DiienilKT.  diHper>in;;  the  N'alidnul  Aswmhly, 
Hrrestinir  intliiential  re|)ul>linin»,  ami  siihniittin>r 
to  popular  Vote  a  new  ('<in»litutii>n  whieh  pro- 
longed his  presideiiey  to  ten  years.  Thi.s  was 
hut  the  tirst  step.  A  yiar  later  he  s<>eured  a 
•' plehi.seiie  "  whieh  nia(h'  him  hi  redilary  Em- 
peror of  the  Freneh.  The  new  Empire  —  the 
tH'i-ond  Empire  in  Krainr  —  was  more  vuliiar, 
moH'  fal.si'.  more'  fraudulent,  more  swarininRly  a 
nest  of  self  s<>ekinK  and  dishonest  adventurers, 
than  the  First  h;ul  Uen,  and  wilh  nothini;  of  the 
savin?  (renins  that  was  in  the  First.  It  rotted 
for  eif,'hteen  vears,  and  then  it  fell,  Fninee 
with  it. 

The  Crimean  War. 

A  certain  respeetahility  was  lent  to  this  sec- 
ond Napoleimie  Empire  liy  the  allianie  of  En>,'- 
laiid  wilh  it  in  1H.">4,  al.'aili^t  I{us>ia.  The  Czar, 
Niiholas.  had  determinid  to  ilcfy  resistance  in 
Eurcipe  to  his  designs  at-ainst  the  Turks.  IIi' 
lirst  I  iideaicired  to  persuade  Enjrl.iiid  to  join  him 
in  diviilini:  the  pos.sessicins  of  "Ihe  sick  man," 
as  he  descril«cl  the  Ottoman,  and,  that  proposal 
iHinir  declined,  he  opened  on  his  own  account  a 
quarrel  with  the  I'orte.  France  and  Eni;land 
ioineil  forces  in  assistim;  the  Turks,  and  the 
little  kiniiilom  of  Sardinia,  fnmi  motives  of  far 
Keeiiii;  policy,  came  into  the  alliance.  The  prin 
cipal  campaign  of  the  w.ir  was  fought  iu  the 
Crimea,  and  its  nolalile  ini  iilent  was  the  loni; 
sh').'e  of  Schiustopol,  which  the  l{u8.«iaiis  de- 
feiiiled  until  Seplcmhcr,  1J<.")5.  An  armistice 
was  concludi'd  llie  followiiiji;  Jaimary,  and  the 
terms  of  peace  wcresellled  al  a  general  conference 
of  poW(  rs  in  Paris  the  ne.xt  .March.  The  rcsiiltsof 
the  war  wen-  a  cheek  to  Hussia,  hut  an  improve- 
ment of  the  cimdiiiim  of  llie  Sultan's  Chrisliaii 
sulijecl.s.  Moldavia  and  Wallai'hia  were  simiii 
afterwards  united  under  the  name  of  Rouiminia. 
paying  triliute  to  the  Porte,  hut  otherwise  inde- 
pendent. 

Liberation  and  Unification  of  Italy. 

The  part  tJiken  hy   Sardinia   in  the   Crimean 
War  gave  that  kingilom  a  standing  in  Eurojiean 

{lolitics  which  had  lU'Ver  Ih-cu  recognized  iM'fore. 
t  was  a  im-iL^ure  of  sagacious  policy  due  to  the 
ahle  .statesman.  Count  Cavour,  who  had  iHcome 
the  trusted  ministir  of  Victor  Eininauuil,  the 
Hardiuian  king.  The  king  and  his  minister 
were  agreed  in  one  aim  —  the  uiiilication  of  Italy 
under  the  headship  of  the  House  of  Savoy. 
By  her  partici|iatiiin  in  the  war  with  Uussia, 
Sardinia  won  a  position  which  enahlcil  her  to 
I'laim  and  si'ciire  admission  to  the  Congress  of 
Palis,  ariicmg  the  greater  powers.  At  that  con- 
fenncc,  Count  Cavour  fouml  an  opportunity  to 
dircc  I  ailiiitiou  to  the  deplorahle  state  of  affairs 
in  ll:ily,  uu.lir  the  Austrian  rule  and  inlluence. 
No  ai'lioii  hy  the  Congress  was  taken;  hut  the 
llali.iri  iiuesiiiin  \V!is  raised  in  importance  at 
(Hii-e  hy  Ihe  discussion  of  i!  and  Italy  was  rallieil 
to  lie:  side  of  Sardinia  as  the  nec<s.sary  head  of 
any  practicahle  movement  toward  HlKTation. 
More  th.'in  Ihat ;  France  was  moved  to  sympathy 
Willi  llie  Italian  cause,  and  Louis  Napoleon  was 
led  to  helieve  that  his  llmme  would  !«■  slnngth- 
eiicd  hvespousinirit.  He  encouraged  Cavour  and 
ViciorKmmanuel.  tlieretore,  in  au  attitude  toward 


Austria  which  resulted  in  w»r(18.W).  and  n  hi  n  ilic 
iSanliniaihs  were  attaekeil  he  went  to  their  ;i,«|< 
tance  with  a  powerful  force.  At  Magi  in  i  .unl 
Sidferino  the  Austrians  wen!  decisivi  Iv  Imiii-n 
and  the  French  emperor  then  aiirupilv  cl.wni 
the  war,  making  a  treatjr  which  ceded  l.<'.ii;l];irilv 
alone  to  Sanlinia,  leaving  Veiietia  siill  unili'i 
the  oppn's.sor,  and  the  remninder  of  li;ilv  ini 
changed  in  its  slate.  For  pavinent  of  ili.vr 
vice  he  had  ri'iideri'd,  biuis  S'apoleoii  i  xacinl 
Savoy  and  Nice,  and  Victor  Emmanui  I  « ,,' 
cimiiH'lled  to  part  with  the  original  sii.r  of  |,i. 
House. 

There  was  bitter  disappointment  anioiiL'  ilu- 
Italian  patriots  over  the  meagermss  of  iln  iruii 
yielded  hy  the  splendid  .'ictories  of  M:ii;i  nla  iinl 
Solferino."  Despite  the  treaty  of  Villiilnna, 
they  were  determined  to  have  more,  iiinl  lii,  y 
did.  Tuscany,  Parma.  Modena  and  Hc.miuliu 
deinandcd  annexation  to  Sardinia,  ami.  alhr  :i 
plehiscile.  they  were  received  (Man  h,  |siiii|  i,,!,, 
the  kingilom  and  represented  in  its  parlLuni  iit 
In  the  Two  Sicilies  there  was  an  inleiise  l.nminj; 
for  deliverance  fnmi  the  hrulalilies  of  ihi  .Nia" 
polit;m  liourlKms.  Victor  Emmanuel  coul.l  ii..t 
venuire  an  attack  upon  the  rotten  kingilmn.  f.ir 
fear  of  resentments  in  France  and  elMwInnv 
But  the  adventurous  sohlier,  Garilnlili.  n.nv 
tiHik  on  himself  the  task  of  completing  ilu  lih 
eration  of  Italy.  With  an  army  of  voliuili .  rs  lie 
(irsl  swept  the  XcaiKditans  out  of  Sii  ily.  ;iiiil 
then  tisik  Naples  itself,  within  the  space  of  fmir 
months,  hetwirn  May  and  SeplenilKr.  isiiii 
The  whole  dominion  was  annexed  to  what  luiw 
iH'came  the  Kingdom  of  Italy,  and  wliiih  im 
braced  the  entire  peninsula  except  Hoiiii ,  garri 
soued  for  the  Pope  by  French  troops,  aii<l  Vi  in- 
tia,  still  held  in  the  clutches  of  Aii>iri,i  Id 
1(<62,  UarihaUli  raised  volunteers  for  au  ;itl,iik 
on  Kome:  but  the  unwise  movement  «;i-  mi|i 
|in'S.s<'d  by  Victor  Emmanuel.  Two  yi  :ir>  JaUr, 
the  King  of  Italy  bniught  alxiut  an  atrniinuii 
with  the  French  emperor  to  withdraw  lii^  gurri 
son  from  Rome,  and,  after  that  had  Ism  ilnni', 
the  annexation  of  Rome  to  the  Italian  kiiu-'ilmn 
was  a   mere  question  of  time.     Ii  cuiin'  aliniit 

in  1870,  after  the  fall  of  Louis  Napol imil 

Victor  Emmanuel  transferred  his  capil.il  l.i  tin- 

Eternal  City.     The  Pope's  d lin  w:us  Ilu  u  liiu 

ited  to  the  precincts  of  the  Vatican 

The  Austro-Prussian  War. 

The  unificution  of  Italy  wiis  the  tirst  of  .i  re 
markable  series  of  nationalizing  niov. mi  iit.- 
whicli  have  Iwen  the  most  signiticant  tiatiiniif 
the  history  of  the  last  half  of  the  niiiiti  iiiili  mi 
tury.  The  next  of  these  movcmiiil^  i"  \«  ^ir, 
wiis  in  (ierinanv  —  the  much  iliviilid  ii'iinlr\  lA 
one  peculiarly  liomogeneous  and  iilriiiit  o  i  nv 
Inlluences  tending  towanl  uniriialioii  ln'l  Im  ii 
acting  on  the  Oermans  since  l•rll^^i:l  i  ■"  i.i 
su|ieriority  in  Ihe  north.  By  the  iiii.i.ili  "1  ilu- 
century,  the  educated.  miliUiry  Prii^>i  i  Hi  ii  "  i» 
founded  after  1806  had  become  a  powi  i  i.i|i.ilili 
of  great  things  in  capable  hands;  mimI  ;ii'  '  \\<\ 
hie  haniis  received  it.  In  I8«l,  Williiiin  1  i- 
ceisied  his  brother  as  king;  in  l^ii-'.  <ii'  '  >"" 
Bismarck  became  his  prime  miiii-tir  ii  >:i^;i 
remarkable  combination  of  qualitii  ^  nml  !  i!'  iits. 
and  remarkable  results  came  fioiii  ii 

In  18fi4,  Prussia  and  Austria  aclcd  in;,  ilerin 
taking  Si-hleswig  aiiil  llolslein.  astfi'riiii;.  l;ilt'>. 
from  IK'iiiuurk,     The  next  year  Ihij  n  urrtinl 


112b 


EUROPE. 


Grmtnny  anit 


EUROPE. 


oTcr  the  wiminigtration  of  the  .luchics.     In  1866. 
ihtv  fiiiiffht,  and  Austria  was  entirely  vaniiuishe.1 
in    i-sevHi  weeks  war."     The   superiority  of 
Wussia  oriraiiiwil  by  lier  icrrM  military  iiilmin. 
sirator'aml  solilier,  Moltke,  was.  ov.r|)owerin).r 
H,  r  rival  wa-H  left  completely  at  hvr  mercy.     Hut 
Bwmarck  and   his   kiiiK  w.re  wis.ly   niasiiani 
nious    Thc'V  refrained  from  inflietuiK  on  the  Aiis 
iriiii-i  a  liumiliation  that  would  rankle  and  keep 
■ii'iiiitU's  alive.     They  foresaw  the  need  of  future 
frlHuNiip  iK-tweeu   the  two  p<pwers  of  reiilra 
Ki,r„pe  as  against  Rus.sia  on  the  one  siile  and 
Kninir  on  the  other,  and  they  «liu|.ed  their  policy 
li.'seciin'  it.     It  sutllced  them  to  have  put  Aus- 
trii  cut  of  the  German  circle,  forever;  In  have 
ende.1  tlie  falsi'  relation  in  which  the  llapshurKS 
-rulers  of  an  cssi'Utially  Slavonic  anil  Magyar 
(Icmiiiiiiu  — liad    stooil    towards    Germany    so 

Prussiia  now  dominated  the  surrounding  Ger-  , 
mm  states  so  com.iiandingly  t'""  t'"'  """'''  '""' 
the  time  of  their  iinitication  may  be  .said  to  havi^  ; 
iH^in  within  her  own  control.  Hanover.  Hes-sc 
Ois*l  Nassau.  Schleswigllolstein.  and  t  rank- 
filrt  »i  re  ineoriioruted  in  the  Prussian  kingdom 
at  once  Saxony  and  the  other  stales  of  the 
ii.,rth  were  enveloped  in  a  North  (Jerinan  Con- 
fe-linition,  with  the  King  of  Pnis,sia  for  its  he- 
rnlitar',  presiilent  and  coininaniler  of  its  forces 
The  slates  of  southern  (ierinauy  wen^  left  iin- 
fiileraHii  for  the  time  iKUiig,  but  l)ouii<i  them. 
stives  liv  treatv  tJ  put  their  armies  at  tlie  dis- 
posal of  Prussia.  Thus  (}<rmauy  as  it  whole 
was  alnadv  made  practically  one  power,  under 
tlic  coutrorof  King  William  and  his  great  min- 
ister 

Final  Expulsion  of  Austria  from  Italy. 
The  same  war  wliieh  unifled  Germany  carried 
forward  Ihe  nationalization  of  Italy  another  step. 
Viit"r  Kmmaniiel  had  shrewdly  entered  into  an 
alliiiHi-  with  Prussia  iK'fore  the  war  began,  and 
attaikid  Austria  in  Venelia  simultuneously  with 
til,'  (ii  riuan  attack  on  the  15oliemian  side.  The 
Italians  were  lieaten  at  C'ustozza.  and  their  navy 
was  deflated  in  the  Adriatic ;  but  the  victorious 
I'rusM.ins  exacted  Veiietia  for  them  in  the  si'tlle- 
nunt  of  peace,  ami  Austria  had  no  more  footing 
in  \\\r  peninsula. 

Austria-Hungary. 

It  is  greatlv  to  the  credit  of  Austria,  long 
Wiii.i.d  ami  siupetied  by  the  nareotii^  of  abso- 
luli^iu.  tlial  tlie  lessons  of  the  war  of  l*«i«  sank 
(i.i|i  into  her  mind  and  ppKluced  a  very  genuine 
enliL'hteiuneiit.  The  whole  policy  of  the  court 
of  Viiuna  was  changed,  and  with  it  the  eoiisti- 
tulip!>  of  the  Kinpire.  The  statesmen  of  Hungary 
Win  (alhd  into  consultation  with  the  statesmen 
iif  Au^lria.  and  the  outeoine  of  their  di.scussions 
was  an  aL'reeinent  which  swept  away  the  old 
\u-tri,i.  h.il.liug  Hungiiry  in  subjection,  and 
iriihl  in  lis  place  a  new  power  —  a  feileral 
All-Ilia  Hungary —equalized  ;n  its  two  princi 
pal  piit>  and  uiiited  under  the  same  sovenign 
with  .!i-!inct  constitutions. 


■ii,. 
W, ,  I, 

piTfi- 


The  Franco-German  War. 

urprising  triumph  of  Prussia  in  the  Seven 
War  stung  houis  Napoleon  with  a 
I  « liieh  he  could  not  conceal.  He  was 
'.:■  :■.(  perceiviii!.-  what  it  aignitled.— of 
"II  in  the  organization  of  the  Prussian 


kingdom  and  of  power  in  its  resources.  He  was 
under  illusions  as  to  tlie  strength  of  his  own  Em 
idre.  It  had  lieen  honeycombed  by  the  ras 
ealities  tliat  atU'iided  and  surrounded  him.  and 
he  did  not  know  it.  He  imagined  France  to  Iw 
capable  of  putting  a  check  on  Prussian  aL'gran 
dizemeiit;  and  be  began  very  early  after  Sailowa 
to  pursue  King  William  with  demands  which 
were  toleniblv  certain  to  end  in  war.  When  the 
war  came,  in  July.  1«T0,  it  was  by  his  own 
ileclaration;  vet  Prussia  was  prepared  for  It  and 
France  was  "not.  In  six  weeks  time  from  the 
declaratiiui  of  war. —  in  ime  month  from  the  first 
acticm.— Napoleon  himsi'lf  was  a  prisoner  of  war 
in  the  hands  of  the  Germans,  surrendered  at 
Sedan,  with  the  whole  army  which  he  personally 
coinmaiided;  the  Empiri'  was  in  collapse,  and  a 

provisi ilgovernmenl  had  taken  the  direction 

of  alTairs.     On  the  'JUtb  of  Scpt.inlHr  Paris  was 
invested;  on  llie'.;'<t!iof  Oi  Iol«r  Hazaine.  with  an 
arniyof  l.'MI.'HKhneii.capiliilatedatMctz.   A  hope^ 
less  attempt  to  rally  Ihe  iialhin  to  fresh  elTorts  of 
defence  in  the  interior,  on  the  Loire,  w  as  valiantly 
made  under  the  lead  of  (JanilMlla;  but  it  was  too 
late.     When  the  year  closi'd.  besieged  Pans  was 
I   at  tiie  verge  of  starvation  and  all  atlc-inpts  to  re 
'■   lieve  the  city  had  failed.    ( Mi  the  •Jstli  of  .lamiary. 
1>*71.  an  armistice  was  sought  and  obtained;  on 
'   the  :t(lth.  Paris  wassurremlercd  and  the  Germans 
!   entered  it.     The  treaty  ot  peace  negotiated  sub- 
!   seiiuentlv  ceded  .Vl.sace  to  Germany,  with  a  hfth 
of  Lorraine,  and  bound  France  to  pay  a  war  in- 
demnity of  live  milliards  of  francs. 

The  Paris  Commune. 

In  February,  1M71.  the  pmvisiimal  "Govern- 
ment of  National  Defensi'"  gave  way  to  a  Xa- 
Ihmal  As.sembly.  duly  elected  under  the'  pro 
visions  of  the  armistice,  and  an  executive  was 
instiluled  at  Bordeaux,  under  the  presidency  of 
M.  Thiers.  Earlv  in  March,  the  German  forces 
were  wilhdrav.i  ■.  'u  Paris,  and  control  of  the 
city  was  imriedialely  seized  by  llial  dangerous 
elenienl— 'aeobinical.  or  l^•d  Kipiiblican,  or 
C'ominuni.stic,  as  it  may  be  variously  described  — 
which  always  shows  itself  with  prumptitude  and 
power  in  the  French  capital,  at  disorderly  times. 
The  Commune  was  proclaimed,  and  the  national 
government  was  ile'ied.  From  the  iil  of  April 
until  the  iSili  of  May  Paris  was  again  under  siege, 
this  lime  by  forces  ot  the  French  government, 
fighting  to  ovcrcomi'  the  rcvoliitionisis  within. 
The  proceedings  of  the  latter  were  more  wantonly 
destructive  than  those  of  the  Terrori.sts  of  the 
liivolulion,  and  scarcely  less  .sanguinary.  The 
Commune  was  siip(iressed  in  the  end  with  great 
severity. 

The  Third  French  Republic. 

M.  Thiers  held  the  presidency  of  the  Third  Ue 
pubiic  in  Frame  until  1S7;(.  wliin  be  resigned 
and  was  sin  cecded  by  Marshal  MacMahoii.  In 
187.">  the  constitiilioii'which  has  since  remained, 
with  some  ameiidiiieiits.  in  force,  was  framed 
and  adopted.  In  ISTS  Marshal  .Mac.Mahon  gave 
place  to  ,M.  .lilies  (irevy.  and  the  latter  to  M. 
Sadi  Cariiot  in  I'*'*",  liepublican  government 
seems  *o  be  firmly  ami  permanently  established 
in  France  at  last.  The  country  is  in  a  prosper 
ous  stale,  and  nothing  but  its  passionate  desire 
to  recover  .Vls:ii  e  and  to  avenge  Sedan  appears 
threatening  to  its  future. 


1120 


ill 


:tt    ■■' 


1.1  i- 


I     ,   3  -    ;  J   ■ 


El'ROPK 


Knahinit  and 
irrlnmi. 


EIROPE. 


The  new  German  Empire. 

Whilo  till'  imny  of  tlu'  Ocrmiins  wiis  still  1m'- 
Bii'Kiiii;  1'iiri.s,  uii<l  Kiiijr  Williimi  and  I'rinie 
iiidiimrik  wen-  at  VirsiiilUii,  in  .lainmry,  1N7!. 
till'  lust  act  which  rompU'lcil  t!ic  iinitliatioii  unci 
nalidnali/ationiif  (Jcrnmny  was  |icrf(irnu-cl.  Thin 
was  llio  assiimplion  of  the  title  of  Eni|H'Mr  liy 
Kiiiu  William,  in  nspunse  to  the  prayer  of  the 
prin.i'S  of  Germany  and  of  the  North  (German 
I'arliatnent.  On  tlie  llith  of  the  folic  winj;  April, 
u  eonstitniion  for  the  (iernian  Empire  was  pro- 
elaiineil. 

The  lonu  ami  extnuinliuary  reii;n  (.f  the  Em- 
peror \Vili;iim  I,  wasenihil  iiv  his  death  in  IHHH. 
Ilis  son,  Frederick  III.,  was  ilyin;;  at  the  tiineof 
an  inenralile  disexsi',  and  survived  his  father  only 
three  months.  The  son  of  En-deriek  III.", 
William  II..  signalized  <  ■  he^rinninR  of  !ii» 
rcisru  Ipy  clisniissins:,  afte^'  a  few  months,  the 
(.'reat  ininiHter,  Cnnnt  llismarek,  on  whom  his 
Rtronft  grandfather  had  leaned,  and  who  had 
wrought  such  marvels  of  statesmanship  and 
diplomacy  for  the  (;e-man  raie.  What  mav  lie 
at  the  end  of  the  reik'n  w  hiili  had  this  ".self- 
sufficient  Ix'giMiiinB  '''  »ot  to  1m-  foretold. 

The  Russo-Turkith  War. 

Since  the  Fninco-tjerman  War  of  1870-1»71,    • 
the  jieaceof  Europe  has  lain  broken  hut  once  bv 
hostilities  within    the  European   houndary.     In 
IST"!  a  rising  against  the  unendurahle  misrule  of 
the  Turks  li<!:an  in  Ho.i.ia  and  ller/.c  govina,  and 
•.va.s  imitaleil  the  ne\i  _\     .r  in  liulgarja.     Servia   ' 
anil   .Montenegro  deelaicil   war   again.st  Turkey   1 
and  were  overcome.     Uussia  then  e^  pousid  the   ' 
laus.'  of   the  struggling  Slavs,  and  opened,  in    ! 
1HT7.  a  most  formidalile  new  attempt  to  crush    i 
the  Ottoman  power,  and  to  accimiplish  her  eov-   ! 
etcd  e.itensioi.  to  the  .Mcdilerniin m.    From  .May   j 
until  the  f( 'lowing  .laiuiary  the   storm  of  war   I 
raged    tiereely  along  the  IJalkans.     The  Turks   | 
fought  stubhornly.  lint  they   were  la'uten  back,    i 
and  nothing  hut  a  dangerous  opposition  of  feel     ' 
ing  among  the  other  powers  in   Europe  stayed 
the  hand  of  the  tzar  from  Ihing  laid  upon  Con- 
stant ino|>le.     The  powers  recpiired  a  siltlement 
of  the  peace  li.nvceii  Russia  and  Turkey  to  he 
maili-  by  a  general  Congress,  and  it  was  "held  at 
Berlin    in    ,lioie.    1.S7H.     Itulgaria   was  divided 
by  the  Connress  into  two  si  tes,  one  tributary 
to    the  Turk,    but    freely    governed,   the  other 
subject  to  Turkey,  but"unihr  a  Christian  gov- 
ernor.    This  arrangement    was   set  aside  wvi-n 
ye.irs   later    by    a    bloodless    revolution,    which 
forineil  one  liulgaiia  in  nominal  relations  of  de- 
pendence upon  the  I'orte.     This  was  the  third 
important     nationalizing    inoveineut     within    a 
ipiiirtr  rof  a  ceiiiury,  and  it  is  likely  to  go  fart  hi  r 
in  soulliia-li-rn  Europe,  until  it  settles,  perhaps, 
■■the  Easlirn  ipustion,"  so  far  a.s  the  Eun)peau 
side  of  it  is  cotii  crncil. 

liosnia  and  llerzi-u'ovina  were  given  to  Austria 
by  the  Cnrigriss  of  Hcriiii;  the  independence  of 
Roui.iania.  Sirvia.  and  Montenegro  was  made 
more  (omplile,  tin-  island  of  Cyprus  was  turned 
over  to  (ireal  lirilain  for  administnition. 

Spain  in  the  last  half  Century, 

A  few  words  will  till  suHieiently  the  .story  of 
Spain  since  the  successor  of  ,lose"pli  Bonaparte 
■.(Mitted  th.-  scene.  Fen.'inrind  VII.  din!  in  !*'.:!, 
and  his  infant  daughter  i>is  prmluimed  nuecu, 


an  IsalK'lla  11,  with  her  mother,  Christini  r.  .-mt 
IsalM-llas  title  was  disputeil  by  Don  (  ul.Kiiic 
late  kings  brother,  and  a  civil  warbelm.  rj  (ml 
isis  and  Christinos  went  im  for  years  Wlim 
laalM-lla  came  of  age  she  proveil  to  Isa  dl"  ,|i,i,. 
woman,  with  strong  proclivities  toward  iirliii  ,rv 
governmenl.  A  liberal  party,  and  e\,.i  ,  ri' 
publican  party,  hadlaen  steaililv  irainirii:  i;i..nm,| 
in  Spain,  and  theiiueen  placed  herself  in  (".;,i;i, , 
with  it.  In  iHtlS  a  revolution  drove  I,,  t  m;  , 
Fnince.  The  revolutionists  otrend  the  i  i-imi  ,, 
a  prince  distantly  related  to  the  rov.il  l.oiiiK  ,,( 
Prussia.  It  was  this  incident  thai  gav.  Ij.iij, 
Napoleon  a  pretext  for  i|uarreliiig  » iih  iIm  Kim  • 
of  Prussia  in  1H70  and  declaring  war.  |)i  i  lin,,! 
by  the  IlolienzoUeni  prime,  the  .Spanish  ir..«ii 
was  then  ollcri'd  to  Ainadeo,  son  of  the  KiirL-  if 
Italy,  w ho  ac(  ptiil  it,  but  resigned  ii  ai.'iilii  m 
1H7:1,  after  a  reign  of  two  years,  in  ilisi.'ii,i  iviih 
the  factions  which  troubled  him  C.-i,i,  hir  ih,. 
distinguished  republican  ondor,  thin  Inrnncli 
republican  government  wliu-h  held  the  n  in- f.ir 
a  few  monliis,  but  coulil  not  establish  onli  r  in 
the  troubled  land.  The  monarchy  was  n  -i.thI 
in  IVcemlKT,  1874,  by  the  coronation  of  .\lf,ii]vi 
Xn.,  son  of  the  exiled  IsalMlla.  Sinn-  ili:ii  lim,. 
Spain  has  preserved  a  tolerably  pi  aii-li]l  mil 
contented  stale. 

England  and  Ireland. 

In  n-eent  years,  tla:  part  which  Gri  at  l;rii;i;ii 
has  taken  in  Continental  alTairs  has  In  i-n  .li.'lji 
and.  indetsl.  there  has  l>eeii  little  in  th,,,,.  aIUik 
to  bring  alMiut  important  international  n  lalim* 
In  domestic  politics,  a  single  series  of  i|iiiMions, 
concerning  Ireland  and  the  coiuieetion  of  In 
land  with  tlu  British  part  of  the  I  nitnl  Kiii;: 
dom,  has  mastered  the  field,  oxiriidiii.'  .ill 
others  and  compelling  the  statcsnan  ol  iln.hv 
to  take  them  in  hand.  The  suihhii  impt  rini-ui  >. 
of  Ihest'  ipiestions  affonis  a  peculiar  mimiiIIc-ii 
tion  of  the  political  conscience  in  nation- uliirli 
the  nineteenth  century  has  wakened  and  -.  i  i-tir 
Through  all  the  prior  centuries  ol  Ili.ir -nl'jn 
tion,  the  treatment  of  the  Irish  piopl<  hv  die 
Engli.sh  was  as  cruel  and  as  Incdli-sor  |n»iiie 
and  right  us  the  treatment  of  Poles  by  Uns-i;int 
or  of  Greeks  by  Turks.  They  win-  ii'My 
oppres.seii:  us  conquered  subjects  ot  ;(m  iilitri 
race,  as  religious  enemies,  :ls  possiblf  m.iK  In 
]>ri"liiction  and  trade.  Tlicy  wen-  di  pimd  uf 
political  and  civil  rights:  they  wi  n-  d.  nid  iIji- 
ministnitions  of  their  priests;  the  In  ii.  i  i  mi'l'V 
mints  and  more  honond>le  prof,  ,-i,,i,,  .m >,• 
closed  to  them:  the  industries  wliiili  |.rnri,iM-ii 
pros|a-rity  to  Iheir  country  wir'  snppn— d  A 
small  nnnorily  of  Protestant  colonivN  l.'canic 
the  recognized  nation,  so  far  as  a  naii"ii  liiiy  in 
Ireland  Wius  recogiuzcd  at  all.  Winn  lo-iunl 
was  said  to  have  a  Parlianu'iit,  it  was  llji  rnihi 
ment  of  Ihe  iniuorily  alone.  NoCatlmlii  -n  in 
it:  no  Catholic  was  represcnlid  in  ii  Winn 
Irishmen  were  i>ermitteil  to  bear  aiii;-.  liny 
were  Proti'stant  Irishineu  only  who  f.  iiii'd  tin' 
privileired  ndlitia.  Seven  tenths  of  ih. 
tanis  of  tin  'sleiid  were  p  ililic.illy  ;c-  n 
cut  as  actual  s<'rfilom  could  h.iw  ni.c 
For  the  most  part  they  were  iH'us.uiI-  .. 
slate  as  such  scarcely  above  the  ion 
serfs.  They  owmil  no  land:  their  !•  r 
insi'cure:  the  laws  protected  thi-rii  in 
p.->ssib!e  .Ivgrre.  'li-jif  !:!lit!l>-fi!s  'Mi- 
tlie    hostile    creed    and     nice.     No   ..n 


ihi 


1 1:50 


il 


EUROPE 


f'oncliiaiun. 


KlROl'K 


Eumpe  showed  conilitiDns  htttir  calculHtol  u> 

aUtrciM  and  degrade  .1  pc'l'ly.       ,     ,    ,      ,       ,,, 

This  w«»  the  atate  of  thiiii;«  In  Ireland  until 

ncurlv  the  end  of  tlii'  eitflit itli  i^-ntiiry       In 

t7>f>liL'isl«tlve  imlcpeiideiuc  wan  <'once(iiMl ;  Imt 
ih/iroli'IH-ndentleitisltttiirc  w.w  Btill  tlie  Piirliii- 
mint  in  which  Pnrtestiints  siit  iilono.  In  l.WJ 
CHlholics  were  admitUKl  to  111"  fnincliis.';  but 
wills  in  Parliament  were  still  defined  U>  llicni  and 
lh,V  must  elect  I'rotesUinU  to  repa-sent  tliem. 
In  IHOl)  the  Art  of  L'nion.  crealinK  the  United 
Kiiiirilom  of  Great  Hritttin  and  Inliiiid,  ex 
linBuishcd  the  Parliament  at  Dublin  luid  pn)- 
viilml  for  the  introduction  of  Irish  peers  and 
meralH-rs  to  represent  Irish  constituencies  in  the 
in-alcr  Parliament  at  LoiKlon;  but  still  no 
CaOiolic  could  take  a  seat  in  either  House.  Not 
until  l»<iO.  after  eighteen  years  of  the  tierce  atri- 
lali'in  which  Daniel  OC'onnell  stirred  up,  were 
Catholic  disabilities  entirely  nmioved  and  the 
people  of  thiit  faith  placed  on  an  eciual  f(M>tin),' 
with  l'n)te'tant3  in  politica'  iiid  civil  rights. 

OConnell's  agitation  was  not  for  Catholic 
emiimipation  alone,  but  for  tlie  repeal  of  the  Act 
of  Union  and  the  n-storation  of  IcRislative  iiide- 
pemlince  and  national  distinctness  to  Ireland. 
Tluil  desire  has  been  hot  in  the  Irish  heart  from 
the  (l.iv  till'  Union  was  accomplished,  .\fter 
0  ("onnell's  death,  there  was  (piiet  on  the  suliject 
for  a  time  The  fearful  famitie  of  lS4.'i-"  dead- 
tneti  all  political  feeling.  Then  tliire  was  a  re- 
curreme  of  the  passionate  animosity  to  Krilisli 
rule  whieli  hail  kindled  unfortunate  relMllious 
in  179S  anil  1S03.  It  priHluiiil  the  Fenian  cu- 
«piniiiis,  which  ran  their  course  from  alK)ut  l^*'>x 
to  p*«7.  Bnt  soim  after  that  time  Irisli  national- 
ism nsumed  a  mon'  politic  teinpiT,  and  doubled 
the  energy  of  its  itTorts  by  confining  them  to 
piiiceful  and  lawful  ways.  The  Home  Kule 
movement,  which  Ix'gan  in  1873.  was  aimed  at 
tile  orir.iiiixation  of  a  compact  and  well  guided 
Irish  purty  in  Parliament,  to  pri'ss  the  demand 
for  li'iislative  independence  and  to  act  with 
unittil  weight  en  lines  of  lri>li  policy  carefully 
laiil  ilown.  This  Home  Hide  party  soonaciiuireil 
a  pc.wirfiil  leader  in  Mr.  Charles  Parnell,  and 
was  suceessful  in  carrying  questions  of  ri'formin 
Ireland  to  tlie  forefront  of  J.nglish  jHilitics. 

Umlir  the  intluence  of  its  gri'at  h'ailer.  Mr. 
Gladstone,  the  Liberal  party  had  already,  licfore 
the  ll.mie  Kule  party  cameinlo  the  Held,  iK'gun 
to  ailopt  measures  for  the  redress  of  Irisli  wn.ngs. 
In  INIHt,  the  Irish  braiuii  of  tlie  {'liunli  of  Kng- 
land.  e.illing  itself  the  Church  of  Ireland,  was 
ijisistablislied.  The  raemlK'rship  of  that  church 
was  rcik.ined  to  be  one-tenth  of  the  population; 
but  it  liiid  iH'en  supportcil  by  the  ta.nation  of  the 
wliole  The  Catholics,  the  Presbyterians  and 
other  ili.sseiiters  were  now  released  from  this 
unjust  liunlin.  In  1H70,  a  Land  liill  —  the  first 
of  B- viral,  which  restrict  the  powerof  Irish  land- 
lonls  to  .ippriss  their  tenants,  and  which  protect 
llie  litliT.  while  opening  opportunities  of  land- 
own,  r>liip  to  them  —  was  passed.  The  land 
i|  lotion  luiaiiie  for  a  time  more  prominent  than 
iiio  lionie  Uule  question,  and  the  partv  of  Mr. 
iiri'ril  was  prael'cally  absorlwd  in  an  Irisli  Na 
ti"i;  [1  I..ind  League,  formed  to  force  landlords  to 
a  n-iuriinn  of  ri'nts.  The  methiMis  of  ciK'rcion 
aijopii.l  l.ri>iii;lit  the  U'ague  into  collisiim  with 
l!ii-  liliiral  Uovernment.  notwithstanding  the 
iriii<T;iK\mn;tthy  of  the  latter  with  Irish  com- 
l)laiui»     For  a  time  the  Irisli  Nationalists  went 


into  alliance  with  the  English  ConKprvatives ;  but 
in  IHHtl  Mr.  Oladstone  iM'came  convinceil.  and 
convinced  the  majority  of  his  parly,  that  just 
and  harmonious  reialioiis  iK-tween  Ireland  and 
tJreat  Hritain  could  never  1k> esialilishid  without 
the  connssion  of  Home  Uule  to  the  foniier.  .V 
bill  whiili  he  introiluced  to  that  end  wa.s  defeated 
in  the  IIoum'  of  Commons  and  Mr.  (llmlslone  re 
signed.  In  18»'J  he  was  returned  to  power,  ami 
in  September  of  the  following  year  he  carried  in 
the  Hous<>  of  Commons  a  bill  for  the  tninslVrring 
of  Irish  hgislation  to  a  distinct  Parliament  at 
Dublin.  It  was  defealeil,  however,  in  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  the  question  now  rests  in  an  un 
settled  state.  Mr.  (Jlailsloiie's  retirement  from 
the  prendership  and  from  the  leadership  of  his 
party,  which  occurred  in  March,  IMiM.  mav  atfect 
the  prospects  of  the  measure;  but  the  Knulish 
Liberals  are  committed  to  its  principh'.  and  it 
apiK'ars  to  be  certain  that  the  Irish  iiuestion  will 
attain  some  solution  within  no  very  long  time 

Conclusion. 

The  beginning  of  tlie  year  1S!(I  when  this  is 
written,  finds  Europe  at  "peace,  as  it  lias  been  for 
a  numUr  of  years.  Hut  the  peace  is  not  of 
friendship,  nor  of  honorable  contidencc.  nor  of 
giHiil  will.  The  greater  nations  are  lying  on 
their  arms,  so  to  speak,  walcliiiig  one  another 
with  str.iiii.  d  eyes  and  with  jealous  hearts. 
France,  (li  riuaiiy.  Italy,  .\iistria.  Russia,  are 
marshaling  armies  in  tlie  siason  of  peace  that, 
not  many  years  ago,  would  have  sei'ined  mon- 
strous for  "war.  Kxactions  of  military  service 
and  taxation  for  military  expenditure  are  pres.sed 
upon  their  in'oph'  to  the  point  of  last  endurance. 
The  preparation  for  battle  is  so  vast  in  its  scale, 
so  unceasing,  so  increasing,  so  far  in  the  lead 
overall  oilier  elforts  among  men.  that  it  seems 
,ke  a  new  alllrmation  of  belief  tiiat  war  is  the 
natural  order  of  lie'  world. 

And  yet.  the  ilreiid  of  war  is  greater  in  111* 
civilized  world  than  ever  befon\  The  inti'resfs 
and  iiiHuences  that  work  for  ihmuc  are  more 
powerful  than  at  any  former  time.  The  wealth 
wbicli  war  thriatens.  the  commerce  which  it  in- 
terrupts, the  industry  wliich  it  disliirlis.  the  in- 
telligence whidi  it  oiTeiiils.  the  humanity  which 
it  shiK-ks.  the  Christianity  which  it  grieves,  grow 
stronger  to  resist  it,  year  by  year.  Tlie  states- 
man and  the  diplomatist  are  under  checks  of  re- 
sponsibility which  a  generation  no  oider  than 
Palnierston's  never  felt.  The  nrliitriilor  and  tlie 
tribunal  of  arbitration  have  liicoiiie  tamiliar 
within  a  quarter  of  a  century.  The-  sjiirit  of  till- 
age opi>oses  war  with  rising  <aniisliiess  and  in 
cn'iising  force;  whih  the  ciniiiiisiance  and  fact 
of  the  time  siciii  arraiiL-iil  lor  it  as  the  rliii  f  busi- 
ness of  mankind.  It  is  a  siiiguhir  ami  a  critical 
situation;  the  oulconie  from  it  is  impenelrablv 
hidden. 

Within  itsilf.  too.  each  nation  is  troubled  with 
hostilities  tiiat  tin-  worM  has  not  known  before, 
DemiK-nicv  in  lioliliis  is  bringing  in.  as  was  in- 
evitable, ileinoi  r  I.  y  ill  the  whole  .social  system; 
and  the  period  .t  adjustnient  to  it.  wliiili  we 
are  |,as,-.iii!,'  tliiou;;li.  loiild  not  fail  to  be  a  pi  rioil 
of  trial  and  of  manv  dangers.  The  .Vnanhist, 
the  Nihilist,  tlie  SiM-ialist  in  his  many  variations 
—  what  are  they  goiii;:  to  do  in  the  time  that  lies 
before  usV 

EiirojM'.  at  tlie  present  stJige  of  its  liistory.  is  in 
j   the  thick  III  many  questions,  and  so  we  ieave  il. 


i 


ii.il 


!'! 


*:  .., 


r 

!m. 


iHiMl: 


tu„ 


'1H^ 


Si-c 


EIHYMEDON. 

EURYMEDON,  Battle*  of  the  (B.  C.  4M). 
9<T  AniKNr.:  It.  (■    ITO-HW. 

EUSKALDUNAC.     Sc  lUnoi  kh. 

EUTAW  SPRINGS.  Battle  of  (1781). 
I'mtki)  SrxTfsor  Am.  :  A.  I>.  1TN(>-17«1. 

EUTHYNI,  The.     S,,-  L.MiisT.K. 

EUTYCHIAN  HERESY.    Sw  Nkotoiiian 

AN1>  MoNliniVslTK  (C.NTIIOVKIISY. 

EUXINE,  The.— KiixinijH  rnntii.s.  or  Pnntiia 
Eiiviriii-.  ilic  Itl.ic  k  Sii.  iisiiaiucil  liv the (irpok-s. 

EVACUATION  DAY.-Tl.r  iinniv.rsary  of 
ihecviMiialiiiiiiif  New  York  liy  llir  British,  Nov. 
-■i.  lTft;i.  Si'  rxiTF.i)  St.vtK!*  ok  Am.:  A.  I>. 
17x;t(N<ivKMiiKii—  Dkckmukhi 

EVANGELICAL  UNION  OF  GER- 
MANY, The.     Sir  (Jkkmaxv:  a.  I).  160S-l«ia 

EVELYN  COLLEGE.  Se  Kmc^Tiow, 
Mom  UN      liKn.iiMB:   A.   I>    1nii4-1M!H. 

EVER  VICTORIOUS  ARMY,  The.  S  ,• 
Clliv  V  :  A.  I>.  l->oii   1M(4 

EVESHAM,  Battle  of  (12651.— Tlir  battle 
wliirli  lliiisliid  III,'  civil  war  ill  Kiiijlaiiil  known 
a<tlii'  Haroiis'  War  It  was  foii^iii  .\ii);.  ;i.  12tl."i, 
anil  Karl  Simon  di'  .Monifort.  Ilic  soul  of  tin- 
Iiopiiliir  caii-ii'.  was  slain,  witli  most  of  his  fol 
lowfT-i      S..'  Kvoi  (\i,:   A    l>.  I'.'lt!-IV!T4. 

EVICTIONS,  Irish.     Sii-  Ibkla-nd:   A.  I). 

IHSti. 

EXARCHS  OF   RAVENNA.    St-c  Ho.mf.: 

A.  II.  .■|.-)l-f<IHI. 
EXARCHS    OF    THE    DIOCESE.      See 

I'lMM  V  1>> 

EXCHEQUER.-EXCHEQUER  ROLLS. 
-EXCHEQUER    TALLIES.- •The    Ex- 

I  liii|iiiT  of  the  Norman  kim;s  was  the  court  in 
wliicU  the  whole  tinaiicial  hiisinessof  the  country 
wiLS  tr.insactiil.  ami  as  the  whole  administration 
of  jiisiire,  anil  en  n  the  military  orc;anisation, 
was  ill  pi  nileiit  upon  the  lisial  otliVers.  the  whole 
fnimework  of  society  may  he  saiil  to  have  passed 
annually  under  its  review,  i;  derived  its  name 
from  the  iheipiered  cloth  w  hicli  covered  the  table 
at  wliii  li  the  accounts  were  taken,  11  name  which 
Mij.'i.'istiil  to  tlic  s|H"ctator  the  idea  of  a  Kume  at 
chess  liilwiin  the  receiver  and  the  paver,  the 
treasurer  and  the  sheriff.  .  .  ,  The  rei-ord  of  the 
business  was  preserved  in  three  great  rolls;  one 
kept  liy  the  Tnasunr.  another  bv  the  Chancel- 
lor, and  a  thinl  by  an  olllcer  nominated  by  the 
kiUL'.  who  ri'tristered  the  matters  of  legal  and 
special  iiiiportance.  The  rolls  of  the  Treasurer 
and  Clinic,  llor  were  duplicates;  that  of  the 
fonn,r  w  as  iiilli  d  from  its  shape  the  great  roll 
of  the  I'ip,'.  and  that  of  the  latter  the  roll  of  the 
Chain,  ly  Tliesi'  documents  are  niostlv  still  in 
e.xisi,  nil  The  Pipe  Uolls  are  complete  from 
thesiioiiil  ycarof  Henry  II.  and  the  Chaneellors 
Uolls  nearly  so.  Of  the  preceding  perioil  only 
one  roll,  that  of  the  thirty. tirst  year  of  Henry  I., 
is  prisi  TV'  '  and  this  with  Dom'esilay  book  is  the 
most  \.i|ii.i,.lc  store  of  information  which  exists 
for  111,-  .■iilniinistralive  history  of  the  age.  The 
liiiaii,  iai  i.poris  were  made  to  the  barons  bv  the 
sli-rills  i.r  the  counties.  At  Kaster  and  Michiel- 
uras  I  :i,  h  of  Hum-  magistrates  priKliiced  his  own 

■■I 1-  and  paid  ill  to  the  Kxehci|Ucr  such  an 

i:i-laiiM,  lii  or  prolfer  as  he  could  aironl.  ri'tain- 
.iig  ill  liaiid  sulliiient  money  for  current  expensi'S. 
In  token  of  II  leipt  a  tally  was  made;  a  long  piece 

'•'  " 1  in  "  liiiii  a  nunilHT  of  notches  wen'  cut. 

ni.irking  ili,-  pounds,  ^hillings,  and  pence  re- 
leiveil:  this  vtiik  was  iIkii  ..plit  d"W>!  the  mid- 
ille.  eacli  hall   loniained  ixactlv  the  same  num- 


EXCO.MMUNICATION8. 

hor  of  notches,  anil  no  nitcnition  coiihl  of  mun* 
Ih>  made  without  certain  detection.  .  .  .  riie  iir,i 
which  destroyed  tliii  ohi  MouscH  of  I'arlianii  nt  i, 
said  to  have  origiimtod  in  the  burning  of  ih,  i,],| 
Kxcheqiur  talhes."— \V.  Stiibbs,  r„n^t  lli.t  .,r 
A'h'/..  rh.  II.  «-(•/.  l->0.  — "The  wikhIiii  iilli,., 
on  which  u  large  notch  represinted  tl.iKi".  an,! 
BinaUer  notches  other  siinia,  while  a  liall|iiniiv 
was  denoted  bva  small  niund  hole,  were  a,  111  illV 
in  use  at  the  ftxcheiiuer  until  the  vi  ar  Is  '(  _'_ 
iSir  J.  LnblMK'k,  /Vr/.i/-«  („  Ifiill'ii''-  .\„i„i>,,i,., 
anil  Ciiriimtirf  iifthe  KTr/tfi/urr." 

Also  is:  E.  F.  Hendenon,  Skrt  IUmI  Ii,,,-, 
iiftht  iliilillf  Aij<»,  bk.  \,  nil.  ."i.— iSec,  aU.i.  (1  an 
liF.iitH  and  CiiKsK. 

EXCHEQUER,  Chancellor  of  the.  -  In  ii„ 
reign  of  Henry  III.,  of  England.  "  w.is  1  n  aii  ,1  ili,' 
otBce  of  Chancellor  of  the  Exeheipn  r.  to  wlmni 
the  K.xchcipier  (teal  was  entrusted,  and  »  ho  «ii|i 
the  Treasun'r  took  part  in  theei|uitalili-  juri-ili, 
thin  of  the  Exchequer,  ulthoiigh  not  in  ihe  nm 
mon  law  jurisdiction  v'  the  barons.  «  hi,  ||  ,v 
teniled  itself  as  the  legal  tlctions  of  |'l,a,liir' 
brought  common  phas  into  this  conn  -w' 
Stubbs,  <o,i,l.  Ilitl.  "f  Kiiij..  rh.  \',  „rl   ■::]■; 

EXCLUSION  BiLL,  The.    Se  KNonvn 

A.  n.  i(iT!i-itwi. 

EXCOMMUNICATIONS  AND  INTER- 
DICTS.—"  E.\coniniunication,    whali'\,r  ,ipiii 
ions  may  Ik-  entertained  ils  to  its  r,lii:i.ius  iili 
racy,  was  originally  nothing  more  in  app, aririic 
than  the  exercise  of  a  right  which  ev,  rv  s,.,  i,  ly 
claims,  the  expulsum  of  ri'fractorv  tin  iiiU  rs  Irma 
its  iHKly.     No  direct  tem|Miral  ilisailvani;iu'i  s  at- 
teniled  this  penally  for  several  iigis;   hut  as  it 
was  the  most  severe  of  spiritual  ii  iisnr,  -.  atwl 
tended  to  exclude  the  object  of  it,  not  onU  fp'in 
a  parthipation  in  religious  rites,  bin  in'aieii- 
sulerable degree  from  the  intercourseof  Chri^ii.m 
WK'iety,    it  was  iisM'd  sparingly  and   iijion  tin. 
gravest  (H'casiona.     (Iradiially.  as  the  i  liiin  h  hi' 
came  more  powerful  and  more  ini|iiriou«.  ex 
eoinmunieations  were  issued  upon  evi  rv  pr,iv,i(a- 
tiim,  rather  as  a  wca|Mm  of  ecclesiastii  al  warfare 
than  with  any  reganl  to  its  original  inti  Mii„n 
.   .   .   Princes  who  felt  the  inadei|iiai  y  of  tliiir 
own  laws  to  secure  olM'dienee  called  iii  tin'  a^>i- 
tance  of  nion;  formidable  sanctions.     s,v,nilrii 
pitnlaries  of  Charlemagne  denounce  tin  pi  ii:ilty 
of  exconimunieation  against  incendiariis  ..r  ,1,' 
s<'rtera  from  the  army.     Charles  the  Hili  pm 
cured  similar  censuri'S  against  his  n  volt,,!  vas 
sal.s.     Thus  the  iHinndary  betwei  n  t,  nip,.r:il  aal 
spiritual  offences  grew  everyday  l.^s  ,!i^iiM,t, 
and  the  clergy  were  encouraged  to'fri  sh  1  m  n«i  h 
iiients.  as  they  di.scovered  the  secret  of  n  luli  ria^ 
them  successful.   .   .   .  Thesupport  ilin'l'o  liunli 
censures  by  temporal  judges  is  vagiiily  .1,-,  land 
in  the  capitularies  of  Pepin  and  ( 'hail,  mai'ii'' 
It  iK'came  in  later  ages  a  mori'  estahli-li'l  |  rin 
1  iple  in  Fnince  and  England,  and.  I  pi.  -utu,  .  in 
other  countries.      Hy  our  eomnion  law  :in  ,  \,  "in 
miinicated  persim  is  incapahlcof  biiie.:  a  -.viirii-s 
or  of  bringing  an  action;  and  he  may  li,' ,1.  Miiml 
in   prison  until  he  obtains  alisoliiiiini 
EstablLshments  of  St.  Louis,  his  ish,!, 
might   lie  attached    by  the   ma-i-Ir.!. 
actual  pi'nalties  were  attended  hyiiiiil 
horrence  and  ignominy  still  more  1:1!.  1 
make  an  impression  on  ordin.iry  mini- 
were  to  be  shunned,  like  men  infii  t,  ,1  ' 
nwy.  by  their  '-arvants.  thiir  fri.e.i!-     ;:;  I  ilnir 
families.   .   .   .   Uut  as  excommuniealion    wliiili 


II 


III,' 
M.-r-'ia 
Ih.-.. 

i'i!'.l'  1" 

•fliiv 

ihl'P 


1132 


EXCOMMUNICATIONS. 


FACTORY  LEGISLATION. 


itucked  only  one  and  (wrhap*  a  hardened  sinner, 
wu  not  alwayn  etHcacious,  the  church  had  re- 
cuiiree  to  a  more  compn-henslve  |iuniNliinent. 
For  the  ollem-e  of  a  nobleman  »h<'  put  a  county, 
for  thai  of «  prince  his  entire  kingdom,  uniler  an 
Intenlict  or  suspension  of  n'ligiomt  offlccH.  No 
stn'tcli  of  her  tyranny  wad  |ktIi«ps  mt  outra- 
jeouK  iiH  this.  During  an  interdict  the  ciiun-hes 
were  closed,  the  bells  silent,  the  dead  unburied. 
DO  rite  but  tliowof  Iwptisni  and  extreme  unction 
wrfivmieil.  The  |>enalty  fell  upon  those  who 
had  neither  parluken  nor  coidd  have  pri'vented 
Ihe  olTi'nce;  and  the  offence  was  often  but  a 
nrivali-  ilispule,  in  which  the  pride  of  a  po|H-  or 
bishop  liiul  iH^n  wounded.  Interdicls  were  so 
ran'  Ixfon'  the  time  of  Gregory  VII..  that  some 
have  referred  them  to  him  as  their  author;  in- 
stances may  however  be  found  of  an  earlier 
a»le."-ll.  llallam,  Thr  MiMh  Age.  eh.  7.  pi.  1. 

Ai-so  IN :  M.  (Josselin,  7'Af  Jhiifer  of  the  Pope 
in  tlu  MiddU  Agr*.  pt.  3,  eh.  1,  art.  3.— H.  C. 
I,ea,  tftuiiiet  in  Chitreh  Hint.,  pt.  3.— 1'.  Schaff. 
IM  t'ftht  Chrittiait  t'hiireh,  r.  4.  eh.  8.  tret.  88. 

EXECUTIVE  SESSIONS.    SccConorkss 

or  TIIK  I'MTEI)  STATKS. 

EXEGETVE,  The.—  A  boanl  of  three  per- 
sons in  ancient  Athens  "to  whom  application 
might  lie  made  in  all  matUT*  relating  to  sacred 
law.  and  also,  probably,  with  reganl  to  the  sig- 
nilicanre  of  the  Uioscmia,  or  celestial  phenomena 
tod  other  signs  by  which  future  events   were 


foretold."— G.  F.  SchOmann.  Antiq.  of  Greece : 
The  Stiite.pt.  8.  eh.  8. 

EXETER,  Origin  of.—"  Isca  Damnonlorum, 
Caer  Wise,  Kxanceasler.  Kxeter,  keeping  essen- 
tially the  same  name  under  all  changen,  standi 
distinguished  as  the  one  great  English  cily  which 
has,  in  a  more  marked  way  than  any  other,  kept 
its  unbroken  U'ing  and  its  luibroken  position 
throughout  all  ages.  The  City  on  the  Exe.  in 
nil  ages  and  in  all  tongues  keeping  its  name  as 
the  City  on  the  Exe.  allows  of  an  easy  <letinition. 
.  .  .  It  is  the  one  city  [of  Englandl  in  which  we 
can  feel  sure  that  human  habitation  and  city  life 
have  never  ceas<Kl  from  the  days  of  the  early 
I'lesars  to  our  own."— E  A.  Kfeemun.  Kretrr, 
eh.  1-2. 

EXILARCH,  The.     See  .Ikws  :   7tii  Ckn- 

TI'KV. 

EXODUS  FROM  EGYPT,  The.  Sec 
,Ikw«:  Thk  Kill  tk  ok  tiik  Exoin x 

EXPLORATION,  African  and  Polar.  See 
Akhii'(,  and  I'oi.ak. 

EYLAU,  Battle  of  (1807).  See  (Iermant: 
A.  I).  1806-1807. 

EYRE,  GoTemor,  and  the  Jamaica  inaur- 
rectioo.     See  Jamaica:  A.  I>.  1865. 

EYSTEIN  I.,  KinK  of  Norway,  A  I)  1116- 
1123 Eyitein  II.,  11.'>.V1157. 

EZZELINO,  OR  ECCELINO  DI  RO- 
MANO, The  tyranny  of,  and  the  crusade 
aeainit.    See  Verona:  A.  D.  1336-13S9. 


F. 


FABIAN  POLICY.-FABIAN  TACTICS. 

—The  policv  pur8uc<l  by  i^.  Kabius  Maximus, 
the  Koman  ijicutor,  called  "the  CunctaU)r"or 
Lingenr,  In  his  campaigns  against  Hannibal. 
See TiMc  Wab.  The  Second. 

FACTORY  LEGISLATION,  English.— 
"Ilurin);  the  17th  and  18th  centuries,  when  the 
skill  of  the  workmen  had  greatly  improvi-d,  and 
the  pnxluctiveness  of  labour  had  increased,  vari- 
ous niethwls  were  n-sorteil  to  for  the  purpose 
of  pnilonzing  the  working  day.  The  noontide 
nap  W11.S  first  dispensi'd  with,  then  other  intervals 
of  nst  were  curtaiUil.  and  ultimately  urtificial 
li^lit  »!i,s  introduced,  which  had  the  effiit  of 
rlHilisliiii);  the  diffen^nce  iH'twwn  the  short  days 
of  niirlcr  and  the  long  days  of  summer,  thus 
equalUiiiK  the  working  day  'throughout  the  year. 
The  oiHiiiiig  of  the  19th  cVntury  was  signalised 
by  a  111  w  cry,  namely,  for  a  n-duition  in  the 
hours  of  l.ihoiir;  this  was  in  con.se(iuence  of  the 
intnuliii  tion  of  female  and  child  lalnmr  into  the 
faiiori.  s,  iinil  the  det*'rioration  of  the  workers  as 
a  n-»Mli  of  excessive  overwork.  .  .  .  The  over- 
work o|  ihe  young,  and  particularly  the  exces- 
sivi-  liiiiirs  in'the  factories,  liccanie  such  crying 
eviK  iliiii  ill  Ism  the  first  Act  was  pa8.s<'d  to  re- 
strid  till  liours  of  lal)Our  for  apprentices,  who 
win'  prolilbiied  from  working  more  than  12 
lio'ir^:nl;iy,  Ixtween  six  .\.  M.  and  nine  I'.  M., 
iiml  'hii  jirovision  should  hv  made  for  teaching 
till  11;  !■.  :.,nl  and  write,  and  other  nlucntioniil 
I  \. n  i^. .  This  Act  further  pnivided  that  the 
mill-  sIkiiiM  1m'  whitewashed  at  lea.st  once  a 
yrar.  aii'l  that  doors  and  windows  shouM  !«■ 
muiii  !..  iiliiiit  ftesh  air.  This  .\ct  was  followed 
liy  1  M  ri.  -i  of  ('iiniinissions  and  committees  of  in- 
"I'l.i*.  lilt  ifsult  iieing  tiiat  it  was  sevi'ml  limes 
amiiidnl.     The  details  of  the  evidence  given  be- 


fore the  several  commissions  and  committees  of 
imiuiry  arc  sickening  in  the  extreme ;  the  me<lical 
testimony  was  unanimous  in  its  venlict  that  the 
chililn'ii  were  physically  ruined  by  overwork; 
those  who  escape*!  with  their  lives  were  so  <rip- 
pled  and  maimed  tliatthey  wen'  unulil*'  to  main- 
tain themselves  inafter  life,  and iH'canie  paupers. 
It  was  proven  that  out  of  4,000  who  entered  the 
factory  before  they  were  'M  vears  of  age,  only  600 
were  to  be  found  in  the  milfs  after  that  age.  By 
Sir  Robert  Peel's  Hill  in  1819  it  was  pn)i)ose<l  to 
limit  the  hours  to  11  per  day  witli  one  and  a  half 
for  meals,  for  those  under  16  years  of  age.  But 
the  mill-owners  prophesiiil  the  ruin  of  the  manu- 
factiiP'rs  of  thecountry— they  couhl  not  compete 
with  the  fon-ign  markets,  it  was  an  interference 
with  the  freedom  of  ialxmr,  the  spare  time  given 
would  Iw  spent  iu  debauchery  and  riot,  and  tliat 
if  pas-seii,  other  tnules  would  reiiuin'  the  same 
provisions.  The  Bill  was  defeated,  and  the  hours 
fixed  at  73  per  week;  the  jusliics,  that  is  to  say 
the  manufacturers,  were  entrusted  witli  the  en 
forcement  of  the  law.  In  IMi.'ia  new  law  was 
pas.se(l  detining  tbi'  lime  when  bn'akfast  and 
liinner  was  to  Is-  taken,  and  Uxiug  the  time  to 
half  an  hour  for  the  first  n'past,  and  a  full  h<mr 
for  dinner;  the  traiiitional  term  of  appn'iitices 
was  dropped  anil  the  miHlem  classification  of 
childnn  and  young  persons  was  substituted, 
ami  ( hildren  wcr'  ome  more  prohibited  from 
working  more  than  12  hours  a  day.  But  every 
nu-ans  was  ailoptinl  to  evade  the  law.  .  .  .  After 
Ihou.sands  of  petitions,  and  numerous  angry  do 
bates  in  I'arliament,  the  Act  of  18*$  wa.s  iias.s<d, 
whicli  limited  tlie  working  hours  of  cliildren  to 
48  hours  per  week,  and  provided  that  each  child 
should  iianiiiiTIuin  amour.t  of  .s<ho(ilinir.  and 
with  it   factory    iiispccturs    were   appointed   to 


1133 


If 


I' 

H 


'   P      .  I  ! 


Hi, 


1  :j 


■  p  >••,..  ■ 


FACTORY  LEGISLATION. 

enforce  the  Inw,     But  the  law  wm  not  to  comn 
Into  oprrittion  until  Mnrcli  1. 183«l.  during  which 
time  it  imil  to  li<>  pxpiainctl  nnil  ili'fcndt-il  in  ono 
session,  nmcmiiil  in  u  s<-coii(l.  iinil  iniiilc-  binilinK 
In  ft  Ihini.     After  M'Vcml  lloyiil  CominiiMiiins 
■ml  in(|uirii>«  liy  wlict  <i>inmiIU-<-s,  tiii»  .\<l  Ims 
been  rielit  timi's  tunrnilcil,   until  tlie   worltinR 
hours  of  cliililrTn  nri'  now  limilcil  to  six  per  <lay. 
ami  fur  younn   pcrwins  anil  women  to  58   p<r 
wnk;  these  proviniimH  nitli  certain  inoililicatiiins 
arc  now  extemliil  lo  wurliHiiops.  anil  tlic  whole 
law    is   l«ini»   consoliilati-il   nnil   amenilcil.   .   .  . 
Tlio  wliole  seriiH  of  tlie   Kaetorv   Acts,   (iating 
from  42  (leorKe  III  ,  r    Til,  to  lli|.";n  anil  M  Vic- 
tori;!  I'^TI.  fiiniiB  a  ciMie  of  let'isiation.  in  n^garil 
to  worliini;  peopli'.  unexanipleil  in  any  n^c  anil 
uni'i|iiaili'il  ill   any  eoiinlry  in   the  worlil.  .   .   . 
Oiit>iile  I'iirliamint  eirorfH"liavc  Imto  coiistantiy 
maile  lofurlliiT  reiline  tlie  working  hours."— (i, 
Howell,  'I'/ir  CinHirlM  of  Ciiiittil  mill  hi/Diiir,  ]>ji. 
29H-;tll|.  —  "Tlie    eonlinental    coverninents.    of 
rourw,  have  luen  iihli^eil  to  make  regulations 
eoverinx  kiiiilreil  Kulijeets,  hut  rarely  have  they 
kept    pace    willi    Knulisli    IcKislatiiin.     Amerien 
IniH  enaiteil  pniKres.sive  laws  «)  far  as  the  conili- 
tiiiu  of  factory  woikirs  hiw  warrnnteil.    It  nhoulil 
be  reineiiiU'riil  that  llie  almsi'S  which  crept  into 
the  Ryslem  in  Knijlanil  never  c.xistnl  in  this  coun- 
try in  any  such  ileirne  as  we  know  they  iliil  in 
the  olil  loiinlry.      Yet  there  are    few  States  in 
AiiiiTiia   where    manufactures    prcilominate   or 
holil  an  import. lilt  pnsition  In  which  law  has  not 
Kte|)peil    in  anil    reslricleil   ciliier  the   lioiirs  of 
lalxir,    or  the   conilillons  of  lalnir.  and  insisted 
up<m  the  education  nf  faitury  childrc^n.  allhough 
the  laws  are  usually  silent  as"  to  children  of  agri- 
cultural lahorers.     It  is  is  not  wholly  in  the  pas- 
sage of  purely  factory  acts  that  tlie"factorv  sys- 
tem has  inlliiei:<-il  the  Icirislalion  of  Ihr  world. 
England  may  have  sulTen'd  tempomrily  fromtlie 
effects  of  some  of  her  factory  legislation,  and  the 
recent  reduction  of  the  lioutsof  laborto  nine  and 
one  half  |ht  day,  less  than  in  any  other  country, 
has  had  I  lie  elTecl  of  placing  licr"  works  at  a  dis- 
advantage; hut,  in  the  hing  run,   England  will 
be  the  gainer  on  account  of  all  the  work  she  has 
done  in  the  way  of  legislative  restrictions  upon 
lalKir     In  this  she  Imschangeil  her  whole  |)<>licy. 
Formerly  trade  must  lie  restricted  and  lalxir  al- 
lowed   to  demoralize  itself   under   the  B|)ecious 
nlea  of  Uing  free:  now,  tnide  must  lie  free  and 
labor  restricted  in  tlie  interests  of  society,  wliicli 
means   in   the    interest    of    ginnl    morals      The 
factory  system  has  not  only  wrought  this  change, 
but  has  compelled  the  economists  to  recognUc 
tlic  distinction  lietween  commislities  and  services. 
There    lias   Im'cii    greaur   and   greater    fri'iilom 
of  contract  in  respeit  to  commixlities,    hut  tlic 
contracts    which    involve    lalnir    have     iK'comc 
more  ami  more  completely  under  the  authority 
and   Ml|lervi^ion    of    tie   State.       '  Sevcnty-l'   < 
year-i  ;ig.i  scarcely  a  single  law  existed  in'  a.,y 
couiitiv  for  regulating  the  contract  for  services 
in  the  inlirevt  nf  the  l.ilioring  classes.     At  the 
Siiiiie   lime   the    euuiract    for  comiiKKlities   was 
every «  In  re  yulijiel  In  miiiiile  and  incessant  reg- 
ulatiun,'    I  lion.    F.  .\.  Walker].     Factory  legis- 
lation III  KiiL'land,  as  clsiwhen-,  has  had  for  its 
chief  ohjeit  ilie  regulation  of  the  l.-iUir  of  cliil 
drill  anil  «■    •     i;    hut  its  .scope  li:is  cnnslamly 
increased  liv  siiecessive  and  iiroL'ressive  aiiieiii|. 
menu  until  they  liave  atU'iiipted  to  secup^  the 
physical  and  moral  well-being  of  the  working- 


PALAI8E. 

man  In  all  fradea,  and  to  glye  him  evrry  rnndl- 
tionof  salulirity  and  of  pennnal  safiiv  in  n,, 
workshop*.  The  excellent  effect  of  fai  lorv  ', ,. 
islation  has  been  mailc  manifest  lhroiii;li>,lii  n,,, 
whole  of  On>at  Ilritaln.  '  I'hyHionily.  ijj.  i,„  t,,rv 
chihl  can  bear  fair  r<miparlson  w'iih  the  i|iii;| 
broiigiii  up  In  the  tlehls,'  and,  inlell.  <  iin.iiv 
pnigress  is  far  jfreater  with  the  forim  r  Ihiin  v.\\i\ 
the  latter.  Public  opinion,  stniek  hy  ih.v  ro 
suits,  has  demanded  the  extension  of  pniiniivi- 
measiins  for  children  to  eyery  kind  of  iii.|ii>!n ,1 
lalKir.  until  parliament  has  bniiighi  iiii,|,  r  il,,. 
inlluenee  of  these  laws  tlie  most  p,.\M  rlul  ji, 
diistries.  To  carry  the  factory  ngiilali.iH  ;in,| 
those  relutlve  to  sehooiing  into  elTni.  i:iii;|;iii,| 
hiiM  an  efllelent  corjis  of  fiielorv  inspeelors  Tin' 
inaniifiictiircrs  of  Kngland  are  uiiaiiiiii.nis  in  ,■„. 
knowledging  that  to  the  activity,  to  the  Miwnf 
impartiality,  displayisl  by  these  inspi.inrs,  u 
due  the  fact  that  an  entire  applicatinii  i>r  th..  law 
has  Isen  possible  without  individual  ■iiiin.n 
Ising  thereby  Jeopardized  to  a  very  m  ri.ni,  ,a 
tent.  .  .  In  no  other  country  Is  tin  re  s..  .  hil, 
omtcaeixle  of  factory  laws  as  the  •  Iliiii,!,  fu  i.ry 
niid  workshop  act'  of  187»  (4t  Viet  ,  chip  iiii, 
it  iH'ing  an  act  consolidating  all  the  faet.iry  .u  t» 
since  Sir  liolM'rt  I'wl's  act  of  lNir>"— c  |) 
Wright,  Faetory  Lemttatiun  (Ttnth  I'lnmi,  .<fiht 
V.  .V,  r.  2). 

At.so  IN:  Fint  annual  liep't  tif  thf  F,i,-I',ri/  /„ 
tltfflnr,  ,.f  the  StiiU  of  Keid  York,  l><m.ui,i.,',.lif, 
— ('.  Knight,  hifmliir  l/inl.  of  Fii'/..  r.  S,  :■',  a 
anil  21.-11.  Manineaii, //(■»<.«/ Ml-  T/iirlii  l',,,,.,' 
J'ftu-f.  r.  8,  pp.  512-515.— Sec,  also.  K.muand 
A.  D.  1833-1833. 

FADDILEY,  Battle  of.— Fought  suctis.s 
fully  by  111  ■  Hritons  with  the  West  Saxunv,  ..u  tue 
border'of  t'hesliire,  A.  I).  .WS— .1  K  (Inin 
r/if  Making  of  Kni/lanil,  p.  21X1. 

FAENZA,  Battle  of  (A.  D.  542).  Sn  Komk 
A.  I).  Ki:\-r,Xi. 

FiESULiC.  Sec  Fuikexck,  Ouhhn  .kw 
Name 

FAGGING.   See  Kducation.  Modkiin  Ei  ro 

PEAN('Ot:NTIlIE8.— EnoLAND.— TiIEUkKAtI'ib- 

i.ic  Schools. 

FAGGIOLA,  Battle  of  (1435).    .S 1 
A.  I).  H  1.2- 1447. 

FAINEANT  KINGS. 

51 1-7.53. 

FAIR  OAKS,  Battle  of.  Sei-  IMiniSrviKs 
OKA.M. :  A.  1).  1H«3(.Mav    ViiiiitNui 

FAIRFAX  AND  THE  PARLIAMEN- 
TARY ARM".  See  E.Mii.AM):  .\  l>  \>;ir, 
(.Iamiaut— AiMiii.).  and  (,Iixk):  1(14?  1  Aikii- 
At:ia'sT);  in4H(\ovEMUEii):  l(>49(Fnnii  miv! 

FALAISE.— "The  Castle  lin  .NCrnini^lv) 
where  legend  llxes  the  birth  of  Willi  im  .1'  .\i!r- 

mandy,  and  where  history  fixes  tlicfe i-li'im 

age  of  William  of  Scotland,  is  a  va-t  ,1  .1;  11  nf 
tlie  eleventli  or  twelfth  century.  <  hir  .f  ihe 
grandest  of  those  massive  sipiare  kci  |k  i<  lii.  li  I 
have  already  s|ioken  of  as  disiingiii-.liiii.:  tin  i:ir 
liest  military  architecture  of  Norinainlv  cr.wns 
tlie  summit  of  a  precipitous  riM'k.  fidnl.'i  In-  iin- 
otlicr  i:;ass  of  riK-k,  wilder  still,  on  wiii,  li  r.i'c:in- 
non  of  England  were  planted  iliiriii_'  ll'iiry* 
siege.  To  these  rm-ks.  these  '  fcKeii  I  n  >|>,it 
owes  its  nami'  of  Kalaise.  .  .  .  l!i!«..!i  Ihrv; 
two  rugged  heights  lies  a  iiarniw  ill  II  The 

del!  is  crowded  witli  mills  a;::!  !:;!i;!e!i.  '■'.<.  \\k 
mills  and  tanneries  of  Falaise  have  il.  r  -\i:\n 
in  the  historic   interest  of    the    plar  In 


IlAI.V: 
8e<'    FUANhs:    .\    I) 


1134 


FALAI8E. 

tjm  form  which  the  iitory  hw  Uken  In  hlitory 

or  If tti'ii't.  the  mcilhiT  iif  lh«  ('oniiiu'ri)r  apppKre 

li  till' iliiuulitiT  of  a  tnnncr  of  KiihilM'."— E.  A. 

rnrnwii    .V'lrm/iH  Cnnqiint,  fh.  H.  trrt.  1. 
FALAISE,  Peace  ol(^l^i).    «<•<■  Scori-Atii): 

A  I)  1I7+-11H9. 
FALK  LAWS,  The.     8.r  (Jkkmanv:  A,  D. 

187:1-1*17. 
FALKIRK,  Bsttlei  of  (1298  and  1746).    .St*' 

gc,^l  «M.    A.  1)    fJlMI-llKW;  iiml  174.'V-174rt. 
FAMAGOSTA;  A.  D.  I57i.-T»kenby  the 

Tarki.    S<<  Tikkh;  A.  I).  1.^«<H.')71. 
FAMILIA.— Iloniaii  "liivci   (if   one    master 

KIP'  cilliTilvclT  called  fiiiiiiliii. 
FAMILISTERE.    Scc(<(i<iai.  Mnvp.ME:<TS: 

A  I)  |s->i-lM«7. 
FAMILY  COMPACT,  The  First  Bourbon. 

gPf  Ku»n(E:  A.  I).  17a3 The  Second.    S<- 

Fr\s(K,:  a.  I).  174Jt  (DCTOBEW) The  Third. 

teKKASCK:  A.  I).  17fll  (AirofKT). 
FAMILY  COMPACT  IN  CANADA,  The. 

ge..('»SAi>A:  A.  I).  1H2(I-1H37. 
FAMINE,    The    Cotton.      Sec    Encii.aM): 

A.  I).  lK«I-lHfl.V 
FAMINE,  The  Iriah.     Sec  Ihei.a.nd:  A.  I). 

1M.V1H47. 
FANARIOTS.    Sit  Piianahioth. 
FANEUIL  HALL.— "The  fume  of  Fiineull 
Hull  lll<wi"n.  Miiwi.l  is  us  wide  as  the  country 

Itself  ItliuslH'eru-alled  the  'Cradle  of  I.ilKTty,' 
bmiiise  ili'dlcuteil  liy  tliut  early  apostle  of  free- 
diira,  .luniiB  (Itis.  to  the  cause  of  lilHTty,  in  a 
spiicli  ililivcreil  in  the  hall  in  Marcli,  Ktlii.  .  .  . 
lu  wulis  li!vve  erhoeil  to  the  voices  of  the  prent 
dtpiirtril  ill  times  Koni'  by,  and  in  every  (.'rent 
pulilii- exigency  the  pciiple.  with  one  accord,  us- 
icnilileil  lop'tlier  to  take  counsel  within  its  liul- 
lowed  iircilncts.  .  .  .  The  Old  Marketliousi> 
.  .  .  esislinij  in  I)ixk  Kcpiare  in  I7;U,  was  de- 
miilislied  liy  a  moli  in  \'M-iV.  There  was  con- 
ttntion  iiinonjf  the  people  as  to  whether  they 
would  he  served  at  their  liouw^s  In  the  old  way, 
iirnsiin  to  tlxiil  liK-alities,  and  one  wt  of  dispu- 
tants t<Mili  this  summary  metlio<l  of  settling;  the 
qui^tlnn.  ...  Ill  1740,  the  (luestion  of  the  .Mur- 
kct  liiiiise  Isinu  revived,  Peter  Faneuil  propost'd 
to  biiilclone  at  his  own  cost  on  the  town's  luiid 
in  Diick  Spuire,  upon  condition  that  the  town 
•lioulil  li'i;iilly  nuthorize  it,  enact  proper  n'^ula- 
tions,  :uhI  iiiuintuin  it  for  the  purpose  naiiie<l. 
Mr.  Funiiiil's  noble  offer  was  courteously  rc- 
rpivcil.  hut  Kueh  was  the  division  of  opinion  on 
the  Riibjci  t  that  it  was  aci-eptiil  by  a  niujority 
ofiinl\  seven  votra,  out  of  727  persons  volinjr. 
Tlic  liinlilini;  was  completed  in  Si'plemlx'r,  1742. 
and  tlirie  days  after,  at  a  meeting  of  citizens. 
tlip  li:ill  «;is  formally  accepted  and  a  vote  of 
tlankspiis.std  to  the  donor.  .  .  .  The  town  voted 
that  till'  liall  sliould  be  calleil  Funcuil  Hall  for- 
ovir.  .  .  The  original  size  of  the  buihling  wag 
40 i.y  1(H)  fcit,  jiisi  half  the  present  width ;  tlic 
hiill'wc.iiM  eoutain  l.'.HH)  persons.  At  the  tire  of 
Janiiiiry  i:!,  IT83,  the  whole  interior  was  de- 
6tr.n(d',  lull  I  lie  town  voteil  to  ri'build  in  March, 
and  ilii-  Shile  authorized  a  lottery  In  aid  of  the 
ili'«ii!i  The  lirst  meetint;  after  "the  rebuilding 
Was  111  1 1  nil  the  14th  .March,  IVOS.  when  James 
Oii»d.  liMTc'd  the  dedicatory  addres-s.  In  1800 
llic  Hall  was  enlarged  in  width  to  80  feet,  and 
Iniiii  aidiiiim  of  alhird  story."— 8.  A.  Drake, 

Ijb!  !.:.:'-.:.::■!:=  :^f   ll^l,:n    .-!:    4 

FANNIAN  LAW, The.   SeeOBCiiiAN.  Fan- 

sus.  iMiiiAS  Laws. 


FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION. 

FARM.    .See  FcRM. 

FARMERS'  ALLIANCE.  8ev  Uxmo 
8TAT1W  OK  Am  :  A.  D.  1N77-1891. 

FARMER'S  LETTERS, The.  SecUNiTEi> 
Htatksok  .\m.  :   A.  1>.  17«7-1788. 

FARNESE,  Alexander,  Duke  of  Parma,  in 
the  Netherlands.  S<'e  NETiiKlii.A.Mm:  A.  I) 
I,'i77-l.'i81.  to  I.'WH-ISIW. 

FARNESE,  The  Home  of.  See  Pakma: 
A.  1).  l.'.4."i  I'llK.'. 

FARRAGUT,  Admiral  David  G.— Capture 
of  New  Orleani.  See  L'.nitkk  Statks  ok  .\.m.  : 
.\.  I).  IHfWi.Vflilt.:  O.N  TlIK  .Mississifi'l) At- 
tack on  Vicksburg.  See  IMtkh  Staiks  ok 
Am.:  A.  D.  1H«2  (.May — Ii-i.v:  On  tiik  Missib- 

sirn) Victory  in  Mobile  Bay.    8<r  I'niteu 

Stati-sokAm  ;  A.  I)  lH(i4  i.Vi  oist:  .Vi.auama). 

FARSAKH,  OR  FARSANG,  The.  See 
I'akasvno. 

FASCES.     See  I.ktdhs. 

FASTI.—"  Dies  Fusii  wen;  the  days  upon 
whiili  the  Courls  of  .lusthr  (in  ancient  Home] 
wen^  open,  and  legal  business  couhl  l>e  trans- 
acted iK'fore  the  Praetor;  the  Dies  Nefasti  were 
those  u|«in  which  the  I'ourts  were  closed.  .  .  . 
All  days  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  the  0(sls 
by  sacritices,  feasts  or  games,  were  iiaiiiol  Fcstl. 
.  .  .  For  nearly  f<nir  centuries  and  a  half  after 
the  foundation  of  the  city  the  knowledge  of  the 
Calendar  was  confined  to  the  Ponlitlees  ulone. 
,  .  .  "These  st'cnts  which  might  !«•,  and  doubt- 
less often  wen',  employed  for  iMiliticul  ends,  were 
nt  h'ngth  divulged  in  the  yeur  H  C.  !114,  by  Cn. 
Flavins,  who  drew  up  tabU's  enibnicing  all  this 
carefully  treasureil  inforniution,  und  hung  them 
up  in  the  Forum  for  the  insiioetion  of  the  pub- 
lic. Fnim  this  lime  forward  diHunieiits  of  this 
description  were  known  by  the  naiiu^  of  Fastt 
,  .  .  These  Fasti,  in  fact,  corresponde<l  very 
closely  to  a  modern  Almanac.  .  .  .  The  Fasti 
just  (lescrilM'd  have,  to  prevent  confusion,  Ix'en 
calle<l  Calendariu,  or  Fasti  Calendures,  and  must 
Ik'  carefully  distinguisheil  from  certain  composi- 
tions also  named  Fasti  by  the  ancients.  These 
were  regular  chronicles  in  wliich  were  recortled 
each  yeur  the  names  of  the  Consuls  and  other 
magistrutes,  together  with  the  remurkuble  event*, 
and  the  days  on  wldcli  they  (Mcurred.  The  most 
iniportantwcre  the  Annales  Muxinii,  kept  by  the 
Pontifex  Muximus."— \V.  Hainsay,  Manual  of 
Jioniiin  Aiitiq.,  eh.  11. 

FATIMITE  CALIPHS,  The.  Sec  Ma- 
hometan Conquest  and  Empihe:  A.  1>.  908- 
1171;  also,  Ass.vssiNS. 

FAURE,  President,  Election.  See  Fuanck: 
A    I>    1X114-1  Mil,'). 

FEAST  OF  LIBERTY.  SceGiiKKCK;  B.  V. 
47i(:  Pkiikian  Waiis.— Plat.«:a. 

FEAST  OF  REASON,  The.  Sec  France: 
A.  D.  17»;i(NovKMnKii). 

FEAST  OF  THE  FEDERATION,  The. 
See  Fuanck:  -V.  D.  178l)-17Ul. 

FEAST  OF  THE  SUPREME  BEING, 
The.     See  Fuanck:    A.   D.    17U3-171)4  (Novem- 

UEK— .IlNKV 

FECIALES.— FETIALES.    See  FKTtAi-EB. 

FEDELI.     See  Cattani. 

FEDERAL  CITY,  The.  See  Wasiiinoton 
(City):  A.  I).  17IM. 

FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION  OF  SWIT- 
ZERLAND.   See  Constitution  OP  TBE  Swui 

CONKKDERATION. 


1135 


■  1     r ! 


1    ! 


I  .  1 


■'.   V' 


FKDEHAL  CONSTITUTION 

FEDERAL  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  OF  AM.    S<r  Conctiti 

TIllN  or  TlIK  I  SITK.U  StATKK 

FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT.-- FEDER- 
ATIONS.—"  Twn  rcijiii-'ili'H  mvm  mvt'Hiiiiry  li' 
I'linHliliiit'ii  KiMliriiKiiivrniinriit  ill  .  .  Ilmiiinl 
111  r(i<  I  fiirill  DlllliriilK'  llllllil,  rill  ll  nf  till'  lllrlll 
iHrmif  till'  I'liliiii  iiiiihI  I,i'  wliiilly  iiiilipa-iiiliiit  in 
tlloHt'  Illlltti'Pl  wliirli  riiiiri-ril  riirll  llli'litin'r  only. 
Oil  till'  otiiir  liaiiil.  all  iiiii»l  >»'  mi'ijiil  In  a 
t'liiiiiiiiin  iiowiT  ii!  Iliihw'  inatlrrs  wliii  li  ruiiitrii 
llir  wliiilr  ImnIv  .if  niiiiilKri  nilli  i  linly  Tliiiit 
larli  iiii'iiilK'r  will  li\  fur  ilsiir  llw  Iii'wk  of  IIh 
rriiiiiiial  Jiiriii|iriiilriiri'.  ami  rviii  tlii' ili'laiU  iif 
In  piililitul  riiunliliiiiiifi  Ami  it  will  itn  tiiin. 
ii"l  as  n  iiiiilliT"(  jirtvili's:!-  "r  lunri'iwicni  frmii 
any  IiIkIiit  (Niwir,  liiil  nn  :i  niatlir  of  alisiiliili' 
rl.Klit.  liy  virtiiiiif  Iih  mlicri'iii  imwirit  aH  an  In.l^' 
IM'Uili'nt  iiiininniivM'ahli  Hiil  inall  iiiatti'Mwhii  li 
innicra  till'  ni'iiiral  iKnly,  tin-  «iivi'ri'l){iily  of  llii) 
Bcviral  iiu'MilM'rM  will  I'lii-x'  VauU  mi'mlMr  ia 
(MTfi'itly  iiiili|>inilint  witliiii  Itaownsplicri';  Imt 
tlH'H'  isaiiotliiTHiilirri'  ill  wliiili  itH inili'pi'iuli'iii'f, 
or  ralliir  IIm  iu'|iarali'  rxinti'mi'.  raniiifacg.  It  is 
invi'Ktril  witli  cviTy  rlclit  of  wiveni^nty  on  one 
claim  if  Kulili'i'tii,  liiit  tlit-ri'  Itiinotliirrliiuof  ■iili 
Ji'Ctaori  Willi  ll  it  isaslniapnlilt'of  M'pHmt4'  imlili 
cat  ai  li'.n  iw  any  provliiri'  iir  cily  of  n  immnnliy 
or  of  an  iiulivlHilili'  ripiililir.  Four  KriliTiil 

C'onimimwi'uttliH  .  Htunil  out,  in  four  ililTi'ri'nl 
agi-a  of  till!  worlil.  as  I'ommaiiiling,  alKivi-  all 
otlicm.  till'  attention  of  stiiilfiita  of  iMilitloal  liia- 
tiiry.  Of  Huso  four,  oiir  bt'lon^a  to  what  la  usu- 
ally known  as  '  anricni."  iinotlii'r  to  what  ia  rom 
inouly  ralii'd  '  imiliii'Val  '  liislory  ;  a  tliini  arosi'  in 
till'  piriiKl  of  Imnsilioii  ln'lwi'in  iiu'iliii'val  anil 
iniMltTn  history  ;  thr  i-n'ation  of  tlit'  fourth  may 
liavi'  Ih'iii  wiliii'xM'ij  liy  Honiffi'Wof  thoHi'  wlioaii- 
atill  lounti'il  aiiiiaiK  livinif  iihii  .  .  .  Thi'st'  four 
Coninionwi'iiltlis  arr,  First,  thf  Ailiaiim  ^'atfiii' 
|M'f  Uhkki'K:  H.  C.  2N<»-14BJ  in  tlii'  lali-r  ilaya  of 
Amii'nl  (irii'ii',  »ho.«'  most  tloiirishiDK  ihtIihI 
•  onus  within  tin'  tliinl  niiturv  lafori'  our  rra. 
Si'i'oiiil,  till'  Coiifi'ilcnition  of  llic  Swiss  Cantons 

[Sll'   CONSTITITION   <IF   TlIK  SwiSK    CoNFCIIKHV 

thin),  wliiili,  with  many  ••hanjris  in  itai'Xtint 
anil  roust  it  utioii,  has  limti'il  from  tlii'  thirtointh 
O'ntiiry  to  oiirown  ilay.  Tliinl,  tln'Sivi'n  I'niti'il 
Proviiici'sof  till-  Ni'tlii'rliinils|si'i'  Nktiikhlamw: 
A.  U  l"i7T-l.>l,  anil  aftrr),  wlio^'  Union  arow 
in  llii'  War  of  Iiiilr|H'ii<li'iiri'  auaJM-t  Spain,  anil 
lasii'il.  ill  a  ri'puliliraii  I  >riii,  till  tlir  war  of  ilii> 
Kriiii  ll  Ui'Voliiiion.  Fourth,  ilii'  Iniliil  Statis 
of  North  Ami'rii-a  Isi-t'  ('onstiti'tion  ok  thk 
IMiKii  .Status  OK  .\m  ).  wliiili  formi'il  u  Fiil 
I'ml  liiioii  aftir  tliiir  ri'wili  from  Ihi'  Hriii-h 
Crown  iiiiiUr  (Ji'ori;!'  tin'  I'liinl,  anil  whosi' ih'.. 
tiny  forms  oiir  of  ilir  most  iinporlant,  anil  cir 
tainly  tlir  iiio>i  intiTistinit,  of  tin-  politii-al  pnili 
liiiis  of  our  own  time.  Of  IIi.m'  four,  thnr 
foiiii'MilIii  iiiiily  mar  to  tin-  full  rralization  of 
till'  Fi-'lrrai  i.lia  lo  Ih'  ontith'il  to  rank  aiiioni; 

rK'rfii  t  Kiili  ral  (iovi'rnniiiils.  Tlii'  Acliaiaii 
A'ak'ii'  .  anil  tin-  I'nitnl  Stati'S  sinri' tliriuioption 
of  the  |.risciii  (  onstitiilioii.  arc  imlt'iii  tlii"  most 
pirfiii  ilrvilopiinnts  of  the  Fi'ili'nil  pri'iiripU- 
whiili  Ihi'  worlil  has  rvi  r  stiii.  The  SwissCon 
fi'iliration,  in  its  oriirin  a  fiiion  of  ihi'  loosest 
kiiiil,  has  tiniilually  ilmwii  the  Fisleral  iMinil 
ti.'hter  and  tiiiliter.  till,  within  our  own  liini't  i| 
has  ii.s.siiiiii'il  a  torin  which  fairly  entitles  it  to 
rank  iH'hiile  .Veliaia  ami  America '    The  claim  of 


lii.'lih 

^!:ll,i 
lit   In- 

.M\.r 
r  -'  ll.' 


KKIIKRAL  OOVKKNMKNT 

thp  I'nitiil  ProvinccK  ,«  niori'  iloiiliiiui  ii,,,, 
unl.in  wasal  n.i  p<'rtoil  of  Hicir  npiihli.  m  lu,,,^ 
Ml  ehim'  as  llial  of  Aeliaia,  America,  anl  iiiKJirn 
Hwii/.erlaiiil  "  -  K,  A  Fnemaii.  //iW  .7  /,./,,„' 
HitrrrtiHitiii,  r.   I,  ftp.  W  It 

CUstiflcation  of    Federal   GoTcrnm'ntt. 

"To  the  eliisaitlcation  of  feihrnl  l'"1' n,  „  m, 
piihlicists  have  Kivcn  ^ri'at  attention  wiili  i,,,.^i 
isfiMlory  results.  History  '.hows  a  un  ,1  i  m,  ■ 
"f  forms,  rauKlnK  from  the  lowest  |i.„-iii|, 
V'anl/atioii,  like  that  of  the  Ainphii  Umii.  i  im, 
ill  |see  AMI'lllKTVllNir  CofMII  |  lo  IN, 
i'enlnill/.eil  anil  powerful  Ccrinaii  Knipii' 
writen  ileny  that  any  tlxeil  lioiin.iiini - 
ih'serilii'il.  The  usual  elasaltlialion  i~  li. 
into  thn-e  ilivisions,—  the  Staal.  n>i  .  ir  . 
foiinilitl  onuutea:  the  Stiuitinliiii,.!.  .,i  , 
states  —  to  which  the  term  C.iiif.ii. Tin  \  m  irii 
eorresp. Hills;  anil  thu  Hii'-liiistaal,  .ir  uniiid 
state,  which  iinswcni  siiImi  .ntiaiiy  in  ilu'  i.rni 
fislenilion  a*  usually  employe.l  "  Tin  »i  „iiin 
sttuit  Is  ili'Hiieil  to  Ih'  a  stau-  in  wlii.  h  ih.  iimi, 
an'  not  iiiiliviiliials,  liiit  states,  aii.l  wlii<  1.  t|„ri' 
fore,  has  no  operation  ilin'ctly  mi  inlHidiiiK 
hut  ileaU  with  ami  h'irislates  for  lis  ■  ir|«.riir 
memla'rs;  they  pn'si-rve  iinillstiirlii'.|  ili.  11  ik.w.p, 
of  government  over  their  own  siili|i,i.  i|,,. 
usual  example  of  a  Sfaatenstaat  i^  il»  ll.lv 
l^.|llan  Kmpire  |wc  Hiisi.tN  Kupihk.  Tiik  IIm  \\ 
This  iiineeption  ...  is,  however,  iilip.;ir:i|  m 
thiiiry,  ami  never  liax  In-en  carrieil  ..ut  in  |ir;i. 
tiee.  .  .  lliHtori(»lly.  also,  the  iliMihiii"ii  i< 
untcQaMe,  The  llolv'lbiman  Knipin'  h.i.l .  "iini 
taxes,  ami  even  Dulijeels  not  eonii.ii..|  uiiliiljr 
Htates.  In  tliiiiry  It  hail  siiiieri.n  .  hiim.  ii|..ii 
all  the  iniliviiliials  within  the  Kmpir.  in  itiiih.' 
it  nlianilonnl  contnil  over  the  slat. '.  Tli.  ~ .  .mil 
cati'ifory  is  iM'tler  estalilislieil.  .1.  Hiin  k  .11 » 
'When  states  form  a  iH'rmaniiit  imliiiiil  .III 
auee,  of  wliicli  common  ilefen.  e  ii  :it  ili.- \rr\ 
hast  the  piirposi',  with  |M'riiiaiieiil  f.  '1. 1  il  nr.'.in- 

tliere  arisi'S  a  .Stiuitenliiiii.l.'     Tlii^  f.i 1  .'i 

ernment  is  ilistingiiislieil  fnim  an  nlliini 
fact  that  it  hits  |H'riiiaiient  fe.l.  nil  or^a 
a  ciimmereial    league  liy   its    |.i'lilicul 
fnini  a  iiiiiiilesNtait  liy  its  limit. il  {iiir|<  > 
other  wonts,  nnilerStaatenhiiinI  ai.  ii  1  h. 
weaker  forms  of  true    f.ihnil    hiiv.iiimh 
which  there  is  inilepinileiiee  from    .il..  r  | 
anil,  witliiii  the  piir|His.'s  .if  the  iini<<ii    nl  | 
il.iice   fnnii   the  constituent  state* 
.Staatenliiiml  form  inclinles  nio-l  nf    'i. 
governineiiis  which   have  exi«teii       1 1, 
ciinfiilerations  (except  perliap*  lli.    I  i' 
.Vch.iaii)  anil  all  the  meiliaval  li'a:;ii> - 
this  ty|M':  ■■ven  111-   strong;  iii.kI.tm  ui  ■ 
I'niteil  Stales,  (iermaiiy,  aii.l  Suii/.  ilm 
gone   through   the   Staatenlniinl    ~i  1:     i 
earlier  history      Iletweeii  the  Siiai.  nl  1 
the  more  highly  ili'VeIo|H'il  form,  tin  li m  I 
no  writer  Inis  ilescriU'il  an  a.i-iir:ii<    '■'■  1 
Then'  an'  certain  governments,  le  '  i'-' 
Canaila,  (lerinany,  Switzerlaml.   iiil  U 
States,  in  wiiicli  isfoiinilaiicialMiral'.i:^  '. 
ci'til  ml  organism,  inclinliiig  iVili  r  il.i";r 
organism  isassigneil  all  or  iii;irlv    ill  t'l 
I  onceriis  of  the  iialion:  williiii  iw  .  \  . 
trol  are  war,  fon-lgn  alTairs.  coiiini.  r 
anil  national  tiiiances;   ami  tiien-  i~      . 
power  of  enforceinent  aiiainsl  -ilat.  - 
ernmentB  iim!.>ubt'.''.l!v  are  H':!!'!.  --• 
B.   Hart.   IntriKt.   to  iht  Stuili/  ,.t    I' 
{Unrntrd  Hintoriml  Mniiiiyriiiihf.  >■■•    .' 


1.1  'hi' 
I. -.Ill 


,iir|.. 


Ill 

.1  till' 


n.i' 

.llTllI 


,'1      ll.'l 


'h   .-. 
I    111' 


1130 


KEDEKAI.  OnVKKNMKNT 

Gtttk  Feil«r»UoB».-"riiilir  ilir  .■..million* 
odliitirn-..  Itmimii  civir  life  linn- wir.  it  two 
DPMii.  'I.I..  iiM'tlicMlsi.f  f.innliiif  I.  unui  MaK-iiml 

,ii,„m  -hiiiK  ''"•  n>""""y  "f  *'"''""     T !"' 

,,„,l„.i    «iii<  <<m(iiii.«l    Willi   liKo'l    ""I""-   •'"■ 
IT    in.lliml     wnit    fi.l.  nili.iii  Ncillirr 

„i,,,li,-l  »iW  a<lopl.-.l  l>,v  III.  (lifkH  In  li..  ir  .liiy 
„r  i'niiliii-«i  Till'  Wpiirtiih  iiicIImkI  of  i AH'iiilliiK 
U«  ]  «rr  will  <iiniiilint  wlllimit  in.  .ir|"imll..ii 
KliiM  Hi.urtii  c.iniHiHrnl  Hiintliir  lini  k  i  ily.  »lir 
Mill  A  liiiriii."!  l.i  ifovi'm  it  liki'  ii  l>  nmi  in  .itli.r 
KMhl-.  -hi-  virlimllv  cnsliivi'il  111.'  »iil.|i.i  .Itv 
Th>  rITi.rt*  ..f  AlliiiiH  liniliil  nii.n-  in  I  li.-  lilr.Ttiim 
„(  It  iKiH.fiil  f.Kl.niliMn.  Ill  III.'  Kf  "  l>.liiiii 
,„„f,Kl.ri.<v  1«'''  ii«^■^•^.  H.  V  i>  r.l  iU"! 
\TIIKN«  IV  ('  4WMV1I  ivlil.h  il.v.  |.i|Hil  nil., 
ihfiiiiiriiiiiii' .■iii|iir.'..f  -Mli.iK.  ll"'    Ksiin  rlli''< 

K.rri  '  il.'il  If  iilli'-x  i-.tliiT  ill ii'ij.  •  '"       •^■' 

n-i-iir.lsili.ir  I.1.-1I  iitl..irs  Ili.'V  "  "  I"  m.i  « ;..v 
iiit.T(ir..|  »llli.  iin.l  ...ul.l  tli.y  li..  I«'n  r.|.r.' 
<eiil.ll  ill  S.II11I' kiiiil  i.f  II  fi.<UTiil  ..'.iiiiil  HI  Alli 
,.n»  III.,  (i.iir-..  .if  (iniiiiii  lilxl.iry  iiiiclii  Imv.' 
tail  w..ii.l.T(ii:iy  iiltiT...!.  .U  it  »:i».  Ili.'y  ».Ti- 
all  .liiinvi'il  i.f  (in.,  iswuliiil  il.iii.-iil  nf  s.iv.r 
rfcntv  -111.'  iMiwcr  I.f  .■.inlr.iiliiiK  Hi.ir  .i»n 
mililiirv  fiirc's  In  lli'-  ..•iitnry    f..ll..wiiii.' 

the  ili'iiili  "f   Ali.xiin.l.r,  in  llii.  .Lisinic  ai;..  ..f 
Hill.iii.  iii.l.prnil.'nn.   ill.,  fciliriil  i.liii  ii|iii.iirH 
in  ii  mil.  1.  ni.m-  imIviu     .1  "tiiire  ..f  .lalMiniii.m 
lli.iiiL'li  in  II  piirt  of  (ircc.c  will,  li  liml  l"-.n  li'l'l 
o(  linl..  ii..'.mnl  In  ilif  (jri'iil  .liiy-'  "f  AiIh'ii..  hi"! 
tiiiiiri  1     lt.tw(...n  the  Ailiiiian  f...l.rali..n,  frani.il 
in '.'T  4  11  «'.  anil  til''  rnit...l  Sliitis  ..f  Ani.rica. 
tli.n.  iiri.  Mill  ••  inttrfnliiiK  (...inls  ..(  no-nibliin... 
»lii.li  liuvi.  lj<eu  flalMiniUiy  .li.-uHs.'.l  liy  Mr 
Kmiiu.ii,  in  his  '  Ui-itory   .if    K.-iliral   C.iv.tii 
mini       AlMiiit  the  wiiii..  linn-  llui  .Klolian  Loasii' 
[siH-  .EmiiiM  l.KAiHKl   .am.,  inl.i  iiromlncn.-.' 
in  111.  ii.irlli.     Both  tli.-M.  l.-iitfii..*  wcr..  in^tanc's 
of  ir'ii'  f.Hliral  itovi'mini'nt,  aii.l  wi.p'  n   1  nicr.' 
l.m^.|.rati.ln^,  tliiit  U,  the  iintnil  if.iv.  rnni.nt 
K 1.  .1  .hiT.  tly  upon  all  the  citiwns  an.)  not  iiiiTcly 
ii|i..n  111.'   I.Kiil    i^oveninientH.       Km  h   of   iIu'w 
lianui  s  liiil  for  its  chief  exiiiitivi'  olHi-.r  a  (J.n 
(Till  1 1..  I..I  f..r  one  veiir.  with  powiTs  aimilar  In 
lli..«i    .if  an  Amrliian  I'rcHl.lent.     In  each   111.' 
Mipn  111.'  assinilily   wan  a  primary  usseinlily  al 
«lii.  h  .  virv  .  itinen  from  every  elty  of  the  li'airu.' 
lail  ii  ri^'lil  to  lie  presi'nt,  to  »i>eak.  anil  to  vole; 
Iml    IS  a  natural   iimm'.pien...   thew  iiHwmlill.'H 
nhniik   int. I  I'oniparutlvely    arist.H'mti.'   l>.i<li."< 
In  ,V.i..n;i,  vvliiiii  WHS  ft  ttroup  of  inoiinlaiM  .  .lii 
Uiii»  Miiiiiir  111  Switzerland,   tlie   f.'ilenil   union 
was  ni.il.-  ...inpU-te  than  in  Ailiaia.  whii-h  «in  a 
gr.iiip  ..f  (-iti..s.  ...   In  h.)  far  as  Ore.-.-.'  e.m- 
Irilmt.  1  iinylliini;  towanls  the  formallon  of  f;reat 
sii-l  I- 1.  ill.  [..ililieal  aUKrcKiUes,  sli.'  ili.l  it  tliroiiirli 
ntl.i,,;'-  .'  fi-.i.-mli.in.     But  in  s.i  l.iw  a  slal.' .if 
polii;.      .li-v -liipini-nt  as   that    wlii.-h    prevail.-.l 

tlinnij;! t    111.-    Mi-.lili'rniiiean     w.irlil    in    Iir. 

Cliri-iiaii  limes,  th.-  nion?  Iwrliarons  meth.Hl  ol 
roiinni->i  w  jtti  in.'iir[ioratioii  was  inon'  likely  lo 
In  sihi.-sfiil  .m  a  ureal  scale.  This  was  wi-ll 
ill.i-irii.l  in  111.-  history  of  llome.  — a  civic  coiii- 
munily  -f  ili.  same  Kciierie  tyiH'  with  Sparlii  ami 
.\tlii  n-.  I"i'  |.r.'senting  siM'citlc  ililtenn'.-s  of  the 

lii.-li.-' |...rlan.-e.  .   .   .    Itimii' i-ariy  sui-.'.-eil.-il 

ill  fill  iv  If  from  that  iusuperalilc  pr.-ju.li.'.- 
win. !  wli.re  prevent*..!  the  ancient  city  from 
a.liii;.ii  ili.-ns  to  a  share  in  Its  franchise.  .Vn.l 
■n '.hi- \!  .-r'.' over  primeval  p.diti'Ja!  '.i'-as  lay 
till  wli.  1.  .-cn-t  of  I{nine's  mighty  caroer." — .1. 
Kisk.     1  .  (,Mii  l\Aitienl  Ideat,  ittt.  'i. 


rEI»KRAI,  OOVEUNMKNT 

Mtdiaval    L*«ca«*   In  Ctniwny. -- "  Ii   i* 

hanlly  to.>  much  10  say  that  the  l,iiinliiir.l  l.ea)tue 
l.'il  n'alurHllv  I.,  'li.'  leiijfiies  of  (li-rmati  illlet 
TIm'  exhaust'lnx  1  il.rts  of  Hie  Iloh.iwlaiif.ii  Km 
l«-roni  to  ».-iiin.  .lonilnltin  in  llalv  e.ini|H-lli.il 
iliem  to  k-rant  privlh'if.sloth.'i  lll.sliitl.-rmuny . 
11  w<.ak.ri-mp<-r.rs  wli.i  f.illo«.-.l.  Isiunlil  sup 
y.,r\  will,  new  i-hai'.  rs  aii.l  |iriv  il.-t:es  Th<'  in 
aliililv  .1  111.'  Knipire  lo  k.-.  |t  ilie  |M-ai .  ..r  lo 
pi.il..ct  .....  iii.-rc.'  Ii.l  sp.-.-.lil>  to  111.'  f.rmallon 
of  itn-at  11111..11S  ..f  eili.-s.  usually  .  inntn.  n  ial  in 
.iriiriii,  liiil  nr\  s.i..n  iK.Dininx'  imliliial  f..i..-s.if 
prim.'  Iinp<irtanii'  The  llr-l  of  llii'w'  was  the 
Itli.-nlsli  l..iu'ii.-,  f..rm...l  in  I'J-'il  Th.-  in.ir.'  im- 
porl.ml  .ill.  s,.f  th  Hhini  vall.-y.  fr.an  Uasl.' l.> 
I  ..louii.  .  w.r.-  th.  orlirinal  iii.inlH-rs,  hut  It 
I  .  mil  illv  liail  K.-1  -  iitv  m.-inlMis,  In.  Ii.linir  si-v- 
.liil  iiiin.i's  anil  riiliim  pr.'lai.-s,  Ilii  I.  a)tue 
hail  ('..IliKpiia,  or  asw-inlill.-s.  al  slat.  I  iiil.  rvals; 
lull,  I1.V. 111.1  .l.'i-i.lini.'  upon  a  u'.n.ral  p.-li.  y.  ami 
th.-assiunin.-nl  .if  inililan  i|iiotas.  11  ha.l  ic  l.-iriit 
liliv.-  |Min.  i-s.  Tli.-r..  wiis,  li.m.-vi-r.  a  Koiiinils 
si.iii.  or  fi'ili-ral  .  .nirt,  whi.  Ii  a.  I.'.l  as  arliil.-r  in 
ilispiii.-s  Is-lwi'in  the  meiiilM-rs  Tli.-  .  lii.  f  |h> 
lill.-al  s<-rvl.i'.if  the  l.'iiL'ui'  waslo  niainlaiii  p.-ace 
iliiriiii;  111.-  iiit.-rn-irniini  in  tin-  Kinpiii-  (I'.'.VJ- 
l-.;::ii.  Dnriiiu'  lh<'  fourl.-.nlli  ..-nlury  it  fell 
apart,  anil  111  inv  of  Its  nuiiilHis  |.iini-.l  111.'  Ilansa 
or  Siialiian  l,.-aL'iii'  In  ••''"  s.'vi-nl.'.  n  Sua 

liiaii  .itics  whiih  lia.1  Is.n  niortKajre.1  Ly  Ihe 
KmiM-ror.  unil.-.l  to  .1. l.-ml  th.  ir  lilHrti.'s,  lli.y 
r.'..-lv.-.l  niaiiv  ain-^ioiis  .if  Ciinan  aii.l  S«  i»s 
lilii-s;  hill  ill  i;l>»H  ili.v  ».i.  ov.-rtlirown  liy 
l,i.op.il.|  III.  of  Austria,  an.l  all  ..iinliinalions  of 
i-ili.-s  w.'n.  forlii.l.lcn  A  f.ileril  Kineiniu.'iit 
Ili.'y  cannot  li.'  -li.l  to  hav.'  possi-ssi  .1.  but   [mi 

litiial.  alinosi  f,,|.  ral  r.-lali.ms  .-.nili .1  ilurinK 

Ih.'  tifii-cnth  i-enlury  'I'li.-  similar  hau'ui-s  of 
Krankf.irt  an.l  W.'tl.Tau  w.ri'  lir.ik.n  up  almul 
Ih.-  same  tlni.'.  tHh.-r  l.acui-s  ..f  .  ili.-s  an.l  lan 
tons  were  inn  like  inann.r  form.  I  iii.l  .li»siilv.-il, 
—  aiiionu  th.iu  III.'  I.anues  ..f  luciiM.in  an.l 
Biirjriinily ;  an.l  ili.r.-  was  a  .  .iif.'.l.-raiion  in 
Knincli.' ('omte.  afi.  r«ar.l  Fn-m  li  icrritory.  All 
111.,  iiie.llieval  l.-ajtucs  llius  far  m.-nlioii.-.l  were 
.lef.nsive.  an.l  lia.l  no  .-xt.n.liil  nlalioiis  iM-y.md 
th.'ir  own  iMinlirs.  I'll.- iir  il  llans.'ati.'  l..airiie 
Is.-.-  IIansv  Ti)w.\s|.  .iritaiii/e.l  as  a  loinmcrcial 
union,.levclop..|  inl.ia  p.>litii-al  ami  int.  rnalioiml 
power,  which  n.-Kolial.-.l  ami  maile  war  on  its 
own  ac.-.einl  with  f..r.ii;n  anil  O.rman  sov.-r 
.•it;ns;  ami  whi.li  was  for  two  c.'nturiis  on.'  of 
the  l.-ailin^r  p.iw.-rs  of  Kiirop..  "— A.  B  Mart, 
l„lr;<l.  I-  III,-  Sl.iitt/  .;/■  h'ltii-iil  Ihn-t  ilfiirninl 
llinl'irii'iil  .t/../i'.-,  ■.(/.*«.''"..  '.'I.  '•*■  ■< 

Media»al  League  of  Lomb»'dy.— W  li.n 
Kr.'.l.rlck  lJarliaros,sa  .■nl.r.-.l  Italy  n.r  ih.-  tifth 
tiin.-  in  It*!,  lo  enforce  III.-  .Icspolii-  sovi  r.-iu'nty 
in.r  thai  .-.iiinlry  whi.h  Ih.'  tl.-rmai.  'mil's,  as 
I  iiMH-rors.  wen- lli.-n  ilaimini;  Isi-i-  Ir.M.  .V.  I' 
IMU-KKllli,  1  liaL-'U.'  of  111.-  l.oniliar.1  I'ilii's  was 
f.irm.'illor.  -ist  him  '  V.r..na,  Vi.i-n/.a,  I'a.liia, 
an.l  Tri-vis...  tin-  niosl  pow.Tful  t.iwns  of  ili.- 
VeMiiesc    nrinh.-s.   assi-mlil.-'l    th.'ir  .-.aciils   in 

...muress.  I.. si.l.-r  of  Ihe  in-  ans  of  pulling  an 

en.lt.i  alvraiiiiv  w  lii.h  over--  ,  Inicil  llnni.  Tin' 
.-onsuls.i'f  lliisc  1  'irtowri  |.l.-<li'.-.l  Ili.-nis.lvis 
l.v  oalli  in  111.'  I'.ine  of  ih.-ir  .  ili.s  lo  iriv.- 
iiiiitual  siipi)..rt  to  .-a.  Ii  "Ili.r  in  ilie  asserlion  of 
Ih.-ir  former  riBlits,  ii  ;  in  the  ri-»olution  to  re- 
.lui-.-  ill.-  imiM-riai  pr.  nuratives  to  the  iM.inI  at 
which  tliev  were  nxeit  iin.i.-r  lUe  reifiu  01"  ll.-iuy 
IV      Frederick,    in'  inm.l    of    this   iiss.M'iati.in. 


113 


'     1  »    ♦    . 


rRDKRAt,  OOVr.llNMKNT 

lH..riiril  liHutily  Into  Nnrthrrn  Italy,  to  put  It 
*i»M  .  Iiiit  hi' uKiii  iH'nclvi'il  thiit  till' >|)lrit 
of  lllMriy  luiil  iiMili-  priiKri'pM  In  llir  lihilHlIni' 
HHi*  no  Hill  ni>  In  lli<i«i>  uf  tlii'  dm  l|>liii 
Olill^iil  III  lii'iiil  Ix'fiiri' n  |u  Mpli'  Hlilrli  hi.  rem 
•iiliTi'ii  Kiily  tt«  riiiilliil  milijrrla.  he  ium.ii  rr 
niHinitil  iii'iiiiiiii  m<  liiiiiillluilnir.  mill  ntiirtiiil 
til  Urriniiiiy.  tn  Irvy  nil  iiniiy  imirr  hiitiinh^u  <'  tu 
him  oilii  r mill  iii.in'  |>ri'.v<hii.'  iiiiiri»iHili>i  rinl 
III*  iilti  iilliiii  rnmi  IIiIh  nlijirl  lill  tin  tiiliiiiiii  <if 
lltKl    .  Will  11    KriiliTh  k.    In    tin     iiinnili   uf 

Ocli.lnT.      IKW,    il.«<.lli|ll|     Ihl'    IIHIIllltllllH    uf     till' 

•  IrlxiiiH  tiiinliT  li;ily  hy  tlir  Irrriturv  iif  Hn  •<ia. 
lu'  iiiiirrliiil  liH  army  I'llnrily  In  I,'im||.  Hiiliniit 
iMriniiliiiu'  iiin  nd  uf  liii»lllily  <m   llic  «;n       Al 

lilKli.     Ill'     IIHX'llllllnl.    lllHlinl*   jlll-  t'llll    llf     SllVIIll 

Int.  II  ilirt  iif  111!'  kinifili.lii  ,if    |l„|v,i||   Hliiili    hr 

|>riiini~i|  till'  (.iiiiiliMnN  In  p  iln  •■■i  ilir  (frirviiiici t 
i«riisiiiiiii|  liyihr  iiliiiiu'H  llf  |i..»ir  liv  IiIh  |i.>iIi» 

t.1«,  mill     III    fis|iirl     lllilr   Just     lilNTlin.  Ill 

)!ivc  LTiiiiir  «ii|;lit  III  hi^  iiiiiiiiiiiiinn.  hi- 
iiiiiriliiil  his  uriiiy  liiln  Cnilriil   Italy.   .   .   .   Tin- 

lii«  111    of    Ihr    \  1  n v    iii.iri  hi'x, '  NM'iiiK    tln' 

(•ni|M  riir  iiinl  hit  mmv  |iii.4  wiihimi  ihiriiii.'  tu 
iitlurk  lliiiii,  li. niiiii-  Ik.IiIi  r  liny  iihmmiIiIiiI  h 
iii'W  ilii  t.  Ill  ihi'  Ih  i;iiiiiliii;  uf  .\|irll.  ill  I  hi' run 
Vint  uf  I'uiitiila.  iHlHiiii  Milan  anil  lliritaiim 
Thi'iiiiiMilHuf  (  ri  iiiiiim.  uf  Ifc  ritaniii,  uf  llri'M'ia, 
III  Miiiitiiii  mill  Ki  rnira  niil  lliiri-.  iiml  Jniiiiil 
thiiM'  uf  till-  inanlii  1  Till'  iiniuii  uf  tlii-  (iinlphK 
anil  (iliilH'liiii  1,  fur  Ihr  luiniiiun  lilMrlv.  »ai 
haih'il  with  iinivirsiil  Juy  Thi' ili'iiiiih.'t'of  Ilir 
('riiniini"*!',  whu  hail  linriluir  aiil  tu  Ihr  ili'striii  ■ 
Hun  uf  Milan,  mhiiiiIiiI  thuiu'  uf  thi;  .Milani'ii' 
villai;n  in  ini|ilurini;  iiiil  uf  thr  luiifiih'mli  il 
tiiwiH  to  ri'hiiilil  thi'  rity  uf  .Milan  Thin  run- 
fi'ihraliuii  was  talliil  llii'  LniL'iii' uf  Luinlianly. 
Till'  iiiiisiiK  luiik  ihi'  oath,  anil  tliilr  consllliii'n'tK 
«flir»ari|»  ri'iiialnl  it,  that  I'viry  (.iiiiilianl 
Hhiiiilil  iiiiiti'  lur  Ihr  ri'iuviry  uf  thr  (•urninun  lih. 
iriy,  that  Ihr  Irau'iir  fiirllii<  |iiir|iiisc  uliuiilil  |a'«t 
iHiiily  yi'urs;  ami,  llnally,  that  liny  slnmhl  alil 
lai  h  ulhiriii  ri'|iairin^'  in  riiiiiiiiuii  anv  ilaniuiir 
I'Xjii  Tiiiiiiil  III  thin  sairi'il  i.iiki',  liy' any  unr 
iiu'IiiIn  r  uf  Ihi' riiiifrili  r.iliiin:  r.xlinili'ni;  rvrii  tu 
tlir  past  lliis  lunlmrt  fur  rrciiinH'al  miiiritv,  thr 
liaKUr  rrvilvi'il  tu  ri'lniilil  .Milan.  .  .  j,i«li  waH 
Sunn  afii  rwanls  ruin|M  llril,  hv  fun  r  uf  am  .i 
Uiki' Ihr  ualh  lu  thr  Irnirur;  "wliilr  thr  tuw  ns  uf 
Viniii',  riaii  iiiia,  I'arniu,  .Miiilina,  anil  Huluirim 
vuhintarily  ami  i;lailly  juinnl  thr  assmiatiun.  "  - 
J.  ('  I,,  ill-  ^isiiiumli,'  f/i^i.iru  .,r  l/„  ll,,li,,„  /,',- 
imhlin,  rli.  i  —In  I'.'^iij  i),,'  Lrajri,,.  v,-M  rrvlviil 
or  rrnrwril  a^'aiii>t  Knili  rii  k  II.  (sir  lr.\i.Y 
A.  I»    11n:)-I',i,-mii  Milan  ami  Iluluifiia  tiHik  thr 

Ir.'iil,  ami  wire  fulluHnl  hy  I'iai  in/a,  Vrnma, 
Hrrsiia.  l-'ainza,  Mantua,  Virrrlli,  l.mli,  IJrr 
V'aimi,  lurin,  Ali'ssiiiilriu,  Viirn/.a,  I'ailua,  ami 
Triiisii  ,  .  .Niithin^  luiilil  1h'  murr  uiilikr, 
than  llii'  First  ami  Ihr  .Siiiiiil  Ijimlianl  Uat-'iirs, 
That  uf  llii;,  fiiniii'il  iiL'aiiisi  Krrilrrii  k  thr  Kirsl 
afti  r  ihi-  iiiii>i  I  riirl  iiniiiMiitiiin,  wa.s  saiu'tluniil 
liy  till  ru|ir,  anil  liaii  fur  its  mil  Ihr  ilrliviranir 
uf  l.uiiii.anly.  That  uf  I ,",■•(.  furiiHil  aL'aiiist 
Friih  rii  k  Ihr  Siiunil,  allrr  iiu  iiruviMatiuii  rr- 
iriiiil.  w.is  iliviiunli  iiamril  liy  thr  l'u|>r,  ami 
rrsiilii'il  ill  Ihr  Iriislraliiiii  uf  ihr  Crusailr  ami  in 
simiiiir  Ihr  L'iriii  uf  rnilli'>.s  liiil  wars.  This 
yrar  i'*  livnl  iijiuii  liy  thr  llrrsi  i,in  Chrunirli  r  as 
thr  liririniiini;  nf  '  thu'-r  plaitny  fartiuiisuf  (iurlf 
anil  (ihilH'llim',  «  hii  h  «i  ri'  si/rnirrainril  into  thr  i 
niiniisiil'  uur  torrlailii  rs,  that  tiny  havr  hamliil  j 
tlirni  iliiwii  as  an   lirir  liKini   lu  tliiir  |iustcritv, 


1  l.l.'fl 

N'U 

I'.i.nl 

l,.Mi* 

i'KDKKAI.  UOVKKN.MKNT 

nrv.T  III  I  utnr  III  an  rnil  '  "  ~T  I,  Klni;i,.ii  u,,, 
of  h'mtriii-k  l>ie  Srninil,  r    I,  /i    ','tl."i  -.Nlit 

Modern  Ftdtrallena  — "  A  n mark  ii  i,   i,:„ 
iiiiini'iiiin  of  thr   last   hiinilri'il  yrars  ii   ii„    i,,, 

IN'llls  that  IliM  lurn  Kl^rn   tu  thr  ilrf  h>|.itHiil    f 
■'I'llrral  iiislltiillin*     Thrn- an'  tu  iliv  ,,,„i,ii, 

jmrani sly   i'\i«tlnn  nu  Irsa  lhanii:.'iii  .h  i,,,,, 

r'l'ihrnl  (luvrniiiii  nis  Klmt  ami  fun  m  ..i  i,  n„ 
I  iilliil  Hiairs  uf  .Vinrriia.  win  n'  »i  h  >i,  ,4 
ani|ih' uf  Ihr  ^lll.lal  t'liiun  in  Ihr  in. .m  |..  ,f,  - 
fiirinyil  allalmil  Tlim  luiiiis  H»ii/iil,rii  ,( 
li'ss  ilil|iiirl.'lllir  than  Ihr  riiiliil  IStil.  .,.|  \„,,, 
li'U,  liiit  must  iirarl\  »|ipnuii'liiiii{  ii  in  p.  11,  n.  „ 
.Vu'aiii  «r  havr  ihr  (hriiian  Kiiipin  i--  1  ,,x 
•tin  TiiiN  UK  <i('.im\Mv|,  that  irnni  I ,  i  r  m 
Kiinipran  imiHiIis,  wlili  his  truly  a  l-'nli  ii 
liiit  ariiinhnius  unr  ami  full  ut'aiiuin.ili'  ■ 
in  Impurtanii    rmniii   thr   IKiniliiiun   ,■! 

|sl'l'    <IIN.'|11I    ||||\     iir     CVSAIIVI,     Mill,) 

iiiilv  I  «anipli'  uf  a  luiintry  funniiiu'  i 
I  iiliiii  anil  at  Ihr  saiiir  liior  ai,,|i,Mt 
I'unir  Ihr  .\ri;i'iitliii'  Ih  [iiililir,  Mim.  ..  an. I  h„ 
Stairs  uf  ('iiliiinliia  ami  \  riir/iirl  a  |s<  <  (  u\,iin 
Tiiissl  This  is  u  vrry  rnnarkalih'  li-i  wlnhu,' 
runsiilir  that  nrvrr  In  fun'  thr  pnsi  in  1  •  ntun  ili.l 
iiiurr  than  twu  Krihml  rniiiiis  rvi  r  i  i"m.,i  iml 
that  vrry  ranly,  anil  thai  i'\rn  llms.  iiMi.i,.« 
HI  n'  far  fnuii  mitlsfyln){  thr  Iriir  n  ipiiMmnii 
uf  Fi'ilrmtiiin,  Nor  i.s  this  all  ThnniL'li.iii  tin' 
last  hiiiiilrril  yian  wr  ran  mark  a  i-runni.' i.n 
ilrnry  In  luiiiilrh'S  th'il  havr  ailupinl  iN.  y,  1.  ml 
typr  uf  liuvrminrnl  lu  (sTfiit  thai  I'l  1.  i.il  hi.- 
ami  inakr  il  iiiurr  truly  Knlrnil  than  In  In  In 
Ihr  rnitiil  Stairs  uf  AinrrirH.  fur  iii«i  iiin  ilii- 
funslitiitiuiiiif  I'HtfK'as  niun' IniU  Knii  nlilnii 
till'  .Vrtii'lrs  of  Ciinfislrratiiin.  ami  1  •  ri  inU  -ii.'i- 
till'  Civil  War  we  lirar  h'»s  uf  Siali   |[i,;lii-.  m.l 

rr  of   rnhm,      Il  has  inilrnl   hn  11   r. mirkul 

tlialllir  I'iti/.rns  of  thr  I'nitril  .Slalis  li,,,,-  Ih' 
ciinir  fiiml  uf  applyiii)t  tin-  wonls  ■  .Nil  1. .11  ami 
•  NaliiiuiU' to  tlirinsrivi's  in  a  niaiim  r  iMnm  rly 
unkniiwn.  \Vr  ran  mark  Ihr  niiih  |.r.-rrvsiii 
Swltzirlanil.  Ilifiin'  I  rNII,  Swii/i  rlaiil  i.tmihI 
a  vrry  liMiw^' Hysli'in  of  Cunfnli  riinl  M  it's  -in 
im.V  tt  runsliiiithin  inun'  truly  Fnli  nil  «  i<  ili 
visi'il;  in  1H»N,  Ihi-  Kiilrral  I'liiun  «  1-  iiii.n' 
tlrnily  cunsuliilatril;  ami  lastly,  in  IsTt.  simIi 
I'lianKi's  were  niadr  in  Ihr  runsiiiuii  .|,  ilui 
Switzrrlanil  iniw  pn'smts  11  vrry  lairli  p.  ri.rt 
I'.xainph' uf  KiKlmil  tiuvrmnirni'  In  ii.  "nnii 
HI' may  trai'i' n  similar  niiivi'imiit  In  isr,  ilir 
tfrrnianii' Ciinfrilrration  was  furinnl.  1.'  11  i\  n 
only  H  sysli'in  of  Ciinfrilrralril  Mali-  ■  r  vihil 
thr  Urrinans  rail  Stiuitriiliunil :  Imt  atn  r  v.iri 'in 
I'hmiL'i's,  amiini.'st  utlirrs  thr  rvi  liisiuii  .1  .\.i-im 
in  l-^iHl,  it  iK'i'anir,  in  IsTl,  a  iiiinp..-ii'  ■>•  ui' rr, 
in  (irriiian  lan^Miatrr,  a  liiimli'-i.i.ii  li'v.iul 
this,    we   havr   to    nutr   a    fiirlli.  r   i.iil.  n.V  In 

-.  illu' 
111. ill  "f 
'1  I.  inn 


Ki'ilrraliun.      In  thr  yrar  issn,  :,  ||i||  |, 
Impi'riul  I'arliainrnt  III  iirnnituf  ili.  In' 
an  .VuslralasiaiiCiiiinril  fur  ihr  piir|i.i-i - 
intr  thr  .Viislmlasian  ('ulunirs  iiii.i  .1  I'. 
Thill  «r  hrar  uf  fiirtlirr  aspiralimis  I'T 
thr  Frilrnl  systrin,  lis  thiiui.'h   tin  i.   » 
pis'iiliar  virtur  urlalisinanir  rlTri  t  a!   'T 
n'liilrn'il  it  11   p.'inai'ra  fur 'all  puliti'  r 
Tlii'M' has.  alsii,  iHrniniiih   talk  iil..'!' 
Frih'raliiin.      Lastly,  suiiir  luupli'  ilr' ., 
a  simplr  siiliitiuii  uf  thr   Irish   l^.i.  '■■; 
appliiatiiin  of  Fi'ilrnitiiin,  |iarlii'il  .1 : . 
(liai!  f'.rm  of  it,  to   Irrkm!   '       /: 
mint  iH'iHlmiimter  Jltr.,    Viti/.  !"<">>•   , 
—•'Till'    fcilrral    Is  one  of   thr  uM. -t    i 


.  I  in.iii. 
I';.!',  ini! 
■  -  -'  .fill' 
II  uiiirh 

r  .:iliii'S, 

liipi  rial 

;  ,.  \  -ir 

ill  lIlP 

t   ( ■  ttiii- 

; ;  "1741 
>riuii  "f 


1138 


rKDBRAL,  OOVERNMKNT. 

-nrrnitwnl  known,  und  lU  n.Uptnlillltr  to  llw 
{,r»"i  »"  «<•"  »»  '"  ''"'  »>"»"<'«'  "Ix'''"  •■  "Ixiwn 
in  til  |KilJlU'«l  fi>rm»ll<>n»  of  lali'  vciim.  ftlnlr* 
Intbi'  N>w  •■"I  '■>  *'"!  <*'<'  VVnrlil.  nil  In  lliiir 

,i()[ri«iil(<in,  ulllif  «li"w  ••"■r  n  »lr"Miiir  li'ii.l.ti.y 
III  iiil"|i'  "      AIb'wIv   nil   tin-  iiiiiml  »liiii«  nf 
Kurol"'    lire     (nlcnit  — Swil/irliiiiil,    (Itriiuiiiy. 
Aii.lrlul-T  All-Till  \:  A.  I»  IwW  !•<«?.  iiihl  imiA 
'|HI*T|    mill  If  iviTlli'' nirliiii»S.liiv  |>ririri|iiilllli'x 
In  S..11II1  i'.i»lirii    r.iirol"'       ''"■   H'"li.  Il"-    Allmn 
>,in  111'  U.iiiiiiuii  lliiliulv'ii''  "I'll  lliit  /'I  li  — »"• 
liMttnihUH',  It  will  pMliutily  Ih' (lit  Mr    Km  iiiiin 
»i  liini!  iiir"  »•  l"*!-  niiiiirkiili  iiiiilir  11  fnlrnil 
(iifiii. -iIm'IikIi   wliilliii    mull  r  llii~.liiii  nr  Aii» 
lrl*n  !iii«piii«.  or  mlilirr,   rriimlii"  In  I"'  win 
In  llw  O'Tiimn  IuihN  fMm  iiirly  iiu'"-"  H"  ri' 
iuHi  \i«ii'l  »n  iiKKrrifiillon  of  Iriixt  ami  "IuIi'K, 
wmiof  ilirm  ivcn  o(  nun  (Icrnmn  rmi-.  imliuf 
wtilili  |in'«'i"*'''l  f"'  ilimirillr   purinwH  iKown 
»rr«nitiini'nt«  mill  lii«».  Ih'I  »!i»  miiliil  wiili  tin' 
mtuniliriiiii'»upri'iiii'  In  iiiliiiiilirntriiluiillinrity 
w  niiirN  ilK  nliiliiHi    In   nil  intirnnl    pimrr- 
"luw  fTI   nil  llir  Klittr*  of  (iiriiiiiny  '  fnrm 
cu-roiil  iiiiiiin  fur  llii'  iimtritinn  of  tlir  rfnlin 
the  ran'  iif  till'  wclf.iri'  of  lln'  (iiininn  |m'. 
For  li  uUliilivi'  purpoHi"*,  iiiiilir  llii>   Km|i< 
hfiul,  an'  tin'   two    lliiiiwn  of   A»»<iiilil' 
the  I'piK-r  lliiim'  of  llic   KiilcTitiil  S'"i 
lisiiiiiiif  (IJ  nirmlKTs.  who  ripnwn' 
«i.Ih^i1  Sliili  ■<.  mill  tliiw  n*  llii'  jtiinnl  1 
riillits.  ii'i«»ir«  vi'ry  riooly  to  the  .•^    ., 

Aratriniii   liiion,   cMipt   lli:il    tli i      1 

nH'ml"'r«  (iiinini;  fniin  iiirli  sinli' it  iirir 

butiippiirli I    .  .  ■   Kuril  (lirmi.i     ■         1  - 

own  liinil  lonstitutioii  mill  lionii'  n.,        1        -■ 
leniiil  iilTiiirt.    (Icniriilly  tlirri' nrc  twori  r 

ficipt  111  some  of  till'  nmnllint Klnli'H.  Ilii'  i    :>  • 
tiimiif  «liicliiliH-ii  not  niiii'li  exeeiilin  hoiiici    -c  ' 
that  lit  iiiir  lurircr  towns.   .  .  .  Hliicf  1H(I7  1,  • 
Austriiiliinpirlnn  nioniinliy  li.iit  Inin  u  |)oliti> 
Slmm»c  twin,  of  wliicli  Anstriii  is  tlir  one  lioilv, 
>nil  Huniriirv  the  oIImt;  the  popiilnthm  of  the 
Aiutriiui  linl^  in  24  millions,  unit  timt  of  llnnicnry 
«l»iul  1«  luilliiin.H.     Each  of  thi-  two  liiui  Itn  own 
parliuiiii  III ;  the  <oniicitln)5  link  In  f'n' Hovircltjn 
(whiM'  1  ivil  list  is  miMil  hnlf  by  om>  .iil  half  liy 
tte  "llii  r)  anil  a  coniinon  iiriin%  nnvv.  unit  dlplo 
nialiiMrvicf.  miilnnothcr  <»vi'r  parliiinuMitof  120 
mimlKr-.,  oni'-half  tliown  liy  tlii'  h'jfislatiirc  of 
llmiiMry.  nnil  Ilir  oilier  Imlf  hy  the  leitinlatun' 
Iif  Austria  (the  I'ppcr  lloiim-of  each  twill  returns 
•Ki  nly,  anil  tlie  bower  of  eaeh  forty  delegatei* 
frmi  ilu'ir  own  niimlHr,  »  ho  thus  form  »  kiiiil  of 
Joint!  iiHiniittif  of  the  F'our  Houses).    The  juris 
iliciiiin  iif    this  Over  parliiiinent    ia  liniiteil   to 
f'ln'iirn  niTairs  ami   war.   .  .  .  The   western  or 
Ausirian  pun  of  the  twin  .  .  .  is  11  federal  piv 
«Tiiiniiit  in  itself    .  .  .   Kuleroted   Aiislria  eon- 
»isS  nf  HVi  iiliin  illstinet  sUiteH.     The  (Jernmii 
eliiniiit  mnsliliites.'Ul  [nr  cent,  of  the  inliahitant.s 
of  till  -I ,  anil  llie  Si  lav  57  l)er  eent.     There  are  a 
fi'W  >l:itr\:irs,  Italians,  und  liouiiianians.     Ktieh 
of  tlu«,  -.  venleen  States  liiu  ItH  own  provinrial 
piirliiirii.  Ill  iif  one  House,  partly  eoinposed  of  e.\- 
"tlU  ill  mi'inU-rs  (the  bishops  und  urehbishops  <if 
till  l.iliii  ami  (Jfiek  Chun  lies,  ami  the  clmiu'el- 
I'-r-  .il   'Im    universilies).   but   i-liii'lly    of   repre- 
«iiii.iii\.  . .  Iidsen  by  all  the  iiihabitanls  who  pay 
ilin.i  Mxiiiiin.     simie  of  these  an'  elerted  by 
the  l.mitowniTs.  others  by  the  towns,  others  by 
tile  In  1,  L'uilils  and  Uiarils  of  eomniene ,  the  re 
i'n-si  iiLitiwsiii  tile  ruruiiHininiiines,  iiowever,  are 
elttti.)  I  V  il,  lejjttte.s.  us  iu  J*ruiwiu.     They  legis- 


fEDBRAL  GOVERNMENT 

Into  ninrrmlnc  nil  loenl  muttrni,  rminf  j-  t«x»- 
tloif.  land  Uwii  ami  fnrinlnK.  1  liirntlon.   piiblle 
Worship,  and  piiblle  wirku    .      .  Turning  ne«'. 
Ill  Ihe  ohiest  fiih'nitliin  In   Kiiro|H'.  Hint  of  ,Hwit 
»erlnnd.  wliiili  wlih  varloiineliuniren  lin««iirvivi'<l 
from  V.MM,  IhoiiKh  its  pri-wnt  eonKltlullon  dulea 
only  from    IN74.  we  lliiil   II   now  embniies  threw 
ii.ilionallth'S   -lleniian.     Kri  111  li,    llnlian.      The 
original  niieleiis  of  Ihe  Stale,  however,  wns  tier 
man,  and  even  now  three  foiirlhs  of  the  |>opulii 
linn  are  (hriiian     The  Iwenly  Iwodislinrt  state* 
nti    (.ihriied    under  one    pri'sideiil    elerted  an 
nually,  and  Ihe  Ki  deral  .\«si  iiiMy  of  two  1  ham 
Inrs ',   .   .    Kaeli  of  the  eaiitons  is  soviriliin  i.nd 
hull  IH'iideiil,  mill  has  lis  own  lisal  parllanii  iil. 
siareelv  aiiv  two  IkIiii.'  tin    sniiie.  but  all  bii'^d 
nil  universal  siilTrii'.'i-      K.ii  h  iinlnn  has  Its  own 
biiilmt  of  nuiiiii'  iiinl  expi  nililure,  and  its  own 
publledibl     -  .1    N    Hall. Ill,  riif  h„l..,fl  St.itri 
,.••'„  \\\.rhH\iii'lniilli  fnilnril.  Jiilft.   1HM)| 

■     -<adi«n    Federation.— ■•  ,V    eonviiiiinn    nf 
I    11'  ripresi'iiiiitive  men  was  held  in  the 

r        .,  of    Mil  ill   the   hislnrie  rily   of  (JuelM'e. 
I  at'  T  ti  li  '"'M  I'f  M  veral  weeks  Ihe  r»' 

■  I  i|M    I'doplintl    of    a    set    of 

,,;     n»,  'inlMslyiin:  the  terms  and 

,i,  i.iji     ,   .1  h  |ir 'villi  I's  ihrouiili  their 

'ill     (Il .   ;     '     ,1  ii  ral  union  in  ninny  re- 

,    ,>  I     Ml  r,il  fealuri's  In  that  of 

'II'      1      '     t-^  I.  ill.  aiiil  in  neenrdiinee 

Il     I.        '1',  .;  I  '  Kniflish  eniislitiilion. 

,)"  ,   K,  1.  Im'  laid  iN'fore  the  varl 

I       ^l.i;-  -'      ..i>  I    I  .opted  in  the  shape  of  ad - 

<j-    ,11  .vliosi'  sanetinn  wns  neees 

.  "'  "iiv  till'   I     hen  of  the  pnivimiH  in  an 

•   1     ,  In  II irlv  pint  of  In«7 

,   ,,'11         11'  ni.cnt  without  iiill\ision.pass<'d 

iM   .III!'    '  I  's  Hie  '  lirilish  North  .Xnienea 

'■^,;T      .    '1.      lited  in  the  tlrsl  inslanee  the 

I   I   it'u   I.   iinw  divided  into  Ontario 

liii'    ,'         Suva  Seolin  and  New  Hruiin- 

V.  II  K  anil  niaileprovisionsfor  theniniinit  inof  llio 

other  provinees  of  I'riiiee  Kdwiinl   Islmid.  New- 

tn  'ndhtiid,  llritisli  Colunibia,  and  Ihe  admissioD 

of  Lujiert's  Ijind  and  tlie  Knal  North  west.     JJ*-- 

i   tween  l>*fl7  and  IH7;t  the  pnivinies  lust  nniiiid. 

!    with  the  e.\reption  of  New  foundhiml.  whieli  liiui 

;    persistently  rt'iiiained  out  of  the  federation,  lie- 

eaiue  parts  of  the  lloiniiiion  and  Ihe  vast  North- 

\    west   Territory   was  at    last   ai  ipiired  on  temia 

iniiiienllv  salisfaitnry  to  Canndn  mid  a  new  prov- 

Inee  of  c"n'at  pnitnise'  fnrnii'd  out  of  that  ininienae 

I    retfinn,  with  a  eonipli  te  system  of  parliamentary 

Hoverninenl     .  .  .   Wlieii  the  terms  of  the  I'nion 

eanie  to  In-  arraiiL'ed   iMtween  the  pnivinees  in 

',    IHIU.  their  1  iintliitinK  interest  had  to  Ik'  earefully 

eonsidered  and  a  system  adopted  wliU  li  would 

'   always  enable  the  l>oiiiiidon  to  expand  its  liniiU 

!   and  brini.'  in  new  si'dions  until  It  uliouhl  embniee 

the  nnrtheni  half  nf  the  eontini'nl,  whieh,  as  w-e 

have  just  shnwn,  iinw  eonstitutes  the  Dnminion. 

It   was  sjsin  fniiiiil.  after  due  delilKTalinii.  that 

the  must  feasibU'  plan  was  '  eonfederatinn  rest 

ill'.;  nn  tlinse  prini'iides  wh.       ex|M'rienee  of  Hie 

i    workinjt  of  the  fedenition     '   ihe  Tniti'd  .States 

showed  was  likely  tn  ;;iye  i;u       niees  of  elnstieity 

i   and  iiirmaneney      The  nmritinie  provinees  had 

!    iH'in  ill  Ihe  enjoyment  of  an  exeellent  system  of 

I   laws  and    repn'M'ntative   institutions   for  many 

'    years,  and  were  not  willing  to  yield  their  hical 

\   aiilnnnniv   in   its  entiri'ty.     Thi'    penple   of    the 

i    proviiiie'of  (jiu-U. .  .ill«r  exp.riciifi  of  ,1  uniiin 

!   that  lasted    fnini  1S41   to    1WI7,   saw  decidedly 


I; 


113<t 


«  -   i 


•i; 


;.^i^'^--- 


Win 


mil-- 


m-. 


lUW' 


^f   .' 


FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

ItTMt  sdrantAfn'"  to  tliemwlvni  nnd  their  Inatitii- 
tions  In  ImviiiK  n  prcivinrini  Kovrrnnicnt  under 
their  own  contnil.  The  pi-ople  of  ( )ntario  recoR- 
nizctl  e(|iiiil  lulvitntiiKii*  in  liiivInK  n  nieuiiure  <if 
local  (tovcrnnionl,  ii|mrt  fn>ni  French  Caniuiian 
intliienee<titn<i  Inlerferi'nce.  The  mnsecinenee  was 
the  adoption  of  Ihi'  fedend  "Vitteni.  whioli  now, 
after  twenty  «ix  vennt' (•xpeiience,  we  enn  truly 
«ay  apix'ars  on  the  whole  well  deviseil  and  eipiiil 
to  the  liHul  anil  national  reijuin'ment:*  of  the 
p<'i>ple." — ,).  ()  llourinot,  Fitfenil  llnr't  in  Pmi- 
ailii  {.I'llim  H'liikin*  I'nir.  .Studies,  1th  Seriet,  mm. 

V^-\■.^).  i.rr  is 

Britannic  Federation,  Propoaed.— "The  gn-nt 
change  which  has  taken  place  in  the  public  niiiiil 
in  re<ent  years  upon  the  iniportance  to  thi'  Km- 
pireof  inaintainuiK  the  colonial  ciiiniection  found 
expression  at  a  meeting  helil  at  the  \Vestniin»l(  r 
Palace  Hotel  in  Jidv   Ism,  luichr  the  Ruidance 
of  the  Hit'ht  Hon.  \V   K.  Forster,  who  iKTupied 
tlie   cimir      .\t   that  miTlinR  —  which   wa.i  •it- 
tended  by  a  lar^e  nuinlxT  of  menilMTs  of  I'arliu- 
ment  of  l»ith  parties,  and  representatives  of  the 
colonies  —  it  was  moved  liy  the  Hiirlit  lion.  \V. 
H.  Smith.   'That,  in  order  to  secure  the  perma- 
nent unity  of  the  Kiupirc.  some  form  of  fedeni- 
tion  is  es.senliul.'      That  nsiilulion  was  seconded 
by    the    hjjrl   of    UoselH'ry,    and    passid    luiaiu- 
mously.      In  NovemlKT  of  the  same  year  the  Im- 
perial  Fedenitlon    Leatrtie  was  forn'ied  to  carry 
out  the  objects  of  tliat  resolution :   and  the  sub 
ject   has  received   considerable   attention   sinie. 
...    I   iK'licve  all   an>  agreed   that   the  leading 
objects  of  the  Ini[<erial  Fidcration  l,ea).'ue  are  to 
find  means  by  wluch  the  colonies,  the  outlying 
portions  of  the  Kmpire,  nuiy  have  a  certain  voice 
and   weight   and    inlluence   in    n-feniuv  to  thi' 
foreifrn  |K)licy  of  this  country,  in  which  they  an> 
all  deeply  inten'slcd,  an<t  sometimes  more  deepiv 
interested  than  the   liiitid   Kingdom  its<lf.      In 
the  next  place,  that   measures  nmy  !><•  taken  bv 
which  all  the  |)ower  anil  «cii.'lit'anil  intliienc'e 
that  these  prcal  British  comnuinities  in  .\iistral- 
asia.  in    South   Africa,  and   in  Canada   pos.M-ss 
shall  be  brought  into  operation  for  the  strenirth- 
e    njt  and  dcfcni'e  of  the  Kmpire.     The  discus 
sion  of  these  ipiestlons  has  led  to  a  gn'at  deal  of 
profiress.      We  have  got  rid  of  a  numlH'rof  lal 
lacies  that  obtained  in  the  nunilsof  a  piKMl  iimnv 
pirsons  in  relation  to  the  means  by  wliiih  tliosi' 
objects  an'  to  Ik-  altaimsl.      Most   peoiile  have 
come  to  the  conclusion  stated  by  l,onl  I^lsell^■ry 
lit    the    Mansion    House,    that   ii    Parliamentary 
Federation,  if  [iracticable.  is  so  remote,  that  ilur- 
injr  the  comini;  iiiitiiry  it  is  not   likely  to  make 
any  very  (iri-.it  advance.      We  have  also  yot  rid 
of  the  fallacy  that   it   was  pncticalile  tii  have  a 
coMimon   tjirlll   throuKliout    the    Kmpire.      It   is 
licit,  in  my  opinion,  consistent  with  the  constitu- 
tion citlii  rof  Kniilanil  or  of  the  autonomous  colo- 
nies      The  tariir  of  a  couiilry  must   rest  of  ne- 
(cs^ily  mainly  with  tlie  (iovrrnment  of  the  day, 
and  involves  siiih  continual  change  and  altera 
lion  ai  to  make  iiniforiiuty  imprnciicnble. 
1  rcL'ard  the  time  as  near  at  hund  when  the  ^jreat 
prininces  of   Austnilasia    will    !«■   mnfedirated 
iinileroiiitiovi  nirncnt.   .   .   .  When  that  has  lurn 
done  it   will  Ik'  followed.  1  doubt  not.  at  a  very 
early  day.  by  a  -irnilar  course  on  the  part  of  Soiitli 
Africa,  and  then  we  shall  stand  ii;  thi'  position  of 
having  three  gnat   doniinions.  conunonwealth-.. 
or  realms,  or  whatever  name  is  found  most  ilc 
lirabh'  on  the  pari  of  the  peopli-  who  adopt  them 


FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

—  three  gmt  Britlnh  rommunitieii,  each  under 
one  central  and  Htronft  Uovemnient.     Win  ti  tl],i 
la  accompliidii'd,  the  meaaiin;  which  the  Mariiui* 
ot  Ixime  haa  Hiiggcsteil,  of  having  the  n-|insiiit,i 
tivi-s  of  thcHe  eoloideN  during  the  terin  i.l  ii,,  j, 
otilce  here  in  Ixindon,  practically  Cabiin  i  MmW 
ters.  will  give  to  the  Government  of  Kiil'Liii.I  an 
opportunity  of  learning  in  the  moni  ,|i,,,,  ;,||,| 
complete  manner  the  views  and  s<'nt  inii m . .  ,| ,  i„  i, 
of  thiwe  great  British      imninnities  in  n  L'lr.l  i„ 
all  (piestions  of  forei^i.  |>ollcy  aireetim:  il„  (,,:„ 
nies.      I  would  nuggest  that  the  npn  -.  in  ,iii,., 
of  those  tlini'  great  British  commuiiilii  s  h,  n  in 
Umilon  should  lie  leading  memiMTs  ol  ih.  t  ai,, 
net  of  the  day  of  the  i-ountry  they  n  pr.  m m    .;,. 
ing  out  of   olllce    when    their  '(loviinm. m'i^ 
changisl.     In  that  way  they  would  al»  a\  s  n|.ri 
Hint  the  country,  anil  neii'ssarily  tin    vi,  ««  ,,| 
the  party  in  pilwer  in  Canada,  in  Au-inhi-n 
and   in  South  Africa.     That  would  iin,,|v,   i,., 
constitutional  change;   it  would  sinipli  i,  (|uir. 
that    whiK'Ver  represented    those    dniiiini  .t„  ii, 
l»nilon  should  have  a  seat  in  their  o«ii  |',rli, 
nient,  and  l)c  a  memlH'r  of  the  .\diuiiii-ir:Lii  ii 
— ('.  Tuppei,  Fiilrnilinij  t/ii-  Kiuiun  (.\<. ./..(', 
Ctnt..   Ik-t..   IHIII).— "IWcnt  cxpeiisne  v»:,r.  at 
the  Cape,  annexations  of  groups  of  islainU  iu  ii,, 
neighlHiurhiMHl   of    Australia,    the    Ki~h.iv   :„i,| 
other  questions  that  have  aris<n,  iiiid  iiKU  !iri>.. 
on  the  North  American  continent,  h;ne  all  cim 
IH'lled  us  to  take  a  review  of  our  nspi.n.iliiliii.s 
m  eomiection  with  our  Cohiniis  and  to  ..,ii,|,l,.r 
how  far,  in  the  event  of  tniulile.  we  miy  n  Iv 
upon  their  assistance  to  ailii|U.iti  U  Mi|i|),ir!  il,,. 
comniercial   interests  of  our  scallind    Ij 
his  remarkable  that,  nlthmigh  tie-  iiiiM.r 
indicated  are  slowly  coming  to  the  smiI  i.. 
have  pn)vokeil  disiiission,   thev   Icm    u  i 
forciil  u|«in  the  public  attention  .^iidl.  i,li, 
any  violent  injury  ol  eatastniphr        11,.    n 
men  are  taking  of  our  position,  and  tli<   ,|. 
as  to  how  Ix'st  we  can  make  our  n  l:iii..ii-iii 
standing  value,  have  Ixsn  the  n.iliirii  .mh 
of  shiwly  devehiping  causis  and  i  lb  . 
ticians  Uhmging  to  Inilh  of  the  gn  ii   pirii. .  in 
the   State  have  joined   the   Feihraii  r,   l.ii.iii 
The  hiiilers  have  expressly  declan. I  il,.i!  ili.v  i|. 
not  desire  at  the  pn'sent' moment   i"  p;  .j.-nii-i 
any  detinite  theories,  or  to  pu>.|i  .inv  pn  .imIui. 
scheme  for  closer  union  of  the  Kiiipio        Ii,.  s.. 

clety  has  l)een  formed   for  the   puip i  ,1,- 

cus.sing  any  plans  pM|«s<,d  f.ir  sn,  i,  ,,',;,,!- 
The  suggestions  actually  made  li.iv.  \.'i,.|  in 
importiince  fniin  connireiicnsive  pMJ, ,  :^  I  ■■w.i 
versiil  <-ominercial  uinon  and  commii.ii  i,,::,!  i 
tions  fur  a  worhl wide  military  an  i  n,iil  ,r 
ganiza'''in,  to  such  a  trivial  'pr,|),,. I  t-  'i,i- 
pcrso;  n'cognition  of  ilLstingiii-l,,  ,1  ,■;•:,':. 
by  a  i...mination  to  the  pi-enii'c  I  i  >r,- 
cjuis   i,f    Ixime.    /iii/Krhil    Fiil,r.il,  '     1  - 

•■.Many  schemes  of  federation  hav,  »  ,  |ir,' 
poiuiiled.  and  many  ilegn'cs  of  1,  .1,  i  ,1  i:,i  .'i  ir,' 
Iio8.sible,  I/inl  l{oH.'lH'ry  h.is  not  i:-!!  !.r:i,,T 
as  yet.  than  the  enunciation  i,f  a  u,  n,  ■  ;  rii ,  i 
pie.  'The  feilemtion  we  aim  at  iIh'  !  .  -,iil'  i- 
the  closi'St  iHissilile  union  nf  tin'  \  .t  ,-  -,  li 
governingStatesruled  bv  Ihi' Hrilisli  I  ■  >■■  ^,  "'H 
sistently  with  that  fni' ilcvilopiinni  »  i  :,  i-  il,' 
birthright  of  llritish  subjects  all  "»,  i   ill 

—  the  closest  union  in  syinpalli\.  ,i  .xiriu! 
action,  and  in  defence,'.  "  .  The  r,  ;"■  ,  m  n  » 
of  the  Colonies  in  the  I'rivy  Coiin,  ,  ',  -  '■"" 
viewed  with  favour.  Isilh  bv  stati  -n        ,' '!  1'^ 


iil'iri 
.  Il'  n- 
■.  .'iinl 


I'.'li 


1140 


I.  ..J 


J 


FEDEBAI-  GOVERNMENT. 

.NKmli™!  writere.     Fjirl  Orey  liii«  propoRod  llic   I 
.  ,™,intnient  of  »  K.-.I.thI  Committer,  soleK.'.l   j 
fn  Til  the  I'rivy  rouncll,  to  advise  wllli  tlie  Ser- 
bia y  of  State  :  ..  11.0  Colonies.     Tl.e  l.lea  ttum   , 
du„l,me.l  fortli  Ir  >  Invn  worki^l  out  witli  greater 
.niplituile  of  <let«il  l>V  Mr.  Crenwell,  in  all  es.Hay 
to  whicli  th<'  l>r/«  otfend  t>y  the  ijiiMlon  (  liaiir 
iKTof  Commerec  was  awanieil.     • 'I'lie  Impeniil   i 
aswinhlv   wliieli  wc  want,'  says  Mr.    Creswell. 
■muxt  li-  an  imlep<-iulenl  l««ly.  <oiiHtitulii)iial  in    , 
ItsciriL'in.   repn«'ntiitive    in    W*  eliaraeler.  and    . 
sunniiK'  ill  its  decisions.     Su.li  a  tssly  «■<•  have    j 
alria.lv  in  existenir  in  the  I'rivy  Coiimil.     Its   ; 
minilsT.  are  eliosen,  irresix'itlve  of  p.irty  e.in_   , 
iiiltmlions,  fn.m  aiiionK   the   most   .•iiiin.'iit  of   ; 
.h(W«iio  have  .lone  siTVice  t.i  tli.'  State,      lo 
thixlHi.lviol.mistsofdistinfjiiisli.'.lpiililies.Tvie.' 
roiilcllH'  el.<te.l.      In  ronslitiilini;  Ih.-  Imperial    i 
f.inimilt.'.'  .>f  the  I'rivy  C..iiii(il.  r.-i.res4ntali.m 
niiu'hl  Ih- iriven  to  ev.ry  part  .if  the  enipm',  in 
nroiiortinu  to  the  siviTil  <-..nlrll>.itioiis  to  ixpen     . 
.liti'r.'  f.ir  Impi'rial  .ief.'iie..'     The  .■.mstitull.m    j 
.]f  a  i-'mil  Couniil  of  the  Kiiipire.  with  similar 
fumli.ms  in  relation  t..  f.iniiin  alTairs  I..  th..>.' 
wliiili  ar.'  exercised  in  the  I'nit.d  Slat.s  l.v  a 
Comniill.e  of  til.'  Heiiate,   is  a  sl.'p   f..r  whi.h 
public  opinl.in  is  not  vet  prepared.     In  the  m.'an 
while  111.'  utmost  CMisideralion  is  Iwiiig  Iiaid  at 
ihf  Foreign  (»H'ic<^  to  Col.ii'ial  fi'ilinns  an.l  iiit.'r 
Mt.1      N.I  ('.immitineiits  or  eii)tair.iiiei'ts  ar.'  taken 
which  woiil.1  not  lie  nppr.ive.1  liy  C..l.>nial  ..piii 
ion      .Another  pmiwisal  whi.h  has  iM'cn  warmly 
adv.Kaied,  I'SiH-cially  by  Ih.'    l'r..t.'iti.iiiisls    is 
Hull  f'T  a  customsiini.n  Istween  tile   Moth.'r- 
Huinlry  and  the  Coloni.'s.     11  I'linnot  ln'  said  that 
»l  the  pn'sint  time  proixisiils  for  •i.nstom-.union 
an'  ri|H'  for  settlem-  nt,  or  even  f.ir  ilisciis8i..n,  at 
a  .'.raf.r.iii-e  .>f  n'pnsentalives  from  all  parts  of 
the  iiiipire      Tin'  Mother-coiintry  has  Ix'eii  .".mi 
niitti.l  for  mon-  than  a  Kcnenition  t.i  tlii'  priii.i 
|ile  .f  Fn.'  tra.l.'.     Hy  our  |«di.'y  .if  free  imports 
lit  i,»»l  iiii.l  mw  materials  we  liav.'  socheapen.'.l 
iiMilu.  tion  that  we  are  aide  to  I'oniiieti'  siieces.s_ 
fullv  with  all  .'Oiners  in  the  neutral  niarkels  of 
thi'Vor'..!.  .  .      It  w.iul.l  Im' imiHAsildc  to  enter- 
tain til.'  idea  of  a  reversal  of  our  fiscal  poliiy.  In 
h.nv.'ver  restriet.'.l  a  sense,  without  careful  an.l 
I'xhaii^tive  in.iuirv.   .   .       I'or.1  ILisi'lnrv  has  r.' 
cenlh  declared  tliai  in  his  opini.m  it  is  impracli 
oaWi'  to  il.'vise  a  silii'iue  of   ri'iin'scntathm  f.ir 
the  C.liini.'S    in    the    ll.iusi'    .if  ("oinmoi'.s  ami 
Hull,,  ,.f  Lords,  or  in  the  I'rivy  Council.     Tli.' 
whi 111!   ,if  an  Imiicrial  customsiinion,  alilv  put 
for»;ircl  hy  Mr.  llolTnieyer  at  Ih.'  last  C.ilonial 
C.nfi  r.  nc.'   he  e.pinllv  rejecis.      l/:r.l  UosiImtv 
wnulii  limit   the  din'it  action  of  tli.'   Imptrial 
Govirmu.'Ut  f.ir  tlie  prtsent  to  coiifi'ren.'.'S.  sum- 
mou.il  lit  fre.pient  intervals.     Our  tirst  conf.-r- 
en.-.'  «  IS  siiinnioiiisl  liy  the  (Jovi'rnmcnt  at  tin' 
insl;iiw V  of  the  Imperiiil  FchTulLin  U'agiic.     It 
w;n  iiltinih'.!  hy  in.'U  .if  the  hiiihcst  distinction 
ill  tin  rnl.inii'S.     ItadelllH-nitionswcn'  )tui.li-.l  liy 
l.'.nl  Kimlsfonl  wiih  ailmiralile  tiict  an.l   ju.li:- 
ni.iii    it  iniisidere.1  many  imimrtanl  .jucstioiisof 
tiiiii  !i  iiit.rist  1.1  the  d'itfirent  c.iunlri.'S  of  the 


Pliil-n-' 
and  It 
il.l'i-i 
liiiit.  ■ 

flTr., 
fi.r  111 


it  arrivisl  at  several  iiiiportaiil  .Iccisi.ms. 

l.an-d  the  air  of  n.  t  a  few  .loulits  ami 
H  Til.'  most  tancildi'.  tli.'  ni.ist  iinpor- 
d  til.'  most  satisi'a.l.irv  result  of  that  cm- 

%v:is  til.'  r.'C.iitniti.in  hy  Ih.'  .\iistralian 
'  <if  the  nei'i'ssitv   for  making   provi.i.iii 

iiiiviil   ilcfcnie   id  their  own  waters  liv 


m.-iiii- .  f  sliips   pr.iviil.ll  liy  the  f;<ivemmeiil  of 


FEDEHAL  GOVERNMENT. 

the   United    Kln(t<lom,    but  maintained   by   the 
Australian  (Jovemments.     I>inl  HoselH'rv  holds 
that  the  (question  of  Iin|M'rial  Kedemtion  depen.ls 
for  the  pn'wnt  on  fre>|Ueiit  conferences.     In  liia 
siM'ech  at  fli.'  Mansion  House  he  laid  down  the 
coiiilitions  .s.seiilial  to  the  siicccsa  of  conf.'n'nc's 
in  the  futur.'.     They  must  lie  lieM  |M'ri.slleally 
ami  at  slali'il  intervals.     The  Colonies  miistsi'iid 
thi^  Is'st  iiii'U  to  represent   them.     Th.'  (iovem- 
ment  of   the  Mother  country  must  invest  these 
IM'ri.sli.al  cmKH'Sses  with  all  the  authorily  and 
splen.l.iur  which  it  is  in  their  isiwer  to  (live.    The 
task  to  Ih'  a.i-onipllslusl  will  not  lie  th.'  pHsluc- 
ti.in  <if  statiil.'s.  but  the  pHsluction  of  n'.-.iiii- 
niin.lalions.     Those  who  think  that  a  conjtri's.s 
that  only  iiicils  to  rt'liort  an.l  nciiiimciiil  has  but 
a  ncutnil  task  IsfoO'  it,  have  a  viry  iiia.h'.|iiate 
i.lea  .if  till'  influence  which  w.iiihl  Ik'  .•x.'riisi'd 
by  a   .■.iiifiriiic.'  rcpresentinif  a  .lUart.r  .if  the 
liiiiiiau  nnc,  an.l  the  iinmi'iisunlile  opiilin.'.'  and 
p<nvir  that  liav.'  Im.ii  )tariien'.l  up  by  the  past 
cnttiri.s  of  our  liisiorv.     If  we  have  these  con- 
f.n'iices,  if  th.'V  ar.'  all.iwe.1  to  .liscuss,  as  tli.'y 
must  lie  aU.iw.'.'l  t.i  .liscuss.  all  t.ipics  wlii.li  any 
parli.'s  t.i  lli.'si'  <-.inf.'ri'iic.'ssli.iid.l  recommcn.l  to 
Ih'  .liscussed.   I..ir.l  HoselMTy  eann.it  appnh.'iid 
that  lli.'y  w.iiil.l  Is-  wanliniT  in  authorily  or  in 
■A.itfhl.  "  I,or.l  Salisbury,  in  his  sjiei'ilies  nciitly 
.h'liven'd  in  repiv  to  III."  \'mx\  of  I)iiiirav.ii  in  the 
lions.' of  I,.ir.ls.'aii.l  in  ri'Iily  l.i  llie  .hputalion 
of  thclmis'rial  F.'denilion  l^au'iual  Ih.'  F.irei);n 
Otll.-e,  has  pmiMrly  iusisli'.!  .in  llic  clii.f  practical 
I    .ilista.li'  lo  a  policy  of  f  n'.iuciit  confereu.i'S.     At- 
'    ten.laiice   at   .  .inf.'nnecs  involves  i,'iave  in.'on- 
I    v.'nieii.e  t.i  Colonial  slali'siiien.   ...   In  appi'al- 
iiij;  to  the  Imperial  Federation  U'airu.'  for  some 

practical  suiiiicstions  as  lo  the  ans  by  whiili 

tlies«'veral  paris  of  Hi.'  Hrilish  Kinpiri'  may  la- 
mori'  chisclv  knit  totfitlicr,  l^ml  Salisbury  threw 
out  some  p'r.'«iiant  hints.     To  niaki'  a  imilc.1  cm 
pin'  Isith  a  Zollv.'niii  and  a  Kri.');sv.'r.in  must 
Ik'  forme.l      In  th.'  cxistinir  stati'  of  fieliuK  in 
the    Mother  coiintrv   a    Zollv.rcin    would    Im'   a 
scri.ius.liffli  ullv.     The  n'lisons  have  licen  aln'ii.ly 
statist.     A  Krie"irsv.'r.iii  was.  pirhaps,  more  pnic 
li.able,  an.l  ccrtairly  nior.'  iin.'.nl.     Th.'   spa.e 
which  S(>parales  the  "Colonies  from  |)Ossible  .ii.'- 
iiii.'S  was  iH'i-omini;  every  y.ar  less  au.l  less  a  pm- 
t.-.ti.in.     W.'  niav  tak.'  c.iii.erte.l  actioe  for  .le 
fcii.-e    witliout    tlie   ii.'.issity    for   coiislitiilional 
chamr.'s  v. !ii.h    it   w.iid.l   b.'   .liUliult    to   .arry 
out.  "— l,or.l  iJris.sev.   /.i./.n.i/   h'nl-i:iti..:.       An 
Hn'/linli     lV,.r    (. \ .;,,(,>. I ^/.     C,„^.     .S;rf..    |S»li. 
—  ■'Till'  tat.'   Mr.    Forsl.r    laun.he.l    under    Ihe 
liil-iisoumlinu'tith'of  tlii'  '  lm|H'rial  K.'dcration 
I    I^-airu.',   a  scLi'Mie  bv  wlii.li  it-s  authors  iniisisc.l 
1    ii.  solve  all  til.'  problems  ail.ii.linK  th.'  a.lminis 
;    Imti.iii  .if  .lur  .iil.inial  .'lupire.     Fnini  first  to  last 
the  aiitliorH  .if  this  sclicme  have  never  lond.' 
sc.'ii.hsl  .Ml  parti.ulars.     •  lni|M'rial  f.' I.  rati.m,' 
wi' wcreahvavsloM,  was  the  only  s|K'.iHcairaiiist 
llw'  .lisinl.'itni'tioii  of  the  Knipire.  but  as  to  what 
this  spe.itic    rnilly    was,    no    information    was 
voiichsaf.'.l    .   .   .   It  is  very  natural  Ihiit  till' .ill 
zi'iis  .'I    a  vast   but   fniiinu'ntary  .nipiri-,  nlmsi' 
Icrritoiial  atoms  (iiistia.l  .if  forniiiiir.  lik.'  iliose 
.if  th.'  I  uii..l  Stall's,  a  '  rimr  f.ini' '  .l.iiiiaiiii  an- 
Matter..!  .iv.r  Ih.'  siirfac.'  of  th"'   irl.ilw.  shoul.l 
cast  alsi.il    f.ir  s.iiiie  artitiiial  licks  t.i  liiial  t.i- 
(rclh.'r  the  col.ini.s  w.'  have  planlc.l.  an.l     the 
Ihmisan.l   Iritss  nourisli.'.l  on  siniiii;.'  religions 
an.l  lawliss  slav.ri.'s'  whi.h  we  Imiv.-  irath.rtsl 
ijii.ler  our  rule      This  iuixi.lv  has  Iscn  ualiindly 


1141 


■  i     , 


•  i  ■'?'.;*  ; 


I        •■   ■  (  I  S     .  -i  V'"l 


'i 

■  t-  ■ 


FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

siifnncnti'il  Iiv  11  chronic  M^ritation  for  the  nbnn- 
.ioiimcnl  of  all  colonics  an  ix|H'nsivcHni|  iiwIchs. 
Kor  Ihoujth  thcri'  may  in-  little  to  iKiast  of  in  the 
fad  that  Orcjit  Kritai'n  has  in  ihi-  <imrs4'  of  Icmm 
tlian  tim'c centuries contrivfil  by  war,  iliploniacv. 
anil  ailvcnliiri'.   to  annex  alwut  a  tiflh  of  tl'ic 
kIoIk'.  it  call  liarilly  Ik-  c.\pcctc<l  that  she  shoiihl 
r<liiii|ui»h  without  an   cITort   cnii   tiir   iioniinal 
sway   she  still   hi. Ms  over  her  enlnnial  empire. 
Hence  it  comes  to  pas.s  that  any   sihemc  whhh 
Hccnis  to  supply  the  neiiliil  link's  iscaiiiiht  up  liy 
tho,i   who.  |M>s.sess!n!,'  slijrht   acipiaiiitanec  with 
the  (liist  history  or  the  present  a.spii'alions  of  our 
colonists,  arc  Kiniply  hsikin);  out   for  some  new 
tontrivaneo  hy  which  they  may  ho|M'  that  an  eii- 
'liiriiiK  iMinil  of  union  may  Ih'  proviileil.     •  Im- 
perial feilcmtiiiii '  is  llic  lust  new    •  notion  '  which 
ii.is  croppeil  up  in  pursuance  of  this  ohject.   .   . 
Some  due      .   .   to  iis  ohjeCs  anil  aims  niav  In- 
caineil  liy  a  reference  to  the  earliest  ex[H)silio'n  liy 
.Mr.  Korslcr  of  his  nii'tivescontaiiicil  in  his  answer 
five  years  ai.'o  to  the  i|Uestion.  ■  Wliv   was  the 
Lcat'iie  formeil  at  all  ?'     '  For  this  reason.'  savs 
Mr    Forsler.     Iinauvin  jrivinjf  silf  j;ovcrnmiiit 
to  Mur  colonies   «c  have   intriMlueeil  a  principle 
which  must    eventually    shake   olT   from    On  at 
Hrilaiii.  (irealer  Hritain.  anil  iliviilc  it  into  sijia- 
rate  states,   which   must,    in  short,    (li.ssolve  the 
union  unless  counti  rai  tiiiK  measures  !»•  taken  to 
preserve    i!  '     Ilelievin;:.   as   we  ilo,  that  it  ha.s 
only  iMin  liy  concciliiur  to  our  lariicr  j.'roup.<  of 
c.iluiiics  alisolute  iiowiisof  wlf  jrovernment  that 
«c  have  lelaincil  iliein  at  all,  ami  that  the  secret 
of  our  protnctcil  empire  lies  in   the  fact   of  this 
aliaiiilonment  if  central  arliitrarv  |Miwer.  the  re- 
tention of  Mhich  has  causiil  the  collapsi'  of  all 
the  Kiii'opcaii  empires  whidi  prieeiieil  us  in  the 
path  of  coliinisalion.  we  are  Ih.uM.I  to  enter  our 
emphatic  pmiest  ai.Minst  auassuiupiion  so  utterly 
ernineous  as  that   pro|iouiiileil   liv   .Mr.    Forstir. 
So  fur  from  iM-liiviiiL'  that  the  lariiiani  nt  union  of 
the  British  Kmpire  is  to  Ih-  si  cunil  liv  '  measures 
which  may  i  ciunterait  the  workiiiKS  of  colonial 
silf  L'o^i  riimeiit.'  we  are  convimeil  that  the  only 
safely  f..r  our  Kinpire  lies  in  the  iinfettereil  action 
of  that  self  L'overnment  which  we  have  ourselves 

Pfaiiletl  t ir  colonies.      It   wouM  almost  seem 

that  lor  I.onI  UoselKry  anil  his  fellow  workers 
the  hisiory  of  the  coloniul  empires  of  I'lirtuiral. 
Spain.  Ilolljuiil.  iinil  France  hail  Imiii  written  iii 
v.iiii.  Korif  We  ask  why  these  colonial  cmpin's 
have  ilwiihlleil  .iiiil  ilccayeil.  the  answer  is  simply 
liecaiisc  that  self  piveriiincnt  which  is  the  life  of 
Hrili^li  coloniis  was  never  cranteilto  their  ilepcn 
ill  lilies  There  was  a  lime  when  one  Imnilreil 
ami  lifty  sDverciirn  princes  paiil  triliute  to  the 
treasury  of  I.islKin.  For  two  huiulrcil  years, 
lunrc  lliaii  half  the  .Smth  American  coniineiii 
was  .in  appana^re  of  Spain.  CeW.in,  the  Cape. 
•  Jiiiaii.i.  ,'iimI  a  vast  cluster  of  traile  factories  in 
till-  Ka-I  were  at  the  dose  of  the  scM-iilecnIli 
CI  niury  eiil.mies  nf  |I„llanil:  while  half  Ni.rlli 
Ainenea.  eoniprisiiiL'  the  vast  ami  fertile  valleys 
of  the  Si  l.aw-i  i,.e.  111,.  Mississippi,  ami  the  ( Ihio. 
oliiyeil,  a  liule  11, ore  ilian  a  .Tiiiiirv  at'o.  the 
sceptre  of  fram'e  .Niiihi  r  I'orluiral!  nor  Spain, 
nor  l|,,il:iiiil.  nor  Frame,  has  lackiil  ahle  riihT* 
or  statesmen.  l,ut  i|,|.  i,,|i„iial  empire  of  all  these 
states  has  enimlilcil  ami  ilccaveil.  The  excep- 
tional po,iii,.u  ,,r  (ir,i,t  Itritain  in  ihis  respect 
can  ,,nly  !«•  as,  tIIk^iI  ii,  ihi-  nlimpiishinent  of  all 
th,.  ailvantio.'is,  p,,liii,al  ami  coiumercial.  onli- 
narily  presumcl  t,,  result  i,,il,,minant  slates  from 


FEDERAL  QOVERNMINT 

the   po«»essinn    of  ilependenrieii.  .  ri,,.  „,. 

mantle  ilream.sof  the  Itn|H-riiil  Fwleration  I.,  a'up 
wen.'  in  fact  ilisaipateil  InToreliunil  hv  ll,>  irr,"v„ 
cahio  K-am  of  in<le|)enilent  leginhituri ,  i,,  .ill 
our  most  important  cohmiea,  ami  l,or,|  |>,,„. 
iKTy  may  rest  a.s8uml  that,  eliarni  h,.  nn,r  «, 
wise'y  they  will  not  listen  to  his  l,l.ii„ii,|,. 
nienis  at  tlw  cost  of  ime  iota  of  th,'  |..:,ii,;i] 
priyile),'es  aln'iiily  conferred  on  tliiiii  ~/,i;. 
It  rial  Fri/rniltim  [  Hili ithii r'/li  Itfr.,  .hihi,  lss:ii_ 
■  ■  Uritannic  I  iwiledenition  '  is  dchnd  i,,  i,  ,„ 
union  of  the  I'nited  Kiniriloni  of  (;r,ai  l!iii,i„ 
ami  In'laiiil  British  North  Amerii.i.  Ilnii.h 
South  Africa  ami  Australasia.'  The  W.-i  In,],, , 
and  one  or  tw,.  other  British  Deiienilei,,  i, ,  s,, „, 
here  to  he  shut  out:  hut,  at  any  lai,-,  with 
this  delinition  we  at  least  know  where  »,■  ar,' 
The  terms  of  the  union  we  are  not  t,,l,l:  I, it  m 
the  woni  'confederation  '  is  usihI,  I  conn  iw  ili.it 
they  an-  meant  to  lie  strictly  federal.  Th  ,t  (^  r,i 
Kiiv,  first  of  all,  llie  I'lirliiiment  of  |l„  I  iiji,,| 
Kingdom  will  jtive  up  its  riirtit  to  livi-ln,.  f.ir 
British  .North  America,  Bntish  Soiiih  \triia 
and  Austnilasia.  Then  the  United  Kiie.;,|,,iii 
British  North  America.  British  South  .Mr,  i.nni 
.\iistrala.sia  will  cuter  Into  a  fchxal  nial)  .ii  .siili 
one  another.  They  may  enter  citlii  r  a^  .mmuIi- 
incmlR-rs  (States  or  Caiitons)  or  as  Kr..ii|„  „f 
inemlH-rs.  That  is,  (in-at  Britai  ,  ami  Inlaii'l 
iiiiKht  enter  as  a  siiiiile  State  of  •  (  i,r:l,,|,ra 
tiou.  or  England.  ScoilamI,  irda  \V:il,s_,,r 
possihiy  smaller  divisions  again-  iiii-li:  .nlir 
as  separate  States.  Or  tJn-at  liritaiii,  .\iixir:ili:i 
Canada.  Ac.,  m\gH  enter  as  tlienisil\e,  I.,,,-,,,,.' 
mcmlKTs  1,1  a  v'n'atcr  League,  as  in  th,'  ,,1.1  siai, 
of  thiiiirs  in  tJraulillndcn.  I  am  not  uririiin;;  (,,r 
or  asainst  any  of  thcsi-  arran);eineiils  I  am  ,iiilw 
statinj;  them  as  possilile.  But  wlial,v,r  tli,- 
units  are  to  lie  — (ireal  Britain  ami  .\ii.rr;,;ii. 
England    and   Victoria,   or    anvlhiiii.'    i  ir.-,  r   ,,r 

smaller  —  if  the  confedcrathni  is  to  l,e  .i  i,  ,,l , 

eaih  .State  must  keep  some  [Hiwcrs  i,,  Ik,  ii  ,11,1 
must  yield  some  powers  to  a  central  l„„h  fl.it 
Central  IkkIv.  in  which  ull  the  .Stui,,  miiM  In  r  |, 
resented  in  some  way  or  other,  will  iimi'illy 
deal  with  all  iiiterna'tional  matlers.  ull  in.ii,  ri 
that  concern  the  BriUiiinic  Confeih mi  11  as  a 
whole.  The  lenislatun-s  of  (Jre.il  liri' ,111  iihI 
Australia.  Knirland  and  Victoria,  or  v\i,,ii,nr 
the  units  fixed  on  may  lie.  will  deal  ,iiiiv  «illi 
the  internal  affairs  of  those  .si-veral  laiiln^  Nmv 
Mich  a  w  henn-  as  this  is  theontically  p  ^mI,|,- 
That  is.  it  involves  no  contradiclion  iii  1.  ,,ii-.  a-, 
the  talk  alkuit  Imperial  Fi,lerali,,ii  ,1  .  -  It 
is  purely  f,ilenil;  then-  is  noihini;  ■iih|„riar 
alioul  it.  It  issimply  applyiiis:  to  I,  rliiM  li-liii 
cal  comniiinitics  a  pnM'css  whii'h  has  l».ii  ,111 
ally  tone  thniuch  by  certain  oll.er  pi,li'i. .,!  ,  in- 
munilics.  It  is  |in>|>osini;  to  rcconsirui  i  a  ,  •  I'.iiu 
political  constitution  after  the  minid  ••!  ,  iraiti 
other  polith'.al  loiistitiilions  wlii,'li  an  i" 
workinir.  It  is  tlicn-fon- soimihiiii:  !»  ' 
men,  talk  and  thi-ory.  But.  Imaiiv  ii  ! 
n-tically  pos.sibh',  it"il,«'s  n  1  l,,ll,.w  il 
practically  possilile.  thai  is.  that  il  i^  |,  - 
this  particular  case.  .  .  .  Ofilie  fi,l,r,:; 
istiiiy  at  Ihis  time  the  two  1  liief  an-  s>v  >■- 
and  the  I'nited  Stales  of  .\iueri,.i.  Th  , 
in  this  point,  that  one  is  very  Ian.',  uiil  ■, 
very  small;  they  airn-e  in  tlii.s.  thii  i!i. 
tory  of  Ixitli  is  continuous.  But  ili,  ;>f 
Britannic  Confederatiiin  will  he  stall,  1 
teatt  over  every  part  of  the  wurlil.     I  I: 


:,.  taal 
r  than 

.     Illl-M 

■  il  i- 
!  I,'  la 
:^  ,\ 

M:<h-l 


1141 


'.ii; 


FEDERAL  GOVERNMENT. 

M  rtamnlc  in  anv  ajri-  of  »  wiitlomi  ronfinlera-  | 
Hon  „  «-^tt«re.l  li.iii.lt>»8Uuit.    -rii..  lUniH,-  lowris 
were  imt  »   Bun.lf«.Ui.it;  tlify    w.T«  Imnlly  a 
ma»liiil)uml.     Of  till'  pn)l.ttl>lc  workiiiK  of  sue  i 
.  b<»lv  »■*  thiit  wliU-li  is  iu>w  pn.pomHl  the  .■xixri- 
,!,<■.•  (if  hl»U)ry  ran  Icixli  us  notliiiiK :  » <■  <""  <'»'y 
Z.s,wlu.t  nmy  !«■  lil^.b-     Tl.e  Brilunnir  Om- 
Llimtiim  will  l>"vc  il«  U-iU-rsi\  .iii.i;r.v,  HiltiiiK 
wniewlHTC.  ixTliap"  at  W.slminstcr,   lUTliaps  at 
M.-llH>iirnc   iHTlmiw  al  loiin.^  WasliinKt.m  calU-il 
iiK-ciullv  iiitolK'iii«  at  Home  pnint  in.m'  rcnlral 
tm    .iili'T       •  •   ••''"■"  "''"''■  'I't'ir  "■I'"'"-"'"- 
tivii  will  think  it  (trand  to  sit  at  Westminster; 
nnwinlv   us  the  »|iirit  of  eiiiialily  );ro»s,  tliev 
arc  uol'iinlik.'lv  to  ask   for  w.ine  niore  eenlnil 
place,  thev  may  even  refiis.'  to  stir  out  of  their 
;,wn  territory.     That   is   to  H,iy.  tliey  will    fliMl 
that  the  sentiment  of  national  unity,  wliieli  they 
undouhteillv  have  in  no   Kiiiall  measure,   nee.ls 
iienie  nlivsiVal  ami  some  political  basis  ti)  slaml 
on     It  is  hard  to  iM-li.-ve  that  States  wliieh  an' 
unileil  oiilv  hv  a  sentiment,  whieli  have  .so  niiieli. 
betli  nolitiVarand  plivsieal.  to  keep  tlu-m  asun- 
der «ill  U'kepl  to;{ether  forever  liy  aseiitinieiit 
„nlv       \i"l  "e  must  further  reiiiemlier  that  that 

sentiinint  is  a  s<'nti ill  for  tile  mother  country. 

anil  iii>t  for  one  another,   .   .   .  Canada  an.l  Aus- 
tralia <an'  a  u'mit  deal  for  Oreat  Urilain;   we 
niav  <l"uht  whether,  apart  fn>m  (ireat  liritain, 
(•iniiila  and    Australia  eare  v.Ty  much  for  one 
iin.ilher     Tliere  mav  Is'  Ameriean  States  whieli 
.arc   \>t   Ifs    for  one    another;    Imt    in     their 
c:ise  nil  re  continuity  priMlin  es  a  erowd  of  inter 
c«l<   and    relations    eommoii    to   all.     We    may 
(liiuht  whetliir  the   eonfederalion   of   States   so 
(ii^tant  as  the  exisiini;  colonies  of  Great    Urit- 
ain.  wlicthcr  the  lirinu'inK  them  into  closiT  rela- 
tions with  one   another  as    widl   as  with  dreut 
liriiaiii.    will  at  all    lend   to   the   advance   of  a 
foniinoii  national   unity  ninoni;  them.     We  may 
ili.iihl  whether  it  will  not  1h'  likely  to  tirui);  out 
wjiiic  hidden  ti-ndeneies  to  disunion  amouL'  them 
in  the  scattered  confederation  all  ipiestions 
and  parliis  are  likelv  to  lie  Im^al.     It  is  liani  to 
«r«hat  will  1h' the  materials  for  the  formation 
(if;;r.at  national  parties  umoni;  such  seatlered 
fl,.ni,.nt<    — K.   A.   Freeman.    The   I'hiimml    mul 
l'.J,t,i:,l  Hinn  "f  Sittioii.il  Inili/illiiluiinii-  r„ii- 
fe.l.nili.,ii.    nl.  Xv    .1.    S.    Wl,il,).  —  -l    have    til.' 
UnaK-t  rcspei't   for  the  aspiralions  of  the  Im- 
pt  rial  Ki  di  ralionists.  anil  mys<  If  most  ea'nestly 
ilisirc    tlic    moral    unity   of    our   race    ami    its 
partm  rsiiip  in  achievement  and  trraiideiir.     IJut 
an  alicinpt  at  formal  Kederalion,  such  us  is  now 
pruliovd.   would  in  the  tirst   place  exclude  the 
l^t.plc  of  the  1,'nited  States,  who  form  the  larijest 

in.rii .f   the    Knulisli  ■-peakini,'   race,  and    in 

the  -.11.1111  place  it  wnul.l  split  us  nil  to  phi-i-s. 
It  wi.iiM  1  am  p.rsui.il..l,  call  into  play  centrifii- 
pil  rnnis  a-uiiist  whi.li  the  centripetal  fores 
coMld  mil  colli,  ii.l  for  an  hour.  What  inten-sis 
of  the  class  with  whhh  a  Feileral  I'arliam.nt 
would  .leal  hav.'  Auslndia  an.l  Cana.la  in  com- 

1 r.'    What  iii.'mv  has  .•itli.T  of  tlieni  whom 

th.'  oih.  r  wniiM  1k'  iiicliui'il  to  tiirhl  V  Australia, 
it  >n  Ml-  liKiks  torwanl  tn  n  struitKh'  with  tin' 
(  liiii.M  I  r  ascendency  in  that  iiuarler  of  the 
L'1.1..  r.ina.la  i-ares  no  niori'  alwait  a  striisriile 
l»t«iii  ihi  Australians  and  the  Chinese  at  tli.' 
cMu  r  I Aircinity  of  the  kIoIh'  than  the  Australians 
w.iiilii  I  irc  ahout  a  dispiit.'  U'twei-n  Canada  and 
liir  Hi  uhl.nurs  in  the  t'liitwl  Stjites  resjiectinn 
t.uiailiiii  liiiundaries  or  the  Fialieries  Question. 


FEHDEHECHT. 

The  cimimiitancrii  of  the  two  groups  of  col.mies, 
to  which  their  policy  must  c.inform,  are  totally 
ililTerent.     Australia'lies  in  anoiean  hy  herself: 
Ciinuda  is  territorially  interliK-ked  an.l  comiii.T- 
chilly  iHmiiil  up.  a»  well  iis  siaially  almost  fused, 
with  the  Kreat  mass  of  Kniilisli  s|H>akinK  popu- 
lation whieli  iKcupi.s  Ih.'  larirer  portion  ot  her 
continint.     Australia  airain    is  intirely    British. 
Cana.la  has  in  h.r  mi.lst  a  gr.at  til.Kk  <•(  Fniieh 
population,    c.institiitini;  a  .lislinct    nationality, 
whi.  li  instead  of  lain);  ahsorlssl  i>.laily  urowing 
ill  int.iisily;  ami  she  w.Mild  pra.ti.  ally  he  uiialile 
to  taki'  part  ill  any  enterpris.'  or  support   any 
poll.  V    .speeiallv    any    p.ili.  v    .iitailini.'   an    in- 
crnw    of   tiLXation.   to  whi.li  tli.'   Kr.n.  li  'uii- 
iidiaiis  w.r.'   opp.iscil.      Of   (reitini:    Cana.la    to 
..iiitrihiile  out    of    h.r  .iwn    r..soiirce3   to    wars 
.ir  to    the    niaintinani'e  of   armaments,   for    the 
ohj.its  of  Urilish   diplomacy    in    Kuro|)e   or  ID 
till   Fast,  no  on.'  wh.v  knows  tli.'  Caiiailiaiis  can 
iniau'ine  that  th.r.'  w.iidil  Iw  the  sliiihl.-st  hope. 
Tlie~v.  ry  su):i;.-lion.  at  the  tim.' of  the  Soudan 
Kspedition.  .•ailed  forth  .niplialie  protests  on  all 
si.l.'S.     Th.'  only  results  of  an  expir lit  in  for- 
mal Fi'ihratioii.  1  r.|i.at.  would  he  iipiidiutioa 
of  Fisl.T.il  il.'iiian.ls,  e-lranL'.iiunt  an.l  dissolu- 
tion."—(ioMwiii    Sniilh,    .•^Iniu.ih'i    thf    Silken 
nmiiliM'd-milhin's  M,fi,i:i„i.  A'l'/..  IssX). 

European  Federation. -•  Whil.'  it  is  olivious 
that  Imperial  F.'.leiaii.ni  ot  the  British  Kinpire 
wiiidil  lov.-r  maiiv  .d  tli.'  .lifects  in  our  nlatmn- 
ship  with  the.'olonies.  it  is  .-.lually  appan^nt  thai 
it  is  .ip.ii  to  th.-  fatal  .ilipction  .d'  m.ndy  making 
us  a  more  formi.lalil.'  fait.ir  in  the  ti.dil  of  inter- 
national anar.liv.     Suppose  the  cid.inies  uiid.T- 
liiiik  to  share  .•ijuitahlv  the  great  costof  imperial 
d.l'.iii..  ill  til.,  pr.'siiil  Stat.' of  lliini;s  thro'iirhout 
Kurope  — an.l  that  is  a  viTy  hiri;.' as.-iiinptii)ii — 
Kiiglan.l  would  he  .■iilir.'lv  d.|i.nileiit.  in  .ase  of 
war.  for  the  siipplv  of  fiasl  on  the  II. .t.  any  a.- 
lider.t  to  whi.h  would  plai-  us  at  the  em-niy  s 
ineriv      Kv.n   willioiit   a.lual    hostiliti.'s.    Iimv- 
.-..T.'our  additional  stnMigtIi  wouhl  .auM' an.ith.-r 
iiHr.'asi' of  f.ir.igii  ariiiam.nts  to  m..  t   the  .ase 
.if  war  with  us.     This  procss  has  lak.ii  pla.-e  in- 
variably on  the  inir.ase  of  arinaimnts  of  any 
Eiirop("an  stal.'.  and  niiiy  Ih'  tak.-ii  lob.-  as .  .rlain 
as  that  till'  sun  w  ill  ri-si'  to-morrow       But  all  the 
beiielits  aecniiiii.'  from  Imp.rial   .'.■ih'ration  may 
lH'se.iire.l  bv  Kuropcan  F.-.hration.  plus  a  ri'iliic- 
tionof  militiirv  liabilitv.  which  Imperial  F.-.lem 
li.in  w.ml.l  n.'it  .iiilv  not  re.lu.f,  but  iucr.'as<'. 
Th.'ri'  is  nothing  to'  pn-v.-nt   ;he  self-governing 
colimics  from  j. lining  in  a  Kiiropian  Fe.lir.iti.in, 
and  thus  inlarsiiii'.'  tli.- basis  .if  that  institution 
.•ii.irmnuslv.  an.l  cutliiig  olT  in  a  correspon.ling 
.l.'ur.'e  th.'chame  of  an  outbr.ak  of  violence  in 
anoth.T  .lir.-.li.iii.  which  c.iul.l   not  fail  to  have 
serious  coiisei|ii.ni  .s  to  th.'  col.ini.s  at  any  rale." 
— C  1)  Far.|iihars.iii.  i;,leniliun.tlie  lUili/  <•/ Iht 
/•'../urcOl'"' ""■'"'"■  /'"'••  '^'■■'  '*"*')■  ''''■  ""■--""•''■ 


See  I'nitki)  St.^tkh 

'"fe'dERALi'st's!  The  party  of  the 
lNiTi.1.  SrvrKsoK  Am.:  A.  D.  1TH»-I7y.' 


FEDERALIST,  The. 
OK  Am.:  a    1)    17>*T-17S!t. 


S.V 
also 

TllK     llMiTKOlU) 


isii;   and    l-^U   iDk.kmiii-; 

C(1N\K.NT1.'N 

FEDS.-CONFEDS.     S<e  B.ivs  in  Hi  ik. 

FEE.     S.M>  Kki  iiM.isM. 

FEHDERECHT.-  Thi'  right  of  privati-  war 
far.',  or  .iillidatioii,  .xerciaed  iu  meillieviil  (Jcr 
manv      S..-  Lamikkikdk 


114:j 


*  51 


( i 


i ;  b 


.)•.'■•..  ' 


■  ■  !  -  1, 


m 


"I 


FEIIRBELLIN. 
FEHRBELLIN,    Battle    of    (1675).     Sop 

HHAMlKNHtKll:   A.    I).   1«4«-16W;    nnil  Htanui 
NAviA.N  Statkb(Swkdkni:  a.  II    IH44  1607 
FEIS  OF  TARA.    «<■.■  Taka. 
FELICIAN  HERESY.     S,,'  Aix>ptiani»m 
FELIX  v..  Pop*,  A.  I).    li:tU-1449  (iHtTt.il 
bv  the  Couiii  il  iif  Baiilcl. 

FENIAN   MOVEMENT.   The.    See   Ikk- 
i»Ni>:  A.    I).    lH.W-imlT;   unil    Canada     A    1) 
IWMi-INTI. 
FENIAN  :  Origin  of  the  Name.— An  Irlali 

IHwiiKif  till'  ninlli  ( inciiUi'il  tlii-  |iii„ii  Kireun- 

imrli,  iir  I'.H-ni  iif  Irclmiil.  prrsirvis  u  mytliicul 
siury  of  ilii-  iiri^riii  nf  the  Irish  |m'ii|iIi',  miiinlinjf 
til  wliiih  ilirv  Mpriiiii;  fniiii  mif  Fi'iiiiis  FHrsaiith 
Willi  ciinir  nut  iiC  S,  viliiii.     N(.|.  nr  Xiul,  tli.>  sum 
uf    Fiiiiiis.    truvrlUil   iiitii    Kg\\<l  nnil    iimrricil 
Siiii.i.  a  iliiuithior  uf  Kuninii  (Plmnuiln.     •■  Niul 
liiMl  u  will  iiariiiil  (JiU'clliiiil  (Jlus,  ur  (irifii  (Jacl; 
ami  wi'  ari'  l.ihl  tliat  it  is  fnmi  liim  llii'  Irish  art- 
calli'il  tiai'ilhil  (Oacl)  (ir  Oaililiaiia,  whilr  from 
his  iiiKtIicr  is  diriviil  tlii'  iiaiiu'  of  Siuti.  or  S<ot», 
ami  from  Finius  that  of  Kiiii  or  Finiaiis  ■— .m! 
llav(rty,//i»r    ,/ lr,l,„„l.  j,.  HI— From  this  Icm'iui 
wasiliTiviil  till-  iiariiii.f  tlir  Fi-iiian  I!rotluTliiKMl 
orfc'aniz.il  in  In  laml  ami  Aiiu-rica  fur  tlio  lil«ni- 
tioii  of  the  fiiriiiir  from  British  riili'.  and  which 
niaywl  a  ilislurliinL'    Imt    iinsiicnssful    part    In 
Irish  alfairs  from  alimii  |H«.-)  to  1H71 
FEODORE.     S,,.  liiKoiHiKK. 
FEODUM.     Sir  Kkhiaiism. 
FEOF.     SiH*  Fki'iiaijsm 
FEORM  FULTUM.     Se.-  Fkrm 
FERDINAND,   Kinz  of  Portugal,   A    II 
IWii-llN;) Ferdinand  I.,  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria and  King  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  IhjC)- 
IH+N         Ferdinand    1.,    Germanic    Emperor, 
l.fchS  1,(14;  Archduke  of  Austria,  and  Kint-  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia,  1,V,>«-1.-KH;  Kingofthe 

Romans,  l-i:)l-l.-,r,8 Ferdinand  I.,  King  of 

Aragonand  Sicily,  1412-1416 Ferdinand  I.. 

King  of  Castile,    liM.Vlim.-,;    King  of  Leon 

li';!7-liKi,-i Ferdi.-and  I.,    King  of  Naples 

l*^*  H''^  Ferdinand  IL,  Germanic  Em- 
peror and  King  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary. 
'"i"  "«•  Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Ar?gon 
4.!i  l.-,lii  V.  of  Castile  (King-Consort  of 
Isabella  of  Castile  and  Regent),  1474-1.'>1« 
II.  of  Sicily,  14;»-l,-,iii;  and  III.  of  Naples. 
'•>"•■*-'■' I «  Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Leon 
"■''■-"'*«  Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  Naples 
I4»,VI4WI  Ferdinand    II..   called    Bomba. 

Kine  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  IKio-iH.-iil.  Ferdi- 
nand III.,  Germanic  Emperor,  and  King  of 
Hungary  and  Bohemia,  l«;)7-10.-)7. .  Ferdi- 
nand III..  King  of  Castile,  1217  1.' Hi:  King  of 
Leon  and  Castile,  united.  r2:to  I2."i2  .  .Fer- 
dinand IV.,  King  of  Leon  and  Castile,  ISb.V 
1  il2  Ferdinand  IV..  King  of  Naples,  and 

1.  of  the  Two  Sicilies.    I7.V.(  im(W;  „|„|   i,s|V- 
1N2.-..         Ferdinand  VI.,  King  of  Spain,  17lii 
Iiiii  Ferdinand  VII.,  King  of  Spain.  l.>«hi 

ami  l>i|  I   |n;|;|. 
FERI/E.     Si-i-  I.ni, 

FERM.-FIRMA.-FARM.-  A  sort  of  1 
<-oinjiositioii  for  all  thr  profits  arisini:  to  the  kiim  i 
(111  hiit'laml.  Norman   pi-ri.Kl|    from  his  anciinl 

claims  on  the  l.in.l  ami  from  i|i|.  jii.|i,iii|  pro, ,|. 

iiiKs   of   the   shirr  moot ;    the    rent    of  ilctiuhoil    \ 
piei-cs  of  iliMiii  sue  land,  tile  ninnanls  of  the  an 
ciciit  folk  laml :  Uie  |iayiiients  due  from  eorpomtt 
IwMlies  ami  individuals   for  the   primiir,  e  ^rjfts 
Uic  odcrinjrs  iiiadi-  in  kinil,  or  the  hospiialiiv  — 


FErnAL  AIDS. 


the  fcorm-fiiUiim—  which  the  kinirs  had  1  riihi 
to  exact  from  their  siiliJectH,  ami  which  wire  Ik-. 
foH' the  time  of  lliiincMlny  ({ciierally  1  oniniiii,.,! 
for  money;  the  fines,  or  a  portion  iif  Ih.  lin,., 
paiil  in  the  onlinarvpniceiw  of  the  county  i.Miris 
anil  olher  Hmall  mwcllaneous  incidents  rii,si. 
hiiil  Imiii,  soon  after  the  romposition  of  I>„ii,., 
day.  estimateil  at  a  tlxcil  num.  wliii  h  «  „  ri 
pinlisl  anil  sort  of  rent  or  composition  ai  nlii,  I, 
the  lonnty  was  let  to  the  sheritl  ami  ni  ..id, ,1  i„ 
the  '  Itotulus  Kxactorioiis';  for  this.  1111,1,  r  tin. 
name  of  ferm,  he  answen^il  anmiallv  ;  il  hi^  „.. 
K'ipts  wen'  in  excess,  lie  ntained  "the  liuliii,,, 
us  his  lawful  (initit.  the  wanes  of  his 

■II  liehiw  the  ferm,  he  lia<l  t,,  |,:iv 


s  lawful  iin 
iriM-eeds  fell 


the  priH-eeds  fell  liehiw  tli     •  ■ 

the   (liflen'iice   from    his   own    pnrsi  tli',, 

farm,  ferm,  or  flrma,  the  rent  or  1  oni|i,,.iii,,ii  f,,, 
the  ancient  feormfultiim,  or  provisi,,,!  jn  ,1,1,, 
in  kind  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  kini;s.  Ih,  lii.,,,ry 
of  the  word  in  its  French  form  wonhl  1„  i,r,  r,  ^i 
intf.  The  use  of  the  woni  for  a  peiuni  irv  u.k- 
inent  is  traced  lon({  before  tl'.e  N,,rin;iii  I  ,.„. 
ipiest."— W.  Stubbs,  fV<«»r  llitt.,.f  Ei,-i.,:-;  11 
Met.  120.  nmluiite. 
FERNANDO.  S<c  Fkkdinanh 
FEROZESHUR,  Battle  of  118451  Ne 
India:  A.  I).  1><4,')-1S4». 

FERRARA :  The  House  of  Este.    s. ,  Kmf. 

A.  D.  1275.— Sovereignty  of  the  Pope  con- 
firmed by  Rodolph  of  Hapsburg.  .n.-  (Iku. 
MA.NY:  A.   I».  lS7;{-li«l8. 

A.  D.  1597.— Annexation  to  the  states  of  the 
Church.— End  of  the  house  of  Este.  Dtcaj 
of  the  city  and  duchy.  Sw  I'Acui  .\  1/ 
1 5i)7. 

.  *•  °-  '.W— Joined  to  the  Cispadine  Repub- 
lic. SeeFii,\NCE:  A.  II.  171I6-17K7  lOi  loum- 
Apbii.). 

FERRY  BRIDGE,  Battle  of  {14611  Ne 
Ksoland:  a.  II.  14.'i,'i-1471. 

FETIALES.-FECIALES.-  Til,  imi  , 
of  the  feciales,  or  fetiales  (amoni;  tin  |;,,Tiiaii«| 
extende<l  over  every  bmiuli  of  intern:iii,,h  il  i  i,v 
They  gave  advice  on  all  mattcrsof  p,:i, ,  ir  \\.\t 
and  the  conclusion  of  tr<-atics  and  :illi m, . , 
Theyfultllled  the  same  fuiictionsash.  1  ,1  i-  mv\. 
as  such,  wen-  frequently  cntriisle,|  will,  imi,  r 
taut  communications.  They  wire  :il-  ,  ■ 
n-gujar  embassies.  To  llieiii  was  1  iiiru- 
n'ception  and  entertainment  of  f,,r,  i.-ii  , 
Tiny  Were  n-quind  to  deciile  on  tlie  |u-!i 
war  about  to  commence,  and  to  pr,„lii 
(viri  ..  Tate  it  according  to  certain  eshiiiii^i, 
iiia!i-ies.  .  .  The  College  of  K,,  i.d,  ,  , ,, 
of  nearly  twenty  memlK'rs,  with  a  pr,  mI,  ; 
was  callwl  I'ater  I'atralus.  U'causc  it  w  ■- 
sary  that  he  should  havelMith  father  an  1 
living,  that  he  might  Im'  supposed  1,1  t;i». 
interest  in  the  welfari'  of  the  State  n, 
backwards  as  well  as  forwanls.  ,  .  .  Id 
of  Feciales  .  .  .  still  existed  under  111,  .  i-i- r  .IN 
as  well  as  that  of  I'ater  I'atratus,  tlioi.,-;,  J-.  1 
a  title  of  honour,  while  the  iastitiiii.ii  i:~, .'  '\  ,■ 
for  ev.Tanniliilati',1 :  and,  after  the  iii_:i  :  f  Ti 
litriiis.  we  cannot  lind  any  trace  ,if  ii  i:  1' 
<i.  .Murray,  Kmluimin  ,ii,ii  /■'..ruy/i  ('  ,  ■.  y., 
S-10.  — Si-e,  alsii,  .Vfofus 

FEUDAL  AID&-'In  the„rv  II,.  :■■  .■• 
the  noble  vassal  towanis  his  loni  iv  ,,  ,  r  ,r.  k 
personal  one  ami  to  1  ommiite  it  r,,i  a  ii'  •:      i  .1 


ill  .'Il 
1  lilt' 

IV, -v^. 
,,'fa 

n   iill'l 

■1  r.T- 

>;>I,-,i 

i.lr.ii 


i.Mk 
1;  1:11, 


1144 


fe&A 


FEUDAL  AIDS 

ment  vM  »  lU'Kniiltttlon  of  tlic  wliolf  feudal  re- 
Uiion     Till'  puymi-nt  i>f  money,  fii|Hfially  if  it 
wtn'  s  flxwl  '"'"'  "Ki'l*''  P»ynwiit,  ciirricil  with 
it  a  irrtaiii  i)riuil)le  iili-tt  uBaiiist  wliicli.  in  llif 
frtrm   of   »'"•''    wxtttioii,    tin-   feiHliil   npirit   re    | 
bcllt,!  to  111!'  liiHt      WlifH  till-  vaiwal  iiKrwil  to   ; 
pav  wiiiiclliiiiKt"  ''>''  '""'•  •"•  callwl  ''•  »"'  "  '"^'    ] 
iiii't  ail  •  tti'l '  C""'''"""'  "'"*  """I""  "   K<"'enilly 
iMValilf.  "<>l  ri'Kularly.  lilu'  tin-  tiix  liill  of   ili.'   . 
(iri/..ii     1ml    on'y   "P""    <.t'''l»i»    o<'<^u.sic)ii»  — H   i 
i)n*iil    us  it  weri'.  coming  oiil  of  liix  K'xxl  will    \ 
iui,i  iiui  from  (•.inipiiUiiin  ;  ■■.  K-.  wliuni'vcr  ii  lief   . 
«,is  iiiwlv  firiiiitfil.  wlii'H  it  clmnstil  its  loni,  uml 
Hdiii'  liiiK's  wliiMi  it  rliimmil  iw  viissal.  it  wiis  from 
ti„.  iic-inniim  rustomiirv  Ut  ii<  knowlt'dgi'  tlii!  in- 
visiiiuri'  bv  rt  simill  giti  to  llii-  ioril.  primarily  ii«    ! 
a  svnilhil  of  tlir  grant ;  tlicii,  iw  tin'  insliniiion 
gn-v  ami  inaiiiiery  iM'camc  more  liixiirinus,  tlic 
L'id  iiHTi'asiil  in  value  and  was  tlioiiglit  of  as  an 
ailiuil  prill'  for  Ilii'  invistitun'.  until  llnally,  at 
the  (111*  of  our  pi'riiKl.  it  huBitiiI  tin'  fate  of  all    '■ 
si?nil;ir  contri  but  ions  ami  was   clianiiiil    into  a    I 
ilrrtiiiti'  inoni'V  payment,  slill  retaining.  Iiowever.    • 
il,,irlv  name  of 'relief  ' .   .   .  The  iH-eusions  for    ; 
livvinv'  llie  aids  were  various  but  always,  in  the 
„rv.  of  an  exceptional  sort.     The  Journey  of  a    j 
Icifii  M  llie  eoiirl  of  his  suzerain,  or  to  UiKiie.  or 
In  juin  a  crusaili',  the  knighting   of    his  eldest 
••111,  tlie  marriage  of  liis  eldest  daughter,  and  his 
raMsiiin  from  iinprisonmenl  are  among  the  niosl 
fn,|Uinl  of  the  feudal    aids  '      riie  right  of  the 
liinl  lo  Ik-  eiiUrtaincd  and  provisioiieil.  together 
with  all  hi»  following,  was  one  of  llie  most  bur 
iliiiwmie,  anil  at  the  same  time,  most  dilHcult  to 
riiulalc      lis  conversion  into  a  momy  tax  wits. 
|«Tiiapsforlliis  reason,  earlit  r  than  tliat  of  many 
iiili,  r  of  the  feudal  contributions  "— K.  Knierton. 
\l,,lii,.il  /■;'ir.'/».  i-h.   14. 

FEUDAL  TENURES.—     .\fur  the  feudal 
(.y-li  ill  of    tenure   had   been    fully    establisheil. 
all  Liiidi  wen  held  subject  to  certain  additional 
nVijiti'ii'.  vvliieh  Were  due  either  to  the  Kiiiu'. 
Iii'it  as  «  iviieiL'n.  but  as  feudal  lonll  from  the 
"riu'inil  LM'.iiiHis.  callislleiumls  iii-eliief  (leneiites 
in  lapit.  I,  or  to  the  tenants  in  eliief  themselvi-s 
fruMilieir  undir  tenants.     Of  tliesi'  olilimitions 
til,-  111  1-1  li. nil. arable  was  that  of  knight  .si-rviee. 
Tiiis  »i<  till-  teniiri-  by  which  the  King  granted 
mil  til  fs  111  his  followers,  and  by  which  they   in 
liini  pMvi.|i-il  for  their  own  military    retainers 
Th  ■  lands  of  Ilie  liisliops  and  dignitleil  iii  Icsiiis 
til-   iiml  of   -Host  of  till-  religions  I'unndatioii'.. 
wir.  ii!-ii  lield  by  this  tenuri       A  few-  except imi- 
iiiilj    «i-re  made  in  favour  of  lands  ".liicb  Inid 
biiii  iinnii'inorially  held  in  frankalnioii;ii.  or  fn-c 
uliii-     (In  till-  grant  of  a  ttef.  Ilic  ti-nani    was 
piilili.lv  invinted  with  the  land  by  ii  synilxilical 
or  ail  Hill  dilivi-ry.  termiil  livery  of  seisin      He 
Ihiiiiliii  honiage.  so  eallisl  from  llie  words  usisi 
111  ilii-  rereiiiiuiy     -.le  deveigne  viire   horn  me ' 
(1  liir-iine  yiMir  man'|.  ...   In  the  cam'  of  a 
Milili-iiiint    ixavassor),    his  i»alh    of    fially    was 
L-i  ir;!  ,1  liv  a  ri-servation  of  the  faith  due  to  his 
siMii  i.'M  lord  the  King.     For  every  portiim  of 
iaii  1  1.1'  '111-  annual  value  of  fill,  whieli  lonsli- 

I'ii.  I  I  Uiiii'lifs  fi-e  |in  England],  thi-  t iiit  was 

l'"ii't  I,  w  li'-;ievcr  ri'(|uirisi.  to  render  the  services 
iif  ;i  unijli!  in-insrly  armiit  and  iiccoutrcd.  to 
*r\.-  ii'  'In  til  111  forty  days  at  his  own  expcnsi'. 
I'  iiiin  by  liiiiiilit  servii-c  was  also  subject 
til  -1  M  •  ,1  iitiiir  inciili-nts  of  a  biirdcnsimm 
I'lirii'i-  Then-  was  a  »|)eci«s  of  t^'iiaiay 

iiiili.ii  li\  ilranci  Serji-antv.       .   .   whereby  the 

1 


FEUDALISM. 

tenant  was  bound,  instead  of  serving  the  King 
generally  In  his  wars,  to  do  some  »|M-i-iul  w-rvice 
in  his  own  pri)|a-r  (lersoD,  as  to  carry  the  King's 
iHtnner  or  lance,  or  to  be  his  champion,  butler,  or 
oilier  otHcer  al  his  coronation.  .  .  .  <irant«  of 
land  were  also  made  by  the  King  to  his  inferior 
foUowers  and  iain«iiiar«lteiiihinl»,  to  be  held  by 
meaner  serviees.  .  .  .  Hence,  probably,  arose 
tenure  bv  I'd  it  Serjeant  y,  tliough  later  on  we 
find  that 'term  nstricled  to  teiiiin-  in  capite  '  by 
the  sj-rvice  of  rendering  yearly  some  implement 
of  war  U>  the  King  .  .  ."  Tenure  in  Free  Sixuge 
(which  still  subsists  under  the inislern  di-nomina 
tioii  of  Freehold,  and  nuiy  la-  ri-gurded  as  the 
n-pn-si-nlative  of  the  priluilive  alislial  owner 
sliipl  denoU's.  in  its  most  geiiernl  and  extensive 
signiticalion.  a  tenure  by  any  certain  and  deter- 
minate siTVice.  as  to  pav  a  tlxcsl  money  rent,  or 
to  plough  the  lord's  lanii  lor  a  tixed  niiinlK-r  of 
davs  in  the  year.   ,  Tenure  in  Uurgage  v\as 

a  kiial  of  town  socage.  It  applii-d  to  tenements 
in  anv  ani-ieni  borr.igh.  held  by  the  burgesses, 
of  the  King  or  other  lord,  bv  tixed  rents  or  ser- 
vices .  .  This  tenure,  wfiich  still  subsists,  is 
subject  to  a  varietv  of  Imal  cu.stoms.  the  most 
remarkable  of  wliidi  is  that  of  Isirough  English, 
bv  which  the  burgage  tenement  desi-ends  to  the 
youngest  instead  of  to  the  eldest  son.  (Javelkiiid 
is  almost  confined  to  the  loiinty  of  Kent. 
The  lands  ari'  hehi  by  suit  of  court  and  fealty,  a 
servh-c  in  its  natui-e  certain.  The  tenant  in 
(iavclkind  retaineil  many  of  the  properties  of 
ahslial  ownership  :  his  lands  were  devisable  by 
will  ;  in  case  of  intestacy  they  desi-endcd  lo  all 
his  sons  eiinally  i  they  were  not  liable  to  i-si  heat 
for  fclonv  .  .  .  and  they  could  be  aliened  by  the 
tenant  at  the  age  of  tifteen.  Ill-low  Free  SiH-age 
was  the  teiiim-  in  Villeinage,  by  which  the  agri- 
(  ultund  labourers.  Isitli  free  and  servile,  held  the 
bind  wliicli  waslothem  in  lieu  of  in.iiey  wages." 
—  T    r.    Taswell  l.angniead.   A'n.v    '"»«'.    Hint.. 

I,/,.  riH-iv,. 

FEUDALISM.—  "Feudalism,  tin-  cotnpre- 
hi-iisive  idea  wliidi  im-Uules  tin- whole  govi-rn 
Tiiental  policv  of  the  Fri-iii  li  kiiiL'dom.  was  of 
distinctly  Friuik  growth  The  princiiile  wliii-h 
underlies  it  may  be  universal  .  but  tin-  liistorii- 
developinent  ofit  with  whii-li  the  constitutional 
liisloiv  of  Europe  is  concerned  may  Is-  traced 
step  liv  step  under  Frank  inlliiemi-.  from  itstirsi 
apixaraticc  on  the  coni|iii-reil  soil  of  Knnian  (Jaul 
to  its  full  dcvelo|iment  in  tin-  jiuispnulcnce  of 
the  Middle  .\ges.  In  the  form  whii-h  it  has 
iTiii  bed  at  the  Ndriiian  ('on(|Ui-st.  it  may  la-  il(- 
sirilM-d  as  a  complete  organisation  of  siM-iety 
tliidiigh  the  nieiliiim  of  land  tenure,  in  which 
ftiini  the  kini:  down  to  the  lowest  luiidowiier  all 
are  bound  together  by  obligation  of  service  atal 
deb-iice  ;  till  lord  to  jirotcit  his  vassal,  the  vassal 
to  il.i  s(-rvi|-e  to  his  lord  .  the  del'eni  ,-  nlid  servile 
lieiiii;  bas<-d  on  and  i.  julatisi  bv  tin-  nature  ami 
extent  of  the  laiiil  Inld  by  the  line  of  the  other 
In  thosi-  stiiii->  w  liicli  have  real  In-d  the  territorial 
stage  of  (levelopineiit.  t  In- riL-lits  of  (iifenci- ami 
si-rvii-c  an-  -iipplenicnleil  by  tlie  riirlil  of  .inris 
ilii-tion  I  111  lui-il  jnilges  as  well  as  (h  b-mls  bis 
vassal  ;  tilt-  issii!  lioes  suit  as  well  as  servii-e  to 
bis  lord  111  st.iii-s  in  wbicli  fendiil  l'ovi  riinienl 
has  reached  iis  utmost  L'rowtli.  the  political, 
flnaneial.  jiicliiial,  every  Imini  li  of  pulilii-  ad 
ministration,  is  rcLMiJated  by  tin-  siinn-  conditions 
The  central  authority  is  a  nx  n-  sliadow  of  a 
name      This  iustitutiou  had  grown  up  from  two 

145 


Jl 


t  .  . . 


fi 


i'l'f.:! 


't 


H 


PKl'DALIHM. 

(Croat  ■oiircea  —  the  Ix-nrtlcitiiii.  and  the  practice 
of  commvinlation.  -  iiinl  bail  bc.'ii  spciially  fos 
torol  on  Ottllic  w>il  tiy  the  cxiatenco  vf  a  nubject 
population  wliiih   mlniittnl  of   any  amount  of 
fxtfimion  in   ilii'  lurthcxls  iif  cIcix'ridrniT.     The 
JH^ncttciaiy  ny«tini  orijsinaUtI  partly  in  xifto  of 
land  miilfliy  llir  kin;,MoMI  nf  tluinmn  istatosto 
thi'ir  kinsini'ii  miil  wrvaiil^,  wiili  as|H'<ial  iindfr 
takiiii;  to  !«•  fuiihriil  ;  partly  in  tin-  nurrcndfr  by 
lanilowntTs  of  their  cslalitloi  hnrciies  or  |m)W(T- 
fill  men,  to  lx'  receivcl  luuk  atf'iin  anil  held  by 
them  US  leimnts  for  rent  or  wrviee      »v  the  latter 
arraii)tiniiiit  the  weaker  man  oblairiiil'tlie  protec- 
tion of  the  s!niMi;er.  and  hi'  who  fell  hiinself  in 
wenre    plaeinl   bi^  title   nililiT  til.'  difi'Iiee  iif  the 
elmri  h      Hy  the   praetid'  of  eomnii'ndation.  on 
thi'  othi'r  hand,  the  inferior  put  liiniself  iinihT  the 
personal  eare  iif  a  Iml,  lint  without  alteriiijf  his 
title  or  ilivestini,'  hiiuMlf  of  his  rli;ht  to  bid  en- 
late  ;  he  bee.inie  a  vas«il  and  did  bouiaife.   .   .   . 
The   union   of   the    henelli-iaiv  tie  with  that  of 
ecpMiinendation  iDinpliIed  the  jibni  of  feudal  obli- 
jriliin:  the  two  f.ild  h>ld  on  the  land,   that    of 
lb.'  loni  and  that  of  the  va-^.il,  was  supphiuented 
by  tin-  two  fiild  eTiL'a:.'einenl,  thai  of  the  lonl  to 
drren.l,  and  thai  ,,f  the  vassal  to  Im'  faithful.     A 
third  iimn  .lieiii   was  supplied  bv  the  jtmnis  of 
iininuiiiry  by  wbieb  in  lb.'  Frank  etnpirc'.  as  in 
Kiiirl.iEid.  tile  possission  of  land  was  iinitiil  with 
the  ri;;ht  of  jii.lieatnre:  tbedwilbrs  on  a  feudal 
nroiierly  were  pi  lei  d  under  the  tribunal  of  the 
lord,  and  the  riiriits  whiih  bad  belonsed  to  the 
nation  or  to  its  ,  I,  .mmi  head  were  ilevnlved  upon 
the  neeivi  r  of  a  lief.     The  rapid  spread  of  the 
system  thus  orii;inau-d.  and  the  assimilation  of 
all  olhir  leiuires  to  it.  may  br  regarded  as  the 
Hork  of  the  tenlli  nntiiiy.   ,       .  tlic  word  feu- 
duin.   lief,  or  lee.   is  ileriviii   from  the  tiermun 
word  fcM- lattle;  .   .       the  seeundarv  nu'anintf  be- 
in  i:  iroods.  espeiially  inieiev  ;  lienre  property  in 
Cellerill  ■■— W.  .SlTdlbs.^,„„^    lli,t.of  H,„i  ,rh    » 
«.<-r  «.(.„/„/ /,,/«(,    1)— •■  llunllv  anv  point  in 
the   whole   history  of  Kuropean  insliliilions  has 
been  the  siilijiii  of  s.i  violent  eonlrover«v  as  this 
of  llK-iri-iiiof  rcuilalisni  ,   Tlie  tirst  person 

to  reprisjMit  uli,il  we  may  eall  the  moibrn  view 
of  iljM  fiud.il  system  was  (ienru:  Waitz,  in  the 
firs!  ■  dlliou  of  Ills  IlistDrv  of  the  (iennan  CouNti 
till  ,  in  tlie  years  1,S44-17.  Wait/.  preseiUiil 
till  liini;  as  a  irrailiial  ^Towth  dnrinjr  severil 
ec  rirs.  till'  various  elements  of  wbieb  it  was 
ri  ,id     irrowin;    np    siile    by  siile    without 

'■  I  hron.ilii:.'ieal  si'(|uenee,  "  This  view  was 

I'aiil  Itoih  in  his  llisiorv  of  the  Instilu 
■1  the  Heiieti.e.  in  the  year'lH.Vi  He  nniin 
i  «•  .  -bat  royal  lieneliirs  were  unknown  to  the 
.M.  roviii::i,iTi  Kranks.  and  thai  thev  were  an  in 
ii.ivatio.i  of  ilii.  .arliest  faroliii'irians.  They 
•  ••re,  si>  he  believ.-il.  made  |K>ssiblr  bv  a  Kmnil 
i.ialisi.ision  of  the  lands  of  the  (hi. rib.  not  bv 

Charles  .Marlel,  as  1 1 irlier  writers  had  lielieviil. 

b'li  liy  his  snns  I'ippiri  and  Karlmann  The 
lir-.l  I10..U  of  Ituib  was  f.illuw,-,!  in  ilic  year  tsKit 
by  .iii.i-h.r  n  Krudalisii  ^oid  He-  Urhill'on  of  ibe 
Sulijiit  I..  I  lie  Siatf  K.  udalitii  uii.l  Cnlerlhan 
eliverbilid..  ill  wbi.li  l|.-  atliMl|il ill  t.isllow  tbat 
tlir  dirert  -.u!,!..,  I i. ai  ..f  the  i..diudn:il  to  Ibr 
ir'pveri.iiii  111  w.is  ii.>t  a  strati::.' 1.1,1  1,1  ihe  early 
IJeiinin,  |p  11  that  ]!  i.rvailc-.l  ill  f..rins  of  (J.r 
mini,  life  .1  .wn  1..  ili,-  (•ar..iiM:ri.iii  limes,  ami 
that  then  ...ri.  the  fiiidal  pi  il  i..n  was  a  s,  .melhiiiL' 
entirely  new.  a  break  in  ili.  praelire  ..f  the  Oer 
mans      In  tbi'  Vi.ir^  |smo  1s,~,-,  appi-ared  u  Dew 


FRUOAUHM 

edition  of  WalU'i  Hlitory  of  Uic  0<rnmn(  „„„j 
tutbai,  in  which,  after aekiiowlediritiK  il„  lt,.! 
■er»l<-e«  n'mlm-d  by  Hotli  to  ih<-  luuii.  „f  1,,..,, 
Inj5,  lie  deelurea  bliDKlf  unable  to  jrjv,.  „„  1  i, 
former  point  of  view,  and  brinK*  new  evi.l,  ,,,,';„ 
mipponof  It.  Thuit  for  more  Iban  thiru  1.  ,rl 
thi»qiie»tlonhirfl)een  before  the  worlil.,f„|i;,|  a, 
and  may  b<.  re/janlnl  as  1»  ln>r  i(nil..  as  far  fr.,l„  . 
wttlement  a»  ever."— K.  Kiiierton  .1,,  /„/,.,,„, 
tiiin  !•>  Ihr  Stuilj/  ofih,  MiiUII,  .\ji„,  ,,  ■j:ic, ,  ,,„ , 
Mtt).  —  '-t\\v  latest  inveslipitiiins  of  linaai,  r 
.  .  have  emablialied  the  pr.K.f  that  f,  1  ,lalj„„ 
orliflnated  In  eoiiHei)iienie  of  the  inir.Kln.ii,,,,  „[ 
cavalry  Hrrvice  into  the  inilitarv  svst,  m  i,f  n,,. 
Krankish  kbitcdom,  and  that  it  fitaiiinl  it,  ,,ri,, 
inal  eharaii.  r  niitil  well  on  towards  ilie  ,  1,,^  .,f 
the  Midd'e  Ap-s.  The  Franks,  liki  i|„  | ,  ,„ 
bardn.  leai  led  the  iiiw  of  cavalrv  from  i|„  M,,,r, 
or  .Haraeeim.     Charles  .Martel  was  I,, I  i,v  i,,,  ,, 

ixriencoi  after  lie  battle  of  I'oiciicis  1,.  i|„  

elusion  that  only  vitbthebelp  iif  niomM..I  armin 
could  Ibeai'  enemies  Im'  op|His<  d  w  itb  last  i,,.  „„ 
eewt.  It  wan  between  T.Vi  and  T-V*  thai  Ih.  unr.. 
ilui'tion  of  cavalry  serviie  into  the  Fraiiki-h  ,ni  v 
li«ik  pliu:e;  it  had  hitherto  consivtul  rmin'v 
of  Infantry.  The  attempt  was  lirst  m  ,.|.  .n.i 
with  inarke<l    hucccss.  in  Aipiitairie  ami    siini 

mania:   almiwt  conuinporaneouslv   aU..  a 111; 

the  LomlianU.       In  oitlcr  to  place    the    s,,  uiur 
nobles  in  condition  to  fit  out   larj;ir  nia^^i  s  ,if 
cavalry  a  forced  loan  from  the  clmnli  «as  lur- 
ried ihronph  by  Charles  .Martel  and  hi,  v,ii«  it 
lieinK  under  the  lalUT  that   the  nmltir  »:i«  |ir«t 
placrd    ninai   a    le^al    footing.     The  n.lil.,  r. 
ecivcd  rcclesiaiitieal  benefices  from  the  1  r.iwii  tiij.l 
rejrranled  them  in  tlie  way  of  sub  lipiins      Tiii- 
ciiHtoin  of  having  a  'followiiDC'  and  lie  .li.li'v 
istiiiK  relationships  of  a  vassal  to  his  l.,ri|  far 
nisbeil  a  model  for  the  responsibiliii,  »  ,,|  i||,,.j. 
reeeivinjf  beneflecM  at  first  and  at  seond  hiiii.l 
The  neeular  nobles  became  thus  ai  ppphp-  v.issii* 
of  ilie  crown  and  birds  (seijrnenrsi  i.r  ih,,,,.  m 
whom  they  theiiifielves  in  turn  mad.  iriaiiu     Tli,. 
duty  of  the  vawuils  u>  do  envalrv   sirvi.,-  «,h 
baaeil  on  the  ' commendation' :  ih.'ir  li.  f  >ia.  11..1 
the  condition  of  their  doiii);  scrvii  I-  Inn  ili.ir  n 
ward  for  it.     Hence  the  custom  of  ib  ip.iniiii.itiin' 
the  fief  (Ix'hn)  an  a  'fee'  (fenilnmi  -  a  .|.  ^i-na 
lion  wldch  was  (irst  applinl  in  suniliini  I'ripi.i- 
anil  whbh  in  Germany,  oecasionallv  in  tip.   il.v 
entli    and   even  more  freipienllv  iii  lli.    lu.liiii 

centurv.  is  uaeil  gate  bv  side  wil'b  il 1.1.  r  i.rni 

'benefiee,'  until  in  tlie'ionrse  of  the  first  h.ilf  .,f 
the  i:ith  century  it  cotnpletilv  dispian  >  it  Willi 
the  further  development  of  cavalrv  m  r\  ii  il,ai 
of  the  feudal  nysU-m  kept  refjuln.-  paie.  .\!rniilv 
in  the  laUT  Carolinjriiin  peri.sl  !...rr;,iiii.  iind 
Hiirnnndy  foUowed  soiilbern  Frame  ami  I'  ilv  in 
biiominK  feudalized  states.  T.i  tin  1  psi  .,f  tht 
Khine  on  the  contrary  the  most  ll..arisliipi_' tiiin. 
of  cavalry  service  and  of  the  fiMi.lal  s»,r.  m  f-illn 
in  the  lime  of  the  llobenstaufi'iis,  iViv 
.l.iiibtedly  bii-n  furthered  by  the  Criiv..!. 
ev.  n  as  late  as  the  niidille  o'f  the  t«.  Ilii; 
the  horsemen  prefcrrnl  ilismountinL'  iilI 
with  the  sword  bi-eaiisi.  tin  v  loiiM  11.  i  \ 
aire  their  steeils  and  the  reiru'lareav  alr\  " 
the  shield  and  tlie  spear,  like  tin  ir  w.  -t.  1 
boni.  Hut  never  in  (iermanv  ilid  ii 
make  its  way  into  daily  life  as  far  as 
Frani"'  whep.  the  ina.xii'n  held  Inn-  111 
sans  siaeneur.'  There  never  w.is  li.i.  ri 
eonsidemble  uUcxlial  possessions,  allli.i. 


: .'  iin- 
II.  r,. 

:;!iirv 


! . !  ri- 


114G 


F^UDAUSIf. 

Jomnv  out  of  reipect  for  thi-  feudal  tlnwy, 
>k«ie  wire  put  down  M  '  llff«  "f  tUe  »un.'  The 
nrincipl''  too.  wa»  flrmly  nmintaliicil  llmt  K  rtcf 
miiU'<l  from  oiir'nown  pnjixrty  whh  no  true  fli  f ; 
L«.iliorouglily  was  f.MwIul  liiw  tlir  l»w  ({i.v.tii_ 
lniillien';ilmthatiitrui'tltfi<)iil.l  irtil.v  iH-foiiniltil 
.HI  tin-  rl.r  .ilwvt!  It.  in  »m  li  nmiiiiiTtlml  tti.'kin^ 
wasHlway"  the  hinhciil  f.ii.lul  h)nl.  Thnt  was 
U«-  rraw>n  why  »  li<'f  withoiii  honiiiRf,  that  i» 

«illloUtlll<T('lttthHHhip»f  VUSHlUuKl'Blldlhc  IHTll 

of  .loiiii!  militiiry  m-rviie  for  the  sUtc.  (■inld  not 
bi.  l.K.knl  upi'ii  »»  a  <""!  tt<'f  Tlir  knitrlifs  fee 
„„lv  (r.iKliim  niililiirc')wa«»ii<h.  ami  only  a  nian 
of  knitfhllv  rhaructcr.  who  iiriilcil  a  knijihily 
mnnhT  of"  living  *llh  knitrhlly  p.iliKrif.  was 
•n,rf.rtin  fi'udal  law,'  — in  poHiMnsicn,  name  I v, 
„|  f„n  fiiuial  rights  or  of  tlic  '  l(r.-r«lnl(l  ' 
Wliitliiriir  not  lu'  had  iM'cn  personally  ilulil«il 
kniclil  iMii.lr  nodilT.rence  ;  the  lief  of  a  man  who 
Ku,  «iill  ampiirc  wan  also  a  true  lli'f.  .  .  .  The 
ulii.rl  "f  the  feudal  fTunt  could  1h'  anylhoi); 
wli;<li  a»-i«r«l  a  re;.'nlar(niolunient.—  emieeially 
liinil  tllhis,  rents,  and  other  .Hourees  iil  inr.Min^. 
tolls iindjiirisiiietions.  cliurehesand  nioinisleru's  : 
ali.iviull.  olflic'xof  atate.  Innuirsi-of  lime  tin' 
Kirliifilintinclicai  betwirn  theolllre  and  the  Hi  f 
»lii.  h  «a»  meant  tii  no  with  the  ulllee  eeawd  in 
!»•  iii.icl.'  .  .  .  The  fnrmal  eiMirw  .if  ppn-ediire 
»liin  i.'r,inliiii:  wa.i  aeDinliinalion.  e«aelly  on  tlie 
oM  |il,ui.  "f  Iheact  of  eomniendatiiiii.  now  ealh  d 
Iliil.h.  wliiih  was  the  liasia  of  VBssaliue.  and  Hiv 
ail  of  (onfirrini;  (investiture)  whiih  istablislied 
Hi.'  n  ;il  riirlil  of  the  man  to  the  flef  The 

IIiil.li Mn:isist,ilinL'ivintflhehanil(  the  pi  rfnrm- 
iiiKcif  iiiiiiinsiliiifl.hiiiniiuium.  hominiiiin.  Ilolile) 
ofirii  (imiliinnl  with  the  L'ivinij  of  a  ki-<s  and  llje 
tiliiiiL'  "f  an  uath  (tlie  swearini:  nf  tldeliiiu.  iT 
lluM.  ihv  wliiehthe  man  swcireiiilie  trui'.  Inval 
mill  vvillim;'  as  leganhKl  his  Inrd  The  eu^t.im 
larliir  i  oiineetitl  with  enmmindatinn  of  pn'seiit 
ilia  ii  wc;ipon  had  liwt  its  forniiT  ^isiiitieanee  and 
liail  iHionie  merged  in  tin'  leremnriy  of  investi 
liirv  the  weafMiri  hud  Imiime  a  svniliol  of  in 
\.»tiliiri'  .  .  These  symliols  of  ii.MBtiture 
wi'riiii  purt  the  same  an  in  territorial  law:  Hie 
plon'.  ihe  hut.  Ilie  cape,  the  slatT,  llie  Iwii:; 
(xraiioriallv  prolialily  also  a  rinir.  Imt  i|uite 
(•«|»'i  i  illv  ihe  snoril  or  spear.  As  reiiarded  Ihe 
prill, i|Kililiis  it  had  c|uite  early  heeonu'  tin- 
iu»toiii  lu  fasten  a  lianner  on  Ihe  end  of  the  spear 
iiilokiii  of  the  riiyiil  rialitu  of  supremaev  that 
HIT,  to  1),  (oiiferrld.  Thus  the  Uinner  Iweame 
til.  ~>|.  -viiiliol  of  investiture  in  the  (tranting  of 
wiiihr  pniiii|ialilies  and  the  latter  themselves 
rami'  to  iio  lalliil  ■  lianner  ttil's  '  The  installa 
tioii  of  till- .  I  riesiastienl  prinoe«  liv  the  kinK  tinik 
|ihiiT  ori.'iiially  without  any  distinetion  tHinir 
iiiaili-  lii';i\i  111  the  olliee  aiid  the  appanace  of 
till-  otliit  li  WHS  done  liv  eoiiferrins  the  pas- 
toral siall  ifirida.  virna  pastondisi  of  the  former 
lii-iliop  ..r  ;iltt.ni :  in  the  ease  of  hishops  since  the 
tiiii-  of  Iliiii-y  III.  Iiy  handinc  the  riiiix  and 
irni-r  In  iliV  coiirsi'' of  Ihe  stnurirle  concern 
II  .:  -h  ■  ii-i  h-viji.«ticiil  investitiin'sliolh  sides  came 
iiuTi  t'on  'liat  a  distinction  could  he  made 
1  :lii'  appan.ieinir  of  the  church  with  sec 
ii' s  and  iurisdiciions  on  ihe  one  hand, 
ortlii- iNi-lf  and  the  iiiinieiliale  appiirli 
1  l!ii- iliiinh  —  the  so  called  sacred  oli 
'1  lo-  iiihi-r  .\  union  was  arrived  at  in 
Tilt  of  Worms  which  provided  that  for 
._•  of  till  fornn-r  tthe  so  callcil  Uepdia) 
.;  ■  -wii'jolof  the  sceplri'  might  replai 


lolli- 

1»-I«. 

ulll    . 

hikI  •! 
niin< ' 
)■■'■- 


FIELD  OF  LIE8. 

tba  puffly  erclfsiartloil  iyinlBiU.  A«  this  ens- 
torn  was  retained  even  afKr  Ihe  IneoriMiraliimof 
the  eedesiastieui  principalities  In  llu'  fcudBli7.ed 
stat«-aystem.  Hie  ei-clesiaslli  al  principalities,  as 
uppiwed  to  the  «<'<ular  lianner  flefs.  were  dislin 
guished  as  seeptre-tlefs  ••  — >»eliriWler.  Ulirhtirk 
lUr  ilriiturkrn  llirhlmi'io'ltirhtr  (1MK«)  ;);>.  ItHt-IIXM. 
_■'  By  the  lime  at  which  we  have  arrived  (the  I  lo- 
hrnstaiifen  I'eriisll  thi-kniirhlslhcniMlves.  'ordo 
ei|Ue»tris  major.'  had  i-onn  to  form  a  ilass  so 
distim  land  soexdusivr  that  no  outsiders  eioild 

enter  it  exi-cpt  in  the  ( rse  <if  lliree  (renenilioim 

or  by  s|)e<ial  decree  of  the  kiiiR  Only  to  those 
whose  fathers  and  (tmndfathers  were  of  kniirhtlv 
oriirin  eoiild  tiefs  now  be  granted  ;  only  «iich 
could  encaire  In  Juilieial  combat,  in  kiiiiihlly 
siMjrtsand,  idiove  all.  in  the  loiiriiiiment  or  joii»t. 
Feudalism  did  iiiiii  li  to  awaken  a  moral 
wntlmenl  ;  llilel!l\.  triilh  and  sini-erily  were  Ihe 

suppositions  u| whiih  llu- whole  system  re-led. 

and  a  gri'al  soliihirity  of  iiiicresls  i-aine  to  exist 
IhIwi-ch  the  lord  and  his  vassals.  The  lalur 
niiRht  brinir  no  puhlie  charnis  iiirainst  tin  ir  miis 
ter  in  matters  alTcitinK  his  life,  liii.li  or  honor; 
on  Ihrie  praiid  isiasions.  In  (use  of  captivity, 
the  kniL'htini;  of  his  son.  Ihe  inarri  lu'e  of  his 
ilaiiL'htcr.  Ihev  weri'  obliirnl  lo  furni-ii  him  with 
pec  iiniarv  aid  KniirhiiV  honor  and  kninhlly 
grai-es  come  in  the  'welfili  century  to  be  n  mat 
tir  of  fashion  and  custom  .  a  new  and  important 
element,  luo.  the  adoration  of  womiin.  Is  iiitro- 
diiecsl  .\  whole  literatun- iirisis  thai  has  lo  do 
alniosi  exelusivily  with  knightly  prowess  ami 
»iili  kniithtly  love"— K  V  llenilerson.  A  Hit- 
tnni  ■•/  liiriiii'iiiii  in  tlif  MiiliUi  Ai/i".  I'/i.  424-4'2.'5. 
-t^ci-   also.  Ke'AN<  K  :  A    I>.  »H7  i:k; 

FEUILLANTS,  Club  and  Party  of  the. 
See  Kkamk:  A.  D.  ITiKi,  and  ITill  |(li  Toiiml. 

FEZ :  Founding  of  the  city  and  kingdom. 

See  KliUIslTKS. 

FEZZAN.  The  I'ha/ania  of  the  ancient  IJiv 
mans,  a  part  of  the  Sahara  leirion  in  northern 
.\frica  which  has  been  atlachid  since  INp,'  to  Ihe 
Turkish  pnivime  of  Triisili 

FIANNA  EIRINN.— The  ancient  ni'litia  of 
Krin.  famous  in  old  Irish  romance  and  soul-  — 
T    Moore.  IliMt   nf  lr,l>iu,l,  r    \.rh    1 

FIDEN^E.— .Vn  am  icnt  <-ity  on  the  Tiber,  at 
war  with  Home  until  Ihe  latter  d.  stroyed  it, 
li   ('.  4-'« 

FIEFS.     Se<-  Fkiiiai.  Tknihks  ;  and  tr.v- 

UAI.I-M. 

FIELD  OF  LIES,  The.— Ludwiir.  or  Louis, 
the  I'ious.  son  and  suece— or  of  CliarlcnmL'ne, 
was  a  man  of  neiille  chario  Iir.  anil  ^'ood  iiiten- 
tiims—  lisi  amialile  and  lisi  lioneit  in  his  virtues 
for  the  (-omniandini.' of  a  irreat  etnpin-  in  limes 
so  riiihv  lie  lost  Ihe  control  of  his  state,  and 
his  familv.  alike.  His  own  sons  In-adi-d  a  sue 
cession  of  revolts  iiixainsi  his  aulhnritv.  The 
second  of  these  insurrections  (K-curred  in  the 
year  K.^t  Fatlicr  mid  sons  confrontc'l  one 
another  with  hostile  armies,  on  the  plain  of 
Hiithfeld.  not  fur  from  (  .ilmar  in  .Msme.  In 
IriL'ue  insioml  of  liattli'  sillied  ti.e  eontioversy. 
for  till-  lime  lieiiii;.  The  ailherents  of  the  old 
emperor  Wile  all  cnliced  away  from  him      To 

siLMiifv    the  Ir -licrous    mcthiKfs  by  whiili  this 

defection   was  biouuht  about.    Ihe   •■  Kolhfi  Id  " 

i    (Ued  liold)   on    wliiih    il    ix-ciirrisl    received    the 

I    name  of  •■  l.iiirinfciil.'  or  Field  of  I,ics-.l    ('   1. 

I   de  Sismondi.  '/'A-  hrmrh  nmitrtlit  Cailnniir]iiih»: 

I    tr.  by  Htlliinj/iiiiii,  eh.  7. 


1147 


r-\ 


i .  f , 


Ml  iil": 


■Hi:,!!!: 


■'1 


KIKLI)  OK  TIIK  ('(.((Til  DK  UOl.ll 

FIELD   OF   THE   CLOTH   OF  COLD. 

The.— Tho  pl»<f  nf  tin-  fuiiuMiH  nui'tiiiK  nf  Henry 
VIII.  iif  KiiKliinil  Willi  Kramiii  I.  .if  Kruiiii', 
whicli  tcNik  plmr  In  tlir  xiimmcr  of  15*)  Imt 
Krasik:  a.  1>.  I.V,>i>-1.V.>:)).  Ik  noliibli.  In  hliUiry. 
fniin  the  muKiiitlrimi' (if  ilu'  iiri'iiHrHllonii  nm<ii' 
fur  It.  as  Til.-  Kirl.l  of  ilic  CI,,!!,  ,.f  (!.,l.|  U  »„, 
lit  (liiUiicn,  iir  Ixlw  •.11  <iuiNU('N  iinil  Anlc,  iiciir 
fiilaU  (Ibfn  KniflUh  Icrrlliirv).  •'(JuImhii  iiml 
llH  iHittli' <)IT< Ti'd  liltli- mint)  lliiii.  unci  If  (hhwIIiIi- 
Iciw  iii'i'iiinniiHliilliin.  to  llii'  iruv  llinuitr  now  to 
IK'  uniliirccl  wlthlu  iu  whIU  "  ,  Hut  on  Hi., 
casilc'  Kriin.  nitliln  the-  linillM  of  it  fi-w  wickx. 
anil  In  Ilu-  fiwT  of  (tniil  ililllcultlin.  tin'  HnKlinli 
»rll!ita  of  Hull  il.ij-  toiilrinil  it  Hiiniiiiir  pHlmr, 
morv  like  ii  vision  of  roniiinir.  the  inullon  of 
gome  fiiiry  ilnmii  ilf  iln-  i«roiinl»of  cvrwIinrsiicK 
of  all  (lusMH  niiiv  !«•  trii«l<il),  lln'in  llio  .lull 
»-virv  iliiy  rmlity  of  .lay  Umi  lirlckK  iinil  mortur. 
No  'imliHf  of  iirl  ■  ill  Ihcsc  lii'('l..ii(|i'cl  climiil.t 
of  llii' WiHt  ivir  so  truly  (Icscrviil  liK  iiiinii- 
Till-  imliiii-  wiiH  an  ixai  t  .si|uarc  of  AiH  fi.i  || 
wan  |iii-Mil  on  iviry  fiili'  wiili  oriil  wiiulows 
HUil  ('linittori.M  luriously  jtlazid,  the  innllionH 
ami  |)o»in  of  tthiili  wcri'  ovirhiiil  with  (jojij 
An  iiiilmltlcil  Ralr.  oriianii'iilcil  on  IkiIIi  .slili's 
with  hhiims  rc'|in.«nllii)f  iniii  In  variouN  atti- 
tudes of  Hiir.  iinil  tlankid  liy  an  inilialllid  low.r. 
gunrilnl  tho  I'nlninn'  From  lliis  iral"'  to  tlif 
enlnincc  of  the  palarc  arose  in  lonir  awcnt  it 
•lopliiit  ilals  or  hall  pace,  iilontr  whieli  were 
group.ll  •  iniaues  of  son-  iiml  l.rrilile  i-ounte 
Dames,' 111  armour  of  arcinline  or  liriiflit  iiielal 
At  tile  enlraine,  umhr  an  emUiweil  lanilinK 
pliiee,  faiinKllie  irreat  ilisirs,  sIimkI  aiiliom-' 
lelusBleali  titfur.  s  jrirt  with  olin-  hraiii  In  s  Tin- 
piussiiKes.  the  roofs  of  Ilu-  (talleries  from  plu,  |.  |.> 
pluee  anil  from  eliainlMr  to  rhainlier  were  ii  il.il 
ami  CDVereil  willi  w  hiie  silk.  Iluted  and  emlHmeil 
with  silken  hanninnof  divers  lolours  and  liniided 
iloihs.  •  Hhiili  showed  like  liiillions  of  line  liiir 
nished  i;o|i|  ■  The  risifs  of  the  i  liaiiiNrs  were 
stuililed  uiili  rosis,  sit  in  lozeiims,  and  dhiiMnd 
on  a  (.'round  of  tine  iiold.  Panels  eiirii  lied  wllli 
aniiipie  larviiii;  ami  irilt  l«is.sis  eon  red  Ihe 
Bpaies  helweeii  Ihe  windows;  whilst  all  aloni; 
tin  corridors  and  from  every  window  hun);  tap- 
estry of  silk  iind  Rolii,  enihroidend  wiih  IK' 
ures,   ,   .   .  To  the  palai  e  wasallached  a  upacious 

clia|Ml,    slill    re   sunipluoiislv    adorned       lis 

altars  win' hiiiij,' with  .loth  of\.o|d  lissiie  em 
hroidered  with  [Marls ;  eloih  of  >;nld  eovi  rid  the 
walls  and  desks.  .  ,  Oiiisi.le  the  palace  uali, 
on  the  trei  nsward,  sIoikI  a  nill  founl.iin.  of  an 
licpie  workmanship,  with  a  staiue  of  llaieliu, 
■  Ipirlyini;  Ihe  wine  ■  Tliree  riiiilets.  fed  hv  .secret 
loiiiluits  hid  Nnealli  the  earth,  spoutiif  elarel, 
liypiH  ra.s.  ami  water  inio  as  iiianv  silver  cups 
to  (piim  h  III.' ihirst  ..f  all  eomrrs.'  .  .  In  lonir 
array,  in  tlie  plain  iicyond.  '.'..Hill  1,1, is  sin-lclied 
llliir»liite  .uliv;i,  Is^fore  llie  iM'Sof  Ihe  spec- 
lator.  iray  vviili  ilie  i«nnoiis,  hiidics,  and  devices 
of  llie  various  oiiupanls;  «liilsi  mis.  .•Maneous 
fnllowir.  ill  ii  nsof  ilioii.s;iii,ls,  allrailed  hy  protil 
or  the  11. nelly  of  the  s<-cne,  eaiiipid  011  the  L'rass 
ami  tilled  the  siirrouiiiliiii;  slopes,  in  spite  of  the 
severity.. I  pn.vovi  marshal  and  rilierali'.l  threats 
of  iiiiitil.iii..n  aii.l  eh.istisemeiit    .  .  .  Kroni  the -fill 

of  .hill,-.    «ii,|i    Henry  llrsi    elllered    (iuisnes.  Ihe 

fcslivitiis  tinned   with    iiiialialed    splendour 

for  IH.  Illy  d.iys  ||„.  iHokiiiv's  parted  on  1 

the  Ik-.sI  of  lernis,  as  ih.-  worM  Ile'iiirht."— .1    S     ! 
Ilr.  vvcr.  Huiiii  uj  llti,rt/  i'lll ,  c'l    I'.' 


FIJI  IHLANDS. 

!  Ai.Mi  IN  Ijwiy  JackMin.  Thr  fmirl  .  >  ^v„  , . 
1  '11  Ike  mhfeHlHiy.  r.  \.rh  11-13  -  .Miss  P„r,|„ 
I  Th*  daurtanit  lUignuf  h'nittti*  I.,  r  \  rh  14 
I  PIBSCO,  Coatpiracyof.  H<N(>KNot  4  1, 
LliS-LVW 
FIESOLE.  N'c  KioHKNcK  (>ni,,is  ,^|, 
:    Nahk. 

FIFTEEN.  Tht  (Ikcobite  Rebellion     n, 
SiOTLANH;  A.  II.  1713 

FIFTEENTH  AMENDMENT,  The    n 
Tnitki)  Htatkr  oi' Am.  :  A   I)   Imoii  |s;ii 
FIFTH  MONARCHY  MEN.    u,„  ,(  ,|^ 
i   niiml  exlrrnu'ly  fannlical  of  the  polliii,,  1,  |j^.|,.ij. 
i  wilK  or  fiMiUins  which  rosi.  In   Kiinlin.l  iii';,,,,^ 
I   the  loininonweallh  and  the  I'rolei  loral  ni'ii,,. 
i   Cromwell    wan  that  of  the  so  calle.l  KililiM,,,,' 
I  archy   Men.  of    whom   Major  (Jimral   llirri.,,! 
I    wan  the  chief.     Their  Ixdlef  Is  thus  i|.  „  nl«.|  l.v 
j   ('arlyle:  "The  common  iiiihIc  of  Ireaiiu  ■  (  m' 
vrrsal   Ilislory,  .  not  yet  enllreh    filFmeh. 

sidele  in  Ihis  counlry.  lliouKh  it   has  h, ,  n  ,ii„,n 
dolled  with  much  rliMcule  everywii.  r.    ,  Iv   l.,r 
half  a  century  no*,  was  to  Kroup  tin  .\k!;ihmi, 
Tniimaclionii  of  the   llumiin  S|Mcies  im,,  j-,,,,, 
Monanhlm:  the  .Vsnyrian  Monarch  v  of  .Set. n,  |„„| 
Iirzzar  and  ConipanV;  the  1'en.iaii"  of  iirii-  n,,! 
ditto;    Ihe  (Inck  of  Ahsamler,  aiel  l.,.i|y  tli. 
Itonian.     These  I   think  were  Ihev,  Imi  .iiii  mi 
(.'reatauthorilv  on  Ihe  siilijed.     Inder  tin  ,ji,i:s 
of  this  lant,  or  Itoiimn  Kiiipire.  w  hii  li  is  iiiiiMiaim  .1 
vet  by  i-xprcim  uainv  in  Heriiiaiu  ,  '  Dis  h,  Ui^, 
Uiiniis<he   Kcicti.'  we   pisir   iii.mIi'h,  vijij  |io 
Hilt  now  say  Major  (Jeneral  llairisi.n  ;,i„| ,,  i,,,,,, 
Int  of  men.  founding  on  iliMe  I'lciplnriis  .\,.» 
Khali  1«'  a  Klfth  .Monarchy,  hy   far  ih,  I 
and  the  only  real  one.  — llie   Moiiari  In 
Clirisl.  liisSaintureijtnini;  for  lliiii  here 
—  if  not   lie  himself,  which  is  prohaM 
siiih'.— for  a  thousand  years,  Ac,   A,. 
Heavens,  tin  re  arc  liars  "for  hiiinan  deMin\    ai..! 
immonal  Hope  iLself  is  iKaiilifiil   In.  ,ns.   h  h 
steeped  In  Sirn.w,  and  fisilish    I»isir.    Ii.  *  \.,u 
ipiished  under  its  feet!     Thev  wliom,  i.lv  liii;|, 
at  Harrison  take  hut  a  small  JHirlioii  ,.1  hi-nuaii 
ill).'  with  them."— T.  Carlyle.   o/,.>  ■•  r,„m,r,Ui 
hitirt  iind  .S/wr/KH.  /it.  «[  »y,,,7i  L'  -  Tin  Kifih 
Moiian  hy  faimlicism.  slenily  n  piesv  d  I  v  olinr 
I'roinwell,  jjave  some  siirnsof  iiirhiiln...  .hiriiii; 
Ulchard  CromweH's  proleclorate.  and  l.h.s..,.ui 
inn  mad  way  Ihe  year  after  the  lle~Ii.r:iii..ii     Tii. 
attenijiled  insurrection  in  London  w  i,l,.  il..!  I.i 
one  \enner,  and   was  called   Veiiiiers  li.^irrn 
lion.      It  was  easily  put  down       ■'  It  1  mi.  :i^  lli, 
e.\piriiiK  Hash  of  a   f.iimtieal  creed,   ulu.li  lia.l 
Idendeil  it.silf  with   I'liritanlMii.   irniili    le  tli. 
delrinient  of  the  latter;  and.  .Iviii;:  i.M   riili.r 
shiwlv.  it  left    iM.hiud   the  ipliet' eliln.  :il  i.f  Mil 
lenarianlsm.  " — ,1.  Sioui,'liioii    //,.-i     r  /    .  .   .1 
Kill/.,  r.  :i.  rli.  4 

A1.H01.N:   I).  Massoii.  /./7.  .V'. /../,..    1/   • 
;..  HI. 

"FIFTY-FOUR    FORTY    OR    I  IGHT. 

See  Olll.oiix.    A,   I)     IM14    |S|fl 

Fiji    ISLANDS,   The.-    Th.    i        '.      1 
comprisi's  more  than  eiL'lity  inhahii..!  :    1:1. :>  ;:, 

IlleSoillh  racilic.  Ilelwcell  iomiiliel.    i  ■       .  .i-l  .il;  ! 

I  ;h  west,  and  latitude  IH  and  '.'t  ^.  ':<■<.• 
siMiateil  171111  miles  .\  K,  ol  Sy.lnei  ,  : :  r.  N 
ol Wiieklaiid.  Viii  l.evii  (01  liii:  Fiji  ■  u-.-' 
islanil  of  the  (.'roup,  is  half  as  I;iil'.     i     I  liiiiiia, 

and  larp'r  tliaii  Cyprus,    llii.   ^1 :      ;  ei.|    I 

iinportance.  VaiiiiH  I.evu,  is  thm  t  iii.-'i..  -i"- 
of  .Mauritius,  and  ten  times  that  .'t    i:.  '.iili>». 


.1.  w,l.,i 
el  .l.-i;> 
.11  Kirlh, 

■ '"  I"" 


114.S 


.A 


/SiiiiSat, . '.-.■■' 


rUI  IBLANlJrt 

m\  the  MKTCiniUi  itnii  nf  thf  wliolr  l«  Kn-al.T 
S«,.nU«Brrtl.l.\V.*t  ImlUK  Tl..'  ■.,„„ 
„,  i<  ».ll  «»t«r«l  liy  imimrous  riy<T»,  »<Mr»l 
,/il„m  l» iim  of  rr.iHT.HM.  h„v  TIh'  lle««  i" 
VitiUviii!tn»vl(t»l.l..  hy  v,»«.  U..f  h«lit  (IrauKlil 
lirniMiii.-i,  anilim  llif  l>:i!ik-(ii'  ilil«  riv.T  ili.n' 
^  tli.m«iii.l«  I'f  iirr.'...f  111.- ri.l..!.!  iilliivl.il  lliilH. 
Tm>  *.I1  M  or  l.-i  f.'i  'l''I>  111.-  Ilrsi 
kiiivvn  Kiin)|M«ii  who  iiiiiiliiiii»  Fiji  i'^  Uh'  Uiilili 
„.nuii.>rT.iMinui.  wli"  in  l«l:'  1"'>-<«I  •"I""" 
il,r  '.lirMlii  of  Tiivluiii  iiiitl  Kuiiii.ii.  hihI  llir 
,tr;,|!.  I.I  ihin  •lay  l"-'ir  liin  i"""'       "  "  ' '"" 


I.  iuhI 


III'  I  hri^ii'iinl 
Ihi-  arniip  I'riiiii'  Wiliiiiiii*  M.iinl*      ('»|iliiii»   j 
(■,«.k"    llli.ll.   ii'l'l    \Vil«Ml   liri-    iillinli;.'    Illl'   rally    ' 
iliM-i.V'T  r~    «h'i    iiii'iiii'ii    till-     «ri"i|>  111 

tSXillini:  .:illiil  II"'  Kli'-il  »il»  »n-iki'.l  oil   111' 
f,.fr„r  Niirui   iiiiil  Illl' I'lMHI"'!  II"  w  I'll''  piiwuii 
c,T«  mii-ilv  ruiiiiwiiy  cDiivici-.  fniiii  Niw  .Niuil. 
Wnl'.'«  fiiiiml  III'-"'  *■<■"■  ""''"  I'ov.i'-f'il  rill.  N 
iiillic'cr'"'!'' "'"'  "f  Vrnilii  linn;:  Iriilrr.      1  In' 
•  iil'T'.  iiiKl  iniivli'N,   lidwi'vcr,    iimliT  llM    iinii     , 
iiiiiiil  iif  II  nrluiii  Clmrli'y  Smuil'c  li«ik  llic  siili'    i 
i,f  111.'  liiiii  iM'iipli'  |llau  Iw'iiijr  mil' 111  iIh' kiiiu'I    | 
i.Uii'lH  "I  111'    tfrmipl.     I'lmilrr  iin.l   sli,.|    *H.ri    ; 
Mllliil  111.'  .|i|i '(liiili  I'f  iwi'liilamy.  ali.l  ^imi'  tin- 
Kli*i  «i>  I'll'  liau  Illl"  rilaini'.l  il      'I'Ik;  i  liii'f 
Kmi  al  llii>  linii'  "as  a  ciTlaiii   N  i  I  Mv 
wm  u  I'lHi'  liiiilcr  I'f  iiii'ii      f*"  '-'rnit 
.,l,,,'s,  il.ll    hi'    'lilM  iin.irilii:   ihi'   tillriif    Viuii 
Vain     It.iiil  ii'  War.'  nr  as  *imc  tniiislalnrs  iiavi' 
it,    N.iirii' uf  I'dwit,'      a  iliitini  li.iii  »  liii  li  lia> 
HiiiiT  Ih'.ii  li.ri'ililarv  in  llir  cliii'ls  nf  Han       I" 
l.ru.iiiM'  llv'liliiiK  iliiiHv  rniistiinli'.l  llir  Fijian 
Iif.' ..[  iliii.i-  .lavs,  lint  tin'  Viiiii  Vain  <if  tin'  liiiic 
m.iiiit,ini..l  llii'  liiii-itiiin  If  Ini'l  wmi      Mr  ilicil  In 
h-."j,  :,ii.l  was  sii.ri'ciliil  li>    liis  linillirr  Taiiiiii. 
'.111.  :,fi.r  a  iroiililiil  ni-"    Ih.'H'ars  of  wliii'h 
vnr.   p.i^s.a  in  rxili.  .li'il  i"i  llii''<lli  of  Dircm 
biT,  h.V.'    -II  Sliinc'lirwir  Cn'iiicr,  r,u;il  /..;/.(/.«, 
r  1.  f*   i  mill  4        "  Afl'T  l-<;ri,   tHo  Wisiiyan 

min-iimari.'H.  Iml.l  pi ir.*  iif  ( ivilisali.m.  piiii' 

iml.'!  1.1  111.'  Fiji  Inlanils      They   fniinil  lluTr  a 
triirlildil  Male  of  tilings  :  wars.  iiiassairi'S,  ami 
bmi.pirts  .if  liiiinan  tli'sli  wire  tlir  onlcr  of  tin 
day     lint  liny  fonnil  llii'tf  alsoa  ci-rlain  .TL'ani 
saliiin.  a  virt  of  customary  law,  foiirHi'ii  kini: 
111*,  sill.  sin.  11,  politicians,  anil   pirsmis    mIiosc 
liiisin.s- it  was  l.i  carry  from  trilic  to  Irilic  tin- 
iii'vn  .it  till'  ilay    .   .   .'  Anion);  tlic  ^rcat  chiefs 
i.f  111.'   Kiii.in  iirrlii|M'liiKo.  Thakomlmii   [spelt 
afl.rlli.   .iriliourapliy  invcntcil  liy  the  iniHsion 
ari.s  Cukiilnin.  which  iI.m'S  mil  corri's|><)ml  nilh 
III.  sn.iii.l  iif  Ihi'  wonl)  iK'i'iipicil  till'  llr»t  rank. 
tliaii      1.1  his  inti'Uigwicc.  his  cncriry.  iiii.l   the 
eii    ,1  iif   hi.,  iliiminions.     For  ^'nater  pi  r»<inal 
sill.  IV,  he  r.'Mil.'il  in  the  little  isliinil  i.f  Han      lie 
8ur...'.liil   I'v.n   ill   RettiiiB   himself  proi  lainieil 
KiiiiTiif  Kiii  liva  certain  niimliir  of  ^-leat  chiefs 
Hill  iiiati'iiiptof  Insiosnlijniralelhe  other  tribes 
t»'.aiii  ■  111.  .aiiM' of  hisilownfiill.   .   .   .  Themis 
si'iii'ir;.  ^  I1.1.I   I  n.leavoiin'il   in    vain   to  convert 
him    li .:    iliis  tiLsk    was  uccomplisheil    liy    the 
Kin.'  "t    l.iii'.'a       TliakoinlMii.    meniiceil    liv   a 
f.'rnii.l.til.'.'Mliii.in  of  Fijian  chiefs.  Iiail  uppiieil 
'.1  KiiiT  i;.'  .rue  of  Tonira  for  iis.sistanci'      The 
lait.r  .  it.|.    Ill  the  h.'ad  of  an  imposini;  force, 
r.'>. .;.  1  lii-  Kiiiir  of  the  Fijis.  wlm  w.t*  then  lie 
w.-,;i'l  ill  111-  -mill  island,  P'  estalili-lieil  his  all 
tli.>ri!>,  :i'i.|  .i.j.iiri.'.l  him  to  enilirace  the  failli 
of  ih.' .\l,;',.      Ill' iilieyeil.  anil  the  other  chiefs 
tiill'UV'.l  li-.Miniple  "  Thus  it  was  that  in  lH,"i7 
('lir;-o  ,  :  ,  >v;i-  iniri«liiei'il  into  the  ar('hi[X'la!ro 
ilic -.     ,  .;  |.;i.i .,(  Thakoniliaii's  reiiin  was,  so  far 


ili.liii 
friein' 
II1..1 

,1 

con- 

Ini«-lo 

Ulun.l 

iin.*  *v 
kill,:.  - 

r 

1 

riLi. 

as  lie  wan  perwiDiilly  conccrwil.  an  glliTiialion  of 
lips  uihI  downs,  but  for  hi*  coiintry,  a  nrrlnil  nf 
proifrciMi.  Iimsmiii  II  iw  llie  nmiiiicrs  of  tlic  iHoplii 
iiecitnic  inoreHiiil  iiiorecivillMil.  uiiili  aiiiiiiNtlisin 
Krmlimllv  ili»a|ipetireil  The  cn'ilit  of  thin  was. 
nil  we  liave  wen.  In  ureal  part  due  lo  llif  tiiU 
sioniirlcs  whi  hail  ue.|iiircd  a  Ki^»t  Inllneiice  In 
p.ilitli  al  nmlters  an  '  alwi  to  Ihe  Knt'lish  Cm 
siihile.  then  re.  .  Ilv  1  siiililixhed  at  I.eviika  ItiU 
Ihe  WHr«i'.  ntiiii  '  anil  the  prestige  of  the  kiuu 
wliijt  Ihe  lulvhe  of  his  whIU' 
oiiri'l  to  eel  rid  of  the  dangers 
liini  I.)  i-rantiii^'  his  siilijects  u 
niilar  l>>  lliai  which  llic  Aiinrican 
.ad  iiilroiliiiil  in  Hie  Sandwich 
Hnl  it  appearcl  Ihal  lie  Hnrlliy  Fiji 
iiol  )ii  ripe  for  IhiM'  hles-^inj^s  'I  tie 
.silii'ii  t:..l  wi.r".'  and  .vorw,  and  in  the 
eii.l  iacanii  all".',  llnr  iiiilciml.le.  One  iiieaiis 
nf  c-Jiipe  alone  n  inaiiiid  to  cisle  his  kini;doiii 
to  the  Hrili'.h  Crown,  an.l  llii-  he  di.l  in  |h74. 
Ill  Ihe  liiii  r  veiirs  .if  his  1.  it'ii.  hi^  two  piiii.ipal 
iiilvisir-  were  hi"  ilaiiv'lilir.  ihc  l'rince»  Audi 
ipiilla.  and  an  Kii«lish  risidint.  Mr  Thurston 
From  his  ulMliiatiiin  luliis  dealli  in  Isx'.'. 
Thakoinliaii  MmsI  a  ritind  life,  with  his  nniner 
..lis  family,  al  his  f.irmer  1  iipital,  Itaii.  iiiaintaiii 
iiiiT  the  ni'oHl  friendly  rilalinii-  "iili  Hi.  F.niilisli 
aiiihorilh's.  and  sometimes  jiimiiv'  Hi.  in  ns<'fiil 
luivice  F'or   now   ||nn||   neurh    len    lear* 

the  Fijian  Arclii|i<  liii-'o.  iiicliulinj;  llic  (.'roi'p  nf 
111.  Dxi.lorini:  Islands,  has  I'l.ii  iin.ler  Hrilish 
rule  Itowcst.i  tha'  ml.  undenialile  lienetlts 
.1  1  oin|iar!ilive  detTce  of  pro-perily  ,  iloniesiic 
IH'iice  Il.ll willislan.liti);  trilail  aniinosiiie-  which 
in  spile  nf  icxtraiiit  still  continii.'  in  a  lati  nl 
f.irin;  iKrfecl  M'Cnrily  of  lite  and  properly,  in 
direct  lint  elTectuid  pr.iteclioii  auaiiisl  the  eiiiicc 
tiicni"  nf  kidiiiippers.  and  finally,  an  nruaiiisatioii 
iidapt..!  as  far  as  is  |N.«sili|i'  in  Im-.d  tradilioiiH 
and  iisai.'1's.   .  .   .   .\  small  IhkIv  of  tr.K.ps.  cum 

p.  i-id  exclnsively  of  natives,   proI.cKlhe  livesnf 

the  (i.ivernor  and  his  faniilv  as  well  ns  his  staff 
and  the  wliMc  residents  Yi.Mcptim.'  the  y.mnit 
nlllcer  who  cnminanils  these  raw  rw mil-  there 
is  not  an  Knu'lish  inililary  man  in  llic-c  isliinds, 
.\nd  not.' this  well ;  Ihe  cnl.'Urc.l  sulij.  els  nf  the 
(.Jueen  f.irinlW  perieiit  .if  IlicHh.il.'  pnpnlaliiin 
.if  the  Anliipelai-'o  There  arc  nllier  won.h'rs 
which  mialit  lie  ris  ordcd  Nevcrlhchs....  it  must 
lie  clifissed  that  the  opiliinlls  expressiil  liy 
the  nlil  residcnls,    wIl.Mir.'  liest  .|llalitlisl  to  know 

Ihc   country.  ilitTer  ania/inuly      S.ime  of  Iheiii 

iiM'rilic  the  merit  of  tin    uilMiiita>.'e«  already  oh 

tiinc.l  to  Ihe  (iovcriiincnl,  olh.  rs  to  the  working 

III   Ihe  new  coiislitniinn.  to  Ihe  iiiiHr.ioiiaries.  or 

t'l   the  intlnence  nf    Kiiropenns      Hut   then'  are 

iiUi  those,  not   lc»^  enlillisl  In  speak  ,   ,   .   who 

Mriouslv  maintain  that   the  FijianH,  ho  far  from 

hawiii;  Ihi  n  sav.iL'es.  had  attained  a  hiirh  ilcKrec 

i   nf  civilisiiti.ailM'forc  the  inlroiliiclioiuif  Christ iaii- 

j    ilv  "    Huron  Mill  lliilinir,  nnmi/li  t/i,  HiilinliKm 

I  jN  I    r  -i.iil  ."1..'/'   '-'  —See.  also.  Tom.  \  Isi.xmis, 

I        FILI,-  A  I  lasHof  pn'l>  aiiionjrlhe  early  Irish, 

j    who  praclicl  ..riirinally  ccrlain  rites  of  incnnlu 

j   ti'iii     Th.'irart  wascalle.l  Filid.eht.    "  The  lianls, 

i    wli'.  reiitcl  p.K'Uis  and  sinries,  foniied  al  lirsl  a 

}   .listinci  liraiich  from  ihc  Fill       Acc.irdiiii;  a-  the 

1    trie    Fili.lKchl  fell  illln  .ll'slleludc  .111.1  the  Fill  lie 

!   cam.'  siiiiplv  a  liia'l,  the  tw.i  ..nl.r-  practically 

c.mlesccil   and  tlie  naiii-s  Fill  an.l  bani  Ihcuiiii' 

'   svnniivniniis    ...    In   I'airan  times   and   dnrinir 

i   tiie  Middle  Aues  the  Irish  bunls,  like  the  (laidish 


11-lit 


i; 


• , 

.■ «.; 

■  It 
It 

1 

< » '  t 

i . 

t-! 

jj .  i 

''  ■■* 

I,.... 


I 


»nv»,  wiimiimnU'il  Ihclr  ni  iliilKin  of  pormii  on  » 
•trliij{i''l  iiiHlriimrtil  (iilliil  111  nil       .   .  The  lianl 
wan  lliinf"tv   li.  Ilir    Kili.    "r   ikkI,    wliut   tlwi 
JukKt  wiw  111  111!'    rhPiiliHiliirir  ■  — W.  K    !<illH 
»»ii,  Arllclf,  r.rti>  l.iltrnliirr.  Kni-y/:  llril 

FILIBUSTER.-- Till. IKTiniiii-  Mwwn  n 
niibiisli'r  iiihl  It  fni'lHi/ili  r  Is  mii'  ii(  riiiU  ratliir 
limn  (if  iiiiiin>  Smw  iiu'lmrilli'it  ttiy  Hint  llic 
wiinU  liiivr  )i  roiniiion  rt\  mioIii^v  ;  Iriit  ntti(T!i. 
ini'liiiliiiKl'liiirli'Viiix.  iiiuinliiln  Hull  tlir  lililiiisli  r 
ilirivi'il  Ilia  niiiiii'  fnuii  lii»  •>r1i;tniil  ii<ru|mlli>ii. 
Illilt  i>f  It  rnii'Mr  ill  II  '  llilmli'.'  nr  '  \  ly  1n«iI.'  lirsl 
ilHiil  oil  ilir  rivi  r  Vly.  In  lli>lliini|.  Vet  iiiinllitT 
wrili  r  savs  ihiit  llii'  iiuim  ss.i*  llr»t  kIm  n  to  Ilir 
Kiillaiil  I'olloniTi  iif  l>iiiiiliiii|iii'  ill'  i'l  :iri,Mii's, 
Willi  hiiili'il  friiiii  Kini»l(  rn .  it  Kiiiil'  ^lir,  In 
Kruiiri-,  nil  Itic  f;iiiiiiiiH  fX|H-ilin<in  iii;;uuHt  Ki>rt 
Cuniliiii'lii  I'ltlTI-Mi' KI.OIIIIIV  A.  1).  irrilT  I.V|n|. 
'I'lic  imiiir.  wliiili\ir  lln  iirli;iii.  wiin  h'liit  riirniit 
in  till' S|iiiiii»li  lilt  llliliii^iiT.'  iHfiirr  it  iMiaiiic 
iiilii|iti'il  iiilii  (lie  Kn^-IMi  >ci  uiliiplnl.  it  liiit 
111  111  uxil  Id  ill  "K  rilH'  u  ly|iv  (if  iiilviiiliinr  wlm 
<K'iii|iitil  It  riiriiiiia  jiliirr  in  Ann  rii  till  liislnry 
ilnrini;  llir  iliihih  finin  ih.Vi  in  l«ilil."— J  ,r. 
HimIii',  Thf  SI'.n/  r  Hi,  Filihiflfrt,  r/r  l~S.'i'. 
alwi.  AMKHiit:   A    I),  inilll  ITmi 

FILIBUSTERING  EXPEDITIONS  OF 
LOPEZ  AND  WALKER,  s,,.  (  iiu  A  D 
im.VIWKI.  tinil  Nil  tnti.rv;   A    I>    I'^Vi  IHtdi 

FILIOQUE     CONTROVERSY,     The. — 
"Tlii'CiHiiiriliif  Tuliil...  hi  ill  niiil.rKinn  Itir 
ciirid,  A.  I).  .Vtlt,  lit  wliii'li  llir  VisiK'nlliii-  Cliunli 
iif  Spain  fiirniallv  alijiiriil  .Vriuiiism  mil  «il(i|itiil 
llic  iirllimlox  failli.  (lilt  fiirtli  a  v    rsinn  nl  iIim 
gnat  iriiii  nf  Niiita  in   wliirli  iluy  Inul  im,  r 
piilatril  an  aililitiniial  iImmm'.  h  liirli' sliitiil  llial 
llw  llnly  (tliii^l   iiriKiiiliil  friim  ilit-  Katliir     :iiil 
fMni  llii' Sun' (HH'Hjiii)      rmlir  wliat  inl!     n.  r 
llic  coiini'il  liMik  iipnii  iiM'ir  til  niaki'  bii  ailliiion 
ti)  tilt'  irifil  of  till-  miinT»al  Cliiirrli  id  iiiil>i 'iKn. 
It  i.H  priilmlile  llial   Ilir  iiintivi'  nf  lliu  iil.iition 
was  Id  iiinlii'  u  Hlriiiii;ir  pnitist  ui;ain«t  the  Ariari 
■  li'iiial  of  till-  (11  <'i|iial  (iiMlliriiil  of  Hie  S<in.     Tlii> 
Spanisli  Cliiirili  iialnrally  timk  a  Bpi-cial  inlin^l 
ill  till'  iiililitiiin  il  hull  inailf  In  the  Hynilml  nf 
Nii'iea,  ami  MHlainnl  it  in  huliMiini'iit  <iiiiiiril^. 
Till'  KninkiNli  <  liiiri  11  Minis  to  liavi'  larly 
ailnptril  it  frniii  Ilii  ir  .'^panlxli  iirl^'lilHiiirs 
Till' ({iicMlinii  ttiis  limiiglit  iMforc  M  cniini  11  In  lil 
at  Aix  in  A.  I).  NIM).   .   .   .  The  <iMiinil  fnriiially 
appriiMiliif  Iheaililltiiin  tnlhi'in'iil.iimlCharlis 
[('liarlenm«ni']  wiittwn  lii»linpH  anil  the  alilwit  nf 
Ciirbio  In  Itniiii'  InriiiM'st  tin-  pnpi  ■scnnciirriiKe 
Id  the  ilc(i>ii>n.     Iaii  "r  a  rnnfi  nnit!  with  llic 
envnys,  cxpn-ssi-il  ii'      :^n  i-iiiiiil   with  Hie  ilm 
trim-,  liut  itrnnL'ly  iipjHiseil  its  inst-rlion  iiitn  tin 
•TiTil.   ,   .   .    Niitivitlistanilini;  till' iHipe'H  pniti-vi 
the  lulililinn  was  ai|npii.,|  ilirniiKiiniil  the  Kraiik 
ish  Knipiri-       Whi-ii  tin    Kin|H-nir  llinrv  V.  wan 
irnwii.  .1  lit  Kniiii-.  A.  I)    inu.  he  inilu.i  il  I'niK- 
Hiiiiiiirl  VIII    III  allnw  the  iriril  Willi  the  lilin 
que  In  lie  eliaiiti.l  after  the  Ci.simI  at  lli/;li  Ma-.s. 
so  it  raiiie  In  In-  iri-mnilly  ii~-il  in  linme;  ami  ,ii 
lentftii  I'npe  Nirlinhw  l,'iii>i>Ii 'I  nii  il-  :elnpu-in 
thnnitthnul  the  West.     .\t  a  liii.  r  peri'      iliei-nn- 
imvirsy  was  revived,  iimi  it  1«  i  ami-  Iiu-  imliiini' 
lile  iirniinil  nf  till-  tinal  lir.  ii  li  I A   I).  lll.")l)  In- 
twei  II  ihe  Cluirehes  nf  :he  \Vi  st  an. I  tlinse  of  tin 
Ka.-.t,'— Iv  I,,  Culls,  ri„,rl,.,„„.p„    ,■/,.  •>.'(.  — "Tli. 
Kilini|ue  I  niitriiversy  n  latei  in  Ihe  etenial  pro 
ressiiin  nf  ilie  Ilnly'Spirit.  ami  is  a  rontiiiimtinn 
nf  tlie  trinituriaiieniitrnversiisnf  tin-  Niceiie  at'e 
It  marks  Ihe  i  hief  ami  aliniMl  Hit- only  inipnrtant   j 


li'i  •iiiii- 


-•*   11 


'■.l^r 


KIHHKUIICM 

dognwtlc  ii'Srrrnrv  hrtwrrn  llir  Orrek  iii,.|  Ij,,,, 
ebunlu'ii.  .  itml  lia«<>ri'iiaiiini-il,i|i.  {mi„,|  .^r,.| 
|ierin-tniitfil  I  lie  vn-Htent  M-hUm  in  I  lin.iii„|,,„, 
I'heninKl)' wnril  r'ili<M|ne  ki><'|HiHienl>li  .|  l^ir^,,, 
ami  ninst  marly  relati'il  rhnrrln  -.  ijn 
Hie  ninth  eeninrv  anil  >llll  fnrliii.  n  r< 
I'  SthalT,  llitl.'nf  lilt  Ih  rhiirrh.  r 
trri    IDT 

Al.Hii  IS:   <1,  11    Knwnnl,    Tkf  .<*•/,,■ 
thf  OrirnttU  niiil    X,Mt>,t,  rfttirrhm  -  Hei    1  (im, 
TIANITY:    A     I>    .111   11 1.1 1 

FILIPPO  MARIA.  Duke  of  Milan.   \  |> 
'    llli  HIT 

FILLMORE,    Millard,      Vice-Prnidcatitl 
1    Eltction.  — Sucreifion   to  the    Pirtiilrnc; 
I  Adininiitration.    See  I^itkm  Staii  «  m    \^ 
A.  I)    IJIM.  til  IW.V 

FINE,  The.  — A  clan  nr  m-pl  iliiiM.  n  ,,f  ||„, 
(rilM-  in  .:neietit  Iri  linil 

FINCALL.        Ne        NllltXANs     ^    .\     IUIIKIS 

■   Nth  Ihil  I  i.iri  IIIICH.    alun,   Iiiii.\mi    lim  i"iii 

tK.\TI  Hlfi* 

I  FINLAND:  A.  D.  iSoS-lSio  Conqurst 
I  bjr  and  peculiar  annexation  to  Russia.  Con- 
!  atitutional  indepcndem  r  of  the  Finnish  grand 
:  duchjr  confirmed  by  the  Ciar.  n.  .>.  imi 
NAVIW  .si  tri.M:  \  1)  imiT-INjii 
FINN    CALLS.    See    liiKi.AMi     liiM  loiii 

I     rENTlHIKS 

FINNS.       Si  I     III   MIAKItNll. 

i       FIODH-INIS.     S<e  li.i.LAsn    III!  Nami 
FIRBOLCS,  The.-  Onenf  tin  ran-lMni.uli 
Irish  le);eiii|  asi-rilH's  ilie  siitl- in,  nl  .1   I  '',ii,|, 
aaiil  to  have   ennio    fnini  Tlirec        .■.. .     Nim 
lllt^s,   ami  Iiii:i,ani>:  Tiik   I'himiiim    Imiuii 

TANTS 

FIRE  LANDS,  The.   ^.,.01,,,,    v  H     >« 
I  TIN) 

FIRHA.      See  h-KIIM 

FIRST    CONSUL    OF    FRANCE,    Th- 

Sie  Kkamk:    a.  I>,    ITUU  iNlmmihi;     Hi  ,  i  m 

IIKH). 

FIRST  EMPIRE  (FRENCHi.   Thr    s.. 
Khaxi  k:   a.   I).  |HI>1    IHO.-I,  I,,  ls|,-, 

FIRST-FRUITS.    S,.    \nsvti- 
FIRST     REPUBLIC     .FRENCH,    Tlie. 
SeeKRANCK:  .\.  D    IT»','     --i-riniiii  11     V.imh 
IIKH),  li>  INOt-lMO.". 

FISCALINI.       S,e      Sl.AtMcv      Mm,  n, 
Fkaxi  k. 

FISCUS,  The.^      •Tlie  treasury  ..f  ::,.  >,  :,.,■.■ 

[in  the  early  |N>rinii  nf  tin-    limnui  1  1  |  in     p 

laimsl  the  Old  repnliliinii  natiie  ..I  lii.-   hum-j,. 

that  of  the  einiKTnr  wa-  'lenniniii.ii'  <l  liji   11-.  ui. 

u  term   which  ordinarily  sijjnine'l   W-.-    \-\\i\e 

prn]ierty  of  an  indiviilnal.     llm.  ■  i.  'i  n 

I    rapidly  )rr»-w  up.  that  Hie  pnnii..  j 

■    I'iitistit'nteil   the  einpernrs    privati 

j    » Inn  in  process  of  linn- Hie  mill  r.l  c 

i   over  Hie  taxes  i;a\e  way  t"  ihiir  ';  ■ 

traliiin    liy    the    ■■  iiiperiir   liuiisi'ir 
.    treasury  receiveil  liiedcsiK'iiaiinU'  M 
idi-aof  llie  empire  iM-ini;  iinihi'   '  •  U'  : 
palriinnny    iH-canie  llxed    iiii  -  i>li>  .ihi 
minds.  "—('.  .Merivale,  Hint. -t  '!:•  I: 
FISHER,  Fort,  The  capture  of 
Statksiik  Am.:  A.  I).  I««l-|str,    |i 
Ja.mauy:   N.  ('Altni.is  m 


;ilpl 


.  IMilli 
.  1  'ini  I. 


FISHERIES,  North  American  J.  I50"- 
1578,— The  Portuguese,  Norman,  ,•  t-ton  and 
Satque  fiahermen  on  the  Newfoundi.1  liBanlis 
See  NKWFiirNBi.ANi):   K.  I>   I'lOl    :      • 


lloO 


i^iUli 


PIHHKRIK& 


riHUEKIKH 


A.  D.  l«l»^l6SS-— C'o^^li  "^  "■*  B»K>'*I> 
|tl«i«lt.    H«w    >riiwn>iNin.A>i>     A     l>     IBIO- 

IIU 

A.  D.  i6m.-  Monopoly  rnuitcd  to  tht  Co«n- 
61  for  Ntw  BBKland.  !«c  Nkw  Kniii.*<«i> 
A  I)  ittjo  l«s:) 

A.  D.  1660-16U.  -Th*  Prtach  nln  thair 
botinc  •■  NawfoandUiul.  Hii-  Nkwkoi  mi- 
i.»M>   A  l>  IIW"  ltW« 

A.  D  171).-  Ntwfouadlmnd  rclinquiihrd  to 
EuUad,  with  Bshinc  rirhti  reurrcd  to 
Frtnct,  by  tht  Tr««ty  of  Utrecht.     H<i'  Nkw- 

P"  Mi|.»M'      A     I>     17111 

A.  D.  i7ao-i74(.  —  Frtnch  inttrttti  pro- 
tected by  tht  (ortilcation  of  Louiibourg.    H<it 

C.iKlliiKl..?.:  A    l>    If.'"  ITIl 

A.D.  174I.— St.  Pitrrt  >nd  Michelon  itiandi 
«a  tht  Newfoundland  coaat  ctdtd  to  France. 
(*«■  N'kw  K,mii,»xi>    A.  I»    \W>  Mix 

A.  D.  1761.  -  Richti  trcurtd  to  Franct  on 
tbeiiland  of  Newfoundland  and  in  tht  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawtence  by  the  Treaty  of  Pari*.  -Artii  !•  < 
V  •ml  VI  of  III!'  Triiitv  of  l'!iri»  (ITWI).  \OihIi 
imii^firrril ('nniuU iiixl  nil  ll"  I»IiiiiiIn fmiii  Ki  nn  >• 
UiKiik'liiiiil,  ari>  In  llif  fnllimiiiK  luiiL'imui':  -  I'lu' 
luhjiil^  nf  F'niiiiviilittll  Imvr  ilif  lIlKriy  uf  ll-li 
ia;j  iiriil  cirvinir.  cii  'i  |»iirt  nf  ih..  r>iti--lH  (»f  tlt»' 
Ulanil  nf  Ni-wf(iuttilliiiMl.  HiiclttiH  ii  i'*  htM'iiliitl  in 
llip  |:llli  Arlli  Ir  of  tin-  Triiil  y  of  llni  lit  ■  wlilili 
•nil  ll- i«  ninwiil  Hiiil  roiillrimcl  by  tin'  pnMiil 
In-aly  (I'Xivpl  wluit  rilatis  to  tlii'  i>liiiiil  of  <'»ih' 
Hri'tun.  ».•  well  114  to  tlic  otiirr  UlaiKUiiiul  roiutt'4, 
in  the  nioiiili  ami  in  Hit'  K"'pli  "f  .''>t.  Liiircncr): 
ami  lii«  llnlaiinic  niiiji'nty  coii'MiitH  to  Inive  to 
111.  Mil.j'ilKof  tlicniosl  I'lirintian  kiug  tlir  lllnTtv 
iifti-liiiii.'  ill  the  nn'l'''  "f  •"*'  Ijiiiriiiii'.  ninnnill 
linn  ih.ii  ihc  M1I1J11  K  of  Kmini'  ilo  not  I'Vi  ri'l»' 
till-  «.iil  li»liirv,  ImiI  at  llir  ilittanri'  (jf  tliri-c 
li'ai;iu'<  Ir  .m  all  tlic  rinuits  Im  lon)(int(  to  (irrtit 
Rri!  i.M.  »«  well  tl  'w  of  lli«  tf  Miliiirnt,  aa  lliosc 
lit  Ihi'  I'lUiuU  nitiiutiil  In  the  aaiil  K>>l|'''  "'  ^* 
Liuri'iic V.  Anil  an  to  what  niati'a  to  tlii'  fl.iliiry 
on  till  riMiita  of  tilt!  Ulanil  of  C'a|H'  llri'tiin  out  of 
till'  Miiiil  ffiilph,  the  auhjft'ta  uf  tht-  most  Christian 
liiniE  niialt  not  bt'  iMTniittnl  tti  I'XtTrist'  the  aaiil 
&<lnTy.  hut  at  till'  ilistaia'i'  of  l.'i  haiiuia  from 
tlirii'-isis  nf  till'  islanilof  ('a|M'  tin'ton;  anil  tlif 
H^lii  r\  MI)  thi'  I'lMi'ita  uf  Nova  St-otia  or  At'ailia, 
mil  urywhiTr  clai'  out  uf  tlii-  siiiil  Kniph.  ainill 
Miiiiii  nri  ilif  fiHit  of  foriiifr  tnalii">  .\rt.  VI 
Tlir  Kiiii;  of  Great  Hrilain  t-etles  the  IslaiiiU  of 
8t.  I'liirniiil  Mh|iieh>n.  in  full  riKht,  to  his  iiiiist 
Cliri«!;  iiiaji'iily,  to  wrve  aa  a  sliilter  lo  the 
Fn'Dt  !i  i;-lii-rnii'n:  ami  liis  saiil  most  Christian 
aiaji'^i>  i-iii;ii^i-H  nut  to  fortify  the  aaiil  islaiiils; 
tiirr'ci  nil  iiiiililini.'a  upon  Ihrni.  hut  nien'ly  for 

U iviiiii  iiri'of  the  tlshiTv;  anil  to  kiep  upon 

til'      I  );iiiinl  of  !)ii  nii'ii  only  for  the  ^Milire," — 
t   I  '  I  III'-  rrtiiljitl'.irliiiiiiriitiiry  Hint.,  t.   l.'i.  p 

li'J-.; 

A.  D.  1778.— French  fishery  righti  recog- 
aiied  :n  the  treaty  oetween  France  and  the 

Unit      State*.    See   I'nitkii  Statks  ok  Am 
A  ii   i;;s  iKkuhi'aky). 

A.  D  1783. -Rights  secured  to  tht  United 
Slates  by  the  Treaty  of  Paris.  Hie  I'nithi 
Snn-  ri  Am  :  .V.I).  17«t  (Skitemhkio. 

A.  U.  1S14-1818.— Disputed  rights  of  Ameri- 
can fishprnien  alter  the  War  of  i8ia.— Silence 
of  ihf  T  reaty  of  Ghent.— The  Conrention  of 
i8i3.  I  ;„!,r  the  Treaty  of  I'aria  (I7h;))"\vi' 
clmiii  !  •!  It  III,.  Illierty  whieli  was  aeeiinil  to  the 
laba!.!'.-  •<  uf  ihi!  United  HUI4.-S  to  take  flali  on 


the  coaata  of  Nnwfouodlanil.  umler  tlin  llmllatloa 
uf  Dot  ilrylnir  or  rurlOK  Hie  mnie  uu  thai  Ulaiiil. 
anil  alw>  on  tlie  oilier  tiainta  Invs,  ami  creeka, 
loKrther  with  the  1111111411  rixlila  of  ilryinK  or 
riiriiitf  ttah  oil  the  imiais  uf  Nova  Hmiia,  Manila 
len  IslmiiU.  ninl  Irfilirailyr.  were  imi  ennuil  or 
touferreil  liy  tJiat  tnaty.  hut  were  sin  ply  reeug 
nliisl  liv  it  avalreii'lt  eiintiiii;  'I'lii  \  hiiil  lieen 
enjoyeil  Ih  fore  the  Iti'Vuliilioii  liy  the  .Xniiriiana 
i  '  eiininioii  with  oilu'r  aiiliji  its  of  <iriat  llritain. 
Hii'l  hail,  iiiileeil.  lM'ennitH|iiereil,  fmni  the  Kn-neh 
ehietlv.  throiiKJi  H  •■  ^  ilor  anil  ».  1  rillei «  uf  tlie 
eiihiii'iiaof  Ni  w  Kuiilimlnnil  Ne.  York  Tht 
trtaly  was  thinfore  loiislih ml  aii^''  i.'oii«  10  a 
ihi'iliif  pnrtilioii  It  ili'lliieil  the  Imu  luii'-'lie 
iMi'en  the  t^vo  1  iiiintriea  anil  all  tie-  n>jhls  aiiil 
prlvih'iies  loiiuliii;  to  Ilieiii  We  iiisistitl  that 
till-  tiriirle  ri'.<iN'iiinK  fisheries  w.is  llien-fore  totw 
n  tiai'liil  as  iiii  ntiral  with  the  iMssession  of  lanil 
ur  the  ill  man 'ilion  of  h  .iimlaiy.  We  aliui 
eliiiiiiril  that  the  treaty.  Is'iiiL-  our  that  ri  I'oi; 
ni/iil  iiiilipenileiiee.  euiiiiil'  I  .  rrllory,  ami  lie 
tlni-il  iMtiimlarlea,  ls'toii;ri'<l  t"  ilmt  riass  whiili  la 
peniianeiit  in  Ita  nature  ami  is  not  iilTrrteil  hy 
suhMt'ipieiit  siis|N'iisloii  of  Irieiiilly  rilalioiis.  The 
Kiii;lish,  hoHi'Sir.  iii-'isiiil  tliattliis  In  aty  was 
not  a  unity;  that  whili'  soiiie  of  Its  pnivisions 
uife  iNTnianent,  otlu-r  stipulations  were  ti  iiipo- 
rary  niul  emilil  lie  alimualeil.  anil  that,  in  fatt, 
tiny  Mere  ahniL'ateil  by  the  war  o(  IMI'J;  that 
the  very  ililTin  nie  of  the  lantcuaice  iisulsliowed 
that  niilli  the  rik'tits  uf  ileep  .u  a  ftoliini:  nere 
periiiani  nl,  the  Ills  rliia  of  tl»hiuK  wi  ni  1  i'  iled 
anil  eoiifern'tl  by  that  treaty,  ami  hail  theribire 
Ixin  taken  awav  by  the  war.  These  were  the 
two  opposite  viiws  of  the  res|s-i'tivi'  ({ovem- 
niinta  at  the  eoiif'  nnees  whii  h  euileil  in  the 
maty  of  Ghent,  of  IM14."  No  loiiipniniise  ap- 
|H-ariii^  to  In'  priietieable,  the  eoiniui.ssiouers 
iinriiil,  at  leui,'tli.  lotlniptlie  siibjirt  f mm  eon- 
si'leration.  "For  that  reason  iIm'  treaty  uf 
(iheiit  isentln'lv  silent  aa  to  the  llshi  ry  iiiu  slion 
(see  I'MTKiiSTArKHiiK  Am  ;  A  1).  1hU(I)mkii- 
iiKit>|.  ...  Ill  I'Diiseipieiiie  of  eonllii'U  arising 
iH'tweenuiirtisheriiieiiaiiilthe  Itritisli  authorities, 
uiir  point  uf  vhw  wiia  very  slronKly  iiiiiintained 
by  .Mr.  .Vilanis  in  Ills  lorn'sponili-nie  witli  the 
Uritisli  Kun'ik'ii  Olllri',  ami  tliially,  on  1  letoU  r  H), 
IHIH,  Mr.  Itiisli.  thru  our  miiiistir  at  I.ominn, 
assisteil  by  Mr  (iailatin,  siireenleil  in  ai^'niiiK  a 
treaty,  whieh  amoni;  ulher  things  sittleil  our 
riMiita  anil  privih'pa  by  the  first  nrtiele.  aa  fol- 
lows: .  .  .  ■  It  i«  airreeil  Imiwiiii  the  higli  eon- 
traetiufc  partiea  that  the  inliabilants  of  the  salil 
Initeil  ."States  shall  have  fonvir.  ineommon  with 
the  siibjeelsof  his  llritannie  Majesty,  the  lilarty 
of  taking  fish  of  any  kinil  on  that  part  uf  the 
soiilheni  eiKist  of  Ni'wfoiiiiillaiitl  uliirli  extenila 
fniii  Cape  Itiy  to  the  Itaiiieaii  Islamls;  on  the 
wi'siirn  ami  imrtliern  toasts  of  New  foiinillanil 
fniin  till-  saiil  Cais-  Itay  to  the  yiir|Min  Islamls; 
on  the  hhiins  of  the  Ma);ilalen  Islamls,  ami  also  on 
I  he  eua.sts,  bays,  barlKirs,  ami  erei  ks  fnim  Mont 
.loly.  tm  the  southern  eoast  of  Laliniilor.  to  and 
llir.".ii);h  till'  straitsof  Uelle  Isle,  ami  theme  north- 
wanlly  iniletinitely  aloii;;  the  1  oa.sl  Anil  that 
liie  .Vineriran  ti^hrrnii'ii  shall  have  liberty  forever 
to  ilry  ami  run'  tish  in  any  of  the  unsettliil  bays, 
harlsirs.  ami  en  rks  in  the  southern  part  of  New- 
bMimllaiiil  lieniii  U'fore  tIeserilHil.  ami  of  the 
loasts  of  l,ubrailor;  but  aa  sisin  as  the  same,  or 
any  portion  therisif,  shall  lie  settled,  it  shall  not 
tw  lawful  fur  said  flsheriiu'ii  to  dry  or  eiini  fi>b 


1151 


'4  p 


FISHEUIES 

at  such  portion,  so  wttlcil,  withnut  previous 
agri'cni.  ut  for  such  purpose  willi  the  inlmbitanls. 
pro|)ri.  tors,  or  possessors  of  the  ground.  Anil 
the  t  nitcil  States  hereby  renoiniees  forever  anv 
lilicr  ly  hiretoforc  enjoyed,  elainieil  liy  the  inhalii 
lantr.  I  hereof  to  take.  ilry.  or  eun'  tisli  on  or 
witliin  thnc  marine  inihs  of  any  of  lhc>  eoasts, 
bays,  creeks,  or  harlnirs  of  his  Itritannie  Majes 
ty's  dominions  in  Ameriea  not  inehich'd  in  tlie 
atH)V<'  inentioneii  limits,  Provitled.  lio\ve\'i', 
That  the  American  lishermen  shall  be  pirmitt'  1 
t^t  enter  such  hays  (tr  harlM)rs  for  the  purpose  ■  f 
shelter,  of  repairing;  damii^^es  therein,  of  pur 
ehasinfr  wood,  .iiiil  olitaiidni:  water,  and  for  no 
otiicr  purpose  w  liaicver  Hut  they  shall  be  unih'r 
such  n  sirictioiis  as  shall  be  neeessarv  to  prevent 
their  takinj;.  ilryinj,',  or  eiiriiii;  tish  therein, 
or  inany  otIiiT  inaiiner  whatever almsiu); the  priv- 
ileges hereby  secured  to  them,'  The  American 
])lenipotentiaries  evidently  lahon'd  to  obtain  as 
extensive  a  district  of  territory  as  jtossiblc  for  in- 
shore lisliini;,  and  were  williiu;  to  j;ive  up  priv- 
ile);cs.  tlicii  apparently  of  small  amount,  but  now 
much  more  important,  than  of  usim;  other  bays 
and  harbors  for  shcltiT  and  kindred  purpost's. 
For  that  icasiai  tliey  acciuiesced  in  omitting  the 
word  '  bait '  in  tlie  first  siMitence  of  the  proviso 
after  '  water,'.  ,  .  The  power  of  obtainin.i;  bait 
fi>r  use  in  the  ihep-sea  tishcries  is  one  which  our 
tlshermcn  were  aflirward  very  anxious  to  secure. 
Unl  the  ina<kerel  tishcries  in  those  waters  diil  not 
be):in  until  several  years  later.  The  only  con- 
tention then  was  about  the  e<Ml  flsheries," — E. 
Schuylir.  Aimrioiii  l>iiil"iiiitc!i,  eh.  8,  —  Treaties 
mill  I'linrtiitiiiiin  litiretii  the  I'liiteit  Statea  and 
utlur  hiirer,  (nl.  ,,f  IWU).  ;./).  41.'Mia 

A.  D.  1854-1866.— Privileges  defined  under 
the  Canadian  Reciprocity  Treaty.    See  Takifk 

I.K1.IS1,\TI1)N     (f.MTl-;l>    .SlATKS    ,\M)    I'.tNAHA): 

A.  I)    ls.-,4-lHD« 

A.  D.  1871.— Reciprocal  privileges  adjusted 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 
by  the  Treaty  of  Washington.  S'e  Ai.aiiama 
fl.AIMs:   A    I>.  ISTl, 

A.  D.  1877-1888.— The  Halifax  award.— Ter- 
mination of  the  Fishery  articles  of  the  Treaty 
of  Washington.— The  rejected  Treaty  of  1888. 
^In  .iccordanee  with  the  terms  of  articles  '.3'jand 
2;t  of  the  Treaty  of  Washin^'t<ai  (see  Ai.aiia.ma 
t'l.AiMs:  .\  1).  1'<T1).  a  Commission  appointi'il  to 
award  <  ompensation  to  (Jreat  liritain  for  the  su 
perior  value  of  the  tishirv  privilejics  conceded  to 
the  liti/ens  of  the  I'nitcd  States  bv  that  Ircatv, 
met  at  Halifax  on  the  .'ith  of  .lune,  ISTT.  The 
I'nitcd  Slates  was  represented  on  the  Coinnus- 
sicai  by  II. .11,  E,  II,  Kellojii;,  of  Massachusetts, 
and  t;rcal  Britain  by  Sir  Alexander  K,  (iiiult.  of 
Canada  Tlic  two  irovcriMiients  havin.i;  failed  to 
agrii'  in  the  selection  of  the  third  Coumiissionor. 
the  latter  was  named,  as  llii'  Treaty  provide  '  by 
tile  .\ustriaii  .Vmbassador  at  London,  wh-  -i,^'- 
naled  .M.  .Maurice  Delfos.si',  lielirian  Minister  at 
WasliiiiL'ton,  The  awanl  was  made  November 
27,  1MT7,  when,  'by  a  vote  of  two  to  ones  tiie 
ConimissiuMcrsdei  iiled  that  the  I'niled  Stati-s  was 
to  |>ay  .<-,,, •,00,000  for  the  use  of  the  Ilshirii;  priv- 
iliics  for  t'.'  Mar-  The  dci  i.sion  prinluced  pro 
found  asionishment  in  the  I'nitcd  States."  Dis 
.satisficti.in  wit  III  hi- Halifax  a  ward,  and  generally 
with  the  main  jirovisionsof  the  Treaty  of  Wasil- 
in>;lon  relatinfr  to  llic  Hsherh'S.  was  so  (.'real  in 
the  Tnited  Stalis  iha!,  wlii-n,  in  l,47K  <'.;!ii--r.-- 
appropriuted   money    for    the    payment   of"  the   ; 


FISHIXO  CHEEK 

awanl,  it  inserted  in  the  bill  a  cliium-  to  tin  cih,  1 
that  "Articles  is  anil  21  of  the  Treatv  1..  i«,,i: 
the  Urited  States  and  (Jreat  liritain  1  oik  In  i.  ,1 ,,,, 
the  nth  of  May.  1871,  oiiKht  to  1h'  termiii  ii. d  ;ii 
tlie  earliest  period  consistent  with  the  pri.\i,inii, 
of  .\rticlc  ;i:i  of  the  same  Treaty,  "  "  It  is  m  iiri 
oils  fact  that  during  the  time  intervening'  l»  tun  11 
the  sijrninK  of  the  treaty  of  Washin.irton  ai^l  ih. 
Halifax  award  an  nimost  complete  ih.uim  1  .  k 
place  in  the  character  of  the  llsherir.  i'l,,. 
melhiMl  of  takiiii;  me.ckerid  was  eonipic  li  ]\  nvi. 
hilionized  by  tlie  introduction  of  the  pur-.'  ,.  in. 
by  means  of  which  vast  iiuanlilies  of  iln  iM, 
were  <'apturcd  far  out  ill  the  open  sea  In  1  ;i,  1,., 
ing  them  in  huge  iii-ts.  .  .  .  This  chatii:.  in  t1;i> 
metlKKl  of  lishing  brought  about  a  cli.-oii;  ir,  tl,, 
tishiug  grounds.  .  .  ,  The  result  of  ili!,i|i:ii]^., 
wiis  very  greatly  to  diminisli  the  v.ilue  if  ih. 
Xorth-eastern  Fisheries  to  I  he  Inilcil  Siai.-.  li-li,  r 

men,"   Onthelstof .luly.  lW:i.  "inpiir-ua ,,f 

iiistriictionsfnanConiriess,  the  President  l:im  ili,' 
required  iKitice  of  the'  desire  of  the  Iniii  .1  Siai,', 
to  terminate  the  Fishery  Artiilesof  tlielniivnf 
■Washington,  whieh  eouseipicntlv  c.iine  in  .uiViid 
the  1st  of  July.  lHH.->,  The  terminaiioii  of  ili,. 
treaty  fell  in  the  midst  of  the  tishim.'M  ,i-.,ii.  aiil, 
at  the  suggestion  of  the  British  Minister.  .Sn  n 
tary  Bayard  entered  into  a  tempor.iry  arraULT 
nient  whereby  the  .Vnicrican  tisin  rlnen  wm' 
allowed  the  privileges  of  the  treaty  dniin.'  tin- 
remainder  of  the  season,  with  tlie  iindi  rstatniiiii; 
that  the  President  .slenild  bring  tin'  ipM-ii..ii  Ik 
fore  Congress  at  its  next  session  and  ic  .riiiini'iil 
a  joint  Comini.ssion  by  the  Governineni,  of  tin- 
United  Suites  and  (iri'iit  Britain."  This  wasrionc, 

but  Congress  disapproved  the  reeo iiiilatinii 

The  ntiestion  of  rights  under  forniir  In  alii  s,  r. 
peeially  that  of  181S,  renndned  open,  ami  In  1  .imr 
u  subject  of  much  irritation  betwei  n  iln  1  niii.l 
States  and  the  neighlK)ring  Britisli  .Vimric^ii 
jinivinces.  The  local  regulations  of  the  lailir 
were  enforced  with  stringency  and  liir-liHes< 
against  American  lishennen;  tlie  latler  Milnittil 
aial  procured  retaliatory  legislation  frnni  Ion 
gress,  Toi  ml  this  imsatisfactory  stale  of  aif  lir- 
a  treatv  was  negotiateil  at  Washiiigloi,  m  l'(  hni 
ary,  1S88.  by  Thomas  F,  li.ivard.  Sun 'an  of 
.State.  William  h.  I'utimin  and  .lames  |i  ,\iii;ill 
])lenipotenliarieson  the  part  of  the  I  niiei!  Stalls. 
and  Jost>ph  Chamberlain.  M  I'  ,  Sir  1,  S  Sai  k 
ville  West  and  Sir  Charles  Tup|ier,  pli  iii|")len 
tiaries  on  the  part  of  (ireat  Britain,  whi 
was  approved  by  the  I'ri'sident  and  -1 
Senate,  but  rejected  by  that  b(«ly  on  i!i. 
.\ugust.  bv  a  negative  vote  of  liil,  a.'.r 
itsfa\or,— C.  B,  Elliott,  T/ie  fniU'i  >■ 
the  yi'i-th-eiiMtern  fWieriex,  jtp.  7y-I"u 

Al.so  IN  :  J,  H.  I)e  Khci,  T/i.  /.-'- 
pule  {\>*HH).~Aniiiiiil  lti/i"rt  ,'J  I'l.^i.' 
t'lintiitifim'iii  I'f  Fiifh  ninl  Fii^/i'in^  '- 
f'nrr.  n/iitiee  t"  /lei'/mjitit  Fiifu  rii  -  T  ' 
Ht  /*«•..  .No,  IIH,-  Tmh  f.iiii} ,  \'l  s  ■■ 
mill  l'i;,r,iiliiin'  iif  IliililiiJ-  C.iii.ii.'r  !l 
l>i„-  ,    ,\„    Hit.-   -t,-i^/,    C../.,v',  -ill  Ski-  I 

FISHER'S  HiLL,  Battle  of     s 
SrvrKs  iik.\m,    .\   1)   ixtll  lAi  01  -i     o 
ViniiiMM 

FISHING  CREEK,  Battle  of.   - 

Stati-;s  01-- Am  ;  A-  1>    lHii2(.l\M  ii. 

AllV  :    KkM  II  KV  — Tl;SM--sl  h  I 

FISKE    UNIVERSITY,     '-■  ■   > 
Moi>i-:itN     Amkiika:  A    l>    Ixii")-!--^! 


.  Ii  treaty 

of 

ill 


JM 


/'. 


/'-■. 

/;  A'' 


IIW 


FITCIl. 

FITCH,  Jolin,  »nd  the  beginning!  of  iteam 

"f  WeRALD'S  (LORD  THOMAS)  RE- 
BELLION   IN    IRELAND.      Sci;  Ihblanu; 

\'lVE  ARTICLES  OF  PERTH,  The.    Sc« 

S(„TI  *NI>,  .V    1).    1BI«. 

FIVE  BLOODS.  The.  S*c  Ibei.anu;  Mth- 

"FlVrBOROUGHS,  The.-A  confuderatioi. 
„t  Inuiis  («riipi.(l  1)V  the  Diims  ill  Kiipliind  m 
■  ,i,liii"  I>.Tliy.  I.iiicolii.  I.<ii''sUT,  Nottm^lmiii  I 
,n.l  Slumfnnl.  wliUli  pla.ve.l  .i  part  in  tlit  (V.iils  : 
of  the  tcntli  1111(1  clev.'ntli  cntiiriis.  H  iin'r_  , 
,vanU  iH.iime  ^'vvu  Boroiiglis  by  ailiiition  of  | 
Ynrk  :inil  ClicstiT.  ,       .,       ,. 

FIVE   FORKS,  Battle    of.      Sw  I  sttki. 
UruK-  ciF  Am.:  A.  D.  1H8.-|  (Maiicii-Ai'Kii.  :    j 

^  FIVE^HUNDRED,  The  French  Council  of.   I 

>;h,.  FiUNIK:    a.  I>.    17«.">  (.IlNK-SKI-rEMllK^t).     j 

FIVE  HUNDRED  AT   ATHENS,  The. 

^,c  \iiii;v^:  B.  C.  SIO-.WT. 

FIVE  MEMBERS,  King  Chailes'  attempt 
.gainst  the.     S«..En<i.,am.:  A.  I),  mi  (.Ian.:- 

*'fIVE  MILE  ACT,  The.      See   En(ii.ani): 

V  I)   lii(W-l««."i.  _. 

■  FIVE  NATIONS  OF   INDIANS.  The.- 

Tlic  tivr  orldiiiil  tiilii'Hof  tli<!  Iroipiois  Cunfi-ilcr  ■■ 
,u'v  -ilir  Moliawk<.  (tiiriilas,  OiioniliiKiis,  Ciyii- 
L'a-i  ami  S™iK-as,  —  wcip  comniunly  lalli'il  l)y 
the  F.iiL'Hsli  the  Five  Nations.  Sulwinii'iitly,  Mi 
ITI.")  ii^islli  tril)!'.  thr  Tiistaroras.  liclonsinK  to 
the  \\m-  st(«k,  wa.s  admitted  tolliiTonfcdrracy. 
ant  iu  luiniliiTS  were  tlioii  linow  ii  iis  tlic  f'lx 
Nuli.rtis  ScAmeuk  AN  Aiioitii^iNKs;  lRo>iior« 
OiSKKiiK.iniY,  and   Iiioviuois  TiuuKs  ok   iiik 

FIVE  THOUSAND,    The.     Sec  Athens  : 
»(■  4i;i-lll.  ^^ 

FIVE  YEARS'  TRUCE,  The.    >ii' 
Athkns:  15.  ('.  48<Miy.  ,      , 

FLAG,  The  Ametican.— At  tli(<  imthrpak  of 
till-  rivnit  of  tlic  colonii'S,  a  varii'ty  of  devices 
appiiiriil  on  tin   Hass  lionu'  liy  the  Continental 
tP«M'-     A  pine  tree  seems  to  have  lieen  the  fa- 
unil.    New  England  emblem  ;   a  <-oile<l  serpent, 
witii  ihc  motto.  ■■U"\vare."  or  ■'Don't  tread  on 
me.'  «:cs  that  of  the  South.     A  represeiitiitioii 
(jf  tin    tliiiiirn   ei,|onies  by  alternate    rc^d   anil 
while  s'iipe>  oil  a  thu  is  said  to  have  Iktu  made 
lir-1   It  \V;i-hi'ii!lo»'s  heailipiarters.   1 'ambridire. 
im  t|;,.  •;,!  „f  .hmnary,  1T76.     The  Mr-  lii-ld  of 
wliii"  slars,  in  the  corner  (thepartof  .  I  li  ciiMed 
"til"    union"!,    was    introiliiced.    by    order    of 
0.ii::risv    on   the    Ittli   of   .lime.    1TTT.     There 
Willi- lo  hi-  noiloiilit  that  the  first  lliir.  t'liis  de 
tiniiiih.l  bv  law  to  1m'  the  Ha?  of  the   I'nitiil 
St;iii-.  WHS  iniiile  hv  Mrs.  Betsey  Boss,  an  up 
lioi-irn  r.  nil  An  h  street.  Philadelphia,  and,  ae 
rnr.lii!-  to  trielition.  Washiniiton    peneillcl  tif 
pill.  !'  -',      The  Hrst  mililarv  use  of  the  llair  is 
cinii  .i   !  .  liiive   been   at    Fort    Stanwix   (now 
ll'iiu'     N    V  i,  whiii  the  fort  was  Im'sIclmiI    in 
.\.  :.';•!,  1777.     The  banner  was  improviscil  on 
I'll-       .  i.;,iii.  mil   of  a  nil  petticoat,  a  white 
-iiir'  ^ii-U'i.I   (iimsevoort's  blue  cloak.      In  IXIH, 
I' .11  r. -<.|.ciiliil  ihat  the  number  of  stril'es  in 
til'  ;l'.--li''iilil  thereafter  be  llie  oridnal  thirteen, 
I'  .t  ih  ,'  '111' Mars  in  "the  union  'should  incretise 
ill  n;    Si-   with  the  urowinR  number  of  tin 


FLAMEN8 

FLAG,  The  British.— In  the  national  flaif  of 
tlieUiiitwl  Kingdom  of  <Jrcut  Britain  and  Ireland 
the  roctangnlar  red  cros.s  of  St.  (ieorRe  (original 
emblem  rif  Englaiul),  the  diagonal  white  cross  ol 
St.  Andrew  (emblem  of  Scotland),  and  the  red 
diagonal  cros.s  of  St  Tatrick  (emblem  of  Ireland) 
are  ingeniously  united,  on  a  bine  field,  so  that 
each  is  shown.  This  lonstitutes  what  is  somi!- 
limes  called  the  "royal  jaik,"  sometimes  the 
"  union  jink.  ■  (overinj.'  for  some  usi  s  the  whole 
Ha;;,  aii(l  for  ollieis.  only  the  upper  kfthaiid 
corner  of  a  re<l  or  blue  ensign. 

FLAGELLANTS.—  "  Althoiiph  the 
Chnrcli's  forgiveness  for  sin  ini>:lit  now  [I4tli 
century!  be  easily  obtained  in  other  ways,  slill 

HiiHellation  was  not  only  (jreally  admired  an ^' 

the  relipous,  but.  was  also  held  in  such  liii-'h  es 
timation  by  the  common  people,  that  in  case  of 
any  calamilv  or  plague,  they  tliou^'ht  they  eonhl 
propitiate  the  supposed  wrath  of  (iiHl  in  ini  more 
elTectnal  manner  than  by  wduririn)?,  and  proces 
sions  of  scoiir^'crs;  just  as  though  the  Church  s 
ordinarv  means  of   atonement  were  insnflicient 
for  exi'rnordiiiarv   cases.   .    .   .  Clement   VI     put 
nn  end  to  the  public  proccssioi.;  of  Flnt-fllants, 
which  were  alreadv  widely  prevalent  :  but  pen- 
anoi'  bv  the  s<'ourL'e  was  only  thus  forced  into 
coniealmcni.   .  .  .' Thus  there  now  rose  heretical 
Flau'cllants.  called  idso  bv  the  (omnioii  name  of 
:    Beghards.   .   .   .  When    the  Whitemen   (Bianchi) 
[see  Whitk  Pknitknts].  scour.L'ing  themselves 
i   lis  they  went.  diM-endeil  from  the  Alps  into  Italy, 
i   they  were  received  almost  everywhere  with  en 
'    thnsiusm  bv  the  derpv  and  the  people  ;  but  in  the 
Papal   territory    death    was    prepared    for   their 
lemler.  and  the  rest  aicordingly  clisperst  them 
selves"—.!      C.    L.    (liesi-ler.     Coniju  nilmni    "J 
>>/,»iVr(i(iV«;   JIM.   lurl.   1'2:i  (r.  4).— "  Dividi  il 
into  companies  of  male  and  female  devotees,  un 
der  a  leader  and  two  masters,  they  stripped  them 
selves  nakeil  to  the  waist,  and  ])ublicly  seoiirgeil 
tlienis<lvcs    or  eiieli    other,   till   their  shoulders 
w(  re  coveiiil  with  blood.     This  expiatory  ere 
mony  was  ri'peatcd  everv  morning  and  afternoon 
for  thirtv  thne   days,  ecpial    in  number  to  the 
years  which  Christ  is  thought  to  have  livid  upon 
"earth.  .  .  .  The  Flagellants  appean'd  first  in  lliiii 
garv  ;  but  missionary  siH'ietii-s  were  soon  forini  d. 
and"  the v  hastened     )  impart  the  knowledge  of 
the  new"gospel  to  fori  ign  nations.   .   .   .   A  colony 
reached  KnL'hinil.  an.l  landed    in    London.   .   .   .^ 
The  missionaries  minle  not  a  single  proselyte," 

— I    Lingai-il.  //'«'   ..r' A"«.'/'"'"'-  ''•  '»•  "■''•  '• 
FLAMENS.  -  FLAMINES.-  "The  ponti 

fices  like  several  other  priestly  brotherhoods  [of 
ancient  Uome]  .  .  .  bad  siu  rificial  priests  (Ha- 
niines)  iittacbiil  to  Hum.  whose  name  was  lie- 
rivnl  from  'flan''  (to  blow  the  lire).  The  mini 
ber  of  flaiiiines  atlaclied  to  the  pontifi.es  was 
fifteen  the  thiiehiL'hest  of  whom.  .  .  .  viz. .the 
Flaiiieii  Dialis,  Marlialis.  and  (Juirinalis.  wen" 
iilwavs  chosen  from  old  patrician  families.   .  .    . 

I   Free"  from    all    civil   duties,  tlie  Fliin.en  Ilialis. 

i  with  his  wife  and  chililivn.  exi  hisivcly  devoted 
himself  to  the  service  of  tin'  deity.  His  house 
111",  on  the  I'alaline  hill.  His  marriage  wiis 
dissoluble  bv  ilialb  only  ;  be  was  not  atlnwcd  to 
tiiiic  an  oatli.  mount  a  horse,  or  look  at  an  iiriii> 
He  was  forbiililen  to  remiiiu  a  iiiL'hl  away  fn'in 
his  house,  and  his  hand  touched  notliiiig  unclean, 
for  which  reason  he  never  approin  lie.l  a  i  orpse 
or  a  111. rial  place.   .   .       In  the  daytime  the  Ha 

...........      ,.ff  Sii^iicii,!. 


111.  li  Di.iii.-i  ■iva.>  nut  ailuwetl  to  tiik- 


iTs-S 


PLAMENS 

drciw,  iind  he  was  oMiiri'il  to  ri'sij^n  Ills  offlre  In 
ciisc  it  fill  (ill  by  iwi  iiliiit.  In  liis  Ih'U  1ip  niirii'il 
tht'  siK-rilii'ial  knife,  iitid  in  his  hitn<l  he  held  a 
rod,  in  imlir  to  kri'p  citT  tlir  pioplc  on  Ma  wiiy 
to  the  siicritici'.  Kcr  tlic  sjuim*  purpose  lie  was 
prcrt'di'd  l)y  :t  lictor,  who  comiH'lK'd  cvcrylioiiy 
on  tlif  wiiy  to  luy  down  his  work,  the  tliunrn  not 
iH'inii  allow  1(1  to  «'(' the  busint'ss  of  daily  lifr." 
—  K  Ouhl  uiid  \V  KoiiiT,  /.//!■  "/  the  ISrnk*  ,iinl 
lioiiiiviK.  trt.  l(i:i  — Sec  Afllfll!'. 
FLAMINIAN    WAY.      Sec    Uomk:    H   C 

2n.->  i!ti 

FLAMINIUS,    The  defeat   of.    See  Pimc 
Waii.  Thk  Skcom) 


FLANDERS:  A 
the  County. — liidiih. 
Bald,  iif   Kniiice  (not 

twice  widowed  queen  of  Kni;land,  ihoui;h  hiirdly 
yet  out  (if  her  girlhood  (she  had  wedded 


D.    863.— Creation    of 

dau.irhler  of  CliarleH  thi' 
et  called  Kran<el,  and  a 
hnrdly 
Klhel 
wulf  and  Ktlielliitid,  father  and  ,s<in,  in  .sucies 
sion),  took  u  mate,  at  la.st.  more  to  her  likint:.  hy 
u  runiiway  iiuttch  with  one  of  her  fathi'r's  forent- 
ers,  named  Haudouin,  or  Baldwin,  Uras defer. 
This  was  in  8i!i.  Kinir  Charles,  in  his  wrath, 
cauM'd  the  impudint  fonster  to  lie  outlawed  and 
cxeommimiialid.  liutli;  hut  after  u  year  of  inlir- 
cession  aiul  mediation  h'-  forpive  the  pair  anil 
estalilished  them  in  a  :  ..table  tief  li.iuilouin 
was  made  Counl  or  Mari|uis  of  Flanders  '■  I're 
viously  to  ISaudouin's  em,  Flanders  or  ■  Klandria  ' 
is  a  de^i^natinn  beloni^inir,  as  learned  men  eon- 
jecture,  to  a  (Jau  01  I'afius,  afterwards  known  as 
the  Franc  de  Bru^'es,  and  noticed  only  in  a  sin- 
gle charter.  Popularly,  the  name  of  Flanders 
had  obtained  with  res|M'ct  to  a  much  larger  sur- 
rounding Hilgii'  country.  .  .  .  The  name  of 
'  Flanders  '  «  as  thus  given  to  the  w  ide,  and  in  a 
degn*e  indetinite  tract,  of  which  the  Forester 
llaiiduuin  and  his  prcdeiessors  had  the  olticlal 
range  or  i.ire.  .Xccording  to  the  idiom  of  the 
Middle  .\ges,  the  term  'Forest 'did  not  exactly 
convey  the  idea  which  the  word  now  suggests. 
I'ot  being  apjilied  exclusively  to  wood-land,  but 

to  any  wild  and  unreclaimed  region Vny 

etymology  of  the  name  of  F'lamiiigia,  or  Flan- 
ders, wliicli  we  can  guess  at,  seem;  intended  to 
designate  that  the  land  w,is  so  called  from  being 
half  drowned.  Thirty  fi\e  inundations,  which 
atllieted  the  coimtry  at  various  intervals  from 
the  tenth  to  tlic  sixteenth  century,  have  entirely 
allereil  the  coast  line;  and  the  interior  features 
of  tlie  country,  though  less  alTecliil,  have  been 
much  chanLTcd  by  the  diversioTis  which  the  river 
courses  liavi- sustained  ,  .  .  Whatever  had  Iwen 
the  oriL'inal  anipliludeof  the  ilistriels  over  which 
Haudouin  had  -.iwy  control  or  :iUthoriIv.  the  boun- 
daries were  Mow  inlargeil  and  detineil.  Kneeling 
tieforo  Cliavli  s  le  (  hauve.  placing  his  hands  lie 
tween  the  hands  of  tlie  Sovereign,  he  received 
his  ■  lionoiir  :  —  ilie  Forester  of  Flanders  was 
created  ( '  junt  or  Maniuis.  .\11  the  countries 
bctweiri  the  Selaldt.  thi'  Soinnie  and  the  sea. 
beeanie  his  binr-lice;  so  that  only  a  narrow  ancl 
contisiid  tract  divideil  liaudoiiin  s  Flanders  fr<mi 
Norniandy.  .\cconlinir  to  an  antient  nomen- 
clature, ten  count  i(s,  to  wit,  Theerenbunh,  .\rras, 
Hoiilou'ii.',  tiuisiies,  ,<aint  I'anl,  llesdin,  Hlande 
niont.  l!rui.'c>,  ll.irlebec,  and  Toiirnay,  were 
comprelieniled  in  the  noble  grant  w  hiih  l!au 
douin  obtained  from  his  father-iu-luw." — Sir  F. 
I'ak'rave,  //;■.».  „f  .\'>rmand"  and  of  Kuala !:d. 
U:  1,  c/i.  4. 


FLANDERS 

I       A.  D.  1096.— The  Cruiade  of  Count  Robert 
i   SeeCutsADKS:  .\.  I).  109«-lt»9». 

A.  D.  1201-1204.— The  diverted  Crusade  of 
Count  Baldwin  and  the  imperial  crown  he  won 
at  Coaitantinople.  See  ('ki'sadi-s:  .\  |i  !'.>ri| 
r.;(i:);  and  IJvzantink  Ksipikk:  A.  I)  l.'iii  'n-, 
A.  D.  I3I4.— Humbled  at  the  battle  o(  ibu- 
Tines.     See  lloiTViNKH. 

13th  Century.— The  industrr,  commerce  and 
:  wealth  of  the  Flemings.— "  In  tin-  I  iiii  ,,„ 
i   tury.  Flanders  was  the  most  |>opuloiiv -,11,1  i|„. 

I   richest  country  in  F.urope.     SI wid  iin.  f;,,., 

]   to  the  briskness  of  her  iranutnluriiur  aird  mm 

mercial    undertakings,    not    oidy    aiiinii_>,t    ||,.r 

!    neighbours,  but  throughout  Soutlnrn  ami  Km 

!   ernKurope.   ,   .   .  Cloth,  andall  inanniTMi  «,„,|,.,| 

siidTs.  were  the  principal  articles  of  Fleini-h  pm 

I   ibiction.  !ind  it  wa.s  chielly  Irom  Kiiirhii;il  iliat 

I    Flanders  drew  her  supply  of  wool,  the  riw  ma 

I    lerial   of   her   industry.     Thence  aro^e  l„i«irii 

;   the  two  countries  commercial    relations  ^\liiili 

:   coidd  not  fail  to  aeipiire  political  in.|i"rt:iiiiT 

:    .Vs  eai-ly  as  the  middle  i-f  the  I'Jth  ceniiirv.  mv 

I   cral  Flemish  towns  formed  a  society  for  Iniunl 

I   ing  in  England  a  commercial  exeliaiiLe,  whiili 

;   obtained  great  privileges,  and.   umli  r  tln'  ii:iiiu' 

'■   of  the  Flemish  han.se  of  London,  reai  hed  ripiil 

devehipment.      The   merchants  of   liruirrs  liail 

I   tnken  the  initiative  in  it;  but  soon  all  the  inHni 

.   of  Flanders  — and    Flanders  was  covi ml   with 

towns  —  (Jhert,  I.iUe.    Vpres,  Courtrai.  FMriics, 

Alost,  St.  Omer,  and  Doind,  entered  the  mnfcil 

cnithin,  and  made  unity  as  well  as  e\icri-i"ii  of 

lilHTties  in  nspect  of  Flemish  coninien  c  ihi.  ,,\, 

ject  of  their  joint  efforts.     Their  pro- |ii  ni\   !u' 

catue  celebrated;    and  its  celebrity   L'.ne  it  in 

crease.     It   was  a  burgher  of  i{rn;;(s  who  wns 

governor  of  the  hanse  of  I.ordon.  and  he  w.m 

called  the  Count   of  the    llatise.       The   lair  nf 

Bruges,    held    in    the   month   of    M;,y.    tiri.iiulit 

together  traders  Inmi  the  whole  wurid.       Tliiiliir 

i-aine  for  exchange,' s;iys  t'      nei^i   neilrrn  an'l 

most  enlighteneii    historian    ■!'   Flanders    lianm 

Kervyn   de    Lettenhove,   'llistoire  c|i    Klaii.in ,' 

t.  ii.."  p.  ;i(M)),   -the   produce  of  the   Nnrili  :,iii| 

the  South,  the  riches njllected  in  the  pil.'riMiii.'is 

to  Novgorisl,   and  those   brouirlit  "V.  r  liy  tin- 

caravans  from  Samareand  imd  Hat'd  id,  tl,>  pit.  Ii 

of  Norway  and  the  oils  of  Andaiu^i;t.  tiie  tir>  ef 

Hus.sia  and  the  dates  fnmi  the  .Ulas.  iln'  innals 

of  Hungary  and  Bohemia,  the  li;:s  of  i;rii;:iil:i, 

the  honey  of  Portugal,  the  wax  of  \|..r'MiM,  anil 

the  spice  of  Kgypt;  whereby,   says  an    ii;i  i- iit 

inanu.scri|>t,  no  land  is  to  beeonipinil   m  imr 

chandis.' to  the  land  of  Flanders'.         Si.ma'ii 

prosperity  m.-ide  the    Counts  of    Flan!,  is  \,ri 

|niis.sant    lords.      ■  .Margui-rite    11.    .Ji.  !      ili" 

Black,"  Counle.ssof  Flandi Tsaiid  II  lin  ii.l'  I'-iii 

1-44  to  I'JNl,   was  e.xtrelnely  -ieti,'  ^.i\^  :i   .     ■  .ni 

eler,  'not  oidy  in  laieU,  but  in  furni;i;o        '.•!- 

.md  moiU'y  ;  .   ,   .   insoinueh  tliat  ^hr  !.■  [  t   .:.  lii'' 

state  of  ipieen  rather  than  counles-  '     N'  in.   .11 

the  Flemish  towns  were  stroiiL'Iy  'pr_-iiM..  1  r  'ii, 

inune.s.  in  which  prosperity  had  vv,.ii  lii.  riy    iiil 

which  became  before  Iohl'  siiiail  n  pii' li.  ^. -1! 

lie: 'iitly  powerful  not  only  forllie  d.  :.  ■  .  •    !  lii' ir 

ni.nieipal  ri:;htsaLrain-t  the  Couii;-   ■:  '  'Hi'..  r-, 

their  lords,  but  for  olTeriiii.'  an  arii'i  1   -i-'niii' 

to  such  of   the  SOVereiiins    llleir  !;.  i.  !i!  '■  ir-  a>  :it 

templed  to  eoiii|Uer  Ihei '  to  ir:,;.,ii|.  1  ll.il"  i" 

their  commercial  rel/ilions,  or  to  1-ia  ii'  a  'luir 
wealth  bv  ft;reed  contributio!!-  ■-  '>  i^^n.lrr  ' 
— F.  P.  (juizot,  I'iijiulur  llht  ■■/  /'■!■,■■    ■■'■   l"- 


1154 


FLANDERS. 

\i*o  IN-  .1.  Ilutton.  .I'tiiiiH  null  Philip    I'.i/. 

AD  iWl304-— The  w»r  with  Philip  the 

e^r  -\s  t"   KlriniiiKS  iu1viiik.i1  in  w. ultli  iind 

Sn-'euul  oppressiv..  t..  th.n.,  and  tlKir  attl 

wiilitv  At  the  siiinc  time,  tin  y  were  <lriwn  to 
.friinAlv  IrnninK  lo»«r.l8  EnKfiiml  l.y  .■..mm.m 
?,,,"'  i..l  infn-sts.  This  »howr.l  itself  .k- 
i« ivclv  ..II  till'  .HCiLsiim  of  tlie  ijuurrcl  tlwt  (iros,' 
V  I)  i"!!.-.)  iMlw.rn  Philip  IV.,  rall.'.l  tli.>  Fair 
:;„;i  K,l«aril  1.  .'f  KnKlaml.  .•,.nc..n.injr  lli.' rule  ..f 
;i„,  ,.„i,.r  in  A.iuitainc  or  Om.-nm.  rh.'  hr.rnh 
L  „.r  f„un.l  alliis  in  Scotlan.l;  lli.^  Knalish  kin« 
f„„n.l  alli.H  in  Flumlcrs.  An  allian, ,■  of  mar- 
rii'.'  in  fact,  hail  l>f<'n  arrancnl  to  lak.  pla.r 
UnvirnliinL'  E.lwar.1  anil  the  .laiiL'ht.T -f  (."V 
,1,.  Itampi.  "f.  ronntof  Klan.lcrs;  l.nl  l'l.ilip..n 
mv,..l  tmU'iuToiisly  to  get  pos.s.'SHion  ..f  the  pcr_ 
«ms.if  ih.'.Duntan  1  liisilauiiht.r  an.l  un|.ns..n.il 
th,.m  li..lh  at  Paris,  dochirinj:  the  sinl.s  of  the 
lount  t..  Ix'  forfeited      In    129fl  the  tw..  knife" 


FLANDERS. 

A  treaty  was  signeil,  in  which  "the  indepen- 
dence of  Flanders  was  ncknowleilKcl  under  lt« 
Coiinl  Uoliert  de  Hethiine  (the  eldest  son  of  Oiiy 
lie  Daniiiierre),  who.  toKellier  with  his  brothers 
1111.1  all  the  other  Fhniish  prisoners,  was  to  lie 
iestore.1  to  lihertv.  The  Fleming's,  on  the  other 
hand  consent.il  to  surrender  those  districts  lie 
viiiiil  the  Lys  in  which  the  French  laiiKiuige  was 
veriiiieuhirlV  spoken;  and  to  this  territory  were 
adiI'Ml  the  cili.s  ..f  Douai,  Lille,  an.l  their  .lcp.n 
ill  ies.  Thev  iiii.'a|rcd.  moreover,  to  furnish 
liv  instaliiHiil's  'JIHI.lHK)  livres  in  order  to  cover 
the  expciiMs  which  Philip  had  inciirre.l  l.y  their 
invasi.m."— E.  Sine.lley,  //i*<.   f'f  Fniiir,.  pi.   I. 

\i,«>  IN  .1  Il.itt.in.  ././»..'«  iihil  Philip  Villi 
,\rt,r,l,l.  pt  1.  ./.,  '.'-a, -.1.  .Michelet.  Ili^t.  of 
h'l-iiiiri .  Ilk.  ,'i.  •Ii.  •-'.  

A.  D.  1314.— Dishonesty  of  Phihp  of  France. 
—Philip  wus  .me  ..f  the  lno^t  trciicherous  of 
princis.  lui.l  his  licaty  with  the  Fleiiiinirs  did 
not  Bciure  theiii  apiinst  him.  "The  FleniiiiKS 
who  had  pai.l  the  whole  of  the  m.iney  stipulated 
bv  the  Irealv  of  i:!**.'!.  iknmiidiil  the  restitution 


f..rf.iled      In    129«  the  iw.i  k  ngs      l.v  the  Ireaiy  01   i.»i...  <ic.im.ui.-..  ....    . >■-'........ ■■" 

1,  mland  ahumliw^    th.ir  allies      of  that  part  ..f  Flaii.l.rs  which  lia.l  been   given 
'l"'','^^" ',  *     ..  .  ,..  ;.,.,.l,.r  „„.r.i,.«  „f       ,11.  as  a  iiledire ;  but  I'hilippe  refused  to  restore 


«*ttl.'.l  their  .i.m..»i  ••■"•  "■— .        , 

on  iHilh  si.l.s- Scotland  l.i  the  ten.ler  nier.-i.s  of 
Eilward.  an.l  Flanders  t.i  th.'  vengeance  of  the 
malignant  king  Philip  the  Fair     1  he  territorv 
of  the  Flemings  was  anncved  to  the  irow-ii  ot 
Frari-e  an.l  Jaopies  de  Chatillon.  unci.-  ..f  the 
.iu«n.  was  app-3inted    governor      Ikfore   Iw.i 
vears  had  passed  the  impatiept  I- 1.  inmgs  wcr.- 
i»  furi..us  rev,.lt.      Tl„.  insurre<-ti.m  /"gan   at 
Bm.'es    Mav    W.    13112,    and    more    limn    .1.000 
Fnmlinien  'in  thiit  city  were  miissacre.l  in  the 
first  ra-e  I'f  tlu-  insurgents.     This  mas«icr.-  was 
railcl  tin-  Hnig.-s  Matins.   A  French  army  ent.-reil 
FI1111.I.  rs  t..  put  down  the  rising  and  was  .-on 
fronle.1  at  C.mrtrai  (.Inly  11,  A.  D.  ISOi)  by  the 
Fliinish  militia.     The  latter  w.-re  l.'d  by  young 
Guv  ..f  DaiP.pierre  an.l  u  few  knights,  wh.i  .hs 
m.iimt..l  t .  tight  on  e.iual  terms  with  their  !.- 
lows     ■■  \boiit  20,(MX>  militia,  arme.l  only  \m1Ii 
pik.^  wl.il  h  they  einpl.ive<l  also  as  impli-meiiis 
of  liii^lmiilrv,  resolveil  toabidc  the  onset  .>f  H.OOtJ 
Knicl.ts  ..f"  g.ntle  hLxid,   10,000  urc-hers,    and 
30  mi  f.iot  soldiers,  animated  by  the    presence 
and  .lir.-.te.l  by   the  military   skill  of    HoIktI 
Count  i.f  Artois.  and  of  Kaoul  de  Nesle,  Con- 
stat);.  ..f  France.     Courtral   was  the  object  of 
iiKa.k,  i.ii.i  111.'  Flemings,  anxion:i  f.ir  its  safety, 
.rrai:i;.d  ilieiiiselves.m  a  plain  iH'fo.e  the  town, 
.„i-.r.il  in  front   bv  a  canal."     An  altcrcati.m 
.vlii.li  iH.nrr.'.l  betwi-.-n  the  two  Frcn.h  c.im- 
maiiilirs    led    to    the    iimkiug    of    a  blind  and 
furi.'iiMliarL'i'  on  the  part  of  the  French  h.irse- 
m.u.  iL'iioraiit   an.l  hee.lles.s  of  the  canal,    int.i 
wliiili  111.  V  plung.-.l,  horses  an.l  ri.lcrs  t.ig.'ther. 
ill  n.:.-  iurMri.-able    iii.iss,   an.l  when-,   in    their 
h.  liili  -Ml.  -^,    thiv    were   slain    without   si-riiple 
l.v  iIl.    l-'l.M.ings.     "Philip  ha.l    hist    his   most 
.■\|iiri.i;ii.l    (;.-iieral.<,    and    the    H.iwer  of    his 
iruo|.s.  I.. ,11   his  obstinacy  was  unbending."     In 
ri-i«';Hi'l  .ampaiL'Us  during  the  iie.\t  tw.)  years, 
I'l.iliii  -Tnvi'  har.l   I.)  r.'lfieve    the  disaster  of 
r.HMir.ii.     He   sm-cee.le.l,  at    last   (A.  1).    1304). 
ill  aihi.viij;;,  with  the  li.-l|i  of  the  G.'n.s-se.  a 
iiaial  virti.ry  in  the  Zunick-Zee,  foHowe.l  by  a 
M.tnri,  |i.  rviiiiiUv  his  own,  at  M.ms-en-I'uclle, 
in  S.  jl;.  iii!«r  ..f  the  same  year.     Then,  tiii.iing 
111.  Fiiiiiui.'s  as  .launtlessly  ready  as  ever  to  re- 
ntw  th.-  Ii::ht.  he  gave  up  to  their  obstinacy  an.l 
aciiaiowl.dgeU  the  indei>endence  ot  the  county 


01  II. a.   p:.i.  ...    1  i.t.t'n  1^  ....•,..  n 

up  as  a  pledge;  but  I'hilippe  refused  to  restore 
it  on  the  plea  that  it  ha.l  been  given  to  liini  ab- 
wilutelv  an.l  not  1  onditionallv.     lie  (-oiiimenccd 
hostilities    (A.  I>.   i:tl41    by   seizing    upon    the 
counties  of  Nevers  .iii.l  Uetliel,  b.  longing  to  the 
c.iunt  of  Flan.lcrs  an.l  hisel.l.st  son,  who  replied 
bv  laying  siege  to  Lille."     Philippe  was  making 
gri-at"  ex.-rli.iiis  t.)   raise   in.iiiey  for   a  vigonius 
proseeuli.in  of  the  war.  when  he  died  sud.lenly, 
Nov    25    lilU    as  the  r.-siilt  of  an  accident  in 
hiiiiting.— T.  Wright,   lli»l.  .;/'  Fnii.cf.   r.    1,  **. 
2   fh   2 
'  A    b.  1328.— The  Battle  of  Cassel.— The 
first  act  of  Philip. if  Val.iis,  King  of  France,  after 
his  .•.ir.inati.in  in  i;!2H,  was  to  take  up  th.'  cans., 
of  his  cousin,  Louis  t\v  Nevers,  f.iuiit  of  Flan.lcrs, 
who  ha.l  lieen  driven  from  his  territories  by  the 
iii.lepenileiit   burthcrs   ..f    Bruges,    Ypres,    and 
other  iilies,  an.l  wli.i  ha.l  hit  to  him  no  t.vwn 
save  Gheiil,  in  which  \v  dare.l  to  appear.     The 
Fn-m-h  king  ■gathered  a  great  host  of  feudal 
l.irds   whor.-j.i;c.-.l  in  the  thought  of  Flemish 
spoil,  an.l  mar.-h.-.l  to  Arras,  and  thinee  onwards 
inio  Flaii.hrs.     lie  pitclie.1  his  tent   under  the 
hill  of  Cassel,  '  with  llie  fairest  and  greatest  host 
in  till'  worhi '  aroun.l  him.     The  Flemish,  under 
Claus  Demie.iuin,  lav  on  the  hill  lop:  •Vncethey 
came  down  all  unawares  in  three  columns  on  the 
French  camp  in  th.'  evening,  an.l  surprised  the 
King  at   supper  an.l   all   but  took   hini.     The 
Frenih  s.Hin  rec.ivere.l  from  the  surprise;    for 
(l.id  wo.il.l  n.it  onsent  that  hinls  sliouhl  be  dis- 
.•.iiiitiltc.l  bv  su.-hritTrall ■■;  they  slew  the  Flem- 
ish Captain"  I  l.iiiieiiuiii.  ami  of  the  rest  but  few 
escap.-.l;  '  f.ir  thev  .l.-igne.l  not  t.i  flee,'  so  stub- 
born wcr.-  tlio>e  d.spise.l  weavers  of   Flanders. 
This  litil.'  baith-,  with  its  gn-at  carnageof  Hem 
ish    siilli.'e.l  t.i  lav  nil  Flan.lcrs  at  the  feet  of  its 
(.Hint. "-(i.  \V.  kitcliin,  //(■.■.(.  "f  t'nmf.  '*_  -»• 
r/i    1  _•-  Sixteen  th.iusand  Flemingshad  iiiar.-h.-.l 
l.i'lh,'  attack  in  three  divisi.ins.     Three  h._aps  .if 
slain  wcr.'  .aiuiite.l  .>n  the  m.irrow  in  tli<-  I'ren-h 
lines    am.Hinting   altogether  to   Ui.tKKI  ...rpses; 
a.i.litissaidthalL.iuis      .   .  intlicted  il.-ath  iip.iu 
lO.lMKI  m.ire  of  the  rebels,  '—t.  Sine.lley.  Hint. 
„f  Friiiice.  pt.  I.  rh.  ». 

Also  in  ;  Froissart  (Johnes).  Chroniclen.  «*   1, 
ch.  21-Zl. 


1155 


}  \% 


lii! 


.  • 

1':    ■  . 

! 

'•l: 

'::,;:* 

■*  ■ 

a; 

w-  ::  1, 

: 

FLANDERS,   133*-ia37. 


Vnn  .trlrt>rUi. 


KLANDERS,  t379-13Sl. 


A.  D.  1335-1337.  _  Th«  revolt  nndcr 
JacouM  V«n  Arteveld  — The  alliance  with 
Enrlard.—  Tho  most  Important  miMmirR  liv 
whiili  Kilnnrd  III.  of  Knglnnil  pri-pnrnl  liimMJf 
for  tlic  inviision  of  FnincF,  nan  rliiiinanl  of  llir 
KrciKli  rronn  |S(o  Fhanck:  A.  I).  I;t28-i;i3ll| 
was  the  scriiriii)f  of  an  alliance  with  tli«  Fli'ni- 
i«li  liiir^ihcrs.  This  was  madu  rasy  for  liim  liv 
lii«  iriciiiii's.  "  Till'  Flemings  liappVni'il  to  liav'o 
!i  iiiunt  who  was  wholly  Frpmli— Louis  <le 
Nivcrs  —  who  was  only  count  through  the 
li.illlc  of  (Missel  iinil  the  huniilialioii  of  his 
("iiiilrv.  and  who  resided  at  Paris,  at  the  rourt 
of  I'hilippede  Valols.  Without  eousultln){  his 
siili)eets,  he  ordereil  a  peneral  arrest  of  all  the 
KnL'lish  Ihroujihout  Flanders;  on  which  Edward 
had  ,'dl  the  Fleniinirs  in  Knu'land  arrested.  Tlie 
<oninierce.  which  was  the  life MckkI  of  each 
country,  was  thus  suddcnlv  liroken  off.  To 
attack  the  EnL'Msh  through  Cuvenne  and  F'l:in- 
dirs  was  to  wound  them  in  their  most  sensible 
parts,  to  deprive  them  of  <Iotli  and  wine.  They 
siiM  their  wcsil  at  Bruires,  in  order  to  huv  wine 

at    Kordeaux.      (»n    the    other    hami,    will t 

Enijlish  w.Hil,   the  Flemings  were  at  a  .stand- 
still.      Edwanl    iirohlhited   the  exportation    of 
wool,  redueeil    Flatiders  to  ilespair,  and  f.Te<(i 
her  to  flini;  herself  into  liis  arms.     At  first .  a  crowd 
"f   Flemish  workmen  emii;rated  into  Enffland, 
"hither  they  were  allured  at  anv  cost,  and  In' 
IV.  ry  Uinil  of  (lattery  and  car.ss.'.  .  .   I  take  it 
that   the   Kiiirlish  cliarK  tiT  has   beep   seriously 
innditicd   liy  th- se  cmiL'raiions,  which   went  on 
diirini;   the   whfile   of   the    fourteenth   century. 
I'nviously,    we    liiid    no     indications    of    that 
patient    industry    which    now  ilistiniruishes  the 
English      By  eedeavourln;;  to  separate  Fhinders 
and    EuL'land  the  Fren<li   kinir  only  stimulated 
Flemish  emigration,  and  laid  the  foundation  of 
Ennland's  manufa(  tures.     Meanwhile,  Flanders 
ilid    not    resign  herself.     The  tonus  burst  into 
insurnction.     They  hail  Ion,';  hated  the  count, 
eithi  r  because  he  su|iported  the  country  against 
the  monopoly  of   the  towns,  or  becausi'  he  ad- 
mitted the  f..reigners.  the  Frenchmen,  to  u  sliare 
of   tli.  ir  commerce.     The   nuii  of  Client,  who 
iindoiilpti'dly  repented  of  having  withheld  their 
aid   fn.m  those  of   Ypres  and  of  liruges  at  the 
battle  of  Cassd,  <hose.  in   i:i;!T.  as  their  leader, 
the  brewer.  .laciiuemart  Artaveld.  Supiiorted  by 
the  guilds,  and,  in  particular,  by  the  fiiUcrs  anil 
clothiers,  Artaveld  organized  a  vigorous  tyranny, 
lie  assembled   at    (ilient   the  men  of   tlic  tliri'c' 
gnat   citic's.  'andsli..wecl  them  th.it  they  could 
ii^.t    live    without    the   king    of    Ent'lanil  :    for 
all    Handcrs  ilependeil   on    doth  making,    and, 
witlioiit  wool,  one  could  not  make  cloth;  there- 
fore he  reenmrn-ndeil  them  to  keep  the  English 
kiii^' their  friend."  " — I.  .Michelct,  /AV,  ofFranv 
H:  (i,  <■!,.  \.  J  . 

Also     IN    F.    P.     Ouizot,    l'.,j,nl<ir    IHmI.    „f 
/•■/'(//c.  rh.    20.— .1.    lliitton,    ,[,1111, »  nml   I'/,i'i), 
l''«   .lrtir,/,h,    j,/    ;t,-.I.    Kroissart.   Chronirlis 
IJh/iiiih'ii  li-<ii,!'.\.  M-.  1,  ,■/,.  '.'ii. 

A.  D.  I34';.-The  end  of  Jacques  Van 
Artaveld.— ".laicb  von  .\rti\eld.  the  cilizi n 
of  liliiiit  that  «,i-,  so  11111,'h  attached  to  the 
kiiiL'  of  EiiL-land,  still  riiaintuined  the  same 
despotic  poweroM-t:, II  Flaiideis.  II,.  b.ad  prom- 
ised the  km^-  ..f  Kiiiilarid.  that  he  would  give 
him  the  inheritance  ..f  Flanders,  invest  his  .son 
the  prince  of  Wales  with  it  and  make  ii  a  duchy 
iu.sttaii  of  an  euriUom,       I  pon   which  account   I 


the  king  w»».  «t  thli  perind,  ahout  St  .I..hnth.. 
Haplisfa  day,  UU\  come  to  Sliivs,   «i.|,  „  „„ 
nieroiis  attendance  of  barons  anil  kniglii,     ||„ 
had  brought  the  prince  of  Wales  win,  |,„„  ,„ 
order  that  Jacob  von  Artaveld's  promi-.  s  iiii|;i|, 
be  realized      The  kinf;  remained  on  h,N,nl  hi« 
fleet  in  the  harbour  of  Sluya,  where  he  k.  i.t  |,i, 
court.     FTIs  friends  in  Flanders  came  ilnri-.ri,, 
see  and  visit  him;  ami  there  were  maiiv  . mif,  r 
enres  Ix-tween  the  king  and  .lacob  V"ii  .\rt  ivil.j 
on  one  side,  and  the  councils  from  Ih.  ,|j|I,.r,.rii 
capital  towns  on  the  oIIht.  relative  t.iih,  .v-r,,. 
inent  iHfore  mentioned.  .  .  .  When  on  l,i^  riHirn 
he  [Van  .\rlavehl  ]  came  to  (Jheiil  almnl  nii.l 
day,  the  townsmen  who  were  inforincd  ,if  n,,. 
hour   he  was  expected,   had   assemlili.l   in  (1,^ 
street  that  he  was  to  pass  throiiirh;  a-,  M,,,n  m 
they  saw  him,  they  beiran  to  miirnmr,  aul  put 
their  heads  close  together,  saying,  '11.  re  cmpj 
one  who  is  fi»)  much  the  master,  and  unintii 
order  in    Flanders  according    to  his    .vin  n„i| 
pleasure,  which  must  not  Iw  lonirer  Imrn.  ■   With 
this  they  had  also  spread  a  rumour  ihr..,  .1,  ihp 
town,  that  .lacob  von  Artaveld  had  coll,  li.-l  iiH 
the  revenues  of   Flanders,   for  nine   vrars  ami 
more.  ...  Of  this  great  treasure  he'  l,,,,]  sent 
part  into  Kngland.     This  inform.itiMii  iiii|.,„p,| 
those  of  Crhent  with  rage;  and,  as  he  u  ,s  ridn ' 
up  the  streets,  he  perceived  that  there  ivass  me- 
thing  in  agitation  against  him;  for  ili..-,   vjio 
were  wont  to  salute  him  very  nspei  ifiiiv.  i,iiw 
turned  their  backs,  and  went  into  iluir  luiiivn 
He  began  therefore  to  suspect  all   wai  iiei  as 
usiinl;and  as  si«in  as  he  had  disnioimieil  arid 
entered  his  hotel,  he  ordered  the  il..i,rsai'd\vin- 
(lows  to  be  shut  and  fastened.     Si  arcelv  hi, I  |ii< 
servants  done  this,  when  the  street  whii  li  li,.  in 
habited  was  tilled  from  one  end  to  tliemli.  rwiih 
all  so. ts  of  people,  but  espei  iallv  bv  llie  li.wist 
of  the  ineclianica.     His  mansion'was  siirr,  niidni 
on  every  side,  attacked  and  broken  int  .  I.v  forn; 
Thii>e  within  did  all  they  could  to  .1,  f,  n.i  it,  nn! 
killiil  and  wounded  many:  but  at  last  tlievconll 
not  hohl  out  against  such  vigonms  aiiaiks.  f.  r 
three  parts  of  the  town  were  there.     WlHti.I.'ii  ti 
von  Artaveld  saw  what  efforts  were  iii.ikini:,  luiil 
how  hardly  he  was  pushed,  hec:ime  loa  wiTi.i-ir.  ; 
and,  with  his  head  uncovered,  beiiaii  tniM-  Inirn. 
ble  and   fine  language.  .  .  .   Wh,  n  .In.  Ii  von 
Artavelil  saw  that  he  could  not  a|ip,  ;i-e  .  r  rilm 
tliein,  ho  shut  the  wimhiw,  and  int. mi.. I  u. tting 
out  of  his  house  the  back  way.  t.i  t.il,.'  ^ll.  !!•  r  in 
a  chiirili  adjoining;  but   his' h.'.l.  1   u  i-  .ilreailv 
broke  into  on   that  side,  and  iipu  ar.ls  ..f  fmir 
hundred  were  there  callinu'  out  for  liiiii      .\t  la-t 
he  was  seized  by  them,  and  slain  wi!h..iil  m.  nv 
his  dent h-stroke  was  given  him  bvasa.!!.  r.  lallnl 
Thomas  Denys.     In  this  manner  ili.l  ,l,ii  ..1.  v..n 

.\rtaveld  end  his  days,  who  in  liis  ti ii  el  li.rn 

com|dete  master  of  Flanders.  I".i..r  i;,.  :i  lirst 
raised  him.  and  wicked  men  sl.'w  I.  -!  —1. 
Froissart  (.lohnes),  r/inmi.ia,, //.:  I,,'-    :  i  •,  .     1). 

A.  D.  1379-1381— The  revolt  of  the  White 

Hoods.— "We   will  .   .  .  spe.ik     1     '.  "  n- in 

I'l.anilers,    which  began  about  Ihi^  i:  Ml. 

i:iTi»|.     The  people    wire  very  iniii  ■■  ■  ■    ,n'l 

cruel,  and  miillitii.les  were  sl.'iin  .ir  .'.1  .  .iil 

of  the  country.    The  coiinlrv  il~.  IF  u  1    -  nm.h 

ruined,  that  it  was  said  a  hiiii.li.'.|  1.  v,   .i!,l 

not  restore  it  tothe  sil nation  it  w.i^  ,:,  ■,  ;lj. 

war.      Itefore  the  commeneemi'Ml  (>;     '  \v.ir 
in    KhmdiTs,    thf    c->iliMry    >^  t-    -■ 

everything  in  such  abundance,  tha'  r    .  -  iii.ir 


1156 


FLANOKItS,    1379-1381. 


Wkilr  Hixott. 


KLANDERS,  1382. 


vptlnus  I"  "•'<•;  H"'!  "'•'  InlmhltanU  of  the  prin- 
riiwl  tnw""   'l*"^'   '"    ""y    Kraml   stale.      Yim 
mu*tknow  that  this  war  oriRlimte.!  in  Ihr  |>riil« 
»n(l  hatred  that  Mvcral  of  th«  chief  towns  I)  .re 
to  each  other;  those  of  Olient  ttRamal  Urti){e8, 
,1,(1  otliers,  in  like  manner,    vyinif   with  eh.h 
otlur  Ihrouith  envy.     Howevpr.  this  couhl  not 
liiin'  crealHl  a  war  without  the  consent  of  tlicir 
loni  the  earl  of  Flunders.  wlio  was  ko  nuuli 
l(,viil  and  feared  that  no  on('  dureil  anK.r  him. " 
It  i>  in  lliese  wordathat  tlieolil  court  elironidir, 
Kroissart,  Iregins  liia  fully  detailed  and  Rnipliic 
nurntlive  of  the  miserable  years,  from   1:17!)  to 
i;!H4   (luring  which  the  coninmnes  of  Fliimlers 
were  lit  war  with  ono  another  and  at  war  with 
their  wortlilcss  and  oppresaive  count,  Luis  ile 
Muclc     Tlie    picturc«(|ue  chronicle   is  colored 
with  (lie  pre)udiec8  of   Froissurt    against   the 
Flciiii"!!  hurghem  and  in   favor  of  their  lord: 
but  11(1  one  can  douht  that  the  always  turliulent 
riliziiis  were  jeahnis  of  riglits  wliiili  tlic  always 
riihii(iiiu9  loril  never  ceased  to  encroach  upon. 
.\s  Friii^sart  tella  the  story,  the  outlinnlv  of  wiir 
iHgiiii  with  an  attempt  on  tlie  |)art  of  the  men 
of  i!r\ii:("i,  to  dig  acanal  which  would  divert  tlie 
waters  of  the  river  I.ys.     Wlicn  tlioae  of  (Jhent 
had  111  tts  of  this  unfriendly  undertaking,  they 
took  counsel  of  one  John  Y<x>na,  or  .lohn  I.yon, 
a  Imru'licr  of  muth  cunning,  who  had  formerly 
bfdi  ill  favor  with  the  count,  hut  whom  his  cnc-   i 
mil  s  had  sdpplanted.      "  When  he  [.loliu  I.yon] 
was  prevailed  on  to  speak,  he  said :    '(i(ntlemen,    I 
if  \,m  wisli  to  risk  lliis  business,  and  put  an  ciiil 
to  it,  ym  must   rinew  an  ancient  custom  that 
formerly  suiisisted   in   tlic  town   of  Ghent:     I 
mean.  vo(i  must  first  put  on  whiteliiKMls,  and 
choose 'a  leader,  to  whom  every  one  may  look, 
and  rallv  at  liis  signal.'     This   harangue  was 
eaifiTly  listened  to,  and  they  all  <ried  out,  '  \\  v 
wililiiive  it  .so,  we  will  have  it  so!  now  let  us 
put  (Ml  wliitehoods.'    WhitchcxHls  were  directly 
made,  and  given  out  to  those  among  ihem  who 
loved  war  lietter  than  peace,  and  had  nothing  to 
lose.    .I"'m  l.von  was  elected  chief  of  tlie  White 
IIinhIs.    lie  very  willingly  accepted  of  this  otlic(', 
to  av(  ii;;c  himself  on    his  enemies,   to  embroil 
the  loiMis  of  Client  and  Bruges  with  each  other 
and  ttitli  llie  earl  their  hird.     He  was  ordered, 
as  lliiir  chief,  to  march  ngauist  the  jdoiieers  and 
di;.'i:(Ts   from  Bruges,  and  had    with  him    2IK) 
.ill  people  as  preferred   rioting   to  (piiel."— 
1  r,  is^:l^t  i.Iohncsl  Chromehi.  hk.  'i.ch.  IMl-Kf,' — 
Will  II  the  White  IIikmIs  had  driven  tlie  dit(  hers 
of  liniL'cs  from   their  canal,  they    returned    to 
Chriil.  Imt  not  to  disband.    Presently  tlie  jealous 
(iiiiiit  rciiuircd  Ihem  to  lay  aside  "the  peculiar 
liadLTccf  Ilicir  assiM-ialion,  "which  they  declined 
toiln.     Then   Count   Louis  sent  his  buiiilT   into 
Ghent  «iili  'Jdd  horsemen,  to  arrest  .lolin  I.yon. 
and  sonii-  others  of  his  band.     The  Wliilc  IIoikIs 
rallied.  >le\v  the  liailitT  and  drove  his  posse  from 
the  I'iwn:  after  nliidi  unmistakable  ilced  (iliciil 
and  lie'  ( I'liiit  were  distiiiitly  at  war.     The  city 
of  Ilie  Wliiie  Hoods  took   prompt  measures  lo 
.(■eeiire  th,.  alliance  and  support  of  its  iieigiibors. 
Seme    iijn,.    or  ten    thousand    of    its    citizens 
nririii,  I  ;..  r>ni,:i(s.  and  partly   \:j  persuasion, 
i-irOv  Ir,  f<,rce,  jiartly  by  the  help  of  the  popii- 
.  ill  till'  town,  they  etTccted  a  treaty  of 
i>  iiid  alliance  —  which  did  not  endure, 
.  ^erv  l,,i,y      Courlniy,  Damme,  Ypres 
riili»«  joined  the  league   and   it  soon 
i    a     furmidablu    array.       Oudeuarde, 

1 


l;,r  ;: 
frien. 

liOW 

and. 
1.11  -. 


strongly  fortified,  by  the  count,  became  the  key 
of  the  situation,  and  waa  besieged  by  Hie  cili/cn- 
militia       In  Hie  midst  of  the  siege,  the  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  son  in  law  of  the  count,  made  suc- 
cessful eltorla  to  bring  alamt  a  peacefDec.  li)79). 
•  'The  count  promised  to  forget  the  past  and  return 
to  his  residence  in  Ghent.     This  peace,  however, 
was  of  short  dur»ti<in ;  and  the  count,  after  pass- 
ingonlv  twoorthreedaya  in  Ghent. alleged  some 
cause  i'ifiiis8atisfaclion"aiiil  returned  to  Lille,  to 
recommence  liostililies.  in  the  course  of  which, 
Willi    llie  assistance   of  the   richer  citizens,    he 
made  liimsc  If  master  of  Bruges.     Another  peace 
was  signed  in  llie  August  of  13>*0,  whi'li  was  no 
more  durable  than  tlii'  former,  and  the  count  re- 
duced  Ypres;  and.  at  the  head  of  an  army  of 
6I),(KK)  men,  laid  siege  lo  Ghent  itself,  the  cliief 
and   soul   of  the   popular  confederaiy,    in   the 
month  of  September.      But  tlie  citizens  of  Ghent 
defended  themselves  so  well  tliat  he  was  obliged 
to  raise  tlie  siege  in  the  middle  of  November,  and 
agree  ton  triiic.     This  Iriiee  also  was  broken  by 
tile  counts  parlv.  the  war  n  newed  in  lh('  begin- 
ning of  the  vear   1:W1,  ,      1  liie  nun  of  Glient 
experienced  ii  disastrous  defeat  in  the  battle  of 
Neville  towards  Hie  middle  of  May.     It  was  a 
war  of  <\ti  rininalion,  and  was  (arriedcu  with 
extreme  fcrocitv.  .   .  .  Glient  itself,  now  dosely 
bhKkiided  livtlie  count's  troops,  waa  only  saved 
bv  th(?  greiit  (pialilies  of  I'liilip  Van  Artevehlc 
son  of  .laciiues  Van  Arlcvi  Id,  of  the  revidiition 
of  ir!:!71.  wild,  by  a  sort  of  |ieacefiil  revidution. 
was  placed  atllie  head  of  alTairs  [.Ian.  i.").  1381]. 
The  vietorv  of  Bevi  rlioll,  in  wliich  Hie  count 
was  defeated  with  great  slaughter,  and  onlv  es- 
1   (aped  with  dillleiillv,  made  Hie  town  of  Ghent 
!   again  master  of  I'landers."— T.  Wright,  Ili'l.  "f 
i    Frunn.  hk.  2.  rh.  X. 

I        \i,s(.   IN  ,1     Ilulton,  .himft  and   Phihf)    I 'in 
'    Arliriltl.  ,-h.  14-'n.— W.  ('.  Taylor,  Rerohition». 
[nmirnrliimi)  and   Cnrmpirnrnt  of  Kurnpc,   r.  2, 
eh.  7-9. 
A.  D.  1382. -The  rebellion  crushed. —  By 
i   Hie  marriage  of    I'hilip.  Duke  of  Burgundv.  to 
i    Hie  (laii;;liter  and  heiress  of  the  fount  of  Flan- 
I   ders,  that  powerful  French  prince  had  become 
j   iiitcTc-ted  ill  the  suppression  of  the  iiV(dt  if  the 
Fh'niisli   iniriihers   and   Hie   restoration   of    tlic 
count  to  liis  lordship.       His  nephew,  the  young 
I   king   of   l-'rance,    Charles  VI..    was  easily  per- 
i   suaiied  to   undertake  a  campaign  to  that   end, 
and   an   armv   of   considerable   magnitude    was 
'    personally  led  nortliwards  by  tlic   monarch  of 
fourteen  "viars.      ••Tin'  (dijeit  of  the  cX|ieilition 
was  not  liiilv  to  restore  to  ilie  Count  of  Flanders 
1   his  auHiorii'v.  Initio  punish  Hie  turbulent  com- 
mons,  who  "stirred  up  those  of  Kraiue  lo  imit.ite 
I   their  example.      Froissart  avows  it  to  li.ive  been 
!   a  war  between  the  commons  and  Hie  aiistocraiv. 
j   The  Fleming's  were  coiiimandcd    by    .\rtav(  lilt. 
i   son  of  the  famous  brewer.  Hie  ally  of  K.lwanl 
i    III.     The  town  of  Glient  had  been  reiliiced  to 
■    tlie  extreme  of  distress  and  famine  by  Hie  count 
and  the  people  of    Briiijcs,  who  supported  liim. 
\rlav(l(ll  led  the   people  of  Glient  in  a  forl.Tn 
hope  against  Bruges,  defeated  the  iirmy  ol  the 
count,  and  broke  into  Hie  rival  town,  wliidi  he 
t.Kik    and  plundered.     After   this   disaster,    Hie 
count  liad  recourse  to  Frame.       The  passage  of 
Hio  river    I.ys,   wliiili   defended   Hamlers,    was 
courageously    undertaken,    and    elTecliil     wiHi 
.some    hazard   by    Hie    French.       Tli"    Flemings 
i    were    ratiier    dispirited    by    lUis   lirst  su. cess; 

157 


a 


mm- 


1  :.!> 

P 


i!  ^        : 


FLANDKRS,  1;|8C. 


Hutyiititln. 


KI.ANDKIIM.  1388. 


mvcrtlii'IesK,  tlifv  aswmlilmt  tlii-ir  fiirrrn;  «n,l 
Itie  two  ariiiii's  nf  Krcmli  knights  anri  Kloniii>h 
titizons  met  at  Ui>»«'Immiiiii'  |iir  Kihwi'IhtIcI. 
bctwppn  Ypris  nnd  Coiirtriiy  Thr  27lh  i>f 
NcivcmliiT,  I:W2,  was  the  ilay  of  battliv  Arta- 
vi'Idt  luul  stntioiit'il  bin  Hrrny  mi  a  liciL'ht  to 
await  till'  attark  of  tho  Fniich.  tmt  Ihrir  ini 
patlrnrc  forcpil  bim  to  ciiinrfx'ni'c  Kiinnitie 
iii<  tronps  Into  niip  soliil  jii|iiiiri'.  Artavilill  liil 
tlti'in  airalnnt  the  Frrncli  ri'iilrr,  Fri'issart 
I  '.inparcs  thi'lr  I'liarei'  ti-  tbf  lirailloni;  riifli  of  a 
HJM  licirir.  It  brokr  the  uppo^iti'  liiif.  pi-pntrit 
iiiir  into  in  r:iTil<t:  but  the'  hiiil'i  of  Ihf  Kniiili 
luriM'd  upon  tin'  tlaiik  of  tin-  Kli'niinira,  whiili, 
not   bavinff  thr  ailvaiitairp  of  a   c'liartrc  or  itii- 

IHjlsp.  \v*TP  ln'atcn  by  tbr  rrcncli  mcTi  at  anrm, 
'rp«i'il  upon  one  :iiiothcr.  tho  FliTniii_'<  li:ifl 
not  room  to  liL'ht:  llipy  wrro  hi'iniiiid  in,  sur- 
rotunlc'l,  aiwl  <laiiL''ilinil:  no  ipnirtpr  wasa^loil 
orB"P":  iip.irly  :lii,OiHi  p.  ri<hii|.  Tlip  ll.ooo 
fiiicnti.i^  that  had  inarrh.'d  nnilrr  their  bannr-r 
wprP  co'intcd.  to  n  ni.iii.  anioii'."'t  tho  shiin: 
ArtaviMl.  their  t'onoral,  na*  arTionc  tlip  forp- 
mo--t  wholiad  fallen  Charli-i  onlereil  hiibodr 
to  bp  biini;  upon  a  trie  It  \va<  at  Coiirtray, 
Tpry  near  to  the  fii'l  I  where  till'*  battle  wiis 
foti'pbt,  that  l!(.liert,  of  Arli".,  wit'i  a  Krpnch 
arrny,  hail  perished  beneath  thp  swonls  of  the 
Fliinin_'<.  nearly  a  century  prpviom.  Thepildpil 
spurs  of  the  Freneh  kniirhts  still  adorned  th« 
walls  of  the  lathedral  of  Cniirtrav.  The  virtory 
of  Rosebecipip  in  tliP  eyes  of  Charles  had  not 
siillleieiitly  repaid  the  former  defi  it :  the  ton-n 
of  Conrtray  was  pillaaed  :ind  burnt ;  its  famous 
rlock  was  reinovpil  to  Dijon,  and  furnieil  thp 
third  wonder  of  this  kind  in  Fraiiip,  Paris  nnd 
Sens  alonp  possessini;  siniiijir  orn.anieiits.  Thp 
battli'of  liosehei'ipip proved  inorciinfortiinatp  for 
the  I'ointnunps  of  Franep  than  for  those  of  Flin- 
ders. Ghent,  notwithstandinir  her  loss  of  it.iiili) 
slain,  did  not  yield  to  the  i-oniineror.  but  held  out 
the  war  for  two  yp:irs  loni.'er;  and  did  not  finally 
sulimit  until  the  Dnkp  of  HurL'imily.  at  the 
death  of  their  niunt,  uu.arantped  to  thp  buru'hers 
thp  full  enjoyment  of  their  |irivi|pi.'es.  Th"  kintf 
uvpnsi'd  liimsi  If  on  th,'  mutinous  rity  of  I'aris; 
entered  it  .as  a  eonquer. t;  took  the  r'hains  from 
the  streets  .and  iinhinL'ed  the  ^'ates:  one  hundred 
of  the  riti/ens  were  sent  to  the  sealTold:  thp 
property  of  the  rieh  was  lontisrateil :  nnd  all  the 
aniient  and  most  onemus  t.i\is.  the  LMbellp.  tliP 
duty  on  s.ales,  as  well  as  that  of  entry,  were 
deejared  by  rnyal  ordinanep  to  bp  pstablished 
anew.  The  primip.al  towns  of  the  kint:do-ti 
were  I'sited  with  the  same  punishments  and 
evaeiii.ns.  The  victory  of  Uosplieeipie  over- 
threw the  rommons  of  France,  which  were 
crushed  under  the  feet  of  the  vnunu'  monarcb 
.■Old  his  nobles," — K.  I',.  Crowe,  //^■.^  :if  l-'nim; 
i-li.  4. 

Also  iv  Sir  .1.  ?"roiss.-irt  (.lohnes)  Chrunirhx. 
'■I.:  •<.  ■■',  in-l:;il,— .1  Micheh't,  lli.-t.  „f  r,;,,„:. 
U:  7.  i-.V  1  ■■.  '.'i  — F  I'.  (iui/..t.  I\>i>'il,ir  lli^t. 
.■f  rr<iu.:-,  ,■/,.  o:ti.-   .'o, 

A.  D.  1383.— The  Bishop  of  Norwich's  Cru- 
sade. The  1  ru.lioi.-  a.  Irat  of  tiic  Fleiniii:.'^  at 
U..,,M  l.iki-  pr.nluied  alarm  in  Kn^-l  imi.  where 
the  triuniph  of  the  French  was  ipiicklv  felt  to  bp 
threaienin;:.  "  Knu'lish  merchants  were  exiielled 
from  llruL'cs.  and  their  property  wascontisc:iteil 
Calais  even  was  ill  liaiiL'er.  The  French  were  at 
IiiOikwix  .oi'i  (ionciiiicN.  and  iMii'io  to  a  sudiien 
dash  on  Calais  drive  the  En;:lisli  out."     There 


I    Ml., 
lie.  ■ 

M1,I,,| 
"    I  > 

i.-,l 


I  hail  hp»n  aid  fniin  Rntlnnd  nromlsi'd  i.  Van  \f 
levelile.  but  I  Ik  primiliu'  hiul  only  lielpe.l  nti  i|„ 
ruin  of  the  (ilipnt  patriot  by  mislenlinn  liim 
No  help  hail  eonip  wlipn  he  nppdeil  it  \,,v, 
when  it  WHS  too  late,  the  Kni(llsb  iM'siiri,.]  H,,,,, 
selves.  For  some  inontha  there  hail  In  .  i.  .,|.  f,.,, 
iinion){  Ibeiii  a  Crusade,  which  I'ope  I  rhm  VI 
bad  priM'luinieil  n;;ainst  the  siip|i(.rtirs 
rival  l'o|>e  Clement  VII— the  •■>chisii 
France  took  tlipsidpof  the  latter  and  «a  , 
anioni;  the  Scliisinaties  .Ai  1  oriliiii;h.  I' 
ban's  Crusade,  so  fiiras  the  Knulish  p.  .,|.| 
be  moved  to  enirii(ip  In  it.  was  now  ,| 
.iL'ainst  the  Frpnih  In  Flandprs  It  hi,,  i,,|  i,,' 
the  Hisimp  of   Norwich,  who  succeeilid  in  run. 

ini;  a  very  einisidernble  de^fri f  entliii-ii.ni  in 

the  country  for  the  inoveinent,  di -iiiie  il„  .  ir 
nest  opposition  of  Wyelifnnd  his  f,,||,.«,rs  The 
crusadinR  nrniy  nsseinbleil  at  ( 'alnis  in  ii,,.  .|irini: 
of  \.\<\.  profes.sedly  for  a  cnmp.iiLOi  in  Vtmv,- 
but  the  liishop  found  excuses  for  Irrniiii;;  it  jnt,, 
Flanders.  (Jraveliiies  was  first  atlackiil.  ,  ;,rriii| 
by  storm,  nnd  its  male  defenders  si  iiii..ht.  n  j  t" 
II  man.  .\n  nrinv  of  Frein-:  nnd  Fh  tuin.-.  in 
loiintereil  near  Dunkirk,  wasroutnl.  uiihf.ir 
fill  earnaire,  and  thp  wholp  roast,  inchi.liiu;  limi 
kirk,  fell  into  the  bands  of  the  Fnt-li-li  llirn 
they  laid  sieee  Id  Vpres.  nnd  there  tie  inlitu 
lers  bei;an.  The  city  held  out  with  sliili!,.Tiitr.s< 
from  the  Ittli  of  .IiiiiP  until  the  loth  of  .\iii;ini 
whpn  tliP  ballled  besiegers  -  repuKi  li  in  ■il.ut 
desperate  ii.s.sttiilt  which  they  hud  nnnle  ,,n  th, 
Sib — marehed  iiway.  "Ypres  iniiriit  n  j.i.c  l.m 
the  disasters  of  the  loni;siii;e  proM  d  linal  Ibr 
stately  faiilwiurss  were  not  rebuilt,  timl  si,,.  Im, 
never  nuain  taken  her  former  rank  aiii.iiiL-  tlif 
cities  of  Flanders"  In  September  a  pnnirfnl 
French  nrniy  enle,-ed  Flanders,  nii.l  '  I  njli-l, 
crus,adprs  eoiilil  do  nothini;  but  retr.  .  1  1  .re  il, 
(.■ivinciipCas.sel(  which  the  French  hiirii.  .  'Ii,u 
Heruues.  then  Hoiirboiirtr,  after  a  -i.  ^.m  aiA, 
tinally.  settinir  Hre  to  (Jravclinesaml  al'.in.luin'it 
thiit  place,  "(iravelincs  was  iitterlv  ile-ir.iiil 
but  tlip  Freneh  siKin  began  to  relinilil  it  \i'\\ii 
repeopled  from  the  surroundinu'  ciiiiiitr\.  iin'i 
fortified  strongly  as  a  nientice  to  Calais"  Tlip 
Crusaders  returned  to  England  "  'ilripi.tii.'  with 
bloiHl  and  disgracing  their  country  111.  v.,. I  l» 
(iod  who  confounds  the  proud.' .s:i\s  imi  sli.u|i 
eritic.  who  appears  to  have  been  a  inenk  ..f  (  in 
terbiirv."  — t!.     M.     Wrong.     Th,     (.«..,.'.      r' 

.wrcrr.xxxrrr. 

Also  in  Sir  .1.    Froiss.-irt.  i.Iohtiesi  f/  ■,..•., 
Id:  i,  eh.  I.'IO-M.-)  {/•    |  -'Ji. 

A.  D.  1383  Joined  to  the  Dominions  of  the 
Duke  of  Burgundy.— "(  harli-  V  '  ■<  Ir  ii.j 
had  formed  the  ilesi^oi  of  ohi.iiniiiL'  h'loii.K 
for  his  brother  Philip.  Ibik.-  of  IbirL'uii.l'. ,  i^itir 
wards  known  tis  Fhili|>  the  H"M  I 
bim  to  Margaret  |il.iughter  and  h.io 
lie  Made,  count  of  Flanilers|.  1'..  l': 
will  of  the  Ciinimiines.  he  culml'!  d  !■ 
three  bailiwicks  of  I.ille,  Dmni  : 
as  a  substitute  for  the  loiioil  livr.-  . 
is"d  to  I.oiiisilp  Maele  and  lii-.sui  1 1 - 
as  well  as  theiiiwns  of  i'eronnc.  i  r. 
leiix  and  CliMlcaii  Chinon,  -ismloi.  i 
i:l-'>s.  ...  On  the  i:)tli  M.iv.  i:'.ii;i 
of  Flanders'  once  more  lloateil.  aft,  r 
of  half  a  eenturv,  over  the  walls  .  f  1 
and  Orchies  and  at  the  s.ime  linn  I 
rtsoiis  marciii'd  into  St.  Oiiier.  .\irr  I 
Me-'din      Tile  marriage  ceremony  L. 


n;irr\ititr 

nf    I'.nlll, 


■  ir  prt'tn 

r~  in  l-l-'il. 
..lur  ;\r 

.  Il  III   in 

■  ■■■     l.ion 

r,    ■tifva! 

.     llMii.li 

;"-!i  L'ar 

•ii.;i,.-  anil 

k  l-lliCt  HI 

1158 


FLANDEltM 


FLORENCE. 


Oh.nt  nn  the  inih  of  Juni-."  Tlir  Duke  of 
Biirminily  w»it.il  fourteen  year,  for  the  herllHue 
,,M.iHwife  lii.lanunrv.llWS.  Count  l.oul»(lle.l, 
,n,l  Kbinileri'  wan  adiled  to  the  itreat  and  Rrow 
in,- .l.miinion  of  the  new  HurKun.lian  houi«^^ 
J   llultnn.  .hmt'Ohil  l'liilil>   run  ArtrreM.   ch 

'*C     BlKlMNUT      (TlIK     FllK.MlI    DIKKLOXII 

AD  IMl 
A  D  u<i-i4S3.— R«»olt  agaioit  the  Bur- 

A.  D  1477.— StTtranee  from  Burpindy.— 
TrMifertnca  to  tho  Au»tri«n  Hou»e  by  ra»r- 
riace  of  M»ry  of  Burgundy.  Hee  Nktiiku 
UM«:  A.  U.  UT7. 

A  D.  iiti-nVt-  — Rciittaiice  to  Maximll- 
iin.    s'e  NETiCKULAJiua;   A.  U.  14»2-14B-'i. 

A  D.  1404-1588.— The  Au»tro-Sp«niih  iOT- 
ereitntT  »nd  ^tt  oppreiiioni.— The  peat 
retolt  «nd  it«  failure  in  the  Flemiih  proTincei. 
s;rNKinKia.ANi.»:   A.  1).  1494-15ia.  and  after. 

A  D.  1529.— Preteniiont  of  tho  kin(  of 
France  to  Suzerainty  retigned.  S<v  It.m.v  ; 
A  I)  l.V.'T-l.V.'U. 

A  D.  1539-154*— '''*'•  unsupported  revolt 
of  Ghent.    BtitiiiKNT:    A    1>    1.">:W-1.".40 

A  D.  U04-1884.— Later  hiitory.  See  Nkth- 
EK1..*M'»    A    I).  1.W4-HKIU,  to  l»30-tHH4 

FLATHEAD  INDIANS,  The.    See  Amkki- 

C.l.V  All01llliI.NK«       FI.ATIIEADH. 

FLAVIA  CJESARIENSIS.    Bee  Bkitain: 
A.  U.  i-a-^'t. 
FLAVIAN  AMPHITHEATRE,  The.    See 

Col.o^ELM. 

FLAVIAN  FAMILY,  The.-"  We  liiv.^ 
(IfqiinateJ  the  iMcond  period  of  the  IKoniiiii] 
Kiiiiiiri'  h\-  the  nanie  of  the  Flavian  family  — the 
familv  "fVispasion  [Titus  Flavins  Vespasian). 
The  iiiiip  Kniperors  who  were  sueeeg-sively  in 
vested  with  the  purple,  in  the  space  of  the  I'J.T 


yearn  from  lila  acei-ulon.  were  not  all.  however, 
of  Flavian  race,  even  hy  the  ritea  of  adoption, 
wliirh  in  Kiinu-  war.  heeome  a  weond  nature, 
but  the  reapeet  of  the  world  tor  the  virtui'S  of 
Flavins  Vi'spaiiian  induced  them  all  to  awiunie 
hli  name,  and  most  of  tliein  showed  themselves 
wiirthy  of  surh  an  aRlliation.  Vespasian  had 
been  invested  with  the  purple  at  Alexandria,  on 
the  1st  of  ,Iuly,  A.  D  69;  he  illed  in  7!l.  His 
two  Rons  rei'gmd  in  sucee«»ion  after  him; 
Titus,  from  Tit  to  Ml ;  Domitian,  from  Ml  to  06 
Till'  latter  having  been  assassinated.  Nirva,  then 
an  old  man,  was  raisid  to  the  throne  by  the 
Sinate  (A  D.  IHl  ««)  !le  adopted  Trajan  (9H- 
117);  who  adoiited  Adrian  (117-13M)  Adrian 
adopted  Antoninus  Tins  (lltN-ltll);  whoailopted 
Mareus  Aurelius  (1«I-1H0|;  and  Conuncxlus  suc- 
ceeded his  falliir,  .Mar.us  Aureliu.s  (lHO-192). 
No  perl(«l  in  history  presents  such  a  succession 

of  (TismI  and  great 'men  u) any  throne;   two 

monsters,  Itoniilian  ami  Cominodus,  interrupt 
and  tirniinate  ii  "-.I.  C  L  SIsuiondl,  F-ilhf  the 
It'iiiiiii,  l.iiiiiin,  i-li.  i. 

FLEETWOOD,    OR     BRANDY     STA- 
TION, Battle  of.    Sei.  Initkh  sr\T|.;s  ok  Am.  : 

A.    U     l"*li:i  tJl  -M..    VlKOIMM 

FLEIX,  The  Peace  of.    SeeFnANrr:    A   I) 
1,')7H-1.'>»0. 
FLEMINGS.    Flemish.    8cc  Flasdehs 
FLEMISH    GUILDS.      See    Gt  ii.ns    of 

ri..\.NUKK». 

FLEURUS,  Battle  of  (i6m).    See  Nktheh 
I.AMW:  A.  1).  1B'J1-Il););i. 

FLEURUS,  Battle  of  (1690).    See  Fuance; 
A.  I),  itwit-inwi, 

FLEURUS,  Battle  of  (1794).    See  Francb: 
A.  I).  1794  (Maui  II — Iii.v) 

FLODDEN,   Battle  of  (A.  D.  1513).    See 
iSiini.AMi    A    I).  I."il3 

FLORALIA,  The.    S.  c  Lint 

FLORE AL,  The  month.    See  FRANrE;  A. 

P.   171t:l(<KTO»KK) 


m% 


iill 


FLORENCE. 


Origin  and  Name:  "  Fiesula;  wa.s  situated 
oil  ;i  liil!  alii've  Florence.  Florentini'  triuliiions 
i:il!  it  III!'  metropolis  of  Florence,  which  would 
ari.Tcliu'-'ly  lie  a  cnlouv  of  Fiesuliv;  but  a  state- 
mint  in  Mill  liiavelli  and  others  describes  Florence 
a-,  ii  (.  lo'iy  iif  Sidla.  and  this  statement  mu'^t 
havi'  1,(1  uilcrived  from  some  liM'al  chronicle. 
F;i-iil;i  was  nu  ilouht  an  ancient  Ktruscan  tiiwn. 
priiliahiv  liTic  of  the  twelve.  It  was  taken  in  the 
wanif  Siilli  [Ii.  i:.  Hi-«11.  .  .  .  My  conjeeturi' 
is,  tliiil  Siilh  not  only  built  a  strong  fort  on  the 
top  if  ilii-  hill  of  Fiesuhe.  but  also  the  new 
cnliiiiy  ,,(  FInrentia  beiow.  and  /{ave  to  it  the 
'aiii  l-':iMil:iiiiis.'"— H.  O.  Niebulir.  hftii.  "" 
.I'.i.  ,r  /:.'/,„„.;,  ami  I7MI.  r.  2,  p.  22H.  — •■  We 
cin  Pis  .liiitily  .suppose  that  the  ancient  tniiiini.' 
nitiiiiis  iiiav  hiive  pushed  their  small  craft  up 
tile  .\r!i,,  to  till'  present  site  of  Florence,  ami 
thus  hivi  '.'iiiiicii  ;i  more  immediate  eommunica- 
liuii  Willi  till,  itoiirishing  city  of  Fiesole  thiin 
tlifj  uiilil  tliroiii.'h  other  ports  of  Ktruria,  from 


whatever  race  its  people  inii<ht   have    sprung 

Admitting  the  hiuh   iiutiipiity    of    Fiesole.   the 

imacini'd  work  of   Atlas,  ami  the  tomb  of  his 

celestial  dautrlitcr.  we  may  easily  believe  that  a 

niarliit  wiis  from  very  early  times  established  in 

the  plain,   where  boili    by   land  and   water  the 

rural  proiluce  couM  be  brought  for  sale  without 

asiendinir   the   steep  on  which  that  city  sIoihI. 

Such  iirraiiKenu'its  would  naturally  result  from 

the  common  course  of  events,  anil  a  more  con 

viiiieni  spot  iniild  scarcely  bo  founil  than  the 

prisinl  site  of  Florence,   to  which  the  .\iiio  is 

still  navigable  by  boats  from  its  mouth,  iiiid  at 

that  lime  perhaps  by  two  briincbes.  'There 

were.'  says  Villaiii.  '  inhabitants  rouiiil  Siin  (Jio- 

!    vanni,  because  the  people  of  Fie.sole  held   their 

I   market  there  one  dav  in  the  week,  and  it   wiis 

callid  the  Fielii  of  Mara,  the  ancient  name;  how 

j   ever  it   was  always,  from  the  tirst,  the  market 

i  of  the  FieMiIiiies.  .iiiij  liiiis  it   was  calicd  liciiTi- 

1   Fhirence    existed.'      And  again;      The  Fnetor 


*    "U 


11 50 


SIT' 


a    H 


I* 
ft 

f! 


i, : 


FLOKKNCB. 


Clfy  Hrpuhttr. 


KI.OHKNl  K.   liTII  t  KNTI  ll\ 


Florinui.  with  h  Kniniiniirmy,  oDminpnl  hrfond 
till'  Ariio  liiwHrila  KIi'miIi'  ^iriil  liinl  l«ii  limiill 
villiiKCD  thrrc.  nhiTrtlii'  (K'uplr  nf  KIi-miIv 

mil'  iliiy  ill  till'  wi'i'k  lii'lil  »  Ki'iH'Ciil  imirkil  tiith 
tli<-  iii'iKlilioiiriiii;  InwiiH  mill  vHliitii'n  .  .  On 
till*  NJtc  of  tliU  t'liiiip.  iiN  wi'  lire  iil*io  HMiiirt'il  by 
Villiiiil,  miH  criTli'il  tluM'llv  of  Klori'iici',  nftiT 
thf  iiiptiirc  of  Klimilr  liy  l'iiin|ny.  ('ii«»r.  nml 
Miirtiiiit  ;  liiit  hi'iitiiirilo  Ari'lin'o.  fiillowlni; 
Miili"<pliil.  iinnert*  Hint  It  wan  llii-  work  of 
8vllii  H  IikIoiih,  wild  wiTi'  nireiiily  In  iim»i««iori 
of  Kicsolf  .  .  .  Till'  vnrli'ty  of  ii|iiiiioiiH  iilinost 
ri|ii:iN  till'  niimlK'r  of  Hiitliori.  ...  It  iii.iy  lu' 
n'U4oiiali|y  I  iiiH  liiili'il  Hint  Florriiio,  Hiinii^ini; 
(iri|.'liiiilly  from  pirsoli'.  tinally  rosr  to  tlir  rnnk 
of  u  Itoiiinn  roloiiy  iiiiil  llic  iinit  of  provliuial 
Kovirniiii'iit :  a  iiiliihiliiri'  of  Uoinc,  with  its 
('miipiH  Martiii'4.  iii  Capitol.  Korum,  tiiiiplr  of 
Mars.  uiiiii'iliirti4.  luith't.  Iliiatrc  anil  iimplii- 
thi'iilri'.  all  iTiTtiil  ill  iiiiilatloii  of  tlir  '  Ktirnal 
City,'  for  vi'sliiiis  of  all  lliisr  iir.' Hiill  cxlsliiij; 
rilliir  ill  imnii'  or  siibstHmi'.  Tlir  iiaiiii'  of 
Florrnii'  in  as  dark  aa  its  orijiin,  nnil  it  tlioiisiitul 
ilcrivallons  liavc  oonfiisiil  tlip  lirulna  of  anii 
qiiarlnnx  anil  tlii'lr  rcailrrs  without  niiiili  (-nllKlit- 
fnini;  tlirni,  wliili-  the  l«'aiitifiil  OiaKiolo  or 
Iri».  till'  illy 'i  iiiililcni,  still  clings  to  hir  olil 
guy  walls,  an  if  to  ««s<rt  its  rlKlit  to  1m' roii- 
•idiri'd  as  thr  K'nuii"'  soiirn'  of  her  pm'lic 
appellation.  From  llu-  profusion  of  these 
flowers  that  forimrlv  dei'oratad  the  nieads 
iM'tween  the  rivers  .Miii;noiie  and  Anio,  haa 
spriuiK  iiiic  of  Hie  iiioht  popular  opinions  on  tlm 
•iil.jei  t  ;  for  a  white  plant  of  the  Hiiiiie  spei  ieH 
huvini:  shown  itself  amongst  the  rising  faliriis, 
the  ineiilent  wa«  piH'tjeally  seized  upon  and  the 
l.ily  then  tirst  .issiiined  lis  station  in  the  erimson 
lianner  of  Florence  "—II.  K.  Napier.  Florentint 
lli»t:ni,  hi-.  \,  <■!,    1 

A.  b.  406.— Siegfc  by  Radagaisus.— Deliv- 
erance bjr  Stilicho.  SieHoMH  A  I).  4llt  ItIN 
I2th  Century.  -Acquisition  of  republican  in- 
dependence.— "  Tiiere  is  .  .  .  an  asst-rtion  l»v 
Villaiii,  thai  Floreiiee  eonlaiiied  ■  twenty  Iw'o 
thousand  lighting  men.  Hillioiit  lounling  the  old 
men  and  <  liildnii.'  aUiiit  Ihe  middle  of  the  sixth 
century;  and  iiicslern  slatistieiaiis  have  liased  on 
this  statement  an  eslim.Ue  whieli  woidd  make  the 
population  of  the  eiiyal  Ihat  periisl  alsiiit  si.xty- 
one  thousiiiid.  Tlieri'  are  reasons  too  for  believ- 
ing thai  very  little  ililTeieiiee  in  Hie  population 
UMik  place  during  several  centuries  .after  that 
time.  Tlicii  came  llic  sudden  increase  arising 
from  tile  destruilloTi.  more  or  less  entire,  of  Fie 
8<de.  and  Ihe  iiicorpor.ilion  of  its  inliabitanls  with 
tlios<'  of  the  newer  city,  which  led  to  Hie  build 
ing  of  the  second  walls."  .  .  .  .Vn  estimate  taking 
the  iniialiitanls  of  Hie  city  at  s<iinctliiiig  lietwcen 
seventy  and  c  iglily  thousiind  at  the  period  re- 
specting \vlii<  li  wc' are  ini|uiriiig  llsginning  of 
the  I'.'tli  cenniryl  would  in  all  |>rolialiililv  Ix'  not 
very  widi'  of  the  mark.  The  government  of  the 
city  was  at  Hiat  time  Icslgei!  in  the  liamls  of 
niau'istr.iles  cxcrci-itig  both  lci;islativc  and  ad- 
minisiralive  aiilliority.  lallcd  ('oiimiIs.  assisted 
by  n  .senate  coiii|h>h(I  of  a  liuiidred  eiti/ens  of 
woilh  — Inioni  uomiiii.  Tiiese  ( ■oiisiils  •  iiuideil 
everything,  and  irov.'rned  tlic  city,  and  deciijed 
caiisi  s,  and  ailniini^icred  justice.'  Thev  rcmuineii 
ill  ollice  for  ore-  year  Mow  loii^'  tins  form  of 
governnient  ha'l  lieeri  est.ililivhed  in  Florence  i.s 
uncerlaiii.  It  was  not  in  cvisicnci'  in  iIh-  i..ir 
Btfi.  but  11  was  in  activity  in   llO'J.      From   1138   j 


wp  have  a  nrarly  mmplrte  roll  of  the  n iini.  .,f 
the  rnnitnl*  for  carh  year  down  to  |,'i;i 
Tlip  fintt  rpcordcil  ilrwlmif  the  yoniiu  1  .miiiuiiiit 
Ihiw  iroverneil,  nml  lieKinning  lo  hi  I  1 .  n,,  ,,„;, 
and  pn>ii<l  of  it*  incn'niing  ulreiigiii  ».n  .lur 
nelerlsHc  enough  of  the  loneof  opinion  ml  .,iii| 
nitiii  whleli  pn'vnili'd  within  its  »  ill-  ,,,1  ,,( 
the  career  on  which  It  was  enteriiii'  In  t|„. 
vejir  111(7.' Miv«  .Mallsplnl.  'Ihecilvoi  11  riciu- 
iM'ing  iniieli  (nenniied,  Hie  Flonnt'iii.  ,  ui.iniij 
lo  extend  their  territory,  delennlned  to  in  ,1,,  n „ 
against  any  ensile  or  forln-ss  whicli  «,.  ,11  ,„,, 
lie  olH'dient  III  them  .Vml  in  that  Mirili.  v  i,,,|, 
by  force  Miinle  Orlando,  which  In  Ion.-,  ,|  1,, ,, , 

lain  geiitleinen  who  would  not  Ih'  oIm  <i ,.,  n,,. 

lily  .\nd  they  wen'  di'feateil.  an,]  ii,,  ,  „,|,. 
was  destroyed.''  Thi'«'  '  gentlemen.'  -o  -i\i,.|  In 
Ihe  livic  lilslorinn  who  thus  eiirlh  rii.nl.  ii,', 
deslriicHon  of  their  home,  in  coniradi»iiiif  11..11  i., 
Ihe  eiti/ens  who  bv  no  means  con-i.l.  t..|  ih.iij 
si-lves  such,  were  llie  descendanis  or  n  |.r. -.  ni,, 
lives  of  those  knights  and  captains,  iii.i-ih  .f 
ticrinan  race,  to  whom  the  Kinperor-.  hi. I  m,,!,. 
grants  of  Hie  soil  iicconllng  lo  Hie  fi  ml  il  pn,  n,. 
ami  system  I'liey  held  ilirecllv  of  ili.  Iiiipir. 
and  in  nowise  owed  alleginnee  or  ol«  ,li,  ,„  ■  ,,f 
any    sort  to  the  eominunity  of  Flon  ii"       Hn 

they  iHTUpied  aliinmt  nil  the  countrv  nr .1  ihr 

rising  city;  and  Ihe  ciHzi'US  '  wanted  i.i  ,  At.  irl 
their  territory.'  llesides.  Hies.'  terrii.rnl  I.T'I, 
were,  as  hns  tieen  anid,  genth-nien.  an. I  IumI  ,1, 
such.  Hi  ipping  wayfarers  on  Hie  liiL'ti"  n -,  I.  \) 
ing  tolls  lu  the  neighliourhisid  nt  tli,  11  -ii.-ril' 
holds,  Hiid  In  many  ways  making  ihrm^  Iv.s.lb 
agreeable  neighlKnirs  to  iR'neeable  f.l.  .  Tl,,. 

next  incident  on  the  record,  howivir,  «  iiM 
seem  lo  Hhow  that  poncefiil  townsfolk  1-  «,  II  m 
marauding  nobles  were  liabh'  to  U.  ,n,rni:i  l.v 
Hie  ear  of  manifest  destiny,  if  thei  cinn.  in  iliV 
way  of  it.  •  In  the  name  year.'  »avs  ili.  .  un  'il 
Idstorian,  'the  men  of  I'riito  relielled  u-cin.t  tlie 
Florentines;  wherefore  thev  wiiii  out  m  l.iitk' 
against  it,  and  tism  it  liy  siege  and  d-  ■.in.ved  it ' 
I'nito  ri'lH'lh'd  nguinst  Fhirenci  '  It  i-  a  nry 
singular  stalemeni ;  for  lliere  Im  not  ih.-  -hail'ivi 
of  a  prelenci,'  put  forward,  or  \\w  siiiiill.  st  ;.'rnini,l 
for  imagining  that  Floniice  hud  or  lo'iM  li:iv, 
elainied  any  sort  of  suzerainty  o\er  I'm.. 


The  territiirinl  nobles,  liowevi  r,  who  I 
in  the  district  around  Florence  wi  re  th.  | 
objects  of  the  early  prowess  of  the  1  iti/. 
of  course  offence  against  Hieiii  was  ..if.  m.  . 
the  Kmpeior.  .  .  .  In  1 1 1:1.  accor.lin 
an  Imperial  vicar  residing  in  Tu-.  c; 
.Minialo;    not   the   convent  top|ic.l    hill 

name  in  the  immediate  iiciglili..iiili I- 

ence,  but  n  little  mounlain  city  of  tin  m'i 
overl(H)king  the  lower  Valdarno.  iil....ii  i. 
between  Fhirence  and  I'isii.  .  .  .  Tl.  o 
IM'rial  Vicars  perchi'd  Hiemsilvcs  h.iu^  i 
their  Imperial  tnsips.  and  swo..|i..|  .;  .' 
tinii'  to  time  lo  chasliM'  ami  l.rin;  I... 
ciliesof  the  plain  as  t>Hiaiiilai'ioiiv|\  -.1  .i 
Hie  authority  of  the  Kmiicror.  Aiil  i.  ..i 
upstart  Florentines  were  taking  ih.'  l.i'  I 
their  teeth,  and  going  on  in  a  \\,i\  tin' 
perial  Vicar  could  tolenite.  .  .  »..  ;'.■ 
nant  cry  of  Hie  harrie.l  ('..imls  ( '.i.|..iiL:' 
several  other  nobles  holdiii:;  of  th.  iiriuii. 
lioiises  had  been  Inirncd  ovi  r  tin  ir  li«  .'!- ' 
audacious  cili/ens,  went  up  to  tin  .  it- 
svr  Kuberto  '  the  Vicar.  \::  San  Mii::i!  ■ 
upon  that  nolile  knight,  iiidii.'iiaiii   .'  :!.. 


i  1  :l>t|.> 
..ll,.i|.;,l 
tl-.    :Uii| 

nu'.ii'i-r 

U.'  iill'i 
:i!  M 
..f  l|.;lt 
•f  YU 
'  n  un.*. 
.;■  \\  IV 
i,.  Ini' 
,,  mill 
;i  ir.'ia 
k  -il.ll 
M.'i.'k 

V    Ihl-l' 

).  ■  u .  <  n 
h"  Im- 
in.liu- 
.ii'l-f 

Wll.'V 

I '.  *  1 1 .  -t' 

I     M.- 

vs  r-  .un 


1160 


KLOKKNCE.  imi  CENTUHY 


ilwtfi  and 
(IhlttUtntt 


ri.oUKN('K,   WIVIJVi 


A«,  u.  till  follow  noblet.  M  w.ll  u>  at  Ihj-  .)ffen™ 
^„.i  he  »iilh..rity  of  lil»  ni»»Ur  ll.r  Km|Hr«r 

lH^Ii   1  from  till  m.m»taiii  f"rtr.«  lo  lake 

1  rv  h   l"^r  1...  I...I  to  ,m,«  .l.rou«l.  that  v.ry 

.;.  «li.rc  iIk    <»«tl''  of  Monl.-  Orl.iiiilo  hail 

*,  '!   r.      »n  I'r  tl...  ruin-  of  ll.r  l.,.us..  fn.n. 

r;  ri"  Tl..r.'  w.n.  Iho  l.allj'Tn  Jcrklii.^  I 

.m.   ml  t"  ..i.iHW  llir  furllLT  proKHMof  tli.. 

r,  X   lii-lonu.i  «ril.».  Willi  runoi.^ly  im|Hi..si 
M,  In    ilv      tlM'  -U.I.I   M.-SS.T  ll.ilHTI,.  was  .li» 

^iL  (roil.  th.  (l.'-.l      l-n,rnr.l  l.tfal  unllMUaruj 

K,„r,m.-  ..n.l  0»-  other  fomiiiun.s  wa-  M.'V.r 
riTUL'iiw.r  hv  the  KiiiiMTors;  anil  they  arr  no 
,l„„l,r  iKTf.. tlv  ac.>irutr  ill  "avnii;  «.  Our 
Vm  think,  how.'v.r.  that  t'.al  unl.i.kv  \  inir 
"(  ;i„,irv  M.»«T  Kiil«T.o,  ..lust  Imv..  nroK  ; 
„i,,l  ihc-  fa.i.  Ilioutfli  Hoiniwl.at  I""  "^  -» 
»  •rr"ll.'lH'.  Ilift.  "fll"    fn,i,m..Hir',Mh,,t   H:r 

■     l.k    1    ./i    1  (I-    ll  —  Conntiiw  Malihla.  thi'    , 
'fr,„i.a»  friwulnf  I'oiH'  On.Kory  yil  .  wh,.H.;^wl.le 

m,i,m  iml.Ml.Hl  Tusrany.   .1..-.     in   111...    l.r 

uuriLtlmn:  hirvasl  |..««-»shm«  to  lhrlmr.li  («•.■ 
Pir\iv  \  1>  in"  11112)  -In  niililysli.'wan 
„„U  ,M:ill..l  lhn»  to  l«M,.i..aIh  Ii.t  all«llal  lan.U 
1|„.  niuuii  ,l,r  Uint;  iin|>.rial  ll.-fv  Hut  as  II 
wwni.t  iilttuvsraHV  lo  .listinK'Ulsh  iHtw.in  Ihr 
t»o  -.rl,,  an.l  ll..'  l>o|x'S  wrrr  naturally  anxL.us 
t„  .',1  as  niui  h  as  Wvy  couhl,  a  fr.-sh  wmn'r  <>f 
o.nl.nli"n  was  a.lih-.l  t.)  thr  .-..nsUinl  <i.iarr.'ls 
lKi»..ii  Ih.'  Kniiiir..  an.l  th.'  Cliunh.  '  llinry 
IV  iiiini.'.liat.lv.l.s|.ali'ln'.l  u  r.'|.ri's.iiliitiv<.  into 
Tiwiiuv  who  iiu.l.'r  tht'  tlth'  of  Manhi.).  Juil.'X. 
,-1'ni.vs  wasto  Kovirn  the  Mar.juistit.'  in  his 
MjiiH'  ■  Vil««lv.' »ay«  l'n.f.'s»»r  \  illarl.  'couhl 
I,  e;illv  .lisput..  his  rijjht  to  .lo  this:  hut  till'  op 
|,„.ili;,n"f  Uu'  l'o|"'.  ll"'  alliiu.lo  .if  tl»'  towns 
wliirh  11  .w  i.msi.hr..!  lli.'nis<'lv.'s  in.l.|i.'ii.l.'nt 
iiihl  ilii-  uiiiv.rsal  confusion  nmUrcl  Ih.'  Mar 
Mil's  a.iilinrltv  illusory.  Tlic  Iminrial  npri' 
*nialiv.s  liail  iio  ihoict'  but  to  put  thcmsilvos  at 
111,.  hi;i.l  c.f  th.'  ft'U.lal  noliilii>  of  the  c.inta.hi 
mill  unit.  It  into  a  Ofrmanh'  party  h.islilf  to  tli.' 
(itii^  ill  llif  iliK  uiniiitsof  tl"'  iMTiiMl  tin-  imin 
l..rs"'  iliis  party  arc  iiintinually  .I.sitIIm'iI  as 

■l',ii i.  i       llv  throwing  herself  in  this  jumlun- 

1.11  ihi- -i.liM.f  the  I'ope.  an.l  thus  lieeoininj;  tl"' 
iliihiri.l  .'|i],.,nent  .if  Ihe.'inpire  an.l  Ih.'  f.'U.lal 
lunls.   I'lnr.iicv   ]iraetieally   pro.laiine.1    li.-r   in 
.liIxwl.iH.,     The  unin.li.'  liavini.'  th.'  sain.'  in 
Un-s;-  «iih  ihe  w.irkinj!  ela.s.s.s.  idenlill.il  llieni 
aelv.s  uitli  ilii's..,    U'caiiie  Ihi'ir  h'a.l.TS,    their 
iun:.'i!s  ill  fait  if  not  v.'t  in  name.     Tims  was 
tlii-i.i;i.fil.iriommiii'e  "iKiru.  or,  rather,  thus.liil 
it  r.i .i-iii/i' iisilf  oil  reaching nianh.xHl ;  for  Iwrn. 
in  rraliiv.  it  limlalreaiiv  Im'.'H  f.irsomi'  time,  only 
s.ii|iii.  ;lv  .iiul  uiieoiiMi.iusly  that   not«Hly  Im.l 
niirk.  .1  lis  iiriL'in  or.  U'ltil  now,  its  gr.iw  th.     Th.' 
tirs!  I'.inrl  ii.nseipii-m'e  of  this  wlfree.igniti.m 


u:ls  tii.il 

iiaiitio  r 


ilii-ir  ■  ■ 

liUSll'tl 


till  rul.n.  were  eh.isen  out  of  a  lart.-r 
-.1  l.iiniliis.  As  hmg  as  Malihla  ha.l 
111-  ..llii'.rs  to  whom  the  ({.iverniiient  of 
11  was  .ntriist.'.l,  the  Uberti  auil  a  f.'W 
!i'.;  fi.Tine'.l  their  elan,  th.-'ir  kinHnien.  anil 
i.ucriiiins  haii  Inen  selected,  to  the  e.v- 
.;  the  mass  of  tlic  citizens.     Now  more 


iwople  w.r.  a.linltte.1  to  s  iilmre  in  th.  a.liiiinw 
trallon  ll"  .illhes  wcrr  of  nhorl.  r  .liirall..ii.  ami 
.ml  of  th.im'  wle.  leil  to  govirn  ea.  h  lainlly  hwl 
lu  turn  Hut  tl"""'  w'"'  •""'  formerly  Im.  n 
prWIlegi'il  -  ll"'  I'IhtII  ami  othirs  of  th.  same 
ten.lencU-s  an.l  inllii.n.i-  wire  n.'.esNirllx  ills 
i-.Milinte.l  with  this  slat.'  of  lliiuKs,  ami  Hi.  r  are 
Ini'Icttlhins  ill  Vlllaiil  of  l.iirnliiKs  ami  of  liiiiiiilt» 
mieh  as  hit.  r.  wh.ii  th.' .ra  of  faillon  llijhls  hail 
falrlv  iHHiiii.  s..  ..fun  ih'solal.il  the  slre.ls  of 
KloniH-i  ■  l»  DulTv.  r/ir  T'lK-.tn  /i/../W/i'«.  ■'A 
fl  -S...  Itmv     .\    l>    ItlVl  ll.V.V 

A.  D.  iaiS-1250.  -The  beeinninr,  the  cauiei 
and  the  meaning  of  the  itrile  of  the  Guelfe 
and  Chibellinei.     Niarl\  from  th.'  iMiriniiiii.-  of 
lhi.    t:ilh  c.iiturv.  all    llalv.  an.l  Kh.r.  iin-   imm' 
Ihan  other  Italian  I  ommuiiitl's.  Ih'.  ain.'.lislra.  t.'.l 
ami  innviilsi-.|    In  a  conti  st   of  ragiiiK  fa.tii.iis. 
"  The  main  .li«liiii  lion  was  tliat  ImIw.'.ii  (iliiUl 
lln.s  ami  <l.iil|ilis  -iwii  nanus  in  lli.li    irit'lii 
far  remov.'.l  fr..iii  Ila!.       Th.'v  «.re  llrsi  In  anl 
in  U.rmany  in  111",  wli.n  at  WinsUrgln  -mi  tliia 
a  liatth'    was    fi.iiL'ht    helwnn    two  cimt.iMlinil 
.•laimanls  i.f   th.'    Knipir.- ;    th.-   on..  Coiirail    of 
lloli.nslaulTeii.  l>uk.'  of  Kraii.  ..nia.  .  hos..  for  his 
liallhirv 'Waililinirin,'  th.-   nam.'  "f  his  pat  rl 
,   inonial  .''aslh' in  Wllri.iiiliuri; .  th.'  otli.r,  ll.iiry 
the  h\im.  Duke  of  Sa\oiiy.  .hos..  liis.iwii  fainily 
na-ie  of  '  W.lf.'  or  '  WiVlf  '     Conra.l  imiv.  .1  vie 
l.irhiim  an.l   Ills   kin.ln-.l  to  H"'  foiinli  .  iisiiinif 
pn.'ratiim   iHiupi.'.l   th.'   iiii|"rlal   Ihroiie;    y.'l 
iH.tli  war  .ri.s  siirvivi'.l  th.'  .ontesi  which  u'aM' 
them  l.irth,  linn.'ring  .ni  inO.rmany  as  .ipiiva 
leiils  .if  ImiM'rialist  ami  anil  Impirialisl.      Hy  a 
pr.K-.'s.spcrf.'ctlv.l.'arlo  philologists,  ih.y  w.  re 
mi«lih.il  in  Italv  into  Ihe  forms  ChilH'llino  ami 
(luclfo;   ami  the    I'ol"'"   '«■'"»-'   ""'"'   ""'    ■■'"■"' 
iipp.inents  of   lb.'   Kinpemrs,  an   Italian  t.u.lph 
was  a  I'apalisl      Th.-  <  iths  wer.'  mainly  t.u.  Iph  , 
the  milihs  n">st  fr.-.iuently  <)liili.lliiie.     A  iirival.' 
f.uil  hail  iK'en  the  means  of  Involving  !•  lor.ii.-.. 
in  the  .onl.'st.'-M     K.    Uossitli,    .1   Sl„„l..,r  ..J 
Ihinlf  ch   ;t— "The  Florenlin.skipt  tli.nis.lv.s 
unit.'.!  till  the  v.ar  r.'l.-|.  r.n.l.ring  oU.lien.-.'  1." 
til.'  ruling  power,  ami  iin.\lnus  only  t..  pr.sirv.. 
lliiir  own  saf.'lv.      Hut.  as  Hie  .liscas.  s  wlii.li  at 
lack  our  iMxHes  ar.'  inon-  .hing.rous  and  mortal 
in  prop..rlioii  as  Ih.v  an-  ilelayed.  mi  Horinc.', 
Ihough  hit.'  to  lak.'  part  in  llii'  sects  of  Italy,  was 
aflerwar.ls   Ihe    m.ire   afflicl.il    liv   them.       lb.' 
.ails.,  of  her  lir-l  division  i-  well  known,  having 
l,...n  ncorded  hv  iMnte  ami  many  other  writers; 
I  shall    however,  hriitlv  mil'.  .   i'       An"mi:st  lb.' 
most    jiowerfiil    families   ..f    Fh.r,  .  •  .■  w.t      tli.' 
Himmlelmoiitiaiid  thetlHi-u     r-.v.    .,  tli.'s    -M-re 
ll".   Amid,  i   an.l   tin-    Doini-  'i     ™' 

familv  lli.-r..  was  a  rii  h  will"-        .■■  h.. 
l.T  .Tf  .•x.iuisiti'  l>iant>.    for    >ii..m.  > 
mind  she  ha.l  liwd  upon  lluomhlnioii; 
g.-illi'inan.  Hie  head  "1  the  liiii.ndelmi.ni 
as  ii.'r  hiisliand;  but   'ither   fr.':i  v.   -ih^^ 
iK.i'ause  sh..  thouglil  r  might  bi    m.  nji 
anv  time,  sh.-  had  mn  made  known  lu  i 
when  it    happened    ti.it   th.'   .avail,  t 
hiiiis.-lf  tl.  !>  maiden  ..!    hi- Anii.h-i  la. 
gri.v.-.l  lb.-  lloiiali  wi.i.iw  exi-.-edioj- 
holM-.l.  with  her  .laiighl.-rs  li.-aiiiv 
lb..   arraiiL'.-metit    before  lb.'   i.h-lirai 
marring.';  and  fnmi  an  upper  apart n,.  , 

Huondelmonli  approach  li.r  boils,  .il 

sc.-nde.l.  an.l  as  he  was  passing  sh.    said 


ui 


ang 
lily, 
.  .ir 

I  at 


lam  uia.i    lo   ieaiii    .VoU    iiavi 


I        1: 


ff 


ultliougli  1  bad  reserved  my 


dauglil.  r  t..r  - 


1161 


:.;il!.m:; 


if-,.. 


!i  ' 


►"UJHEMCE.   'an  1J.V) 


KLoliKNCt.   U4»-UJb. 


»imI.  i.u«hlnK  Ihr  .|.K.r  ..|mm..  |.nM'nl.'.(  l..rt..liU  I  ih.lr  iwImm.     Tlir  iri'iit   iwliix 


irirl,  iH'i'itriii'  liillaiiii'il  with  nm  I,  „n  iinlirit 

(li'«lri-  I..  |i<i«t<.M  h,  r  lirii.  ii..t  Ihlnkliiu  ..f  tli<' 
nmiiiiw  xlvni.  ,.r  tlir  Injiirv  lir  i  ..iihiiiii.  .1  in 
liriMknitf  li.  .,r.,f  tlir  .viNwIil.h  l,u  limt<  li  ..f 
fiillli  iiiiK'hl  lirliiit  ilj»>ii  liirimlf  .;ii<l  Slu.  ■  ton 
li;ni  n«.rv..l  |„  r  (..r  iiir.  I  xhoiilcl  Ik'  v.  rv  nil 
unit,  fill  iiiili-.',|  t,.  rifiis.  liT.  iHiiiifN.I  ul  liiuriy 
1.1  ,ii,»,«  ■,  i„i,|  with,,,,,  iinv  .li'l.iviimrrlr.l   li,  r 

»' »  ii<  Ihi'   Till   iMiaiiii-  knx'vii    i|„    \m 

an. I  till.  n»  rli.  wIlwc  fiitiiilli.s  «,  rr  ullir.l    v..  ,. 
tlll.,1    Willi  M«i..  •  mi.l  „,m,.  ,,f  III,,,,    1,1,,^,   II, 

W;lil    f..rl,iMl.    !l««llMill;ll,'.|    llill|.|H    Uv    W,M    rLlill^ 

tliMu«li  111.'  Mir.Ti.      ■■Till-,  iiiiinl.r  clivifji-.l  Hi.. 
wli..l..  .ity  ,  ..,„'  |,„rii  ..,|N>iislii;.  ||„. ,  1,,^.  ,,f  ,|„. 

Hii.>ihli.|iii,,nii,  II, Ii.rllmt..f  lli..  fli,  rli.  ami 

lli.y  r.  ni.n.l.'.l  niih  i-uil,  ,,i|, 
y.-nr..   wiili.ini   ,,ii,.   |„.|„^,  „|,|,.  ,,,  ,|,.„,.„,    ,|,. 

..tli.r      Kl..r..| ,.nliiiii,-,|  In  tl,,..,.  ir.Milil.-,  |,|| 

111..  IIM...  ..r  Kr,..|,.ri.k  II,.  ivli...  iMin,;  kinu-  ..f 
.yi;,l,.<.  ,„,|,.uviinn.ilt..«ii.inttli.iiliiiii«irui;:iiii,l 
111.'  .Iiiirrli:  ami.  I.,  ^iv,.  ;;r..al.'r  «l,il,iliiv  |.,  Inn 
|...«.'r  in  Tn..:,ny.  f.iv.,nr.'.|  tlx'  ri..rll  i.n.llli.ir 
r.ill..\v.'r.(.  «li...  ivitli  lii<iis,iM.in..-,  ..<|.,.|1,.,1  111,. 
I.i..n.|.liiiiiiili,  limn  ..nr.ilv,  as  aK  ih,.  r.  M  ..f 
Italy  liu.l  I. .Ill-  liiii.'  Ii.',.n.  U',  im,  ,l|vi,|,..|  i,,,., 
<in._li.lisan.|(iliil».||iii.',  ■    -N.  ,\|,„  hiav.-lli    11,-1 

■;!  '•;,;'■■,'"■;,■'  '•*■  -•  '■''  '  --HiK.akinK  K-mralh. 
111.-  liliilN.llin.4  w.-r..  111.,  parlv  ..f  tli..  |.irii..  i.ir 
aihl  tl...  (In.lphs  111,,  party  of  ili..  |'„p.  .  H,,'. 
«liili.lliii,.s  vv.r,.  ,in  111,.  ,1,1,.  ,,f  ,„ii|„,ritv  ..r 
B.nn.lini..H  ..f  .i|)pn.».i,,n,  tli..  iiit,.|p|,H  w.r',.  ..ii 
till,  si.lc  ..f  lilHTty  ikii.l  <..|f  i;,.v,.riii.i..nt  Au'aiii 
tilt' (.lubcllirim  wen.  tli..  siipp.,rtir».)f  an  uiiiv.r' 
Hill  empiri' ..f  whiili  Italy  wis  i.i 'h.  tli.li.  ,1  il„. 
(iililplH  WIT.,  on  til.'  sfde  ..f  nali..iial  lif.  ,in.| 
nati.mal  lii.livi.liialiiy  ,  ,  If  ,|„.„.  ,|,.|i„iti,,n, 
■  i.iiM  Ik.  con.ti.l.Ti'.l  m  ..xlmiiHtiv...  ili.r, 
Ik-  little  (I.iiilit  as  t.i  Hi..  »iili.  t.i  w|ii,  |i  ,„ 
tliif»  (.lii.nl.l  1h' Kiv.ii.  \V..«li.,iil,I 

IKCtall  patri..l.s|»lK.  Ou.-lpl,,.  aii,l  ili,.  Cl.ilKl 
lini;  party  Id  he  i.iinp..*,!  ..f  m,  „  wh..  ivin-  i.k> 
spiruli'M  I..  ri'Kisi  .{..^iKitl..  p,,ivcT  .,r  i,».  s,  lil^li 
'"  siirnii.l.r  It  II  ii.  ,„i  th,.  ,,i|„'r  han.l  we 
tiiiHt  nevir  f.ir»;c.t  tli.il  Kaiin-  was  a  liliilKllini'  ' 
-I).  Uruwiilni;.  ';«.'/./..,(«,/  f;/,//.-///-...  ,-,',  ■,> 
— .Sr,  iilso,  iT.ti.v:  A.  I)    r.M.'i  • 

A.  D.  ia48-ii78      Thew.ri  of  ■  «ner«- 
tion  of  the  Cuelfi  and  Ghibellinei.-  Hi  r.>4M 

111.,  f.hih.lliii.s.   at  Ihrinslitfati f  Kn-.I.ri.  li 

II  .  ami  Willi  III  Ip  frian  |,i,  (Jcrmaii  siil,li,.rv  i\ 
p.'lli  .1  tl,..  (Jn.'IfM  fnun  the  ,  ity,  afl.r  .Wicrate 
tlL'lilmi.'  f,,r.s..i-.'r,l  ilavs,  an.l.l.  ,tr.n,  .1  tlii'iuun- 
HL.ns  ..f  tin-ir  ,'lii,.fs.  i„  ||„.  „.„„|„;r  „f  :[s  i„ 
I'-.iMliirc  was  a  risiii)-  ..f  the  p.npl,.  _,,f  n,,, 
1111.1.  rsiratiiin  whi.l,  ||„.  ,|,.a^a^,'lt  .,f  parti.s 
liar.lly  p.n.lrat.'.l  _  au.|  a  p..piilar  ('..ii.stitiili.,ii 
..f  (.'..wrnin.nt  was  liri,ui.'lit  into  force      At  tin- 

sam.'tini..,tl,.|,i,-|,towers,KliiVli  were  111,. ,tr..nL'. 
Il.i|.|s,.f!l„.,,„,.,',„|i„j,„„|,|,.^  „,,.r,.,l,^,,^ji^,^^^^.^^ 

Anatl.'inpt  »  .-tl,,,,  ma.je  l.v  the  L.a.lors  .,f  the 
pe..pl..  to  r.  -t-r..  p.';i,'e  hetwe.-ii  Ih..  (ihilx-llini-s 
ami  Ih.'  (,11,'lis,  h„t  th.'  ,.|T,.rt  was  vain  when, 
"l-n  the  (Jn.lfs  ,in  .lanuary.  l-'.-|l)  .amo  l.a.lt 
I.,  the  eity.  anil  i|„.  (Jhil„l|i,„'s  w.re  either 
.Inv.naw.-iy  or  w.  r.'slmt  „p  i„  ih.ir  i  ilv  eastles 
I.,  uhi.h  Ih.y  ha.l  ritir.il  when  Ih. 
In  IJ-'.-s  th.  r.'st|,..ss  (ihih.llin.'s 
.Manfr.il,  Kin;  of  iheTwo  Sieilies 
".■ssi.in  of  Klorenei..  The  plot 
""'.|  I' nraL'e..!  lii-.-.pIr  .|r..i-.  . 


rii/e.l,  lint  K  ili.| 


■■I 


1. 1 


. T  all  I 


of    II..     I  l..„| 

Has    „.,,    ,,„!, 

,      ,,  '"'•■  »""  ""«'l''  ihat  I,..  I'.,, Ml,,. 

slioiihl  <\,r  Ktaii.l    H^'ain   on    In  a...,i 

Tl xilml  <j|iilK  nines  i.»,k  nlnu.  al  >i 

Ihire    pliiiiiil   a^aln    hjiI,    KIiik  M,,,  i, 

sent  triKipa  to  uiil  them      The  H.,ri  i,i 

Hot  wail  t.i  lie  allai  k...l.  hut  nmn  In  .| ,.  ii 

Ih.       .'11  Si,.ii,.«.  i.rrltorv.  ami  SUIT.  r.  I  ,  1,  „'.|, 

■r    I  il.'fial  at   .Moiita|H.rll  (.si.pi,.iiilK  r  I    l.'i;..    ,„  n 

hi       l.allle  that  Mmile  refers  to.  ■   whi,  |,  , ,  i,,,,, ,,  ,|" 

rr      river  Arhia  reil"     •■    (in  iliat  ila>.   vn  .  \ 

.  '  *a«  broken  ami  ilesiroieil  III,   .  1 1 

lar  1,'iiveriiiiii  lit  of  Klore ,  '.l,i,  h  h,.!  i 

for  ten  iiarxwilh  m>  ureal    |.in. 
mill  hail   noli  mi  iiiaiiy    v  iriorii 
han.  e\ir  I.  ft  «  in.iri.  en.liirahl.    i„,|,r,    ,    , 
r  l.ir  ni.iiiy   |   the  iiiein..ry  of  b  p.  ..ph.  than  this  ^r.  ,t  l.,..| 
twe.n   two  I  ilh's  nii.l  partii's  aiiiiii.ii. 'I   I..,. 
Iheni  l.y   the   most   iin<|ii.  iieliahl.'  han.  i 
iii.niory    of    that    .lay    liat  lasli.l   il,i,„i.| 
y.iirs.   more  fn  slily  perhap*   in   si.  i,,,   tl. 
l-'lor.n.'.-  "    Asa  iiaiiiriil .  onsi  ,pi,  |„  ,.,,t  n,, 
fiat  iil.Montaperti.  I  he  (in. I  fs  win  ii::,'iii,|,  r, 
lly  into  exile  from  Klon  n. .-,  an.l  llu,".  \|..,iri 
liiilii.l..|l  a  larit.-  iiiimlM.rof  inn  ih..  ...inn 

I pie.     "  .Si  thor.inirli  ha.l  l«.  n  Hi..  .1.  i.  , 

eompl.te  111..    tihilHllinr    ase.n.l 

from  it.  that  In  ev.ry  eity  th..  s.i , 

Male    wan   lakiiiK    pla. ..      M  mv    ,,f   ,|,i 

r  loMii.K,  whieh  hail  alwavs  In .  n  (oi.  II, 

In  their  nympalhli'S,  were  now  snliji  1 1, ,]  i,,i;i,j 

IkIII.  e  ilespotism.     Om-  refiii:.'  al.m.    r.  iimn.l 

In  Tiiwiiiiy  —  r.iieeu \.,M    il.iii,,,  ili.. 

V  hole  iMKly  of  the  expalriali.l  loi.  l|,li,  i„i,,.,i 
.hemselv.s  .  .  .  The  (;hll»IIin.  s  ,  nr.  r.  .1  ri..r 
eiue  in  triumph  on  the  Itith  of  S.pi..|,ili,  r  tlir  ,. 
.lays  after  their  eneiiuen  ha.l  I.  ft  it  '  Tie 
city  wi.ineil  liku  n  ihsert.  Thi'  Kit.  s  »,  r.  .^iml 
Ing  opin  mill  UMKUanle.l:  th.'  stn.ls  n.rc 
empty;  the  eiiniparatlv.ly  f..w  inh  iliit,iiit«  «|, . 
n'niaineil,  iilmost  entirely  of  the  l.m,,i  i|,.,,,f 
the  popuhiee,  were  shut  up  in  th,  ir  i.I.m  uri- 
ilwellinRs,  or  were  on  thilr  kii.es  ill  Ih..  1  hiin  h.  V 
Anil  wliiit  wa.s  worse,  the  eoni|Ui  r..rs  ,ii  I  ii,.t 
eomc  bark  uhme.  Tiny  ha.l  iinil,,!  a  f  .r.  L-n 
(lenpot  to  restore  or.h'r;"  an.l  s..  Kinj  Mn.fr  is 

nt 


Mll.l 

■syiiip.i 
e.x 


Ii  ssir 
Hlllallel 


'111 


ili.l.i 
.,.,|„l 


■I',. 
Ii   .f 

n,. 


"II 


■ilHlli.' 


iM..l|..| 
k..f  111.' 
:i:.|  Ih.' 
i-i.iin,'l 


■  I"'.. pie  ros.. 

pl..li...l    with 

to  n.^iain  pos- 

was  ilise.iv.'r.'.l. 

!a'i  iin^. 


of  the  faition  from  their  mi.lst  ami  pu'lleii'  liown 


(,^eiieral,  OlorihiMii.la  AiiKl.ma,  esial.li.li.  1 1  ...ml 
tiiiiilo  Xovelhi  in  Kloreme  as  Mi.iilr.i.  M.ir 
"All  the  eonstitiitioiinl  authoriti.s  is! 
hy  the  people,  an.l  the  whole  frain.  «  ,i 
former  government,  were  ih.str,.\..| 
.  ity  was  ruled  entirely  hy  .lir..  Ii..i,  in 
f  .m  the  Kind's  Siri'liaii  .oiiri  1  h. 
".  rious  propi..s:ils.  |.v..n,  that  l-"l'.r.  ;. 
Hh.iuhl  l,i.  ilestroyeil,  ami  the  Nuiiii;.  I  ■ 
eity  from  that  unlimilv  fate  is  .r.  .i' 
patriolie  iiohle.  of  the  I  l..r!i  fainiiv.  ,•. 
stiKKl  the  propositiiin,  alon...  ■•■Hi,.. 
army  mareheil  on  l.ii.'.a.  an.l  ha.l  ii,.i  ii 
.lillli'iilty  ill  ri'iliuini;  that  litv.  ih 
nient  was  put  into  (ihihilline  h'lii.l,, 
Iweamc  a  lihiU'lline  city  like  all  Ih,  r 
••any.  The  I.ueeheso  were  m.l  n  .|n.r 
victors  to  turn  theirown  (Juelphs  ..iii  . 
IJW  ,t  was  iiii|ieralively  jnsisl.il  .'»  i 
•  iiielph  not  1  native  eiliz.'ii  shonM 
forth  from  the  cate.s  "  The  uiif  riii 
entines,  thus  maile  hiinii  li  ss  aL';i..i.  i 
shelter  lit  Bolopna,  aiul  pnseiiih  |..  i 
frien.ls  at  M.Hiena  an.l  If.'L'L'i .  i  . 
the  (ihiiiellines  in  tho.si^  eili..s  an.l  i.. 
trol.     But  f..r  live  years  their  (..iiiliii 


!f 


III.,  liiiii' 
I.  ii  iii..r.' 

..'  ■\.rri- 
■A  l.iiua 

.1'  'IIH- 
1  l.v  Ilie 


llir  1-1 
■  H.r 

f,. 1.11.1 
I  ili.ir 


1162 


ii 


rU»HKN»  K,   UW-ISTM 


alifufKm 


KLUllKNl  t.   UM. 


Jl,,    ,„„|  „„,.^l.-l  In  III-  uii.l.'ri  .kill.-       K.. 
T    ,^"r"»"^l    A   "  r-*.V.-l.;'|«      I'M  I'M' 

,J  I.  <ihii»nii"» «'"• '""'","   '•'','''"  ^"^'J,':; 

i-  ir,.,i..r.  n-lr  nwi'v  frnm  H"riiiM-,  Hm) 

,l,.,|f,  .»:.rii»il  ill  iiL'iiin-  III.'  •.lilKlliii"' 
.,  ,11,1  out  .   Ill-   I'l'l'"''"  ' 'I'"";"' ,"  ' 

,rnri>    III  r-"'i 'I'"'"' ""'' "  •"■''"'  ""'"'I''  I'll"''' 

l,v  I'm..'  (Iriiti.rv  X  In  |"r«..ii.  I.,  nrnii.  ilr  Ihr 
L,        i.    Ktnii.r;    ImIi    II   l.iil  H,.  mil,.   .11. 

nJ.    -   I.  l^•l.vK■.nl.■rl.f.lh.•.i^vlll.l^j^llM 

„„"„„„..,„.., ,1  II  iiiiilir  lii-inl.il  fur  Ihnv 
„.„r<  In  li'x  ll"-iill.ni|il  Ail-*  rill.  "Ill  "I'li 
i„„r»l»l    iK'I'f  """••■'*■       ■■■Anil    "■>».    "i'^- 

mnrnFl..r.ii.-.',  iliiv  'iml  Hulr  faniiln-  . 

i,„l  III.' Willi  Olill-llincn  hu.l  liuik    .lU'iii"  tli.'ir 
,,..l„.nil  pi.K».-»i'l..ns.  .y-Ii;  III"  '  ■  "H.n  of  iIh' 
l,a.lint'fainill.'<w'n'  onl.r.il    fi.r  tlii'  mifitv  ..f 
,|„,,in-   I.I  nnmln  fur  ii  .■.•rl.iln  tliiir  l..>nn.|  IIh- 
l„„M,i:.ri.'»iif  till'  Fl.in'nlin..  I'mMry        n  fMii. 
li„l,,  ,„„n-  1»  li.iiril  li.  iM.f.irwiinl  i.f  III.'  Mill..  1 
li„,,,„,i  f...ti..n  williln  III.'  Willi-  "f  tW.r.n. '• 
Tli.  uM  num.'.  imii  r;ill,vni«  .rv    ..r  lln'  r.irv  .t 
lnii»ri.li-t  partv.  »:i-  -lill  riii-.'.l  li.r.iin.l  tli.T.'   , 
Ir'n."  'inv  '  ,m.\  I'i-a  >.ill  .all.'.l  lMr..H  (II.iIm'I     I 
li,„.     ItiM  tl,.'.lr.'Uiii.if  i.r..v'r.'--l.a>l  r'"'  I"'-' 
,h,,„„n,l  l.'fl  Ihim  -tramii'il  ■■-  T.  A    Iml  "I"''   \ 
UU  <■(  III'-  (•■'iiiinoniniillli  ../  A  t'lniifi;  hk.  \.  rh     \ 
^-r,  .luH'k.  i.  fh    1  ir-  1>  .       „.  ,     .       I 

\iw.  IN  N  MiiclilHulli.  H'nnline  llmtiin,'.  I 
Ml  _,I.  (•  I,  .UiSiHnion.li.  //'«'  of  ""■  /'"'"'"  i 
lil„i'.lir,,  eh.  4. 

A  D.  i2S0-ia93.-De»elopment  ofthepopu- 
ltr   conititution   of    the    Commonwtalth.   - 
■  Wli.n  it  iM.iinH'  iliiir  tlmt  tli.'  r.'piilill''  was  t.. 
rul.'  iisilf  lii'Dn-dirtli  iintraniiuellfil  l«y  imp.rial 
intirf. nncr.  th.-  prnple  [in  12.-.<l|  .livl.leil  tli.'ni 
Klvpii  int.)  xix  (liHtricU.  ami  <li<>«-  li>r  i'HiIi  (lis 
tri.t  Uvi.  Aniii'ntH.  who  Biimlni-tiri-il  the  gov 
frnm.iit   in  (.nii.rt   with  the  I'oti-sli  ami   the 
C«nliiin   "f   till'    People.     The    AmienlH    were 
tnli,'  ..f  the  ..111  Homan  niunliipalorK«ni7.alion 
Till'  Ih"Iv  of  Ihe  cililiiin,  or  the  popiilo, 
w.riulliiiial.'lvsovcreiciwintlie  Htnte.     Adsi'iii 
Miiliiii.hrth.'imnni'Mof  th.'lr  several ompanie-, 
thiv  f  rin.'il  a  parliunmlo  f.ir  iliUtratinit  linn- 
own    |...\MT    Ui    laoh    hUi.essive     (toveriiiiii'iil. 
Tliiir  II  |>n  si'iilalivei.  again,  arniiiL'i'il  in   two 
n.iiiiol^.  .alli.l  the  Coiimil  of  tli.'   I'.-opl.'  ami 
Ih,  I  oiiii.il  of  the  CoMimnne.  un.l.T  llie  |)r.'si 
il.niv   of  till'  Captain   .if   the    I'.-opl.'  anil   tin' 
l',il,si:i.  ralili.-.l  Ihe  measures  wliii  li  hu.l  previ 
..ii-!\  ii.iii  pr.ip.wc.l  an.l  larrii-.l  liv  Ihi'  executive 
iii.ili.ritv  ..r  siiinoria.     IniL-r  tin-  simple  Stal.- 
B\>!im  ill.-  Flor.ntim-s  plue.-.l  Ih.iiis.  Ives  at  111.' 
fci.l  .f  Ili.-Tiisean  Iz-anue,  fiiii!;lK  the  lialll.'- 
of  th.    I  hiir.-h.  usserteil   their  wiveri  ig.ity   hy 
i»>-i;ii^-  !ti.'  (.'ol.l.n  llorin  of  the  repiililie.   an.l 
ll..:-,-!Ji,  1  until  Vim.     In  that  year  an  important 
clui:.-.    w:.-  elTi.teil  in  the  ('on.^ti"i'i  in.     The 
wli  i.-  p.  ).ulili.in  of  Fl.irenee  cmsisteil.  on  th.' 
on.-  I.iiul.   of  n..ble9  or   (Jnitiili.   as   they   wir.- 
i-ill.  1    ill    Tiiscanv,    ami    on    the    other    haii.l 
i.f  \v..r'^iii^'  pinple.      The   latter,    .livi.led    into 

!r:.i.  r;    .:  :■    !:;i:-.:!i;riftKI!-.!!'.     V.-.Tt;  l!!.'^.tr!!..atC(i    i'l 

piilN  .ill.. I  Arti;  anil  at  that  time  there  wen 


inftii.nliiil  of  a"   !■  o. .    'he  Dull  I  .'f  Ih.-  W....I 
>I,  I     Miiii-       11.  ilil-   lii'il    "i'"    ''»"■'    '"' 

ni...iink'    iheir  •  "'  'hi''   oH'.er-,    th.ir 

hiail-   .a;i.-.l  (.11. ^..11  .r  l'f|or».  ami  Hi.ir  ll«g« 
In  |-.'tm  II  was. I..  I.h-.l  that  Ih.'  a.lnilhi-trnti.  n  ..f 
th..  ...iiiiii..ii».Bltli  sh..iil.l  I..'  pla.  I'.l  -implv  anl 
»h..ll,v  In  III.'  Ii.h.l-.if  111.    Aril,  an.l  lli.'  I'rlor- 
of  th.--.  Iiii|ii-tri:il..inipaiii.-»l".-aiii.-  Hi''  I'TiU  ..r 
HK-iiorv  r.f  K'..r.'ii.--       N..  iiih...liiianl  "f  the  "-lly 
ttii.i  hii.l  no'  .iiii.:i.  I  hliii-.  If  usairaflsnmn  In 
one  of  th.- k"iil.l-..iiil.l  .-xipI-..  any  fun.  iL.ii  of 
l.iiriih.-r«|.ip      T.I    I"'    -.  i.ip.'rat...    .'r    wiili..iii 
lii.lii-lrv    wast..  I"' "ilhoiil  (...w.-r.  »llhoiiI  raiil. 
or  pl.i.  .■'  .if  li"ii..iir  i'l  Ihe  Stal.'      Tl"-  revol.ili.'ii 
Mhi.h  pla.  ..I  till'  Arts  at  the  li.a.I  ..f  tie-  rep.ih 
li,     ha. I    111.,    praiti.al    ,11.. I    ..f   e*.  ImlinK    th'' 
(Jraii.li  alt.':.',  tier    fr..ni   th,'    u'..v..riiiiii  nt 
In  |..".i;l   at',  r  the  liliiliilliiiis  h  iil  Iwen  ,l,f.  at,  .1 
in  II,,'  rr.iil   l.illle  ..f  Cainpal.lin...  a  wrii's  of 
sinre  i-iia.  Ini.  lit-,  .allwi  Ih.'  <  Ir.llnain.'.  of  -In- 
li.,'.   w,r.    .1,  .ri...l  auaiii-i    'h.'   iinrulv   llran.li 
.Ml   livi.     riirlil-    ".re   tak.  n    from   tliini ,    the 
sivir.-l  peiialli.-  wir.' alt...  Ii.  .1  t.i  lli.ir  Blight 
.1  inrriiiireiniiit  ..f  nniiii.  i|...l  la«  ;  iliiir  till.  -  t.' 
|,n.|  «.r..  limit,.. I.  th,-  priul,.r'.  ..f  liv  intr  «illiin 
il„.  ,.ii>    "all-   was  ,ill..wi..|   111.  Ill   only    iin.l.r 
filliiiL- i.-«'fi.  lioii-i;  an.lla-i  ii.'i  l.-ast,  a -iipreni,' 
inairi-lral,..  ii.miil    th.-  <i'.iifal..ni..r   of   .lii-ll.e, 
"a-  .-r.-at...l  f.-r  tin'  -p..  iai  piii  po-.-  ..f  wati  liiiig 
llnln  iin.l  .arrving  out   tin-   p.nal  ,i>.l.-  aL'ain-l 
Ih.iii      III  11,  iforwar.l    I-'|.ir,n..     was    g..\.-rii.-.l 
I   ,.x,liisiMlv    liv    iiiiri  liaiits    an.l    arlisiii-      'lln 
(iranili    hii-ti  n,-,l    l.>  .  iiroll    tln-insi-h,  -    in     ili. 
giiil.l-   ,.\,-liaiiginL'  th,  ir  fornur  till,-  nml  'Hg 
iiiliis'for   th,'   s,.liil    privil.ge   .if   hiirgli.rsliip 
The  exaet  parall.l  t."  this  iniliistiial  ii.iistituli.ni 
■   f..r  a   eoninniiiwialth,    tarrying   on    war-    with 
'    I  nipirors  ami  prime-.  lioMing  haiightv  laplains 
in  ilH  piiv,  an.l  dii  laliiig  laws  to  siilij.it  eilie-. 

I   .aniiol,  I  Ihink    I l-.wher.'  fouml  in  hisl.iry 

I    It   is  us   iini.pi,'  as  the  Klori'n.-e  of   Dante  an.l 

i   <ii.,lt.,isuni.pi. '.'■-. I.  A.  Syinon.ls.  h'l.inMf  awl 

III,     Miiliri  ^Shli-liiH  iiinl  .•-linlim  in  ll'i'!/.  "i     ■') 

Al.s.1  i>  ('.  IlallMi.  I.iffi"il  Tim,,  i.f  Ihinl..  r 

1.  liil.  —  .\.  V..n  Il.'umont.  /,/<r. /,.'"  .fc  M,ilin,  H. 

I.  di.  1 

A.    D.    1 284- 1 293. -War   "'"•    P'"-     '^" 
Pisa:    A.  D.  UMlIt  I'.'UH. 

A.   D.  t289,-The  Tictory  of  Campaldino, 
and  the  jealouiy  among  ita  heroea. -In  1'-'""' 
Ih.'  (ihihelliii.s  of    Ar.'//,.>  having  expelh'.l  tin 
(iii,.llsrronitlialritv,lli.'Klor.'iitinesma,l,'  warm 
th,' .-.Ills.- of  Ih.'  la'tt.-r  an.l   won  u  L'r.at  >i.t.ir> 
alfampalilinc.     This '- r.-ii-.,!  tin- n-m.wn  iin.l  lln- 
militarv  spirit  of  tin-  (inelf  |iarty.  Im-  Hi,'  laim 
of  thi'l'iattl.'  was  v.rv  gnat;  the  host- ,-oiitiiii<-i 
th.'.hoie.'st   .hivalrv  of  eiMnr  siil,-.  ann.'.l  ami 
appoint. '.l  with  ,  iiiul.ms  apleinloiir      Tin'  livh' 
ill"    was    hanl.    Ili.'n'    was    l.rilliant    an.l    ..m 
spT.ui.iis    uallantrv,   anil    the  vi,  t,iiy   was  i-om 
pl.t,.        It     sialiil      tliit-lf     asi-.-niliiny.       1  In- 
Uliil.illin.'  warrii.rhish.ip   of    An'/./,..  1. 11.  with 
tlin  .•  ..I'  till'  rii.rti.  an.l  ollnr  (Ihili.llin,  ,  lin'N 
In  this    liatlli'  til.'  liii.lf   l.a.l.rs  lia.l  w.ai 
■nat    gl.irv.      Tin'    In  ro   of    the    .lay    was   tli.' 
pn.inl.'st.  iiaiulsonnst,   .raftiest,   nuM   winnini;. 
most  ami.itioiis.  most  unsiriijiiilous  (im-ll  iioM.- 
in  Floren.-, — .m,'  of  a   famiU   wini  inln-rit.-.l  th.. 
spirit  ami  re.  kl.'ssness  .if  tin'  pn.sirili.  .1  I  lniH 
an.l   ili.l     not    n  fiis.-    t'n-    p.ipiilar    ipillnt    "1 
Maii-faini-— (-..i-s..  l>..iia:i.      Mr-  ili'l 


l,.|  Arti;  ami  at  that  time  there  wer,'         -'^  ^  j  ,,  _,,   (.a,„p„l,lim.,  wlnn-  I 

a  iJr.ttler  ami  live    Usser    Arti.  the  most  I    "•""  """^ 

ug;) 


?- J 


'■"x%\ 


r  ? 


FLOKENCK,   13«». 


ftante  ami  tkf 


FLUKKNCE,  1301-1813, 


had  Willi  tlic  battle  liy  rlimibcvini;  orclprs.  with 
iiiiy  iiiiriiisid  (lis|M)sitiiiii  to  yield  to  rivals,  i>r 
iDurt  thr  lu.pnliKi-,  (ir  risjint  iiihcr  ini'iis 
riftlits.  Thci^i-  rivals,  tiiD  — ami  lliiv  also  liail 
t<m;;ht  ({allarilly  in  tlio  post  of  lioiiour  at 
("aiiipahliii.i  — wiri>  siuli  as  hi' liattil  from  his 
soul  rivals  wlioiii  Ur  dcspiscil.  anil  wlin  vit 
vy.rr  too  siroii^'  for  him  |tlic  familv  of  ih,- 
<  iriliil  His  liloml  Was  am  iciit,  IhVv  wirr 
iipstarls;  he  was  ii  .solili.r.  tlii'V  nrrc  trailers- 
hiwaspiHir.  thi'.v  tin-  richisl  incii  in  FlnriiMi .' 
.  .  .  Tliiv  liMil  irosM-il  liini  in  niarriaiii's  liar- 
pinis.  inliirHanii's.  .  .  ,  Tlir  clorirs  of 
(■.iinpaMiiio  wiTi'  not  as  oil  on  thisr  troiil,|i-i| 
waters  Tlii'  riini|iii  n.rs  llouinl  carli  olliir  all 
the  more  tiereih  in  the  streets  on  their  reliirn 
ami  ill  trealel  the  lower  people  with  less 
scruple. -—U.     \V.     Chnreh.     J),i„t,    ,i,„l   <tih,r 

Ai.so  IN  c.  Hall,,,,    ijf,.  „,„/    7y„„,  „..  /,^,   I 
/■'.  I,  .•/,.  B,,-.  1).  -^  ■'  • 

A, p.  ia95-i300.— New  factions  in  the  city, 
and  Dante  s  relations  to  them,-  The  Bianchi 
and  the  Neri  (Whites  and  Blacks),— .Vnionif 
the  NoMes  "  who  resisted  the  oppression  of  the 
people,  Corsi,  Donati  Tiiiist  have  lieeii  the  ehief 
but  he  iliil  not  at  first  eonie  forwiinl:  with  one 
of  his  usual  sirat.ii:eins.  however,  he  was  the 
i-aiiseof  a  new  revolution  |.Jan'iarv,  Viii:,]  which 

'If"*'   i''' lell.i     Hrlla,    the    leader    of    the 

people     from    the    city    .   ,   .    Notwithstamlini; 
the  fall  of  (iiano,  the  Nobles  ilid  not  return  into 

porter,      lie  w.is  sMcc led  as:   jiopular  leader 

by  one  much  his  inferior,  one  I'ecora,  snrnamed 
from  his  trade,  the  Butcher.     .New  .lisputes  arose 
lietween  the  nobles  and  the  peopi,..  and  betw.'cn 
the  upper  ami  lower  ranks  of  the  people  itself 
Nill.ini    tills   us   th.-.t.   in  the  v.-ar  12».-).  'inanv 
faiLuhes.  who  were  neith.  r  tvrarmieal  nor  power- 
ful,  withdrew  from  the  order    •   'lie  nobles,  ami 
enrolleil  themselv..s  amDni;  the  j     iple,  dimiiiish- 
iiiL'  the  power  of  the  iioblis  and  inereasin!;  that 
of  thi'  people  •     Dante  must  have  been  preeiselv 
one  of  those  nobles  '  who  were  neither  Ivrannical 
nor  powerful:'    and  .   ,   ,  it    is  certain  that   he 
was  arnonu  those   wb.'  passed  over  from  their 
own    order  to  that  of  the    I'opolani,    bv   bein.' 
matriculated  in  one  o:   the  .\tis.      Iiiii're^'ister 
from   1.>!I7  to  l:((Ml.  of  the  .\rt  of  the  plivsi.  iuns 
anddrui;i.'isis,  the  fifth  of  the  seven  inajl.r  .\rts 
he  IS  found  matriculated  in  these  words:   •  D.-mte 
dAldiirhii  ro  de-li   .\Mi-iiieri  poeta  liorentino.' 
.      .    l>:iiite.  by  ihi    means,  obiained  oltiee  under 
the  popul.iri.'overnment.  .  .  .  The  new  f.iel ions 
th.il  :ii..se  m   Klorence.  in  almost  all  Tuscanv 
and  in  some  of  the  cities  in  other  parts  of  It.al'v' 
were  merely  subdivisions  of   the   (;u,lf    p.irlv' 
imrely  what,  in  time,  happens  to  .verv  f.ielion' 
after  a   period  of  pros[ieritv.  u  division  of  the 
ultras  and  of  the  moder.itrs,  ,„■  ,,r   those   who 
liold  more  or  I,  s,  lAtr.iv.iiraril    views  \|| 

""^  l'''l'l"' I  to  the  (;ui  If  partv  in  a  ve'rv  few 

years,  and  the  N.ri   and  liianchi.  the  nanies  of 
the    two    ilivi^i.iris  of    that 
arisen    in    bjiiii,  w,.re   no   In 
ye;irs   aflens:,ri|s,    but    were    a-.-ain   hM    j,,  the 
|.rituiliy,ap|.,||:,lior,s,,f  (;,i..|f.s,„,d  <;hibellines 
Ih.i.  this  epi.„„ii.  w,,„i,i  ,„„„.„,,  |i„|,.  i,„,,re.t. 
ami  w^.iuld  be  si,irci  Iv  mentioned  in  the  hi-lorv 
(d  Italy,  or  even  of  Klorem  e.  b:id  not  the  came 
01  oursubhme  I'oel   been   involved   in   il      and 
after  his  love,  it  is  the  most   iinp,.rt.,i,.  ,  i-,..,..! 
oUnee  ol  his  hie.  and  the  one  to  which  he  must 


fre<|ucntly  alludes  in  liin  Comincdia  It  iin,, 
becomes  a  subji'ct  worthy  of  hhu^n 
Klorentiiie  historians  attribute  Corso  r>,,,i,i,j 
hatred  towards  Vieri  de  CiTilii  to  eri\» 
This  envyaros<'tosueh  u  height  betwn  i,  ] )„„;,, 
neiiihlHMirs  in  Florence  that  lie  has  ncl,  r,.|  it 
immorta..  •ThnaiRh  envy,' ,savs  Vi||„.i  .o,, 
c  iti/.ens  bc.-.in  to  divide  Into  factions  ;,,;.!  ,.,„. , , 
the  principal  feuds  bc'iian  in  theSesloil,  l|.,  s,  ,,, 

ilalo.  near  the  Ka f  ,S|    I'ietro,   b.iu.,,,  i|'„. 

families  of  theCerchland  the  Donali  |  li,,,„  nh;,!, 
l:ittiT  familv  came  Dante's   wife! 
Vieri  was  t  he  heail  of  the  I  louse  of  I  hi  ( 
he  tind  his  house  witc  powerful  in  alliii 
in.i;  a  numerous   kindred:    Ihev   wire    v't,  riri 
merchants,   for  their  eompanv"  w:is   ,.,„,  ,,f  ,|,' 
greatest  in  the  world.'  "     Tbe'.sltiie  of  , 
between    these    two   families    "was  e\ 
I'lorcnce  in  the  beL'innin),' of  KKK),  u  h, 
increasecl     bv    another     rather    siinil  o 
i|uarrel  that   had  arisen  in  I'istoia. 
was  in  I'istoia  a  familv  which  amoiiniii 
than    101)  men  capable  of  bearini;  arm. 
not    of    irrcat    antiiiuity,    but    was    | 
Wealthy,  and  numerous';  it  wasdcMin... 
one  Ctiniillieri  Notaio,  and  from  liini  il„  ,  „, 
preserved    Ciinccdlieri    as    their    fanuh    miih- 
From  the  children  of  the  two  wives  .if 'i|,i,  i,,,,, 
were  (h'sccindcil  the  KIT  men  of  arms  tint  l,ui 
becMienuinerated;  onct  of  the  wives  haii,,..  j,,.,,, 
named    Madcmna  Uianca,  her  desceml.irits  w,r, 
ctilled   Caiiecdlieri    Hianchi   (While  (':iti. .  Hi,  rii 
and  the  descendants  of  the  other  w  lb-    in  ,,|,i„„i' 
lion,  were  ctdled    Camrllieri   Neri  dH.ik  I'm 
cellieri).'"     Hetwc'cn  these  two  bram  lnMif  the 
family  of  the  (':inci  llieri  there  an 
near  the  end  of  the  thirteentl 
phieable     feud.        ••  Florence  . 
supreinacy  over  I'istoia  ....    tindfririii..  i'l,:u' 
these  internal  dis.sensicms  ini{.'ht  do  injun  i.  li.,' 
(inelf  party,  she  t  mk  upon  herscH'tiie  I  .nl-liii, 
or  siiprcMiiacy  of  that  city.     The  prim  .i-d  Ciii- 
lellieri.  both   Hianchi  and  Neri,  were  l.nii-lii-.l 
to  Florence  itself;   '  the  Neri  took  up  tin  ir  :ili...!i' 
in   the  house  of   thc>    Frescobaldi.    b.v.ii.l  tin- 
Arno;  the  Hianchi  at  the  house  of  the  ( Vn  iii  in 
thc>  tJarlM),  from  beinm'  connected   with  iIhidIiv 
kindred.      Hut  as  one  sick  sheep  infect,  :ii:iiili,f 
and  is  i:ijuriiiiis  to  the  Hock,  so  this  i  ::..,  !  „  ,..i 
of  discord,  that  had  departed   from  I'l-:.;  i  :,ii,| 
liail    now   enliTi-d    Florence,    ciirriipti  I   ..il  tin 
Florentines,  and  divided  them  itilotw.    lurti.^ 
.   .   .   The    Cerchi.    formerly   c-alled    il,.    rr--t 
|i:irly  (p.irlc  .sclvaiiiri:,).  now  assuim  ,|  li,,    i  ein- 
of  Hitinchi:  and  those  who  folliu\e,l  th.   |i  ,,  i>i 
were  now  called    Neri.   .  .   .    'Thife  -i  i  .1   .^i'li 
|lhe   Hianchi.   says   Villani]  the  taiinli.  -  ,i  il„ 
I'opolani  and  peity  tirti.saiis.  .md  .ill  tin  i;;,  i..  1 
hnes,    whether   Nobles  or    i'op,ilai,i  '  .  I!::, 

the  usual  position  in  which  the  Iho  |i.,i'    .  ^: ! 

was  altcrc'd;  for  hitherto  the  Nol.l-  -  I.  .■,    'n  .,i 

tihvays    been     (ihibi'llines,    and    thr     i'      j  mi 

,  ,„    :   tJuelfs:    but    now.    if  the    r..pol:,iii     ■    i      tit 

party,    which    h:ii|       'iliiliellines.  thev  were  at   le:ist   tn-t   -.i, 'i  -r..!;; 

.iter   mentioned  tin   \   <iuells.as  thenoiiles.     .Sometimesili,  ..  I    'i.-iire 

referred   to  as  White  (iuelfs  tiiid    lil  e  :,  H  ,mI- ' 

— ('.  H.lllli),  I.:f,-  lUiil  Ti,m.lnl    /)„..i..  .  '    ill 

Al.sc,  IN  II."  K.  Napier,  /■y„ni,/,,„  //-'  .7  .'/■ 
1.  <■/,.  l.t(r  1).— N,  ii:iehiavelli.  /  .'.  /  .■.',./ 
Jli-rlon,)!.  hk.  a. 


M,.„.r 

vlii .| 


-Il\ 

-'in:;  ill 

11   it    \\;i% 

lil:iilv 


lurrfiil, 

■■I    flni,, 

■I 


'  limi- 


llll 


A.  D  1301-1313.- -Triumph  of  the  Neri - 
Banishment  of  Dante  and  his  party  Ltown- 
fall  and  death  of  Corso  Donati.—'  li.  ;  i    m  ir 


1104 


FLORENCE.  ISOl-lSia 


BoMitkiment  of 
Danf. 


FLORENCE,  1841-1S48. 


imi   a  serious  aSnj  took  place  between  the 
*,  partlc.  (the  Blanchl  and  the  Neri]  ;  the 
'hole  city  w»»    in    anns ;   the  law,    and  the 
authority  of  the  Slgnoria,  among  whom  was 
tl^mK-tOante  AliKhleri,  was  set  at  naught  by 
iiu    irriiit    men   of  cnch  side,   while   the  best 
cilijin*  looked  on  with    fear    anil    trembling 
The  Donati,  fearing  that  unaided   they  wouh 
not  tw  a  raaleh  for  their  adversaries,  pniposed 
thiit  tluv  slioulil  put  themselves  umler  a  ruler 
of  the  family  of  the  king  of  Franee.     Sucli  a 
direct  uttuek  on   llic  iuile|KMideme  of  the  state 
was  u"t  to  1«    horiiu   by  the  Siniioria,  anioiiK' 
wliam  Ilie   p<h  1    had    gri'at    inllueme.      At   jus 
iusii.'iili.'ii  tiny  armed  llic  po|'iilaee,  and  with 
lliiirVMsUuiee  eompelhil  tlir  hea<ls  of  tlie  eon 
Iimiini;  Piirlies  to  lav  <h>«n  tlieir  arniH,  aii.i  B<-nt 
into  ixilf   Messer    f)ouati   and  olliers  who  liad 
nmposeii  tlie  calliiis  iu  of  foreigners.     A  si-iitence 
of  liiiii^linieiit  was  also  proiiouiKTil  against  tlie 
must  viol.nt  men  of  llie  p"".V  of  tlie  Bianclii.  most 
of  wlioin.  liowever.  were  allowed,  umhr  various 
pMcnres,  to  return  to  tlieir  eoiiiitry.     Tlie  party 
of  llie   IKiriti    i"  tliiir   exilic   larrii-d   on  lliosc 
intriL'ucs  win    i   tiny    had  eommeiieed  while  at 
lioiiir      Thi'y    derivid    eoiisidcralile    iissislame 
friira  llie   king  of  Kranee's  brother,  Charles  of 
Valois,  vvhi.iu  I'ope  lloiiifaee  had  broufilil  into 
luilv       That    prince    niauaiied,    by    means    of 
pnimises,    wliicU   he   sulist'i|Ucntly    violated,    to 
L-et  lulniission  for  hiiimlf,  together  with  several 
of  the   Neri,    and   the  legale  of  the  pope,  into 
Florence,     lie  then  priKlueed  letters,  generally 
susiKctiil  to  be  forgeries,  charging  the  leaders 
of  the  Bianclii  witli  conspiracy.     The  popularity 
of  llic  accused  party    had   already  lieen  on  the 
wane,  and  atU'r  a  violent  tumult,  the  chief  men 
amons  tliein,  including  Dante,  were  obliged  to 
leave  the  citv  ;  their  goods  were  confiscated,  and 
their  hoascs'destroyetl.     .     .     .     From  this  time 
Cor»  Doiiali,   the  head  of  the   factiim  of  the 
Scri.  iKcaaiu  the  chief  man  at  Florence.     The 
accouiils  of  its  state  at  this  perio<l,  tiiken  from 
the  aiost  credible  historians,  warrant  us  in  think- 
ing ihitihe  severe  invectives  of  Dante  are  not 
to  be  a.scrilK'd  merely  to  indignation  or  rescnt- 
lueut  at  the  harsh  treatment  he  had  received. 
.    .    Tlie  city  was  rent  by  more  violent  dis- 
sensions  limn    ever.      There    were    now    three 
distincl   sources    of    contention— the    jealousy 
brtwiin  the  jieople  and  the  nobles,  the  disputes 
betwirii  the   Uiiiicld    and    the  Neri.  and  those 
l«uvirn  iiio  (JliilM  lliiies  anil  tlie  Ouclf.s.     It  was 
inviia  ihal  I  he  lii;ate  of  Po|M!  Benedict,  n  man 
nt  !;nit  piciv,  went  thither  for  the  sake  of  try- 
in:;  to  ristnrc  order.     The  inhabitants  showed 
bow  linlf  thiy  respected   him  by  exhiliiting  a 
rfiindaloiw  rrpresenlation   of  liel!   on  the  river 
Amo;  and.  after  renewing    his  efforts  without 
iacccss.  1h!  c'lirsi'd  the  citv  and  departed  [lUDi]. 
riic  ni.'u  of  Corso    Douali    ended  like  that  of 
m"^t  i.f  ilii.M'  wlio  have  succeeded  to  power  by 
ptipiihr   Mnlenee.     Six  years   after   the  bani.sh- 
in'ii!  .if  ins  advers;iries"hc  was  suspected,  not 
Kiilieui  n.ison.  of  endeavouring  to  make  liim- 
si'lf    ioci.  prii.leiit    of     <-i>nstitulional    restraints, 
ill"    ?•  -imri   declared    him  guilty  of  relM'llion. 
AftiT  I  prciiracted  resistance  lie  made  bis  escape 
from  !;„    i;!v,  but   was  pursutHl  and  taken  at 
liov.v  I    |i;;iis|      When    he    was    leil    captive 
I'v  tl..'M    .luntii!  whom  his  authority  had  lately 
v.;.:-.  •...:....,..:;,!     \;,:   t^row    himacl'f   uiidcr  lils 
horse,  aj.l,   alter  having  been    dragged    some 


distance,  he  was  dispatched  bv  one  of  the  cap- 
tors. .  .  .  The  party  that  had  been  raised  by 
Corso  Donati  continued  to  bold  the  chief  power 
at  Florence  even  after  the  death  of  their  chief. 
The  exiled  faction,  in  the  words  of  one  of  their 
leaders,  ...  had  not  learned  the  art  of  return- 
ing to  their  country  as  well  as  their  adversaries. 
Four  years  after  the  events  alluded  to,  the 
Emperor,  Henry  VII.,  made  some  negotiations 
in  vheir  favour,  which  but  imperfectly  sue.  'eded. 
The  Florentines,  however,  were  awed  when  he 
approached  their  city  at  the  head  of  his  army; 
and  In  the  extremity  of  their  danger  they 
implored  the  as.sistance  of  King  Uobert  of 
Naples,  ami  made  him  l,ord  of  their  ci'y  for  the 
space  of  live  years.  Tlie  Kmperor's  mysterious 
death  [August  24,  13ia]  at  Huoiiconvento  freed 
them  from  their  alarm."— W.  I',  frquliart,  /.(/« 
iiml  Timcaof  h'mhriHeo  SJ'n-.ii.  hk.  1.  eh.  ;)  (r.  1). 

Al.Miis  Mrs.  Oliphaiit.  The  Milker*  „f  Urni  net, 
eh.  i.— U.  Dulfy,  The  Tnne.in  Heimh/iex,  ch.  12. 

A.  D.  •310-1313.— Resistance  to  the  Em- 
peror, Henry  Vll.-Siege  by  the  imperial  army. 
See  It.\i.y;  A.  I>.  1310-1313. 

A.  D.  1313-1328.— Warswith  Pisa  and  with 
Castruccio  Castracani,  of  Lucca.— Disastrous 
battles  of  Montecatini  and  Altopascio.  See 
lr.M.v:  A.  1>.  1313-133U. 

A.  D.  1336-1338  — Alliance  with  Venice 
•gainst    Mastino  della  Scala.     See  Vekona: 

A.  I).  1260- i;«a 

A.  D.  i34i-i343-Defe»t    ^7   *••«    P'»"» 
before    Lucca.— The    brief  tyranny    of    the 
Duke  of  Athens.— Ill  1341,  Mastino  della  Scala, 
of  Verona,  who  had  become  master  of  Lucca  in 
1.33.5  by  treachery,  offered  to  sell  that  town  to  the 
FUirentines.     The  bargain  was  concluded ;  "but 
it  appeared  to  the  Pisans  the  signal  of  their  own 
serviuiile,   for    it   cut   off    all    communication 
between  them  and  the  Gbibelines  of  Lonibardy. 
Tliev  immediately  advanced   their  militia  into 
the  'Luechese  states  to   prevent  the  Florentines 
from  taking  jiossession  of  the  town;  vanquiBlied 
them  in  battle,  on  the  2d  of  Octolier,  1341,  under 
the  walls  of  Lucca;  and,  on  the  6th  of  July  fol- 
lowing, took   possession  of   that  city  for  them- 
selves.    The  people  of  Florence  attributed  this 
train  of  disasters  to  the  incapacity  of  their  magis- 
trates   ...  At  this   peritHl,   Gauttler  [Walter] 
de  Brienne.  duke  of  Athens,  a  French  noble,  but 
iMirn  in  Greece,  piuised  through  Flon-nce  ou  his 
way   fpuu   Naples  to   France.     The   duchy   of 
Athens  had  remained  in  his  family  from  the  con- 
quest of  Constantinople  till  it  wiis  taken  from 
his  father  iu  1312.    .    .    .    It  was  for  this  man  the 
Floreiitiiu-s,  after  their  defeat  at  Lucca,  took  a 
sudden  fancy.  .   .  .  On  the  Isl  of  August,  134'.., 
they  obligeil  the  siirnoria  to  confer  on  him  the 
title  of  ca[itain  of  justice,  and  to  give  him  the 
command  of  their  mililia."     A  luoiitb  later,  the 
iluke    bv  his  arts,  lia.l  workeil  such  a  ferment 
among  the  lower  classes  of  the  |M.pulalii.n  that 
thev  •proclaimeil  him  sovereign  h>rd  of  Florence 
f.irhis  life,  f.irced  the  public  palace,  drove  ironi 
it  llie  gonfalonier  anil  the  priori,  uml  iiislaUed 
him  there  in  tlieir  place.   .   .  .    Happily.  Florence 
was  not  ri|ie  for  slavery:  ten  months  sulhc;;;    ''''; 
the   duke  of   Athens   to  draw    from    it    400.1100 
giihlen  llorius.  whicli  be  sent  either  to  Frame  or 
Naples;  but  ten  months  sulliced  also  to  iinileceive 
all   parties  who  had   placed  any  confidence   in 
i  him,"  and  by  a  universal  rising,  in  July,  1343, 


llGo 


!    i] 


11 


u 


H! 


'  1  *  '  i 


..■| 


FLORENCE,  1341-1343, 


Tkf  Orral  Plaguf. 


FLORENCE.  1858. 


he  was  driven  fmm  the  city.— J.  C.  L.  de  Sis- 
moiidi.  Hint,  of  the  Italian  flep'ihUn,  eh.  6. 

Ai..«o  in:  t.  A.  Trnllopo,  Hint,  nf  the  Cminwn- 
wealth  of  Flnrehee.  hk.  3.  eh.  4  (r.  2). 

14th  Century. — Industrial  Prosperity  of  the 
City.— ".lohn  Yillani  has  ;;iv(ii  iisiin  aniplpand 
pri'cisi'  aivoiint  of  the  stati-  of  Florence  in  tlie 
earlier  part  i.f  the  14th  cenliirv.     Tlie  revenue 
of  the  l{cpul]lic'  amounted  to  300,000  florins,  a 
sum  which,  allowing  for  the  depreciation  of  the 
precious  metals,  was  at  li:ist  ecpiivalent  to  600,- 
0(K)  pounds  slerlinj,';  a  larger  sum  than  England 
and  Ireland,  two  centuries  ago,  yielded  annually 
to  Klizalicth  — a  larger  sum  than,  acconling  to 
any  computation  which  we  have  seen,  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Tuscany  now  derives  from  a  territory  of 
much  gre;iler  cxlent.     The  manufacture  of  wool 
alone  inipliiycd  im  factories  and  30,000  work- 
men.    The  cloth  aniinallv  prmlnced  sold,  at  an 
sverag.-,  f.ir  I,','(H).0()Otlorins;  a  sum  fairly  equal, 
in  exchangeahle  valui>.  to  two  millions  and   a 
half  of  our  money.      Four  hundred  thousand 
florins  were  annually  coined.     Eighty  banks  con- 
ducted the  commercial  op<Tations,  not  of  Flor- 
ence only,  hut  of  all  Europe.     The  transactions 
of    these  establishments  were  sometimes  of  a 
magnitude  which  may  surprise  even  the  contem- 
poraries of   the  Rarings   and   the   Rothschilds. 
Two  houses  advanced  to  Edward  the  Third  of 
England  upwarils  of  300,000  marks,  at  a  time 
when  the  murk  contained  more  silver  than  50 
shillings  of  the  present  day,  and  when  the  value 
of  silver  was  more  than  quailniplc  of  what  it 
now  is.    Thccityand  its  environs  contained  170,- 
000  inhabitants.      In  the  various  schools  almut 
10,000children  were  taught  to  read ;  1,200  studied 
arithmetic;    600  received  a  learned  education. 
The  progress  of  elegant  literature  and  of  the  tine 
arts  was  proportiotie<l  to  th.it  of  the  public  pn)s- 
perity.  .  .  .   Earlyinthe  14th  century  came  forth 
the  DivineComi'dy,  l)eyond  comparison  the  great- 
est work  of  imagination  which  had  appeared  since 
the  poems  of  Homer.     The  following  generation 
produced  indeed  no  8«>cond  Dante:   but  it  was 
eminently  distingiushed  by  general  intellectual 
activity.      The  study  of  the  Latin  writers  liad 
never  Iktii  wholly  neglected  in  Italy      But  Pe- 
trarch intr<Hiuced  a  more  profound,  liberal,  and 
elegant  scholarship;   and  communicated  to  his  i 
countrymen  that  enthusiasm  for  the  literature,    I 
the  history,  and  the  antiipiities  of  Itome,  whicli   j 
diviileii  his  own  heart  with  a  frigiil  mistress  and   I 
a  more  frigid  .Muse.     Boccaccio  turned  their  at- 
tention to  the  more  sublime  and  graceful  moilels 
of  Greece."— Lord  Macaulav,  MaehintellilhMiiivii 

T.    I).  •  '  ■'   ■     I 

A.  D.  1348.— The  Plague.-"  In  the  year  then   \ 
of  our  Lord  134H,  there  hapjiencd  at  J^'lorence, 
the  tiuest  lity  in  all  Italy,  a  most  terrible  plague';    ! 
which,    whether  owing   to  the  inlluence  of  the   ' 
plauct.s,  or  that  it  was  sent  from  (J.id  as  a  jiLst   j 
punishment  for  our  sins,  had  broken  out  some 
years  before  in  the  I.<!vant,   and  after  pa.>ising 
from  place  to  plan,  anil  making  incri'ilible  havoc 
all  the  wav,  had  now  reached  the  west.     Then', 
spite  of  all  the  means  that  art  and  human  fore- 
sight could    suggest,  f.w\i  a.s  keeping  the  city   ' 
clear  from  tilth,  the  exclusion  of  all  suspecteil   ! 
ivrsons,  and  tlie  publication  of  copious  instruc- 
tions for  the  preservation  of  health ;  and  notwith- 
standing manifolil  huinble  supplications  oflfered   ' 
to  0')d  in  pMcessions  and  otherwise;  it  began  to   ' 
Bhow  ilotir  iu  the  spring  of  tlie  aforesaid  year,  in   i 


a  sad  and  wonderful  manner.     Cnlike  what  1,1.1 
been  seen  in  the  east,   where  bleeriii,..  |r,,„,  ,, 
nose  is  the  fatal  proL"  istic,  here  tli(  rr  ioii,,  ,r,"i 
certain  tumours  in  the  groin  or  iindirili,'  in, 
pits,  some  as  big  as  a  small  apple.  i>ii„.r<  ,„  ,', 
egg;  and  afterwards  purple  spots  in  m,^\  i,,r. 
of  the  iKHly ;  in  some  cases  large  ami  imi  iX  in 
number,  in  others  smaller  and  more  iiumi,  riii«_ 
txith  sorts  the  u.sual  nies.sengers of  death      f  ,ilif 
cure  of  this  malady,  neither  medicil  kimwhil.o 
nor  the  power  of  drugs  was  of  anv  .  irm 
Nearly  all  died  the  third  day  from"  thr  lir*-  ,„ 
pearance  of  the  symj  loms.  .lonii'   s.,oii,r   mL 
later,  without  any  fever  or  other  acivssnrv.svnm. 
toms.      What  gave   the  mort^  virulence'  tr!  tlit 
plague,  was  that,  by  being  commuiii,„t,.,|  h,„ 
the  sick  to  the  hale,  it  spread  dailv.  lik..  lirc  v\m 
It  come.s  in  contact  with  large  mas..,c  <,,f  ,.,,|„h,|,|i. 
bles.    Nor  was  it  caught  onlv  bv  (nnver<iii  '«iih 
or  coming  near  the  sick,  bill  even  In-  toridiini: 
their  clothes,  or  anything  that  thev  'h,i(l  Ukn 
touched.  .  .  .  Thcsefacts,  and  others  of  the  like 
sort,  occasioned  various  fears  and  devi((siitiiiin,-st 
those  who  survived,  all  tending  to  the  same  un- 
charitable and  cruel  end ;  which   w;is  to  av<,i(| 
the  sick,  and  everything  that  h:i(l  h,  en  mar  them 
expecting  by  that  means  to.savetlieniM  Ives     \\A 
some  hohling  it  best  to  live  temper.it,  Iv  imi'l  to 
avoid  cxces-ses  of  all  kinds,  made  parti,  satul  shut 
themselves  up  from  the  rest  of  the  w,,rl,| 
Others  maintained  free  living  to  be  .1  h,  iter  prp 
st'rvative.  and  would  baulk  no  p:issi,)ii  ,,r  app,  lite 
they  wished  to  gratify,  drinking  11,1,1  rev,Hin» 
inces.santlv  from  tavern  to  tavern,  or  in  piivitj 
Iious<'s  (wliich  were  freiiuently  foiii„|  ,i,.srl,  .|  l,v 
the  owners,  and  therefore  coninn'ii  1,1  every  ,ii,' 
yet  strenuously  avoiuing,  with  all  this  hniial  ia 
dulgence,  to  come  near  "the  infect,,!      .\n,|  smii 
at  that  time,  was  the   public  ,listre>s,  ih.it  il,f 
laws,  human  and  divine,  were  noninr,'  r,^';ir,l,.| 
for  the  otiicers  to  put  them  in  fiirc<'  1„  ing  ,.ithor 
dead,  sick,  or  in  want  of  persons  t,i  assist  thrni 
I  every  one  did  just  as  he  pleased.  .  .  .  Ipxssnv.T 
the  little  regard  that  citizens  and  rela!i,iTissh,iwi,l 
to  each  other;  for  their  terror  was  sn,  h  that  a 
brother  even  fled  from  a  brother,  a  wil,'  fr.im  liir 
husband,  and,  what  is  more  ;inc,>inni,,n,  a  parent 
from  his  own  child.  .  .  .  Such  was  ih,'  ,  rucltv 
of  Heaven,  and   perhaps  of  men.  that  h.twopn 
March  and  July  following,  acconlin!;  t,i  aiithin 
tic  reckonings,  upwards  of  100,iious,i\ilsp,ri>li,',l 
in  the  city  only;  whereas,  before  tli;,t  lalamitv, 
it  was  not  supposed  to  iiave  contaii,,  I  s,>  niaiiv 
inhabitants.     What  magnificent  dH,i!:!i.'s,  what 
noble  palaces,  were  then  depopul:it,',l  1,.  ilir  List 
inhabitant!  "—O.   Bwcaccio,     77,,    //,r,i„„  -,; 
iiitrod. — See,  also,  Black  Dk.vtii. 

A.  D.  1358.- The  captains  of  the  Cueif  Party 
andthe"Ammoniti."— •TheiMii-i-'ii,  i  lail,  ! 
the  'Capitani  di  Parte  Ouelfa,'— ih,-  Ciiliaiiisif 
tlie__Ouelph  party,— was  institute,!  i.i  ih,  \rar 
1267;  and  it  was  remarked,  when  Ih,'  in-tiliiii,,ii 
of  it  was  recorded,  that  the  cmcepli,.,,  ,.f  a  mai; 

istracy  avowedly  formed  to  govern  a  , imiiiiirv, 

not  only  by  the  "authority  of.  but  in  th.  iiitinsl 
of  one  section  only  of  its  memlHrs,  wis  m  ,  xtr« 
ordinary  pnK)f  of  "the  unfitness, if  th,  I'i  ,r,  iitiin'S 
for  self-government,  and  a  fonnvami'iu  ,if  tlip 
infallible  certainty  that  the  at,.aiipt  1  1  rul,'  tl„' 
Cimimonwealth  on  such  principle's  wi.ull  cmi,' 
to  a  bad  ending.  In  the  vear  !:!",•<.  a  liiil,'  1,'S.s 
than  a  century  aiU-r  the  "first  esta!,!;  .'i'ti,  ri!  ,:f 
this  strange  magistracy,  it  liegau  to  ,li'v,  l.ip  the 


IIGG 


FLOUENOE,  135a 


Tumuli  of  Ihe 
Ciompi. 


FLORENCE,  1378-1427. 


mi«ohicvou9  capabilities  inhen-nt  in  the  nature 
o(  it  in  »  very  alarming  manner.  ...  In  l.tts 
this  miiBistracy  consisted  of  four  member.  .  .  . 
These  men,  ■bom,'  says  Amminito,  'for  tlic 
nublie  ruin,  under  pretext  of  z.eal  f..r  the  Ouelpli 
^use'  caused  a  law  to  Iw  passed,  according 

to  whicli  anv  citizen  or  Florentine  subject  wlio 
hail  ever  lii'ld.  or  should  tlienafter  Imld,  any 
office  in  llie  Commonwealth,  might  Iw  either 
ooenlv  or  seeretlv  accuse<l  before  tlic  tribtina  of 
tbeCLr'ainsof  '"'"^  Ouelph  Party  of  bi'ing  Old- 
bollinc  or  not  genuine  Ouelph.  If  the  aeciisji^ 
tion  was  supporteil  by  si.\  witnesses  worthy  of 
belief  the  accused  might  be  condemned  to  ileath 
or  til  line  at  the  discretion  of  the  Captains.  .  . 
It  will  be  readily  conceived  that  tlie  passing  of 
BUih  a  law,  in  a  city  bristling  with  party  hatreds 
«nd  fend-i  was  the  signal  for  the  commeneeiiunt 
ot  a  rcij-Mi  of  terror."  The  eiti/.ens  nroscnbed 
were  "said  to  be  'admonished';  and  the  con- 
demnations were  called  'admonitiims';  and 
henceforward  for  many  years  the  'ammonizioni 
[or  ■aininoniti  '1  play  a  large  part  in  the  domestic 
Ltorv  and  political  struggles  of  Florence.  — T. 
A  Tri)lli>pe,  Jliit.  of  the  CommoniDtalth  of  rlor- 
fw,  M-.  3.  M.  7  (r.  2). 
Also  is:   H.  E.  Napier,  FlorenUnt  Butory, 

eh.  23  (r.  i). 

A  D.  1359-1391-— The  Free  Compmny  of  Sir 
lohn  Hawkwood  and  the  wars  with  Pisa, 
with  Milan,  and  with  the  Pope.  Sec  Italy: 
A.  D.  I;t43-I393. 

A   D.  1375-1378.— War  with  the  Pope  m 
lupport  of  the  oppressed  States  of  the  Church. 
—The  Eight  Saints  of  War.— A  terrible  ex- 
commanication.— Ill   1375,  the   Flori'iitiues  be- 
came engaged  in  war  with  Pope  Gregory  XI., 
supporting  a  revolt  of  the  States  of  the  Church, 
which  were  heavily  oppressed  by  the  repre.sentii- 
tivisof  their  papal  sovereign  (see  Papacy  :  A.  D. 
13.5i-137Hi.     "  Nevertheless,  so  profoundly  rev- 
erenced was  the  church  that  even  the  sound 
of  war  against  a  pope  appeareil  to  many  little 
less  than  lilaspheniv:  numliers  opposed  on  this 
pretence,  hut  really" f—m  party  motives  alone." 
But  "a  L'cneral  ooiiiicU  assembled  and  declared 
the  can*  of  lilierty  paramount  to  every  other 
consideration ;  the  war  was  nfflrmed  to  lie  rather 
airaiusl  the  injustice  and  tyranny  of  foreign  gov- 
ernors than  the  church  itsidf.  .  .  .  All  the  eccle- 
siasiical  cities  then  groaning  under  French  op- 
pression were  to  be  invited  to  revolt  and  boldly 
aehieve  their  independence.     These  8pirite<l  reso- 
lutions wore  instantly  executed,  and  on  the  8th 
of  August  1375  Alessandro  de'  Bardi  [and  seven 
other  citizens]  .  .  .  were  formed  into  a  supreme 
council  of  war  called  'Oil  Otto  della  Guemi'; 
anil  afterwards,  from  their  able  conduct,    'Oil 
Olio  Santi  della  Ouerra'  [The  Eight  Saints  of 
War];  armed  with  the  concentrated    power  of 
the  whole  Florentine  nation  in  what  regarded 
war. "    A  terrible  sentence  of  excommunication 
was  launched  against  the   Florentines   by   the 
Pope.      "Their  souls  were  solemnly  condemned 
to  the  p.iins  of  hell;  lire  and  water  weP'  inter- 
dieted;  tlnir  persons  and  property  outlir->ed  in 
every  Christian  land,  and  they  were  finally  de- 
clared iawful   prey  for  all  who  chose  t<)  sell, 
plunder,  or  kill  them  as  though  they  were  mere 
slaves  or  intidels. "— H.   E.   Napier,   Florentint 
BU,rii.:,{:  1,  rh.  MIk.  2). 

A.  D.  :37S-i437.— Com^eter  democratizing 
of  the  commoowealth.— Thr  Tumult  of  the 


Ciompi.— First  appearance  of  the  Medici  in 
Florentine  history.— Though  the  reign  of  the 
Duke  of  Athens  lasUd  nither  less  than  a  year, 
"it  bore  important  fruits;  forthe  tyrant,  seeking 
to  support  himself  upon  the  favour  of  the  com- 
mon people,  gave  pcditical  power  lo  the  I^'sser 
Arts  at  the  expense  of  the  Greater,  and  confused 
the  old  State-system  by  enlarging  the  (lemo<:ra<'y. 
The  net  result  of  these  events  for  Florence  was, 
first,  that  the  city  became  habituated  to  rancor- 
ous party-strife,  "involving  exih'S  and  proscrip- 
tions,   and,  secondiv,  that  it  lost  its  primitive 
social  hierarchy  of  classes.  ,   .  .  Civil  strife  now 
declared  itself  as  a  coutlict  bi'tween  laliour  and 
capital.    The  members  of  the  I.es.ser  Arts,  crafts- 
men who  plied  mules sulmrdinate  to  those  of  the 
Greater  Arts,  rose  up  against  their  siK-ial   and 
pcditical  superiors,  demanding  a  larger  share  io 
the  governmeut,    a  more  e<iual  distribution  of 
profits,  higher  wages,  and  privileges  that  should 
place  thein  on   an  al)solute   equality  with  the 
wealthy  merchants.    It  was  in  the  year  1378  that 
the  proletariate  broke  out  into  rebellion.     Pre- 
vious events  had  prepared  the  way  for  this  re- 
volt.    First  of  all,  the  republic  had  been  demo- 
cratised through  the  destruction  of  the  Grand! 
and  through  tlic  popular  pcdicy  pursued  to  gain 
his  own  ends  by  the  Duke  of  Athens.    Secondly, 
society  had  been  shaken  to  its  very  foundation  by 
the  great  plague  of  1348  .  .  .  nor  had  30  years 
sutflced  to  restore  their  relative  position  to  grades 
and  ranks  confounded  by  an  overwhelming  ca- 
lamity. .  .  .   Hising   in  a  mass  to  claim   their 
privileges,  the  a.tisans  ejected  the  Signory  from 
the  Public  Palace,  and  for  awhile  Florence  was 
at  the  mercv  of  the  mob.     It  is  worthy  of  notice 
that  the  Medici,  whose  name  is  scarcely  known 
before  this  epoch,  now  come  for  one  mimunt  to 
the  front.     Salvestro  de'  Medici  was  Gonfahmier 
of  Justice  at  the  time  w  hen  the  tumult  first  broke 
out.     Uc  folli.\ve<l  the  faction  of  the  handicrafU- 
men,  and  became  the  hero  of  the  day.     I  cannot 
discover  that  he  did  more  than  extend  a  sort  of 
pa.ssive  protection  to  their  cause.     Yet  there  is 
no  doubt  that  the  attachment  of  the  working 
classes  to  the  house  of  Jledici  dates  from  this 
pericxi.     The  rebellion  of  1378  is  known  in  Flor- 
entine historv  as  the  Tumult  of  the  Ciompi.    The 
name  Ciompi  strictly  means  the  Wool-Carders. 
One  set  of  operatives  in  the  city,  and  that  the 
largest,  gave  its  title  to  the  whole  body  of  the 
labourers.     For  some  months  these   craftsmen 
governed   the   republic,    appointing    their  own 
Signory  and  passing  laws  in  their  own  interest; 
but,  as  is  usual,  the  jiroletariate  found  itself  in- 
capable of  sustained  government.    The  ambition 
and  discontent  of  the  Ciompi  foamed  themstdves 
away,  and  industrious  workingmen  began  to  see 
thattrade  was  languishing  and  credit  on  tlie  wane. 
By  their  own  a<t  at  last  they  restored  the  gov- 
ernment to  tlie  Priors  of  the  Greater  Arti.     Still 
the  movement  had  not  been  without  grave  con- 
seipiences      It  completed  the  levelling  of  clas.ses. 
which  had  Iwen  steadily  advancing  from  tlu'  first 
in  Florence.     After  the  Ciompi  riot  there  was  no 
longer  not  onlv  anv  clistinction  tietween  noble 
and  burgher,  biitthe  distinction  lietween  greater 
and  lesser  guilds  was  i>ractically  swept  away. 
.  .  .  The  proper  political  conditions  had   been 
formed  for  unscrupulous  adventurers.    Florence 
had  liecome  a  democracy  without  social  organi- 
salioa.  .   .   .  Tlie  time  whs  cair.c  for  the  Alidzzi 
to  attempt  an  oligarchy,  and  for  the  Medici  to 


'i: 


•■if 


n 


•11 


11G7 


>m 


I 


,     ...     -|. 


•  ,  ■  '■  \-. 

■  •  !  1        i  1  • 


FLORENCE,  1878-1427.         Kim  of  tk,  Mtdid.         FLORENCE,  1890-1408. 


be(tln  the  cnslnvcment  of  the  State.  The  Con- 
stitutiiiii  of  Florence  offcrejl  many  points  of 
wi'iikiu'sii  to  the  attacks  of  such  iiitriguera.  In 
t<i('  tlrxt  place  it  wus  in  its  oiit^in  not  u  political 
l>ut  all  iiKliiHtriiil  or^auisiition  —  a  simple  K^oup 
of  giiihU  invested  with  ilie  sovereiK"  uiithiirity. 
...  It  hud  no  permanent  li<'ad,  like  the  Doge 
of  Venice,  no  lixed  wnate  like  the  Venetian 
(Sraiid  ('(mm  il ;  ii.> chief  iimKislrates.  IheSignory, 
were  i  Icdi.l  for  short  periiHls  of  two  mouths, 
and  tli(  ir  jiinde  of  election  was  open  H>  the  gravest 
criticism,  Siip|M)Scd  to  he  <'lioseu  by  lot,  they 
wi  re  ri'.illy  i-dcctcil  from  lists  drawn  up  by  the 
factions  in  power  froiii  time  to  lime.  These  fac- 
tions cnnlri\cd  to  cri-lnde  the  nuines  t)f  all  Imt 
thi-ir  iidlii'ii'iiis  from  tin-  ha^s.  or  'liurM','  in 
wliirh  Ihc  liiirtflicrs  •  !;:;ilile  tor  election  IkicI  to 
lie  in-crihiil.  Kiirtliermore.  il  Wiis  not  possil)lu 
for  this  shiflini;  Siu'iiory  to  cuiiiliii't  iilTairs  re- 
({iiirini;  .^iistain(>d  eH'ort  iiial  secret  delilMTatioii; 
tlierefitn-  rccniirse  was  beiiii;  ctmliniially  li.ad  to 
iliclaloiiiil  Comniissiiins.  Tlic  peo|i|i',  siimnioneil 
in  parlianK'iJl  upon  Hie  Great  Sipiare.  were  asked 
to  confer  picnipoleiitiary  autiiority  upon  a  coiii- 
inittd'  called  Halia  (see  li.M.iA  ok  FloicksckJ, 
wh<»  proceeded  to  do  what  lliey  cliose  in  tlie 
Slate;  and  who  retained  pnwer  iit'lcr  the  emer- 
gency for  wliirh  tliey  were  (Tialcd  passed  away. 
...  It  was  tliroiii;li  these  [and  oilier  specilied] 
defects  that  the  deiiHKT.icy  merged  gnuliially 
into  a  despot  ism.  The  art  of  the  .Nlediciconsisteil 
in  a  scienlilic  compreliension  of  these  very  imper- 
fections, a  melhixlic  use  of  them  for  their  own 
purpo.ses,  and  a  steady  opposition  to  any  at- 
tempts made  to  subslitule  a  strictersystein.  .  .  . 
Fhirence,  in  the  middle  of  the  14th  century,  was 
a  vast  iH'cliive  of  industry.  Distinctions  of  muk 
among  burghers,  ipiaiitied  to  vote  and  hold  otUce, 
were  theoretically  unknown.  Highly  educated 
men.  of  more  than  princely  wealth,  spent  their 
time  in  shops  ami  counting-houses,  and  trained 
their  sons  to  fullow  trades.  Military  service  at 
this  period  wiis  abandoned  by  the  citizens;  they 
preferred  to  pay  mercenary  troops  for  the  con- 
duct of  their  wars.  Nor  was  there,  as  in  Venice, 
any  outlet  for  their  energies  upon  the  si'as.  Flor- 
ence hail  no  navy,  no  great  port  —  she  only  kept 
a  small  licet  for  the  protection  of  her  commerce. 
Thus  the  vigour  of  the  commonwealth  was  con- 
ccntratid  mi  itsi-lf ;  while  the  inlluence  of  citi- 
zens, thviiiigh  their  aflilialed  trading  houses,  cor- 
respondi  nts,  and  agents.  e.Mcndeil  like  a  iietwork 
over  Kurope.  .  .  .  Accordingly  we  tind  that  out 
of  Hie  viry  Ixisom  of  the  peojilea  new  plutocratic 
arisicicraey  iM'gins  to  ri.se.  .  .  .  These  nobles  of 
tile  purse  oltiained  thenameof  *  Popolani  Nobili'; 
and  it  was  Iliey  who  now  began  to  play  at  high 
stakes  for  tin- supreme  power.  .  .  .  Theopeuing 
of  the  siii.nd  half  of  the  llth  century  had  lieeu 
siiinalisi'd  hythe  feinlsof  t  wii  greal  liliuscs.  both 
risen  lidiii  tile  pi'ople.  These  were  the  Albiz/ti 
and  ilie  Uicii  "  Till'  Alhi/.zi  triumphed,  in  the 
conlliii  of  till'  twdliuuses.  aiii  oecame all  power- 
ful riratiini-  in  l-'loriiiee ;  but  the  wars  with  the 
Vi.sconii,  ..1  Milan,  in  whiili  ihey  engaged  the 
city,  luaili-  mussary  a  hia\y  iiiinleii  of  taxa- 
tion, wliiih  tiny  rimlered  more  grievous  by  dis- 
tributing it  iiijfairly.  "  Tliis  imprudent  I  naneial 
policy  lieg.-m  tlie  n'lin  of  the  Albizzi.  It  causi'il 
a  clamour  in  tlie  <  ity  for  a  new  system  of  more 
just  !.i\:iti(.ii,  whirh  w'iis  iiMi  powerfu!  •<>  1m'  rc- 
.sibteil.  The  voice  of  the  people  mach'  itself 
loudly  heard;  and  with  the  people  on  this  occa- 


i'l 


ilon  sided  GloTannI  de'  Medici.  This  wu  ig 
1487.  It  la  here  that  the  Medici  ap|«iir  up,i„ 
that  memorable  scene  where  In  the  future  tl,, , 
are  to  play  the  first  part.  Giovanni  di-  M.-.y^'^ 
did  not  belong  to  the  same  branch  of  his  fimii. 
as  the  Salvestro  who  favouretl  the  penpl,.  „t  Hj 
time  of  the  Ciompi  Tumult.  Hut  he  .■i.l..|,iiiliin, 
same  popular  policy.  To  his  sons  (  osim,,  and 
I-ori'Dzo  he  U'liiieatiied  on  his  death  In  d  tin  rule 
that  they  should  invariably  adhere  I..  Ihr  lans^ 
of  the  multitude,  found  their  inlliienn  m  that 
and  avohl  the  arts  of  factious  and  :iiiil.iii,,iii 
leadiTs." — j.  A.  Hymonds,  h'l,in  i„;  .:i„i  n^ 
MiilirHSkttrhet  aiid'stiKlii't  ill  llnhi,  ./,   :„ 

Also  in:  \.  von  lieumont.  /,.-(i /,;.. ./.  i/,,;,., 
M-.  1,  rh.  •,'  ir  1).— T.  A.  Trollop,.,  //,,,  , ,  ,., 
Oiiiuiiiiiiinnllli  I'f  FI'Ti'iirr,  hk.  I  ."i  (.■  ■,', 

A.  D.  1390-1402.— War  with  Gian  Galeazzo 
Visconti,  Ouke  of  Milan.— "  Ahvuh  m  \.\-i\ 
the   growing  power  of   Giangalea/zo'  \i„,,ii|j' 
the  tenth  duke  of  .Milan  of  that  fainiK .  I«.:;,ni  1,, 
give    umbrage,    not   only    to  all    tin'  sovrni.-a 
irinee.s,  his  neighbours,  but  also  to  Klmi m,-  iCt 
Mli..\.N:  A.    1).    I-JTT-IUT].  .   .   ,    Finn  11,1    ' 
had  cause  enough  to  feel  unea.sy  at  tlir  irnjrr^ 
of  such  u  man  in  his  eareerof  suceessfnl  invi-inii 
and    usurpation; — Florence,   no  ninri'  s|iiri;il|y 
than  other  of  the  fnr  towns  aroim.l  h,  r   sue 
that  Florence  seems  always  to  have  tlioiulii  Hiat 
she  had  more  to  lose  from  the  loss  of  li,  r  lil«  rtv 
than  any  of  the  othir  cities  .  .  .  uml  f.  It  iluav'i 
called    upon   to   take    upon    herself  tli.   ,l:i;v'„f 
stjuiilirg  forward  as  the  champion  and  s'i|i|ior;.r 
of  the  (irinciples  of  republicanism  and  tm   irov- 
ernment.   .   .   .  The    I'ope,    I'rlian    \l  ,    allci 
another  element  of  disturbance  to  the  niinliiinn 
of  Italy.     For  in  his  an.\iety  to  reeour  siinilry 
cities  mainly  in  t'mbria  anil  Uomagiia     .  .  lie 
was  exceedingly  unscrupulous  of   iinaii-,  ami 
might  at  any  moment  be  found  allying'  liiiiiM  It 
witli  the  enemies  of  free  government  ami  i.f  tlic 
ohl  Guelpb  cause  in  Italy.     Venice.  aN...  Iiaviug 
most  improvidently  anif  unwisely  allinl  liirsiK 
with   Visconti.  constituted  anotfer  i  liimiit  d 
danger,  and   an  additional   eausi'  of  iimasincss 
and  watchfulness  to  the  Florentine  ;;n\(  riiimitt 
In  the  spring  of  13!j8,  therefori'.  a  In  itl  of  tm. 
'  Dieci  di   lialia,'  was  elected  for   ilir  gimral 
manugeiiient  of  'all  those  naasuns  i nincniin? 
war  and  peace  which  should  1m-  adoptcl  l,y  tlie 
entire  Florentine  people.'"     The  lir.-t  »ar'«illi 
Visconti  was  declared  by  tlie  repiililii.  in  .M:iy, 
i:tWI,  and  was  so  successfully  eomlui  ti  d  fnr  liie 
Florentines  by  Sir  John  llawkHood  that  it  tir- 
minated   in  a  treaty  signed   .l.imi:ir\    :<',,   V'ifi, 
which  bound  the  Duke  of  .Milan  not   •,,  miil-llc 
in  any  way  with  the  alfairs  of  'i'lis.  ,iiiy     i'nr 
ten  years  this  agrcemi'iit  seems  to  |;n  ■  ! . .  n  ii.l 
erably  well  adheri'd  to;  but  in  1  Hi'J  tir  Mpaiinua 
Duke  entered  upon  new  ciieroacl::!.' :  ;-.  \\liii!i 
forced  the  Florentines  to  t.ike   i.p    c::.-  J!.';iiii 
Their  only  allies  were   liolo^'iia  .1  .i  !'i  lu.i  "r 
Francesco  Carrara  of  l*aduai.  and  'i     .iiinii^'f 
the  three  states  were  defeated  in  ,1  :■  m:'  i\  !.l."cly 
battle  fouglit  near  Bologna  on  iIm'  -■'■■:.  "t  .liiiir 
"  Hologna  fell  into  the  hands  nf  \  i-.    ■  m    lin-il 
was  tile  dismay  and  terror  in  I-'Im.  n       ■  :ii  n  liu' 
news  .   .   .   reached  the  city .    It  u  .    ;.    "';i :  iiii'ro 
nor  less  than  I  lie  fall,  as  tli"e  hisiori,i;i  -us,  ,,f  the 
fortress    which   was  the    bulwark     '    HiRiice. 
Now  she  lay  absolutely  ;ip;!i  !.■    Ih-    ii!':!'!'"'" 
Hut  the  inviider  did  not  come.     lb    v.,  siriiiii'ii 
with  the  plague  and  died,  iu   N  !•:•  i.litr,  and 


1168 


^i'..i-;-^ 


rtORENCE,  18»a-1409. 


Commt^rcr.  Wealth 
and  Culturr. 


FI.OREN'-i.  1488-14M. 


riorenre  and  lUly  wrrtMuivrd  from  I  »■  tyranny 
whkh  be  had  awmrd  able  to  cxtrml  over  the 
whole  -T.  A.  TroUopo.  Hint,  of  the  Vmnmon- 
millli  "f  Flortnff.  hk.  4.  fh.i-T,  (n.  2). 


enter- 


Uth-iSth   Centuriei.- Commercial 

KM  induatrial  energy,  wealth  and  culture  of 
'7it,_"I)urini.'lliel4lbttml  IStb  cenlurlr« 


Kloniitinc 


wcultb  iiuTcnwd  in  nn  cxtrnonliniiry 


Hfcrec  Karliir  pencrutions  hail  tomiKlbil  the 
nnwiTfiil  barons  of  tlu-  district  to  live  in  tlic  (ity ; 
Ll  run  vet  the excrcisoof  the  riRlitsof  citizen- 
•liin  «,H("lcpendcnt  on  having  a  residence  there. 
Tlir  iiiHuv  of  outsiders  was,  however,  niiicli  more 
owint'  to  the  attractions  olTered  by  tlie  city. 
wild  her  in  liiisiness,  profession,  or  pleasure,  tlian 
,iwi.,n  .  The  situation  of  tlie  city  is 


to  ominulsion.  .  .  .  The  situation  of  tlie  city 
nolfiivdnible  to  the  natund  growth  of  commerce 
BWriiillv  under  the  conditions  which  prece<led 
the  l.uiliiiiiK  of  railromls.     At  a  considerable  dis- 
iMce  from  the  sea.  on  a  river  nLVijralile  only  for 
very  sni.ill  craft,  and  surrounded  bv  lulls  whlcli 
renlliTr.l  dillicult  the  constnulion  of  g<«,l  roacls, 
-tlicliut  that  the  city  did  prosper  so  marvel- 
lously ii  in  itsilf  prcKif  of  the  remarkable  energy 
tnil  iliilily  of  its  ppopli"-     'l"'»'.v  "«■<•"'  ■''"^e 
tlllhiiiesa  seaport,  and  to  obtain  a  pood  one 
thi-y  wiiKcd    some    of    their    most    exhausting 
wars     tlicir  principal  wealth,  however,  came 
thn'uiili  llicirfinancial  opcrations.which  extended 
thriniL'hoi  t  Europe,  and  penetrated  even  to  Mo- 
rocni  un.i  tlie  Orient.     Their  manufactures  also, 
nmciully  I'f  wixil  and  silk,  brought  in  enormous 
.itunH.  iind  made  not  only  the  fortunes  but  also, 
in  one  fiiinous  case  at  least,  the  name  of  the 
families  ennaKcd  in  them.     Their  suiienority 
over  'he  n>t  of  Christendom  in  these  pursuits 
WM  I.ul  one  side  of  that  remarkable,  universal 
Ulentwhieli  is  tlie  most  astonishing  feature  of 
tlie  Klnnutine  life  of  that  age.     With  the  hardi- 
ho«Kl  i.f  yoiitli,  tliey  were  not  only  ready  but 
ent'ir  to  encaiie  in  new  enterprises,  whether  at 
home  oridiroad.  .  .  .  Asa  result  of  their  energy 
anil  al)ilitv,  riches  poured  into  their  colTcrs.— a 
mi^'liiv  stream  of  gold,  in  the  use  of  which  they 
Bhiiwiil  so  iniicli  judgment,  that  the  after  world 
has  fiustid  to  our  day.  and  for  centuries  to  come. 
will  imibulily  ccintiime  to  fea.st  without  satiety 
raitiie  LMiud  iliiiigs  which  they  caused  to  1k>  made. 
anil  lell  l»liind  them.     Of  all  the  legi-.cies  for 
«liirli  »c-  have  to  thank  Florence,  none  are  so 
will  kiiiiwii  and  so  universally  rccogiiizeil  as  the 
tnasiins  of  urt  created   by  her  sons,  many  of 
wliiili  '.it  remain  williin  her  walls,  tlie  marvel 
aii'l  iliii-'lit  of  all  wlio   iK'liohl   tlieui.     As  the 
FliTinti:-'  s  were  nady  to  try  experiments  in  poli- 
ties. rn;iioif;iitiiris.  a!id  coninierce.  so  also  in  all 
bnuieli.  s  .■!■  llic  line  arts  they  tried  experiments. 
Icftiliii.M,  liiMlcii  pallisof  I'liiirforcfalliers.  and 
(■niil.-.|  sniiuiliiii!;  orisrinal,  uselul.  and  licaiitiful 
for  111.  iii~.  hcs.     Ihrislian  art  from  tlie  time  of 
theUi.iuini  Kinpire  to  C'imaliiie  had  made  loni- 
pantivrlv  litilc  pn   -"-ess;  but  i.  son  of  the  Flor- 
cntini-  ih  lis  WHS  to  start   a  revolution   which 
tliouM  li'i.l  loilie  prcHluclionof  some  of  the  most 
marvill'us  works  \vliicli  have   proceedeil  from 
tlie  1, .111.1  of  man.     The  idea  that  the  tine  arts  are 
nion  .u'.  (  ssfiillyciilliyated  under  the  patronage 
lit  pi'M  1^  lliiiii"  iiniier  republican  rrle  is  very 
Willi  ~;.ri  i!,  iiml  is  occa.sionally  accepted  almost 
as  11  iliL'i.;!,  but  the  history  of  Athens  and  of 
Kl  nil..  ti:ii  Ins  us  witliout  any  doubt  that  the 
li*M  111  1^1  .iiii^iif  ejMH-iis  ill   tlie  history  of  the 
wor!  1  l.iviiimliheir  rise  in  republics,  ,  ."  .  Some 


writers,  dazzled  by  the  splendors  of  the  Medid, 
entirely  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  both  Oanta 
and  Petrarch  were  dead  before  the  Medici  werp 
even  heard  of,  and  that  the  greatest  works,  ai, 
least  in  archiU'Cture.  were  all  begun  long  Iwf"" 
t.iey  were  leaders  in  Flon^ntlnc  affairs.  That 
familydidmucli.  yes  very  much,  for  the  advance- 
ment of  art  and  letters;  but  they  did  not  do  all 
or  nearly  all  that  was  done  in  Florence.  .  .  . 
Though'  civil  dis<onl  anil  foreign  var  were  very 
frequent.  Florentine  life  is  nevertheless  an  illus- 
tration rather  of  what  Herbert  Spencer  calls  the 
commercial  stage  of  civilization,  than  of  the  war 
likeperiixl.  Her  citizens  were  aliove  all  things 
merchants,  and  were  generally  much  more  will- 
ing to  pay  to  avoid  a  war  than  to  conduct  one. 
They  strove  for  glory,  not  in  feats  of  arms,  but 
in  literary  contests  and  in  pi'aceful  emulation  In 
the  eiicourageincnt  of  learning  and  the  fine  arts." 
— W.  n.  Scaife.  h'lurenllhf  Lift.  ]')>•  I«-l».  See, 
Also.  TiniiK.  and  .Monkv  ami  Hvnkino. 

A.  D.  140S-1406.— Purchase  and  conqueit 
ofPiia.     See  Italy:  A.  I).  14U2-l4t)6. 

A.  D.  1409-141 1.— League  against  and  war 
with  Ladisfas,  King  of  Naples.  Sec  Italt 
(SoUTIiEIiN):  A.  I).  li»»-14l4. 

A.  D.  1423-1447.— War  with  the  Duke  of 
Milan.— League  with  Venice,  Naples,  and 
other  States.     .See  Italy:  A.  I).  1412-1447. 

A.  D.  1433-1464.— The  ascendancy  of  Cos^ 
imo  de'  Medici.— In  WM,  Cosmo,  or  Cosinio  de' 
Medici,  tlie  son  of  (Jiovanni  de'  JledicI,  was  the 
recognized  leader  of  the  opposition  to  the  oli- 
garchy controlled  by  Kinaldode'  Albizzi,    Cosmo 
inheriteil  from  hisfatliera  large  fortune  and  a 
business  as  a  merchant  and   banker  which   he 
maintained  and    increased.     "  He   lived    splen- 
didly ;  he  was  a  great  supporter  of  all  literary 
men.  and  spent  and  distributed  his  great  wealth 
amongst  his  Mlow  citizens      He  was  courteous 
and  liberal,  and  was  looked  upon  with  almost 
unlmunded  respect  and  alTection  by  a  large  party 
in  the  state.     Uinaldo  was  Ix'nt  upon  his  ruin, 
and  in  1433.  when  he  had  a  Signoria  devoted  to 
his  party,  he  cited   Cosmo  Infore  the  Council, 
and  shut  him  u|.  in  a  t  iwer  of  the  Public  Palace. 
Great  excitement   was  caused    by  this   violent 
step,  and  two  days  after  the  Signoria  held  a  par- 
liament of  the  [Kople.     The  gnat  bell  of  the  city 
was  tolled,  and  the  people   gatbend  round  the 
Pal.iie.     Then    the    gates    of   the    Palace    were 
thrown  open,  and  the  Signoria.  the  Colleges  of 
Arts,  and  the  (ionfaloiiiire  came  forth,  and  aske<l 
the   people  if  they  would  have  a  llalia.     So  a 
Halia  was  iippnintid,  the  names  being  proposed 
by  the  Signoria,  to  deiiile  on  the  fate  of  Cosmo. 
At  lirst  it  was  proposed  to  kill  liini.  but  he  was 
only  liaiiMied.  mueli  against  the  will  of  Kinaldo, 
wliii  knew  that,  if  he  livid,  be  would  some  day 
come  bill  k  aL'aiii      The  next  year  the  Signoria 
was  favourable  to  him;  anotliiT  Halia  was  ap- 
Iioinled;  the  |i:irty  of  the  .VUiizzi  was  lianished, 
and  Cosmo  was  recalle.l.      He  was  ri'ceived  with 
irrirting  sueli  us  men  give  to  a  comiueror,  and 
hailed  as  the  '  Father  of  bis  Country.'     This 
iiiphant  retuni  gave  the  Mediei  a  power  in 
•  Uepublic  whicirthey  never  afterwards  lost. 
•i  lie  banislied  party  tied  "to  the  court  of  the  Duke 
of  Milan,  and  stirred  him  up  to  war  against  the 
,.iiy  •_\V.  Hunt,   lli't.  of  Italy,  ch.  6,  met.  5  — 
•Cosinio  lie'  Medici  did  not  content  himself  with 
rendering  his  old  oppuiiviits  hariiikss;  h?  t.->.-vk 
care  also  that  none  of  bis  adherents  should  become 


'    i\ 


?  .1 


■  ^ 


*■   ■  1 

i 


■'Ir 


■'-■l.:#- 


m 


74 


1169 


rv 


M,  ..!■ 


I 


!:iH 


PLOIIENCE,   1433-1464. 


TV  .tfnIiW. 


FLOKENCE,   14.M-14M. 


Uhi    piiwcrfiil   anil   ilanfcrniim  to  him.     Tlicn-- 
fiirp.  n'm«rks  KninicucoUuiciiiinlliii,  lu'  ntaincd 
till-  «l)tii()riii.  iiH  well  118  till'  tiixis,  ill  liW  IiuikI, 
ill  onliT  Ui  Ih'  iiIiIi'  ti>  iimmnlc  (ir  ciiiiinH.s  iiiill. 
vidimis  at  will.     In  otlicr  \\\\ng»  llic  iiti/.ms  in 
jiivrii  itn'iittT  frffdiun  ami  artcd  iiion'  iircordiiiit 
111  tlifir  own  iilcusiiiT  than  lalir.  in  tin-  days  ivf 
lii.'i  f,'rand*iii.  for  lir  lit  tlic  riiiis  liaiiir  liK)si'"if  hi' 
was  iiiily  Miri'  of  hi-i  rnvii  iiusiiinii.     It  was  just 
ill  tliis  that   Ills  >;ri;il   art   lav,   tii  dnidi'  tliiiiys 
acnirdini;  to  his  will,  and  vil'tn  make  his  parii 
sans  Udli'Vc  that   he  shami  his  authnrilv  with 
tlu'in.  .  .  .  •  It  is  Hi'll  kiiciHii  ■  nniarks  ((liiicciar- 
dii'i]  .   .   .    '  liiiw  iniich  niiliilitv  ami  wialtli  win' 
dcstniyi'd   liy   Co^inin   and    Ill's   disccndanls   liv 
la.xati.iii.      Till'    .Mnlici    nivcr   allowed   a   li.xiil 
mcthiKl    and    IcL'al  dislrilmtidii,   liiit  always  ri' 
stTvrd    to    IIiciiimIits    the    [lowiT    of    iKNiriiii; 
heavily    upon    individuals    acconlinir    to    tlnir 
plcasurr.       .   .    Ih'   |('osiino]    niaintaini'd    jjriat 
ruscrvc  in  his  wlioli'  iiianiur  of  life.     Kor  a  i|uiir- 
UTof  a  iTiiIury  lir  was  the  almost  aluolntr  di- 
rector of  the  St.ile.   hilt   he  never  assuniisl  the 
show  of  his  dignity.   .  .   .   The  rnler  of  the  Flor- 
entine Stale  remained  eili/en,  a);riiiilliirist,  and 
merelianl.      In  his  appeaniiKe  and  hearin/,'  there 
was    nolhini;    which    distinguished    him    from 
others.  .  .  .  He  ruled  the  nioiiey  market,  not  only 
in  Italy,  hut  throiinhmit  KurofH'.     lie  had  hank's 
in  all  the  we^te^n  (nuntries,  and  his  e.xperienee 
and    the   exeellent    meinorv  wliieli  never  failed 
him,  with  hisstrons;  love  "of  order,  eimhled  him 
to  i;uide  .'vervthini;  from    Florence,   which    he 
never  ipiillid  after  U;W."     The  (hath  of  Cosinio 
occurred  on  the   1st  day  of  Aiiifust,   141(4, _.\ 
von  Uciiinonl.  h,r,iiz;ih'  .^fiilifi.  bk.  I,  fh.  litinil 
8(r.  II.  — -The  l.isl  Iroulileil  days  of  the  Floren- 
tine deinocr.icy   had   not   proved  ipiite   unpro- 
ductive of  art.     It  w.is  the  time  of  (Jiotto's  un- 
disputed sway      M.iny  w.irks  of  which  the  l.'itli 
century   gels  the  glory  iK-cause  it  tinished  them 
Were  ordered  and   hegun  amidst   the  confusion 
and    terrihlc   agitation   of    the   demagogy. 
Viider  the  oligarchy,   in  the  nlative  calm  tliat 
came  with  oppression,  a  taste  for  art  ii»  well  as 
for  letters  began  to  develop  in   Florence  as  else- 
where."      i;ut    •■Cosimo  de'   Medicis   hail    rare 
goiMl  fortune.     In  his  time,  and  under  his  rule 
capricious  chance  united  at   Florence  tah'nts  as 
numerous  as  tlu'V  were  diverse  — the  universal 
Brum  lleschi,  the'  poli>|ied  and  clciiant  (Jhiberti 
the  rough  and    powerful    Donatello,   the   suave 
Aiiirelico,  the  ina.-.<uliiie  Masjiccio.  .  ,  .  Cosimo 
lived  King  enouch  to  see  the  i-ollaps<'  of  the  ad- 
niirahle  talent  whii  h  lloiirished    upon  the  hanks 

ofthcArno.  and  s i  spread  throughout  Italy 

and  to  feci  the  void  left  by  it.  It  is  true  liis 
grandson  h:iw  a  new  harves'l.  but  as  inferior  to 
that  which  preecdiil  it,  as  it  was  to  that  which 
followed  it  ■— F,  T.  I'errens.  JliM.  ..f  Flor,  ii,;- 
14:t4-l.WI.  H:  1,  ,.',,  rt.  ■  • 

A.  D.  1450-1454. ^Alliance  with  Francesco 
Sforza,  of  Milan,  and  war  with  Venice,  Na- 
ples, Savoy,  and  other  States.  Sec  .Minv 
A    I).  1117   llVt 

A.  p.  1458-1469. -Lucas  Pitti,  and  the  build- 
ing of  the  Pitti  Palace.  -Piero  de'  Medici  and 
the  five  agents  of  his  tyranny.— I  mil  1  l.-i.-. 
(  osmo  de'  Medi.i  >hared  the  government  of 
HorcMcein  some  decree  with  Nen  Cupponi,  an 
able  st.itesiuaii,  «h,i  h.ul  taken  an  enijn.'nt  part 
111  public  aiFairs  |,,r  many  years  — diiriu"  the 
ilouimation  of  the  Albi/zi,  as  "well  us  afterwTirds 


"  When  Neri  Ciipponlilird.  the  cminril  rcfii*.!  t<i 
call  a  new  parliainciit  to  replace  thi'  halia  wh^. 
powerexplrMloii  thelst  of  .Iiily,  H,-,.',  n 

election  of  the  aignoria  wan  again  made  fiirly  |„ 
lot,  .  .  .  the  contributions  were  again  I. iiiir„|,|i 
apportioned,- the  trlhunaU  ceased  to  |U|,.„  ,;, 
the  reeoniinemlatiniis  of  thorn-  who.  till  i|i,.„  |,  1 
made  a  Iniltic  of  distributive  jiisliee   '    Tlii<  r, 
eovery  of  freedom  in  Fhireni'e  was  inj.m.l  fir 
1   alsmt   time    years;   but   when,    in    Ids    |  ,„.., 
,    I'iiti.    "rich,   powerful,  and   bold,"  w,s  iuiii,,| 
;   gonfalonier,  Cosmo  conspired  with  him  1.1  ru-i 
I    pose   the   yoke.      "  I'iiti   assembled    llic   pirli, 

t   meni;  hut  not  till  he  had  lillcd  all  Ih,-  ,,» „'., 

I   of  the   public!   sipiare   with   soliliers  nr    arm,.,! 
•■    pi-asants.     The  |ieople.  menaced  and  Iniiililin,, 
wilhin   this  circle,    consented    to   nariii.  :,  n, ,, 
halia.  more  violent  and   tvrannii.il    il,  01  ;uu  ,,f 
the  preceding.      It  was  coniposed  of :',;:  n,  r^;,,^ 
to  whom  was  delegated  all  the  p.m.  r  ,"t  i|„.  r," 
public.      They   exiled   a   great    iiiiinl..  r  ,,f  ii„. 
cilizeiLS  who  had  shown  the  most  aii.i.  Iim.  iit  1.1 
liberty,    and    liiey   even    put    some    |,,    il.ul. 
When,  in  14ti;i,  ('.isinoa   second    ».,n,  iii,,v,ii,ii 
on  whom  his  hopes  were  cenleri  .1,  .li.  ,|    |.i„  „ 
I'iiti  "liHike.l  on  himsi.|f  hcncef.aiii  ,.|s  il...  ..|,Iv 
chief  of  the  state.     U  was  about  tliis  lira,.  t|.;i 
he  underiook  the  building  of  thai    ini  ■iiili,.m 
palaoe  which  now  [ls;i','|  forms  Ihe  r.>i.l,.|„,.  „f 
the  gniiid  dukes.     The  repuhliian  cimliiv  «  ,^ 
not  only  olTcnded  by  the  spleml.iur  .if  il.i^r.  'il 
dwelling;    but   the  construclion  of  ii   niLnh;] 
I'itti  an  occasion  for  marking  his  cm.  nii.t  ..( 
lilierty  and  the  laws.     He  made  of  ihu  hiiil.lim; 
an  asylum  f.ir  all  fugitives  from   iuMi..'   «li,m 
no   pulilic  olllecr  dared    pursue  wli,,,   ,,„..,,  i,,, 
[theyri  took    part  in  the  labour,     .\l   ili.'  f.mw 
time  individuals,   us  well   as  e.iiiiiiiiiiii;!,  ^  m,,, 
would  obtain  some   favour   from  ili,'  ivpiihlj, 
knew  that  the  only  means  of  Ining  li.  iril  h:i^i,i 
olTcr  I.iicas  I'itti  some  precious  W.....1  ..r  m.iri.i.- 
to  be  employed  in  the  coiistrucii,.ii  .)f  his  pili,,. 
When  Cosmo  de'  .Medici  died,   at  liis  ...iiiurv. 
house  of  Carcggi,   on  the   I>t  of  Aiini-i    mil 
I,uca,s  I'itti  felt  himself  ridcased  fr..iii  i!,..  i,iNtr..i 
imposeil  by  the  virtue   and  m.iil.  rali.i'i  .if  ihii 
great  citizen,   .  .  .   His  (Cosnio's]  s.in,  I'i.tnul.' 
-Medici,  then  4>*  years  of  age.  siipp...s.,|  that  h, 
should  succeed  to  the  adniinistraii..ii  •■{  \U<-  rr. 
public,  as  he  had  succeeded  to  the  wi  ilili  ..f  Inj 
father,  by  heredibiry  right :  hut  ili.'  >!:,!,■  ,,f  |,is 
health  did  not  admit  of  his  atten.liiu'^  p.-ilirly 
to  business,  or  of  his  inspiring  his  rii:,l-  »iiii 
miieh   fear.     To  diminish   the  w.  i:;lit  ..f  a'T.iirj 
which  oppres.sed  him.  he  res.ilvcl  on  Mith  Iraw- 
ing  a  part  of  his  ininiense   forliiii.'  frma  ii.iii. 
merce;  recalling  all  his  loans  nia.l.'  in  lur'ni  r- 
ship  wilh  other  merchants;  ami  l.ivin,',,;  il.is 
iiioncy  ill  laml.      Hut  this  uiiex]i.  il.'.l  .1.  an  uil  ..f 
considerable  capital  iH'casioned  a  lai  il  ~li".  «  I.i 
the  eomnierce  of  Florence;  at  Ih.'  vim.'  iii;ii  iliat 
it  aiieiialed  .ill  the  debtors  ..f  Ih.'  In. ';-,•.  1  .\I,,ii.i, 
an.l  deprived  it  of  much  of  iis  |.,,piii  .rii.     Hit 
death  of  Sf.irza,  als,i,  which   look  |i!h.      a  ilii- 
Hth    of    Mirch.    Mlil).    di  privcl    tli.     \Iilii.  la 
p;irty  of  its  tirmest   support   abrna.l,  ,  .  ,  Tli.' 
friends  of  liherlv  at  Florence  s.... 11  p. 
Lucas   I'itti   anil   I'iitro  de'   .Miilai 
agreed    together;    and    thev    r.iiu.i 
when  the  latter  proposed  to  the  c-,.iii 
iiii-  of  a  parliament,  in  ..r-l-r  ■  .  :•  ■  ■ 
the  power  of  which  expirc.l  on  ih. 
tcinber,  US."!;  his  proposition  wii-srij 


.aillliat 
l"i;.Tr 
■  iiiriL'i' 

!.r..li:- 


.Si-p- 

Tlie 


1170 


»A" 


FLORENCE,  1458-1469. 


J.fyrt»m 
IA<  AluBiii/lf'if 


FLOnENCE,   1480-14W. 


—f.tmrv  bemn  «K»ln  t"  1h'  drawn  by  lul 
ZTZm  the  memlHT.  ..f  tlx  party  vlctorlou« 
ruH  -niU  rpiurn  of  lllKTty,  howovur,  wii« 
';„:"  ,h..rt  d..™tl.m  Plttl  »n,l  Mc-lld  w..n. 
L-nnoilfd;  tl.py  »«"•<•<>  to  call  a  piirl  iiimnt,  an,l 

miimlcd  It  with  forplfiu  troops.     But  .MihUoI   on 
r  on  inatlon  of  the  halla  nn  tho  *l  of  f^.ptom- 
Z,   \m   founil   means  of  BilmillinK  his  own 
Darti«in<  onlv.  nn.l  excluding  all  tho«'  of  Lucas 
I'itti     Til"  citizens  who  hail  shown  any  zciil  for 
i,   rtv  w,  re  .ill  exiled.  .  .   .   Lilciw  IMlIi  ruined 
Uiwlf  in  iM.il.linK  his  palace.     His  talents  were 
j,„|„,.,|  („  hear  no  proportion  to   Ins  amluH"": 
l,c"frien.lHof  lilsrty.  as  well  as  those  of  Me.li.i 
,,m,illv  ilclestfil  him;  and  he  ri'niained  deprUed 
„f  aUnn.vcriuacily  which  he  ha<l  s-j  lirnelv 
omlrilmtcl  to  enslave.     Italy  b.-cnni«  1  lle.l  with 
Flnreiiliiie    einiiirants:    every    revoluticm     ivcii 
rvcrvcmvocation  of  parllainenl.  was   follovwd 
l,v  thn  exile  of  many  citizens.   .   .   .   At  Horence, 
thecili/ens  who  escaped  proscription  tremlilei    to 
*,.  (l(H'"ti»"i  estahllshed  111  their  repuhlic;  hut 
the  lower  onliTS  were  in  Rcneral  contented,  ami 
made  \v<  attempt  to  si'cond  Harlohmieo  Coleonl 
when  he  entered  Tuscany,  in  1407,  at  the  head 
of  the  Florentine  emiirnints,  who  had  taken  him 
Intolliiir  Pi'v      Comnu'rce  prospered:  manufac- 
ture* were  elirrieil  on  with  Rn-at  activil  v ;  hlRli 
waires  supported  In  comfort  all  who  lived   hy 
llicir  liihoiir-   and  the  .Medici   entertained  them 
with  shows  and  festivals,  keepint;  them  in  a  .sort 
of  isriHluiil  carnival,  amidst  wliicli  tin'  people 
Boou  lo-t   all    thoujrht    of    liberty.     Tietro  de' 
Mo(ii(i»:is  iiUvaysii.  loo  bad  a  state  of  healili 
to  exercise  in   [K'rson  the  sovereignty   ho   had 
usurped  uver  his  country ;  be  left  It  to  tlve  or  six 
ciiizins,  who  ni«ni'cl  in   Ills  name.  .  .  .  They 
notonly  tninsai led  all  business,  but  appropriatid 
to  tiitms<lves  nil  the  profit;   they  sold  their  In- 
flucnir  iiiid  credit;  they  gratilied  their  cupiility 
ortluir  veimeance;  but  they  Uwk  care  not  to  act 
in  tluir  own  names,  or  to  pledge  their  own  re- 
'ponsiliililv;    thev   left    that    to    the    house   of 
Meiiiii.    I'ietro.  during  the  latter  niontlis  of  his 
lift,  perceived  the  dlsonler  and  corruption  of  his 
igtnts.     lie  was  alllieted  to  see  his  memory  thus 
staimil,  mid    he  addressed    them    the   severest 
rpprimanils;  he  even  enten'd  Into  correspondence 
with  the  eniigrimts,  whom  he  thought  of  recall- 
ing, whin  he  died,  on  the  2d  of  December.  14«i). 
Uis  two  sons,  l.Kirenzo  and  Oiuliano,  the  elder 
of  whom  WIS  not  21   years  of  age,  .  .  .  given 
up  10  all  the  pleasures  of  their  age.  had  yet  no 
amliiiion.    The  power  of  the  slate  reinaine<l  m 
Ihf  hiiniU  of  the  tlve  citizens  who  hiul  exercised 
it  un-lir  I'ulro."— J.  ('.  L.  de  Sisinondi,  IIM.  of 

thf  It.l'iM,   It.  jOlhtil'll,  ch.   11. 

A.  D.  1469-1492.— The  conspiracy  of  the 
Pazzi.— The  government  of  Lorenzo  the  Mag- 
nificent.—The  death  of  liberty.— The  golden 

tge  of  letters  and  art.—"  Lorenzo  inherited  his 

gruii4f;ii!i.  r's  political  sjig.icity  and  far  surpassed 
iiitn  ill  !;iliiil  and  literary  culture.  In  many 
psixci-i! ooliewasa  very  dilTereiit  man.  Cosinio 
iicV'T  lift  his  business  olltce;  I/orenzo  neglected 
it.  iiii4  li.id  so  little  commercial  aptitude  that  he 
Kusoliiiiri  ,1  to  retire  from  busines.s,  in  order  not 
to  loM'  hi>  aiuiriclant  patrimony.  Cosimo  was 
fnigul  iii  his  personal  cxpi'nsesand  lent  freely  to 
others;  I.nriii/o  loved  splendid  living,  and  thus 
gaincl  ihr  liihMif  the  Magnificent;  he  spent  im- 
moikriiii  ly  fur  the  advancement  of  literary  men; 


he  gave  himself  up  to  illssipaflon  which  ruined 
his  health  and  shortened  his  days.  Ills  manner 
of  living  nsliiced  lilm  to  such  straits,  that  he  liail 
to  sell  some  of  his  poosesshms  and  obtain  money 
from  his  friends.  Nor  did  this  sulllce;  for  he 
even  meddled  with  the  public  money,  a  thing 
that  hail  never  Imiipened  in  Cosiino's  lime.  Very 
often,  in  his  uTiid  of  unlawful  gain,  ho  hail  the 
Florentine  ariuies  paid  by  his  own  bank;  he  also 
appropriated  the  sums  collected  In  the  Monte 
Comuneor  treasurv  of  the  public  debt,  aiidthosi! 
in  the  Monte  ilelle  t'andulle  where  were  marriage 
portions  accumulated  by  private  savings  — 
nioiuv  hitherto  held  sacred   by  all.     Stimulated 

livlli'e  same  gr 1,  he.  In  the  year  14T2  joined 

the  Florintiii nlnictors  for  the  wealthy  alum 

iiiiiiisof  Vollirra.  at  the  nioment  In  wliich  that 
city  w;is  on  the  verireof  rebellion  in  order  to  free 
il.si'lt  from  a  con'ract  which  it  deemed  unjust. 
And  Lorenzo,  with  the  weight  of  his  au.iiority, 
pushed  matters  to  such  a  imlnt  that  war  broke 
out,  soon  to  be  followed  by  a  most  cruel  sack  of 
the  unhappv  ill  v.  a  very  unusual  event  in 
Tusiiiiiy.  Koriiirthishe  was  universally  blamed. 
Hut  he  was  excessively  haughty  and  cured  for  no 

man;  he  would  tolirale  n [uals,  wouM  Im'  first 

in  everything  — even  in  games,     lit   interfered 
in  all  matters,  even  in  private  concerns  and  in  mar- 
riages: nothing  could  take  place  without  his  con- 
sent.     In  overthrowing  the  iviwerful  and  exalt- 
ing men  of  low  condition,  he  showed  none  of  the 
care  and   precaution  so  uniformly   observed  by 
Cosimo.     It  is  not  then  surprising  if  his  enemies 
ini Teased  so  fast  that  the  formidable  conspiracy 
of  the  I'azzi  broke  out  on  the  211th  April  UTS. 
In  this  plot,  hatched  in  tlie  Vatican  itself  where 
Sixtus   IV.    was   Lorenzo's    ditermined  enemy, 
many  of  the  mightiest  Fhirentine  families  took 
part!     In  the  cathedral,   at  the  moment  of  the 
elevation  of  the  Host,  the  eonspimtors'  i!:!ggera 
were    unsheathed.       Oiuliano   del    Medici    was 
stablwd  to  death,  but  Lori'iizo  defended  himself 
with  bis  sword  and  saved  liisown  life.  The  tumult 
was  so  great  that  it  j  enicd  as  though  the  walla 
of  the  churih  were  shaken.     The  populace  rose  to 
the  cry  of  '  I'alle '.  I'alle ' '  the  .Medici  watchword, 
and  the  enemies  of  tlic  Medici  were  slaughtered 
in  the  streets  or  hung  from  the  windows  of  the 
Palazzo  Vecchio.      There,  among  others,    were 
si'cn  the  dangling  corpses  of  Archbishop  Salviati 
and  of  Krancesio  I'azzi,  who  in  their  last  strug- 
ghs  had  gri|ipeil  each  other  with  tlieir  teetli  aud 
remained  thus  fur  some  time.     .More  than  .seventy 
persons  perished  on  that  day.  and  Lorenzo,  fak- 
ing advantaiie  of  the  opportunity,  pushed  mat- 
ters to  exlreiiiitv    bv   his  conliscatlons.    baiiish- 
iniMls,    and    sciilenci"s   of  dcutli.      Thereby    his 
power  would   have  liecu  inlinitely  increased  if 
I'ope  Sixtus  IV.,  blinded  by  rage,  had  not  been 
induced  to  excommunicate  Florence,  and  make 
war  against  it,  in  conjunction  with  Ferdinand  of 
Amgon.      On  this    Lorenzo,    without  losing  a 
moment,  went  straight  to  Naples,  and  miule  the 
king  understand  how  much  better  it  si'rved  his 
interests  that  Florence  should  have  but  one  ruler 
in  lead  of  a  republican  government,  always  lia- 
ble to  change  and    certainly    never  friendly  to 
Naples.     So  he  returned  with  peace  reestablished 
and  boundless  authority  and  popularity.     Now 
indeed  he  might  have  called  himself  lonl  of  the 
litv.  and  it  must  have  seemed  easy  to  him  U) 
destroy   the  republican  goVcrnmini   ahngelhef. 
With  ills  pride  and  ambition  it  Is  certain  that  he 


':    I  j 


i,     i. 


V4| 

5*'.    "I 


1171 


.IV^ 


. 


i; 


1  ■ 


Kr.OnKNCK,  1400-1403. 


Ihr  Uafnlfii-tnt 


FLOnENCE,  1480-1403 


Imil  nil  IntPniic  ilmiri-  to  Miiiiil  on  llic  «umi-  live  1 
Willi  the  oilier  iirliiccs  mid  IvriiiiN  nf  llulv,  Hie 
ninrc  Ml  iiH  lit  ili.it  iiiiiiiiciil  siiiri'-iH  Mciniil  in 
lirily  wilhiii  liU  ):rii»|i.  Km  |,.iriii/(i  hlinvvnl 
lliul  liis  (Miliii,.,!  i.lmwilriiHi  was  not  to  1)i. 
Iiliiiili'il  liy  pro.|Mrily,  mill  knowinL'  Flop  nee 
Will,  111'  rcniiiiriicl  liriii  to  ihr  tnnlitioniil  pnliiy 
iif  liii  lioiiM'.  iliit  of  iloiiiliLilliij;  Hir  Iti'piililii' 
wliilv  M|iii!innily  ri-^pi  riirii;  it.  Mr  w;ih  h,»  i\r 
Irrniiniil  111  II  11,1,  r  iii,  powir  wili.l  iiiiil  dnralili' ; 

Iml  1,1  l!i;il  in.l  hi'  lin,|  rmpiirsi'  ton  st  ini.'i' 

nioiit  rif,.rrii,  l.y  linens  of  h  hiili,  willioiil  iih.in- 
(loniiii;  ihc  1,1,1  r,i,i,|,  |„.  il„iroiij:lilv  siinrnliil  in 
hi'*  olijiit.  In  plan'  of  ilir  iiHi'ial  llvr  viarlv 
llalia.  Ill'  insiituii-il.  In  llw).  Hi,.  Comiril  (if 
Sviiity.  «|,i,  I,  nil, .«,.,!  |,„.|f  ,„„|  „..,,  111^,,  n 
IMiniaiMiit  ll;ilia«iili  Mill  wiilir  poHir.  Tlii*. 
loiiipoM,!  of  nil  II  (iiiirilv  (livoliil  to  liis  iuiim' 
MTiin  ,1  III"  );ovi  niMiiiil  to  liim  forrvrr.      Ity  iIiIh 

Coiiiii  il,  ttiy   Ilir  rliroiiirliTs  of  Ilir  li ,  lihirly 

win  w  liolly  liiirinl  iiii'l  iiniloni',  Imt  nrluiiily  IliV 
most  iiiiportaiit  alTairn  of  tli,-  Slali-  »iTr  ciirriiil 
on  in  it   liy  inlilli;;iiii  ami  ciiliivalcl  nun,  who 
lari.'rly  pronioti'il  In  malirial  prospcrilv.     Klor 
cniv  Klill  lalliil  ilsilf  a  ripiililic,  iionii'iially  the 
olil   in^i.tiiiions  Wire  Mill   in  I'xi.slcncc,   Init  nil 
this  wiiiiiil   mill    wa.s   iiolliinjf    lint    an  imply 
iniHki  ry.      I.on  nzo.   alisolute   loni  of  all,  nil«ht 
certainly  Ik^  ralliil  a  tyrant,  »nrroiinili-il  liy  lack- 
eys iiiiil  roiirliirs.   .       .    Vit  he  ilu/zlnl  all  pun 
by  the  spliniloiir  of  his  rule,  so  that  |(Jiiir(iar- 
ilini]  olivrvi  s,  that  tlioii(;|i  Ijircnzo  wa  latvrant, 
•  it  woiilil  l«.  iiiipos,sil,lr  to  imagine  a  Ihiii't  ami 
niori-    pliiiMnK    tyrant.'      Imliistrv.    icunnuTci', 
nulilic  works  hail  all  riri'lvnl  a  niij;lity  iinpulsi.. 
In  no  1  iiy  in  lIu  world  hail  the  eivil  iipialilv  of 
iniHlirn  Stales  narheil  the  decree  to  wlii,  h  it  "had 
nttaimd  not  im  rely  in   Kloniiee  itsilf,  Imt  in  its 
whole    lernlory    and    tliroiij,'lioiit    all   Tnseunv. 
Ailniini^irali.iii   and    secular    justice    proceeded 
n'tfiilarly  eiioiinh  in  ordinary  cim^s,  crime  wasdi- 
minislicd,  and,  alioyc  all,  lit'i  rary  ciilliire  had  lie- 
come  a   siilislaiiiial   element  of   llie    new  .S|:iie. 
Learned   men   were  i-ni|ilove,|   in   |)ulilic  ollices 
and  from  Klorence  spreu,!  a  liirlit  that  illuminaled 
theworll     .   .   .   liut  l.oren/os  policy  could  foiin.l 
nolhiiii;   Ihal   was   permanent,      lirrivalled  as  a 
iiioil.  1  of  s.iiraiiiy  an,|   pnidenee.  il   pr-imotid  in 
Fl.in  II,  ,■  Ihe  d,-v,  iopmeiit  of  all  ih,-  ii,-k  clenieiits 
of  wliiili  in,K!,-ni  s,.<i,-ty  was  lo  he  li.e  outcome, 
w^llhoul  sine  ,-1  iliiii;  in  fii>ini,'  them  tou'elhi  r;  for 
his   was  a    |„.licy    ,if   ei|iiiviMalion   and    ,l,',iit, 
direct, -,1  l,y  a  m.iii  of  much  ircniiis,  wli,i  Icel  ii,) 
liii-'liiT  ai:ii  th.iii  lii^  ,,«  n  iniirest  and  thai  of  his 
family,  i     uliiih  he  nev,  r  hevii,'iie,l   I,,  .sicrilice 
llie  iiil,  r,  -■-,  of  his  p,.,,pl,.,"_l..  Villari.  .IA/.'/,/,«- 
r.//i    ,.„.//,„    y,',,,.,.  ,•/,.    -J,    „,;     •.'   (,-,    l,_---|-h,. 
st;,li-,.r  I'l.ir,  11,,  :ii  ihis  p,n,„|  «as  v,  rv  r,  iii.irk- 
iil.l.-.      'Ill,-  ne.-t   iii.|,p,-iHlciil   ami    lu'miiltii,,iis 
of    lo»n,    ^^a^    s|i,lll„iuii,l    liii,|,  r    Ih,'    s\,.iy    of 
l...r,ii/,i,l,''  .\|,,li,  i,  Ih,'  L'raii,l.s,,n  ,,f  (  ■,,miii,i'wIi,i 
iMiili   >.ni    Mill,,,;  and   scanily  .yceiiiiil  even  lo 
lecolli'ct  iis  fr,-,',l,iiii,  so  ali,s,)i''l«.d   was  il   in  llie 
liri'M'iit  iidv.inlaL-es  conferred  liy  'aslroii"    'oy. 
cnimeiil,'  aii.l  s,.|,i,',.,|  |,v  shows!  eiileilainmriits 
festival-.,  pomp,  aii,l  ,H-pl,-,v  of  all  kin.ls.      It  wa-^ 
the  very  h,  i-lu  ,.f  that  classic  revival  .so  famous 
ill  Ihe  lat,  r  hi-ioiy  of  ih,'  worhl,  ami  Hie  lii-licr 
classes   of    sociity,    havini;   shaken    thenisi.|ycs 
npail  with   ^Ticefiil  iiinlempt   from   the  lowir, 
had   iM'Kiin  to   fra Ih,  ir  lives  accordiiu,'  to  a 


pagan  nmn 


.i„i 


,  li  I  lin- 


ger Imlf  of  the  world  i,i  pursue  ils  superslition-s 


Milk-: 

1,  i,,ri, , 


"f  III 


.  I   I'l 


I" 


iimlisliirlH'd.  Florenc  wiw  nn  near  a  i,  -iniit. 
as  it  was  iHMsil.le  f„r  il*  ruhrs  tom;,k."„  i/ 
liili-llecliiiil  exi^leiice  wan  entirely  -,.,:,  „,,  ," 
llie  pasi;  ilsdiiys  "en'  s|i<'iit  in  Ihu  ,v  r,|,i  ,  ,'f' 
aniiipiiiv  which  has  no  iMmer  of  ,li„  Mn.iii,',  , 
iinddeilli's  not  only  the  wisdom  hiii  ii,,  i,,,,,',' 
lies  of  iis  jrolilen  ciMX'h.  l.oren/o  r,  i  i .  i  |.,  o' 
midst  of  a  leiiercd  crow, I  of  chi-.^i,'  p,,  ,.,,,  i  .,,,"1 
llallerers,  wrilinif  piH'iiin  which  In,  ,,  ,ri'r 
foiiml  heller  than  .\lii;lileris.  ami  '.:m.^..uii,|„,' 
hiiiisi  If  wilh  lliosi'  clo,|iii'nt  slaves  ' 
prince's  name  more  famous  than  ami'. 
and  who  have  slid  hft  npnimli,,  j 
of  all  lileraliirc  lovlnn  peoplj'  in  f,, 
patron.  .\  m.-in  of  siiperli  heallli  :, 
jiowcr,  whoian  (.'ive  himself  up  1., 
iiitfht  wilhoiit  inlerferini:  uiih  In 
workini;  all  day,  and  w  liosc  niiirtl  !,„,,, 
that  lie  can  luick  a  lowii  one  iiioriiin  -  i-. 
course  upon  the  Isaulics  of  I'l.il..  Hi,  "1,.  \i 

weave  joyous  liallads  thnnifjli  li,.tl up 

—  l-'iyes  his  llilteri'rs  reason  when  iN,  >    ,|,| 
him.      Till'  few  rii;lileous   men   in   il„:  ,,i, 

cili/ens   who   slill    thouirht   of    Fl-.r ': 

all.  ki'[it  apart,  oyerwhclmcl  liy   Hi,    li  !,,  j 
ran  in  faymirof  that  leailiiii; ,  iii/,  n  ,,f  | 

who  had  jiaincd   the  ooiiImI  ,.f  il,,    

spirited    and    freedom  lovim;    pi,,|  |, 
had   iieyer  been   more  dissoline,  ni'in-  s, 
more  utterly  diprived  of  any  lii-h,  1    .ii,, 
ren   Hcholarship,   liiisy   over   jjraiiuii  ,ii,  1 
lions,    and    ele^'ant    pliilosophv,    smi|, .,,;,. 'i,!.] 
piecing  ii.s  logic.il  systems,  form,, I  ih,' i,,p  ,|r,s 
sing  to  that  hulflirutal,  h.ilf  siipi  rsliii  u,  i.-im 

ranee  which  in  such  commiiniliis  i<  11 .[!.r,l 

portion    of     the    poor.       The    dil,  isn,',  "«  rM 


■1,  ,1 
1  ,'iil 
■  "f 

,Mi,' 
.1;. 
llli'l 

"in 

lU-l 
!l.  III.' 
llliiiM' 
»lllrll 

,ir,,iii,. 

I.'.'li 

"',  lily 

isti,  'ir 

l!,.r 

'I'l 


dreamed   hazily  of  11  restoralion  of  ih, 
of  the    paifiin   psls;   I'anlinal    li,  ml,,.  I 
friend  beware  of  rcadini;  St.  I'aiil  s  1  |,i,' 
their  barliaioiis  style  sliouM  coiriipi   h. 
and  even  such  n  man  as  I'im  ,1,  II 1  .Mi 
declared   tlie  'Divina  (■omniclia    1,.  1  .■ 
to  the   '(.'ami    Carnascialesclii'  of   I..  1, 
Medici.   .   .   .   Tliusliniiicd  inli  11,',  limlH' 
of  Lorenzo  was  still  more  liopil,  «s  n,   ■  , 
of   ilcliaiichery,  cruelly,  an,|  cirnipn.   i 
ini;  o.'iths,  betrayinij;  trusts,  lieiii-v  iir,'  m  1 
but  Cinek  maniiscripls.  coins,  .mil  ■.;■'  ,.  . 
for  notliini;  but   pli'iisure.     'I  lii>  «,,^  1. 
in  which  Sayonarola  fouml  him-,  It        .| 
phalli,   r/.i-  .\rihrH, ,//■■/.. n  I,,;.,  I,.  :'         I 
miiniiipiil  cimiitics'im,!   pro,lu,,'.|  -  .  11 
as  lo  r,  I.i\  ancii'iit  n'pulili,':in  1  n,  n' .       .' 
mucli  de.^lriiclioii  n'p,psi'  w,,s  n... -..,!, 
tiipie    soliriily    aii,l    i.'nnitv    Min. .  ;    ; 
jileasiire   and    the   ipi,  st    of' luvur.        I 
liiennt  class  iif   lt,  at   leililrs   wir.'.v. 
till' encru'i'iii', lass  of  artisans, -rinli,.!     1; 
rulirs  ui  ri'  lo  riil,'.  and  to  nil,'  imii.|.: 
Hie    .Mi'iliiis.    their    cliii  fs.    ih.  v    n       .: 
Iraile,  liankaiid  make  f,.rtiiii,'-.  in  ..1  I,  ■  •  ., 
Iliem    in    inlillietual    fasliioii.      W  .r   1   ■ 
fastens  its  cans  upon  llieiii.  as  form.  :  ,. 
bitter  and  li'.iL'ie  j;rasp;  ili,v  niuu/.  :' 1; 
the  paiil  baii,l>  of  colidolli, Vi.  aii-l   ':.   -■ 
iiiiifj  li'allicki'is,  reduce  il   to  en  1'.  ,;. ., 
they  slauf^hter  each  olhir  il  is  liv  1;     'i 
torians  cite  battles  in  w  liiili  tlir, ,.' an  I  ■   :■.. 
only  one  soMier  remains  on  llu'  li,  1.1      I'  ,  ; 
takes  the   place  of  force,  ami  Hi,'  ini:   ■  ■\ 
as  character  weakens.     ThroiiL-li  ili-   :   ■: 
of  war  ami  tliroiiijli  the  cMalilMin      '     :  ] 
paliliesorof  l.K'al  tyrannies,  ii  -.    n,    •;;•' 


,  'r^tiip 

i.;,'  liis 

'  s  l.sl 

tlM,'; 


'iTi  r 

,  ,1.' 


.e.rl.l 
I  Iii 


\;..  n.l 
Willi  :l 


inihl- 
Italy, 


11: 


«lti' 


m 


KKORENCK.   1469-1492 


txtrtnto 
tht  Uui/nijU-€nt. 


FI.OUENCE,  1490-149S. 


Ml,  llie  irpBt  Kiimp<'nn  moimnhic*,  liml  tint  nl 
Lin.  I  to  ll«  .■.l.illll.rium.       Vr.ur  In   |uirtmllv 

,lirr,iloiw  .il«>n  «»   lmi>r"v<-.l  H.Hi,il   w>il  lik..  ii 
"'    1  imrvcHl  on  A  clnir.'.!   iiml   will  |.liiii>.'li.M 
»M    Tlu-  iH>.i)uiiit  i*  11"  l..ii(.'iT  ft  wrf  of  111.'  ici'lo'. 
lml.ui"'i«y''f;  lio  iH.inliiHl' "  hlH  own  niuiil.ipu 
n,.L'i*lriiln.     poHwsws   ariiH    unci    a   (imiinuiial 
ir,  ,-iirv    hi'  liv>»  In  I'nolosnl  iM.iiri,".,  III.'  Ii"ii».i 
„(«l,irli',  Imilt  .if  Kl'in.'  iin.l  .■.■nirnt.  ar.;  lari;.', 
r,,,n,Mi.iit,  aii.l  .iffn   .■l.'Kanl.      N.'ar   H.ir.'n... 
i,    ,r.ilH  wall*,  ami   ni'ar   l.iic.a  lie  niiKlni.  Is 
,„rf    nrnic".    I"    'T'''''-    <"    '•'^"f    '"H'^"""", 
I.mibar.lv    Imh   il«    irrlKallon^   ami    rolaimn   of 
ir,,,,    .iilir.'  .lislri.-lH.    now    so    many    .I.H.rw 
,r„'iiil  Liiiiliar.lv  anil  Uoni.'.  arc  still  liilialill.'.l 
„.,l  riil.iy  l.r.»lii.liv.'.      In  Ilic  iipiaT  .lass  111,' 
l„,ur.Mi.iH  aii.rilif  nolil.'  ialMir  sine.'  111.'  .In.  N  of 
Kliiniii.'  iir.'  hcn-ililarv  liank.Ts  ami  coiniii.n  lal 
lni,r.-N  ar.'   not   (•mlaiig.T.'.l.     Marlil.-  .inarms 
„r,.  «,..k..l  at    Currani,  iiii.l   f.mn.lry   tins  ar.' 
li-.hti.l  in  111.'  .Maninmi'S.     \Vv  lln.l  in  llii'  .ilU's 
m"imifa.t,.ri.'«  of  Hilk.  Klaw.   I>a|»'r.  Ix-iks,  llax. 
»,i,,l  ami  li.nip;  Italy  alon.'  proiliui'S  lis  iim.li  as 
nil  Kurop.'  an.l  fiirnislus  to  it  all  its  luxnri.'s. 
Thus  ililTusisI  cmiinicrc.'  an.l  in.liiMry  ur.-  not 
BTiil.'.H.npalions  limliiiK  to  narrow  ..r  .l.lias.^ 
til,,  iiiiii.l      A  (jrial  ni.rcliant  is  a  |ia<'llU-  (jcn.rul, 
whn^niin.l  <'X|mmls  in  c.inlact  wit.i  in.n  ami 
tliiii»:s     l.iki;  »  military  cliicfliiin  lie  orKuni/.is 
i.xp,,liti(msan.l  intirprists  iiiiil  nmki'S  .liseovir- 
i,..  Til.'  Mi'.li.is  iM.»s«'H»  slxt.'.n  liankinK- 

buiw-i  in  Knroii.';  they  liin.l  t.Mjilli.r  tlir.miili 
their  liiisin.'ss  llnssiii  nnil   Sjiain,  Scotlan.l  anil 
Svrii-  lli.y  possess  min.'S  of  alum  tlinmslioiit 
Iliih .  pivinK  to  111..'  I'ope  f.ir  "i"'  "f  tliim  ii  I  nil- 
(jrnl  iLoiisiiml  florins  p.'r  niiniim;  Ili.y  ent.rtain 
at  ilii  ir .  ..urt  npn'sentativ.s  of  all  llie  pow.rs  .if 
Kiir..|i  ■  an.l  l«eonie  llie  onneill.irs  an.l  niol.ri- 
tnrs  ..f  all  Italy.     In  a  small  slat.'  like  Klorenee, 
nil  1  ill  a  .'ounlrv  without  a  nati.inal  army  like 
lljlv,  >^u.  li  an  inllin'iiee  iM'C.mies  ns<-.ii.laiit  in  an.l 
thnmv'ii  ilsilf;    a  .■.mlrol  .>ver  privat.'  forlun.'S 
liilstoa  iiiinaKeinent  of  the  pulilic  fun.ls.  ami 
«i!li"iilv!rikinnalilowi)rusiii,i;violenee.aprivate 
iii.liii  liiil  limls  himself   .lir.-et.ir  .if   the  stall'. 
,  ri,fs.liankinir  macistrat.-s  are  lilieriil  as  well 
asi;i|>;ilili'.    Intliirlv-sev.'ii  years  the  ane.'slors. if 
I,..nii/..  I  xpend  six"  hiimlrcl  an.l  sixty  Ih.iiisjiml 
tluriiK  ill  works  of  eliaritv  and  of  piililie  utility. 
l,..Mii,'olii'iis('lt  isaeiii/..''n  of  the  anli.niestainii, 
alm'>-taiVrii  l.'s,  eapalileof  rnshiiitfintolhearms 
o'lii-i  iicniv.lhekinttof  Napli'S.  in.ir.l.Tloavert, 
lliriiurli   pir-mal   se.luetions   an.l   eloiim-m-e.  a 
war  vvhirli  iiKiiaees  the  sif.lv  of  his  .'oiiiitry. 
Hi- |.r!i.,ir  fortune  is  a  sort  of  pulili.- tr.asury. 
Hill  hi,  |iilari-  a  s.'i'.iml   li"i.l-.l.'  villi'.     II.' .'n- 
tiriiiiH  i!ii'  Irariie.l.  iihls  tlein   with  his  piir-e. 
m:i»' -  iri'ii'ls  of  tliiiii.  eorrispomis  willi  thiin, 
ililrivs  ih"  .  vpiiisis  of  .•liilioiisof  their  works, 
pure  .„is.mii:iini-.iripts,  statiiis  aiel  ni.'ilals,  pat- 
r.mi/i,  |iniiiii>iiii;  yoiin'_'  artists,  opens  to  tlii'in 
hi,  i:  mil  lis,   his Ci'illietions,   his   lious.'  an.l  his 
tahli .  1111.1  with  that  e.inlial  familiarity  ami  thai 
sineirity  an.l  simiili.ity  of  h.^arl  whii-li 
protiiliil   on   a   footing   of    .'ipialily 
prolicior  as  man  to  man  ami  not  as 
I  ill  relation  to  a  suiierior.     'I'liis  is  the 
Hive  man  whom  his  eonlemporari.s  all 
Uii.  a.romplishe.l  man  .if  the  century. 
::  Kiirinata  or  an   AU^'liier!  of  nneie!!'. 
a  spirit  riiiiil.  exalteil  an.l  militant  to 
;   .apu.ily,  Imt  a  lialaiie.il,   m.Mh.rate 


ni>.iiiii-,s, 
plair  Ihi 
with  ;1„ 
an  int.  ri. 
ri'l'T.-.  I,. 


Fl.r.i 
its  i:' 


ami  .ullival.'.l  senilis,  one  who,  throiiRli  the 
K.'iiial  "Way  of  his  serene  an.l  iHnetl.eiil  liilelleet, 
liiii.ls  up  Inl.i  one  sheaf  all  talents  ami  all  iMaulies. 
It  is  a  pl.asiir.'  to  «ei'  them  expan.liin  aroun.l 
him  On  III.'  one  linn.l  writers  ar.' r.  si. .rinif  an.l. 
on  the  otiier.  eonslruellntf.  Kr.iiii  tin'  tim.'  .if 
l'.trar.li(ir..ekan.l  I.alin  manuseriplsiir..  soiiirht 

for,  ami  now  'h..v  an'  to  Ih'  ..\liuni...l  in  Hie  i 

vents. if  llalv,  S«it/i  rian.l,  (i.  rmaiiy  ami  France. 
Thiy  an'.l..iiph.n.l  ami  n  -im.!  with  Ih.ui.l  .if 
Ih.' 'savants   .if    Consiaiiliii.ipl.'.       A    .l...a.l.'   of 
I.ivy  or  a  tnatis..  hv  Ci.eni,  Is  a  pn-iious  Kift 
wilh-itiil   hv   priiie.'s;   s.Mn.'  Ii'iirn.-.l  man   passes 
ten  vearsiif  lravi.|  in  niisa.'kiiui  .lislanl  lihraries 
in  or.hr  to  llml  a  losi  h.Kik  of  Ta.ilus.  wliile  the 
sixli.ii  aulhors   n  s.  in  .1    fmm   olilivi.in    liy    the 
To^jnii's  an.  ..ounte.l  as  so  many  litl.s  to  Ininior 
tal   fain...   .   .   .   Sn  1.-  a>,'iin   lH...om..s  nohie  ami 

al  the  sam.'  time  .l.ar,  ami  Hie  lieiillli.  joy  nnd 
sennilv  .lilTusi.i|  thnaiKli  antiipie   iif.'  r.' .  iilirs 
Ih.'  hiimiin   niimi   with  the  liarnioni.nis  pnipor- 
tions  of    laiu-uaire  an.l  the  imasiin-.l  graia  s  of 
ili.tion.      Kroni  ri'lini'il    lani;iiai'.'  th.y    pass  to 
viilpir  lan«uai;.'.  ami  the  Italian  is  Imrn  liy  tlm 
side  of    111.'    Ijitin.   .   .   .    Il.r.'   In    the    ri'slored 

pairanism,   shines  out   epiiiirean  Kiiity,  a  (l.ter- 
miiiation  to  enjov  at  any  and  all  hours,  an.l  that 
instinct  for  pUasure  wlii.h  a  );rave  pliilos.ipliy 
an.l  political  sohriely  hml  Ihut  far  lenip.n..l  and 
ri'slraine.l.      With  I'lil.  i,  llerni,  Hilii.na,  Ari.isto, 
llan.h'Ui.  Arelin.i.  an.l  so  many  otlnrs.  we  soon 
we  Hie  a.lvent  of   voluptuous  .l.'liauihery  anil 
open  skepti.  ism.  en.l  hit.  r  a  cynical  unlsnindeil 
lieentiousncss.    Tli.se  joy.uisaii.l  rillne.l  <  iviliza- 
ti.ms  hased  on  a  wurship  of  pleasure  and  intel- 
l.'Ctuality  — (in'.'ce  .if  the  foiirtli  e.  iitury,  I'ro- 
venicof  the  twilfth.  and  Italy  of  the  sixleenlh 
—  were  not  I'mluriii!;.     Man  in  these  lacks  some 
checks.     After  sudden  oiitliursts  of  j;..|iius  an.l 
cr..ativen..ss  he  wiiml.  rs  away  in  the  ilin-i  tion  of 
li.'cnse  and  ej;.ilisiii;  Hi.'  .I..i.'i  nirate   artist  an.l 
thinker  makes  nsiin  for  the  sophist  ami  Ihedilet- 
tant.     Hut  in  tliis  transient  hriUian.y  his  liiauty 
was  eharminj!.   ...   It  is  in   this   worhl,  a|,'ain 

iM.onie  Jiaf-Mn.  that  paiiiliii!.'  n'viv.s.  and  the 
n..w  last.s  sli..  is  to  ixralifv  show  li.for.liaml  Hie 
road  sill'  is  to  follow  ;  li..ii.'.f'irtli  she  is  to  .i|..'orale 
the  houses  of  rich  men  liants  who  love  anliiiuity 
and  who  .li^ire  to  live  .laiiilily,  ~  II.  A.  'laine, 
Jl,ili/,  H:,n  iiri  •vi'l  r. '.!>..  M:  :!.  e/i.  'J. 

Ai.siiIN:  A.  von  Hiiimonl,  I.oriitzn  rif  Muhn. 
— W.  l{.is(..K.,  /,//;■  "f  /."'■./..-'>  'l,M.'lin—V.'V. 
1'.  rn.ns.   Ili't.  •/  Fl;i;,„v,  li:ti-l.%:!l.  U:  ■•>,  M. 

"ad  1400-1498.— The  preaching  of  Savona- 
rola.—The  coming  of  Charles  VIII.  of  France, 
and  expulsion  of  the  Medici.— The  great  re- 
ligious revival  and  Christianization  of  the 
Commonwealth.— Conflict  vifith  the  Church 
and  fall  of  Savonarola.— (iinilamo.  or  .Iminie 
Savoiianpla.  a  |)iMiiiiii<au  monk,  Ihmii  at  F.rrara 
in  1I.VJ.  eduialed  to  li(.  a  pliysi.iau.  Inil  l.d  Iw 
(.arlv  .lisi'Mst  with  the  world  "to  niioiin....  his  in- 
t.iiile.l  pnifr^sioii  ami  iiiv..  hinisi.|f  to  Hi..  i.lii:..iis 
Iif...  was  st.nt  to  till'  .. .invent  of  St.  Mark,  in 
Khm'ti.-...  ill  U'.Ml,  whin  he  liail  real  hi'd  tin-  a^e 
of  ;1T.  "Ill'  li..;;aii  his  e  ir- er  as  a  nailer  and 
leetun.r.  and  his  l.itiin.s,  thoucli  only  iiitemled 
for  novices,  dn-w  a  lari;e  au.ltenc.'.  lie  then 
le.liind  in  Hie  ;;anlen  of  the  eloisl.r.  iiniler  a 
lari'..  nis..|iiisli.  where  many  intellc.tiial  men 
canie  fmm  the  eitv  l.i  hear  iiim.  At  leiiatli  lie 
began  to  preach  iuthu  Church  of  St.  Marke,  and 


'.  -i-M 
ii  ■  1 
H 


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j^  .  J  W .«( 

■  1 
.  i 

1 

^^jT 

L 

Ilttit^ 

tliiiii 

f ' 

m 

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I 

ir 


i\ 


riAtttusvy.  iiiMi  iiwN 

W«  •iibji-rt  w**  till-  Apmnlvpue,  out  of  whirli  lii< 
prfillcted  till-  ri'!tlor..l,,ii  ..f  tli«  Churrh  In  ll»lv, 
whlrh  he  iliTliiri'il  (i,Hl  nmilil  liring  nlioiit  lijn 
iKViTi'  vl«lt«HiMi  liH  iiilliii'iii  I'  ii|Hiii  hit  hi'iiriM 
««.i»  "Vir|).iw(i  i!.  tliiiT  H.i«  111!  ^»>m  In  tlir 
.  hiinli  fur  llir  liritlinii,  his  fiiiiii'Kim'inI  ;iliri«iiil. 
iiiiil  he  wan  ni'«t  iiii|wiititi'il  to  pri'iirli  tlu'wrtnoiii 
in   till'    liiihclnil  AriiM    tli.>   lii«iiri<>ii« 

iHtlM'llo,  M'inl  imitnti  life  of  Klorcnci',  In  th,.  cnr-i 
■  •f  till'  rirli  rlti/ciK.  ilip  Ijiintlonx  vociih.  tin- 
lonrni.l  I'liitoni«t<,  In-  dirioiinic'd  the"  nviviil  of 
iiiiifiinitni.  111.'  (orniptloiiii  of  tin'  lliurch,  lli.' 
Iitnonind'  imd  coim'inicnt  BluvrTV  of  thr  iKfinlr 
i»ni|  lUTliirnl  timt  Oi«l  woiil.j  'vi-.lt  Ituly  wltl'i 
■Kiini'   torrlMc    iMiniilinicnl.    iiinl    Unit    it  "woiilil 

*"'"  < !<■      Ill'  Kjiokc  Kcviri'  AvonU  iilnnit  tin- 

priist*.  <li'iliin-.|  to  Ihr  i..ii|.|i.iliiit  tlii'  Hi  rlpliirii 

»•<■"'  II Illy  i;iii.li»  to  wilv.illon;  tliiit  Kiilvatlon 

illil  not  roini'  from  ixtinml  \u.rks.  in  tlii'  Clinrrli 
liiuirlit.  Iiii'  from  fiiiih  in  Cliriit.  from  Blvln^  ui> 
Ihr  linirt   to  Mini,  luiil  if  \[v  for^fuv.'  sin.  tlicrr 
wiw  no  nil c|  for  imy  oiIht  iili-toliiiion.     Snirci'lv 
liuil  III'  In  111  ,t  yi'iir'ln  Klori'iiri'  wliin  liv  wii^iinaili' 
prior  of  till-  inoniiHiiry.     Tlii'rc  w:n  ii  <  iislom  In 
vo«in'.  II  nlli'  of  Ihi'  olil  tiiiK'S,   for  I'Vfry  ni'W 
prior  tic'oiotlic  kiinorniliriinihiMk  liinfuvoiir 
Tliii  homaic.'Wim  tin  n  iliii'  to  I,..rin/oill  Mi'ijiii. 
hut  Sin  oimrola  ili'i  lan.l  lir  woiilil  ni'vir  siilimit 
to  It.  «ayini,'— 'From  wliom  hiiM'  I  ri'iiivcil  mv 
ollli'i'.  from  I'ohI  or  Lorinzo'f     |,,.t  ih  prav  f.ir 
L'raii'  to  thr  lliirlirst.'     Lorinzo  pas..i  ,1  ovrr  iIiIh 
ili«hl.  li.iiiit  anxioiH  to  ai'i|iiin'  thr  friimUhip 
of  oni'  whom  hi'  cliarlv  .law  woiilil  I'lmrt   ynat 
intliiiiiii'  ovi  r  the  Klon'ntini'H.      Itiirlainailii.  his 
lonliinporary  hiouTuphtr.  tills  iih  that  I.ori'nzo 
trii'il  all  kinilHof  plans  to  win  tin'  fri.nilnliip  of 
Savonarola:  lii'  alti'iiiliil  thr  church  of  St.  .Mark; 
listiniil  tohissirmoiiH;  ifavc  larircHuiiiHof  inotii'V 
to  hlin  for  the  poor;  loitcr.il  in  the  jtarilin  to  at 
iract  his  attention  — hut  with  little  success.     Sa     i 
vonarolalriateil  hlinwllh  nspcct.  pn  e  his  mime  v 
.iwiiytoiliep.Mir,  hutavoiilciihiman.lilcnoiincei'l    : 
hiiu.     Another  plan  was  tricil:  llveilislin^'uisheil 
men  waltcil  on  Savonarola,  ami  lienceil  him  to 
span?  audi  elevateil  persons  In   his  sermons,  to 
treat  more  of  pnemlities,  anil  not  to  fontell  the    j 
tulurc.     They  reci'lveil  a  prophetic  answer:   '(!o 
tell  your  master,  /.oren/.o.  to  repent  of  his  sins,    i 
ordml  will  punish  him  anil  his.     Dihs  he  threaten 
me  with  hanishmeiit  1    Well.  I  am  Imt  a  stranpr 
anil  he  is  the  tlrstiiiizen  in  Klorciice,  Imt  lei  him 
know  that  1  shall  remain  ami  he  must  soon  ile- 
p:irt''     What  h:ippeiieil  sliorlly  after  causeil  the 
|ieo|.letol»'Lrintorci.':irilSavoiiar.ila  as  a  prophet 
ami  Hon  him  that  terrihle  fame  which  ciiiiseil  his 
ilownl;ill    .   .   .    Lorenzo  ilieil  on  the  xth  April 
ll'J'.*.  anil  from    that   time   Savoiiarolii    heeomcs 
more  promimni.      ||,.  din  cle.l  his  cMTiions  to 
the  acci.mpli,hm,.|i|of  three  ohjecis  —  the  rcfo-- 
m;itioii  of  his  iii,,iia-.tirv.  the  reformation  of  the 
Horeniiii,.   Siaic.    aiiil    the    reformation   of    the 
Chureh.      Me  ,  han-ed  the  wliol,.  character  of  his 
mona-iery.    .    .        Then   he  proceeded    to  Stale 
inalters.  :ind  in  this  step  we  come  l.njie  prohlein 
of  Ills  lite  —  wiis  he  a  piopliet  i,r  a  fanatic  ';    Lit 
the  fiicis   spc.ik    f.T   themsilves.     Lorenzo  was 
.siici  ceded  l.vhissoii  I'ii.tro.  who  was  va.stlv  in- 
ferior to  Ins  father  ill  li;iriiiiii;and  statesmanship 
Ills  only  idea  appears  to  have  heen  a  desire  to 
unite  !•  loreiiee  and  .Na|iles  into  one  principalitv  ■ 
this  created  for  him  many  enemies,  and  men  Iw..' 
Kiu  lo    fancy    dial    llie 'j;reat   house   of  .Medici 
would    terminate    with    him.       So     it 


apiH'ars, 


...,.r,^„  KI.OKKNCK.  I49A-U(N 

llinilKhf  Siivonaroln,  nnil  annniineeil  th.-  f,,  t  ,. 
nn.1  prlrsii'ly  nmonxst  M*  friemU  in  ,  ,|,„- 
time.  Iii.we»rr.  he  l«'Kan  lo  pMphecc  lli,ir-|,,w„ 
fall  piihllrly  Diirlnjc  the  Venn  lilt-.'a,,.!  , ,.,, 
he  wan  mllvely  enitaifnl  in  preachlnir  1„  (,| 
vent  of  the  former  year,  he  iH'tfan  his  ii,in,,„ 
wrinon*  upon  Niuihii  Ark  In  ll«:l  h.'  |,r.  „  |„,| 
the  U'nt  K'rmontnl  lloloKna.  and  upon  hi,  r.  imi 
he  iM'iran  preachlnij  In  the  cathednl  1  i  i|„,, 
wnnons  he  pn-dlcled  the  approadiin.-  f,l|  ,,f  ,|„. 
Stiiti'  to  the  astonishiiieiit  of  all  his  h.  n.  r.  iv|, , 
hail  not  the  sllirhtest  appri'lnnsion  ,,f  ,|,„., , 
'The  bird  has  decide.'  that  Ills  ,n,„|  ,j,  ,|| 
come  upon  the  land  swiftly  and  «.»iii  II, ■,  h  „ 
the  hurdiii  of  a  s.rmiin' preached  mi  Vh,,,, 
;    Suiiihiy.  111)'.'      At  the  ch.s.' of  r  IICI   an  1  ,,  il," 

new  year  aporoiulied.  he  spok ii  in,,r.  ,,|  ,i,iiv 

ami   dellnltely.       He   deelareil    that    ..ur  .|„,i,M 

'■"I »<'f  II"'  -Mp"  » lio  was  .ailed.  Ilk.- 1  V  nu    .f 

whom  .l.'ri'mlah  wrote;  and  he  si Id   ,.i,.,.|  ,„ 

hand,  wreak  vi'mjeanis'  upon  tli.'  tvr:iiii-.,,f  l.  ,1, 
His  iinaehimj  had  always  ix.ri.d    ,  m  ,> 
villous  Intluen.e  upon  |M-o|ile.'as  we  >lii;i  |„  r, 
aftir  note,  hut    they  eoiil.l    ii,,i   uii.l.  rsin,  |  th, 
.■:iusi'  of  ih.'s.'   predh'tlons.       I'h,'  .m    «„  .,t 
p.ai'.';  (fay  anil  joyous  as  usual,  ami  n,,t,  ir»„ 
i   I  iil.rtaiii.ll;  hut  towards   the  m.l   ,,f  ii,,    ,,  „ 
.am.'  Ih..  fiiltllmeiit.       Charles    VIII      Km-  .f 
:    hranie.  caMed  Into  Italy  hy  Duke  l.ii  1  .ii,",  ,,f 
-Milan,    came   over   th.'    Alps  with   an   iinin,  n.,. 
army.  Im.k  N'aph's.  and  advaiicd  ,,i,  Kl  ,r.i„-, 
I  hi?  expulsion  of  the  Me.lici  from  Klor.  ii, ,  „,.„| 
followed.       I'ietro.   U-in;?   capture.l.    -i  ■■„■,!    n, 
at'reement  to  .leliver  up  all   his  str..ii-;liM,  i,. 
Charles  V'l  1 1.,   and   to  pay  Inm    -.'ihi  iiiiii  ,|.„  ,,, 
h'e  It.xi.V:  a.   I).  U!»4-llBtl|.     Th,.  i„„„,.,  j,, 
diH'nation  s.'iz.'il  the  Klon'ntinis  wh.ii  ili,  v  I,   .rl 
of  this   tr.'iily.       The    Signori   bcih   I„  rn  i.  i„ 
<  harles,  to  n.'«o<'late  for  inihhr  term-.,  ;oi,|  i!„  jr 
chief  was  Savonarola,  who  addrcsscl  th,-  Km  . 
like  a  [irophet,  iM'KKcd  him  to  t:ikc  piiv-ii  p  ,1," 
and  save  her.      Ills  worils  Iniil  th.'  d.-sir.  1  ,  If, , V 
(Miarl.'S  iiia.le  inor.'  easy  t.'rnis.  ami  Ml  il  1  .  i!,, 
Honntin.'  |K'ople  tosetthi  Ihiir.iwn  Slit.      In 
the  meantime    I'ietro   r.'turned,    hut     In-   f..uii,| 
Florenc'  in  the  irreatest  e.xcili'm.'iit  —  lie    rii.il 
palace  was  clowd;  stones  were  ihroHii  ..i  l,mi 
he  8umnioii.'<l  his  Kuarils.  hut  th.'  pi-opl.-  i  .  ,k  t-i 
arms,  and  he  was  <-oiiii>elleil  to  lly  t,i  his  hn.iii.  r, 
liiovanni  ami  (iiuliano.      The  Sii;ii.iri  .l,,lir.  J 
lli.'mto  lie  traitors,  and  seta  price   upM,;  i|„,r 
lii'ads.     Thi'ir  palace  ami  Its  ireasur.s  I,  ]|  i.,i,, 
the  liamis  of  the    p.'ople.       The  fri.'ii.N  .f  ih.' 
.Medici,  howev.r.  were  not  all  exliiiii;  :iii  1   ,■.  i 
discussion   arose  which  w.is  lik.lv  1..  !■  il  |..  ;i 
stnii;j;le,    .Savonarohi  siiiiiiii.in,.,r  ih,-  |..    j',    f 
mei't   uml.'r    the  iloin.'    ..f    Si.    .Mul,  In 

fact,  the  f.irmation  of  tin'  new  Siai,-  i.  I  ii|,iii 
.Savonarila.  f.ir  the  pc.ple  l,..,kc.l  up  i  .  him  ;n 
an  iiispireil  prophet.  lie  pr.,p.,„d  i!,,.  !  .itKi 
litizeiis  shoulil  form  tlicmsilv.s  ihh>  a  _.  i,,  ril 
cuiK-il.  Tlii-n  th.'y  ilr.'w  l.iis  f.,r  .i  tinrl  piri. 
who  for  si.v  months  were  to  a.  t  l":.'.  th,  -  :.-.  :ni 
executive  iHHly  ami  n-prcsint  tiie  :;.ii,  n!  .  .i:ii- 
cil.  another  one  third  forth.'  next  llir,  ■•  ni  :iih<. 
an. I  soon;  so  th:it  every  .ilizeii  hcl  !,■-  i-iiii  in 
the  cuiicil  every  .'i:;li'tciii  in.iiiliis  I',,  y  ulti- 
mately foiinil  it  c..nv.-iiicni  t..  r,  ilu. ,- 1!.  :  .ml).-r 
to  MO  —  in  fiict.  Siiv..n;ir.ila's  D.in,.,  r,i.  v  ...  ,.  ri|)- 
i.lly  he.  ..mini,' oliftarchie.  K.uli.,f  ih—  «"  r,  p- 
rvscntatives  wa^i  t.:  h.-  411  :■■■■;!■-  ■■'  ■■  t!;.v 
vol.-d  with  Mack  ami  wliite"lM'ans.  -i\  I  •  m.^- a 
legal  majority.     But  Ihu  Chief  of  the  >i  .',    wai 


1174 


i!-  ;d^ 


rM>RKM('K.  14tO-t4««  ■»•" 

MbrChrtut;  llnwM  »<>  Ik.  tlir  mw  nwwwrrh 
HtamitnlfP  w»»t'>  Inilmii  llirm  t..  iirc«l»lm  » 
ilmml  »imir.ly.  In  whl.li  li.-  .um....l.'cl  .miy 
ihrouifh  vlitomiwlv  priwlilii^  to  lli.'m  llmt  f.>r 
,l„.„,,.w»»  »w«'tertlmii  vrnis.iin<-. —  lliiit  fn-.- 
,l„Mi  mill  |H»re  wpr«>  mom  Livlntf  timn  mrlfr  »iijl 

h.tr,.l  Il«  w»»  ""*  *'  '•"■  '"■''-''"  "'  '•'* 

,„w,.r    hl.YolctTul.ath.'W«t.';  Ii-  l>  ll..;  .'"ly 

Lt»mi-  ill  Kim-r  '»'  »  "">"''  "r'>'y  ''•■"lli'rf  » 
nnulilli  Tin' ix-"!''"' "■»""■''•'"'  Mm  ium..iiM'iliiii|? 
J,„.  tinm  hiiM...i. :  lliry  ktww  nf  Ills  nUliM  "iM^iit 
m  t.mvcr  ..f  lii»  limit  fii«t«;  "f  lil»  'ml-  ■"'"'•l 
'liarllv  K''W  pniirliiT*  I'ViT  cxiTlcil  mi.'h 

i„rt,i,  nr.  .iiK.li  111.'  inlii'U  "t  <'n.w.l«,  «u<li  .. 
»tali/.ii.U  liitliH'mr ,  111'  ilmiiircl  the  wli.ilr  rliur 
»riir..(l''l"r.iilini'>i'Kiity.  l.llxTtlnrHiiliiiii.l.'n.'.l 
ibiir  vi.<».  ilH'tlirulrii  nii.l  UiviriH  w.O'  iiiii.ty . 
Ihir.'  wiut  no  ••iinl  |>l"vl»K.  n'"'  ""''■'  tlir<iwlnn. 
Ibi.  !,.».•  of  Inning  gnw  m>  grm'Ml.  tlmt  m.iit 
,-„ul,l  u..t  l»'  iM.  lln'  rity  iif  Kl»r.-mr  WH«  U.Hl  » 
Illy  anil  ll«  isuv.Tnniciit  n  Tlirixrmy  riwri' 
wiui's  ( iisti.m  in  Kl.ireniT,  ilurintf  <'«rnlv.il  tiiiif 
(,ir  till' ililliln-n  lo  K<>  fri'i"  li""*'  ti>  Imuitr  iiml 
Mil  ixiipli'  kIvi'  up  'I"'""  ••IhtUIiikI  plciiHiiri'H, 
«n.l  ».  itr.ul  wrtntlic  iiillnmliwm  iit  thin  piTlmj 
ihsl  piiipli.  (fiivi'  lip  llii'lr  riiriU,  their  ilin'  iinil 
tMikKamimm  lioiinU,  Ih.'  luliin  their  |MTfuni.tl 
wntiM,  vi-ilii.  piiint  pots,  fiilif  hiilr,  iniiHiiul  In- 
.trumi-nti,  hnrp»,  luten,  llriMilli.ui  IiIih.  iHpi-cl- 
ullv  Iho*  iif  U"Ki-»(Tio,  (In'nin  ImmiU*,  ri.iimiiiTS. 
sDil  piipiilar  »iiiiK».  All  this  ImhUV  w.w  ««•'»•"•'' 
LiirithiT  ;t  It  heap  in  the  iimrkel  iil.ire.  the  iMiiple 
iiwniW.il,  the  Signiirl  li".k  lliiir  plmrs,  anil 
ihlMrin  ilnlheil  in  white,  with  olive  hraiiehes  on 
ihiir  1i.ii.Ih,  rwelveil  from  Ihein  the  li.iniln« 
i„ril,.»  .mil  set  tire  ti.  the  pile  amlil  the  liliiHt  of 
tniiMp,n  mill  iliant  «<  \.M\\mx  which  wen'  e..ii- 
liMiiiil  till  the  whole  wad  eonmiineil.  .    Ills 

(am.'  hu'l  n.iw  reiwheil  olher  cmintrien;  forelRn 
rn  visiti'il  Klon'm-e  BoleW  for  ■  "  piirpo«'  of  »ee- 
ini:  nnil  li.iiriiiK  him.      T  an  of  Turkey 

iilloweil  liii  KTinons  to  lie  ,  'teil  ami  cirrii- 

lat.iliiiliiHdomiiiii.na.     liiu        the  miiUt  of  hU 
pn.  i.iritv  his  enemies  were  !....  Iille:  aa  he  pro- 
>!r.»«il  I'li.ir  j.aliiiiHV  inrreiiseil:  liis  preaehinjf 
Jispli'iwil  tlu'iii.    ter'rilii'il   them,    anil   amongst 
thiM' ilie  most  hitter  anil  virulent  were  tlie  yoiini; 
sons  iif  the  up|Hr  eliuwes:  tliev  ealleil  his  fiiUow- 
ITS    hiiwlirs'  (I'iaKnoni),  anil  so  nig»Hl  against 
liiintlial  Ihiv  giiiiusl  the  name,  now  immortaliseil 
in  liisti.rv,  "of    the  Arrablati  (the   furies):  this 
uarty    liis  ini'n'useil  by  the  olil  frienils  of  the 
Mi'iiri,  wlii.euUi'il  him  a  reliel  anil  leader  of  the 
lowi-r  ilasM's.      Dolfo  Splni.  a  young   man  of 
position  HI  111  wealth,  ronimanileil  tills  party,  anil 
useil  iverv  ilTort  to  ileslroy    the   reputatlou   of 
Savi.n.irolii,  to  iniile  the  p.'ople  against  him,  anil 
loniin  hiiii.     Tliiy  liore  the  name  of  '  Compag- 
".aiii':  iliiv  wrote  satires  alwut  the  I'iagiioni; 
tlii'V  ririula'ieil  shiiiilers  iilnmt  the  monk  who  was 
makiii,' Klnriiie.' the  laughing  st.iok  of  Kurop": 
but  Savi.iiari.la  went  on  his  way  iiuliflerent  to 
tlie  si-.'iis  alri  aily  manifesting  then'iselves  iiinongst 
his  cniinirvnii'ii,  ever  most  sensitive  to  riilieiile. 
Hi'  aUi.  Mrove  to  reform  theCliurth:  lie  ilellne- 
ateil  ilii'  Api.stolie  t'hiirch  as  a  mmlel  upon  whieh 
111'  wml.l  h.iil.l  up   that  of  Klon'tiee.   .   .   .   Uy 
this  tiim ,  til.'  intelligence  of  his  iloinga,  anil  the 
cist  i.f  Ills  preaching  anil  writing,  which   liail 
Iwiu  lan  fully  innsmitled  to  |{ome  by  his  ene- 
rr,:...  :-,;;::;  .;,  ^..ir:!^;!  the  at!fnt!..n  of  thf  P.-ipc, 
.\k'xamlir  VI  ,  who  tried  what  had  frequently 
pn.viil  an  ii.fallible  remetlv,  and  offered  Savona- 


rtWu  Kl.oltKNCK,    UBH  l.tno 

roU  a  Canllnal's  hal,  whirh  he  at  onrf  rrfinxi! 
Mr  w««  Hull  Invlli'il   to    Koine,  but   ihoiiKht  ll 
ppi.lrnt  t.i  exiiiw  hlmwlf      When   the   iimtni 
vir«y  iKtween  him  and  the  I'o|h'  «p|ieaml  to  ap 
pr.wli  a  crisis.  Savi.iinrola  l.».W   u   »lrp   which 
nomewhat  hurrh'.l  the  laliwlropl..       lie  wrote  to 
the  Kings  of  Kriinie  anil  Spain    and  the  Km|i<iror 
of  (Jeniianv,  to  cull  a  Ueiiiral  Council   to  Uke 
Into  coiisiirenilloii    the    Ilefoim  of   the   Church. 
One  of  these  l.tlrrs  riiiclieil  the  I'oix'.  through  » 
Kpy    of  Diiki'  l,iiilii«lco  Moro,  of  Milan,   whom 
Savonariilii  had  ih  iii.iinced.     The  nsiill  was  Iho 
iwuc  i.f  a  Hr.'V.' .(lct..li«'r,    UUfl).  whl.h  forl«i.lo 
him  ll.  pre.i.  h      The  I'..|mi  then  or.lend  the  C.n 
gngiUlon  ..f  St    Mark  to  1m'  broken  upaml  iimal 
giiMiati'il  with  another      Kor  a  lime  Savoiiiin.la, 
at  the  lulvlei-  ,,f  his  frienils,  ri'niaine.l  .lul.'t ;  but 
at  this  lust  slip,  to  brink  up  111.'  Institution  hi' 
hail  islabli-liiil,  he  was  an.usiMl  lo  action      He 
.lcnouncc.1  l(i)in.'  as  llii'  source  of  all  the  (Hiison 
widcli  was  iiiiili  rmining  the  constitution  of  the 
Church,    .Iceland    that    Its  evil    fain.'  stunk  In 
iiicn's  nostrils      Tli.-  I'.pe    then   aiipHcl  to  the 
Signorl  t.)  .hlivcr  up  this  enemy  of  the  Church, 
but  t.i  no  piirposi'.     The  Franciscans  wtTv  onlertsl 
t.i  preai  h  against  him,  but  they  nia.le  ii.i  imjin's 
slon      Then  cam.'  the  hist  tliuiiil.rboll:  a  I>ann 
was   lsBue.1   (I'Jtli    May,    14117),    which  was  an- 
uouiiced  bv  the  Kranciscans.     During  the  timo 
of    his   sus|M'nslon    and    his    excommunication, 
many  things  hapiiincil  which  tended  to  his  down- 
fall,'although  his  fri.n.ls  gathered  rouml  him; 
the   rapid  chaiigi'  of  ministry  bniught  In  turn 
friends  of  the  .Mialid  t.i  the  helm;  they  Inlni- 
.lucisl  the  young  CompagnaccI  Into  the  Council, 
and  grwlually  his  enemies  wer.'  Increasing  in  the 
(lovernment   to  a  strong    party."      The   tickle 
Klorentine  mob  now  lis.k  sidi's  with  them  against 
the  monk  whom  it  had  reci'iilly  ailored,  and  on 
the  7th  of  April,  UUH,  In  the  midst  of  a  raging 
tumult,  HavonnMla  was  taken  Into  cust.Hlv  by 
the  Signorl  of  the  city.     With  the  assinl  of  the 
Po|M'.  he  was  subjected  seven  times  to  torture 
upon  the  rack,  to  fore    from  him  a  recantation 
of  all  that  he  liiul  ta  I  i.r.acli.sl,  and  on 

the  -SM  of    .May  In  i    ami    burned. 

In  company  with  two  n  'lis.— <).   T. 

Hill,   fnlrnl.   lo   Sironiirui.i  'I'l'/t  of  tht 

Cro/M. " 

\T.so  IN:  P  Villarl.  Hint,  of  Stronuroln  ami 
li,.,  ;i«i-».— Mrs  Oliphant,  The  .V^ikem  of  Fhr- 
en,;\—\l.  H.  .Milinan.  Siiroioirolii.  Krunmnt.  ami 
otfi.r  AWv».— Oi'orgi-  Kli.it,  /i.m<.(.i.— II.  Orimm, 
Life  of  .Virhiul  Aio/ilo.  r.  1.  eh.  ;M. 

A.  D.  1494-1509.— The  French  deliverance 
of  Piia  and  the  long  war  of  reconquett.  See 
Pis\:   .\.  1>.   im    l.'ilW  ,      ..   J 

A.  D.  1498-1500.— Threatened  by  the  Med- 
ici, on  one  side,  and  Caiar  Borgia  on  the 
other.— An  new  division  of  parties.— "  .\fler 
the  licatliiif  S.ivonarola  tlilni  changed  with  such 
a  degree  of  rapidity  llial  tli  irrabbiati  had  not 
lime  to  consiilir  in  what  n  ner  they  could  re- 
strict the  government;  bi  they  stsm  iKcamo 
convinced  that  the  only  salvation  for  the  Hepub- 
lic  was  to  adopt  the  course  which  had  lueii  ree- 
onimemled  bv  the  Friar.  I'iero  Htul  Uiuliano  del 
.Medici  were  ill  f:ict  already  in  tl  nciglilMiurhood 
of  Flun'nce,  supported  by  a  owcrfiil  Venetian 
army.  It  became,  therefore,  absolutely  ni'ces.sary 
for  th.e  .\rrabbiuti  to  i.itite  with  the  Piagnoni.  in 
order  to  defend  themselves  against  so  many  dan- 
gers and  BO  many  enemies.   By  great  gixMl  fortune. 


\ 

HI 

H 


117i 


ri,()itKN('E,  i49»-isnn. 


JImImmk  IVramiy 


KumKNCK,  inosumo 


1  .  » ;  t 


i'  '  .' 


a 


th«  I>ilkp  of  Mllnn.  fmm  ]t  nl.imjr  nt  ih*  Vrn* 
liana.  ii»itM'  1.1  ilii'lr  nMUlniiri'  In  wuni  nff  lltf 
dwiirrr ,  Ilia  who  iniilil  irii»t  in  liU  Minil.liln  — 
win.  .■..iil.l  |.l,i<v  liny  ri'lliiiH-.'  im  lil«  Hili'lity  t 
A*  l.i  All  »iiii.|.r  ll..riflii,  Im'  win.  Iiinl  liilil  nut 
•uch  iiri  III  lin|H'«.  mill  Imil  iiimli'  "i  iiiiiiiy  |.riiiii 
Im'ii.  Ill  i.r  I.  r  III  |{i  I  .H.iMiiiiiri.jii  |iiii  i.i  iliiiih.  n.i 
•.".HIT  win  lil«  ..I.Jiil  iiliuliii'.l  lliiiii  hi'  Kiivr  full 
•»  ly  III  lii«  iiiilirlilli'il  |i,i»,|,,i,»  It  winirii  na  If 
llii- 1|.  iil.'i  i.f  III!  |i.«.r  hrliirlmil  nliiixil  In.iIiIIk' 
l'ii|i<-  Hii.l  hi*  Will.  |>uki'  Viiliiiilii.i,  fn.iii  nil  ri' 
•lriiliiiHii|i..ii  III,  (r  |ii>t<iiii.liiinl.lil..n.  Tlir  I'..|k' 
fiiriii..!  Iiiiiiiinii'  iilliiiiina  Willi  Tiirka  unit  .l.wa, 
■  tliliii;  liiilii  rii.  iiiiiiiiiril  nf  ll.'.  iii..iii>  yrar,  w  t 
111)  In.  Im  iiinlin.il,' hill*  f.ir  miIi  Thi'  lii«liiry 
(11  III.'  ill.  I'-.iH  mill  iiiiir.iir't  .if  llir  family  nf  lli.r 
(fill  i.  i.Ki  w.  11  km. Mil  L.r.ii.l.r  ll  n.n  ...arv  fur 
ii»  I..  I  III.  r  liil..  liny  ilii,ii|,.|   m  r..iMil  nf   ilii  in 

IliTi'         III.'  iriilll  nlij.l  Inf  III,'  |'n|«'  km  |.,  f.,ni| 

»hiiiii'  f..r  III',  will  ill  ilii'  ||i.iiiii){iiii;  niiil  Ml  ifriiil 
wiu.  111.'  miil.iiinii  nf  |>uki'  Viilinllii.i.  tliat  In- 
n.iili  iii|iliili'.l  iMi  ii.liiitf  LiiiMiwirnvi  rllu'  wlinic 
of  lliily,  Tiiw-miv  U  liij;  ili,.  (Irxl  |iiirt  lir  niciint 
liiwi/,'  iijH.ii  Willi  llwt  vli'W  III'  wiia  iiUiivn 
niilniv. Hiring  t  MTtuli'  inw- ijmiiji  in  t,i  thi.  |(,.. 
imlilir;  ill  niH'  lime  III'  niuM'irAri'js/n  In  riai' 
>K'iiii-l  ll .  Ill  mmlliir  time  lir  Iliri'iiU'iiiil  in  hrliijf 
Imrk  I'i,  r.i  ilr'  .Miiliii:  iiml  hi'  wiw  iniiilntmlly 
nwidiii;,'  (III  ir  lirrilnry,  Tlif  cnnHiiiiii'ni'c  wiix. 
Iliiil  Ilii- I'l.in  iiliiiiH  wi  ri'  nMi;;i'il  In  (jraiil  hint 
■D  .ililiilal  mil.M.ly  nf  :|II.IMM»  iliiriU,  imilcr  llil> 
niiiiiinf  rnii.l  lii  (military  piiy);  hut  even  Unit 
iliil  lint  n^tniiii  hliii  fmii'i  cvrVy  imw  anil  tliin, 
un.lir  varinin  priii'xla.  nvirriinniiii;  iiml  laylni; 
wiiHi.'  111.  ir  ll niinry.  Tliiii  ili.l  Aii'xiin.lir  llnr 
gin  fiillil  lli.i'u'  |irnml«'s  l.ilhi'  Iti'iiiitilii'  hy  w  hU  li 
Ihiy  hail  In'i  n  iniliniil  In  nmr.lir  Sav.inanilii. 
Till'  Arrahl.iall  wiri' at  hn«lh  innvliiii.l  ijiat  in 
di'fiii.l  lliiiniu  Iv.'sauMinstllic  Mi'iliiian.l  Unrein, 
lliilr  nnly  rniir'U'  was  In  culiivali'  llir  alliaiiri' 
with   Kraiiri',  an.)   iiiilti'   In   kimkI   f  iliU  willi   thr 

l'ia;;i     111.     TIiih   liny   i plili  Iv  ii  Iniitiil   tlir 

li i'nliry  wliiili  >avniiaml,ilia'ilailvisi'.l;  niiil 

till' i..n-i'.|iii  111.'  Was,  ihat  llii  Ir  alfairs  pit  nrilir 
nn'l  III.  ir  i\i  riinns  w.-rr  allin.li'.l  with  u  mhi'iss 
fiir  hi\.>ii.|  w  ll  il  iiiiilil  havi'  Imiii  anliiipati'il." 
—  1'.  \  illari.  III'/.  '■/  .sii;i„,r„/,i  ,iiiil ,/ /lit  Timf. 
t.  ',',  ^„n,-l,i,i„i,,  —  --  \  iii'w  i|ivi,|,,n"  iif  partii'S 
may  In'  Kii.l  In  liavr  lak.ii  plan'  uml.  r  llii'  tlirii' 
<h'iinniiiiali..iis  nf  '  I'allrs.  hi  '  |a  iianii'  ilirivn' 
fnnii  iIh'  walrliw..r.l  nf  Ihc  M.  .11.  laiis.  '  pallr. 
pall.'.'  whiih  allti.li'.l  L.thi'  w.  11  l,ii.,wn  halls  ii'i 

•I -ll  if   iini'-  nf   llii'   .Mi'ili.  i  faniilv].  'OM 

iiiaii.'  all  I  ■  l'..p.,laiii.'  'rill' lirsl  .  .  .'wiri'  f.ir 
Uii' .>l..li.  i  aii.l  Ih.  Ills.  Iv.-s  ,  .  .  Th.' 'Otl.imali' 
wir.   ill  1 ,1-1  r  Man  h  f.,r  asnri  ..f  vi^innarv  r.h  ■ 

•T il  \>li.  re   a  l.w  ,f   III.'   ni.lilivi   IiIikhI,  ihr    '■ 

innst  ii!:i-iii.iiis  i.iiiii,  \i,,i,s  anil  liii'  Kfi'^'li'st 
ri.  h,  -,  w.  ri'  In  nil,'  I'Inr,  n,,.  wiih.ail  anv  rrjiaril 
In   Ih.'   .M.'.liii.   .       .   Th,.   I'np.,l;,ni.  wh.'i  rnrmiil 

III.'  ;;lral   majnritx.  l..v,',l  liiii'  lil..rlv.  lliiTlfnri'    I 

will' i.in^laiilly  waliliiiii.'  Ilii'  Mi'.li.'i  .ii'.!  niliir   ' 
IMiliiii  .'in.l  .■iiMliili.iiis  Ml.  ii."_l|.  K   Napji-r.  /-V.-r 
eulii,,   llt^l.,  ,1    'I.    'J.  ,',    « I,'.  4). 

A.    D.   1502-1569.-  Ten  years   under  Piero 
Soderini.  — Restoration  of  the  Medici  and  their 
second   expulsion.     Siege  of  the  city  by  the 
imperial  army.— Final  surrender  to  Medicean 
tyranny.  — Creation   of  the   Grand    Duchy  of 
Tuscany.  — ■■  In    Inn-.',  it  was   ilirrii.l    iliat    Ihc    ' 
Olinl.ll.illii'r  slinlll.l   linl.l  ,,lhli'   fnr  lifi'— shniilil    : 
b*^  i.i  1. 1, 1  .1  i),.,;,-.     "i",,    ihis  inipnriant  pnst  nl    ■ 
ptriiiamiu    prisiiliut    I'lirn    tsmkriui    wa.s    up 


pnlnlnl:  and  In  hU  huniU  wrrr  plm.il  11,,'  ,1,1,,; 
»(f»lr»  nf   thi<   n'piihllc     .  Ihiriii.:  ii„.  i,. 

vrani   whirh  pUimhI    lirlwifn    l-Hi-.'  „"t„|   iii; 

lli'M HiMli'rinI aitinlnlalinsl  Klonim-Miii,  , \ 

wuni  almw  of  uri'Ht  pnwpcrily  ||,'  r.  >  „|„,| 
llsit,  ttiiil  malninlni'il  nn  linnnutai.li  i"i,|.„ 
IHillcy  ill  ihr  inlilat  nf  ilir  wnn  allrn  ,|  up  hi  iw 
l.i««iii'  of  Ciinihrny.  Miiinwhih'  ll,.  ,  „„ . 
princes  nf  the  Iiiiiim'  nf  Mciliil  hji.l  f,  ,„  1" 
iiinnhiKiil  Inexih'  The  Canliiial  <1imv,mi», 
:I7  In  I'M'J.  Ilia  hmiher  (liiiliann  wa. :; ;  ||.  ,1, 
nf  Ihi'M'  mm  wcri'lMiicrtlliclihan  ih.  ir  i.r,  u,,, 
I'iiM  In  rtuht  the  hiilili's  nf  ihr  Imnh  i;,,, 
vniiiii,  III  parliiiilar.  Iiii,|  iiihiriicl  n,...,,,;!  ,,,, 
linn  nf  Hie  .Mi'ilii  can  inifl.      Diirint- ih,  1,   ,,|,|,,| 

\\\i\\  nf  .llllii  1  II    he  kept  verv  l|iil.  I    m,,  , 

;    Ills  cnniii'cli.iii  Willi  pnwcrfiil  linn  in   I: |  „i 

iniikinK  niieffiirt  III  ri'ifaln  his  ImM  nn  ll.r,  n,,, 
j    Nnw  tlip  mniiieiit  f,.r»lrlkliiit  ii.l.i  isii,   I  '  «  l,,,! 
j   Clinic      After  the  liulile  nf  Tliivi  una  li.  IM,'  11,,, 
I   Kreiich  were  ilrlvcn  mil  nf  Iiuh,  an. I  il,.  -.I'lr/u, 
n'liiriii'.l  t.i  .Milin  (s<'e  iT.ti.v;  A    |)    iM.i  r.ii! 
the  H|>iiiiisli  irisipa.  iinihr  the  Viiir.n  (  mlMiil 
nmaiiieil   iiiAatcm  of  the   c.iniilrv        I'll'mi,-; 
the  camp  nf  llieac  Spnnlarils.  (iiniaiml  .!,  M,,!,,", 
entereil  Tiiwnny  In  Aiiitiist,  ninl  can..  I  ll.,'  r.s 
torution  nf  theMeillcllo  Ih.  iinnniini ,  ,1  m  Ki,,r 
cncc.      The   twsiple.   intwiiihh'il   hv  .S..1,  run   r. 
anlvcil  to  resist  tn  the  iillcrmiwl   '  \,\  i|„ \, 

cniiraKc  fulled  <in  Aii(fii«t  2IHI1,  when  n.  w  s ,,  1. 1,.,| 
tlicm   nf    the   cuptiirp   uiiil    the   »ai  k   .  f    l'n,i„ 
I'riln  Is  ft  aiinny  little   city  11   few  mil,  >  .|„i  ,„, 
frnm  the    Willis    nf    Khiri'Iiic,    fiin.ni,    f.r  n,,. 
Iiciiiily  nf  ila  wiimcn.  Die  richness, ,r  it,  Lir.i.iu 
anil  thi' Kruce  nf  lis  IniihllnBH.     Im,.  Un.  i- nn  f 
lilies  the  KttViijfe  Kililicry  nf  .Spai,,   urn.         i, 
the   hrii;ht  uiitiimiml   wciillnr.   aiil   ii.,, 
pamilise  into  a  hell,      ll   is  1  v.  n  n-nv  ini|i', 
tn  ri'iiil  nf  whiit  they  ill. I  in   I'ratn  wiilM.ii       ,,1 
ilirlnR.     Cruelty  anil  lust.  Minli.l  i;r. .  I  f  r  .,1,1 
uml   cnlil    delJKlit    In    IiIikmIsIiciI     k'uII    -„  i„, 
further.      Oinninnl  kV  .Meili.i.   hv  i.thir,   mi|,i 
anil  Vnliiptiiims.  iiverse  tn  vinlciiil- .,|  M  kii,,!, 
h.ld  iDsmlle  apprnval.  while  Ih.'  f<|,aiiwli  \  i, ,  n  r 
kiHickeil  thus  with  mailcil  han.l   f.r  hn-i    1!  ll,,' 
iliMir  of  KInreiice.      The  Klnriniiiiis  » 
lymii  with  Icrmr     They  i|c|kisi',1  s  .,1 
rcci'ivcil    the   .Meilid      ■(ii.nanni   mil 
cntcrcil  till  ir  ili'vaslulcil  palm'  in  Ih.   \ 
iilsilishcil  tlietJran.l  (iiimiil.  aii.lihili 
ripiililic  as  Ihcy  li,leil.   .       ,    It  1^  imi  |; 
lliey  wniilil  h.ive  siiccccih'il   in  niuini  ,i 
uiithnrity  —  f,.r  Ihcy  were  p.s.r  aii.l  li!  . 
hy  fricn.ls  nntsiilu  I'lie  rily —  ex,  ipi  !   1 
lucky   circiimslaiicc:    lliai    was  Hi,    ,' 
•  iinvaniii  lie'  .Mi'.lici  I.i  the  I'.ipu.  v  in  I' 
cr.aii.iii  nf  l.en  X.  spreail  s;iii.fa,  li," 
nut  Ilaly,       .   .    Klnrinri'  sliar.'l  in    ii 
ri'inicin;,-.    .    .    .    ll  sccllii'il  as  lli.iu.'ii    r 
lie.  .swayi'il  hy  him.  nii'.-lil  niak,'  li' r  ' 
ciiy  ill  Italy,  ati.l  n  sl.ir.'  Hi.-  l'I,'Im^  ■  i   i 
ascciiil.iiiy    upon    III.'   pl.iil'iiriii   ,1; 

slate,  nift.     There  w.is  n.ivi  1 v.ri  ,'| 

the  .Mi'ilici  in  Klnrciicc.      I|,,w  t,,  'j.>~\.    - 
fi;nni  Unme.  ami  linw  1,1  aihiiii,  c  ilii'  1    . 
his   hrnlhcr   (iiiiliann   ami    his    m  j,]. 
(i'iirn's  snn.  a  yi.iini;  man  nf  Jl',    •' 
I'np.'S  iiinsi  Kcriniisaltcnli.in.      l-'-i  I-" 
I'lilaiiii'il  Ihe  Kuchy  nf  rrliino  mi.l ;!,    1 
French   princess,    "  (iiiiliann  was  n m 
I'inlcrnf  Ih.'Churcl.     Ile.ilsn  »..;<,  ' ' 
litle  i,r  Dukenf  Ncmniirs  anil  lli,'  I  r   ' 
Inrtu,  I'rimess  nf  Savnv.   .   .   .   (iiii!;     '.i 


M  :.1.,1 
i  ,11. Ill', 
l.-iri-:l, 

;Miih,' 
!v  llul 
,•  ili.ir 


Tl;, 


I... 


Kill 
•..1„'< 


1176 


rtoiueMcc.  laot-m*. 

^"^  rU.friK f  m.w  for  tlir  flr»l  lime  mm  » 
!!lT.l«r  ..mrt  r.Ul.ll.h«l  In  l»r  ml-l.t,  with  « 
pri„,    •II".  •  i.,y„u.cky."f  hirriiKi 

1  w!"Mim<"lt..  .w.-|.nlT  all  Ihr  ,l,l.f.»f 

Li    .?h.m«-.     (ll.,II.....Mll...l  I..  IMIl.  IniUMK  , 

Zsil nl   -n,  l,.,H.lll-       ..r,-"/..  ,li...l   I,.  I 

M«   1.  .vlnit  »  l""!""'  """■  Alr-M.ii.lr..  uml   »  i 

lj»i,„,|  i,.iw  1...  Kirlllimii'  iiml..l..<-n.l.[i'l<ff"'" 
r"i.k   *f  r..«lm...     Th-  l........ir».....l  l-nl.t. 

,,    Ih'c.MImuI   (Hull...  ..n.l    .!..•    I""   l->'. 
M,..,n.|r..  a...l  l|.|".lil...     Of  Ih. ■«■.  Al.»~.i..  r.. 

.,, a  nml.ii,.,  liU H.. r  l.^n ill'  l.;.  » •.  M.«.r  -li 

:,     .i„tl„.  l..l,u-..flrl,iM...un.l«l..ll..rl„H 

.,  l„r  w^.H  (ii.ili...  or  Ol'ili' "f  ■•'"""■  "'•"•!"• 

,  ,.„kn..«nf..r..rlui,..  T..  .u.  m  ypM,,,  !.■« 
»r,'il..  M..li'lr.-.l...-.'.l  .  <llull...l.'  M.'li.l 
^.I^M,  1,1  IV.'l  l„  mln.inlHl.r  li...  Slatv  of  H.|r 

71,J.ln„.rul.r-.  .  lnl.Vj:i,>l"l'.;l"-.A.lrl.... 
VI  ,Mir..l  iifl.r  u  lilnirl  i...|.u.y.  fn.i.i  «  .irli 
„  ,,:,i„'.|  „u  l„.nour  ...1.1  Inily  i".  l'r..lli      •■  "1 " 

Th.  i,il..  ..f  tl.m'i.t  VII."    Th.-..  f"ll..».;.l  111. 

CK,,!,,  V  -  for  111.-  |..»i«wl.>ii  of  l"'ly.  I""'  •'»• 

Til  iv:i  I.-.JT,  1.V.'7,  aii.1  l.-.iT-l.V.MJ).  ■■\V1..;m 
;i„.  Kl  T.  nlii»»  kn,w  wlml  w.i«  ImprH-nlnK  In 
I'j.Mi.  il,.y  r.«o  aiHl  fontil  tin-  I  anllnal  I'aa- 
»„„i  l«l„>ii.  the  I'.pc  lm.1  spp«lnt.-.l  t'.  a.t  aa 
hUvi,.  ,:.r.i.t  In  tl.f  govfrnniont  of  Jhm'm.)  t.i 
deiiari  «iil.  tin'  MiilUtan  hiuitanla  lr.Hn  tio  ;ity. 
Til,,  wli.ili-  male  i.<)pulatlon  wiw  fiiroll.il  in  » 
miliUa  Th.'  llraml  Council  waa  r.-fonnf.l.  ami 
tlw  r.  pul.lii-  «tt«  r.»lorfil  upon  the  lauiU  of  I4U.1.  ; 
M,..>l,.(;inp.ml  was  eli-ttoil  (>.)nfa:.mifr.  Tin-  j 
Dam.M.f  <  hrisl  wa«  again  rvgUlfrinl  as  chief  of  ; 
tli.(..imi."ti»ialth  — to  »iiili  an  extent  dlil  the  , 
mini.rv  ..f  Savonan.la  atlll  away  the  popular  : 
uuiu'inl.iinn.  The  new  Stale  hasteiK-a  to  f..rni 
Ml  alii  ,.■(,■  with  Krunee.  an.l  Malateatu  Bag  io-il  ; 
»ii»  i  l.,iM  n  us  military  (.'ominanihr  In  (  liief.  , 
MiMiiwIiil.'  tlie  lilv  arnieil  itself  for  niiKe—  ; 
Mi.  h.l  AriL'd..  llu.i'narroli  an.l  Kninee«'o  ilu  >an  | 
Giill'niii.lirtakiiig  Iheeoiislriutlon  of  new  f.jrtsi 

FLOREiJ.    Sec  Mai  AV  AnriiirKi.A.io. 

» 

FLORIDA:   The    «bori'-in«l    inh»bit»nti. 

S.  Ami  lit.  >N  AuoHl.ilNKi.;  Al'AI.V<ill-.«;  Ml  kK 
11.11.1  w     I'vMii.v,     SuMIMilKsi;     TimujianaN 

!■'*«"  V  «.       •        ». 

A.  D.    1512.  —  Diicovery    and    Naming   by 
Poncede  Lton.     !--ie  Amkkk  a  ;   A.  I>    1-"'1| 

A.  D  1528-1542.— The  expeditioni  of  Nar- 
T»«  and  Hernando  de  Soto.-Wide  Spanish 
applira'ion  of  the  name  Florida.— '  The  voy 
a-..  ..I  ii.iniv  ll.M'J-l.'ii:))  iiii.l  Vasqui/.  de  Ayl 
1..11 1  i  "..'11  l.VJit] tlircw  new  lijilit  oil  tlie iliseoverieM 
'  f  !'  ■::■  r.  v.id  Ihe  ii'.'neml  ».ii  lini'  of  the  coasts  of 
Kl.  nl  1 1,1  imi-  known  to  the  Spanianla.  Mean- 
whili ,  r.  itL-5  had  conquered  Mexico,  and  the  fame 


rtORIDA.  ISM-lMa 

aa<t  tamparU.  The*  in«Mmrr«  wtr»  ailopiMt 
with  nudtlrn  dwlaliM..  I»rau«e  It  waa  UNin  limiwa 
that  Oin»nl  ha.1  m».Ui  !>«»<'»  with  t Imi  15  vrof. 
and  tlial  the  army  which  ha<l  aackiil  H^  waa 
«..ln«  1.1  lie  man  lir<l  ..n  Kloff  nee.  OnHipti-ro- 

Iwr 4 1 1.V«(). tlie  l»rin<-eof  liraniti>api>«-«r.-.l  Ufora 
llie  walU,  ami  oix-mil  tlie  nwrnoralile  ulcKe  II 
laatiHl  rtiilit  month*,  at  the  eml  of  wlih  h  lima, 
bplrayr.!  by  tin  if  Kemral».  dlvl.lt<l  amoiiu  theiii. 
kI*.-..  ami  worn  out  with  .Ulay.,  the  Flonjillnea 
rapllulalr.1  .  .  Th.'  l-nK  yok.  of  JIh'  Me.llcl 
ha.1  UI..I.  rmlne.1  the.  liar...  Ur  ..f  Ih"'  H..rnllii.». 
ThU,  Ih.lr  last  iil..rl...i»  •iriiUKl''  f'"  llUrl*  waa 
lull  artuHh  in  the  nan  -  a  llii.il  ll..r>-  "P  "i  "i" 
.l\iii){  liiiii|.  "hat    rrinaiiK  of    H.ir.iilliin 

l,Ut..rv  iiiav  !»•  hii-Hy  'ol'l  <  I;  o;' »'  i'"«  "i" 
lllMli^|■Mll..^  arl.il.  r..f  |...«.  r  un.l  I...M...ir  In  Ihn 
cilv  .ii..M'  Al."an.lrn  ,1.  M..li.  i  I"  I"  I'lln'e. 
Al."im.lr..  «.i-..r.,.l..ll).ike..((  IvilA.li  I',  ""a. 
and  iiiMrrh.l  I.,  a  iialiiriil  il;oiitlil.  r  .>(  (  lii.rl.  »  V. 
tpiH.lit..  H..H  ii.M.I.'  a  .i.r.lin^.l  l|.|...lil..  »:« 
„il.M.,,.i.nllv  p..is..ii..l  l.y  Al.-aiidr...  loid  AI.-<- 
Miii.ln.  «a»'in.ir.|.r..l  l.y  iii."tli.  r  kiiiMi.iin,  «li.> 
BU.t.ri.l  ii,«iiH-.ii.aii"ii  ill  lii>lurri  "  V\  h.'n  .\l.'*- 
Kimln.  wa- kill.-.l  in  I.-,:)!!.  (  !■  m.  "I  I'l'l  hmi';  1« 
U.iiihii.l  11. .■  \.">r«  Tl.in  ill.'  "Ii"'.'  l..-"iiiy 
,,f  (■o.itiii.  .!.■■  M..li.i.  »ilh  111.'  .\..|.li"ii  01 
tmiHTiiic.  t  ii..n  ..f  Kran..'  pioiirhi.  r  ..f  l...r-_ 

cii/.i.    Iliike   of    rrl.im.,    I -n    .'/    I'l' i"   •" 

Mi.li.il     w -s    iiliirlv    cMiiiL'iiHli.'l       I'll'    '"» 

M.'.lii  1  ha.l  .<irii<  k  r.«"it  m.  lirnily  in  ih.'  >^lal.'.  ami 

lm.l  «..  r.iii.Klcll..l  II  iil""i  III.'  l.M»of  tvn.niiy, 

that  111.'  Klori'iiliii.'<  ».r.-  no  h.mi"  r  al.l.'  M  .l<» 

WI1I1..UI  lii.m.     The  .l.i.fH  ..f  III.'  (Hliniati  ae- 

h-cli'd    CoHiiiio."    a   .lew  iiidaiil    from    Loriiiw, 

l.r..lh.r  of  111.'  f...iiii..  who  f..iin.l.'.l  ll"-  l>ower 

of  the  lloiiiM'.      ■•  lie  it  wiw  wli.i  ..l.laii.e.l  \\.m\ 

■    the   title  of  (Jnm.l  D.ike  of  Tun.  any   froiii  the 

I'opi'  — a  lllhM.mllrim.l  l.y  the  Kiiiperor.  forth 

fled    by    Aii«trlaii    allianc.a.    ami    imnBiiiiitea 

!    throinh  hi«  heirs  to  the  pre»<iit  century.'— J.  A. 

i    eivnion.U.    Sktir/ut  iinil  tttiitirt   la    Jluly.   c1-    1> 

'   ihVireuee  ami  thf  Mriliei).  ..    .     ,     . 

Al.«i  IN:  II    tlrimin,   l.if>   of  Mirhnrt  .l»..'K'», 
M.  H-1.1  (r.    I-'J)  -T.    A.    Ti 


nilloiH'.  Ili't  "J  '** 
r,',m„umirmllh  <•/  t'Umnrf.  hk.  «,//..  10.  I'k.  10 
(r  4)— H.  E.  Napier,  hturntinr  JIulory  t.  *-n. 
-W.  UoKCOe.  lAffimll'oiititie'iU;'/  U"X..eh  V- 
23  (r.  1-2).— 1'.  Villari,  .VndiiarttU  andhu  limf, 
T  :i— 4 

A  D.   1803.—  Becomea  th*   capital  of  the 
kingdom  of   Etruria.      Jne  Okumanv:    A.  I) 

A.  D.  i86s.-Made  temporarily  the  capital 
of  the  kingdom  of  Italy.     Sw   1 1  ai.v  :  A.  U. 

iHiw-tsmi. 

of  that  iiii.iuil.iiis  hut  maKnin<-ent  exploit  rang 

tlir.iii"h  al.  Spain.      .Manv  an  impaliinl  cavalier 

Imnii'd  t.i  a.  Iii.'v.'  a  kiiiilr.'d  f.irluii.'.     To  tlieex^ 

(itcd  faiK-yof  111.  •■^paniaril"  the  unknown  laii.l  .>f 

Fluriila  s<".mi.-.1iIii'  s<at  .if  siirpassiii);  wcallli.  ami 

I'amiihllo  .1.   Narv:ii'/,  essiiyc.l  10  |i.i~.e».<  liimvlf 

of  its  fati.h'.l  iri'iisuri's       l.aiidiiii!  ..11  it.H  sli.ir.s 

|1.V.;.'<1     an.l  pr..iluiiiiiiitt  ■i.-strmtion  t.>  th.'  In 

iliaiis  1I111.S.S  lli.'V  ii.kM.i"  ..'.k'.-.l  the  soviTci^nty 

iif  th.'  I'.ipe  an.dlii-  Km  ..I'or,  lie  advaiu..!  into 

th.'  for.-sis  with  :ilKI  mill,     N..ll.iiiu'coiilil  .-m.-.-.I 

I   their  sulTerinu'!!.      N.iwlicrc  ...iiUl  lluy  tlii.l  Ihu 

1    v„:     ihev  came  I.)  s.ck.     The  villai;.'  of  Appa 

I    la.         wild-  they  Ii.iihhI  to  piin  a   rich  lx">ly. 

i    .111     C.1  l...ll.li.fc'  I.ut  a  K-.V  mean  v.i;;*:.i,i;        I  .I'- 

I   hoidcs  ga.c  out  and  the  famished  soldiers  tea 


til 


.aa 


1177 


I  ■  i  i 


FLORIDA.  1528-1512. 


Hrrnnndo 
tie  Sutv'n  ConqufMt. 


FLORIDA.  1M8-1503. 


Si 


upon   thilr  flcsli      The  men   (lickcnnd.  anil   tlip 
Iniliiins  LucTftsinulv  luinisscil  ilnir  iiiarcli.     At 
linjrtli,    aft.r  'JNO  Icapucs  of   Kaiiclirint;,    tliiy 
foiiiul  thcniiMlKM  oTi  the  i.ortluTti  sliori'  of  tlif 
(Julf  of  Mixici),  and  ilcspcmlcly  put  to  sea  in 
swell  cnizy  lioals  as  their  slill!  ami  means  eoulil 
eonslniet.     Cold,  disease,  famine,  thirst,  and  the 
fury  of  the  waves,  milted  them  away.     Narvaez 
himself  pc  rislieil,  and  of  his  wretched  foIlDwers 
no   more  than   four  e.s<aped.  riaehinj;  liv  land, 
lifter  yiars  rif  vicissitude,    the  Christian"  .settle- 
ments of  \,w  .Spain    .  .  .  Cal)iM,a  de  Vaea  was 
one  of  the  four  who  escaped,  and.  after  liviu); 
for  years  anions  the  trilM'Sof  .Mississippi.  (  rossed 
the  Hiver  .Mississippi  near  .Memphis,  journeved 
westward  l>y  the  waters  of  the  Arkansas  and  l<ed 
Hiver  to  New  .Me.xicii  anil  Chihuiiliua.  tlience  to 
Ciiialoaon  the  Culf  of  Californiii,  and  thence  to 
Me.vieo.     The  narrative  is  one  of  the  most  re- 
marliahle  of  the  early  relations.   .   .   .  The  inte- 
rior of  the  vast  country  then  eomprehen(h'd  under 
till'  name  of  Florida  still  remained  uncxplori'd. 
.   .  .   Hernando  ile  Siito  .   .   .  companion  of  I'i 
/arm  in  the  coiii|iiest  of  Peru  .  .  .  a.sked  and 
obtained  |M'rniission  1 1.1.17]  In  conipier  Florida. 
\\hile  this  design   was  in  a);itation.  Cat«'(,ii  de 
Vaca.  (aie  of  those  who  had  survived  the  ex|H; 
dition  of  Narvaez.  a|)peared  in  Spain,  and  for 
purposes  of  his  ow  n  spread  aliroad  the  mischiev- 
ous falselKHHl  that  Flori<hi  was  the  richest  coun- 
try yet  discovenil.     l»e  Soto's    plans  were  em- 
liraced  with  inthusiasin.     Nobles  and  jjenllemen 
contended  f(ir  the  privilece  of  joining  his  stan- 
dard: and.  setting  .iail  with  an  ample  armament 
lie   landei!   [May,   l.-jli!)]  at  the  Hay  of  Kspirilii 
Santo,   now  Tampa    H.iy,   in   Florida,   with  020 
chosen  nivTi,  a  band  asiiullant  and  wellap|M)inted. 
as  ia;:er  in  piirp.isi'  and  aiiilacioiis  in  hoiH-   a.s 
ever  trod  the  shi>n's  of  the  New  World,   .   .  .   The 
adventurers  bcL'an  tlieir  march.     Tlnir  story  has 
l)i-en  often  told.      For    'lonili  after  month"  and 
year  after  year,    the   procession  of   priests  and 
cavaliers,   cross  bowmen.  ar(|uelmsiers.   anil   In- 
dian captives  laden  with  the  baL'Ka>;e,  still  wan 
dered   on   tlirou,i;h    wild  and  boundless  wastes, 
lured  hillier  and  thithir  by  the  ijrnis  fatuus  of 
their   hopes.     They  traversed  preat  portions  of 
tieoriria.  Alabama,   and  .Mi.s.sissippi.  everywhere 
inllieliiif,'  and  endurini;  misery,   but   never  ap- 
pro.ichini:  their  plianto|n  Kl  Donido.     At  lenjith, 
in    tlie    third    year  of    their    Journeyintr.    they 
real  he,l  the  banks  of  the  .Mississippi,  yS'i  years 
liefore  its  sceimd  |or  third?)  discovery  liv".^Iar- 
'l'"'"e  .  The   >pauiards  eros.seil   over  at  a 

point  above  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansjis.  They 
advance.l  westward,  but  found  no  treiisures.— 
nothiuL'  indeed  but  hardships,  nnil  an  Indian 
enemy,  furi.iiis,  writes  oni'  of  their  otiieers,  'as 
mad  doL's  '     Thi  y  lieani  of  a   countrv  towards 

the  north  where  mai/, uM  not  Im-  "eultivatiil 

beeaus,'  the  vast  herds  of  wild  cattle  devoured  it. 
They  pineiraleil  so  far  that  tliev  entered  the 
ranw  of  the  rovini;  pra.  -e  tribes. ".  ..  F  idinR 
licit :ier>;old  northe  Souih.Sea,  for  both  of  which 
th"y  had  hoped,  ihey  returneil  to  the  banks  of 
the    .Mis.si:.sippi.      De    Soto  .   .   .   fell   into   deep 

'■'■J'" followed  bv  an  attack  of  fever,  and 

siKin  after  died  miserably  [.May  21.  l.Maj  To 
[ireserve  his  body  from  ttie  Indians  his  followers 
sank  it  at  midnii;ht  in  the  river,  and  the  sullen 
waters  of  the  .Missis.sippi  buried  his  ambition  and 
his  hopes.  The  adventun'rs  wire  now  with  few 
exiepiioiis.  d!=|juated    with   the  ^i;!erpri«.,  aud 


lonped  only  to  esenpe  from  the  .seen,.  .  f  ii,,.,, 
niis<Ties.  After  a  vain  attempt  to  reai  U  Mixj,,, 
by  land,  tliev  nj!;ain  turned  back  to  thr  .Mivi 
sip|)i,  and  lalKired,  with  all  the  resour,  ■ /wi,;,'!, 
their  despenite  neces.sity  could  siiirniM  io,'ii 
struct  vessels  in  which  tliev  mii.'ht~  ni  ,'l>,  il,,,'. 
way  to  simie  Christian   settlement  Svip 

bripantines  were  tinished  and  launi|j,,|' .,„,]' 
Irustinp  their  lives  on  iMiaril  these  frail  i'.smI. 
they  (h's<'enileil  the  Mi8»is.sippi,  riiiinin'  il,,. 
pauntlet  lii'tween  hostile  (rilies  who  lirrn Iv  n 
lacked  them.  Heachinp  the  (Julf  ilmu'li' il  • 
withoul  the  loss  of  eleven  of  their  liijinl,,  r  ll„v 
made  siiilfortlie  Spanish  settlement  on  ih,  'ijiv,- 
I'anuco.  where  they  arrived  safelv.    lui.l  »ii,T,. 

the  inhabitants  met  them  with  acordial  'm  I, „. 

Three  hundred  and  eleven  men  tliiw  i>iit,,i 
with  life,  leaving  iK'hind  thein  the  lion,  s  ,,f  il„.ir 
commdes,  .strewn  liroiidcast  Ihroui;h  the  «ii,|,t 
[less.  De  Soto's  fate  proved  an  insutlici.  i,t  Hnrn 
inp.  for  those  were  still  found  who  l„  r.,,!,]  , 
fresh  eommi.ssion  for  the  ciiiiipiest  of  fIuHiIi 
but  the  F;nuMTor  would  not  he.ir  them  \  ninr,. 
j'acitic  enterprise  was  undertaken  l,v  Cmn]],, 
[or  CancerJ.n  Dominican  monk,  who  nit  i,  sen  nl 
brotherecelesiastics  underiook  to  inimri  i|.. 
natives  to  the  true  faith,  but  \,as  inunl.r..(l  in 
the  attempt  NotaSpaniard  h:,d  v, ,  ,,,i„,,i 

foothold  in  Honda.  That  name,  as  tlie'Sn.„ii,r,|, 
of  that  day  understood  it.  compn  IhikI..!  iIj,. 
whole  country  extemlinp  from  the  At!;,mii  „i, 
the  east  to  the  longi'.ide  of  New  .Meviro  on  il„. 
West,  and  from  theOulf  of  Mexico  .md  tl,,- llivir 
of  Palms  indefinitely  northward  to«.-,r.i.i  ili,. 
polar  Sea.  Tlii.s  vast  territory  was  i  iMiim  .1  In 
Spain  in  riplit  of  the  discovi'ries  of  Cnliimlni,' 
the  prant  of  the  I'o|n>,  and  the  various  i  xiioli! 
tions  mentioned  above.  Knpland  li.iirm.i  it  ii: 
riphtof  the  discoveries  of  Cabot,  whil,-  Kninv 
could  advance  no  better  title  than  miirlit  l».  ,!, 
rived  from  the  voya.L'e  of  Verrazano  mthI  m-'u,' 
traditions  of  earlier  visits  of  liretoiiadvciriuriTs ' 
—  F.  Parkman,  l'ii,ii,,iii  of  Fr,ii„r  in  tjir  \nr 
Wiirld,  rfi.  h 

Al.si)  IN:  T.  Irvinp.  Cmr/tienl  of  /'A.,,,/,!  /„, 
J)e  Sil,i.  —  l)i.ii;ii;'f!/  iiiul  <\iniiiiett  of  r,  'ri  F'--- 
iiht  ;  wrillt'ii  hji  a  (inittemmt  of  E/ro>  ilhVo,i 
Sir.).—,].  \V.  .Monette.  Itinroro'n/  „,ol  .\in,„„\t 
of  the,  .V/xiix<i/ijii  fullii/,  eh.  i_t — I.  li  Slir.i, 
Aneifiit  Floiiilii  (A'lir/Mf/ir  nn,/  Criifi'  ll,~f  -f 
Am..  V.  2.  rh.  4). 

A.  D.  1562-1563.— First  colonizing  attempt 
of  the  French  Huguenots.— About  lii,  ,ml\\- 
of  the  IHth  century,  certain  of  the  I'mi,  ,i.-,mi>  "f 
F'mnre  iK'pan  to  turn  their  tllou:;hI^  to  ih,'  .N.  u 
World  as  a  po.s.sible  place  of  refui;,-  frMi.i  tln-inr 
wcutions  they  were  sulTermp  at  home.  ■  S..mr 
of  the  F'reneh  sea-ports  became  .stnui^Hi-LI- "f 
the  Ilupuenots.  Tlieir  most  pron.iii.  nt  sup 
porter.  Colipny.  was  hiph  admiral  "I  Kruire 
Thes<'  Ilupuenots  lixiked  toward  the  ii- u  , vun 
tries  as  the  proper  Held  in  which  to  s. .  i:rr  i  p' 
treat  fr.iin  persecution,  and  to  foiiud  ^  :;.  w  n- 
lipioiis  commonweHlth.  Probably  Tn:i;iv 
French  'corsarios'  follow inp  the  Irei. 
Poriupiiese  and  Spaniards  to  the  \V. -1 
and  the  coasts  of  Urazil.  were  llu--.!  ;i 
The  tirst  sehemc  for  a  Protestant  ..I  rn 
new  world  was  siipgesled  by  .\iliuiM!  1  -I 
l.T-M,  and  intended  for  the  coast  of  iir 
which  an  expedition,  under  Durand  di  \  ill.  ,,-:nn 
on.  was  sent  with  ships  and  colonists  Thi^  1  xpe 
ditiuu  arrived  at  \\xk  Jjay  of  ICiodt  Jam .0.  .1,  i.iij 


nf    III,. 

..f    ill.. 

Ill.li.-i 

lU    till.. 

.'iivin 

ni  Id 

1178 


FLORIDA.  1M2-1563. 


Huguenot 

Colonizalion. 


FLORIDA.  1564-1565. 


Md  founded  there  the  first  Kuropean  Beltlemint. 
U  »-,s  followiHl  the  next  year  l>y  another  expeill- 
inn      Hut  the  whole  enterpris.'  eanie  to  an  end 
V  .livisions  anionjf  the  (,i)lonists,  oerasioned  hy 
li,.  tniieli.rous,  d.^spotic,  and '■"■'• .  proe.-edi..).'S 
„(  in  eonimander,  a  reputed  (  alholie      The  eol 
„„v  wiw  rtnallv   subverted   l.y  the   I'orti.Kuesi-, 
who  ill  \'M,  si'nt  out  an  annament  iiniiinst  it, 
aml'tiK.k  possession  of  the  Hay  of  Uio de  .lamiro. 
\(Iir  ll"'  unfortunate  end  "f  tin'  1'  reneli  en- 
f,.rnri'-e  to  .        ll  America.  Adminil  ColiKiiy,  who 
,„,v  he  Mvl...  Ilie  IJaU'itrh  of  Franee.  turned  his 
'o'lHitior  to  llie  eastern  slioresof  North  Anienea; 
'ill,.  «liole  of  wliieh  Imd  IxTonie  known  lu  I-rame 
,p„„  ,h.  voya^-e  o'  Verrazano.  ami   tlie  French 
■  xiKililioiis  to  Ciinada  and  tlie  Hanks  of  >ew- 
foumlUniil."     In  Fehruary.  IMS.  an  expedition, 
litteil  out  liv  t'oligny,  sailnl  from  Havre  de  (.race, 
umlcT  .Icin  Kihault,  with  Ueue  de  I.audonm.  n^ 
f„rn.ini.'..iie"f  the  company.  .Hil«ult  arriveil  on 
the  Florida  coast   in   tlie    neiglihorho.Hl    of  tlie 
nnsent  harl^.r  of   !St.   Augustiii..,    and    thence 
LiUil  north.     ••  At  last    in  a  m.uI  32^  30    N^  he 
found  an  excellent  hroad  and  deep  harlH)r,  wliu  li 
he  named  I'ort  Uoval,   which   probalily   is  the 
nresent  Hroad  Kiver,  or   I'ort   Uoyal  entrance, 
lie  fouiiil  this  port  and  the   surroundini; 
rouutrv  so  mlvantageoiis  and  of  such   'singular 
beaiitv  '  tliat  he  resolved  to  leave  here  ll  part  of 
his  men  in  a  small  fort.  ...  A  pillar  with  the 
arms  of  Fnime  was  Ihen'fore  en'Cted,  and  a  fort 
cunslruclcd.  furnislii'd  with  caniKm,  aminunilion, 
and  provisions,  and  named  'fharlesfort.'  Thirty 
volunteers  were  placed  in  it.  and  it  became  the 
scfonil  KiiroiH'an  settlement  ever  attempted  upon 
the  east  loast  of  the  United  Stales.     Its  VMisition 
»•  1*  |,rol«il>lv  not  far  from  the  site  of  the  present 
town  of  lieaiifort.  on  Fort  Uoyal  Hiver.      Having 
aciompli^liid  this,  and  made  a  certain  captain. 
Mlrrtdrlal'ieria,  'a  soldierof  great  experience.' 
iMminaiiderof  C'harlesfort,  he  tixik  leave  of  Ins 
Miiiitrvmen.  and  Kft  I'ort  Uoyal  on  the  lllhday 
of  ,1  line.  '  arriving  in  France  on  the  'iOlhof  .Inly. 
•On  hi.,  airividin   France.    Kihault   found  the 
oounlrv  ill  a  Mate   of   great  commotion.     The 
ciiil  War  Uiween  the  Huguenots  and  the  Catlio- 
!iis  tta»  nigimr,  and  neither  the    king  nor  the 
iidiiiiralliad  time  to  listen  to  Uibaiilt's  solicila- 
tii.iK.  to  Mild  ndief  to  the  settlers  1.  ft  in  '  French 
Fl'irida  '    Those  cidonisis   remained,  therefore. 
iluriii,'  the  renmiiider  of  l.'.ft'i,  ami  the  following 
wiiiur.    wiihout    assistance   from    Franee;   ami 
afii  r  iiiaiiv  trials  and  sullerings.  they  were  at  last 
fonid,  in'l-ili:).  to  abandon  their  siltlemeiit  and 
themw  eniinlrv."    Having  c(mstructed  a  ship, 
«iihL-real  ditliculty,  they  put  to  se'a;  but  suf- 
firnl  horrihlv  on  the  tedious  voyage,  from  want 
of  food  and  water,  until  tliev  were  rescued  by  au 
KiiL'li-li  vi-:vsel  and   taken  "to  England.— J.   (}. 
Kolil.  Ili^l.   <■/  the  JUnf'tfrti  of  MuiM  (Maine 
ll„t.  <■■■■   i;.u..  -i,!  nfriiii.  r.  1),  eh.  11. 

.VisoiN:  F.  I'arkman.  /"lonc'rn  nf  FYnnee  in 
I'.,  _\..r  W..rl,l.  ch.  •,).— Father  Charlevoix,  IIM. 
"I  \.  -  l-nin.r  :  triuit.  In/ J.  (>.  She,i,  tik.  3  (r.  1). 
— T    i;  V.  Smith,  ViUetjiwj:uiii  (Am.  Sue.  of  Ch. 

A.  D.  1564-1565.— The  second  Huguenot 
colony,  and  the   err  in   Spain    against  it.— 

■  .\livr  the  iieaelieroiis  peai'e  lietween  t'liarles 
IX  aiul  tlie  Huguenots,  Coligny  nnewed  his 
soli<iiati..ii»  for  the  colonization  of  Florida.  The 
kiiiL'  irave  1  onsent ;  in  1564  three  ships  were  con- 
tvivu  fwT  ;hc  Licrvivjc;  and  iauduuuieru,  who,  io 


the  former  voyage,  had  been  upon  the  American 
coast,  a  man  of  great  intelligence,  though  a  si'a- 
man  rather  than  a  sohlier,  was  appointed  to  lead 
forth  the  colony.  ...  A  voyage  of  60  days 
brought  the  lleet.  by  the  way  of  the  Canaries  and 
the  Antilles,  to  the  shores  of  Floriiln  in  .lune. 
The  harbor  of  I'ort  Uoyal,  rendered  gloomy  hy 
recollections  of  iniserv,  was  avidiled;  and,  after 
searching  I  he  coast,  aiid  discovering  jilaces  which 
were  so  full  of  amenity  that  milanclioly  itsilf 
could  not  but  chanL"'  its  humor  as  it  ga/.ecl,  the 

followers  of  Calvin   pliiiileil  tl isilves  011  the 

banks  of  the  river  Mav  [now  called  the  St  .lohn's), 
near  St.  .hilin's  blulV.     They  sung  a   psalm  cpf 
thaiiksgiviiiL'.  and  gathered  couragi'  from  acts  of 
devotion.     The  fort  imw erected  wascalled  Caro- 
lina.  .   .   .  Tlie  French  were  hospitably  wilconii'd 
by  the  nalivis;   a  moiiuinent,  Ixaring  the  arms 
of  France,  was  irowned  with  launds.  and  its  base 
encircled  with  baskets  of  corn.      What  need  is 
there  of  miiiutelv  relating  the  simple  manners  of 
the  red  men,  the  dissensions  of  rival  tribes,  the 
largessi'S  (dfered  to  the  strangers  to  secure  their 
protection    or    their   alliance,    the    iinproviilent 
prfsligalitv  with  whiih  c-areless  soldiers  wasted 
the  siippl'ies  of  fcKHl;    the  certain  approach  of 
scarcitv;  the  gifts  and  the  tribute  levied  from  the 
Indian's  by  entrealv.  meuaie  or  force'?     Hy  de- 
grees  the'  conlideiice  of   the   red   men  was  ex- 
hausted;  they  had  welcomed  powerful  guests, 
who  promised  to  beionie  their  lienefactors.  and 
who  now  robbed  their  hiiinlde  L'raiiaries.     Hut 
the   worst  evi'   in  the  new  settlement  was  the 
character  of  the  emigrants.      Though  patriotism 
and  nligious  enthusiasm  had  prompted  the  ex- 
piditioii.  the  inferior  class  of  the  colonists  was  a 
motley  group  of  dissolute  men.      Mutinies  were 
freqiiint.     The  men  were  mail  with  the  passhm 
for  sudden  wialtli;   and  in   I  lecember  a  party, 
unihr  the  pretence  of  ilesiriiig  to  escape  from 
famine,  i-ompellcd  I.audonnierc  to  sign  an  order 
permitting   their  embarkation    for    New  Spain. 
No  sooner  were  they  possi'ssed  of  this  apparent 
sanction  of  the  chief  than  they  iK-gan  a  career  of 
piraev  against  the  Spaniards.     The  act  of  crime 
and   ieineritv   was   soon   avenged.      The    pirate 
vess<  1  was  taken,  and  most  of  the  mi'n  di-posi'd 
of  as  prisoners  or  slaves.     The  few  that  escaped 
in  a  boat  .soUL'ht  shelter  at  Fort  Carcdiiia,  where 
l.audonnii're  sentenced  the  ringleailers  to  death. 
During  these  events  the  scarcity  liecaine  extreme; 
anil  the  friendship  of  the  natives  was  forfeited 
by  unprolitabli'  severity.      March  of   bWo   was 
gillie,  and  there  were  no  supplies  from  France; 
April  passed  awav.  and  ti'C  expected   recruits 
had  not  arrived  ;  .Mav  brought  nothing  to  sustain 
the  hopes  of  the  exiles,  and  they  resolved  to  at- 
tempt a  return  to  F.urope.     In  .Vugust,  Sir  .lohn 
Hawkins,  the  slave  merchant,  arrived  from  the 
West  Indies      He  came  fresh  from  thi  sale  of  a 
cargo  of  Africans,  whom  he  had  kidnapped  with 
signal  ruthlessness;   and  he  now  displayed  the 
most  generous  svinpatuy.  not  only  furnishing  a 
liliemi  sii|iplv  of  provisions,  but  relimiuishing  a 
vess»l  from  "his  own  licet.     Thi'  colony  was  on 
the  point  of  einba  king  wlien  sails  were  descried. 
Uibault  had  arrived   to  assume  the  command, 
bringing  with  him  supplies  of  every  kind,  eini- 
grams  with  their  families,  garden  si'eds.  imple- 
ments of  hnsbaiidrv    and  the  various  kinds  of 
doimstic  animals.   "The  French,  now  wild  with 
jov,  seemed  about  to  acquire  a  home,  and  Cal- 
•   v!ui=m  to  iierome  fisetl  in  the  inviting  regions  of 


'li 


5.' 


W-  i.r 


-"'*  '  ; 


rj] 


1170 


:'.  !  ■  I",  l^ 

'.    I   :     l]      -V     ■-   t    ■  -   ■ 


■tr.^ 


ii';*!'-''-*-: 


•l!    ;i-    ■■ 


FLORIDA,   1564-t5«5. 


TKt  Spanislt 
Mauacrt. 


FLORIDA,  1585. 


Florida.  But  Spuin  had  never  abandoned  her 
claim  to  tliat  territory,  where,  if  slie  had  not 
planted  colonies,  she  had  buried  many  hundreds 
of  her  bravest  sons.  .  .  .  There  had  appeared  at 
the  Spanish  court  a  commander  well  Uttcd  for 
reckless  acts.  I'edro  .Melendez  (or  Menendez] 
de  Aviles  .  .  .  hud  acquired  wealth  in  Spanish 
America,  which  was  no  school  of  iK'nevolcnce, 
and  his  conducl  there  had  provoked  an  in(|uiry, 
which,  after  a  lonn  arnst,  ended  in  his  convic- 
tion. .  Pliill|i  II.  8iii;);estcil  the  con(|uestand 
coloni/iiliou  of  Florida;  and  in  Mav,  1.")Im,  aconi- 
pact  wa.s  framed  and  conllrnicci  bv"\viii(li  >!"lcn- 
<lez.  who  (lc.-.lri  il  an  opiinrtiinllyto  ntrieNi-  his 
honor,  was  consilmtcd  the  hin'dltary  pivcrnor 
of  a  territory  of  almost  unlimited  extent.  On 
his  p:irt  he  .stlpuhiteil,  at  his  own  cost,  in  the 
followiii!,-  Miiy.  to  invade  Klorlihi  with  .VK)  nii'n ; 
til  coMiplili'  its  icini|iu-.t  «iiliin  thrive  years;  to 
e.\plorc  lis  currents  aii'l  clianriels.  the  diinners  of 
itscoii^ts.  an.l  the  .leplJM.f  lis  havens;  to  I'stali- 
llsh  a  e.iliiny  of  at  le;ist  ."itlil  |>crson-i.  of  \vlic>m  1110 
sli.Mild  lie  ni:inlcd  nie'i ;  wllli  I'.'  eeeli-.siastlcs. 
Iiisldcs  four  .Icsiilis.  .  .  .  Meiuillnic.  news  ar- 
rivnl,  as  the  Knni'li  wrilirs  assert  tliroOL'h  the 
treachery  t,f  the  court  of  Vr.mrr.  that  the  lliiL'ue- 
nots  had  lu.ide  a  plant.itioii  In  I'li.ilda,  and  that 
Ulliaiilt  w.as  prcparlnj;  to  sit  .s.ill  wlih  n-en- 
fiTceminls.  The  cry  was  ralsid  that  the  hiT<'. 
tics  must  III-  extir|iated;  ,anil  .Meleniliz  readily 
olitalned  the  forces  which  he  reiiulred."— (J. 
liancroft,  lli«t.  ,'f  tin-  C  S.  i.iuthora  Unt  nr  ) 
l>t.  1,  rh.  4. 

Ai.so  IN  :  (J.  K.  Kalrhanks,  Hint,  -r  FlorMt.  eh. 
',-H—\\,  V,.  .Simms,   lli>t   •/  S.  i;',r<,limi,  bk.  1. 
A.  D.  1565.— The  Spanish  capture  of  Fort 
Caroline  and  massacre  of  the  Huguenots.— 
Founding   of   St.   Augustine.—  '  The  expedi- 
tion  under  .Menendez  consisted  of  an  army  of 
2.6(K)  snldlers  and   ollicers.     He  salleil   stnilcht 
for  Florida,   intending  to  attack  Fort  Caroline 
with  no  delay.     In  fact  he  sljrlnid  the  mouth  of 
the  port  [Sept.  4.  l.W.j]  two  months  after  start- 
m^:;  hut.  conslderinj;  the   position  occupied   by 
the  French  ships,  he  judged  it  prudent  to  defiT 
the   attack,  and    make  It,    If   possible,   fmm  the 
land.     A  council  of  war  was  held  in  Fort  Cam 
line,  iiresided  over  liv  Uibaut.     Laudonuiere  pro 
posed   that,  while  Uibaut  held  the  fort  with  the 
ships,   he.  witli   his  old  .soldiers,  who  knew  the 
country  well,  aided  bv  the  Floridaiis  as  au.xil- 
laries,  shiiiiM  ei)i:af;c  the  Spaniards  in  thi'  woods, 
and  harass  them  by  perpetual  comliatjt  in  laby- 
rinths In  which  they  were  whollv  unaccustomed 
riie   ailviee   was  );,i,.il,  lilit    It   W'as  not  followed 
i{ib:iut  pro|ioseil  lu  fiillmv  the  Spanish  lle.'t  with 
lusmvn  — li;,'lileranil  mnreiasllv  handled  — fall 
on  iliiMriirny   when  the  soldiers  were  all  diseni- 
barked,  ,i;ii|,  after  taklnt'  and  liurnlni.'  the  ships 
•■•  iitaek  ilieaniiy.      In  the  faei- of  reiuonstrani  es 
he  |.ir^i>ted  in  this  pmji ci. 
alieiiipt.     A  vliilent  L'lde 


d   till 


-hip. 


ilntil 


from  .ill  till-  iiili 

lll-lster    fi.llMW 

.•in.-i  .     Til,,  l-ii  rii  h 
Fl'iri'laii   iM,i»i  ,    II, 

Ii'UVili  )■,  ;ili.|  Ih. 

bare  ll\i  -.      I'll 

Colii|IIITiMi:    the 

selves,      •riiei.M 

soldiers,  of  whiini   to  were  si,  k.     The  re-t  of  tin 

col. my  was  cuiipostd  of  sick  and  wounded  I'mt 

estjint  ministers,   workmen,  Toyal    commissimi 

ers,  ami  so  flirt h,      I.aud.iiiiiiere  wasin  eummaiid 

Theyavvailedth,  vtiii-k  f..r -,.,„::!, lavs,  vi  t  th, 


Were  wri  ikiil  upon  llu 

i'l-t   'liiir  arms,   tla  ir 

Iheyeseaped  wiihthi  Ir 

•    Vllls  Jill  |,in-er  the  iplesllilll  i.f 

imiiiiirils.  Iiut   of  vniii;-  th,  ,,1 
I  ( 'aniline  con-i-ieiliif  l.Vi 


irul 


Bpaninnls  cnmc  not.  They  were  wadlin;  raiser 
ably  throufth  the  marshes  in  the  foresis  under 
tropical  rains,  discouraged,  and  out  nf  luart" 
But  when,  at  length,  the  cxhausu-d  and  ,1,  spaj, 
ing  Spaniards,  toiling  through  the  mars  hi  ^  fr„m 
St.  Augustine,  where  they  had  himlid  ^uiil  es 
tablished  their  settlement,  reached  tin  Kniuh 
fort  (Sept.  20),  "then!  was  actually  no  .>  ,i,|,„. 
the  ramparts.  Three  ccmipanies'of  SiMiiiunls 
simultiuiecmsly  rushed  from  the  fori  si  :i,i,|  at 
tacked  the  fortressou  the  souih.  tlii'  wi-i  :,.„|  x\k 
south-west.  There  was  but  little  resisiui,,,'  fr„,„ 
the  surprised  garrison.  There  was  liMr.lh  tiin. 
to  grasp  a  sword.  About  SDescapnl  l.\ 'i|..i,', 
including  the  Captain,  Laudoniili'iv ;  i|  '"  ' 
were  every  one  massaered.  None  u,  r. 
except  women  and  children  under  liii.ii, 
in  the  first  riiL'e  of  the  onshiiiirhl,  ev.  n  ili.  „■  «. V,' 
murdered  wlih  the  rest.  There  siiil  l,l^  j,,  ,|„, 
port  three  ships,  comir.aniled  bv  .lai  ijiu  .  IM^:,-,! 
brother  [son]  of  the  unforlunal'e  (;.i\.  m,  i,  ii.",' 
of    these  was    ipiicklv  sent     (,,  Hie    l,.i!n:ii   |,v 

till-  C.limon    of    the    fi.rt;    tl,,.    nlh,  ,■    |v>    ,,    ,,',|„;j 

cables,  and  slip|ied  out  of  naih  iiilii  ij;,.  r'.-,',.- 
stead,  where  Ihev  lay,  waiilii:;  fur  a  f,,,,i,r  I  !,■ 
wind,  for  three  days.  They  pieUed  up  tl,,.  ii',.  ;, 
fives  wl.o  had  lieeii  wiinileriii;;  le.ll  -i.rv.rliii 
the  woods,  -ind  then  set  sail  frniii  thi,  ii;,iii,  kv 
land,  ,  ,  ,  There  remained,  hnwevii,  ilir  lii'f,. 
army,  un  r  lilbant,  which  had  h.-t  inM,tefj;s 
arms  ill  ■  wreck,  and  wasiiow  w  amii  tin  •  :i!,,!ri 
the  Fl.  an  shore."  When  Uiliaut  ni  I  I'u  i.ai" 
reached  Fort  Caroline  and  saw  tlie  >|.,,iii,|i  H;, . 
lining,  they  turned  and  retre.-iicd  s.,iii!,«;ir,f 
Not  many  days  later,  they  were  liili  n  ■  |it,.l  liy 
-Menendez,  ni'ar  St.  Augustine,  to  wl,i,  h  |,M,t  !«. 
had  returned.  The  first  party  of  tlie  Kn  li.li 
who  came  up,  20()  in  number. 'and  w!ei\Mn  in 
a  starving  state,  surrendered  to  the  Spaiii:inl,  ;ui(l 
laid  down  their  arms.  "They  wnv  Immt'lit 
across  the  river  in  small  companies,  ;„|.|  tinir 
hands  tied  ladiind  their  backs.  ( iii  i.iinliii;, 
they  were  asked  if  they  were  Catlmlirs  Ij  ii't 
out  of  the  200  profess<d  allegi.iiiie  to  'iai 
religion;  the  rest  were  all  l*riitest;nits.  .Men. 
endez  traced  out  a  line  on  the  ground  with  his 
cane.  The  prisoners  were  man  In  d 
by  one  to  the  line;  im  reaching  it.  ih. 
stabbed.  N'e.\tday,  Hibaut  arrlvid  ui;h 
of  the  army.  The"sanie  pourparler-  1 1  j, 
this  time  a  bliu'ker  treachery  was  ad.  |.;. 
ollicer,  si-nt  by  .Menendez.  "pledired  lii-  I 
the  French  that  the  lives  of  all  sliniil  1  li 
if  they  laid  down  their  arms.  -It  i,^  v. 
how  many  of  thi-Fn  nch  aeiepted  tin  .  i 
\  certain  uumlsr  refused  them,  and  .  -■  i| 
the  woods.  What  is  cer'alii  is.  ili:it  i;r  r 
nearly  all  his  'iien.  were  tied  bai  U  1  .  ■  r 
together.  Those  who  .said  tin  v  \\<:'  . 
were  .set  on  one  .side;  the  rest  .,     u-  .i\\  : 

as    they     SIihnI,    .    ,    .    OiiNlije    II,,      I    •    ! 

sliiiightered  and  the  slaiiirhteii  r-  si. 
.Ml  iidoza.  ineouragliiL'.  appniviin;,  1  \'  r::,j  11 
butchers,  "—\V.  liesalll.  U.isi^inl  ,!,  ' 
T  — The  l.iiig  di-paleh  in  wliiiii  M.  1  ,  I.  /  r. 
ported  his  lieiidish  wi.rk  to  tiie  S|..,i:i  ,.  ,;:  .-i!: 
lieenliroiighl  loli-hi  In  llie;iri  hi. .  -  ,  -  ... ,  ..i. 
till  re  is  this  cndiirsenieiit  on  It.  in  :!..  :  h.Ium 
111!.' of  I'hilip  II.;  "Say  to  him  liiii  -  ;  .'h  - 
he  has  killed,  he  has  done  well ;  :iii  I  .  :  .  ,ii'i- 
lie  has  siived.  they  shall  be  sent  1  -  li,  i-  ■..',  .iv 
—  F.  I'arkman,  iHoiuera  <•]'  t'rai.  .  '■  l  At. 
il'./)«i',  lA.  T-)3. 


ip   ..11.. 
V  Were 

illiTi'st 

1:  Bill 
'  .\ii 
.'ii..r  III 
sl.;,r,.,l 
.1  i!i.:ir 
li:i..ns, 
. .!  iiii.i 

1,  Willi 


,-v.,ri..l 
..f  11;.. 
|.ri.-i. 


1180 


FLORIDA,  15«5. 


Rtvenyt  of 
Dominic  lie  awarfutM, 


FLORIDA.  1770-1781. 


Alhois:  C.  W.  Bttlrd,  UM.  of  tht  Huguenot 
Smmilion  to  Am.,  t.  Vintiml. 

AD   1567-isM-— The  vengeance  of  Dom- 
ink(leGourpiei.-"A8  miglit  Imye  been  i-x- 
iilid  all  atlenipW  to  rouse  the  i  rt^ncli  court 
foodiiimiwlins  redress  were  vain.     Spiiin.  above 
Si  other  nations,  knew  tlie  arts  by  wlueli  a  eor- 
nii.!  court  n.ipht  be  Bwave.1,  un.l  H";  «"no  >n- 
triL'iHs  whi<l'.  llfy  y™™  l«l<r.,'"'"t  »"li''S  >  to 
tlK  hWk  and  wellnigli  ende.l  the  youuK  colonv 
..(Virciuia  now  kept  France  quiet.    Hut  though 
ll,(.  nmrt  refused  to  move,  an  avencer  was  mil 
»antini;      Dominic  de  Gourgiies  had  already 
known  as  a  prisoner  of  war  the  liorrors  of  the 
Sl)«ni,h  t-'idlejs.     Wli.tlier  lie  was  a  llUKUenot 
i»  unn  rtain.     Happily  in  France,  as  the  hist.iry 
otthiii.uidalllalcruges  proved,  th;'  religion  of 
llic  Ciilliiilic  did  not  necessarily  deaden  the  feel- 
inciot  the  patriot.     Seldom  lias  there   been  a 
,lir.lof  more  reckless  daring  than  that  which 
Ilomimc  de  (lourgues  now  uiiiU'rt.iok.    ^\  ith  the 
nnionlsof  his  patrimony  he  lM)Uglit  three  small 
khips  manned  by  eighty  sidlors  and  a  hundred 
men  ill  arms.     He  then  oblaincd  a  ccmimission  as 
s  slurr  .111  the  const  of  (Juinen,  and  in  the  sum- 
mirof  l-.i;7  s(  tsail.     With  these  paltry  resources 
he  iiiiiin  I  at  overt  liniwing  a  settlement  w  hub  had 
alrcii'lv  (le-iroyed  a  force  of  twenty  times   lii.s 
mimli.r  :,nd  which  might  have  been  strengthened   | 
inthiiiiiTvid.  .  .  .  To  the  nias.s(if  his  followers 
he  ,liil  not  nveal  the  true  st'cna  of  his  voyage 
till  lie  Imd  nai  hed  the  West  Indies.     Then  he 
(ii*iloMil  his  real  purpose.     His  men  were  of  the 
same  siiirit  as  their  leader.     Desperate   though 
the  erilerprise  seemed.  De  (iourgues'  only  ililli- 
niltywiisto  restrain  his  foHowers  from  uniliie 
haste.    Happily  ''"■  tlnir attempt,  they  hail  allies 
on  whom  Iliev  had   not   reckoned.     The   tickle 
savai-t  s  liiid  at'  lirst  weleon"  •'  the  Spaniards,  but 
thctvriimiy  of  tl.^  new      ..icrs  soon  wrought  a 
chanW,  and  the  Span'  in  Florida,  like  the 

Spauiarils  in  every  part         lie  New  World,  were 
looked  on  as  hateful  tyruo  >.     So  when  De  Gour- 
pues  lauded  he  at  once  found  a  ready  boily  of 
allits.  .  .      Three  days  were  spent  in  making 
rea.lv,  ami  thin  De  (jourgues,  with  a  hundred 
and  sixty  of  his  own  men  and  his  Indian  allies, 
miri li.ll  against  the  enemy.     In  spite  of  the  lios- 
tiiitv  ot  llie  Iniliaiis.  the  Spaniards  seem  to  have 
taken  no  pr.i-.iution  against  a   sudden   attack. 
M.nin.li/.  himself  had   left  the  colony.      The 
S|i;iiiisli  tone  was  divided  between  three  forts, 
ami  11..  priiper  |irccautions  were  taken  for  keep- 
in?  up  llie  ...nununications between  them.     Each 
K-is  sii...-.>sively  seized,  the  garrison  slain  or 
ma.l.'  ]iri-"ii. Ts,'  and,  as  each  fiirt  fell,  those  in 
tlieniAt  .o'll.l  only  make  vague  guessi'snstothe 
est.iit  .  f  till'  .langer.     Even  when  divided  into 
tline  til.'  >iiaiiisli  force  outnumbered  that  of  De 
tnmri:ii.'s.  and  sayages  wit!'    bows  and  arrows 
w.ml, I  !iavi>  I  iiunted  for  little  against  men  with  tire 
arni^;i!i.ll«l:in.l  walls.     But  after  the  downfall  af 
tli.  tir-t  (■  ill  :i  panic  seemed  to  seize  the  Spaniarils, 
aii'l  tile  Fr.iH  li  achieved  an  almost  bloodless  vic- 
I.TV     All.  r  ilic  death  of  Uibault  and  his  follow- 
ers notliiiu  loiild  he  looked  for  but  merciless  re- 
lali.iii"!i.  .i:..l  lie  Gourgues  copied  the  Bcverity, 
tli.i'iL-li  11  1  tiie  perlidy  of  hiseneinics.     The  very 

lieiaiN  "f  M.n lez'  act  were  imitated,  and  the 

lr.^^  1.11  whii  li  the  prisoners  were  hung  Imre  the 
iiwri;:i.  ii:  'Not  as  Spaniards,  but  as  traitors, 
r.iliUr-,  aii.l  nuir.lirers.'  Five  weeks  later  De 
iiuuijiuia  lacii.ireu  under  the  wails  of  iiochelle. 


.  .  .  His  attack  did  not  wholly  extirpate  the 
Spanish  power  in  Florida.  Menendez  received 
the  blessing  of  the  Pope  as  a  chosen  instrument 
for  the  conversion  of  the  Indians,  returned  to 
America  and  restored  his  sett  leinent.  As  liefore. 
he  soon  made  the  Indians  his  deadly  enemies. 
The  Spanish  settlement  held  on,  but  it  was  not 
till  two  centuries  later  that  its  existence  made 
itself  remembered  by  one  brief  but  glorious  epl- 
sihIc  in  the  history  of  the  English  colonies."— J. 
A.  Doyle,  T/te  Knylinh  iiiAinericii :  Vinjinia,  Jtc, 
eh.  :,. 

Also  in;  W.  W.  Dewhurst,  IIM.  nf  St.  Augut- 
tiiir,  J-'lii.,  eh.  9. 

A.  D.  1628.— Claimed  by  France,  and  placed, 
with  New  France,  under  the  control  of  the 
Company  of  the  Hundred  Associates.  Bee 
f.\N.yin;  A.  D.  Ifll0-1«'28. 

A.  D.  1629.— Claimed  in  part  by  England  and 
embraced  in  the  Carolina  grant  to  Sir  Robert 
Heath.     Sec  A.mf.uih;  A.1).  I«JU. 

A.  D.  1680.— Attack  on  the  English  of  Caro- 
lina.    See  Sot  TII  (  aiioi.ina;  A.  D.  ItSW). 

A.  D.  1702.— Adjustment  of  western  boun- 
dary with  the  French  of  Louisiana.  See  Loiisi- 
A.N.v:  A.  D.  ItiUH-nil 

A.  D.  1740.—  Unsuccessful  attack  on  St. 
Augustine  by  the  English  of  Georgia  and 
Carolina.     See  (iKouolA:  A.  I).  17;!H-1.4;!. 

A.  D.  1763  (February).  —  Ceded  to  Great 
Britain  by  Spain  in  the  Treaty  of  Paris.  See 
Skvkn  Vkaus  Waii. 

A.  D.  1763  (July).— Possession  taken  by  the 
English.—"  W  hen.  in  .July  [1703],  possession 
was  taken  ot  Florida,  its  iuhabitauts,  ot  every 
age  and  sex,  men.  women,  children,  and  servants, 
uumliered  lmt3,(HX);  and,  of  these,  the  men  were 
nearly  all  in  the  pay  ot  the  Catholic  king.  The 
possession  ot  it  had"  cost  him  nearly  |',';10.0()0  an- 
nually ;  and  now  it  was  ncceptcl  by  England  as 
a  compensation  for  Havana.  Most  ot  the  people, 
receiving  froni  the  Spanish  treasury  indemnity 
for  their  loss«'S,  had  migrated  to  fuba,  taking 
w  ith  them  the  hones  of  their  saints  and  the  ashes 
ot  their  distinguished  dead.  The  western  prov- 
ince ot  Florida  extenile.l  to  the  Mississippi,  on 
the  line  of  latitude  ot  31°.  On  the  20tli  of  Octo- 
ber, the  French  surreii.lered  the  post  of  Mobile, 
with  its  brick  fort,  which  was  fast  crumbling  to 
ruins.  A  month  later,  the  slight  stockade  at 
Tombigbi'e,  in  the  west  of  the  Chocta  country, 
was  delivered  up.  In  a  congress  of  the  t'ataw- 
bas  {'herokees.  Creeks,  Chicasas,  and  Chiwtas, 
held  on  the  lOtli  of  November,  at  Augusta,  the 
governois  of  Virginia  and  the  colonies  south  of 
it  wen-  present,  and  the  peace  with  the  Indians 
of  the  South  and  South-west  was  ratitied."— G. 
Kancroft,  Uiat.  of  the  V.  S.  (Authur'a  lu»t  rer.),  v. 

3.  ;'•  «■»■  ^     ,■  ^ 

A.  D.  1763  (October).  —  English  provinces, 
East  and  West,  constituted  by  the  King's 
proclamation.  See  Noiitiiwest  Terjutokv  ok 
ViikV.  S.  ok  Am.:  A.  1>.  17113. 

A.  D.  1779-1781.  —  Reconquest  of  West 
Florida  by  the  Spanish  commander  at  New 
Orleans.-"  lu  the  summer  ot  177a  Spain  had 
declared  wariigainst  Great  Hritain  Gahez  [the 
Spanish  commander  at  New  Orleans]  diseiiyered 
that  the  British  were  planning  the  surprise  of 
New  Orleans,  and,  under  cover  of  preparations 
for  defense,  made  haste  to  lake  the  ollensive. 
Four  days  iKfore  tlie  time  In  had  appointed  to 
j   move,  a  hurricane  deslruyeJ  a  large  riumiur  of 


1181 


FLORIDA,  177»-178t. 


Question. 


FLORIDA.  1810-1813 


honsos  in  the  town,  and  npread  niin  to  crops  unci 
dwellinK^  up  and  down  the  'coast.'  and  sunk  his 
gun  flotilla.  .  .  .  HepiiirinK  his  iiisastcrs  as  In'st 
lip  <i>uld.  and  liastrnlng  Ids  osli'nsilily  defensive 
prcpunitions,  he  marched,  on  the  ■2'2d  of  August, 
ITTlt,  against  tlic  British  forts  on  the  MissLvsippi. 
His  .  .  .  little  army  of  1.4;U  men  was  without 
tents,  other  military  furniture,  or  a  single  en- 
gineer The  gun  lleet  f(>ll(iwe<l  in  the  river 
abreast  of  their  llni'  of  mar.h  along  its  shores, 
ci\rrvin,%'  one  24  ,  live  IS-,  ami  four  4-pouiulers. 
Willi  this  force,  in  the  space  of  alsmt  thnr 
weeks.  Fort  liiiie  on  liayou  Manchac.  Halnn 
Houijeanti  Fort  I'aninure".  H  vessi-ls.  !>,56  regu- 
lars, .mil  a  nunilier  of  saih>rs,  militia  men,  and 
free  lihicks.  Ml  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards. 
"The  next  yiar.  17S(t.  re  enforced  from  Havana, 
tialvcz  again  lift  New  Orleans  by  way  of  the 
Ralize  Willi  i.iHHi  nun.  regulars,  militia,  and  free 
blacks,  and  on  the  l.'ith  of  March  took  Fiirt 
Cliarliille  on  Mobile  river.  Ualvcz  ne.vt  con- 
ceived the  much  larger  project  of  taking  Pensa 
cola.  Failing  to  .secure  re  cnforcenienla  from 
llavaiia  by  writing  for  them,  he  sailed  to  that 
place'  ill  ()i  toiler,  to  make  his  application  in  per- 
son, inliniling  to  mov,-  with Iheni directly  on  the 
enemy.  A  fter  many  delays  and  disappointments 
he  succeeileil.  and  early  in"  March,  ITHl,  nppeanil 
b<'fore  I'ensacola  with  a  ship  of  the  line,  two 
frigates,  and  transports  conlaining  1.40(t  soldiers 
well  furnished  wiib  artillery  and  ammunition. 
HiTc  he  was  Jnined  by  suih  troops  as  could  be 
spared  from  Mobile,  and  by  Don  Estevan  Mir5 
from  New  Orleans,  at  the  hiad  of  the  Louisiana 
forces,   and   on   the  afternoon  he   16th  of 

March,  though  practically  unsiu.,.  .t'd  by  the 
naval  lleet.  iiiilil  dishonor  was  star.r.g  its  jealous 
comniaiiilers  in  the  face,  moved  iii.ler  hot  tire, 
thniuirh  a  passage  of  great  peril,  and  took  up  a 
iM-siegiiig  position.  ...   It  is  only  necessary  to 

Slate  th.it the  9th  of  .May,  ITHI.   I'ensacola, 

with  a  garrison  of  WM)  nien,  and  the  whole 
of  West  Florida,  were  surrenilered  to  Galvez. 
Louisiana  had  lientofnre  been  included  under 
one  dominiition  with  Cuba,  but  now  one  of  the 
several  rewanis  Isstoweil  upnii  her  governor  vias 
the  laiit.iin-generalsliip  of  I.imisiaiia  anil  West 
Florida.'— (t.  K  Waring.  .Tr,  iinil  (}.  W.  Cable, 
Jli'l.  "f  .\,,r  (ir!,,ii,f{r.  S.  Triitli  Cmuh.  r.  1»). 
Also    IN:    C.    (layarre.    Jliif.    „f  hiiiiiii<ii„i  : 


.s;,.. 


It.,ii,ii,„ii.,n,  rh.  H. 


A.  D.  I783-I787.-The  question  of  bounda- 
ries between  Spain  and  the  United  States,  and 
the  question  or  the  navigation  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.-■■  Hy  the  treaty  of  1  .Ml!  li,.iween  (Jre.it 
Hriiain  on  the  mie  part  ami  the  I'nitcil  Statesand 
111 T  allies.  Frame  ami  .Spain,  on  the  other.  Cnat 
Hriiain  acknow  Irdj.,.,!  n,,.  imiepenilenee  of  the 
loli.ni,.,,  and  recogiii/.eil  as  a  part  of  their  soiilli- 
iTii  b.iumlary  a  line  ilr.iwn  due  ea>t  from  a  point 
ill  tlie  .Mississippi  Uiver.  in  latitude  HI'  north,  to 
the  iiiiddiii.f  III!'  Appalaibicola;  and  at  the  same 
tinu-  she  ( idrd  In  Sjiain  bv  a  separate  agreement 
the  iw.i  Fluri.las.  but  without  defining  their 
nortliern  boumlarii  s.  This  omission  gave  ri.se 
to  a  dispute  iiiUMiri  Spain  and  the  I'liited  Stales 
as  totheirrispe,  livr  limits.  On  the  part  uf  Spain 
it  was  ii.nli-nd.-d  that  by  the  act  of  (ireat  Hritaiii, 
of  I7i!4.  tiie  northern  boundary  of  West  Florida 
had  liei  II  tixed  at  the  line  runiiing  due  cast  fnim 
the  mouth  of  the  Va/i»>  to  the  Chattahoochee. 
and  that  all  south  of  that  line  had  been  ceded  to 
her,  whiial  un  thu  otiit  r  iiaii.i,  the  UiiUcd  Stales 


as  strenuously  maintained  that  the  ait  lixine  iiul 
enlarglnjj  the  limits  of  West  Florida  iv  is  Mi|«r 
seded  by  the  recent  treaty,  which  exii  m.j,,i  ii|,,f 
southern  boundary  to  the  31st  degn,  ,if  „,,„!, 
latitude,  a  hundred  and  ten  niiUs  fiiiii„r  vmii, 
than  the  line  claimed  bv  Spain.  Spain  h  w.nr 
had  possj'sslon  of  the  disputed  territnry  l.v  ri  -hi 
of  comiuest,  and  evidently  had  mi  int.  iiiiiinif 
Riving  it  up.  She  Btrenglheiied  h  r  l- irii-nn 
at  Itaton  Rouge  anil  Natchez,  and  Im;  i  f,,,;!,, 
Vicksburg,  and  subsequently  one  .ii  .\,  w  \|  ,||' 
rill,  on  the  Missouri  shle  of  the  .Mi"i-:|.|.i  i  i.i 
Ih'Iow  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio;  and  it  ili.  jiti,,- 
she  made  a  port  of  entry  where  vi  s,,  ],  f, „„  ,|„. 
Ohio  were  obliged  to  land  and  dei  i  irr  il„  ir  i  ,r 
giM'S.  She  even  denied  the  right  i.f  lii,  I  i,i:,,| 
Stales  to  the  n'gion  iM'tween  the  Mis-j„j|,j,|  ;,,.| 
the  Alleghany  .Mountains,  which  had  In.  n  n  l^.l 
to  them  by  Great  Hritain,  on  the  gmund  ili;it  ii„ 
conquests  made  by  Governor  Gahi  /,  of  \V,.i 
Florida,  and  by  Don  Eugenio  I'iirn-.  nf  K,in  si 
Joseph,  'near  the  sources  of  the  llliimis.'  |n,| 
vested  the  title  to  all  this  coiintrv  in  lur,  ;iii,Mi,. 
insisted  that  what  she  did  not  own  «  i^  piivv,,..! 
by  the  Inilhins,  and  could  not  then  l.rr  liil.in,- 
to  the  United  States.  Even  -is  lale  as  IT!i,"j,  slip 
claimed  to  have  iMiught  from  the  (lii,  k;is;iwitl»' 
bluffs  which  iM'iir  their  name,  and  « iiii  h  an-  siiu 
ated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  s.iiiic 
distance  north  of  the  most  nortlerlv  li  iini|:irv 
ever  assigned  by  Great  Britain  ii.Wisi  YWv\x 
Here,  thin,  was  cause  for  'a  very  pn  lu  i|ii,irril ' 
and  to  add  to  the  ill  filling  wliiih  ^.-1,  «  i,i:t  uf 
it_,  Spain  denied  the  riglit  of  the  pmpl,-  ,,f  ii,,. 
United  States  to  the  '  fnx'  navigation  i.l  \\u-  \\w 
sissippi,'— aright  which  had  bieii  i,,.,, ,,|iii  xn 
them  by  Great  Britain  with  all  \\\r  f-.rnialiiiis 
with  which  .she  had  received  il  from  Kr  inn 
What  was  needed  to  make  the  rii;lii  of  am  vaiur- 
to  the  people  of  the  Ohio  valNy  \\  is  i|i..  n.i.H. 
lional  right  to  take  their  produei'  inio  a  .--p.ini-li 
port.  New  Orieans,  and  either  siH  ii  d,,,,  ;,;,,i 
there,  or  else  store  it,  subject  to  ci  riain  rnhli- 
tions.  until  such  lime  as  it  suited  Ilirm  m  trans- 
fer it  to  sea-going  ves.sels.  Tliis  rijhi  Sp:iia 
Would  not  concede;  and  as  the  piopl.o,|  tli,.  iiiii.i 
valley  were  determined  to  have  it.  i  o-t  «li,ii 
it  jiiiglit,  it  liroiight  on  a  siries  of  imris-ins  1..  ■ 
twecii  the  Spanish  govertiors  of  l.o^ii-ianii  ai,.l 
certain  influential  citi/.eiis  \vi  st  of  llnAll,  ;;li,iniis 
which  threatened  the  staliilily  oi'  ih,  .\nirri.  ni 
Union  almost  iM'fon'  it  was  iormi.l.  — I.,  (  irr, 
MtHHiniri,  rh.  4. 

Ai.so  i.N:  E.   Schuvler.   .1//;. <■,,■,   .'.      ■,./-. 
rh.  n. 

A.  D.  1810-1813.— Continued  occupation  of 
West  Florida  by  the  Spaniards.  R-.volt  of 
the  inhabitants. — Possession  taken  by  the 
Americans  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pcr- 
dido. — "The  success  of  tlie  Kn m  h  i:.  spi;n 
and  the  probability  if  tliat  kiiii.'doiiil..  ■:■,.•  oMi:,. I 
to  succuinb,  had  gi\;-n  occ.ision  to  1  ■,  .;  iiKiniry 
movements  ill  .several  of  the  Span;-:;  .\niirir,Mi 
provinces.  Thisexaiiiple  .  .  .  Iia.l  li  ■  1  1  H  a-I 
also  in  that  portion  of  the  Sp.ini-I  p,  .i:;'  f 
West  Florida  liordering  on  tin-  Mi-  -  :;  1  :  Tl..' 
inhabitants,  most  of  whom  hio  .  Di.ii-li  •■r 
American  birth,  had  seized  tli'  f  •■  .;  lli'i 
I{oiige,  had  met  in  convention,  and  li  .i  pr  ■  J  liiin'l 
themselves  independent,  adopt iii::  i  •  -'!•  -lar 
for  their  flag,  the  same  symbol  a  flirw  n  ;  i-unn'l 

by  the  republic  of  Texas.     Som,    s 'r,  n.k 

place    iietwcen   liie   aiilierents    .1    i..      .spani=ii 


ll.Sli 


FLORIDA,  181»-1«18. 


Fini  SeminoU 
War. 


VLOnWK.  J818-1818. 


„«„ertion  and  these  revolutionists,  who  were  also 
CS"  with  attack  from  Mobil.-,  stU  held  by 
.  C,i"l.  garrison.     In  this  emerg.n<;y  thrv  «p- 

S™!  Territory,  for  aiil  and  nroKnilion  by  the 
ffi, States    .  .  .  The  pn-»l.l.'nt,  however,  pre- 
,,„„1  ,„  issue  a  pn^lamution   Uiklnff  i>(»«;s,sion 
„M  ,'  ..ist  bank  of  the  Missls.sippi,  «eup,iti"..  of 
,1    h  un.i<rthe  Uniisiunu  treaty,  h,.,l  lK,-.n  so 
te.Wavnl,  not.  It  wa.s  «ii.l.  from  any  defect 
of  till.,    i.nt  ont  of  eoneillatory    vi.«»  tojvar.1 
s'     ,         .  Clailx.nie,  Rovernor  of  the  Orleans 
^^,„rv'  then  at  WashinL'lon.  was  .lispatebed    1 
!;TL;ic  to  tak-   pos.H..ssion."     Tl.e  following    j 
Uu„rv  C.nL'rcH.s  passed  an  act  in  seena  s.'s.sion 
..    ,  l..'.ri/.i">!  tl"'  president  b.  take  possession  as 
wJll  „t  Vast  as  of  West.  Klorula,    under  any  ar- 
nnlmcnt  which  ba<l  l"rn  or  nd^ht  l)e  entered 
tatowith  the  Imal  authorities;  or.  III  case- of  any 
r,,.mi.i.,l  occupati.m  by  any   fc.n itfn  gov.rn- 
m,nt  h<  t;ikc  and  to  maintain  iwisscssion  by  fone. 
^,vi„uslv  to  the  passage  of  this  a<t.  the  oecupa- 
ii„n  cf  tlii'  east  bank  of  tlie  Mississipjd  had  Ixen 
alnadv  completed  by  Governor  ClailKirne;  not, 
lioKcvcr,  without  wane  show  of  ^•slstanct^ 
Ciinlaia  (iaines  presc'iilly  appeared  befori^  Jlobile 
.ill,  ,i  small  detachment  of  Anieri.'an  reRU  .irs. 
an'l  ilcmanded  its  surrender.     Colonel  CushiiiR 
»«.n  arrived  from  New  Orleans  with  sevenil  gun 
lK«its  ariillerv,  ami  a  bxly  of  troops.     1  he  Imats 
wrrcprniitt.'.ltoasceml  the  river  toward  bort 
iitiHiil'ird  without  oppositi.m.     But  the  Spanish 
conmumlanl  refused  to  give  up  Mobile    and  no 
aiKuint  was  made  to  compel  liim.       Hy  an  act 
of  Convnss  pas3..d  in  April,  1812,  •' that  part  of 
Kluriila  rccciitlv  taken  pos.session  of.  as  far  east 
■IS  I',  irl  llivcf.  was  annexed  to  the  new    state 
i(,f  1  imiManal      Tlic  remaining  territory,  as  far 
Imhc  I'.Tiiido.  tl,.Hi-h  Mobile  still  remained  in 
the  lii.mis  of  till'   .><paniards.   was  annexed,  by 
aiiolhiTact.  to  the  Mississippi  Territory.     A  year 
lite  in  \pril   IHi;!.  tiemnil  Wilkinsim  was  m 
slrucl.  ,1  to  take  possession  of  Mobile   and  to  <«■• 
c.iiiv  iill  the  tirrilorv  claimed,  to  the  I'cnlido. 
Kllii  h  li.'  :iccor.linL'lv  did.  without  bliKKlsheil.— 
U  llil.lrclh,  IU>t.  ;f  the.  I'  N..  2<f  neriet,  eh.  2:!, 

A.  D.  1816-1818.— The  fugitive  negroes  and 
the  first  Seminole  War.— Jackson's  campaign. 

—■Til,'  tnoiiiuillilv  of  MonrcH^'s  iidniini.stratKm 

iv;i*~ is(riiiiislv  tlireatencd  by  the  reiie7.-".l  of 

Ifulili- Willi  the  Southern  Indians  [the  Seminoles, 

un.l  !hc  r.liii;ie  CrceksJ.   .  .  .  The  origin  of  the 

(liiliiuliv  w.is  twofold:  first,  the  injustice  which 

has  altt  :,\  s  marked  the  treatment  of  Inilian  trita'S 

wliM-,-  l.oi.ls  were  coveted   bv  the  wliitcs;   and 

Bc.   'i'llv,  the  revival  of  the  c'lld  grievance,  that 

Fl.ii.la'was  a  refuu'e  for  the  fufritive  slaves  of 

CeeririaaadSoutliCarolina.   .   .   .  The  Scinini>les 

h,:.i  iiev.r  withheld  a  welccmie  to  the  Cicoru'ia 

ncin.  vho  preferred  their  wiM  freedom  to  the 

la«li..f  ail  le.er-eer  on  a  (aitton  or  ri(i'  plantation. 

The  (;.  ..r.-iaii^  could  never  fi>ri:et  that  the  i;rand- 

(hii.lrea  nf  their   Rranilfathers'   fu,i;itivi'   slaves 

.virer-aeiin;;  alaiiit  the  KverL'ladi  s  of  Florida. 

..Si  1  ;iir  a>  there  weru  Seminoles  in  Florida, 

air!  ->■ :  -US  .!>  rii.rida  bdonp  d  to  Spain,  just  so 

l"ii:.'  u.i  ill  ihe  iii'L'riH'Sof  (ieorgia  find  an  asylum 

ill  Fl.irila  with  the  Seminohs.    .   .   .   A  war  with 

''■«•  lnli.iii«  (.f   Floriila.   therefon',  was  always 

1.1.  ral!)    iii'l  einphatieally  a  slave-hunt.     A  re- 

flaiiiati' !:  f.ir  fugitives  was  always  repulsed  by 

tile  hernia. ties  and   liie  Siianiards,  and,  as   tln-y 


could  be  redeemed  In  no  other  way,  Georgia  w«» 
always  urging  the  Federal  Oovernment  to  war. 
— \VC.  Hryant  ami  8.  H.  Oay,  7V'''"'  /««'•/ 
Ihf  r  S.  r.  4,  eA.  10.  — During  the  Warof  181S- 
U   the  English,  who  wi-n;  permitted  by  Spain  to 
make  use  of  Florida  with  considerable  freedom, 
and  who  received  no  little  a.s8istan<:c  from  the 
refugee  negroes  and  Crwk  Indians,  "had  built  a 
fort  on  the  Appalaehicola  Klver,  atmut  15  miles 
from  its  mouth,  anil  had  collected  there  an  im- 
mense amount  of  arms  and   ammunillon.   .   . 
When  the  war  em!    1.  the  English  left  the  arms 
and  ammunition  in  the  fort.     The  negnas  seized 
the  fort,  and  it   iMcame  known  as  the   'Negro 
Fort  '     The  aii    .nrities  of  the  United  States  sent 
(Jeneral    (Jaine-,   to  tlie    Florida    frontier   with 
trispps,  to  establish  peace  on  the  iMinler.       Ihe 
Negro  Fort  wa.s  a  soiirc.'  of  anxiety  both  to  the 
military  autliorilies  and  to  tlie  slaveowners  of 
Oeorgia,"anda  pretext  waasoon  found —whether 
valid  or  not  sicius  uncertain  —  for  attacking  it. 
"A  hot  siiot  penetrated  one  of  the  inagazines, 
and  the  whole  fort  was  blown  to  pieces.  .July  27, 
1H16      There  were  'M)  negro  men,  women  and 
chiUiren.  and  211  ClKKtaws  In  the  fort;  270  were 
killed      Only  three  came  out  unhurt,  and  these 
1    were  killeil 'bv  the  allied  Indians.   .      .   During 
1S17  there  were  freipient  eidlisionscm  the  frontiers 
I   iH'tween  Whites  and  Imliaiis.   ...  On  the  '20th 
of  NovemlKT.  (ieneral  dailies  S(>nt  a  force  of  2d0 
'    men  to  Fowltown.  the  luadiiuarters  of  the  chief 
'    of  tlie  '  llcdslicks.'  or  hostile  Creeks.      They  ap- 
j    proaehed  the  town  in  the  early  morning,   and 
!    were  fired  on.      An  eniiagement  followed.      Ihe 
:   town  was  taken  and  buriie.!.   .   .  .  Tlic  Indians 
of  that  section,  after  this,  began  general  hostili- 
ties   attacked  the  laiata   which  weri^  Bs<e-iiling 
the  Appalathieola,  and  massacred  the  persons  in 
them    ...   In   December,  im  receipt  of  intelli- 
gence of  tiieliattleat  Fowltown  and  the  attack 
on  the  boats.  ,Iai'kson  was  ordered  to  take  (aim- 
maiid  inC.coriiia,     Ilewroteto  President  .Monroe: 
•  I  et  it  lie  signified  to  me  throunh  any  channel 
(*'[\    Mr    .1  Hheal   that    the   posscssi..ii    of   the 
Florldasw.Mild  bede-iralile  to  the  Iniled  Stales 
and  in  sixtv  davs  it  will  be  m  complished.      Mu.h 
was  afterwards  made  to  dc'pcn.l  on  tins  letter 
MonrcH'  was  ill  when  it  rciiclied  Washington,  and 

iie  did  not  s( r  read  it  until  a  year  afterwards, 

when  some  ri'fercm<>  was  iii.ide  to  it.  Jackson 
ccmstrued  tlic  orders  which  hi'  received  from  Cal- 
houn with  reference  to  this  lett-r.  .  .  .  He  cer- 
tainlv  supi"w-d.  however,  that  he  had  the  secret 
conciirr-ma'  of  the  adrniiii-tntion  in  coiiiiueriug 
Florida  Hi'advamad  throuirh  Georgia  with 

irreat  ha.sle  and  was  ,,11  the  Florida  frontier  in 
March     IHIM,       lie  .    .   -   inimi'diati'ly   advanced 
to  St    Mark's,  wiiieh  pl.iec  he  catitured.     On  his 
'■    wav  down  the  Appaladd.  ola  he  found  the  In- 
1   dians  and  neirns's  at  w,.rk  in  tlie  tiilds,  and  un- 
i    conscious  of  anv  impending  attack.      Some  of 
I    them  lied  to  St.'  Mark  s      His  th.-..ry.  in  which 
he  supposed  that  he  was  supported  by  the  ad- 
ministnition,  was  that  he  was  to  pursue  the  In- 
■    dians  until  he  c;iught  them,  wlarever  they  might 
1    EO-  that  lie  was  to  respect  Spanish  rights  as  far 
i    as  be  <ould  consistentlv  with  that  purpose:  and 
:   that  the  excuse   for  his  proceedinsrs  was  that 
I   Spain  laiuld  not  police  her  own  territory,  or  re 
j    strain  tlie  Indians.     Jackson's  proceedings  W(  re 
based  on  tw  o  positive  but  arbitrary  assumptions ; 
1   (liThat   the    Indians   got    aid    and    eniamrage 
;   inont  from  Si.  M:ok's  and  Pon««-o!a.     (This  the 


1183 


ii 

'A 


•'<  T.J 


•i) 


]■< 


FLOUin.V,   1810  1818. 

SpnnlnnN  nlwnys  ilenleil,  hut  perhaps  a  third  »»• 
•iimpliim  (if  .larksoD  iniKlit  Ih^  mi'iitiom-<l :  tliiit 
the  wonl  iif  n  Spanish  ofHcml  win  nf  iii>  viiliic.)  (•,') 
Thiitdniit  Hriiaiii  kept  piiMcmldnarU'si'iiiploviil 
in  Florida  to  mir  up  lri>ii'.>lc  for  thf  I'nflnl 
Htatcs.  This  laltor  asuumplion  was  a  matter  of 
profimnil  iHlicf  Ki'ncrally  in  llic  Tnitid  Stales," 
A<linK  upon  il  with  no  lic'silalion.  Jackson  ninseil 
II Scotili  trailer  nanieil  Ariiiilliiuit,  wlioni  lie  fouuil 
:'t  SI.  .Mark's,  ami  an  i:ni;li-.li  ex-lieiiti  iiant  of 
marines,  .\inlirisler  by  name,  who  was  l«ken 
prisoner  ainoM!.'  the  Serninoles.  to  he  eonilennieil 
by  eiuiil  itiarlial  anil  exeeiileil.  altliniiiiii  no  suli- 
slariii.il  lAiilenee  of  ilu'ir  lieiiii;  in  anv  w.iv  an- 
swcraMe  for  Imlian  lioslilities  was'  aiiifneeil. 
"Itwa-.  a-t  a  mere  ineiileiit  of  his  liomewaril 
manlit'jal  .I:i  kwin  liirneil  asiile  anil  eapliireil 
I'ensar.ila.  M:ry  -M.  IHIM.  bi.eaiiM.  he  w.istol.l  llial 
Bonie  Iniiiaiis  hail  taken  refiiire  there,  lie  ile- 
poseil  (lie  Spani-h  covemmeiil.  set  np  a  new  one. 
ami  esl.ililislMil  a  jrarrison.  lie  tlien  eonliniieil 
hisiiiareh  lioniewanls. "  Jaek.son's  |)iTforinanees 
in  Kloriila  Were  tlie  eanse  of  ^.-rave  |Mrplevilies 
toliispiveninient.  wliiili  linallvilelermineil  ■'lliat 
I'ensaii.laaiiil  St.  .Mark's  shoi'ilil  Im'  re>!oreil  to 
Spain,  liiit  lliat  .laikson's  eoursi'  shonlil  be  ap- 
proviii  anil  ilefinileil  on  tiie  (.'rimnils  Ih.il  he 
pursue.l  Ills  enemy  to  his  refuse,  ami  tliat  Spain 
coiilil  nol  ilo  the  iluly  whiili  lievolveil  on  her" 
—  W.  (i.  Sumner.  Amlmr  ,l,i,-i.„„„  ,ia  n  puhUc 
'Kilt,  rh.  It 

Also  IN:  .1.  I'arton.  I.if,  ^f  Anilnii-  J.irkium 
T.-i.,-h.  ;il-:i!».-,l.    K.    (;iiii|inj,'.s,    TI.e  h>ile»  ,.f 

A.  D.  i8i9-i8ai.— Cession  by  Spain  to  the 
United  States. — "  .laikson's  vi^'onms  prisTeil- 
iM:rs  in  Kloriila  wonhl  si-nn  not  to  have  iM'en 
willioiit  eireet.  reiiilinj;  ihe  ili.seiissioii  in  Con- 
press  on  his  eoniluel.  tlieSpanisli  minisler,  luiiler 
new  inslrnel ions  from  home,  sinneil  a  treaty  for 
the  eession  of  Kloriila.  in  e.vlinetion  of  ihe  v.irions 
Anierieaa  el.iims.  for  Hie  satisfaelion  of  whieli 

the  Tniieil  Slates  iiiir 1  to  jiav  to  Ihe  elaimaiils 

f.i.dOO.iRK).  Tile  l.oiiisian.i  lioiinilarv,  as  li.xeil 
by  this  treaty,  was  a  eoiii|iromise  liitween  llie 
ri'speelive  olfi  rs  heri'lofore  niaile.  llioiii:h  lean- 
ing a  froml  deal  to  Ihe  American  siile:  the  Sabine 
to  Ihe  a:.'il  (let-rio  of  north  latiliiile;  thence  a. 
nonh  meri.lian  line  to  Ihe  Uiij  liiver;  the  ronrse 
of  that  river  to  the  lIMIIh  ilepreo  of  lon^'itiiile 
east  (?wesl|  from  Crreeiiwieh;  Ihenee  norlh  by 
that  iniriiiian  to  the  Arkansiis;  np  that  river  to 
its  h.ail.  anil  to  the  Aid  ilei,'ree  of  north  laliunle; 
ami  aloni;  Ihat  ilenree  to  tlie  I'aeiiie.  This  treaty 
was  immeili.itelv  nililieil  bv  the  Senate,"  but  it 
%yas  111.1  iinril  Pebniary.  Is.M.  that  Ihe'ratitiea- 
ti.in  of  the  S]ianish  L'oveniinent  was  reieiveil  — 
H.    IliMrith.    ll,..t.    „f  (U   r.   ,s'.,  a/  ,«•/,.,,    rh 

At, -11   in:    J.   T,    Morse.  ,r„lii,    (Jiiindi  Ail,iiii.i 

pp.  ii".)-i •.'.-,  _/',■,„,/,.,  „„,,  (■„,,,-, „^,„,;w  ut.  a,' 
■,,:/ "'"' "''"''  '■"""'''""  <'■''• '/  i^'<'.i).  /'/'•  K'lo- 

,.*•    °-  ,'835-i843--The    Second    Seminole 
War.  — ■■  llii'  loiiiliei    with   the   .Seininoles    was 
one  111  tlie  1,-ai  il  s  hfi  liy  .laeksim  to  VanUtircn; 
It  li-tiil  :i,  1. .11- as  till,   ({evolutionary  War   cost 
thirty  iiiilliousi.f  ih.Mars.  ,iii,l  l,.i|t|i.,l  the  elforts 
of  several    L'enerais  ami   numerous  troops,   who 
hail   previously  shown  themselves  equal  to  any 
VI  '1"'  »"'i'l \s  is  iisualiv  the  case  in  In- 
dian wars  tiiere   had    been   wn.n^r  ,1......   l,y  eaeh. 

Bide;  iiut   in  tins  instaiiie  we  were  tlie  more  to 


I'll  in 
I  vir 
;iii<l 
-i«  ,.f 
;i*\- 


IM.it:i 
I  il  »;i 
■k  l.;.,-l 


'/ 


PLUSIIINO. 

blame,  although  the  Indiana  themivlrrii  wpre  f„ 
fmm  being  nnTcly  liarnilesa  and  snlTi  rim-  inn,, 
cents.  The  Seininoles  were  U'inp  di  privi-,!  „f 
their  lands  in  pursiinnct^  of  Ihe  (C'lieral  h.ilin. ,/ 
reinoviiiB  all  the  Indiuiis  west  of  the  .Mis-i„i;,,,j 
They  liml  nRn.e(l  to  ({o.  under  pn^sir.'  Vnl 
inttnenced.  probably,  by  fnindiilent  iiiirisen,, 
lions;  but  tliey  declined  to  fullill  thiir  ,i;r,', 
ineiit.  If  they  liiul  iK'en  tnateil  wi,i  K  .,„,| 
lirinly  they  inixlit  probably  have  Ixi  n  ail..w,,i 
lo  remain  without  serious  injury  t.  ih..  «.,r 
rontniinif  whiles.  But  no  smh  iri-aiMi.nt 
attempled.  and  as  a  result  we  were  oimi 
one  of  the  most  hariwsinjf  Indian  w;us  «i 
wau'cii.     Ill  their  jiloomv,  lanL'lnl  sm:iiiii.. 

amonn  llie  unknown  ami  untroililiii  . 

the  everclailes,  the  Indians  foimd  a- 
lum;aiii|  they  issued  from  their  hae'ii,  i,.  i,i,r„ 
and  ravaire  almost  all  theseltleil  p.irtsi.f  l'|.,|ii, 
fairly  depopulating  live  counties.  ,  .  .  Ti„.  .-r,  .'ij 
Seminole  leader,  Osceola,  w.is  eaplun-l  ..iiU-  liy 
deliberate  treachery  and  breach  of  I  liih  ,.ji  ..u'r 
part,  and  the  Imlians  were  worn  mit  mi,,  r  tlim 
lomiuered.  Tliis  was  parllv  o«iii-  i,.  ii„.if 
remarkable  eap.-ieilies  as  liiisli  liL-hi,  r-  Inii  imj 
nilely  more  lo  Ihe  nature  of  their  tirrii, in  iiiir 
troops  peiierallv  fom;lit  with  L'lvat  lirav.rv  Imt 
there  is  very  little  else  in  the  slrii,-.'!., 
rei;arils  ils  origin  or  the  inamnr  in  «hi 
carried  on,  lo  which  an  Aiiieriean  laii  1 
with  any  salisf.-wtion."— T.  Uik.scvi  It 
'riuiiimit  II.  Ikiitnn,  rh.  1(1. 

Al.sDis:  .1.  U.  Oiddings.  Th,-  Kril,  „  ,.r  r,.n,l, 
rh.  7-'.'l. — r.  T.  Siiragne,  T/ir  h'l.,n',l.i  li.i-  -s,,.' 

also,  AmKUICAN  AlMlltlOlNKS:    SKMIN..!!- 

A.  D.  1845.— Admission  into  the  Union,  .s, ,. 
I -MTKii  SiArKsoK  Am.  :  A.  I>.  isf, 

A.  D.  1861  (January).— Secession  from  the 
Union.  See  t.MTKi)  Statks  ok  Am  V  li 
isoil  (.Iani-  \nv— Kkuki-.miv). 

A.  D.  1862  (February— April).  Temporary 
Union  conquests  and  occupation.  Discour- 
agement of  Unionists.  .See  IMtko  Simi-lk 
A-M. :  A.  I).  IHOa  (KKninAitv— Ariiii.,  i;u.ii.,u 
— Ki.imiDA). 

A.  D.  1864.— Unsuccessful  National  attempt 
to  occupy  the  State.— Battle  of  Olustee.  Nc 
Lnitkd  .States  OK  Am.  :  A.  I),  isiil  (.Ummu- 
FKiiiirAKv:  FijiiiiuA). 

A.  D.  1865  (July).— Provisional  govt  -nment 
set  up  under  President  Johnson'i  plan  0.  Ht- 
construction.      See   V.nitkd  Snris  i.k    \" 
A.  I).  IM«.">(Mav— .In.vi 

A.  D.  1865-1868.  — Reconstruction.  >ir 
l.NiTKii  .Statks  ok  .\\\  .  \  I)  isi;,  \i(i_ 
Ji'i.v).  and  after,  to  lS(i.s-l.sTo. 

FLORIN,  The.— "The  liepul.lir.if  I'Lt.  nee. 
in  llie  year  I'iVJ,  coined  its  guldin  il,.riii.  ..f 'Jt 
carats  tine,  and  of  the  wei,i;ht  of  ..m-  .In.  hm.  li 
idaceil  the  value  under  tin-  iruarant.i-  nl  |.u). 
licity.  and  of  commercial  l'oo.I  laiih  iiii.l  il.il 
coinn'inained  unaltered,  as  ihe  si.in.ia!  I  f..r  all 
oilier  values,  as  long  as  Ihe  re|iiil.lir  In,  If  111 
dured."— .1.  ('.  U  deSismondi.  Ih.^l. ,/!',  /m',  la 
lii'imhlirit,  rh.  4. 

FLOTA,  The.     .See  I'eiii-:  A    I)    f.-.i  I-IG. 

FLOYD,  JOHN  B.,  Treachery  of.  >.« 
r.MTKD  Statks  OK  Am.  ;  X   I).  1-iiiMln  ,  1  ma.al. 

FLUSHING :  A.  D.  iSoy.-Cedcd  to  France. 

Si-e     KmvrK:     A.     !>.     I^'.'T    i'-^.;-    ;.'v  ■.:■•.:. -a  — 

Kkkklakv 


1184 


FLU8UIN0 


FORMOSA. 


A  D  1800.— Taken  and  abandoned  by  the 
Ettglith.    Stt!  ESULANU:  A.  1».  ISUU  'July- 

FOCKSHANI,  Battle  of  (1789).  SreTiHKs: 
»   I)   ITTIl-lTltt 
FODHLA.    SeelHEi.ASD:  Tmk  Namk. 
FCEDERATI.— Till!   bodii'H    of    Imrbiirians 


takiMi  inti)  tlif  militiirv  HtTviic'  of  the  Uoiuaii  I'm- 
„|r,.  .luririi;  the  I>.Ti(«l  of  H*  <l.cliii.;.  scrviiis 
'    ■'     ih'ir  liiri'iiitiiry  cliiifs,  win'  ili'SiK'imt-  ' 


l.Irr   III 


"H 


\,v  III"  imnic  of  fd'ilemti  (cimliiliTHtrs  or  uUifs). 
_1    ll,«lgkiii,  T/ie  ilynimty  of  The'nlimnii,  eh.  4. 

Hci;  Ul'li- 
Sec  Xavakuk  :  A.  D. 


FOIX,  Rise  of  the  Counts  of. 

r.ivpv:  A.  I)    lil«. 
The  house  in  Navarre, 

144MVJI. 

♦ 

FOLCLAND.  —  FOLKLAND.  — Public 

latiil  ll"l''"^'  ""■  '■"■■'y  !■:»,«''•*''  "  "  <ornprisal 
til,'  wh.il  ■  iiri'ii  tluit  was  not  lit  the  ori^'i'ml  iillot- 
nii'iit  iis-ii-'mil  to  iiHliviilii:iU  or  romiiiuiiitit'S, 
ami  Iliil  "W  ""'  siihsi'iUH'iitly  iliviilisl  into  I'S- 
Utcs  "f  liookliinil  IlKK'huull.  The  tolklanil  was 
the  slaiiiliiii;  trciisiirv  of  tlie  conntry  ;  no  iilieu- 
ation  of  iiiiy  pirt  of  it  coulil  be  iniuli'  without 
the  cnii^i-iit  of  the  niilioiml  coiineil ;  but  it  niii;lit 
be  iilliwcil  to  imliviilimls  to  hold  portions  of  it 
8ulii''it  torcnt-tiinu  other  serviees  to  the  state." 
_\V  Sliihbs  I'.'iift.  Hint,  of  Enri.,rh.  .1,  »(•<•(.;!«. 
-The  llii'ory  here  ^tilte(l  is  iiuestioned  by  I'rot. 
ViiH.'r:i.|..ir.  who  s:ivs:  "I  venture  to  suRnest 
that  f"ilkl:iml  neiil  not  mean  the  lanil  owned  by 
the  pr.ipli'.  Iii«)kland  is  land  that  is  held  by 
b.H)kri:lil  ,  folkland  is  land  that  is  helil  by  folk- 
rislit.  Tlie  l.ilkland  is  what  our  scholars  have 
call.'il  illiil,  anil  alod,  and  family  land,  and 
yrfi'l;iiid:  it  island  li^'ld  niider  the  old  restrictive 
riimiivm  law,  the  law  which  keeps  land  in  fanii- 
liw.  :is  Kiiitrasted  with  land  which  is  held  \inder 
a  iBpuk.  lui.lcr  a  '  privile:;iiim,'  mixlelleil  on 
Wnm.m  pr-cedeiits,  expressed  in  Latin  wcmls, 
arnnd  wiili  ecclesiastical  siinctions.  and  inakiiiK 
for  flic  alieiialio"  anil  individualism  " — 1'.  Vino- 
griilolT  tykhiiuKEiiijUiihllii-l.  U>r...hti..  IWW). 

A:^  '  I\  :  .1.  .M.  Kemble,  Thr  Suxdiui  in  Kikj., 
H:  1,  I'fi.  11 —See,  also,  Al.oli. 

FOLIGNO,  Truce  of.     See  Fha.nck:  A.  O. 

ls|»l-lsul  (,Il-NF,— FKBItfAKV). 

FOLKLAND.     See  F..i,(I.ANI>. 

FOLKMOOr.  Sec  llfSiiitKi) ;  also  SimiK  ; 
alii)  Will  n\oi;mi>t  ;  also  Township  and  Town- 
Mi  KTlNil,  'I'm:  Nkw   KMil.AND. 

FOLKTHlNG.-FOLKETING.The.  See 

SvsiiiNwivx  St.ktks  (Dksmauk— Ii  ei.andi  : 
A  II   I"!'.!  |sTt. 

FOLKUNGAS,  The.  See  S<  andinavian 
Stvt^   a,  I>   lins-!:!((;. 

FOMORIANS,  OR  FORMORIANS,  The. 
—.V  1"' ipie  nit'iitioneil  in  Irish  Ici^cnds  as  sca- 
Mv.ri  S.  c  IllKHSD:  TilK  I'ui.MiriVK  Imiah- 
II  *\r^ ;   ili'i,  N'kmkpians. 

FONTAINE  FRANCAISE,  Battle  of 
1I595>.    Sc- KiuscK:  A    D.  iriM-l.V.IM. 

FOMTAINEBLEAU:  A.  D.  1812-1814.- 
Residence  of  the  captive  Pope.  See  I'ai'ai  v: 
.V  I)    l>ns   isU. 

FONTAINEBLEAU,   Treaties  of  (1807). 

S.^'    I'rltTi-.;  II,       ^\^      [)     IW>7,   JIM         <!'A!>   ;     A     I*. 


I'-iiT-l'-  ,s 

tMMlMI-.Vl 

75 


118141. 

r.ii.). 


.SeeFiiANCK;  A,  D.  18U 
11 


FONTAINEBLEAU  DECREE.  The.   See 

Framk:  a.  I).  IWW-IMIO, 

FONTARABIA.  Siege  and  Battle  (1638). 
Si'eSi'AiN;   A    I).  ltt;17-l«40. 

FONTENAILLES,    OR     FONTENAY, 

Battle  of,  A.  D.  841. — In  the  civil  war  In  twii'ii 
the  three  grandsons  of  (.'lmrlem«);ne,  which  re- 
sultiil  in  the  partition  of  his  empire  and  the 
definite  separation  of  Oerinany  ami  France,  the 
decisive  battle  was  fought.  .lune  ^5,  «41,  at 
Fontenailles,  or  Fontcnuy  (Fontanttum),  near 
Aiixcrre 

FONTENOY,  Battle  of  (1745).  SeeNKTiiKii- 
i.AND- (At  srniAS  I'liovisi  i>):  A.  D.  174.'). 

FOOT,  The  Roman.— ■The  unit  of  lineal 
nieaxiire  |»ith  the  Uoinans]  was  the  l*es,  which 
iK'cupieil  the  siune  plan-  in  the  Koman  system  as 
the  Foot  does  in  our  own.  Acconlintf  to  the 
most  accurate  n'searches,  the  Pes  was  i'i|ual  to 
alK)Ut  1 1  tU  inches  imperial  measure,  or  !I7  of  an 
Knulish  foot.  The  Pes  ImImk  siipposi-d  to  repre- 
sent  the  length  of  the  foot  in  a  well  proportioned 
man,  varioiis  divisions  and  multiples  of  the  Pes 
wen'  nanieil  after  suindanls  deriviil  from  the 
human  fninio.  Thus;  Pes  =  1«  Dijiiti,  i.  e. 
linger  breadths,  lor|4  Palini,  i.e.  hand  breadths; 
S<'siiuipi'S=  1  (libit  us,  i.  e,  length  fn)tn  elbow  to 
exin'mity  of  miildle  tinker.  The  Pes  was  also 
divided  into  \i  Pollices,  i.  e.  thumb  joint  lenjrths, 
otherwise  called  Unciae  (whence  our  wool 
'inch')."— W.  Uamsav,  .Vitii'inlofJlomjii^lnli'/., 
eh.  13. 

FOOTE.Commodore— Gun-boat  campaign 
on  the  western  rivers.  See  I'vrriDSTAri  >of 
Am.;  a.  1).  l>^>''  (.I«NiAUV— Fkiikiaiiy  :  Kkn- 
TfchV— Tennkssi-,k)  ;  (.Maik  11— .Vi'iiii.;  On  tiik 

MisslSsiiMM) 

FORBACH,  OR  SPICHERN,  Battle  of. 

See  FiiAM  K     A.  I).  lK7()(.Iri.v— Aii.rsT). 

FORCE  BILL,  The.  Sec  United  Statis 
OK  Am.:  a   I).  IHTl  (Aniii.) 

FORESTERS,  Order  of.    Sec  iNsfuAMi;. 

FORESTS,  Charter  of.  See  Enoianu: 
A.  O.  l'21t!-l'-'T4. 

FORLI,  Battle  of  (1 423).  See  Italy:  A.  1). 
141'i~144T. 

FORMOSA,— ■•  Fonno?:i,  or  Taiwan,  as  it  is 
called  by  the  Chinese,  is  about  400  miles  south 
of  the  nioutli  of  the  Yanf;  tse,  and  UK'  from  the 
mainland  of  China.  It  lies  lietween  'i.V  iO' and 
■2P  .")0'  north  latitude,  is  nearly  ','-10  miles  lonjr. 
bv  an  average  of  7.-1  miles  wide,  and  has  an  ai.-a 
of  about  l'.J,iKI()  siinarc  miles.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  beauty  and  fertility,  and  also  for  the 
variety  of  its  priKliiits.  It  wa:-!  formerly  at- 
tached to  the  province  of  Folikicn,  am'  i;overiied 
bv  a  resident  commissioner  :  lint  since  the  Franco- 
Chinese  War,  iliirin::  which  llic  French,  under 
Admlril  t'oiirlM't,  were  foiled  in  tinir  elTnrts  to 
lake  possession  of  it,  il  has  been  erected  into  an 
independent  province  by  imperial  decree,  and  is 
now  [Ix^T]  n'lverncd  by  I.iii  Mini:  Ch'uan,  an 
able  and  proL'i-essivc  mail,  wiih  the  title  and  al- 
most iinliniilcd  ;iiitiiiirity  of  };ovcrni)r  L'i'iicral. 
The  island  was  once  in  the  possession  of  iliu 
Spaniards,  wh.iciilled  it  Fnniio.^-i  ilieautifuli.  Imt. 
did  not  lolonize  it.  It  then  passed  iiilo  tlie 
hands  of  ilic  Kiitih  who  built  Fort  Zcalanilia, 
and  cstablis'icd  a  tradiiiL' P"'<t  on  tlie  southwest 
coast,  near  the  present  c  y  of  Taiwin  fu.  and 
aiioihcr  known  as  the  Hcd  Fort,  at  Tani-ui.  nn 
the  northwest  coast.  Hut  ilic  i)iitcli  in  mm 
abam    acd   the   island  aliont  the  year  ir.lin,  in 

85 


\h\Wl'  '■     ■ 


If    i;HH. 


I  ■ 


FORMOSA. 

mcilUlf  ly  after  which  It  wm  ocriipled  and  rolo- 
ni/.tfl  by  tlir  Cliinpae  from  Anioy  aud  other 
poiiits  on  the  roiuit  of  Kohkicn.  The  popuiatiun 
In  now  I'ttimitU'il  bv  the  Ko''*^niorKvnersl  at  4,- 
IMNl.lHH)  ('hiiii'si'  um'l  Hi).(KIU  savaKei.  but  the  Hrat 
>lK»rt'ii  iiri'  cloubilc  M  iiiiich  too  larKC  The  ear- 
«){<■«  art'  u  lliif  rare  nf  men  of  the-  Malay  nr 
I'lilyiicsliiii  typi'.  who  holil  nearly  all  the  cunt 
cotur  !in<l  till*  niiitiutttiii  region,  covcrinif  over 
one  liitif  the  Nliiiul.  Tliey  live  niimtly  by  hunt- 
ini;  iiiiil  llnliiiii;.  or  upon  llie  nuturiil  prmlucls  of 
the  forest,  ami  eultivati'  but  little  lanil  "—.I.  II. 
Wll-uii.  (V.iii.i.  rh.  IM— In  1HT4,  in  oriler  to  ob 
tain  reijn  s<  for  n  ninriler  of  .lapanexe  sailors  by 
Hjivaires  on  the  eastern  eoast  of  Formosa,  the 
Japanese  Government  unilertook  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  southern  p.irt  of  Kornios.i.  assertirii; 
that  it  iliil  not  iH'loni;  to  China  Ix'i'ause  she  either 
woiilil  not  or  eonhl  not  itovern  its  s^ivaL'e  inhab- 
iianls  Ity  the  intervention  of  the  Kritish  inin- 
i-ter.  Sir  'I"  K.  W.'iile.  war  was  pri'veiiteil,  the 
.lapariesi  wiilelra»  iiii;  arul  the  Chiin'se  remain- 
in,'  in  control  :  but  the  former  still  eoveted  the 
islanil.  aii'l  tinally  si(  nred  it.  as  one  of  the  re- 
silisof  ihiir  war  with  Cliina.  in  I -^IM -.">.  — S.  \V. 
Wil lions,   n,    .\f„l.llr   Ki,.ii'l"ii>.  rli.-H\.  r.'i. 

FORNUOVA.  Battle  of  (I4951.  See  Itai  v: 
A    I)    It'.U    I  ('.111. 

FORREST,  GENERAL,  Cavalry  Opera- 
tions of.  See  I'mtkii  Suns  ok  \\\  :  \.  I). 
Isi!-.'-isii;(  (Dkc— .[.vs.:  Tksn  );  IMi:!  (Kkh  — 
Ant.:  Tknn.).  1><I1;)-1miM  iI)K(  .— Aeii.:  Tknn,— 
.Miss  );  18IW(Ai'n.  :  Tn.ss.);  IWWiSki-T.— (»(  t.; 
(iv  ), 

FORT  EDWARD.— FORT  ERIE.— 
FORT  FISHER,  ETC.  Sw  Edw.\kii,  Fokt  ; 
Ki:iK,  KoUT,  Ktc. 

FORTRENN,  Men  of.— A  Phtish  jMople  in 
earlv  Scottish  history. 

FORTY  FORT.  .See  U.nited  Statks  ok 
Am  :  A.  I).  iTTn  r.Ici.v). 

FORTUNATE  ISLANDS.  iSeo  Canaky 
Islands.  Disi  ovEiiy  ok. 

FORTY-FIVE,  The.— The.faiobito rebellion 
of  174.'i  is  often  referred  to  as  "the  Forty-flve." 
.See  ScoTI.ANU:  A.  I).  ITM. 

FORTY-SHILLING  FREEHOLDERS. 
See  KvouM):  A.  1).  1M.H4-IH8,). 

FORUM,  The  Julian,  and  its  exteniions.— 
■  From  till'  entranee  of  the  Sidnirra  lirancliHl 
out  the  loni;  streets  which  |«'netrate(l  the  hollows 
between  the  l^nirinal,  Viminal.  an<i  Kscpiiline  to 
the  L'ales  pierced  in  the  mound  of  Servins.  It 
was  in  this  illrection  that  ('.■csiir  elTeebMl  the  first 
extension  of  the  Forum,  by  (onvertin^  the  site 
of  n  rt.iin  streets  into  an  open  S|i!ice  which  he 
suiroiueled  with  an'ades.  and  in  the  centre  of 
whic  h  he  irectcd  his  temple  of  Venus  By  the 
siilr  of  tlie  .Inlian  Forum,  or  iH'rhaps  in  its  rear. 
Aui;usins  eon-trueted  a  still  ampler  imlosure, 
winch  he  a.li.nied  with  the  temple  of  .Mara  the 
.Vvcni:'  r.  .Siiccceilini:  emperors  .  .  .  eontinntsl 
t.i  work  o\it  lie-  Siinie  idea,  till  the  .\ri:iletum  on 
the  ..lie  hanil.  aii.l  the  saddlr  i.f  the  Capitoline 
und  (^uirinal.  excavatnl  f.ir  the  purpose,  on  the 
other,  win-  botiua'ciipied  liy  thesi-  constructions, 
the  dwclliiiiis  of  the  populaci'  lieinir  swept  away 
iM-fore  them  :  and  a  space  runnini;  earlv  p.'irallel 
to  the  leiiL'th  of  th<-  liomaii  Foru>.  and  exceed- 
ini.'  it  in  ^\/i-.  was  thus  devoted  >  public  use. 
extend  ill. '  rr..ni  tlie  iiilhir  I.f  Tr^iian  totheleLsip.ea 
of  Constantinc  ■  — C.  Murivale,  llitt.  nf  the  Jlo- 
iniiiii,  fit.  40. 


.....  ,„,. 
.  |...|.iilu 
r. '.-  lal 

dr  iili;ii;|. 

.I..a>:l- 

.|.>.   ..lu) 

Oi-    l».l, 


■  I. 


111.- 


■i.rii 
II  .:! 
,l,f 


.■h 


POKUM  ROMANUM. 

FORUM  BOARIUM  AND  VELABRUM 
OF  ANCIENT  ROME,  Th«.-  Ha  v"" 
brum,  the  Koruiii  Huarluni.  the  Vims  Iumu, 
and  the  Ctrcua  Maximiia  art'  names  rich  m  pnii 
niacencea  of  the  romantic  youth  uii.l  «iirlikt 
niaiihiKxl  uf  the  Itunuui  piople.  'Ihi'  .tirlinit 
dawn  of  Koman  history  begins  with  thi'  111. in.  ,f 
the  ('upitoliiie  and  Palatine  hills  int.. 
In  those  fur  distant  times,  however,  m 
lion  wiia  settled  In  the  Velubrum  or  1 
ley  ;  for.  ai  we  have  seen,  until  the 
Has  permuni'utly  provi.hd  for  bv  ih 
these  districts  were  uninhaliitcd  s«  h 
the  nann-  Velubrum  itsilf  is  sjii.l  1.1  | 
ilerived  from  the  boats  usi  d  in  <  io,>i,i; 
hill  tu  the  other.  I'erhaps  siicli  mat 
been  the  rose  with  the  Forum  lioarii.ii: 
bctwwn  the  Velabriuu  anil  the  riM  1 
limits  of  the  Forutn  Hoariiiin  can  !..  . 
lined.  It  was  separated  from  the  Vi  hilinmi  at 
th.- Arcli  of  the  (Joldsmilhs.  ,  .  .  ( in  li,.  v,,i,,|, 
eastern  side  the  Cari-eres  of  the  (':i.u-,  !,i„l 
the  adjoinini:  Icniple  on  the  sit<.  1,1  >  M,,;,,  j,, 
Cosinedin.  boundeil  tli<'  dislrh  I.  on  tli.  u 
the  Tiber,  and  on  the  norihwc^t.  rn  lie  u 
Scrviiis.  .  .  .  The  imniediali  iiciL'hl...u.|i. 
the  river,  the  Forum,  the  t'anipus  M.rtii, 
the  Palace  of  the  Casjirs  would  iiaMir:iii\  1 
this  (piurli-r  one  of  the  most  cro»dcil  t|,..i 
fiiri's  of  Uoine.  .  .  .  The  F..ruiii  its,  if  \\\,„\i 
pive  the  name  to  the  ilistriit.  »as  ihi.IilI.u  ,„ 
open  spine  surroundeil  by  sliop-  nn.l  piilili. 
buildiiiKs,  like  the  Forum  'HoinaiHiiii,  l.i.i  in  n 

smaller  »<'ule.     In   the  <entre  si I  il..   I.i,iii/i. 

tifjure  of  u  bull,  brou);lit  from  .V.Liiia  1  itli.  r  oi 
ft  symbol  of  the  Iraih'  in  cattleto  wliii  i,  tin  plur,. 
owisl  its  nump,  or,  tt.s  Tueilus  ohsi  rt. >  1..  iiiiirk 
the  8up|K)S(sl  spoc  whence  the  ploiicli  ..f  Itmiiu 
lus.  drawn  by  a  bull  and  a  cow.  tirsi  si.iri.d  in 
trueing  o\it  tLc  Palatine  ponia'riiim'  I!  Hi;rti, 
Home  u  tit  f/ie  CtimjHK/mi,  eft.  I'J. 

FORUM  GALLORUM,  Battle  of  iB.  C. 
43',.     See  HoMK  :  H.  C.  44-J,'. 

FORUM  JULII.— A  Iloinan  colony  and  naval 
station  (miMlern  Frejiis)  founded  on  the  .Mii'liir- 
ruiu'nn  const  of  Gaul  bv  Augustus. 

FORUM  ROMANUM,  The.-  Ihi  el.l.r 
Forum,  or  Forum  Uoman  m.  as  it  was ,  lilol  m 
distin^ruish  it  from  the  ler  Forii.  »hi,  h  mitc 
named  after  their  respeitivebiiil.lcrs  IKenimnf 
Julius  Cirstir,  of  Augustus,  of  N.ua  ..f  V,-s. 
pasian.  of  Trajan,  etc. ).  was  an  ,.pcn  sp:,, ,  ..f  im 
oblong  sha|H>,  which  extended  in  a  s..ijtii  1  iisiitIv 
direction  from  near  the  depression  .r  int.rni  11- 
tiiim  between  the  twii  summits  of  lii.  ('.,|.ii..liie 
Hill  to  a  point  opposite  th,.  still  cxiiiii'  i.  liipN'  ..f 
.Vnlonini'.s  einl   Faustina    .   .  .   lioiicl  'In-  i.ni- 

tineil    spat^e    were   jrroiiped   the  i i   i:,;i...ii.tiit 

buililin;'s  of  idpiiblican  lionie  "— li 

.//,,/  tht    ^''t'li/'iii/tKi,   I'll.    t(,  jit.    1  - 

the  literal  sense  of  the  word  iii,-r.  !\ 

place,  derives  its  nanie  'a  lereml..,'  1: 

inir.    trettiiuj.    purclmsinL'i.   .   .   .   .\' .m 

arena  on  which  so  ijreat  a  liraiea  x.  i~ 

thi     Hepubliean  ami    Imperial  t  i'v  ' 

tainable  measurements  of  this  r,'L'i.  >i. 

to  piM^I  authorities,  beinutol  l!ii.:lisii 

exir-  ne  leufjtb,  ■.Hl-J  in  the  ixir.  ne-  !.i 

117  feet  at  tlie  narrower,  th,  s.iuiii 

.   .   .  Th<.    Forum,  as  an   eiicl..M'.l 

amidst   buildings    anil  s::rro::;i.!,-^ 

porticos,  mav  bi'  said  to  have  ,.wcil  it-;    risiii  L' 

Turquiuius  i'riscua,  between  the  viai^  t.H.  awi 


I 


1: 


irk.t- 


,il:li 


pi.M.    1.1 


1186 


rOWJV.  HOM\Nt'M. 
j.^  B  C  "-C.  1.  llenukM.  UiitoHe  and  Ifoiin- 

"'i'll^r'u'unclu.l.  H,»^>»< ».»-.  PP.7!V-H9. 
FORUM  TRBBONII.  Battle  or  (A.  D.  aSD. 

"^ FOSI,  Th».    See  C:uutl. 
COSSA.    Mt'e  Cantb*.  _    „ 

FOSSE    The.-4»nc    of    the    great    lloman 

r^wt'ly  into  ConiwKll.     «<•.•  UoMA.n  Uoau. 

'■"f O  ST^'a  T  .  — Tlir  i>rlKiriiil  n.iiiii'  of   Cairo, 

"fOTHERINGAY   castle,   M.r,   Stu- 
,rt',  execution  at.  *■■•  S.  ..ti.am.     A   1>  1>01- 
t?is  ".I  KN....VM.:  A.  I>    1.W.V1..H7 
'fountain  of  YOUTH.Poncede  Leon  • 

^Touk*''.5uN'SR^ED'j;NDV'.'vk"-i-HpU, 
SAND  AT  ATHENS.      See  Atiikn-:    H.  t. 

*'f0UR  hundred  AT  ATHENS.  The. 

koUR  MASTERS,  The.-Four  Irwh  un. 
,i,,,>.ri.s  nr  the  ITllMrnmry  w,ho.om|-|>'  |'; 
m  X.-.I  (olli ctioii  of  Iff-'i'iul  iiml  liisti>rv  (-ill.il  the 

Annul*  of  the  Kiiwlom  of  Irel,,ml.  un;  ■•<...,. 
m„nU  known  *»•  thr  Koiir  Masters  rii.yw.rr 
MulmW  ori.Ty.  a  lay  l.rother  of  tl,.;  onljr  of 
",  Fnnnis;  ConaireOCUry.  brotl.crof  Michml ; 
(•  ,co..'rv  or  IVrecrin^  OCUtv.  1«h.  of  tiu;  lir- 
c„„n."ir»epl  ..f  tl...  OCIorvs,  to  wIihI.  Michael 
a  ul  Conai  e bi'louseil ;  auJ  t'erfeas.*  ()  .Mulioi.ry, 


FRANCE,  A.  D.  848. 

of  whom  nothing  In  known,  eicept  that  he  wai 
a  native  of  the  eounty  of  Hosiommou.  The 
■  AnnaU"  of  tlii'  Koiir  Munterit  have  been  Iraiw 
Itttetl  int..  Kngli»li  from  the  lri«li  tongue  by  Jolin 
()  Donovan— .1.  OUonovan.  lnlr<Hl.  to  AntuiU 
of  Ihr  Kiwi,hm  <>f  Ir.land  by  tht  Fnur  .»'-'<■'••, 
FOUR  MILE  STRIP,  Ceation  of  the.  Hee 

I'dNTIAl's  WaU. 

FOURIERISM.    H<-e  SoriAi.  MoVEMENxe: 
A.  U.  1S32-1W7,  and  1K41-1(M7. 


FOURTEENTH  AMENDMENT.  J'ee 
iNiTfo  Htatks  ,,k  Am  :  A  I>.  IHitVlHtlfl  (I)K• 
.  kmhkh— .Vniii.i,  lsmi(.li  NK);  lNtl«-lH67  ((>(• 
■iiiiiKii— Maiu  ir). 

The  enforcement  of.  See  I'MTKh  S  i  vtkh  ok 
Am  ;  .V.  U.  IhTI  (.Ariiii ). 


FOURTH  OF  JULY.-Thc  anniversaiv  of 
the  mloplniii  of  the  Aiiicrii  iiii  Deilaratioii  of  In- 
ill  pinilenie.  See  I'MTKii  Status  iik  Am.;  A.  1>. 
177(1  i.li  i.vi  , 

FOWEY,  Etaex'a  lurrender  at.    N'e  Kso- 

1   VM>      A.   1).    ltl4l(AlllL>T— SH'IKMllK.ll). 

FOWLTOWN,    Battle     of    (1817).       See 
Ki  01111. A  ■  A    1>    IxKl-lNlK. 
FOX  AND  NORTH   COALITION,  The. 

See  K.Noi.AMi:  A  D.  17MJ  ;  17h:I.  and  17Kt-17N7. 
FOX  INDIANS,  The.  Sc  Amikh  an  Ai.o 
HiiiiNKS:  Ai.ooNqriAN  KiMli.v,  uii'l  Sais,  Ac  — 
Kor  an  iiccoiint  of  the  ma-ssaere  of  Kox  Iniliiiiisat 
n.troil  in  1712.  see  Casapa  :  AD.  1711-1 .  Tf. 
_Kor  an  aeeoiint  of  the  Bhick  Hawk  War,  sec 
iLi-iNom:  A    D.  1h:K 


FRANCE. 

See  Oacl  ;  anil  Tuaub  : 


Gallic  and  Roman 

■^  A  "d  481-843.— Under  the  Franks  — Dirla- 

ion  of  CHarlemagne'a  Empire.    Sec  Fhasks. 

A  D  841-91 1.— Ra»a«[e»  and  aettlementa  of 

the  Northmen.      See  Nobmanb;    A.  D.   Ml  to 

876-911.  ,     .  . 

0th  CentutT.— Introduction  of  the  modem 

name  -At  the  time  of  the  division  of  the  empire 
of  Cluirliuia^'nc  lietween  his  three  gmml-ajms 
whirli  wu»  mmlc  a  definite  anil  lasting  political 
s,|«,raii..ii  liv  the  Treaty  of  Venlun   A.  DM-'. 
■■till'  piuple  of  the  West  [wesU'm  Luropel  had 
,„ini  to  W  divided,  with  more  and  more  distiiiet- 
m».  into  two  classes,  those  composed  of  franks 
and  ticrmau: ,  who  still  adhered  to  the  Teiitoiiic 
aiaUiti    ami  those,  composinl  of  Franks,  Gallo- 
Ruiii:iii.<  and  A(iiiitanians,  who  used  the  Iloniancc 
dinlins,  or  the  patois  which  had  gn)wn  out  of  a 
coTTiiplcd  Latin.     The  loriner  clung  to  the  name 
of  (i.  rni;ins.  while  the  latter,  not  to  los<^  all  share 
in  tin  clory  "f  the  Fninklsh  name,  bejran  to  call 
^llcnlMlv.^"  Kranci,    and   their  country    Francia 
NoMi.  or  Now    France.  .  .  .  Fmncia   was  the 
Uw.n  h:inic'  of  Fniukenland,  and  had  long  lieforc 
Ixi  i.      nil,  d  to  the  dominions  of  the  Fmuks  on 
b.,:h  s...  s  of  the  Itliine       Their  country    was 
tliiu  (livid.'d  into  Kast  and  West  Francia;  but  in 
thu  liiiif  of  Karl  the  Great  IL'harleiiiagne]  and 
Lu.hvii;  I'ious,  we   tiud  the  monk  of  St.  Gall 
usini:  tlio  tirins  Francia  Nova,  in  opposition  to 
till  FniiKia,   iimediciturantiqua.'" — V.  Gislwin, 
i/;.'.',  ■;  ,",„■;„■<: ;  .\rxic:ii  0:iu!.  c/t.  1^,  "'it'i  ''■■'■ 
—    As  for  tht  mere  name  of  Francia,  like  other 
names  of  the  kmd,  it  shifted  ito  geographical 


use  according  to  the  wanderings  of  the  people 
from  whom  it  was  derived.     After  many  such 
changes  uf  meaning,  it  gradually  settled  down  as 
the  name  for  those  parts  of  Germany  and  Gaul 
where  it  still  atildes.     There  are  the  Teutonic  or 
Austrian  [or  Austraslaul  Francia,  part  of  which 
still  I  eeps  the  name  of  Fraiikeii  or  Franeonla, 
and  the  Itomancc  or  Neuslriaii  Francia,  which 
by  various  annexations  has  grown  into  iiuxlern 
France  "— E.    A.    Fre«>man,    IIMoricU   (jmy.  of 
Etirooe.  v.  1,  p.  121.— "  As  late  as  the  reign  of 
Frederick  Barbaros.sa.  the  name  of  Frank  was 
still  used,  and  use<l  too  with  an  air  of  triumph,  as 
equivalent  to  the  name  of  (Jernian.     The  kings 
and  kin^'donis  of  this  age  had  indeed  no  fixed 
titles  iHuause  all  were  still  liHiked  on  us  mere 
portions  of  the  gR^at  Frankish  realm.     Another 
step  hiu;  '.ovv  been  taken  towards  the  creation  of 
miKleru  Fran,  e;   but  the   older  state  of  things 
has  not  vet  wliollv  passed  away.     Oerniiuiy  has 
no  definite  name;  for  a  hniii  lime  it  is  '  Irancia 
Orieiitalis,'  •  Francia  Teutonica ' ;  then  it  iH-comes 
'  HegnumTcutonicum,'  •  UegnuniTeutonicorum.' 
But  it  is  eqiiallv  dear  that,  within  tne  limits 
of  that  Wistern"or  Latin    France,  Francia  and 
1    Francus  weR'  fast  L'ltting  their  iiiiKlern  meanings 
'   of  France  and  Frenchmen,  as  distinguished  from 
I   Frank  or  German.  —E.  A.  Freeman,  TU  FniUs 
I    and  the  (htiiU  {llinliirii-ul  Kmii/s.  1«<  ntnm.  1,0.  .), 
I       A.  D.  843.— The  kingdom  of  Charles  the 
Bald.— The  first  actual  kingilom  of  France  (Fran- 
cia  Nova  — Francia   Occidentalis),    was   formed 
j.j  .In.  partl'ion  of  <hi'  empire  of  L'hiirlemagiie  Iw- 


tween  his  three  grandsons,  by  the  1  reaty  ol  V  er- 
dun,    A.  D.  843,      It  was  assigned   to  Charles, 


1187 


i 

i  I  J:  1' 


ii; 


,1 


r:  1 1  ' '  '  ^ 


rnANcE.  A  i»  »43 


of  IIh>  01.1.T  hr,.nk  ,llvl,l„nr  to^.^lhrr  Willi  A.nii 
Ulnc  It  ■•  hml  f„r  In  ,.,i«i,.rii  IkhuhIiuv  tlir 
*l.'ii«<'.  111.- 8H.-.m>  ii'i.!  ih|.  Klioiir;  whirli  nwrr 
Ui<l.»»,  run  milv  !«■  iiii<limi(MNl  „f  tlir  Iiiiht 
MniH...  ,li,.v  llriilittiii  wiwcTluliilv  not  n)riiiirl»'<l 
In  It  .  nnd  it  rxl,.n,l,,l  i..MiiliwnnU  Wv„i„\  ||,.. 
I  .vr.!i.,H  tn  t|„.  Kl.n,-||  ||„ll.iin.  Ifie  VUl/f 
All",  r/,.  1,  ,,/  1.  .;;../«.,/,•  •■(•l„,rl,.»  ,„„|  hi, 
•iHKMors  \m\r  Willi,'  I'laliti  |,,  \».  ,i,niiiiil.il 
txu,  h.  Tli.y  ml.'  ,,vir  u  lurtfc  piirl  ..f  Kniiiic 
»iHl.iriMiiiH«,iv  fiMinlli.ircililirniniirxIcn  with 
(i.riiiany      Siill,  In  r,-,,lily  th.y  ar..  (hriiuiim  iiiul 

.V"",i  ,  "'•■*;",'"•'''  "'•'••"•'»  llwy  y.',iri,  afi.r 
till'  ..III   irii|»'riiil   nam,.,  n,,.,  hav,'   ni>  national 

rirlinuat  all      I  In  II Ili.r  lianil,  the  Kriat  Inr.N 

of  Ni  iHtria,  a,  II  n«.,|  to  l„.  ,all,.,l,  ar,'  n'ailv  to 
niov,'  in  ihal  ilinnlnn,  an.|  lotak,'  th,.  (Im  »'i,|w 
towanls   a   ii.'W    nalioiial    life       Tlicv  ,<ii«.    to 


cr^,::!i'i:z,x   •'"ance.  a  o  «t-bh: 


M,  iin.l 


I    Itnh 


■I    IIk 


liKik  lii'ik  to  th,'   Hhini',  anil  o.'iii|,v  llicnisi'lvcH 
iKoniiiinal  >ini^irl«'  with  tli.-ir  kiliirH.     fVinlal 


III  II  comiiiiial  >lru^K ..,  .„,^,      ,,,,„„, 

pmvir  N  fowihliil,  ami  with  it  the  ■  lalniH  of  th, 
bl»lio|w  iiH.  to  tliiir  liltfliiHi  |,„int  H„i„.,.  |,av,' 
not  yit  ,oin,.  to  u  kincilnm  of  Kmni,-  It 

was  MO  iiropir  Frni.  Ii  kinifiloni.  but  n  .Ivinit 
brimcli  of  ||„-  Knipiri'  of  Cliarli'n  tht'  (Ircut 
(  hail,''*  th,'  Halil.  .ntiriiiK  on  Ills  part  of  Ih,' 
( arolin^  Knipiri',  fonn.l  thr,-,.'  jargr  .listri.ts 
wliHli  r,.fii„.,|  to  r,.,m'ni«'  him  f h,'„.  wen- 
Ai|iiitaini',  whoM'  kini;  was  I'ipplii  II  s,.„t|. 
"lam.  in  th,'  hamU  of  Iknianl;  ami  Hrittanv 
uii.l.r  N, .111111,*  II,'  ait,'mpt..,l  to  riilii,-,.  them"; 
but  ilnitany  iiml  Sipiimania  (hllcl  him  whil,. 
ovir  Aipiiiain,hi'  waslilil,.  mor,'  than  a  nominal 

I'l.V",','  .r'i  )^'  ''^'"■'''"'  iii't  „f  h',„,i,f,  r  1. 

Aj.-«>iN:'  K.  A   Fri.man.  lli.l  a,,.,..>f  K„r„i«: 

Kmi'iiiki:   a    I)   «ll  I'tl.. 

A.  D  86i.-OriKin  of  the  duchy  and  of  the 

houie  of  Capet. -In  siii,  (harl.'s  ifii'  llalil   kini; 

of  tlial  pan,. I   lln',liMniinlK.r,'il,mpir,',.f('|,ar. 

IcniaL'ii,'  Mlii.h  Kr,w  Into  III,,  kin^.h.in  of  Kranir 

wasMriiirs.'liii-  wiih  manvilimciiltii's:  ih-fi'mlini 

iini',,lf    ui;aiii-.t    Ih,.    hi.siilo    anil.iiion    of    his 

bi;,.tli.r    l,,.iiis  till,  (i.rnian:  Mrlvins'  lo  (.slalilish 

bis  aiiilionlyin  llrillany  ami  Aqiiltaim':  liarri,.il 

uml  liarasvil   iiy  ,Nor«.  piratrs;   siirroiimlcil    l,v 

•  lom.'slir  trial  h,ry  uml  f,.ii,lal  n.^livoiicss       Vll 

of  bis  many  fo,.s  w.r,.    mori'   ,.r   Irss   in   l,.acu..   | 

a^'amsl  hun,  ami  ll„.  m,,,!  „f  ,h,.ir  nmibinali.m    ' 

iil.|i,'arslo  bav,-  l„.,.n  a  ,-..rlain  b,,l,l  ailvi'nlunr  — 

aMi-ani.',i-,,r  iimTrlaiii  i.ri.'in.  a  Saxon,  as  some 

Mv  --»l„,l,or,.  il„.m,m,'i.r  H^.l^-rt  th..  Sironi; 

In    ll.w  aliin  iniiiiy,  Kim:   Charhs,  who   ni'vrr 

la(k,,|  >h,,.«-,ln,.'.,.  ,liM-,.v,r,'.|  a  possil.l,.  fri,.n,l 

lb'  opinril  iM-iroiiaii,.ns  with  l{„l„.n  thi-  Slmnc' 

ami  a  l.ai-ain  was  so„n  ma.l,.  which  transfrrrni 

lhl's«"ni,„„l,h,',',i,.l-«y„f  ,|„.   p„„,„t  ,„„„,.„. 

ary  to  th,.  ^,tvic,.  „f  th,.  kin,-,     '•  >v„m  after  n 

Il:i,H.iin   ,.r  (.real  Cmncil   was   h.lil  at   ('.n,. 

|.i.  ;:m-      !„  tins  ,.,vs,.,„l,|y,  ami  by  |h,.  a.s.s,.„i  „f 

tb,(»p.,m;,t,.s,  i|„..siii,.  an,litsi^l.„„ls   ami  lint 

I'"'"'  " ,"■'■""   i-l:""l  I'aris,  amlall  Ihe  eounirv 

tH..w,..ii  N,n,.a,„l  |..,i,,  ,v,,r,.^.ra„„. |i„,„,,; 

the  Diiiliy  ..I   l-i-an.i.,  thi.nL'h  m.t  vel  s..  ,aM<-,r 
iimr,-,,uT  11,,.    .\mi,-ii,„.   .Marelii's,  i.r  Co.inlv  of 

""■:'■  >>-'i>>'-.  all .I,,.!,!   l.v  U„I„.,M,.  l'!,rl  hs 

barri,.rs  at'ainM  .\,,rthM„ii  ami   Iir,.|oi,,   an,|  l.v 
whi,.h  .•,.,,i,,ns  t|„.  r,,,im  «,is  lo  he   ,hleii,|,.,i 
Unly  a  p.,iii,,n  ,,|  i|,is  ,l,,miiii,,„  „„  neil  ih,.  ,.h,  ,li 
eme,,l    (liari,.,:    Ih,-  linl.Mis  w,.r,.   ii,   ,l„.l.  ...... 

.."ii.li.v,  IM,    .V,,riiiimi)  II,  Ih,.  i-oimlry  they  were 


mMng  their  own;  the  grant  ttM.r,f.,r, 
Ihi'iix' t«i  Koliert  towin  an  niiirh  k»Ii,  , ,,, 
III  keep  his  aeiiuUltloim  xlioiihl  lir  »ii,,,. 
IJoUrt  kept  the  Northmen  In  ,  hiek  \,<  . 
lnies*,nie«i'rtlon  He  liiiin,!  tli,.  V,',i,,„ 
of  ^mllee,  his  two  vimiii;  s..ii,,  Kii.l,,  „ 
ert.  to  th,.  tii^f  „f  war.  maklni;  th,  n,  i,' 
liaiilons  111    bis  eiiterpriw.s.     The    l.ai.k- 

l,..ire  w,.re  imrtleiilarly  ffiinnl v  hi.,,  r  ,r  i„ ,, 

tlie  prim Ipalaliiuks were ilin.,t,.||'     k,,,.    '  , 
.Hiromr  fought  valiantly,  as  he  hail  i.„„,  „  ,,',"' 
ilo.  b.r  llvey,.|irs.  or  more,  aii.l  ih,„    ,„  .„,  , ,, 

bi.ky  battle  with  lb,.  Ihnwi ,.  .mi,,,,,,,   '  '    '" 

HtW,  bef,l|,     •'Tlms.ll.sltbellrsti.fil,,,,.,,  " 
.\ll  the   hotioni  1111,1  poM,.«hms  whi,  I,   i,    ,,,i 
re,-,.|v,.,l  from  th,.  kln^  wen-  lli,.„  |rai„f,  ^r,  ,|  ,  , 
to  h  s  sons,  but   to  one    lli,„h.    Cmh,!   „f  |),,, 
tfiiiiily    who  l)e,-ame  als<i   link.,  or   ,Mir,.,      t 
►  raiHi.   anil   Coimt    i,f   Anjoii,      T«,,„,   ',:,'„ 
later,  however.  Ihe  ohU'r  son  of  U'.U  rl '  Ki.  i, 
turns  lip  in  history  iiKain  as  Count  „r  p,  ,.;     ,,1 
nothn^U  knii«n   of  the   iii,'aiis   l.v«l,„i,     ,,. 
fam  ly.  s,Hin  bi  U'eom,.  roval.  I,a,|  r,i.,i,r,,l  ,i. 
fiH>llii(t  ami    Its  Imix.rtame.-Slr  r     I'lirn, 
J   'J^  ■'^'"'""'"'lU'i'i't  l:'n'/l.ii„>  M    I  ,/     iV  1, 
A.  D.  877^l7._The  end  of  the  CrohnKiin 
monarchy  and  th.    riai    of  the  Cape  ia*„" 
liarles  tlie   liaM  ,|i,.,|  i„  h77  «„,|  w,i,  ,,,,(,  i 
by  his  son  Uuls.  ,all,.<l  "the  Slamm,  i,  ■     «.„ 
reii{n,.il  ,mly  two  yeum.      His  iw,,  v„i.    I.ii, 
aii,l  Carloiimn.  wire  joint  kinj;,  for  a  >li.n  -,',i, 
strii.ir-lln:;  with  the  Northmen   ami   I.,,,,,'  ii,. 
pronmi.soutof  whieb  Kuke  H..s,,n  ..f  lY.i';  ,„, 

brother  Inlaw  iif  Charles  the   llaM    fur I  ■!„. 

kinirilom  of  Aries  Louis  (li,.ii  i„  ^s-  „„|  ,  ,; ,, 
man  two  yearn  afterwanls;  lh..re,ii.,.i,  ci,  ,rl,'< 
suriiam,.,l  •' Ihe  Kal."  kini;  „f  l,,,i'ii,,,r,K'  „„i 
Uermanv.  ami  also  eniiM'n.r  (m-ph,  w  ,,f  n,  ,',, 
heUalil),  lH.,.aiiie  likewis,.  kliij,'  ,,f  Kr,i„,  „„| 
briefly  r,.uniteil  uiiih.r  his  feehlv  h.„„ii,  .|  „,.,,,,. 
Ibe  Kr.'al|.r   part  ol   the  ol,l  ,.nipir,.  ,,t  n,',,, 


luaKiie.  When  he  .li,.,l.  In  Hsx  a  i.irlv 
nobles.  tlr,.<l  of  his  ra,e,  nut  ami  1 1, , ,, , 
huiles(,.r<)ilo).  the  valiant  li.ui.t  ,,l  I',, 
bail  Justilefeniled  his  lilv  with  oh,iii,„,  , 
ajjainst  the  Northmen,  to  be  ihiir  Kr, 
.sovereijjniy  of  Kuiles  was  not  aekiinv  I,  ,i 
the   iiati.m   at   larjie.      His  i.pp..mrii,  |,,..,| 

:   <  arlin,!?  to  8,.t  up  against  him.  in  Hi,,  .i,  r 

j    Ih,.  boy  Charles.  — y„uni,'i.sf  s,in  ,,f  1  ,i.,j,     ti, 

Stammerer."  born  after  his  fathir's  ,|,,i,|,    -  „  i, 

appears   in    history    as    Charh's    'il,,    .s,, „,,],. 

Kuiles.  after    some   years   of    war    lm- 

Cliarles  a  small  clonmin.  lM.|we,.n  ih,-  .' 

thi'  .Mi'tis,..  aeknowl,.,lt'|.il  his  f,  ii,ial  .-n 

anil  a«r,.|.il  that  the  wliol,.  kintrih.iii  ^ 

.surr<.mleri.||   to  him  on  his  (Kiel.,    ,i, 

aiconlunie    with    this    airr<.,iiii  nl,    (  I 

Sinii.Ie    iK.eaiiio  solo   kinj;  in    sitN,  kI„ 

•  lied,  anil  the  (.ouiiirv  whi.h  aikii.'rt' 

nominal  sovereignly 'fell  into  a  m.ii,    ,1 

stall.  Iliuii  ever.     The  Northmen  i>'      : -I, 

si'lv.s  in  periiiamnl  iKiu|iaii,.n 

,.n  Ih,.  lower  .Sein,..  an.|  Charles,  i      ,■! 

formal  cession  of   il   |,,  ih,  ir  ,liil^,.    i; 

erealuiL' Ihe  «real  ilnihv'.f  N..n„,iiM'. 

the  m,li||.s  trew  oine  m,,n.  ,|isL'.i-!.  i 

fi-elil,.ii<.ss    of    their    kinir    ami    ,TM«n. 

Uoberl.  brotbiT  of  the  laie  kiiii:  Iji.i,- 

Charl,.s  inl,i  his  slr,in:;lio|i|  ,,[   l.,i.,ri       j 

mans  (..1111,.  to  Charles'  help  ami  hi,  ri.  . 

"■■>•   kit'r-l    ::..   .-1    iialtii'.       i;,it    (;,,,,;, 

feateil.  was  inveigleil  into  the  haiiilsi.!  .  ; 


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FRANCE,  A.   D.  877-987 


Karly  Vap€tian9, 


FRANCE,  A.   D    987-1327. 


kIk!  Lords  — nerbert  of  ViTtiiiintloiit  —  anil  kept 
"  i.riv.niT  until  l..'  ilif.l.  In   »-'l».      <)»<•   K'"l"lf 
!,f  l!ur"miily  liml  1><'"  'liown  kiiii,',  mcaiitiiiir 
;,„1  n  i"-n.-,l  until  his  iluath.  in  'JM\.     Thii.  1. 
ciliniacv  triuniplu'il  iipiiii,  and  a  youns;  wm  of 
(liiirlc  still'  Simplr.  who  liad  Incn  reared  in  hni,' 
laii.l    «!is  sent  for  and  (Towni'd.     This  kintf  — 
Ijiiiis  IV— his  son,  Lotlmir.  aii<l  his  Kran<lson, 
Uniii  V     kept  poss<'ssion  of  the  shaking  throne 
for  hilf  a  eentiiry ;  hut  their  aetual  kinitdom  was 
mill  h  of  the  lime  reduced  to  little  more  than  the 
rnml  eity  of  I.iion  and  its  iiniiie<liate  territories 
W'iini  I.oiiis  died,  in  !tS7.  liiivintt  no  nearer  heir 
■  li,M  iiis  iiiiile.  fliarles.  Duke  of  Lorraine,  tlierr 
wiisTio  longer  ariv  serious  attempt  to  keep  up 
the  Ciirolintriaii    iiiie,      IIukIi,   Duke  of  Kmnee 
—  who'^' uraiidfiither  UolHTt,  and  whose  Rranil 
unile  Kuiles  had    Ihmi  crowned    kin(,'s,    iM'fore 
him  mill  "hosi;  father,  •'  Hugh  the  (Jn'at,    had 
bceii  the  kingmaker  of  the  periiKl  since  — was 
nnw    called    to    the    throne    and    settled   liini 
silf  lirmlv  in  the  scat  which  a  long  liiu'  of  his 
i|e,irniliiiits  would    hold.       He    was  known   as 
lluL'h  (':ipit  to  his  coutem|>oraries,   and   it   is 
tliimi:lit  Hint  he  got  the  name  from  his  wearing 
of  tile  liooil.  cap.  or  cape  of  Wt.  Martin  —he  lie- 
in"  tlie  alilMit  of  St.  Martin  at  Tours,  in  ndditton 
t<rhi<  otlier    high    dignities.— (J.    W.    Kitchin. 
Ili»l    ./  hhmi-c;   r.  1,  I'Ic.   2,  ;((.  2,  rh.   5;  bk.  3, 

'  Viso  in;  SirF.  Palgrave,  IIM.  nf  yonimnd!/ 
„uil  Kii'iUtml.  l,k.  1,  rh.  .5  (r.  1).— C.  F.  Keary, 
The  Vik-iiii.i'  ill  WeMerii  Chritteuilnm,  ch.  11  and 
lii-n  --Sit,  also,  L.M)N. 

A.  D.  987.— Accession  of  Hugh  Capet.— The 
kingdom  of  the  early   Capetians.  —  "On   the 
:iiii-,M.iii  of  the  third  race  [the  Capetians),  France, 
prnpiilv  Ml  called,  only  comprised  the  territory 
iKlur^i'i   Ilie    Somme"aiid    the    Loire;    it    was 
Ihmii.li'l  liv  the  counties  uf  Flanders  and  Vcr- 
niun.lii^oii'the  north;  liy    Normandy  and    Hrit- 
tuiiv   nil   till'   west;  hy    the   Champiigne  on  the 
exsi;  hv  the  iluchv  of  Aiiuitainc  on  the   south. 
Th.'  trrrilory  within  these  hounds  was  the  duchy 
of  Froii  ■',  "the   patrimonial    posses.sion   of    the 
Cijiits,  ;iiiil  conMituted  the  royal  domain.     The 
gri;il  liiisiif  the  crown,  in  adiiition  to  tlie  duchy 
of  I'niHir.   were  the  duchy  of  Normandy,  the 
(liiiliv  "f  Biirgundv,  nearly  the  whole  of  Flan- 
ll^■^^.  f.'ni.eil  into  a"  county!  the  county  of  Cham- 
p:iuMir,  tlic  thicliy  of  Aiiiiitaiiie.  and  the  county 
of  Tiuliiiise.  .  .".  The  soven-igns  of  thcsi>  van- 
Oil*  s!  i;is  were  the  great  vassals  of  the  crown 
aiil  pcrsiif  Knuiic;'Lorrainc  anil  a  portion  of 
Fhiiuli  Ti  win- dependent  on  the  (Jcrnianic  crown. 
whi'v  Briitaiiv  was  a  tief  of  the  duchy  of  Nor- 
niiii.lv.  .  .  ,  'The  ('ounty  of   Hiircelonii    heyoiul 
the  .\1;-  w;is  also  one  of  the  gn'at  liefs  of  the 
crown  .f  Fr;iiicc." — E.  de  Honnechos<',  lli«t.  'if 
tYi.r;  :  „r..,„l  ,;„„-l,.   hk.    1,   <•/(.   2.  —  "  Willi  the 
pxi'ini. Ill  of  the  Spanish   March  and  of   part   of 
Fliiii'l.  r,  ;ill  tliise  stales  have   Imig  liei  n  fully 
iini'r;»Ti!i  il   with  the  French  innnarchy.     liut 
«■!■  i;r.:.'  ivmiiiilicr  that,  uiiiler  the  earlier  French 
Kill,-.  !!:■■  ciiiiiexinn  of  most  of  these  provinces 
Willi  ill:  if  tinniiiial  suzerain  waseven  loiser  than 
till'  i  I  i)!i..\i.iii  of  the  (Jerman  princes  after  the 
I'l.ui     1  Wi-sipliiilia  with  the  Viennese  Empcr 
"T-      .V  ill  ii  French  Duke  was  as  indepeuilcnl 
willii:!  ii's  >\\n  dominions  as  an  Elector  of  Sax- 
oiiv  ir  l!,v;i!i;i.  iiih|  tlicrc  were  no  common  in- 
stil 1:1 : .-     :■.:  Miii,;r  :i==m!i!y  ■■',   any    Uim!    !o 
hriug  ii;i;i  i;u.'  contact  either  with  his  liege  lord 


or  with  his  fellow- vassals.     Aquitai      and  Tou 
louse  .   .   .  seem  almost  to  have  forgotten    that 
there  wasanv    King  of  the  French  at  all.  or  at 
all   events  tliat  they    had   anvthing  to  ilo  with 
him.     They  did  not  often  even  pay  him  the  com- 
pliment of  waning  war  upon    him,  a  mode  of 
recognition  of  his  existence  which  was  constantly 
indulged  in  liy  their  brethren  of  Normandy  and 
Flanders. "—K.    A.    Freeman,    Tlif    h'runkn  nint 
t/ii'  (I, mU  illiitiiiii-iil  K'niii/K,   Ut /K'n't-n.  ii"   7) — 
•'When   France  was  detached   from  the  Kinpirc 
in  theiiinlhcciiliiry.  of  all  three  imperial  regions 
she    was   the   one  "which  seemed  least  likely  to 
form  a  nalion.     There  was  no  unity  in  the  cmui- 
Irv    west  of   the   Si  hcldt,    the    .Meiise.   and  the 
Uiione.     Various  iirincipalities.  duchies,  or  coun- 
ties   were   here   formed,  hut  each  of   them  was 
divided  into  si'cidar  tiefs  and  ecclesiastical  terri- 
tories.    Over  these  tiefs  anil  territories  the  au- 
thoritv  of  the  duke  or  the  count,  «  hich  was  sup- 
posed'to  represent  that  of  the  king,  was  exercised 
only  incase  these  seigneurs  had  siillicient  power, 
derived  from  their  own  personal  estates.     Desti- 
tute of  domains  and  almost  starving,  the  king,  in 
otlicial  documents,  asked  what  means  he  might 
lind  on  which  to  live  with  some  degne  of  de- 
cencv      From  time  to  lime,  amid  this  chaos,  he 
discussed  the  theory  of  his  authority,     lie  wasa 
lean  and  solemn  phantom,  straying  about  among 
living  men  who  were  very  rude  and  encri;ctic. 
The  phantom  kept  con.stanily  growing  leaner,  but 
rovalty  did  not  vanish.     People  wcreaccustomi  1 
toils  exi.stence,  and  the  men  of  those  days  could 
not  conceive  of  a  revolution.     liy  the  ilection  of 
lliit'li  Capet,  in  U«7.  royally  became  a  reality, 
Ik  cause  llie  king,  as  Duke  of  Francia.  had  lands, 
inoiiev,  and  followers.     It  would  be  out  of  place 
to  seek  a  plan  of  conduct  and  a  milhodical  line 
of  piilicv  in  llie  actions  of  the  Capcliaiis.  forlhcy 
cmplovcd  simultaneously  every  sort  of  expedi- 
ent.    l)uring  more  than  three  cenliirics  they  had 
maleolTspring;  thus  the  chief  merit  of  1  he  dynasty 
was  that  it  endured.     As  always  happens,  out  of 
the   practice  developed  a  law';  and    this  happy 
accident  produced  a  lawful  hereditary  succession, 
which  was  a  great  clciiunt  of  strength.     .More- 
over the  king  had  a  whole  arsenal  of  rights:  old 
riuhls  of  Carolinijian  loyally,  preserving  tlie  re- 
membrance of  imperiarpower,  which  the  study 
of  the  Roman  law'  was  soon  to  resuscitate,  traiis- 
forinin!;  thcs<'  apparitions  into  formidable  reali- 
ties;   old   rights   conferred    by    Ihe   coronation, 
which  were  iin|)ossible  to  ildine.  and  hence  in- 
ciinlcslablc,  and  riiihls  of  siizirainty,  newer  and 
more  real,  which  were  deliiiilcly  determined  and 
ciMlilicd     as    feudalism    developed    and    which, 
joined    to   ihc   other    rights   mcnlioned   above, 
made  the  kiiii.'  propri.ior  of  France.     These  are 
the  ehuucnts  that  Capelian  royalty  contributed 
to   the    plav    of    forliiilous  circumstances. "—E. 
Lavi.sse,  li-mnil    Vinr.ftlu-  I'lililifn'.  Jlintiin/ of 
f.iiii'iK-.   di.   :l.  — Sec.  also.    TwKi.VK    I'EKUs   ok 
Fu.vNct;. 

A,  D,987-I327.—The  Feudal  Period,— •■  Ihc 
period  in  llic  liislory  of  France,  of  which  we  are 
about  to  urile.  bciian  willi  the  consicration  of 
llugues  Capil.  at  liciius.  ihe  :ird  of  .Inly.  9S7, 
but  it  is  a  iieiiod  which  would  but  improperly 
take  its  name  from  llie  fapetians;  for  throughout 
Ihi^  lime  royallv  was.  as  it  were,  annihilated  in 
France;  the  soi-ial  bond  was  broken,  and  the 
countrv  »!!!'!!  iviends  from  the  Rhine  to  the 
Pyrenees,  and  from  the  English  L'luinuel  to  tlie 


-i'fl 


llbU 


!},<', 


It; 


'k:     ' 


PRANCE,  A.  D,  987-1327.     Tlu  Ommuna.      FRANCE,  ia-13TH  CENTUUIEsi 


Oiilf  of  Lyon,  was  povernul  by  a  confinlcration 
iif  princes  rawly  iindiT  the  innui-nce  of  a  com- 
mon will,  and  united  only  by  tlie  Feudal  System. 
While  France  was  confiHlenited  under  feudal 
adniinistnitiou,  the  U'Ki.slative  power  was  sus- 
IH'nded.  Ilugucs  Capet  and  liis  suecessorti,  until 
tlie  accession  uf  8t.  Louis.  Iiad  not  tlie  ri{u;lit  of 
innking  laws;  tlie  nation  had  no  diet,  no  rcKU- 
larly  constituterl  assenililies  whos<'  autliority  it 
aelinowjeiipd.  Tlie  Feudal  System,  tacitly 
adopted,  and  developed  by  custom,  was  soh'ly 
aekmiwIeilKed  by  the  numerouH  sovi'reifjns  who 
divi<led  the  pro\iiiees  among  themselves.     It  re- 

filaeed  the  .sm-ial  bond,  the  monarch  and  tlie 
egislator.  .  .  .  Tlie|ieriod  .  .  .  is  tli  -fore  like 
a  long  interrcLMiiini.  diiriiis;  which  the  royal  au- 
thority was  .siispcniii'ii.  altlioiigh  the  name  of 
king  Wiis  ilwiiys  priseived.  lie  who  bore  this 
tide  in  the  midst  of  a  npublic  tt  princes  was 
only  distiIlgui^lu■d  from  them  by  some  hononiry 
prerog;iti\f.  and  he  e.xerciM-d  over  them  scarcely 
any  authorily.  I'litil  \cry  near  the  end  of  the 
Utli  century,  these  priiu<-s  were  .scarcely  less 
nuniercMis  than  the  castles  wliiili  lovered  F.'-aiice. 
No  authority  was  acknowledired  at  a  tiistance, 
and  every  fortress  gave  its  loril  r.-ink  among  the 
soven-i:;n'i.  The  coniiuest  of  Kiigland  by  the 
Normans  broke  the  ('({iiilibriiim  between  the 
feudal  lords;  (Hie  of  the  confederate  princes,  be- 
come a  king  in  liMiit,  gnidually  extcndeil,  until 
11T!»,  his  liomination  over  more  than  half  of 
France;  ami  although  it  was  not  he  who  bore 
tlie  title  of  king  of  the  Frenili,  it  may  be  iniag- 
ineti  that  in  time  the  rest  of  the  country  would 
also  pass  under  his  yoke.  I'liilipthe  August  and 
his  son,  during  the  forty-si.t  hi.st  years  of  the 
same  periisl.  reeoniiucred  almost  all  the  fiefs 
which  the  Knglish  kings  had  uniteil,  bniughtthc 
other  great  vassals  back  to  obeilience,  and 
changeii  the  feuilal  confederation  which  had 
ruled  France  into  a  monarchy,  which  incorp<  - 
rated  the  Feudal  System  in  its  constitution."—,!. 
C.  L.  de  Sismonili,  Fiance  I'mler  the  Feutlnl 
t^yiitem  (ti:  hy  11'.  IielUii(jh,im\  ch.  1.  — "The 
feuilal  periiMl,  that  is,  tlie  period  when  the  feudal 
system  was  the  dominant  fact  of  our  country, 
...  is  comprehended  lietween  llug  i  Capet  and 
Philippe  de  Vahiis,  tliat  is,  it  embraces  the  11th, 
12tli  and  IStli  centuries.  ...  At  the  end  of  the 
loth  century,  royalty  and  the  commons  were  not 
visible,  or  at  all  events  scarcely  visible.  At  the 
c(<miiieiicem<'iit  of  the  14th  century,  royalty  was 
the  head  of  the  state,  the  commons  were  tlielnsly 
of  the  nation.  Tlie  two  forces  to  which  tlie 
feudal  My>-tem  was  to  suiciimb  hao  ilien  attained, 
not.  iiiilecd,  their  lilting  development,  but  a  de- 
eiilid  iinpoiiderance.  .  .  .  With  the  14lli  cen- 
tury, the  character  of  war  changed.  Then  began 
the  foreign  wars;  no  longer  a  vas.sal  again.st 
suzerain,  or  vas>al  against  vas.sal.  but  nation 
aLMin.st  nation,  government  against  government. 
On  the  ai  cession  of  I'liilippe  de  Valois,  the  great 
w.ii»  b(  iweeii  the  Kreiich  and  the  Knglish  broke 
out  — till-  claims  of  the  kings  of  England,  not 
upon  any  paitiiular  tief,  but  U|ion  the  whole 
land.  an. I  upon  the  throne  of  France  —  and  they 
coiitiiiiied  lip  to  l.oiiix  XI.  They  were  no  lont'ir 
feudal,  hnl  national  wars;  a  certain  proof  that 
the  feudal  (MTiod  .sto|.ped  at  this  limit,  that  an- 
iitlier  society  liad  already  commenced."— F.  R 
Oui/.ol.  lliKt.  "/  ('iri!i!,iti.,h.  'ill  full  rue,  t,rl.  1. 
A.  D.  996  —Accession  of  King  Robert  11. 
A.  D.  1031.— Accession  of  King  Henry  I. 


A.  D.  1060,— Accession  of  King  Phihp  I. 

A.   D.   1096,— Departure  of  the  First  Cru- 
tkders.     See  CiicsADKs ;  A.  I).  IIWO  lii'.i'.i 

A,  D.  1 100.— The  extent  of  the  liingdom.- 
"  When  Louis  ( VI.  1  was  iiilopted  by  lus  iiii|i,f 
in  tlOII.  the  crown  had  as  its  own  I'l.niMin  ,,|,|j. 
the  county  of  I'aris,  lliir  m,i|x.  the  Cinn.ij,  ii,'. 
Orleani.s,  half  the  coun  of  Sens,  ihi  I'o  iuli 
Vexin,  anil  lioiirges,  t.  .  t  tlier  wiili  vninf  ill 
de  tilled  rights  over  the  epi:.^(»pal  citionr  IIliuiiis 
llcaiivais.  Laon,  Noyon.  t^ois,soim.  Aim.  n^  .\t;,j 
even  witliiu  these  narrow  limits  the  rM\;il  |i,«,r 
was  but  thinly  spread  over  the  Mirj:..  .■  Iin 
bar.iiis  in  tlii'ir  castles  were  in  I'nct  in. I.  p.  ml, m 
ami  opprcsswl  the  merehaiits  ami  p.,i,r  \.>\\^  ^^ 
they  would.  The  king  had  alwi  ac  kii..«  li.lc.il 
rigfitsof  sii/.erainty  over  Cliampagne  I'.uiiruij'lv 
Noriiiaiuly,  iliiltaiiy.  Flaini.rs,  an.l  UhiiIm:;!!,' 
but.  ill  most  cases,  the  only  obeilien.e  tji.  I.iiil:,! 
birds  >.to.ipeil  to  was  that  of  duly  pert..Mitn:.:  li.. 
act  of  liomai;e  to  the  king  on  tir>I  s.i. , ,  svii.ti  1.. 


■*u/.(Tamt  \ . 
iiuitli  .if  'Ki 
ili.l  not  .  \. 
W.    Kii.lii 


vl.i 


a  lief.     Hi-  also  claimed 
not   c.ilKC.ied,    over   the   ! 
I'roveiiec  and  I.. irraiiie  lie 
a  claim  of  lordship."  — li 
Fr.l„r,.  r.   I.  U:  It,  .■//. 

I2-I3th  Centuries.  — Rise  of  the  Privileged 
Bourgeoisies  and  the  Communes.  Tlie 
double  movement  of  Urban  Emancipation.— 
■■  Till-  I'.'lli  and  bitli  cenluri.-s  saw  li..  iirii.l.j.  ii,.ij 
of  that  marvelous  niovi-meiit  of  .  lu.ii;.  i|.:ii],.ii 
which  gave  lilK-rty  to  si  rfs.  create. 1  piiiili.'e.l 
bourgeoisies  and  iiidi-pendeiit  coiiiniui..^.  ..r.iN,,l 
new  cities  and  fortresses  to  issue  fr.iiii  il..'  .arili, 
freeil  the  corponitionsof  niercliants  itii-l  .irl'siui-, 
in  a  wonl  placed  at  the  tirst  stroke,  liesjile  lov- 
ally,  feudality  and  the  chiircb.  a  f..iirlli  v.i!';ii 
force  destined  to  absorb  one  day  the  tlin  .■  eihi  r- 
While  the  cultivator  of  the  soil  pusM-.l  l.v  .  11 
franchisement  from  the  cati-gory  of  lllill.■^MlM,,r 
given  away  into  that  of  the  free  ix-op'       ic  only 

ambition  iK'rmittedtothe  defenseless  111 utiates 

who  inbabit^'d  isolatwl  farms  or  unuunul  \il 
lages),  the  |K)pulation  grouped  in  the  uil.;in  mi 
ters  tried  to  limit  or  at  least  to  rcL'ul.il.  tin' in 
toleraWe  exploitation  of  which  it  wm-.iIi.  ..hji.  I 
The  liourgeoi.s,  that  is  to  say  the  iiihiiliil:iiit>  ..f 
walled  cities,  born  iiniler  the  shelti-r.if  a  ili.iij..it 
or  an  abbey,  and  the  citoyens  ..f  ili.  :in<  i. m 
episcopal  cities,  rivaled  each  oih.i  in  eil.ri-  i.. 
obljiiu  from  the  si'igneiirial  pnw.r  a  ...Mini -ii 
more  endurable  in  point  of  ta\-.!i.r.  ..i.l  the 
supiiression  of  tlie  most  einliarrii>-ii.-  1.  i .!'  -m..^ 
to  their  coniiuerce  and  iii.iiuifai  tur.  ^  fh. '-  ii; 
habitants  of  towns  and  citiis  cnst;!..;.  .1.  )f  .  u]\ 
by  iK'ini;  grouped  toirether.  a  f..n.'  "  'I.  ul.i. !. 
feihlality  was  very  sism  obliLre.i  I"  i. .  k  ii  I'i 
videil.  besides,  into  merchaiiK'  s...  i.  li.  ^  ..r '!  .■■111 
panics  of  workmen,  they  foiiml  wiiliiu  il..  i;.-.iM> 
the  u'eriii  of  orgaiii/.ati.iii  wliiili  pinii."-.!  .  "i- 
lective  resistance.  The  seiL'M.nr  iiiiii  1 .1 .1..I. 
w.in  by  an  oITit   of    ni..ne\,  ..r  .li.i.i.i  Iv   il.. 

thoiiirlit    that    his  d.imiii,'ili..ii    ».•..:. I    ' " 

llieralive  if  the  city  beeallle  lii..i.  I-.,  -p.  r  .;.- 
made  the  .■.incessioiis  wlii.li  win  a,-k..l  el  l.ii" 
Thanks  t.i  a  favorabli-  coiieiirniK  ■  .1  .  :r.  .11:. 
stances,  charters  of  frani  liisi-s  we'.'  i.i.il!  1  i!"l  ':. 
,ill  parts  of  France.  At  the  eml  ..1  il.  i-'!i."ii 
tiiry.  the  nati.mal  tcrrit.iry.  in  lie  mil!'  a- "' Ij 
as  the  south,  was  covered  with  lies,  p-n  li. .:.  .1 
cities  or  Isnirgeoisies.  which,  wl.i'.'  o'  iH.iu-: 
;i.:iiiinis;cnd.  jii^lieia:;-.  ;::;■'  :■■■■  ■  ■  ■■  '- 
seigueurial   otiic.  rs,    had    aci|Uiri.l,    .■.    ii..iilir» 


1100 


■  A 


FRANCE,  ia-18TH  CENTURIES. 


7Af 
Commune*. 


PH'.NCE.  12-13TU  CENTURIES. 


1.1  mmmereial  and  industrial,  the  liberties 
;:'!r  ;■  loTd"f?ee  development.     FculalUy 


,vTH?n  found  such  an  adv»-.U.ge  in  repulu 

uAl  us  -he  e.xploit«lion  of  the  bourgeois,  tba  it 

'  k     einiti^tive  itself  i- creating  In  tlje  un^ 

w,i    mils  of  its  donmins,  privileged  cities, 

;;       '...'^ti  all  their  parts,  desfgned  to  become 

nv  centers  ..f  attraction  for  foreigners.     It 

;Z    innumerable    bourgeoisies    and    '  villes 

,,,'^V  "vhieh   represiml   the   normal   form  of 

. ,  ,mui.eil«ition.     Certain  centers  of  popula- 

rS'ltlnci,Ui;-.erties;b«t   intbema. 
;,.  „t,,wes,  the  bourgeois  could   win   their 
'  i  .l,i«N  oiilv  bit  bv  bit,  at  the  price  of  heavy 
'     li  irv  SiUTiflccH,  or  as  the  n^sult  of  an  a.limr- 
'1     , 1  rsVverance  in  watching  for  opportunities 
;  ml  luu,-  them.     The  history  of  the  privileged 
L   whose   prinoipal   virtue    was  a   long   pa- 
,  ,,,.  oiTers  nothing  movn,.'  cr  .Iramatic.  ... 
n  tie  s,«'ct;icle  of  these  laborious  i.iasM'S  per- 
,  ,"  ii  olwuritv  and  silence,  in  t  i.'  .Icmand 
f  ,r    lieir  right  to  securitv  and  well  being,  does 
,„,  ,|„,  Uss  merit  all  ouriittcntion.     What  forces 
L„lf  .11.0,1  the  meditations  of  the  historian,  in 
Le.lonLinof  iminicipal  institutions,  is  just  the 
„.,r,.ss.  slow  an  •  •)bscua>,    mt  eert.o.i,  of    he 
I  ,;„,l,.„t  hourueo.sie.  .  .  .  '1  he,level,,pi..ento 
,1,.  sei-neiiriul   cities  offers   su.-h  a  viinetv    of 
Uccts  their  proiiressive  and  reirular  comiuests 
w  re  80  important    in   the   constitution   of  o„r 
ri,.l,n  inililic  and  private,  that   tm)  much   care 
»,;.!  elt'.rt    cannot  be  devoted   to  retracing  im- 
n  lelv  their  .ours...     This  liist..ry  is  ni..rc   ban 
anv.itherthatot  the  .)rig  n  o    our  thml  cstaJC^ 
It  Wis  in  the  privilege.1  citL'S    to  wli uh  the 
cnnt  niajoritv  of  the  urban  poiiulati.ni  belonged. 
Im   it  ligari  its  political  tHlucati..n.     The  city 
charters  cmstitule  :  the  durable  1  .wer  stratum  of 
its  tirst  liberties.     In  other  wor.ls  the  third  estate 
,li,l  „„t  i.s.sue  siuUleuly  from   the   ni..r..  or  Uw 
av.iliuiimarv  movement  which       -.^  birth  i.)  the 
imlepcn.lent"  communes :  it  .)«;        's  forniatl.m 
8n.i  its  nrogrt^ss  above  all  to  th        >uble  pacific 
evolution  ■  the  posscs-'ors  of  flefs  enfranchisi'ig 
ttiiir b.)iirg.oisie  and  the  latter  passing  little  by 
liitle  enlir.-lv  from  the  wigneiirial  government 
uiiiliTlhat  of  rovaltv.     This  was  n..t  the  .rpinion 
»li;,  1,  nrevail.-i(  at  the  time  v''en  the  fou:>iier  .)I 
tl.c  ».ienee  of  municipal  ins..(Utions,    \ugustin 
Tl.i.rrv.  piihlishe.1    in   II      'Courriir  Fran.;ai9 
Ills  ii.lniirHble  ■  L.'ttr.s'  on  l.ie  revoluti.ms  of  the 
.nmm.m.s,     Th.'  commune,  a  city  .lower.'.!  with 
iuli.  ial  anil  p.iliti.-al  privilegi's,  which  conferred 
upni.  ii  a  ..  rt'iin  in.lependcnce,  adiuinistcr.'.l  by 
its  eleiteil  mairistrates.  proud  of  iU  fortiflc.l  111- 
cl.is.ir.',  ..f  its  belfrv,  of  its  militia,  —  the  coin- 
mii...!  pas-e.i  ut  that'time  as  the  pre-eminent  type 
.)(  III.;  fr-.'  eilv  .if  the  niid.lh'  ages.     That  gri'at 
ii.Dveini-..'   of"  urtiim    and    rural    emancipation 
\\hiili  stirn.lthe  Fnm.r  .if  the  12th  .-eiitury  to 
ii-  verv  .lepllis   was  persoiiitied  in  it.     So  111.' 
roni..iiiiie  .'.....■.■iitrate.l   hist.jrical  int.Tcst  upon 
i--ilf  leaving  in  till- shade  all. Jther  forms  of  popii- 
l,ir  .■..iluti.iii.     Guizot,    who  had   tli.'   s.'iis.'  ..f 
Ini.i.  riil.iT  than  that  of  the  pictur.'siiue.  tri.'.i 
|ii...iu!iai  this  ex.l.isive  tendency.     In  the  bnl- 
Haiil  le».,iis  thill  he  gave  at  the  Soiboiine  on  th.' 
lii-tory  of  the  origins  of  the  thinl   estate,  he 
>liowttl,  with  his  .ust.imary  cl.'arness.  that  th.' 
il.  VI 1. mie.it  of  the  b.iiirg.'.iis  class  was  not  ac- 
.iim;>ii-iiiit  hv  anv  siiigi.'  ni.'iii.«i ;  that  the  pio- 
gress  rtulized'in  tlie  cities  where  the  commmunal 


regimi'  had  never  succeeded  In  establishing  itaell 
must  also  be  taken  into  account.     The  impres- 
si.m  left  by  the  highly  colored  and  dramatic  re- 
citals of  Augustin  Thierry  remained  for  a  long 
time   the  stronger.  .  .  .  Contemiwrary   whiic.' 
has  not  only  ttssi-.ned  to  itself  the  mission  of 
completing  the   work  of  th-;  historians  ..f  the 
Rest. .ration  :  it  hasdesirwl  also  to  mprov.-  it  bv 
rectifying,  upon  mauv  points,  the  exaggerated 
..pinions  and  false  judgments  .if  which  the  his- 
tory .)f  our  urban  institutions  was  at   hrst  the 
vi.'tim.     It   b..s   iK'eii   perceivc.l   that  th.'  c.m- 
niuiial   nioveni.iit    prop.'rly    s..   calle.l    .1- 1    n.it 
have,  up.iii  the  destinies  of  the  poj.ular  1  ,  .ss,  lb.- 
d"cisive    pr.'ponil'raiit  iiiflu.'ii.i'  wlii.li  was  at- 
tributed'to  it   'apri..ri.'     The  .'omii.ui...  a  bnl_ 
limit  but  epli.  iii.ral  form  of  tli.-  .■ii.aii.'ipati..ii  of 
111.'  b.iu:i;e..isie,  has  Inrn  set  l.a.k  liltl-  l.y  littl.' 
iiii"  Hs  tru.'  phice.     It  is  now  n.iloiig.r  r.'L'ar.li'.l 
a    an  essi'iitial  nianif.'stution  of  our  lirst  .leiii.)- 
cratic   aspirations,     d...'    might    be  teiupt.'.l    to 
s.e  .111  till'  .'..iitraiv,  in  Ilia'   ...lU'.tive  s.igneury, 
oft. '11    lioslile  to  the  other  s.xiiil  el.ni.i.ts,   iin- 
pngnat.'.l  with  tlic   spirit    of    '  iiarti.iilarisii.e. 
iiiaile  tor  war  and  agilati'd  willuuil  cssalioii  by 
warlike  p.ission.s.  an  .irigiual  but  tar.ly  priKlii.t 
of    the   feu.lal    prin.ipl.'.   .   .  .  We   must  b.-  re- 
sigii.'.l  to  a  fa.t  in  re-iir.l  »o  which  iiolliing  1.111 
I    be  .hiiie  :  the  alis.ii.-.'  of  .locunieiits  relativ.'  to 
i    the  inuni.ipal  .-oiisiitution  of   .ities  aii.l    towns 
i   .luring  f.iur  bui.ilrrd  years,  from  tin'  7th  .cntury 
I   t.i  the  Ulh.     From   all   appcaraiic.'s,  this  .-nor- 
m.uis  hiatuH  will  n.'ver  be  over.'onie.  .  .  .  Facts 
being  lacking.  s.liolars  hav.'  bad  riciurse  to  .on- 
iectiire.     S.mie  among  tli.'in  have  suppos.  .1  that 
the  prnicipal  cbnracteristi.s  of  the  Gullo  Koman 
municipalities    were    piTpetuated    during    tins 
piri.id.     At  bottom,  their  hypothesis  rests  prin- 
cipally  upon    analogies    of    names.  .  .  .  From 
the  point  of  view  of  positive  science,  the  (ier- 
manic    origin    of    the    communes  is  not  ni.ire 
easy  of  demonstrati.m.  ...  It  is  even  doubtful 
whether  the  ess.'iitial  element  of  the  comii'    lal 
institution,  th.'  conf.'deration  formitl  l.y  the  in- 
habitants, under  the   guaranty   of   the   mutual 
oath  belongs  exclusively  to  the  customs  of  the 
(Germans.     The   theory  "of    Augnstie    Thierry, 
which  miule  .if  the  commune  a  sp.'.i.il  applica- 
tion .if  the  Scandinavian  gil.lc.  has  been  judged 
too  narrow    bv   contemporary   siholars.      They 
have  ri'proa.'lM'd  biin  with  reas..ii  for  having  l.i- 
caliz.'.l  an  iiistituti.in  which  b.'longs  .ntirely  to 
the  (Jennanic  ra.-.'.     Hut   the  pri'iiipl.'  of  as.so- 
.•iati.in.  applicHl  in  the  cities,  is  iioi  a  faci  purely 
(o'rinan.  .  .  .  Ass.u'iatii.ii    is  a  fact    which    u; 
ill  ithir  tlermanic  nor  Unman  ;    it    is   universid, 
anil  's  pr.xluced  spoiitan.ously  11  noiig  all    peo- 
pl.'S    in    all    so.ial  classes,   when   circum.stances 
exact  and  favor  its  appearance.     The  ciinmiunal 
revolution  then  is  a  national  I'Vent.     The   ..mi. 
in.in.'  was  liiirii.    like    otii.'r    f.ii'ins  of   p.pular 
eniaii.'iimtiou.   from  the  ne.il  wliiili  the  iiil..ibi- 
taiits  of  the  cities  had  of  substituting  a  l.n.iti'.l 
ami  regulat.'.l  I'Vploitati.m  for  th.'  arbitrary  iv 
ploitati.in  of  which  th.'V  w.'r.'  th.'  vielinis     S.ieli 
is  till'  point  ..f  .lepai't.ire  of  the  institution.      \\  .' 
must  alwavs  relurii  to  the  .l.-tinition  of  it  gi"ii 
bv   (Juibert  ih'  N.  i-'.'iit.      H   is  tru.'  as  a  basis. 
aithoUL'h  it  .l.x's  not  .'mbrace  all  the  cliar.ict.'ris 
tics  of   the   obj.'.t  .lertiiiHl :     'Comiuun.' !    mw' 
nam.',  .Ictestable  name  !     By  it  th.'  c.iisitair.'s  arc 


freed  from  aii  s.-rvicr  in 


r.rr.r-\ 


!!i  of  a  Sim- 


ill 


pie  annual  tax  ;  by  it  they  are  condem'aed.  for 


1101 


I  mi 


I   I  ill  I M' 


PHAXCE,   12-13TH  CE.NTl'UIKs 


/•».  FUANCE,   ia-13TH  I  KXTl  iUK- 

'  ommunta.  ''^■ 


till'  infrnctiMii  of  the  law,  iiiily  in  n  iicimlty 
li-;;:illy  ilriiTriiiniil  :  l)y  it.  tlii'v  ■"■(■ii.sc  I.I  U-  mili- 
jcil.d  1(1  Nil'  c.ibrr  pcciiriiiiry'cliiirKcs  liy  wliicli 
tlif  stTf-t  nil' oviTWliclincd.'  At  <'iTIiiiri"  pciiritn, 
lliis   liiiiil.itioii    i)f    til'  ■  ■ 


t'liriiil  power  wjiH 
nirisiicliiin  ln'twi'iMi 
nis.      KIscw  luTr.  Jill 

I  'iiircil.  nus  Il(M■l•^^- 

\\  lii'ii  this  popular 
t  "iilv  the  assuriiii^ 

iry  lihirlii-  whic 


iiijuir  inni('!i!)ly.   by  ; 
th.'  sil;;iii'iir  :iiHl  hi 
iiisiirn  ciioii,  iiiorc  m  p 

Kiry  ill  nr.Irr  to  I'^iiili    ,.i  ji, 

ll'OVI-lllrlll    hiiil  ;is  il  rr,iil(,    11 

to  ilii-  piM|ii,.  the  most  II.  I . 

WIT..  (Iiiniiiijiil,  hut  hi'sMi  s  tliiit  of  iibiitiiiK  to 
tlitir  iulviiiiii,L'i.  ihi.  iioiiticiil  position  of  the  iims 
Ut.  In-  tiikiiii;  li..:ii  liim  n  pint  of  lii.s  sci:;iii.iiriiil 
pn'riiL'iitivi'S.  thrri'  nr.i^.'  not  only  h  fr,.|.  i  itv, 
but  II  coninniiii',  ii  lioiir^Tois  sriiiiiinirv.  iiiMsii'-.i 
with  ;i  n-riiiii  |iolitir:il  uml  jmlicial  p.nvcr  This 
ili-ltiiition  of  Ihc  (■iiinmiini.  iinpliis  timt  orijiiniillv 
it.  Win  not  poHsihlc  to  cstalilish  it  otluTwisi'  lliuii 
liy  11  pn'ssiirr  cxitImiI.  nion-  or  li'vs  violent ly. 
lip  Ml  the  s|.ii;iiciiiia|  iinihoritv.  Wr  hiivc  ihi. 
(lir  it  pr.iof  of  It  for  soinc  of  oi'ir  frci'iiiiiiiii-ipiilj 
hut  it  is  pri'siinuihli.  that  inany  othi-r  coiii- 


ti 


niuniM  whose  priniilivi.  hislorv  we  ilo  not  kn 
liaie  owed  eiinally  to  force  the  wimiinj.'  of  tlieir 
Hrst  liberties.  .  .  .  W,- ,lo  not  mean  that,  in  the 
«rst  peri. Hi  of  t'.e  historv  of  iirimn  enmncipiition. 
all  ihe  (Mininnnes  without  exeeption.  were 
olih.n.il  to  pass  tliroiis.'htlie  plmsi'iif  insiirreciion 
or  ol  op  n  resistaiii-e.  There  were  soini'  which 
piohieil  MS  the  eiiies  of  the  F'l.iiiisli  rei;ioii  in 
ll-,'?i  liy  a  coinliiiiation  of  cvei  plioiial  circiiin. 
Btanees  to  attain  jiolitieal  lilierly  without  strikini; 
a  liliw.  .\nioiii:  these  (•ireiinistances  must  lie 
mentioned  in  the  Hrst  rank  the  proloiit-ed  va- 
niiicy  of  an  cpis,  opal  see  nml  the  ilisappearancc 
i>f  a  line  lord,  dead  without  direct  heir,  leavini; 
11  suee.-ssi.Mi  disputed  In  iinnierous  eoiii'pelitors" 
Hut  ordinarily,  the  aecession  of  the  liour::coisie 
to  Ihe  rink  of  political  power  did  not  lake"  place 
pii-ilie  illy,  r.ilhei-  Ihe  .seii,'iieiir strii!.'i.'led  a.'ainst 
his  leliellioiis  siilijecis.  or  he  feared  the  strn.'.'le 
an  I  lent  liefore  l\,r  acc.iniiiiished  fact  |n  all 
ciscs  it  was  nec'ssiry  that  t!ie  people  were  con- 
si". mis  of  thi-ir  p.iwer  iin.l  iiiipos,.!  tlnir  will 
This  IS  jnoven  liy  the  drainatie  episoiles  which 
th..  narrii'oiisof  AiiL,'iistiii  'I'liierrv  have  forever 
reii.leied  eelchrated.  ,  .  Later. 'in  the  decline 
ol  III  ■  '.'ih  cciiturv,  it  must  he  reco:.'iiized  that 
tie-  opini.iii  ,,f  the  doniinanl  class  ceased  to  he  us 
h  i-'il.-  I.I  ;he  conimiiiies  When  the  conviction 
ha.l  h.eii  aeii'iired  thai  Ihe  p..p!ilir  movement 
was  irrisisiil.le.  n  was  t.ileialed  :  the  liest  means 
PMii  Wire  siMiu'ht  to  derive  advantuL'e  from  it. 
'I'll..  ('Iniieh  alwins  reinaim-d  upon  the  defen- 
sive: Imi  Ihe  kill-  and  the  i;reat  feudal  lords 
p.  re.  lied  thai  in  certain  respects  the  commune 
iniLiht  h..  a  1.-  fill  iii-triinieiit.  Tliev  accepted 
lii-ii  till'  .  .iinimm  il  nriianization,  and'tliey  even 
ciiii.'  I.I  I T.Mi..  it  where  it  was  not  spont.iiicoiislv 
esl,,li|;-|i,  ,1  liat  it  is  easv  toconvinee  om-'s  self 
th  ii  the  c  iniiniin.-,  ,,f  i|,iscale^-..rv,  thus.,  whii  li 
owe  th.'!,- ereaii.i.i  to  ihe  e.Miiiivanee  or  even  to 
th..  I'lUuiivi.  of  ihi.  s..i.ja,,|.,r  did  not  possess  the 

Sam..  ile^Tie   of   ilid,  pen,!,  iiee    :is    till 

of  Ihe  prilliiriv..    i.|..i,  Il     found, .i|   hv  i 

Ollth..  wh.iie.  III.-  ..iiiininnal  reviiluti 

one   of   ilii-   .-..p.,-:,   ,,f    ,1,1-    vast    niov 
':iili..ll   which    Ihi 
ne     ellirilnleri  d     everv«llere 
M      nil.    e-nf.irv  One 

s    llie    leM     .if    ,„„.    ,,f    tho.e 

lioiirgeois  of  the  iiortherii 


politcil  ami    ~. 

■ill 

Ol     the    f.ii.1,1 

,.,■... 

from    the   1  nil 

Ill 

wouhl    hUe  |.i    1 

oaths   hv    whie 

I  n 

■  oinnmncs 

nsiirreciion. 

on  was  only 

emeiit    of 


"1  111. 


I.. 


conimuiics  ImiiuuI  thcmsi'lves  to;.'iti|,.r 
first  time,  with  or  without  tlie(on~.iii 
wijiKM  11  the  iiiosi  ancient  perii«l  i.i  p,,. 
miiniil  (■■■  .iliition.  It  would  he  i,f  Mm  1,1  |„ 
teresi  for  the  historian  to  km.  !,.,«  I"],, 
aliout  it,  what  words  were  pmii  .mei  d  t 
what  the  contemporary  writers  callnl  , 
iuratioii,'  a  ■conspiration,'  a  ■loiii.'.i,  i'.,p',','" 
No  documcnl  of  this  nature  and  of  n,;,.  prim 
live  epoih  has  come  down  to  us.  .  1 1„    „  ,, 

total  of  the  sworn  boiiri;eois  eonslitninl  lii.  ,'.',] 
mum.'.     The   coiiimune    wiis    most    ofi,.,  ,    .i'l 
•comnuiiiia,'  Inn  also,  with  varvinu  1.  riiiiinii.,. 
•commiina,'  •commiinio.'  ■coniiiiunip,,  •    pr  . 
criy  speakiiiK  and  espcciallv   with   n  f,  rem  ,    i, 
Ihe  origin,   the  name  comniune  h,-is  .-iven  r... 
to  till' city,  but  to  Ihe  assis'lalimi  of  ihi    ji|i,,ij 
tants  who  liad  taken  oalh.      Kor  ihis  ,,;,-.„   ,.,., 
the    expression    •commune    June'    w,^    ',\.'7 
Later  Ihe  acccjiUilion  of  tlie  word  «iis  ,  nj ,, '.,,i 
it  desienatdl  tliccitv  itself,  coiisiiien.i  ,,  , ". 
),'raplii<-al  uiiil.   .   .   '  Tlie  inenihers  ,.i   ih.   ,:,',* 
miine,  tlii)s<>  wlio  formed  pari  of  Ihe  .«..n,  ■,    ' 
cialion,  were  propeilv  called  -ilie  s«..rii 
rommunp.'      jurali    coinmniiie.'    or,    In 
meat,   'the  sworn,'  •jiiriill  '     Tliev'  w,  ri 
iiated  also  hy  tiic  expression:     tlie  .mn 

Cdiniiii .'    or.   'those  who  heloni;  p,  ii,, 

imiiip,'  '(|iii  sunt  do  communia"  Tin  v 
also  entitled  ■  iHmrjri'ois,'  ■  hure-eiises  ■ 
rarely,  '  hour>.'eois  jiires' ;  soiiietim,  s  I's. 
sins.'  -viciiii,'  or  even  ■friends.'  a,,,,,  ] 
We  arc  fi.r  from  liavini;  ci.iiiplitc  li..i,i  , 
question  as  to  what  condiiions  wir.  •  \ ,. 
from  those  who  entered   lh|.  c.iiiiniiinil    ,--., 

•i mid  to  what  ehisses  of  persi.ns  ilir  :i. . .  „ 

the  bourirooisie  was  open  or  iiiienlii  i,  .i 
variety  of  local  nsiiL-es,  iind  alii.vi-  all  lii. 
possibility  of  tindinir  lexis  which  iipplv  i. 
most  ancient  period  of  urban  eniiiin  ipaii,.., 
always  emharrass  Ihe  liislorian  To  iii..| 
these  miillcrs  clear  dociiineiiis.  iii.\,  i.pc.l  „r.| 
precise,  wc  must  come  down,  L'enin.llv  i..  iln 
end  of  the  llitb  ceiilurv  or  even  In  il,.' , .  ni..rv 
followinir,  thai  is  to  .sav,  to  the  i  p,.i 
decadence  of  the  eommniial  n't'iiiie 
lioiirL'eois  could  noi  li<.  diseased,  ilmt 
undoubtedly,  tainted  wiih  an  iiii  iiiuMi 
and  espei  ially  a  conlim-ioiis  iiiiil:iil\ ,  ■,. 
.  .  .  The  communal  law  exi  ludeirals., 
On  Ihis  point  it  was  in  accord  wiili 
toniary  law  of  a  very  L-reai  nunilii 
reirions.  .  .  .  They  refused  also  |..  r. . . 
their  nimiher  inhabitiiiilseiiciiiidn ml  u  : 
The  condition  of  debtor  coiistituir.l  ii, 
kind  of  servitude.  He  no  liiii:;ir  1..  !■ 
himself ;  his  iroixls  misrlii  ln-i 
of  the  creditor,  and  he  could  hi 
With  still  more  reason  doe.-  it  ai'.p.:;; 
sible  that  the  serf  shoiild  be  lallni  i.. 
Ihe  coinimme.  The  ipiesiion  of  url..: 
in  its  relations  with  Ihe  e..iniiiiiii:il  j.  -t 
extremely  ohscure,  dilieai.  in;.!  ,,  ii.|  ■, 
are  however  two  facts  inrcL-  iid  l.i  u  I,-. 
tion  is  allowable.     It  cannnt  be  .1...  '  • 

the  cpi.i  h  of  Ih,.  forillatiiMI   of  II :. 

the  opeiiiiii:  of  the  |-,>lh  cniliin  li.i. 
lonirer  any  serfs  in  many  of  the  idI... 
Il  limy  1k'  held  also  as  certain  llni  Me 
brim:   about  Ihe  disappearan.  •■  ..I   ih 

Wis    ,-.i...    ..f    *],,.    pj.;..;.tp..j     ...     .;..,    .     ..  ; 

the  inhahiiaiils  lo  claim  llieir  imi.  p.Ml. 
Tlie    inhabitant    who  united    all  lie'   .. 


.  I  111.' 


Ih.- 


111.- 
.i.-.l 
..  i  1 

■fii- 
■  iiii 
.  11,.- 

Mill 

up. 


r  II..- 

Tli. 


.■|i; 


Ih- 


iir. . 


III. 


II'. 


■Ii.. 

■Ilirii. 


1192 


Au.'-j 


FRANCE.  12-18TH  CENTURIES 


Thf 

Communet. 


FRANCE,  1180-1824. 


lcr,iliv  rniuiwl  for  admission  t.>  tlip  Imurp'oisi.; 
,L  iKsidcs  oliliKitl  to  imy  a  town  .iuc  I'llroil 
r  iiin'i')  .  If  it  "'■"'  ""'  "'"'i'^''*  •'"">'  t"  ''"■ 
"ruonmiimal  b.-ly,  i.titlur  .oul.l  ow  Iruye  it 
■Inisilviis  might  Irnv.' iMTH  .Icsiml.  Uiy  issue 
il,.  nimmunc  '  cxm-trd  thf  iHTfimnancr  of  a  ciT- 
taiii  imiulMT  of  ir..ul)le8omf  fonnallics.  .  .No, 
it  Mil*  iiwi'ssary  to  i)ay 
anil  to  pav  yet  mor'-  '",,., 
Tlii't>.Min;i'oif  vviis  riveted  to  his  boiirci'oisic  .  . 
r,,  IH  llii<  point  we  Imve  esam'ned  oidy  lialf  tlie 
i,f  the  formation  ol  tlii'  eomiiuine,  iip 
oil  its  u'eiieral  side.  Tliere  remains 
wliellier  all  the  popular  element 
,1  ill  the  eitv  formed  part  of  tlielKxly 
unci  whether  the  priviletfed  (lass. 


■  to  iM'eome  a  eonimunist, 
in  order  to  cease  to  lie  one. 


priililiiii  "I 
|.r.«uliiiiL'  it  ' 
Ilie  (llli»li 
wiii.h  cNi>le 

(,f  liiHiru'eoi-.ie. 


eluded 


ellli'  it. 
ulisiiUlte. 
en  this 
lliin'  «■ 


ilnlnf  the  noliles  and  eleriiy,  was  ni>t  exi 
fr.Hii  il  ^Ve  shall  have  to  admit,  as  a  u'en- 

,ril  rule  that  tlii>  noliles  and  the  elc-rny  while 
tikiii"  oath  to  the  eonimiine.  did  no!  in  realitv 
\Vh:it  must  lie  ngeiti.l.  is  the  sort  of 
inviolable  rule  whieh  has  been  formed 
opinion.  In  the  miildle  ajres  esiiecially 
,s  no  rule  witlloiit  i  xeeption.  .  .  .  The 
("iiinmie  was  an  institution  rather  ephemeral. 
\<  i,  ri-illy  independent  s(  ifrniiuy,  it  scarcely 
,n  liire.l  more  than  two  centuries.  The  exees.ses 
,,j  111!'  ceininunists.  their  bad  tinancial  ailminis- 
trition,  ilieir  intestine  ilivisions,  the  hostility  of 
■lie  Ciuirch.  the  onerous  patronage  of  the  ■  haul 
.'i/.triiin.'  and  especially  of  the  kin.i;:  such  were 
■  h,  imiiieiliate  causes  of  this  rapid  decadence. 
riic  eonimmies  ixTished  victims  of  their  own 
frills  liut  also  of  the  hate  of  the  numerou.s  ene- 
,„i,<iii!ere.ted  intheirdownfall.  .  .  .  The  prin- 
,im;i1  caiKe  of  the  iiremature  downfall  of  the 
iniiiiiiunil  resiiiie  is  without  any  doubt  the  con- 
-i.li-ralile  ilevelopment  of  the  monarchical  power 
ill  Kruniv  at  the  end  of  the  IJtth  century.  The 
Mine  force  whieh  MniiihiliUcd  feudality,  to  the 
l.r.ilitcif  ilie  national  unit,  was  also  that  which 
c  lilted  tlie  prompt  disappearance  of  the  inde- 
li.iicl.^iici'  of  tliels)iirj.'"ois  seiKneuries.  With  its 
|cri\ilc'L'c's  and  its  autonomy,  the  commune  im- 
l*.'.c.|  the  action  of  the  t'upi'tains.  Those  iiiiar 
re  1-ciiiii-  and  restless  republics  had  no  reason  for 
c\i-:iii.r.  in  the  midst  of  the  peaceful  and  obedi- 
ent lic)iirL"'>i.--ii'  upon  which  royally  had  laid  its 
liiiiid.  The  eoininune  then  was  sacriticed  to  the 
iiumarchiial  iiten'st.  In  Italy  and  in  (.iermany. 
Ill''  free-  ciiics  enjoyed  their  independence  much 
ienircT,  liy  icavm  iJf  the  absi'nce  of  the  central 
pcicvcr  or  of   its  weakness"— Achille   I.ueliaire, 

1.^1,  I  ■'tr-:,UUt.t   Fl'ltHi;'lilt€H  il   ft  !>*"/'*  f  c/m   t 'itjHt  it  llli 

lUin'lt  itr'11,.1.  from  the  Freiii-h),  pp    l-U!,  4."i-.")ti, 
M.  ,!/,•/ ■.'ss..-)i«i. 

A.  D.  iioi.— Disastrous  Crusade  of  French 
princes  and  knights.     See  Cms.MiES ;  A.    1). 

iim-iici-j, 

A.  D.  1106-1H9.— War  with  Henry  I.   of 
England  and  Normandy.    See  EN(ii..\M);  A.  1>. 

\»<  IKI.V 

A.  D.  1108-1180.— The  relens  of  Louis  VI., 
Louis  VII,  and  accession  01  Philip  II.— Gain 
anij  loss  of  Aquitaine. — "Louis  Vl..  or  'the 
\'v'  .vis  the-  tirst  able  man  whom  the  line  of 
H'mli('a|iii  had  prmluced  since  it  mounted  the 
llimnc  lie  madi^  the  first  attempt  at  curhinj; 
tlie  nobles,  assisted  by  Suger.  the  Abbot  of  St. 
Il'iiys.  The  only  possibility  of  doing  this  was 
btain  ihe  aid  of  one  party  of  nobles  afiainst 
iiiciini  r :  ami  w  hen  any  unusually  liaKrant  oiltnce 
Iiad  heeu  eummlttcd,  Louis  called  together  the 


t.. 


nobles,  bishops,  and  abbots  of  his  domain,  and 
obtained  their  consent  and  a8.sista'ice  in  making 
war  on  the  (luilty  man,  and  ovcrthrowint;  his 
castle,  thus,  in  some  degree,  le-sseiiiiiK  the  seiisi- 
of  utter   iinpuiiity  which  had  caused  so  many 
violences  and  such  savage  n  (  klessiiess      lie  also 
permitted  a  few  of   the  cities  to  purchase   the 
right   of   M  If  government,   .   ,   ,  The    royal    au- 
thoritv  had  bigiin  to  be  respeited  by  IKiT.  when 
l.ouin'VI    ilieil.  having  just  ellected  the  niarriago 
of  his  son.  I.ociis  VII..  viilh  Kleanor.  the  heiress 
of    the    Dukes  of   .\c|uitaine  — thus    hoping   to 
make  the  crown  really  more  powerful  than  the 
great  princes  who  owed  it  liimiage.    At  llii>  tiiiiu 
lived  the  great  St   Hernard.  Abbot  of  Chiirvaux. 
who    had    a    wcinderfiil    intliience    o\er    inc  n's 
minds,   .  .   ,   HiTnard    roused     thc'    young    king 
Louis  VII,    to   go  on    Ihe   secoinl   cru.s:i(!e    |vu 
('ni-c,4liEs:  ,V,  I)    1I1T-Illil|,  which  was  uiiiler- 
takeii  bv  the  Kin|ieror  and  the'  other  priiicis  of 
Kiirope  to  relieve  the  distress  of  the  kin::elom  of 
ridestine.   .  .  .  Though  Louis  did  reach  Palestine, 
it    was   willl   weakened    forces;    he    ce;uld    etTec  I 
niethingby  his  campaign,  and  Kleanor.  who  had 
aec'ompaniecl  him.  seems  to  have'  he-en  eiil  rely 
corrupted  by  the  evil  habits  eif  the  I'r.-mks  set- 
tled in  the   East.     Schmi  after  his  return,  Louis 
dissolveil  his  marriage  ;  and  Kle  anor  became-  the 
wife  of  llenrv.  Count  of  .Vnjou.  who  soon  lefUT 
inheritcil  IhekinL'cloni  of  Knglaiiel  as  our  Henry 
II..  as  well  as  the  chic  liy  of  Normancly,  iiiid  be- 
trothcsl  his  third  son  to  the  heiress  of   Hritlany 
jsei'  AiJfiiAISK:    A.   I>.    li:!T-ll.V.'l,      Klmnor's 
marriage' seenieil  to  undo  all  that  Louis  VI    had 
clone  in  rais'ngthe  royal  power  ;  for  Henry  com- 
ple-lely  overshadow I'ci  Louis,  wliosccaily  re-onrcc 
was  in   feedde  endeavours  to  take  part  against 
him   in    his  many  family  iiuarrc-ls.     The  whole 
reign  of  Louis  the  Voiiiig.  Ihe  citle  that  adhered 
to  him  on  account  of  his  simple,  chilclish  nature, 
is  only  a  record  of  weakness  and  disaster,  till  ho 
died  in  IIISO-   .  .   -   I'owerful  in  fiii  t  as  Henry  II. 
was.    it    was  his  gathering   so    large  a  part    of 
France  under  his  rule  whii-h  was,  in  the  end,  to 
build  up  the- grealni-ssof  the  French  kings,    Wiiat 
had  held  them  in  check  was  the  existence  of  the 
great  lic'fs  or  provinces,  each  with  its  own  line 
of  iliikes  or  counts,  anil  nil  practically  inclc-|HUi- 
chuit  of  till'  king.     Hut  now  nearly  all  the-  prov- 
inces   of    southern    and     western    France    were 
gathered  into  the  hand  of  a  si'ii;le    ruler;    and 
Ihougli  he  was  a  Frenchman  in  liloesl.  yet.  as  lie 
was  King  of  Eiuilaiid.  tliis  ruler  .sce-nieel  to  his 
French  siibjects  no  Frc'nchnian.  liiit  a  foreigner. 
TliPV  began  therefore-  10  look  to  the  French  king 
to  free  tiieni  from  a  foreign  rulc-r ;  and  the  son 
of  Louis  VII..  called  I'hilip  Augusius.  wasrc-adv 
to  take  aelv;intaL"'  of  their  ilisposiiiein." --('.  .M. 
Yonge.    IIi»t    I'f  Fi<ii,r,    illi^t.    I'l iiiifru).   r.' ,    1. 
fri.  (i-7. 

A  D.  1180-1224.— The  kingdom  exi«nded 
by  Philip  Augustus.— Normandy.  Maine  and 
Anjou  recovered  from  the  English  kings.— 
When  Ihe  kinir  of  Kngland  bic-ame  posse -seel 
of  more  than  one  half  of  Frnnc-e.  "one  iniLrht 
venture  perhaps  to  conjecture  that  the  see  pi  re 
of  France  would  eventiially  have  passi-d  foiui 
Ihe  t'apets  to  the  I'laiitagcnc-ts.  if  'he  vexa 
tious  quamd  with  Bcckct  at  one  time,  and  the 
successive  rebcmons  fomentecl  liy  Loiiisnt  n  later 
period,  had  not  emliarnisseel  the  creat  tale  nts 
and  aniliili'-is  sp.iit  of  li.iiry,  i'.iit  the  s.-;  ;:■■ 
ciuite  chanu'cd    when    I'hilip    Augustus,  son   of 


Mil 


■I 


1193 


II    1- 


KKANCE,  llHO-1834. 


Suimi  Louis. 


FKANIE,  1366-1270. 


I '  !•  ill-  "      :  , 


liimis  VII.,  came  iipon  the  stuge  (A.  D.  1180]. 
No  prince  roinpiirHbli'  to  hiiii  in  "vstcniatlc  am- 
liilion  and  military  tiitiTprisr  luul  ri'i);ne<l  in 
Kninrc  simi'  Cliarliiim^'nt'.  From  lii^  rriftli  tlie 
Fni.ili  mciimrcliydiitis  tlie  ncdvcry  of  its  lustre, 
ilf  wri'Stril  from  tlir  count  of  Flanders  tlio  Vcr- 
nmtiilois  (tliat  p:irt  of  l*ican!y  wiiicli  bonlcrs  on 
the  Isle  of  France  and  t'liampagne).  and  »ub»e- 
ipiently,  lln'  County  of  .Vrtois.  But  the  mo«t 
iniporrani  conipicsls  of  I'liilip  wire  olituined 
a;;uinHt  tlie  kini."*  of  Kn^'land.  Kven  Kicliaril  1., 
Willi  all  Ills  prowcHH.  lost  ground  in  strugglinj; 
ajrainst  an  miversiiry  not  less  active,  uiiil  more 
polilic.  than  himself.  Hut  when  ,lohn  not  only 
look  possession  of  his  brother's  dominions,  but 
I'onlirnied  his  usurpation  by  the  munliT.  a.s  wa.s 
very  probably  surmised,  of' the  heir.  Philip,  art- 
fully lakini,'  advantage  of  the  general  indigna- 
tion, suminoiml  him  as  his  Ta.s.sal  to  the  court  of 
his  peers.  ,Iolin  demanded  a  sifecondu<t  Will- 
ingly, siiid  Philip:  let  him  come  unmolested. 
.\ud  return  Y  ini|uircd  the  Knglish  envoy.  If  tho 
ii:lgment  of  his  peers  permit  him,  replied  the 
king.  By  all  the  saints  of  Fmnce,  he  exclaimed, 
when  further  pn'ssed.  he  shall  not  ntturn  unless 
acipiittej lolin.  not  .ippcaring  at  his  sum- 
mons, was  declared  guilty  of  fehmy,  .and  his 
fiefs  contls4-ated.  The  execution  of  this  sentence 
was  not  intrusted  toa  dilatory  arm.  Philip  poured 
Ills  irM>ps  into  Norinanrly.and  Kxjk  town  after 
town,  while  the  king  of  fingland,  infatuated  by 
his  own  wickedness  and  eowanlice,  nnule  hardly 
an  attempt  at  defence.  In  Iwoyears  [A.  D.  1203- 
1',>U4|  Normandy,  .Maine,  and  Aniou  were  irre- 
coverably lost  Poitoii  and  Oun'nne  resist<Hl 
longer  ;  but  the  cimipiest  of  the  first  was  rom- 
pletid  [A.  I).  l'J24|  bv  Louis  VIII.,  sucpcs-sor  of 
Philip."— II.  Ilallani.  The  itiihll,-  A,i,».rh.  I.  pi.  1. 

.\i,s(>  IN:  K.  Xorgate.  Kiii/!ii)nl  nii'trr  the  An- 
ijrrin  Kiii'in,  r.  2.  r/c  9. — See.  also.  Knoland: 
A.  I).  IJu.". :  and  An.iou:  A.  D.  l'-'iM)-1442. 

A,  D.  1188-1190.— Crusade  of  Philip  Augus- 
tus,     See  ('    tSADKs:    A.  I).  nM.S_IpJ3. 

A.  D.  1201-1203.— The  Fifth  Crusade,  and 
its   diversion  against  Constantinople.       Sec 

C'Kis.toKS:  A.  I).  I2()l-I2(i:i. 

A.  D.  1209-1229.— The  Albigensian  wars 
and  their  effects.     See  Ai.nKiF.NsKs. 

A.  D.  I2I2.— The  Children's  Crusade.  .See 
Cm  -m>e:s:  A.  D.  l',!l-2. 

A.  D.  1214.— Nationalizing  effects  of  the 
Battle  of  Bouvines.     See  BofviNKs. 

A.  D,  1223.— Accession  of  King  Louis  VIII. 

A.  D.  1226-1270.— Reign  and  character  of 
Louis  IX.  cSaint  Louis).— His  great  civilizing 
work  and  influence.—  'Of  the  lorty-four  years 
of  .-St,  I. "Ills'  rei:.'!!.  nearly  lifteen,  with  ahmg 
intirval  of  s.|)ar:iiion.  pertainnl  to  the  poTeni- 
ineut  of  Klnna  Hl.inche  of  Castille.  rather  than 
that  of  ilie  kin:;  hir  son.  Louis,  at  his  accession 
ill  1-.'-.'ii.  w  i,  only  eliven;  and  he  renndneil  a 
minor  ny  lo  tlie  age  of  iwenty-one,  in  l'J:i<l.  for 
tlie  time  of  majority  in  the  case  of  royalty  was 
not  yet  s|>i-eially  and  riioroiisly  tixwl"  During 
tlios  U'li  years  (Jueen  Blanche  governed  Fran<  e  : 
not  at  :ill,  as  is  commonly  a.sscrted.  with  the 
oflicial  title  of  resent,  but  ".simply  as  iruardian  of 
the  king  her  sou.  ...  It  was  not  until  twenty- 
two  yei.  %  had  passed,  in  124«.  that  I>ouis.  on 
starting  for  the  crusade.  otHciallv  delegated  to  his 
mother  the  kingly  authority,  aiid  that  Blanche, 
during  iier  son  »  al)scnce.  realiy  governed  with 
the  title  of  regent.   .   .  .  During  the  first  perioil 


1194 


of  his  BO^Pftiment,  and  so  long  as  her  son',  ml 
nority  lasteil,  yuwo  Blanche  had  logr!ip|,lr»ii), 
Intrigues,  plots,  insurrections,  and  op.  1,  « ,r 
and,  what  was  still  worse  for  her.  »iih  ii,,.,,,' 
suits  anil  calumnies  of  the  crown's  grmt  m„siI. 
burning  to  seize  once  luon',  under  a  \  .  i:,iii,~, 
government,  the  indeiMaidence  and  pow.r  wlii,], 
had  lieen  cfftitually  ilisputi'd  wiih  i|„,„  \,\ 
Philip  Augustus.  'Blanche  resisie.l  il,,ir  ,,j 
ti'mpts,  at  one  time  with  open  and  p.  i-,  v,  riii  ■ 
energy,  at  another  dexterously  with  M  ih.  \',[,' 
address,  and  allurements  of  a'  Hnnian  lli,,-,  |, 
she  was  now  forty  years  of  age  she  nasbiaui, 
ful,  elegant,  altrai-tivc,  full  of  n  M>nii  es  luiii  .,f 
grace.  .  .  .  Tlie  malcontents  s|ire.icl  ih.'  nii-t 
odious  scandals  about  her.  .  .  .  .Niiil„i  j,,  n,,. 
events  nor  in  the  writings  of  the  |m  ri.-l  ?,  it,;,,., 
to  find  anything  which  can  authori/.  ii,,.  i,,,,,' 
Rations  niad^-  by  the  fix'S  of  Queen  lit  i  ..  In 

What  St.  Louis  really  ow.u  to  his ih,  r  ^^.l K 

was  a  great  deal,  was  the  steady  triiiiii|ili  «lji,|, 
whether  by  arms  or  by  negoHalion,  I!!;,ii,|,', 
gaine<l  over  the  great  vassids,  ami  the  pr  puinl.r 
anee  which,  amidst  the  struggles  of  ilj,  i,.|.,|iil 
system,  she  secured  for  the  kiiiusliip  cf  hir  -in 
In  his  minority.  .  .  .  When  Louis  r.  iiclml  1,1s 
majority,  his  entrance  upon  personal  exinisi  if 
flie  kingly  power  pnsliiced  no  el.uii:;i  in  ih,. 
conduct  of  public  affairs,  .  .  .  The  kii)i;.|iip  of 
the  son  was  a  continuance  of  the  niotliirs  l'ov 
eriiment."— G.  Masson,  St.  Ijmi».  /,/,.  41  "ii;.- 
"The  fundamental  institution  upon  wliiili  all 
the  social  edifice  restiil,  in  the  time  of  Siint 
Louis,  was  royalty.  But  this  roviillv.  fm,.,  ihe 
double  iKiint  of  view  of  theory  and  prie  rin  wj, 
very  different  from  what  it  liiid  been  ori;;!iiai;v 
In  principle  it  was  the  divine  ri^ht,  thai  i-  ii 
was  an  emanation  from  the  .Most  MIl-Ii  ,ual  lin- 
king held  of  no  other  seigneur.  This  i-  uh.ii  tl:,' 
feudal  maxim  expressed  after  its  f.L-liion  :  -Tin' 
king  holds  only  of  (Joil  and  his  sw.nl  '.  .  . 
Royalty  was  transmitted  by  iiere.liiy.  frum 
father  to  son,  and  In  priningeiiiiiire.  linwinr. 
this  hereiiity,  which"  had  formerly  needed  a  sn 
of  election  to  coiifirm  it,  or  at  li.isl  |i"ieilar  ac- 
clamation, neiileil  now  to  lie  ll.illnWe.l  liv  Ibi' 
unction  of  the  church.  ('onsecrali'Hi.  jninol  Id 
the  privilege  of  being  the  eldest  nf  iIh-  r,na! 
race,  made  the  king.  .  .  .  It  must  not  In- tLnii^'hr 
however  that  the  ideas  of  tiie  time  :iitr'liiiti.t  •.. 
the  hereditar-  principle  a  force  ali-olijie  xA  -a 
perior  to  all  interests.  .  ,  .  The  roy:i!  |-'.>t. 
licsides,  had  not  yet  a  material  fnrie  snll;' i.  ii'y 
great  to  dominate'  everywhere  as  alis.  li,'-'  n,.n 
ter.  Under  the  two  lir^t  lines,  it  w  i-  •miv.i.I 
in  the  same  degrei'  over  all  points  <  1  lie'  i-rri- 
tory  ;  f.-om  the  accession  of  the  tliinl.  in  <\\f 
contrary,  it  'vas  only  a  jiower  of  tu-,  iIi.tiis, 
having  a  very  unei)ual  action  an  cnlinj-  '■>  ilio 
territory  and  the  locality.  A  part  ol  Kraii.c 
composiii  the  royal  domain:  it  wa-:  ili-  ivirri- 
mony  of  tlie  Capetian  house,  inerea~"l  l>,v  loii- 
(lucst  or  successive  aci|uisitions.  'I'll'  re,  ila  tjiii; 
e.xercisi'd  an  authority  almost  willeMit  liiiiii  :  In' 
was  on  his  own  ground.  All  the  n  ^1  l.irmrit 
duchies,  counties,  or  s«*i:fneiiries  nl  liiiriiMit 
sorts,  possessed  liereilitarily  liy  t'oul  va<.«l?, 
more  or  less  inde|M  ndent  originally.  Hire  ilie 
king  was  only  the  suzerain  ;  he  had  -1  ir, ilv any 
rights  excepting  to  homage,  to  niiliiary  .jrvico, 
to  pecuniary  a.ssistance  in  certain  statiil  eii.^s. 
anil  to  some"  privileges  calliil  royal,  i*  'im'  '"' 
coining  money.    The  entire  royiil  polity,  frum 


FRANCE  122«l-1870. 


Sa%nt  Louii. 


PRiVNCE.  1226-1270. 


rhilln  Auenitii"  to  Louis  M..  con»i»tod  In  skll- 
M  V  incr.'»*i.i«  the  first  of  thi«i-  ,".;rt»  by  ab«.rl)- 
lli  lie  l.y  little  the  second.  .  .  .  The  possea- 
S,  "f   the    crown  .  .  .  formed   two  or  thri;e 
„"„„.  group.,   cut  up  111  the  n.oHt  fttiitaRtie 
Son  and  connected  only  ««  the  result  of  long 
ff,"  t     All  the  real  of  the  kingdom  was  eom^ 
„«„lof  creat  flef»  escaping  the  dir.-t  action  of 
r,v,iUv    and  themselves   s»lHiivid«l  uito  l.sser 
K  i'hieh  complieattKl  inlinitely  the  hnran  l.y 
"    ,.,rs„ns  and  lands.     The  principal  were  the 
,„mie»uf  Flanders.  Boulogn,.   Saint  T"!.  I'o"- 
Mi,.,,   Anmale,  Ku.  .Soissons    Dnu^    M..ntford- 
Vnumry ;  the  bishoprics  of  Tournai,   H.  imvais, 
\„v,.ii   Uon.  I.isieux.  Helms,  Ijingres.  (  lialons, 
ih,'  lil'nlaries  of  which  wer,>  at  llie  s.:nie  time 
founnor  seigneurs ;  the  vast  e,  .nity  of  (  hani- 
MCne  uniting  those  of  Kethel,  (Jn.idpre  Kouey, 
Brirtine    .loigny  and   the  (ounty  I'onien;  the 
,1  iihv  of  Burgundy,  so  jiowerful  and  so  exten- 
•in'    the  counties  of  Nevers.  Tonnerr.'.  Auxern' 
B,.a,;ini,  fore/..    Auvergne ;   the   s..igneury   of 
Rourlion  •  the  counties  of  Hlois  and  of  Chartres  ; 
1,,.  cuunlV  or  duchy  of  Hrittany  ;  Ouienue.  and, 
lu.f.ire  1271  the  county  of  Toulouse  :  tlie  bish.ip- 
ri,s  of   Albi,   Cahors,    Mende,    UMve,   Agde. 
MsL-uelonne,  b,longing  t.^niporaly   as  well   as 
siiiritually  to  their  respective  b  shops  ;  fln.illy 
ilic  seignciiry  of  Montpellier,  holding  of  the  last 
of  the*  hishiiprics.    To  which  must  vet  Ix'  added 
Uic   appanages   given    bv    Louis  VIII.    to  his 
vounirer  son.s,   that   is,  the  counties  of  Artois, 
Xnjou    I'oitiers,  with  their  dependencies.  .      . 
So  wliin  the  government  of  the  kingdom  at  tins 
eiKKh  is  spoken  of,  it  must  1h'  understood   to 
mean  that  "f  only  the  least  eonsiderable  part  of 
the  territory, —that  is,  of  the  part  which  was 
iliredlv  sulmiitted  to  the  authority  of  the  king. 
In  thii  part  the  sovereign  himself  exereisid  the 
power,  iw.<isteil,  as  ordained  by  the  theorii's  ex- 
■miinei'l   above,   bv   auxiliaries  taken   from  tlie 
nation      There  were    neither    ministers   nor  a 
deliberative  corps,  properly  speaking  ;  however 
tlure  »!19  verv  nciirly  the  equivalent.     •>n  one 
side,  llie  great 'otlhers' of  the  crown  and  the  royal 
rraincil.   on   the  other  the   parliament    and  the 
chiunlHT  of  aecoiints  (exchequer),  oral  least  their 
primitive  nuelf'VH,  constituted  the  principal  ina- 
iliiui  rv  of  the  central  government,  and  had.  each, 
ii>  ~|i  iiiil  pnwiTs.     The  great  officers,  of  whom 
tliire  IkiiI  :it  hrst  t)een  five,  were  only  four  from 
tliiTiiinof  Philip  Augustus,  who  had  suppress<(l 
til.'  x^iii-silial  owing  to  the  poH,<ibility  of  his  bi-- 
lomiiiiT  (l;iiii:eroiis  by  reason  of  the  progressive 
cxtcii-ion  of  his   iu'ris<liction  ;    they    were   tin' 
liviitc'illiT.  who  hail  become  the  administrator  of 
the  roval  expenditure;  the  chambrier.  elevate<l 
til  till'  ("ire  of  the  treasury  ;  the  connclable,  a 
kiiiil  of  iiiilitarv  superintendent ;  and  the  ehan- 
riHir.  who  h.iirthe  disposition  of  the  royal  seal. 
TliiM'  four  personages  represented  in  a  wrtain 
il(i:nr,  sorretarifs  of  stjite.     Tlie  two  hitter  had 
a  ITcromlerint  influence,  one  in  time  of  peace, 
111'.  oili.T  in  time  of  war.     To  the  cimncellor  tic- 
loiiu'i'l  till'  drawing  up  and  the  proper  execution 
■  ii'L'iiii'itioii)  of  tlie  roval  diplomas;  this  p<)wer 
al..iii'  mil!.-  him  the  arbiter  of  the  interests  of  all 
private  imlividiiiils      Xi  to  the  constable,  he  had 
the  (liiif  ilirieliiin  of  the  nrmv.  and  all  those 
who  cnnipnsHi  it,  barons,  kniglits.  paid  troops, 
owed  liim  otiedience.     The  king,  in  person,  had 
ttic  S'lprcmi-  command  ;  but    he   tre<iuenily   al- 
lowed tlie  constable  to  exercise  it,  and,  in  onler 


not  to  impose  too  heavy  A  burden  upon  him,  ..r 
rather  to   prevent  his    taking  a  too  exclusivi- 
authority,  he  had  appointed  as  coadjutors  two 
'marwhiiux   de    France'    who   were    second    in 
cominiuid.  .  .  .  The  kings  couiieil  bad  not  vet 
a  very   fixed  form.     Saint  Ixmis  sii.limilted  im 
portaht    questions    to    the    persons  nlioiit   him. 
eliries,   knights  r.r  men  of   the  people ;    but    he 
chofK'   these   advisers   according   to   the    nature 
of  tlie  (|uestions.  having  temporiiry  coiuisi  !lnrs 
rather  tliaii  ii  permanent  council,     .\moni:  ihi-^e 
eoun.scUiirs  snme  were  more  especially  oicu|iied 
Willi  justid'.   others   with    finance,  others    with 
politiial  alTairs      Tliisc  three  categories  are  the 
germ  of  the  parliament,  of  the  exeuciiuer.  and  of 
the  eouiuil  of  slate  ;  but  they  then   formed  an 
indisliiicl    ensemble,    called    simply    the    kings 
court      They  were  not  completely  sepaniled  so 
us   to   form    indipendent    inslilulions   until    Hie 
linieof  I'liilippe  le  Bel.  .  .  .  The  superior  juris- 
diction is  reprisente<l    by  the  parliament.     The 
organizalioii  of  this  famous  bisly  was  begiiii  in 
the  lifetime   of    Philip    Augiislus.      Vndir   tlie 
reign  of   this  prince  [.Saint  I.ouis],  and  notaiily 
as  a  result  of  his  absence,  Ihc'  '  eour  du  roi '  had 
1h  gun    to   ri  iider   nion'  and   more  fre(|Ueiit  de- 
cisions.    The  section  which  was  occupiiil  with 
judicial  affairs,  appears  to  have  taken  on,  in  the 
time  of  Saint  I.ouis,  an  indivlduiil  and  indipen- 
dent  existence.     Instead  of  fidlowing  Hie  sover- 
eign and  meeting  when  he  tliought  it  expeilient, 
it  iK'came   sedentary.   .  .  .  The   date   at    wliiih 
the  series  of  the  fanioiis  registers  of  the  parlia- 
meut,    known    under  the  name  of  Olini.  begins 
mav  be  considered  that  of  the  definitive  (reiilion 
of  this  great  institution.      It  will  be  ri  nmrkid 
that  it  coincides  with  the  general  reform  of  the 
administration   of  tlie  kingilom   iindertiiken  by 
the    gooil    king   on  his  return  from  Syria    .   .  . 
From  its  birth  the  parliament  temh  il  to  l.i  come, 
in  the  hands  of  royaltv.  a  means  of  domination 
over    ihc  great    vassals.      Not     only    were    the 
seigneurs  insensiblv  (liminateil  from   it.    to  tlie 
advantage  of  the  clergy,  the    lawyers,  and    tlie 
ottii'crs  of  the  crown,  but  by  a  series  of  skilful 
victories,  its  action  was  extended  little  by  little 
over  all  the  fic'fs  situated  outside  the  royal  do. 
main,  that  is.  ovir  all  France.     It  is  agiiin  Saint 
I.ouis  who  caused  this  great    and    derisive    ml 
Vance  iim-nrd  the  authority  of  tlie  sii/irain      lie 
briiut'lit  it  about  especially  by  the  iibolilii.n  of 
the   judicial  duel   and  by   the  multiplication  of 
appeals  to  the  parliament \s  lor  the  ap- 
peals,   the   inlcriliction   of    '  faiisscr    juginient' 
(refusal  to  submit  !c  ilie  sentence   proiioimced) 
was  not  the  only  cause  of  their  multiplicalioii. 
M:inv  of  the  great  vassals  were  led  to  bring  their 
atlaiVs  before  the  kiiiL's  court,  either  on  account 
of   the  coiitiiiinci'   inspired   by  the  well   known 
eqiiitv   of   Saint    I.ouis,  or  by   the  skill    of   the 
roval' aiienls.  who  ncglccled  "no  opportunity  to 
cause   till'  accepl.inci'  of  ;lic  arbitriitiou  of  the 
crown;  anil  those  who  did  not  rcsitrn  tlienisi  Ives 
to    it  were  sometimes  compelled  to  do  so.    The 
appeals  111'  their  subjiTts  naturally  took  the  saiiic 
route;   however,  lliey   continued  to  em|i1oy  ilie 
medium  of    llie  s<'nesi'hars  court  or  that  of  the 
bailli.  while  those  of  the  barons  and  tli«  |iriiu'es 
of  the  blixsl  went  directly  to  Paris.     No  general 
law    was  promulgated  in  reganl  to  the  iiialtcr. 
Royally  was  content  to  recover  little  by  little, 
by    partial    measures,    llie   so|«  riol   juri.sdirtic.r 
formerly  usurped  by  the  feudality.      .  .  Above 

1195 


tp'   fu 


m 


!  ■ !i  lilt  '■ 


FHANtK.  12SB-ia;o. 


•Siiint  /.uau. 


KIUNCE.  1S3«-U70. 


■nil  (lUtHlilr  of  the  purliiinirnt  Jiwticc  wax  rcii 
ilintl  by  till'  kiiiK  in  imthon  .  .  .  Nuiiil  I^miH. 
»l«il)»  tli(>ii(rlitf\il  of  the  iiitiriHlH  of  tlic  lowly, 
luiil  B  liklUR  for  tliiK  (XiMdltioiin  nmiiucr  of  tir- 
iiiinminjt  nuitH.  Ninrly  ivcry  inoriiinK,  In-  m'IiI 
'woor  tliri'c  iiitiiilMrnilf  liH  toiiiuil  to  ini|ii;,i\ 
111  till'  piilacc  niiU;  if  llicrf  win-  not  sonic  priviiti' 
indiviiliiiilH  till  re  wisliiiitf  toilimuMt  tluir  iilTuirs 
licfori'  him  ;  from  this  nimr  tin'  inimi'  •  |i|uiilii  ill' 
hi  |>orti'  ■  >:iv('ii  to  thin  kiiul  of  iiiiiliiiin'  If  his 
coiiiiw  Mills  roiilil  not  llrill^■  tlii'  |iiirliis  to  iiii 
iiKiii  nil  nl.  Iirnilliil  tin'  laliir  iiitoiis  owir  oni. 
ixiiniiiicil  lliiir  rii'ii'  with  his  srniimlous  li  |inr- 
tiiility,  ami  irnil.n'il  tin'  linal  'Miiti'iu'i'  hii.isilf 
on  till'  spill       .loimilh'.  who  look  part  muri'  than 

oiici'  in  till  SI'S iiiary  jiiilt'ininls,  tliusili'M  rilii'S 

to  us  ihi'ir  very  siiiipli-  imi  haiiisin.      'Thr  kiiij; 
hail  his  work  ri'tfiilaliil  in  sm  li  u  wiiy.  that  inon- 
sriiriii'iir  ill-  Ni'sli-  anil   thi'  l'ooiI  nu'int  ili'  Sois- 
sons,  iiMil  thi'   ri'st  of  us  who  wiri'  ahoiit  him. 
"Ill  hill   lii'aril   our   massi's,   wi'iit    to  hnir   thi' 
■  plaiilsilr  In  porti'.'  whiili  arc  now  riilhil  "n'- 
qiii'tis"  ipititioiiM.     Anil  when  hi- ri'tiiriuKl  from 
thi'  mouasti'ry,  he  si'nt  for  us,  siati'il  liiinsilf  at 
till'  flint  iif  hiH  hi'il.  niaili'  us  all  sit  aroiinil  him, 
n-iil  askiii  iiB  if  thrri'  wire  iiiiv  lasis  to  ilispati  li 
wliirh   loulil  not  111'  ili,posii'|  of  without   liiin  ; 
ami  wi'  nami'il  thiiii  In  him.  anil  he  si'iir  for  thi' 
pirtii's  anil  a^kiil  thini  .   Why  ilo  vnu  not  take 
what   oir  |c  iple   olTer    vmi  ?     Am'l    thev    saiil  : 
Nre.  l^-iau.si.  they  ..iTer  us  little.     Then 'he  siiiil 
to  tlieiii  :    Villi  shoiilil  take  what  thev  are  williiur 
I  1  irivi-  you.      Ami    the   sainllv  man  lalioreil  in 
Ihs  w.iy,  w  ith  all  his  mii.'ht  to"  set  them  in  a  just 
ami    rea^i'iiaMe    path.'     Here   the    ^-reiit    piaee 
maker   is  elearly  si'eii  ;    jirivate   imliviilnals    as 
well  as  priiu'.s,  he  ilcsireil  to  reeoneile  all,  niake 
,iil  iiCTee.     These  patriarehal  anilienees  often  hail 
lor  thiiuer  the  L'arilen  of  the  palai-e  or  the  wikkI 
ol     Vineeniies."  — A.    I-eiovile     la    Man  he.     /,-( 
hniii,;-  M„ti,  Siinl  L  ■him  ,  l  »o„.,  IViHiiijk  Ir  Ihirtli. 
III-.  1,  ,■/,.   ',',  „„,/  //,.  -J   ,.A    1  „„,/  :(  _"st    I.oiiis 
slriiik   at    the   spirit   of    the   Jliihlle   Ai:e     ami 
therein    insur.il    the  ilownfall  of  its  forms   anil 
wlK'h' einliislimeiii       He  fought  the  last  linttles 
a):  nil  t    leiiilalism.    Ixeause,    liv  a  siin'r   means 
Ihiii    biitliiiL'.   he   took,  anil  iiiieon.seiouslv,  the    ! 
lilebosl  from   the  opposition  to  the  roviil  an     i 
thoriiv.       rneoiisrioiislv,    we   sav  ;    he   I'liil  not    i 
l.ink  .  n  IhP  olil  orihr  of  thims  as  evil    anil  trv    ' 
to  iiilroluee  II  better;  he  iliil  not  seltishlv  eoii.    I 
ten. I  f  I    t!ie  I'Xten-iiiii  of  his  own  [lower ;  he  was   i 
iiiitinT  a  irreat   ipf  .rrner,  nor  a  (soealleili  wise 
kiiiL'        III'  iinileriiiimil    fe  ulalism,    liei  aiise   he   ! 
hat  il  iiijusiii',':   he  warriil  with  the  .Miilille  Aire     i 
bei'uiiae  hi'  eoiilil    not   tolerate   its  ilisreL'aril  "of   i 
huiiiiiM  ri'.'hts  ;  anil  he  pavnt  the  way  for  I'hilip     I 
le  liels    striiu'L'le    With   the   papaev.'  Iiei'iiuse  he   I 
I.  oki'l  lip. ,11   relijrion  ami  the  iliiireh  ii»  instrii- 
n.e  it-foriuan's  salvation,  not  as  tools  for  worlillv    ' 
a'-'u'^Miiili/eiuent.      lie  is.  perhaps,  the  only  mini     i 
aril  on  rieoril  who  fuileil  i,,  most  of   what   he 
inleiiiiiik  of  aeiive   enterprisi.  who  was  unil'r 
till-  eoiiirol  i/  the  pr  jiiilie,  s  of  his  iiL'e.  who  was 
a  'rue  ei.iis.  iviiiv, .  who  never  ilreameii  of  efTeet- 
1"^    :;n.at   soei  il  i  h  itil'i's.  -  ami  w  ho  yet    by  his 
HIT-  virtiirs    hi- si'i.s,.  of  iliii,    his  power  o'eon- 
s'Mtiee,   iiml,.  Ill,,  nii^'hti.si   riMil   movt   vital  re- 
forms.     Oil,,  of  these  refoims  was  the  aleilitii.ii 
of  the  trial  by  I'omliat.   .   .       It  is  not  our  puri.os.' 
to   follow    I^oui.i   either    in    his    first     or    seeonti 
iriisaile."     |See    CiiisAm-is:    A.   D.  124M-pJ.-,4  1 
«>n  returning,  in   XirA.    from  his  first   irusaile 


"I" 


,  |,. 


"  irarcchMl  bi-laiiiii'il.brfori'  he  In  l';iii  ih  ,> ,  ,,,1^,, 
of  li'Kii>lation  whieli  lonliniiiil  until  i.,,i ,  i, ,  „  i 
emtwrki'il.   ...    In    IiIk   first   li'i:ii,l„in,.   .„ ,  ,  ' 
l-ouiii  propoaeilloliimHi'lf  iIkih'  objeits  -i,,  ,„ , 
III!  enil  to  jiiiUi'lttl  purliallly,  to  privi  nt  i„,,i|,., 
unil  oppri'wtivi'  imiiriionnient    for  il,  l.i    i,,  ^,  * 
unfoiiiiili'ii  iTlminiil  priwi'eutloim,  anil  iniiii  .^| 
thehorrtirH  of  k'tfaliziii  torture      In  ii.i,i„,"i!„ 
with  lliew' Kenenil  lopies,  he  maili    lau-i.,|i\, 
oppressively  upon  tlie  .lews,  to  pmii-l,  ,,,  ,,  , 
lion  ami  K«nililiiit.',  iiiiii  to  illniiiii.i,    ,. 
anie.     Anil  it  Is  worthy  of  remark.  il,:,i  i 
luint  was  to  lieHtl.iiniil  o,    forbuMin-  :, 
ers  to  sill  to  any  nihers  thiin  tnivi  lli  w  - 
sure   now    (six  'hnnilrisl  years    latin  i.i;, 
lussioii  in  Konieparlsof  oiu'l  iiioii.  hhi,:,^ 
till  same  iihI.     Itiit  thewishwhii  h  il,i,i,, 
arih  hail  to  reiomiMiisi' all  who  hail  l»i  n  w 
liy    himself    anil     forifathirs    was    t| 
most  w  ish  of  his  Mini.   .   .   .   C.iiiini^M, 
siiit  intoevery  provinie  of  the  kii.j:ili,ii 
ine  eaih  iiHecul  ease  of  royal  injiisin, 
power  in  most  Instanies  iTi  make  iii-tai  I 
lion.     He  hinisi'lf  went  forth  lo  hear  ;,i,l  n,,] .,, 

in  tl eii:hliorlio<sl  of  his  eiipit.il.     o  ,|    ,,  ;"„ 

north  as  Normaiiily.  .  .  .  As  he  trn  w  \i:,  :lr 
the  spirit  of  (leneiiisity  ^'rew  stronu-u  ,!',;,  ,i  |.i, 
liosoni.  He  woulil  have  no  IimihI  ii,  ih,  '..i':, -, 
of  KurofM',  save  to  uit,  wlnrevir  h,  ,.i.l,i  ;,, 
Iieaeemaker  Many  ix'iiisionsoei  iirr,  ,|  «  hi  i,  ;ii| 
nrm'il  him  to  profit  by  poweraml  asli,.»  ,.f  i!:.|,i 
a  naked  lepil  (iile,  to  possess  him>il|  oi  i.i.  "i  , 
tiefs;  but  I.ouis  shiKik  his  In  ml  s,.rii,»  fiilii  ;,!  .| 
sternly,  anil  iliii  as  Ills  inmost  soul  i,,lil  Ijimi',,  ',ii 
of  (JihI  ilireeteil.  .  .  ,  There  hail  Inn,  I  r  ~.  n,,. 
riifjns  bai  k  a  j;rowinp  ilisposiiiiin  |..  ii'.iur 
tain  iinislions  to  the  kin;:s  triliiii;:,'-.  .i-  i,  i- 
repil,  not  baronial  i|uestiiiiis  .'.oiii-  tin  N  , 'h 
t;ave  to  this  disposition  ilistinit  form  ;,i,ii  \.,:i;i 
and,  under  the  influence  of  the  harini  li.itii :; 
legists,  he  so  ordained,  in  conforinitv  »i'l;  t|". 
Itoniiin  law,  that,  uniler  piven  clreiiiiiViiii  1 1 .,  .■,!. 
niost  any  ease  niiL'ht  ln'  referreil  lo  his  in!  \.k{\ 
This,  of  loursi'.  jrave  tothe  kiiiir's  jiiiii'i,;ii;!  -mi 


II'T 

1  I 

-  w ,  ri. 

!.. 

,  \  ,111 

11 

r 

1  »  nil 

-'•III. 

anil  to  him  inori'  of  inllucncc  thaninv  , 
ever  tiiken  had  done.  .   .   .   It  .   .      ilie 
the  biilnni'C  of  power  into  the  roviil  I,, 
ItlMiaine  luccssiiry  to  makcthe  oi  i  a^i.  i 
of  the  kinps  1  oun;  il  or  parlianiiiil.  w  1: 
eiscil  certain  jiiilii  ial  fiim  timis.  iiern.iii 
to  chaiipe   its  lompusition,   by   ilimiii - 
feiulal  and  iiiercasin!:  the  leirai  or  Ii  (.■'■^r 
Thus  everywhere,    in    the    lianm-' 
kinjr's   court,    and    the    central    p: 
lionian.  Icjral,  orcanizcil  i  leim  nt   I 
doniinate  over  the  (iernian.  feuiiiil.   l.:il 
dencies,  and    the   foiicdatioii -t,,m  s   •■'. 
society   were    hiid       Hilt    Ilie  jii-t    smii 
ami  the  pp'iuiliccs  of  his  l{oniiiiii/i  ■!  i 
Were  not  arrayiil  ai:ain^t  the  i,]il  T.  i,- 
barism  alone,  with  its  i  lulless  priMi'e  < 
.iiiilicial  duels  ;  they  sIiksI  ei|iial|\  iipi..  , 
extra vairant  claims  of  the  lionian  h:,  mi. 
The  first  calm,  ilililK'r.ite.  consi-!, m   .  ; 
to  the  eentrali/.ini:  power  of  t|,i-  .,.    • 
that  olTered  by  its  truest  fri, ml  iicl  i 
ally.   I.ouis  of  France.      Knuii  l-,'i',ii  i 
by  step  was  taken  by  the  ilcfemii  r-.'    i  . 
of  the   ftallicaii    chiirili.    umil.    in    *i,.     -. 
named,   be  published  his   '  l*ra.'ii  ■!'■'    ^ 

!=.r    !>,.!.^.v|  --^^..i-t     !,....;,    .■•      I  ■  -■■ 

Aittt'rirtiii  /Uri'iir,  April,  ltJ4t)>. — .**,t ,  .,i- 
I  |.^^MN  r  or  I'ahis 


tl.i  r-t. 


iinil 


-1,  |. 


Tui 


HOC, 


KUANCE,   Vila 


/■»iJi;.  ;i    .U"./ 
fttpe  «<mi/nr*   17// 


KKAXCE,    latWV-lSU 


A.D    iJ5».-The  Cni»ii4inB  moTimcnt  of 

thTPMtors.     t*<.  tKi8AI)K»:  A.  I>    IJM 

A  D  ia66.— Acquiiition  of  the  kingdom  of 
NMlei  or  the  Two  Siciliet  by  Charles  of  An- 
io*  the  king's  brother.    S.-  1  iviv  (N.i  thkhm 

AD  1268.  -The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  St. 
LMiL-AMertion  of  the  right!  of  the  Galli- 

rin  Churci.-"Tlir   ...nlimiiil   u-.iir|iuti..ii«   i.f 
.,1,,,  |.,|„.,   nr(Hluc.-.l   Ih.'   <  .l.liml.il    I'niiriimtC 

,,li,i  111.'  luitliririivof  whi.li.  Ili.iunli  |ir.itiiit)l.v 
sillioiil  "lUiw'.  hiw\»<nH.iiii.tim.»diiiinitia.  con 
i,in»  tlirii'  iin|Hirtiiiit  iir.ivi«l.iii»;  iiiiimly.  Unit 
»11  iiribiK"  iiiiil  other  piilrmw  iihiill  iiijoy  Ihiir 
full  ri'lits  a.Ht(i  tin'  ("IIhIIoii  "f  1hiii'I1.'.!«.  ar 
,„pliiiHl.)llifcan(ms;  tliuHlnirrlifs uliiill  |minms» 
tr„.|v  til.  ir  riglitH  of  .•l.'.lioii ;  «i"l  iIi:H  "o  l»v  ..r 
niTUuiarv  ixartion  »lmll  !«■  l.vi.d  l.y  tin-  i;o|h- 
witluuit  Voiw  lit  of  the  king  anil  of  Ihi-  imlioiiul 
rhunli.  W.'  il"  not  «>"1.  lio«'V.r.  Unit  tlir 
Fnwh  L'oMrnin.nl  iuImI  up  I"  tlir  spirit  of  lliH 
..rillimiin --Il  lliilliim.  TluHiMU  .lv.»,  M  .. 
„(  •"—■Tills  Kilict  BpiHMiriil  iilliiT  ilunng  tlir 
«t"viiir..f  Cli'tnent  IV..  or  (hiriinj   the 


yiiir  ol   I  ii'tiii'ni  n..  •'■    "..■■■•n? 

vaiancv  in  Hi.-  I'ontlfl.iil.'.  It  Ikhiiiiii'  t  i. 

hairiir'iitruinst  which  Ihi-  .nrroiuliiniiila  of  tlif 
«Tl.si;istirul  [lowiT  w.Tf  .l.'stiiiiil  to  lir.uk.  nor 
was  il  Hw.pt  a»»*'  '"'  "  "'"'">•''■'■  '"Tri.r  Im.l 
ariH.li  ill  the  nnlliiiit.-.l  p.>wer  of  tin-  !■  r.n.  h 
.rinvn  ■  Il  'beeanie  »  iireiit  Cliart.r  of  Inil.; 
[xnilenee  I"  the  OiiUi.un  (  luir.li  -II.  II  Mil_ 
man,  lli't.  "f  httio  ChrUtintnlii.    hk.    11.  <•/..  4 

AD.  1270-1285.— The  lont  of  St.  Louis.— 
Origin  of  the  Houses  of  Valois  and  Bourbon. 

_Sl  IjiuIs  left  seviTiil  wmst.  the  el.l.r  ..f  whom 
„inir.l..l  liiin  as  I'hillppe  III.  ami  his  voiiiiireHt 
si.ii  «as  KolKrt.  Count  of  Clerm.inl  nn.l  l,.ir.l  of 
llmrlMiii  llie  anrestor  of  all  the  liraiich.s  .>f  the 
Il.iux  of  H<iiirlsin.  I'hilippe  III.  .li.'.l  in  l-^V 
whin  li.'  was  siie.-.-edeil  by  his  son.  I'liillpp.-  I\ 
.V  vuiin;;ir  s..n.  Cliarles.  t'liuiit  of  Vulois,  was 
tin'  an.estor  of  the  Valois  linuieh  of  the  royal 

'a.  D.  I285-I3i4.-Reign  of  ?•>'"?  IV.— His 

conSict  with  the  Pope  and  his  destruction  of 

the  Templars.—  I'hilipp.'  IV..  ealle.l  "le  Bel  ' 

{;hc  llanilv.niii.  eanie  to  th.'  throne  on  the  death 

of  his  (ath.r.  I'hilipiM.  'le  llardi."  in  13H.-).      \lv 

was  pn-senilv  involve.1  in  war  with  K.lwHr.l  I.  of 

Eni:laml.  who  eros.se.1  to  Flan.l.TS  in  ISU*.  in 

tenditi;;  to  imaile  Franrc.  but  was  r.(alleil  by 

the  r.  viilt  ill  S.-otlan.l.  under  Walla.-.-,  uii.l  ]>eiie.- 

was  iiiailc-  in  \Mi.     The  Flemings,  who  Im.l  jiro- 

vok.il  Philippe  bv  their  alllaiu-e  with  the  hnc- 

lish,  wi-ri-  thus   left  to  sulTer   his   r.-s«-iitnient. 

I'hi-v  iKire  themselves  valiantly  in  a  war  whi.-h 

l.usti-il  sevenil  years,  and  intliet<Hl  uiMin  the  kniiilits 

.if  KnuK-i- a  fwirful  defeat  at  C'ourtrai.  in  VMYl. 

Intheenil,  the  French  king  substantially  faile.l 

in  his  il.'siirns  upon  Flamlers  (see  Flandkks: 

.\.  1)  r:!'.w  1:1114 ).      'It  is  probable  that  this  long 

striiiri:K-  wuiiKl  have  bi'en  still  ])rotnu-teil.  but 

for  a  L'l  ill  ral  .(uarrel  which  had  spriuig  up  Home 

liiiK-  !•  lire  its  close,  between  the  Freiii-ii  king 

mil  I'lipi-  liiinifaee  VIII..  concerning  the  [tiixa 

liiinnr  111,  (k-rirvand  the]  right  of  nondnation 

t"  \;ii;uil   hishoprii-a  within  the  .lonilnions  .if 

I'liilippi       The  1-itter.  on  seeing  Bernanl  Saissetti 

lllra.^I   iiiio  the    Kishntprlr  of   Pamieni  by  the 

IwiiiiiTs  Mile  authority,  caustil  the  Uishop  to  b. 


varioua  Indigiiltli k,  (.iimlgiM-.!  him  10  prison  on  s 
i-hargi-  .if  tn-ason.  hen-sy.  and  blaspli.-my.     Bold 
face  rein.»mtrat.-.l  agaliist  this  outrage  un.l  vt.i 
len.-i'  ill  a  bull  known  in  history,  by  ils  .,p.-ning 
woriU  •  Aus<-iilta,  till,' in  wlii.-h  h.' a».s.-rl.-.l  his 
|,i,»i-r  -.ivi-r  nations  aii.l  king.loms,  to  root  0111 
and  to  pull  down,  to.l.-stroy  ami  tolbrow  down, 
to  build  and  to  plant.'  and  .-on.  Iiiil.-d  by  inform 
ing  I'hilipp.-  tliat   h.'  lia.l  KUiiimoii.-d  all  tin-  sii 
p.  riiir  clergy  of  Franc.-  loan  ass<-mlily  111   lioiin 
on  tin-  1st  of  till-  following  Novi-mbi  r.  in  ..i-l.  i 
toilelilienil.-  on  the  run.  .lies  for  sii.li  aliusi-s  ii« 
those  of  whi.-h  the  king  ha.l  iM-en  t'liilty       I'lii 
lipp.'.  by  no  iiH-ans  iiitiini.lat.-.l  by  this  ni.asure. 
(-onv.ik.d  1.  full  Biid  early  asw-mlily  of  tin-  three 
istiiti-sof  his  kingdom,  to.l.-.i.l.'  ii|i.in  tlie  1  oii 
duct  of  him  whom  the  ortlio<lo.\,  up  to  Unit  time, 
had  iM.n  in  tin-  habit  of  .l.-.niing  infallible.    This 
(Kith    April    i:iil>')   was   tin-   tlrst    m.-eting  of  a 
I'arliam.nt.  pmperly  w>  caM.'.l,  in  Franet-.   . 
Till-  .liamlHrs  unaiiinioiisly  approved  and   ap- 
plau.h-d  tin-  .-oiidui-l  of  the  king,  ami  resolve. I  to 

niaiiitain  tin-  1 nir  of  the  cniwn  nn.l  tin-  inilioii 

from  for.ign  insult  or  .hindnati.in;  ami  to  mark 
th.-ir  .lei  isi.iii  more  .  on.-lusivi-ly.  th.-y  ..iii.-urri'.l 
w  itb  tin-  ».ivi-ri-ign  in  prohibiting  the  ch-rgy  from 
att.inling  tin-  rojie's  suininons  to  U.mn-      The 
papal  bull  was  burni'd  as  publicly  as  pos,siblp. 
.  The  I'oiK'.  alarni.-«l  at  tlies<-  novel  and  Indil 
piiH'ce.lings,  nought  instantly  to  avert  tln-ir  ion- 
siiiiieiii-i-sbvs.«ithingi-\|iliinations;  but  I'hillppe 
woidil  not  liow  be  tiirn.-.l  aside  fr.ini  his  i-imrw. 
He  suimnon.-daKiiiviK-ationof  the  (JallU-an  prel- 
ates, in  w-hi(-li  bv  the  mouth  of  William  d.-  No- 
gari-t,  hisi-lmm-.llor,  he  repr.-s<-nteil  tlii-  .H-cupier 
of  St.  Peter's  chair  as  tin-  fatlu-r  .if  lies  anil  an 
evil-doer;  anil  be  demanded  the  ».-i7.iin'  .if  this 
ps.'ud.i-pope.  ami  his  iiiipris.ininent  until  he  could 
Ik-  brought  iM-fore  a  legitimate  tribunal  to  receive 
the   punishment  .lui-  to   his  nunnr.nis  crinies- 
Ihinifaee  now  .leilar.-d  that  the  Fri-n.-h  king  was 
ex.-oinmunii-at.-.l,  ami  cited  him  by  his  .  ont.-iwor 
to  appi-ar  in  the   papal  <-ourt  at   Home   within 
tlire.'  in.inths,  to  make  submission  ami  atoin-ment 
for   his  contuiua.-y.   .  .  .    While   this   unsi'emly 
ipiarnl  .       .  s.-i-me.l  to  lie  growing  int.-rminable 
in    it.s  complexities,   the  .la'-iiig  of  a   few  men 
oiMni-d  a  shorter  path  to  its  mil  tlian  1  iiid.l  havB 
iK-en  anti.-ipated.     William  if  NoL'aret  a.s.s<Kiat- 
iug  to  him  Sciarra  Colonna,  a  noble  Uoinan,  who, 
having  iK'cn  .Iriv.-n  fr.im  his  iiaiiv.-  i-ity  by  Boni- 
fa.-e   an.l   siibjecteil   to  vari.nis   hardships,   had 
found  n-fuge  ill  Paris,   iia.ss<-il,  with  a  train  .if 
three  hundreil  hnrsemen,  an.l  a  much  larger  bmly 
.if  pick.-d  infantry,  secretly  into  Italy,  with  the 
intention  of  surprising  the  Poik-  at  his  sumiii.-r 
residence  in  his  native  town  of  .Vnagni.   .   .   .  The 
jiapal  pala.-e  was  captiire.1  after  a  fei-ble  reals- 
tunc.-,  an.l  the  cardinals  ami  pi-rsonal  attendants 
of  th.'  Pontiff  tl.d  for  their  liv.-s.   .   .   .  Thi-  ('.in 
diitli.ri  .  .   .  draggeil  the  Poih-  from  his  thnme, 
an.l  c.iiiv.'ying  him  into  the  stre.-t.  ni.mnted  him 
upon  a  lean  horse  without  sa.Ulle  or  bri.ile.  with 
his  liea.1  to  the  animal's  tiiil.  and  thus  conducted 
him  in  a  sort  of  pilgrimage  tlmiugb  the  town. 
He  was  th.ii  consigned  prisoner  to  one  of   the 
<-liamlK-rs  .if  his  pala.-e  an.l  place.1  under  guani . 
while  the  body  of  his  i-aptors  disiiersed  them 
selves  through  the  splendid  apartments  in  eager 
pursuit  of  plunder.     Three  days  were  thus  ik-cu- 
pied ;  but  at  the  end  of  that  time  the  .      .  people 
j    (It  Anagni  .    .    .   u»ik  uriiis  in  behalf  of  their  1.  i 


■  auinoniy,  causeu  lue  Disuop  lu  ue  1   m  ^muK"'  i.~~  »«. ,•■ V  i  n- 

rrtsteil  l,v  night,  and,  afUT  subjecting  him  to  |  low-townsman  and  spiritual  father,  and  tailing 

1197 


'fai" 


ft! 


1         !     ! 


FRANCE.    l'.'H.V13U 


/Wftrttt  lion  nf  llu 
Trmfii4tr». 


FRANCE.   ISli-iaSH 


upoi.   tlip   Frrnrh  wlill.'  xilll   liiilnluliit;   In   the 

li'"'' 'f  llii>  nark.  (Irovf  N.nrarii  mi.l  Ciiliiiiiiit 

friPiii  iliiir  ijiiiirtcrs.  iiikI  ililicr  oiH'lltil  i>r  iiina 
Mcr.-.l  llii-  wli.ili'  of  thi'ir  f.illi.w.ra  '  Tlii-  ]'„[»■ 
nliiriii'il  In  lliMiir  in  wi  ifrcni  it  riifi'  tlmt  liiH 
riamiri  triivr  «iii  iiml  wkui  iifli  rwiircis  Uv  wii» 
fouihl  ,U;i.\  ill  1,1,  1».,|  ■Tllcriinilill  ..f  Ill.Hr 
pr.m  r.|ill;;-    tlinilU'li.Mil    I'lirUli'lliliiIll     H;i,     iiii 

iiivtisi'.    mill   I'liilipiii-  .'i.li.pii'il  ivirv  pncaulioii 
toimri  iiil  I  <>iHii|ih  llll^•  fr.iiii  liiiii«lf  hv  piiv 
liitf  iiiiirt  I.I  Itiiiiiliii  .\1    \K\i„  ,11,,,. 1,1,, I  ii,  III,. 
Iliini      'I'liH  I'.in.-,  liMWiviT.  lli,Hii.'li  lir  fnr  luinii' 

liiiif  t.iii|u.ri«il.  I M  not  lif  lunjr  ilnif  In  iIh' 

loii.l  voii.snf  III,,  ilirirv  wliiih  lall.il  f..r|mii 
liliihcnl  ii|Hiii  I  III'  ..|i|,n-.«.prHi,f  llii.  cliiinli  Krr 
111'  liiiil   n  iiriinl   iiini'  iiiiiiiiliM  hr  f.iiiinl  liiiiisill' 

(MIlipilliil    III   I  \i nillllir.llr   llir    pllimliTlT^  iif 

Anuk'ni;  anil  u  fiw  iluy,  afliTHiinl-i  \ir  pirisliiil. 
iiiiilir  rlrruinsliiiiii-.  Hliirli  liiivr  Mull-  ilniilii  ,,f 
llii*    liaviiiu'    liKii   piiiM.iinl,   .   .   ,   Till,   kii,^   ,,f 
Kruiiiv  pr.iiliii.l  liiritily  In  llir  iriiiir;  »iiii  r.  In. 
Bi.li  s  LMiniir;  liini'  fi.r  tlir  sulwiiji'iirr  nf  ixiiir 
iiiriit.   III'  «iis  »iili,ii|iirrilly  rimlilnl,  liv  III,  in 
IrimiiH.    Ill    priiiiin-    llii-   i  Irttinn   iif   n    pir»iiii 
pli  iIl'iiI  n.it  only  In  jrrant  liiiii  iiliixiliiiiiin  fur  all 
ji.iNl  iiirinn  s.  lull  III  ,ii^r|,i„iii.u.  (|„,  ,„|.,„i,rv  „f 
l»ii|iif:iir.  1.1  rcsinri'  llii'  ili|«i«i|  Ciiliiiiiiii  tii  hi, 
hnn.iiir,  .mil  (stali,.  In  iiniiiiiialr  wnnil  Krciirli 
l'crli,ill,lir.  In   III,'  iiiIIi-l'!'  nf  nirilin.il,.   anil   t.i 
Krani    In   |I,|.    kiii>.'   Ilii.    iiiitli,  nf   ilir  Oalliiaii 
i-liuri  li  f..r  a  liriri  nf  li\|.  vrar^     Tlir  p.niliir  « li.i 
tims  Mini,  I.I  havi'  Uin  Hi,    lirsi  ..f  hi,  raci'  In 
Inwir  Ilii' |ir,i,ii,i.,ii,  nf  hi,  nlliiT.  was  Hcrlraii.l 
(Ic  (inili,  nriiiiiially  a  privali'  (.'iiilliiiian  nf  Ha 
Ziiilnr,.  anil  ,iili,i  ipiiiiilj  prniiintiil  tn  tlii'  An  hi 
episr.ipal  .S,.|.  i,f    Hnnlraux.      II,'   a'fsimiiil    Ilir 
lltl,-nf  CI.  III.  Ill  V  .  anil  aflcr  ri'iijviiiK  iiivcsti 
luri-  al    l.ynii,.  tlxiil  Ilir  apn.,liilii'   rciilcmi'  al 
AviKimn.    whiTi'  it  i  .iiiiiiiiu'il,   uiuIit  mii-cissivc 
CKTiipaiil,.    f.ir  a  pcri.nl.    Ilic   l.nctli  nf    whidi 
raiist'il  it  til  Ik'  ilinnniiimtiil  \,y  the  Italian,  III,' 
Haliylnnian     niptivily.       Tliis"  i|iiarril    wliliil. 
I'hilippi'   cnKatfiil   in  aiintlicr  uiiilirlakini.',   lln' 
mifi' riiiiiliut  of  which  niiiiiriil  all  his  hkill  ami 
iin»(rupuliiusni'S,s.      This    iiiipnrlaiit    inlirpriw' 
was  nil  h'ss  than  llii'  ilistriiilinn  ami  pluinhT  nf 
till'    military  oiilcr  nf   Knii;hls  Tiiiiplars. 
riihlii-  ilivmntint  .      .   hail,  hv  a  vaiiilv  nf  i  ir 
fuiii,laiii,',,  Imcii  I  xritcil  thrnu);hniii  till'  rialin.    j 
Amiiiii;  Ihi'  iniiiilMr  nf  i-xai'limis.  ih,'  ruin  hail    \ 
iM'cn  ihliaM'il  III  mill  Ihi'  I'Xio'iiiics  .if  the  stale,    I 
ami  this  nli,iriiiliinr  llic  niHTatinns  nf  inmnuTii''    I 
ami  intliiiiin;  wrmits  in  a  lti  aliT  nr  hss  I'XIi'ni    < 
upnn  all  1  iasMS.  cviry  mii'  l.ni.llv  inrnplaini'il  nf 
Injiisiiii-.  riililiiry  ami  nppri'ssinn.  ami  in  thi-iiul 
iw'v.ral  tiimiilis  iH'i'iirri-ii.  In  whirh  ;hi'  rciilinri' 
nf  Ihi-  kinc  himsflf  wa,  alliwki'il.   iml  Ihi'  wlinlr 
p.ipiilalinn  wire  with  ilillirnllv  rrstrainr.l  fmiii 
inMirriiiinn.     In  »iirj;umlv.  ciianipai.'iH'.  Artni,   i 
ami  K.inv,.  imh-iil.  ihi'  nnlili's.  ami  hurj^i'ss  cla-ss   i 
hayiiii;  fnr  lln-  liiNt  tiini'  mail.'  inmmnii  i-.iiisc  nf   ' 
tlitir  .1,'rii'vanri's.  sp.iki-  npcniv  nf  ri-vnlt  apiin.st 
the    r.iyal    aullmrily.   iinli',s   ihi'   ailminislratinii 
shniilil  In-  nfnriniil.aml  i  .|iiiiy  W  MilistituU'il  in 
Ihi'  kinc,  i.iiirt,  fnr  Ihr  fraiiils.  I'xliirtioiis  ami 
inalvi.r-iti,.|i,.    whiih    pr.  vail.-.l.      Thr    smhh'n 
<J(-alli  ..I  I'hiiippi.   -,min-inaf;,ll  fr.im  his  h.irs,.   ■ 
whili'  hiiiiiiii-  111,,  wil.l  l,.,,,i  ill  the  fnnsi  ..f  K.in-    ' 
taiiH'lil.aii  -  .,n  Ihi'-Mdh.if  .NnviinlMr.  i:il  t.  .hliv-   ' 
cn-cl  Ihi'  pinjili'  frnm  tliiir  Ivraiil,  an.l  thr  irmvii    i 
from    thi'  cinsciiK-nn's  nf  a  hi'iiit.iI    nlnllinn.    ! 
I  "P>"  Citm.  lit.  till-  kiiiK'n  linn  frii'ini,  hiui  lmih'  in    i 
his  last  ttccouut  un  the  JOth  uf  thr  iircci-din);   | 


IH 


Iv 


'h  i,' 


lll'l|.U 

.•I'll  I„ 


April.     r^iiU  X  .  !■•  Iliilln  itlioQimrnUnnu ,  » 
I  I'liiltil  the  IhMiw  at  llii'  niutiiri' ai;.  ..f  i„,  „,, 
tlv,'  "-(1    M    llii>»M'y  mill  T   Oaspn     /.,.,,,,, 
/tint  of  hYiiiff,   r.    1.  c/i    I  -Sii'   nU.,    p,i',  , 
A  l>  I'.MI-HlMK.amlTKMnui.    A  l>   i  ;h;  i,, 

rd?-    !A'*"y'':-7 '-'"'"     ^-    Philip    V 
Ch«rl«»    IV.-Feudal    rtaction.     I'l 

ilii',1  In  mil      "  with  till'  Hr,.'„i.,ii ,.  „ 

liniil,    X,.   wi    wi'll    Miirnami'.l    lliiiiii      |, „,,,!,, 

' "In.  i-nmi's  a  vlnlrnt  rvaiiinii  .,i   ii„  i,  ,,i  , 

j    l.iial.   prnvinrlnl  spirit,  whiih   ,i .  k,  i..  ,||,|",.. 

i    pliri's  till'  ,lill  fi'i'lil,.  rahrii-  i.f  iii.in    .|,  ,„,  ,'|. 

j   ilismrmlMriiii'iit,  ami  claims rli;ins     ri,.  li,!,,   ,J 

j    llrltlaiiyarmiialrs  thi'  rlKlitnf  ju.Li i  „i,|,',,i,'i 

;    apliial;  sniliM'S  llii' cxchiiplir  nt  IJ.iii.  n      \ii,i,i|, 

will  nut  havi'  Hi,' kiiiifs  si'rL'i':iiii,,iihp.,  „  ,  l„  (,,r,, 

I    Ihi' lianms.  nr  his  pnivnst,  niiin,    ,i„,  ,>ri..',i,r 

frnm    thi'    Inwns  jiirlsdh'llnii       llnr-irnh    ri,| 

;    S't'Virs  ri'iiuiri'  thr  kliii:  In  ri',pii  i  ihr'  i.m  il,  .,, 

1    I.f  fi'llilal  Jllslii'i',    ,    .        Till'   mil, I.iii„„r,f 

j    till'  liar.iiis  Is  dial  tlir  kliii;  shall   Mmnn, ,    ,i|  „, 

'    lcriin'i|illii:i{    with    thi'lr    nun    ,       ,   i)„    ,',„,, 

mniiar.-li  j;nints  ami    sk'ii,  all:    ilnr. 

Ilini-  |Hi|iits  tn  whirh  hr  il.inur,.  an. I 

M'l'ks  tnili'fi'r.     Thi'  Iliir^iimlian  li.ir.i , 

with  him  till,  jiirisiliitiiiii  m.  r  ll...  ru.  r-  i,,,i|, 

ami  innsi'i'ratcil  plarrs.     Tin'  imlii.  -  ..f  i  i,  ,., 

pajriH'  ilniilil   the   kind's  ritflit   i.,  I..i.|  i|,.  ,[ir, 

wariiutnf  thi-lrim-n  prnviini'    Tli,.^  i,|  ,\„ii.ii, 

Willi  true   I'ii'anl   liiijn.|ii.isiiv.   ri.piin    i\ii|i'.iit 

a.iy  ciniimliH'iitlnn,  that  all  jjinil.  m.  „  m  n  i,,,,. 

iipnn  carli  nther,  ami   n.il   ini.  r  iiii..  ,..iiiii;i. 

lint  rill,',  (tn.  (lime,  ami  Uari I  f.,r  wir 

fnrfeit  tn  niie  aiiiithir.   .       .    Thi'  kin::  > 

tlii'si'  alisiiril  anil   iii.snieiit    iliinamNi,  

■  We  will  iinler  examinalinii  nf  ilii.  t<  •■••■■•  r-^A 

my  Innl  .St.  Ijiiii,,  ami   ijive  tn  thi-  v,i  I  n.,!.:,, 

twii  triislwnrlhy    |H'rsnii,.   i.,  In-   ,  ,i.  I  In 

our  eniiniil.  In  vi'rify  ami  iii.piir..  .Iili^.  iii!\  iiiiu 

llie  truth  nf  the  sa'iil  arlii  li ,       V:,-   i.  I'li    «« 

ailrnit  eniiuch.     The  (.'emral  rrv  u,.~  Inr  n  r. 

turn  to  the  psHl  rii,tiini,  nf  si'l.nui,:  ji  i„j,|_. 

f.ir>;iitli'n  that  St.  |,iuiis  hail  ilniie  iiis  iiiiii,,m  i", 

)iiit  a  stnp  tn  private  war,      Hnl  hv  llm*  iiiv-k 

iii.i!  the  name  of  St.  I.niii,,  ihev  iniaiit  i"  .  vi.n-i 

their  wish  fnrthenhl  feuilal  i'mli  piinl.  in  ,■  -  |.ir 

the   lippnsile  nf  the   ijuasi  li'Hal.    Ihr    L'tiil    ,ui.i 

peltifi.KniiiK  (iDVerntnent  of  I'liilippe  1.   IS,  I    T|,.. 

barons  si't  alMiut  (lestrnviiiL'.  Ml   In    l.ii    ,11  il... 

clmn^ea  iiitroilueeil  liv  ill.'  late  kiiiV      li'U  tli.  v 

coulil  not  iM'lieve  hlnril.a.l  v.  I..111;  ,is  il„i,.  siir 

viveil  his  AlUtr  ¥.gi\  hi,  niav.ir  ..f  il,..  i.il.i..., 

Knjriierranil  <le  Mari^iiy.  wli.,!  in  ih,.  Iiit,  r  \.,irs 

of  hisri'itrn,  liail  iH'eii  |.iiailjnt..r  iiii.l  r"  ■  r.if  ilu- 

kinj,'iliim.  anil  who  ha.l  alLiw.-.j  hi.  ^!  imr  i.i  N- 

raisi.il  III   the  palace   liy  the  ,i.li.  ..I   ili.  kiii,'- 

Ili,  ri'iil  name  wxs   1..-'  r.irliir;  I.m  :il  .n.-  niiii 

til,,  dales  h,'  liiiiii,'hi  ihc  naiiii'  nf  Miri-rii 

Il   was  in   thi'  Tiinpl...  in   tin'  mi  v  ~|'"'  "I""' 

.Marif;ny  hail  insl.illiil  hi,  nia^tir  f'Tih.  -j".|i:i 

tinn  of  the  Templars,  thai  Ih..  yniiiij  k 

repaireil  to  hear  Ih.'  snhinn  ai.uv,'!.! 

against  liini.      His  acciwr  w.i,  I'liil 

brother,   the   violent   (  liarles  nf   \  ,1 

man.  of  meiliiM're  abilili,-,.  wlm  j.ui  in 

the  hiiui  of  the  haron.s.   ,   .   ,    I'..  .  if... 

slniclinn.  Charles  nf  Valoi,  lia.l  rii'.i' 

jrr.iml  aecusalinn  nf  the  ilay.  wlii.li  11: 

sunn. Hint.     Il  was  iliscnvcreil,  ..r  pr. -m 

.M.'iriL.'nv's  wife  or  sister,  in  i.r.l.  r  I  ■  . 

aCllUillal.   .ir    lu'Wltch    tlie    kniL\   '.  "!    '    '' 

■lacipi..,  .1..  I,iir  to  make  certain  -.'nil 
'The  saiil  Jacques,    thrown  into  iri-'  : 


li" 


■  l.'.iiis 
r.iiiL'li! 
.  II' N 
1  liu-f 

-.If  :ll 

n-  .1.. 
n,  III.. 
...iiM 
1  Ih:,! 
,t  ili- 


■lllllgS 


■i';' 


1198 


'\    - i   ,  I 


FKANCK,  iai4-13!W 


Kwl  n/  tlir  tllrtrl 


KHANC'K.  lau  last 


himvlf  In  il"P»''.  I*"'  '•"■"  ••'*  *"'"'  *"''  '■•"I""''     I 

„„,1.  .i.i.P.  Kr-  thrown  Int.;  pri »n.l  Kmku.  r 

"ml  him«lf.  ."iiil-mn.-   I^f-r.-  Hi.;  kii  ifliu 

\l.riuiiv  •  l»»'  vi'iiH'-*"''''  *»»  "'"'  ""'  '>•"»•"■  ! 
,,  mrimif  lu  hi"  ■•»"•.  »»»''  "'"''■  '''"'  '"'"  ""■ 
_,«l.|,|.liir»l)h  wiukhiMi  l-Mili.  !.■  Ilnllii.  ii.cl 
hit  ni..n.  V  I(ir  \\i>-  Klf iiilsh  wiir.  triiiKd  ««  ■■■jiml 
,ith.,,ii'il  with  Ihi- •ily  .'f  I'urU  Th.•lM.lll.^ 
of  Cliimiw^-'ii'   mill    I'ininly    hH!.l.n.il   Ui   lak.' 

nl,  ,iii,i f  ihi-  ri({hl  »t  privHi.'  w.ir  whh  li  Ih.y 

h*liu»t  riiui(iilrcil.  iiikI  liimli'  war. .11  ih.M.Min 
l,'««  c.f     \rui\*.    williniil,    IriMiblltiu-    lhi'iin.lM  » 
,|„,itilii'  iiiiltf.nni.      •niliTi'il  h\  Ihr  kiiiir.  y^U'< 
h*|  »»:.r,|.a  th,s  II.;.    tn  h,.r      All  tlM-  hum,,, 
tol  riMiiiuil  Ihi'  pru  ilc){.>  ..f .  oliiiiiit .  <  Imrl.  «  ..f 
v.li.i.    111.'  kliitf^  "»'■''■•   »<''<l''>.'  'I"'"'  'hi'  i\     ; 
,mpl.'     Uiil   li'-l.'i'l   "f  'I'i'ilnK    f'T   llnir  .'«n    j 
A.nmint  milv,    .■.iiiforir.iililv    t<.   thi'   i.rilinuiic.  ■* 
„t  |'l,llip|«' Ic  llunli   mill   I'hillpiH' !.■  II.I,  Ih.y    , 
rainliilii'l"  liv  wlioli>«uli',  mill  itim' I' 'n".'"  Y 
Ihrouuhiicil  Ihrkiriiriliiiii      <>ii  llii*.  Ilii'  kiiii;  liml    1 
™.rf..nT  I"  iiroiiw  liliii«lf.  ami  rcliini  In  111.'  ml     1 
miiiiiimiii'ii  "f  Miirltfiiy  miil  vf  IMiilip|H'  Ir  11.1.    j 
|l,Mliii..iinr.ilth.Tiiiimiri<if  111.'  Iiumih.  (Noviiii     ; 
l«rlli.  It'ili.  I'll'''!  iir<l'«l"''<l  Ihiit  II  "liMiilil  piiKH   1 
iiirniii  "11  lliilr  "«ii  Imiils  (inly;  mi.l  llxril  iIh' 
ralii.'  nf  ilii-  riiviil   "'In   nlmlvily  li>  Ihlrli-in 
illffinni  riiliiiini-s.  wliicli  lliirly  .111.'  Iii.«hnpt  nr 
l«Mii.  hiul  llii'  riRhl  'if  mlntlii){  .m  Ih.ir  nwii 
lfml"rii>     111  **!     bHilitK  tim.'.   ii«lity   imliliv. 
hwl  iMiji.vi-il  lliii  riirhl.    The  yniiiiK  frmlal  kintj. 
hiiniiiiii/itl  liv  till'  want  nf  moni'y,  iliil  mil  iIIh     i 
lUin  111  mill  Willi  wrfs  anil  wilh.Ii'WH.  ,  It  is 

(urioiis  111  wi- Ihr  Mill  <if  I'hilippi' Ir  I1.I  ailinll  1 
lilllj  wrfs  111  lilKTtV  \*IV  SI.AVKIIY.  Mki>i.«v»i.; 
KHASit];  liiit  it  ill  tnuililf  hwt.  Th.' m.riliuiit 
vainly  "willn  hii.  viiircaiiil  .•nlani.'n  mi  th.'  wurlli 
of  his  iniriliaiullw;  the  piwir  wrfu  will  liavi'  ii'inr 
iifii     lliul  ihiv  Imrifil  In  th.'  Kniiin.l  Willi.' bail   , 

plnviif  III v.  tliiv  tiK.k  .an'  nut  to  ili({  it  up 

Uiliuy  aliiliif  imrrli'inciii.  In  vain  iliicn  the  kinit  : 
Haxwn.lli  al  ^niin.'  Ih.m  dull  to  the  valiicof  tlir 
iHon iilT. rill.  Al  last,  liii  (lirctit  thf  comnilKsii m 
(rsdcputril  I"  siipirlntcnil  tlii'  .ntrHmhiw'm.nt. 
ti)  valiii' Ihr  pni|Mrty  of  auch  serfs  as  pnfimil 
nnminiiik'ia  111.' «<irrin<'ss(ch.'tivi'tt'|iif  slavery,' 
amltiilax  lliiiii  iis  Biilfliicntlv  anil  In  siiHi  i-x- 
iintasUii'  niiulitiiin  and  wcttltli  nf  tlir  Inilividii- 
ali  miv  I'liiivinii-ntlv  Blhiw.  and  H»  the  ncc.'s- 
«!u  i>f".iur  war  r.'iiuin'S. "  Hut  with  all  this  it 
is  a  ftMui  s|M(ta(lc  to  wi'  pnx'lamtttion  nimU' 
fpini  till-  thniii'  itself  of  the  iinprcaeriptibU' 
ri^'ht  if  ivirv  man  to  lllwrty.  The  serfs  ilo  nut 
buy  this  riirhl.  but  they  will"  rcmemlier  Isitli  the 
nijiil  lissi.n.  anil  the  dangerous  «pp»al  t.i 
wiiirh  ii  inslinatis  ajrainst  the  barons.  The 
stun  anil  uliseure  ri'lgn  of  l*hilip|H'  le  I^^mg 
[I'hilip  V  ,  1  :'ilH-i;l22]  is  soareely  less  iin|)ortunt 
asri'irarU  Uu'  publie  law  of  Krance,  tliaii  even 
that  i.f  I'hilipiM' lelk'l.  In  the  tlrst  plaie.  his 
lu.i-ssioii  111  the  throne  deri.l.s  it  great  iiuestion. 
As  Luiiis  lliiiin  left  his  nueen  pregnant,  his 
hniiluT  Philippe  is  n'gent  anil  guarilian  of  the 
fmiirr  iiifuiil  This  ehilil  dies  sisin  after  its 
hirili,  ;'.inl  I'hilipin'  priH-lainis  himself  king  to  the 
pri  juiliir  lit  a  daughter  of  his  brother's ;  a  step 
whirli  \\,is  tlif  more  surprising  from  the  fact  that 
Hiilippi  li- llel  had  maintained  the  right  nf  fe- 
male Muri's^iiin  in  regard  to  Franeh.'-t'onU.'  and 
Arliii-  Till.  ti:iriins  were  f)<'sifi)i|s  tliat  ilaiiirlit.'rs 
shiiiiM  U  .  xiUiilnl  from  inheriting tlefs.  but  that 
thiy  sbinill  siiiceed  to  the  throne  of  Franee;  and 


their  ehhf.  Charl.'*  of  Valnis,  favorcl  hU  graml 
nl.'ie  agalnsl  his  nephew  l>hillp|i<-  I'liilippc 
Bswnibleil  Ihi'  Stalls,  and  galn.'.l  hU  .aiinr, 
whli  h,  al  ImiIIoiii,  was  gissl,  by  almiml  n wxins 
lie  all.gid  111  his  favor  the  old  (ieniian  law  of 
the  Kninks,  whiih  exehid.d  ilaiiglu.rs  frmii  the 
Sail.'  land,  and  maiiitaliiid  that  I  hi'  .mwii  of 
(■'ranie  waslisi  iinlde  all.f  In  fall  liil.i  haiids  umiI 
to  Ihe  disialT  CiMiiir  toinlMr  en  i|Uennuill.''i  a 
fiuilal  armiinenl,  the  elTi.  I  nf  »  hii  h  was  In  ruin 
fiudality  Hy   thus   lejeiiing  Hie  rinlii  nf 

Ihe  ilaiighli  rs  at  lin'  very  niinneiit  il  »ii«  lihIii 
iillv   Irliiiiipbing   inir   tile    tlefs,   the   im     '   ae 
ipilriil  lis  iharai  lernf  reielvlng  alwa\  >  wlilmut 
ever  giving,  and  a  Isild  nviKallnii,  al  ibis  lime, 
nf  all   dniiallnns    iiiaile   siiiee    SI      l.iiulss      ay, 
sn'ins  tn  iiintalii  the  prim  iple  nf  llie  inalienable 
iiess  nf  till'  roval    dniiiain.      riifnrlunatelv,   the 
feudal  spirit  wiili  h  risii.ned  sin  iiglli  under  Ihe 
Valnis  in    favnr   nf    prUale    wars,    led    In   fatal 
.■realintis  of    appanages,    mid    fnunded.    to   the 
advantage  nf  t!ie  dllTereiil  brani  hes  nf  th.' royal 
faniilv,  a  jirlneelv    feudality   as  enibarrasslng  In 
Charles  VI   and  I'-niils  XI  ,'as  th.'  .illii  r  hid  lsef> 

In     IMliliplH'  le  in         This    (null  sled    sue.  essiiin 

and  disalTei  linn  nf  the  bamns  fiiree  l'liillii|i<' h' 
l.nng  inin  111.'  paths  of  I'hilipiie  le  Hel.  II.'  flat- 
lers  III.'  lilies,  I'aris,  and,  aimv.'  all,  the  I'nl- 
virsilv,  — the  grand  |i.iwer  nf  I'aris.     lie  causea 

bis  barons  to  lake  II itli  of  tid.  lity  tn  him.  In 

pnsinee  nf  Ihe  inaslers  nf  th.'  universilv,  anil 
Willi  llieir  approval  lie  wishes  his  gniHl  .  IHes 
In  Im'  |iriivldeil  with  arninri.s,  their  eiti/eiis  b> 
keip  their  arms  in  a  sure  plaee,  and  aiipnints 
them  a  eaplain  In  eai  h  bailiwlik  nr  ilistrlel, 
iMareh  the  I'-'th,  IIIHI).  .  .  .  1'rals.wnrlliy  la- 
ginninga  nf  nrdi  r  and  of  goveriinunl  brought  no 
relief  III  the  sulTerings  of  Ihe  people  During 
Ihe  reign  of  I,nuis  ilulin,  a  linrrible  ninrtality 
had  swept  nlT,  il  was  said,  the  third  of  Ihe  impu 
latinn  nf  the  North.  The  Kleinisli  war  had  ex 
haiisled  Ihe  last  resnurees  nf  the  eimntry 
Mens  Iniaginalioiis  laeoiniiig  exeiled,  a  great 
movement  lisik  plaee  am.iiig  the  piiilile.  .Vs  in 
thedavs  of  Si.  l.niiis,  a  innltitiide  of  ["...'r  |«niile, 
nf  p.a'sanl«,  .if  sh.pbi  nis  nr  pastniireaux,  as  they 
were  lalleil,  tlmk  tngilher  and  say  that  they 
si'ek  to  iro  iH'vnnd  the  sia,  that  tliev  are  destined 
to  ri'diver  tlie  Iliilv  Land.  .  .  .  Tliev  wended 
their  wav  Inwards  Ihe  .Sniith,  everywliere  mas- 
saering  the  Jews :  wlimn  the  king's  ollleers  vainly 
tried  to  pnileel.  At  la.sl,  Insips  were  got  to- 
gether al  Toulnus.',  who  fell  upon  the  I'ast.uir- 
eaiix,  and  hanging  th.'in  up  I'y  twenlies  and 
thirties  the  nstdisiars.ll  .    Philippe  le  Long 

,  was  seizisl  with  fever  in  the  .'ourse  nf  the 
same  year.  (\.  I»  VMl.)  in  the  inniith  of  August, 
wilhout  his  phvsieians  Ising  able  to  guess  it.s 
lause  He  languished  the  inonths,  and  died. 
.  .  IIisbrother('liarl.'slt'liarl.'slV.,ia'."J-i:i2t*l 
succeedi'd  him,  witlmut  Isstowlng  a  thought 
more  on  the  rights  of  I'hilippe's  daughter,  than 
I'hiiipiH-  had  (inne  to  thos."  nf  Louis's  daughter. 
The  periisl  of  Charles's  nigu  is  as  barren  nf  facts 
with  regard  In  Frame,  as  it  is  rich  in  tlieiii  r.' 
srK'<ting(ierniaiiy,  Knglaiid,  and  Flanilirs.  The 
Fhniings  iiniirisim  their  cnuiil.  The  (Ji  rinans 
are  divided  iMtween  Frederick  nf  .\uslria  and 
Li'wis  nf  Havana,  w  no  takes  his  rival  prisoner  al 
Muhldnrf  In  the  midst  nf  thi'  universal  divi 
sinns.  Frame  s.'.iiis  slniiig  frnni  the  .  in  iiinstan.e 
of  its  being  one.  t  liariesle  lie]  iiiierfen  s  in 
favor  of  the  count   nf   Flanders.      He  atten    'Is 


1190 


II 


Hi  i;     ■   i 


I'll'. 


:'U'l 


j 

1 
( 

.1     : 

':"1 

;;;(»•;; 'r^- 
bh  - 


rKANCK.  1814  lam 


I'afeM 


riiANCK.  i:i»*  l:ui» 


with  Ihr  iwipc*  nl<l.  In  makr  lilnia'ir  4-m|»riir. 
iuhI    Ilia  oNlrr.    iMilirlln.    iimkix    hirai'ir  itrimil 
<|UP"ti  iif  KntflAiiil   hy  tUr  niiinlir  nf  fjiwnni  II 
Clmrli'ii  li' Ih'l  illitl  iiliii.nl  iiuIm' Willi' 

tlmi'iw  Kilwiinl.  Ii'iivIiik  inilv  luliuiKhti'r.  miIIiui 
III'  u»<  ailil'l'itli'il  hy  II  rollViln  i.f  1114  All  lllul 
fliii'  fiiiiiilt  nf  iihnii'*  hIio  IiiiiI  '•III  iii'itr  tlnir 
rnllirr  III  llii' Cuiiiii  II  I'f  ViiiiiK'  Willi  I  illiK'l  III 
llii'   |Mi|iiil,ir   l»  111  f,  ihi'   iiirxn  ..r   lt..iilfmi<   liii.l 

Ittkiii  ilTiii  riiH  nil' rnlil.'  i  imkIi.  whii  Ii 

•li'im-iwi'M  Knifliiiiil  wi  liiw,  mill  in  |irii|M>rlliiii. 
r»liM'«  Krnriri'  "n  liiuli,  [in'MiiU.  ih-m nluli-wi  In 
till'  iwiMiMinlrli'ttwiiiiiiiil.iifiiimi'n  HI-  In  lliii; 
luiiil,  llii'  liiirniiK  liiiv  •  iivi  riliniwii  Kilwnnl  II  In 
Kmiirr.  Ilii'  fiuiliil  |mriv  plmi"*  nn  llii'  lliriuii' ilir 
fi'ii.lnl  hriinrli  .if  till'  \'nl.,l«  ■■  -.1  >|li  In  li  i.  //,. 
I'lrn  ,>/  h'rtiiifr.  H  .V(l  (r  \)  —!*,'v,  itlwi.  V'»ii>ik. 
TiiK  lliii  UK  iir 

A.  D.  1314-1347.-  The  kinc't  control  of  tht 
Papacy  in  iti  conteit  with  the  emperor.  .>■' 
UKIlMkNY.   A    l»    Ulll   i;n7 

A.  D.  I3af .  -The  cstent  of  the  royal  domain. 
-The  great  TaataU. -The  poiieaiiooi  of 
forein  princei  in  France,  -on  tlif  HniHHi.in  nf 
llif  lloiiw'  .if  Viiliii't  III  Ihi'  Kri'inli  llinm.'.  In  llii' 
IHrwin  of  riiilip  VI.  (A  II  VOUt,  lln-  riiycil  il.i 
main  liml  iiri|niri'.l  n  Kri'«l  Inirtiuu'  nf  rxlrnl      In 

thf  iwiiiinliiriiH  iiimi'  I'lillip  I    It  hiul  gul I. 

"Iiy  (■  >ni|ii.'iil.  liy  contlii'iiiliin,  nr  hy  liilwrilann'. 
lli'rry,  nr  llir  Vlw.mnty  of  IJmirKn.  X.irnmn.lv, 
Haliii',  Anliiu.  I'nll.iii,  ValciH.  Vimmml.ilH.  tin 
munlica  nf  .Viivirtfiii'.  anil  ll<mliii,Mii'.  11  part  nf 
('liampaKiii-  ami  Hrii'.  I,vnnniil«.  Ai.k'niimni», 
Marrlir.  marly  tlir  wlinli''  nf  Lanciu'iliH'.  an.l. 
lastly,  till'  kiiiKilnninf  Xavnrrt'.  wlilili  iH'lonKini.' 
in  lii'r  nwn  rijrlit  tn  ninin  .li-iinn.',  ninllnr  nf  tlii' 
last  tlini'  (',i|H'tiaiiK  [Jraimi',  liiiri'iuinf  Ihr  kiiij: 
ilnni  nf  Niiviirri'  and  nf  tin'  rnunlii".  nf  Chiini 
pu){ni' iin.l  Hri.',  wiwiimrrinl  l.i  I'hlllp  IV..  uml 
Wiinthi'  innth.r.if  LniiijiX..  I'hilip  V.  an.K'harl.'s 
IV.  |.  Ch.irli'it  IV.  nnitiil  with  thi'  crnwn  Itiil 
thf  (  wstiini  aiimni;  Ihr  kinijs  nf  (.'ivinif  apiiiia),'.-. 
or<'!.lat(S  tn  tin- prinrrsnf  tliiir  hniiw  ilitinln'il 
afri'sh  from  ihi' il.miain  a  gn-M  part  of  ilii'  ri' 
iiniU'il  ti'rriiiirii'S,  aint  (Ti'iilid  pnwurfiil  prlncilv 
hdiiiM'H,  nf  whUh  thi'clii.'f^nfu-n  tnaitc  tlii  mwlvi-M 
fnriniilalili'  t.i  llii'  nmimn  h«.  Anmnjf  thi'w  tri'iit 
IliniMl'K  nf  thi!  I'lipi'liull  r.Ki'.  Ihi'mnt.t  fnrilli.l:lli|i' 
wi'rr:  Ihi'  hniiix'  of  lliirjfiiiiilv,  wliiih  truiiil 
hark  to  kin^  Itnlirrt;  tin'  houti''  nf  Ilrinx.  i»<iii' 
of  a  Hon  nf  bniin  thr  llijr,  anil  whiili  nililid  liv  11 
niurriiiKi'  thi'  ilinliy  nf  Hriilany  to  iln-  iiiiiniyof 
thai  nam.';  tin' linn«' of  Aujim'  l.ssni' of  Cliarh-'.. 
hriitli.r  of  Kaint  l.nwis.  which  was  nnilid  in  r,".«P 
with  that  nf  Valiiis;  Ihi'  hniisi' of  ItniirUm.  ch 
scinilini;  from  Uoli.  rt,  CMint  of  Clirmont,  >.i.\th 
vin  I'f  Saint  I.oiii.i;  ami  Ih,'  limisc  of  Ali'n.;on, 
whi.h  iriu  1(1  buck  tn  I'hilip  HI  .  an.l  iinii.si'v.'ii 
III.'  ilinhy  nf  Ali'iii/nn  ami  I'.nhi  Ui"<ii|.  < 
thi'Kc  Krrat  primely  hiMiM'-  .if  Capi'lian  sl.irk. 
wliii  li  owi'il  (heir  ^ranilinr  nml  tlnir  iri^rin  In 
thi'ir  'ipai.if.'i'i,  thirr  wi'O'  niiinv  .'lliirH  whiih 
belli  ronsi.liralile  rank  in  Kran.i',  ami  of  wlii.h 
the  pns.s(  s,..i.  .ni  w.'n-  transinissilile  to  wonnii ; 
while  the  apaniip-.!  were  all  nmseiiline  tiefn  The 
mn.st  pnw.rfiil  nf  tli."<.'  h.iii.ses  were  tlmsi-  of 
Kliin.leis,  l','iiilii.''vre.  Ihulilliin.  Mnntmoren.-v. 
Brienne.  Cnn.  i ,  Veii.l.'inie.  .Viiveri^'iii'.  Foix,  iiii.l 
Arnuinnar.  Th.' va-t  lnwi-s.-.inn'i  of  the  two  la.st 
liniises  were  in  the  eoiinlry  .if  the  Ijingne  il'di 
Thi' niiints  nf  Knix  Hereuiso  miiMtiTH  nf  li.arn, 
jD-l  i-iiTf  :if  Arniii^r.a,  \,..-.n,  ,^-4  r..^,  „.„,.■. 
Kouergue.  ami   ntlier   large   seiguiorii's      .Many 


ti> 


I '"  kin.' 


,1  "f 


fon'iKn    prlni't'B,     Uiilili'ii      hml     |...... 

Kraii.  I'  at  the  airemilnn  nf  the  Vil  "i- 

of  KnitlaiHi  KH%  loril   nf  I'nnlhli  n    ..1     ,  

Walnlnniji'  nml  nf  th..  ilm  |,\  i,f    \  , m  ,1,.. 
klnit  of  Niivarre  wii»rniint  nf  Km-iix    ,„  I 
iK'iwir  of  many  nihiT  lowni  In  .S'.miuh.Ij 
khiK  of   Majoria  wiiK  priiprii'ti.r  of  iln   «,  1  .„ 
I   nf   MonliMlllir;  lln' .Ink.'  of  l.orriiii      v.'., 

Ilie  (Jerman  iiiiplre    palil   homiL-i   i.  ii„    i,;;, . ,.( 
i    Fnime  formally  l|.  ft  'hal  h.-  IhM  i>ii  i,  ,1,1 1,,^,,, 
I   ami.  laitly.   the   I'         ii..«iut.M,|  n,,    ,  ,  ,1,",  Vi 
!    nalinln.  .Ii'tai  he.l  frmii  rr.iviiic.'        |:  ,|,   n,',,,,,, 
ihii«i'.    Hint    ./AV.I;.-'.,   r    I,  ;-    '.'.il 

A.  D.  1318.  -Acceiiion  of  Kin^  PhihpVl 
A.  D.  13J8.   -The  eplendor  of  thr  Monirchi 
on  the  ere  of  the  calamitous  vini        \,„- 

I'lilulily.  Ihe  kliiit  of  KViini"  ll'li  I  ;,  \  |  ^ 
riiilipile  Valnlxl  wiKal  Ihli  ni'iii' I  I  \  |i  1  i;,; 
II  gri'al  king,  lie  hinl  lii.i  n  iii^i  1'.  1  ri.i,„|,  r.n, 
In  utate  nf  ih'iHnili'ii.'e  .m  liim  1 1,.  i,,,,.  ,( 
l-;nglBiiil  ha.l  ilone  hini  Iniiniu-i  fi.r  In,  Knicli 
jirovlmi'i.  His  (•.in»in'i  niL'ni  .1  ni  N:i|,|, ,  ;,,|,|  j,, 
lliingarv.  lie  wim  pmlei  i.imf  i|„.  i,,,,^.  ,,f  ,,.,, 
linil  lie  wan  mirriiiinil.-.l  hv  a.i'uri  '.I  hi,.-- 
Iiy  llinm' of  .Navarre.  Majon  •.  l!,.|i.  m!,  an.i  ti„i 
Seniiliih  nionanli  wa*  often  on.  ■■(  tin.  ,  ir, '. 
The  fainoii*  John  of  Holieniia.  if  th,  I,  n^  nf 
l.iixenilioiiri.',  ami  falli.r  I"  lln  .nil'.  i.,r  1  l;iiii., 
IV.,  ileelareil  thai,  he  loiiM  n.ii  li\i  mn  f  |'„i, 
'  the  most  i'liivalrnii<  r.si.|in. .'  in  tin  \>  ,.rj.|  ||,. 
Itiill.'r.'il  nver  all  Knn.p.-,  lint  .-nr  n'm:..!  tn 
thei'.inrt  nf  thi'  greiil  kiiii,'  i.f  I'mn-  -vlnn. 
was  kepi  lip  oiu' r.mstant  fr^tliul,  «  In  r.  j,,ii,.| 
ami  tniirnamenla  ever  went  on.  iiti  I  i!;.  ti  iiiiiiii.< 
nf  eliivalry,  king  Arthur  ami  Ih-  r"ii!.|  t  ilii 
were  rialiil'.l    "  — .1    Mi.'heli  t     11  •'      1/     r    .     ( 

fl.  M.  I 

A.  D.  I3a8-I3j9.     The  claim  of  Edward  III. 
of  England  to  the  Frfnch  crown         lli.'  r 
tells  I'.s  that  I'lillip,  king  .if  Kr  un  n,  -  irn  nm  ■!  <i  ■■ 
Fair,  ha.l  thn-e  suns.  li. -iil,   hi,  li.',n';i  il  ,i  m.-i 
ler  IsiiNlla,  ni.irriisl  in  the  kim-  ni  I 
wanl   II. J      These  ihr..'  sin,   w.n    \.r:   h. 
i«im.'.     Tlleel.lest,  I,.'Wi>.  klllL''  f  N 
the  llfellin.'iif  his  fallier.  Ha-  1  .ill" 
[Lnilis   .\  ],    th.'    si'imnl    was   inni 

Ureal,  or  ihe    I •;  I  I'hilip  V  |     1 

Charles  [fharlis  IV.  |       All  tin-    ■ 
Franee,  afl.-r  Ih.  Ir  In'  I'liiiii. 

Slle.'es-ion,  one.'lfler  tin  hi T,  iMlli 
marriage  nnv  mali'  li.irs;  y.t  .  nth.  .).  iili.Min- 
hiBl  king.  Charles,  th,-  tuiU.'  pi  1  r.  1  .,|  i  in  it, -if 
France  .liii  not  giv.'  the  kin  'ilnin  1.  i  .!  ■  I!  1  '!,i 
si'itnr.  »lni  wa.s  illl.'.'ll  nf  I'.iiL'Inrnl  >■  .  n,-(  M.  i 
i-aiil  ami  malnt.iiti.'il.  an.l  siil,  A-'  in  •  '',  i'  !!■• 
kingilmn  of  Frinre  is  .so  iji'lili' ilnit  r  ■.■'■  ;;  t 
to  go  1.1  a  woinan;  consi'.iinntiv  n  -'.'r  ■  l-.i 
U'lla,  n.ir  to  h.T  sun.  th.'  kitii:  •  f  In  'r  i  ;i:i 
wunl  111.  |,  r.ir  I  lay  In. Ill  th.ll  tin  .  ■  .  :  .  •.  ';ii  .n 
I  annnt  1  lalin  any  rii-lil  nf  sun.  n.-i.  ■  .. '  r.  tiiaf 
woimiii  has  noiin  liiTM'lf  Forth  .  t  .  ■,  tin 
twelve  pcrsaml  harnns  of  Frim.  ■  1  n,lv 

gave  ih.'  kiiiirilom  of  Frame  t  ■  ih-  !  !  I'liinimf 
v'ali'is.  n.'plnw  to  kim."  I'hilip  iiil  •  p  ,1  I'i'l' 
llic  ipn  en  of  EnglamI,  wlm  wa-  .m-i  •:  ■  1  li.irli - 
the  lain  kiiii'.'f   Frunii.  ami  Inr  -    .       1'!.  i-  .1- 

il  s.'eni.il   to  tiianv   11.  upln,  tlm   -1 i,  w.  ;,t 

out  of  till  ritrht  liii..'  which  h.i-1'"  •  'h  "  ,i-i"ii 
of  the  inont  il.strni  live  wars  nn.i  ':  ■'■  iii"n»  ■ ' 
connlries,  as  well  in  Fran,  n  ,1-  '■!»■  'v  In  n  ,1-  yn  1 
will  learn  hereafter,  the  re.il  •<'•>;■•'■  ;  'In-  lii- 
liiry  iii'ing  to  relate  tlin  lTi' c  n'  'I'.-i-  ini 
.lee.ls  of  a''iiis  acl.iev.'.l   in  th.sn   '.in-    :- i  frnti: 


it..  I 


.•111: 


.'  '.>;  -  lint  ill 
I   I'hini'  th.' 

I    till'    llnr'l. 

<■■    km.--  "f 
'■  Jlim.ili' 


120(1 


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lip  VI, 
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a  'Am 


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2; 

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w      *      ■ 


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iliiiM    %"^  il 


J-   IWZ  M±   =       >      I 


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t  ■ 


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!;iV 


FRANCE,  1898-1889. 


/?r£rt'Hn*M  of  tht 
Hundred  Yeara  War. 


FRANCE,  1847-1848. 


the  time  of  good  Charlomajfne.  king  of  Frtuxa: 
never  were  such  feats  performed, "—J.  Froissart. 
Chnmick*  Uhhiui),  bk.  1,  eh.  4.—"  From  tlie  mo- 
nuDtof  CImrlea  IV.  »  death  [A.  D.  1338],  E<lwanl 
III  iif  England  buoyed  himself  up  with  a  iiotiou 
i.f  his  title  to  the  crown  of  France,  in  right  of  his 
mother  Isabel,  sister  to  tlie  thrw  last  kings.  We 
can  liiivc  no  hesitation  in  condemning  the  injus- 
tice of  this  pretension.  Whether  llie  Salic  law 
wire  or  were  not  valid,  no  a<lvuntugi'  could  l>c 
cainnl  I'V  Edwani.  Even  if  be  could  forget  the 
.  xpns.>  lir  tacit  decision  of  all  Frimi  e.  there  stooil 
in  his  wav  June,  the  daughter  of  I-ouis  X.,  tliree 
[(iaughters]  of  Philip  the  I^)ng.  and  one  of 
(harles  the  Fair.  Aware  of  tiiis,  Edward  set  up 
a  (lislinctioH,  that,  although  females  were-  cx- 
.luiliii  from  succession,  tlic  same  rule  did  not 
.ipply  to  their  male  issue;  and  thus,  tliough  his 
mother  Isabel  could  not  herself  liecome  queen  of 
France,  slie  might  transnut  a  title  to  him.  But 
this  was  contrary  to  the  commonest  rules  of  in- 
heritance: and  if  it  coulil  have  hwa  regarded  at 
all,  Jane  had  a  son,  afterwards  the  famous  king 
of  Navarre  [Charles  the  Bad],  who  stiMxlone  dc- 
give  nearer  to  the  crown  than  Edward.  It  is  as- 
serted in  some  French  authorities  that  Edward 
prefernii  a  claim  to  the  ri'genc^y  immediately 
after  the  decease  of  Charles  the  Fair,  and  that 
the  States-General,  or  at  least  tlie  peers  of 
France,  adjudged  that  dignity  to  Philip  de  Va- 
lois.  Wliether  this  lie  true  or  not,  it  is  clear  that 
he  entertained  projects  of  recovering  his  right  as 
early,  though  his  youth  and  the  embarrassed  cir- 
cumstances of  Ins  government  threw  insup<>ra1>le 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  their  execution.  He  did 
lieL'e  lion'  -e,  therefore,  to  Philip  for  Guienne, 
aii5  for  St . vral  years,  while  the  affairs  of  Scot- 
land engrossed  "bis  attention,  gavt'  no  signs  of 
medilatiug  a  more  magniticent  cnt<,'rprise.  As  he 
advanced  in  manhooei,  and  felt  the  consciousness 
of  his  strength,  his  early  designs  grew  nuitun', 
and  prmluced  a  series  of  the  most  important  and 
interesting  revolutions  in  the  fortunes  of  France. " 
-II.  Ilallani,  The  .Viildlf  Age».  eh.  1,  /</.  1.— See. 
iil.so,  Sai.ic  Law:  Appucatiox  to  the  1{k(HI, 
Sic( KssioN  IS  Fkance. 

A,  D.  1337-1360.  —  The  beginning  of  the 
"  Hundred  Years  W»r." —  It  was  not  until  1337 
that  Kilward  111.  felt  prepared  toassi-rt  formally 
his  claim  to  the  French  crown  and  to  assume  the 
litli'  of  King  of  France.  In  July  of  the  follow- 
iiiL'  viar  lie  began  undertakings  to  enforce  his 
pnlcudiil  right,  by  crossing  with  a  <onsidenible 
ford' 1 1  tlie  cuntini'nt.  He  wintcreel  at  Antwerp, 
fiinccrliiig  measures  with  the  Flemings,  wlio 
hail  espiiiisi'd  his  causi',  anil  arningiug  an  alli- 
ance wiili  tlieem|ieror-king  of  Germany,  whose 
name  tsirc  more  weight  than  his  arms.  In  IIMO 
a  forni'il  ilci  lanition  of  hostilities  was  made  anil 
tliili.!!!.'  w:ir  —  the  Hundred  Vears  War,  as  it  has 
III  Ml  laliiil  —  of  English  kings  for  tlic  sover- 
lit'iity  i)f  France.  iK'gan.  "This  great  war  may 
wiM  ill'  ili\  iiled  into  live  periiKls.  The  first  ends 
Willi  111.  l'i;ieeof  Bretignv  in  1360  (A.  I).  1;J3T- 
l:!iloi.  :iii.l  includes  the  great  daysof  Crecv  [13i61 
aii.l  i'.iiiiiTs  [i:ri81.  as  well  as  the  taking  of 
<  .il:ii>  'lie  sidiiid  runs  to  the  death  of  Charles 
tin  Wiw  in  liWO:  thesi'are  the  days  of  I)u  Oues- 
cliii  iiml  ilie  English  reverse's:  the  lliinl  iH'irins 
with  ihi  renewal  of  the  war  under  Hinrv  V.  nf 
Kn',-i;iii.l,  :inil  enils  with  the  Kegeney  of  tlie  Duke 
■  Ili.ir.ii  111  i'liris.  iuUuiiing  the  lieid  of  \im 
loiiri  [1415]  and  the  Treaty  of  Troycs  (A.  U. 


1415-1423):  the  fourth  is  the  epoch  of  Jeanne 
Dare  and  ends  with  the  second  establishment  of 
tlie  English  at  Paris  (A.  D.  1438-1431):  and  the 
fifth  anil  last  runs  on  to  the  final  expulsion  of  the 
English  after  the  Battle  of  Castillon  in  Htti, 
Tlius,  tboiigb  it  is  not  uncommonly  callcnl  the 
IIundreKl  Years  War,  the  struggle  really  ex- 
tendiii  over  a  pi'rioil  of  a  hunelre'd  and  sixteen 
years."— G.  W.  Kitchin,  IIi»t.  of  Franej',  bk.  4. 
eh.  1-7. — "No  war  hail  broken  out  in  Europe, 
since  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  so  memora- 
ble as  that  of  Edwaril  III.  and  his  successors 
against  France,  whether  wc  consider  its  eluration, 
its  object,  or  the  magnitude  and  variety  of  its 
events.  It  was  a  struggle  of  one  hunelred  anil 
twenty  yi'ars,  interrupted  but  once  by  a  regu- 
lar pacilication,  wliere  the  most  ancient  and  ex- 
tensive lUiminion  in  the  civilisi'd  world  was  the 
prize,  twice  lost  and  twiee  rci'ovi'red  in  tlii'  eon- 
tliet.  .  .  .  There  is,  indi'od,  ample  room  for  na- 
tional exultation  at  the  name-s  of  Crecy,  Poitiers 
and  AziiUMHirt.  So  great  was  the  disparity  of 
nunilxrs  upon  those  famous  days,  that  we  cannot, 
witli  the  French  historians,  attribute  the  discom- 
fiture of  their  hosts  merely  to  mistaken  tactics 
and  t(K>  impetuous  valour.  .  .  .  These  victories, 
and  the  qualitii'Stliat  secure'd  them,  must  cbie'tly 
be  ase rilled  to  the  freedom  of  our  eonstitiition, 
and  to  the  superior  condition  of  the  people.  Not 
the  nobility  of  England,  not  the  feudal  tenants, 
won  the  battles  of  Cre'cv  and  Poitiers;  for  these 
were  fully  matchi'd  in  tlie  ranks  of  France :  but 
the  yeomen  wlio  drew  the  bow  witli  strong  and 
steady  arms,  ae-customed  to  use  it  in  tlieir  native 
fields,  anil  renelered  fearh'ss  by  pe'rsemal  com- 
IK'tence  and  civil  freedom.  .  .  .  Yet  the  glorious 
tenninntion  to  wliich  Edward  was  enabled,  at 
least  for  a  lime,  to  bring  the  eontest,  was  rather 
the  work  of  fortune  than  of  valour  and  prudence. 
Tntil  the  battle  of  Poitiers  [A.  I).  13.")«]  be  had 
made  no  progress  towards  the  conqui'st  of  Fnmce. 
That  country  was  too  vast,  and  his  army  tex) 
small,  for  such  i  revolution.  The  victory  of 
Crecy  gave  bim  notliing  but  Calais.  .  .  .  But  at 
Poitiers  he  obtained  the  gnatest  of  prizes,  by 
taking  prisoner  the  king  of  Franic.  Not  only 
the  love  of  fre'cdom  tempted  that  prince  lo  ran- 
som himself  by  the  utmost  sacrilices,  but  bis  cap- 
tivity left  France  defenceless  and  sieined  to  an- 
nihilate the  monarchy  itself.  .  .  .  There.'  is  no 
affliction  which  did  not  fall  upon  Frauce  during 
this  miseTible'  periiHl.  .  .  .  SuIkIui'iI  by  Ibe'se 
misfortunes,  tboiigh  Edward  had  niiidebiit  slight 
progress  towards  the  coni|Uest  of  the  eimutry, 
the  rt'gent  of  France,  afterwards  Charles  v., 
submitted  to  the  peace  of  lireligni  [A.  I>.  i;i80]. 
By  this  treaty,  not  lo  mention  less  important 
articles,  all  Guienne.  Gascony,  Piiilou.  Saintonge. 
the  Limousin,  and  tlie  Angouniois,  as  well  as 
Calais,  and  the  county  of  I'onthieu,  were  cedi'd 
in  full  sovereignty  to  Edward;  a  price  abun- 
dantly lompensatiughis  renunciation  of  the  title 
of  Frame,  wbie  h  was  the  sole  coiiccssiiin  stipu 
lateil  in  nturn." — H.  Ilallani,  Thi  MiMh  Ai/eti. 
eh.  1,  i>t.  i. 

Also  IN:  J.  Frois.sart,  Chmhirhx  (./",'(/»«' 
Inn,:;),  hk.  1.  ch.  l-'il3.  — W.  I.oiuiniaii,  ///.ir  nl' 
filiniril  fir.  r.  1.  rh.  ti-'3'-'.  —  F.  P.  (iui/.uf. 
I'npiiliir  lliKt.  iif  Frniief,  eh.  30.— I).  F.  Jamison. 
Life  tthii  Timrn  'f  litrtrftitd  itn  Guettcliit.  i\  \,eh. 
4-10.— .Sec.  also.  Poitiers.  Batti.k  ok. 

A.  D.  1347-1348.— The  BUck  Plague.- 
"Epochs  of  moral  depression  are  those',  too  of 


1201 


itti'l 


FRANCE.  1847-1848. 


SUfilfK  Marctl. 


FRANCE,  18Sft-:338 


Sif; 


■:    •'  \ 


:;Hh 


i     •'  !  i  '  - 


r  it]:- 


iii: 


'  ''^i' 
'% 


1   •■    ■   i 


;^  Mr. 


great  mnrtnlltr.  .  .  .  In  tl 
Qipi'  lip  Valoia'  ri'litn,  the  il< 
The  iiiiMTv  itnil  phyHinil 


the  lut  yearn  of  Plill- 
ilcpopulation  wiw  rapiil. 
Kiint'ring  which  jirf 
viiilnl  wiTu  hwiiin'clint  ti)iic<t)unt  for  it;  for  Ihuy 
hnd  not  nmlii-.l  Ilie  t'Xtri'nie  Bt  whii'li  they  »uli 
siMiiiciitly  iirri  '.  Yfl.  to  adiliu't'  tint  oni'  in- 
staiiic,  thr  |)<i|.iil»liim  of  n  Hinicii-  town.  Nnr- 
boniu',  fill  olT  ill  the  span- of  four  or  Ave  yrani 
from  till'  yiar  IHOU.  l)y  rM>  fiiiiiilii'8.  riion  this 
ti«>  tiinlyilimimitioii  of  the  litiiimn  nur  foliowcil 
cxliriiiiimlioii,—  tlic  jtri'nt  lilatk  plajfiu-.  or  pi-atl- 
Ji'iicr,  whirli  lit  oiui'  liriipcil  up  nioiiiitains  of 
ileail  llii'iriii;lioiit  ('liriHK'iiiloin.  It  Ih'Kiiii  in  I'ro- 
vinic,  in  till'  yiiir  lIMi,  on  All  Saints'  Diiy,  con 
tiniiiil  Bixtccn  nmntlis.  ami  carricil  olT  two-thirils 
of  the  inhabitants.  The  Kainc  wholesale  itestrtir- 
tiou  Ik'IVII  IjinjiueiliK'.  At  Montpellier.  out  of 
twelve  consuls,  ten  ilieil.  At  NarlKmne.  3(),(HJ(» 
piTsims  perisheil.  In  s«'vcnil  places,  there  re 
inaineil  only  a  tithe  of  the  inhaMlant.s.  All  that 
the  careless  Frciissarl  says  of  this  fearful  viaitji- 
tioii,  ami  that  only  ineiilcnially,  is — 'For  at  this 
time  lliere  prevaileil  IhrouKhoiit  the  worlil  gener- 
ally a  ilisi'.'isc  lalleil  epiilein)',  which  destroveil  a 
third  of  its  inhahitants. '  This  |Hstilence  did  not 
hrcaii  out  in  the  north  of  the  kingdont  until  Au- 
gust. l:HH.  where  it  tirst  sliowed  it.self  at  Paris 
and  St.  Denys.  So  fearful  were  its  ravages  at 
Paris,  that,  acconlini;  to  sonic,  8<)0.  according  to 
olliirs.  .'itXt,  ilaily  sank  under  it.  ...  As  there 
wasmilher  famine  at  the  lime  nor  want  of  fooil, 
tint,  nil  Iheciinlrary  iireat  ahiindance.  this  plague 
was  siiid  to  proceed  friiiii  infection  of  the  air  and 
of  the  spriniTS.  Tlii'  .lews  were  again  cliargeil 
with  this,  and  the  people  cruelly  fell  upon  them." 
—.1.  Midi,  let.  JIM.  of  France,  hk.  8.  eh.  1.— See 
Bi.vi  K  Dkvtii. 

A.  D.  1350.— Accession  of  King^  John  II. 
,  A.  D.  1356-1358.— The  States-General  and 
Etienne  Marcel. —  "The  disaster  of  Poitiers 
llH.-it!!  excited  in  the  I'.iinils  of  the  people  a  senti- 
inenl  of  national  grief,  mixed  with  indignation 
and  scnrn  at  the  noliility  who  hail  tied  iH'fore  an 
army  sii  inferiiir  in  number  Those  nobles  who 
passeil  lliroiigh  the  cities  and  towns  on  tlieir  re 
turn  from  tlie  battle  were  pursued  with  impreca 
ticins  and  outrages.  The  Parisian  Iwurgeoisie. 
animated  with  enthiisiasm  and.  eouraire.  tiKik 
upon  iisi-lf  at  all  risks  the  charge  of  its  own  de- 
fense; whilst  tie  eldest  sim  of  the  king,  a  youth 
of  only  iiineteea  who  had  iH'en  one  of  the  tirst 
to  lly.  assumed  the  government  as  lieutenant  of 
his  lallier.  It  was  at  the  summonsof  this  princ" 
tliat  llic  slates  as.scmbled  again  at  l';iris  iK'fore 
the  time  wide  h  they  had  appointed.  The  same 
deputirs  ni  limed  to  the  number  of  HOO.  of  whom 
-too  were  ot  the  bourgeoisie;  and  the  work  'if 
ri-foriii,  riid'-ly  sketched  in  the  preceding  8<'ssiou. 
was  resuiiteit  uiidi'T  tile  same  intlueiicc,  witli  an 
iiithii^iasm  which  partook  of  the  character  of 
revol'iiioiiary  iiiipulsr.  Tbe  iis.st-mbly  coni- 
ineiiced  bycoiiccinraling  itsaction  in  a  committee 
of  tweiin  fi'Ur  iniiiibers,  delitieraling.  as  far  as 
appears,  wilimul  disiinrtion  of  or-iers;  it  tlien 
intimated  its  resolutions  under  the  form  of  |H'ti- 
tion>,  wiiirh  were  as  follow:  The  autiiority  of 
tile  slates  ileelired  supreme  in  all  allairs  of  ad- 
miiiistralion  and  linaiice.  the  impeachment  of  all 
the  munsellors  of  III''  king,  the  ilismis.sal  in  a 
body  of  the  olliccrs  of  ju.stice,  and  the  creation 
t:r  a  "ourii-i!  of  rsforie.ers  taken  frtim  tile  three 
oriiers;  lastly,  the  prohibition  to  conelinle  any 
Iriiee  without  the  u.ssent  of  the  three  states,  auil 


the  right  on  their  part  to  re-agspmhle  at  their  own 
will  without  a  roval  aunimons.  The  lie  nhmn, 
of  the  king,  Charles  Duke  of  Normandy  1  virteil 
in  vain  the  resources  of  a  pn'ciMioii,:,i,iiiiy ,,, 
csoape  these  imperious  ileniands:  he  w  „  i',,,,!. 
pclleil  to  yiehl  everything.  The  Stales  L'nv.rn.l 
In  his  name;  but  dlssenshm.  springing  fr.m  ii,,. 
mutual  jeahiusy  of  the  diflcn'nt  orders.  «;i>s.«iii 
introiliieeil  into  their  hixly.  The  pn  iminii ntiiii; 
iiitlueiict'  of  the  Ixmrgeois  appeared  iiil'il,  rililr 
to  the  nobles,  who.  in  coiisei|Ueiici'.  di  >c  ri.  i|  th' 
ius.semhly  and  retired  home.  Thedepiili.  >  .,|  thp 
ilergy  remained  hmger  at  their  post,  hut  tin 
also  Withdrew  at  last ;  and.  under  tie  n  uiir  .if 
the  States  Oenenil.  none  remained  hut  ihi-  n  pn 
sentatives  of  the  cilies.  alone  1  liari:'  d  with  ;ill 
the  responsibilities  of  the  nform  and  the  alfnirs 
of  the  Kingdom.  Bowing  to  a  neci  ,..in  ,,f  m,. 
tral  action,  they  submitted  of  thiircmii  .Kvarl 
to  the  deputation  of  Paris;  and  soon,  by  th<  tin 
deiiey  of  circumstances,  and  in  coiiM.i[ii'*nif  of 
the  hostile  attitude  of  the  l{ei:eni.  th.-  i|ui'siinD 
of  supreiniwy  of  the  stati's  beeaiiie  a  I'arisiaii 
ipieatiou.  siiliject  to  the  chances  of  a  [lopiilar 
emeute  and  the  giiardi  inship  of  the  iiiiiiiii  i{r:i| 
power.  At  this  iKiint  appears  a  111:111  whuw 
cliariuter  has  gMwn  into  liistoriial  iinport:inii' 
in  our  days  from  our  gri'ater  facilities  of  midir 
standingit.  l^tiennc  fst.'phenl  Mareil.  'iinvut 
lies  niarehauds' — that  ii  to  say,  nmvnr  of  the 
municipality  of  Paris.  This  wl'ievin  of  tin  Uili 
century,  by  a  '  inarkable  anticipaiioii.  d'si-m-'l 
and  attempt,  i  '.lings  which  seen'  to  In  Ion l'  niily 
to  recent  revolutions.  SeH'ial  unity,  anl  ii'liniii 
istrative  uniformity;  political  rights,  mcvtin 
sive  and  equal  with  civil  rights;  the  prhiiipi'-nf 
public  authority  transferred  from  the  emwn  In 
the  nation;  tlie  Stal<'s-(;eneral  changed,  miiiIit 
the  influence  of  the  thinl  order,  into  a  iKitinnal 
representation;  the  will  of  the  jMople  a  liiiitliil 
as  sovereign  in  the  pr<'sencc  of  the  depo,ii:iry  nt 
the  royal  |)ower;  the  influence  of  Paris  ovir  the 
provinces,  as  the  head  of  opinion  and  e.ntre.if 
the  general  movement;  the  ileniis  rilii' dii  i:itur 
ship,  and  the  intlaeuec  of  terror  exereisc.l  in  tiif 
name  of  the  common  wi';d;  new  colours  :issuta(sl 
.  jd  carried  as  a  .sign  of  patriolic  union  :ii:d  syni 
Ixd  of  reform;  the  transference  of  royiliy  itVlf 
from  one  brunch  of  the  family  to  tlie  oihi  r.  with 
a  view  to  the  cause  of  reform  and  tlie  inti  nst  nf 
the  people  —  such  were  the  eireiiiiist:inii  s  ;ui,i 
the  scen'.'S  which  have  given  to  our  ovsn  :i-  «i-ll 
as  the  preceding  century  their  politinl  .  lur 
acter.  It  is  strange  to  find  the  win. I,  .1  ii  nm 
prised  in  the  three  years  over  which  tie-  ii:iiui'  '"f 
the  Prevot  .Marcel  predominates.  His  -I,  irt  :iii'l 
stormy  career  was.  as  it  were,  a  [in  nw'ar.'  :it- 
tempt  at  the  grand  designs  of  Proviiimri ,  :iiiil 
the  mirror  of  the  bloody  chanL'es  .^f  l.irliiiu' 
through  wliicli  those  desiiiiis  were  di -';:i' d  I" 
advance  t<i  their  accomplishiie'iit  uiid'T  tin- iiii 
pulse  of  human  passions.  M:iriel  h\.  d  :i:i  1  liid 
for  an  idea  —  that  of  hastening  on.  Ii\  thr  V-m- 
of  the  niiLsses,  the  work  of  !;r:elii:d  eq:!  iii-:itieii 
commenced  by  the  kings  thetnsi-his,  bin  it  w:i.s 
his  misfortune  I'.iid  his  criiiu'to  be  uiir-  ■.<  'I'mi'  in 
carrying  out  his  convict  ions  To  tie'  iiii 
of  a'tribune  who  did  not  shrink  evin  ft'" 
he  added  the  tah'iit  of  oigaiii/.ation :  I 
the  grand  city,  which  he  had  riil'.l  wiili  ;i  ■ 
and  alisolute  swav.  powerful  irisiiiui.t::-  i 
works,  and  a  name  which  tw.i  ei  iituri' ,  :iliir 
wards  his  descendants  bore  with  priile  :i,  :>  'i'li-' 


irdiT 
ft  in 
,i,rn 

■  nil' 


1202 


FRANCE,  13S6-1888. 


in*  Jiici|ucrf«. 


PRANCE,  1858. 


„f„obimv."-A.  Thierry.  f'"?««"^2;:f  ^^; 
MM  ,)/•  Ihe  Tien  Hint.  r.  1.  ch.  ■«—»*■«■  "'*'• 
8t*te»-0knk"a>-  of  Fbasce  in  thk  t4Tn  Ten 

^Vd    m8.— The  iniurrection  of  the  J»c- 
»i.Vrir-"The  n.i9cries  of  Fmii..-  wi-igliiil  iii»rt- 
S  m..re  lieavily  on  the  |K'.i.s.intry ;  an.l  none 
"p,M,.l   them.      They   8t,H«l  .i|.«rt    frj.m   th. 
ritl.«  knowin;{  little  of  them;  the  nobles  <lesp8.-.l 
thfm  anil  roblxMi  them  of  their  mihsUin.-e  or  their 
ktour         .  At  l».tt  the  p.-H8iintry  (Miiy,  l.l.i«), 
warv  of  their  woes.  r,«e  up  to  work  their  o»  n 
l"L'  ami  ruin.     They  U'Ran  In  the  Beauvaia 
Srvand  there  fell  on  the  nol.les.  «tttteku.« 
ml.i.itrovin^ea»tle8.aml8layu.gllieirinm,ites: 
U  »as  the  »M  unvarying  story.      They   ma.  e 
,he„i-.lvcs  a  kiml  of  kinR.  a  man  of  Clermont  in 
Z'  Ikauvoishi.  named  William  fa  Ut.     Fn«»- 
sart  imaL'incs  that  tlic  name  '  .latipies  Bonioiume 
meant  a  imrticular  person,  a  leader  m  thes.f  ris- 
torn     Fnilswirt  however  hail  no  aceumte  knowl- 
edK of  tin-  p.a.sant  and  hia  ways.     .laoques  IJon- 
homrac  w:is  tlie  eommon  nukname,  the    (.iK'S 
orll'wl'e'of  Fnmee.  the  name  of  the  jwiLsant   , 
eemnlly;   and  from  it  such  rislutfs  as  this  of  j 
im  lame  to  be  called  the  '  Jacciuerie,  or  the  <lis-    i 
turbanivsottl.eMaciues.'    The  nobles  were  soon 
out  against  them,  an.l  the  whole  land  was  full  of 
anarihv      I'riu<vs  and   nobles,  angry   pea.S|iuts  j 
with  their  '  iron  sIi.hI  sticks  and  knives,    fr..^   ' 
lance*  EnKlish   bands  of  pillagers,  all  made  up 
«  saw  of  litter  confusion:  •  cultivation  ceiLs.;<l, 
commerce  ccasinl,  security  was  at  an  end.       I  he   ! 
buriilursot  I'aris  and  .M<aiix  sent  a  force  to  help 
the  •»  iwints.  who  were  liesieffing  the  fortn'ss  at   ; 
.Meaux.  held  by  the  nobles;  tlies<>  wen-  suddenly   i 
attacked  and  niuted  by  the  Captal  <le  Buch  and 
theOmm  .l,.Foi.\.  'then  on  their  return  from   • 
Prussia  ■    The  Kin-  of  Xavarr.'  also  fill  on  thcin     ] 
took  liv  str.itaircm  their  leailer  Callet,  tortured   , 
and  haniied   him.     In   »i.\    wc-eks   the   tire  was 
qmnilud  in  bl(KHl.'-0.  W.  Kiuhin.  llirtory  oj 
hiiuff    rh.  i.  xrt.    :!.— "FroLssard  relaU-s   the 
horrible  details  of  the  Jacquerie  with  the  same 
placid  interest  which  characterises  his  desirip- 
iions  of  battles,  tournaments,  and  the  pasi-aiitry 
of  chivalrv.    The  charm  and  brilliancy  of   his 
narrative  have  long  popularised  his  injustice  and 
his  errors,  which  are  self-appan'nt   when   coin- 
panel  with  the  authors  and  chroniclers  of   his 
tiiiii-.  .  .  .  The  chronicles  contemporary  of  the 
J;u(iui rio  conline  themselves  to  a  few  words  on 
Ihe  sulij.Tt,  although,  with  the  cuception  of  the 
Cintiimatiir  of  N'angis,  they  were  all  hostile  to 
tlic  lau-  'le  peasiints.    The  iirivate  and  linal 

<l<icunuiit.  the  subject  sjiy  very  little  more. 
ThcO'Utini  .ir  of  Nangis  has  drawn  his  infor- 
mati'in  fnnn  various  sources.  lie  takes  care  t.) 
state  tliat  111-  has  witnessed  almost  all  he  ri'lates. 
.Vftcr  iliMTiliin;,'  Ihe  sutlerings  of  the  peasimts, 
he  ailils  that  tin-  laws  of  justice  authorised  them 
to  rise  in  rivi.lt  against  the  nuliles  of  France. 
Ills  rvs|ii(  till  tistiraonv  reduces  the  insurrection 
to  comparativelv  sinail  proportions.  The  hun- 
lintl  tli.msmd  .lacquea  of  Frois-stml  are  reduced 
to  5.1111.  tl.iiii;  like  live  or  si.i  thousand  iu«  n,  a 
numlHTMiui  li  more  probabh'  when  it  is  cimsideri'd 
that  till' iiiMirrict  ion  rcmaineil  a  pundy  h)cal  one, 
auil  th:i!.  ill  ciinsi'ipience  of  the  ravages  we  have 
mriiiiciiii  f|,  the  whole  open  country  had  lost  about 
two  ihirils  iif  its  inhabitaiita,  lie  states  very 
lit-ariv  lii.u  till' pea.sauU  killed  imilM  limili.ilt  iy. 
and  witli.'ia  pity,  men  and  children,  but  he  does 


not  «aT  anything  of  those  details  of  atrocity  re- 
lated by  Frolasard.     He  only  alludes  once  to  a 
H'port  of  some  outrages  offered  to  some  noble 
Imlics;  he  speaks  of  it  as  a  vague  rumour.     He 
describes  the  insurgents,  after  the  first  explosion 
of   their  vindictive  fury,  as  pausing  — amazed 
at  their  own  ixildness.  and  terrified  at  their  own 
crimes,  and  the  nobles,  recovering  from  their  ter- 
ror, taking  immediate  advantage  of  this  sudden 
torpor  and  pamlysis  — assembling  and  slaughter- 
inn  all.  iiiniH-ent  and  guilty,  burning  houses  and 
villai;i  s       If  we  turn  to  other  writers  contem- 
porary with  the, laciiuerie.  we  find  that  Louvet, 
authoV  of  till-  •  History  of  the  District  of  Beaiivais, 
dots  not  say  much  on  the  subject,  and  evinces 
also  a  sviiipatliv  for  the  peasants:  the  paucity 
of  his  ri  inarks  on  a  suliji-it  n-prcsented  by  Frois- 
saril  as  a  uigiuitic,  blixHlv  trau'cdy,  raises  legitl- 
mati-  doubts   as   to  the   verai-ity  of   the  latter. 
There  is  another  authority  on  the  events  of  that 
jieriod.whicli  may  lH-<-onsidered  as  more  weighty, 
in  conscipieiii-e  of  its  ccch-siastical  character;  it 
is  the  'cartulain','  or  jnurnal  of  the   Al)lM)t  of 
IJeauvais.  .  .  .  There  is  no  trace  in  it  of  the  horror 
and  indescribable  terror  .   .   .   [the  rising]  must 
have  inspired  if  the  ]K-asants  had  committed  the 
atrocities  attributed  to  them  by  the  feudal  his- 
torian,   Froiss;ird.      On   the   enntrary,    the    ven- 
geance of  the  peasants  falls  into  the  shade,  as  it 
''   were,  in  contrast  with  the  merciless  reaction  of 
the  nobles,  aloni  with  the  saniruinary  oppression 
of  tin-   Eiiulish.     The   writer  of  the  '  Abbey  of 
i   IJeauvais.'  and  the  ammyimms  n  oiik.  'Coiitinu- 
'   ator  of  N'angis,' concur  with  ea'h  other  in  their 
;   account  of  the  .laciiuerie     Tlieir  judgments  are 
i   similar,  ami  tln-y  manifest  the  same  iiiiHleratloa. 
Tlieir  oiiiiiioiis,'  moreover,   an-  contlrmed    by  a 
hinhcr  authority,  a  testimiuiy  that  must  lie  con- 
]   sidered  as  indisputable,   namely,   the   letters  of 
amii.sty  of  the  |{cgent  of  France,  wliieh  arc  all 
'    preserved;  they  ln-ar  the  date  of   lUth  August 
i:i.-iH.  and  refer  to  all  the  acts  committed  on  the 
occasion  of  the  Jacquerie.     In  these   he  proves 
himself  more  sivere  upon  the  reaction  of  the 
nobles  tluin  on  the  revolt  of  the  peasants.   ,   .  . 
'■   There  is  not  the  sliirhtest  allusion  to  the  mon- 
strosities relaii-il  by  Froissnni,  wlilcli  the  Regent 
could  not  liave  failed  to  stigmatise,  as  he  is  well 
known  for  having  entertained  an  unscrupulous 
hatred  to  any  popular  iiiovenient,  or  any  claims 
\   of  the  iMople.     Tlie  iiiaiiiier.  on  the  contrary,  ill 
whieh  till  Jacquerie  are  represi-nted  in  this  official 
i   dDi-umiut,  is  full  of  sigiiiHi-;ition;  it  represents 
;   the  men  of  the  open  rountry  assi'mbling  spou- 
I   taneously  in   various  loi  alities,  in  onh-r^  to  de- 
\  lila-rate  Im  the  means  of  resisting  the  English, 
i  and   suddeiilv.   as    with   a    nr.itual    agn-ement. 
I   turning    liereelv   on    the    nobles,   w-iio    were  the 
real  i;iusi-  of  tlieir  misery,  and  of  the  disgrace  of 
j    Fratii-e   on  the  ihivs  of  i'reey  and  Toith-rs.   .   .  . 
I    It   li;is  also   iM-eii  "forgotten    that  many  citizens 
i   tiHik  an  active  part  in  the  Jacquerie.      The  great 
chronicles  of  France  .state  that  the  majority  were 
peasants,  lalKiuring  people,  but  that  there  were 
alsi)  among  them  citizens,  and  even  gentlemen, 
who,  no  doubt,  were  impelled  by  personal  luitred 
and  vengeance.     .Maiiv  rii-li  men  joined  the  peas- 
ants, and  became  tlii-ir  leaders.     The  bourgeoisie, 
in  its  slnigu'les  with  royalty.  couUi  not  ri-fuse  to 
take  advantage  of  sucli  a  diversion;  and  Beau- 
vais.  >H-nlis,  Amiens,  Paris,  and  Meaux  accepted 
the  J;K-<i;K-rie.     M-T,-v..r,  .i!mi«t  a!!   the  i««irer 
classes  of  the  cities  sympathised  with  the  revolted 


1203 


If! 


I  .ij 


rrlii 


■■I 


^Hi:; 


t 


4^=^ 


<j»*>^jj 


FRANCE,  1386. 


Du  OutKUn  and 
thr  Black  /Vmrr. 


FUANCE,   1380-1415. 


pwuwnts.  The  Jarqiierie  hmkc  out  on  the  Slut 
of  May  I3.T8,  and  notln  Novtnilier  U«7.  iiacrmnc- 
ouiily  Blatol  !)>•  Froismircl,  in  the  district*  around 
Beauvais  and  Clermont  HurOiw.  Tlie  peaaanta, 
merely  armed  with  pilies.  sticks,  fnigmentn  of 
their  ploutfliH,  rushed  cm  their  masters,  munlered 
tlieir  families,  and  liurnc'd  dnwn  tlieir  oaatles. 
Tlie  country  eompHsed  iK'twiTii  R'auvais  and 
Melun  WHS  the  principal  M*ne  of  this  war  of  ex- 
t4>rminntion.  .  .  .  The  .lacqucrie  hail  coinmcnceil 
on  the  aif'  of  May.  On  the  9th  of  June  ...  it 
was  already  terminated.  It  was,  therefore,  in 
reality,  an  Insurrection  of  hs.s  than  thn^e  weeks' 
duration.  The  reiirisals  of  tlie  noliles  had  iil 
ready  commenced  on  the  9th  of  June,  nn<l  con 
tinned  through  the  whole  of  July,  and  the  f,'n>iil(r 
part  of  August.  Froisaard  staU'S  that  the  Jac- 
querie lasted  over  six  weeks,  thus  comprising  in 
his  reckoning  tlm'c  weeks  of  ttic  feniclous  ven 
geaiice  of  the  nobles,  and  i-asting  on  Jac'cpies 
Bonlnminie  the  responsibility  of  the  niassacri-s  of 
which  he  had  Ik'cu  the  viiiim,  as  well  a-s  thos.. 
he  had  imnniitted  in  his  furiou.s  despair." — Prof. 
IX'  Vericoiir,  Tfir  ,/ari/iirrif  (li'yal  JIikI.  Sf., 
Triiiiniirtioiui.  c.  I). 

Also  in:  .Sir  J.  Froissart,   Chninirlfn  U„hii,t' 
Iraut.),  bk.  1,  ch.  mi. 

A.  D,    1360-1380.—  English    conquests    re- 
covered,— The  I'eaii'  of  lirelignv  brought  Utile 
peace    to    Kriincc    or  little    diniiniilion   of    the 
trouliles  i>f  the  kingdom.     In  .some  respects  tin  re 
was  a  change  f.ir  the   worse  intrcKlnced.     The 
anniis  which  had  ravaged  the  country  dis-solvid 
into   plundering   bands  which  atHict'ed  it  even 
more.     Great  numlMrs  of  mercenaries  froiii  Ixilh 
sides  were  set  free,  who  L'.ithercd  into  Free  (,'om- 
panics,  as  they  were  called,  under  leaders  of  tit 
recklessness  and   valor,   ami  swarin(.(l  over  the 
land,  warring  on  all  i.nispiriiv  and  all  the  p<>ace- 
ful  industriesof  the  time,  seeking  lM)i)ty  wherever 
it  niight  iH!  found  [see  Ir.ti.v:  A.  I).  134:»-139:t]. 
Civil  war,  too,  was  kept  alive  by  the  intrigues 
and  conspiracies  of  the  Navarrese  king,  Charles 
the  15*1;  ami  war  in  Brittany,  over  a  disputed 
successiun  to  the  dukedom,  was  actually  stipu 
lated  for.  by  French  and  English,  in  their  treaty 
of  general  peace.     Hut  wlnn  the  chivalric  bu't 
hapless  King  ,Iolm  died,  in  i:«!4.  the  new  king. 
Charles  V.,   who   had    Immh   regent  during   his 
captivity,  developed  an  unexpected  c;i|ia(iiv  fur 
government,      lie  brought  to  the  fr.mt  the  fa 
mous  Briton  warrior  Do  (Juesdin  — rough,  igno. 
rant,  uiichivalrie  — buta  tighter  of  the  lirst  onler 
in  his  hard  lighting  day.      H|.  eontrivcl   with 
adroitness   to  rid    Krain-c.    mi>stlv,   (if  the   Free 
Cmipanies,  by  s(  nding  them,  wiih  l)u  (Jucsclin 
at  their  liead,  iiilo  Spain,  when-  thcv  drove  I'l'tir 
the  Cruel  fr.iin  the  llm>ne  of  Castile,  and  fouirht 
the  Knijlish,  who  undertook,  wic  kedly  and  fool- 
ishly. I.)  sustain  him.     The  Whuk  Prince  won  a 
griMt  battle,  Ml  .Naj.ir.i  or  .Navarelte  (A.  I>.  lliliVi, 
t<B>k  l)ii  (Jiiesiliii  prisi.her  and  rcsioreil  the  <  ruel 
Pedro  to  his  ilir.irie.      Ibit  it  was  a  victory  fat.il 
to  KiiL'lisli  iiii,  risis  ill  Kr.in.e.      Mulf  ibe"  annv 
of  the  Kngli-li  |>riui .  |i.ri:,hed  ,,f  a  peslileni  fevc'r 
befon'  he  led  it  liai  k  1..  Ac|iiilaine,  and  he  him 
.self   was  marked   f,,r  .urly  d.alli   by   the  same 
nialiuly.      lli-  had  lu  c  n  nia(h'  duke  of  Ai|uitaine 
ortJuienni',  ami  laid  the  govermn.'iit  of  tin.  coun-    ' 
try.      Till'   war  in  .-spain  proveii  expiMisive;    he 
taxed     his    Gascon     and     Acjuilanian     subjects   ; 
heavily.      He  was  ill,  jrntabh.  and  IR'ated  them 
harshly.      Discontent  Imaine  widely  spri'ad    and   I 


the  king  of  Franee  subtly  stirred  it  up  imiil  !„. 
felt  prepared  to  nmkc  use  of  it  inaeiii:ii  w;,r 
At  hisi,  in  1,'168,  he  challenged  a  rupture  nf  i|„. 
Peace  of  Bretiguy  by  summoning  Kirn,'  Kilwanl 
as  his  vassal,  to  answer  complaints  fmin   \m\ 
taine.     In  April  of  the  next  year  he  forniiiiv 'i,, 
dared  war  and  opened  hostilities  tin  s.ini.  ',|,v 
His  cunning  policy  was  not  to  tight,  but  t.,  «  ,',i,, 
and  wear  the  enemy  out.     Its  wisil,,ni  w  1.  »,  || 
nrovcij  by  the  result.     Day  bv  day  tin    In  .|i,|, 
lost   ground;    the    f(K>ling   thev   hiid    i.':iiiiij  ii, 
France  was  found   to  be  everywlu  r.    ins,,  i,ri 
The  dying  Block  Prince  achleveil  one  )ii,|,„u. 
Iiiuin|iii   at  l.linoges.  where  he  slew  ;t  (ii«i  1, 
I  pie   to   punish   a  revolt  ;    then    he   was  ,Mni,,| 
[  home  to  end  his  days  in  Kngland.     In  i:i;i-,  ], 
■  died,  and  one  year  "later    his  falln  r    Kin-   |.,| 
;  wani,   followe<i  him  to  the  grave,  arid     i"(||i\ 
of  eleven   (Hichard    II.)   came   to   ihr    jj,,.;.' 
throne.     But  the  some  calamity  1h  fell  Kraiiee  in 
|:WIJ,   when  Charles  the  Wise"dii(l,   I,  ivirn;  ;,„ 
heir  to  the  thri>i«.  only  twelve  years  ..f  .i-i  "  in 
lK)th   kingdoms  the  minority  of  ilu'   s.ivrni-ii 
gave  rise  to  factiima  intrigues  and  di.irnJiiir 
feuds.     The  war  went  on  at  Interviils,  «ii|i  fn" 
(pient  truces  and  armistices,  and  wiiii  liul,.  n- 
suit  beyond  the  anhnosities  which  ii  k^  pi  alivf 
Itut  tho  English  possessions,  by  this  lime.  li:i,| 
laen  rediieeil  to  Calais  and  Guincs.  with  s..iiii. 
small  parts  of  A(|uituine  adjoining  tiir  (i!ics..f 
IJorileaux  and  Bayonne.       And  thus,  it  nuy  In 
.said,    tiie    situation    was   prolonged    ilirniijli  h 
generation,  until  Henry  V.  of  EiiL'lan.l  r.-siniir,! 
afresh  the  nnilertaking  of  Edwarii   ill  — F  |' 
Gui/.ot.  Popular  lli»t.  of  Fnu,,-,'.  '■/,.  ;'■> 

\t,so  in:   J,  llichelet,  IIUI.  of  /■•,.,„■;    '-k  i\ 
■■ii.  4,— T.  Wright,  Hint,  of  /••■■„„,■,,  /,,;■   j.  ,•/,  ,\ 
— E,  .V.  Freeman.  Jfintorintl  (,■,.,■/.  .,;■/•;„,•,.,„,./, 
!». — I).  F.  Jamison.  I.ifenhil  Tiin,.i;( it,,  i;.i.L-;i^ 
— Frois.sart,  flinmirln,  (./.,/,/„*■  ti;,,,,  ,    v:    i    ^ 
SecSr.MN:  A.  I).  i:l««-i:i««. 
A.  D.  1364.-   Accession  of  King  Charles  V. 
A.  D.    13-  .—  Acquisitions    in    the    Rhont 
valley  legally  conferred  by  the  Emperor.    >. . 
BLiini-NDV:  .V.  I).  ll:2r-i:!TH. 
A.  D.  1380,— Accession  of  King  Charles  VI. 
A.  D.  1380-1415.— The  reign  of  the  Diikfs. 
—The  civil  war  of  Armagnacs  and  Burgiindi- 
ans. — "Charles  VI.  had  arriv.d  :ii    il„    ,1..  ,,1 
eleven  years  and   simie  nionilis  » Inn   |,i,  l.iilnr 
died  [.V  I>.   l:tMO|.     His   three    pali  in  U    1111. 1.. 
the  Dukes  of  .\njou,  BiTry,  and  liur.'ini.iv.  .M 
his  mateni;il  uncle,  the  Huke  of    l!..iii! . 'n.  .ii- 
liiited  among  theinselveseoncerninL'iii--iiii'li,iii 
ship   and    the  rcgniev.     Tliey  a^-n  ■  il  r  ■  .  nun 
(ipati-  the  young    King    iniinediaii  Iv    ii'i.  r  iii- 
ciiroieition.  which  was  to  take  plan' .li;r  ■.,- li;, 
year,  and  the  regeni'y  «as  p.  n main  uinl  ili;i! 
peri(Hl  in  the  hands  of  llic  eldesi.  ili<     ji  ;kf  .1 
.\njoii."     Biitthe  Duki'of  .\iijnii  w  i,  sM,.ii.iii.r 
wanls  lured  into  Italy  by  the  talal  :;ili  ..I  ,1 1  i  liia 
lolhe  crown  of  Naples '|s..c  Iim.v:    \,  I>    I'll 
lliNUJ,  and  perished  in  siriv  ini;  to  n-ali/-  r      Tii" 
surviving   uncles  niisi.'ovirni-d    thein';nTv   K. 
tween  them  until    i:tH».   when  th.'  v  .i'./ kin.: 
wa.s   persua(h-d   to  throw  elf   iliiir\..k.       Xh- 
nation  rcjoici'd  for  three  yr:irs  ii,  ih.' .  \;..  ri.  a.: 
and  the  pros|«'et  of  .■idmiiiisir.itivi'  ivi.rai-:  Imi 
suddenly,  in  July.  i:iit:2,  the  yoiiiiL'  kin_'   "c-iai- 
di-menli'd,  and  "'then  coinim'need  ila    'l,;:l  ainl 
fata!  ep.,.K.'h  of  that  disjisirons  r-.-.-::      '!';:■    !•.•, 
tion  of  the  dukes  again  sei.^ed  puwi:,     i-.i    ■iil,v 
to  wasti'  and  afflict  the  kingdoin  by  iii--i!i-nu» 


1204 


FRANCE.  1880-1415. 


Burgvntlitiiui  nml 
AmtttgntMr*. 


FRANCE,  1415. 


mone  tlifinwlves.     The  numlKr  of   the  rival 
JukeKwiisnow  Increan.'.l  by  thi' mWilion  of  t  ir 
Dukf  "(   OTl<'«n«,   brother  of    the    kin«.    uh.. 
dmwitl  himwlf  M  rnthh'KH  imd  nipiuious  iiHiiiiy, 
•Charli'S  WM  ulill  consideml   to   Im"  reipniii!,': 
Mch  one  BouRht  in  turn  to  Ret  poswusion  of  hiiii. 
ukI  eaih  one  wiitclxil    hU  Imicl   moments  in 
order  '    "tanil  well  in  power.     lli»  HiisIhh  of 
-Mon  were  still  more  nielaneholv  timn  liH  lll>< 
of  (lelirium      Incupiible  of  »ttemlin>r  to  Ins  uf- 
f,irs  i.r  of  having  i»  will  of  his  own,  always  siib- 
lervi'ont  to  tlie  liomiuant  party,  lie  appi'an-il  to 
emplov  his  f<'w  glimmerings  of  reason  only  in 
MDctii'minK  the  most  tvmnnieal  acts  and  tlie  most 
odious  abuses.     I'  was  in  this  manmr  tliat  llie 
klnsdom  of  Franee  was  (foverned  diirini;  twenty- 
eieht  vears  "     In  Ul>4.  tlie  Dulie  of  Uiirgundy. 
Philip'  tlie  Bold,  having  died,  the  Dulie  of  Or- 
leans a-Muiml  supreme  authority  and  exereised 
it  most  oppressively.     But  the  new  Duke  of  liur 
piDdv  John  the  fearless,  made  his  ai,pe»raiue 
on  the  scene  ere  lonif ,  arrivini?  from  his  county 
of  Flanders  with  an  army  anil  threaU'iiing  civil 
war     Terms  of  peace,  however,  were  arranited 
betwei-n  the  two  dukes  and  an  apparent  recon- 
ciliation tiMik  place.     On  the  very  next  day  the 
Duke  of  Orleans  was  a-ssassinatc'd  (A.  1).  HOT), 
and  the  Duke  of  Burgundy  openly  proclaimed 
his  instillation  of  the  deed.     Out  of  that  treacher- 
ous munier  spnini?  a  war  of  factions  so  deailly 
that  France  was  <lcliviritl  by  it  to  foreiirn  con- 
quest, and  deslroved,  we  may  say,  for  the  lime 
being,   iis  a  nation.     The  ildcr  of   the   yoiiim 
princes  of  Orleans,  sons  of  the  murdered  duke, 
had  nmrriiil  a  dau);hter  of  Count  Ikrnard  of  Ar- 
masnae,  and  Count  Beniard  iMcamc^  the  leader 
of  t'he  party  which  supported  them  and  souuht 
to  avrniie  "them,  as  against  the   Duke  of   Bur 
gundv  and  his  party.     Hence  the  former  ac- 
i|Uiriil  tlie  name  of  Armagnacs;  the  latter  were 
ciilli'.i  Uuri,'iiiiiii;ins.      Arinagnae  led  an   army 
i.f  Giuscons  [A.  I).   1410]  and   threateneil    Paris. 
■'wliiTe  John  the   Fearless  caressed   the  vilest 
populiicc.     Burgundy  relied  on  the  name  of  the 
king,  whom  he  held  in  his  |H)wer,  and  armed 
in  the  ("ipital  a  corps  of  one  hundred  yiiung 
biildiers  or  horse-knackers,  who,  from  .lolin  Ca- 
bo(  he,  their  chief,  tixik  the  name  of  CatKiehiens. 
A  friL'htful  war,  interrupted  liy  truces  vhdateil 
on  holli  sidis.  commenced  lietween  the  party  of 
.\rniai;niie  and  that  of   Burgundy.     Both  sides 
appciii'd  to  the   Englisli,    and   s(dd    France   to 
them.    The   Armngnacs    pillaged   and   r:ivaged 
the  iiivirnns  of  Paris  with  un-hearil  of  cruelths, 
while  the  CaUichiens  aiiis<'d   the  capit.ii    they 
ilcf.iuli'd  ti    iremhle.     The  iStates  General,  eoii- 
viikiii  fc.r  till'  first  time  for  thirty  years,  were 
ilumli  — Mithout  coiimge  and  without  stri'iigtli 
The  I'arliiUiieut  was  silent,  the  university  made 
it.silt  tlkorganof  the  populace,  and  the  butchers 
raaile  the  laws.     They  pillaged,  imprisimed  and 
sl:iiight.ri(l  with  impunity,  acconliiig  to  their 
Kiv;it:i  fury,  anil  found  j'ldges  to  condemn  their 
virtiiii«,  .  '.  .  The   reaction   broke   out   at   la^t. 
Tinil  of  so  many  atriK-ities,  the  bourgeoisie  took 
up  uriMs,  and  siiook  olT  the  yoke  of  the  horse- 
knarkrrs      Tlie  Dauphin  was  delivered  bv  them. 
He  niouiiied  on  horseback,  and,  at  the  liead  of 
the  mililia.    went   to  the    Ilfltcl  de  Ville,  from 
which  I'laci-  he  dnive  out  Caboehe  and  his  brig 
!jr.;l-     '}"!.-  ...-.irfter  rev,-,bni"'n  w:-,-  r-stRbli-vbcd 
Bur;:uti.i^   departeii,  and  the  power   pas-si'd    to 
the  .Vnuagnucs.     The  princes  reentend    Paris, 


and  KiiiL'  Charles  tisik  up  the  orillamme  (the 
roval  stanchird  I't  Franiel,  to  make  war  against 
.lohn  the  Fearless,  whose  instrument  hi'  had 
iK'in  a  short  time  In'fore  His  army  was  victori- 
ous. Burguiidv  submitted,  and  the  Iniuy  of 
Arras  I  A.  I).  U'l'i)  suspended  the  war,  but  not 
the  exeiMtions  and  the  ravages.  Henry  V., 
King  i>f  Kngland,  judged  this  a  propitious  mo- 
ment to  liisi-end  upon  France,  wliieli  had  not  a 
vissil  to  oppose  the  invaders." —  F,  ih'  Bonnp- 
eh.ise,  ///V.  „f  Fntnc;  r.  1.  /./i.  'JIMl-'.'TO 

.\I.H)IN:  K.  de  .Monstrelet,  i'lmmi,-!,^  {.hihiift' 
Iniim),  r.  I.U-.  I.  r/i.  1-140— T.  Wright,  lliat. 
of  Fni '•■:■.  '■/■.  •-'.  ''/'.  «-!• 

A.  D.  1383.— Pope  Urb«n'»  Crusade  against 
the  Schismatics.     See  Fi..\niikiis:  A   D.  i:^:i. 

A.  D.  1396.  —  The  sovereignty  of  Genoa 
surrendered  to  the  king.  See  (Jknoa:  A  I) 
i:iNl-M'."-,V 

A.  D.  1415.— The  Hundred  Years  War  re- 
newed by  Henry  V.  of  England.— ' '  W  hen  I  (enry 
V.  resolved  111  n'cover  w  hat  he  claimed  as  the  in- 
heritance of  his  preiiecess.irs,  he  hail  to  Is'gin,  it 
m.iv  be  sai.l.  the   work  of  comiuest  over  again. 
Allies,  however,  he  hid.  wIiom' assistance  lie  was 
to  lliid  very  UM'fiil,     The  dynasty  of  De  Mont- 
fort   had   inen  established  in  possession  of  tlie 
dukedom  of  Brilanny  in  a  great  measure  by  Eng- 
lish lelp,  and  llioiiglithc  reialionslietween  llietwo 
countries  hail  not  Im'cu  invariably  frhndly  since 
that  time,  the  sensi'  of  this  obliL'ation.  and,  still 
more  powerfully,  a  jealous  fear  of  the  French 
king,  inclined   ilritannv  to  the   Englisli  alliance. 
The   Dukes  of  Biirgiiiidy.  thougli   they   bad  no 
such    motives   of    gratilinle   towards    England, 
felt  a  far  stronger  hostility  towards  France.     The 
feud    iK'twecn   the    rival    faetmiis   wliii  li    went 
bv  the   names  of  Burguniiians  and    .\rniagn  us 
liiid    now   ln'cn   r.'igiiig    for  several    years;    ;ind 
thoUL'h  the  attitude  of  the  Ijiiru'uniliaiis  varied 
—  at  the  great  .struggle  of  Airincourt  they  were 
allies,  Ihoinili  lukewariuaiidcveii  doubtful  alHes, 
of  the   French  — tliiv   ultimately  ranked   tliein- 
selves  (Ucidedlv  on  lliiiry's  side."     In  Mil,  then, 
Henry   foriiiairv  diiiiand'ed,  as  the  heir  of  Isa- 
iH'lia.  motliiT  iif  his  gnat  grandfather  Edward, 
the  crown   of   Fiance.     Tliis  ilaini  the    French 
Iiriiices  wholly  refused  to  cmisider.     Henry  then 
miKlerated  liisih-niaiiils  so  far.  at  h'ast.  as  to  allow 
Charles  to  remain  in   nominal  possession  of  his 
kingdom;  but  .   .   .    France  was  to  cede  to  Eng- 
land, no  hiii'.'er  as  a  feudal  superior  iiiakiiig  a 
grant  loa  v:is>iil,  but  in  full  sovereignty  ■■■■  |iiov- 
iiiccs  of   N.irmandy,  .Maine.  ,iiid  Aiijo',.  1  .gi  Uier 
witliali  tliat  wasciimpriscil  in  the  am  ieiit  die 'ly 
of    .Vi|iiilainc.       H:ilf.    too.    of    Pro',. 111 1     was 
claimed,  and  tlie  arrears  of  tlie  ransoiii  ..!'  Kmj 
•Iiihii,  aniouiiting  to  I.'JOO.IKIII  crowns,  were  also 
to  1m'  paid.     Finally,   the   Freiiih    king    w;is  to 
L'ive  his  vouiigest  daiuliler,  K.itharine,  in  iiiar- 
ri;igeIoll'i  iirv.  w  it  ha  portion  of '.'.iKIO.IIiHIcrowns. 
The  Fretiih  tiiiiiisters  otfered.  in  answer,  to  yield 
the  duchy  of  Aciuitaiiie.  ciniiprisiiig  the    prov- 

i -  of  Anjou,   (lasi'ony.  Ouicnne.  I'.iilou.  and 

to  ^jve  the  liandof  the  jirincess  Katli.irine  with  a 
dowry  of  liiHi.OOil  crowns."  Negotiations  went  on 
tliroifL'li  several  months,  with  small  eliaiiee  of  sin 
cess,  while  Henry  prepari'd  for  war.  His  prepa 
rations  were  comph'ted  in  the  suruiin  r  of  lll."i, 
and  on  the  Uth  of  Augii-t  in  that  year  he  set 
s;ii!  fnim  Southanipto".  with  :iii  army  of  O.OIM) 
men-at-arms  and  '.M.iKm  anliers.  very  completely 
eijuipped,  and   accompanied    with   cannon   and 


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FRANCE,  1415. 


11/  ^iriwwurf. 


PRANCK,  Ulli-UlU 


iitlior  oDnlnrs  of  war.  fjindlnd  In  the  p»tuary  of  ! 
till-  8<'iiu'.  till'  liivuiliTH  rtrnl  rH|itiinil  tlic  iiii|>iir' 
taut  Niirman  H«H|Hirt  of  llaiHi'iir,  afl<T  a  itlrKi'  of 
a  month,  and  i.f|H'llril  tlir  iiiliuliitaiitH  from  I  hi' 
town.  It  w:i.H  an  important  a<'(|iii.Hllion;  liut  it 
liiul  ciwl  llic  Kni:ll»h  Inavily.  They  wfn'  111-  i 
Hupplifd  with  fiKHl ;  till  y  had  siifTcrnl  fnim  miuh  ; 
rain  ;  'J.IKHI  hail  diid  of  an  ipidi'mir  of  dywnti'ry. 
Thr  army  waa  in  no  ronilition  for  a  forwani 
movrniinl.  "  riii-  safi'st  lonrw  would  now  liavr 
Ih'i'II  to  ri-tnrn  at  onrr;  and  this  si-rinH  to  havr 
Ihtm  prossid  niKiii  thr  kiric  hv  thr  majority  of 
his  coiiiisi'llors  Hut  tliiH  pnidi-nt  adviri'  did 
not  ii|iprovi'ilKilf  to  llrnry  Nadvi'iitiiroiistrmpiT. 
.  Ill'  diti'rinini'd  .  "  to  maki'  what  may  1m' 
lallida  military  pantdi-  to  Calais.  This  iiivolvid 
a  manli  of  not  li  >s  than  l.V)  iiiiirs  throiii.'li  a 
hoslilr  roiiiiiry.  a  diiniriToiis.  ami.  lint  that  our 
whoi'hi-rishi'>  sui'liilr^ii;ns  as  llmrys  mn»t  mukr 
a  riMintation  for  ilarini;.  a  iisi'lrss  oprralion;  hot 
till'  kiiiL's  ditirniini'd  will  onrranir  all  opjiosi 
tion."  Liiiviriu'  a  stroni:  jT'irrison  at  llartiriir. 
lli'iirysit  out  upon  his  imcn  h.  .\rrhrd  at  tin' 
Sorniiir.  his  fnrllirr  pro^n  ^  wasdis|>iili'd,  and  hi- 
wa»forrrd  to  maki'  a  lorii;  ditoiir  hifori'  hi'ronlil 
I'lTi'it  arrossiiiiiof  thi'  rivir.  On  thr  ■.'Itliof  Oito- 
liir,  111'  iniimiitirid  thr  Frimh  army.  stroiii;ly 
posti'il  at  till' villiii;!'  of  .\zinrour  or  Auinroiirt, 
harriii;;  thr  road  to  ('alai~;  and  thrri'.  on  thr 
morniiik' of  thr  '.'."ith.  aftrr  a  iiiirht  of  drrnrhinir 
rain,  thr  iinat  battlr.  which  sliinrs  with  so  ilaz- 
7.1iiii!  a  nlory  in  Kiik'lisli  history,  was  foiiuht. 
Thrrrsrrinsto  lir  no  ilonlit  that  tiir  Kni:lisli  wrrr 
priatly  ontnnnilirrnl  liy  tlir  Frrnrli  —  arrordiiii,' 

to  M.mstrilrt  llirv    wrrr  Imt  to  .six;  hut  thr 

m:is-i's  on  thr  (•"rrnrh  siilr  wrrr  iiiiskilfnlly 
hoidlrd  and  no  advantai;''  was  >.'ot  from  thrin. 
Tlir  diadly  shafts  of  thr  trrrilih-  Knjrlish  arihrrs 
built  siirha  rampart  of  lorpsrs  in  tlirir  front  tliat 
it  aitu;illy  shrltrn'd  thrm  from  thr  i-narL'r  of 
thr  Krrnch  lavalry.  '  Kvrrywlirrr  thr  Fniuh 
wrrr  rimtrd,  slain,  or  takiii.  Thr  virtory  of  tlir 
Kn^li'^h  wasidinplrli'.  .  ,  Thr  Krrnrli  loss  was 
riiornions  Monstrilrl  ftivrs  a  loiitf  list  of  tlir 
chirf  priiirrs  and  iioliirs  who  fill  on  that  fatal 
Arid.  .  .  .  Wr  arrilisposrd  to  trust  his rstiniatr. 
whit-h.  iiirludinL;  prinrrs,  ktiii;hts  anil  inrn-at- 
arms  of  rvrry  drirrrr.  Iir  puts  at  lO.ixH).  ... 
(Inly  l.iliHi  arr  said  to  havr  linn  'of  low  ilr- 
i:Ttr.'  .  .  Till'  nnmlirr  of  kni^lits  and  piitlr- 
nirti  lakm  prisonrrs  was  l.."itM).  Ainoni;  thrm 
wrrr  Charlrs,  Diikr  of  ( Irlrans.  and  thr  Diikrof 
Bourbon,  both  prinrrs  of  thr  IiIimkI  royal.  .  .  . 
Ilrilliaiit  as  was  thr  virtory  wliirh  Ilinry  had 
W'Ui  at  .\i.'iiironrt.  it  had.  it  may  br  said,  no  im 
mrdiatr  re  suits  .  .  .  Thr  army  rrsumrd  its  in-  [ 
trrru|ii'd  m.irrli  toCal.iis.  whirh  was  alioul  forty 
iniii^  di^lant.  .Vt  Calais  a  roiinril  of  war  was 
lirl.l    and   till'  rrsolution   to   rrturn   to   Kni;iand 

iin.iiii i^ly  takrn.      \   frw   days  wrrr  .'lilowril 

tor  n-I'rrslimrnt.  and  about  tin- midiltr  of  Novrni 
bir  llir  arniv  rniliarkrd ," — A.  .1.  Chuirh.  Jlturi/ 
Ui.  h'Iffh.  ,•},'.  I'.-lll. 

Also  IS:  i;.  ilr  Monslrrirt,  r,hr„„ii-l,»  (.l.'hh.s 
t.-.i„.  1.  -.  1,  '7.,  1.  ■■/,.  1  lo-l  111— .1.  !■:,  T\  Irr.  //•  /«/■// 
of  M;i,,ir>'ith.  rh.  I',t-.';i,— <i  M.  Towlr,  lli'l„iii 
c/  //■'iiii  \:.  ,■/(.  7-><,  — Lord  Hrimi.'hain.  Ilii't  ./ 
kii>r  'I'i'f  h'l'iini'i'  'tilth  r  f/if  lI'iiiHi'  of  hmriinttr. — 
C  -^I.  YoriiTr.  i'liiiiiiin  frmii  h'lii/.  /tint.  :  tufn/nf 
Kiiii.i.  <■    '.'J-'JIi, 

A.  D.  1415-1419.— MA&sacre  u(  Armagnacs. 
—The  murder  of  the  Duke  of  Burgundy.— 
"  Tlir  laplivily  of  so  many  prinrrs  of  Ihr  blood 


n*  hnil  Ut'ii  uken  prttmncr  at  Aitinniurt  riiiclit 

huvi-  iu>('n»il  likfly  ttt  Inutt  to  nnioM'  s ,,f 

tliii  elfineniD  of  dlM-ord;  but  it  si>  li.i|,|,ni',l 
tlukt  till!  captivrs  wi'rc  thr  most  iiuKliTitr  mil 
It'Uitt  ambitiouH  nun.     Thr  Ki'iitlr,  poi  in  .i|  Hni^,. 

of    Orli'ami,    thr   pixxl    Dukr   of    Itu'irl :,i|.| 

llir  putriotir  and  gallant  Arthur  dr  Hi.  In  iiii.nt 
had  lorn  takrn.  whib' thr  iia.'ai.'i'  l>iiki  if  llur 
Kiinily  and  thr  vlolriit  Oasi-oii  Cuiint  .f  .\r 
mapnar,  ConHtablr  of  Kranrr.  rrm;iiti..|  nt  i|„. 
Iirad  of  tlirir  lio.stilr  farlions.  ,  ,  Th,  c.iun 
d'.VrmafTiiar  now  n'i^nrd  suprniif,  n^  priint. 
of  the  IiIihmI  rami'  to  tlir  roiiiu  11^.  :iii.|  rh.  kiiii; 
and  dauphin  wrrr  absolutrly  in  hi.,  Iinnl. 
Tlu'Duki'of  Hur),'iindy  w:is.  Iihw.mi,  :l.l^:|M^ 
ini;  with  hi.s  forrrs,  and  thr  I'lirisiaiis  w  n  :il«,uy 

farmoru  im  linrd  to  him  tluinto  tl Ihir  iiiriV 

.  .  .  Korawholr  day's  ridr  mund  tijr  miipiiis 
of  tlir  ritv,  rvrry  farmlioiisi'  Inrl  bnn  su  kij  nr 
burnt,  rndi'i'd.  it  was  said  in  I'aris  a  niiiri  li.i.l 
only  to  br  ralli'd  a  I)ur,L;uiidi:iii.  or  :no\iii<r<. 
rlsi'  in  thr  Isle  of  Kranir  an  .VrinaL'iiu  ti  lii- 
instantly  put  to  drath.  All  llir  s.iMhr.  uli,i 
had  l»'rn  jiosti'd  to  tfuard  Normandy  and  i'ii  inlv 
asiainst  tlir  Kui;lish  wrrr  rrr.illid  t"  .lifniil 
I'aris  airainsl  tlir  Diikrof  lliiriruiidy  .  iiud  ll<  ur\ 
V.  could  liavr  found  nomorr  favoiinibl.  m.  limit 
for  a  si'coiid  rxprdition."  Thr  Kncli-li  l^i^^; 
tiNik  advantairr  of  his  opportunity  and  l.iin!"!  in 
Normandy  Au;;ust  1.  1117.  tiiidiiiL'  iind.Mlv  lu 
oppose  him  in  till'  tirld.  Thr  lariion^  ui  r<  iiu 
ployrdtoobusily  liicuttinirrarhniliir^llirii.iiv- 
rspi'riaiiy  after  thr  Hiirirundiaiis  hi'l  n  ;;:iii;..| 
pos.srssion  of  I'aris,  whirli  tlirydiil  in  tin  f.'ll'W 
in^  .sjtrintf.  ThiTriipon  thr  !':irisi:in  niii'i  r^i^r 
and  frriaiously  nias-sacrrd  all  tin-  piriivin^nf 
ArmaKiiac,  w  liilr  thr  Ilursjiindiaiis  iMok'  I  .nA 
approvrd.  "  Thr  prison  wasforci'd.  .\nn,iL:ii;ii 
himsi'lf  was  dra^^rd  out  and  s|, tin  in  tin  r.iiri 
.   ,   .  Till' court  of  rach  prison  briariir, I  hI.iii-Iiit 

house;  the  prisonerM  wrrr  railed  ilo^i n-  In 

onr,  and  thrrr  miirilrrrd.  till  tin-  ;i>^a>>iiis  \\>u- 
up  to  tin'ir  ankirs  in  IiIimkI,  Tin-  woiinn  unc 
as  sava^je  as  the  nien.  and  drairirrd  tlir  inijiM-, 
alM  lilt  the  streets  ill  derision.  Tlir  pri-on.-l.i'iirlit'  r 
had  but  (.'iveiia  pas.sion  for  further  rarnnin  .  ;nid 
till'  murdrrrrs  broke  open  the  houses  in  si  ip  Ip'f 
Arma^naes,  kil'ini,'  not  only  111111.  but  wmmihi, 
ehililreii.  and  even  new-lHirn  babi -.  t"  uliimi  in 
their  dialioliral  frenzy  they  nfiivd  liijiM-ni,  a. 
iM'inir  little  Arma;jnars.  Tiir  riia^^ai  f'  l:i>:i.i 
from  four  o'clock  on  Sunday  niorinnj  i>  fi  11 
o'cliK'k  on  M'.iidav  Smir  .s:iv  llial  :i"<">  \«r 
ishrd.  otbrrs  l.tUK)'  and  the  Dil'kr  of  HurjiiiMi  , 
srrvants    rrported    the   iiiunlH-rs   as  on!\    l"" 

Meantime  lliiiry  V.  was  brsii  niii:;  1! ml 

Klarviii);  I'aris  by  cutlin;;  oil  the  snii'ii  -  !  r 
which  it  depended  on  the  Slim-,  in  .\  u  :-' 
there  was  another  risini:  of  the  I'ari^i  in  tn- i'  uil 
another  nias.saeri'.  In  .lanuary.  llli'.  K 'i' :i -*ir 
reiulerrd.  and  attempts  at  pcuc  f.illi'.vi  I  l;'!ii 
pariirs  inakiiii;a  truce  wiili  tin  Kni'li-li  i!;..ri'r 
The  imperious  demands  of  Kini:  I1'M>  ■  !: 'il> 
impelled  the  two  Knnrli  faciion-  !'•  'iii"  '" 
iretherand  lo  make  a  lonunon  lau-r  i.l  tli-  ili 
liveranee  of  the  kimrdoin.  At  Ira^i  tin!  w  ,~  tin- 
profession  with  which  the  Daupliin  ii.l  tin 
I)uke  of  Burfiiinily  met,  in  .Iul>.  .ni  i  ^^•"'■ 
throiiKh  the  forms  1  if  a  recuncilialion  I'liltiji^ 
tlirrr  wrre  trearhrrons  intrations  on  !"  ili  >i  I'- 
(II,  i.iu  -siii.  iiic  trcachiTy  '.vhh  r  :;:-:•■  ■■■'  * 
mouth  latrr  (Sept.  In,  l-tl'.'i.  wlnn  a  -"  "ti'j 
ineetim,'   la'twetn   Duke  John    thr    Kiail.--  auJ 


120G 


FKANCE,   U1S-U19 


CtmqU09tt 
o/  Hnry  V 


FRANCE,   U«»-1481 


lb,  Pniiphlii  taking  plare  »t  the  Bridge  o'  Mon 
liTcaii  Ilie  Dukr  wan  biuiely  «»«uwinttt"l  In  t  ii- 
I)iiui>lili>»  Iin-"«-n<e.  Thin  murder,  by  whl.li  the 
ArmU'im'".  who  contr..lle.l  the  .v<mnK  l>«upl'l". 

hlinci  ID  Itreuk  their  rlviiU  .low nly  klmlle.1 

.fn^h the  n»»»l<in» wlilcli  w.re destrovinff  t r»nce 
.g,l  .UIIveriiiR  It  an  e««y  prey  U)  f.>n'lBn  ron. 
um-.l— t'   M    Yon^e,  r.imr.«/nwi  Any.    Hint.. 

\i»oiN  K  de  Monstreht,  f/imnielf  {Johiut 
lr.,,.>\.  .1.  hk.  1,  <■!,.  m-iU.-J.  Mkhelet, 
lliil  ■'!'  yniiii-r.  tik.  V.  rh.  2 

A  D.  iiiT-uaa.— BurguadT|»  re»«ine,— 
Henry  the  Fifth'i  triumph.-Two  kingi  in 
P»riJ.-The  Treaty  of  Troye».- Death  of 
Heorr-"  Whilst  livll  wiirwiis  piiietriil- 

ioit  to  Ihf  viTveore  of  the  kliiir^lii|i,  fon  l(;ii  war 
wss  .niikiiiK  its  way  updii  into  the  kiuKdoiiv 
Ucnrv  V     after  the    liatlh'  of   Auiiieourl.  hud    , 
rrturmil  to  London,  and  had  left  his  army  to  n- 
DOS,  :uid  reorpinize  after  its  siilferlnKs  aii.l  its 
K*»es      It  was  not  until  eighteen  months  after- 
wards oil  the  1st  of  Auijust,  141T,  that  he  laiidisl    [ 
at  Toui|iies.  not   far  from  llontleur.  with  fresh 
troiipi    mid  resumid    his  rampaiv'ii  In    Krunee.    i 
Betttirii  HIT  and  UlBhe  successively  laid  siejie 
to  ii.iirlv  all  the  towns  of  ImiMirtaiice  In  Nor     ; 
niandv   loCaen.  Ilaveux,  Kalaise,  Kvreux,  Coii-    i 
tames,  biii-'li'.  St.  I,o.  I'liiTlNiurK.  Ac. .  &c.    Some    | 
he  .i(rii|iii>.l  after  a  short  resistance,  others  wen'    j 
wld  1,1  him  l>v  their  governors;  hut  when,  in  the 
in.'Utliot'  ,liil'v.  141H,  111-  unilertiMik  the  sie);e  of 
Kiiiiiii.  he  I'li'counti'n-d  there  a  Ion;;  and  .serious 
striiu'^'le      llouen  had  at  that  timi',  it  is  said,  a 
population  of  1  VI.IKK)  wmls,  which  was  animated 
bv  anient  patriotism.     The   Houennese,  on  the 
approach  of    the    K.ni{lish,    had    n-paired   tlieir 
gat.s.  Iliiir  ramparts,  and  their  moats;  had  de- 
mandid  n  iiilorcements  fnim  the  Kini;  of  France 
anil  the  Duke  of  Hnrj.'uiiily ;   anil  had  ordered 
evi-rv  ixTson  incapalde  of  In^arini;  arms  or  pn) 
oiiriiii;  provisions  for  t<'n  months  to  leave  the 
city      Twelve   thousand  old   men.   women  and 
cliiliinn   were   thus    expelled,    and   died   eltlur 
nniiiil  tlie  place  or  whilst  rovlnji  in  nd.sery  over 
tlniiii>;lilioiirim.' country.   .  .  .  Fifteen  thous;inil 
nun  "I  lily-inilitia,  4,0(M)  rcmilar  soldiers,  :KH) 
spcanni  11  ami  as  many  archirs  fnim  I'arls,  and 
it  i-,  mil  ipiite  known  how  many  nwn  at  arms 
.wnt  tiv  the  Duke  of  Huriiuiidy.  dcfendeil  Uoucn 
for  nmn-  than  live  months  amidst  all  the  usual 
.MiHerinL's  of  strictlv-lw»iet;ed  cith's."      On  the 
llitli  of  ,lanuarv,  1419.  the  town  was  surrenilered. 
"It  W!is  -ri-"!  years  since   I'hilip  Augustus  had 
ttHM  K"uin  liv  ioni|Uest   fnim  .lohn  Lackland, 
Kini:  "f   Knv'iand."      After   this   great    su(-ccss 
tliin-   uiri-  truces   brouirht    alsiut    iHtwccu  all 
purlii-*.  anil  imnh  ncfjollatloii.   which  came  to 
mitliiiu'  — except  the  treachenms  murder  of  tlic 
Duki-  i.f  Uuru'iindy.  as  related  above.     Then  the 
siiuati.in  clian;;eil."    The  son  and  suc(-easor  of  the 
muniiriil  iliike,  afterwanls  known  as  I'hilip  the 
Ooi.l,  t...k  -iiles.  at  once,  with  the  Kn^lish  kins' 
iunl  i-iniinitied  liimself  to  a  war  of  n-venu'c.  in- 
(tilTiniil  t.i  ihc  fate  of  Pniiice.     "On  the  17th  of 
(litii'.nr  llll'.l]   was  oivued  at  Arms  a  congress 
Imwi-ia  till    plenipotentiaries  of   England  and 
tliiiM  ,1  Uiir:;uiidy.     On  the  ittthof  NovemlHTa 
.•■IKiiil  inne  was  iiranti-d  to  the  Parisians,  whilst 
Hiniy  V  ,  in  concert  with  Duke  I'hilip  of  Bur- 
p::\.h   ■;■ ..  i,r..^.:  iitiiij;  the  war  lii^aiiist  the  iai: 
pliin     iinthiSdof  IKcemlier  tin- bases  wen'  laid 
of    lu  aL-p-'cmtnt  between  the   Knglisli  and  the 


Burffiindlans.     The  prelimliiarleii  of  the  treaty, 
which  wan  drawn  up  In  aceordanee  with  theie 
IwM'ii,  were  Klgned  on  tlui  Bth  of  April,  1420,  by 
KInK  ('harle«  VI.  [now  rontndleil  by  the  Bur- 
gundians].  and   on   the   2(Hh   rommunlcated  at 
ruris  bv  the  chancellor  of  France  to  the  parlia 
ment   ' '  ( »n  the  aoth  of  May  foUowhiB,  the  tn'at v, 
detlnllive  and  complete,  was  sl^tneil  by  Henry  V. 
and  pn.mulK'aled  at  Troyes.     By  this  trtalv  of 
Tmvi'S.  rrlneesH  Catherine.  duuKnlerof  the  King 
of  iVuncc.  wan  Klven  in  marriage  to  King  Henry , 
Cbarlis  VI.  was  (ruaninteed  his  isisseHiiUmof  the 
Fre.iih  cniwn  while  he  IIvmI;  on  hlsdeath.  "the 
cniwii   and  kinitihim  of   Fninci',    with  all  their 
rights  and  appurtcnunees,"  wen-  solemnly  con- 
veveil  to  III  iirv  V   of  Kntiland  and  his  heint,  for 
ever.        ■Tlic'p-vulsliiii    atralnst    the    tn'Uty   of 
Tniyes  was  nal   and  serious,  evin   In  the  very 
heart  of  the  jiaru  attached  to  the  l»uke  of  Bur- 
(fundy.     He  wa--  oldiijed  to  lay  upon  several  of 
his  serviuits  Inrinal  Injunctions  to  swear  to  this 
peace,   whidi   seemed  to  them  tnasoii.   ...   In 
the   duchv   of    liurv'uiidy    the    majority   of   the 
town^  n-ftiscd  to  take  llie  oath  to  the  Klni;  of 
Enirlaiid.     The  most  ilccisive  and  the  most  help 
fill  pnsif  of  this  awaki-niiiK  of  national  fcelini; 
was  the  (  asc  cx|Mricnied  bv  the  ilauphin,  who 
was  one  dav  to  In    Charles  VII..  In  maintaining 
the  war  which,  after  the  treaty  of  Tniyes.  was. 
In  Ills  father's  and  his  mother's  name,  made  upon 
hliu  bv  the   Kinir  of  Knu'land  and  the  lluke  of 
ISiiru'ii'iiiiy        I'liis  war   lasted  inon'  than  thn-e 
yiars.     Sevenil  towns.  amoiiiTst  others,   Melun, 
Cmtov,  Mcaiix.  and  M.  Uii|Uier,  offered  an  ob- 
stiiiatl-  n  sistance  to  the  attacks  of  the  English 
and  Humundiaiis.   .  It  wasin  I'erche,  Anjou, 

.Maine,  on  tlii'  banks  of  tlie  Loire,  and  In  Southern 
France,  that  the  dauphin  found  most  of  hisenter- 
prisiniianddevoled  partisans  The  sojourn  maiUi 
bv  Henry  V.  at  I'aris.  In  OcceinlKr.  14i().  with 
his  wife.'  (iueeii  Catherine,  KiiiK  Charles  VI., 
t^uceii  Isiilsl.  and  the  Uiikc  of  llurfundy.  was 
not.  ill  spite  of  L'alas  and  aeilamalions,  a  sub- 
stantial and  iliiniblc  success  for  him.  .  .  .  To- 
wanis  the  end  of  August.  14-.'->.  Henry  V.  fell 
111;  ami.  too  stout  hearteil  to  delude  him.self  us 
to  his  condition,  he  .  .  .  had  himself  removed  to 
Vluceniies.  caihd  his  councillors  uliout  h;ni,  uiid 
i;ave  them  his  hist  nival  instructions.  .  .  .  Hu 
I'xpln'd  on  tin'  ;llst  of"Aui:ust,  U,".',  at  the  age 
of  thlrtv  four.  '— F  I',  (iiil/ot.  yi./oi/i/r //('jr.  <>f 
fr.iiii-.'t-l,.  -i).— At  I'aris,  "the  two  sovenigns 
[Heiirv  V  and  Charies  VI  |  kept  dis'imt  courts. 
Tliatof  Henry  was  by  far  the  mo>t  sphndlilly 
ci|uippcil  and  numi'niusly  attended  of  the  two. 
He  wa^  the  rising  sun.  ami  all  nun  hsiked  to 
him.  All  olllccs  of  trust  and  pn.til  wen'  at  his 
disposal,  anil  the  noldcs  and  gcnthineii  of  Fnince 
diaked  into  his  ante  chamlx'rs.  "— A.  ,1,  Church, 
llinriilh,'  fillh.  <■/..  l."i 

\is<>  in;   E.  dc  Monstnlet,  ChruHirU'  (./k/i/im 

tntnf  1.  r.  1,  W.  1.  -■/.    lTl-2tH.— .1.  .Michch-t.  Ilirt. 

vf  rni'iiv.  U:  !l.  .7c  'i-:!. 

A.  D.  i423.-Accession  of  King  Charles  VII. 

A.  D.  1429-1431.— The  Mission  of  the  Maid. 

—  ••  Fnince  divided  — two  kings,  two  regencies, 

two  armies,  two  governments,  two  nations,  two 

iioliilitles.  two  systems  of  justice  — met  face  to 

face;  father,  son",  mother,  iiniles.   nephews,  citi 

/.ens,  and  strangers,  fought  for  the  right,  the  soil. 

•he  Ihn'Ue.  til"  cities    the   spoil    and  the  IiUknI 

of  Ihc  nation.      The  King  of   England   dud   at 

;    VIncennes  [August  M.   1422).  and  was  shortly 


1207 


j  I 


"ii^ 


,  !  i  i  !  - 


ii.!i! 


11 


^^^H 

:•; 

^m  ' 

1  •:  ■ , 

mil 

^^H   - 

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^^^B 

■!li4i 

^^^^^^^B 

,  .    -  •  i  i  »  • 

^H  ^ 

^^^^^^^H 

i  • 

^H  \ 

^^m 

^^M   1 

,  1    ; ;  ' ; 

^K  ' 

■  ■    - ' ' '  i 

I 

!, 


KItANCK,  14.W-14:lt 


Maid  ^  OrUmu. 


nt  NIK,  HiO-Ulll 


r.,niiwiil  |Oiliih»T?3|  hv  fhnrlii  VI  ,  fi«lliiT  nf 
ilif  Iwfki' 1  hililri'ii  iif  liiilifl.  ;,nvlii»  the  kliiir 
.1.1111  to  till'  »iniin;ir  iiiiil  to  nihi  iTic  Miikc  of 
llt'ilfonl  lii«ili'iitly  bHik  iummuIoii  of  llir  Id 
ui'iuy  ill  till'  iiiiiiii'  of  Kiitflunil.  piiT'oinl  tlir 
liiiiiilfiil  of  nohli's  Willi  wIhIiiiI  to  niiiiiiii  Krriiili 
H  itii  the  iliiiipliiii.  ili'fi'iiti'il  Ihi'iii  lit  till'  liiittli'  of 
ViriiiMill  [.Viii;ii.«t  IT.  I  l'.M|.  iiiiil  rxllcil  tliiiiiii'iii. 
who  liiul  Inronir  ii  Iniriliri  to  tlii'  Koviriiiiii  lit 
itftir  liiivlni;  Ik'i'Ii  iim  iiKtniiiii'iit  of  imiirpHtloii 
II.  thin  loiii'i'iitrulnl  llii'  Krinii »  of  Kiiilhiiiil. 
Kraiu'i' itiiil  lliiri;iiii.ly  roiiiul  (IrlniiiK,  »liiili  wiin 
ill  ri'iiili'il  hy  '■oiiii'  Ihoiiiiiiiils  of  the  iinrtlwiiin  of 
I  hr  iliiii|ilini.  iitkI  whli'h  roiiiiirlMil  uIiikmI  nil  that 
ri'iiiiiiiii'il  of  111.'  kliiifitoiii  of  Kniiiri'  Tlii'  Ininl 
wa«  I'viTywIiir.' niviiiriil  hy  tlii'  |in<«iiiK  iiriil  n- 
I'lisninK  of  tli.'U'  IiiiihK  — noiiii  liiiii's  friiiiils. 
•xiiiU'tiiiii'Hi'iii'niJi"*  ilri\  iiiir  I'fiili  otlii-r  "ii.  wtivi' 
iif'iT  Wiiv.',  liki-  till'  hili.iw*  of  ihi'  Atluiitlr . 
1  iviijrin;;  1  ro|i~  huriiin;;  towiii.  iliapi  rKJii),',  roh- 
iiiiiir.  iiii.l  ill  ir  .iiiiii;  ilii-  po|iiil,iii.Mi  In  iIiIxiIIh 
ori,Miii/.iitioii  .if  thr  roiiniiy  .  tliiyoiinx  iliiiiplilii. 
'«o|||i'lilllri  MWikimil  hy  tlir  iiiliipliiliitH  of  liiH 
|«'opli'.  lit  ..til.  r>  iili-«iihi'.|  in  tlif  pliiisiiri'S  iiiit 
iiral  to  Ills  111:.'  «ui  iiiukiiii;  lovi'  to  Abih'I  Son! 
ill  thi' <tt«tli  oi  l.oi  Ill's  Siiih  was  thi' Mtati' 

of  till'  niition  ivhin  I'mviilrnrr  showol  it  a 
wivior  ill  ai'hil.l  —\  ,1,-  Kumiirtini'.  }fniii>ini  ,.f 
Cl.hnif,,/  f',,,,,,,.,, ,,;  ./,„„  „f  .|,r._Thi'  ihilil 
was  .Ii'iinn.  HAn,  or. loan  of  Arr.  hittir  known 
ill  liittory  lis  till'  Miiiil  of  ( ii  ii'aim.  —  ilaiiirlitir  of 
.1  liiislmniliiiiiii  who  till.ll  his  oivii  fi'w  iiiri-H  at 
ilii'  villiiiri'  of  I)..iiii,:|iiy.  in  I'ppir  l.oriaiiii. 
Ui'scirrli  in  nil  III  yi'Mr's  Imn  liniiiclil  to  linht 
iiiorr  limn  whh  foriiiiTly  known  of  ihi'  fniiiiU 
Hill  till-  riri  iiiiisiimii's"  of  thf  hrroii'  Muiil 
■.lacipii'H  il'An  anil  IshIhIIi'  ilr  Voiithoii  hml 
tliri'i' soiH,  .Iai'i|iii'iniii.  .Iran,  iiiiil  I'ii'rrr.  ami  tvMi 
liauL'htiis.  till-  iHir  nuiiiil  Cathcrini',  tlii' 
\..iiiiL;i'r  .l.'iimi'  or  ratlirr  .liaiiiii'tti',  hIii.  who 
was  hy  li.r  liiroisiii  to  iiiiiiior'.'ilij!i.  hi  r  liiir. 
Tho  il'..  iiiiiints  pron'  wiih  I'viilriiri'  tliat 

1m.  .|. I  ^  il  Ar.'  tiu'iiriil  in  thi'  llr-l  rank  of  tlir 
ii'iialilis  of  I)  iiiiri'niy  In  tlii'  Ilrst  of  thrsc. 
.liiiil  .Ma\i  y  siir  .Miiisi'.  Ortohir  7,  I  l'j:i.  lir  i^ 
-ivli'il  -iloyi-n'  of  tiiat  villain',  and  hy  tliisiiiU. 
.'.iiirs  Iniiiii'iliiiti'ly  afli'r  tlii'  inayor  iiiiil  alilrr- 
.iirn.  In  i;iiiirai,'  -.lys  M.  I'Mwaril  Honvalot, 
-|i  ■akiiii;  of  till'  vilLi-.'s  ill  till'  ri'L'ion  of  tin- 
>l"iis<' niiviTiii'il  hy  111.'  fain. Ills  rliarliT  of  Hi'aii 
■  I'.iil  in  Aru'i.iiiii',  '  ili.  r.'  is  hut  oiii'  ilovi'ii  or 
-'  r.'i'ant  in  I'a.  h  villau'i'.  wli.i  ronioki's  tlii' 
l.'.uiL'i'ois  to  ihi'  il.'(t..ial  assi'iiihlii's  anil  to  ilii. 
siniiiL's  of  thi'i.iiirt:  it  is  li.' also  who  (•..nv..ki  s 
ilii'  mayor,  al.lirniin  anil  thr  nun  of  thi-  i  oiii 
IIIIIIII'  to  ili'lr  r.iiiiioiis,  I'ithir  p<Tii«li.al  or 
s|i.  rial  :  it  is  hr  wh.irrirs  tin-  iiiiiniripal  rrsolii 
Ii  .ii»  ami  .irliiriTiri's .  it  is  hr  who  i  ollllll.'lnllstlll• 
•lav  ami  iiiiihi  walili:  it  is  hr  who  has  rliaru'.' ..f 
|iris,,Mrr,      .\iiioiiL'  ihr  privilrir.'s  whii  h   In     rn- 

i..>  s  11111,1  !„■  I  itiil  11 \.iiipti.,n  from  thr  la\rs 

I'lriii.r-iof  Ihr  h.Mii'.-.'oi.ir.  At  I.iiiirir.  he  has 
Till'  ^,1111..  I. nil., rial  a.JMintaL'i  ^  .-  tli.  i  l.'rk  of 
til'  .  .iiiiiiiiM.'  '  Il  i,  s.'i'ii  hv  Villi. . IIS  il.Kiiinrntu 
'hit  tlr  .I'i'.iiK  w.r.  also  I'liiiri:. '1  «illi  til.  .,,!  ; 
I. .  I i. III. if  Ihr  laili.s,'  '  ri'iitis'  ami  ■  rrilrviniii's,' 
:iii.|  III  I  ihi'V   ".  r.' iipp,.jiiiii|  to  siipirxi-j' hn-irl.    1 

Hillr    ami   ..ih.T    I  ..IlllmKlitirs    as    wrll    as   l.i   tr,t     j 

»''i-liis  anil  iiira^uri -..      In  thr  s.'r.,ii,l  ilnriiiiiriit,    j 
■  Ir.iun    lip    at     Vaiir.iiil.  ins     ,\Iarrli     :il.    1  t'.'T.'    | 

.1.1.  .|i:.  -  .j  .\i,      a|.|i.  .lis   il,   liir   i|M,.,||    ,,|-    ,i||.    j,|, 

lialiitaiiis  of  Il.iiiiii'iny  in  ;i  siiii   ,,f  j;rrat   iiiipor- 
liiiirr    whi.'h    lli.\    tli.  I,    hii.l   t.i   sustain    lii'forr   , 


.'    lo    illl 

kmi;.    fl 

III.      ><!.. 

iMiir.l  if 
...III,.- -ill 


1208 


I  liolxTtilt'  ItauiIrUoiiri,  oiptaln  ..f  Vaii..,iii,  i,r^ 
I  .  .  I.lke  thr  le^eiMlary  Ih'ii  h  of  h,  r  i,„iii,.  ,ii 
j  Ihri',  thr  rlillilhooil  of  llic  viri:iii  i.f  |i,.ii,r,  n.y 
I  KpmiiK  mil  of  ■  iiiil  full  of  vip.i  ami  »  ,,  ui  i|,' 
I  main  iiaiinliil  hy  iH-nitici  nt  fairiis  i;,,,,,  „,  „ 
!    frrtllr  niiil  itiilllnit  rornrr  of  Ihr  nirlli   ih.  i,,,,,, 

I   of  Kii  lioiii m  family.  »lio«r  liihiiriuiH  i.thv 

I    wan  ilrvaliil  rnoiixli  to  toiii  h  nohihiv   «||,ii,,;. 

iiohlinifltiM'lf  liyalliinKlviiiii.  ami  hiiiiil.l,  .iMnu'h 

tn  n'niain  ill  lontiict  with  all  thr  pi>.r    .lif.u,.,) 

I    hy  iiatiirr  with  a  rohiist  iKnly,  a  >..iiii,|  mi,  iij 

ifi'iHi'  hihI  an  I'lu'rjfi'tlr  npirit,  I'lir  liti),.  ,i,„, ,,, 

il  Arr  iKinnic  iiiiilrr  tliisr  c.iitli'   iiiilu,  n, ,,  ,,11 

i;o<>iliiiiM  anil  all  lovr.    -S    l.iur    .A.i,,„,  ,/   |,, 

li    /*'()•  "///y    {fr.  fn-IH   thi     yi,i,rf,).   ,1,    '.'  ;)  _' ,  if 

thr  vioioiis  of  thr  p'uiiM  Miiini.'  iiiui.l.ii  _,,f  i],,. 

voirrH  Nhr  liraril      of  tlir  lonvii  ii.,ii  «  1,1, 1,,  ,1111. 

upon  lirr  that  »lir  w.is  nillnl  l.y  (..<!  im  ,!,  Iu,, 

j    hrr   I'ouhlry  -   anil  of   tlir   i'iii'|iii,ii,,rii  ..i   fini, 

I    with  wliiili  shr  w  riit  alMiiit   Inr  iiii>si.iii  mhhi  ;,|| 

j    pi  opir  lirnt  to  hrr  as  llir  iiii  s... m.,  r  ami  miiii.'.r 

I   of  (iixl  -  till' story  is  a  faiiiiliiii   on.'  i.,  i,||      |„ 

!    April.    I4il>.   .'oan  was  snit    In    ih 

i    HIiIk.  with  lO.iilNl  or  I'.ViNMi  nun   to 

j    of   Orlriins.   whirr    Illinois     ih,    li 

i    Irans,  Was  in  comniaiiil      Sin  rif..ri 

!    piirui'il   it   of   all   vilr   foll..«irs.   ami   riii,..|  n 

lollMllrllir  to  that   frrn/iril    pilih    whiili   li.illiii.r 

ran  risist  On  thr  xtli  of  .May  th,.  i;ii;ii,i", 
iihaiiilohiHl  thr  »irp'  anil  Orlniiis  ni,  sn.il. 
".loan  wastril  no  titiir  in  vain  triiiiii|i|i<  'Ue 
liroiiv'ht  Uii'k  thr  virtorionsariny  loth.  .:  iiip|,.ii 
to  assint  him  in  rri  oni(iii'riiiL'  1  ill  afi.  r  .  itv  f 
Ills  kiiiploiii.  Thr  ilaiiphin  iiinl  rhi  i|ii.,ii.'  ',. 
ii'ivril  hrr  lis  thr  iiirs^nL'ir  ..f  <;.<l,  mI,,,  |,ii,| 
loiiiiil  anil  rirovi ml  thr  lost  kivs  ,,f  il,..  |>;._. 
ilom.      '  I  liavr  only  anothir  yiiir  '  -Ir-  r.  uiiiik'  '1 

wiihasiiil   prrsriiiiiiirnt,  wliiih  -..111..I  t ii 

rati'  that  hrr  virtory  I11I  to  thr  si  iilf.il.i .  '  |  ii,i,,i 
thrrrforr  set  to  work  at  oiirr  '  >li.  h.  ..--.il  Mi' 
ilaiipliiii  to  i;o  ami  hr  ii.iniinl  iii  lih.iiiis  i>l 
thoiifih  that  lily  ami  thr  iiitriim.liiii.'  |.r"vi.ii.s 
wrrr  still  in  thr  p.iurr  of  thr  lliii;;iii;.liiiii,  H.  ti, 
injrs.  anil  KiiL'li-li  "  Coiiiisrllnrs  .in. I  i."ij.iii« 
oppoKil :  lint  till'  siililinir  faith  of  tlir  Miii.l  our 
ratiic  all  opposiiion  ami  all  ilith.  ulii. ,  Tin- 
kind's  roiilr  to  Klninis  was  rapiiili  1  I.  iio.l  of  Ir, 
rnrniii's  .\t  I'atay  (.liiiir  1«,  I  l-.'iii  ih.  Kii;.'li.li 
siilTrn'il  a  hravy  ilrfral  ami  tlnir  fiiin.  11,  s.il.|i.r 
Lonl 'I'lilliot.  was  lakiii  prison,  r  loi.  s.  I  1,1 
Ions  anil  Hhi'iiiiso|ii'iiril  tin  ir^'iii,  >  ■  'j  li.  Unkr 
of  Hritforil.  thr  i'1'i.'fMit.  riiii.iimil  !i.  iiil.iiin:  in 
I'liris.  .Ml  our  iiiisfnrtuiirs,  h.  vm,,i.  1,  ili,. 
Carilinal  of  Will  lii'sirr,  ;ir.'  .iniiu;  i  •  ii  \niiiii; 
wiirli.  who.  hy  lirr  sorrily  ,  has  rr^i-.i.ti  ih.  .  "tir 
ai:r  of  Ihr  Krriiih  ' .  ,  'I'll,  kiiii'  w  i>  .  r. '^iiii.i 
f.luly  17.  ir.'!i|.   iiii'l  .loan-  mi-si. .11  «  1-  in  O'ln 

plisl'iisl.  ■  Nohlr  killL'.'  s.iiil  -hi,  .ml.ri.il:.'  ili.! 
kllrrs  in  th:' Calhrilnil  iifli  r  Ihr  .  ..loiriii."!.  11. nv 
is  arroiiiplishril  thr  will  of  (IkI  .v  Inli  I'lii 
inunilisl  inr  to  hriiiL'  you  to  this  1  i'  \  ..f  iih'  im- 
to  rrrrivr  your  holy  iiiirti.ni  m.w  il  .!  \..ii  iii 
hist  arrkiiii;,  ami  thai  llir  kiii;,Ml.iiii  .it  I'liiii..-  i- 
yours.'.   .  .   I''ioiii  ihai  itionn m  iv  i;i.  ;!  'i-jT.- 

sioll.    ami   It    fatal    lir~ililli..li    si  .111    l.i   i      .•    li.'i;.' 

ovrr  hrr.  Thr  kiiii.'.  Ihr  p.  .'|. I.',  ilii!  il"  .ri!  \ 
to  wlioni  shr  hail  L'i\ril  \Ir!i'ry  w  -tri  I,' r  i' 
rrniiiin  always  ih.  ir  pr.ipli.  1.  -s.  U..  r  _■!  ■!. .  n'l 
tlirir  I'liiliirinir  iiiiriii  Ir  llui  -h.  \\  i-  ::  '  .  i.l^ 
a  wi  ak  woniaii.  lo-I  aiiii.l  roiii!-  iii'l  .  ,1 'i  -  til 
sh.'  frit  hrr  wrakiirss  liii.i'iiiu  liirii'Ti.r  ii.r 
hi'iirl  iilonr  rrniaiiii'.l  .'oiirau.'.iiis.  I.'ii  lii.l  (''ii'''.! 
to  hi'  iiispirnl."     Shr  urL'nl  an  ail:i.  k  "ii  I'ari- 


rKANfK,  UW  I4ai 


,i^M  »  I4WI  »ihI  ri|)rrlfm'«l  liiT  flrni  fiiiliirc, 
btln»  «rli'«'»'<lv  wimwiiil  In  tlie  iwmiilt  Thf 
Ml,.winit  «|"'n«'  t''W"P'<"'K''''  >«•'"«  >»«I<K''<I.  ■*■• 
MtitiMl  iIk-  '"*"  '"  '"'"*  P""  '"  ""*'  ''"''<'■"'''  '' '"' 
Zaie  iTcnliiK  (M»v  'i*.  I4:liii  hIi"'  I"I  »  »"rti'- 
Willi  l>  «■"  ri'puU-<l,  Hint  till'  w«H  Uk'ii  prixmir 
In  Ihi' rrtn-nl  rti)iiii'  think  »bi-  wiin  IxlrHvi'il  l>y 
tbr  .■omtnamliinl  "'  ""■  t"»">.  *•'"  onlircl  tli.- 
nii«ln«'>(tli.arawl>rl.l(f.' Jiint  iw  li<'r  lior«>  wmi 
beliiir  »|)iirn-.l  ii|t.ni  It.  Unci'  In  tl"'  Imi"!"  "f  Iwf 
iwniks  the  ili">iii  of  llie  iinforluimU'  Miilil  wiw 
«.„1,.,|  Sir  Uoni'l  ill'  Mgnv,  hi'r  iiiplcir.  Kuvr 
hi<  nrw.n.T  to  till-  oount  i><  l.ii!ii'mli.Miri;.  wliii 
vicMiil  li'T  111  llw  l>'ikii  of  Hiirnniuly.  wlin  «ur 
nnihr."!  Iht  to  tlii-  Kni{li«li.  wli.Mlilivirfil  lnr 
tullii'  IniiiiWMon.  by  wlilili  "In-  w*.  trinl.  loii 
ili'inii.il  «im1  liiiriHil  loili'iilli.  lit  K.Mirn,  «»»  »ll<  li 
(.Vl«v  •I"  IWl)  "It  wiw  II  i-'>iiipli'«  i-rlmf.  In 
wUiih lii'li  P*"*  If"'  f'''  "'  rf«|NMi»il)lllly.  lint  in 
whiih  till'  i«iii««tion  ri'HlH  wiili  I'jirls  |tli«  L'ni 
v.nitv  of  Puriii  wii"  fon'in.xf  iinionK  llii-  pur 
mn\,l  the  womliTfiil  M»lil|.  th.-coWHriliii'  with 
LiLvmlKHirK.  I'll' wntpnic  Willi  Ihc  lni|iiUilli>n, 
tlK'  liliinif  und  punUlimi'iil  with  EiikIhihI.  miil 
lli,Mli«ir«rdiiBl  Inifratltuili- witli  Kriiinf  Tills 
lurtrriiiu  iil»mt  Jo'i"  by  her  cnrniii-*.  of  whom 
lliidirivit  wrri' hi-r  I'onntrynirn.  hiul  limtril  six 
ramtlii  .  OiirInK  thi'*-  six  imui'lis,  Ihi-  in 
ItiuiMc  of  tills  (CoililfiMof  war  upon  tin-  Insiim  of 
Cliarli-i  Vll  —  hi'r  si.iril,  whiili  sliil  Kiililml  tin- 
lamp  anil  i-oiimil  of  tlii-  kiiiK  — the  piilriotir, 
tli.iiiith  suprrstltioiis,  vi'ncmtlon  of  ihi'  jN'opli'. 
wliUii  litr  isptivilv  only  iloiililiil,  -»nil,  instly, 
111,' .ilwncf  of  till' Dnkeof  Biirniiiidy.  nil 

llii'sc  rauws  hwl  broiijfiit  ri'vrrsi'  iiftrr  riviTW 
Ilium  till'  Kniflish.  ttnil  a  wrifs  of   siicirssi'S  to 
tinrli'ji  VII.     .loan.  altlioii«h  absent,  triuinphril 
inrrwlirrr  '■  -A.  ili'Ijimartini'.  .V'  nmim  /•/  Ctlf- 
hnitU  CK.irMUrii:     Jam  ,if  Arr—  ■  U     si'i'ins 
iiiiliirnl  t"  iisk  what  stopnthc  Klnijof  Kriime  hail 
tskiii     .  .  to  avert  litT (liMiiu     We  hear  iioihinx 
..r  Hiiv  atteini>t  at  n'wue,  of  any  proposal  for 
nuKoiu  ;  ueitherthe  most  romnion  protest  against 
L.r  trial  .  .  .  nay.  not  even  after  her  ileath.  one 
«iiii;li' I  upresslon' of  rcifrel !     Charles  lonlinmil 
10  -.liMiiber  in  ills  ilellilous  retreats  beyond  the 
l^iirc,  enitronsisl  by  dames  of  a  very   different 
iliiiraitir  from  Joan's    .  .  .   Her  memory  on  the 
iiibiT  liiiiid   was  lonK  endeared   to  the  Kn'iiih 
|»iipli .  mid  loni;  did  they  eontiniie  to  eherlsli  a 
rciriwMlif  Ii0|ie  that  she  miRht  still  survive     So 
sini!!^'  w:e^  tills  fei'iini;.  that  in  the  year  I4:l»l  ail 
mitii;;e  was  taken  of  it  by  a  fiiiiale  Impostor. 
who  prcli  nditl  to  be  .loan  of  Are  esirtpiil  from 
lnr  iiiptivity       .   .  Of  Joan's  person  no  autlien 
til-  rrsinitiliiiiie  now  remains      A  statue  to  her 
immiry  li.id  Is'iri  raiud  ii|>on  the  briilffe  at  Or- 
liHiis.  ill  the  sole  iliar)te  ...  of  the   matrons 
mill  m.iiilsof  that  lity  :  this  probably  pn-servid 
siiii'  ill  LTi-c  of  likeness,  but  unfortunately  pi'r- 
i^lirit  ill  III.'  reliiious  wars  of  the  sixteenth  <en 
tury       I'll,  re   is  no   portrait  extant;    the   two 
lariii-i  iiiirriivini.'s  are  of  IBOO  and  \M'i.   and 
tiny  sniitly  diller."— LonI  Malion.  Jtint    fjinKi/m. 
I'.i  "a  ")7  — ■•  .\  few  days  before  her  death,  when 
iiri;n|  til  n -utne  her  woman's  dress,  she  said  ; 
'  Wiuii  I  shall  have  aeeomplishiil  that  for  whieh 
I  «;is  till  from  (Jod.  I  will  take  the  dress  of  a 
ttuiiiuti '     Yet.  in  one  sense  her  mission  did  end 
at  llliiiius      The  faith  of  the    jHsiple  still  fol- 
i.i-.ir;.!   !..r   !.;■,(    j,„r   rtiriiiirS  —  HOt    the   K!l,Er!i=h. 
but  tills.'  in  the  hwirt  of  the  court  of  Charles  — 
U'piii  u)  lie  t(xi  powerful  (or  her      We  may. 


>.,i.»  ^-Afr.ikr  KUANCK.  U'.l««-tt;it. 

.V.IVV  .■/*  OrUans. 

Inilei'd.  I'onei'lve  »lml  n  lioani  of  envy  aiid 
nialiee  wan  i(Mltierini(  In  iIh'  hearts  <>r  Ihow'  ha^l 
eiieil  imlltlrUiis  at  sieinx  tlieinsi'lM  s  Miperw.di  d 
by  a  iH-asant  itlrl.  Thev.  an  uttuniiii  to  dark 
aiid  tor'iious  ways,  could  not  roniprelieFMl  or 
i.iali'sii'  with  the  divine  siniplii'lty  of  her  ili  >lmis 
and  mnans  \  sinirsKful  Intrigue  was  forniiil 
aKainst  her  It  was  nsolvid  to  keep  her  still  in 
the  lamp  as  a  name  iiiid  a  tlbtnre,  liiil  lo  lake 
from  her  all  {siwer.  all  Miii-e  in  tlie  illrielloii  of 
affairs      So  in  i  orilinuly    It    wa»  done  Her 

wa.>s  and  halills  during  the  year  she  was  in  arms 
are  attested  by  a  miillituiii  of  witiii'««is  Illinois 
and  till'  Ituki  of  .\li  nioii  Iwar  tistiiiiony  to  what 
Ihiv  term  her  exiraoniliiary  talent.,  f.r  war.  and 
to  her  (lerfei  t  feiirli  ssni  ss  In  ai  tion  .  Iiut  in  all 
other  thinirs  she  was  the  most  sjinpli'  of  i  rent i ires. 
She  wept  when  she  tlrst  saw  iin  ii  slain  In  bntlle. 
to  think  that  they  should  IuiM'  died  without  i  on 
fesnion.      She    wept  at  the  alsiniliialile  epithets 

whlih  the  Knirilsb  hiii|Hdii| lnr    but  she  was 

without  a  trail'  of  vliidiitlvi  n  »»  Ah.  tJlael 
das.  (ilai'ldas!'  she  said  to  Sir  William  (iinsilale 
at  Orleans,  you  have  ealleil  me  foul  names: 
but  1  have  pity  u|miii  your  soul  and  the  miuIs  of 
your  men  Surrenilir  to  the  KIni:  of  Heaven!' 
And  she  was  onie  ms'Ii.  restinir  the  bead  of  a 
wiiuiided  KuKlishnianon  her  lap.  lomforilni;  mal 
I'oiisolinK  him.  Inherdiel  she  was  abstemious 
in  the  extreme,  rarely  eatinir  until  evenini;.  iind 
then  for  the  niimt  part,  oiilv  of  bread  and  water 
sometimes  niixeil  with  wine  In  the  tli  Id  she 
slept  in  her  arniour.  but  when  she  lame  into  a 
lily,  she  always  soiiirht  out  some  honourable 
matron,  under  w host'  proleetioii  she  plaied  lier- 
M'lr.  and  then'  is  woiiilirful  evidenee  of  the  at- 
inospben'  of  purity  whieli  she  iliffusisl  aroiinil 
her,  her  verv  priserii  e  Imiiishin,'-  fron  men'* 
hearts  all  evil  thoiifihts  and  wishe  i  er  con- 
versation, when  it  was  not  of  the  »  r,  was  en- 
tirely of  >.  liL'ioii  She  eonfessid  on:  end  ri' 
leivid  (omniiiiiion  twice  in  the  v  1 1 1>  'And  it 
was  her  custom.'  saysDunois.  'at  twliii-ht  every 
day.  to  retire  to  the  church  and  make  the  bells 
be"  rune  fi""  half  an  hour,  and  she  patheied  the 
mendiiaiit  nllirious  who  followed  the  Kind's 
army,  and  made  them  alnc  an  antlphon  of  the 
Hh'siti'd  .Mother  of  tosl.'  From  presumption,  as 
from  s'liK'rstilion.  she  was  entirely  free.  When 
women  brought  her  croases  and  cbiiplets  to  bless, 
she  said  :  •  How  can  I  bless  tliein  t  Your  ow  n 
bli.ssini;  would  be  as  piHsl  as  mine.'" — J. 
O'lIiiRan,  ./".('I  </-tir.  /./-.  ttl-«tt  —  '  What  is  to 
b<.  thought  of  berf  What  is  to  lie  tlioiiifht  of 
the  piMir  shepherd  pirl  from  the  hills  and  fori'sls 
of  Lornilne.  that  —  like  the  Hebrew  shephenl 
boy  from  the  hills  and  fori'Sls  of  Jiidea — rose 
suildenly  out  of  the  iiniet,  out  of  the  safety,  out 
of  the  relidoiis  inspiration,  risitiil  in  deep  pas 
tonU  solitudes,  to  a  station  in  the  van  of  annies. 
and  to  the  more  perilous  station  at  theriffht  lianil 
of  kings';  The  Hebrew  boy  inaujrnrated  his 
piiiriotle  mission  by  an  act,  by  a  victorious  act. 
such  as  no  man  could  deny.  But  so  did  the  uirl 
of  Lorraine,  if  we  read  her  story  as  it  v  as  niid 
by  those  who  saw  her  nearest.  .Vdverse  armies 
iMire  witness  to  the  boy  as  no  pn'teiider  ;  but  so 
they  did  to  the  i;entle'),Mrl  .Iiidiiiil  by  the  voiiis 
of  all  who  saw  them  from  a  station  of  ^.-isst  w  ill. 
iHith  were  found  true  and  loyal  to  any  promi.se. 
involved  ie.  their  t'.rst  luts.  Etiemi'js.  it  wa?!  tha' 
made  the  difference  between  their  subsequem 
fortunes      The  boy  rose  to  a   splendour,  ami  a 


1201) 


'■I 


V  H 

',■''■ 
:,  Hi, 


i:::i; 


.1. 


« 


Bit-Vl  ■  .' 


FRANCE.  I4W-I48I 


OyMlrtim  tt/  f Jb4* 


KHaNCE.    USH 


VMiniloy  pniiiprrlty.  h«lh  prnniml  uiil  publU'. 
that  ntiK  (Imiiiiili  the  Mnriln  >>(  hU  (NKiplp.  uml 
liTcunn'  «  liy  wiinl  niiii>iiit>l  liin  |«i»trrity  for  ii 
tliiiiiMinil  v<itr«.  tinlll  tin-  «fpln-  wm  ilcpmiliiK 
fniiii  JiiiUn  Tlu'  (uiiir.  (unuki-n  irlrl,  mi  i)w  imi 
tnry.  itrank  mil  lurMir  from  llutt  rup  of  n^it 
which  nhc  hitil  noimil  for  Kmiici'  .  .  Thin 
pim'  rri'atim'  — pun'  from  cvrry  mixpiiion  of 
fvrn   »  vUimmry   -M-lf  intrrt't*!,  I'vi-n  iw  Hht*  wan 

[Mirr  in  wriw'-4  riior*-  oIivIouh  —  iifVi-r  oiin'  tliti  tlii^ 
lolv  rh'iil.  iin  nifiinliil  licnM'If.  rclim  fniin  hrr 
ha-lli'f  III  III!'  clnrkiH'K  llml  waiUnivillinir  to  mi't 
bi'r  Hill'  iiiik'lii  iiol  pri'lliiiin'  IIim  virv  iiniiim r 
nf  her  ihiitli,  «lii' miw  iml  I'l  vlnloii.  |M'rlin|ia.  Ilii' 
Hrrial  altltiuli'  nf  llii'  lliry  malTolil.  iht'  it|H'i'tutor>i 
wllhoiit  ciiil  nil  I'Viry  dhuI  |Hiiiriiii;  into  Itiiiiii 
u  lo  II  (  aMn:ill(in.  Ilir  Miriiiii);  Kiiinki',  llir  vnllry 
Inir  tliiiiu ■«.  tiM'  IiihMIi'  fiiiiH  III!  an.iiiiil.  llu-  pity- 
iliti  cyi'  llml  liirknl  luit  hiTi'  iiiiil  iIkti'.  iiiiiil 
nntiiri'  iiml  liiiiMri^lntlili'  Iriitli  liroki'  I'mw  from 
anllli  iai  rinlmliitH;  -  IIicm'  iiilifht  nut  iHnppari  nt 
throiitfli  tiM'  iiilstH  of  till' litirryiiiK  fiiliiri'  Hut 
till-  vuhi'  tliHl  rnllnl  III  r  loili'iith,  Hint  »lir  lii-anl 
for  iviT  "  -T,  !>!•  (iiiimiy,  ./."in  nf  Aifir.Jtrrtnl 
Wrttihfjl.  r.  .1).  — A  iliirllHnioliof  (!oi|lil«tllal  lliivi' 
U'ln  niiw'il  coniTmini.'  tlir  ili'iith  of  Joitii  nt  llii' 
■t»kr  will  Ih'  foiinil  in  Octavr  Dilrpiirri''.* //i» 

Icrini/  IHJflriiltlfS  illl'l  I'niil.nliil  /■.'rriiln,  rh    H. 

Al.wi  IN:  .1  MiilHlit,  lti»l.  ■'/  t'r.no;.  hk.  10 
— K.  ill'  Moimlri'lrt,  I'linmii-liM  (./"AiuV  Iron:). 
H-  a,  ■•h.  .i:-|il.-|  -^11  I'.irr,  1.(0  •i'„l  Ik.ilh  <.r.A«i/« 
(>f  .1.  —.1  Tinkiy,  J-iii  of  .liv— Mrn.'A.  K, 
liriiv.  ./'*!/»  "f  Air. 

A.  O.  1411-1451.— The  English  espelled.— 
"  III  .loiin  of  An-  till-  KnullHli  iiTtaiiily  iIi»lroyiil 
till'  caiw  of  tlirir  iiiti'  n'vi'rw'H.  Itiil  ihi'  inipiilM^ 
liiiil  Intii  irivi'ii.  anil  tlii>  rrinu'  of  Iiiimi'  vrn^^i'iiiiri* 
<oii|i|  not  utay  it.  Kortiinrilrrlariili'vrry  wIhtii 
ami  in  rviry  way  Hiraiiist  tliriii.  In  vain  wiia 
lliiiry  VI.  Iiroujjiit  lo  I'li  i».  irowniil  at  N'otii' 
Diinii'.  ami  iiiaili'  Ut  inrnlw'  all  Ihc  fiinitlonii  of 
royally  in  roiirt  ami  parllaniint.  Tin'  iliiki'  of 
UiirKiinily.  illHKiiatt'il  with  llir  Knidlnli.  iHiatno 
at  laat  ri'roncllcil  toCliarlcii.  Mlionnaniliio  kiutI- 
lice  to  win  llir  support  of  wi  imwirfiil  a  iiiliji'it. 
The  aiiipli'st  ikmhIIiIi'  anii'iiilii  wi'ri'  niaili'  for  llii' 
miinli  r  of  till'  hit:  duke.  Tin'  towiH  iH'yonil 
till'  S. .iiiiiM'  «irr  ri'ili'il  to  hiirKiimly.  ami  tlii' 
ri'ltriiiiic  iliiki'  (liiit  not  his  »iirtt'Hiiorii|  wan  I'X- 
I  liipti'il  from  all  lioiiia)(i'  towanla  till'  kinj?  of 
Kninri'  Such  >  an  the  fiinioiiH  treaty  of  Amm 
[Sept.  -.'I.  I»:ri|.  which  rintoriil  to  ('harhn  hin 
throne,  ami  ih  priviil  thf  Knislinh  of  all  hopeii  of 
rt'tainiiitf  their  comiueiila  in  the  kinjrihmi.  Tlio 
crimes  ami  misrule  of  the  Orleans  faction  were 
fortroi!.  Ii ,  iMip11larilycl1lK.1l  ill  favour  of  Charlea. 
imei.f  the  Kates  of  Paris  was  iMtniveil  liy 
the  I  iii/.ins  to  the  constalile  ami  Hunols  [.Kprll. 
WW\  Willoiitfhby.  the  governor,  was  nlillKeil 
to  slim  hiniself  iip'in  the  Itastile  » ith  his  (tarri- 
iKin,  fniiii  whence  they  rctireil  to  Kouen.  Charles 
VII  entered  his  capital,  after  twenty  years' ex- 
clusion fMin  it,  In  Niivemls'r.  14:17.  Theneefor- 
wanl  the  war  lost  its  serious  chamcter.  Charles 
was  ijriiiliially  istalilisliiil  on  his  throne,  ami  the 
slriii,'i;le  Ihi  Ween  the  two  nations  was  feebly 
tarrieil  on,  lirokcn  iiienly  by  a  few  siejfes  anil 
entcrjirisis.  mostly  to  the  il'i.aulvaniaKe  of  the 
Knglish  .  .  .  There  hail  U-en  freipicnt  enileav- 
ours  ami  conferences  towarils  a  |Hace  Is'tween  | 
the  Preni  li  iim!  Knirlish  ThedfnuusiL-.i.'n  eii.'iir  ! 
side  proved  irreconcilable.  A  tniee  was  however  I 
coneludud.  in  1W4,  wbicli  hjsted  four  years,  it  | 


Kith 
in«l 

» l.iU' 

Ih, 

i,.-,|, 

"Mill 

J. I 

I'll. 

>M1|, 

if  lli« 

Km- 

.1«  :|1 
«:U 


'-<     11 
.\ljl  I 


wa*  M'sHtl  hy  the  marrUite  of  Ih  nrv  \  | 
Maricarrt  of  Anjou.  lUuiihter  of  it.  1,, 
ffmnddaiighter  of  I  o'da,  who  had  |»ri-li. .! 
ieiwllnir  an  army  lo  iIh'  coii.|ui".t  of  \:,|,i. . 
In  l44Ulhe  t nice  was  allowed  I.,  1  t{,ir. 
•Iiiarrrla  of  York  and  l.aiicasti  rliul  ii.nnii. 
and  Kniflaiid  was  nimble  to  defrn.l  li,  r  ( 
iNMsessloiM  Normandy  was  invadiil  li 
iani  TaIIhii  could  not  pri'serve  It  xnn  ^^  ,>i, 
alTected  |Hipulatlon,  and  Charhs  n<i>\.  i.  | 

oiil  hsw  of  bliMsl  |IMU|  the  Ml I  1:1, ,11  ,1 

dominions.  The  only  blow  strin  k  l.y  iN, 
llsh  for  the  pn'servatlon  of  Noniiiin.lj  > 
Kiiirminny  near   llaveiiii.  .Normarnl 

for  ev  r  lost  to  the  kntllish  after  llii..  1.  n  n  ,,r 
skirmish  The  foUowiiiK  yeai  (iiiy.  im.  u  ,,  |„ 
■  ided  by  llie  count  de  Diiiiois  III-  m,  1  unii,,,, 
nslslance  The  iti^'at  towns  at  llm  ,1  n  ),:„| 
crown  wealthy,  and  llieir  maxim  «  1..  i..:i\.i,ii 
sIcKc  at  all  lia/.ard»  "  Uinl  Tall1.1l  «,»  kill.,1  in 
an  enxaKemenl  at  Caslill.iii  (ll.'iOi  ml  »i!|, 
thai  heroexpin'd  the  last  1io|H's  nf  lii.  iniinin 
In  ri'itanl  lo  Kninee.  Ouyeiine  w.i«  I, „i  |  \  |i 
l4.Vt|  as  well  as  Normandy,  and  Calais  n  iiiiiliii..| 
lo  KnKlaiid  the  only  fruit'of  so  mm  h  l.l..,..|  ^pjit 
and  so  many  viclories  a<hlevc.|  "— K  i:  rn.«i, 
nut.  nf  Fritnrr.  r.  \,  fh    A. 

At.s.iiN:  J.  Michelet.  Ilinl  nf  />.,„., 
— K.  lie  Miinstrelei.  Vhmnirl,,  (./../,/„, 
hk  'i.  eh.  IIW,  hk  a.  rh.  0.V  — .Se  lU, 
TAI.NK:  A.  I).  imiO-U.'W. 

A.  D.  1438.— Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charlti 
VII.— Reiormiiw;  decrees  of   the   Council  of 
Basel  adopted  (or  the  Galilean  church.    .Vf:.  r 
the  rupture  Is'tween  the   n'foriniiii;  i.q;i,  li  ,.f 
Has«'l  and  Pope  KuKeniui  IV.  I'W'e  I'vi'm  \     .\  Ii 
IMl-U-W).  ChaHes  VII.  of  Krami      d,  1,  riiiii,„| 
to  adopt  in  his  own  klufcdoin  such  nf  iln  iI.ith-s 
of  the  Council  as  wen'  for   his  aihuMa.-.     m- 
hiK   that   no  opposition  ciuilil   Is'  lunl,.  1.^  lii,. 
I'ope.     Areonllngly  a  Symsl  was  «iiiiininn;,|  ;it 
lioiirKe*  on  May  1,  1 1;1H.      Tli.'  eiiiliaHx.ii|,.rs  nf 
I'o|ieand  Council  urKiil  their  n-spiiiin   iaii*'i 
It  wa»  BgHH'il  that  the  Klnjf  should  wnie  inl'n|K' 
and  Council  11  stay  their  hands  in  iir.iiii.liiii; 
ajicalnsi  one  ar.o.lier;  meanwhile,  tliii  ilie  nfor 
niation  la-  not   lost,  some   of  the    Hum  1   .Iiirin 
sliouhl  IxMnaintaimst  In  France  by  riiy:il  :inili  rity 
The  resulU  of  the  aymsls  delilsralinn  v..ri  l.iil 
Ix-fore  the  Klnjt.  and  on  .July  7  wire  inil.   I'inil- 
InKaa  a  prnKniatic  samtion  on  the  Kn  inh  1  Imn  li 
The  Pragmatic   Sanction  enaciiil  that  iIhtiI 
Councils  were  lo  Ih'  held  every  Im   \.:ii«    iml 
rerognlsjHl  the  authority  of  the  ('iiiiin  il  .f  lU- I 
The  Pope  was  no  longer  to  n'sirve  am    -f  llu' 
greater  ecrlesiastlcal  appoint incnis,  \><\\  .  I.  .11.114 
were  tu  lie  duly  inaile  by  the    riL'liIfnI   1  iir.!!- 
Urants  to  benetlccs  in  expec  turn  y.  '  v\  li.  ii'  1   ili 
agri'e  that  many  evils  aris<', '  wen'  1.1  .  •  im',  :i< 
well  as  resi'rval ions.    In  all  catlie'lral  1 1,  ii-li.s 
one  prela'nil  was  to  U'  given  to  a  tli.i  I 
liiul  studied  for  ten  years  in  a  iiiiivi  r^ii;, 
was  to  ht'turi'  or  pri'iitli  at  least   nn, 
IJenetlces  were  to  !«•  coiifernd  in  f;: 
third    on    graduates,    two  thirds  i.n 
clergy.     Appeals  to  Iloine,  e.vei  pi  l..i 
causes,  were  forbidden.     The  nuiiil"  r 
nals  was  to  Ik'  24.  each  of  the  Hgi  "f  .1 1  .'  !•  ,1-1 
Annates  and  lirstfruits  were  no  Iniiin  r!    I»  I'li'l 
to  the  I'o[K',  but  only  the  necessarv  I.'l'  n  '''  -  "" 

!::=it:!:!ti;;:i        H;:ir:,!H^-i„;.;  wr..r<     m^l.!.     t.rT:::!- 

n'verince    In    the    comluct    of    Divin,     «rrvir. 
prayers  were  to  be  said  by  the  priest  in  m  .r.  lilili- 


III  »li« 
11!  »li,i 


.,r.|i- 


1210 


FRANCR,  1438. 


i>/  AtmilHtum 


rKANci:.  iMi 


toUf,  iniimrorriM  In  rhurrhr*  wmv  (orliliMrn. 
unl  'irrtinl  tomul(lli»HP  wmi  to  1«'  piiiiislKil 
br  •utiH'mdin  fi>r  three  nmntliii.  Huch  wrrr  llii' 
tllrf  nform.  of  \Xt  "Wii  »|mhI»I  «ri«'v»n.T», 
«btrli  Kranir  wlnhiil  lo  i"<l«lill»h  It  w»a  <lii' 
(nit  »lr|i  111  iIh-  nKiirli'm  "f  Ui>-  rlijlil*  <if  nittliiiiiil 
thurrlii*  t.)«mini[i'  for  iIm'IIwIu'K  llir  ilfl»ll« 
of  ibiir  iiMii  wvUiilMllml  or((iiiil««lli>ii  "— M. 
Olilliloii.  IM.  of  'A*  ■  •'•!  <t»ri"U  >l<r  I'triiHt 
(4  Ih,  lUf'r.iutli'm.  U  ir.'i). 

'  A  D.   1447.— Orif  :  cUirat  of   tht 

kmiic  of  Orl««B»  to  ti..  ly  of  Milan.    S<  .• 

A.  D.  14U-1461.— The  rtconitructtd  kinK- 
Jom.-Tii*  Btw   plant  of  AbiolutUni.  —  ■At 

tk  r«|.ul«ii>n  I'f  ifii'  Kii)fll»li,   Kriinci-  tiiiiriii'.l 
from  llii    ilm(«   with  »ii  nltiri''l   ilmmciir  iiml 
nrW  frnluriit  i>f  KiiviTlimriil      Thi'  M)  iil  author 
It?  «ii<l  •iiiinnic-  Jurlolhtloii  of  thi'  |mrlmmi'nt 
w'rre  univiTwilly  riroitniwil       Ytt  there  wiw  » 
trDilini  V  townriii  liiiiiliiirliuiitioii  left  ainonit  llie 
put  noliility.  arisliiu  In  |i«rt  from  the  nniniim 
i.f olil  fiuiliil  privileiten.  Iiiit  Htill  more  from  lluit 
lix  iilmiiii»lralii>n  « hieh.  In  the  ronnil»lvi' »lrui( 
f\ni't  Ilie  wir.  Imd  Inrn  milTcntl  lo  previiil.     In 
ibf  ftifUth   were  Noi;ir  roriMlderiihle   vawtnU,    the 
lioiwcsi'f  Koi\,  Allinl.  iinil  Arniutfni»e.  whr>.  on 
Komnt  nf  their  ilUlanee  from  the  wut  of  empire. 
hmlHlwavs  nialntalneil  a  very  inde|penilenl  eon 
duct     TliPiluki-aof  Brltany  luiil  Hurirundy  wen.' 
of  tnion'  formitlalile  ebanuter,  ami  ini^ht  rather 
bf  rauknl  .jmong  foreign  iMjwerstlmn  prlvih');'il 
mlijiil*     The  primes,  tixi.  of  the  royal  hli><»l. 
whii.  ilurinK  the  late  rel){u.  hail  learneil'to  |)«rtake 
(ir  contend  for  the  iiianai(emrnt,  wen'  111  iiK'lineil 
tuwanis  Cliarlea  VI!..  himnelf  Jeahiun,  from  old 
renilicctioiLs  of  their  anc-endaney.     They  miw  that 
the  cunstitutiiin  waa  verging  mpldly  towanls  an 
•bwilulc  nioimnhv,  from  the  direetfon  of  whieli 
they  Kciiild  studiously   Ik.'  exeludeil.     This  ap- 
pnWmion  );ave  riM'  to  si'veral  attempta  at  re 
Wliim  during  tlie  reign  of  {,'harlea  VII..  and  to 
the  war,  eommonly  entitled,  for  tlie  I'lihlic  Weal 
(ilu  Ijien  puhlic'l.'uiKkr  Louis  XI.     Among  the 
pri'lcn*'8  alleged  tiy   the   revollen   in  each  of 
ihisf.  the  injuries  of  the  people  were  not  for- 
gotten; but  from  the  people  they  nieived  small 
lupport.     Weary  of  civil  iliHsenslon,  and  anxious 
for  s  slroiip  government  to  sieurc  them  from 
ilcpniliilinu;  the  French  liad  no  inducement  to 
inlnist  even  their  n-al  grievanees  to  a  few  mal- 
ronlint  primes,  wlioae  regani  for  the  common 
fOuA  they  bail  much  reason  tu  distrust.     Every 
cinunisiuiuv  favoureil  Charles  VII.  and  his  son 
in  lilt-  uttainment  of  arbitrary  i>ower.     The  coun- 
try W11.S  pillaged  by  military  rutliaiis.     Suiiie  of 
tluie  hiul  \mn  leil  by  the  dauphin  to  a  war  in 
GiTmiiii".  but  tlie  nniainder  atill   infested   the 
liigh  riKids  und   villages.      Charles  established 
\n*  i'ipiii|i!i»ies  of  onlonnanre.   the  basis  of    tlie 
l>('iiih  reu'ular  army,  in  onler  to   protect  the 
cimntry  frpiri  sui  h  depredators.     They  mnNisled 
of  alHiiit  nine  thousand  soldiers,  all  cavalry,  of 
»ti(iiii  tifti  .11  hundred  wen-  heavy  armeil ;  a  force 
nut  \.  ry  ii)U>ider.ible,  hut  the  tirst,  except  men- 
lixlv  iruiirds.  which  had  iHt'ii  raised  in  any  part 
of  EiiroiH'  as  a  national  standing  army.     Tliese 
troops  w.ro  paid  out  of  the  produce  "of  a  (Mr- 
maneui  tax,  called  the  laille;  an  innovation  still 
mon-  iiiiprirtant  than  the  former.     But  the  pres- 
ent llenetit   i-heating  the   tvNinlp,   now    nnme    tii 
lutimissive  habits,  little  or  no  opposition   was 
miiae    except   in  tiuienne,    the    inliabiUnU   of 


which  hiul  aiM'rily  nuon  lo  rrgrel  the  niihl  go* 
rmineiit  of  Migland.  and  vainly  inilraviMirrd  In 
nturn  to  iu  protection  II  vtaanoi  hmg  lirfore 
lite  tti-w  ilcM|MitUiti  t.^hlbltitl  ItMdf  in  Its  harMlieat 
chnraclir  Ijiiils  XI  .  son  of  I'Imrles  VII  ,  who 
during  his  father  s  relitn,  had  Inin  innneiti'd 
with  the  dinconlenled  princes,  came  lo  the  throne 
greatly  endoweil  with  iIkhm-  virtues  ami  >icei 
which  consfiin'  t4t  the  Kiiccess  of  a  king  " — II 
llallam.  Thf  Mi.hlh  .Ij,.,.  i^h    I.  ;./   •,' 

A.  D.  I4SS-I4A|.  — Renewed  lubmiiaion  of 
Genoa  to  tne  KtnK,  and  renewed  revolt.  Si-e 
(iKM.\     A    l>    ll-VT  tun 

A.  O.  i46i.~Acccttion  of  Kinc  Louie  XI.— 
Contemporary  portrait  of  him  by  Commine*.— 
"I'f  all  the  priniis  tliat   I  e>cr  knew.  Ilii'  wiii'st 
and  intKt  ilivteroiis  to  extrii-iile  hi  nisi  If  nut  of 
any  danger  or  dittlciilty    in  lime  of    adversity, 
was  iiiir  master    Kiiiir   I^xiis  \I.      He   was  the 
humblest  in  his  cutivrrsation  and  habit,  and  the 
most  painful  and  indif  it  liable  to  win  over  any 
man  lo  his  side  llial  he  tlnmKlit  capable  of  doing 
him  either  mischii  f  or  wrviie    Ibougli  he  was 
often  refused,  he  woulil  nevi  r  give  oii-r  a  man 
that  he  wislied  to  gain,  but  still  pn's.sed  and  con 
tinned  his  Insiniiiitions,  proinisiiig  him  largely, 
and  pn-sinting  liiin  with  such  sums  and  hoiioiini 
as  he  knew  wnuhl  gratiry  his  ambition;  and  for 
such  as  he   had  disi-ardctl  in  time  of  tH'iice  and 
prim[M-rily.  he  paid  dear  {when  he  had  is-ciision 
for  tlieiiiMo  til  liver  them  again:  but  when  he 
had  once  reconciled  them,  he  ntainid  no  enmity 
towanlsthem  for  what  bail  passid.  but  employiil 
llicm  freely   for  the  future,      lie  was  naturally 
kind  and  indulgent  to  |mtsiiiis  iif  mean  eslate,  and 
hostile  to  all  great  men  who  had  no  need  of  him. 
Never  prinii'  was  so  conversable,  nor  so  inquisi- 
tive as  he,  for  his  desire  was  to  know  every  Issly 
he  could;  and  indeed  lie  knew  all  jH-rsons  of  any 
authority  or  wortli  in  Kngland.  S|iiiiii,  I'orliigal 
and  Italy,  in  the  territories  nf  ilic  Dukes  of  Bur- 
gundy and   llretiigne,  and  aiiiniig  his  own  sub- 
jects; and   liv   tliose  i|Ualilii'S  he   presirved  the 
cniwn  upon  fiis  liead,  which  was  in  much  danger 
bv  the  enemies  he  had  created  to  himself   ii|Hin 
Ills  accession  to  the  throne.     Hut  abovi-  all,  his 
gnat  Isiuntv  and  lilMrality  did  him  the  greatest 
wrviic:  anil  yet,  as  he  Is'liaved  himsi'lf  wisely  in 
time  of  distress,  so  wlieii  he  thought  himself  a 
little  out  of  danger,  though  it  were  but  by  a  truce, 
he  would  disoli!ii;e  the  si'rvantsand  olHcers  of  his 
court  by  mean  a. id  |M'tly  wavs.  wliich  were  little 
to  his  advantage;  and   as  I'or   ihiut.   he  could 
lianlly   endure   tin-   ilmuglits   of   It.     He  «iKike 
sliiihtingly   "f   most    |Miiple,  and   rather  U'fore 
their   faces,    than    Ishind    their    backs,    unlesa 
he  was  afraid  of  them,  and  of  that  .sort  there 
were  a  great  many,  fur  he  was  naturally  some- 
what timorous.     VVhen  he  had  done  himself  any 
prejudice  liy  his  talk,  or  w:is  apprehensive  he 
should  do  so.   and  wished   to  make  amends,  he 
would  say  to  the  |«rson  whom  he  had  disidiliged, 
'lam  M'iisilile  my  tongue  has  done  me  u  gnat 
deal  i.f  iiii'i  hicf ;  but,  on  the  oth'-r  hand,  it   has 
sometimes  done  me  much  goisl;  liowcvcr,  it  is 
but  reason   i  .should   make  some  reparation    for 
tile   injury,'     .\nd  he  never  used   this  kind  of 
apologies  to  any  person,  but  he  granted  some  fa- 
vour loibc  person  to  wliuni  l;e  maile  it.  and  it  was 
always  of  ciinsidenilile  amount.      It  is  certiiinly  a 
irniit"  lilessing  fniin  tiisl  uium  any  prince  to  have 
experienced  adversity  as  well  as  prosiK'rity.  goisl 
as  well  as  evil, and  especially  if  the  good  outweighs 


1211 


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PRANCE,   1461.  toi, 

tilt'  <'vil.  as   It   (lid  in  tlio  kin/;  niir  master.     I 
urn  of  opinion  timt  tlic  troiihli's  tic  van  involved 
in,   in  hia  vouth,  wlien  lie  tied   from  his  father, 
nnil  resiileil  six  years  tojretlier  with  Philip  Duke 
of  llurfsniulv,  were  of  frreat  serviee  to  him :  for 
there  lie  learned  to  1m'  eoniplai><iint  to  sneh  as  he 
hail  oeeasioii  to  use,  whieh  was  no  sliirht  aiivan- 
tJiire  of  aiiver-ily.     .Vs  soon  ns  he  founil  hitnself 
a   powerful   ami   crowned   kinir.    Ills  mind  was 
wholly  lient  upon  ri'vent'e;  hut  he  ipiiekly  found 
the  ineonvinienee  of  this,  n'|M>nIed  liy  dejrri'es  of 
his  indisereiion.  ami  made  sutlleient  reparation 
for  his  folly  and  error,  hy  rejraininif  those  he  hail 
injured,  as' shall   1m'  ri'lated   her.after.     Hesides, 
I  am  very  eontideni  that  if  his  education  liad  not 
liei'U  ililTcnnt  fn>m  the  usual  education  of  such 
nohles  as  I  have  seen  in  Kmnee,  he  eould  not  so 
easilv  liavi'  workid   himself  out  of  his  trouliles: 
for  they  are  hrouKht   up  to  nothinir  hut  to  make 
themselves  ridiculous,  IhiiIi  in  their  clothes  and 
discourse ;  they  have  no  knowledi;e  of  letters;  no 
wise  man  is  sullercd  to  come  near  thi'm.  to  im- 
prove their  u«derstandini;s;  they  h]ivi'  governors 
who  manage  their  liusim!i.s,  hut  they  do  nothini; 
tliemst'lves. "— Such  is  the  account  of  l.ouis  XI. 
which   Philip  de  t'ommines  ^ives  in  one  of  the 
early  chapters  of  his  delightful  Memoirs.     In  a 
later  ehapt<T  he  tells  naively  of  the  kind's  suspi 
cions  and  fears,  and  of  what  he  sulTered,  at  the 
enil  of  his  life,  as  the  penally  of  his  cruel  anil 
crafty  dealings  with  his  suhjects:      "  iSome  live 
or  si.x  montlis  In^fore  his  death,  he  Nitan  to  sus- 
pect everyhcHly,  es|M'ciallv  those  who  were  most 
capahle  and  des<'rvin);  itf  the  administraticm  of 
affairs.      He  was  afniid  of  his  son,  and  cau.se<l 
him   ti>    Ik-    kept    close,    so   that    no    man   saw 
or    discourseil    with    him.    hut     hy    his    special 
ronimanil.     At   last   he  (rri'w  suspicious  of  his 
daughter,    and   of   his   son  in  law    the    Duke  of 
Bourlmn,  ami  reijuiri-d  an  a<eount  of  what  (HTsons 
<ame  to  speak  with  them  at  I'lessis.  and  hroke  u|) 
a  council  which  tlie  Duke  of  Hourhon  was  h(dd- 
ing  there,  hy  his  order.  .   .   .   Hcholil,  then,  if  hi' 
had  eaus<'d  many  to  live  under  him  in  eontinu.d 
fear  and   apprehension,  whethir  it  w,is  not   re- 
turned   to    him   again;    for  of  whom  could    he 
be  secure  when  he  was  afndd  of  his  son-in-law, 
his  ilaughler,  ami  his  own  son?     I  speak  this  not 
(miy  of  him,  hut  of  all  other  primes  who  desire 
to  he  flared,  that  venireaiice  never  falls  on  them 
nil   they  grow  old,  and  then,  as  a  just  i)enance, 
they  are   afraid  of  everylxidy   Ihemstdves;  and 
wjhal    grief    must    it    liaV.-    I'leiii    to    this    p.mr 
Kiiig  to  lie  tormiiited  wiili  sinli  terrors  ,'ind  pas- 
sions?    He  was  still  all.-i,  l.d   hy  liis  phvsician. 
.Master  ,Iames  C.Ktier,  t.i  uliom'in  live  Inonliis' 
lime  he  had  given  fifty  four  tliousiind  crowns  in 
ri'ady  money,   hesides'  llie  hishoprie  of  .Vmiens 
for   his   miihiw.    and    other    great   olltees    ami 
estates  for  hiinviratid  his  friends;  yet  this  diator 
used  liim   Very  rouL'liiy  indeed;  liiie  would   not 
have  giviii    such  oulr.igcoiis  language  to  ones 
S(  rvants  as  hr  -:uc  the  King,  wlio  stixsl  in  sueli 
awe  of  hiiii,    ill, It   hi-  durst    not   forliid   him  his 
pris,  M,  ,■.      It  is  true  he  ei.iuplained  of  his  impu- 
deiiir  afterwards,  hut  he  durst  imt  eharisre  liim  as 
111  had  done  ill'  th,  iisinf  his  servants;  heiause 
he  had  told  him  aftir  a  most   audacious  manner 
one  day.  'I  know  well  that  some  time  or  other 
you  will  dismiss  me  from  court,  as  you  have  done   , 
the  ri-.t;  iMit  lie  sure  (and  he  eontiriiied  it  witli  a   i 
great  oath)  you  shall  not  live  eiL'lit  days  after  i\ 
«iui  whieh  expression  tlie  King  was  .so  lerrilied,    j 


"  "  FRANCE,   1461 

Ihal  ever  after  he  did  nothing  but  llattiT  aod 
bribe  him,  wliicli  must  needs  have  lieen  a  smu 
mortific^tinn  to  a  prince  who  had  heen  Immliiv 
iilieyed  all  his  life  by  so  many  grsMl  aa.l  hi-iivV 
men  The  King  had  ordefwl  several  irii,! 
prisons  to  he  made;  some  were  cages  .if  ir,,|, 
and  some  of  wikmI,  but  all  were  covered  with  ir,,,, 
plates  iKith  within  and  without,  witii  terrilil. 
iiH-ks,  almut  eight  feet  wide  and  S4ven  lii^'li  ih. 
first  contriver  of  tliem was  the  Hisho|MilV,ri|iin 
who  was  immediately  put  in  the  llrsi  nf  i|„.u 
I  hat  was  made,  wliere  he  eontinued  foiiriiTu 
years  .Many  bittiT  curses  he  has  had  sim,.  f,,, 
his  invention,  and  some  from  me  as  I  lav  in  .mr 
of  tliemeiglit  months  together  in  the  tiiiiinritv 
of  our  present  King.  He  also  ordered  h,-ivV 
and  terrible  fetters  to  Iw  made  in  «iertiiaiiy,  iin!| 
particularly  a  certain  ring  for  the  fi  1 1.  ivliid, 
was  extremely  hard  to  tie  opened,  and  liiie.l  like 
an  iron  collar,  with  a  thhk  weighty  i  Imin.  ami  a 
great  globe  of  iron  at  the  end  I'lf  it,  most  mi 
reasonably  heavy,  whieh  engines  were  i  illnl  tin- 
King's  Nets Vs  in  his  time  this  l.arlianiiu 

variety  of  prisons  was  invented,  so  lief.n-  h, 
died  he  himself  was  in  greater  torment,  ami  iiinrf 
terrible  apprehension  tlian  those  wliom  In-  hml 
imprisoned;  whieh  I  Imik  upon  as  a  irreat  rninv 
towanls  him,  and  as  a  part  of  his  puriratnrv; 
and  I  have  mention<-d  it  here  to  simw  that 
fliere  is  no  pers<m,  of  what  stutinn  or  iliirnity 
soever,  but  suffers  .some  time  or  otliir.  ciilic'r 
publicly  or  privatelv,  especiallv  if  he  has  i  au.-nil 
other  people  to  sufrer  The  kiiu.'.  l.manU  ilu 
latter  (-ml  of  hisday.s,  laused  hiscistlenf  I'levsis- 
jes-Tours  to  1m-  eneompassed  with  gnat  liars  of 
iron  in  the  form  of  ihick  grating,  and  at  the  fnur 
corners  of  the  house  four  sfiarrow  iiests  ,if  inm, 
strong,  inas.sy,  and  thick,  ■  ■■■  huill.  The  irritw 
wen-  without  the  wall  o.  other  side  of  the 

ditch,  and  sank  to  the  Ixitti  i.  Several  spikes  of 
inm  were  fasteiusl  into  the  wall,  set  as  thir-k  bv 
one  another  as  was  possible,  and  eaili  furnisli 
with  three  or  four  [xiiuts.  Hi-  likewisi-  pUei-d 
ten  iMiw-men  in  the  ditches,  to  shoot  at  aiiv  nan 
that  durst  appniach  the  ea.stle  before  tin-  .ipitiing 
of  the  gat(-s;  and  he  onlered  they  slioiilil  lie  in 
the  ditches,  but  nlire  to  the  sparniw  nests  upon 
israsion.  He  was  sensible  enough  that  this  for- 
tification was  too  W(-ak  to  keep  out  an  army,  or 
any  gn-at  lusly  of  men,  but  he  had  n--  feiir  of 
such  an  attack;  his  gn-at  appnliensi-m  wa«.  that 
some  of  the  nobility  of  his  kingdom,  haviii!;  in- 
telligence within,  might  attt-mpt  to  make  them 
selves  mastersofthe  ea.stle  by  night,  ,  .  .  Isiip.is- 
sihle  then  toki-ep  a  prince  (with  any  rrL'anl  !ohi< 
iiualily)  in  a  closer  prison  than  he'  kept  liim-.  Ifr 

The  cages  which  wen-  made  for  other  | ph  .xn- 

alKMit  eight  feet  squan-;  and  he  illh'iii.'li  si  l:^a■l 
a  monan-hl  had  but  a  small  court  of  'lie  ea-;l.  ■- 
walk  in,  and  sehlom  made  use  of  IhiU.  Inn  .'i  ii- 
erally  kept  hims(-lf  in  the  gallery,  leit  ..f  ivliiih 
he  went  into  the  ihainliers  on  his  w  ly  t"  m.isv 
hut  never  |)as,sed  thnuigh  tin-  court,  I  have 

not  reconh-d  these  Ihiiigs  inen-ly  to  n  |.re-ini  our 
miLster  as  a  suspicious  and  miMrusifnl  prinir, 
hut  to  show,  that  hv  the  patience  whic  li  In-  i  \- 
jin-ssed  in  liis  sufferings  (like  those  «  In.  h  In-  in- 
flicted on  other  people!,  they  may  h*  I..  .k.-.|  upi-in, 
in  my  judgment,  as  a  punishment  whi.li  our 
Ijoril  intlict(-d  u()on  him  in  this  worM  in  onler 
111  deal   nion-  men-ifully  with  him  in  111.    inM, 

as  well  ia  regMfd  to  th<>se  thini^s  Iwf.ire  nil  ..lioni'il 

as  to   the  distempers  of   liis  liody.   w  hi. 'i  "in- 


1212 


mt] 


FRANCE,  14«1. 


txiuit  XI. 


FRANCE,  1461-1468. 


__,  md  painful,  and  muoli  dre "uled  by  him  be- 
Sre  they  c-mc  upon  him;  and,  likewise,  that  those 
nrinces  who  may  be  lii»  guccessors,  may  learn  by 
lis  example  to  be  mure  tender  and  indulgent  to 
tlielr  subiecW,  and  lens  severe  in  their  punish- 
ments than  our  master  had  l)een :  although  I  will 
not  censure  him,   or  say   1  ever  saw  a   U'tter 
orince     for  tliough  lie  oppressed   his  subjects 
himself  he  would  never  se<!  them  injured  by  aiiy- 
^^y  else  •—I'hilip  de  Comraines,  ifemnr;  hk. 
1  A  W.andhk.  6,  <-/i    11. 
'  A  D  1461-1468.— The  character  and  retgn 
of  Louis  il.-The  League  of  the  Public  Weal. 
-"Excipt  Si.  Louis,  he  [Louis  XI.]  was  tlie 
flrat  as  in(lce<I  (with  the  solitary  exception  of   , 
Louis  I'liilippe),  lie  is  still  the  <mly  king  of  Fnincr 
wlioee  mind  was  ev.r  prepared  for  the  duties  of  | 
tlist  hijih  station  l)y  any  course  of  st-vere  and 
jTstematic  study.     Before  he  iwcended  tlie  throne 
of  his  ancesU)rs  he  had   profoundly  meditated 
the  greiit  Italian  authors,  and  the  institutions 
and  ma.vinis  of  the  Italian  republics.     Kr.>m  IIkmc 
lessons  \v  \\m\  derived  a  low  esteem  of  his  fellow- 
men  and  especially  of  those  among  tliem  upon 
whom   wealth,  and   ranit,  and    power  had  de- 
scended as  an  hereditary    birthrijjht.  .  .      He 
clearly  understood,  and  pursued  with  intlexible 
steadfastness  of    purpose  the  elevation  of    liis 
country  and  the  grandeur  of  his  own  royal  house 
and  lineage-,  but  lie  pursued  tliem  with  a  torpid 
imagination,  a  cold  heart,  and  a  riitliless  will. 
He  regarded  mankind  as  a  physiologist  contem 
plates  the  living  subjects  of  his  science,  or  as  a 
chess-player  survevs  the   pieces  on   his  iMiard. 
...  It  lias  lieen  said  of  I.rfnii8  XI.,  that  t!ie  ap- 
pearance of  the  men  of  the  HcvoUition  of  17S9 
lirst  made  him  intelligible.  .  .  .   Louis   was   thi' 
(im  of  the  terrible  Ideologists  of  France  — of 
tliat  class  of  men  who,  to  enthrone  an  idolized 
idea,  will  offer  whole  In'catombs  of  liuman  sncri- 
lices  at  (he  shrine  of  their  idol.     Tlie    Idea  of 
Louis  was  that  of  levelling  all  powers  in  the 
state,  in  ord'^r  that  the  administration   of  the 
affairs,  the  posses.sion  of  the  wealth,  and  the  en- 
ioyratnt  of  the  Inmours  of  his  kingdom  might 
be  grasped  h_v  himself  and  his  successors  as  their 
solitary  and"  unrivalled   dominion.   .  .   .   Before 
hisa<('es.siiin  to  the  throne,  all  the  gn'at  flefa  into 
which  Fnmce  had  been  divided  under  the  earlier 
t'ai«'tian  kings  lii«l,  with  the  cxcepliim  of  Bre- 
tiignc.  iKin  either  annexed  to  the  royal  domain, 
or  reduced  to  a  state  of  de|K-ndcnce  on  »lie  crown. 
But,  under  tile  name  of  Apanages,  tliesc  ancient 
divisions  of  the  kingdom  into  separate  princi- 
palities had  reappeared.     The  territorial  feudal- 
ism of  the  Middle  -Vges  seemed  to  be  reviving  in 
the  persons  of  the  younger  branches  of  the  royal 
hnusiv    Tlie  Dukesof  Burgundy  had  thus  iK'comc 
Ilir  rulers  (jf  a  state  [see  BfKuiNDV:  A.  I).  1 1«7| 
which,  u.ider  the   government  of   more   politic 
priniTs,  miglit  reiulily,  in   fiilliUinent   of   their 
disircj.  liavc  attained  the  rank  of  an  indeiiendent 
kiiii;dom.     The  Duke  of  Bretagne,  still  a.s.sertiii.g 
till'  pn  uliiir  [irivili'ges  of  his  duchy,  was  rather 
anally  tli.iu  a  subject  of  the  king  of  France. 
("harli-s   liiiki'  of  lUrri.  the  brother  of  I,ouis,  as- 
pired to  tli<'  possession  of  the  sjimc  advantages. 
.\nl  tills.-  three  great  territorial  poU'Utates,   in 
illiaud'  ttitli  the  i)uc  de  Bourlion  and  the  Comte 
de  t^l.   I'.il.   the   lirothcrsin-law   of   Louis   and 
of  his  i|ui-i'n.  uniteil  together  to  form  that  coii- 


r^i-f-.:\  ::;;:ii:iri:  iiim  to  which  they  j;:ive  tin:  vt-ry 
inappropriate  title  of  La  Liguc  du  Bieu  Public. 


It  -was,  however,  a  titlei  which  recogntied   the 
growing  strength  of  the  Tiers  Etat.and  of  that 
public  opinion  to  which  the  Tiers  Et»t  at  once 
gave  utt<Tance  and  imparted  authority.     Selfish 
ambition  was  thus  comiK-lled  to  assume  the  mask 
of  patriotism.     The  princes  veiled  their  insatiable 
appetite  for  their  own  personal  advantages  under 
the  popular  anil  plausible  demands  of  adminis- 
trative reforms— of  the  reduction  of  imposts  — 
of  the  government  of  the  people  by  their  repre- 
sentatives—  ami,  conscMiuently,  of  the  convoca- 
tion of  the  States  General.     To  these  pretensions 
Louis  was  unable  to  make  any   idfeetual  resis- 
tance."    An  indecisivi'   but  bloodv    battle   was 
fought  at  Montleherv,  near  Paris  (.July  16. 1465), 
Iroin  wliicli  bolh  armies  retreated  with  every  ap- 
peanuiec  of  <lefcat.     The  caiiital  was   besieged 
InelTectuallv    for  some   weeks  by   the    L<'ague; 
then  the  king  yielded,  or  seemed  to  do  so,  and 
the  Treaty  of  CNmtlans  was  signed,     "lie   as- 
sentc-(l,  in'terms  at  least,  to  all  the  demands  of 
his  antagonists.     He   granted    to   the    Duke   of 
Berri   the  (huliy  of   Normandy  as  an   apanage 
transmissible  in  perpetuily  to  Ills  male  heirs.   .   , 
The  confederates  then   laid  down  their   arms. 
The  wily  monarch  bided  his  time.     He  had  be- 
stowed on  thciii  advantages  which  he  well  knew 
would  destroy  their  popularity  and  so  subvert 
the  basis  of  their  power,  and  «-liicli  lie  also  knew 
the  state  of  pulilic  opinicm  would  not  aUow  them 
to  retain      To  wrest  those  advantages  frimi  their 
hands,   it  was  only  iiecrs.siiry  to  comply    with 
their  last  stipulation,  .-iiid  to  eimvcne  the  States- 
(lineral.     They  iiiet  ac<-ordingly,  at   Tours,  on 
the  6ih  of  April,  14<i8."     As  Louis  bad  anticl- 
pntod— or,    rather,   as    he    had    planneil  —  the 
States-Oeiieral  c.incelled  the  grant  of  Normandy 
to  the  Diiki'  of  Berri  (whicli  the  king  liail  lieen 
able  already  to  recover  posse-ssion  of,  owing  to 
<iuarrels  be'tween  the  dukesof  Berri  and   Brit- 
tany) and,  generally,  tiM>kaway  from  the  princes 
of  tin-  Leaiiue  nearlv  all  that  they  had  extorted 
in  tlie  Treaty  of  Coiitlans.     On  II xpress  invi- 
tation of  the  king  they  appoinleil  a  commission 
to   reform   abuses   in   tlie    government  —  which 
coiniiiis.sion  "attempted  little  and  effected  noth- 
ing"—  and,  then,   having  assisted   the  cunning 
king   t,>  overcome   Ills  tlireateiiing   nobles,   the 
States-General  were  dissolved,  to  meet  no  more 
while  Louis  XI.  occupied  tlie  tliri>iie.     In  a  des- 
perate situation   lie    had    use<l    the    dangerous 
w-capcm  against  liis  enemies  withetTect:  be  was 
too  prudent  to  draw  it  from  the  sheath  a  second 
liiiic.— Sir  .1.    Stephen.    hrVn  <in     the    Hint.    -/ 
Fnince,  In-I.  11  —  -  The  larcer  of  Louis  XI.  pre- 
si-nts  a  curious   problem.      How   could  a  ruler 
whose  morality  fell  la-low  that  of  Jonathan  Wild 
vit  achieve  scmie  of  the-  greatest  permanent  re 
suits  of  patriotic  statesmanship,  and  be  esu-enied 
not  oiilv  liv  himself  but  by  so  calm  an  observer 
as  Cinmiiiiics  the  model  of  kingly  virtue  1     As  to 
Louis's  moral  character  anil  principles,  or  want 
of   principle,    not   a  doubt    can   lie   entertained 
To  say  Ik-  i-ommilteil  tin-  acts  of  a  villain  is  to 
fall  far  short  of  tin-  truth.   .   .   .   He  ihisscsscmI  a 
kind  of  rellL'ious  lielicf.  but  it  was  a  species  of 
religion  which  a  respectalile  heathen  would  have 
scorned      He  attempted  to  brils'  heaven,  or  rather 
the  Siiints.  just  as  he  attempted  to  win  over  his 
Swiss  allies- that  is,  by  gifts  of  money.   . 
Yet  this  nnm,  wiio  was  daunteil  by   no  <!ruelty, 
ant!   wtir.  ci.ii).!   '.v  !"--o;id  by  no  oath  save  one. 
illd  work  which  all  statesmen  must  admire,  and 


1213 


' 


i  I 


,11 

,)  ' 

Hi' 


r 


t  . 


■J: 

T1!' 


'It'-      .  ^  i 

;.>iJ.'l|. 


it 


FRANCE,  1461-1468. 


which  French  patriots  miiiit  fervently  approve. 
He  was  the  creator  of  nicNlcm  Fnitice.  When  he 
came  to  the  throne  il  wemcil  more  than  likely 
that  an  utterly  wltish  anil  treaclicn>us  nobility 
would  tear  the  country  in  piici's.  The  Knf^lish 
8till  Ihreateneil  to  ri'peat  the  horrors  of  their  in- 
viulons.  The  House  of  IliirKumly  overlmlunceil 
the  power  of  the  crown,  ami  stimulated  lawless- 
ness throui;liout  the  whole  country.  The  was- 
antry  were  niiseralily  oppres.sed.  and  the  middle 
classes  could  not  prosper  for  want  of  that  rule  of 
law  which  is  the  first  reipiisite  for  civilization. 
When  Louis  died,  the  existence  of  France  and 
the  power  of  the  French  crown  was  secureil: 
'He  liad  extended  the  fnmtiirs  of  his  kinfrdom; 
Picardv.  I'rovenee,  Burgundy.  Anjou.  Maine. 
Rous.sillon  had  been  coni|>elli'd  to  aeknowledure 
the  immediate  authority  of  the  crown.'  He  had 
crusheil  the  feudal  oligari  hy ;  he  hail  seen  his 
most  dantrerous  eneniv  destniyeil  hy  the  resis- 
tance of  the  Swi.ss;  he  had  liallled  the  attempt  to 
construct  a  stale  which  would  have  imperilled 
the  national  cxistenie  of  France;  he  had  put  an 
end  to  all  risk  of  Kn^'lish  invasion:  and  lie  left 
France  the  most  powerful  country  in  Europe. 
Her  internal  L'overnnieiit  was  no  douht  oppres- 
iive,  hut,  at  any  rate,  it  secured  the  rule  of  law; 
and  his  sehenii'S  for  her  lieiiitil  wire  still  uiilin- 
Ished.  lie  died  redrelliiij;  that  lie  could  not 
carry  out  his  plans  for  the  reform  of  the  law  and 
for  the  proteeiiiin  of  commerce;  and,  in  the 
opinion  of  ConiMines,  if  (Joil  had  trnintcil  him 
the  uraee  of  living  live  or  six  years  more,  he 
would  (.Teatly  have  In  nelited  his  realm.  He 
died  coniineiidinj;  his  soul  to  the  interee.s.sion  of 
the  Viru'in.  and  the  la»t  words  eaiiKht  from  his 
lips  were:  '  I.nrd,  in  thee  have  I  trusted;  let  me 
never  lie  confounded.'  Nor  should  this  !«■  taken 
as  the  expression  of  hopcliss  si'lf  delusion  or 
gratuitous  liypoeriM'.  in  tlie  opinion  of  Coin- 
mines,  uttenil  after  the  kini;'s  death,  'he  was 
more  wise,  more  liUral,  and  inon-  virtuous  in 
all  thincs  than  any  eoneiiu|)orary  soverei;;!!.' 
The  expressions  of  Cominines  were,  it  may  he 
■aid.  but  tlie  echo  of  the  low  moral  tone  of  the 
aire.  This,  no  doubt,  is  true;  hut  the  fact 
that  the  a;;e  ilid  not  condemn  acts  which,  taken 
alone,  seem  to  ar;,'ue  the  utmost  depnivity,  still 
needs  explanation.  The  matter  is  the  more 
worthy  of  eoiisideratlon  U'causi-  Louis  represeiiis. 
thoUf:ii  in  an  exau'Lririlcd  form,  the  vices  and 
virtues  of  a  speiial  body  of  rulers.  He  was  the 
ineariiation.  sotosp,-ak.  of  kin/ienift.  The  wonl 
and  the  idea  it  represiMits  have  now  lieeonie 
out  of  date,  but  fur  about  two  centuries ^sjiv, 
roughly,  from  tlie  iiiiildle  of  the  si'Veiiteenth  cin- 
tury  — the  ide;i  of  a  _'reat  kini;  was  that  of  a 
monarch  who  rulid  tiy  means  of  euniiiii;;,  in 
tri;:Me.anc|disrej.Mnl  of  ordinary  moral  rules.  We 
here  come  across  the  fact  which  explains  lioili 
thi'  career  and  the  re|iut.itioii  of  l.ouis  an. I  ot' 
oiliers.  such  as  Henry  VII.  of  Knu'land.  who 
Wire  master^  of  kint'e'raft.  Tlie  universal  fe,  1- 
ini;  of  tlie  time,  shared  by  siibji  cts  no  less  tli.an 
by  nil.  rs,  was  that  a  kiiiir  'a .is  not  bound  bv 'he 
rules  of  inorilily,  and  espeeially  bv  the  rules  of 
lione-,ty.  wliieh'bind  other  men.'  I'litil  you  re.il- 
ize  this  fact,  iioihiiiu'  is  more  Ineompn-hensibh' 
than  tie'  adulalioii  lavished  by  men  sueli  as 
Bacon  or  Casaiibon  on  a  ruler  such  as  .lames  1. 
.  .  .  The  rial  puzzle  is  to  ascertain  how  this 
feeliuL^  that  kinjw  wir.-  ijl love  the  tle'ru!  lawianic 
Into  existence      The  facts  of  history  alTonl  the 


>X7.  FRANCE,  1461-149S 

neo'saary  explanation.  When  the  nuHlirn  K,,,,, 
pean  worUl  was  falling  Into  «ha|ie  th.  ..i,,.  I'lij,,,, 
required  for  national  pro«|H'rity  was  ih.- i-n.vm, 
of  a  power  which  might  check  the  ili.url,r«  of 
the  feudal  nobility,  and  secure  for  tin  iii:i.>,,f 
the  people  the  blessings  of  an  onli  riv  uim  m 
ment.  The  only  power  which,  in  imum"  (,i», 
could  achieve  this  end,  was  tlie  enov  n  |„  j;,, . 
land  the  niunarchs  put  an  end  to  the  war..,f 
the  nobility.  In  France  the  growth  of  i|„.  „,, ,, 
areliy  secured  not  only  inlerna!  cpii.  i,  l.ui  ,,,, 
lection  from  external  invasion.  In  Ih. -.■  ;ui,i  j,, 
other  cases  the  interest  of  the  crown  an. I  tin  j,, 
tercst  of  the  people  became  for  a  liim  i.l.  riii.  1] 
.  .  .  Acts  wliieh  would  have  sii  in.  .|  villiii,,,.;, 
when  done  to  pnmiote  a  purely  privii.  iiii,  r.,i 
iH'canie  mere  devices  of  .statesiiiaii>lii|i  \\li,.||  ,„.,. 
formed  in  the  interest  of  the  public ,  Tie.  inaxin;, 
that  the  king  can  do  no  wroiii.'.  .cinl  iii-u  ii,, 
safety  of  the  people  is  the  liit'lu^l  l.n\.  Iilm.l.  J 
toother  in  the  minds  of  ambiiioiis  nil.  rs  Ti.* 
n-sult  was  the  priKluction  of  men  lik..  I,..-, 
XI.'— A.  V.  Dicey.  1C,7^7(»  /.-,.,,,  .\7  i /'■, 
.Vilwii.  Ikf.  7,  18'r6).  — ".\  car.fnl  ivaiiiin. 
lion  of  the  reign  of  Louis  the  Kliv.iitli  lu, 
particularly  inipre.s.s»sl  upon  me  on.  fa. t.  tlict 
the  ends  for  which  he  toiled  an. I  sinne.l  IliriiiiL'li. 
out  his  whole  life  were  attained  at  la«i  raiii.  rl.v 
circiiinstances  than  by  his  lalsiurs.  Tin-  sii|ir.  n,',. 
object  of  all  his  schemes  was  to  enisi.  that  iii..~; 
formidable  of  all  his  f.s's,  Uiir;.'iiii.ly.  .\n.l  v.t 
had  Charles  eontlned  his  ambiti.in  «  iiliin  r.  i~ir, 
able  limits,  had  he  ))ossc.sM'd  an  or.linarv  ^Imrp 
of  statecraft,  and,  above  all,  could  W  li.ne.'.iii- 
trolleil  thosi'  tiery  pas.sions,  whi.  U  .li,,v.>  him  i,, 
the  verge  of  niaclness,  he  would  h  iv.    h,,ii  h,,. 

game  ipiite  easily.      Louis  lackc.l.n f  th,.,.*. 

sential  qualities  of  statecraft  —  pati.  i.e..  iin.l  wa> 
wholly  destitute  of  that  neeessiiy  ..f  amhiii.in- 

Is. Illness.     An  irritable  resil.-s-.in-^s  uas f 

the  saUent  points  of  his  charo  1.  r  lli-ccr  i.r- 
and  attendants  were  ever  iiitriLoiiii;  i.. . mhr.iil 
him  in  war.  'iH'causi','  says  Coiiiini*,  ilif  nainr.' 
of  the  King  was  such,  that  unl.'>^  h.-  wa~  ai  »ar 
with  some  foreign  prince,  he  w.^iiil  criairilv 
tind  sone  i|uarrel  or  other  at  li.>nic  wiih  hi»  -cr 
vants,  dciniesties,  or  olliecrs.  for  hi-  iiiiiil  iii':-r 
be  alwa\s  working.'  His  iii.smI  u  ,. .  v.  re  h.uii'. 
ing,  and  he  was  liy  turns  coIIIi(lili„^  v.i-|.i,  i,.ii, 
avaricious,  prisligal,  audacious,  ai.il  iunil  II.- 
frequently  nullitied  his  most  i  rafu  ^.h.  m.-  Iv 
impatience  for  the  result.  He  uhmM  »..«  tia. 
seed  with  the  utmost  I'are.  but  h.- .  miiM  ii.rt  u.iii 
for  the  fruetitiealicin.  In  this  la-  u..,  l,iU.|,.  ih, 
practice  of  those  Italian  state^ni- 'i  ^\  h  .  M.r.' 
avowedly  his  niislels.  It  was  ilii-  ;■  i  ;■  .'.1.  r. -■■ 
h'ssness  which  brought  ihiwri  up.  :.  hiai  ili.- 
haired  of  all  classi's.  from  the  n.  I.,.  '..'h.Mrf. 
forwelind  him  atone  time  euruiiii^li  ii,.i.iin.'f'r 
popularity,  and  imiuediately  afi.  r.>  ;:.|s  .1. -ir  i- 
ing  all  he  had  gaine.l  by  s.Mite  i  i-it  .iii.l  ii.imi- 
sj.lerate  act.  His  cxtrelil.'  lilniiii'^  In!;.; .  n.l 
the  cxe.aition  of  all  lli>  plan-  lb  In. I  n..!.  a..; 
the  IsildnesS  of  the  c.iwar.l  \\li.'\\iii  li-I.I\il..:i 
all  the  strength  is  on  his  oi\  n  si.i.'  (.  n't.iii'lv 
at  war.  dnringa  reitrn  of  lu.iitv  1^\  >  ..  irsrh.n- 
were  fought  but  two  l.atlhs.  \|..ii;i|,.  ry  ;i'.l 
(iiiingette,  liotli  of  which,  sTaiiL'-'  i  •  -.,v.  "  '- 
undcehled.  and  Isilhof  wliic  b  w.t.  I  ,.ht  a.-.r  -: 
his  will  and  counsel.  .  .  .  He  1.  fi  1.1:1..  1..!-  ' 
by  one  fourth  than  he  had    iiih  ri.  I    ;i .    '■  ■'■ 

out    of    t!ie    (iv.-    iir:>vit;ee^   whi.  h    !       :.::l:;!'^ 

I'rovenee  was  iK'queathe.l  him    If    .--in'ii  »  ■ 


1214 


%f  M"  t  • ' 
T*-    '  • 


h^'.o 


FRANCE,  1461-1468. 


PRANCE,  1493-1515. 


Mwncil  to  him  bv  the  iisurpine  Kinj;  of  Nttviirrc, 
ina  Hiirgunily  was  won  for  Lim  liy  the  S»is«. 
Hill  triunipii*  were  much  more  the  result  of  for- 
tunc  than  tlie  efforU  of  his  own  geniuH."— /x<Mt> 
(A/  Klirfi>lhiTemi>te  liir,  v.  46,  ;-/'.  "liS-ISI). 

Also  in;  J.  Mi.helet.  ffM.  of  Fr.iuu.  U:  i;i.    ] 
_p  K  Willirt,   The  Itii'jn  «/  A..//i»  A/.— .1.  F.    | 

Kirk.  //"'  "'  l'!""'^'  "'"  '*''''•  ''*',  '•  '"''■  ■•-'''  — 
p  de  ('"inmines,  Meimnrt.  bk.  1.  — E.  (le  Monslre-  j 
let  Vlir-itirlft  (Johnrx'  Iniiu.),  hi:  il,  f/i.  !Ht-ir>a 
A  D  I467-I477- — Thetroubtesof  Louis  XI. 
witii  Ch»rle«  the  Bold,  of  Burgundy.— Death 
of  the  Duke  and  Louis'  acquisition  of  Bur-  | 
mndr    S<f  BtHUVNOV:    \.   I).    14«7-14(W.  to  I 

A  D  1483.— The  kingdom  as  left  bv  Louis 
XI.l-LouiM  XI.,  whoiliiil  .\iiB.  111).  A.  I).  14»;l.    . 
"bad  joini-d  to  the  crown  B<rrv,  the  apannsre  of   • 
Vit  hrolhir,  Provenci-,  the  (lu( hy  of  Huruumly,   1 
Adjou  Maine,  Poiithieu,  the  countifsiofAuxerre,    j 
of  Jlaciin,  Charohus,  the  Free  Coiintv,  Artois,    I 
ijarchc.  Arniiigiiw,   Cirila;.'ne.   nud   Himssilon. 
The  seven  latter  provinces  iliil  not  yet  re- 
main  irrevcK'ahly  united  with  Fnime:  one  part 
was  given  anew  in  apaimse.  iind  the  oilier  part 
restored  to  foreign  sovereijins,  and  only  returned 
cme  liy  one  to  the  crown  of  Frame.   .   .   .  Tlie 
principul  work  of  I^ouis  XI.  was  lUv  ahasiinent 
of  the  wemid  feudality,  whidi  had  miseil  its<lf 
on  tlie  niiiia  of  the  first,  and  which,  w  ilhout  hini, 
Koulcl  have  replunjred  France  into  anarchy.    The 
chiefs  of  that  feudality  were,  however,  more  for- 
midable, since,  for  the  miwt  part,  they  iM'lonjied 
10  the  hloo<l  royal  of  France.     Their  powerful 
bouses,  which  possessed  at  the  accession  of  that 
prince  a  considerahlc  part  of  the  kingdom,  were 
those  of  Orleans,  Anjou,  Bur>;uiiily.  and  Hour 
bon.    They  found  themselves  niiieh  weakened  at 
his  death,  and  dispossissetl  in  gnat  part,  as  we 
have  MTU  in  the  history  of  the  reisn.  hy  conlis- 
catioiH.  trealies.  gifts  o'r  lieritaires.     Hy  the  side 
of  these  houses,  which  issued  from  that  of  France, 
there  were  others  whose  [xiwer  extended  still,  at 
Ihisperi.pd,  in  the  limits  of  Frame  proper,  over 
vast  domains.     Those  of  Luxeniliourg  and    I.a 
Kark  possessed  great  wealth  nixm  the  frontier  of 
the  north;  that  of  Vaudemont  had  inheriled  I.Kir- 
raine  and  the  duchy  of  Bar;   the  house  of  I.a 
Tour  *iui  powerful  in  Auvergne;  in  the  south 
thelu.iwsof  Foix  and  Alb<rt  ruled,  the  first  in 
the  valley  of  Ariege,   the   second    Ktween  the 
Adooraiid  the  I'yreiwes.     In  the  west  the  house 
of  Britiaiiy  had  guarded  its  indepemleme;  hut 
the   muiuent    approached    when    this   iM-autiful 
province  was    to   lie    foO'Vir   united   with   the 
crown.      Lastly,    two   fonign    soveri'igns   held 
possissions  in  France;   the   I'ope   had  AvJL'non 
indllieeoiMity  Venaissin;  and  thi'  Dukeof  Savoy 

C-sed.  hiiween  the  Khone  and  the  Saone, 
y  :ind  Valnmiey.  The  time  wits  still  ilis- 
tant  will  11  the  royal  auihorily  would  lie  seen 
freely  eve'iised  through  every  territory  con- 
priM'il  ill  the  iialnral  limits  of  the  kingdom.  lint 
Louis  XI.  dill  innch  to  attain  this  aim.  and  after 
hiir.  no  priiieely  or  vas.sal  house  was  powerful 
cuouih  i  ■  n  si.<t"  the  crown  by  its  own  forces,  and 
to  put  ilie  throne  in  peril." — K.  de  Bonneehose, 
Ili4     r  /-'rinrr,  r.  1.  /i;,.  315-:tl«<,  ami  f-'t-rmlf. 

A.  U  1483.— Accession  of  Kingr  Charles 
VIll. 

A.  D.  i485-i«87.— The  League  of  the 
Ptincts.  — (  naries  VIII..  son  ami  siicces-sor  of 
I.<iub  XI  ,  I, mil'  to  the  throne  at  the  age  of  thir- 


teen, on  the  death  of  his  father  in  1488.     His 
eldest  »ist4r,  Anne,  married  to  the  Lord  of  Beau 

ieu,  nittile  herself  practically  n-gent  of  the 
.ingdoin,  by  sheer  ability  and  force  of  character, 
and  ruled  during  the  minority,  pursuing  the 
lines  of  her  father's  policy.  The  princes  of  the 
liliKid  royal,  with  the  Dukes  of  Orleans  and  Bour- 
bon at  their  head,  formed  a  league  against  her. 
Tliev  wcn^  supporleil  by  many  nobles,  including 
I'hil'ip  ill  Ciimmines,  the  Count  of  Diinois  and 
the  I'rince  of  Orange.  They  also  received  aid 
from  the  Duke  of  Britlany,  and  from  Maximilian 
of  Austria,  who  now  controlled  the  Netherlands. 
Anne's  general.  I.a  Tremoiiille,  defeated  the 
league  in  a  di  cisive  battle  (A.  D.  1487)  near  Ht. 
Aiiliin  du  (orniier,  where  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
the  I'rince  of  Orange,  and  many  nobles  and 
knights  were  made  prisoners.  The  Duke  and 
the  I'rince  were  sent  to  Anne,  who  shut  lliem  up 
in  strong  places,  while  most  of  their  companions 
were  Kuminarily  executed.— E.  de  Bonneehose, 
IM.  vf  Fmwe.  r.  1,  M-.  3,  f/i.  3. 

Ai.si)  IN:  F.  P.  tJuizot,  PoiiiiUr  Hint.  ./ 
yntiifr,  rh.  2ft. 

A.  D.  1491,— Brittany,  the  last  of  the  ereat 
fiefs,  united  to  the  crown.— The  end  oT  the 
Feudal  System.     Se  Bkittanv:  A.  I).  U91. 

A.  D.   1402-1515.- The  reigns   of   Charles 
VIII.  and  Louis  XII.— Their  Italian  Expedi- 
tions and  Wars.— The  effects  on   France.— 
Beginning  of  the  Renaissance.— Louis  XI.  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  (  harles   VIII.,  a  boy  of 
thirtiin  years,  w  hose  elder  sistir  Anne  governed 
the  kingdom  ably  until  he  came  of  age.     She 
dealt  firmly  with  ft  nliellion  of  the  nobles  and 
siippns.sed"it.     She  frustrated  an  intended  mar- 
riage of  Anne  of  Brittany  with   Maximilian  of 
Austria,  which  would  have  draw  11  the  last  of  the 
great  seiniimlependeiit  fiefs  into  a  dangerous  re- 
lationship, and  she  maile  Charles  instead  of  bis 
rival  the  husband  of  the  Breton  liiires.s.     When 
Chiirh'S.  who  had  little  inlelliiri  nee,  assumed  the 
government,  be  was  excited  with  dreams  of  mak- 
ing giHMl  the  pretensions  of  the  Second  House  of 
Anjou  to  the  Kingdom  of   Naphs.     Those  pre- 
tensions, which   had  been  bei|Ueathed  to  I.ouis 
XL.  ami  which  Cliarhs  VIII.  had  now  inherited, 
had   the    following   origin:     "In    the    ehventli 
century.  Robert  (Juiscard,  of  the  Norman  family  of 
ILiuteville,  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  ailvenliirers, 
took  pi  ssession  of  Sicily  ami  South  Italy,  then 
:   in  a  sta'c  of  complete  anarchy,     linger,  the  son 
■   ,if  Itolxr;,  founded   the   Kingdom  of   the  Tw.j 
I    Sicilies  under  the  Pope's  suzerainty.      In  llMltthe 
I   (luiscard  family  Ucame  exiinct,  "whereupon  the 
j   tienuan  Emperor  laid  claim  to  the  kingdom  in 
!    rii-'ht  of  his  wife  Constance,  daughter  of  one  of 
I   the  N'orman  kings.     The  Unman  Pontills.  dread- 
ing such  powerful  miglKiurs,   were  adverse  to 
'    the  arrangenunt.  and  in  1,'.14  King  Conrad,  be- 
ing Micceeileil  by  his  son  Conrailiii.  si  ill  a  minor, 
furnished  a   pntext  for  bestowing  the  crmvn  of 
the  Two  Sicilies  on  Charles  dAiijoii,  biothi  r  of 
St.  Louis.      Manfred,  guardian  of  the  boy   Con- 
radiii.  and  a  naliiral  son  of  the  Emperor  Fre.ie- 
!    rick  IL,  raised  an  army  against  (  iKirl'  -.r.Vnj.ni. 
I    but   was  defeated,  and  fell  in  the  em miMicr  of 
'    126(1.     Two   years    later.    Prince   Conricliii    h:i.h 
j   cruelly  iMlieiided   in  Naples.     B.-fore  his  deal h. 
however,  he  made  a  will,  by  which   he  iin.sied 
I    Peter  III.  of  .\rai:o.:.  son-in  law  of  Manfred,  vith 
i    full  |«i«er  over   llie  Trto  ^il  ilics,  cxiionini;  ;;im 
toavengebisdeathlsc-e  Italy:  A.  D.  12.->0-1  .'08]. 


1215 


t-'i' 


'tit 


.t- 


-I 


if^i 


» '  *  t  • 


!       I 


•i 


FRANCE,   U89-1515. 


Itatian  U'arg  o/ 
CAariM  fill,  and  Utuit  XII. 


FRANCE,  1493-1516. 


This  bequost  wb»  the  origin  of  tlie  rivalry  lie- 
tween  tin-  Iioiiih'h  of  Amgnu  ami  Anjou,  a  rivalry 
wbivii  (k'vcldpcd  Into  <)|>en  untugoniiiin  wlien  the 
ialanil  «pf  Sicily  was  given  up  to  l'et«'r  of  Aragon 
and  liis  iluscfiKlanln,  wliile  Clinrles  il'AnJoii  still 
held  NapUa  for  himself  and  his  heirs  [we  Itai  y: 
A.  I).    l-'«-i;«H)).     In  1M,%  .loan   II.,  tjiuen  of 
Naples,  beiiueathed  her  estates  to  Alfeiiso  \'.  of 
Aragon.  surnainiHl  the  Magnanimous,  liithee.x- 
elusion  of  Louis  III.  of  Auj<Hi.     After  ii  long  and 
hhxxly  struggle.   .Vlfonso  succeeded    in  driving 
the  Anjou  dynasty  out  of   Naples  [s<o  It.m.v: 
A.  n.  i;l4;i-i;t.sn,  and  i;l,S8-1414l.     Louis  III.  was 
the    last   repn.siiilalive    of    this    ,..icc  powerful 
family.     He  ntnrned    to   Franei .    Kurviv<il   his 
defeat  Iwo-aniltwinty  years,  and  by  his  will  hft 
all  his  rights  to  the  fount  of  Maine,  Ids  nephew, 
who,  on  his  death,  transferred  them  io  Louis  XI. 
Tlie  wily  Louis  was  not  tempted  to  claim  this 
worthless  legacy,     llis  8ucces,s<ir,  Cliarles  VIII., 
less  matter  of  fact,  and   more  romantie,  was  be- 
guiled into  a  siries  of  brilliant,  though  sterile, 
e.\peiiith)ns.  disastrous  to  natiimal  interests,  neit- 
lecting  the   Flemish  pMvinces,  the  liege  va.ssals 
of  France,    anil    thoroughly    French    at  heart. 
Charles   VIII.   put   himself  at   the   head  of  his 
nobles,  made  a  triumphal  entry  into  Naples  and 
returned    without    having    gained    an    inch  of 
tcritory  [see  Ir.M.Y:  A.  1).  14Ui-l494,  and  149+- 
14iMi|.     l)e  Cominines  judges  tlic  whole  alTair  a 
mystery;  it   was.  in  fact,  one  of  those  dazzling 
ami  chivalrous  mlvntuns  with  which  the  Frcmh 
delighteil  to  astonish  Kuni|H'.     Louis  XII.,  like 
diaries  VIII.  [whom  he  sueeieded  in  149S],  pro- 
claimed  llis  right  to   Naples,   and  also  to  the 
DiKliy  of  Milan.  inlierite<l  from  his  grandmother, 
Valentine  de  Visi.mti.     These  pretended  rights 
were  more  than  doubtful.     The  Ein|Mror  Wen- 
eeshis.  on  conferring  the  duchy  (m  the  Viseoutis, 
excluded  women  from  the  inheritance,  and  both 
Louis  XI.  and  Charles  VIII.  recognised  the  va- 
lidity of  till'  Salie  law  in  Milan  by  concluding  an 
alliance  with  the  !Sfor/jis.     The  seventeen  years 
of    Louis   XII. 's  reign    was   absorbed  in  these 
Italian  wars,  in  which  the  French  invariably  be- 
gan by  victory,  and  as  invariably  ended  in  de- 
feat.    The  League  of  Cambmi,  the   Hiittles  of 
Agnadel.  Itjveuna,  Novara,  the  Tri'aties  of  Gre- 
nada and  Blois,  arc  the  principal  episisles  of  this 
unlucky  campaign."  — C.  Coignet,   Frunrii  the 
f\nit  ami  Hit   Timtn.  eh.  3._.See,  also,  Italy: 
A.I).  1499-I.')()0. — "The  warriors  of  France  came 
back  from  Italy  with  the  wonders  of  the  South 
on  their  lips  ami  her  treasures  in  their  hands. 
They  brought  with  them  iKwks  anil  paintings, 
thcv  broiiglit  with  them  armour  inlaid  with  gold 
and   silver,    tapestries    enrichvd    with    pn'cious 
metals,  embroiil.'rid  clothing,  and  even  househohl 
fiirniiure.     Mistributeil  by  many  hands  in  many 
dilTirenl   places,  each   precious  thinir  In-came  a 
siparate  centre  of  initiative  |)o\vir.    The  chateaux 
of  til.  i.iuntry  nobles  boasted  the  tn-asures which 
hail  iailcn  to  the  share  of  their  lords  at  Genoa  or 
at   Naples;  and  the  great   women  of  the  court 
were  eager  io  divide  the  spoil.     The  eonUgiou 
.spri.id  rapidly.      Kven  in  the  moat  fatastic  mo- 
ment  of     Jiitliic   inspiration,   the    French   artist 
gave  eviu.-nie  that   his  right  hand  olxyed  a  na 
tional     nstiiict   for  order,   for  balance,   for  com 
pletiness,  and  that  his  eye  preferri'd,  in  olMHlience 
to  a  natiimal   predileetion,  the  most   rellned  liar 
iii.mli  .s  i.r  colour.     Sup  by  step  iie  liaii  lieen  feel- 
ing his  way  ;  now.  tlie  broken  link  of  tradition  was 


again  made  fast;  the  workmen  of  I'ari   and  the 
workmen  of  Athens  joined  hands,  uiii:.  i  l,y  th. 
genius  of  ludy.     It  must  not,  however,  Usun 
po8e<l  that  no  intcreourse  had  previously  i\i,i,'ii 
Ix'twcen  France  and  ItJily.     The  ro.ad-.'  In  .\;,r 
Imnne  and  Lyons  were  worn  by  nianv  fi .  i'    Ti,,, 
artists  of  Tours  and  Poitiern,  theartisu,,!'  |':,rij 
and  Diion,  were  alike  familiar  with  tii.  iiiln,, 
Home.     But  an  intercoiirs*-,  hithiri..  rr-iri(ii-,| 
was  rendered  by  the  wars  of  Chail.s\||l    ,ii 
but  universid.  .  .  ,  Cniellv  as  the  Ii,,li,ii-  i,„| 
snlfered  at  the  liands  of  <'|i„rles  VIII    ihn  siiil 
looked  to  France  for  help ;  tliev  knew  thai  u'm,,,!! 
they  had  iM'cn  injured  they  liaii  not  Iki  ii  U  iray.'l 
Hut  the  weak  and  generous  impulsi  s  of  (  iiiri,, 
VIII.  found  no  place  in  the  eouniiis  of  hi,  „„ 
cessors.   .   .   .  The  diHitii of  Italy  was  priwinjii,,,! 
Substantially  the  compact  wiis  this      Aid..!  I,v 
liorgia,    the   French    were    to  disin.y   ili.    fnr 
cities  of  tlie  north,  and  in  return  Fr.ui.  r   ,i|,|„ 
aid  Borgia  in  breaking  the  powir  of  ii„   in,!,. 
pendent  nobles  who  yet  resisted  I'.u.ii  •  •  tis 
siou  in  the  south.     In  July  I41)«  the  \...ti.  l»~Mn 
At  first  the  Italians  failed  to  realise  \'.liitli;ui 
taken  place.    When  the  French  army  em.  r,  .1  ilii- 
Milanese  territory  the  inhabitants  fratiriiisi.l  Willi 
tlie   troops,   Milan,   Genoa,   I'avia  oii.n,,!  ih.ir 
gates  with  joy.     But  in  a  few  iiionili's  tin  ciir,. 
of  events,  in  the  south   aroused  a  .Ir.  i.l  :ui\j.tv 
There,  Borgia,  imderthe  protnii.ni  ..f  ih.  Kr.  n.'li 
king,  and  with  the  a.ssistanie  if  the  Kr.  m.  h  arms. 
was  triumphantly  glutting  liis  briii.il  n..  ;iu.i 
lust,  whilst  Fn'nchmen  were  forci.l  i.i  l^.k  no 
helpless  and  Indignant.     Milan,  jiisily  tirrifini. 
maile  an  attempt  to  throw  herself  onlli.  ui.nv 
of  her  ohi  ruler.     To  no  purpose.     I...uis  w.iit 
back  over  the  Alps,  leaving  a  sironu'  h  ml  aii.l  i 
strong  garrison  in  .Milan,  and  dragiriiu;  wiih  biiii 
the  unfortunate  Louis  Sforza,  a  mis.  ral.lr  |,r„i( 
of  the  dnal  destruction  of  the  most  briili:iiit  i  nun 
of  Upper  Italy.   .  .  .  By  the  cam|iaii;ii  ..f  l-,ii:. 
the  work,  thus  bejfun,  was  eonsuniriini.  .1     Tin' 
ancient  spirit  of  independence  still  iinirrn-.l  in 
(tenoa,  and  Venice  was  not  yit  crush.. I     Tlnn 
were  still  fri'sh  laurels  to  be  won.     Inihisllnh 
War  the  Pope  and  the  Emperor  willirii'Iv  j..iii,il 
forces  with    Frauei-.   .   .  .  The  d.  iilill'.w  wn, 
first  given  to  G<'noa.     Slie  was  f..rr.i|    M.ir.i 
teli>    us,    'la  conle   au   coul,   la  ;:laivi    s,hh  Is 
gorge,  implorer  la  eleinence  de  ce  prim.       V. a 
ice  was  next  traitorously  sur|irisi  .1  lui.l  irnpi 
rably  injured.     Having  thus  brilliiMiU  i.  hi  v.,1 
the  task  of  first  dcstroving  the  l.f  •. .1  ..mris. 
and  next  the  free  cities'of  Italy,  l...iiis  .11.  .1,  !»■ 
queathing  to  Franv'ois  L  tlie  shaim-  .1  li-litiii,. 
out  a  hopeless  struggle  for  supriniii.  v  .iLMiusi 
allies  who,  no  longer  needing  lii'lp.  lia.l  .    iiiliiiinl 
to  drive  the  French  from  the  tii  Id.      Tli.  n  »  is 
indeed,  one  other  duty  to  1h'  pirf.irni.  .1     Tii.' 
shattered  remains  of  Italian  civilisaiiin  iiii.-ii;  W 
collected,  and  Paris  might  ri'ccive  Ih.  rn.  n  uli^m 
llaly  could   no  lo.iger  emplny.     Th.    I'r.  n.  h  r.' 
turned  to  France  empty  of  horimir.  ^ir.-.  .1  "iiii 
plunder,  satiated  with  rape  and  ri|'iii.\  l".i-;iin 
of  cities  saeke.l,  ami  garrisons  put  n.  ih.s«..rl 
They  had  sucked  the  lifelil.HHl  ..I   li  i!i .  I.ui  hir 
death  brought  new  life  to  Kraiue.      Tli'  iiii;.i'lus 
thus  acquired   hv  art  and   hMl.rs  .-..ii.  il.  1  "iih 
a  change    in   political   and   sihI.iI   .  ...i-titiiii.  ii- 
Tlie  gradual  pro<,-ess  of  cenlnlisaii.  .i  v.  hi.  h  li:i.| 
Im'lmih  Willi  |,oiii«  XI.  transf-.r!'!;-!  •  ■■  '  '■  'itih.- 
whole    nation.   .   .   .  The    royal    c..m;    !  -  ;  in  i" 
take projiortions hitherto  unlinuwu     U  ltlIuiIH 


1216 


FRANCE,  14»-1515. 


KmaiMaanee 
and  Reformation. 


rRANCE,  151S-1S15. 


h,-_Bic  1  centre  which  gathered  topither  the 
STthe  learned,  and  the  .killed.  ArtUU,  who 
hliDrevlously  iKHm  llmiteil  In  training.  isolaU'd 
K  »nd  narr<>we<l  Inactivity  by  the  rigid  con- 
«,»li»e  action  of  the  K"''>t  «>'"'«»  '"''1  corpora- 
to,  wer«  thuabrouRht  Into  Iniin.MliaU-  conta.t 
So,  the  b<'i.t  culuire  of  their  <hiy.  For  the 
Humanists  di.l  not  form  a  ola«»  apart,  and  their 
example  ineited  tli<.«-  with  whom  thev  llve.l  to 
effort  after  atuilnmrnu  a.s  varied  as  tl.elr  own, 
whiUt  the  Court  made  a  rallying  point  for  all, 
which  gave  a  sense  of  coiintenuni-c  and  protectum 
even  to  those  who  might  ne%-<T  hope  to  enter 
it  Emancipation  of  tlic  Individual   Is  the 

waiciiKord  of  the  sixteenth  century ;  to  the  artist 
it  brouirlit  rillef  from  the  Iriimmels  of  a  caste 
thmldc'in  and  tlie  ceaseless  efforts  of  the  lliiman- 
bu  tlnd  un  unswer  even  In  the  new  forms  seen 
Jowly  linaking  through  the  sheath  of  (Jothic 
art. '-Mrs.  Mark  I'attison,  The  Uemumiitrf  ,•} 
Kriinyr'iK".  r.  1.  ch.  \.  j  o  ,       . 

i6th  Century.—  Rennsiance  and  Reforma- 
tion—"Tlic  tirnt  point  of  dillcrtnce  t"  1m'  noted 
lietween  the  lleiiaissance  in  France  aixl  the  Wn- 
naissance  in  Italy  is  one  of  time.    Uoiighlv  swak- 
Ins  it  mav  Iw  said  that  France  was  a  hundred 
mrs  txliind  ludy.  .  .  .   Hut  If  the  French  Ite- 
naissamv  was  a  later  and  less  rapid  growth,  it 
was  inllnitcly  hardier.     The  ft'nais.saiice  litera- 
ture in  Itolv  was  succeeded  by  a  hmg  imtumI  of 
darliness  which  ninaiiied  unbroken,  save  by  lit- 
ful  (ilcanis  of  litflit.  till  the  days  of  Althri.     Tlie 
Benaissaiice  literature  In  France  w:'s  the  prelude 
to  a  literature,  which,  for  vigour,   variety,   and 
aTerage  excellence,  has  In  miHlcrn  tinii-s  ran-ly. 
if  ever  been  surpassed.     The  reason  for  this  su- 
periority on  the  part  of  Franw.  f'«r  the  fact  that 
fte  Renaissance  produced  there  more  abiding 
and  more  far-reaching  n'sults.  may  be  ascrilMil 
partly  to  the  natuml  law   that  precocious  and 
rapid  growths  are  alwavs  less  hardy  than  later 
and  more  gradual  •    es,  partly  to  the  character 
of  the  French  nation,  to  its  b.ing  at  once  nioru 
intellectual  and  less  imaginative  than  the  Italian, 
and  therefore  more  Intluenccd  by  the  spirit  of 
free  inquiry  than  by  the   worship  of  beauty; 
partly  to  the  greater  unity  and  viuditv  of  Its  [lo- 
fltical  life,  but  In  a  large  measure  to  the  fact  that 
in  France  the  Kenalssancc  came  hand   in  hand 
with  the  Iteformation.  ...   We  must  l(x>k  upon 
the Riformation  as  but  a  fresh  development  of 
tlie  Itenaissanee  movement,  as  the  result  of  the 
spirit  of  fne  Inquiry  carried  into  theology,  as  a 
revolt  against  the  authority  of  the  Roman  Churc  h. 
Now  the  l{<-nais<ance  in  Italy  preceded  the  l{cf- 
ormation  bv  more  than  a  century.     There  Is  no 
trace  in  it  lif  any  desire  to  criticise  the  ri'Oidvcd 
tlicol»;v.  ...  In  France  on  the  other  hand  the 
new  liariiiiig  and  the  new  religion.  Qrtvk  and 
herfsv,  became  almost  ccmtrovertible  ti-rms.     \*-- 
fjvnd'  Staples,  tlie  doyen  of  French  humanists. 
translated  tlie  Xiw  TcstHmcnt  Into  French  In 
15'.'4;  ilie  Estiennes,  the  Hebrew  scholar  Fran 
^"isVaiiililc. Tiirntbe.  Ramus,  the  gnat  surgeon 
Amliroisc  I'are,  the  artists  Bernanl  Palisay  and 
JcmOmj'n  wcf  all  avowed  pnitcstants;  while 
t'liniint  Slarut.  lliulc,  aii<l  alnive  all  RalH'lais. 
tor  a  '.'.my  at  lea^t.  l(K>ked  on  the  refonnation 
*i;li  111  r.-  or  less  favour.     In  fact  so  long  as  the 
movuiic  lit  appeared  to  them  merely  as  a  revolt 
against  tlu'  narrowness  and  illiherality  of  mimas- 
ti::  th'.:  -ry,  a5  .m  a.^iScnion  of  tiic  fnTtlmii  uf 
thehuuuu  mtellect,  the  men  of  letters  and  cul- 
T7 


ture  with  hardly  an  exception  jolDed  bands  with 
the  reformers.     It  wm  only  when  they  fcmnd 
that  It  lniplie<l  a  moral  as  well  as  an  Intellectual 
regeneration,  that  It  began  to  wear  for  some  of 
them  a  less  congenial  aspect  This  close  connexion 
between  the  Reformation  and  the  revival  of  learn 
Ing  was,  on  the  whole,  a  great  gain  to  France. 
It  was  not  as  In  Gcmmny,  where  the  stronger 
growth  of  the  Reformation  completely    choked 
the  other.     In  France  they  ni<t  on  almost  equal 
terms,  and  the  result  was  that  the  whole  move_ 
ment  was  tlieri'by   strengthcntKl  and    elevated 
iKith  intellectually  and  morally.  .  .  .  Fri^nch  hu- 
manism can  boast  of  a  long  roll  of  names  honour- 
able not  only  for  tluir  high  attainments,  Imt  also 
for  their  Inleirrity  and  purity  of  life.    Robert  Es- 
tienne.  TurnilK",  Ramus.  Cujas,  the  Clmnwdlor 
de  rilOpital,  F..sticniie  Pas(iuier.  Thou,  are  men 
whom  any  country  would  be  proud  to  claim  for 
her  sons.     .Vnd  as  with  the  Immanists,  so  it  was 
with  the  Renaissance  generally  in  France.     On 
the  whole  it  was  a  manly  and  Intelligent  move- 
ment. .  .  .  The  literature  of  the  French  Renais- 
sance, thcmgli  In  point  of  form  it  Is  far  below 
that  (if  the  Italian  Renaissance,  in  manliness  and 
vigour  and  hopcfulni'ss  Is  far  superior  to  it.     It 
Is  in  short  a  literature,  not  of  maturity,  but  of 
promise.     One  has  only  to  compare  Its  greatest 
name,  Ralielais,  with  the  gn-atest  name  of  the 
Italian  Ri'naissance.  Ariosto.  to  see  llie  difference. 
How  formless;  howcr\«leI  how  gross!  how  full 
of  cuinlHTsome  details  and  wearisome  repetitions 
Is  RalM'lals!     How  limpid  I    how  harmonious  is 
Ariostnl  what  pcrfeclhm  of  style,  what  delicacv 
of  toudi !     He  never  weariis  us.  he  never  offends 
our  tasU'.     And  yet  one  rises  from  the  reading 
of  Rabelais  with  a  feeling  of  buoyant  cheerful- 
ness, while  Ariosto  In  spite  of  his  wit  and  gaiety 
Is  Inexpressibly  depressing.     The  reason  is  that 
the  one  bids  us  hope,  the  other  bids  us  despair; 
the  one  lielleves  In  truth  and  goodness  and  In  the 
future  of  the  human  race,  the  other  lielleves  In 
nothing  but  the  pleasures  of  the  senses,  which 
come    and  go  like  many-coloured  bubbles  and 
leave  iK'lilnil  them  a  Imundless  ennui.     Itabelais 
and  Ariosto  are  true  tvpes  of  the  Renaissance  as 
it  appeared  In  their  resi>ecfive  countries.  "—A. 
Tilley.  The  literature  of  the  French  Renaitmiiee, 

eh    2 

A  D.  1501-1504.— Treatyof  Louis  XII.  with 
FerdinanS  of  Aragon  for  the  partition  of 
Naplei.— French  and  Spanish  conquest.— 
Quarrel  of  the  confederates,  and  war.--The 
Soaniards  in  possession  of  the  Neapolitan 
domain.    Sie  I?.vi.v;  A.  D.  l.Wl-l.'m. 

A  D.  1504.— Norman  and  Breton  fishermen 
on  the  Newfoundland  banks.  See  Newkoumi 
land:  a.  D.  1.501- l.-.7a 

A.  D.  .S&4-1506.— The  treaties  of  Blois,  with 
Ferdinand  andf  Maximilian,  and  the  abroga- 
tion of  them.— Relinquishment  of  claims  on 
Naples.     8.rlT.u.Y;  A.  D.  l.")04-1.5lHi. 

A  D  1507.— Revolt  and  subjugation  of 
Genoa.     S?e  Okno.^:  A.  D.  l.-XMl-l.^of.  . 

A  D.  isoS-isoo.— The  League  of  Cambrai 
against  viniceTSeVKNicK:  A.  D.  IMS-irm. 
A.  D.  1510-1513.— The  breaking  up  of  the 
League  of  Cambrai.— The  Holy  League  formed 
by  Pope  Julius  II.  against  Louis  XII.— The 
French  expelled  from  Milan  and  all  Italy,  ^ec 
iTAi.v:  A.  n.  i.-.1(i-im;! 

A  D  JS'3-'S'^-  English  invasion  under 
Henry  VIlL-the" Battle  of  the  Spurs.-Mar- 


1217 


r 

Hi- 


■Mr 

I  *  J 1-* 

■  • ''  i ! 


if 


:';.i- 


1  ■ 

■  1 .' ;  . 


Si' 


iii;;\ 


FRANCE,  1518-l(»fl. 


#Vantf^«  7. 


FRANCE.  15m 


riue  of  Louia  XII.  with  Mary  of  England.- 
»»•  King  a  death.— Acceaaioa  of  Francia  I.— 
"ThelonK  pn'|mnitii>ii»  of  llciirv  VIII.  of  Kii« 
land  for  the  liiviision  of  France  [in  iiiirsuancc  nf 
the  '  Holy  lyraytic '  aeainHt  LouIh  XII.,  formed  liv 
Pope  Jiiliiia  ll.  ami  n^newed  bv  U'o  X.,— w^' 
Italy:  A.  U.  l.lli>-I.')i;l|  ImIuk  lompleti^d,  that 
kinR,  in  the  summer  <if  l.lia,  landed  at  Calai.s. 
whilher  a  KO'at  part  of  hi.i  army  hml  ulreadr 
been  triinsiM)rte(l.     Tlie  offer  of  iOO,tHM)  golden 
erowna  easily  iMTmiaded  the  Emperor  to  promise 
his  a-ssisliince.  at  the  head  of  a  Ixxlv  of  Swiss 
and  0<'rmans.     But  at  the  moment  lleury  was 
about  to  penetrate  into  France,  he  received  tlie 
excuses  of  Maximilian,  who,  notwithstjindin«  a 
larjie  advance  n-<cived  from  EiiKlanil,  found  liini- 
self  unable  to  lew  tlie  promised  succours.     Noth- 
ing disluarteneil  by  this  breach  of  faith,  the  King 
of  England  had  already  advanced  into  Artois; 
when  the  Emperor,  attended  by  a  few  Oerman 
nobles,  appeared  in  the  English  camp,  and  was 
cordially  welcomed  bv  Henry,  who  duly  appre- 
ciaUHl  his  militjiry  skill  and  local  knowledge.    A 
valuable  accession  of  stn'ugtli  was  also  olitnined 
by  the  junction  of  a  large  body  of  Swiss,  who, 
encouraged  by  the  victory  of  Novara,  had  already 
crossed  the  Juni,  and  now  marched  to  the  seat  of 
war.     The  pi>verty  of  tlie  Em|>eriir  degrade<l  him 
to  the  rank  of  a  mercenary  of  England;    and 
Henry  consented  to  gnint  him  the  dailv  allnw- 
ance  of  KH)  crowns  for  his  table.      But  liumiliat- 
Ingaa  this  compact  wag  to  Maximilian,  the  King 
of  England  rea|Hil  great  benefit  from  his  pns- 
ence.     A  promi?a-unus  multitude  of  (Wmaiis  had 
flocked  to  the  English  camp,  in  holies  of  partak- 
ing in  the  spoil;  and  the  arrival  of  their  valiant 
Emp«'ror  excited  a  burst  of  enthusiasm.      The 
siege  of  Teroueniie  was  formed:  but  the  bravery 
of  the  besieged  batllwl  the  elTortti  of  the  allies; 
and  a  month  elapsed,  during  which  tlie  Enirli.sh 
sustained  sevire  loss  fnim  freijuent  and  suicess- 
fulsorties.     Bv  the  advici-of  tlie  Empenir,  Henry 
resolved  to  risk  a  battle  witli  tlie  French,  and  the 
plain  of  (Juinegate  was  once  more  the  field  of 
conflict  (A»KU.st  IH,    1.-,1HJ.      This  spot,   where 
Maximilian  had  formerly  struck  terror  into  the 
legions  of  Louis  XI..  now  iHcame  the  scene  of  a 
rapid  and  undisputed  victory.     The  Freiiih  wire 
•urprised  by  tlie  allies,  and  gave  way  to  a  siid 
den  panic;  and  the  shameful  flight  of  thecavalrv 
abandoned   the  bravest  of  tlieir  leaders  to  the 
hands  of  their  enemies.     The  l>uke  of  Ixingue 
ville.  I.a  I'alisse,  ImlH-rcourt.  and  the  renowned 
Chevalier  Uavard,  were  made  prisoners;  and  the 
ridii  cile  of  the  conijuerorM  c<>mmeinor.itcil  the  in- 
glorious flight  by  designating  the   rout  as  the 
Battle  of  th<^  Spurs.     Tile  capture  of  Teroiieiine 
immediately  followeil;   and  the  fall  of  Toiirnav 
soon  afterwards  i>|)ei«.d  a  splendid  prospect  to 
llie  King  of  England.      Meanwhile  the  safetv  of 
FniniM-  was  threatened  in  another  (piarter. "    \ 
large  iHidy  of  Swiss,  levied  in  the  name  of  Maxi 
milian  but  paid  with  the  golil  of  the  I'ope.  bur<t 
inU)  HurguiKly;   and  Dijon  w.is  with  dilHeiiltv 
saved  from  capture.     From  this  damier.  how- 
ever. Frame  w^is  extricated  by  llie<lexterous  nc 
gotiatinn  of  Tremouiile;  and  tin-  Swiss  were  in- 
duced   to    withdraw.    .    .    .    Louis   now    l«>came 
siTioiisly  desirous  of  jnwe.      He  made  overt iin's 
to  the  I'ope.  and  w.is  received  into  favour  upon 
coii.senting  to  renounce  tiie  Coiineil  of  |>is!i      He 
'•^'"'■'''^'«l  «'1P  K'ii.::,  :,{  Xr.igr.n  ..ai  ICn^'laii.t  by 
proposals  of   marriage;    he  offered   his  second 


daughter  Ren^  to  the  young  Charles  ,.f  .^nain 
and  his  second  Queen.  Anne  of  Hnrmu  |,.j„'' 
now  dead,  he  pro|M)»<-d  to  unite  hinw,  If  «j„, 
Mary  of  England,  the  favourite  sisur  ..f  H,.,,,, 

.  .  But  though  peace  wiM  made  upon  ihisf,., 
Ing,  the  former  of  the  pro|ected  niarri  il-.,  n.  vw 
t<«ik  place:  the  latter,  however,  wa^  ini-mli 
cently  solemnized,  and  pnivetl  f;,|;,l  i,,  i',,,,, 
The  ainnroiis  King  forgot  his  ailvaii. .  ,1  ./i;,.  (. 
the  arms  of  his  young  and  lieautiful  l.ri.le  hi, 
constitution  gave  way  under  the  preir  i.  t,.,i  f,., 
tivities  consei|uent  on  his  nuptials;  ;,;„|  ,,„  ,\u. 
1st  of  .lanuary.  l.'il.V  Louis  XII  wh>  ~i)it,i,„| 
from  his  adonng  [leople,  in  his  .Vl.!  v.  ir  II,. 
was  siieceeiled  by  his  kinsman  and  «.ii  ii,  l^ 

Francis,  Count  of  Angoiil.'me,  who  m |  „,,„ 

In  heretlitary  succession,  and  was  repiii..|  ,itn. ,,f 
the  most  accomnlishist  princes  that  ever  in.iint.^l 
the  thro:ie  of  Fmnce."— Sir  It.  Comva  I/,./  ,/ 
t/if  Wittern  Km/nrf.  eh.  .IS  (p.  '.>) 

Ai.Bo  in:  J.  S.  Bn'wer.    Thf   /.',„,„    ,,•  //,„ 
17//..  eh.  I  — L.  von  Hanke,   lli.^1   „f  ti..   /.„,l, 
iiiui  Toitiinie  Xatiinutfroin  I4U4  ^.  fill  M  ■■  ,/, 
4,  w<•^  7-8. 

,    *•  P-   'SIS— Acceaaion  of  Francis  I.^Hi$ 
lOTaaion  of  Italy.— The  Battle  of  Manenano 
—  "l-rancois   I.   was   in   his  '.'Ist  veir  «!„ri  he 
aso-ndisl  the  throne  of  Frame.     His  eilmation 
in  all  manly  accomplishments  was  (u  rf,(  t  »nil 
.   .   .   he  manifested  ...  an  intelliu'i  ni  i    wlii.h 
had    Uvn    carefully    cultivated.  .  .  .   t  iif,,nii 
nately  his  moral  (|i"ialitti's  had  Isen  pn.f.mii.iiT 
comiptisl  by  the  example  of  bin  inotli.  r  l.^iiii. 
of  Savoy,  a  clever  and  ambitinus  «    ^iin  hut 
s<'lflsh.  unscrupulous,  and  alsive  all  -    ,iri.  N.««!v 
licentious.     Louis<'hail  ta'cn  an  object  ,.I  j,  :i|,,ii,v 
to  .\nne  of  Britany.  who  had  alwiivs  !>•  |.|  li.r  In 
the  shade,  and  she  now  snatcliiil  , ;,;;,  riy  :il  llif 
prospect  of  enjoying  powr  -and  perli;i|w  ,,f  ri  i  -ii 
ing  In  the  name  of  her  son,  whos.^  |,iv..  f.ir  hi« 
mother  led  him  to  allow  her  to  exireiv  nn  in 
Alienee  which  was  often  fatal  to  tie-  ini.r.«t...f 
his    kingdom.  .  .  .  diaries  duke  ..i    |i.„irl».n 
who  was  notorioiislv  the  favoured  Inv, mt  l.i.riiy. 
was  app<iint(sl  to  theolllce  of  lunM.lir   wiii.ll 
had  remained  viu'iint  since  \ixx.  ;iii.|  .,ii.  ,.|  h^r 
favourite  ministers.  Antoine   Dupnt   lir^t  pn^i 
ilent  of  the  parliament  of  Fari>.  w  i>  rntni-ini 
with  the  sials.     Both  were  men  of  un  it  i  iiiiiity; 
but  the  first  waft  remark.ible  for  bis  |.ri.|e,  ;in'l  x\w 
latter  for  his  moral  depravity       Ilie  tir-t  «in< 
of  the  new  king  of  France  wire  i<,  pn  par   f.T 
war.   .   ,  .   I'nfortunately  for  hi^  cmiirv.  Fnri- 
V'lis  I.  sharni  in  the  infa'lualion  whirh  I,  „i  ,[nz 
gisi  his  pn-ilecessors  into  the  wars  in  Ii  i!v;  aii.l 
all  these  warlike  pn'parations  wre.li-'   !i.-,l  Ur 
the  recomiiiest  ul  .Milan.      Ili^  h:id  air.  ,  ;v  ii'i! 
mated   his  design   bv  a>siiiriiiiL'  .al    hi-  .'Tim 
tion   the  titles  of   kiiig  of  Kraiiei'  an  !    Ink.'    .f 
Milan.   ,   .  .  He   entereil    into    an   ailiuiv   «i;ti 
t'harles  of  .Vu.stria,   prince  of  Cavn;,    «!,,,  i,,,  i 
now   n'ached    his    majority    aii<l    a- im   I    il.' 
government  of  the   NeiherhimU  A  ir. n, 

Is'twwn  thes<f  two  princes,  eoiielu.lrl .  "  'I,,  '.'llii 
of  .March,  l.'il.'i.  guaranti-ed  to  larh  |  i:!v  ii..t 
only  the  estates  they  hel.l  or  wlii.li  n  .in  miN 
seijuently  descend  to  them,  but  i  v,  ii  t  ,.  ir  i.>n 
(piesU.  .  .  .  The  ri'pulilif  of  Vein.  !■  ,',1  lii.' 
kingof  EnglanrI  ri'newed  the  alli:inr.M'i'  >  niii'li 
they  had  enU  ri'd  with  the  l;ite  kiiij-.  1. 1"  I'lnli 
niuid  of  .\ragnn  refused  even  topml'.i'.' ;. 'trin- 
unless  ihe  wliole  of  lialy  were  iifiiiia  m  i' 
and  he  entered  into  a  separatv  alliaii> '  >viili  ilie 


1218 


FRANCE,  tSin 


PraneU  I.  in  ttaiy 


FRANCE,  151S-1519. 


MBwror  the  duke  of  Milan,  and  the  Swiss,  to  op- 
DOW  Ihc'tleslgns  of  the  French  klni;.    Thi-  odortii 
Spriiicoi*  I-  *•'  I"*'"  """"'  ""'  '^*'»»  hail  Ix'cn 
defeated  by  the  InHuenoe  of  the  runliiml  of  Slon. 
Yet  the  jHipe    I^hj  X.,  hesitated,  and  avoided 
oompromUlnit  himself  with    either  party.      Ifi 
the  courw  "f  the  month  of  July  [iril.-i].  the  m<«t 
(ormidaWe  armv  whleli  had  yet  t>een  led  from 
Fruice  Into  Italv  was  8ss<'nihlMl  in  the  district 
between  (Jrenobfe  and    Emlirim.  and  the  kinjt. 
stter entrusting  the n-itency  tohis  mother.  Unilse. 
with  unliniitefl  powers,  prooe<Mled  to  iiluee  him- 
^Ifgtiuhead.'— T  Wripht.  Ilitt  o/ /■V.i ;«■<■,  M: 
J  ,4  1  (p  I).— "The  pa.ss<'S  in  Italy  had  already 
been  occupied  by  the  Swiss  under  their  captain 
Kfneral    OaleaKO    Vlsconti.      Uale«z/o    makes 
their  numlxT  not  more  than  6.(KI0.         .  They 
were  p<wteil  at  Susa.  commanding  tin-  two  roads 
from  Sloiit  Cenls  and  Geneva,  by  one  of  which 
the  French  must  pass  or  abandon  their  artillery. 
In  this  perplexity  it  was  pro|«)sed  by  Triulcio  to 
(orcea  lower  pa»sa»re  across  the  Cottian  Alps  lead- 
ing to  SnIuKo.     The  attempt  was  attended  with 
tlmo8t  insurmountable  difflculties.  .         Hut  the 
Ftench  troops  with  wonderful  spirits  and  alacrit  v 
were  not  to  be  baffled.    They  dnippcil  their 
irtiilcry  by  cables  from  stei'p  to  steip.  down 
one  range  of  mountains  and  up  another,  until 
6ve  (lavs  had  been  sptnt  in  this  perilous  I'ntcr- 
prl*',  and  they   found   themselves  safe   in   the 
plains  of  Saluzzo.     Happily  the  Swiiw.  siHuro  in 
their  tXMition  at  Susa,  had  never  dreamed  of  the 
possihilitv   of    such    a    passaKc.    .    .    .  I'rosjM'r 
Colonna.'whoconunandeil  in  Italy  for  the  Pope. 
wu  sitlini;  down  to  his  comfortable  dinner  at 
Villa  Fmnca.  when  a  scout  covi'red  with  dust 
dashed  into  his  apartment  announcing  that  the 
French  had  cniaseil  the  Alps      Tiic  ni'Xt  minuti' 
the  town  was  filhil  with  the  advanced  Kinird. 
under  the  Sieiir  d' Ymliercourt  and  the  cidebniti'd 
Bayanl     Tlic  Swiss  at  Susa  had  still  the  advaii 
tage  of  position,  and  might  have  hindered  the 
passage  of  the  main  bocly  of  the  Krencli:  but 
thev  luiil  no  horse  t«  transport  their  artillrry. 
wefetwilly  leil.  and  evidently  diviiliKl  in  thi'ir 
councils     They  nairod  upon   Novarn,"  and  to 
Milan,  intending  to  effect  a  junction  with  thi' 
liceniy  of  Naples,  who  advanced  to  Cremona. 
On  the  morning  of  the  13tli  of  SeptemlMT.  Car- 
dinal Scliiimer  haningue<l  the  Swiss  and  urgitl 
them  to  attack  the  French  in  their  camp,  which 
was  at  Marii;nano.  or  Melignano.  twelvi'  miles 
away.     His  fatal  advice  was  acted  (m  with  ex- 
(ili'inont  and  haste.     "The  day    was   hot   and 
ilusly.    Tlie  advanced  guard  of' the  French  was 
undi'rthe  eoiiunand  of  tlie  Constable  of  B<)UrlH>n. 
whrne  vinilunce    defeated    any    advantage    the 
Swiss  niii;ht  otherwise  have  gained  by  the  sud- 
denness mid  nipidity  of  their  moviiucuts.      .\t 
nine  o'cIik  k  in  the  morning,  as  Bourt)on  was  sit- 
ting down  at  table,  a  scout,  dripping  witli  water. 
made  lii-  iiiipeiirance.     lie  had  left  .Milan  only  a 
few  h"urs  Ix  fnre,  liad    waded  the   canals,  and 
came  t"  iiuimunce  the  approach  of  the  enemy. 
.  .  .  Tile  Swiss  came  on  apace;  they  had  disen- 
i:uMil«n'ii  Ilii-iiiM'lves  of  their  hats  and  caps,  and 
thriiwn  iilT  tlieir  shoes,  the  better  to  tight  witli- 
ciut  slippiiii;     They  made  a  dash  at  the  French 
artillery,  und  were  foiled  after  hard   fighting. 
...  It  wiis  an  autumnal  afternoon;  the  sun  had 
;onf  down:  dust  and  night-fall  separated  and 
couiusni  itio  combatants.      The  Frencli  trumpets 
•oundnl  u  r>  treat ;  both  armies  cmuched  down 


In  the  darkness  within    east  of  a  trnnU-bslI  of 
each  otbiT   .  .  .  Where  they  fought,  there  each 
man  laiil  down  to  rest  when  dnrkni'ss  came  on. 
within  hanil'grlp  of  his  inc."     Tlie  next  morning, 
"  the  autumnal  mist  crawled  slowly  away,  and 
once  more  exposed  the  combatants  tr)  each  othir's 
view.     The  advantage  of  the  gnumd  was  on  the 
siile  of  the  Fn^nch.     They  wen-  drawn  up  in  a 
vailevproteitedbyaditcirfullof  water.    Though 
the  Swiss  liad  taken  no  nfreshinent  tliat  niu'lit, 
thev  reneweil  the  fight  witli  unimpaired  aniiunslty 
an((  vigour    .  .  .   Francis,  surrounded  by  a  bisly 
of  inountisl  gentlemen,   performed  prodiiries  of 
valour.     The  night  had  given  him  opportunity 
for  the  iH'lter  arrangement  of  his  triHips;  and  as 
the  day  wore  on,  and   the  sun   gri'w  hot,  the 
Swiss. 'tliough    'marvellously  clelilienite,   brave, 
and  obstinate,' Is'gan  to  give  way.     The  arrival 
of  the  Venetian  genend,  D'Alviano.  with  fresh 
fris'ps.  made  flii'  Fnncli  victory  complite.     But 
the  •'wiss  retreated  inili  by  inrli  with  the  greatest 
delilKration,  carrvingolf  their  great  gunson  their 
sliouhlers.   .   .   .  'rill'  French  were  t(M>  exhausted 
to  follow      And  their  victory  bad  cost  them  dear; 
for  the  Swiss,  with  ja'culiar' haired  to  tlie  French 
gentry    and  the    lance-knights,   had   shown  no 
mercv.     They  spared  none,  and  made  no  prison- 
ers.    The    glory  of  the  battle   was  great.   .   .   . 
The  Swiss,  the  iVst  triNips  in  Kuro|ie,  nnd  hitherto 
reckoned  invincilile  .  .   .  had  Isin  the  terror  and 
sicpiirge  of  Italy,  equally   formidable  to  friend 
and  foe,  and  now  their  prestige  was  extinguished. 
Hut  it  was  not  in  these  nienly  miliiiiry  aspects 
tliat  the  battle  of  M.irignano  was  important.    No 
one  who  reads  the  French  c  lironiiles  of  the  times, 
can  fail  to  perceive  that  it  was  a  battle  of  opin- 
ions and  of  classes  even  more  than  of  nations;  of 
a  lieree  and   rising  deiniMTatical   clement,  now 
riilliil  back  for  a  short  sciison,  only  to  display  it- 
si  If  in  another  form  uiiainst  niyaltv  and  nobiiiiy ; 
—  of  the  burgher  clasws  against  feudality. 
The  old  romantic  clement,  overlaid  for  a  time  by 
tlie  political  convulsions  of  the  hist  century,  had 
once    more   gained    tlie    ascendant.     It    was  to 
blaze  forth  and  revive.  Iiefori"  it  died  out  entirely, 
in  the  Sydneys  ami  Ifcileighs  of  CJueen  Elizabeth's 
reign:  it  wiw  to  liirlilen  up  the  glorious  imagina- 
tion of    Spenser   iM'fore   it   faded  into  the   dull 
prose   of   I'uritan  divinity,  and  tlie  cnld    grey 
dawn  of  inductive  pill     Mipliy.     Hut  its  l:i«l  great 
battle    was   the    battl      "f    .M:irii:n:iiio ."— j.    S. 
Hrewer,  Tfif  llnf/ii  ••/  /I'  nr;/  I'///.,  r.  1,  rh.  3. 

Al.»<i  in:  -Miss  I'ardiK'.  Court  uml  luifjn  of 
Fnineit  /..  r.  1.  r/i.  H-T.— L.  Larclny.  Ihft.  of 
lUv/arii.  hk.  ;t.  -•//.  \-'i. 

A.  D.  1515-1518.— Francis   I.  in  possession 
of  Milan.— His  treaties  with  the  Swiss  and 
the   Pope.  —  Nullification  of   the    Pragmatic 
Sanction  of  Charles  'VII.— The  Concordat  of 
Bologna. —  'On  the  l.")th  of  SeptinilMr.  the  day- 
after  the  battle  [of  .Marignano|,  the  Swiss  tiMik 
tlie  road    l>aek  to  their  mountains.     Francis  I. 
1   enured    Milan  in  triumph.     .Maximilian  Sforza 
tixik  refuge  in  the  castle,  and  twenty  days  after- 
:   wards  on  the  -Jtli  of  Octolier.  surrendered,  con- 
\   si-nting   to  retire  to  Fniiice,    with   a  pension  of 
HO,0<K)  crowns,    ami    the  promise   of   ta'ing  nc- 
:   ommended  for  a  Ciinliriars  liat,  and  almost  coii- 
'   soled  for  his  downfall  '  liy  the  phasurc  of  being 
delivert'd  from  the  insolinee  of  the  Swiss,   tlir 
exactions  of  tlie  Km|KTor  Maximilian,  and  the 
rascalities  of  liie  .^luiniariis. '    Fitleeu  ymr.s  ,iU<  r 
,   wards,    in  June,    1530,  he  died   in  oblivion   at 


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1210 


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»■■;  »!■*-( 


rRANCE,  15I5-1BI8. 


Py»elt  I. 


FRANCE,  tSIS-1847 


r«r1»  Fninclii  I.  rpirnlm'il  poiwrMion  of  all 
MiUm-H,  lulilliiK  tlirn-lo,  with  Ihi-  inipc'ii  con- 
Ktit.  till'  ilii('lii<'<i  (if  I'nmia  itml  Ilarcnut,  wliicli 
hBil  \m-n  (IcIiicIiihI  from  It ..  .  .  Two  tn>nlU'!i, 
one  of  NovciiiImtT.  1.115.  hihI  the  ntliiT  of  No- 
TrnilxT  'Jt>.  ISIO,  re  I'HtublialiiMl  not  onlv  pcui'i'. 
but  |M'r|H'timl  hIIIiiiiic  iR'twccii  tlip  KiiiK  of 
Fmmr  mid  the  llilrtoi'ii  Swiss  Cantons,  witli 
•li|iii!uli'il  I'omlitions  in  ilttail  Wliilst  tlicsc-  iii' 
lotiallona  wen-  In  iiroKri'ss,  Kruncis  I.  and  I^o 
X..  by  a  treaty  piililislird  at  VIlcrlKi.  ontlic  i:Uli 
of  OftolHT,  iinxltiiini'd  lliclr  lirarty  nt'omilla- 
tion.  Tlie  |io|h>  ftiiarunticil  ti>  Kniniis  t.  tlii^ 
diicliv  of  Milan,  restored  to  lilnt  tlio>e  of  I'arina 
and  Piarenzn,  ami  n  called  his  triM>pHwhi(h  wire 
•till  servinK  apiiiist  the  Vcnethins.  '  Attlii'  Kinie 
tinii'.  arrangements  wen-  made  for  a  iMrsonal 
meetinif  i>f  llie  pope  and  the  Freiu  li  kinj,'.  »  hii  li 
tiH)k  plaei'.il  Holo)jna  in  Deceriilxr.  l.ll.'i.  "Knm- 
ris  did  iiotallenipt  to  liiih' Ids  ihsixn  <if  reeon- 
(iiiprin);  tlie  liinplom  of  Naples,  wliieli  Fenlinan<l 
the  Catholic  liail  wron^fnlly  usurpeil,  and  he 
demanded  thi'  pop<>'s  eoiintenance.  The  p<i|)<'  did 
not  can'  to  refuse,  but  he  |Niintisl  out  to  tlie  kini; 
tliiit  everythinis  foretohl  the  very  near  ileatli  of 
Kill)'  Fenliiiand;  and  'Your  Majesty,'  .H;iid  he. 
'  will  liien  have  a  natiinil  op|iortiinity  for  claim- 
ing your  ri);lits;  and  as  for  me.  fri'e.  as  I  shall 
then  lie.  fnuii  my  engagements  with  the  Kinjr 
of  .Vrrm'oii  in  respect  of  the  crown  of  Naples.  1 
shall  liiid  it  easier  to  respond  to  your  majisty's 
wish.'  The  pope  men  ly  Haiilecf  to  gain  time 
Francis,  puttiiij;  asiile  for  llii'  moment  tlie  kin); 
domof  Naples,  spoke  of  Charles  VII. 'h  Pragmatic 
Sanction  |s<r  above-  A.  I).  UU.S|.  ami  the  neies- 
Bity  of  putting  an  enil  to  the  ditllculties  which 
hail  arisen  on  this  sulijeet  iMtween  the  court  of 
Home  and  the  Kings  of  France.  hi>  preihi  essors. 
'  .-Vs  to  that,' said  the  pope.  '1  could  not  grant 
what  your  predecessors  ilemandcil:  but  Ih'  not 
uneasy;  I  have  ii  compensation  to  propose  to 
you  which  will  prove  to  you  how  ihar  your  in- 
terests are  to  me.'  The  two  sovereigns  had. 
without  doubt,  already  come  loan  understanding 
on  this  point,  when,  aftcralhrie  days'  interview 
with  Iao  X..  Fram  is  I.  returned  to  Milan,  leav- 
ing at  Biilogna,  for  the  pur|)ose  of  treating  in 
detail  the  affair  of  the  I'racmatic  Sanction,  his 
chancellor,  Duprat,  who  hiul  aeeoinpanied  him 
during  all  this  campai^'ii  as  his  ailviserand  ne- 
gotiator .  .  .  Tin;  popis  .  .  .  had  all  of  them 
protested  since  the  days  of  Charles  VII.  against 
the  Pmgmatie  Sanction  as  an  attack  upon  their 
rights,  and  had  ileiuamhil  its  alHiliiion.  In  1-161. 
Louis  XI.  .  .  .  had  yielded  for  11  moment  to  the 
demand  of  I'one  I'ius  II..  whose  countenance  he 
dcsinil  to  rain, and  had  abrogated  the  Pmgmatie; 
but.  not  having  obtained  what  he  wanti-d  thereby, 
and  having  met  with  strong  opposition  in  the 
Parliament  of  Paris  to  his  concessiim,  he  had  let 
it  ilrop  without  formally  retracting  it.  .  .  . 
This  iinporlant  eilii  t.  then,  was  still  vigorous  in 
l.M">.  whiii  Fram  is  I. .  after  his  victory  at  .Me- 
Icgnaiio  and  his  reconciliation  with  the  pope, 
left  Chancellor  Duprat  at  IJologna  to  pursue  the 
negotiation  n-openc-d  mi  ihfit  subject.  The  '  coin- 
pensjilion.'  of  wliii  h  I.eo  X  .  mi  rcdemaiuling  tlie 
abolition  of  ilu-  I 'ra:,'iiialic  .Sanction,  lnui  given  a 
peep  to  Francis  I  .  could  not  fail  to  have  charms 
for  a  prime  so  little  Miupulous.  and  for  his  still 
lesti  scrupulous  chancellor  The  piipe  proposeij 
that  the  Prag:r,:i!i."  .".e.c;  f..r  ,,'.)  i,iv;ii-!,,-|.  -I,.,,;!.! 
be  repluced  by  a  Concordat  between  the  two  sov- 


errlgnd,  anil  that  thia  Coneordat,  wliINi 


l"''iiii? 
fgilli 


a  stop  to  the  election  of  the  clergy  by  il,,  f„ 
ful,  shoiihl  trannferto  the  king  the  riglii  if  n, 
Illation  to  binhoprlea and  other  great  eirl.M|k|,,;,| 
olHcea  and  lienetlii's.  reserving  to  the  |.,i|i,  n,, 
right  of  prcM'nlation  of  prelate*  noiiiiiiiiid  |,v 
tlie  king.  ThU,  connlderlng  the  (.inliiinii  ,:f 
iKMiety  and  government  in  the  lllth  uniuri  j„ 
the  absence  of  political  and  rt-llglous  |il,<  rii'u;^ 
totake  away  from  the  ehurili  her  o«ii ,  \i,tiiii(- 
a. id  iliviile  her  U'tween  two  iiiasti 
giving    her.    aa    n'ganled   either  of 


lliiiri,    MV 


otiier  guarantee  of  Imhpendeni c  than  ih. 

ihani f  their  dissensions  anil   quirr. ! 

Francis  I.  and  his  chancellor  saw  intli,  |,i  .{.,,„ ,| 
Conconlat  nothing  but  the  great  in- p  im  it  uf 
intliience  it  wcureil  t^i  them,  by  ii'iakii,'  ,i!l  il„. 
dignitaries  of  the  church  suppliants  ai  iir-i  ml 
tlien  clients  of  the  kingshli).  Afli  r  «i  im  ,lii|i 
eulties  as  to  points  of  lU'taii.  the  Cmn  .  r  I  ii  »  i, 
concluded  and  signed  on  the  IHih  ,,1  .\i|_.!,.i 
l.'ilO.  Five  months  afterwanl.s.  on  iln-  ."iH,  ,,1 
February.  lolT,  the  king  repaired  in  p.  rv  „  t„ 
Parliament,  to  which  he  had  suinini'UMl  nrmv 
pnlates  anil  ihstors  of  the  l"niv(r-ii\  Tljf 
Cliancellorexplained  the  points  of  tli..  I'  .ii,  ,,n|,: 
.   .   .  The  king  ordensl  Its  regi»lrali"ii,    I.  r  tl„- 

giKsl  of  his  kingdom  and  for  iiiiiiiau f  tlu- 

promise  he  had  given  the  popiv"  For  rii  n  ilim 
a  year  the  Parliament  of  Paris  resi^icii  Hi.  r..\,il 
order,  and  it  was  not  until  the  'J.M  ..f  Mirili, 
1-">I8,  that  it  yielded  to  the  kings  lliniils  ;ir,ii 
prmeedeil  to  registration  of  the  Com  i.rlal.  «iili 
forms  and  reservation.^  "which  win-  iiilmrc 
of  compulsion.  The  other  Parliaineiiis  ..f  Krim t 
followed  with  more  or  less  zeal  .  .  ih.  .Aaiii 
pie  shown  by  that  of  Paris.  Tie-  I  !in  r.:!v 
was  hearlilv  disposed  to  push  resistMii,.  iir:l„r 
than  had  la'en  done  by  Parliaim  ni  -1'  i' 
(!ui7.ot,  I\i)>iiliir  llinl.  of  h'niiirf,  rh,  js  I,  |;_ 
"The  execution  of  the  Conconlat  was  vi_-i.r  .ri-Iy 
contested  for  years  afterwards.  Cailn.lriU  anil 
monastic  chaptt'rs  proceetlcd  toeleil  lii-lii.[.«  .m.l 
ablxits  under  the  provisions  of  tlic  l'ni:;iii:ii;i 
Sanction;  and  every  such  casi>  Imc.iiiu  i  fn-li 
source  of  exasperation  lietween  the  ii.ni.ii.!i:i.' 
powers.  .  .  .  But  the  Parliament.  tli..iiirli  .lini 
ouring  loudly  for  the  'Oallican  lili.  nnv  .lu.l 
making  a  gallant  stand  for  national  irnl.  {»  u.l.ii  c 
as  against  the  usurpations  of  Home,  wis  uiialilc 
to  maintain  its  ground  ogainst  the  ..w  r|«.w.  rin,: 
despotism  of  the  Cmwn.  The  inmiuri  Ni.-il  an- 
thoritv  ultimately  achieved  a  eoinpl.  ii-  iriumpli 
In  I,');?  n  pen'ni|)tory  myal  onlinaim-  |  I'liilMinl 
the  courts  of  Parliament  fnmi  t.ikin.'  lirh.r 
cognLsance  of  causes  affwting  elciii.iii-  t  .  uii- 
sistorial  benellces  and  conventual  prim;  «.  aiil 
all  such  matters  were  transfern'd  li>tlii  -.I,  jiiri-- 
diction  of  the  Council  of  State.  .\fti  r  liiis  tin 
agiUttioii  against  tlie  Conconlat  t;r,i.l:i  lily  mi1'- 
sided.  Hut  although,  in  virtue  of  ils  .  ..:ii;.iil-.  ry 
n'gistration  by  the  Parliament.  Iln  C;!  nnlii 
Ix'came  part  of  the  law  of  the  laii.l.  it  i- r  ri.ua 
that  tlie  tiallican  Church  never  aM.],;.  1  !i,U 
Hagrant  invasion  of  its  lilsTtii-s.'  -  W  li  .1.  ni- 
//;■«(.  ■•fllie  Cliiii-i-ti  „f  Fraui-r,  i-  I,  ,  I'l  ll'i 
A.  b.  1515-1547.— The  institution  of  tlie 
Court.— Its  baneful  influence.—  I'm  .  i- 1  i» 
stitiili'd  the  Court,  and  this  hail  a  >|. .  : m  iiiilii 
ence  upon  the  manners  of  llie  iii.liil::\  TIi>m 
lords.  wlios<.  respect  royally  h.nl  .in!!,  iiliv  in 
r.--"I'ii:g  wfu-ti  iliey  wen:  al  their  r:;;;;  i:-.^  i 
come  to  court,  proatrated  thenuK'lvo  liliri  ihe 


1220 


FRANCE.  1816-1547 


n«  Ctmrt 


FRAMCX.  15l«-15»7, 


.kHw  »nd  tI«M«<1  obeaiMJce  with  llnir  wh.)l« 
£^'  A  (tw  wonli  will  .lr».rib«  lliU  {•.mrt. 
TtekinK  l.«lK«l  »nd  fcl  Id  hi. own  krKe  |ml»ce 

TkS  Prrndi  n..blllty.     Horn.-  uf  tli.-w  l.Tili  were 

,Z    O*""  l'""'  "'""••  »l.l.;>»t  .l,.tUH.  .inv 

R^ll,«  often  »  lH.n«lnn  «»  wHI.     .V  tl.lr.l  .•  u.h 

«^U,.'    iHilall  wm-«n.u-«a  au.l  .iitortninnl 
with  vuri.m.  l.le.i»..r.-,  at  the  oxp<Mi«.  of  the 
C      W\*.    CHn>..»..N.     »t„t.ly     cifinon h.l» 
tr"n.l  diim.r»,  thf.itri.uU,  c».iv.r».ition«  ln«|.irc.l 
K-    ,ns.n.-.  of  fulr  »•»"..•",  ."-l"!.'..!  uU.r 
„'„«,,  fall  kli.<l«.  wh.To  .■»<h  cm  .1  .hm^^.  for 
Sf  ami  whm>  th«  rftlii.-l  bihI  lueniry  foun.l 
. S   1^  w.ll  a»  llie  vain  a.ul  protl  k,iI<;.-m;.  I. 
.roourt  life,  a  tr.ily  .lilI.T.»t  1 1.  »«  from  tl,.. 
monotonous  .....I  brutal  .•xUfmoof  IIk'  f.o.lal  lor.l 
It  l,i.  (ustlr  in  the  .lc|)th».  of  hw  proviiue.     So. 
Vm  all  M».  ■"''■'■■s  fl'«K>"l  t"  .-urt    to  gmiifv 
toth  tbe  nio^l  r,Hn«l  tuHf!.  .m.l  I  he  .u.«l  .le«ni.h,l 
Miion».     Son«  caine  liopluB  to  make  their  for- 
C  a  «or.l  from  the  klug  auti  elng   o  enruh  a   ■ 
man    others  came  lo  gain  a  mnk  in  the  army,  a   , 
lucrative  post    In  the  flnan.e    .lepar  iiien      an   ; 
,blHV    or  a  bUhopric.     From   the   tune   klnRi*   , 
held  court.  It  U'camc  almost  a  law.  that  nothing    ; 
dioul.1  lie  grant.il  U>  a  nobleman  whi>  llve.l  l«-    | 
yond  its  iwl---      Those   lonls  who  persist.-,      ii 
.Uving  on  their  own  estates  were  siipiMW.-.!  to 
rail  aKHln»t  the  administration,  or,  a»  wc  of  the 
present  «"ul<l  I'xprwia  it,  to  1«  in  opiHisiti.m. 
■They  must  Indwd  U:  men  of  gn-ss  min.ls  who 
art!  ni.t  temptiKl  by  the  polish  of  the  court ;  at 
all  events  it  Is  very  Insolent  In  them  to  show  so   i 
little  vkish  to  see  their  sovenlgn,  and  enjoy  the 
honor  of   living    under  his    r.H,f        Such   w.« 
almost  pncisely  the  opinion  of  the  king  in  re- 
pml  to  the  provincial  nobility.  .  .   ■  Ambition 
drew  the  nobles  to  court;  ambition,  s<Klelv,  nii.l 
dissipation  k.pt  them  there.     To  inciir  the^lis- 
pleasure  of  their  maater,  and  lie  exiled   from 
court  was,  tlrst.  to  lose  all  hoi>c  of  advamement, 
and  thin  to  full  from  paradise  into  purgatory. 
It  killed  some  people.     But  life  was  much  iiior.- 
eipeuMve  at  court  than  in  the  castles.     As  in  all 
soiiety  where  each  Is  constantly  In  the  presence 
of  hismichlsir,  there  was  unl«)unde<l  rivalry  as 
to  wlio  should  Ik-  most  brilliant,  most  superb. 
Til  ■  .Id  nvenues  did  not  siifllce,  while,  at  the 
8:inir  lime,  the  inevitable  r<'sult  of  the  absence 
tif  thr  l.mls  was  to  decrease  them.     Whilst  the 
expenses  of  the  noblemen  at  Cliamliord  or  \er- 
sailles  were  steaililv  on  the  increase,  his  Intiii- 
dant.  iilcme  and   uiireatnilned   upon  the  esUit<\ 
filled  his  own  pickets,  and  sent  less  money  every 
qu:irtir.  so  thai,  to  keep  up  the  proper  rank,  the 
lord  Wiis  fiiric  d  to  In-g  a  iiension  from  the  kin.K. 
Low  uul.nl  Wits  the  downfall  of  the  old   pri.ie 
aii.l  f.u.hd    independence!      The   ciuestion   was 
hiiw  111  iihiain  these  pensions,  ranks,  oHices.  and 
fav  rs i.f  uli  kinds.     The  virtue*  most  prized  and 
rcwanl  .1  l.y  the  kings  wenr  not  civic  virtues.— 
ca|w.iiv.  iiiid  services  of  value  for  the  pulilie 
giKi.1;  whit  pleased  them  w;w,  naturally,  devo 
lion  1..  iluir  |>erson,  bllnil  obcHliencc,   Mattery, 
anil  sihservienee."— P.    Lacombc.  A  Short  Ilia 


A.  D.    i«i».i5i7.-»lMiimm»ii'i   itumpt 

?raiiiit    linUm.-Diplom«Ue   intririti.-Th. 
raatyof  Noyon.— After  Knimls  f  Had  taken 
n<MMW>lon  of  Milan,  and  while  I'oiie  l^o  X.  wa» 
making  urofcsalona  of  friendship  to  liitii  at  IJ.)- 
logna   a  scheme  took  »lia|M'  among  the   French 
king  H ,  nemles  for  depriving  him  of  his  <'on>lU''«t, 
and   tlie  [Mipc  was   privy  to  It.      '  Henry  Vlll 
woiiM  not  oiMUly  break  the  peme  Is  tween  Kng 
1  m.l  and  Frame,  but  he  olTer»'d  to  supply  Maxl 
iniliaii    with   Swiss   tr.K)p8  for   an   att.i.  k  upon 
Milan      It  was  us<des«  to  send   money  to    Miixi 
iiiilian.  who  would  have  siniiI   it  on   himsidf    . 
but  tnK)ps  wire  hired    f.ir   the   emperor   l.y  the 
Kiigllsh  aneiit.  I'aie,  ami  "at  the  laKinning  of 
March    I.Mll]  the  joint  army  of  Maxiinilh>,i  and 
U.e  Swiss  nsst'inbled  at  Trent.     On  March  '.'l  they 
were  within  a  few  iiiihs  of  Milan,  ami  their siic- 
eiss  .seemed    sure,  when   suddenly    .Maximilian 
f.iund  that  his  riH.,urc«s  were  exhausted  and  re- 
fus...!    to   pr.«-(-eil;    n,-xt  dav    he  wilh.lrew    his 
tr.Kips  and  aliundone.1  his  alius.   .   .       The  expe- 
dition wasaU.lal  failure;  yi  t  Knglisb  g..hl  hail 
not  been  siK-nt  In  vain,  as  the  Swi-s  wen-  pri  ■ 
vei.l.-.l    from   enlirelv   j..ining  the    French,  and 
Francis  I.  was  remin.leil  that  hispiwition  in  lia  y 
was  bv  no  means  secun-.     U-n  X.,  ineanwliile.  In 
\   the  w'orils  of  I'ace,    '  had   played   marv-i-llously 
wilhlMrthhandslnlhlsenterprise  •.   .       Knglaiid 
was  n.iw  the  chief  opponent  of  the    ambitious 
sc-hem.sof  Fmnc<',  and  aimeil  at  bringing  almut 
a  h-airuewith  .Maximilian,  Charles  (who  had  just 


lory  :,}■  iJid  ffreitdt  PtofU,  eh.  23. 


stii-ici-ded  F< nlinand  of  Spain.  deceas.-d  .lanuarj' 
2:1  l-"il(tl.  the  I'oiM'.  and  the  Swiss.    But  Charles  » 
mi'nlsters,  cldcf  of  wli.im  was  Cmv,  hml  of  Chi- 
evrcs   had  a  care  alM.ve  all    lor  the  interests  of 
Flanilers,  and  so  were  greatly  uniler  the  Inlluencc 
of    France    .   .   .   Friime    and    Knglanil   entered 
Into  a  diplomatic  warfare  over  the  alliance  with 
Charles.     First    Kngland  on  April  1»  n-i-ogniscd 
Charies  as  King  of  Spain,  Navarre,  anil  the  Two 
Sicilies;  then  Wolsev  strove  to  make  peace  be- 
tween Vi-niie   and  "Maximilian   as   a   llrst    step     . 
towards  iletaching  V.  nice  from  its  French  alli- 
ance."    On   the  oth.r   haiiil,  negotialhms  were 
secn-tly  carried  on  and  (August  Hi)  "the  treaty 
of  Noyon  was  concluded  In-lween  Fnuicis  1.  and 
Charles.       Charles    was   to  marry    houise,    the 
daughter  of  Francis  I.,  an  Infant  of  one  year  old. 
and  receive  as  her  .h.wer  the  Freiu-li  claims  on 
Naples;  Venici'  was  I.,  pay  Maximilian  2(KI.UU0 
1  ducats  f.ir  Bres<ia  an.l  V.-nma;  In  case  be  refused 
this  olTer  and  cmtinue.l  the  war,  Charles  was  at 
lilH-rtv  to  help  his  gmnilfather,  ami  Fniicis  1.  to 
help  the  Venetians,   without  any  breach  of  the 
peace  now  imule  Istween  them.   ...   In  spite  of 
the  elTorts  of  Kngland.    Fnincis   I.    wils  every- 
where successful  In  siltling  his  dimculties.     On 
■    NovcmlH-r  i'J  a  perpetual  peace  was  made  at  tn- 
i    burg  between  France  anil  the  Swiss  Cantons;  on 
!    nc-emlKT  ;!  111.-  tnalv  of  Noyon  was  renewed, 
i    an.l  Maximiliun  was  in.lu.h-d  in  its  provisions. 
'    IVace  was  lua.le  1m1w.-.-ii  him  an.l  Venice  by  the 
provision  that  .Mii\imilian  was  to  band  oyer  \e- 
i    r.uia  t.i  Charies.  wlio  in  turn  shouhl  give  It  up  to 
!    tin-    King   of  Fn.n..-.    who   delivered  it   t.J  the 
'    Vcnelians     Mixiinilian  in  return  receivwl  UKt.OtK) 
1    ducats  fr..m  Venice  an.l  as  much  from   France. 
The  compact  was  duly  carried  out ;    '  On  l-eliru- 
nrv  H  l.-ii:  •  wrote  the  (imlinal  of  Sum,  ■\er.;na 
1    iH-h.nged  t..  the  Kmperor;  on  the  Ulh  to  the  Kmg 
i   Cathidic ;  on  the  15th  to  the  French ;  on  the  I  ilh 
to  the  Veuctians.'     Sucli  was  the  eod  of  the  wars 


1221 


km'W 


1 1*1 1 
. .  .» 

!  -.I.: 


'  {  :* 

I'}'! 

:     !'■ 

,"1 

I  I 

i ;  i  r  • 


''i'y 


A^\ 


:-■•  fi 


I 

V, 

s  : 

]jV 

k 


:"?i 


I  ' 

,1 


%' 


:j. 


N  'i. 


i^- 


.  J 


•    f 


L^ 


J^ 


rRANCK    l.llfUBtT 


PVniirt*  f  niirf 


TRAxrE.  mw-iAas 


that  hail  ariiirn  fMm  llii>  Lfajruc  of  Cnmliral 
After  a  •IriiKirIf  of  liirlit  ,VP»r<i  the  iMiHcni  Hint 
Imfl  roiifnU'ratiHl  to  tlcwtntv  Vi  iiicp  rami'  totfi'lhi-r 
til  rr«tore  Iht  to  livr  furincr  |i|nrf  Vfiilrc  nilirlil 
Will  riiill  III  llil»  ri'wnril  nf  Iht  lonij  conVamv. 
liiT  saiTltln-a  anil  liiT  (llwintir-  "— M  O'lelilon. 
/'/»>  of  tbr  /V;i.i^v.  il'irin;)  /'..  /Vn."»  ..^Mr  W^r 
„nn,tl!„n.  hk    ft,  cA,   I«(r    -il 

AlKolM     .1     S     Hh'Wit,    TA.    Ilfiiin  nf  llrntii 
Vllt .  M    4  n(r  t) 

A.  D.  1519.— Candidacy  of  Francl*  I.  for  the 
Imprrial  crown.     Sif  (!kii>hnv     AD    l.'ilM 

A.  D.  I  MO- 1 523.— Rivalry  of  Francii  I.  and 
Charlci  v.-  The  Emperor'a  auccenei  in  Italy 
and  Navarre.  -Milan  again  talten  from  France. 
— Tht  wrongs  and  the  treason  of  the  Con- 
stable of  Bourbon  '  With  tliiir  cnnillilntiin- 
for  t  ho  liniM-riiil  iT"wn,  Imr-*!  forth  tlif  iinxtlti- 
eulnhahli'  rivalry  Imiwi'im  Kiiiiiri»  I.  hikIi  linrira 
V.  The  formir  rhiiniiil  Niiiili")  for  li'mwlf  niiil 
Navarre  for  llrnry  tl'.MIiri'i ;  tli  Kinpirnr  ili'- 
maniled  thi'  Milaiii'W'  as  a  llrf  of  In'  Kinpiri'.  ami 
the  I>urhy  of  llurunnily.  Tlii'lr  ri'mmri'i'it  wrrr 
alK)ut  ei|iinl  If  llii'Miii'iri'  of  Clinrli's  wen"  mori' 
rxti'iislvp  llir  kiiicilom  of  Kninii-  wan  inorp  rom 
part  The  KnipiTor  »  »iili)i  rts  were  richer,  hut 
Ills  authority  moO'  i  iriiiiii'M'rilieil.  The  H'pnta 
tiiin  of  iheFri'iirh  laialry  was  not  inferior  to 
that  nf  the  Spanish  Infantry.  Victory  wimlil  Ih'- 
lontf  to  tlip  one  who  hIioiiIi)  win  over  the  Kine  of 
En^rlanil  to  his  siilc  .  .  Ilotli  cave  pension!!  to 
hl»  Prime  Miiii<ler,  (anlinal  Wolsev;  they  earh 
aakeil  the  haml  of  liii  ilaiiirhtcr  >farv.  one  for 
the  ilauphin,  the  other  for  hImM'If.  Vraiicit  I 
nlitalneil  from  him  an  Interview  at  Calaia.  ami 
forRi'ttlnK  thai  he  wiilicil  to  jrain  hi«  favmir. 
eclipsed  him  liy  hin  eli-L'ani'e  anil  muirnlticenci' 
[see  KlF.l.n  OKTIIK  CioTil  OF  0<ii.I)|  Charh's 
v..  more  ailriiit.  hail  anticipated  thi*  Interview- 
by  visiting  Henry  VIII.  in  Kni;lanil  lie  had 
secnreii  Wolsey  hy  irivinjr  him  hopes  of  the  tiara. 
.  Everythinir  suni't'iied  with  the  Kmperor. 
He  gained  l.i'o  X  to  Ins  side  and  thus  olitaineit 
siilllciint  intluence  to  niise  his  tutor.  .Vdrian  of 
I'tricht.  to  the  papacy  Ion  the  death  of  l.e.i. 
IK'c  1,  l.V.'l]  The  Kn'iii  h  iM'netrat.d  intoSpairi. 
hut  arrived  tisi  late  to  aid  the  ri.smif  Ihire  |in 
Navarre,  l.V>l|  I'lie  ;;oyernor  of  the  .Milane^i', 
Ijiutrec,  who  is  said  to  have  ixiled  from  Milan 
nearly  half  its  inhalill:int^.  was  driven  out  of 
I.omliarily  (and  the  I'ope  retook  i'anna  and  I'la- 
centia]  III'  met  witli  the  same  f.ileai.'ain  in  the 
followjPL'  year  the  Swis^  whtt  were  ill  paM, 
asked  I  ither  for  disniissid  or  liatlle.  and  allowed 
themsi  Ives  tolx'  iK'atin  at  l..'i  liici'<|ui'  |.Vpril  2!t. 
l.VJ.'l  'I  he  money  inti  iided  for  tin-  troi>ps  hail 
la-en  used  for  other  o'lrposrs  by  the  t^ueen- 
moiher  who  hiiled  I  i  iinc-  .\i  the  niomint 
when  Francis  1  wastliiMkiti'.:.if  p-  enti  rim;  Italy, 
an  iiitiTnal  enemy  threw  France  into  the  utmost 
danL'er.  Friiicis  had  aiveii  mortal  olTenie  to  the 
Constalile  of  liourlHin.  one  of  tliosi-  who  had 
most  contritiute.l  to  ihi-  victory  of  .Mariiinan 
Charles  Ciiiint  of  M'Tilpensier  and  Dauphin  of 
.Xuvi'rcne.  iuld  liy  virtue  of  his  wife,  a  L'rand 
dauirhter  of  l.oui.|  .\I.  the  Duchy  of  l!,iurlKin. 
and  the  counties  uf  ('lermi>nt.  I.a  Marche  and 
other  'loTuains.  which  made  him  the  first  nohle  in 
the  kini;i|iim  On  the  death  of  his  wife,  the 
Queen  mother.  Louise  .if  Savov,  who  had  wanted 
to  marry  the  Ccinstalile  ami  had  N-en  refused  t.y 
him,  resolved  in  ruin  iiim  Mie  disputeil  with 
him  this  rich  inheritance  and  olitained  from  her 


•on  that  the  nmpi.rty  nhouhl   be  provi,|i,i,,|i, 
•pqiieateml      Hourlum,  rxnajH-rated,  ris..l\.',|  tJ, 


iiliirv 


pass  over  lo  the  Empi  for  i\fiiX\.     Hulf 
earlier,    revolt   dhl   not  mean   illaloyai 
miMt  aminipliahrd  kniKhln  In  Fmnie.  Iian  i<iiii<| 
John  of  Calabria,  had  jolni'l  the  '  Leanui  f.  r  tlip 
piilille  weal  '  Hut  now  It  w«ino.|ii.itii.n  „( 

a  revolt  aitainst  the  kiuif:  aiiih  a  thh..'   in  ji,, 
poulble  In  Kmtiee  at  this  time.     '•  «  1^   ,  ,,,„ 

•plraiy  agalnat  the  very  eil«lenee  of  Fra ilin 

'.oiirlMin  was  plotting  with  foniL'mrs  ||i. 
promised  Charh't  V.  lo  atUck  Burtfumlv  ai  *«.n 
as  Franeli  I.  hail  eros«e<t  the  Alps  and  li.  r.,ii«- 
into  revolt  Ore  prorliii-*-*  of  wliich  he  h.  iien-il 
himw'lf  master;  the  kingdom  of  I'mvi  ncr  wiuti. 
lie  re  eslablishetl  In  his  favour,  and  Fraim.  |,iir. 
titloned  lirtweenHpaIn  and  Kn|;liini|,  «.,'iM  havp 
reas<sl  to  exist  u  a  nation,  lie  was  Maia  :il>li>  to 
enjoy  the  n'verw'iof  his  country.  " -.1  Miiliili.t. 
Summitry  of  VmUrn  llitl  .  fh.  «'— "  II.  arv  VIII 
and  Charlea  V.  were  Uith  ready  t.  .lim'  the 
servlres  of  the  ex  Conalable  "lie  ,l.ii,l,.,|  (n 
favour  of  Charles  aa  the  nion-  lamerful  of  tlw 
two  .  .  .  Theiw  net-ret  neifotlallons  were  ciirriiHl 
on  In  the  apringof  1S28.  while  Kram  is  I  ihavinis 
wnt  n  sumclent  force  to  protect  his  imrtlicm 
frontier)  was  preparing  to  make  Italy  tie  tial  of 
war.  With  this  objert  the  kinK  onlen  I  a  nn 
de/.voiia  of  the  amiy  at  Lyons,  In  tin-  In  ^•inni^^ 
of  Si'ptemN'r.  snil  having  arraiu;.  '  t..  pau 
tliMURli  .Moulinson  his  way  to  join  ....  fonvs, 
ealled  upon  the  Conatablu  t<i  meet  liiin  tliiP'  iinii 
to  pna-eiil  with  him  to  l.vons.  Alpady  v/ii;ue 
riimoura  of  an  undentaiiilliiK  lietwein  tin-  Km 
IM-nir  and  BoiirlHin  had  «-ached  Frim  i«  «hii 
pave  no  credence  to  them ;  In  I  on  liii  »  n  \\  ilc 
Ilre/e,  Seneschal  of  Nonnandy,  aitai  Iml  i"  tin- 
Court  of  tiimlse  of  Savoy,  aenl  audi  pn  c  i«  ili- 
tails  of  the  alTair  by  two  Norman  »ri-niliruia  In 
the  Constable's  service  that  doubt  was  no  liiit't-r 
imssihle  "  Francis  aocordln/irly  entered  Mmliiis 
with  a  considerable  force,  and  went  siniii;lil  In 
ItourlMin,  who  feiirned  lllnesii.  The  Cnstatile 
stoutly  denh-d  lo  the  king  all  the  chariri  »  wliicli 
the  latt»-r  n-veah-il  to  hini,  and  Francis,  wlm  wm 
stromrly  urKi-d  to  onler  hisarn-st,  refusi-rl  t'i<lo 
so.  Hut  a  few  days  later,  when  the-  kiiii;  liwl 
pone  forw-ard  to  Lyons,  Itourlion,  pri-teM-lini:  la 
follow  him.  riMie  away  to  his  strong  instil' oft  liaii 
tellis,  from  whence  he  wroti-  letters  d.-inaiiiliui; 
the  restitution  of  his  estates.  A-  sioii  as  \\\i 
flight  was  known.  Francis  sent  fonni'S'izc 
him;  but  the  I'onstable,  taking  oiii  i  iiiipuiion 
with  him.  maile  his  way  out  of  the  kiiiL-<l"tn  in 
disgulst-.  Kscaping  lo  Italy,  hewastli'T-  f>liici-.l 
In  command  of  the  iiniarial  arm)  -i  (  'iirii.t, 
AV(i/iri»  /.  ii,iilhi»  Tiiiii*.  '■h.  4. 

.\t.so  IS;  Miss  Pardix-.  Thf  f;;rl  r  .'  /.',i-;.'i 
„f  h>,incU  I.,  r.  I,  .'A.  I4-Ii(  — Sc  aU-  .Vis 
•fiiiA.  A.  D.  l,->19-l.Vi.-) 

A.  D.  1531.— Invasion  of  Navarre.     >'  Nv 

VVUIIK;    A     1)     Ill-'-l.Vil. 

A.  D.  1531-1525.— Beginning  of  the  Protei- 
tant  Refom  movement.  See  l'\i'v.  \  \  1) 
LVJI-l.-kr.. 

A.  D.  1523-1524.— First  undertakings  in  the 
New  World.— Voyages  of  Verrazaiui  >'-> 
Amkkica     a    D    l.Vit-l.lJl 

A.  D.  1523-1525.— The  death  of  Bayard  -- 
Second  invasion  of  Italy  by  Francis  I.  Hit 
defeat  and  capture  at  Pavia.—  li'iiiir.'t,  iIk- 
personal  enemy  of  Idiurtiou,  was  now  -  ;,'riisti-ii 
with  the  cominand   of   the   French   arnn       He 


1222 


niANCK.  IMlUMft 


KHANCE.   ISIM  lUA 


'llJi^  «lJu.>  winlrrq .urt;™  l-hln.!  tl..-  T«lm. 
^r*  .m...f  II...  KnglUli  In  in<-.nly,  "f  thr 
MltaU  in  (•h..U|.«Knr.  .n.l  «f  I  .r  Hp...l..r. U 
^i\w  l'yn-n«-ii.   win-  niimlly  lni.lKnUlr.tit. 

^L2l\  1  y  four  •''!«  Ifner>,l»   l^.im.l.  IW 
^  ft.  irlH...,  .ml  8for«.,  ..■.■.■.■.•.  ..I  In  nlm.-t 

„ 3  BoDi.lv.-f. olTer  t.. .'n^cK.'.    They  I'-I"'! 

^„n,l  »"«ln.a  lAe  -ll-tr.-.K  .K-.«.l..n.-,l  by   *«..t 

Knlv"t,  tl.u.-»l«ml..m.l  w«.  ..I.U^..l  In 
™^.   k   prwlplute    »n<l    ixril..ii«    r.trial      A 

X'n«^>-rt'.  ..n.lrno.,kl«.M....l  11..-  t«.. 
„.  .,r  11..-  r.-.t  of  the  .my.  Tl.-  linperiul- 
1,5,  M  "11  tiy  B<..irl«.n,  ma.lc  »  fiiriou.  .tti«li 


5^„'kh''w«»  wmiu.U-.t;  .ml  lie  «..>.•  lil.  pliic* 
to  H«v»nl,  wl.o.  "•'"f  »ntni»U'<l  with 


lilKli 

;:n,n,nii..l,    «"    tlwy   '••','*•"    '"'  "'»'   'l, * 
forlorn  hop.-     The  brave  V'ttixlenps*,.  wiw  .««.i 
kllW;».Xl»«y»m  hlm«-lf  r«-.iv«l  .  Klin  »  ...t 
,hr„.Kh  the  niii..     The  mlUnt  .li.'VHll.r.  f.-jliiiK 
15,  wm.n.l  iiiorul.  cu«.il  hl..i«lf  I..    «•  pln.  .-.1 
iii»»itlli.K  ixwtiire   t«i.i«th  a  tnc.  I.Ik  fftc-  t.> 
Lenem>%ml  hUi.»"r.l  Hxr.ll..  itiiw-.f  a.n.»» 
Mon-  hl.il.     Th.-  c.....l.ble  H...irl».i.,  wh..  Ie.l 
the  lmi»Tl»ll«t«,  i««.n  cine  up  to  thiMlylnK  B..y- 
,r.l.an.l.«pre««lhl.c..mD»Mi<>n.   '  >^";l'»",' ',',". 
m'M  tl..'  <h.v,.ller,  'W  f..rthy*l»      1 -He 
in  »-rformlM(f  n.y    duty:    thou    »rt    Utrayi..)? 
tbine  ■    Nothing  m»rWi  n...rc  .tronsty  t  «•  gn-ut 
ri«f .  tli.'».i.hU-n  Hrrowmtily  "f  111.' i-"y«l  »i>tb..r- 
iiv  in  •h<«- .lays,  than  tl..- (pnernl  h„rr..r  whi.h 
tile  tr.««.n  ..f  Bo.irb.«>  .•x.iu-.l.  .         Th.-fa.ti*, 
that  tl.i»  «u.lilen  h.irn.r  of  trt-Hson      i»  owing   in 
anval  measure,  to  the  revived  slu.ly»r  tl..-  ila» 
rin  in  which  tr.-»«>i.  to  one',  country  i»  urn- 
virinlly  mcntion.tl  a«  an  impiety  an.l  «  <ni.ie 
of  th.-   diep.-»t    .lye.      Feudality,    with  al     il» 
oaths  hail  no  such  horror  of  treason.  .  .  .   l*;"- 
nlvtt  had  tv,w.u4ted  Iwly  afur  thlaih-fcnt  at  Ko 
mamano     Bo.irlK.ns  animcwiiy  stiinuliit.'d  liim 
to  push  l.i«  ailvantage.     He  urge.1  the  einiH-ror 
to iiiviul.-  Fran. .-,  and  reconinu-raled  the  BourU...- 
n»i»iiii.l  his  own  patrimonial  provinces  as  those 
mi»t  Hilvisal.le  to  iiiviwl.-.     Bourbon  W8nt<-.1  to 
raise  his  f ritnils  in  insuireotlon  against  t  minis ; 
but Charli'S descrieil  selflslmeM  in  this  wbeine  of 
Br)url.on,  and  iliR-cted  Pe«<.-arato  ma-  li  with  the 
constahl.-  into  the  south  of  France  and  l-.y  siei;e 
to  Miirvill.s    .  .  .  Marseilles  made  an  (•I.Miuiit.i 
n<i«-jinci'.":ii.rltlieaiegewBsinelTe<-tunl.    ■'  Fran- 
.1-  inllii.i.i-inlii.i.'.  uliirmiKl  byllielnv.is    ...  I.ml 
avaii.Miil  .If!   ar..iv.     He  bum.-il  to  employ  it, 
tndiiv.iiu..  !lic  late  iiffr.>nt.     The  king  of  Kng- 
l«ml,  .n.iii.i.a  with  the  Scotch,  gave  him  respite 
in  ihi  i«)n::     mil  he  resolved  to  .-iploy  this  by 
m;iriliin..'.  In,    as  the  seMo"    was,  into   Italy. 
His  Eininils.  who  b?  this  tin.    were  aick  of  war 
rint'  iNvonil  the  All.-"  oppow    i  he  design ;  but  not 
even  tli.'  dciith  of  his  iiuei-i.    t'l.ude.  could  stop 
Fran. is     He pa-aed  Mo.iiit  Denis;  luan-hi-d  upon 
M;u.     ..;...!«.■    r...pui,,:,..ri    was    spirill"?*    niid 
brolii  I!  l.y  the  plague,  and  tixik  it  without  resis- 


tance It  WM  then  mooted  whelher  Uidl  or  Paf  I. 
>h.>.ild  !»■  lie«lrge<l  Thr  Utter,  Impni.lenlly. 
as  it  la  aalil.  was  pnferreil.  It  WM  .t  tl.lj  I  m« 
that  I'oiM-  Clemint  VII  ,  of  the  house  of  Me.llrl. 
wl.o  ha.l  hill  It  s.iccretle*!  Adrian,  mwie  tlie  nnwl 
riahxiB  efforts  to  resUire  peaiv  l»-tw<-en  lite 
m..nar<  hies.  He  foiiml  fb.rles  and  his  generals 
arronant  ami  iiMwllling  to  treat  Thr  J  rem  I.. 
M.iil  lliev,  m.ist  on  DO  account  be  alloweil  a  J.».l- 
ing  in  Itidy  Chment,  Impelled  by  pl>|iie  towards 
tiie  i-miM-ror,  or  gener.H(lly  to  Francis,  .t  oik« 
.bHii.lone.1  the  pni.Unt  |Killcy  of  his  predw rssora. 
.ml  form..l  a  leag.ie  with  the  Frrncli  king,  to 
whom,  .fur  .11,  he  hrti.iirbt  no  ..-.•.•ssioii  oi  for'-*- 
Tills  step  pr<.ve.l  aflerwanls  fi.liil  to  the  lily  of 

H ,.      The  si.tr.-  <if  I'l.via  was  form.-.!  etmul 

themi.hll.i.f  (I.  lolsr  (LV-M).     Antonio.le  Ij'VV^ 
an    ex|Mri.n.i-<l    •.lll.'.r.    ..ipi«.rt.-<l   by    vet.Tan 
lr<»ips,  com..ii«..l.'<l  in  the  town.     The  fortitlca- 
ti.ins  w.-re  strong,  an.1  wen-  llk.-ly  to  hol.l  for  » 
conslderabh-  tlin.-      IJy  thr  month  of  Jan.iary  the 
Frenili  ha.l  made  no  pnigr.-s»;  and  the  impatient 
Franiis di-spalch.-'l  a  conshlerabie  portion  of  III. 
army  for  the  invasion  ..f  Naples,  hearing  that  ths 
country  was  draim-d  of  tnaips.    This  was  a  gros. 
blumler.   which    l'es<  ara  olHH-rving.    f.irls.re  to 
semi  any  force  t.>  opiM«e  the  e«|M-dllion.     He 
knew  that  the    fate  .if  llidy   woulil  U-  .lerlrtetl 
Ufiire  I'avla.     HmirlMin.  in  the  mean  lime,  dis 
giiM.-il  with  the  J.-I.1  .usirs  ami  tardiness  of  the 
fniiHrial  gi-m-rals,  e..i|.h.vril  the  winter  in  raising 
an  armv   of   laiis.iu.n.-ts  .m   his  own  account. 
From  tlie  iluke  of  Savoy  he  prisun-d  funds;  and 
cirly  In  the  year  l.VJ.'S  the  <  i.nstalile  Joine.1 1'escarm 
nl  lisll  with  a  fnsh  armv  of  I'.VIXH)  ni.-rcenaries. 
'I'h.-y  ha.l  ts-si.les,  8<.i..e  .,(HN)  fiKit.  and  n.it  more 
than  l..'i<H»  hors.-.     Wlih  th.-se  they  marcl.wl  to 
thr  n-lief  of  I'avla.     Fran,  is  hail  a  fone  to  op- 
posf-  to  them,  not  only  inf.rior  in  nuinU-ra   but 
so  hanissid   with  a  wint.-rs  sieg.-.  that  all  the 
Fr.-i.cl.  iriiiinils  of  rsp.  ri......  coi.i.s<-ll.-il  a  re- 

tri-iit      lli.unlv.-t  and  his  vo.ing  Insip  of  co.irticrs 
were  for  ligl.llng;  anil  the  moiiarih  h.-arkened 
ti.  th.m       I'aviii.   to   the   north    of    tlie   river. 
was  ci.v.re<l  In  gn-iit  jmrt    by  the  ch.t.-au  «n<l 
wall.-.l  park  of   MirBl«l.     A.ljoining  Ibis,  and 
Of)  n  rising  ground,  was  the  French  camp.  «-xi.-iid- 
lug  to  the  Tcslno.    TliPiugb  the  camp,  or  through 
the  park    lay   Hie  only  w«ys  by  which  the  im- 
perialists .■.i.dil   ni..li   Pavii..     The  cai.ij.   was 
strongly  rnlnmb.-il  an.l  d.f.nihil  liv  nrliUery, 
c\.-.pt  on  the  si.le  .if  the  park  of  MlnilH-l   with 
which  it  comniui.icaleil."     <•..  the  night  of  teb- 
ruarv -':t   the    in.pirialists  !ii:.ile  a  brra.b  in  the 
park   wall,   thnnit'l.   which    Ih.y   pr.ss.-d   next 
morning,  but  w.ndriv.i.  biuk  with  h.nvy  loss. 
'-This   WHS   viitorv  enough,  couhl   the   rreiich 
king  hav.-  lien.  coi.Ienled  with  it.     But  the  im- 
patient Fmiu  is  no  s.».mrliehil.l  bis  enemies  In 
rout,  than  be  was  i  i.g.-r  to  chase  them  in  person, 
and  compl.-l.'  the  vi.l.iry  with  his  gocnl  sword. 
He  rushed  forth  fnun  his  entrenchments  at  the 
hea.1  <if  bis  l'iii  -hirtneri.-.   tlinping  hims.-lf  bt'- 
twM-n  the  enc.iv   and   bis  own  ariill.'ry,  which 
was   thus  maskl-d  and   reml.rcl   .i8.'h-!«       1  he 
Imperialists  rallied  as  sis.n  as  they  fouml  tliein- 
si-lv.  s  saf.'  fMin  the  tire  of  tht-  cannon,    an.l  the 
Fniich    wen-    ..verwhelm.'.!.     •' The    king  .. 
behin.l a b.ap of  slain.  .letemi.'.l  him-.;lf  va  iantly  ; 
so  iH'al.'n  ami  shatl.-re.l.  -o  begrim.'.    wi  h  bl.«l 
anil  liusl.  as  to  lie  scarcely  distinguishabl.;,  not_ 
.^.j,j,..;.....ii!iir  hii  conspicuous  .rraour.     He  l.a.t 

n-ccived   several  wounds,  one  in  the  forelieail; 


122;; 


1-  ■  ■ ; 

1 
I 

i 

'    4     ■-; 

■'■; 


rRANCK.   lAM-taW 


rRANCK.  III9IV-I5M 


'i    ', 


.  i  1 1 


•lil 

■1" 


U^: 


J     i 


fin'" 

.iplii;. 


mhI  hU  honr.  •trtirk  with  «  Iwll  In  Ihr  lirwl. 
iMml,  (ill  Imrk.  km)  minliml  lilm  with  hU 
welxht:  •till  KmmU  r<«».  «n<i  Udl  pnwlrmH- 
Kvpinl of  IIm- pmiiilm Ihut rii«hnl u|Hin  hlin. "  Hut 
pn-x'titly  hi'  wan  ni-<>i{iil/<'il  »i«l  wm  |M'niii«liil 
to  iiiin-mUr  Ilia  twiml  to  ijtnnol,  tli.<  vli-rpijr  <if 
Niiplrii.  ■Suih  wintlM"  •ignul  iliftut  llml  put 
«n  Mill  til  kII  Krciich  r.mqiii'»t«  ami  I'luinui  In 
luly   "-K    V.  Crowi'.  //iW.  «fFrnnfr.  r  1,  ekt,. 

Aimi  IN  \V.  UiilH'rtw.n,  /liMl  «/ Ifiy  Hiiyiff 
Ck'irUt  V .  U-  4  (r  Ji  -.1  S  »n-wir,  Hti'jii  -f 
llnirii  VIII  .eh  St  (<•  .'j  —II  <»  Hmllh.  Il.'mnwf 
of  llMTji.  i-A   fl, 

A.  D.  isas-i5a6.-  Th«  emptlvity  of  Francit 
I.  and  his  dtUb«ralc  perftdy  In  the  Trtatr  of 
Madrid.  Tlii'iniitlvi'  i(iiii{iif  Kntmi-  wiutlinliriil 
lu  llw  i-iwlli'  at  n//i«hiti)m'.  "  l!i«ti'«il  '<f  l"ur- 
InK  hU  mptivily  willi  r»imni'>-«  ami  fi>riitiiilr.  hi- 
chafiii  ami  frrltiil  rni^iiT  tlii'  l.>wi  of  lil«  wnnti'il 
pirnaiin-l;  »t  oni'  iniiinnil  ho  nillinl  fur  iltuth  li> 
rml  hi*  wiK'a,  wliiii- lit  Himlliir  lii-  »:i«  riwly  to 
iIkd  illiMialniin  ti'nna  of  piwi-,  miniilnK  tohri'ak 
faith  «>  Kum  »•  I'vir  hi' iiii^'lit  U' frii' aijaiii 
Kramr.  at  rtmt  iiIii|m'I1i'iI  Ii>  tlic  iiiMini>.  wi'ti  Im' 
fCuii  to  ni'oviT  lio|>e.  Tin'  lU'ijrnt,  for  all  lirr 
viciii  ami   faults,    waa   prmiil   and  ntninij;  nhi- 

([allii ml  what  fom'  aho  cmihl  at  l.yon«.  ancl 
iKikiil  nniml  for  help.  .  .  ,  Not  only  wiTe  tlim' 
anxiitii*  at  hoiin>.  but  tin-  fronllrni  wrri'  also 
thriiiti  mil.  On  the  aldi-  of  Oirmanv  a  |«ipiil«r 
movi'invnt  ['  tlir  I'nwiiil  War),  ilomly  conniTtiil 
Willi  lhi'ri'll«iou»rx<ilinii'iitof  the  limp,  piinliiil 
a  Hircc  anil  rriirl  ralililr  into  I^irraini'.  wlii'nrr 
tlwy  proiHHMil  to  rntiT  Franci-.  Uiit  tiny  win' 
mrt  liy  till'  Duke  of  Uuiw  ami  the  Count  of  Van- 
ili'iiiont.  Ills  lirother,  at  tlif  lii'iiil  of  thi'  (fiirrisionn 
of  BurKumly  anil  C'hiiinpeifni'.  anil  wrri-  easily 
tlUpenu'il.  It  waa  thought  tinit  ilurliiK  tlirM- 
tioulili'H  I.annov  woiilil  innrili  liia  ariny,  Huahiil 
with  viitory.  (nun  the  I'o  to  the  Hhoiie.  .  .  . 
But  I^nnoy  hail  no  money  to  pay  hia  men.  anil 
roulil  not  unilertake  no  larife  a  ventun-.  Mean- 
while  neKiH'iallonslM'itnn  U'twi-en  Charles  V.  anil 
the  Kin«;  tlie  EniiM'Mr  ilinmnilintr.  aa  ranMiin. 
that  Uourlmn  alioulil  lie  iuvealiil  with  Pnivenre 
and  Daiiphinv.  Joined  to  his  own  landx  III  Au 
Teritne,  and  hIiouIiI  reriive  the  tilleof  kinK:  and 
Kcoiiilly  tlittt  the  Diiiliy  nf  Hur«iindy  uliould  lie 
given  over  to  the  EniiH'ror  an  the  inluritor  of  the 
faniU  and  righta  of  Ciiarlea  the  Ikild.  But  the 
King  of  Frame  would  not  liitten  for  a  moment. 
And  now  the  King  of  Kngland  and  moHt  of  the 
Italian  hImIih.  aiarini-d  at  the  itn'at  power  of  the 
EmiM'nir,  Ixtcan  to  eliange  Hides,  llenry  VIII. 
came  Bmt.  He  signeii  a  treaty  of  neutrality  with 
the  Regent,  in  whiih  it  was  al'ri'iHl  that  noteven 
for  the  sake  of  the  King's deliveriinie  should  any 
part  of  Frame  tw  torn  fnmi  liir  The  Italians 
JoiniKl  in  a  league  to  n'ston'  the  King  to  liberty, 
and  to  wrure  the  indiiM-nilenee  of  Italy:  and 
Turkey  was  called  on  for  help.  .  .  The  Em 
peror  now  frit  thai  Franiis  was  not  in  weun- 
keeping  at  I'lzzitfliltone.  .  .  lie  tliirefore  gave 
onlers  that  Fniiiiis  should  at  onie  Ik.  removiil  to 
S»pnin  ■  The  eaptive  king  "  was  si't  ashoro  at 
Valeneia.  anil  reieiveil  with  wonderful  welcome: 
danri's,  festivals,  inlertiiinmentH  of  every  kind, 
iervid  111  nlieve  his  eaptivitv;  it  was  like  a  n's- 
tonitiiiii  to  lire  I  But  this  did  not  suit  the  views 
of  till'  Einpemr,  who  wisliiil  to  weary  the  King 
into  ir!vii!i5  U!>  a!!  Iho'iiflit  of  ri.«!atj|ni.i' :  he 
trusted  to  Ilia  impatient  and  frivolous  eharacter; 
his  mistake,  us  he  fuuud  to  his  cost,  lay  in  tliink- 


ln(  that  a  man  of  tuch  rhararler  winil,|  it,.,.p  |,u 
wiinl.  Ilr  therpfnra  hail  him  nninvi.l  fr.,m  V, 
lenela  to  Mailrdl,  whrra  he  waa  ki  pi  In  i  i. «,.  i„,| 
galling  ronnitrnu'nt.  In  a  high,  driMri  rliiinlur 
when'  he  eiHihl  not  even  nee  imt  of  tin  mn.i.m 
This  had  the  denireil  elTeet  Tlie  Kmv  i  ilknl .  f 
alHlieating:  he  fell  III  of  eiiiiiii.  ami  »  l^  lit,,  i,, 
die:  hut  at  last  Im>  eniild  hold  uiil  mi  1.  i,;;,  r  ^iiul 
ahanilimlng  all  tlmiight  of  honniirul.l.  uHin, 
agnisl  to  almmeful  U'rtiis.  ron»ollngliiin«.  If  uuli 
a  private  protest  against  the  vallillty  n(  ih,  |,,,| 
as  having  lai-n  done  under  eoinpiiUlnii  i,  \\ 
Kllihin,  //■«*.  nf  I'r.iiitf.  r  i,  hk.  i.  .-I,  ;,  -  m 
tlie  Tnaly  nf  Mailrid.  •.igmd  .l:iiiimr>  1  liii  |-,,'ii 
Fnimls  'milonsl '  to  the  Kiii|H'ri>r  tin  Jii,,  in  ,,[ 
iliirgiindy,  the  county  of  Ciiar'ilai...  mi'l  ^..lui 
other  siiiaMer  flefs,  williout  reiurv  i!i..ii  ,.f  :,i,y 
feudal  Biiieminty.  which  was  al«>  iiliiiil. ii.il 
with  n'gard  to  the  counlies  of  Fl'imli  r<  in. I  \t 
tills,  the  EiniM'nir.  howevir,  nslfiiini,'  lie  i..«rn 
on  the  Momme.  wliieh  had  Isin  In  Id  l.i  i  lurl.  < 
the  Bold.  Tlie  Fn'iieh  King  also  riii..iii  .1  In^ 
claims  to  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  iln-  llu.  Iiv  ..f 

Milan,  the  county  of  Astl.  and  iIhi  hi  urii. i 

He  iimtractisl  an  offeiisivo  aiiddi  fi  ii-ue  iilli  mn. 
with  Charlea.  undertaking  to  atti ml  limi  wiili  m\ 
arinv  when  he  ahiiuhl  rvimir  to  Uonie  i.>  r..  in- 
the  Imjierlal  crown,  anil  to  ari'<iiii|»iiiv  hliii  In 
mrson  whenever  he  should  man  li  nt'iin-l  Ihi' 
Turks  or  heretics.  lie  withdrew  his  iir"i..ii..u 
fnim  the  King  of  Navaro'.  the  Dulnof  (1. 1.l.r 
land,  and  the  La  Mareks:  lisik  upni  liirti.,  ir  ilii' 
Enipenir'sdebt  to  England,  aniiai;rriil  i.>  uiv.- Iiu 
two  eldest  aoiia  as  hostages  (or  tin  i m  .  >iii..ii  n( 
the  treaty.  Insti-ad,  however,  of  the  iii.l.  pi  iiil.nt 
kingdom  which  BourlKin  liml  ex|Hrlr<l.  iill  tliai 
was  stipulat»sl  in  his  (avoiir  was  a  fn.-  inrl.n 
(or  him  and  his  ailherents,  and  tie  ir  ri«i..r:iijiin 
In  their  forfeitisl  domains.  .  .  .  Tin'  iin.vi^i.im 

of  the  above  treaty  Fnimis  pr ivd  i.i  •  \iriiii' 

on  the  wonl  and  honour  of  a  kin;;,  ami  In  iin 
oath  sworn  with  his  hand  u|Hin  tlie  ii.ily  iJih|..I, 
yet  only  a  few  hours  liifon'  he  was  lo  si.-n  this 
solemn  act,  he  had  called  his  plini|siirnti.irl.-s,  i» 
getlier  with  some  French  nobles,  win  i.iri'  »  iiiul 
notaries,  InUi  his  cliamlsr,  where,  afli  r  r\  k  liiii! 
(mm  them  an  oath  of  secrecy,  he  eiii.n.l  iiit.i  a 
long  disctiunie  touching  the  Eni|Mnir  <  ll.^r^llln  « 
towards  him,  and  signeil  a  pnilest.  diilarmir  Hut, 
as  the  treaty  he  was  alMiiil  to  enter  inin  h.nl  Isin 
extorted  from  him  by  (one,  it  was  null  .ui.l  ir.iil 
(rem  the  beginning. "and  that  he  iiim  r  intiuiliil 
Ui  execute  it;  thus,  aa  a  Frenrh  nrinr  hi-  »\i 
wrveil,  eslalilishing  by  an  auliienlii  ii.it:ir:  il  ;iit 
that  he  wasgoing  tociimniit  a  |»rjiir)  ■  li.  iiin 
have  often  lai'n  shamedilly  violatni,  yi  t  it  w  'uM 
perhaps  be  Impoasible  Ui pamllcl  ilii-  :rr  .^s  iuiil 
deliberate  perjury.  In  March.  Knin.  w  «!i'<  n<n- 
ducted  to  the  rtpanLsh  (nintier,  .tli.r.  .  in  :i  li".il 
in  midstream  o(  the  Uidas.ii»i.  In-  wh  h 
changed  (or  his  two  sons.  Fram  i^  ni'l  llmrv, 
wiio  were  to  remain  in  Spain,  as  h.i^i:i::i  .<  f"r  ilu' 
exii  iithin  o(  the  treaty.  The  li  :irs  >t;iri..|  t..  Ins 
eves  aa  he  embraced  his  i  liil.ln  ii.  Init  li.  nm 
signed  them  without  n'liiorsi'  to  a  l.iii;:  an.  I  up 
exile.'  As  Hiiii'ilily  as  [Kissilile  uti.  r  r 
his  liberty,  Francis  assi'inblitl  liic  -i  •: 
kingdom  and  pnKiired  (nun  thun  i 
"  that  the  King  couhl  not  aliinali-  Hn  y 
o(  France,  and  that  the  oath  wliii  h  li'  I 
in  his  captivity  did  not  abnigale  tin  - 
solemn  one  which  had  Is'en  aitiiiiui.sun  .i  I'l  f.v.n . 
hi*  coninatlon  "    After  whicli  he  ilriim.il  Inmw 


li,' 

r  Ilii 


ik.ii 
ii'irt' 


1224 


lit  s£l 


c^ 


nuNCB.  vm  ISM 

"L"' .,  M  hf  WM  licm.mnil.ly  InmiiwI  f'  '1"  - 
t"^!!  P.-r  //"'  »/  ••'"''''''  *■""'''■  **  ■■•■  ■•*  " 
''»L.  IN    A   B    Cxhrmnr,  AV.iiu^«  /    i«   'Vi;. 


Id  iW^tW-Hol;  L.H.-  with  Po,» 
ittKk  on  Room 


S<f  Itai.v     a 


Bottrben'i 

I)   iw:i  1.VJ7, 


D^Mwur  •!  N»pU».-Otno«  •od  all  po.M.- 
"r  "lily  loit-Th.  humi  l«..,  rt.c.  of 
runhru     Si'tIth.t;  A.  II    |.iJi-i)J» 

AD  'nj«- ISM —?'"«•«>'*'»"  »'  "••  '*"''■ 

J»Bt  Rtlofmeriand  ipnad  of  th.irdoctrln.i. 

r^' !•».,:  A.  1)  iwi-i.m     ^    „    .    .    , 

n  ,rj,._Am«BC«  with  th«  ProtMtant 

.  /tht  Ctmuui  Lisfuc  of  Sm»lk»ldt. 

xNV;  A.  I>.  IVm  IWi. 

i>  i»ta     '"  lal  nunion  of  Brittuij  with 

'  "     **^  ,,         St:  A.  I).  VM 

•tjr  with  tht  Pop*.  - 
orr  with   Cathtria* 
.  ir  withCharIti  v.—  i 
—Victory  »t  Ctrl-  | 
Incrtstod  porucu-  \ 
acre  of  Waldcnici. 
■tsth  of  Franci*  I.— 
.   Iiwlcil  lip  111  I.VW;  in 
•  IT.  Iiy  fiir  fnim  imritli' 
»n(l   prviittrutiiin!!.      In 
Imil.  «t  I'liliils.  »n  Inter 
.lit  wlilcli tlii'V niiilmitiil 
'III  uiuli-rtuuk  '"til  nii-K'  In-- 
,.f  Wl.tXK)  mm  to  nxint  IIh- 
n  IMS,  Ch«rli»  V.  Httm  ktil 
,ry  plmU-*.  bikI  tixilt  Tunlii, 
,,    .,,,, mo  nPRotlfttiimn  Willi  Sollmiin 
ll'  and  i"iiiliiili-<l  a  frii'mlly  tiriily  with  him 
m'liiist  »lmt  wiw  called  '  tlie  cimimim  enoniy. 
Fran.  ii  li.ul  Ixi'n  fur  mmr  time  pn-i«irlnK  to  r>- 
lumc  liin  iiMjrcU  of  comiiu'itt  In  Uuly ;  In-  IumI 
ellwli'il  im  iiiiiTvicw  lit  Maniellli'«,  In  Ortolicr. 
l.VW  «iili  I'lilf  Cli'inent  VII.,  who  was  almost 
at  till'  i«iiiil  of  (lr»lh.  anil  it  wiw  tlicn-  that  tlic 
marriiii;!'  of  I'rinre  Hi-nry  of  Kniiire  with  C'athe^ 
riiu'  .1.'  Miiliii  (ilniiKliter  of  Lorenzo.   Diilio  of 
Urliino.  ami  cr!Uiil'liiuKlit«r  of  Pieni  do  Mtiliiil 
WM  wliliil      A»li>nii«limenl  was  cxprewi'il  that 
the  i>o|K  -I  tiiii  e  liiul  liut  a  very  iniHlerate  dowry. 
Vou  ilou'l  MT.  tlien,'  said  Clement  VII. '»  am- 
loisiilor.  ■  Ih.il  hIic  lirinRS  JVanee  three  ^eweU of 
gnul  |iriii',  (i Ill,  Milan  and  Naples t      When 


'J 

SJ-- 

"a 

■'^i- 

J 

Pr-'     . 

1e' 

V    ,1. 

V     .t    * 

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Iff 
<  1 

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f    11 

,    th       1 

t^  itt 
^  iig  »t 

.'   ''  '  ' 
i.  'f 

r,  .,■-  ■    il 

•*''  .iH  i 

I' 

il  1 
\  )■  •\ 

Kll  lit    I'll'',    »Iiin'«,     *••,•■••••     •■••••      ....|- 

this  l,iii.'ai!;e  wu.s  reported  at  the  emirt  of  Clmrlef* 
V  ,  il  i:i\iMd  t'reat  irritiition  liiere.  In  l."i;i8  all 
Ilu*  cnnilm.-tililcsof  war  expliKleil ;  in  the  mouth 
of  Filiruiirv.  ii  French  army  entereil  IMedmont, 
»nil  (Knipiril  Turin;  and,  in  tiie  month  of  July. 
Chiirln  V  in  iwrnon  enU'ri'il  Provence  at  tlie 
hcatliif "i».i»»Jmen.  Anneih  mtmorencv.hav- 
inii  ri'Kivnl  onlers  to  defci  luthern  trance. 
Ih  ;:nn  l.v  l:ivin){  it  waste  in  r  ■  tliiit  the  enemy 
mi::litii  .ilK;ililetolivelnit.  .  .Montinori-niy 
miiilf  iiji  Ills  niinil  to  defend,  on  the  whole  eoint 
of  I'rmii.v.  only  Marseilles  and  Aries;  he  pulled 
down  tile  nimparu  of  the  other  towns,  which 
Wfie  it  ft  ex|Hweii  Ui  the  enemy,  ^ot  two  m»»niii;i 
Charlfs  V.  iiroseeuted  this  campaign  without  a 


KRANCB.  IMt-IMT. 

light,  marehin*  Ihrouith  the  wliol*  of  Pro»»B«» 
an  anny  wliiih  fnilKue.  iih«>rtne»«  of  proviabma, 
nhkm-M.  and  aiiiliiiwades  were  ilnlmatinK  In 
ulorliiii'.ly      At  liuit  lie  deii'liil  uimn  ri'lrratlnK 
(In    nliirnlnn    from    \iU   •orrv   e«iHdlt|on. 
n>nrli'»  V    harmd  thut  ll.o~- of  lil»  lleulrnants 
witoiii  he  liiiil  ehirui  d  » llii  Hie  roii.hnt  of  n  alml 
liir  inviwlon  in  tlie  iiorlh  of  Kriime.  In  ll'«f'y. 
Imd  met  witli  no  Kriiiii-r  lUiceM  lliiin  he  hliii*rlt 
In  I'nivenre  •■      A   trine  for  Ihne  iiioiiths  waa 
xiiin   nfti  rwnnU  arnmirtHl,   uiid  in  .Inne.    liVW. 
thro.iL'h  ilie  nil        'on  of  l'oi«-  I'linl  111  .  a  iniity 
»,.»  .Iciiid  a'         .  which  extended  Hie  trine  to 
ten  V.  ir«      Ne.t  month  the  t«ii  w.veniifiH  met 
III  .Viiiiiei  MoriiniiiiiliMiMintfiilinanvHwiiriineea 
of  fil,ii.l-liip  '-K    r   (lul/,ot,    /Vy.«/.ir  11,1-1    "f 
/■•r„i„;    fh    -'Hlr   4)  -In  August.  |.W».  »  revolt 
,il  (lli.ril      Milled  llmrles  V.  Into  KliindeM;  h« 
w.is  till  li  in  Spiiln.  mid   liiii  nhortext   route  was 
tlir..ui!li    I'riiiiiT      lie    rei|ue«leil    |MTnil«.lon    to 
.  ro-H  the  killed. .111.  and  olitaimd  It.  alter  Imvliig 
proiiiiwd   Hie  (  oiHialile    Moiitiniin'iii  v    Hint   he 
would  liive  Hii  iiivi-.titiireof  Milan  to  the  «<coiid 
win  of  the  Kiiii'       lli«  puijouru  in  Kraiiee  was  a 
lime  of  e\|H  u-ne   f.l.  ».  and  cost  Hie  Ireaniiry 
four  milliotis.  Mt.  in  Hie  inliUt  of  liln  pleasunii, 
the  KiniHTor  ».i»  not   wlllioiit  uneaHiiiess 
Kraiuia,  however.  n«|i.'.  ted  the  riu-lit^of  h<«pi 
,    talitv;   hut  Charles  did  not   (live  to  his  son  the 
i    liiviMiture  of  Milan      Tlie  KiiiK.  indlu'nant.  ex^ 
I   ileil  the  constal.le  f.ir  lia\  ini;  trusted  the  word  of 
the  Kmperor  without  exai  lini:  his  signature,  and 
Bven-ed   liiiniilf   liy  slreiuilheiiinif  his  ulliimce 
with  the  Turks,  Hie  most  formiilalile  eiiendes  of 
the  empire.   .   .   .  The  liiitred  of  the  twomoimrchs 
was  currini  lo  its  licl«hl  liv  these  la.st  events: 
Ihev  iniituallv  oulra)t<il  eai  li  oilier  liy  injiirlou 
niseis    and   siiliinitted    their  dillerenciH  lo    the 
l»oiM'.     Paul  III.  h'fUMil  loihi  ide  Is'tween  them, 
and  they  BKain  tinik  up  arms  |  l.'i4','l      The  King 
Invadwl   LuxeinUmrif.    and  Hie    Dauphin    Kou- 
sillon:   and  while  a  third  army  in  concert  with 
the   Mussulmans  iK-ii^'cd   Nice  ll-Vl'.21.  the  hist 
asylum   of   Hie  dukes  of   Siivov.    liy   land,    the 
leirilile  llarliarossa.  iidiniral  of  Solimun.  attacked 
it  liv  wa.     Tlie  town  was  taken,  the  castle  alone 
n'slsted,  and  Hie  sieiie  of  it  was  raised.     Har- 
l»iros.sa  consoled  hiinsilf  foi  this  check  >>y  mV;iK; 
Inir  Hie  coasts  of  Italy,   where  he  made  lO.IKH) 
iplives       The  liornir'wldch  he  inspired  ncolle<l 
,n  Krincis  I  .  his  ally,  whos.'  name  l»-<ame  o<ll- 
ous  in  lt:ilv  and  Oirmany.     lie  was  declared  the 
cneinv  of  the  empire,  and  the  Hiet  raised  aRainst 
him  a'n  army  of  24.0IXI  men.  at  the  head  of  which 
Charles   V.    penetrated   into  Champa«ne,   while 
llcnrv  VIII..  coalescinK  with  the  Empiror.  at- 
tack.".! Picanly  with  10.000  Knglish.     T he  Imllle 
.if  Ci  risoles,  a  complete  vict.iry.  paine.l  during 
the  same  year  [April  14.1.'.44],  in  Piedin.mt,  by 
Kninds  of   Uourlnm.    Ihike  dEoKhien.   aRainst 
(last  general  .if  the  Impt-riidtrmip"-'"'' ""J  ""'P 
this  doulile  ami  f.irmidalile  Invasion,    t  harles  \  . 
!   ,w|yan.f.l  almost  to  Chateau-Thierry.     Hut  dis- 
lonl  reiu'iicd  in  his  army;  he  ran  short  of  pr.)- 
;    viMoiis   an.l  couM  easily  have  Iren  surrounde.!; 
'■   lie  then  aL'iiin  promised  Milan  to  the  Duke  of 
.    Orleans     the   second    son   of    the    Kinj;.       Flin 
!   promise'  irritat.d  Hie  Dauphin  Henry,  who  was 
;  afrai.lto  sie  Ids  brother  become  the  hea.l  of  a 
:   house  as  dangerous  for  France  as  ha.I  b<TU  that 
of  HurKun.lv ;  be  wished  to  reject  the  offer  of  the 
;   Emi.riHf  nr;-!  t.->  rut  o!T  his  retrent.     A  rivalry 
among  women,  it  is  said,  aavcd  Cliarles  \.  .  ■  ■ 


1225 


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FRANCE,  1583-1M7. 


FRANCE.   1534-15«() 


The  war  wa»   tvniiiiutc<)  nimott  Immedtstdy 
•ftcrwsnlii   [15441   bv  the  treaty  of  (;re»py  in 
Valois.     The  KmixTor  promlgrtl  his  dnuKbti-r  to 
the  Dulte  of  Orlean*,   with  tlie  l»w  {'oiintriea 
anil  Kmnclif  Comte,  or  one  of  his  nieivs,  with 
Milan.     Knineis  restored  to  th<'  Diilie  of  Siivoy 
tlie  ureater  piirt  of  tlie  piiiws  tliat  lie  heiil  in 
Piedmont;  lie  renouneinl  all  iilU'rior  prcU-iisions 
to  the  kiiiKdoni  of  Naples,  the  diicliv  of  .Milan, 
and  likewise  lo  the  hiverelKHty  of  Flanders  and 
Artois;  Charles,  on  his;    't   gave  up  the  duehy 
of  Hurpundy       This  tnuly  put  an  end  to  the 
rivalry  of  tlie  two  Hoven>i)?ns,  which  had  ensiin- 
guiiieil  Kiiro|H'  for  i^  years.     The  death  of  the 
Uiike  of  ( Irleans  tnii\  the  Emperor  from  ilis 
[xisiu'ssImk   liiiiisilf  of  Milan  or  the  Low  Colin 
tries;  he  refused  all  coniixMisation  to  the  Kinjf, 
but  the  peiire  wasnot  broken.     Francis  I.  pnilittnl 
by  it  to  ndoulile  his  si'Verity  with  ri'ttanl  to  the 
Protestants.      .V  |Mipulation  of  many  thousands 
of  Waldenses.  an  unfortunate  remnant  from  the 
rellKious  |MTs<eutioiis  of  the  i:llli  eentury.  ilwelt 
upon  the  coiiliiusof  Proveme.  and  thc>  County 
Venaissin.   ami  a  short  tiiiii'  back  liiul  enterisl 
into  <-omiuunioii  with  the  Ciilvinists      The  KinR 
|>erniitleil  .loliii  Mesnier,  Rirori  irOppedi',   lirst 
president  of  the  Parliainiiit  of  \\\.  to  exe<ute 
[1.V4I!]  a  sentenee  delivered    ajjainsl   thcni    live 
years  pnviimslv  by  the  Parliament.     .lohn  ilOp 
peile  hiiii.«ilf  (iireiled  this  filKlitful  exciiition 
Twinly  two  towns  nr  villaiieM  were  burned  and 
sjuked';    the    inhabitants,  surprist'd   during   the 
ni^ht.    wire  pursued  aiiiouK  the  roiks   by  the 
(flare  of  the  llaiui-s  wliieli  devoured  their  liousis. 
The  iiiin  perislird  by  exeeution-i,  but  the  women 
were  delivered  oMT   to  terrible   violences      .\t 
Cabrieris,  the  prini'i|ial  town  of  the  lantoii.  7is) 
men  were  murdind  in  lold  blcMsl.  and  all  liie 
women  wen-  burnt ,  lastly,  aeeordinj;  to  the  tenor 
of  the  siuleiire.  tlie  liousis  were  ras«sl.  the  wikhIs 
rut  down,  tlie  trees  in  the  ijanlens  torn  U|i.  and 
in  a  short   tiiiii    this  .  ountry.   so  fertile  and  so 
thieklv  [soplid.   Ixi  ame  a  desert  and  a  waste. 
This  ilreailful  massaiie  wiisoneof  the  prineipal 
causes  of   the    reliiii'iiis   wars    which   desolated 
France  for  so  lout;  a  timiv   .   .   .   The  war  con 
tinned    iHtween   |llinry    VIII  )  and   Francis  I 
The  Knitlish  li.iil  takiii  Itonloijue.  and  a  French 
fleet  ravapil  llie  casts  of  Kn«land.  after  takin;j 
IHissission  of  till- Ml- of  Witfht   [l.'it.'i]      llostili 
tics   were  terminated    by   the  treatv   of   Ouiiics 
(l-MT],  which  till'  two  kiiiirs  si^'iieii  on  the  ciluc 
of  thciruravcs.  and  it  wasarraniredtlial  IJouloi;iie 
Hhuultl  Is-  iTstorisI  for  the  sum  of  •.'.IKWI.IKHI  ,if 
jjolil  (Tcrwiis.   .   .   .    Ilcnrv  VIII    and  Fnim  is   I 
died  ill   the   same   vear  [l'il7|  '-K.   de  Uocic 
ehoM-,  l/i,t    ..f  fy.i'ur, .  r.  I.  y./i,  :)li:t-:i(!:. 

.Vl.so         :    \V.    Uolsrtson.    Ilial.  '■Il.'i,    lUi'ln   "/' 

i'h.iri,.        .  H    li-!l(i-.  ■,'|.— .!    .\    Fniudc.  //i«'  ...' 

Ki.'ll.lwl.  rh.   -JO  •i.\[r.  \). 

A 

Cartier 

Sc   .\Mi.nii  V     .\    1)    1^;U  l."i;t. 

A.  D.  1534-1560.  -Persecution  of  the  Prot- 
estants.—Their  organization. — Their  num- 
bers. ■  1"  1:1111  is  I  h.iil  lulls:  -shrunk  from  pirse 
cution  but  li.iviiii:  once  bii;iiii  he  showed  no 
further  hi'sitatiun  During'  the  remainder  ot  his 
rcit'ii  an^l  till  wli.ilc  of  that  of  his  son  Henry  II. 
(I.Vlt  I.Vi'.O  till  cruelly  of  tlic  sulTerinirs  inrticted 
on  the  Itelormers  increxsi'd  with  the  nuiubi-r  of 
the  victims  .\t  llrst  tiny  were  ntran^flid  and 
burnt   then  burnt  alivc,  llieu  hung  in  ehaiiia  to 

I 


D-  I534-"S3S    The  Toyag;ei  of  Jacques 
tier  and  the  talcing  possession  of  Canada. 


rowtt  overa  slow  Are.  .  .  .  The  Eilici  ..f  (  huiiiu 

brland  (l5St).  Uiklni;  away  all  riKlii  of  :i|,|„.j] 

from  those  convietiil  of  lienny.  wai  followed  In 

an  attempt  to  IntrodiiiT  an   inii'iioiiioii  on  iii,. 

model   of  that  of  Spain,  and  when  \\,\,  faileil 

owhi);   to   the   onposition   o'     il  ■    Inmr'.    \\w 

Edict  of  Complfgnc  (l.T-'iTi  ili  iioiiniel  ei|,it.,i 

punishment  a);ainst  all  win.  in  piililir  ,  r  )>riv;iii' 

professeil  any  hetenalox  doiirim       Ii  i-.uoin 

monplaee  that  iM-rseentlon  avails  nothin,'  ,i_'iii(»t 

the  truth  —  that  the  true  Church  s|iriM-,  fn.m 

the   lilisxl   of   martyrs.       Yet    tin'    viini     ..m 

which   triumphed   over   persiciition    in    Kruue 

was  crushed  bv  it  in  Spain  ami  in  the  Will. on 

Netherlands.     \Vaa  it   therefore   not  ih,.  miilr 

Tlie  tact  would  rather  seem  to  be,  ilni  tlure  i. 

no  rreeil,  no  sect  wliirh  canuoi  1m'  e\iir;.;iinl  In 

force.       But  that   it    may    prevail.    |.er>.eeiiiion 

must  lie  without  resiM'Ct  of  |mtviiw    iiiiivirsil 

eontiniioiis,  protracted.      Not  one  ol  ih,  ,e  e  .mli 

tions  was  fulfllltsl  In  France.     The  oj.iiiion^  of 

the  greate;  nobles  and  prineis,  and  of  Ww^'  \\h, 

were    their  imimsUate   folloHer-.    .lere  n'l  t... 

narrowly    scanned,    nor    was    the     peweiinon 

eiiually  si'Vere  at  all    times   and    in  ;:11   plue. 

Some  governors  and  judires  and  not  .1  tVw  of  th,. 

higher  clergy   inclined    to   toleration  Tli. 

cheerful  ismstaucy  of  the   Fn m  li  ininyi,  wi^ 

admirable.     Men.  wonicii  and  eiiil.ln  n  u::lk.il  \„ 

cxeeuliiai  singing  the  psilnis  of   Mir..i  :ii,.l  ih. 

Song   of   Simeon.       This    boMnevs    e.-ni-nnln! 

their  enemies.      Hawkers  di-tribuiid   in  ii,  n 

part  of  the  country  the  Issiks  is^iml  from  tin 

press  of  tieneva   and    which    it    uis   :i  cipii.t! 

olTeneeeven  to  |m>s.si'ss.     Preachers  i;iii::!it  o[ii  nly 

in  the  stris'ts  and   market  placis  I  ;„   in 

creasing  numbers  of  tlicir  convirls  aiii  \\u-  liti'h 

p.isition  of  soiiH?  among  iheiii  ;;ave  ■  ..niiil- n, .  t.> 

the  F'rotestants.     Delegates    from  tin    nf.inii.ii 

eongn'gations  of   France  were  011  lie  ir  ».n  i. 

Paris  to  take  part  in  the  dclilsTalion^  ..1  :l,r  lir-i 

national  Syiiial  on  the  very  day  1  April  .'   IVili 

when  the  peace  of  Catcau  Caiiibresi.  u,.  ^i.-iiMi 

a  iM'iice  which  was  to  Is-  the  preliidr  1..  1  \i:.-i'r 

ous  and  coneerled  ctTorl   to  root  oiu   h,  r  >\  I'l; 

the  part  of  the  kinu's  of  Fraiici-  and  S|..iin     Tl,. 

object  of  the  meeting  was  twof.iM    nr-i  i...lr.i« 

up  a  detailed  profession  of  faith,  wlii.  !i  u  1-  -uN 

milled  to  Calvin  — there  was.  lie  s:ii.l.  liiiie  10 

add.  h'ss  to  correct  —  secondly  to  deieniiiiie  ili. 

•ecclesiastical    disci). line'  of  ilie   n.  u    (  Imr.  I; 

The  ministers  were  to  !«■  .li.psin   !.;  \\v  iM.r- 

alld  ileacolis.  but  approved  by  ihe  «  lio!,   i.riL'n 

gallon.     The  alTairs  of  1  ach  congre-:.tion  «.r. 

placisl    under   the   control  of   the  1  ■..ii.i>i..ri    :i 

court  coniposisl  of  the  pallors,  e'.l.  is  , 

cons;  more  important  matters  «.  r.   i.   '  i 

the   decision   of    ihe    pnoiniia!     1  ill  .| 

syiKsls.  which  were  lo  nn-cl  twice, i\.  ,. 

which  each  church  was  represciiied  \i\  v 

and  at  least  one  chler     .\liovi-  all  "  1- 

tional  Syiicsl  also  eomposeil  of  the  1  li  r ; 

repn'Si'iitalivc    hiymcn.      This  or^'ini-ii 

thoroughly     repnsiiiiative     and     |''ii.. 

elected  delegates  of  the  conirrcLMlion--   ! 

and  deacons.  pie|'onderalcd  in  all  ih'   : 

Isslies,  and  all  ministers  and  cliiin  le  • 

dansl  equal.     The  Uefornicd  .  Iiuo  !e - 

altliou;;h  most  numerous  in   the   "^  '.,:  i 

over  almost  the  whole  comilry     H'    -  ' 

time   til   have   counted    some    iiHi  o.ni   i 

(l.Via).     These  were  ef  almost  all  1  1 1-- 

perhaps  the  lowest,    altlioinfli  ev.  n    ,  ' 

tli) 


A  .1... 
>.  1  I.. 


I"-'"' 

iir    II  I 

niiinf 


ri.ri-' 


FRANCE,  1584-lseo. 


Htnrt  a.  <md 
tht  atUmM. 


FRANCE,   1547-1559. 


„--uitrv  Ihrre  mm  wine  nutrtyni  (or  the  faitli. " 
rt  «co«.l""  "'  Ch.rle.lX.,  In  l.WO,  "a 
a^r  of  Ih.-  inl-bltanta  of  France  were,  it  wa. 
iwinclu.l«»  In  the  2.500  nf..nne.l  conKnpj- 
Hnn.     This  i»  certainly  an  cx«K(?era  ion.  but  it 
i^pUwethat  the  numlMT  of  the  ProfsmiUs 
;«  n"  or  greater  than  d.iring  the  timt  years  of 
J"reipn.fCl.arIe.IX.  .  .  .  ^-hc  ni.«t  pmlmhle 
„,li™S,-iHthat  at  the  l^ginning  of  the  waraof 
Son  tlH-  HuKUenots  witli  women  an.l  chil- 
dren amounte.1  to  «.n.e  l..'^IO,0()0»o.il»".it"tfi 
Silai""  of  iK'twc^n  fifteen  an,l    wen  y  mil- 
K     K"t  in  this  minority  were  in<iii.le<l  about 
ortourth  of  the  le««-r  nobiiilv.  the  c..untry 
rntlenKn,  an.i  a  smaller  proportion  of  the  great 
Sb  M  tlie  majoritv  of  llie  better  sort  of  towns- 
n«^pTe    n  many  of  the  n,.«t  im,K.rUnt  towns 
K    as    Caen,    OiepiK.    llavn',    Nantes.    If 
rSiX  Nimei.  Mont  s-llier,  -Montauban   (ul- 
S.MAc.n.  Lyons.  Valence.  IJn.oges  an.i  (Jre- 
Soble.  8n.l  an  imimrtant  minority  in  ..  lier  pl,i.es, 
wch  is  K"..en.  (Orleans,  Bonleaux  an.I  Toulouse. 
The  Prot.'stants  were  most    numeroiis  in    tbe 
South  west,  in  Poitou,  in  tlie  Marclie.  Limousin. 
Anp.umois  and  Perigonl.  be<«u«-  in  t  i.-sj.  .lis^ 
Skis,  which  wen.  tlie  wats  of  h>ng  establisl.cl 
.ndSourishinK  manufactures,  tlie  mi.hlle  class.|S 
were  most  pn^six-rous,  inlellisent  and  educiiled. 
It  is  doubtful  wlielher  the  Catlioliis  were  not  in 
.  large  majority,  even  wliere  tlie  sui«;rior  posi- 
tion, intelligence  and  vigour  of  tlie  Ilugueiio  s 
nvc  Hum  the  up|MT  hand.     Only  m  some  purls 
of  Hie  Soulh-west  and  of  Uaupliiiiy  do  the  bii  k 
of  the  i«inulation  apimir  to  liiivc  Urn  decidedly 
hostile  to  the  old  religion.     During  the  cours.' 
of  the  I  ivil  War  the  Protestanls  came  to  Ik-  more 
uid  mure  concntraled  in  certain  parts  of  ilie 
countrv  us  forinstanralH-tween  the  (lanmne  and 
ll.e  L.'.in'  •-!'    F.    Willerl,    //.nry  ./  Xinin; 

A.  D.  I54t->S43 -J«<I"«»  C»rtier  s  lait  ex- 
plorations in  Canada.     See   Amkiiua:    A    1> 

iiHi-itio;). 
A  D  1541-1564.— The  rise  and  influence  oi 

Caliinism.  See  Okskv.\;  A.  I).  IVW-im 
A.  D.  1547.— Acceiaion  of  King  Henry  II. 
A  D.  i547-»559.— The  rise  of  the  Guitei. 
-Alliance  with  the  German  Proteatants.— 
Wars  with  the  emperor,  and  with  SMin  and 
England. -Acquiaition  of  Lea  Troii  ETechts, 
and  of  Calais.— Unaucceatful  campaign  in 
Italy-Battle  and  siege  of  St.  Quentin.- 
Treaty  oi  Cateau-Cambreais.— 'The  s.111  of 
Frauis  1  .  who  in  I.VIT  iwendeil  the  tliioni' 
undiT  the  title  of  Henry  II..  was  told  by  liis 
Jyini!  father  to  Iwware  of  the  Ouises,   .  Tbe 

duiss  wire  a  hnii?ch  of  the  ilucul  lloo»i  of  l.or 
raini-.  wiiiih.  ailliougb  the  diiliedom  «a.s  a  tiif 
.ittl.iliiriiiunempin'.  bad  longsto,«l  in  intiniuti 
nliiii.ras  «iih  the'eoiirt  and  nobility  of  France. 
The  f  imdir  of  tbe  family  was  Claude,  a  yoiiiiiier 
son   if  Itiiie  II,.  Duiie  of  Lorraine,  wlio.  iHiiiir 
natnr:ili-«<i  in  KraniT  ill  l"si-"i.  ri'iidensl  bim-a  If 
(•oiispi(\i'iii<  in  tbe  wars  of  Francis  I.,  and  was 
crratid  tirst  Duke  of  Ouise.     He  dieil  in   l.Vilt, 
leaviin;  tiviiaugbtersand  si.K  sons.      Ilisehlest 
(taiiiihii  r.  Murv.  becaine  tlie  wife  of  .Tanii  s  V.  of 
SiilLuicl.  mA  "motlier  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 
Till'  Mills  w.  ri'  all  men  of  extraonlinary  enemy 
aoil  ainliiliiiii,  and  their  united  influence  was.  for 
a  niinilK  r  uf  years,  more  than  a  match  for  thai 
uf  till  .niwii      Francis,  second  Uulic  of  Ouise. 
•niuiri  il   while  still  a  young  man.  cxtMordiimry 


renown  a-s  a  military  commander,  by  currying 
out  certain  ambitious  designs  of    Fnince  on  a 
neighbouring  territory.  ...  As  is  well  Itnown. 
French    statesmen    have    for    many    centuries 
chirished  the  Idea  that  the  natural  lioundary  of 
France  on  tbe  east  is  the  Rhine,  from  its  mouth 
to  its  source,  and  thence  along  tlie  crest  of  t be 
Alps  to  the  Mediterrunean.  ...  To  begin  llie 
n-alisatioii  of  tlie  idea,  advantage  was  tulteii  of 
tlie  war  wbii  b  liroiie  out  iKtween  tlie  hniperor 
CbarirsV.  and  his  Pmteslant  subjects  in  North 
Oeniianv  Isee  Okkm.\NV:  A.  I).  ir>4(i-l)>21.    Ab 
tliougb  the  Protestants  of  France  were  |Mrs<'CUte(l 
to  the  dentb.  Ilcnrv  IL.  with  furtively  ambitious 
designs,  oflen-d  to'dcfend  the  Protestants  of  der- 
many  against  their  own  emperor;   and  entered 
into  an  alliance  in  l.V.l  with  Maurice  of  Saxony 
and  other  princes,  undertaking  to  send  an  army 
tolbeiruid.     As  liases  of  liis  operations,  it   was 
agned  that  be  might  take  temporary  military 
possession  of    Toul,   Verdun,    and    Metz.    Iliii;e 
bishoprics  Ifonniiu:  a  district  called  the    I  rols 
^,V(>ehi'»l   eiuli  willi  a  portion  of  territory  lying 
within  tlie  area  of  the  ducby  of  Lorraine,  but 
hehl  as  distinil   liefs  of  the  (Jennan  empire  — 
such,  in  fact,  ImIih;  frau'inenls  of  Lollmirs  king- 
dom, whieb  felllolJennanv.  and  bad  in  no  sliaiM! 
Isen'  incorporated  with  Prance.      It   was  stipu- 
lated that,  in  oeeupving  these  places,  the  Jirench 
were  not  to  interb're  with  their  old  connection 
with  the  empire.     The  eonliileiice  reposiii  in  the 
French  was  grievously  aliiised.     All  the  stipula 
tionsweiit  for  nothini;.     In  l.V,-',  Freiieli  tnsips 
took    pos-sessiou  of    Toul   and    Verdun,    also  of 
Nancy,    the   capital   of    Lornune,    treatinu    llic 
ilucbv.  geiierallv.  as  a  coniiiiered  country.     See- 
ing tills.  .Met/,  shut  her  gates  and  trusted  to  her 
fortifications.     TopriK-uieau  iiitrance  and  s.  1  lire 
iM.sses.sion.  there  was  a  resort  to  stralugeins  which 
alTord  a  startling  illusti-.it ion  of  the  tricks  that 
Fnneh  iiobhs  at  that  time  could  be  guilty  ot  in 
order   to   gain   their  ends.      The    Freneli   (om 
mander.  the  Constable  Moulmoreney.  hegned  to 
Im'  aUowed  to  pass  tbroiinb  the  town  with  a  few 
attendants,  whih'  his  army  made  a  wide  .  ircuit^ 
on  its  route.      The  too  credulous   i  ustisliers  ot 
the  I  ily  opened  tlie  gates,  and.  to  their  dismay, 
the  wliole  Freirli  fores  rusbiil  ill.  and  liegun 
to  rule  in  true  dispolie  fashion     .   .   .  Thus  was 
Met/,  sieured  for  France  in  11  way  wbiili  niiKlern 
Frenihmiii.  wi  should  iiiiiii.'ine.  can  hardly  think 
of  without  shame,     (ieniiany.  however,  lUd  not 
reliuiiuisb  this  important  fortress  without  a  Strug 
gle      Furious  at  its  lo~s.  the  Kmperor  Charles  \ 
proceeded  to  UsieL'e  it  «illi  a  large  army.     The 
defence  was  iinderlaUi  11  bv  the  Duke  of  Ouise, 
a.ssisted  bv  a  body  of  Fremli  noliilily.     After  an 
inveslmeril  of  four  months,  and  a  h>ss  of  IW.IKH) 
men   CharUswas  forced  to  rais.'  the  siege.  Jaii^ 
uirv  1    l".".:'   all  his  atteiiipls  at  the  capture  of 
the'piace  luiiig  elTectually  balHeii.'— W.  Cham- 
I    iHTs,  fmi,;  :  its  lli'il''n/ ,1  ml  lli  i;diili"nii.  I'li.  IV  — 
I     ■Tlie  war  eontinueil  during'  the  two  foUowing 
1    years.  Imt  both  parties  were  now  growing  weary 
lif  a  coiiii'si  in  wliieli  neither  achieved  aiiv  de 
cisive  suiiiriiiriiv    ';  and  the  emperor,  having  lie 
foliated  an  ,1'niistiee.  n'sii;iieil  all  bisirowris  ii. 
his  son     Philii.   II  ,  and  his  brollier   Ferdmami 
(October.  IVm)     •   .Meautinie  Pope  I'aul  1\   .  who 
detested  the  Spaniards  and  hinired  for  the  com 
plete  subversion  of  tlieir  power  in  tla-  I'l  niiisiila. 
entered    into   a   league    with    the    Fremli    king 
against  Philip ;  Francis  of  Ouise  was  encouraged 


1227 


m 


4 
■i 

if 

I 


I. 


'."»' 
I 


.t! 


I'if 


Nil 


i    \^L 


ii\ 


-f '  ■  I 


FUANCE,   1M7-1889. 


m  Italy. 


FRANCK.  15W, 


1 


in  lii«  favoriti-  pn)jwt  of  effecting  n  restoration 
of  the  irown  nf  Naples  to  liiii  own  family,  a»  the 
dowcniliuiu  of  lUiK'  of  Anjoii;  ami  in  IViTm- 
iHT    l.">58,  »n  arniv  of  18.(M»0  men,  j-i>mmanile«l 
liv  till-  Piiki'  of  G\iiw.  cnxoted  the  Alpn.  and, 
irmrcliiiii;  iliriHt  to  Uomc.  prep8re<l  to  attark  the 
Spimisli  vicirix  uf  N;ipli».  the  relebratcd  Duke 
of  Alvii      III  Ai^ril.   I.'..'i7,  Guise  iidviuiccd  inu> 
the  Aliniz/i.  iiml  l«»iii.'<iH'ivitelia;  but  her- he 
cmoimlernl  a  iliUrniiiiril  resistanee,  and,  after 
.•ia<  riliciiii;  a  treat  part  of  his  Iroiips.  found  it  ne- 
(cssiirv  to  alianilon  the  iittemiit.     lie  retreatwl 
townrcl  Hoini',  ■  lo«elv  piirsmil  liy  the  Duke  of 
Alva;   and   tin-   risuft   was  that  the  expedition 
totally  faih'd      Ikfore  his  nriiiy  eould  recover 
from  "the  fatijru.s  and   losws  of  their  frullleiw 
eampaiin,  the  Kn  luh  (tciMral  wiw  su(hlenly  re- 
calleil  liv  a  tiispati  li  eonlaiiiinj;  tidings  of  urireiit 
iiniMTtaiicv    from    the    north   of    France.      The 
8pani7.l1  arniv  in  ihi-  Netherlands.  cotnniand<-d  liy 
the  Ihikeof  .Savov,  liaviuR  Iwen  jr)ined  by  a  Unly 
of  En>:'.ish  uiixiliaries  utider  the  Karl  of   rem- 
broke,  had  invaded  France  and  laid  awfii-  to  St. 
Ouentin      This  place   was  badly  fortilied.  and 
dcfi-nded  liv  a  feeble  (larrison  under  the  Adinind 
de  <'oli).'nv.       Montmontn-y  advnnced  with  the 
main  army  to  re  infone  it,  ami  on  the  10th  of 
Aujrnst  rashly  attacked  the  Spaniards,  vflnxmt- 
numlKred  his  own  troops  in  the  proportion  of 
more-  than  t  wo  to  one.  and  inliieted       iiiin  a  fatal 
unil  irretrievabli-  ilefi-at.      The  I  issr:  Mie  Fn-neh 
aniimnted.  aii-ordim;  to  ni'  st  aeeo.  -jis.  to  4.IH)() 
slain  in  the  Held,  while  at  least  an  e.,  lal  nuinlK'r 
remaineil  pnsoiii  rs.  incbidiiig  the  Constable  him- 
self.    Till-  road  to  Paris  lay  oiH-n  to  the  vi<tors. 
The  Duke  of  Savoy  was  eap-r  to  advance; 
init  the  cautious  I'liilip".  b:ippily  for  France,  re 
ji  eteii  his  advice,  anil  (.rdered  him  to  pn-ss  the 
Mei;e  of  St  tjuentin.     That  town  made  a  desper- 
ate n-sistaiice  for  ini>rc-  than  a  fortnight  louK"''. 
and  was  captured  by  storm  on  the  STthot  Aiiirust 
ILViTI.   .   .   .    I'liilip  took  iMnwssion  of  a  few  other 
iieiiihlMiurini;  fortresses,  but  attenipb-d  no  serious 
niovenieiit    in    prosecution  of   his  victory. 
Tile  Duke  of  tiui.se  arrived  from  Italy  early  in 
(lilolMr.  to  the  (ireut  joy  of  the  king  and  tlie  na- 
tion,  anil    was   immediately  eriated  lieiitenant- 
(tenenil  of  the  kinirdom.  with  powers  of  almost 
unlimiled  extent       lie  aiiplied  himself,  with  his 
utmost  ability  and  persi-venince,  to  repair  the  late 
disasters;  and  with  such  siiecess.  that  in  less  than 
iwi.  nioiitlis  he  was  eiiableil  to  as.semble  a  fresh 
and  well  appointed  army  at  Compidgne.     Iti-solv- 
im;  to  strike  a  vigorous  blow  lafore  the  enemy 
eould  reappear  in  the  field,  he  detaclied  a  division 
of  his  arniv  to  make  a  feint  in  the  din-clion  of 
Kuxeinburi;    and.   rapidly   inarching   westward 
with  the  ri-inainder,  presented  hinisi  If  on  the  1st 
of  .lanuiirv.  t-ViM,  iM-fore  the  wall.4of  CaLiis.   . 
The  Fiira'li  attack  was  a  complete  suiprisi,;  the 
two  advuniid  forts  eommandini.'  the  ap|iniaclies 
til  the  t.i«n  wen-  bombarded,  and  surrendered  on 
tbe  :ld  of  ,Ianii;iry.    thre;-  d.i>s  later  the  castle 
wa.-.  carried  bv  a-siull ;  and  on  the  Hth.  the  gov 
eriior,  Lord  WVntwortli.  was  f  .reed  to  eapilulate. 
.   .   .  »iuine>.  nu  hmger  lenalile  alter  tlie  fall  of 
Calais,  shared  the  sjiine  fate  on  the '.Jlst  of  Jan 
uarv.  and  thus,  within  the  short  s|iaie  of  tlirei- 
weeks,  were  the  last  lemiianls  of  her  ancient  do 
million  on  the  Continent  snatched  from  the  grasp 
of  Kmrland       povMssioiis  wliicli  slie  had  held  for 
upward  of  JiKi  vears.   .  This  remarkable  ex 

piuit.  so  Ihjlieriug  to  the  national  pride,  created 


unireraal  enthuiiiaam  In  France,  and  earrii-d  to 
the  highest  pitch  the  reputation  and  |»,|>iil;iriiv 
of  Quiiic.     Prom  this  moment  his  intbu m r  U> 
came  paramount ;  and  the  marriaue  of  ilu.lm, 
phin  to  the  Queen  of  8<-ot.s.  which  was  s,,!,  iiiiiix.r| 
on  the  24tli  of  April.  bVW.  seemed  i..  .  \Hlt  tlic 
house  of  Ijorraine  to  a  still  more  low.  rin.-  piinn 
ele  of  greatness.      It  was  stipulated  In   i  ^iirn 
article  of  the  nmrriage  contnut  thai  lli  ■  w.vi'r 
eiguty   of    Scotland    .should    be    tr;iii-{,  rr<  <i  1,, 
France,  and  that  the  two  crowns  shoul.l  n  iii.iin 
unitj'd  forever,  in  case  of  the  deeiiis.,  .,f  Mun- 
without  Isaiie.     Ti  ward  the  end  of  llie  \ .  ir  i,,' 
gutiatiuns  were  o|M'neil  with  a  view  In  |n:iii 
They    were    Interrupted,    however,    in    N.aiih 
U-r,  l.ViH,  by  the  death  of  (Jueen  .Miry  if  Kn;: 
hind,  wife  of  IMiilip  of  Spain.      "  Wliiii  tin-  (11 
gnss  reassembled   at   Le   Cateau-C:iiiiliri'«i-    in 
February.  ir),")9,  the  Spanish  miiiisli  rs  n  ,  InriL"  r 
maintained  the  inten-sls  of  Kiii;laii<l;  iiml  Kli/ 1 
iH'th.  thus  almndoneil.  agreed  to  an  arr.iML'r  im  iii 
which  virtually  ei-ded  Calais  to  Fiaine  ilinii;li 
with  such  noniinal  qualitications  as  s;iii>rn.l  ilu. 
sensitiveness  of  the  national  honour      (aliis  tt;i< 
to  be  restored  to  the  Engli.sh  at  the  I'nl  of  1  ijlil 
jears,  with  a  penalty,  in  ciuse  of  failure,  of  .'iiKi, 
iHK)  crowns.     At  the  same  time,  if  ;iiiy  lui-iii.- 
priK-eedings  should  take   place  on    tin'  purl  i.f 
Kngland  again.st  France  within  tin   pi  rim  I  >|>i  ri 
fieir  the  queen  was  to  forego  all  cl;iiiii  In  the  ful 
lil'.ment   of    the   article."     The    tn.iiy   I„!k..  u 
France  and  England  was  signed  .\pril  ■.'   IVjSI 
and  that  between  France  and  Sp;iiii  llje  fii  ,w 
ing  ilav.     By    the   latter,    "the   twn  iMiinnliS 
mutually  restored  their  eonipiests  in  l.uxi  iiiliur!: 
the   Netherlands.    I'icaniy,   and   .Vrtois;    Fniiicr 
abandoned  Savoy  and  Piedmont,  with  tiiiixnp 
tion  of  Turin  and  four  other  form  s>es  |r.-t.irin!: 
Philiberl  Emanuel.  Dukeof  Savoy,  to  liisil.niiin- 
ions  — sec  Savov  .xni>  Pikomoxt:    .\  1'    I'lV.i- 
l.WO] ;  she  evacuated  Tuscany.  Corsica,  ami  Mmit 
ferrat,  and  yielded  up  no  less  tli;in  Is'.)  in«ij<  nr 
fortres.ses  in  various  parts  of  Europe      lii  w.iy 
of  eompcnsjjtion.  Henry  presi-rved  the  ili-irii  I  of 
the  'Trois  EvCches— Toiil.  Metz.  and  V.  nlin- 
and  made  the  allimportant  aeiiui'.itioii  i,f  (  il.ii* 
This  paciBcatiou  was  s.-ideil.  aiconliiii:  t'  en* 
torn,   liy  marriaires"— Henry's  daiii-'lilir  K!i/u- 
iM-th  to' Philip  of  Spain,  and  his  sister  MiirL-mnte 
to  the    Duke  of   Savoy.      In   a   toiini;iiiii  iit.  :il 
Paris,  which  celebrated  thi«-  iii;irri;i.-.-    Ilmrv 
receiveil  an  injury  from  the  lance  nf  \l  iiIl-iiii 
cry,  capUiin  of  his  Scottish  guards,  «  In, 
his    death    eleven    days    afterwanU      . 
l.">.V.t— W    II.  .h'T\  is.' SI  iiilrrifi  lli~!   ■■< 
i-h.  l,-> 

At.sii  IN    ,1    L.  Motley.  Tlu   lli^   ,1  " 
Ili/niWr,   i,r    1.   ch.  ',>-;(  (r.    1).  — I.;idi 
The  i'iiiirt  <if  h'mwr  in  llu-  Wit  ('•  /.'■    '. 
9-20.— I,,  von  Kanke.  I'uil  W.trt  .I'-l 
in  h>,um.  W/i  <!"<'  IT'A  C'niun;.'.  ■ '   n       I 

A.  D.  1548.— Marriage  of  Antoine  de  Bour- 
bon to  Jeanne  d'Albiet,  heiress  of  Navarre. 
Se  Nvv.»UUK;  A.  1).  IV.>s-l,-,ii:t 

A.  D.  1552.— Alliance  with  the  Turks,  s,. 
Italy  (Sill  TIIKUN):   .\   D    ll'JX  I'o'i 

A.  D.  iS54-«565-  —  Huguenot  attempts  at 
colonization  in  Brazil  and  in  Florida,  and  their 
fate.  See  Fi.ohida:  AD  IVijli'i;  1 -''l 
l.-.li.-.;  I.'iO.-..  and  |.-.ti7~l.WS 

A.  D.   JSS8-IS59-  -Aid    gi»en  to  rr 
Corsica.     !?e  Oknoa  :.\   D    1;."<  !"■  '• 
A.  D.  1559.— Accession  of  King  Francis  11 


iii-iii 
1", 


//.,(.■' 


I/. 


revolt 


1228 


KRANCK.  1S6B-1M1 


ralitiiritui  <U'  Mrdu 
iinii  tht  OuMpa 


F-RANCE.   15.-,9-l.Vll 


L  n  ic«i-iS««— P>»ne'»  "•■  Charles  IX., 

r^nSr  of  Amboite. -Rapid  »?«•«>  "d 
S^ffin  of  Protettantiim.-Rite  of  the 
?f '^Innf  ri«rt»  -Diiputed  orig  n  of  iti  name. 

"r„rv  11     '"-i  '«» "'""""r  '^""  i"'""^"' 

J,e"t..lh.-niec-e..f  Clemint  VII  .  Cutlmnne 
rM.,liii      Thin    ambltioim    womiiii    .mii.'  to 
'L„ci  cnwiou,  tU.it  the  marriage  was  a  lH,lm 
J^Z-  in-nlallv  a  HtrangiT  tc.  l»r  ...»l.an.l;  an.l 
lu  ■  "  .e«l«av»"n-..min.-<l.     This  i-lare,!  luT  fnm. 
2ar>tina  falM.  p.-'itio'..  ,  Tho  h.nu'  was  m^ 
H,™ml  t-v  »»>•  '""•■  ratla-rtlmn  by  his  wifo;  a." 
"1"""..  "means  ihanniuK   nusm.ss     Diana   ,.f 
H«  lU.  pl»y«-'l  l»T  l-art  hy  tlu-  snli.  of  an.l  a  ...v.- 
ih  Ou.  n       .   .   Immwliatelv  Bft.T  the  ilratl   ,.( 
J^r  1  .slid,  in  15.W,  s.«-  rCatharin.l  «r,...a.lv 
m,ll  at  power.     The  younp    KitiL-    Iraucia 
rCofaK'-when  lie  entere.l  his  I.Mirt.entl. 
L     Tlun' ...uhl  therefore  Ih^  no  Utfal  reL'.Miev. 
hou 'h  llure  mi»tl>t  !«■  an  ael.ial  one.  for  a  weakly 
Si  of  sistirn  was  still  ineon.peuut  to  f^n 
"n,     Hul  she  was  thwarted  in  her  tirst  pnuip  at 
«,r     1  .uler  Kraneis  1..  a  family   the  (luises- 
L  alH.vel  pn'viously  unknown  in  Y  reneh  history 
iiail  Uvuii  to  pliiv  a  prominent  part        •  ■      »e   | 
tnll  ,"?s  »ueee!sl.;i  in  hrinirinK  alK.wt  a  polii.eal    1 
raarriuiie  whieh  promised  to  throw  the  k.iitf.  who 
™llni.entallj'  a  child,  .■ntin-ly  into     heir  lian.ls. 
Their  sister  Marv  had  been  married  to  .lain.s  \ 
of  Sotlanil  who«-  er.iwn  ...is  tlien  rather  an  in 
.iinilii  iiiit  one.  bnl  was  now  liepinniiiK'  to  j:ain    | 
,„,»,r.ani-,-     The  issue  .>f  this  inarn«i;e  was  a 
ihamiinitirirl.  wlKi  was  destined  for  the  kin«  s 
^r  \t   was  lH!trotl..sl  to  liiiu  with-.ut  his   | 
cons.nl  when  still  a  child.     The  y<.|iiiir  Qmi^n    1 
wiw  Murv  Stuart       llennisfortunes,  her  lieanty,    , 
tnd  lien'oniieet ion  with  EuroiH-an  history,  have 
m:i,lelurahislori.-al  i«.r«.natr<'.  more  i.mspi.u^ 
oiKindeed  for  what  she  suffered  than  for  wliat    I 
she  aid    her  real  iinixirtanee  is  not  commensii     j 
ralewMhllieposhi.mslie.Heupies.      Fins.  then.    ] 
was  the  position  of  tlie  brothers  (;uise  at  ecmrt.    j 
TiLKi'iL' wastlie  huslMiud  of  their  meee;  Imlli 
wire  children  in  afte  anil  mind,  and   therefore 
,l„„l,l^  nuuiredpnidaiuf.    The  brothers,  tnineis   | 
»ikU  harhs.  had  tlieKovemment entirely  in  llieir   ] 
hiuds,  the  Duke  managed  the  arinv.  the  (animal 
Uie  flnanees  and  fon-ign  allairs.     Two  siieli  lead 
era  were  the  mayors  of  the  palate       1  he  whole 
ronsliliition  of  tiie  court  reminds  us  of  the  '  rois 
faineants  •  and  Iheomceof  ma  jordoino  under  the 
CarlovinL'ians.     Thus,  just  when  fathanne  was 
about  t..  lake  iidvantajte of  afavoiirable  mimient. 
9I11  Nnv  hersilf  (mee  more  eilipscd  and  thrust 
asi.le  Hiid  that  bv  insolent  upstarts  of  whom  oni' 
thini!  only  was  eertjiin.  that  they  possess<Ml  nn 
iisiml  tahnts.  and  that  their  conseienees    wire 
cla.»iie  in  the  .  lioice  of  means      It   was  not_  onl> 
fnim  Caiharine  that  the  siipnuinuy  of  the  tiuisis 
nut  with  viohnt  op|iosition,  but  also  fniin  I'rot 
MUuitism.  the  importance  of  which  was  ^really 
incieasinv' ill  Fraiiir.  .   .  .   Ill  the  time  of  Henry 
11   in  spinof  idl  the  iilicts  and  executions,  I'ml 
eslantisni  hid  made  (.'rent  projtress.   .   .       In  the 
sprinL'  of   IViil.   intenlictcd    FroU'Stantism    had 
siirtilv  riuiMid  its  con(;rugation8,  and  at  the 
lir-l  iiatiuiial   svihhI  drawn  up  a  confession  of 
fiith  Mv\  a  eonstilntion   for   the  new  Church. 
I'riuilu  rs  :ind  eldera  had  appeared  from  every 
pin  if  Kriiice.  and  their  eythty  articles  of  astli 
May.   IVV.I.   have   become   the  osle  of   laws  of 
l^ncU  I'roteatautlsiu.    The  Calvinistic  principle 


of  the  Conitrcgational  rhurrh.  with  choice  of  lt» 
own  minister,  deacons,  and  elders:  a  consistory 
whicli  maintaineil  strict  discipline  in  matters  of 
faith  and  morals.  .     v.a;  e.siiJ.lislieduism  hrem  I. 
soil  and   Viis  afterwards  p-olidy accepted  byllie 
whole    pirtv       The    more   adherents  this   |iariy 
^-.lin.d  ill  tile  upisr  circls,  the  Isdder  wasils.it 
liliide     tlieic  was,  indeeil.  no  end  to  the  exeeii 
tions.  or  t,.  the  1  diets  atainst  heresy,  '.it  a  spirit 
of  opposition  previoiislv  unknown.  Iiml  f,'mdually 
fr:.ii,ed  Krouiiil.     Prisoners  were  set  free,  the  con- 
demned wen-  res.  ueil  fmm  the  hands  <d  the  e\e 
■iiliouersori  the  way  to  the  walfold,  and  a  plan 
was  .h'viscd  aiiioiiK  the  niinienms  fiiL'itives  in 
fonii:n  lands  for  pnHlneinK  a  turn  in  the  .-oiirsB 
of  ev.'iils  bv  vii>Ient  iieiins.      I.a  li.nauiUe.  a  re- 
forme  d  nobhinim  fr.mi  I'.Ti^'ord,  who  had  swotii 
veip'eaii.e  on  the  C.iisis  for  the  execution  of  his 
bn.lh.r   had    wiili  a  number  of  other  persons  of 
I, is  own  way  of  thinkini.'.  foniied  a  plan  for  at^ 
taekiiiL'  llie"()iMs.'s.  .aiTyiii-'  oiT  tlie  Kini;   .■Hid 
1    phi.iu;;  him  under  the  u'uanliaiishipof  the  IJour- 
lionairnati's.   ,   .   .  Tlie  pmject  was  hctrayed  ;  the 
(iui>.'ssiic.,-did  in  pla.in.i;  the  Kini:  in  s.runty 
in  the  Castle  of  .\niboise;    a  nunib.T  of  the  cim_ 
spirators  wen-  sii/.d.  another  troop  overpowered 
and  dispersid  on  tli.ir  attack  upon  the  .'astle.  on 
the  17th  of  March.  IWH;  some  were  killed,  simie 
'    taken   prisoners  and  at  oni-e  exeint.'d.     It  wag 
then  diseovcied.  or  pnl.iided.  that  the  yoiinKest 
of  the   |{oiMl"in  priiu-.s  |m-.    lioriiHos.    IlorsR 
!   .ikI.  honis  I'l    Condi',  wa«  iiiM)lii'ated  in  tl'-    ■ 


OK    ,    l^OUIS    01      1    Olio.  ,     ,>.,".... I ■_-- 

spini.'V  [known  as  the  (  onspiniry  or  I  umnlt  ol 
\mlK)'is.n.  .  The  (luisis  now  veiitiind,  lu 
.oiitempt  of  Kreiich  liistorical  traditions,  to  ini- 
pris<m  this  primeof  the  Idoisl  this  amiateof  the 
leiyninj' hons.';  to  suminon  him  before  an  arbi- 
trirv  tribunal  of  partisans,  and  to  eondenin  him 
to  death  .  This  alTair  kept  all  Frame  in  sus 

isiw  \ll  Ihe  nolilis.  althonth  stnin^'ly  in- 
filled with  lIiiKUen..l  ideas.  «cn-  on  ('ondes 
side  even  thus.-  who  conileinned  his  religious 
opinions  made  his  cause  their  own.  '1  hey  justly 
thoUL-ht  that  if  he  fell  no,,,-  of  them  would  Iw 
safe  In  thi-  inid-l  of  this  ferment,  destiny  in- 
i,rpos<-d  On  the  .-.111  of  l)e.-emlKr,  bVIU.  Fmnca 
II  died  siiildeiiiv.  and  a  coin|.lete  change  lisik 
•  ace.  His  death  put  an  end  to  a  H't  work  of 
intriitucs.  whieh  aimed  at  knockini:  tlie  rebellion, 
po'ilicalamlreliL'iims.ontheliead.  During 

this  confusion  one  imlividual  had  be.n  w_atehing 
Ihe  eonrseof  evi-nls  «iili  the  eav'i mess  of  a  beast, 
n-ailv  to  sei/,e  on  it.s  prey.  Catharine  of  Med.ci 
was  •convinced  that  the  lime  of  h.-r  .hmunion  had 
at  lemrth  arrived  Francis  II.  was  scar.-cly 

il.-ad  when  sh.-  si-i/id  upon  th.    person  ami  the 
powerof  Charles  IX.     lie  w  as  a  :.„y  of  ten  years 
oUl    not  more  promi-iii-'  than  his  eldest  bnither, 
M,  klv  aiel  weakly  like  all  tie-  sons  of  11;  nry  II., 
mi.i.:  alia,  bed  to  his  inollier  than  the  oil.,  is.  and 
In- had  been  neu'l.cled  by  the  «iuis<-s.   .       .  One 
of  hir  tirst  .-.cts  was  to  |ib.rale  Coiide:  thi~  wa-ja 
ihiided    slip    lowanls    reconciliation    wiMi    the 
Itourbons  and  ilu-  I'rol.-slants.     Th.-  wliol.-  -itua 
lion  W..S  all  at  once  chanu'ed.     The  1  oiivt  was 
rnh-d  bv  Calharinr;  h,r  feverish  lhir>t  I.. r  power 
»as  s^iiislicd.      rhe  lluisis  and  tlinr  adli.-rents 
wire,  iniliid.  pirniiiu-d  to  n-iiiain  m  their  o,iir,-s 
and  po.si.of  honour,  in  onler  not  fatally  to  .,|T,  iid 
them;   but  their  siipreniacy  was  ili-siroy.il.  anil 
III.-    new    iiowir    «as   bas.il    upon    the   tiiici  11  s 
understanding'  with  thi-  h.-ads  of  the  ll..L'iienot 
party    -\.    llausaer.  The  I'a-i.tl  of  th,  U^„rma.- 


1220 


■W       ■: 


i     .     I 


'.VI 


It'i 


'  i 


ft     1i|||4i 


#■ 


1                 i" 

1          :  i-f 
J          '  ', 
,1          '.- 

■  i         ,  ;.i 

*        1  ; 

Ilj^ivi^;:;;'. 

fi 

■  fBHMtilitfa"fl.^ 

iHk. 

conuiio- 
iK.ly  c.f 


PRANCE,  1SS9-1M1. 

tion,  1.117  f.»  1«4«,  cA.  2.%.—"  The  nc.ii, 
tlon  hntt  iliw-)iitu*(l  tliu  oxUU-ni'e  of  !i 
mnUimti'iils,  in  )nirt  rpligioiw,  in  imrt  iiIho  ixMiti- 
cul,  M-uttrnH]  over  the  wtiolt*  kin>c<l'»n  aixI  of 
iiimiuvrttiiiii'd  iiuiiiIhts.  To  it.<  lulliurrnui  tile 
nuiiii'  of  llii);iii'iiot.t  WM  now  for  tlir  tlriit  tinio 
){ivin.  Wliiii  till'  origin  of  tliis  it'lcbrntiKl  up- 
pcllMtioh  was,  it  in  now  [M-rlmpH  ini|>oHMiblo  to 
ilisiovir.  ...  It  lias  Incn  triucd  biuk  to  the 
nttniftif  IIh*  Ki't^t'itoxM'n  or  *  ctaift-di-rutt'!*.' undtr 
wliicli  till-  party  of  frrciloni  tiKiin'd  in  (ii'iirv:t 
wlicn  tile  aiilliorily  of  tlic  Iiisliop  iind  iliikr  kh* 
overthrown;  or  (i>  the  '  |{oy  llilKiirt,'  or  *Hu- 
^iion.'a  lioh^olilin  MPppotutl  to  haunt  the  vicinity 
of  Toim,  to  whom  the  Hupi'rHtitioUH  attrihiited 
the  ncH'liirnal  11.0.S1  inliliea  of  the  Protestants;  or  to 
the  uale  'dii  roy  lliiKUon'  of  the  Kiime  eily.  near 
wliieh  those  ^jratherin^H  were  wont  to  1h*  made. 
Some  of  their  enemies  maintained  the  former  ex- 
istence of  a  diniiniilive  eoin  known  ax  a  '  liufcue- 
iiot.'  and  usMTted  that  the  apiK'llaliim.  ikS  applied 
to  til**  reformed,  aros*'  from  their  *  not  lM'in){ 
worth  a  hiiKilenoi.'  or  farthing.  And  wmie  of 
thi'lr  friends,  with  eipial  eontldenee  and  no  less 
iin|irol>aliilily,  declared  that  it  wan  invinteil  U-- 
I'aii.se  the  adhereiitiiof  the  houseof  truisi'  secretly 
put  forward  claims  upon  the  crown  of  Krance  in 
iiehalf  of  that  house  as  des<>endeil  from  Charle- 
mav'ne.  whereas  the  I'rotestants  loyally  n|)lield 
th<'  riirhlsof  the  Valois  spruni;  from  Ilujih  Capet. 
In  the  diversity  of  conlniiliitory  Htuteinents.  wc 
may  perhaps  In'  excuseil  if  we  susjx'nd  our  judir- 
ment.  .  ,  .  Not  a  week  had  passed  after  the  con- 
spinicy  of  Amboise  iM'fore  the  woni  wua  in  every- 
body's mouth.  Kew  knew  or  cared  whence  it 
arosi'.  A  |iowerfu!  party,  whatever  name  it 
might  iN'ar.  had  sprung  up,  as  it  wen-,  in  a  niKht. 
.  .  .  No  fi;iture  of  the  ri.si'  of  the  Heformation 
in  Prance  is  nmn.  remarkable  than  the  suilden 
impulse  which  it  reoutved  during  the  la.st  year 
or  two  of  Ilinry  II. 's  life,  and  es|x.cially  within 
the  brief  limits  of  the  reign  of  his  eldest  son.  .  .  . 
There  was  !iot  a  corner  (tf  the  kingdom  where  the 
nuinlHT  of  in<  ipii.nt  I'rotestant  churches  was  not 
considerable.  I'rovence  aloni>  contained  6(1, 
wlios*'  delegate's  this  year  met  in  u  synod  at  the 
bliMwl  stained  village  of  Merimlol.  In  large  tracts 
of  ci>imlry  the  Hugui'nots  had  iH'Come  so  numer- 
ous that  they  were  no  longer  able  or  dis|xised  to 
conceal  their  religious  sentiments,  nor  content  to 
cilebnite  their  rites  in  private  or  nisturnal  as 
.sendilies  This  was  particularly  the  case  in 
Normandv.  in  IjingueeliK-,  and  oti  the  banks  of 
the  Klione.  ■— II  M.  Haird,  //i»r  ./  t/if  Hue  ,if 
the  llii'pifiuiti'.  I'k.  1,  rh.  10  (r  1). 

Ais.)i.N:  ('.  .M  Yonge.  Cimft  fn^m  Knr.  IlitI  . 
ill  ^•ri,!>.  r.  •«.». 

A.  D.  1560,— Acceiiion  of  King  Charles  IX. 

A.  D.  1560-1363.— Changed  policyof  Catha- 
rine de'  Medici.— Delusive  favors  to  the  Hu- 
guenots.—The  Guises  and  the  Catholics  again 
ascendant.  The  massacre  of  Vassy,— Out- 
break of  civil  war.  -  Battle  of  Dreux.— Assas- 
sination of  Guise.- Peace  and  the  Edict  of 
Amboise.—  '(  iitlnTinc  lie  Meilici,  now  rei:eiii. 
tliouL'lit  it  wi^i'-l  to  abandon  the  policy  whii  li 
hail  till  lliin  pr.  vaili  d  ui'.ili  r  'lie  inllueiiie  of  the 
tiuiM'N,  and  wliil.-  >lie  loiitirmed  tiie  Lurraiiie 
princes  in  the  iinpnrlant  ollices  th(  y  held.  .~lie 

named,  mi  1I tin  r  hand.  .Viitoiiie  de  lioiirlxiu 

Iking  oi'  .N  a  van  I  I  lii  iitenaiit  gemnd  of  tin  king 
ilorn,  and  t.»>k  Michc  I  de  lllopilal  as  lu  r  chief 
adviser  Chaucellur   ile  I'llupital.  like  the 


Tkt  HuffvenoU. 


PRANCE,   \im-\M3 


■  at 
11:111 


Itegent,  aimed  at  the  destrnellnn  of  ilie  papi,, 
which  were  rending  the  kingdom  astindir  Inn 
his  |Hiliiie4il  programme  wiui  that  of  m  Imtii.t 
man  anil  a  true  lilM'rnl.  A  wise  s\.t.  n,  ,,f  ,,. 
ligious  toleration  and  of  adminislraiivi'  nfiirm 
would,  he  thought,  restim-  iwaee  and  Nitj.fv  a|{ 
true  Pn'nehmen.  '  I<<'t  us,'  he  said,  do  ■In,, 
with  the  diulMiliral  partynamis  uhiiii  i;,,,,;. 
so  many  seditions  —  Luthenins.  Iluiriu  11.1.  ;,|„| 
Papists,  let  us  not  alter  the  name  of  I  hti^iian^ 
.  .  .  The  nUclsof  Salnt()ennain  an  li.l  .liuiiiirv 
(|.V(2)  were  favourable  to  the  1Iui:ii.mmi>  |;,'. 
ligioiis  meetings  were  aHowed  in  rm  il  .H,irifi.. 
all  iM'iiallies  previously  ilecreeil  agiiirist  lii-Mi,: 
ers  Wen'  sus|X'ndeil  on  eondilioii  tint  tlii.  ij^l 
faith  shouhl  not  lie  Interfereil  wiili:  ruiiHv,  ili,. 
Huguenot  divines,  with  TlieisliMi'  di  \V , 
their  head,  were  Inviteil  b)  unit  ilj,  |i, 
Catholic  pndutes  and  theohigians  in  a  1  mifi 
(colloqiie)  at  Pois.sy,  near  Paris  Tlin«liin'  de 
IVze,  the  faithful  as.s<M'iate  and  (<i;id|i>iiir  iif 
Calvin  in  the  great  work  of  the  Id  Innn.iti -n. 
liolh  at  (Jeiieva  and  in  Kranii'.  is  justiv  uiid  iiiii 
versally  reganled  as  the  historian  of'iln-  ,;irlv 
Huguenots.  .  .  .  The  s|X'ech  ludi  livind  at  IliV 
opi'uing  of  the  colliHiue  is  an  eloijiii  nl  [lii.t  for 
lilwrty  and  mutual  forlK.araiice.  riifniiniiatrh-, 
the  eonciiiatorv  measures  lie  propusid  siii-tii.,i 
no  one. " — (J.  .\lasson.  T/n-  //■(;/'""'''  '-li.  .' — 
"  The  edict  of  .lanuary  .  .  .  gave  |»  rnii-siuii  to 
Protestants  to  hold  meetings  for  piihln  \iiir-|jip 
Oiitsitle  the  towns,  and  plaicd  Ihtir  )ttrrtiii.'>i 
under  the  protection  of  the  law  .  .  .  The  I'.ir 
liament  of  Paris  refused  10  riL'i^ter  i)ie  nlici 
until  after  r<!|M'ated  orders  from  tin  Qiinn 
mother.  The  Parliament  of  Dij'ni  rilii-.d  to 
register  it.  .  .  .  The  Parliament  of  .\i\  r.  fNd 
Next,  .Viitoine  de  Navarre,  bribed  by  ;i  [.i-iiiis' 
of  the  n'storation  of  tlie  Spanish  part  of  lii<  liiio 
kingdom,  annoiiiurd  that  the  cidli>i|Mv  nl  |'i.i»v 
had  convertisl  him,  dismissed  Iti va  :im  I  tin  n' 
formed   preachers,   sent    .leantie  back  t.«  itfuni, 

demaudi-d  the  dismissal  of  the  I  liatillnis  f 

the  court,  and  invited  the  Duke  of  loii>i  :imI  Iik 
bnither,  the  Cardinal,  who  were  at  tin  ir  1  li.ii.  n; 
of  .loinville,  to  return  to  Paris.     Tin  11  mi  urn  I 

—  il  was  (inly  six  \*eeks  after  the  IMii  1  nf  ,I,ii!a 
ary  —  the  ina.ssaere  of  Vassy.  Nine  hiuidml 
out  of  :i,tHK)  — the  populationofth.il  l^itintnnn 

—  were  Protestants.  Uejoicing  in  the  pi  riiiis^inn 
granted  them  by  the  mw  law.  tiny  wn  a«Miii 
bled  on  the  Hiinday  morning,  in  a  bun  lujtvidi' 
the  town,  for  the  purpose  of  piildic  si-n  ii-c  The 
Duke  of  (fiiise  and  the  Cardinal.  \\  it h  Hi'  ir-irinal 
e.scort  of  gentlemen  and  soldiers,  riditii.'  i.t  'ii-ir 
way  to  Paris,  heard  thelM-lls  v\liii  hsiiinniMittd'!'' 
peoph',  and  asked  what  they  nicini.  II.  im'  tnU 
that  it  was  a  Huguenot  '  pmhc'iln  li.ki  MVi'tt 
that  he  would  Huguenot  tlicm  to  ,^"iin-  jnirj"'M'. 
He  nxle  straight  to  the  barn  iiini  Mil 
place,  threati'iiing  to  niiinler  tin  in  11 
people  relying  on  the  law.  barml  Hi 
Then  themassacn'U'gan.  TheMilihi  r>  !'■ 
the  fci-ble  barrier,  and  ln".;:iii  to  lire  ;iii 
jH^rfi'itly  unartiiedand  inolb  n^ivc  |..  ..|i!.  »i\n 
four  were  killed -- men.  uunuti.  .ir  I  iliildnn. 
•,'IMI  weri'  wiiiiniled.    This  was  thr  -ii:!!  il  l-.r  "  ir 

Ci mile,  on   the  intelligence,    i niil.i''li    rrlirni 

from  the  court  to   .Meaux,   wlniin-  li>    i Is 

priH  lainatiiiii  calling  on  all  the  Pn.ii  •  ■.■  ■-  "f  ilu' 
I'iuntry  to  take  up  aims.  C'lliL'riv  "  ■  1^  ('in 
tillon. 'whither  Catharine  addro"!  i--..  I'^'f 
aftcrletter,  urgiugU)HJuhim,  iiiuii>!:L'  .    .-tcriua. 


id    tiK 

Till. 

dii'.rx, 
.'.111.11 
111'  ilii' 


1230 


FHANCE,  1580-1.168. 


Thr  Wan  of 
ReUgian. 


FRANCE,  1500-1568. 


th,  dc(en«  of  the  KinR.  Itw-cmi;.  tlioiiKli  tins 
??,l«mrthnt  .t  one  time  CniHle  nilglit  Iihv.. 
i"'roy..l  family  a.»l  luM  thenr  But  if 
^Cl  the  opiM.rtunity.  lu-  m^itUrtwl  It.  ami  the 
^h^  vrrame  aBai".  Hen.H.for«ar.l.  I...«- 
ijt?  «  l.carm.  more  t^ilk  alK.ut  Catlmrii...  In- 
SnK  «  I'rotexwnt-  That  pretenee  will  «  rv.- 
t!;  n,i  more  Before  thi'  elaMli  <)f  ariii!..  tl  en- 
^l  rnTfor  a  «,.«ee.  Men  wait..l  till  the  last 
^«rF>»n'C  wl  o  ha.l  ii..t  »i«.k.n  »h».il.l  <<- 
C  "in,™  f.     The    lIUKUenots  h-k,.    t..  the 

^K.  «■     r.HlH>nsil,illly  lay  of  .le.;lan.,«  eiv.l  w;ir^ 
»»  »r.»iH.i.»ihillty  from  >%hi<h  the  »tro..p,.t 
in  a,l ht    shrink.      .  .  The   Aamln.l  hav.n« 
Ze  n*le   up  lii»  min.l.    li.-.itale.l   n,)  longer, 
IlSa  heavy  heart,  set  otT  the  next  .lay  I., 
to  „  o!,X     lie  *r..tc  to  Catharine  that  he  t.«.k 
ipMm,.  not  ««ainst  theKintf,  hut  "K"'"'-'  '''7; 
Xhekl  him  eaplive      lie  wrote  also  to  his    M 
u„.lr,  tlieConstahle  IMontmoreneyl  .  .  .    I  he 
CoMtsble  replie.1.     There  wax  no  h.tlern,.sa   h 
Jwecn  un<le  in.l  nephew.    The  fornur  was  ti«ht- 
initoprivinttlie  'univer-Mlruin   of  hiscoiinlrj 
S  for  his  ■  l«lits  maitres,'  the  Ikivs,  the  homs  of 
M.,M  frienl.  ll.nry  II.     Montn.orenoy  join.-.! 
t «  i.i^  in  P.rf«.t'  loyalU-,  an.}  with  th..  tir.u 
™nvirti.m  that  it  was  the  H,Kht  thing  for  h.n.  to 
,lo     Tlie  Clialillon   fought  In  the  name  of  law 
and  iuslUe.  ami  lo  prev.nt  the  universal  nias- 
„m..,n.iHp.-ople.   .   .   .  Then  the  hrst.jvil  war 
l«(nin  with  a  gallant  exploit  — the   takini;  of 
Orkan«  I.Vpnl  VMi].     C.mle  n-le  iiilo  it  at  th.. 
head  .if 'J  tKKl  eavalry,  all  shouting  like  scIi.k.I 
bov»,Hn.i  ni.ing  f..r  six  miles  who  «h..uhl  g.t 
IDU)  tlio  <iiv  lirst.     They  pillageM  the  .Imr.h.s. 
ud  turm-d'otit  th.'  Catholies.     '  Th.wi'  wh.>  were 
that  .lav  tume.1  outsiile  the  eily  wept  eath.)lulv 
that  llHV  w.  «■  .lisiHWsessed  of  the  magazines  of 
Iht  finest  wines  in  Krane...'    Truly  a  .lire  inis- 
(.irtuni.    f.)r  the  Catholies   to  h)se  all   the  la.st 
ckret  disiri.ls  !    Orleans  taken,  the  Iluu'uenols 
nrmnli^l  to  issue  prott.sUti.aisami  manili-st.x.s, 
in  all  ..f  which  the  hami  of  the  A.lniinil  Isyisi 
Me.    Thiv  are  not  fighting  apiinst  the  Kini;, 
Kb.)  is  aiirisomr;  the  war  was  begun  by  the 
Guises  .   Thev   might  have  iwhlwl,    truly 

ftjueli    that  Comle  anil  the   Admiral  liel.l  in 
their'haails  l.tU'rs  fMm  Catharine,  urging  them 
tocarrv  ..n  llie  .-.intest  for  the  Rake  of  th..  young 
Kinc  "  Til.-  fall  .«f  Orleans  was  yuiekly  foUowe.i 
by  tl«t  of  Ifciuen.  T.)ur8,  BLiis.  Bourges,  Vienn... 
V;iliu.e.   1111.1  Montauban      The  eivil   war  was 
fiirlv  beiiun     The  party  was  n.iw  well  orjian- 
izeil    Ci.iulc  was  eomnmn.lerin chief  by  right 
ofhisliirth;  Cligny  was  real  lea.ler  by  right  of 
his  rppuiation  ami  wisiloni.     It  was  by  him  that 
aSolmn  Uairue  ami  C.>v.-iiant  was  .iniwn  iiji, 
tol«  sipn.J  liv  every  .me  of  the  Calvinisi  chiifs. 
Tbcw  wi'n-.  r»si.iw  Comic  and  the  Clialill.>iis. 
U  H.«hif.ni.aul.l,  .  .  .  C.dignys  nephew  ami 
(.rail...  lir.ithcr  in  law  —  he    was   the    greatist 
sci^miir  ill  I'.iitou;  Uoh:ii.,  from  Dauphlin;,  who 
was  I  ..u.l.'s  (iiusin;  th.'  I'rinee  of  I'.ireian,  who 
wasiii,  h  i^biimlof  C.miles nie.T.      i;ii<h.>f  these 
l.irils ,  :.iiii.  with  a  following  worthy  .if  liis  niiiiw. 
M.iuii.  111.  r\.  .(hohiul  slain  Henry  II..  Imiiighl 
his  N.iriiiLiii-.   (Mnlis,    the   1'ii.jinls    .  .   .   With 
Aa.l.l.ii  I  anil  11  ir.wip.if  Bretons;  with  tbeC.mnt 
(letinii.iiiotii  ciini.-  (1,000  (}aai.ons.     (J.xhI  news 
poun'cl   111  iviry   iliiv.     Not    only    Koueii.    Imt 
llavn   I,.,  11,  luii'l  l>i..'p|>e  sulnnitteil  in  llie  N.irlli 
Angtrs  mill    Nantes  followed.     The   road    was 


op<ii  in  the  end  for  bringing  troops  from  Oer- 
many      Tlie  eimntry  in  th.-  southwest  was  alto- 
gitlur  in  their  hands.     Meantime,   tli.'  enemy 
wen.  n.it  i.Ue.     Thev  la'gan  witli  maasacrea.     In 
Paris  thev  murdenJ  800  Huguenots  in  that  first 
siimniir  ."if  the  war.     Fmm  every  sld.-  fugitives 
poun.l  into  Orleans,  whUh  beojim.-  the  eity  of 
n.fiige      Tlwn'  wi-n.  massnen-s  at  Ami.'ns.  Sen- 
lis.  Ciiiiors,  T.Mihiuse,  Angoul.^m. — ev.rywiiere. 
C.iligny  advls<.<i  a  march  up.in  Paris,  where,  he 
iirgi'.l,  the(;uis.s  lia.i  but  a  rabble  at  their  coin- 
inan.l      His  e.mnsels  when  war  was  onee  eom- 
imnn..l,    wen.   alwavs    f.ir   vlg..n>us   miasun'S. 
C.imle  pnf.rn..l  t.)  wait.     Amleh.t  was  siiit  to 
C.irnianv.  where  he  rals<..l  3,000  lionfe.     (  alvin 
de»pati-h..l  letl.rs  in  every  direeti..n,  urging  ..11 
th..  ehiin  his  ami  the  Pnilestant  prinn-s  I.)  s.-n.l 
h.lp  t.)  Krance.     Many  of  Colignv's  .>1.1  wildiers 
of  St.  timntin  eame  to  tight  iin.l.r  his  banner 
Klizalx'th  .if  Knglaml  otlin..!  t.i  wnil  an  army  if 
Calais    wire   resbireil;    wli.n   she    saw    that    no 
Kn.iiihman  woul.l  give  up  that  plaie  again,  sb.. 
still  si-ut  men  ami  in.>ney,  though  with  grii.linng 
spirit.      At   length    tsith   arinii'S   t.wik  III.-  Ii.hl 
The  biike  of  (iui«!  ha.l  umler  him  S.IKK)  men; 
Comle  7,<KK).     Tli.y  mlvamed,   and  met  at  the 
lillle  town  of  ViissimIiui,  where  a  eonferenee  was 
h.l.l  bitween  the  Oueeii  mother  and  Navarre  on 
the  ime  han.l.  ami   C.m.le   ami  C.digny  on   the 
other.     Catharim.  pmixisi-.l  that  all  the  ehi.-fs  of 
Ixith  sides— (Jiiise,  the  Ciir.liiiid  de  birraine   >t. 
An.lre    .M.mtmonnov.   Navarre,  Con.le,  ami  ili.. 
Chatilhm  broth.rs  — sh.mhi  all  alike  g.)  into  v.il 
untary  exile.     Con.ie  was  nearly  persuaded  t.> 
aeeept  this alwiinl  pmp.isal.    Another  lonferenee 
was  held  at  Tahv.    Tli.se  conferences  weri-  only 
delays.     An  attempt  w  as  made  by  Catharine  U) 
entrap  Comle.  which  was  defeated  by  tlie   Ad- 
minils  pninipt  res.ue.     The  Parliament  of  1  ana 
is.sueii  a  deer.'!,   cmimanding   all  Homanists  in 
every  parish  t..  rise  in  arms  at  the  sound  of  the 
ImU  and  to  slav  ev.ry  Hugiiem.t      It  was  said 
that  ,50, (KH)  were  thus  munlere.l.     No  ih.ubt  the 
numlHTs  wen.  grossly  exaggeniteil.   .   .   .   Thesi. 
cruelties  naturally  provok...ln.taliation.   ...  An 
English  army  ix-cupie.1  llavn'.     English  inxips 
s«.t  .nil  f.)r  l'l.>ueii.     S.)iiie  few  manageil  to  get 
within  the  walls.     The  t..»n  was  taken  by  the 
Cath.ilics  [Oct.ilier  'iX  l.W-'],  ami,  for  eight  days 
plunderiNl.     Ninlless  t.i  say  that  Guise  hanged 
every  Huguen..t  he  could  «nd.     Hen-  the  King 
of  N'avarrc  was  killed.     The  loss  of  Houen,  to- 
g.ther  with  other  .lisaslers.  gn-ally  disc.mraged 
the    Huguenots.      Their  spirits   rosi.,    however, 
when  newscanie  that  Amleh.t.  with  4,0tHI  reit.rs 
was  on  his  way  to  join  them.     11.'  bmuglit  th.  in 
in  safely  ain.ss  France,  iMing  himself  cnrneil  111 
a  litter,  si.k  with  ague  ami  fever.     The  H-Jgii.' 
m>ts  a.lvaii.-.d  up.m  Paris,  but  .ihl  m.t  attack  the 
cily      At  Dnux  I DicemlsT  1».  l.'>«il.  they  met 
the  annv  of  <iiiisi..     Pr.il.stant  liist.)rian»  en 
.leav.)r  to  show  that  the  battle  was  drawn.     In 
fiict   iH.lh   sid.s  sustaiiie.1    immense   1.)r,s..s      8t. 
An.lre  was  killed.  M.inlm..reiicy  amlC..n.l..  wen. 
taken  prisom-rs.      Y.t  Coligny  bail  l.i  lit  in-  fn.m 
the  ti.bl— his  rival  hiuloutgenerall.il  bmi.      It 
was.haraci.Tisti.-.if  Ciligny  that  li.'  never    ..~t 
h.art    .   .       With  his  (Jerman  cavalry,  a  ban.lf.il 
of  bis  ..wn  infantry,  ami  11  small  tris.pof  Knglish 
s..l.li.rs   Colii:ny  swept  over  neariy  thi.  wb..le  "t 
Normamlv      Itis  tru.'  that  Uuis.'  was  n,.t  tb.'i.' 
to   opp.>st"' him.      Kvery  thing  I.Mik.d   well,      lie 
was  arranging    for   a     splen.li.l   allianc.      with 


12:il 


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FRAXCK,   15«a-t,V18 


7*^  U*aijt  11/ 
Hetii/ton. 


FHAXCE,   I56a-137i» 


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.-iii'. 


ii. 


',-1 . 


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'♦ 


RnKlniiil.  wlii'ii  ni'nit  rnnn'  wliiili  Mnrril  liiH 
lianil  OiiIm'  marrlii'il  aoiithwanlii  to  OrlcnDn. 
.  .  .  Tlii'n-  wiu  ill  Orlcuu.i  a  yoiiii);  Ilugiii'imt 
MildiiT  imiimt  Jcnn  I'liltrot  dc  Mi'ru.  lli'  wiis  ii 
fan:ili<-.  .  .  .  lie  wsilfd  for  iin  o|i()<>rtiiiilly. 
workeil  liiiiiM'lf  intntlicfciNxl  irrmrsnf  tUv  Diiki'. 
ami  llii'n  hIhiI  him  willi  tlini'  IhiIIh,  ill  I  lit'  nliiiiiiilir. 

MlliM!  llii'd  tliri'C  lIllVH    lllUT.    .    .    .    Till  II    11    |M'Uri' 

wiiH Bijfiiiil  liiiiil  nililliil  liy  llio  Eilirtiif  Aiiilmi"!-. 
Murcti  lii,  I'Vi^tj.  Ciiiiiii',  \V'>ii  ii\i-r  and  M-iliifril 
by  llir  sinii!!  Ill  llir  Ciiiirl,  »l>,'iii'd  it.  It  wiis  a 
buiiiilinliiii;  and  iliiuintniiii  inait'.  lliiL'iK'nutH 
win'  U>  In-   ciiiisidi  nd    loyal   Milijiiis;   lore  i mi 

■oldilTM    hIiouIiI      Ih*    M'llt     iMlt     of     till'      (-fMllltl\  ; 

churrlii'S  and  ti-nipli'M  j^hoiild  Iw  ri'iturrd  In  tin  ir 
ori^iniil  iisi's;  the  niiliiirlis  nf  niir  Inwii  ill  rviry 
bailiwick  ivirr  to  1m'  ii«4iI  for  I'loli'stant  wiirslii|> 
(this  was  a  ^rrat  ri-dm  tinii  on  tin-  Kdirt  of  Janii- 
ary,  wliicli  allow  id  llic  siilnirlis  of  ivi  ry  town); 
and  till'  iiiiliilily  iiml  piitry  uiri'  tohold  wor^liip 
in  tliiir  own  Ihui'm^  aftiV  tlnir  own  o|iiiii<<ri4. 
The  Admiral  »iis  furious  al  this  wialviii'ss.  '  Voii 
have  ruiiitil.' ill'  smIiI  to  Condi',  '  nioii'  rliiinlii'S 
by  oni'  stroke  of  thi'  |)rn  than  tin-  iiifiiiy  roiild 
have  doui'  in  ten  years  of  war.'" — W.  lli^ant, 
lfiut/)iinl  lit'  f'"h''jiift.  '•/'.  H, 

Al.s"  IN:  Due  d  Aiimah'.  l/int.  "f  lln  l'iii,r,n 
de  ffinl,',  hlc.  \.i-h.'Mr.  1'.  —  K  l»ersiir.  Knli.r 
Life  of  <■■■!, :.n,;i.  ,■/,.  21  --Jil. 

A.  D.  1563-1564.  -Recorery  of  Havre  from 
the  English.— The  Treaty  of  Trojres.  — I'lider 
the  terms  on  wliirli  the  l!iiu'urii<<t  te.-iders  pro 
eurisl  helpfroin  i;ij/:il«'lh,  tlie  Kii;;li>hi|iiren  lu  I  I 
Havri'.  and  refiis.d  to  resti>re  it  until  alter- ih.- 
realoration  of  Calais  to  Knirlainl.  and  the  n- 
iiayiiieril  of  a  I  .an  of  Mn.iKKI  (-row  ns.  Tin' 
Iliiiiuenots,  haviiur  now  made  (M'aee  with  their 
Catholic  lellow  eouiiirymcn.  were  not  prepirc.l 
tofiiHill  llic  KiiLdish  eoriir  let.  aecordini;  to  Kli/a 
beth's  elaims.  hut  demandcl  that  Havre  should 
betrivi'niip  Thei^ueeiin  fiisirii;,  Nil h  the  parlies. 
lut(-lv  ill  ariiiH  airaiiisl  each  other,  joined  forei-v. 
and  laid  sie>:e  to  Havre  so  viL^oroush-  thai  it  was 
surrendered  to  them  on  the  'jMih  of  .luly,  l."i(i:S 
Peace  with  Kn;;land  was  eoiieluded  in  the  April 
foUowiiiLT.  by  a  treaty  neL'oliatid  at  Troyi-s,  and 
the  tjiieeii  lost  all  her  riirhls  over  Calais.  — Ilue 
d'Anmale.  //ii-t.  '■fth,-  I'i;i.';i>  „f  Cuml,.  1:  I.  .-/,.  4. 

Ai.so  IN:  .1.  A.  Kroude.  ilirt  of  Kio/I.uol : 
Ittiijii  of  Klh.iliitli.  rli.  «  ,i„il  N  |.    I  -jV 

A.  d.  1563-1570.— The  conference  at  Bay- 
onne.— Outbreak  of  the  Second  Civil  War.— 
Battle  of  St.  Denii.— Peace  of  Longjumeau. 
—The  Third  Civil  War.— Huguenot  rally  at 
La   Rochelle.— Appearance  of  the   Queen   of 
Navarre.— Battle  of  Jarnac— Death  of  Cond<. 
— Henry  of  Navarre   chosen   to  command. 
Battle  of  Moncontour.— Peace  of  St.  Germain. 
— The    ri-Ui:ious    iM-ai-e    estahli>lied    under    tie- 
K'li.  t  of  AnilN.iM- lasted  four  years,      •   N-il  thai 
the  lliu'ili  iH'ts  enjoyi'd   durJiiiT  thesi' years  a:iy 
tiling    like    security    or    repovc.     TIk.    re|M-ated 
ahridu'iiienl  e\en  of  Ihosi-  narrow  tilK-rti* -^  con 
ferrcd  hy  the  K.lii  t  of  Aiiil»'i-e.  .md  lie-  ficpi.m 
outbreaks  of  popular  hatred   iii»h;c|j   iiumls  rs 
<if  ihriii  piri-lieil.  ki  pi  them  ill  perpeiicil  alarm 
Still  iii-'re  alaiiiiiii,'  was  tile  mei  lin^  at  lla_\omie 
|of  (  alia  line. 1.-   M,-,|iei.  III.-  y.i.iiu;  kiiiL'    lea  s..ii. 
and  tie-  link.' of  .\l\a,  r.-prc-..  iiliiii;  I'hihp  II    ..f 
Sp;iiii|   in    III.-   Mini!  I.  r  ..f    I."ii;."i  .\Miiil   lb.- 

C.iiirt  fi-li\  iii. -,  -Alii.  I,  i.M.k  pi  i.a-.  ii  w.-iskii"»ii 
that  there  ha. I  be.  n  in  ui\  s,  i  r.  t  in.eliii'^s  Ih-iw.-.  ti 
Alv:i,  Cailieriin,  :i,i.|  (  harl.  s      The  , lark.-.;  -us 


Iiieiiiiiiias  to  tlieiriibjerlsaiid  resiilisspn-ailavo 
'rancB.  It  wa.s  generally  believed  —  filselv  ,, 
from  AlvaM  letten  it  now  ap|M'ar.  Uil,i  , 
KimiiUanioiiM  ('Xteniiiiiation  of  all  liei.  ti<  h  in  ||,, 
Freni  li  and  Spanisii  ihiiniidonH  lia.l  h. .  a  i.'n^,| 
ii|Min.  To  antiripate  this  stroke.  (  li.'ni  |,,, 
posed  that  the  |H'rs<in  of  the  KiiiL'  -li  -  ii.|  ', 
m-i/ed  upon.  The  Court,  but  sleii.l.  in  -..n  ,ii|,.| 
was  then  at  Moni-eatu      The  pi.tj.-.  >  |>  ,.|  :i|„„„, 

Hllceeciled.      Some  t  illle.  ll.iwcver.    \\,i,|,.,i      'I  |„. 

Coiirl  ;.'ot  warninir  and  tie.l  to  M.-mv  s  ,  n,, ,, 
sand  Sw  i>s  arrived,  an. I  by  a  rapi.l  in  ,..  a  .  ,rrhi| 
tlie  Kiln;  III  Paris.  After  such  a  liilii. ,  ii..i|ii-i; 
w:is  left  to  the  llu^nenols  but  the  ■JMn.is.f', 
Mi-ond  civil  war  C.inde  enter.  .1  I.- Mlv  .m  li,, 
campaiirn.  TIioultIi  lie>  bail  wiih  Itiai  l>ai  1  Vk. 
horse  and  I.'.'IK)  infanlrv.  lie  inn.  h.il  t,  p.-i. 
:iiii|  olfercd  bailie  to  Ih.'Voyal  iro..|..  Leu.  ,!]■,  i\ 
w:ills.  The  Constable  |  MoiiIiii..i.in  \  |  nii.,|,„| 
IxiMNIincn  at  his  eoininan.l.  a...  pi  -I  tin  .In! 
l.-n.'c.  and  on  the  loth  of  N..\.inl..  ,  !  mi;  .],.. 
battle    of    SI.     Di-nis    was    roi|._.|il  \.  -j,,- 

p.-irlv  could  wi-ll  claim  the  \i.iiii\  ,.  i,.,- ,  r,. 
tireii  from  tin-  tiel.l.  The  i'..t  .1 ':.i<  a  |,,.|.., 
mourn  the  l..ss  that  da\  of  iis  il"  !  mi  ;|i 
liiiit  e.immaiid.r.  tin-  Constalil.  (  .-n  I.  n  n.  »,  | 
iic\t  day  the  eliallence.  wliich  was  n.-'  a.  r.|..,,| 
The  winter  III.. lit  lis  were  spent  hv  iln-  ll'i:.i.  n.!- 
in  elTceliiii:  a  junction  «  iili  some  li.  rnciir  uuili 
ari.-s.  ami  in  tin-  spriiii;  tin-y  app.  :ir..|  m  su,!, 
f.ir.  e  upon  the  tielil  Ih.it.  on  "tin-  '.Ml  \| m  h  iv.s 

the  Peace  of  I,ollL' julllcau  Was  rilili..).  Mhi.ii 
n  est.iblishi-.l.  fr.c  from  all  ln...lill.  I'i  i,s  ;n..|  .. 
slli.  III. lis.  till'  K.liit  ..t  Alllhois..        Il.vis.-.    1,- 

fr.iiiithelirsl  that  I  hist  real  \  u.isin.i  ir.i.  ai-  hi. 
k.  pt ;  that  it  li:id  li.-i  n  cut.  ie.|  ini..  I,v  .!,.  j.,v  ■ 
111.  lit  solely  1. 1  u'aiii  lim.-.  an.l  l..  s.a'i- r  0.  i .     , 

ofthe    llllu'llemits.       Coli^'lli  s,.ii-||-    I       ;!.    I'    ,1, 

chat.  :iuof  .N.turs  in  I»iir::un.I\      ii-  ii  et  -.  ir- .  I\ 
arrived  wlieii  s.-eret  iiii.lliL^.  ii-  -    \\  ■-  .-■     .  m    ii 
..f  a  plot  u|M(n  tln-tr  lives.     Th.  \  h    :  '.  t.  ]\  ii-;,,. 
t<.  Ily.  nial^ini;  inaii>    a  siiii:tilir  .   ■    /.    t'v  Uj.. 
way.  a  II' I  reach  in  u'  Hocln  11.-,  wh;- !.  It.  e.  lie- •::::.■ 
In-caiin-  the  In-ad  .pi.irl'-rs  of  ih.-  lP;-ii-, 
the  I. 'it  h   .S-pteiiilsr    |."iti'<.      Dun:;,'    I'i    :i;-' ■ - 
r.-lii:ious   w:irs   .    .    .    Ihe  .si-:il  ..I    u  ir   «  ..  .  - 
mote   from    her   d-. millions    ili.i'    '!.     ic..-i 
NaViine  [.leaniie  d'-Mbrcf   -  s, ,   NwMii.t     .\  p 
l.V.'S  |.-iii:i|  hadsatisiie.l  In  r-  If  \s  :\,  ..;■■  i.-i- I.- 
c.iumry  asan  as\  luiii  t'-r  tie's.    II      ■:■  -  .1.  ire. 
thither  out  of  tin-  south,  rii  ...ii.,-    s  .a   Frato 
Hut  w  lien  she  hear.l  ticit  Cml-    \'.  ':  <  -  I:.';.! 
were  on  1  heir  way  to  li.aliell.-,  1     1   is.-  il.,  n-.  n. . 

iin.r.ihe   I'rolesi'.iiii   1.  nun  r.  .  ■-.' i !  'In'  :li- 

Krcin-li  Coiifi  iin-.lilat.-.|  iciliin.-  -'■  ■:  1  'li  -v 
li-riiiiii:ili..ii  of  tin-  Mil  ;ia  n.  ■ .  .  :  •  ";i>..  I 
..p.  Illy  to  casi  in  li.-r  I.. I  unli  I,  1  .:-■- 

ami  t.'ii:ive  them  alMIn   I.-  !|i  -!i  1'  v  ' 

..ilsly   .leceiviliL.'    M..11II.1.,  "li: 
strucli.ills  I.I  \\.il.  li    h.  I    liiiV.  a. 

upon  In-r  p.-rsi.ii  if  sin-  s!e.v\. 

lea\iii,i;  her  o\\  h  .1  .iiiiiii.'ii-     .-■   - 

eipit.ms  ami  aim. .si   as   ;..  iil..  ,  ■  .    ■  , 

and  Coliiriii.  sin-   lei.  Ii. -I    I!  ■-  ;.  -'■- 


S'pti 

;n 

ler.    t( 

11 

lays 

t.>w  11 

1 

T  II.  ■; 

■ly 

:i  '  .  1 

l,i:ilis 

III 

in    1- 

rat 

•  ■  .  )i 

powi 

■ 

1-...I 

i;- 

II    1; 

[ill  iln- 

1"'"" 

1 

.  !  \\  . 

cMr.i 

ir. 

inarv 

Ml 

nil.  1 

it  ill  1 

.1 

nil 

.I't 

iii.l.l 

11 

l.ni  1 

III  1 

s.||,"l 

l.ik. 

S.I 

Itcilrv 

..t 

Ihe 

lit.  f 


I 


l'J:j-J 


riiAxcE,  ..v»-i57o       "'^iifwii;:;'"       *'"^'*'*''  *"""'"' 


turoD.-  in  *'>'•''  "'•■  "1''"'  ..f  fr.r.l..iii  «:.* 
?Lril',l  il  lii'l  ™rl.v  «.l.nm.,l  thr  i™.l,iim' 
,tl  ,    Uforimn.,  ai..|  i.l  tUr  lin.r  now  Ih-  orr  ». 

°T  AlH.utll..'  v.iv  timr  llmt  Ih- g.i. .  ii 

J!!r,«.  .f  iiuv  ..tli.rllmi.  111.-  ILmiun  I  ,ith"lu 
„^o     IS  ril.-»  ....,1  rrnn ■■.;.,. II w >: 

™  lki.mil".».  ll«a,U,h,-«..nlll„;,..l,w 
J"m  nt"-!    «"•*  "•  '"•  '■»'""  "I    ■"•   f'« '">''■•' 


T,„  „„«.Tfururml.'«  of  nciilv   .•,|.i.il  Mniu'tl. 

r^,",„u.i..l  c.f  tli.  ni.kr  of  Anj..,,,  ,ul  r.„llv 
WbvTa>ani..H.  Itimn.  llri-M-,  ami  \U,-  y>HW^ 
Duke  ,.f  tiui--  ""•  last  iMirn,.,,-  tu  .mula...  „• 
mililarv  nl.TV  ..f  Lis  fall.,  r;  ll..-  ..Hi-r  nud<r  I  a- 

^    JuKtufi- l..a,„l.-..li«.,i      ■ria..«„an„„s 

,m-.l.«'  ui«Mi.au'  an..lh,T,  lli-ir  ^-.mrals  ,|,. 
Br..!  I..  t.ri"»-' tl'-'i"  im..a.ii..H  tliry  «.r,-  in..ir 
riiaiiomr  a.iuallv  in  .a.li  ..IIi.th  |,r.'s.nr.- ;  laM 

S^u„pr,.,-.,l.nl..,liM.I-m.ia.V..ftl..». r  |.r, 

rQUsUn.iWiU'.m.a..,  un.l  at  la-l.  «Mh„ut  vm- 
ta|5i„,„..,llisi.m.  l„„hl.a,|t,.  „,„■..,„  ^^,n,■, 

quan.Ts,  T i-iay,  »as  fa.,1  ..  •";,  ''i^^;; 

„,„«  ■  l„tl..f..ll..»iiii.'s|inht  .Man!.  .  .  l.<>'.". 
«|iil.'  tlair  f.mi-s  win-  Mill  -  aii.iv.l  an.l  unpr.- 
„,ml,  tla'V  W.T.-  t.,m-.l  ii.L.  LaUl..  «ilU  tli.' 
IrlliT  (."  n."ml.'.l  Uo.valists.  al  .l:,.iiij.'    an.     «^.r.- 

,rifv,.ii.h  .l.-fr«U.I.     C.ai.U-,  "■• l''.l  an.l  tak.  I. 

Jri!..„.r.  «».inat.'.lHtlir-.i  with  rpiH.il.y  il..' 

liiticrrs  «i„.  r.T.iv.-.i  hm.»..r.i    I  ..t  •>;;"";■;, 

aui..ii  lai.iaiti.if  lli<'S»i»«<iiiar.l.il  I'l.'  Puk.M.t 

Anj.«i,  p.ll.M»''l  "P  <",'!"•  '•I'*";  "',"'•  I'".",".'-' 
who  th.  iirisumr  was,  .l.liU'mt.ly  l<vill.|l  I.  s 
,,i,i.,l  »t  him  IH1.1  »li.'i  I'i'"  tlir.»i«li  ll'<'  1"™^ 
Tbr  Di.ke  piiMU'.l  HI.  .aiisurr  on  lii«  ..m.-r.  aii.l 
«nr,ss..,l  n„  r.nr.1  at  his  .1.-..I  Tl..'  ):n»s.si 
imlit'Miii.s  w.T,'  aft.r»ar.ls,  l.y  Ills  ..r.l.-rs  h.'a|..'.l 
,i|«,u  lla-  .l.a.l  1k«1v  .if  th.-  shiill  I  la-  .hf.al  ..f 
Anm:  an.l  siill  more  th.-  <l.alli  of  I'oii.l.-.  Ihr.  «' 
till- lluiraiiiol  army  into  (li-Hpair  .  .  rii.-nll.'' 
.!i,s,.|Mli"ii  of  th.-'iinnv  M-i-iiir.1  at  liaii.l,  1  Im- 
.Viliiiirals.-nl  anassi-nKi-r  tilth.- (iw.-.ii  of  Navarr.- 

at  H.«  li.  II.'.  .nlrt-iiliuK  li.-r  to  com.-  "'  '!"■  .amiv 
Mi,»as  alr.-a.lv  on  li.-r  way.     <  »ii  arnyal    ami 
«flir  a  short  consultation   with  th.- A.liiiir:.l,  lli<- 
armv  was  .Iniwn    up  to  r.-.iiv.-  lii-r.     Shi-  r.«h- 
al„n>  111.-  ranks  — h.-r  son  ll.-iiry  .m  on.-  ,•;"''■•>'"■ 
1,011  .if  111.- .l.'.-a»«-.l  ('on.leon  tli.- .illi.-r.        I  Inn 
shfii.i.lr. SS.-.1  loihi-  tnsips  uii  iiispirinii  »p.-<-.h. 
ton.lu.liii^'  »iih  tlii-sc  lu-roi.-  wonis;    --  Sil.li.-rs. 
l..tTir  »"M  .-v.rvthiiii;  I  liav.- to  xiv.-,  — my  ilo- 
mm'<U'    iiiv   lri-asur.-s.    niv    lifi-.    ami,  what    is 
,|i-.-ir.  r  1-.  111.-  than  all.  iiiv  i-liiMn-n       1  niaki-  h.-n- 
-..l.iiiii.aih  li.  f.iri'  you  all  — I  sw.-ar  l.i  il.-f.-n.l  U' 
lit  ;a-ts!L;liili.-lioIv  .aiis.-whi.hn.iw  luiii.-s  us, 
■til.  -  1  li.r-  rr.iwili-il  uroiiml  tin-  Qu.-.-ii,  iiml 
'in,miiii'-ii-l\.   as  if   liv  su.hl.-n  iniiiiils.-.   Iiail.-.l 
VMiiiii  1|.  -irv  of  Naviirn-  iw  th.-ir  fiilur.- K.-n.-ral. 
'Ih.    .V.liiiinil   anil   I-i   UiH-h.-fom-aulil  w.-r.-  th.- 
tirsi  1..  ..v.ar  li.li  litv  to  th.-  rrin.-i-  ;  thru  (-anu- 
ill.-  inf.  ri  .r   ..Hill  ,-s' anil    tin-    whole   assi-iulili-il 
^..|.ll.t^     :iii.|  il    Has  thus  that.  In  his  lift.-.-nth 
Vi;.r    'li.    I'liii..-  .if  IK-am  was  inaiiKurat.-il  as 
'liciiirii  iii.l.iif  .if  the  armv  of  Ih.-  Ilunu.-uols.  ' 
In.l  iu.-  111.    ilii;;iii-ii.it  iiriiiy  i-IT.-.-l.-il  a  jiin.lioii 
at  >i    Vri.  \  wi'ii  a  division  of  (J.-rnian  aiixili- 
Hfii-s,  I'll  !r.  -li.-  liiii-  .h-  l».-iix-l*oiils,  anil  iniluil- 
111'.:  mil  ii_-  i'-  .In.  Is  thf  I'riiu-f  of  Orange  and 


his  lin.lh.r  I.i.ul»  of  Nttiwaii.     Tiny  atta.  kid  lli.- 
Diiki  of  Anjiiu  at  |jt  Him  hi-  Ahrin.-  ami  Kaim-'l 
a  sliirhl   H.l»antatf.-;   I'ui    wasl.-.l  th.-ir  stri-iiKlh 
iliiriiiL'  till-  sumiii.-r.  i-onlniry  t.i  the  advlci-  of  lie 
Admiral    Coliffiiv,    In    lH-«i.-Ki»K    I'oilien..      The 
link.- of  Anjoiiappnw-heil  wltha»u|««rlorarniy 
and.   ai.'alii    in   oppoBitUiii    to  the   Judiiiii.-nt   of 
Colijinv     111.-    lliiifiH-nois    .-n.-iiiiiit.-n-il    him   at 
Moniiiiitoiir  i0.lolM-r  ;l,   I'MH  wlii-n-  th.-y  suf- 
find  th.-   worst   ..f  tli.lr  .h-f.-als.  h-avini:  -VIHH* 
diad  ami    woundi-d  on   tin'  Ihlil.      .Mi-aowhih- « 
Kriiiili   armv    had  .-iil.r.-.l    Navarre,   had   taken 
th.    raplial  and  spri-ad  .h-slru.-tl.m  evi-rywh.-re 
tliri.iiuhl he  small  kiuKiLiin;  hut  the  gu.-.n  M-nt 
riiimi  lie  M..iiii;..iu.-rv  to  rally  her  |M-.ipl.-,  am 
till'   iuvaili-rs    «ir.-    ilriven    out.       Colitruv    »'"' 
Prime  lleiirv    »iiii.-n-il  Ih.-lr  trisips   in  Ih.-  far 
s-.iilli     ih.-ii    InoM-d    nipi.llv    m.rlhwards  In  the 
si.rihi;    up  111.-  valli-v   of  llie   Uhime,  a.-rotis  the 
ti-\.-iini-s,   lliii.iiK'h  lliirirunily,  appniaihlni!  the 
Loir.-   ami  ».ii-m.t   In  the  Marshal  ile  Coss.- at 
Arniiv  h-  hill  .  where  H.-iirv  of  Navarri-  won  his 
liM-'iiriiHsiiiiiniis    C.liL'iiv  iH-iiiB  ill.   Though 
ituasliiit   a   p^iiliiil    vi.L.rv   il   liroughl  alxiut  a 
l.l.Mlhiiii.'  time  of  isa.-e       ■  Ihis  happen.-d  lll  111.- 
end  ..f  .lull,    and  1.11  llii  Hlhi.t  August  ||,T. II)  th.j 
I'lii.e  id  .-SI    li.  Miiaiii  en  IjiM'  was  siu'U.-il,  and 
Kiaiie.-haill-v..l.ill  M-arsof'.pil.l     —  W.  Ilalina, 
/■/„  »../»../»/.  ll-:r" '■'■!'■  •■!'    -t 

.\i..i  IN.  Dm-  d  Aiiuiali.  Ili'l.  ■■/  II--  I  ""■■" 
.1.  i:.,.,l.  I'k  1  i-'i  to  I-  I  -.'i- M  VV  t'l-KT- 
l,,i,''f./i-i"'"'i'.\""''.  '■''■  H-lii.  —  r.  ,M.  \iiiig.., 

A,  D.  1570-1572,  -Coligny  «t  court  and  hi! 
influence  with  the  King.  Projected  war  with 
Spain,— The  desperate  step  of  Catharine  de 
Medici,  and  its  consequence  in  the  plot  of  Mas- 
sacre.— ■  After  the  l"ea< f  !-">'".  it  a|.|i.ar.-.l  as 

if  a  ...luph  I.-  .  hauL'e  of  p.iH.  y  «as  alimit  In  take 
pl;„  ,-      Th.-  liu.-.n  pr.l.-ml.  .1  I-,  he  friendly  with 
111.-  I'rot.-slanis;  h.-r  relalions wilh  Ih.-  ainliilious 
(iiiises  were  distant  and  .-old.  and  Hu-  pr.ij.-et  of 
uniliug    111.-    Ilouvs.if    UourlNin  ami    \ahilsliy 
marriage    |tlii-   iiiarriaL'i-   of    H.-nry    of   Navarre 
with  Ih.- kiiii; 'sisi.-r.  .Man:u.-ril.-|  n-ally  l.M.ke.l 
■1,  if  she  wa.  ill  eaiiH  si        I'll.-  luosl  disiinnuislie. 
l.-ad.-r.if  Ih.-  lluirii.  n-.t   parly  was  Ihi-  Admiral 
Caspar  deloliirnv       II  is  ipiile  relreshiiig  at  this 
.|,.|efiil    p.rii«l    10    mill   with  suih  a  .-lianii-ler 
Ile  was  a  n.-lilemaii  of  the. .hi  Kreiieh  si  Insd  and 
iif  the  Is-st  stamp;  lived  upon  his  esiules  with 
hisfamilv.  hisliitleioiirl.  his  n-laim-rs  and  suli- 
jeels    in"  ami.  lit   palriaii  lial  style,   and    on  the 
Ksi  ti-nus.  mill  n-L'iilarly  went  »ilh  llieiu  to  the 
I'rol.-stant  w..iship  and  "the  .■.immiiiiion  :  a  man 
„f   iinhli-iuishi.l    morality  and  striet  I 'alviiiistie 
views  of   HIV      Whaiiver  this  man  said  or  did 
«as  the  n  -nil  of  his  iiimosl  .-..iivii  tii.iis.  his  life 
was  the  iiiip.i--..nali.iniir  his  \ii  wsaml  Ihoiinhts. 
In  the  late  liirladeiit  times  he  had  l,e...nii  an  im- 
porlaiit    p.rs,.ii  as    leader  and   nrgaiiiz.  r  ol    Ih.- 
I'rot.staiil    armies.       At    his   lall.    llioil-amU   ol 
ii..lihiii.ii  an.l  sohli.rs  l....k  up  arms,  ami  ilie.v 
sulimill.-.l  uuil.-r  his  .■onimaml  to  v.-ry  -tri.l  .lis- 
eipline       lle.-.uhl  mil  hoas!  of  havin-.'  w.ai  many 
l,iiill.-s    hut  h,- was  famous  f.ir  liaviug  ke|.i  Ins 
r,-~.,iir..s  i,,L:eth.rafl.rrep.-ati-il  d.-leals,  and  f.  r 
risiii"   up  siroiiL'.r  than  In-fore  all.r  .v,  ty    I..-1 
eni;ai:.uii-nl.       .    ,    N"«    Hiat    p.a.^e   »as    mad.. 
-whv.'  h-ask.-.l.  -.-xiite  fiirth.-r  diss.-n  ion-  lor 
thi-rieni-lil  ..f  iiiirioiniiii.il enemii-.-r    l..t  us.lin-.i 
uur  umlivi.l.-.l  fories  against  tin-  n-.il  .■,■>.  "...^    "' 
Fram-i- —  against   Spain,   who  stirs  up  mlrigms 


I 


Ht« 


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Hit 

•    'til: 


m 


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■  u 

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i  :i-i" 


i:         ;^ 


# 


I 


^1 


KHANCK,   1,^:0  I. %7.' 


KHANCE.   157a 


in  otir  civil  «iirH  I<ft  ui  <'ni«li  llil*  |H»wfr, 
wtiirli  ciiiiileiuii'*  UH  ti>  It^niiiiiiiiiiiiiM  tlciH-iiili'iiCf 
Till'  wur  HKitliixl  SiHiiii  wiis  ('iillifiiv  »  pnijirt. 
U  vran  tlio  itlcii  of  tt  ^(hnI  llui(iit'iii»l.  for  it  wus 
dlrtiii'il  iii{itiiiit  III!'  iiioit  liliiiilly  fniiHliriil  mill 
(laiiu'iTDiiH  flit'  of  till' iiiw  (liHtriiicH.  hut  ll  wiw 
■Iwi  Hint  (if  II  itnml  Kri'iirliiimii.  fur  II  vii'tiiry  iivir 
Simiii  wmiM  iiirn'iiH*'  tin-  jvtwrr  of  Friinri*  in  tin* 
(llr.<ii..n  iif  lliiru'iiii.ly  .  .  Kr.im  S»  (iii  iiili.  r, 
ITiTI.  Ciiliiriiv  >v!i-;il  rmirt  l>ii  lii<  Mnil  iirrival 
III'  wu  h'-irllly  vvrlriiiiM'il  liv  ilii'  Kiiitf,  iinlinii  nl 
liy  ('atli:iriiii',  unit  liuiilnl  witli  liMiniiirH  iitul 
favours  liy  l>"tli  I  Hin  lint  iif  ii|iiiiiiiii  timl  tliii 
will  II  (l(-r|tly  liiiil  ^1  liriiii'  til  rntrip  till'  i;iiil(-lt"i'« 
lirm.  till'  iiiiirc  i'.i»ily  tci  ruin  liiiii  ('.ilhiirini' n 
iilcaii  iliil  not  I  Miiiil  ■.■)  fur.  >*iill  IcssilollH'lii'vi' 
that  till'  yoiinir  Kini{  wii'4  tniliuil  tn  piny  the  piirt 
of  K  hypiM  rill',  itml  rrifirliil  ('"liirriy  iiJi  a  vii-tim 
til  Im'  rlirri>liii|  iiiilil  llii'  fiMi'  iliy  I  think, 
rutliir.  that  ('alhariin'.  In  hir  rliniiL'iahlini'riS  ami 
hatri-<l  i>f  Ilir  (iiii'*i"4.  was  n«iw  rt'ally  liinpo-a-il  to 
niaki'  p''ii  I-  wilti  (ill-  Proi("4tanu.  anil  (hat  the 
yniini;  Kim:  w  i'"  f'lr  Ihi'  lini''  inipn-is.  .1  liy  thU 
auprcior  pt-f'+iin  1:^1*  Nn  yiMiitifiil  itiiinl  i-H  *i 
drirraili'il  IIS  to  Im'  rntin-ly  inai'ci'ssihli'  to  such 
iiitliii  nil'.  .1  lii'lii'vi'  that  tin'  llrst  nnil  only 
happy  liny  in  tin-  lifi'  of  lliin  iinfortiinati'  nion 
arrli  was  wlirn  In'  nut  (*oJii;ny.  who  rnisi-ii  hini 
«1m)V(' III'' ili^ra.laii'Mi  of  vulitar  lifi';  ami  I  hi' 
lii'Vi'  furilh  r.  Ili.il  lliis  r.  latioii  was  tin'  ni.iin 
niiisi'  of  ihi'  niassairi'  of  Si  It  irlholonii'tv.  A 
ni'W  inlliiinri'  was  thri'ali  nirii.'  t'l  siirriiiiml  Ihii 
Kill);  anil  to  take  ilnp  rnut,  whiili  C.ilharini', 
ht*r  sun  llcnrv  of  .Viijoii.  iiikI  tlir  sirirl  ('.illmlii' 
parly,  iiiiisl  ilo  tin  ir  iilinusl  to  avi  it .  ami  it  was 
(luilf  in  Kii  iinlanri'  with  Ilir  Kiiii;  ■•  wiak  i  liarai' 
Icr  to  allow  the  man  to  tn'  nninlrri'ii  wlioni  hi* 
hail  jiisi  ralli'ii  'Kalhir'.  .  .  Il  apptarn  that 
almiit  Ihr  nii'iiilc  of  Ihi'  yi'ir  |l'iT.'|  Ihi'  nnilirr 
[of  war  Willi  Spain  ami  liilp  to  tin'  rrvoliini; 
Ni'lli.rlani|s|  was  as  Komi  as  iliii'li'il.  Tin'  Kinif 
wiliiiiu'ly  an-i'iliil  to  ColJiiiiy  s  plan  .  .  .  (anil) 
privali-iy  iravi'  fonsilrralilr  sums  for  thf  support 
of  Ihi'  Klriiii^h  p.ilriiils.  f  ir  lln'  iijiiipnirnt  of  an 
army  of  tiHNI  iinii,  coniposi'il  of  Catliolirs  ami 
ProlVslanls,  who  in  inhiii  ton-ar<ls  Muiia.  to 
aiircoiir  l^iiils  of  Nassau.  Winn  in  Jiilv  thin 
army  was  hi'  itin,  iiiil  Ihr  majorily  of  thi'  IIukuc- 
nuts  wiTi'  in  di'spiir.  ('o|i:;nv  siirn'rili'il  in  piT- 
miHilin^  till'  Kinc  loi'ijuipa  fri'sh  anil  si  ill  hiri»iT 
army;  imt  lln'  opposili  >n  llnii  iH'sIirri'il   ilsi'If. 

.   .  Till-  Qii'in  .   .   .   hail  1 ii  ah-'int  with  hrr 

inarrii'it  ilaiii;lili'r  in  l.orraiiu'.  ami  on  Inr  rcliirn 
shi'  fouriil  iiviTvlhinif  ihaiiiii'l ;  IIk'  (liiist'S  wiili 
oul  iiilluini  r.  hrrsi  If  Ihriisi  on  oni'  slih'.  t'liilcr 
Ihi' im|iri-s~iiin  of  Ihi'  laiisl  t'Venls  in  Klamli'rs. 
whiih  maili-  it  likily  that  the  war  with  Spain 
Woilil  111'  ruinous,  sin-  hastineil  to  the  Kinif,  tolil 

him  wiih  tl is  of  liars  til  ll  it  woiilil  Ih' lii.s  ruin; 

that  till'  Ilut'iiinois.  thniuiili  Colinny   huil  stolen 
tin-  Kiiiirs  loiiiiilinii'.  iinforlunalily  for  himself 
anil    llie   lountry.     She    maile  somt*   iinpressioii 
uiion  hiiu    lull  ii  ilid  not  last  loni:.  ami  tlmuifhts 
of  rt  ir  I'liniil  Hie  upper  liaml  ii^'ain.     The  ilea 
now  .  AultusI.  1-"i'"Ji.  niusl  have  been  niiiiireil  in 
i'alhariiie  s  miiiil  of    venturini;  on   a  lie^iMTiie 
step,  in  onler  to  save  Inr  supremaey  ami  inllu 
eni'e    .   .   .   The  ije.'i  ripeiieil  ill  her  iniml  of  uei 
tini,'  rill   of  Coli^'iiy  liy  assa-ssiniilion    .       ,    Kn 
tirely  of  one  mi  nil  w  ilh  her  son  Henry,  slie  iiirnetl 
to   the    (luisi's.    Willi    whom  she  was  al   enniily 
when  lliev    Wire  in   power,    hut    friemlly   wlieii 
they  were  of  no  luort-  louseiiueuee  tliiin  henwlf. 


I'  k  ll|».|| 
>'  ll'ii,l„,| 

1  "liiiiy, 

mIii-i     ,,I| 

I    11  liim 
Ifi'l  ( ,. 

'  IM    iuv" 
■■  'll"     111, 


They  hriailii'il  veni{eaiie«  a^alnai  ihei 
ami  wen-  ri'aily  at  iini'ii  to  avenge  ii 
of  Kranris  of  Oiilac  by  a  munli mus  m 
Coliirny.  An  aisaMin  was  iiireil,  ami  i 
Ina  honiii- iH'loiiKinK  to  tlii' (liiisi's.  mar 
iImi'IIIiiK,  anil  as  lit'  caiiii'  out  of  Hie 
the  '.I'.'ml  of  AutfiiM,  a  ahot  was  lln. 
whii'h  woumliil  tint  ilhl  not  kill  him 
li(;ny  illeil  of  hin  uoiinil,  ralh.irin,.  ». 
Uen  eonti'lit.  ,  ,  .  Hut  Coliifiiy  ilil  ii< 
llutfiienolsilertantly  ili>manilist  vi  nui  h 
Well  kn  .11  iiisiiKalor  of  the  ileeil ;  lln  ir  ilinji, 
real  hisl  Hie  (Jiieeii  aiiil  I'riiu'e  Henry  "f  .\i,j,ii, 
ami  Ihe  |M'rsonal  fasi-inallon  whieli  i'ii|i>:tiv  li.ti] 
e\irii«i'il  over  Kinif  Clnirli  s  appi  in  i|  niji.  rt 
iniTease  Ihaii  toiliminish.  Thiisil,iiitj|i<  ^^  ir  .^ 
iliirinif  llie  aiuioiis  hours  after  the  f  lihir.  ,if  n,, 

iissaHsiiialion,  the  idea  of  an  ait  of  \  ■  f. .„,  ( 

larije  wale,  whieli  Hhoiild  strike  .i  til  .  v  :ii  r 
lii;ny  and  his  friends  iH-fore  tiny  In!  Dm,,  f,  r 
re\eni;e.  ll  eertaiiily  had  mil  In  in  in  [.r' |nr, 
thin  for  inonllni.  mil  even  sinee  iln  ini,,.  i||,i 
Coliijny  had  U'en  at  Court ;  it  «;!•.  rim  .  ivi.|  n, 
the  aifonv  of  Ilit'Si!  hours  '  —  I.  llni..,  r  7'.. 
I'.ri-I'f'tlif  H,firiii,iti;ii,  rh.  T, 

AiAi  IS:  J  I.  .Moth'V,  Tit,  III n  -t' If,.  Ihii-h 
rt.;i'/W(>.  III.  -.i.  .•*.  9-7'(c.  -Jl  -I,  1  ■..  Itiiiki-. 
Ciril  W'.in  mill  \f"ii.in-lii/  ill  /•'■(),,      '     r, 

A.  D.  157a  lAugusti.  -The  Massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew'!  Day.  -"  Wiili  •.  .in.  |ir-.f., 
forifist  or  real.  In  Inr  hand  lliai  In  »,,  iii|«r 
soiial  danifer,  the  l/ueeii  ,Miiili.  r  I  \  i.-n-t  '.Jl] 
presented  herself  to  her  son.  Sin  loll  l.nii  ilnl 
Hi  the  moment  she  was  speaking'  Hn'  iri.Miii't) 
were  armiiiK  Sixteen  flmusaml  of  ili' m  in 
tended  to  assemhle  in  the  inoniiiiL'.  sua,-  ihr 
palaee.  destroy  hersi'lf,  the  lluki  ■  f  \v.]  -i  :iiii| 
Hie  Catliolie  noblemen,  and  ciny  oiT  1  liiriii 
The  I'onspiracy,  she  said,  e.xliii'l'.i  Ilir nch 
Kraiiee.  The  eliiefs  of  the  eonL^n  .:  I'l  .ns  w.fi' 
waitinif  for  a  signal  from  Colitfriy  In  ri-r  iiii-iirv 
provime  and  town.     The  Calholii  <  li  nl  ili-oiv 

i-n-d  Hie  iilot.  and  did  noi  111  i" -r  -till  i" !»' 

miirdereil.  If  the  Kinj;  refiisid  loai  1  unli  ilinii 
they  woidd  chiHise  another  h'liler;  iiii  uliHrvir 
lia|>|R-iieil  lie  would  Ih>  himself  di -ih'^i't  I'l: 
able  to  Bay  that  the  story  loiill  n -i  Ih'  :rii. 
Charles  looked  emiulringly  at  Tn  imn-  iiil  It 
N'evers.  anil  tliey  Imth  conlirnii'l  tin'  Klmm 
Mother's  wimls.  Hliakini;  his  imri'iri'v  uijli 
reiiiinders  of  Amboisi*  and  Mimu.v.  ("itlnrir,' 
went  on  to  say  that  one  man  was  Hie  1  ;i:  -  "f  ,tll 
the  troubles  in  the  realm.  The  .Kliniril  i-|iini| 
to  rule  all  Kraiire.  and  she  —  she  nl  mi'.  .1,  witli 
Anjoil  and  the  (iiiisi'S.  had  eonspin  I  i  .  k:!l  him 
to  save  the  Kinit  and  the  eouiitry  .>!,■  lr"|i|iii| 
all  ilis);iiise.  The  Kiiii;.  she  said  iiiu-t  unv 
assist   them  or  all  would   Im-  lo-t  riiiirle* 

was  a  weak.  pa.ssioimte  Ihiy.  aioii'  1:1  r!i<  'iirli 
eonelave  of  Iniipiity.  He  sloriii'  1.  ri\'  i  vv.  pt. 
inipiorisl.  spoke  of  his  hunuur.  Iin  I'li.'litril 
word;  Hwore  at  one  moment  Hi  it  tti'  A.liiiiral 
should  not  Im;  toiii-hed.  theiipraM!  lii  'iilntrv 
other  means.  Hut  clear,  cold  an  1  i  ■  iniii.nu.s 
Catlieriiii'  told  him  it  was  loo  laie  It  -u.  n  wis 
a  jiidiiial  emiuirv.  the  liui^i-  m  -'i  -lii'l'l 
Hienisi'lves  by  telllni;  all  thai  lln  i  lii'  i  Tln.v 
would  lielniy  her;  they  wmilil  li.  in.  I..-  '  pilur; 
and.  fairly  or  unfairly.  Hn  y  '.i  ■  i  t  ■  ■■'  ■•pi"' 
hinisi'lf       .   ,    Koran  hour  a'nl  .1  ii  ':  'h.'  Kiiii! 

rollliniled     111     slrtlL'l-'le.        '  \     i     '    '■  '-        tliitJ.' 

Callierine   said  at    last.   ...      I-  .'  ■  ■!  >"• 

afraid,  SireT  slie  hi.s.seil  in  liiii.ir        I','  ''"•i-' 


U3i 


IM&t"  ■  ii 


rriANCE.   I'^TS. 


St.  HartkotomrWa  Dan. 


rRANCE,  iwa 


till  kill  '-•A^'-'f^''''''''  •"""  ""     "^l"  i",,"" 

!.        ,,.  u  In  Kmm--.  Unit  " '""y  l"'  '''*  '" 

"""Thm.      Mort  l)l.M.'     Kill  .l,.».«ll/     II.' 

"    1  r  V  rTrt-Tlr.!   tlmt  tn   kill   i:.r    »..url....„ 

■■■  „•  "  .„ I...;  to  tiK.  A.iiiMr„r».  ttii.i  iii.M- 

rSrim  »f   rw  ...W  :>".Tt.-.l  w..r..   ,.11   I  ...t  it 


ttiiimit'  wiri'  »llll  liirkiiii!  In 

.lltiili.'  Dukrof  .Miiiiti«n«iir 

limns      Till'  |M  rwiiw  wlm  win' 

ill  illfTir.  Ml  |iiirl»  of  Ihf  town 

■t,-   of  u  ilUirii  I       MontpinHliT 

1,1  III.'  I'lihw  .   I  I'll-"'  «"'•  1"" 


(ill.li 
Ibf  I  ii 
»lt'- 
U.W  . 

!:f'!:"„I,,:;:^h;.A:in;ir;r.in:rMow.i,.-; 

Z  but  iil.o^'  lioiir  ivii»  "ow  .-om.-,  rill' 
,..,l,;,li.H  «.ri-  to  riTojtni».-  i.ni'  .i.M.,1,,  r  in  l,.' 
r„n(.w.m  l.v  a  wliiii-  Iwnik.rrhi.f  "i ,li   l   I 

.nil  iiml    ■!   «lii'i'    '•"'»■*    '"   ""'"■   '■■'''*. 
I™,I  liutil.  Culholi.i  to  »  "mil.   «i;..'  in-lr... 
„DUr....lvmu.li'  for  111,- work,     (lui-o  ..s-M.n.     I 

riui.  ..ffl.-.r-ii.''''i'it''''^'i';VV';'''',j',';;,  - 

B„uw.r.'  ,.ri|.arln«  to  ni.'.  ami   1  ml  111.'  h  i  i.' 
Iiid   I'M.  n.l    lliiir   lii^Ianl     imniHhni.nt.       1 1" 
„ln,,.rs    a,U.-.l    no    ,iiii«tioii«.    aii.l     il.'Mri.l    no   ; 
l«it,r  Mru.i-      Till'   lm->itM->'*  wa-i  to    iK-mii  at   ; 
IlVwn     Tin-  -k'nal  w.ml.l  1«-  tlir  tolMnir  ot  tin-   ! 
Br,.„tl»ll  alil.i-  I':,l,i.i-of.l,i.tii'.-   an.l  ll.r  Hr^t 
.U,iih»^iHtol«'<-olii:",vV      rii.; -Miir.Moli.to 
Ihiir  IH.vH       TimIm'    liiiiiili'il    lav    alon^'     111' 
S,.|n.-  I.HMintlii'  riviranil  tli.   Iloiil  .U' \  illr. 
„l|i,r',"iiii.uTii.Hwal.lii'ilat  till'  l,omri'.     A*  llii' 
,UrkDf>r,  «.iii.-.l.  111.'  IJiii."  Molli.rw.nl  ilo«n 
l„  111.'  LMt.'.     Till-    »lillii,'s.,  of   111,-   ilawn    «as 
br,.k.'Ti  l.v  an  aii  i.l.nial  |.i«lol  sl...l.      ll.r  lirarl 
*.nk  aml>lii'  ».  nl  oil  ii  mi'H,in>.'.r  to  till  (.ill"' 
t„n;iu.-'      ll.it   it  was  ti».  lal.'.     A  niiniilr  lal.T 
tbi'  Nil  Ixun.il  out.    anil  llir    Ma-'.arri'  of   M. 
Barlliul,.in,w  lull  .■onminii-iil."     Tlir  a.-a'.Mns 
bn.ki-  iai..  lb.'  A.lniinrs  ilwillini:   aii.l    ki  li.l 
liimaHh.^  l:,v  w.,un.h-.l  in  Ik'iI.      'TI..' win.l..w 
wni..)*!!     'N  il  iloniV  i-rii-.l  timx'  from  tli.' 
foiirt  M.iw,  '  is  il  iloni-r     Klini:  liini  out  llial  wr 
ni..v  «■••  biui  ■     Slill  bri'iitliinir.  tin'  A.ln.iral  was 
hufli.l  Mi.i.n   111.'   paviini'iit.      Tin-    lia-tar.l   of 
ViU'.ill.'nii'  wi|«il  tlu'  IiI.hmI  from  I. is   farr   to  Ih' 
mn-  nt  bi<  i.biilitv.  anil  tlu-n.  kiikini;  liun  as  lir 
liiv  »l,..ai.-.l     S, 'far  well,     ('oiirai,'.'.  my  liravr 
Ikpv.'  ii.ov  for  111.'  rist.'     On.'  of  lln'    I'l''-  .1.' 
Nrvrrss  in-opli'  liiirkfd  ott  111.'  mail      A  ro|.i' 
was  kii..!li'.l  alKHil   111.'  aiikU-s,  ami  tin'   .-..rps.- 
«;l'.  ilri"  Til  ..lit  into  the  street  amiilsl  tin'  liowl 
ini;  (Mw.l.     T.liirnv,  .   .   .   ItiH'hclouraiill,    ami 
tlipn-i  ..f  till'  A.lmirars  friends  who  lisUi'il  in 
till'  111  i.-lil>..urli.KKl  wi'H'  ilisposi'il  of  ill  the  same 
way,  ami  m.  conipleti'  was  the  siirprisi'  that  then' 
«as  ii"l   till'   most   faint    ttlt.-mpl  at  resistan.e. 
M..iii|.iu>irr  bail  iHTn  mi  bs»  suiii'ssful  in  the 
U.iivn      Tbr  slainaM'S    weri'   all    ln'si-l.      Tin 

■  if  !b.-  Kim?  of  Navarro  uml  the  I'rim  i 
I  !.,1.',-,1  ill  the  palaie  at  Charh'ss  par 

■  il.       Their  names  were  ealleil    over, 
!i.  V  ilisceiiil.'il  unariiieil  into  the  quail 

tli'V    wen'   hewn   in    pieees.     Then',    il 


rt-tiiiii 
bail  I. 
til  111,.' 
uA  .1 
riui:!' 


beaiii.  :h.  V  fill  IkImw  the  Uoval  winiiow.  un.ler 
tkri>i-»  '  '111-  mWTulib'  Kins,  who  was  for.iit 
furwiirj  In 'men  bismotlier  mil  bis  bntlier  that 


he  mlijhl  Im-  min  iw  the  nooompllre  of  the  nwi- 
uniri'      Mi»l  of  the  »1< llni.  were  killfl  ii|"m  the 

•pot      Si Il.'il    w.ninileil   up   iIm-   slain.,    unrt 

were  slau({hti'r.sl   In   the  pri-wm-r  of  the  1  rlii 
.,,».'s  Hv  "'ven  oeUk  the  work  whirh 

dills.'  anil  hi»  rmnii'illBte  frien.l»  hwl  imil.lli.ken 
was  lliiishiil  with  but  one  failure      The  «  mini 

Moiiltfomirv  aii.l  the  Vlila f  Clmrtn'S     . 

es.HiM',1  li.KnKb.n.1.  The  mob  meanwh  h'  wa« 
111  full  1  njoyment.  .  .  .  While  ilukes  am  Ion l. 
wen'  killlnc  at  the  I^mvn',  Ih.'  l«nils  of  Ih.'  s.'< 
IbMis  ImiUIiil  thi'm  with  iin.n'  tlmn  i.uee.'ss. 
men  woniiii.  ami  even  . liUiln  n.  »trivln(t  wlil.h 
•hoiilil  l»'  Ihe  lir-t  ill  111.'  pious  work  of  inunlir 
Ml  Catholie  I'arls  was  iil  the  business,  anil  every 
ilusuemt  hous.'hobl  ha.l  mli-'lilsmr.  to  know 
ami  .hm.ume  them.  ThnmKh  sln'il  anil  lam' 
Mini  iiiiav  anil  eaus.'Way.  the  air  n.ni.'  with  yelH 
ami  .uri.'..  plMol  shots  anil  inishini.'  wimlows. 
Ihi  niailwavsw.n'  sin'We.l  wllh  maiik'h'il  Ikh  les. 
t|„-  i|,».rs  Win'  bl.K  keil  l.v  llie  ili  ail  ami  ilviiiK 
Kn.m  ifarni,  .b.sit.  n«.^.  or  stable.  .  ...ui  i  n« 
i  <  n  ,nuns  w,n'  torn  shrb  klnu'  out.  m"''  slabli«'.« 
I  ami  haiki'il  al ;  Is.vs  pni  li-il  their  hamls  by 
'    siraiiu'liiiir  babies  in  Ihiir  irailles.  anil   lieuillfM 

l„„li,.,    win    irailiil    aloii)?    the    In.lloirs 
i    Towanls  mi'liliv  v.me  of  Ihe  iiuieler  pinpl"' at 
'    tinipteil  to  n-L.n'  ofhr,      A  party  of  the  town 
'    iviillii'   nia.le  Ibiir  »  iv  I'l  the  palaee,     (  Imrlet 
eau'ht    in;:irh-    at    th'iir  olT.  rs   ,,f   sirviee.  and 

1    l,i„U.    ll.;   Heir  iitmoit   to  pot   Hie   |"-ople 

i   down,  but  it  was  all  in  vain.     The  m.Ii  i,  r-.  mad 
dim-.;    Willi    p'    iiibr   ami    bbs"l.   .'.ml'l    ""t   be 
I    l.nnudit    to  ii>-i.t.    ;o..l    without    them    "otliing 
i   nmbl  111-  .Ion.'       All  Ihat   aftermK.ii  and   nlKit. 
!    iiiid  Ihi  iieM  .lav  ami  the  day  after,  Ihe  horrible 
■    .,,„,•,  ii.ntinui'd,  till   Ilie  names  Inirut  down  at 
1 1,1  f.ir  want  ..f  furl      The  riumUr  win.  perished 
II,   I'ahs  was  lompuled  larioiislj  fn.m  '.MNUI  to 
luiHNi      III    Ibis,  us  in   all    su,  h   inslaiiees.    the 
l,,»,st  esiimaU'   is  pn.liably  111.'   m  aP'st  to  tho 
;    truth       Th,'    nias>:ii  n'    was    i  ,,iiiplet.il -- eom- 
1   pb'ted  in  l-aris-only.  as  it  pn.ved.  to  Is- I'on 
linued  eU'Wlien'.  tin  the  ■-'llh.    while   the 

.    haMH'Wasal  its  hei^lit.  linulars  wi  tit  roumi  to 
j    the  pnivimis  that  a  i|uarnl  had  l.n.keii  out  Ih'- 
\   iweinlbe  Ilim..,'...f  tluiseaml  loliirnv  .  that  the 
■    .Vdmiral  ami  many  n.on'  had  Isin  uiilorlunalely 
kilb.l    ami  that   the   Kintf  him-ir  had  Isen  tu 
iliii"irthr..u::l,  hi-,  ellorts  to  eontnil  the  people. 
The\'overm.rs  of  the  dilTeniit  towns  wen' eoin 
m  imhd  to  npn'>s  at  onee  any  symptoms  of  ills 
onler  wbi,  h  n.iuht  show   Ih.  itisilves,   ami   par 
ti.ularh  to  allow  m.  injury  to  Ir;  done  to  Ihe 
lHn.Mietii.ts,-     Hut   Ouisi',    when    he   learned  of 
Ilies.'  einulars.  wliieh  thn-w  u|»m  him  the  oiliiim 
of  the  iiue-ai  n'.  foned  the  Kin«  to  recall  them. 
■The   sl.irv  of   the    lluiruemit  eonspira.  y   wiui 
revived  The  I'n.lestanls  of  the  pnivinei'S, 

lindiiiK'  thetnsi'lves  deiiouneed  fn.m  the  Ihroii.-. 
were  likilv  itislanlly  to  take  arms  to  defeml 
tli.ins.'hi';.  Couriers  were  thenf.in'  .lespati  h.'d 
with  sieond  onl.rs  that  they  shouM  la;  dealt 
with  as  th.v  had  Isen  dealt  with  at  Paris;  and 
at  l.vons  Orleans.  Kouen.  Honl.'aux.  loubm. 
Meailx  in  half  'h.'  towns  and  villaij.s  of  rninee, 
ih.'  bbsslv  dtama  was  played  once  again.  Ihe 
Kinir  thrown  out  into  the  hl.leous  torniit  of 
hliKsl  iHiame  drunk  wiih  frenzy,  ami  let 
..liuviiter  have  its  way.  till  even  (iui-'.'  himsilf 
alTi'Cled  to  Ik'  shiaked.  and  interposed  to  put  an 
,.,,,1  t„  it  not.  however,  till,  acconlini;  to  the 
iH  li,  f  of   the  times.   UW.OOO  men.   women   ami 


1: 


f'KANi  ^;    l!»7i 


amtcTw  in   irHr<>|w 


KKANCK,  I.V.'  im:i 


:^ii: 


i' 


..a. 


rlilliln  II  liiiil  Ih'i  h  irii-uniMy  itiiinltTiHl  Tlx' 

unmix  I  .'iKitin  unit  hr  li..|.til  In  Imvi'  Imiii  prn 
iliK-inu-lv  i<  n-u'iTiiiil.  Willi  nil  liiriff  tltfiin''). 
mhlll  .ili>llp|K.|l,',|  liyiMHI  xtmlntlio.  It  U  MtfK 
U>  illvi.l.'  .11  I.  1,1  li\'|,ii  -.r  A  Kriiuili',  /lift 
of  Kiitfliiifl    /,,  ,./„  ,,/  HIi.,iIh  ft,,  rh    S:l  (r  4l 

Al.l«>IV.  II  Wllllr.  /'/.,  Miimi,-,,  „f  SI  fill- 
M../...,„  .-,  .',  i:  II  -Dnkr  nf  Mi.ly.'  .Vtwiry 
hk    1-(J     I'     li.|„r,  /A.     t/,i«.i.-,r  ,,/ .•*    /*,,- 

A.  D.  i572iAii<uit-Oclab«ri.  Tht  king't 
avowal  of  lespoi  ibility  for  the  MaiMcrc,  and 
celebration  of  h,»  "victory  Rcjoicingt  at 
Rome  and  Madriit  General  horror  of  Europe. 
— Theeffecttin  Ft.ince.  -Changed  character  of 
the  Proteitani  party.  -  •(In  lli.'  im.niinui.r  iln' 

.•lllll  nf    VllJill.HI.  (   1.  illr.1  l.\     Hriil   l,i  ||,i|,|  ,,  •  |,..,| 

of  jii-iin  in  tli>  iiiirllatiK'iii,  riirruiic  with  him 
111.'  kiiiL'  "f  Nii\  iiTf.  mill  III'  till  nii|K  Illy  nvnwiil 
llijil  the  M,i*mirn-  huil  Im»  II  |H'r)M  initi'tt  liy  hit 
orilirx.  th.ili-  .  .  \ni»,.  |,,r  ii.  (rr.iiijnhil  nn  ii 
iiniiii.li.l  ...ii»|iirii  V  ..f  111..  ||iii:ii..|iiiN  ii>.'niii-.i 
Ills  |K  r~.ii  :iiii|  iIh  ii'  ilJriTldl  till'  iiarli.iiiK'iil  u> 
rcimmiiiii-  jmliiial  |ir.«iri|iiiL'«  iiiiniii-l  ('iilii.'iii 
ami  lilit  iuriiiii|iliri-.  ili ml  nr  iiIIm.  on  tin  rlmr:;! 
of  liiiili  triii~.li  'riir  |.  .iliiimi  nt  lIkvi.!.  uihI. 
Hflrrii  |>riK'i'««  of  I  Hum  iiiliH,  nhii'li  niiH  II  iniri 
lliwuc  iif  r:«l.«hiN)il-.  Ill,  .  I,,,!  iinlv  r,,nii.l  iill  tin- 
iliml  ifiiiin  Imt  II  >  milii.liil  In  ihr  m  iii.tKi' 
iwii  ..f  III..  |.riiiri|  il  nun  wlm  lia.l  imiiikiI  — 
Ihr  .1'!  rapliiii  I'  i.ni.inii'ii,  ami  Ariiainl  .|i. 
(■BV.iij;,irH  .    I.  ih  mn   lianiii.l  111  till' I'lurr 

lie  (In'vr,  In  llir  |.r.«iii(i'  ■  f  ili.'  kiiiu',  hIhi  nun 
|mII<.<I  Ihr  kill),'  i.f  Niivaii.  aN.  t..  Ik-  it  »iirii« 
of  lliiir  .Miiiii..ii  ILivinit  ..II..  ,i>siirii.  .1  tin- 
rcsiMiiwiliilin  nf  tin-  iiia>Ki.  i.'  ..f  ih.-  |,r..ii»iaiil«. 
CliiirliM  IX  In  ^raii  to  jflory  in  !li.- (lull  iintlii 
27lli  nf  .Viiirn^t.  hi'  «iiil  \i  iih  'lii-  wlmlr  i  ..iirt  in 
Montfaiiion.  to  ioiiiiiii|.liil.  ilii-  miililati.l  r. 
inainn  of  tlii.  iidnilnil    .  .Ni..M   ,lav.  ii  cnn 

jiiliilir   |.n..i>-.ion  WHS    Ih.i.I.iI  1.\    ihr  kini: 
(■■■I.  Iirulion    ..f    his  .so  i  iilli.l    vi.  i..ry.   .   .       'I'i 
•\i.  i.ir^\  ■   »a<   also  cililiraii.l    '.y  two  imiluls 
NiMTlhili — .  till' ininils  .!   (  liarli'H  anil  his 
iiiolh.T  «.  ir  rviili  nllv  ill  at  i  .-.  ,  anil  tliiir  mis 
(livings  as  In  till  iir.it  Hliii  h  m.,h1.|  Ih'  proilii.i-.l 
ut  fori  i-ii  iniirtH  l.y  tin-  ii.  u  s  ,,r  tin.,).  priMiiil 
Idks  an.  vi  ry  .liil.  ni   in  il,     >  ir>iinr  lUnl  ofliii    ' 
rontnulirtory  orilir>  «lii.  Il   .i.,  v  i'lis|ialrlir.|  int..   ' 
thi.    pn. villus  Till'    in  «s' of  Ihi  sr  |.  rrililf 

cviiilH  .  iiis.,1  .111  rMriiii,.   iiK'il.ilioii    in   all    llic 
roiirlH  ihroiiL.li.iit  .  luisijan  Kiirnpi-.      I'liilip  .,f 
^piiin.  iiif..rnii.|  nf  Ih.   iii.iss;ii  n  s  li\  a  lill.  r  lr..iii    : 
till'   kiiiL-  an. I  111.'  .111.  .11  iiiniliir,  wrilliiinii  tin- 
Will  of  Aiiiriisi,  ripli.  .1  I.     wariiii'.in),'raliilaliniis   ' 
an. I  ixpi.-ssi.iiis  ..I  jny       III,,   larilin.il  nf    I,,,r     , 
raini-.  «lin«as  .   .       ui  l{oni,-,  L'aM'  ii  n  «.iril  nf   : 

I '<  "■<  ..f  Knl.l  I..  Ihr  Liiirirr  wh..  I11..U-I1I 

III.      i.  -j.alri.is,  nliil   llir  nrws  was  r,  I,  '  lali'il  at 
li..i  ..•  I.v  111.-  Ilrilii.' of  Ihc  i-alinniis  nf  i|.     nuslli.    i 
•  -f  'si.    .Viii:.  1...  aii.l  I.v  III.-  lit'liliiiL:  ..f      -11  lir.s   I 
ill    till-   stii-its        rill-' p.. p.- dill -nr\   .Mil  1  ,-1.   1 
ilii'  sii.  r.-.l  roll.-      \M-iit   ill    i.-1-aii.l  pi  Hi-ssinn  m 
till-  rliiir.  Ii.-.s  l.i.-il.r  lli.-ir  lliaiiks  1..  (iisl. 

Nnt   l-nlll.  lit    Willi  III, -si-  ll.-llinn^':. lli. .IIS,    llli-|„,|,|. 

laiiM-.l  [1  iii,-.|,il  I..  Im-  sirulk        ,       (Jii-irnrv  ilis 
lialill.-.|    ilnlii.-.li.iti  i\   I.,  Ilii- (-.iiitl  nf    l-'ralir'.-   tlii- 

l.-u'-iti-  Fal     .  .rorsiiii.  Willi  a  1 iiiiissinn  tn  mii 

I'laliilai.-  111.-  kiiii:  Mil. I  his  mot  111  r  f.ir  I  hi-  •.  iL.'l.■-- 
l|.y  I1...I  -liiiun  in   III,,  n-pn-s^inii  nf  li.  i-,-s\ 
.l,-iiian.|  il,.    '..i-pli..n  ill  Kr.um- of  til.-       imilnf 
Tri-iil.  ami     .     i-sial.lisliim-ni  ,,f  th,.  I;    |iiisiiii,„ 
.    Hill     Ml.      pajial   li-L-alr   f..uii.l    Ih,-   rnllrl    of 


i    Knim-t.  ill  II  itlffrn'nt  u-miMr  fMin  lli.i  wi^i,  j, 
>inliri|Hiit.it       < 'nthrrliir,  aUrtiwil    ii    u,,    ,fl,J, 
whh-h  thine  (frvnt  mitntKi'a  hiwl  pr<>l>i, ,  .1  ,,„  n 
l>MI|.aliint  wircn'lKnii,  fouiul  II  11,1,, -ir^  i„  ,,j '. 

Illm  prlvillr   IntlMmlliMI*  tllMt  tin-  inm,  ,111  III,,,,,'. 

of  ihi'  |H>nlllT  wi-rt-  iinllnii'lv.  iin,l  i..i,i,|  ,„,',  ,J 
piihlhly  ii.i-.pi...|,   .  riM-iMilii-v..!  |i„  p„,„|, 

ronrt  Hi  liiiini'  wnmio  l>-uiti<lHnli Yiil  1  ,ih,  .1 
h-uiiii- Ihitn  lu  ^■lltll,>n<  aliroa.l  Tli,  .,|.|  ,.;',,, 
aKiiiniit  thf  pnlilii-  i-m-nis,-  ,,r  ||„  p,,.!,^, |" 
wiimhlp  wi-p.  uriuliiiilly  r,-»h..|  aiil  ih.  IP,  „ 
iiolit  wen-  ih'priviil  of  ih,.  nilli  ..s  uhi,  |,  i!,i  vin,. 
olilnliii'il  ijiirinit  ihr  s|i,,rt  |Mri,n|  ..f  i,.|,  r:ii,.,ii 
hut  ulrhl  oriliM  wi-ri.  miiI  roiiml  1,,  f,,ii.|,|  ^^ 
furthir  iimswrn-K.  with  thnats  of  piihi,|,i,  ,„, 
aiialiiKl  Ihos,  who  hiiil  aln-a.lv  niT,  ii.l,.|  iimi,, 
Hihof  t>.t..Ur,  thi'  kini:  |inl.lisli,,|  „  .1..  lur,.,,,,, 
Invilln^•  Kin  h  of  tlir  pmirstam,  as  ha.l  ,,,iiii,.,| 
till-  kiii!;iloiii  ill  lonM'ipiiiii,  ,,f  III,.  iii-i„^.„r,,  ,., 
r.  iiirii.  .mil  proniMiiir  tln-in  safi-lv  .  I.i.i  ila,  ,  „ 
i"«iii  hillowi-.|  hy  htlcm  to  tin-  i:.",m  riu.rs  .,(  i|„ 

protinn-s.  illri-i-iin^'  thcni  tm  xlmrl  1!..  Hu; , 

Ifi-nlry  iinil  otlnrs  to  c-niiform  t..  ii,.-  ."tIilj,, 
faith,  anil  ili-<  larini;  thnt  hi-  wonl.l  i,.|,  r,i.  ,  i:!, 
niii'  rt-llKlnii  In  \n»  kiiiK'lom  M.n.v  I.. 'i.  i,.... 
that  Ih).  proli-siiint  rans«.  was  iiilinlt  ruiriil  t' 
Kraiin-.  i-iiinplii'il.  Hint  thin  ih  f,-i  ii<,ii  «;„,„,.,,,, 

in.'1-.l  liv  thi-  i-xainph'of  ihi-  tw,,  |,r ,,,f  n  .,, 

In.n  |lli-nry.  imw  klnit  of  N.n  irn-,  Ins  iii.-i„r 
.Iraiiiii-  irAllin-t.  hiivinit  ill.il  .liim  il.  1',:,'  ,ii.| 
lliiiry.  thi-yniiiijt  nrinii-  of  (  ..n.li  |  uh..  iii.r 
sonii'  wi-i-k«  nf  vloli-nl  ri-sisiaiii-, ,  miI.mjiii..|  :,- 
thi-  inil  of  S-pti-nilH-r,  aii.l.  at  I.  i-i  iM..iii«ir! 
form.  lM-<-ann.  ratlmlii-M.  It  has  !.,  .n  r.iii.irk..i 
thai  till,  niaxxacri.  of  St  Harllml-.m,  «  . 
lllll  i-iinn  i-iiliri-  rliani.'(.  in  Ih,-  ,  huM.  1 
prnti-staiil  imriviii  Kmnrc  Tlii- llu.  1 
liilln-l-lo  U-<-n  1  iilin  ly  riiliil  hy  111.  ii  .1..1,,  rn  . 
wh.i  lin.k  Ilic  lia.l  anil  iliri-ni.-ii  in  ,  ,.n  m-.i- 
iiii-nt;  lllll  now  till-  irri-at  iniiss,.f  ii,,.  in',.,,!.,,/ 
iioliility  hail  pi-risln  .1  or  ih-sirtr.|  llu-  1  m-  :i,i,; 
frniii  this  iiKiiiii-iit  till'  Intli  r  .1.  p.  ii-l.-.l  (.  r  -i,| 
port  u|H>n  the  iiihaliitanln  nf  soini  ..f  11,.  ^-r,  v 
low  tin  anil  mHin  ilii'  im  imM.-  rl.i-s  .,1  ih.  |«,.|,1,  , 

ai.il  with  this  ilmnirc    il    l.-.k    .1  1.    p..|.iiir 

rliarai  trr.  iiisomr  (-iist-sshon  iiii;  .^.  i.  a  !.  ii.|.  ii.  1 
1.1  n-piililii-aiiism.  In  tin-  inwiis  ^^  ■.,  1.  ih.  jn-  ■ 
i-stanis  wrn-  «lroiii;  i-iiont;h  1..  ,.!l.i  ^,  lin,  r. 
sistaln-i-.  Hiii-h  UN  I.11  l{iK-li(-lli-.  \  lllll,,  >:,i,.  .rr. 
anil  .Mnnlanlmn.  Ihr  rl(  hi-r  ImhjIh  rs,  ami  u  |.ir: 
at  Irasl  of  till- miiiiiripal  ollliiis,  «,ri-iii  f,i\.  ;ir 
nf  siiliiiilssinii,  anil  tlii-y  win-  n  s!r:iiiii.|  ..nlv  (■ 
the  n-sollili.iii  ami  ili-votioii  of  lli.  j.  ..  »■  nil!,. 
IMirtinn  of  ilii- population,  "      \'    \\  rijlii    //-■■    ' 

rni,,..  hk,  :i, ,-/,  T      11 

Ai.x.  i%     II.  .M,  ii..ir,l,  II,. I   ../  r. 

ii;,,,„„: ..  ,-ii  nil,  -:,   -A  .1.-  M..1,!. 

1,1,1,,  „/l/„     U,„i„,„    l',;,l,jt>,    ,.    1     ,., 

A.  b.  I572-1573-— The  Fourth 
War.  -Siege  and  successful  defence  of  Li 
Rochelle.-A  favorable  peace.  II,  '  <  l;- 
fniiiiir  priiiii-s.  Ili-nry  of  N.iv.in.- ini.l  II- r.r\  ;. 
('on.li'-.  alli-nili-il  mass  on  Ih.  '.'ImIi  .,|  >,  |.i.  in!,,  r 
anil,  on  till-  :l.l  nf  (l,-|,,|i,.r.  wr..l.  ...  lii.  p,-]..-  ,1. 
l.l..riin.'  till  ir  i-ri  - .  an. I  lmiIiil'  Ii  p,  s  ..f  iluir 
(..iiM Tsioii,  Kar  away  fmiii  I'aii-  i.i  tii,- in.-uii 
laiiis  nf  Ih,-  l'vri-ii,-i-s'aii,|  of  l..iii.-:i,  ,1 -, ,  111  ili. 


,1  l-r.. 
.  I  Hi, 
L  II..; 


/.■' 


,|,l    s|., 

Relif^ious 


towns  whi-ri-  Hi,-  If.  I'nrnn-rs  wi-n-  imii.  i-.u-  jiii-l 
(..ntiiliiil  .  ,  ,  ilii- spirit  nf  n-sisiaii. ,,  irri.-nl,- 
il;i.\.  .\n  iiswmlily.  iiii-i-linL' ai  ^lilln'i  -ir.-M  '.j- 
a  provisional  or.liiian. .  for  i In-  ::.,\.  r-iiii,  nl  .-f  li..- 
Ifi-fnrini'.l  rhiinh.  •  iiiiiil  il  pli-as.  il-i.  wli.,  hiis 
llii-   Ill-arts  nf  kinirs   in   Mis  kn-piii.:,  t,'  .  Ii.uil'. 


iL'.Jli 


FBAN<K.   I57»-I»7« 


niANt'K.   I'.Tll  l-'t'i 


tSSS?.»l  by  .IWll.ful.hinK  .itfn..  f-r  U.  !»•  .1.. 

EflS'i   Ih.-  f"<>nl'  r<l'|{l.m«  *"  t>r..kr  ".11 

]r„         iMirl...  IX    ».«!  III.  ......I.,  ill-r.  .«-■'«'•-> 

J,t  1«V  "n  v„ln  ...  .V..1.1 1.      Th.n.  «. r, 

°w  tlH'V  h.«\  J.i.t  ..tni.li.  II..-  |.«»l...i;il.'  -•n.-rtfy 
Tir,^.;-.!  I.v.Ik'  l*r.it.»tHiit«  In  i.«>luin  »t  I.« 

;v,rU^of,.rKlv.Mif..rln.lllT.r....-.l...lii......«v 

irk,. ..t  i...„«u.viii.. .    ii..i'i«<"i  I'll" '" «••  •" 

p1,.     TIm-  kliiK  n.^lv.!  I.I111  Willi  Kn«t  '"*"' 

'  |.  S,,!!.'  «l  l««t  .-..iiwr.t.  1  ni.a  r.'piiin.l 
.l„u.  II..-  .iKl  ..'  N-vrmlxT  I''"--  '"  «  ^"'»'", 
Jk*.  l.v  U  It'-li'll''-  wl'ltiK'  "  « '"  "'•""<>'" 
lE.lrputi.-..  (n-n.   tho   .,.«..»... .1.1  ........  .....1 

XtJ  will.  Ill-"  •\"'''  '"■'"''"'  '■'"';  " '■ 

i,l„.-.rr«i  .iK^Llly  ....1   f.,r  ....n-lv.-»  hUw  . 

7rn«<-,-  w  will  *..-|>t  iiotliluK  I'l't  wlii't 
duill  «-<ii.  pr-'I"'-  '"  »"  ""'>'"■<•'"",  ^""7 
Ohu  „lT.-rr.l ...  lrii«l  tli.in«.  lv.-«  .....l.-r  U  >•■."-  » 
r,.mi.i.i...l.  ii..lwilli«l.«"<lli'(t   ll"'  ''."im""'"".  '<> 

,11,1  ,„.t  tu-.it»t.-.  1..-  l-'<»"><'.  ]"'•}'■'  ll..;  u>ill".rii> 

„f  U  H.«l..-ll.-.   wLltli'T  Clmrl.-s  l.\    I""     «•  " 
M,„  ,.,  ,„„k..  |»-...-.-.     Tl..-  kl.iK  «...l...ri»..Ml  l.i.i.  I.. 
.,,,,, t  llii»  »l..Kulttr   |M«itl..n.       Iji    N-im-   <•"» 
,lu.u-.l  l.iM.H.-lf  N.  l...norHl.ly  i"  i«- "■''>  'v.-ry  h«I) 
WW,  N,  .,.Mviur.-.l  ..f  111.  «.««'   '«'<''  H.will   »» 
l,r«vrv.  llmt  f"r  Urn*  .....i.tli.  I..-  <-..mm«n.l.-.l 
li„i,l,  La  lt,Kli.  11.-.  ami  sii|..-rl..l.-ii.  .-.1  tin;  I>r.-I. 
.rati,inH   f..r  .l.-f.-...-.-.  »II   tl.-   «l.ll.-   trying    t.. 
iimk.-  111.-  <l.i.i..fH  i.f  |H-».v  pr.-viill      At  the  .-...l 
(,fK.-\.n..irv,  I-'.hI,  In- r.-.i.Kiii/.<l  iI»'  iinp'-^il'll 
Ilv  ,.f  hi*  cfmiliU'  conimlMlon.  .I'l'l  I"'  «"'"'  »""> 
fnim  I-.  ll.Hli.IU-.  W'livinK  tl..-   plji.t'  In   1";",'/ 
,„n,li!i,.ii  ll.i.n  that  In  wl.l.-li  he  Iwl  fi.nii.lit. 
witluiiit  .-iihi-r  king  ..r  K,.ch.ll.-s.'  c-.in.i.l.-riiii.' 
tl,,t  il„  V  li,i.l  miy  right  t,i   .•..inpliiin  <.f   liii" 
Iiir„i.  tlr'nt  U..1I  tli.-n  thf  I)iiW.-  of  Anj..ii  in  Jhi- 
wm   t.Hik   till-    (i>mi..»n.l  of  th<-  "I'l-'''        ••">' 
brim.'lit  111.  it  i.  M«l.l,  4l».n«0  '".n  i.n.l  "Kl  I'l'V" 
of   »rtil!,rv       Thf     «.H-hell.-».-.     f"!'    .l.-f.-n»iv.- 
»tr.nL'lli.  liiiil  Imt  ii  i-»ninaiii.-H  ..f  ";>'«"■<•'*  '"■ 
inhiil.iii.niH.  making  in  all  :lU»l  in.-".    /•"' "''•''; 
la»t.-,l  fnin  111.-  2«tli  »f  K.-liniary  to  tlu-  l-ltli  ..I 
Jiiiii-   l".T:t:  six  Kwuiult.  w.-ri-  niaih-  on  tli."  J.la.-i- 
l„i  UiHh.-ll.-  wiu.  NIV.-.I      Cliarl.-*  1\    was 
i„„r,-,.M,lnL..r,-.U-sir...iH..f  p.-a.-.-;  hisl.n.lli.r.  tli.- 
Iiiiki-  ■f   \iij.iii.  hml  jii»l  iH'in  .■l.-.l.-.l  Kiiii;  "f 
I'.hiii.l,  (hiirlis  IX.   w««  anxi..ii»  f..r  liim   t,> 

l-rn,    l-'riiiii-,-  mill  go  to  take  p.>««-«il f   hw 

n,  w  kinL'.L.ni  Thanks  lo  tli.-s.-  .-..mpli<-uli..ii-<. 
Ill,  p,  ,11.  ,.f  1,»  Kot-h.-ll..  wiw  8igm-<l  on  th.-  Htli 
of  Julv,  I.-.:;!  !.ilH-rty  of  i-rci-.l  ami  worship  was 
nn.LMii/.il  ill  till'  three  town*  of  lji  UimIu-IIi-, 
Moiiiiiuiuii  iiml  Nlraet  Thc-y  wen-  not  ol.lig.-.! 
to  n<.iM   aiiv  royal  garrimm,  on   .•onilltion  of 


MICtOCOPy    *ES01UTI0N    TBT   CHART 

ANSI  ond  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2i 


1.0    !:i^  1^ 


I.I 


1^ 


121  i  u 


20 
1.6 


^     APPLIED  IIVHGE 


'!6l    .'M   -  Si^a*,       ,  J, 


; . .    ' 

'  u 


^1  ■■^ 


I  » 


•1'' 


b!'.  •>*■;!''■' 


FRANCE,  1873-1578. 


hit  MinioHM. 


FKANCE,   1578-158.'5 


defeated  tlic  veteran  leaiier  of  the  protestanis  at 
.laniiie  and  «t  Moncoiitmir;  and  the  fame  of  liis 
exph)ils  liad  eontribuled  to  phue  him  on  the 
ehctive  throne  of  I'ohind.  whieh  he  now  ihtii- 
pied.  Aujiuring  fniin  liis  past  life,  a  l)rilliant 
epocli  niiglit  l)e  antieipaleif;  and  vit  we  enter 
upon  llie  most  eontemplilile  reijrn,  perliaps,  in 
tlie  annals  of  Fraiiei-.  .  .  .  Henry  was  i)ldiKed  to 
run  awiiv  liv  stealth  from  liis  Polish  subjects  [see 
I'lii.AMi':  -V".  I).  l.")T4-l.")iH)].  When  overtaken  by 
one  of  till'  nobles  of  that  kinpioin.  the  monarch, 
instead  of  pleailinii  his  natnnd  anxiety  to  visit 
France  anil  secure  his  inlieritame.  excused  him- 
.sclf  by  drawini;  fortli  the  portrait  of  his  unstress. 
.  .  .  imd  declared  tliat  it  was  love  wh'ch  has- 
Idled  his  rclurii.  At  Vienna,  however,  Henry 
!"ori;ot  lioth  crown  and  mistress  anddst  the  feasts 
tli.'it  were  f.'iven  him;  and  lie  Inrni'd  aside  to 
Venice,  to  enjoy  a  similar  reciptinn  from  that 
rich  rc|iulilic.  .  .  .  The  hostile  parlies  v\ere  in 
the  meantime  arminir.  The  l'(iliti(|nes.  or  neu- 
tral eatholiis.  for  the  first  time  showed  them- 
selves in  llie  tiild.  Tlicy  demanded  the  freediim 
of  Cosse  anil  of  Montmorency,  and  at  lenu'lh 
formed  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  the  huixueniils. 
Henry,  after  inilnl>;ing  in  Jlie  ceremony  of  lieing 
crowned,  was  oliliired  M  lead  an  army  into  the 
tiehl  Sieges  were  undertaken  on  ImiiIi  sides, 
und  what  is  called  the  fifth  civil  war  raged 
openly.  It  iM'came  more  serious  when  the  king's 
brother  joined  it.  This  was  the  duke  of  Alen- 
<,on.  a  viiin  and  tickle  personage,  of  whom  it 
ph'aseil  the  king  to  iHcome  jeahais.  Alenyon 
tied  and  joined  the  malcontents.  The  reformers, 
however,  vv.irreil  but  languidly.  Both  parlies 
were  without  active  and  /.eulous  leaders:  and  the 
only  notable  event  of  this  war  was  a  skirmish 
in  Chainpairnc  |the  liattle  of  Dormans.  in  which 
both  .sides  lost  heavily),  where  the  duke  of  Guise 
received  a  slii;hl  woniul  in  the  cheek.  From 
hence  came  his  surname  of  *  Le  Ualafre.'"  In 
February,  !."i*(t.  the  king  of  Navarre  made  his 
esiape  from  court.  "  lie  bent  his  course  towards 
liiiiinne.  and  at  N'iort  publicly  avowed  his  ad- 
herence to  the  reformed  religion,  declaring  that 
fone  alone  had  made  him  conform  to  the  mass. 
It  was  about  this  time  that  the  king,  in  lieu  of 
leadini;  an  army  against  the  malcontents,  des- 
patched the  ipieeu-mother.  with  her  gay  and 
licentious  court,  to  win  back  his  brother.  She 
succeeded,  though  not  without  making  large 
concessions  [in  a  treat V  called  the  *l*e,iceof  Mon- 
sieur']. The  duke  of  Alencon  obt^iiued  Anjou, 
and  oilier  provinces  in  appanage,  and  henceforth 
was  styled  diike  of  Anjou.  More  favourable 
terms  were  granted  to  the  huguenots:  they  were 
allowed  ten  towns  of  surety  in  lieu  of  six,  and 
the  appointment  of  a  certain  number  of  judges 
in  the  parliament.  Such  weakness  in  Henrv 
disi:ii«ieil  llie  body  of  the  catholics;  and  the  pri- 
vate liabiis  of  his  lil'e  contributed  still  more,  if 
possible,  than  hi.^  public  measures,  ti)  render  him 
eontem|itible.  He  «as  continually  surruumled 
by  a  set  of  yoiiniT  ami  idle  favourites,  wlio.se 
airiciMiioii  ii  was  to  unite  ferocity  with  frivolity. 
Tile  kiiiL'  showed  tlii-ni  such  tender  atfection  as 
he  iniirht  evinci-  towards  woman;  they  even  had 
the  iinblusliing  impudence  lo  adopt  feminine 
habits  of  dress;  and  the  monarch  passed  his  time 
in  adorning  them  and  himself  with  rolK'9  and 
<'ar-rinL:s.  .  .  .  The  indescribable  tastes  and 
amusements  of  Henry  and  his  mitrnons,  as  his 
favourites  wer,-'  called  mis;  d  iiti  tiiro-.j^h- 


out  the  ilion  one  universal  cry  of  ablmrrinic 
und  conleinpl. " — E.  E.  Crowe,  llixt  nf  A'mv, 
(•//.  8- ',» (r.  1). 

Also  in:  Lady  .Tacksim,  T/ir  hitt .,/ il„  l',,;„„ 
r.  2.  i-A.  3-6.— S.  Menzies,  UnytU  t'linmriht  ■■  1 
eh.  T>. 

A.D.  1576-1585.— The  rise  of  the  League.  - 
Its  secret  objects  and  aims.— Its  alliance  with 
Philip  II.  of  Spain. — The  Pope's  Bull  agains: 
Navarre  and  Cond<. —  'The  famous  a^s,,ri.i!). 
known  as  the  'Calholic  League  '  or  '  Holy  I'nini; 
took  its  rise  from  the  strangely  imliiliri'iu  im,,. 
granted  to  the  llugtieuols  by  flic  '  I'ean  .it  .Mm 
■sieur,'  in  -Vpril.  1,">T(1.  Four  years  had  mhiv.Iv 
elapsed  since  the  hhsHlstained  Y.w  of  m  i',,f. 
tholomew.  It  had  been  ho|H-d  that  bv  tieniiMif 
that  execrabh' crime  the  Hefonnatinii  woiiM  limr 
been  finally  crushed  and  extinguished  in  Kr.iin  1  ; 
but  iii-stead  of  this,  a  treaty  was  coniludcl  with 
the  heretics,  which  placed  them  in  a  more  f,i\.mr. 
able  situation  than  they  had  ever  oeeu|iiid  lie- 
fore.  ...  It  was  reganled  by  the  iMajeiity  u[ 
Catholics  nsuwickeil  and  cowardly  bilnyiiluf 
their  most  s-icred  interests.  They  iiseiiluil  ii  to 
its  true  source,  namely,  the  hopeless  ii;eap;ieiiv 
of  the  reigning  inonafch,  Henry  HI  ;  a  primV 
whose  monstrous  vices  and  gross  niistjiivffiiiiifni 
were  destined  lo  reduce  France  lo  a  st.ite  of  ilis- 
organizatiou  bordering  on  national  ruin.  Tlie 
idea  of  a  general  <'onfi'deration  of  Catiiiilies  fur 
the  ilefcnee  of  the  Faith  against  the  iiir  .uls  nf 
heresy  had  been  suggested  by  the  Canliiiiil  ef 
Lorraine  during  the  Council  of  Trent,  ami  lial 
Ihtu  favourably  entertained  at  the  (  mnt  nf 
Koine.  The  Dnke  of  Guise  was  lo  li:ive  liii:i 
placed  at  the  head  of  this  alliance,  but  liissinlijeu 
death  changed  the  face  of  alfairs,  and  the  piuj.ci 
fell  into  alieyance.  The  Canlinal  of  l.niriine 
was  now  no  more:  he  died  at  .Vvit'iioii,  :ii  ila' 
age  of  .ID.  in  December,  \'ui.  .  .  .  llmry,  tlu- 
tiiird  Unke  of  (Juis<',  inherited  in  llii  h'  fiilli-t 
extent  the  ambition,  the  religious  ardour,  ilie 
lofty  political  aspirations,  the  eulerprisiiiL'  spirit, 
the  personal  popularity,  of  his  preiIieesM)rs. 
The  Leagueof  1,~)*6  waseonceiveii  entirelv  in  liis 
interest.  He  was  the  leader  haturally  pnintnl 
out  for  such  u  movement :  —  a  moveiiienl  wliii  !i. 
although  its  ulterior  objects  were  at  lirsi  stinii- 
ously  concealed,  aimed  in  reality  at  snbsiiiuiiii;; 
the  family  of  Lorraine  for  that  of  Viiinis  mi  tin- 
throne  of  France.  The  ilesigns  of  the  e  iilrili  r 
ates,  as  set  forth  in  the  original  manile^i  .  «liiili 
was  circulated  for  signature,  seemed  at  lir-i  >i.'li! 
Idgldy  rominendable,  iMith  with  rei:;ird  1  reii 
gion  and  polities.  According  lo  this  dm min  ;i!. 
the  Union  was  formed  for  three  great  piirpi-..  s 
to  uphold  the  Catholic  Clinreh ;  to  siiii|in-s 
heresy:  and  to  mainlain  the  honour,  llieauilinr- 
ily  and  prerogatives  of  the  Mosi  Cliri-ii,.':  Li:;-' 
and  his  sueces.sors.     On  closer  cxaniiiMiti  .v- 

ever,  expressions  were  dei.-cted  wliieli  I  :  :it 
less  constitutional  projecl.s.  .  .  .  Tie;;  ^| .  ni 
aims  became  incoiitestaiily  -nanifesl  >.•  n  :ifi.  r- 
wards,  when  one  of  their  eonfiilenti;d  :ii:' nt-,  an 
adviM-ate  named  David,  happeiud  todie  v;i.!,|.  nl> 
on  his  return  from  Uoiiie,  and  his  paii  is  li  'I  mii 
the  hands  of  the  Huguenots,  who  innni  ili  ili  iy 

made  them  piililic V  cliaiige  "f  d>  " '-!i  i" 

France  was  the  avowed  object  of  tin  m  In  iii' 
thus  disch)seil.  It  .set  forth,  in  sulivi.inr.  •  >' 
the  Capetian  nionarchs  were  usurpi  r-  -- ;iie 
throne  lielonging  rightfully  to  the  hoii-.  ni  I.i  r 
rainc  as  tlie.  lineal  dcseeni'.aals  of  C!i:;!!' 'i' '-'■"■ 


123K 


FRANCE.  157«-1WS 


The  Ciitholie 
Ijeayuv 


FKANCE,  1578-1580. 


ThP  Diikc  of  OnlHC,  will.  Iho  advice  nn<1l   j 

■      ,nnf  tlip  PoDf.  was  to  iiuprinon  Henry 

r";iir«"t  of    is  la  "  l"  »  ...ona»U.ry,  ..ftcr  tl..; 

'"'  ,  nl,  o       ,    u-st-or  I'.pin  «l..n  he  .letl.rouea 

!,""        ,    in^an  CMnl.lerie'      Lastly,  ti.e    .eir  of 

Vrm.       U..1    on  assi.n.i..U    the   rrown,  wi-   to 

T  su  larmngeiiients  witi.  Lis    llohi.ess  as 

"    .  1   ^,  ire  the  ro...l.lete   rerognitioi,   of     I.e 

"'    r  i.rmv    f   he  Vi.ar  ,.t  Christ,  l.y  abrop.t.nu' 

?:;•:    fli.eso.«..lh..l    'lil^rtiesof  ,he(!alhn,,, 

■i,„r,li  ■        .  Tliis  ri'volutioiiary   plot  .   .   .   ""■ 

,    ,  Iv    was  viewed  with  eordial  Hyn.,«thy   an.l 

riMl  withei,thusiastie/,eal,  l.y  inat.y  olt   . 

p  '£t    ,  and  a  larrfe  ...aioritv  of  the  parnO  ul 

■^1  r,  V   of  Kninee.   .   .   ■   The  death  of  the  Duke 

S   \  U        ,rs.iniptive   lair  to  tl..'  Ihr ■..  m 

Hue  ev,-nt  of  the  kii.K's  dym-  without  iss    • 
Ihel    WHS  most    prohahh',- the  .tow,,   w.a.ld 
r,  V  l"  Ive  upo..  lle..ry  of  Ho,.rl.on    the  Mni.' 
"(N  varrel,     he   aeki.owh-ise.l   leader  of   tie 
1™.     ts.      .  .   1..    .lii.mary.    LW.   the   <  hie  s 

„M1       e.);.iosiB..e.l  a  «-e.et  tn^aty  at  .lomville 

p;irliesinade  eo...,..o..  ea..s»- for  •''•;    y';.! ;'      .' 
,,    ,11  vets  a.ul  heresies  i.i  Fra.iee  a.id  the  N  et  he. - 

u     1..1  for.xeludinK  fro.i.  th.'  Kreii.h   l.ro„e 

tri    ;.    who  werehereties,  or  who  ;  t.Ta,e,l  hcT,. 

.™i,l>puhlhi...p....ity.'.   .   .    Liberal  s..pp.es 

„„'n  and  money  were  to  Ih^^  f..r...shed  to    he 

„s"r"e,.tshv  I'hiiip  fro...  the  ...o.i.ent  that  war 

M,    Id   break  o,.t The    Lea«;.ers   lost    tm 

m"  t's..eki,.2  for  their  enterpris,'  the  all-..n|mr 
a™  "inetio..  of  the  Holy  See.     For  th.s  p..rpos.. 
h"v  despatehed  as  their  e..voy  to  IJo.i.e  a  .lesi.  t 
nm.nl  ('laude  .Mattl.ie...   .  .   .  The  •  es.i.t  frater- 

Tia   Fra„e..   had  embn.eed    -tK  P^e^.;;-^ 
ani.mr  the  anli-royal.st  cans...   .   .   .     lisll      n.ss 

|()r,L'..rv  Xlll.l.  however,  was  ea.itious  a.ul  re- 
Uvnl  "  He  expresse-d  in  Kemral  tern.s  his  eon- 
si.nt  b.lhe  proj.rt  of  takini;  .iiu.ri.is  against  the 
Lreties,  and  irant.-l  a   l'l'""'i.V, "" '''S""u  ,',' 
th(we  who  should  aid  in   the  lady  work.      H  .t 
he  d.rlim d  to  .o.iute.ianee  the  deposition  of  the 
ki„^-l,vvioleiHe.   .   .   .   At  l.nt'th.  however  iNp 

tcnilrrtl  1">--<">1.  Sixtns  was  |HTsua(h'.l  to  ful.i.i 
aat,.  a  Imll  MLMiiist  the  King  of  Navarre  a.i.l  the 
fti,„r..f  (..nde.  in  which  .  .  .  hoth  culprits. 
toB.Ihi  r  with  their  heirs  ami  posteritv  w.'re  pro- 
Douiard  lor  ,ver  incapable  of  M.cc.ed.n.«  .to  the 
tlirm,.  of  France  or  any  other  difrnily ;  the.r  s.i  - 
i„-,s  luul  vassiils  were  released  from  tl.eii;  oath 
,.f  liu.iwii;e.  ami  forbidden  to  obey  then..  — «. 
11.  .lervi,.   Ili,l.  "ft''"  Church  of  tr.ii,,:;   r.   1, 

"ai.soin:  L.  vim  llanke,  Ci-il  »'■"•«  ■»"!  -V""- 
arAii  i„  Fncii;.  ,-lt.  21. 

A  D.  ii;77-iS78.— Rapid  spreaa  of  the 
League.-the  lixth  Civil  War  and  the  Peace 
of  Berger^c.-Aniouinthe  Netherlands.- 1  !..■ 
Umlmi.  -spread  like  li);ht..inK  "Ver  the  whole 
fair  of  France;  Conile  <ould  tind  no  footinu' in 
I'll. inU  „r  even  in  I'oitoi. ;  He.iry  of  Navarre 
was  ofiwil  entrance  into  Hordeaiix  its.'lf ;  the 
liral,  i.f  the  Leau'iie.  the  fan.ily-parly  of  the 
Lhikis  "f  (iuise,  .Maven.ie  a..d  Nc...o..rs.  seemeil 
t(i(.irrvall  bifore  them;  the  weak  Kinir  leant 
towiir.U  them;  the  Ijiiwn  Mother,  intriKUintr 
ever,  s.iiiiciled  in  separating  Anjou  from  the 
Politiqiii «,  and  Ix-gan  to  sed.ice  Dan.ville.  She 
linpr.i  ,,„ir  ...OR"  to  isidate  the  Hiigiieiiots  and  to 
use  ilii-  l.iiiKue  to  weaken  and  depri'ss  them. 


The  Court  and  the  League  seemed  to  be  in  per 
f.ct    harn.n..y,   the   King  .  .  .  in  a  J^"}'.   "  '', 
scrilHil  to  the  Irf'ttgue,  though  the  twelve  articles 
were   .  oi.siderablv    m.Hlirteil    iHtore    they    wen- 
shown  to  him.   .  .   .  The  l.eag..ers  had  suciTcdcd 
1„  u.aking  war  IcaUed   the   Mxlh  « '"1  W  ar- 
1.-.7TI    a.id  winning  s<m.e  successes:  but  on  tliur 
heels  ca.ne  the  Court  with  fresh  negociati.ms  for 
piaie.      The  beans  desire  of  the  King  was  to 
crush  thesiubborn  Huguenots  a.iil  to  destroy  th. 
moderates   but  he  was  afraid  to  act ;  and  so  it 
rame  about  that,  though  Anjou  was  won  away 
from  them,  and  .ompromiscd  on  th.'  otb.r  Mile 
anil   thi.u-h   Dan.ville  also  .hserte.l   th.-.n.  and 
thouL'b  llu'  wla.l.'  party  was  in  the  ut.uosi  ,  is- 
i„.l,.r  and   .sirm.d    lik.-ly  to   di.sp.Tse,    sl.ll    th. 
(  ..urtolT.r.d  them  su.h  terms  that  ...  the  end 
,l„.v    x-emed    to   have   .■vcn    recovend    ground. 
r„.'l,r  the  walls  of    MonlpilliiT,     )amvil  e,  the 
Kin.'s  L-iLcral.  and  Chatillon,  the  Adimral  s  so  ., 
at    the   h.ad   of  the    Huguenots,  w.tc   actually 
manoMivring  to  begin  a  battle,  when   U    None 
,,un..  ..p  b-aring  tidiuL's   of  p.aie   and   at   the 
i,„„,i„,.,',t  risk  of  iKing  shot  pla.-.d  lum«;lf    ^  j 
twcen  the  two  armies,  and  stayed  their  uplifted 
hands      It  was  the  I'.ace  of  liiTgirac  [.-...jtirmea 
bv   th.'   Kdiii  of  I'niii.rs  — Sept.  1.,   1....1.  an- 
other imlTeitual  truce,  whi.h  on.-e  .nore  gran  ed 
in  till-    main    what    that   of   Chast.noy  [or   the 
•  I'.a.e  .if  M.>nseiir'l  had  alri'ady  promis.-d:  it  is 
needless  to  s.v  that  th.'  I-.a-u.'  would  have  no.ie 
of    if    and    partis;.i.-warfare,   almost  objectless, 
how.v.r   oppr.s>ive   to   the   .-..untry.    went    on 
without  a  bivak:  th,'  land  was  ove.;nin  l.>  a.  ■ 
ve.ituiers  and  ban.lits,  sure  sign  of  political  ile.Uli. 
Nothiui;   .ouhl    l)c    mon-    brutalising   or    more 
brutal :  but  th.-  savage  traits  ..f  .ivil  war  an'  less 
n'voltiiig  than  the  ghastly  nvelriesof  the  (  ..urt^ 
Ml  the  cl.i.fs  wen'  aliki'- ..either  the  King  n.>r 
H.nrv  of  Navarre,  nor  Anjou.  nor.'yeii  the  str.ct 
(■'.tholic  C.iiise,  .lisilaiiad  t.>  wallow  in  .lebauch. 
Having  ..iiarrel.'d   with  'is  bn.th.T.  the    King, 
"  Vniou  H.d.  inthe  b.'giniiiugof  l'J.«.  to  Angers 
wh.re.    linding    that    th.re    was  a   pn.spc't   of 
an.u«'ment  in   th.'  Netherlands,    he   turned   bis 
ba.k  .m  th.'  hitdi  Caiholics.  ami  renew.'d  fn.'ii.l^ 
ship  with  th,'  llugu.not  .'hi.'fs.     He  "as  invitcal 
'       to  come  to  th.'  r.s.  ue  .)f  th.  .listn'ss.,!  t  ah  mists 
i,.  th.'ir  struggl.'  against    Philip,  ami  'Md-'^ir'-d 
„  the  N.'thcrlamls  in  .lulv   l.".:-*  l«V,^;""i?' 
,\n,.s-  A.l)   l.-,77-l'-,^«l.amll'-..xi-l'-.«-lV-ti.\\. 
Kitchin.  Jli'l.  ■'!■  AVi.mv ,  ,:  2.  pik  ■^•»-^''J- 

A  D    i<;78-is8o.— Treaty  of   Nirac— The 
Seventh  Civil  War.  known  at  the  War  of  the 
Lovers -The   Peace  of  Fleix.      ■  Th.'  Kmg, 
instead  of  availin-  hims.lf  ..f  this  interval  of  re- 
,;,«'   [after  the    I'.ace   ofHergeracj   to  forliy 
l,i„,s,'lf    a-ainst    his  cncmi.'S.  only    si.uk  ile.;p.r 
and    il.'.'p.r    into    vice    and    infamy.   .   .   .    Ihc 
.ourt  nsl'mbl.'d  at  on.'.'  a  sla..gl.l.r-l..mse  and  a 
l.n.thel    allhouL'h.  a- ..d  all    this  corrupt.on   the 
Ki,  .r  was  til.'  slave  .,f  m.mks  and  Jesuits  whom 
1,,'  i'liipli.itlv  olKV.'d.     It   was  ab..ul   this  time 
.11 1'u'ilK'r   i.W,  Ihat   he  institute.l  the  .ml.  arv 
onliT   of   the  Hoh    Cl.ost.  that   of   St.    Mi.hael 
'    having  fallen  inlo'.'onte.npt  through  U'lng  pr..» 
,i,ui.'.l   to   unworthy   .d.je.'ts.      Meanwl...'       .' 
!   (iuis.'S  wen'   using  .'very  elTort  to  rekindle  the 
'    war   whi.h   Catlarine.  on   the  other  hand,  was 
i   ,.„il,''avourinL-   to   prevent.     Will,  this  view  she 
I   ,r  v.'ll.'d  in  August,  into  the  soutl..'rnpn>v.u<es, 
u.il  had  an  interview  with  Henry  of  N;'^^^"'!  » 
1   Nerac,   bringing   with    her    Henrys    wife,    htr 


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KHAXC'K.   ir)TH-1580. 


77ir   H-.ir  1./  /)i^ 

/.Ol"*-!-*. 


FRANCE,   l.'i«4  l,'i89. 


duiiclitir  Murpinl .  h  cin  uinsliimr.  liowi'vcr, 
wliirli  iliil  iiDl  Hilil  t(i  till'  plrasiirr  of  tlicir  iiicit- 
in>r-  Ih'iiry  rtTi-ivcd  tin*  ladicM  foUlly,  iiud  thi'V 
rcliri'il  into  I,iiiimi<'(lo('.  wlnii'  they  passcil  the 
n'miiiiiiliT  (if  till'  jiMr.  NrviTlliili'-s  tlir  iicnncla- 
tioijs  wt'i\' wilulnusly  pursuril:  fur  a  pracr  with 
till*  lluiroiiols  was,  at  this  tiinr,  iiiilispnisaliti-  tii 
llir  Ciiiirt,  ...  In  Kvliniary  l."!*.  a  siirrt 
tri'.ily  was  ^it'iiiil  at  Ni'rac.  Iiy  wliiih  tlir  loii 
nssinlis  >:r,imicl  til  thr  I'riilislalits  liy  thr  prair 
iif  Hiit'irai-  wirr  iinirh  rvtiiiiliil.  .  .  .  Calhrr 
ini'  spriit  tii'arly  tin*  whnli*  uf  thr  j'rar  l'ii!>  in 
the  hoiith.  t-nili'aviiiiriiii;  to  uxrrt  a  riiicw.-tl  of 
the  war  liy  lur  iiilrif-iii's.  ratlnr  than  liy  a  faith 
fill  iilisiTvanci'  of  till'  pi'aci'.  Hut  the  KiiiL' 
of  Navarro  saw  throiii;ii  Iiit  Italian  artillcrs, 
ami  was  prcpari'il  to  siiniinnri  his  fririiils  anil 
captains  at  thr  slioilisl  I'oiiri'.  'I'hi'  hostilitirs 
whiili  111'  fori's;iw'  will'  not  lon<;  in  liriakinu' out. 
mill  in  a  ^vay  that  woiilil  srrin  iiiipossihh'  in  any 
otlicr  I'ountry  than  Kianii'.  Whi'ii  thi' Kini;  of 
Navarri'  Ih'il  from  C'oiirt  in  l.'i'li.  he  cxprrxsi'il 
his  itiilitTi'ri'ncr  fortwo  tliint^shc  had  Irft  lii'hind. 
the  mass  and  his  wifr;  Marirari  I.  thr  hrroiiir  of 
a  thousand  amours,  was  niually  inditfiTcnt,  and 
thoui:h  they  now  lontrivi'ii  to  ro'iatiit  to^rthrr, 
it  was  iKiausr  carh  connivi'd  at  thr  intidrlitirs 
of  thr  othir.  Ilriirv  was  in  lovr  with  .Madriniii- 
scllr  Kossriisc,  a  L'irl  of  foiirtnn,  wliilr  .M,iri;arrt 
had  taken  for  lii-r  gallant  thr  youiiir  Visniunt  of 
1'urrn.ir.  w  ho  had  l.itrly  turnrd  Ilu^iinot.  .  .  . 
Thr  Dukr  of  Anjoii  U  iiin  at  this  tinir  ilisposnl 
to  rrnrw  his  coiinrrtion  w  ith  thr  IIiif;onots,  Mar 
purrt  srrvid  as  thr  inriliiiin  of  roinniiiiiiration 
iK'twi't'ii  her  hrothrr  and  hrr  hiisliund;  whilr 
llriiry  III  ,  with  a  virw  to  intrrrupt  this  piod 
uniUrstandiii;;.  wrotr  to  thr  Kin;;  of  Navarrr  to 
ncquaint  him  of  thr  intrii:iirs  of  his  wifr  willi 
Tiirrmir.  Ilrnry  was  iirithrr  surjirisi'd  nor  af- 
Uirtcd  at  this  intVlli^rnir ;  hut  hr  laid  thr  Irttrr 
lirforr  thr  jruilty  partirs,  who  hoth  drnird  thr 
chariir,  and  Ilrnry  alTrrtrd  to  lirlirvi'  tlirir  pro- 
ti  stations.  Tin*  ladirsof  thr  Court  of  Nrrar  wrrr 
indi).'nant  at  this  art  of  Ilrnrv  III.,  ■thrrnrmy 
of  womrn';  tiny  prrssrd  thrir  hivrrs  to  rrmw 
hostilitirs  au'ainsl  th:il  disroiirtrous  inonarrh ; 
Anjoti  added  his  instanri's  to  tliosi'  of  thr  lailirs; 
null  in  l,~iH(>  rnsuril  thr  war  railed  from  itsoriirin 
•  la  fiurrre  lies  amoiirni.x,' or  war  of  thr  lovers: 
the  srvrnth  of  what  arr  soiiirtiinrs  styled  tiie 
wars  of  reliirionl  The  I'riiur  of  Coiidf.  who 
lived  on  had  terms  with  his  loii^iii,  li,'id  already 
t'lkm  thr  tirld  on  his  own  aeroiint,  and  in  No- 
vrnitirr  l.~iT!»  had  sri/.rd  on  the  littlr  town  of  I,:l 
Fririn  Tieardy.  In  tlir  s|iriiiir  of  l.WOtlir  I'rot 
rslaiit  (hirfs  in  thr  south  iinfiirlrd  thrir  hannrrs. 
The  Kiiiic  of  Navarre  laid  the  foundation  of  his 
military  fame  liy  the  liravery  he  displayed  at 
the  laptiirr  of  Caliors;  hut  on  the  whole  the 
inovrmi  nt  proved  a  failure.      Ileiiiy  III.  had  no 

fewer  tliaii  thr irinies  in  the  tield.  w  liieh  were 

^'I'lierally  virioriou>.  and  the  Kiriir  of  Navarri' 
found  liiinsilf  menarrd  in  his  eapiial  of  Nrrar  liv 
.Maivlial  Itiioii.  liul  Henry  III  .  lur  le.ir  of  the 
(iiiivs.  did  M"i  wish  to  )ire>s  the  lliiironots  too 
h.ird.  and  ai  liiii.'lli  aeerplrd  thr  prolTrrrd  nndi- 
alion  of  the  Duke  nf  Aii,joii,  who  w(is  at  this 
time  anxious  to  eiiier  on  the  iiroteetorate  olfi  nd 
to  him  by  ihe  Kleiuin:,'^  Anjou  set  oil  for  the 
koutli.  aiionipanieil  liy  his  mot  her  and  her  '  tlyill^' 
H'piadioii  '  [of  sediiiiiie  nyillph^| ,  ronfereners 
were  opened  at  theiastle  of  I'"lei\  in  I'rridord, 
■and  tin  N;  ■.  iiiitK  r  •^hxh  i")^';  u  :r(a:v  wa;s  ron 


ilndril  which  was  iiIiniMt  :i  litrral  iin.uil  ,,] 
thai  of  Hrrjjenic.  Thus  nn  cipiiviKal  inin  ,,, 
rather  truce,  was  rresljihlished.  which  |iriii,i| 
of  somrdiinitiiin." — T.  II.  Dyer,  I/ikI.  ,,f  \l„i,i., 
Knri'iif,  hk.  II,  eh.  H  (r.  2t.        " 

Al.n<>  in;  Due  d'.Viiniale.  Ili^l.  :/' i!.,  /'/,,„,, 
(/<■  (\:iifli\  hk.  'i.  rh.  1  (r  '.'». 

A.  D.  1584-1589.— Henry  of  Navarrt  heir  ap- 
parent to  the  throne.  — Fresh  hostility  of  the 
League.— The  Edict  of  Nemours.-  The  Pope's 
Brutum  Fulmen.— War  of  the  Three  Henrys 
—Battle  of  Coutras.-  The  Day  of  Barricades 
at  Paris.- Assassination  of  Guise.  Assas- 
sination  of   Henry    III.—  "The    Dm    il  Vajiu 

.   .   .   died  in  I.V<I;  Henri  III.  wasa  w..n ,|,„| 

feelilr  invalid;  the  reports  of  the  doi  i.iis:iiiii  ihr 
known  virtue  of  the  (Jiierii  forh.'id  the  linp,'  ,,f 
ilirert  heirs.  The  Kini:  of  N,iv;iiiv  «,i,  ||„. 
rldrst  of  the  leu'iliniate  male  dev ,  ii.|.,iitv  ,if 
IliinursCapct  and  of  Saint  I.oiiis  |si  .■  llcji  y.uts, 
Hiii'sK  ok].  Hut  on  the  one  hand  he  »:[.  arr- 
lapsi'd  hrrrtie;  on  thr  other,  hi'>  retalionsliip  te 
the  Kiiii;  was  so  distant  that  he  1  oiild  iievi  r  \a\,- 
iM'cn  served  heir  to  Iiiin  in  any  civil  suit  This 
last  objection  wasof  small  accuiint ;  the  sliiin:!  nr 
rules  which  povern  il.  ii~ions  in  private  allairs 
cannot  Ik'  made  applicalile  to  iiialter>  alleiiins; 
the  tranipiillity  and  wclll  iiv' of  iiaiii'ii- 
Ilis  religion  was  the  only  pretext  on  w  hi.  li  Xa. 
v.'irrei'oiihllK' excluded.  France  was.  ami  «i.>liiil 
to  remain.  Catholic:  she  could  not  siilitnit  tea 
I'rotcstiint  KiiiK.  T!;"  nianni;ers  of  the  l.i.iaiu' 
tinderstoiMl  that  this  very  wide  spread  ami  11. n 
Htroii,:;ly  clierislird  frrlini;  mi^rlit  some  d.iv  lie- 
come  It  |M)wrrfiil  Irver,  but  that,  in  onic  r  u<  ,i~" 
it.  it  was  very  needful  for  them  to  avoid  nil'  inl 
ini;  thr  national  amour  propre:  and  they  i1ihu::Ii| 
that  Ihry  had  succccilcil  in  tiniiiiiL'  the  llllall^.lf 
elTcctinir  their  iiliject.  .Next  to  \:ivarri .  liu 
ehlcst  cf  the  Hoyal  Hiiiisi'  was  his  nm  le  ilic 
Cardinal  lie  lloiirlHin:  thr  (iiiisrs  .'ii  liiinwliilfnl 
him  us  lirir  to  tlir  throne  mil  first  I'l-inci-  of  ihc 
lilishi,  under  the  protection  of  the  Popr  anl  nf 
the  IxinK  of  Spain.  .  .  .  Thr  ferhle  iiiiMil''d  eH 
man,  whom  no  one  respected.  w:is  a  men  pljjin 
torn,  and  could  otfer  no  si'rious  resis  in,  ,■,  u)i,ii 
it  should  lie  convenient  to  set  him  aside,  .  .  .  lo 
every  class  throughout  the  nation  th.'  iii.ijiirity 
were  anxious  to  niiiintain  at  once  Fiemii  unity 
and  CathoMc  unity,  dislikii.i;  the  id  loniiiiiMii. 
hut  equally  iipposril  to  iiltramontaiie  pi.  i.'n-idii* 
and   to   Spanish    ambition.   .        .    Dm  tliis 

j:rrat  party,  alrrady  nanird  the  '  parii  pi'li:ii]iii'," 
biinj;  loosrly  top'thrr  without  ji  Itailer,  aii-l  uitli- 
out  a  [loliry.  For  thr  present  it  wa>  panil\/ril 
by  the  contempt  in  which  the  Kim;  \i:i~  luM: 
w'hilr  the  dislike  winch  was  enlertaini  '1  I'T  lii.' 
ii'litrions  opinions  of  thr  riirhtlul  In  ir  ii  liie 
thronr  Brrmeil  to  diprivr  it  of  all  hn|i,'  I  r  ilie 
fiiturr.  Ilrnry  III.  stood  in  nee.l  ol  ih'  .-i- 
tancr  of  thr  Kill!,'  of  Navarre:  he  wniiiil  w\\ 
iniily  have  cleared  away  thr  ohstm  le  «  hi-  li  U  |ik 
them  apart,  and  he  made  an  o\rt:iiir  wjilia 
view  to  brim;  back  that  Prime  lo  iln  1  iilmlic 
reliL'ion.  Ibil  these  clTorts  could  iioi  !i.  -mr-- 
fiil.  The  ihani;e  of  creed  on  llie  pii'  ■  I  th'- 
Kearnais  was  to  be  a  sati-l'aeiioii  "11' vl  ''i 
France,  the  pleili;e  of  a  flesh  aLMeeiii.  Ill  i'i  ii'.i'ii 
the  nation  and  his  race,  and  not  a  1  'i  ■  -i  ui  i" 
the  threats  of  cni'iniis.  He  was  n,  :  m  un- 
believer; still  less  was  he  a  hy|ioii-iti  !  1:  lir 
was  placed  iH'twei'n  two  fanatical  piiM'^,  :in'i 
n  lii  ihd  bv  tiu- i-.xi-cssi-s  of  biitii.  -■-:■.■    '!*■■•'. 


1240 


FRANCE.   13»4-1.W!I. 


T1i»   Mar  <•/  thr 


KUANCK,    1584-lMO 


l,pnc»llv  JoubUMl,  and  nn  l.i-.  rrliKioiH  iikI.tihioii 
««s no's( cn't.  lilscoiivirsioii iiUli.-  Iiiiif  <>f  wlmli 
wean- now  BpettkinK«'ml'l  ''i'*''  '"'•»  "«ntM-;l 
to  the  worst  molivi'S."  As  it  wiis,  lie;  fouiid  It 
n«T«iarvto(Hiiet(listiirliiii«  riimorH  witli  nvniird 
in  till'  iiroiiosaU  "f  llic  Kiiii;  I'v  |MrmittiiiK  ii 
plain  artount  of  wimt  lm<l  <«(iiri  .1  to  bf  iimdr 
public,  ■•ll.nry  111..  ImviiiK  no  oth.r  answ.T 
,,  ii.iikf  to  this  piililunlioii.  wlLcli  iiistiticd  all 
the  (nniplaiiils  of  tlir  CatlDlics.  irplicil  to  It  l.y 
thftnatvof  N.mours  and  l.v  thc.ili.l  of  .Inly 
rr,H">l  "Tlicv  two  acts  annulled  all  tlii' ciliits  in 
fi'vd'iirof  tol.r.ition;  and  placrd  at  the  disposal 
,.f  till'  Liairiic  all  the  rcsoiiricsaMd  all  llic  forci'S 
„f  thf  nioiianliv."  Sion  afterwards  tin-  I'opi' 
is.Mi(il  anainst   Savarri'  ami  Condi'   his  Imll  of 


I.t(''('miiiiiTi'i'i'.'ati.m.  Hy  this  "  tli.'  I'otitilT  iliil  not 
drnrivc-  the  IJourhons  of  a  shifjli^  frUMid,  and  did 
not  L'ivc  the  sliithti'st  frcsli  ardour  to  tlnir  op 
iximiils;  hut  lif  pro(liic.-d  a  powerful  riartion 
rmnuL'a  portion  of  th<-(li'ri.'y.  anion^  thi-  niaijis 
traiv  aiiKini;  all  tlu'  Hovalisis;  wounded  the  iia 
tioiiiiiscnsihility.eonsorKlated  that  union  l«lweeii 
■  two  IMnces  wl.iih  he  wished  to  lireak  off. 


■ind  rallied   liie  wlioh-  of   the   Uefornied   parly 
rmiml  their  leaders.     The   Protestant  paniphle 
toers  rinlied  with  no  li^ss  veli«'inciiee.  and  jrave 
totlie  I'onlilT'shull  that  name  of  ■  Itrutuiu  ful- 
minhv  which  it  is  still  known.       .      Still  the    i 
stnteiiie  launched  from  the  Vatican  had  had  one 
vnycleeiiled  result  — it  had  flrcd  the  tniinof  pow- 
der; war  hroke  out  at  once."— Due  d'Aumale. 
//)■«(  iif  till  I'liin-iiiiif  Ciiiiilt',  Ilk.  'X.  eh.  1.  — --The 
war  lalkd  from  the  three  leading  actors  in  it 
[llcnrv  of  Valois.  ITenrv  of  Navarre,  anl  Henry 
of  Guise]  the  War  of  the  Three  Henrys,   now 
owned  in  earnest.     Si'ven  iHiwcrful  armies  were 
marslialled  on  the  part  of  the  KiiiK  of  France 
and  the  lA'auuc.       I  he  Huguenots  were  weak  in 
numkrs,   hut  strong  In    the  ipiality   of   their 
.ro<lp^     An  immense  bisly  of  tJeriuan  '  Keitir '   . 
Iiad  lieen  enrollt     to  act  us  an  aiixiliurv  forci',    : 
anil  for  some  timi.  had  Im-cii  hovering  on  the  frou     , 
tifis.     Hearing   that   at   la.st   they  had  entered    \ 
France,  llcnrv  of  Navarre  set  out  from  Him  helle 
to  effect  a  junction  with  them.     The  Duke  of 
JoyiMise,  one  of  the  French  King's  chief  favour- 
ites, nhi)  had  the  charge  of  the  army  that  occu- 
pied the  midland  counties,  resolved  to  prevent 
their  junction.     Bv  a  rapid  movement  he  suc- 
reedeil  in  crossing  the  line  of  Henry's  march  and 
forcing  him  into  action.      The  two  urmies  came 
in  front  of  each  other  on  a  plain  near  the  village 
of  Coutras.  im  the  19th  of  Octolier.  15S7.     The 
li.ivalist  army  nuniliert'il  i'rom  lO.tHK)  to  12,(KH), 
thoHuiiuenot'fnwi  B.lKHt  to  T.OtlO  — the  usual  dis- 
parity iu  numlH-rs;  hut  Henry's  skilful  disposi- 
tion did  more  than  eoniiieusate  for  his  numeri<al 
inferi.iritv.   .  .  .  The  struggle  lasted  but  an  hour, 
vet  wiilii",.  that  hour  the  Catholic  army  lost  ;t,0(XI 
men.  more  than  400  of  whom  were  members  of 
the  tir>t  families  in  the  kingdom';  :t,0<H(  men  w  ere 
made  prisoners.     Not  more  than  a  third  part  of 
their  entire  army  escaped.      The  Huguenots  U)st 
onlv  alionl  '.'iMj'men.   .   .   .   Before  night  fell  he 
[Naviirri  1  wrote  a  few  lif.es  to  the  Kreneh  Kini:, 
which  run  tliu>:    'Sire,  my  Lord  and  Brother.— 
Thanlk  (iuil,  1  liavelKat«'n').iiirenemiesand  your 
army.'    It  was  hut  too  true  that  the  piwr  King's 
worit  eiicmiis  were   to  lie    fimnd   in   the  very 
arniie-,  tliat  were  marshalled  in  his  name." — \V. 
Hamia.  'Ihe  Wan  of  the  Ifinjiieiiotn.di.  0. —  "The 
victorv  I  at  Coutrasl  had  onlv  a   moral   effect. 


Henry  lost  lime  by  going  to  lay  at  the  feel  of  the 
Countess  of  ({ram'mont  the  Hags  takim  from  the 
enemv.      Meantime  the  I»iike  of  Ouiae,  north  of 
the   I'.oiri,   triumphed  over  the  Germans  miller 
the  Baron  of  Dolina  at  Viniory,  near  .MonUirgis, 
and  again  near  Aiuicau  (l.".S7).     Henry  IU.  wii» 
unskilful  enough  to  leave  to  his  rival  the  glorv 
of  driving  them  out  of  the  country.      Henry  111. 
re  entered  Paris.     As  he  passed  along,  the  popu- 
hue  cried  oiil.   'Saul  has  killed  his  thousiinds, 
and   David  his  ten  thousands';   and  a  few  days 
after,  Ihe   Sorboiine  deciiled   that   'the  goverii- 
nieiit  could  be  taken  out  of  the  hands  of  princes 
who  were  found  iiieapalile.'    Henry  HI.  alarmed, 
forbade  Ihe  Duki'  of  (iuise  to  loine  to  Paris,  and 
ciiiartered    in    Ihe   faubourgs    4. IKK)    Swiss   and 
severil  companies  of  the  guards.     The  Si.Meeii 
Ichiefs  of   sixteen  sections  of   I'aris.    who  eon- 
trolled  the  League  in  thai  lily]  feared  that  all 
was  over;  tliev  Mimnioned  Ihe  'Balafre'and  he 
came  (May  it.  I."i'<><|      Cries  of  '  Hosannah  to  the 
Sonol  David:'  iiMiunded  Ihroughout  I'aris.  and 
fuMowed  him  to  Ihe  Louvre.      .   .  The  king  and 
Ihe  1  liief  of  the  LeaL'ue  lorlitied  theiiis<dvis,  one 
ill  till-    Louvre,    the  other  in  the    Hotel   Guisi!. 
Negothilioiis  were  carried  on  for  two  days.     On 
the  morning  of  the  lllli  Ihe  duke,  well  attended, 
returned  to  the  Louvre,  and  in  loud  tones  de- 
I   nianded  of  the  king  that  he  should  send  away  his 
counsellors,  establish  the  Iniiuisilion,  and  jmsh 
to  the  utmost  the  war  against  the  hcri'tics.     That 
evening  Ihe  king  ordered  the  companies  of  the 
(iiy   guanls  to  hold  several  position^    and  the 
next  morning  he   intriHiuced  into  the  i  ily   the 
Swiss  and  2,IHKI  men  of  Ihe  French  guards.     But 
the  city  guards  failed  him.      In  two  hours  all 
Paris  was  under  arms,  all  the  streets  were  ren- 
dered impassable,  ami  Ihe  advancing  barricades 
soon  reached  the  positions  iHCUpicd  by  the  troops 
[whence  the  insurrection  lucaiiie  known  as  '  the 
.    Day  of  Barricades'!.      At   this  j'lnctun    Guise 
!   came  out  of  his  hotel,  dri  smiI  in  a  white  doublet, 
with  a  small  cane  in  his  hand;  saved  the  Swiss. 
1    who  were  on  Ihe  point  of  luing  massacred,  sent 
I   them  back  to  Ihe  king  with  insulting  scorn,  and 
i    quieted  cvervlhii.g  as  if  bv  magic.     He  demanded 
'■■  the  otHce  of"  lieutenant-general  of  the  kingdom 
i    for   liiinself,   the   cimvocalion  of   the   States   at 
I   Paris.  Ihe  forfeiture  of  the  Bourbons,  and,  for 
his  friends,  provincial  governments  and  all  the 
I   other  otiices.     The  iiueen-mother  I'ehated  these 
I   condirions  for  three  hours.     During  this  lime  the 
'   attack  was  suspended,  and  Henry  IH.  was  thus 
I   enabled  to  leave  the  Louvre  and  make  his  escape. 
I   The  Duke  of  Guise  had  made  a  mistake;  but  if 
j   he  did  not  have  the  king,  lie  had  Paris.     There 
i   was  now  a  king  of  Paris  and  a  king  of  France; 
negotiations  were  carrieil  on.  and  to  Ihe  astonish- 
ment of  all,  Heiirv  HI.  at  hngth  granteil  what 
two  months  Isfore  he  had  refused  in  front  of  the 
barricades.      He   swore   that   he  would   not    lay 
down  his  arms  until  the  heretics  wen-  entirely 
exterminaled;    decland    Uial    any   non Catholic 
prince  forfeited  his  rights  to  the  throne,  appointed 
Ihe  Duke  of  Guise  lieutenant-general,  and  con- 
voked the  Stales  at  Blois  (October,  irm\.     The 
SMlis  of  Blois  were  composed  eiitinly  of   Lea- 
guers "  and  were  whollv  controlled  by  the  Duke 
of  (iuisi'.     The  latter  despised  the  king  too  much 
to  "ivc  heed  lo  repealed  warnings  which  he  re- 
ceived of  a  plot  against  his  life.     Summoned  to 
a  private  interview  in  the  royal  cabinet,  at  an 
curly  hour  on  the  morning  of  the  SM  of  December, 


ii 


i: 


m 


'iM 


1241 


'^M: 


44llj| 


I  ^i-.:- 


it 


'^l 


I 


FRANCE,  1584-t.W» 


Henm  of  ynvarrr 
btcamtt  king. 


FRANCE,  158l>-1.19n 


■^(■nt  liimwlf,  Ixilillv, 
alone,  and  was  murdeml  nf  lie  cntcrtil.liy  i'i(flit 


he  (11(1  not  hultato  to  p 


o(  tliv  kind's  iMxlyguiird.  wlioni  llriiry  ill.  Iiuil 
personally  orileo'il  to  commit  tlic  crime.  "Killing 
tho  Duke  of  Ouise  wiw  not  killing'  the  U'nRue 
At  the  news  of  his  (hiitli  I'liris  was  stunned  for 
a  moim'nt ;  then  its  fury  broke  fortli.  .  .  .  The 
8orlH)nne  <le(Tec(l  lliiit  the  French  |M'opIe  were 
net  free  from  the  i»ilh  of  nlleniiince  taken  to 
Henry  111.'.  .  Henry  III.  IiikI  piincd  notliiiii; 
by  the  iMUriler;  .  .  i)ut  he  hiid  lulpid  the  for 
tunes  of  the  kini;  of  Siiviirre,  into  wliosc  arms 
he  was  fore.  .1  tixiLst  himself.  .  .  .  The  junction 
of  the  rrole^taiit  and  the  nnal  armies  unilir  the 
same  standard  completely  chant.'ed  llii'  nature  of 
the  war.  It  was  no  hmit'er  feudal  I'rolestantisni, 
but  the  deniocralie  LcaLiue,  whi(  li  threatened 
royally;  monarchy  entered  into  a  slruirsle  with 
the  Catholic  masses  in  nvolt  airainst  it.  Henry 
III.  calleil  tou'i'lher,  at  Tours,  his  useless  I'arlia 
nient.  and  issued  a  manifev.to  apiinst  .Mayenne 
and  the  chiefs  of  the  I,eacuc.  Henry  of  Navarre 
earrieil  on  the  war  energetically.  In  two  montlis 
he  was  nnister  of  the  territory  between  the  Loire 
and  the  Seine,  and  l.').(KX)  Sw"iss  and  luniknechts 
joined  him.  On  tlji' evening  of  Jidy  With,  l.Vl», 
the  two  kincs.  willi  4(>,()<MI  men,  appeared  befori' 
Paris.  Till'  I'.irisiana  could  see  the  loni;  line 
of  the  enemies'  tires  gleamins  in  a  vast  sen.!- 
circle  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine  The  kinjr 
of  Navarre  established  his  lieaihiuarters  at  Men- 
don;  Henry  III.  at  Saint-Cloud.  The  v'reut  city 
was  a-stounded ;  the  people  bad  lost  energy  ;  but 
the  fury  was  coneentnited  in  the  hearts  of  the 
chiefs  and  in  tlic  depths  of  the  cloisters,  ,  .  . 
The  arm  of  a  fanatic  became  the  instrument  of 
the  general  fury,  and  put  into  practice  the  <lo<- 
trine  of  tyniniiicide  more  than  once  as-serted  in 
the  schools  anil  the  pulpit.  The  assault  was  to 
he  made  on  Au|j:ust  id.  On  the  morning  of  the 
previous  day  a  vouiig  friar  from  the  convent  of 
the  Dominicans,  .lacques  Clement,  came  out  from 
I'aris,"  obtained  access  to  the  king  by  means  of 
a  forged  letter,  and  stablMiI  him  in  the  alMlomen, 
being,  himsilf.  slain  on  the  spot  by  the  royal 
guards.  Henry  III.  "ilied  the  same  night,  and 
with  him  the  r.ice  of  Valois  became  extinct.  The 
aged  Catherine  de'  Medici  hud  ili  I  si.\  months 
before."— V,  Duruv,  IliKt.  of  Fm^rt  (nhriilijeil). 
ch.  45. 

Ai.eoi.N:  I.,  von  Uankc,  Ciril  Warn  :in,l  Mon- 
archy xti  Frii  in; ,  W/i  mill  I'lh  Ceiiliirio,  'i.  2-- 
S.').— W.  S.  RniwninL',  I/iDf.  of  the  ll'iijuniolii.  <-h. 
3.'>-42. 

A.  D.  1585.— Proffered  sovereignty  ol"  the 
United  Netlierlands  declined  by  Henry  III. 
See  NkT1IKHI..\M)s;   A.   1).   l.'iN.Vl.'iWi. 

A.  D.  1589-1590,—  Henry  of  Navarre  as 
Henry  IV.  of  France.—  His  retreat  to  Nor- 
mandy.—The  battles  at  Arques,— Battle  of 
Ivry,— "  On  being  maile  aware  lliat  all  uopi-  was 
over,  this  King  IHinry  II!  1.  whose  life  had  lieen 
p.issed  ill  folly,  vanity  and  sensuality  .  .  .  pre- 
pared for  death  like  a  patriot  king  and  a  martyr. 
lie  summoneil  his  nohli-s  to  his  bedside,  and  told 
tliini  that  his  only  regret  in  dying  was  that  he 
lefulie  kiiiirdoiu  iiidisorder,  and  as  the  I"  »t  mode 
of  remedying  the  evil  lie  recomiiiendeci  them  to 
recognize  tiie  Kim;  of  Navarre,  to  whom  the 
kingihim  belonged  of  right;  making  no  account 
of  the  religious  dilTereiice,  becauM'  that  king, 
with  his  sincere  and  earnest  nature,  must  linally 
return  I.'  tlic  boa..m  ..f  tie;  I  hurch.     Thin  turn 


ing  to  Henry,  he  solemnly  warnid  him      ('.ni-in; 
he  said,  'I  nsmire  you  that  you  will  wv.r  Iv 
King  of  France  if  you  do  not  iKioine  ('iili,,li( 
and  if  you  do  not  make   your  |Mai  r   wiili  ilir 
Church.'      Directly  afterwards  he  bnuilml  Ijjs 
last,    reciting   the    'Miserere.'     This  aii..urii  is 
substantially  contlrmed  by  I'eretlxe      .\i.    nliii; 
to  Sullv,  Henry,  hearing  that  the  Kiiii:  li  id  Inia 
stablM'd,  started  for  St.  Cloud,  attinilnl  l'\  SmIIv, 
but  did  not  arrive  till  he  was  dead;    iiii  |i.\u 
bigny  says:     'When  the   King  of   Naiirn-  m 
tend  theChamlHT  where  the  IkuIv  vmi^  Iuiil'.  !,.• 
saw  amidst  the  bowlings  some  piillim;  iIm  ir  h;it» 
down  upon  their  brows,  or  throwing  111.  iimn  ii,,. 
ground,  clenching  their  lists,   plottiii-'.  ■  I :c-|iiiij 
each  ollier's  hands,  making  vows  and  |ir.iiiii.i , ' 
.   .   .   Henry's  sitiiati<i.i  was  enibarra>~iML'  in  ili,. 
extn-me,  for  only  a  •iimll  niimlHT  of  tiir  t  .iil.ilii 
nobU's  gave  in  an  iinipmlitied  adliesi"ii .  ii  |"'»i'r 
fill  IkmIv  met  and  dh'tated   the  coiiditinn-  ii|>.ii 
which  alone  they  would  consent  to  liis  In  iiii;|ir., 
claimed  King  of  Knince:  the  two  lir^l  I"  in;:  iliil 
within  »i.\  months  he  would  causi'  hiiuM  If  |.,  I.. 
instructed  in  the  IIolv  Catholic  Allo^lnli.    Kiiil], 
and  that  during  this  Interval  he  wmihl  iii.miiiaiv 
no  Hiigiieiiot  toollices  of  State,     lie  n  |.lii-il  ihd 
he  was  no  bigot,  and  wouhl  readily  seek  iii~iriir 
tion  in  the  tenets  of  the  Hoinish   faiili.  Imi  (ii 
dined    pledging   himself   to  any  ilesi  ii|ili"ii  ut 
exclusion  or  intolerance.     M.  (Juadi  t  r"iii]iii;u 
that   nine-tenths   of  his    Krench   suhjnl-  wire 
Catholic,  and  tlie  temper  of  the  majority  iii^y  1m' 
inferred  front  what  was  taking  plaie  in   Pari*. 
where  the  news  of  the  late  Kings  death  was  tin' 
signal    for   the   most   unst'cmly   njoiiini' 
Far  from  iM'ing  in  a  condition  to  ndui c  tlir  n 
fractory  Parisians,  Henry  was  obliged  i"  il'.iii'lim 
the  siege,  and  retire  towanls  Norniandy.  wlnre 
the  expected  succours  from  Knglaiid  iniL'hl  most 
easily  reach  him.      Sidly  says  that  this  pinat 
waa  equally  necessary  for  the  safety  nf  his  |iit- 
son  and  the  success  of  his  affairs      He  »;i-  triii 
porarily  abandoned  by  several  of  the  lliu'iuiiot 
leaders,  who,  serving  at  their  own  expciiM',  were 
obliged  from  time  to  time  to  go  home  i"  niniit 
their  linances  and  their  followers      diIits  wire 
made  lukewarm  by  the  prospect  of  lii^  t..  rmiiiin 
Catholic;  so  that  "he  was  no  hmger  vrvMlwitli 
enthusiasm    by  either   party;    and    wli.ii.  afnr 
making  the  best  arrangements  in  his  ; 
entered   Norniandy,  he  bad  willi  him  ■■ 
French  fiHit,  two  "regiments  of  Swiss  ;i 
horse;    with   which,   after  Ining  join.' 
Due  de   Montin'iisier  with   'JIKI   t'ln'l' 
^.'HX)  foot,  he  drew  near  to  Houeii.  n  Ij 
secret   understanding    within   the    «:i' 
might  give  him  possesshui  of  the  pln' 
prepamtions  were  making  for  the  sie.r 
telligetice  was  brought  that  the  Dm  .1 
was  seeking  him  with  an  army  exeii  ilui 
but.  resolved  to  make  bead  against  tin 
la.st  extremity,  Henry  entrenched  liiin-' 
Anpies,   which  was  only  accessilile  1'} 
wav."     .\  series  of  engageiiieiits  c  n-'n 
nin"g   September   l."),    LIS!);   but  llii.lin. 
could  notdisliMlge  his  antaL'onist.  .M:i\. 
drew  after  some  ten  ihiys  of  tiirhliiiu.  e' 
army  towards  Picardy  and  liaviii.'   tli 
Paris  open.      "  Ik'ing  too  weak  to  m  ' 
the  siege  or  to  occupy  the  city  if  I  i^ 
.sault.   Tienry  resolved    ;o   give   the   1' 
sample  of  what  they  might   expect  it 
scvcn'd  h:  their  toiituiiiaey,  atid  i^-i'-' 


tie 

IIMHI 


v\  1,: 


,   wlii.-h 
Wliil-i 

-lilr   ill 

\1  i\i  nil*' 
_•  ::n.iHH,; 
n  1 1. 1  the 
:i  l«f.-n' 

I  I  au-f 
,1    W-i\\\- 

thtl   lie 

li'.rlMlh 


iniiiniH'- 
•1  1.1  a> 
ri^ialis  a 
lll.v  |lrr- 
,r,l,.r>  t',.r 


1242 


*f ... 

mi 


FRANCE,  1589-1590. 


Halllr  »/  Ivry. 


FKANCE,  1890. 


•tucWnij  all  the  «ubHrb(i  Rt  onrc.     They  w<rc 
Xn  ami  »acke.i.     I>»vll.i  Ktates  that  thf  phiii- 
trwas  »<>  almndiint  llmt   the  whole  ciinip  wn» 
.ondirfully  reliev...!  ,,n.l  »usl..im;.l."     1t..i.i  this 
ituckon  itic  1'iirinl.ui  Hiihiirbs,  lU'nry  priKr.;.le<l 
:;  TdUP.  when-  he  h.l.l  his  roi.rt  for  ii  tin..'. 
Llv  i-i  March,  1500,  lie   h.iil  sicgr  to  Dn.ix. 
•■Tlio  Due  do  Mayi-iinc,  Mnforcnl  liv  ^|iuiiish 
m«.p«  from    the    Low  Comilri.M  ninl.r  Count 
Epiumt.  hft    Paris  to  elT.,  t   a  .liyrhion.  aii< 
Kimwimt  uiH'XIK'Ctfdlv  found  hlinwlf  i<)inp«nci 
to  lurtlit  the  linttlf  wld.li  was  caifcrly  prcswil 
up,,,,  him.     This   was  th.'   r.iiowm'd   l.attle  of 
Ivrv      nicMtmiicH  prcscnlcil  inucli  the  saino  con- 
trast iis  111  Coutnis.     Tlic  nunii Tical  suiM-rionty 
on  (in.'  ^itlc.  till'  Cutliolir,  was  niorf  tlnm  compin- 
sated  In-  tin'  qnalilv  of  ll"'  tr<K)ps  on  tlif  otiicr. 
ilinrvs  soldiirs,  as  descrilu'd  l.v  Dr  Tlicni.  wcri' 
■imud  to  thp  tiTth.     'Thiy   disphiyid   ncitlicr 
M-arf  nor  (IcTomtion,  but  tlicir  ac.oulniuiiits  ni- 
snind  irrini  terror.     Tlir  army  of  Ih.'  Due,  on 
tL  (cmtrnrv,    was    mnpnitinnt    in   ((luipnirnt. 
Tlic  olliicrs  won'  liriu'lil coloured  scarves,  wlulc 
CoH  (.'litlcnil  upon  their  Inlmels   and  lances 
Till'  two  annies  were  confronted   on   tlie  i:tth 
of  March,  15»0,  but  it  was  KetlinK  <lark  iK^fore 
tlic  dispositions  were  roniphted,  anil  the  battle 
was  deferred  till   the  foUowinj;  niorninK.     The 
Kini;  passed  the  niRht  like  Henry  V.  at  ARin- 
court  and  took  only  a  short  rest  in  thi'openairou 
thetii'ld   .  .  .  Alilavbreak  he  mounted  his  horse, 
and  rcKle  from  rank"to  rank,  pausing  from  time 
to  time  to  utter  a  brief  exhortation  or  encourage 
mint     I'ravers  were  <>iTen><l  up  by  the  Huguenot 
ministers  at  the  head  of  each  division,  anil  the 
bi»lio|i  [I'cretixe]   gives  the  i-onclud.ng   words 
(if  that  in  which  Divine  aid  was  invoked  by  the 
King    'Ihit.  Lonl,  if  it  has  pleased  Thee  to  dis- 
pose otlierwise,  or  Thou  west  that  1  ouglit  to  !"■ 
one  of  tliose  kings  whom  Thim  punislicst  in  Thy 
wrath,  grant,  that  I  muv  lie  this  day  the  victim 
"f  Thy  Holy  will :  so  oriU-r  it  that  my  death  may 
deliver  France  from  the  calamities  of  war,  and 
that  mv  hlo<»l  be  the  last  shed  in  this  quarrel.' 
Then,  nutting  on  his  helmet  with   the  white 
pliinx'  Ufore  closing  the  vizor,  he  addressed  the 
eolleeled  liaders:— '  My  friends,  if  you  share  my 
fortune  this  day,  I  also  share  yinirs.     I  am  re 
solved  to  conquer  or  to  die  with  you.     Keep  your 
isnks  firndy,  1  Ix'g;  if  the  heat  of  tlie  combat 
compels  vou  to  quit  iJiera,  think  always  of  the 
rally;  it  "is  the  .gaining  of  the  battle.     You  will 
make  it  Ik  Iween  the  three  trees  which  you  see 
there  jpoiiiting  to  three   pear-trees  on   an  eiiii- 
nene.],  and  if  vou  lose  y(mreiisign.s,  (K'niions  and 
banners,  do  nJit  lose  sight  of  my  white  plume: 
.ouwill  tind  italwavs  on  the  road  of  honour  and 
vieiiirv.'     It  so  chanced  that   bis  white   plume 
was  till' actual  rallying  pidnt  at  the  most  critical 
momenl.  .  .  .   His  standard  iH'ari'r  fell;  a  page 
Uariiii;  a  white  pennon  was  slrui'k  down  at  his 
>Mi;  and  the  rumour  was  l)i'ginning  to  spread 
tliiil  lie  liiiiisilf  was  killed,  when  the  sight  of  hi< 
lay  |j  iiM'  ami  white  plume,  with  the  animatini; 
sound  ot  lli^  voice,   gave   fresli  courage  to  all 
annind  ;iiil  brought  the  bravest  of  his  I'oUow- 
(Fb  to  tlie  front.     The  result  is  told  in  one  of  his 
..■.viimi>^i\i,.     After  stating  that  the  battle  be 
inn  l.'it ween   11  and  12,  be  continues:    'In  less 
than  an  hour,  after  having  ilischarged  all  their 
anger  in  two  or  three  charges  which  they  made 
and  s\ixl:iiiieii.  all   their  cavalry  lie'gan  to  shift 
tor  theiiis* Ives,  abandoning  tlieir  infantry,  which 


was  very  numermu.  Si'eing  whirh,  their  Swia» 
apiH'aled  to  my  pity  and  surreiidenHl  — i(doueU, 
laplains,  soldiers,  and  lolours.  The  lans(|iiefiet» 
and  Fn^nch  had  no  time  to  form  this  resolution, 
for  more  than  1,'JIKI  were  cut  to  pieces,  and  the 
rest  disiwrsed  Into  the  woods  at  the  mercy  of  tin- 
pi  asiuils.'  He  urged  on  the  pursuers,  crying 
■.spare  the  Fn-ncli.  ami  down  with  the  loreigners. ' 
.  Instead  of  pushing  on  towards  Paris,  which 
it  was  thought  would  have  oiMiicd  its  gates  to  H 
(onqiieror  in  the  Hush  of  vhtory.  Henry  lingered 
III  Mantis,  where  he  improvised  a  Court,  which 
his  female  favourites  were  summoni-il  to  atiend." 
—  Iliiirii  IV.  iif  /■'ranee  (Qiiurl, rty  Iter,  IM., 
IHTH). 

Also  in:  H.  M.  BainI,  The  llniinini'l'i  iiml 
Jf.nri/  of  y.ininr.  M.  11  (e.  2).— Duke  of  .Sully, 
.\f,inoir>.  I*.  ;i  (e  1).— (i.  P.  K.  ■lames.  Life  of 
Iliiini  IV..  hk.   lll-Jle.  i). 

A.  D.  1590.— The  liege  of  Paris  and  it»  hor- 
rori.— Relief  at  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards 
under  Parma.— Readiness  of  the  League  to 

f;i»e  the  crown  to  Philip  II.— "The  king,  yiehl- 
ng  to  the  councils  of  Hiron  and  other  lalliidics, 
declined   attacking    the   iiipiuil.    anil     preferred 
waiting  the  slow,  and  in  his  cireiimstances  emi- 
nently  hazardous,  operations  of  a  n'guliir  siege. 
.   .  "Whatever  may  have  iH'cn  the  eausi'  of  the 
delay,  it  is  certain  that  tlie  goblin  fruit  of  vic- 
tory was  not  plucked,  and  that  although  the  con- 
federate arinv  had   rapidly  dis.Hidved,  in  cimse- 
(luenee   of   their  defeat,  the    king's  own   forces 
manifested  as  little  cohesion.     And  now  liegan 
that  slow  and  painful  siege,  the  details  of  w  hieh 
are  as  terrible,  but  as  universidly  known,  as  those 
of  any  chapters  in  the  bhxMl-stained  history  of 
the  century.      Henry    seized    upon   the    trtwns 
guarding  the  rivers  Seine  and  Manie,  twin  nurses 
of   Paris.     Hy   controlling   the  course  of   thosi^ 
streams  as  well  as  that  of  the  Yonne  and  Oise  — 
especially  bv  taking  tirm  possession  of  Uigiiv  on 
the  Manic,  whence  a  bridge  led  from  tlie  Isle  of 
Fniuc'e  to   the   Urie  country —  great   thorough- 
fan-  of   wine  and  corn — and  of   Corbiil  at  tlie 
junction  of  the  little  river   Essonne    with    the 
^.j,,,.  —  it  was  easy  in  that  age  to  stop  the  vital 
circulation  of  the  "imperial  city.      By  midsum- 
mer, I'aris.  unqucstionaldy  the  first  city  of  Eu- 
rope at  that  day.  was  in  cvtri-mitics.   .   .   .    Karely 
have  men  at  aiiy  epoih  defended  their  fatherland 
111      ist   foreign  oppression  with   more   heroism 
thiiu  that  which  was  manifested  by  the  Parisiaiis 
of  1,'ilH)  in  resisting  religious  toleration,  and  in 
olH-ying  a  foreign  and  priestly  despotism.     Men, 
women,  and  chihlren  cheerfully  hiid  down  their 
lives  bv  thousands  in  onler  that  the  papal  hgnte 
and  the  king  of  Spain  might  trample  upim  that 
legitimate  sovereign  of  France  who  was  one  day 
to  become  the  idol  of   Pans  and  of  the  wbide 
kingdom.     A  census  taken  at  the  beginning  of 
the  siege  had  showed  a   population  of  iOO.IKH) 
souls,    with   a   sullieiemy  of    provi.sionf..    it   was 
thought,  to  last  one  month.      But  liefore  the  ter- 
rible'sumnicr  was  over  — S4)  comphtely  had  the 
city   been  investid  —  the  bushel   of    wheat    was 
wiirth    IMill   crowns.   .   .   .  The    llesh   of    horses. 
asses,  dogs,  eats,  rats,  bad  lieeome  rare  liiMiries. 
There  was  nothing  cheap,  said  a  cili.eu  bitteriy, 
but   si-rnions.     And   the   priests  ami   mimks  of 
every  onler  went  daily  about  the  stnets,  jireach- 
ing  forlilude  in  that  "great  resistance  to  heresy, 
Trustwortiiy  eve  witnesses  of  tliose  dread- 
ful liays  have  placed  t'lie  uumberof  the  dead  during 


1243 


I  i  J  ■ 


I'lii". 


t  rv:-i; 


'5  ■ 


ll' 


t-""^''. 


•I' 


I'll 


Uli' 


1'1 


KIIANCK.   1">W» 


Simr  of  Pliri» 


KRANC'E,   l.TOl-lMKt 


the  mimincr  at  itO.DiO)  .    Flii'  IiI.U-diis  ilrlalls 

iif  till'  miwt  ilriuilliil  Mi-evn  nriinliil  In  iinrii'iit 
or  iiiixlirii  tiriiiH  wi  n'  ii(i»   ri|iriMliuril  in  I'liris 
Tlif   priisiH  iMf-iiiuli'il    till'   pM|iiilurr 

timt  it  win  fur  iiinrr  riitliiiiiiis  to  kill  tliiMrnwii 
iliililrfn.  if  tiny  lia.l  ii.i  I.khI  i.i  tivi'  llii'in.    liuTi 
iiiiililiiin  (■Hi'l  liv  iiriiiriii/.inif  11  liiTi  tir  kiiii:.     It 
was  ri'latril.  Ihm,  ami  iM-licvi'il,  tliat  in  sniiir  in-    ! 
vtatirc's  iiiiitlirrs  liaii  ■-allril   llir   '««lii'i  "f  llii'ir 
iliail  cliililriii  anil  fi'il  iipun  tlii'in.  ilav  liy  ilav, 
niilil  till'  iiiilrmn  ri'|ia-t  «i>iil<l  nn  InniriT  xiip- 
purt  lliiiriiwn  lifi'    .   .       I'll''  l)<inr-<  nf  tlic  iliiul 
»i  ri'  taki-ii  in  inii^iiliralili-  ipiatitilii  s  fniin  tlir    i 
^■inftiTii'4,  iirimii.!  iiitn  llmir,  liakiil  into  lirrail.    ; 
anil  iimMiinril,      It  wa>*  i  allnl  Mailainf  M.intpiii- 
.sicr's  rakr.  Iircaii^-  tin-  iIuiIii'sh   varni'stly  pni- 
clainiiMl  its  imriis  tn  llir  |>iKir  I'arisiani.      '  Slir   ' 
was  iirviT  kninvii  I"  laMi'  it  liriNi'lf.  Imwi'ViT.'    i 
liitti-rly  iilisiTviil  iiiir  Willi  livfil  in  I'arislliriiiitfli   ' 
tlial  lii'irrililr  sniiiniiT      Slir  was  riiilit  tnalisiain. 
fur  all  Willi  all- of  it  ilii'.l    ,   .    ,    l.ans,|ii.iifts  ami 
otlur  Mililii'is.  mail  with  liiiiit'ir  ami  rai;i',  wliiii    , 
thi'V  iiiiilil  nil  luni-'iT  lliiil  iliiL's  111  fi-ril  nil,  clmsi'il    I 
ihililriii  throiiirh  tlir  sio'iis.  ami  wirr  kimwii  in    i 
siviTiil  iii>,taniis  tu  kill  aiil  ilivmir  thi'iii  im  thi' 
spilt.   .   .   .   Siifli  thi'ii  was  till- ronilitiimiif  I'aris   i 
iliirin!;    that     nii'innralili'    suiiiniiT  iif    tnrHins.    i 
What  now  wrn-  its  liopis  of  ililiviTaiui'  mil  of 
this   (iihcnna?     Tin'    trust    of   Friiiclmun    was   i 
in  I'hilip  of  Spain,  wIiom'   li'irions.  iiniliT  loin-   I 
niami  of  tlir  lti'iiI  Italian  rhii-flain  |  AlrxamliT 
Farnisi-.    Diiki'   of    I'anna.    i'  nninamlir  of   thi' 
Spanish  fiirris  in  tin'   Ni'tlii'rlamls|,   wi-rv  ilailv    i 
loiiiriil  fur  to  savi'  thiiii  frmn  n-mlrrini;  olii'iii-   | 
(•nil  In  Ihiir  lawful  princi',      I'ori-vi'n  thr  kini;   ' 
of  >lr,i»— tiir  imprisoni-il  canlinal  [I'arilinal  ili' 
Uoiirlion,    whom    llii'    I.ra;:iii'    hail    priH-lainu'il 
kin:.',  iinihr  Ihr  lilli'  of  I'hirli's  X.,  on  thr  ihalh 
of  llriiry    III  1  — was  now  iliail,  ami  thirt'  was 
not  I'vin  the  ilIiL-y   of  any  oilier  sovcri'iKn  than 
Ilinry  of  IJoiirlion  to  <  lairii  iiiithority  in  Kranir. 
Mavinni-,  in  the  coursi'  of  loiiK  intrrviews  with 
the"  hiiki' of   I'anna  ut  C'linili' anil   Hriissils.  hail 
lAprisscil  hisilisiri'tosii'  I'hili|i  kiiii:  of  Franr ', 
nml  hail  proinisi'il  his  ticst  rlTorts  to  lirini;  alioiit 
•iiich   a   result."      I'anna,    who   was  struirijlinit 
liaril  with  the  ohstinate  revolt  in  the  Netlierhinils. 
haviuii  few  troops  ami  little  money  to  pay  Iheiii 
with, "riceiviil  onlers  from  his  Spanish  master  to 
relieve  Paris  anil  eoniiuer  Kranee.      He  olieyeil 
the  eomniaiiil   lo  the  liesi   of  his  ahililies.     He 
left  the  Nelherlanilsat  the  lieirinninc  "f  Aiinusl. 
with    1','.IHKI    foot    ami    :f,i«NI   Imrsi';    elTeeteil    u 

1 ■lion   wiih    Mavenne  at    Meaux.  ten  leai?iies 

..oin  I'aris.  on  ihe":.'-'il,  aiul  the  nniteil  arniies  — 
.S.OiKleavalry  ami  1M,(KKI  foot  — arriveil  atCheUes 
oil  the  lastilav  of  snniiner.  •■The  two  ureal 
luptains  of  tlie'iii-'e  hail  at  last  met  face  to  fare. 
The  .SI  ientilie  iliiel  wliieh  was  now  to  take 
place  was  likelv  to  task  the  Renins  ami  to  lirin',' 
into  full  ilisplay  the  peculiar  powers  anil  defects 
of  the  two  '  The  wiiimr  in  the  duel  was  the 
Duke  of  I'ariea.  who  foiled  Henry's  attempts  to 
liriiiL:  him  to  haltle,  while  he  captured  l.au'iiy 
umlir  ilie  kir;u''seyes.  ■'The  liriil.iresof  Cliaren- 
loii  .iml  Si  .Maur'now  fell  into  Kanieses  hands 
wilhiiiit  ,1  coiitesl.  In  an  incredihly  short  space 
of  lime  provi-ions  ami  munitions  were  poured 
into  till-  siirvini;  ciiy.  •-'.mtO  luwit  loads  arrivim; 
in  a  sinirle  dav  I'.iris  was  relieved.  Alivaiider 
had  made  his'dcinonstratiiin  ami  .solved  ihe  proli- 
lem.  ,  ,  .  Tile  kill*:  was  now  in  worse  pliLrhl 
than  ever,     Hia  army  fell  to  pieces      His  cava- 


■■!■  tl,.    n,i; 


Hem.  rheoU'iI  of  their  Iwttle.  and  haviuit  miilur 
fiKnl  mir  forHKi',  ""I'"  ""  ^V  hnndriU  ,\,rs 
day."  He  inmle  one  lastalleinpt,  liv  i  iiLiinj.-lii 
iisMiult  on  the  city,  hut  It  failed,  tin  n  \„-  f,,| 
lowed  the  Spania'nlii— whom  I'uniia  lid  li.uki,, 
the  Netherland.*  early  In  Novemln  r  l.n  ,,,iil.| 
not  liriDB  alHiut  a  Imltle  or  (fiiin  any  iMi|..iriari! 
iidvaiitatte.  But  I'arU,  without  the  -vu\w~  iif 
Alexander  Fiirnew  in  Itii  defence,  wa^  somi  r. 
dilceil  to  as  complete  a  bhM'kade  ,i^  li,  |,>ri 
l.aL'ny  was  recovered  by  the  txsieu'ini;  n  iIm. 
the  .Si'ine  and  the  .Marne  were  atfalii  I  i-i  !  i  miI 
and  the  relH'lliouH  capital  deprived  uf  s'ip|ili,, 
— ,1.  \,  Motley,  lliit.  I'f  III,  Vnilnl  S,lh,,'.i„.l. 
th.  '.'air.  ;)(. 

Ai.sii  in;  M.  W.  Freer,  Hint 
llehiii  /!'..  hk:  1.— ('.  I>.  YontJi 
iiiiilir  the  ll'inrfi'im,  rh.  'i. 

A.  D.  1591-1593. —The  liege  of  Rouen  tnd 
Parma'i  lecond  interference.  -  General  ad- 
vancement of  Henry'i  cauie.— Restivenessof 
the  Catholics. —  The  KinK'i  abjuration  of 
Proteitantism.— ■■  It  wenied  as  if  limn  IV 
had  undertuken  the  work  of  I'enilnpi  Alin 
each  succesH,  fn'sh  dllBctilties  anise  In  rnnli  r  it 
fruitles.s.  .  .  .  Now  it  was  the  Swi>s  hIim  ri 
fused  lo  |{o  on  without  their  pay;  or  Kli/aUili 
whoexaiied  m'aports  In  retuni  for  fresh  Mi|p|ili.x 

or  Ihe  Catholics  who  deniaiiiled  the  eoii\<  r'-i f 

Ihe  Kiutf;  or  the  I'rotestanta  who  eiiiupl;iiiii-.l  uf 

not  iM'iiig  protected,     l)eprea.si'd  spirits  ii:iil  1.  !«■ 

<'heereil,  Home  to  be  satisBed,  others  to  In-  r  i- 

siired  or  restrained,  allies  to  be  inana.,'i.l.  nrnl  nil 

to  lie  done  with  very  little  money  ami  wiilumi 

anv  sucritlec  of  the  national  interi'sls      Ih  nri  »ii,> 

eii'ual  lo  all.  Ixilli  to  war  and  to  diplcmai  y,  i.i 

){reat  eoncerus  and  to  small.    ,   .       His  pni  wi-a^ 

active  as  his  sword.     The  collection  nf  kU  1.  iti  ^ 

is  full  of  the  most  charmiuK  notes  I'uUir 

opinion,  which  waa  already  influential  aiul  ibir-i 

inn  for  uexvs.  wa-s  not  nejjiecleil.     Every  Iwi.ir 

three    months  a    little   publication  iniiilnl     .\ 

Discourse.'    or    'An    Authentic    Narnii  i.'  nr 

.Vccount  of  all  that  has  iHcurred  in  ilu  Kiiu's 

Army.' was  circulated  widely,   ,   .  •  Tilll<il»;l^ 

that'bv  means   of   activity."  patiemi-    and  lll^^ 

Henri  1V.  was  enabled  to  retrieve  his  liirniii.- 

and  10  rally  his  party;  no  that  by  Hie  end  ef  th. 

year    l.TOl,  he    found   himsilf   in   a  pn-ilieii  t" 

"undertake    an    important    ojxration  Tin 

KiiiB  laid  siege  to    Ifciuen    in    Decimlnr,  IV.M 

Ik- was  at  the  head  of  the  most  spl.ii.lid  army 

he  had  ever  cominaiided ;  it  numlHred  u|nv;iriN 

of  •-','i,(KM)  men.     This  was  not  tm)  i:real  a  inuiil»  r, 

for  Ihe  fortilications  were  atroiic.  lln    .;.'amM.ii 

numerous,    well    commanded    by    Villars.    .ml 

warmly   aup|>orte(l    by    the   towiis|...i|il.-     Tli"' 

sieite  liad  lasted  for  aome  months  w  In  11  lln-  Kin.' 

learned  that  Mayenue  had  at  last  imeli  ilie  Diik. 

\   of  I'arni:!  to  underatand  the  ueeesMH   "t  Miviii:; 

,    Uouen  at  all  hazards.     Thirty  th.iusial  Spaiiisli 

1   and  French    Leaguers   had    just  arriM.l  .n  lln 

Somme.      Uouen,  however,  was  at  the  1 1-!  l'i-I' 

,    Henri   couhl   not   make   up   his   iniinl  m  llir;» 

awav  the  fruits  of  so  much  toil  ami  Inmlili  .  ii' 

leftidl  his  infantry   under  the   wilN.  iin.l.rnn- 

command  of    Uiron,  ami    inarched  "'!    «i!!i  In* 

splendid  cavalrv."     He  attacked  tin    .  .n my  ini 

prudently,  near  Aiimale,  February  "1  'i"|'  "'I'! 

a  repula*-,  was  wounded  and  just  Mii-~1  "i"'-' 

taken    prisoner   in   a    precipitate    retr 

!    lioth  armies  wen;  half  paralyzed  at  i  In 

j   diasensious    among    their   thie!^       i  "  ■ 


liiii 
linn-  tiv 


1244 


FRANCE.  I.Wl-l»a. 


Htnryt  Abjuration 
of  PrutfttanttMm. 


FKANCE,  ItMW-iaSH 


lppj;«<h«l  H<>"'1>  «K«tn.  ""'l  ''»""»  *»»  ^ll;'",'' 
ilMDiU'  nil  llcnrl'n  efTi.rU.  to  fiit.T  the  town.  This 
Z\tei\i  to  tlio  KlnK  "  wiw  thr  niBtml  fura  (jin- 
™l  .Icwrtion.  H«nrl,  left  with  oiilv  ii  (mmll 
corn, of  ivgiilftr  lr(m|«  iiiiil  n  (<■«  tf.'iitl.-ni<'n.  wuii 
,Mm->\  l'>  fi""'  nipl'l'y  "I"'"  ''"I"  'I''  '  A"'"' 
Tk  nuko  "f  I'anniiilhl  tint  follow  him.  Alwiiys 
viiiilHnl  Ih^  wl«h«l  iM'frin'tv.ryihiim'tKc-tiiMHh 

liiin».lf  "tt  ll'"  '■"'«■"•''  '^''"'■-  "'"'  '"'''  ""■"'■  ."" 
CauiUUi'.  which   wh»  not   likely  to  lU'tiilii  him 
loD^r     But  Iw  riMciv.il  lUirint;  timt  oi.cralioii  a 
sfvvrp  wounil.  wlihh  lompclh-d  him  to  hmiilovr 
th,M„mmiiu.l  to  MHyfnm.-     The  iiiK.miHt.-n.r 
i,t  till- hitti  r  w"in   lost  all  the  advantages  whirli 
Pirni;i  liail  piinecl.     Il<nri'ii  i«\ip|iorl<r»  riillie.l 
iinmml  liim  iniai"  almost  a<  ((\iiekly  as  they  hail 
,lis,)i.rs-><l      "Th.'    Learners  «..r..   i>i.»he.l    Imrk 
uwn  the  Seine  and  naillned   in  the  liiarl  of  tlie 
Pays  lie  Caux.     Thev  weri'  wilhont  provisions, 
Miyonne  was  at  his  wits'  .nil ;  lie  had  to  nsort  for 
sunVstionsaiid  for  orilera  to  the  ImiI  of  sulTermi; 
on  wliieh  the  Duke  of  I'arma  was  held  do«  n  hy 
his  WDunil."     The  jjreat    Italian  soldier.   dyni>r 
thiiut'li  he  was,  a.s  the  event  soon  proved,  dirc-ited 
ewnliiais  which  baffled  llic'  keen   watehfulness 
an.l  penetration  of  his  aniaironisl.  and  ixiriealed 
lii^annv  wilhout  l.'ivin^'  to  Henri  the  elianee  for 
battle  «'lii>li  hesounhl.     The  Spanish  army  re- 
ilriil  111   Flemish  territory.      In  the   miantime, 
Hmri's  eaiise  was  In-iiiL*  advanei'd  in  the  north 
ia,t  of  hia  kiuKihim  hv  the  skill  and   valor  of 
Tiirenne.  then  he;;inning  his  prml  eareer.  and 
i-xperieneiiiK  vieissitudes  in  the  southeast,  where 
Usiliguiereswaseontenilini?  with  the  mereeiiarh's 
lit  the  I'op>'  ""'I  '•»■  '*"'"'  "f  Savoy,  as  well  as 
with  his  eiiuntrvmenof  the  bau'Ue.     Ili'  ha<l  de 
frateil  IJH  in  with  awfui    '.  uiLrhter  at  Ponteharra. 
S.|iteinlHT  19,  l-TOl.anil  lie  earrh'd  the  war  next 
nariiilo  the  territories  of  ihe  Duke  of  Savoy. 
wrkini;  help  from  the  Italian  Waldenses  which 
111-  ilns  not  seem  to  have  olilained.      •'  Neverthe- 
li'ssilic  kin^'  had  slill  some  formi<lal>le  ohslaeh's 
to  liven  nine.     Three  years  had  run  their  course 
since  he  liiul  prcmiise'd  to  hecome  instructed  in 
till' Cat  111  ilic  religion,  iind  there  VNcre  no  siiins  as 
VI  t  llial  he  was  preparinir  to  fulfil  this  underlak 
iij.'     The  posithm  in  wliieli  he  found  liinis<'lf, 
an  1  the  importance  anil  activity  of  his  military 
1.11.  raliiiiis.  liiul  hitherto  Im'ch  a  sulllcieiit  explaim 
ti  111  of  iiisdelav.     Hut  the  war  had  now  <hanf!i'd 
ilMharailer.    the  Kin;;  had  Kuineil  lirilliant  siie- 
,.  .*-      riieri'  was  ni>  longer  any  large  army  In 
!ii.'  til  111  against   him.     Xothine   seemed   to  he 
11  .w  ill  Ihe  way  to  hiinler  him  from  fultillini;  his 
|ii..iiiiv.     .\iiil  yet  healwaysevaded  it.      lie  had 
I.I  klip  on  giiiHl  terms  with   Eli/alieth  and  the 
I'n.Ii^Miils:  he  wished  t.)  make  his  alijuration 
thi'.m:i»i..ii  for  an  agrei'inent  with  the  Court  of 
U.iiiie,  which  took  no  ste|is  to  smooth  oviT  his 
ihthiuliiis;  ;iiiil  lastly,  he  shrank  fnnu  taking  a 
slip  wliirh  is  always  painful  when  it   is  not  the 
fnit    of    hoiie-l    convictuin.       This    indecision 
ilmililiil  tlie  arilimr  of   his  enemii'S.    prevented 
fn-sh  a.llii  ^ions,  discoiirageil  and  divided  his  old 
fi.lliiwn-,   ...    A    third    party,    composeil    of 
lii~hi.|.»aii.l  Itiiyalist  nohlemen,  drew  arcmndthe 
ciiie.iiH  of  lleiiri  IV..  the  Cardinal  ile  Vendome 
ami  llie  ('.'inie  lie   Soissons.   .  .  .  The   avowed 
otiject  of  this  third  |)arty   was  to  raise  one  of 
tliisi  two  Princes  to  Ihethrime,  if  the  Head  of 
tlieir  ll.iUM-  did  not  forthwith  enter  the  bosimi  of 
i!ir  Vui';;:;.'  Ciiurch.      And  iiually.  She  dvputies 


of  the  citieii  and  provlncru  who  hwl  been  ralle<l 
to  I'lirU  liy  Mttyc>nn<!  wen'  HuseinWIng  there  for 
the  electlcm  of  n  king.  •  The  Satin-  of  Menlppw ' 
has  hanih'd  down  the  States  of  the  league  to 
iminortal  rhllcule:  but  however  decried  that  8»- 
wmbly  has  iH-en.  and  ihserved  to  Ik'.  It  decUled 

th nverslon   if  Henri  IV. ;  he  diHUiiot  attempt 

In  his  despatches  to  deny  this.  ...  In  order  to 
take  aw«v  i  verv  excuse  for  such  an  election,  he 
entered  at  once 'into  confin-mi'  with  the  Calholir 
Ihiologians.  After  some  viry  serious  discussion, 
much  deeper  than  a  certain  saying  widih  has 
iM'Coniea  proverb[tlmt  '  Paris  is  certainly  worlha 
Mass' I  would  Hcem  to  imply,  he  abjured  the 
i'lolesiant  iilighiii  ou  the  '.'■''(th  of  .lulv.  l.'iiCl.  1h- 
fore  the  ArchI  Ishop  of  liourges  The  League 
had  receiviil  its  death  blow  "—Due  d'Aiimale. 
//,V.  r/  Me  I'riium  h  I'nmly.  U.  i.  r/i.  i  (r  ^>).— 
■■ThcneHaoftheabjiiratiiiiiproduceilinlhemiiids 
of  honest  men.  far  and  near,  the  most  painful  im 
prcssion.  I'oliticians  inighl  applaud  an  act  hi- 
Iciiiledtoconcilialelhefavorof  the  great  majority 
of  the   nation,  and  extol  the  astuteniss  of  the 

king  in  chiHising  tl lost  opportune  moment  for 

his  change  of  religion  — tlie    moment    when  he 
would  seciin'  Ihe  support  of  the  Uonian  Catho 
lies,  faligiii'd   by  the  length  of  the  war  and  tiK) 
eager  for  peaci'to  (pn'stion  very  i  losely  the  sin- 
cerilvof  the  kings  motives,  withmi;  forfeiting 
the  support  of  the  Hugiiinots      But  men  of  con- 
science, iudging  Ileiirvs  conduct    by  a  standard 
of    moralilv    immutable    and   iternal.    pissed  ii 
severe  semence  of  condemiiation   upon  the  most 
tlagnmt  instaiKc  of  a  iNtniyal  of  nmral  convic- 
tions which  the  age  had  known.'— 11.  M    Itainl. 
■/'/«•  11111/111  iiiilH  mill  Ifiiiii/iif  .\iirin-n-.  r/i.  i:t  (r. 
o)  — "  \Vliat  the  future  historv  of  France,  would 
have  been  if  Hiury  had  clung  to  his  inlegrily.  is 
liiiown  onlv   to  the  (»mnis<ieiit;    but.   with  the 
annals  of  J^rance  in  our  hands,  we  have  no  dilH- 
eiiltv  in  periciving  that  the  day  of  his  impious, 
because  pretended   conversion,   was  among  the 
•dies  nefasti' of  his  country.     It  n'stored  peace 
indeed  to  that  bleeding  land,  and  it  gave  to  him- 
self an  undisputed  reign  of  s-venteeii  years;  but 
he  found  them  years  replete  with  cares  and  lermrs, 
and  disgnieed  iiy  many  shameful  vieis.  ami  at  last 
abrupt  Jv  termiimU'd  by  the  <lagger  of  an  assassin. 
It  nscued  France,  indeed,  from  th<' evils  of  a  dis- 
puted suciession.  but   it   (unsigned   her  to  two 
centuries  of  despotism  and  inisgovernment.     It 
transmitted  the  crown,  indeed,  to  seven  in  siic- 
ce.vshinof  the  posteritv  of  Henry;  bill  of  tJiem 
one  died  on  the  scalTold.  tlirci-  were  deposed  by 
insumations   of   their  subjects,  one    has  hft  a 
nunc  pursued   bv  unmitigated  and   undying  iii- 
famv.  and  aiiotlar  lived  and  died  in  a  moniistic 
melaneliolv.  the  feeble  slave  of  his  own  minister." 
—Sir  .1.  Sti'pheii.    /,<v('/i  nn  thf   lli't.  "f  Fniinv. 

h<-t.    Hi. 

Ai.soin:  I".  F.  Willert.  Ifiiiii/  nf  .\iiiiint  niiil 
l!ir  Il,i,iiiii,„l»,,f  fnliiff.  i-li.  -,-f,. 

A.  b.  1593-1598.- Henry's  winning  of  Paris. 
—  The  first  attempt  upon  his  life.— Expulsion 
of  Jesuits  from  Paris.-  -'War  with  Spam.— The 
Peace  of 'Vervins.—  ".\  truce  of  three  month.^ 
had  been  agreed  upon  (August  1.  \'M\\.  during 
n  hich  many  noliles  and  si'veral  important  towiKs 
made  their  submissions  to  the  King.  Many, 
however,  slill  held  out  for  the  League,  and 
among  them  I'aris.  as  well  asUheims.  by  ancient 
usage  the  citv  a|ipropriated  to  tlie  conmation  of 
the  kini-s  of'  Fnmce.     Henrv   IV     deenuil    Ilia". 


1245 


i;  - 


H 

i 


Ml*'. 


KHANCK.  iwa  I'lW* 


llrnrtu  .Summr: 


KHANCK,   I.Wl  15im 


U'li 


f! 


I'^' 


1  :iH". 


Li      i' 


"4  '. 


i- 1 


iiriiiiiinv  iii(li»|MimiMi-  li.  >.iiiH  llfy  lii«  riiiw  in 
lliiMMHMf  iIm  |ii..|iIi'.  iiikI  Im'  lliirifiirr  iiiuwil 
it  uAh'  pirrnrimil  mI  Clmilrm  \i\  the  liWicip  nf 
Ihiil  iiliKv,  Kil.niiin  ■-'Illi  1">IM  Hut  In'  nuilil 
liiinllv  I.Nik  ii|><iii  liiiii-' If  IK  Klni;  "f  Kriiiui».i 
Imii;  :is  r.irit  rniiaiiiiil  in  llir  liiiiHJHMf  ii  fmllciti 
uliii'li    ili-.|iiiii  .1    lii-    rinlil.    mill    111-    lliin  fiiri' 

«llili I    1MI\     111  r»r    1.1    (."I     |iii"«'»»ii>ll    "f    tliiil 

i.lliihll  A-  111-    «i-lliillil    k'll    |M».«<-Mi"ll  I'f 

111.    lilV    Vlillliilll   lil.ii«l»llril.   Ill- llilirillilHll    III  III 
Ulll|it    illiv    r..|Ti'|.lllll.'  (Ill-   ('iilnillllllilllllt.       Tllit 
\i,i^    ('liiiil.->  .|i-  (  .i-m'i,   I'. mill  iif    llri»»m-.   . 
Ill  iir\  |iii.iiii..  .1   llii-Nir,  us  ilii-  prill-  111  lili  11.1 
iiiissiiiii   iiii.i   I'liii^.  Mil-  Mini  iif  -.1MI.1NMI  criuMi-* 
Illl.l  Mil   allllllill    |irll«i.ill  i.f  -.■MJKKI.    tiii;.llli-r  Hilll 
till-  ^'iivi  riiiiiiiiN  III  ('irlH  il  Miiil  Muiili-".  mill  llii- 
I'liiitiiiiiiiiiii    III  liiiii  i.f  lii-«  iiiiir»liar»  lull. Ill      '['<> 
till'  I'liixianx  uasiiir. ml  iiiiaiuni-Kly  fniiii  nliii  li 
(iiilv   1  riiiiiiiali   «iri-  l.i    In-   i'\n-|ili-il .    tin-   cini 
llnnalii.ii  III  all  tlirir  |iriv  iln.'i-» .  ami  tin-  pmlii 
liiti.iii  .if  ilii    rrnli-Miaiil    »    ■■.liiii  williiii  11  railiiix 
of   till    lia;;.ii-»    .  I!<   uri    ilavliriak    nil    tin' 

inuiiiiin.' 'if  llii- "ii'l  Mai-ili  l"i!>4  llrissiir  ii|miii-iI 
(111-  Italic  iif  I'ari- III  lli-nrys  trimpM.  wlm  timk 
pii>.v-.»iiiii  iif  tin-  lily  wiilmiit  ri-»i"lan(r,  i-MrpI 
lit  iiiir  -if  llii-  Spaiii-*!!  u'liani  ln>u*-»,  wlii-n-  a  fi-w 
wililiri-s  wi  n-  killril  Win  n  nil  iipixariil  ipiii-l, 
lltiiry  liiiiiM  If  1  iil.ri-il,  ami  wii.h  ii»tiiiii>liril  at 
Ix'iii;:  LTci-lr.l  Willi  l.iMiii-' tlii-ir^.  .  .  .  lli-j-'avi- 
iiiaiiif'il.l  pi-.ii.f-i  of  i.iilii  iiaiiri-  anil  kikiiI  Ii-iiipi  r. 

fiillilliil  all  Mil' I Iiti.iii>iif  liiH  ii;;i'i'i'nii'iit.  ami 

allinM-.l  llii-  Sfianiarils  |  I.IHNI|  to  witliilraw  iiii 
iniili»ii-il  ■  In  Ma>.  IMit.  lli-nry  laiil  •'ii-Kc  I" 
IjKiii.  rtliirli  MiiTi'iiili-ri-il  in  Aiiiiiist.  "  It*  <-x- 
ampli-  «  11  Mum  fiill.i«i-.l  by  Ciiiilrau  'I'liii  rry, 
Aiiiii-ii-'.  I'anilirai  ami  .N.iyiiii.  'I'lir  sin-i  i-hs  nf 
till-  Kiii^'  imlii.r.l  111.-  Diiki-  nf  I.iirruim-  ami  llii- 
Diiki-iif  (ilii-.  Ill  inakilluir  peace  witli  him,  '  In 
Niiveinlier,  an  altenipl  tukilltln-  Kins  was  nmile 
liv  a  y.iiiiit;  man  naim-il  .lean  Clialel,  who  i.in- 
fi-ssiilllial  he  alleiiiliilihesehiHils  nf  the  Jesuits, 
".\ll  the  nil-mill  IS  nf  that  nrih-r  were  arresteil. 
mill  their  papi-rsevamineil.  Oiienf  them,  iiaineil 
Jean  (Jiiiitnanl,  nil  wh.uu  was  fnnnil  a  treati.-M^ 
Hpprnviii^'  the  inwril'-r  nf  Henry  III  .  ami  iiiain- 
laiiiiiii;  that  his  siieeesvir  (lesi-rveil  a  like  fate, 
was  mmli-nim-.l  tn  the  j;alln»s;  ami  the  re- 
maimier  nf  the  nnler  wire  lianisheil  frnm  I'aris, 
January  Mill  l,')tt."),  as  (iirriipters  nf  yniitli  ami 
fueinii  i  nf  the  stale  This  exainph-,  hnweMr, 
was  fnllnweil  iinly  liy  a  few  nf  the  provimial 
eities.  The  irrilariiin'eaiise.l  hy  this  event  seems 
tn  h.ne  pill  ipitaliil  lli-niy  IV!  iiitna  step  which 
he  hail  lit-i-n  sniiie  time  ine.iitalin-i:  a  lieelarali.in 
(if  war  aL,'ainst  his  ancient  anil  innst  liilti-r  enemy 
Philip  11.  (,laniiary  17th  l,')!!."!!  The  Kim;  nf 
Spain,  wlinin  the  w'ant  nf  nn'ney  ha.l  prevenlcil 
fr.im  irivint:  th.-  I.eaijue  nuich  assistance  liiirinir 
the  twn  prei  eiliiif;  Mars,  was  -inni;  iiitn  fury  liy 
this  challeii^'e;  ami  he  inim.-.liauly  nrilcreil  I>nii 
Ki-riiamln   ile    VelaM-.i,    dinslalile    nf    Castile,    In 

j.iin    -Mayi-i in    Kianclic   Iniiite   with    lo.iHH) 

iiieii.  Vclascn.  linwi-vcr,  was  mi  ureal  caplain, 
ami  Utile  of  impnrtame  was  il.ini-.  The  only 
;.(  li.in  wiiith  menliniiiii:^  is  ;in  atlair  nf  cavalry 
a  l-'.inl,iiiie  Francaisi- (June  Oili  l."iU.")i,  in  wliicli 
11. nn  ili---|.l.i\c.l  hi-i  ii-,nal  l.iaverv,  nr  rithir 
rashness,  hut  canienir  viclnriniis.  lie  tln-ii.iver 
run  nearly  all  Kramlie  Cninti;  with. ml  nu-i-tintf 
with  any  iinpiiiiinent  fmin  Vclascn,  Imt  n-tircil 
ut  the  iii-tamc  nf  the  Swiss,  wlin  eiitrealcil  him 
tn  rcspc.l  111.-  m-nl.-alily  nf  that  |irnviiice.  ,\li-.-in 
while   Henry   lia.i  ina.lc  n.ivam-i-s   in    .Miiyeiitie, 


whil  wiw  ili'Ki»*'''<l  *''!>  Vi  lascn  ami  iln  sp,,, 
lariU,  Hiiil  "III  the  i.Vh  SeptemlH-r  Miv.ni,,  „, 
the  iiHine  nf  the  U-tttfiii-.  sluneil  Willi  ilu  Kiii.-i 
truce  nf  thn-e  innnthii.  with  ii  view  I,.  rii.'iiiii, 
the  inllililinllH  nf  fllllin-  Hllhllils-i.iii  \li.-, -,. 
hail  nireaily  iM-inrreil  which  placeil  Ih  i,r\  in, 
lllllch  lllnri-'  favnlinilile  piMlllnll  Willi  hi>  II  ,„,„ 
Cathnlle  Sllhjecls.  he  hllilsnil-i-eileil  (>.  |,i.  !|J,. 
|,"il»."l|    III    ellellllll,'    Ills    rcinnciliali.iM     «i-|i    t|„ 

i'lipe    ,   ,   .   The  wamii  Iheiiiirlhi  rii  I iiir.|i,.{ 

mil  Ix-i-n  lii'iwg  nil  sn  favniiralily  f.-r  ih.  Kn. 
In  .laimary  l."itt."i,  "  I'hilip  II.  nr.l.  r.  .1  i!i.  S|,|,j 
iaril  KiieiitV-s,  wli.i,  till  the  arriv.il  nf  ,\li«ii  iih. 
.\ri-llilllke|,  (iillillll-leil  the  p.iirniii.  r.l  ..f't!„ 
Netherlunils,  In  invaih'  the  tinrlhnf  I'l  ui- .  .  .,'i,| 
Kneiites  .  .  haviiiit  left  Mnmlra-.m-  wiili -u! 
Ilciellt  fiirccs  tn  keep  I'rince  M.iiaiM  111,  III,  I, 
w-t  nIT  with  |."i,iliKI  men,  with  iIh-  il. -un  ,,f  r- 
ciivcrini;  Camlirai.  Caleh-t  ami  Uniiil.  n-  u.  i,l,.| 
t.i  his  arms;  Ham  was  lK-lra\i-il  i..  hiin  in  ii,, 
treachery  nf  the^nvernnr,  ami  in  .\iiv'u.i  I'm  i,i.. 
sat    ilnwn    l«-fiire   Cunilirai,   .  'I'll,     link,  ,( 

.Vlijnll  hail  Miilih'  overtlnil  place  tn  In-  iii  il„r 
('alherineile'  .Meiliii,  wliii  hailappniiii.  J  IMij!  i 
tn  Ih-  jrnveriinr  nf  it.  During  the  .  iul  «  u-  ,,1 
FraiK-e,  llahi'.'iii  hail  eslulili>liei|  liiiii~  If  Hu  r.  i- 
a  lillle  inilcpemlcnlnnvi-n-itfii,  ami  lalinl  liim-ilf 
I'rini-e  nf  Camlirai;  lull  after  the  ili-i  niMiiiur.  ■■', 
the  lA-aglle  he  hail  lleell  (-nmliellc.l  In  iliil.in 
himself,  anil  ha.l  ackimw  h-(l«i-il  his  all.  L-iuii. .  i.. 
the  Kiiitf  nf  Kraiice.  His  cxt.irtii.n  ami  ivrmiiiy 
having  remlercil  him  iletesteil  liy  the  iiil.  iMi.liii< 
tliey  ,  .  ,  ilclivcrcil  Camlirai  m  tin-  >i>.iiiiii'l- 
OclnlM-r  '2nil.  Kiientes  then  n  turn. -I  iiii..  li,. 
Nelherlaiiils.  .  ,  ,  The  Carilinal  An  li.l-ik. Ml.,  n 
arriveil  ut  Hriissels  in  Kelirnary  1  "i',Hi  n|,,n 
Kiu'nt("s  resinneil  his  cnniinaml  ,  ll-iinl\ 
hull  Im-i-ii  eupip-.l  since  the  vvinlcr  in  lii.  -i. :. 
nf  Iji  Ki-rc,  It  little  inwii  in  a  sirmii:  -1111.11111,11 
the  jiinelinii  nf  the  Sern-  ami  <•!-.  11-  i,.-! 
ri-<-eiveil  reinfnreements  frnm  K.ii;;Liiil  .1-  «•';! 
as    frnm    (iermany    ami    llnllaml.  \i!-r 

mareheil  tn  Valenciennes  Willi  almiii  ■J.i.."i"iii.  1. 
with  the  avnweil  intcntinn  nf  n-liiviiiL'  l.i  I'.'r- 
lint  iiisieail  nf  atlemptin;;  licit  enli T|.ri-i .  L- 
ili-spalcheil  l)c  Unsne,  a  Krencli  n  n.-ui-l.- 
with  the  Kri-aler  pari  nf  the  fnri . -,  !.•  -iiiiiri- 
Culais;  uiiil  that  iiniMirlanl  place  «  1-  1  il>.  n  I-, 
ii.ssunlt.  April  ITlli.  Iii-fnre  Ili-niy  cull  iirrn. 
fcir  its  ilefeiK-e,  I.a  tVi-esiirn-ii.l.  1. -1  M.iy  ,'Jiii. 
unil  Henry  then  inunlu-il  with  hi-  irmv  i -w.irl- 
tlie  ciiiist  iif  l'i<-urily,  where  he  eii.l.  ,,  "ir.-l.  Imi 
in  vain.  In  iirnvnke  the  Spaniaril-  :<■  -iv.-  iiin- 
hallle.  After  fnrtifyiiiK  ('alais  aii.l  .\i;r.-  \: 
licrl  willnln-w  ai;aiii"  intn  the  Neili.  rln:  I- 
Kli/.alK-th.  ularmeil  at  tin-  occiipiii- 11  l.i  Hi- 
Spanianlsnf  a  pnri  w  hicli  allnnliil  -u.  Ii  I ..  iliin- 
fnrtlie  invitsiiin  nf  Kn>;lani|,  siiniiali.mar-l-.i  ;. 
(liiileil  unnther  nITensive  ami  ilcliii-i  ■-  :i;ii:iii" 
with  Henry  IV,  (May  '^41111,  in  »iii-!i  sin;  .--i- 
tmclin^r  parties  plcili;eil  thinw  Iv.  - 
,sci>arale  peu(-(-  nr  truce  with  l'liih| 
Dutch  jniiK-il  ill  Ihis  treaty;  Iml  iIh 
princes  nf  (.Jerinany  rcfuseil  in  Ii.-.-mii 
it.  ■■The  treaty,  linwevcr,  ha.l  ii 
Karly  in  1,VJ7,  "the  Spanianl-  <1. ..  1  II' "r.-  ''' 
alarming'  lilmv,  hy  aurpri-iii:;  aie!  '  ':■'  ni- '  ''" 
city  nf  .Viniens,  ^ainin);  aei  1 — -  i"  "  '■}  ■"■  ' 
;;eniiius  slnila),'em,  Hul  ll.nry  i- ■  .n-l'li- 
place  in  S«-j>t<-inlH'r,  ufler  a  viL'nrn.i-  -1- -'■  '" 
also  put  ilnwn  u  risiui;,  iimlcr  n.  I'lk-  -i'' 
Mereii-iir,  in  Hriltiiny,  ili-featini;  ili.  i-W-nl 
Diuuli,  Hiiiie  his  lieulceaiil,  l,i  .-ii^  .,- •" 


I'l 


Tii. 

.1.  -Mil' 


.ir-. 


T240 


KltAN<  K.    IVW  l.'>»> 


ntt  mtti  I'/ 

Sanltt 


KHAN«  K.    I.MIK-IMW 


«,ulhv.«.l.  iMV».l.-.l  h,ivoy  i.n.  .■  in.pr.-  taking  M». 
ru"n     ,M.l  |.un.lv/.in«  Hi"  Im.ill.- .1.  .iifirn  ..f  ll« 
'  L       II,-  niHlV'iuiiit  Simiii.l.  kiiiir.  .uffrriiitf 
'    I  ,r  i.j,  ,11(1   (liMimriik-tl  mill  lir-'l  "f  H"' 

:";:;:. ':;i;i.o,„ak.. ii...i,.|..i..m.i. 

1  111,,.  Ku^lW'  r.ru--.l  I..  lr,.it«iil.  I.iin,  l,.il 
Xin  IV    „„i*ill..l.ii..linL'  111..  I k'.-fu.-iiin 

-,,rti.,  l,i,',im..H.  ,ht.r..,l  i.ii..  i„.i:„tlaMn,„  «l,i,  . 
;,'.,ul,.J  in  111.,  -l-r."!)  "f  V;rvl,i-.  -  -'ti.jl  M..y  -•. 
l-ii     .  Ilv  til..  I'.i"..'  "f  Vi.rviii.  I  ...  Sp..iiianlH 

l.,„r,,l  i.i'  Friiii.-..  t'uli.H.  Ar.lr...,  |)..iiM.ii«,    l,ii 

Ca.   ."■II-.  «'''•■'''  i"  "■''•^^■'>.''-'  '"""■' 

i.,ri  i',.iu-.  ill  llrillunv.  ..f  all  lln^ir  .•..n.|ii...N 
M.i.,ii,l'..„lvlli...-ila.l.'.l..f<'.iiil'r:ii  •Ili..r,.»t 
4  ,-.:,i,.liii...Hw..r..  r.f..rr,.ll..lli..|r.....v  .. 
,i„.i,iin,.,l....-i..  «lii.li  II.111.V  ha.l  -n|.,.l,,i...l 
,L..ul.l  r..iMi  111..  I'i.'i"  "f  "»■  ".-■".  1'"'"""  rii.; 
l,„Ur  uf  >ai..v  «a-.  in.  lu.l.'.l  in  H".  i"^'".'.. 
WlMli-ilii^iiiiP""'""  tnalv  »:is  p.  n.lin:;,  in  Al.ril. 
\-»   l!,iirv.iui.l..l  tl...  niixi..li..'..l   iiH  llnnn-. 

;,:,.„i,j,,,;  bv  ii...  iMw*  K.ii.i  ..f  V'li''-'-- 

T,  II   l>>'.r.   /?"'.  ':'•  ■"•"'"•"    '■•"'■"'•.   '•*■■  •'■   •■'' 

"''^','J;',^'   I.mIv  .la..k«..i.  n.  yir.lfjl..   Il-'.r     j 
;„,,»     f     I     '•/.     Il-IN.    «'"''•■   -■    '■'..     I-.     -•!       !■■     : 

ilU'.li  -It-  \ValH..n.  IU>lnflh    lt,r,n..r  I'hili,. 

A  D  1508-1509.     The  Edict  of  N«nte».  -F.ir 
,1,, 'n,ir|»,»..  ..r  .......ivinjr  H".  -.Ml.ini..i..n  ..f  111.. 

|lul>..  ..t  M..r<..i..ir  1.11.1  111..  111-..'"!!  in-iir>r.nls  111.. 

ki„,'  |,r.K......l...l  .I..W11  111".  l-"ii-'..   anil   .■ri.a.li...l 

il„.  liihilal  iif  Itrillaiiv.  tli.'  ..|imii...|...ml  <itv  i.t 
Naiili-N  ..n  111.,  mil  of  •^"'■''.  '."'»"*      ■'"*"  ■'">" 
hur  h..  vimi...!  111..  <.d'>'  «lii'''  liaH  ...111..  I.;  •». 
tu»«ii  ...H  111.'  E.lut  of  NHI1I..S  laii.l  whirl,  liuil 
kruiiiiiliriliMiissiiin  fnr  siiin.-  niuiillis  will,  np 
rwMlaliv.-^  ..f  II  l'r.>l..»laiil   asscuililv  111  M.s»i..n 
aUl,al.ll..r.nlt|,   .   .   .   Tli..  K.li..|  nf  NanK'* '^  " 
l,.iiv'  uii.l  s.iim.wliiil  i.implu.iil..|l  .I.KiMii.iil.      \W 
.i.l.i  111.'  ...li.t  pr.ip.T,  couUiini.l  m   » >   puliU". 
anil  li  s.  tli..ri'  i»  11  f  iirlliiT  iM.rU.s  ..f  ."ill  '  »«...r.  t    ar 
ii(l.»  mill  11  •  hri-M't '  iir  paU'iit  ..f  lli.'  kini;,  al 
„fwhi,li«..r,.«it;iu.a.)n  tlic  |:llli  ..f  April;  iiiii 
tlics'  ,1".  iini.nt!.  art'  iiiippl..|U..nli..l  liy  a  M.(..niil 
«t  ,,f  .j;)   sc(.r..r  arlitlcH.  <lat...l  .'»  Hi'.  1'"*'  'l.'> 
of  III,    N.inu.  mnnlli.      Tli.'   Ilr»t    ..f    lli.'s..    f.nir 
l..ii»rsi,  (xprcssly  iU.<t.ir...l  li>  1".  «  '  li-riH-liial 
uiul  irr.-v.KaliU'  ...Ii..'..'.   •   ■   Our   .lii..!'  .■"".'.■ni 
iK-iiii;  will.  111.,  f.irtiiiii.s  i>r  111.'  Hiiu'iicn.ils.  Iln- 
rn.vi,i..ii,  fur  III.,  r..  |.«tiil>lisliiii.TiI  .'f  lli>.  Kunian 
Cailiolic' ^^.i^^llip.  wlu.r.'H.'  in  U".  iinir^i.  <if  111.. 
evdits  of  III.,  la^t ;)»  y..urs  lliat  w.irsliip  liail  Ik.!! 
iiiurl.r.il  Willi  .ir  lianislicil,  n....il  ii.il  .laini  mir 

muiilii.n.  F.ir  Ihe  iK.iictit  ..f  111.'  l'ri.l..Manls  th.' 
.■animal  .■.iini-ssiiin  wiislilMTly  I.,  ilw.ll  anywlure 
ill  till- r.nul.liiinini.nis.willi.inl  liiini;>iil.j...l.il  I" 
in.liii|.v,V.  xiil,  imil..»l..il,. iriiinstraini.il  to  ill' any  ■ 
tliiiikMuiurarv  til  llii.ir  iiuis.ii.n|.i..  As  ri.spi'its 
jiiiMii.  w.ir>lnp.  whili'  p-rf...!  ...niality  wum  nut 
i>liilili>lii(l.  th..  ilispositiims  wrrc  hikIi  as  In 
liriii.'  it  wilhin  111.,  pinvi.f  of  a  rri.t|.>lanl  in  any 
|.arl  of  tlir  kiiiKiliini  to  niii-t  Ilis  fi  ll.iw  l)..|ii.vi.rs 
(iiriiii'  lioiiisi  of  arts,  at  l.-ast  from  tiin..  to  tiini.. 
T.iivir\  Prnti-tant  iiiilili.iniin  rujoyini;  tliat  I'X 
iriiMv.'ii.nliiirilv  kiiiovn  as  .  liaiil.' jnsti...,' an.l 
•jMiol)lriiKn  ill  5ioriiiaiulv  .listingiiislii-il  as  pos- 
«s,,ir>..f  .liifsilf  Imuln.rt,'  tin'  p..rniia.sion  Wiis 
graiitnl  to  liiivi-  rf.liKioiis  st.rvi.-i.s  on  all  .uia- 
Monsiiii.l  foriiU  ...)iiuTs  at  tli.ir  prim  ipal  nsi 
iliiiii'.  .!>  xM'll  as  on  otlirr  lan.ls  wlu-ni.vi.r  tin  y 
iliiMisihis  WIT..  pri'SiMit.  Ni)bli.|ii|.n  of  inferior 
j;;r;!,^;..';„.i,   m-u-  uiioWeii   to  liavc   wi)t^iiip   .-n 

11 


thi'lr  ii.tHli-s,  but  only  for  thfiiiwlv.."  iinil  llwlr 
famlll.s      III  aililllloii  I"  Hi.'*'  wlifniorlal  rlKlil«, 
till-    I'rol. .slant    .[-.ipl.. '    r......iv...l    ...n.l.l.  ruble 

a...  |.s»ioiis  to  111..  I  illi.s  wlii.ri'  ih.y  iiilulil  ni'ii  for 
piilili..  r.liitlo.is  piiriHitu's.    Tin'  i.x.r.  Is.,  of  lliilr 
worship  » us  ii.illiorl/.sl  in  all  lill.-nuiul  plaii n 
wlnr..  siiili  worship  liail  Ik  111  Inl.l  .m  "..vcral  .m- 
lu-jons  III  il...  v.urs  iriWIaii'l  IMtT.  iipioih..  iii.mlli 
of   AiiK'iisi.  itii.l  ill  I'll  I''"""  '"  "hi.  I' «""!' P 
hiul  I1...11,  or  oiiiilit  lo  liiiv..  1m  1 11,  ..    ul.llslii.l  111 
u....r.lui...- withthf  K.ll.t  .if  V>"  \\\w  <<li<i  of 

I'liiliirs  — ^...  abov..;  A  1>  1-.7T  loTH],  as  iiil.r 
Iir.L.l  bv  ihi.  (  onr.r.n...  of  N.'.ru.  aii.l  tli..  I'.a.i! 
of  hM.ix  !«...  alKivr:  A.  I)  l.-.TH  1.-.H.II  Hut  111 
ailililion  1.1  th.-s...  a  fr.sh  iflfl  ..f  a  s...oii.l  .  Ily  In 
iv.  IV  balliwiik  un.l  h.'iiw  liaiiss.'..  of  ih..  kinx.lom 
vr.iillv  in.r.aM.il  th..  fai  iliths  .  n,joy...l  by  tliu 
viult.  r...l  lliiuu.ii.ils  for  riuibiiiif  ll.|.  usmiiiIiUi  n 
,.f  lliiir  follow  bilirvcrs    .  ivliolur.  of  b..tli 

rili'.ons  »i  r..  to  Ih^  a.linilt.  .1  witlioiil  ilisliii.  li.m 
of  r.lli.M..iitoull  uiiiv..p.ilii.s.  .oil.  ;.'is,  an.lsdi.siU 
lliroutflio.it  Kruiii...      Tli..  sain.,  iiiiparlialily  was 

to  lAl.n.l  to  th..  r.....pli f  111",  si.  k  In  Ih..  li.m- 

piluN  an.l  lo  thi.  p.Kir  in  the  provishm  inu.l..  f.ir 
th.ir  r..|l..f  Mor..  iliun  this.  Ih..  I'mhstantH 
wcr..  p.rmill...|  l.i .  ~talplish  s<  h.sils  ..f  tli.ir  own 
in  all  plai.s  wh.r..  th.ir  wiirslii|>  was  uiilhori^i.l. 
Till,  sian.lul  an.l  inhiiinanity  ..xliilii'..!  i"  'li« 
r.fiisil  of  burial  M  111.'  I'rotislaiit  .h  u.l  us  w.ll 
in  Ih..  .lisinl.riiii.nt  .if  su.  h  Isslhs  as  hml  Imiii 
plaiiil  ill  ...iis..(.ral...l  ifroiinil.  was  Inn.,  f.irlli 
pr...  I111I...I  bv  th..  assiuninii.l  of  piirtimis  ol  Ih.- 
piiblir  |..in.'l..ri.sor  .if  11.. w  .■.iiuliri  s  of  thiir 
ow  n  to  111.,  i'riit.slaiils  The  i'w  il  ..lUalily  .'f  Hn' 
I'r  il.stants  wasassunil  bv  an  iirti.-l..  wliiili  ih- 
1  hiri.t  tli..ni  to  b..  a.lnik-il.l..  to  all  publio  jiosi- 
ti.ins  iliL'iiili.s.  .illL-.s,  anil  .  liarn.s,  ami  f..rlia.l<' 
aiiv  oil."  T  .•vaniiiialion  lul.i  Iliilr  .pialitl.  ali.niH, 
loh.lu.t.  ami  morals  lliaii  tho.-.  I"  wlii.li  lliiir 
lioiiian  fatholi..  br.llir.n  w.r..   subji..l...l.   .  _  . 

Provision  was  mail.,   for  Ih.'  .slalilislim.. fu 

ilianilM.r  of  th.'  .ilhl.'  as  it  wa-s  slyh.l.  m  Hit' 
I'arliam.nt  of  I'ari-,  with  six  I'rot.stanls  amontj 
its  sixH'cn  <...uns.llors,  lo  laki-  i.ot.'niz.ani...  of 
<iis..s  in  whiili  I'rol.staiits  w. f.'  .■om...rm..l.  A 
similar  .tianilMr  was  proiniM.l  in  .a.  li  of  111'! 
purliam.nts  of  Uou.ii  an.l  I!,  iiti.-.  In  Niutli..rn 
Fran...'  tlir...  •  iliambr.s  inipirti.s  win-  .■itli.'r 
rorliimi.d  .ir  cnal.-.l.  with  an  •  I'lul  nunilHr  of 
Uoiiiun  Catholi..  an.l  I'roi.stant  i  oli;..s.  '  In  llip 
..liri'vct  "or  pat.nl  wliiili  ai.  oinj' iiii...l  Ihi' i.li.l, 
Ih..  kiiiu'  inaih.  a  s.  .r.t  provision  of  4"i.tKNI  trow  mt 
annuallv  from  th..  rovul  tr.asiiry,  whuli  was  un- 
(lirsi.ssl  111  li..  for  th..  support  of  I'rol..staiit 
minisl.rs.  although  that  |.urpos..  was  <.oii.-..al...l. 
In  tb..  s.-..oml  s..ri..s  of  w.-nt  arti.li.s.  tli|.  I  rot- 
oslaiils  w.r.'  authori/.i.t  lo  r.tuin  possession  for 
ci.'lii  v.iiis  of  th..  ■■.■auti.mary  .in..*  wliirli 
thTv  liilil  iin.l.r  foniuT  tr.ati..s.  an.l  provision 
wasmaih.  for  puvini;  Iho  i-Mrrisons.  ..Miih  arc 
ho  main  foalur..s  of  a  law  who-o  oiia..tm..nt 
narks  an  inip..rlunt  .[..kIi  in  tin-  history  of  juria- 
iru.l.iiio.   .    .      Tlio  Kili.-t  of  Nanus  was  not  at 


Ih. 


I" 

one.,   pri'sonl 

inil...'<l.  iiiilil 


I   to  th..   parliaiiu.nis;  nor  was  it. 
irlv  in  tho  following  y..ur  that  lli« 

lot  U- 


I'arliai'n.nl  ..f  I'liris  f.irmullv  ..nton.il  tht-  ilo.  u 
monl  upon  ilsro-isti.rs.   .       .   Th..r..  wor..  obMa 
ilos  from  nianv  ilifr..r..nt  .piarlois  to  b|..ivir.or-  ■ 
Tli...li.rL'V.  tlio  parliain..nls,  th.' unnorsity.  ral 
nil  .liitiiu'ltv  aftor  .lifll.ulty."    Hut  th.'  iiiasloi 
will  of  Ih.'  kini;  bor..  .lowii  all  opiiositi.m.  1 
tho  Elliot  was  tlually  ii......iit.'a  as  tlio  law  .>f 

;^,...,     ..  ,in  th.'  17th  .>f  March  !  la»»]  Houry  t 


.  f 


M»,' 


1      .  !  ' 


!,. 


*i- 


U: 


i.j- 


i.4  ;    i  •  . 


'i     I    [ 


:!  •■ 


lO:' 


FiiAxrr,  \;m  \im 


llmry  If 


ritANCK,    t«ll>   IfllH 


■t<  |m  for  lla  (iimplt'lc  ini'i'iitliin  ilin>iit(l>"<it 
Kmmr.  I>y  llir  iiiii»iiiilim'iil  i>f  riiinmlMhiiiirx  — 
n  niilili'Tiiiiii  mill  ii  iiiiii[|pilnil<'  friiiii  ''tdi  I'mvliicf 
—  toiiltind  I"  lliv  wiirk   '      II     M    Ifcilnl.    7'A/ 

ll>i;iii>ii''l»'i"'l  ll'iirii  ■/  S'lnlrrr.  ch    U  (r.  Si 

Al.MilN  (■  M  V"ll4!"',  tUmrm /null  Kill).  Hi'l  , 
.VA  ».ri.»,  .•   :Wt 

Tllr  full  !■  \t  of  llir  Kili't  iif  Nillltli.  will  Im- 
fiiilnil  111  llii-  f"lliiwlti«  liiillliil  wiirk':  ('.  VV>1«», 
llfl  „t'  /■•/./,./.  /';■■.^.^l)ir  llif'i'i'i'.  r  •i.ilw  — 
\  Miiurv.  I/.  .„..(/•»  .;r  . I  Ihi.iuif:,!  h),  III  ill/  (J. 
y.ntt.lilii  I.  '</'/' 

A.  D.  1590-1610.  Invaaion  of  S*vor.  Ac- 
quiiition  of  the  Department  of  Aitne.  Ten 
ye«ri  of  peace  «nd  proiperity.  — The  great 
works  of  Henry  IV.  -His  foreign  policy.  -Hi* 


Diih 
■|,n 


till' 


!""' 


.f 


il.. 


Ik 


■ni< 
(h 

llmi'  I  :il 
liil.ninr 

■.Mi      IM    I 


lir   llM.I    >ih  . 

t\\\  rii\  -'  |iii:ili-  : 

Cllitnl    I'lirvilici' 

<icnii;iTi\.    Swil/ 
.Man  11  ItiH'.l      Tli 


I'l 


aitaitination.—    Oni  ihlni; 
Vrriin-  Il  II  iiii>.  nil  .1      In  iIm'  |iriii  'lin.'  inmlili 
0    Mii.iil     Ihiliall    il|i|iiliiiil.'i\    Ihi'    Miirc|iil«ilr    I'f 
Siiliiiii.  Ii.iil  Ihiii  •il/.il  liy  «  liiirli  •<  Kiiiiimimrl. 
Diiki'  iif  S.iMi\ .  UK  !      ... ....'  il  «lill  ill  111-'  !"«»<■'< 

i.iiMi       riirriciil  "f  Knniilnil  w;i»  i.nt  ■llspulcil. 

ilM  11"!  adniil  Ihdiiil  iif  ill^plllr.  Imi!  Ihl'  Dllkr 
»:l«  illlH  illillu'  I'l  I'.irl  W  llll  «  h:ll  nill'linilril  iiITi' 
111  llll-  kii'iif  lt;il\  111  rilliii- III  l'arisliil>r 
<i  iiiU  r  l.'ilMI  111  iHu'iiliali'  Ihl-  alTair  in  |irr.iin." 
Inn  1  iii|iliiMil  lii«  ii|i|iiirlii-iiiv  t"  iiilriiiui-  v.iili 
ti  riaiii  ilUairi'i  In!  imlili  <,  inrliiiliiiit  llii'  Diikr  nf 
llir.iii.   marshal  nf  Kraiiii- am!  (.'nuriinr  nf  Itiir 

Ifllllilj.       ■Wiarinl     Willi    ilrlilVK.     wllii-u-    iil)|ri  t 

was  trih-.|. aniil.  Iliiiry  al  la«l  had  nnmr^r  in 
iiriii^.  SaMn  »a4  «|ii'i'i|il,v  n\irriiii  wiili  Kmirli 
ln>ii|i«,  mid  ils  rliii  f  HtrnMKlinlili  l.ikiii  Spain 
•.vii«  r.nl  pii  |iarii|  In  li.nk  liir  ally,  and  tlir  alTair 
tiriniiialiii  liv  lliiir\  s  ariipliiii.'  in  liiii  nf  iIh' 
M.inpii-ali-  ll'ial  part  nf  Siivny  wliirli  imw  imi 
>iiinlis  Ihl-  |)i  parlniinl  nf  Aii-ii"'  in  Kniiifi' " 
llirnii.  wlinin  llir  KiiiL'  trii  d  hard  In  savr  In  ri' 
pi  cliil  »arniiii."<  wliirh  «iri'  iini  hiidid.  |iaid 
Ihr  pi  iialiv  nf  liH  triasnnalilr  mIii-iihs  al  lanl  hv 
ln^ini  hishiad  "  Tlir  liii  viitrs  frntn  llilN)  tn 
liljil  win  yi  ari  nf  trani|iiilliiy.  and  tnwv  In 
llinrv  Ihl- nppnrtiiiilty  hi-  had  >nardi-iitly  Iniitrrd 
Inr  III'  n-^iiirini;  and  ri-i;rni-r.uintr  Fnniir."  IIi* 
applii'd  his  riii-ririi'i  and  hi^  arlivi  .iiiiid  to  tlir 
ri-nr;:ani/alinn  nf  tin-  dinnrdi-n-d  linanrrs  of  tin* 
kinuiloin.  In  Ihl-  iniprovi-nirnt  nf  imririilluri*.  to 
Ihl   niiillipliration  of  indn>lrii>s,  lo  Ihi- i-Mriidini; 

of  I minr.     Ill-  t'iiM- 'hi-  llrst  i'-ipnU- to  silk 

t-nlliin-  and  -\\\<.  maiiiifartiin-  in  Kniin-i--  In- 
fniinilid  Ihl-  L'n-at  <lnliilin  inaniifartory  '  tapri 
Irv  at  I'aris;  hi-  Imill  niadi  and  hridu'i-s.  af.d  111 
(-oiira-.'rd  i-ai- i!  pmiii-N;   In-    hi-u'all    Ihi-   rn-atimi 

of    a    llavv  ;     hi-    pn- lid     Ihi-    1  i-lnni/atii    1    nf 

inada.  --  It  wa-<«.  Iinwi-vt-r,  in  tin-  ilninain  of 
fiini.'ii  pnlitii-.  thai  Ih-nry  i-\hiliiii-il  Ih.- ariiti- 
ni-^s  .Hid  rntiipn-hi  iisi\(-ni-s-.  nf  his  ^t-nius.  and 
Ills  n.arvf-ltous  pnwi-rs  nf  riintri\  and-,  mnihiuii- 
tinn,  1  \i-rulinn  .  .  Till-  L'n-al  p.ilitiial  pmji-rl. 
r-i  till-  niaturiiiL'  nf  wlii.  h  llriii>  IV.  di-vnti-d  hii 
Il  itirin.:  1  ni-ririi-s  fnr  Ihi-  last  yi-ars  of  his  lift-. 
WIS  Ihl    liriiiLMni;  nf   tin-  half   nf    Kiinipi- 

'  pnlilii-al  altianri  .  and  artniti;:  i  ai:aiiist 
■I- nf  .\i|stria,  and  sirikint'  whiii  tin-  lit 
II'.  siirli  a  li|"w  al  till-  aniliilinn  aiid  in 
III'  that  hnilv  that  il  niitfh'  ni-vir  Ih- 
iinvii-      .\ffi-r  inminii-ralili- iii-;;niial'nii- 


,k.  1,1, 
:      i'l. 


IVi 


TI 


ili-d  ill  fiirinini;  11  i-nalitinii  nf 

^tati-s,  iiiiltrin-in;;  Kn^laiid.  Ihi- 

Diiiinark.  Swrdiii.  N'ortlii-rn 

1^  iiiil       \t    last    till'   time    fnr 

...    n..i         t    I  i.......^    .i:...i     .»-.iii 


sill  iissinn  waHilispiitrd.     Uiii; 


of  till-  riainiiuit*  iif  tliti  Oiikiilimi  wns  .ii|  ;u,rt.,| 
hv  the  KnilMTor,  nnollii-r  l>y  tin  I'l  .  .1,1,1 
I'rIni-iK  of  (ttTniBii)-  l««'i' <lKI(M\NV  .\  |i  \itn 
IH|i*|  TlH-ionli-Kt  hIniiiI  It  aiiiall  III  rinih  jiu,  1,) 
pn'M-ntiil  llw  op|Hirliinity  fnr  liriiu-niii  im,, 
nrlloii  thill  iillliiiH-i-  whii-'i  llriirt  U:,\  |,l.,iiii..| 
mill  jH-rfi  i-li'il  III  Ihl  Kri-iit  iiiilitar\  m  <>.  in,  1,1, 
tliiil  wi-ri-  |iroJi-i-liHl  hi- was  hinisi  If  1  1  ,1,,  :||, 
It-ad.  Four  l<  n-iii'li  unnii's.  nniiilH-iiii^ 
Ht-n'  to  Im-  liiiiiK  ht-il  iitfiiinst  Ihi-  ti  ti  t 
Kiini|H-an  lihi-rty  tini'  of  ilnsi  llimv 
roniinand :  rvi-n  our  mmiiiu^  IVinrr  nf  W 
to  lirin;;  H.ikki  Ktik'lisli  with  him.  an.!  1 
lint  rssiiv  ill  arms  iindir  till-  l-Vim  h  \\\ 
Ihi-riid  of  April.  Ull",  :n  i""i  on  11  u.  1  , 
of  i-annnii  ha  t  assi-nilili-d  al  i  halnns      i-.    .',,;], 

MaV   was    ilM'd    us  till-  ila\    nil  Whii  h    II     ,:,      i  i. 

In  ;,lai-i-  l.iliis,  If  at  its  In- id  '  llul  1,11  II.,  ir,'l,  .,t 
May  llltliii  hi- was  siniik  ilnwn  hy  II,.  I,,i.|,,| 
nil  iisKiisslii  iKraninls  ItavailLi  1,  aii-l  1!,.  hIi-Ii- 
i-niiiliinalinii  fill  In  plni-s-W  11,1,1,,  ;/„ 
lf,i/»"r'  Ih,    ll'iiiHiioilt.  i-li.  •^  -■  '['\,.    i:ii,|.,r..r. 

till-    Kliii;  III    Spain,   tin-  ({min  nf   Ki ilu- 

l>iikr  irKpirnnii.  tin-  .li-siilis,  «rri  all  in  turn 
sils|H-rti-iliif  hiivlni;  lnstli.Mli  1  tin- 1.  inn  1..  1  i,,..- 
thi-y  llll  prntlti-d  hy  It;  Imi  tin-  as,  i-m  ,|. ,  I  ,r,  ,| 
llmi    hi-    ha-l  im  111 1  ninplin-s.   .  II,    l„h, -.,,1 

that   the    Kill);  n.is  iil    In-art  a   llm-ii 1     ,;,i| 

thniiiiht  that  In  riildin^  Kniim- nf  ihis  1, ,..-,. mli 
In-  WHS  n-niliriiiL'  11  ».'nat  si  rvii  i-  m  his,  ,,u!,;i-v 
—  A.  ill-  Itolini  rlinsii.  //,»/.  ..//-v.!.,.-..  .    1 

Al.si.   in:   M.  \V,  Friir.  T'l.    /.-i-'  /'    . 

<,7.. ri'."i»  A". /.//I.  — Diik:- of  Siillv,  1/ 

-Sir   N      W     Wraxall.    Ili'i  '  ■■/  /'  -    . 
Kllil.  r  ."1.  I'll.  T  H.  I'll''  r.  (i 

A.  D.  1603-161^.  — First  settlements  m  Ac«- 
dia.  -Si-l-  CxNXIiV:  A.  II.  UllH  Min'i  m  !  ii^ml 
ItUlK 

A.  D.  i6o8-l6li.  -Champlain's  explorations 
and  settlements  in  the  Valley  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence.      Sl-t-    ('AN.tlU,     A.    Il,     |till-<    ll'.ll       i'-ll 

lllll);  KIHI-HIJH. 

A.  D.  1610.— Accession  of  King  Louu  XIII. 

A.  D.  i6lO-l6l9.~-The  regency  of  Mane  it 
Medicis.— The  reign  of  favorites  and  the  not 
of  factions.— Distractions  of  the  kingdom. 
The  rise  of  Richelieu.— "  .Vfiir  li,  ...  iih  1 
lli-iiry  IV.  il  wiw  »i-i-"  hnw  ininli  ili,  |,'«-r, 
rn-dii.  iimnnrrs.  and  s|iiril  of  11  nali-'ii  In  .|  1,  ii'li 
di-piiid  uiKMi  II  .sinj;h-  man.  This  priii.i  In, I  !■> 
il  \ii:iiroiis.  yi-t  i^i-nlli'  iidnunjstratinn  \  p;  ill 
nnli-rs  of  Ihl-  stati'  in  union.  Iiillid  nil  1 1.  li  -ii-  i-i 

sh-r|i.  nminliiinrilpi'ii<-i-lii-t»iinllii-  imir.  Ii_- -, 

i:nd  ki-iit  his  pcoph-  in  |ilriil.-  .      Ili-  I-  M  i!^i-  Im! 
unrc  of  Eiiropi-  in  his  liaiids  hy  his  alh.iMn.  In-- 
-ii-hrs.  and  his  nrnis.      .Ml  tln-si-  adv.iiii.i.- 
hist  in  thi-  viry  llrst   vi-.-ir  of  tin-  n-i- n,  v 
widow,    Mary    of    .\fi-iliiis    Iwhimi    II- :, 
inarrii-d   in    UiiHI.    tin-    pnpr   irranlii  _'    , 
frniii  his  tirst   wifi-.    .Miiriian-I   "I    \  1'  1- 
.\lary  nf  Midi. -is  .   .   .  a|ipniiiti  d  n  j.  m  : 
llll-   iniimriiy   of  Inr  son.  I.niiis   .Mil  1 
ii-,i  mistriss  nf  tin- kinu'dnni.  Ia\is|iid  r; 
nl  i-n-atup-s  all  that  lli-nry  lln-Ori-ai  Imi  1 
In  ri'inliT  his  iialinn  pnwrrfiil.     'riii-:iii-... 
riis<-il  tn  rarry  tin-  war  inin  (ii tin  ,:-.  - 
liandi-d.  tin-  prini-i-s  In-  had  laUrii  mi  I-  ■■ 
tri-tinn  wt-n-  iiliandnnid.     ( 'liarh  s  Ij,,  ,1  -, 
of  Siivny,  thi-  m-w  ally  nf  lli-nry  l\'      '  ■- 
to  iisk  punhiii  nf  Pliiiip  III.  nf  >|-ii-i  '   r 
i-nti-n-il  intn  11  tn-aly  with  till-  I'l-n-ii  i.' 
si-r.t  his  Kon  <::  .Madrid  tc  im!'!-"-'-  'I--  "' 
the  Spanish  rniirt.  and  tn  hiiinbli    iiiiii- 


-  \s ,  ri- 
, ;  liis 
1    1,1,1 


I.-  1,1 


Mill 
V-if 


I'JIS 


rBANCE.  »«l»-l«l» 


KKAMrE.  i*ia-i«t». 


Ki-t  in  hl«  f»th«T'«  numf.     Tli»   prino"  '•' 
«''^,';,  ".horn  llrnry  l.-l  pn;..r,«l   *l.l.  ... 

Tl  «  ihout  .«l.l«t«-.'     Tl...  .i.U;  l-l  »ll    l« 
^Ti.  »l.r.-..l.  »...l  *•- .ll,.m.t.Hl  »l  horn..      TIm; 

^ Cln-rl.,  IX.  «...!  llc'nry   III  .  ';•"'"  »'"■;,    ' 
".r.k  .I'irlnii  tl. Inorltv  "f  l..«l-.  X  \       A' 

;„'hW.1  '.I    I'HrK  tl.-   U.i  il.ut  *!.»  I1.I.I   In 
Pmrnv  Inri.ir  lo  111.'  Mti.l.'x  H.n.nil  wlil.h  ..«.■!.. 

TV  P.Mll  of  ihU  ll-       ...Illy    ««  llir  1  :.vi..«    M|«  11 

.1  ,!„•  i:rl.M.n.-.»"t  .!..•  kl.i« »itl.....t  l"i"K 

;;n„.l'.lHm.r,.l...l..f  Km,,...  «l.l,.mt  .v.r 

fl,l.„t  that  !«■  »..«  "  f..r,  l«„rr  f..r  il,.'  pr  lu  .  .  f" 

„»v,rvu,>l,'.ppv  «ltimll.m,  f..r  «!,.■  .'.uM  i,..i 
Ln  lnr'.,.tlllr^lv  will,  tl..'  pri„.  •■ -f  «'.....le, 
hi.r"f  il,''  ,„i.l.'.-..i,l.iit«,  witl...i.t  iHintf  .l<prlv.-.l 
„(it  ,lt..u.ilii'r;  i..,rlri,»t  It  i,.  tl...  I.i.,..l»  "f »  "u 
,i„l    «iil,..nt   .ll<pl.i.«li,K   II,.'   *1>"I'-   ki'.K'l",... 

I,,,,,!.'-  iiiul  »"i.  I"  him  wl.«  I.H1I  Xiilii''!  111.' I'liltl.' 
„t('ouirii»ini'.>i.J'.n<tl"ii  will'   •''■"'.*'    •>  ■  1"" 

ui„«.|f  „tti,.'  i,.'«.i  of »  i">f<.v. '»"'  <""''  VV ","■','" 

TU.'..",rt  ,„«.l.'  a  .llHi«'mM.'.l  P>'"''<'  wll"  '''"'• 
,n.laft.r«..r,Urlupt  l.lni  ..pin  tl.f  Hii'>til.'_      ri,i» 
had  l.r.i  til.'  fat.'  i.f  lii'<  fall.'-r  ami  cniiiilfullH'r, 
ui,l  Will.  iitI.TW»riNllml"f  Ills  w'»       I  U  .■.itillin'- 
mf  nt .  in  n.w.1  tl..'  Mi.ii.lHr.if  till'  „„.  .■.'.mt.'iits. 
Thi'  (iuixs.  »1."  '""'  f'i"»<''ly  '"■">  l,iipla>'«l)l<' 
fnimi.Hlotl.1'  C.Hi.l"''  fimilly,  n.'w  j..,iic.l   w,tli 
Ihrrii     Tlu'.l<.liii>f  V.i..l.ii...'.  ...I.  I.,  II.  nry  1\  . 
Ihi'  iluki'  nf  N.'V.rs.  iif  the  li"ii«' "f  <)'>n/.iiLM. 
the  man. li.il  <li'  U.mlllon.  anil  all  the  rest  of  tin- 
ni«l.ioni.„lH.  fortllli.l  tl..'i..'«lv.'s  In  tl..'  pniy- 
imw  nn.l('»tlii«  that  tlicy  .Diitli,!..-.!  true  lo  tli.ir 
kinit'  wul  iiiwU'  war  .ii.lv  against  the  prin..'  mii.     , 
UUT    Ciiiiiinl.  mart'ohal  (I'An.'n'.  w.ur.'  .if  the   | 
qiiMn  ri-u-c  nt'H  pmUTtlon,  l.ravfil  tli.in  all.     lit' 
miwl  :.W^)  ...I'n  at  l.l»  own  cxiM'nc.'.  t»  iiupport 
iW  mval  auihorlty.  .  .  .  Ayoi.t.K  niaiiof  whom 
he  htt(l  not  II,,'  l.'iwt  appri'li.'iislon.  a„.l  who  was 
a. «tramr.r  lik.'  Iiiii.«'lf.  laiis..!  I.ls  r,iin,  ai..l  all 
ih.'  mi»tnrm,i.'»  of   Mary  of    M.ill.is.     t  harli'rt 
.Vll«rt"f  I.uini'H,  Inini  In  Ih.- I'onnly  of  Avipii 
on,  kul  vNitl.  his  tw<}  bnitliiTs.  Ix.n  laki'ii  into 
111.'  imiiilH  r  nf  jtcniUtm'n  in  nnllnury  iDthc  kln(r, 
unil  Ihc  < ci,ii|mni.>n9  of  hl«  cluoalion.      II.'  Iiiwi 
insiuiiiitcil  hiniwlf  into  thf  k»<k1  jfrur.'s  ami  ...n 
li,l, ,1, ,•  i,f  till'  vouni?  Ii.oi.anh.  by  his  .li'Xtcrily 
in  liini  lilt. hinR.     It  was  n.'vpr  nuppost'.!  that 
till* ( hilili'ih  iiiniisf.nrnl!!  woulil  ri,il  in  a  bl.KxIy 
nvnlutinn.     Till-  martfhal  .I'Anrrc  hail   Riv.n 
lum  ilic  (;.iviri,m.iit  of  AmlMiiw.   thinking  by 
Hut  l.niiaki'  him  his  .rcuturi';  l»,t  this  yoiinn 
nun  iiinii  iviil  iluMlesiKn  of  niiirihri„s;  his  iM'n.' 
fari..r.  liiiiiMiiiiK  tlw'  ilUf.'n.  ui.il  Kovirnini,'  liii,i 
stir,  all  wliiili  hi'BiC(i,nplislnil  without  ii,irli„L' 
Willi  ..iiv  .ihst:irU'.     II.'   8<">n    foiii.il   nu'ans   nf 
lyrHuliiiL'    till'   kin;;   tl,i,t    ho    was  capaliU'   of 
ni.'ni'ii.'  iiliiiH',  tliouL'h  111'  was  not  then  iiiiiti'  IT 
yi;,r^  i.M.  111..1  tcihl  aim  that  tl.i'  ipicfn  .nolhcr 
iiiui  I  '..ncini  kipt  hi,,,  i,i  fi  mllni'n.i'iil.     Th.'  youni; 

kinc,  i.iwl 1  in  his  chihlliiMHl  tliiy   hail   nivin 

Ih.  niii f  .lust,  const'nlcil  lo  the  inurilir  iif  liis 

prir..    :,.;uUlir,  tijt  marquis  of  Viiri,  raStt-niti '-f 


the  king  »  K'lafl*.  •'"  •UIHt  hi*  bnith.r  I  irxn, 
■n.1  .ilhirs.  *ir«  wiil  t"  iliipalili  lib...  wli'>, 
fl„ilb,K  hlin  In  Hi''  <'".»  of  tl,.'  l."i.vr.,  nhot  him 

.1 1  wlihth.'lr  pistols |,\|.rtl 'it,  t«lT|     o| Ihl« 

th.-v  I  rl.ij  iiiil,  '  Vlvr  I.'  rol.'  »»  If  Ihiy  I1.1.I  f  itm-"! 
H  biitil..  nnil  l-.'wi»  XIII  .  ap|Hurln»t  at  11  «ln 
il.m,  .rli.t  01,1,  'Now  I  11,1.  klnt' ■      rl,.-  ipi.-.-n 
iiLilh.  r  hail  h.r  guanU  lak.  n  frnn,  b.  r.  ami  ««• 
i.inllniil  III  Iht  own  iijiiiilmi  111.  ami  iil'i*  ii'la 
banish.'.l    to    Hlois      Tho    plan'  of  inan.lnil  of 
Kra,,..'.  liiM  by  I'on.lni,  was  |{l»i  n  b'  the  i„ar 
iiuis  "f    Vlirl.'hl*  mnnhTiT  "     fnmlnis  »if. 
F.l.iiiior  (ialltfai,  was  tri.il  on  iirharu'.-  of  "ori  ■  ly 
iiml  biirii.'l.    ■anil  tl..kl„«s  favnuril,'.  I,i,l„.s. 
ba.l  till'  ii„ills.i>l.il  .stat.s       This  unforluiiatii 
Dalltial  was  llw'  llr«l  pMnml.r  of  ranllnal  Hi.  hi'^ 
lliiis  f.irtim.';  whil.'ln'  was  v.i  v.ry  younit,  ami 
lalliil  till'  ablKitof  Chillo,,,  slii'  pnsur.il  hi.,,  ll.« 
1  Ishiiprii  .if  l.iii,on,  anil  iit  h'litflb  Roi  hi„i  nnulc 
SI.  niary  of  »tal.-  I"   IHlrt.     IIi'  was  invulvi'il  in 
i   till'    ilisiraiT    of    Ills    prol.rt'rs.    ami  was 

now  banWii'il  .  .  to  a  lillh'  prl.iry  ,it  lhi>  far 
tl,.r.iiili.f  AnJ.iii.  .  .  Thi'iliik.  .,f  K|«rnon. 
»hi.  hail  111, ist'il  tl.i'  i|,ii'.nti>  Is'  ilii  lainl  nit.nt. 
».nt  I.,  ihi'.asth'  of  Hlols  I K.'liruary  '.''-',  I«l»l, 
wbitl.i  r  »l,i-  hail  Is'.n  bnnisli..l.  an;l  riirrif.1  li.'r 
1.1  his  isiHli-  li,  Anifouh'.m-.  Hk.'  a  siiviti'Ik..  wh.) 
r.s<u.s  bis  iillv.  This  was  inanif.slly  ai,  ml  .if 
blijl.  tnason ;  "but  a  iri,ni'  that  wiisappr.iv.sl 
bv  Ih.'  whiOc  kinKil.im  ■■    The  kin^t    pr.s.ntly 

"souKht   >p|Mirtu„llv  of  ri  ronrtllation  with 

his  iniilh.  r,  ami  I'nti  rcl  into  a  tri'iity  with  the 
.lukc  nf  F.p.rm.n.  as  iK'tw.s'n  priiiri'  anil  prince, 
ibil  the  tnutv  of  nuimllialion  was  hanlly 
siiin.il   wh.n  it  wiis  brok.'i,  au'ain     this  wils  the 
Irni-  spii't  of  th.'  tiinis.      N.^w   parli.s  tiKik  up 
iirnis  In  lav.mr  .if   Hi.'  nuisii.  and   always  t»> 
iipiHisc  till'  iliiki'    f  l.uln.s,  ns  iM'fnri-  it  hail  Us-n 
111  iippiis.'  the  man-.hiil  il' An.r.'.  but  n.'V.r  aKainut 
till'    kin((      Kvirv   favourll.'  at   that   liim'  ilrew 
after  him  a  livil  war.     I.K'wis  anil  bis  (nnth.r  In 
fart  niaili'  war  ii(«m  oaih  Dtli.r.     Mary  was  In 
Anj'U  at  III.'  hi'ail  of  a  small  army  iiKainsi  her 
win;  tl.i'y  .niriitfi'il  ea.h  othir  on  llii'  briil){.' of 
Ce.  anil  "tin'  kiiiKilom  wiwnn  Ih.'  point  of  ruin. 
This.onfusion  mnile  th.'  fnrtiu..' of  the  fam.)U» 
1    Hi.h.'li.ai.     He   was  inmplnilli'r  .if   tlif  iiueen- 
iniillirrs  iiouscholil.  anil  hail  supplanlcil  all  th»t 
priniisss  eonflilanlH.  as  h,'  aftfrwar.ls.llil  all  the 
!   kbiKS  minist.rs.     His  pliable  l.iup<r  anil  MA 
\  ilisiHisilion  must  i,ii-.s»arily  have  acpiireil  for 
liim  the  first  nink  .vervwlipre.  or  have  pnived 
'    bis  ruin.     He  bniUKlit  alHiut  the  aic.mmiKlatlim 
'    Is'tween  the  mother  ami  s<ii,:  a,iil  a  nomination 
i    til  the  purple,  wl.iih  the  nueen  ask.'.l  of  the  kinu 
i    fur  him    was  the  r.'wuril  iif  his  wrvices.     The 
.luk.' nf  Kpernim  was  the  lir«t  to  lay  ilown  arm* 
I   without  making  any  ih'm.imls,   whilst  the  r»'sl 
niaile  the  kin«  pav"  ;l.e„,  for  having  taken  up 
j   ar,„s  aitalnst  jiini.     The  ipi.i'U Liother  unil  llic 
kinK  bersiin  hail  an  interview  at  Hrisae.  where 
■    tli.y   embrareil   with  a   tlissl   of   tears,  only_U> 
(iiiarri'l  aiiain  more  violently  than   ever.      The 
I    weakness,' intriw'U.s,  anil  ilivisions  of  the  eourt 
spread  aiiarihv  throutrh  the  kiuKdom.     All  the 
internal  defects  with  wliiih  the  slat.'  bad  for  a 
liinu  time  Iwen  altaekisl  were  now  ••■■■■. seil,  und 
th.isi'  wbidi   Henry   IV.  hail  ri'inuvisl   »erc  n-- 
vived   an.w"— Voltaire,    Anritiit    nnil    .Vinlern 
'    Jliiil<:n/   I'll    Wiimirk-iitr.hi)  Siiiollill.  r.  ,■)>. 

\isiiiN     ('.  1>   Vonce,  IIM.  -f  Fftw,   undfT 

i    th,    iimrlMi:   r.  1,  cli.  .V«— A. .Thierry,  f\>rma- 

!u>:i  and  I'T'^irc  of  ""   Tien  Etat  in  Fraiux.  t. 


I 


79 


1240 


«1*'l 


FRANCE,  1810-1610 


Revolt  »>/  thr 
Huguenot*. 


PUANCE,  1820-1B22 


ii'. 


■    jI  '  111! 


it      '' '    w' '  •!  . 


-.>», 


I,   c/i.    7.  —  S     Mcnzics.    Roynl   Fiinnin'leii.   p.    1. 
fh.  9. 

A.  D.  1630-1632.— Renewed  jealousy  of  the 
Hueuenots.— Their  formidable  organiiation 
ana  its  political  pretensions.— Rettorat'on  of 
Catholicism  in  Navarre  and  Btarn.— Their  in- 
corporation with  France.— The  Huguenot  re- 
volt.—Treaty  of  Montpellier.— "iJic  IIiiuuc 
mil  (|iii'sti(iii  liiid  liccomt'  11  very  siTi<>n>  (inc.  ami 
tilt'  liii^otry  of  snint'  nf  tin*  ('ittholics  I'ouml  its 
tipixirtiiiiity  ill  the  itisuhonlinatiiiii  (if  nuiny  t»f 
Ihi'  I'mtistiiiits.  The  IIin.'iii'iintHhMd  Miiddiilitidly 
many  minor  caust's  for  discontent.  .  .  .  Kiit  on 
till'  wlidle  the  government  iiiid  tlie  inajdiity  of 
the  people  were  « illinir  lo  eiirrv  out  in  i;o<»l  luitli 
the  provisioiiidf  the  iiliel  of  N'aiites.  The  I'lr.l 
ostunts.  within  the  limits  there  laid  diuvii,  could 
have  worshipped  niter  their  own  eonscience,  free 
from  persecution  and  suhject  to  little  molesta- 
tion. It  was.  perhaps,  II  that  cdiild  be  expected 
in  a  country  where  the  muss  of  the  population 
were  Calholie,  and  where  relijiious  faiiatidsm 
had  recent Iv  sup|iorteil  the  League  and  fostcnd 
the  wars  of  relijiicm.  Hut  the  Protestant  party 
seem  to  have  desired  a  seimmte  iMilitieal  power, 
which  almost  justillcs  the  eharjre  made  airainst 
them,  that  they  sought  to  eslahlish  a  state  within 
ft  state,  (ir  even  to  form  a  separate  reimlilic. 
Their  territorial  position  afforded  a  certain  fa 
cilily  for  such  eiKleavors.  In  the  northern  pniv 
ince's  tliei  •  nunilHTs  were  insignitlcaut.  They 
were  fdUiul  chictly  ill  the  soutliwestern  provinces 
—  I'oitou,  Saintoniie.  (Siiienni,  I'rovence,  and 
Ijinijnedoo,  — while  in  Duarii  and  Navarre  they 
cimstituted  the  great  majority  of  the  population, 
and  they  held  for  tlu  ir  protee'tidn  a  large  nuniher 
of  stroiigly  fortified  cities.  .  .  .  Though  theic  is 
nothing  tdsliow  that  a  |)lan  for  a  separate  npuli 
lie  was  seriously  considered,  the  lluguendts  li.id 
adopted  an  organizatidu  wliieli  naturally  e.\(  iled 
the  jealousy  and  ill  will  of  the  general  govern 
ment.  They  had  long  maintained  a  system  of 
pniviiicial  and  general  svikkIs  for  the  reiiulaliou 
of  their  faith  and  discipline.  .  .  The  as,semlily 
which  met  at  Saumur  immediately  after  Henry's 
<leath.  had  carried  still  further  tfie  organization 
of  "lie  menilMis  of  their  faith.  From  consistories 
composed  of  the  |>astors  and  certain  of  the  laitv, 
<k'U'gates  were  chosen  who  formed  hn-al  consts 
tories.  These  atrain  chose  dcIcLratcs  who  met  in 
provincial  synods,  and  from  tliriu  d(  legiiles  wen 
sent  to  the  national  syiKMi,  or  general  as.semhly 
of  the  chureh.  Here  not  only  matters  of  faith, 
hut  of  slate,  were  regulated,  and  the  ireiicral  as- 
semhly  liiialiy  assumed  todeclare  war,  levy  taxes, 
choose  generals,  and  act  ImiIIi  as  a  convocation 
and  a  parliament.  The  assemhly  of  Sauiuur 
aihled  a  system  of  divi-iim  into  eight  gnat 
circles,  coveriiiL'  the  territory  where  the  I'nites- 
tantswere  sulticiently  uumenius  to  lie  imporiant. 
All  lull  two  of  these  win'  south  of  the  l.nin'. 
They  w(Te  suiiscnueiitly  orL'anized  as  mililaiy 
department'.,  each  under  the  coruiuaiid  of  some 
great  iintiN man.  .  .  .  The  Huguenots  hail  also 
shown  :t  willingness  to  assist  tho^e  who  were  in 
arm-  :i;;alii-t  the  state,  had  joined  Coiide.  and 
Clin;  iiiiilnlcd  a  union  with  .Mary  de  .Meiliii  in 
the  iirirf  insurrection  of  Iti'JU.  A  ((uestiiui  had 
now  aris(  11  whiih  was  n'garded  liy  the  majority 
of  the  party  as  one  of  vital  importance.  The 
etiict  of  Nantes,  which  granted  privilcircs  to  the 
Huguenots,  had  granted  also  to  the  Cat  holies  the 
light  to  llie  putilie  professtuli  of  theit'  I'eiigion  !u 


nil  parts  of  Franco.  This  had  formerly  liii  n  pm 
liilntedin  Navarre  and  llearn,  and  Ihe  |'<<|i  ilninn 
of  thos<'  pnivinces  hail  iM'come  very  Iiilh  h  Prm 

estant.      The  Catliolie  clergy  liail  loic  pi  mi i] 

the  king  to  enforci'  therii;lits  whii  li  tin  v  1 1  .jm,,! 
the  edict  gave  them  in  llearn.  and  lo  1  ninin  I  :ii,„ 
a  restitution  of  some  portion  of  the  ]irii|.iif,  t'.r 
merly  held  hy  their  chunli.  wliii  li  Icnl  i,,,.,, 
taken  hy  .leanne  d'.Miin't.  and  the  riiiiniis  ,,1 
which  the  Huguenot  clergy  still  assiininl  li.  m,. 
propriatc  entirely  to  theiiischcs.  iin  .lii!\-j."i 
ltll7.  Louis  linal'ly  issued  an  edict  diniiiini  ih,. 
fn'c  exercise  of  the  Catholic  wiirshi|.  in  |[,,|f|i 
and  the  restitution  tothc  ch^r^'y  of  llie  pPMrv 
that  had  h(>eii  taken  fnim  them.  'I'ln'  nlm  mk 
with  hitter  opposition  in  Ih'arn  and  fmin  :ill  tin. 
Huguenot  party.  The  Prolcstjiiils  \\i  1.  :,.  n,,. 
willing  to  allow-  the  riles  of  the  (  Miin.li  1  ir.ni, 
in  a  province  wliieh  they  contniMcii  as  ih-  i  .trji.i 
lies  to  siilfer  a  Huguenot  convcriiirlr  wvAr.u  \Uf 
walls  of  Paris.  The  pcrsccuiiinis  uhi.lj  tin' 
Huguenots  sulfen'd  distn'ssed  them  li—  ili;i!i  tlw 
toleration  which  they  witc  iililii;c.|  to  ::r:iiit 
In  the  wars  of  religion  the  Hii^'ueimt-  Mil  I,,  m 
contnilled.  not  always  wisely  or  uii-.  Ili-lilv  liv 
the  Hollies  who  had  cspousctl  tlnir  tnili.  init 
these  wen'  slowly  driftinir  hack  tu  I '  iilinhi  i'ln 
.  .  .  The  ('ondi''S  wen' already  (etliiilir-  l.i.iii 
guii't'cs  was  only  waiiiiiL'  till  the  lnilir  l.ir  \M 
conversion  should  lie  siilliciently  Lriiitriiiij  jH.- 
was  received  into  the  t'hureh  and  w:i>  111:1. lei  nn 
stahh'  of  Fnincc  in  .luly.  111'.'','  |  ll"uilii.ii  ^  ri' 
ligion  was  hut  a  c.'tteh-weiirlit  'i  hi- i"'lini  :il  in 
trigiies.  The  iri-audson  of  t'oliLMil  w,i-  -"nn  '.i 
receive  a  luarshars  baton  hir  ("ii-.  niiiu'  i  '  :i 
peace  which  was  disastrous  to  his  p  niy.  siiii'. 
lioliaii.  Soiibisc,  and  l.a  Kon-e  siill  ivitiii:,i'i| 
hut  La  Force's  zeal  miKleratcd  win  n  h-  il-'  u  i- 
made  a  marshal,  and  nne  hniidn-il  vi.ir-  l.iiir 
Uolians  and  the  descendant-  "  snijy  w,.r.'i  :inli 
iial's  hats.  The  party,  slow,,  di-i  rii  i|  liv  tiin 
great  iiobh's.  came  more  under  llie  ii  nn  rvi|i|,  ,i| 
the  clergy  .  .  .  and  under  their  L^ni  1  n.' i'  Mir 
party  now  assumed  a  political  aitlu'\  wiijiji 
liniughton  the  sieire  of  l.a  Ui«lii  lii  iin:|  wii;i  li 
made  possibli'  the  -evocntinn  of  tin  ilm  uf 
Nantes,     liearn  wasi  ot  only  stroM'jh  I'l.'ii-i  11;: 

but  it  claimed,  with  .N'avarn'.  In  t"ni I'.iit  "r 

France,  and  to  !«•  goveiiied  unly  In  ii-  "'\  n  I  iw- 
Its  States  met  and  dedan'd  ilnir  I-,  i  iijir-. 
were  vinl.'ited  by  the  kiiiir'sedirt .  lie'  I*  ir  ;  un- ';' 
of  Fail  rcfu.sed  In  register  it.  and  i'  "  i-  1  ■'  m 
forct'd  in  the  p.ovincc.  .  .  .  Tiie  O'-:  ^'ciii- 
caused  by  .Mary  de  .Medici  had  ilrln  1  !  ;:>  -''l^ 
for   the   eidorccmcnt    of    the    eili' i     li'i'    'in-i' 

troubles  weri'  ended  liv  the  peai t  I'.'  '-  iir  1  i- 

in  Ui-Jii.  ...  In  Ociolier.  lii.'o.  I...1,-  !.'i  iiii 
armv  in  Beam,  removeil  vaiiou-  lliiji'  ':"'  "I'i 
cials".  and  n-Cstablished  the  Citli-.l;''  1  ii  r.'\ 
On  Ociolier  ^imh.  an  eiiici  w.i-  i-in'l  in  w : '■  n 
.Navane  .'iml  liearn  wen'  drclioni  '"  !"■  ir'i''l 
to  France,  and  a  parliaiiiiiil  wa-  i-ii'n-l;"l  !"r 
the  two  pmvinces  on  lin'  s;tnii'  iii'i'i'  i  i-  li'- 
other  |iarliamciits  of  ttie  kininl'ini  \  -•"' 

i-ral  assembly  of  Frotestani-.  -\  nij.  r  mi'  ■.:  ^m''' 
till  ir  bnihn'n  of  these  prnviin  1-.  w  •-  ■  .1  t  'f 
Niivemlier  '.'ti,  IIV.'O,  at  l.a  |{..i  le  IV  I  i>ii:j 
declan-d  those  guilty  of  liiL'h  tri':i- ui  .m.  -ii "  li'l 
join  in  tliat  meeting.  .  .  The  iin  1  1:;:  -  >  1- li' i  i 
ill  dctiaiice  of  the  pniliiliilioii.  :iii'i  i:  ^  >-  'lin'i' 
resolved  to  tak(' lip  arms.   .  ■I'lii-a--' in'''>  i^'' 

eeeih'd  in  all  n'spccts  like  the  Ic'i-I  ii.i'  l';"i>  ■' 
a  si'paraUi  .stale.     The  king  pn  i..iri  ::  :  •::■  "  r 


1250 


'li' 


FRANCE,  18!«>-l«2-2. 


Atr^xdancy 


FRANCE,  1824-1«26 


-l.h  vieor    ...   He   n..w  lot   his    fores    Into 
'    I  V.rPn.n.'.'  ami  iifKT  some  minor  i-iiRaKc- 

'"k-n  cl"«-V  and  tho  king  nmrn.-l  to  I'ans. 

I  «,  this  siiecfss  proved  very  linef .  I  111'  kmc  s 
'  1,  ■r-muTl  iirain  int..  the  south  of  Kn.nee 
r  «.  "1  met  ot^ly  an  irregular  and  in,.me.en. 
,n™  Jiion  .  Clialillon  and    I.a   tone  enel 

iTv  «'p«mt .  ,H.a<T.  an.l  eaeh  was  re«anle,l 

.  ,,ri;es  of   tr.«<'liery  from  Ins  asso.-n.lfs.  .  .  . 

,';•      ,f  Montpeili.T  I.Hl  to  til.'  i«ae.'  .alien 

v',h.t",min<',  hut  on  t.'rnis  that  wer.-  >'nf"V"ra 

1  U  t le  n.  U'i..'n..ls.     Th.y  almn,l.me<l  al    the 

(rtirte    cities  which  thi'V  ha.l  h.ld  for  their  se- 

S      x"'   ".a  U-H-helle  an.l   M,-nt,ml.a.K  ..., 

™"mhli..M-oul.l  n,.Tt  without  pirmtssion  ..f    1  - 

X  e^'-'Pl  tlie  lo<'"l  x.vn.Hls  for  .•..lesia.stnal 

„  "tters  .lone,  an.l  the  int.;r..sts  ..f  Hearn  an.    Na^ 

var„'  «."•  ahandoned.     In   nt urn  the  e.   .'     ..f 

Vums  vasauMiin  rontirme.l.  an.l  th.'.r  rel.L'ious 

nri    hi-'S    left    undisturl.e.1.       Uohan   a<<-.I.te.l 

^m  KKMivres  for  his  eMH'ns.-s  an.   P'vern"''"  '■ 

Z  the  kinit  ai-n-ed  that  the  Kort  of  ht    I.ouis. 

S  .  1  ;„..l  UH.n^.uil.  to  ..veniwe  the  turh.d.n.-e 

„f  lA  KiKlulle.  shi.ul.l  he  .lismantl.- 1.      I>a   1{.>- 

ju.  'lH.«rea    llimu.'.iot  stronghol.l,  e.m  inued 

Lmiit  •"  for  some  time   h-n^-er.  but  at  last  ,t 

S      rn.s.    The  party  was  fast  losing  its  ,..,w.r 

Tl  it»..v.rtlirow  n.uld  la-  easily  f..r.t..l.  .     I.a 


Roth. II.' was  n..w  the  only  I'lae.'  .:apal.le  of  mak 
uga  lunni.ial,le  resistan.e.   .  In  <»","-■■'". 

inu' the  career  of  1-uines  n'aeh.'.l  Us  em  .       11.' 
"u'ltuk™  the  great  otlUe  of  C.nsta l. le  t..  hnn 
self    in.urriniT   mueh    ndi.ul.'   ther.'.v.         I  h< 
„,«s,ms  „f  'he  canipai,..  ami  its  -l'^;"';;;;*  ''',' , 

w.lrni nhi.n;  a  feveratt..ek.-<l  him  at  tlu- lit 

town  .,f  Monheur.  and  on  I). .emlH'r  U,  18-     he    , 
(lii',r-.l.  11.   I'erkins,    F,;ii,ce    umUrmMU,. 
mil,  ,1  ft  r.V.f  ■■/  Ou-  AtlminMnitinn  ,,f  Uirhdi,',. 

'''.Umi  is  :  W.  S.  nn.wning.  IIM.  "f  tlu  llni/w 
wi(«  i7i.  .>4-o6. 

A  D  i6»i.— Claims  in  North  America  con- 
flicting with  England.    S..'   Nkw    KN.ii.AM"; 

A.  1>.  IIV.M-IIKM.  „.. 

A  D  1624-1626.— Richelieu  in  power. --his 

combinations  against  the  ^""o-Sp*""''"- 
«Ddancy.-The  Valtelline  War.-rtueuenots 
again  in  reyolt.-The  second  Treaty  ol  Mont- 
ijelher.-Treaty  of  Monzon  with  Spam.—'    1  he 

ki ,.'  'v:n  on.  e  more  without  a  guid.-,  without  a 
favnlmt.',  hut  his  fat.'  was  up..!!  him.     A  lew 
numll.sin..re  ..f  uncertain  .Iriftini;  ami  he  will 
fall  int.,  tlie   liamls  of   th.'   >:r.'al.st    p..litieiau 
Frame  has  ev.'rse'en.  Canlinal  Ui.li.-li.'u;  .m.h'r 
his  liaii.l  the  King  will  he.'tla.'.'.l.  his  e.il.1  .lisl... 
sitiuTi  ami  narn.w  intellijieme  will  a.c.'pt  an.l  lie 
ri.nvimr.l  hv  the  Rran.h'Ui  of  his  master  s  vu'ws; 
eunvimril,  lie  will  .>Ikv.  am!   we  shall  enl.'r  .ui 
Ih,'  ...ri^.l   ill   which   the    disruptive    f.>r.'.s   lu 
FniM.v  will  Ik-  e.ieice.l.  and  the  elem.'nts  ot  fi'.;.' 
.l.iiiiaml  ...iislitutional  lifestain|H'.l  .l.>wn;  while 
palriuiiMii.  an.l  a  tiriii  lielief  inth.'  .U'slim.'sof  th.' 
i!;in,,n  will  I).'  f.isten'.l  an.l  smw  stnint;;    Irin..' 
«iil  as„.it  li.T  hik'h  place  in  Kiin.pe.      Ui.h.'lieo. 
vvl.  .l,a,lalr.'a.lv  in  1IK'>  n'ceiv.'.l  th.' fanluial  > 
hal.  .m.r.'il  the  KIuk's  C.mmil  .m  the  Uth  ..I 
Al  'il     HW4.  .  .   .   I.a    Vieuville,    uml.  r    wIiom- 
palnmac.'  he  had   iH-en  hnmghl   f..rwanl    w.l 
.,.1 :  '..:.::  iiuo  the  Cahiii.-t        ■   -   Uut  '-»  ^'''U- 


vllle  ■was  not  fitted  by  nature  for  the  c  lii.f  place; 
he    was  rash,  vh.lent,  unpopular  ami   crriipl 
lle.s.H>u  lia.1  t..  Kive  place  to  liichelieu.    lem^e^ 
f„rth    the    virtual    liea.1    of    th.;   t^umil.      U 
Vieuvill.'.  thus  supplanteil,  ha.l  N'en  t  le  Hrst  to 
nvers.'  th.'  ruinous  Spanish  policy  of  the  Court; 
1„.   l„«l   pr.miised    lie},   t.-  .the    Out.  h,  to 
Mansliel.l,  t..  the   Elector   Fre.l.'ri<'k  ,  in  a  won, 
his  p<.li.y  lm.l  hen  th.'   forecast  ,.l  that  of  tlifi 
Carllinal.  win.  owi.l   his  ris,'  t<,  I"'"','!'"'   "';™ 
st.'pp.'.l   nin.hlv   over   his  head   inf.  his     .la.  e 
Knyian,l   ha.l  Me.  lare.l    war  ..n   >Vf"-^<^'}^, 
j„i«.'.l    K.is:lan.l  in  r.'m»  ng  th.'   ..1.1  <'«'"-; 
an.l  .lef.nsiv.-    .llian.e  with  the  Dutch,  tngland 
pr..iiiisin!;   111.  u    an.l    France   nion.'y.   .   .   .    1  «• 
A.istr..  Spani-I.  |...wer  had  gnatly  imn'as.'.   <lur- 
imithes,'   v.ars:  its  succ.'ss<'S  ha.l  enah  .'.I  it  to 
knit    K.g.'fh.r  all    the    provin.es    whuh    owe.1 
it  all.'Uian.'.'.     The    Palatinate    ami    th.'    I...wer 
Khim-  «'cui.'.l  their  comiexi..ii  with  th.'  >>panlsh 
.Neth.rlamls,  as  w.'  may  m.w  hesiin  to  call  tlain, 
ami  thr.'.itene.l  the  v.Ty  exist.'n.e  .it  "'';•»'";»; 
the  Valtelline  f.irts  (.■.miimin.ling  the  vall.'V  <  ast 
of  I,ak.' ('..m...  from  which  ..m' pass  .•..inmuni.at.'S 
with  the  Eni'adine  ami  th.'  (!ris..ns.  an.l  an.ither 
with  the  T>  ■  )l|      •   ■   «cre  thi'  roadway  latwcen 
th.'  Spanish  p.'w.r  at  Milan  anil  th.'  Austnans 
.,„  th.'  D.mulH-  an.l  in  the  Tyr..l.     Hich.li.Mi  now 
r,.solv.'.l  t..  atta.k  this  thi'.at.'ninir  c..ml>mati..n 
at  iH.th  critical  p..i.its.     In  the  N.,rth  he  .li.l  m.t 
pr..p..s.'  t..int.'rf.ie  in  arms:  there  ..th.rs  slioii  ,1 
j.-ht    an.l  Fran.-.'  supp. "t  th.ni  with  .lUi.'t  sub- 
sidies ami   g.s«l    will,     lie    pr.ss.'.l    matt.rs  on 
with  the  English,  the  Out.!.,  the  N..rth(..'rman 
I'rim.'s;     he    n.'g.Kiat.'.!     with     Maximilian    of 
Havaria  and   the    Liau'iu'.  h..pinir   t..   k.'e|.   the 
South    German    Primes  .Uar  ..t    the    liupenal 
p.ili.'V  The  Flench  ainliassa.lor  at  Cpin- 

hageh,'  weli  supp.irt.'d  by  th,'  Kn-lish  env.jy. 
Sir  HolM'rt  Aiislr.ith.r.  at  tlos  tin..'  orL'anis.'.l  a 
Northern  I,.ag...'.  h.  a.k'.l  by  <'''"'*'•«"  '^  '"' 
Denmark  (si'dlKilMANV:  A.  1>.  H.'t-1'>-"!  .  ■ 
The  I,utli.'ran  I'rim.s.  alarm.'.l  at  the  thnatemng 
aspct  of  affairs,  w.r.'  b.'ginnini:  to  think  that 
:  they  I1.UI  nia.le  a  niistak.'  iu  leu 'king  Ih.'  1  alaun- 
atet..  bec..n.iii.'re.l;  an.l  turm.l  a  more  willing 
.ar  t..  the  Fren.li  ami  Kngli-sh  pr..p..sal.s  f..r  this 
Northern    Liagu...  i!v    I'l^'  <."••  <  ^'••;  '"^  » 

idaiis  in  the  N.'rlh  s.'.'m..l  to  be  L'.'ing  well    tluB 
N,.rth  Saxon   I'rinc.s.  th..UL'li   with    little  heart 
a„.l  mu.h  dilT.'r.'.i. .'  ..f  opini...i.  spe.'.ally  m  the 
..ili.'s.  ha.l  a.-.'ept.-,l  Christian  I\  .  as  th.'ir  l.™l.'r; 
an.l  tlu'  pn.L'r.'ss  of  the  Spaniar.ls  in  the  I  mtiHl 
l'r..vim'.'s  was     h.-.k..!.     In  th.'  <.ther  p..in    to 
whi.h  Iti.h.li.'us  att.nti.ai  was  din  .t.-il.  matters 
a     umne  still    bett.T     ITl,.'  inhabitants  ..t  the 
Valtellin,'  w.r.'    mostly   Catholics   an.     Italians 
Th.'V   ha.l   l.Hi-  b.'.n  subj.ct  t..  th.'  I'r..testant 
(irisons  ..r  Oianl.inal.'i..     In  WM  th.'V  ha.l  risen 
in  r.voll    n.assii.r.'.!  Ih.'  l'r..t.stants<.f  th.'valh'y 
.,n.l  forn..-.l  an  in.l.l..ii,l.nt  r.public.  supporte. 
l,v  th.'  Spanianls  an.l  Austrians.     Spamsli  and 
(i.rinan  troops  ...-.npie.!  the  f..ur  strong  Valtel- 
lin,- forts    an.l   ,-,.nti-,ill,-d    the  imp.>rtant  passi'S 
abov,'  ,-.  f,-rr.-,l  t...     The  (iris..ns  i.-sist.'.l  ami  s.-^ 
:    ..,i.-.-.l  th.- snpp...-l  of  Savoy.  \  .-n.<-.-  an.l  tmallv 
Ki-in,.-      lnlli-J;lana!;i-.-.-iii.nt  ha.l  be.-nr.-a.-li.'.l. 
,,,-|,a„,lov,-.   th,-Valt,-llin.-f.a-lstotl.<-p..p.-   in 
,|ep..sit.  until  s,.im-  terms  ...ul.l  Ik-  s.ttl.-d.     ISut 
in  It!--'.-.  thisai.'i-.'em,nt  ha,l  n,.t  la-en  .-arri.-d  out, 
ami    Ui.-h.'licu    l....k    th.'   alTair   lu   han.i.  |  .   .    . 
.heli,'n,  m-v.-r  attacking  in  fnll  fa,-,- .1  h.' .cul. 
carry  his  point  by  a  si.h-  attack,  alli.-.l  himself 


;M 


1201 


1i 


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IS 


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\<  if 


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!vl 


PRANCE,  1834-1686. 

If* 

with  Charlps  Emmaniipl.  Duke  of  Savoy,  and 
with  Vcnioi';  lie  I'ftsily  porsimdiil  tlic  Savoyard 
to  llircHtcii  <»riioii.  till'  port  1)V  wliicli  Spain  could 
pciiilmtc  into  Itiilv.  anil  Iii'f  liniinrial  mainstay. 
Mriinwlilli',  I  III'  Nfaniuis  of  Cinivn's  had  iH'on 
Hint  to  S»'il/.ri'l:iMil,  anil,  latr  in  ltl'.>4.  had  piT- 
siiiidoii  till'  CautiniM  to  arm  for  tin'  rrrovi'ry  of 
till'  V'alti'llini':  thru,  hradini;  a  small  army  of 
Swiss  and  Fri'ndi,  hi'  liail  niarrhi'd  into  the 
(trisons.  The  uppi'r  ili.strirts  lii'lit  liy  tho  Aua- 
triaiis  rpvolti'il :  the  thnt*  I^'a^ues  deelareil  their 
fri'i'iloni.  the  Aiistriim  troops  hastily  withdrew. 
Cii'iivresat  onresiiiired  the  Tyrolise  passes,  and 
ili'seendinK  fnnii  the  Kni;ailine  hy  I'oseliiavo. 
eiilired  the  Valtilliiie:  in  a  few  weeks  the  Papal 
anil  Spanish  IriKips  were  swept  lait  of  the  whole 
valley,  aliaiidoiiiii!;  all  their  forts,  thoiiffh  the 
Kreneh  ireneral  had  no  sieije-artillery  with  whieh 
to  reiliiie  them.  .  .  .  Early  in  1(1'J.">,  the  Valtel- 
line  lieinjf  si'iiired  to  the  (ifisons  and  Fiineh.  the 
ai.'1'il  Lesditruirri'S  was  sent  forward  to  undertake 
the  rest  of  the  plan,  the  reduetion  of  Genoa.    Hut 

i list  as  tliin;;s  were  piinir  well  for  the  party  in   t 
iiirope    iippiised    to    .Spain    and    Austria,    an 
uiilueky    oiilliiirst    of    lliijriiinot  dissalisfaetion 
iiiarnd  all:  Soiiliisi'  in  the  heart  of  winter  had 
fH'ized  the  Isle  of  He,  and  had  raptured  in  Blavet 
liartHiiir  on  the  Breton  eoast  si.v  royal  ships;  he 
failed  however  to   take   the   eastle  whieh  eom- 
nianiled  the  jilai  e,  and   was  hinisilf  bhK'kailed,    I 
eseapiiiijonly  with  heavy  loss.     Tlienee  he  sei/i'd   | 
the  Isle  uf  Oleron:  in   May  the  Huguenots  were   I 
in  revolt  in   I'pper  Lan^nieiliie.  (iuerri,  and  the 
(evennes,  hil  liy  Kohan  on  land,  and  Souhise  by   1 
wa.     Their  rash  ontlinak  [provoked  hy  alleged   ■ 
linailns  of  the  iri'aly  uf  Montpellier,  espeeiallv  ' 
in  till'  failure  of  the  kini;  to  deinolish  F'ort  Ijhii's 
at   |jt  HiM'helle]  eainr  opportunely  to  the  aid  of  j 
l!ii' di-;rressi'd  .Viisiriiui  power,  their  true  enemy.    ! 
Althoii^rh    very  many  of  the    Huguenots  stixnl   i 
aloof  and   refused  to  embarass  the  government,    ; 
still  enough   revolted  to  eause  great  uneasiness. 
The   war   in    the    Ligurian    nioiintaina   was  not   ' 
pushed  on  with  vigour:  for  Itielielieii  could  not   ' 
now  think  of  earrying  out  the  large  plans  which,    j 
by  his  own  aeeount,  he  had  already  formed,  for 
the  ere.lion  of   an  independent  Italy.  .   .   .   He   I 
was  for  the    presi'iit  content    to  menace  trenoa,    : 
without  a  serious  siege.     At   this  time  .James  I.    j 
of  England  died,  and  the  marriage  of  the  young   , 
king   [Charles    II    with    Henriette    .Marie    was  j 
pushi'd  on.      In  Alay  Ibiekingham  went  to  Paris   i 
to  carry  her  over  to  England ;  he  tried  in  vain  to   i 
persuade  Uii  helieii  to  couple  the  Palatinate  with 

the  Valtelline  iiueslinn \fler  this  the  tide   ■. 

of  affairs  turned  sharply   a^'ainst   the  Cardinal;   i 
while   Tilly    with   the    troops    of    the   Catholic 
League,  and  Walleiisteiri.  the  new  generil  of  the 
Emperor,  who  begins  at   this  moment  his  brief  j 
and   marvellous  career,  easily  kept   in  check  the    ' 
Danes    and    their    h.ilfhearled     (ierman     allies, 
I.esiliguieres  and  the  Duke  of  S.ivoy  were  forced 
by  llie   .\ustrians  and  Spaniard.,  to  give  up  all 
thiHiL'liIs  of  success  in  the  (iciKK-sc  country,  and   ] 
the  I-'irncli  were  e\ en  threatened  in  Piedmont  and    I 
the  Valtelline,      Ibit  the  old  Con.stable  of  France   j 
H.is   \v,.rihy  i.f  his  ancieiil    fame,  he  drove  the    ■ 
Diiki'  "f  Feria  oul  nf  Piedmont,  and  in  the  Val-    j 
telline  the  Spaniards  only  succeeded  in  si'ciiring   ' 
the  fortress  of  liiva      Itilhelicu  felt  that  the  war 
was  more  than   France  could  bear,  harassid  as 
she  was  within  and   without.   .   ,  ,   He  wiia  de- 
ic'iiiiin.il  ti.   frei'  iii-,  liands  in  Italy,  to  leave  the   \ 

12^ 


Vuoiwn 
xUi. 


PRANCE,  1627-1628 


war  to  work  Itself  out  in  Oermany,  and  tn  lirinc 
the  Huguennta  to  reason.  .  .  .  The  ji>ini  llntMif 
Soubisc  and  of  La  Roohelle  hail  driven  lii, k  ii,,. 
king's  ships,  and  had  taken  Ke  and  (iirion:  dut 
in  tlieir  attempt  to  force  an  entninie  iii!.i  n,,, 
harliimr  of  La  Roclielle  llii  y  wen'  il<  f,  ,1, ,]  hv 
Monlmoroncy,  who  now  commanded  th.  rovil 
fleet;  the  islands  were  retiiken,  and  llu'  llu.-u,. 
nots  sued  for  |H'ace.  It  must  be  rem.  inlirnil 
that  the  bulk  of  them  did  not  airr...  witli  ii,,. 
HiK'hellnis,  and  wero  quiet  throiigii  tin,  tim. 
Early  in  162(1  the  treaty  of  Monlpclli.  r  ;;r  int.i ;, 
hollow  iH'iuv  on  tolerable  terms  to  tin  1. 1  iniini 
chnrehes;  and  siHin  after  ,  .  .  peaci' \vu<  ^ij,,,,] 
with  Spain  at  Monzon  in  May,  llWii  .\ll  w:,s 
done  so  silently  that  the  interested  parii.  .i.  .vii..v, 
the  Venetians",  the  Orisons,  knew  n.iiiiiri;;  ..fit 
till   all    was  settled:    on    Knekiiigliain  i||,. 

news  fell  like  a  thiindenlap.  .  .  .  Tin  Vilt.llin. 
remained  under  the  Orisons,  with  :;ii  iiim..-. 
for  Catholic  worship;  France  and  Spain  H..ii|i| 
jointly  see  that  the  inhabitants  of  ih.  v:i|l..y4 
were  fairly  treated:  the  Pope  was  eiitrM-l..i  with 
the  duty  of  razing  the  fortri'ssi's:  (iiin.a  .in.i 
Savoy  were  imlered  to  make  peace  li  wis;, 
Ireaclierous  affair;  and  Hichelieii  conii's..ni  ..fit 
but  ill.  \Ve  are  iKiiind,  however,  t.i  nnii  nil»r 
.  .  .  the  des|>erite  stndts  into  whii  li  tin  I'nr 
ilinal  had  come.  .  .  .  He  did  but  fall  link  in 
Older  to  make  that  wonderful  leap  fi.rwani  uliiih 
changed  the  whole  face  of  European  puliiii^  — 
G.  \V.  Kitchia,  JIM.  of  Fnmet,  hk.  ■(,  .■/,  :;,./,.( 
4  (r.  2-;i). 

Also  in:  F.  P.  Ouizot,  Popular  I/ist.  .;/7V.n,.,, 
<•/<.  4(1—11. — ^.I.  B.  Perkins,  Fninre  inol,rM,i:,i,i; 
[and  Hifht'Ufu\,  r.  1,  e/i.  4--'). — (J.  Massoii.  lli-'n 
lifn,  rh,  .J. 

A.  D.  1627-1628,— War  with  England,  and 
Huguenot  revolt,— Richelieu's  siege  and  cap- 
ture of  La  Rochelle. — His  great  example  of 
magnanimity  and  toleration. — The  end  of  po- 
litical Huguenotism. — "liiehelini  n.>v\  f...|Til 
himself  dragged  into  a  war  against  his  will,  aii.i 
that  with  the  very  power  with  win.  Ii.  f.ir  tin 
furtherance  of  his  other  designs,  li.'  iii.kI  .1.  ^iml 
to  continue  at  jieace.  .lames  I.  of  Eiiirl.inl  lii.l 
lieen  as  unable  to  live  I'xcept  under  t  lie  .ji.niii'i.in 
of  a  favourite  as  Louis.  Charles  .  ,  lii.l  i!i.- 
same  unfortunate  weakness;  and  11..  Diik.'  .f 
Buckingham,  who  had  hmg  been  parani  unt  c 
the  court  of  the  father,  retained  tin  vini.' mis 
ehievous  influence  at  tliat  of  the  s. m  .  In 
pa.s.sing  through  France  in  Kl'JI!  h.'  [l!...  kiii.'liiimj 
had  Ix'cn  presented  to  the  nueeii  (.Vim.  .1  .Vus 
tria],  and  had  presumed  to  address  1..  r  ;ii  lii.' 
language  of  love.  When  si'Ut  to  \':m-  1..  ...n 
duct  the  young  Princess  llenriella  M  iri  1 1  .  Y.w; 
land,  he  had  repeated  this  conduct.  ili.rc 

had  iM'cn  some  little  unplcasantn.  •-  I..  n>..  11  lir- 
two  Courts  shortly  after  the  inarri  ,.  >  .  uin; 

to  the  impnidenee  of  llenrietla."  \sl..'  ii.r.il.-.l 
her  Po|H'ry  too  much  in  the  eyes  ..f  I'l..:. -run 
England;  and  there  was  talk  of  an  ii.u.il  ir.  iiy. 
which  Biickingliain  sought  t.i  make  ili.'  pn  i.\t 
for  another  visit  to  Paris.  But  his  iiiim.  -  •■^.  r. 
understiHHl;  Louis  "  refu.sed  to  rei'ii'  l.i''i  :i« 
an  amba.ssador,  and  Buckiiigli;iin.  f  ..i  '  '•> 
appointed  ra-re,  instigated  tlie  DuU.'  .1.  ■''  iil.ix', 
who  was  still  in  i.,oii<toii.  to  r.uise  tie   II  i.'.i.n..t 


to  a  fresh  outbreak,  promising  to  ~' "  I  1 
lish  licet  to  Hichclle  to  assist  lli.  111  I 
wasat  this  time  the  generil  hea.l.|n:ii' 
only  of  the  Uuguenots,  but  uf  all  lie-.  > 

)2 


K.n-' 


'  4 


FRANCE,  1637-1688. 


Siege  of  Bochelte. 


FRANCE,  1630-1632. 


uiT  iccniint,  wpre  (Hsrontpntwl  with  the  Oovcm- 
"L  Sotihls.-  .  .  .  cmhrnccd   the  duke  s 

invprrviouH  .1.  rhiration  of  war  .in  Knplisli  Hi'ct 
tdtl  1«,«I0  mt-n  on  lK)»nl,  su.lcl.Mitv  ftpi"'""''' "« 
Rochclle.  iind  pn.pan'd  to  attack  tlu"  \s\v  of  Hl.e. 
The  ni)clK'llois  were  very  unwilling  to  coopiTatc 
iiihif  butthev  were  iRTsuadcd.  •■npunst  th.'ir 
i.  dirtncnt  to  oorincct  tlKMnsolvcs  witli  what  eaoli, 
ffiwually.  fflt  to  l.e  a  d<'8p..ratr  cnLrpris,.; 
.„,     i.lieliMi.  to  wl.om  tl...  prosp.Tt  tl.uH  nf-   , 
fonicd  him  of  havinp  a  fair  pnt.n.r  „r  crush.   | 
ins  the  Hug'  -Tiot  party  ina.h>  amends  for  the    j 
diLpiinlmonl  of  Inins  wantonly  dragged  into 
r»Vr  «i"'  EnRhind.  gladly  rccvd  thcinlcl. 
Wtme  that  Ilwh.'lic  was  ni  ntidlion.     .\t  tirst 
the  Duke  (lAnjou  was  siiit  .lown  to  roininand 
the  armv.  I-ouis  hcinK  detained  in  Paris  l.v  il      , 
ness-  biit  hv  OcIoIht  he  had  reenvired   his  fond 
ness'fiir  mifitarv  operations  reviv.-d.  and  lie  has 
leneil  to  the  »<-ciie  of  action,  accompanied   liy 
Uiclieliiu   whose  earlv  education  had  hi'tn  of  a 
militirv  kinil    .  .   .   He  at  on<-e  threw  across  re- 
tafZiiietits  into   the   Isle   of    Khe.   wluTO    M 
Thoiras  was  holdini,'   out    a  tort  known  as  bt. 
Martin  Willi  great  resolution,  though  it  was  iin- 
flmsbid  and  incompletely  arnud.      In  the  iM'giu- 
nini  of  Noviniber.  I5iickin!;ham  nused  the  sieu'c. 
andritumed  home,  leaving  guns,  standards  and 
prismers  behind  liim;  and  Ui(  lielien.  anticipat- 
innii  renewal  of  the  attack  the  next  year  .   .   . 
undertook  a  work  designed  at  once  to  baffle  for- 
cinn  enemies  and  to  place  the  city  at  his  mercy. 
.Mong  the  whole  front  of  the  port  he  began  t.> 
construct  a  vast  wall  .   .  .   having  only  one  small 
opening  in  the  eentn^  which  was  coniman.bd  by 
small  irattiiies.     The  work  was  i-omineiiced  in 
NovemlHT.  ItV'T;  and,  in  spile  of  a  rather  severe 
n inter,  was  carried  on  Willi  such  cea.side.'is  dill 
eeme  iin(b'r  the  superintending  eye  of  the  car- 
dinal himself,  that  lu'fore  the  n'turn  of  spring  a 
jrtat  portion  of  it  was  completed.  .   .   .    \N  hen, 
iu  Mav    \t\i\  the  British  licet,  under  Lord  Den- 
liich  the  brother-in-law  of  Buckingham,  returned 
to  tlie  attack,  they  found  it  miassailable,  and  n- 
ramecl  without  striking  a  blow. ■■—('.  I>.   >i'nS<'. 
//i«f.  cf  Friiuee  iiiidtr  the  Ilnurlfim.  r.  1,  '■/'.  i.— 
'Kieliilieu  .  .  .   was  his  own  engineer,  general, 
admiral,  prime  minister.     While  lie  urged  on  the 
army  to  work  upon  the  dike,    he  organizeil   a 
Knmh  iiiivv,  and  ill  due  time  brought  it  around 
to  Ihat  coast  and  anchored  it  so  as  to  guard  the 
dikeaiLllH-  .uarded  by  it.     Yet,   ilanng  as  all 
this  work  was.  it  was  bui  the  smallest  part  of  his 
worli      Uiehelieu    found  that   his  (dticers  were 
rluaiiii!.'  his  soldiers  in  their  pay  and  dishearten- 
iniitliein;  in  face  of  the  enemy  he  hail  to  reor- 
laiii/.'  liii-  armv  and  to  create  a  new  military 
svsiein,  .      .   lie  foiinil.  also,   as    he    afterward 
siiiil  liiai  lie  had  to  conipKr  not  only  the  Kings 
of  Knirland    and    Spain,  but    also  the   King  of 
France,     .Vt   the   most   i  rili("il   iiioiiieiit    of   the 
>ie).'e  l.oiiis  deserted  him.— went   back  to  Paris, 
-,ii!..we.|  coiriiers  to  till  him  wilh  suspicions. 
N"t  onlv  Kirlielieiis  place,  but   his  life.  v\as  ill 
diinL'ir'an.l  he  well  knew  it:  yet  he  never  left 
■  and  sieire-wcirks.  but  wrought  cm  steadily 
IV  wi  re  clone;  and  llii'ii  the  KiiiL'   "T  his 
ill  verv  shame,  broke  away  Irom  his 
and  went  back  to  his  master.      .\iid 
.1  Herald  sumiiioned  the  people  of  l.a 
..  Mirrender.     But  they  were  not  yet 
i-p  !.     Even  wlun  thev  bad  seen  two 


I  EnelUh  fleets,  wnt  to  pfd  them,  driven  hack 
from  KIchelieii's  dike,  lliev  still  held  out  man- 

I  fully.  .  .  .  They  were  n'duced  to  feed  on  their 
liorics,— thenim  bils  of  filthy  sliell-flsh,— then 

i  <m  stewed   leather.     They   died    in   multitudes. 

..      ..  ..  *>  ^       I...,      ..      .1.........    ....     *1.,.   r.;ttr 


hi^.lik.' 
imiil 
own  Ml' 
ccnirtii-r- 
now  a  It 
l{o,'l,.!V 


on   sieweci    leaiiier.       i  t"-j    »ii«,.    •■•    ..,...,......_.-. 

(iuiton,  the  Mayor,   kept  a  dagger  on  the  citv 
council-table  to  stab  aiiv  man  who  should  spcalt 
of  surrender.   .  .  .   But  at  last  even  Oiiiton  h.ad 

to  vield.     After  the  siege  had  lasted  more  than 
a  year,  after  .">,IMX)  were  found  ri'inaining  out  of 
l.")  (MM)  alter  a  mother  had  iH'cn  seen  to  feed  her 
child  with  her  own  IiIcmkI,  the  Cardinars  policy 
became-  too  stroll u  for  him.     The  people  yielehel 
October  27,   102H],    and    Hieliilieu  entereil  the 
cilv  as  master.     And  now  the  victorious  states- 
nia'n  showed  a  greatness  of  soul  to  which  all  the 
rest  of  his  life'  was  as  nothing.   .   .  .   All  Kuropc 

IcKiked  for  a  retribution  more  terrible  than 
anv  in  history.     Richelieu  alloweil  nothing  of  the 
soft.   He  cl.  stroveil  the  old  franibisesof  the>  city, 
for  thev  were'  inecimpatible  with  that  royal  aii- 
thorilv"  wliiili  be  so  earnestly  strove'  to  biiihl. 
But  tills  was  all.      lie  tiMik  no  vent'canc  e.— he 
aUoweil  the   Protestants  to  worship  as  before',— 
be  took  m.mv  of  them  into  the  public  service',— 
and  to  (Iuiton  he  showed  marks  of  respect,     lie 
stretilied  forth  that  strong  arm  of  his  over  the 
eily    and  warded  oir  all  harm.   .   .   .   For  his  len- 
iency Uiehelieu  receiveel  the  titles  of  Pope  of  the 
Protestants  and  I'alriarch  of  the  Atheists.     But 
be  had  gaini  el  the  tirst  great  object  of  his  policy, 
and  he  woiihl  not  abuse  it;  he  hiMl  crushed  the 
pcditical    power   of  the    Huguenots   forever.  '— 
\    1)  White    The  Stiileiimiini>hip<if  lliduUfU(At- 
huitir    MoKlhlii.    Mii'j.    I>«i2).— ••Whatever    the 
benelit  to  France  of  this  great  feat,  the'  hicality 
was  pe'inanently  ruined.  Two  huiidreel  and  fifty 
1    vears  after   the   event  the    Poitevin   peasant  is 
fanatic  ami  superstilious  as  tlie   Bretcuis  them- 
selves.    Catholic  Uoihelle  is  still  to  Ih'  seen,  with 
almost  erne-third  less  inhabitants  to  clay  than  it 
!   had  in  Wi'.     The  cardinals  dyke  is  .still  there, 
but  the  insects  have  seized  em  the  city.    .\  plague 
of  white  aiits.  imported   from   India,   h.ive   fas- 
tened on  its  timlnrs.  •— U.  Heath.  The  It,loniui- 
tiiin  in  Fmnre,  r.  1,  bk:  2,  eh.  Vi. 

At  so  IN ;  S.  K.  Oardiner,  Jfi'l.  "J  Ewjlaial.  1603 
to  11)42.  eh.  .•>6,  .lO-eo.  .i/..;«->. 

A.  D.  1627-1631.— 'War  with  Spam,  Savoy 
and  the  Empire  over  the  succession  to  the 
duchy  of  Mantua.— Successes  of  Richelieu. 
See  Italy:  A.  1>.  lfi-.'7-lf.:!l.       ,       ^        .       ,. 

A  D  1628.— New  France  placed  under  the 
Company  of  the  Hundred  Associates.  Sec 
C.^N.M.v:   A.  1>.  ll)lC.-i:i^.;S. 

A  D.  1628-1632.— LossandrecoveryofNew 
France.     See  Can  vo.v;  A.  1)    lli-.'«-Mi;r,. 

A  D.  1630-1632.— The  Day  of  Dupes,  and 
after  —  <>n  the  retiir-i  of  Uiehelieu  and  the  king 
from  llieir  Italian  expedition,  iu  the  beginning 
of  \ugust  lOWl,  "botli  the  monarch  and  Ins 
minister  iiad  imssed  iu  safety  through  a  whcde 
tract  infected  witli  the  plague;  but,  shortlv  afti'r 
their  arrival  at  l.vons,  l.oiiis  XIII.  fell  ill,  anil 
in  •!  few  elavs  his  plivsiciaiis  prcmoiinei'd  his  case? 
hopeless  It  was  iio'w  that  all  the  haired  wliiih 
his  power  had  laiised  to  hide  its  licad  -ise  up 
oiieiilv  aL'aiiist  liic  le  licU ;  and  the  twi-  ciueeiis 
I  Marie  de  .Meelicis.  the  iiuecn  inolher,  and  Anne 
'.f  \iistria.  the  kiiiii's  wife],  iinilecl  only  111  tbi'ir 
iiimilv  towards  the  minister,  never  epiilted  t be 
bedsiile  11'  tlie  king  but  to  form  ami  cement  the 
p^rtv  which  was  intended  to  work  the  cardinal  s 


1253 


,    !■■ 


liim 


i*  -' 

r' 

%■'■ 

^1 

r    i 


.         1  :  ;  • 


'  <i  » 


!  ^:'' 


1  'i  :: 


?» 

I 

• 

r 

^ 

i". 

■J'  •. 


FRANCE.    Ifi:l0-t««2. 


FRANCE,  1«I41-1W.> 


drstrurtinn  as  smui  u»  Ilii'  iiuuiiircli  slimiM  1h>  i\ii 
mi>ri',  .  .  .  'I'lir  h'M  iiiul  Ihf  riisli  jciiniil  tin' 
fiicliiiii  i>f  till'  ciurcns;  unci  iIh-  priiilciit  wi\ilcil 
ivitli  wiM'  iloiiht  till  Ihiv  saw  till'  ri'sull  llif.v 
liiipi'il  fi>r.  Iliippv  was' it  lor  tlioM'  wlh>  iliil 
n.nci'iil  tlicir  fcrliiiLrs;  Inr  siidilciilv  tlir  iiitiTiial 
iilisccss,  whirli  had  marly  ri'iluoil  tlir  kiinr  tn 
till'  tiinili.  liroU.',  pasx-il  away,  ami  in  a  mtv  I'rw 
(lavs  hi'  appi  anil  pirlVrtly  iniivalrM-ciit.  Hiilir 
lii'ii  iniiiht  h'lW  havi'  triiiiiipln'il  si  riirrly  ; 
lint  III'  aiiiil  iiii'ri'  iirui'.,  iilly.     Mr  riiiHiiilMri'il 

that    thr    iplirll  Tlinlhrr.   lla'    LTiat    lllnvcr   of   till' 

oilial  a.LMi"-t  him.  Iiail  lorimrly  hi'i  n  his  tiriirfai' 
tri'ss;  ami  thoin;li  prohahly  his  LTatitmlr  wasot 

111)  VITV  Sl'llsitin'  liatuii'.  yi'l  hr  was  wisr  illollL'h 

III  ulli'i'l  a  virtiii' tliai   lii'iliil  not  possi-,...  ami  to 
siitTiTtlii'  olTi-mi'  to   he  irivin  hy   lior.  .\l 

Paris    |altir   thr   riliirii  of  llir  loiirt  |  tin- 

ipiiiii  iiiotlii  r  hiT-iir.  iimihli'  to  ri'siraiii  any 
loMiiiT  Ih.'  \iolint  pa-sioiis  that  slriiL"-'li'il  ill  lirr 
lioM.ni.  -iiimil  M-o|viil  toU.ip  no  t.rnis  with 
thi'rarilinal."  At  an  intrrvirw  wiih  him.  in  tlii' 
kiniis  prrsi'iiii'.  "tlii'  ipii'in  forLc-ot  thr  iliL'iiity 
of  hiT  station  anillhi'  soflm-ssof  Iut  si'X,  ami, 
ill  laiinnaL'!'  inori'  til  for  tlii'  mark,  is  than  tlii' 
loiirt.'ialli'l  him  ro-ur,  ami  traitor,  ami  piT 
tiirliirof  thr  piililir  pi  ail-;  ami.  liirninir  to  tin- 
kiiitf,  sill'  in.h.ivoiiri'il  to  pirsmulr  liini  that 
Hii'hi'li.  11  wi^hid  to  taki'  tin-  rrowii  from  his 
lirail.  ill  iirihr  to  plaii'  it  on  that  of  thr  ciiiiiit  ilr 
Soissons.  Ilail  liiihi'lirll  hrrn  as  slirr  of  thr 
kinil's  tirinni'ss  as  hr  was  of  his  rriraril.  this 
woulil  havr  lirrll  rxarlly  thr  ronillllt  whil'll  hr 
roillil  havr  ilrsinil  thriplriil  to  hold;  hilt  hr 
km  w  l.ouis  to  Ih'  wi'iik  and  timid,  ami  rasily 
riiird  hv  tliosr  who  tisik  a  tour  of  authority 
towards  him;  ami  wlirii  :it  Iriiirtli  hr  rrtirrd  at 
till'  (■omniaml  of  thr  iiioiiarcli  .  .  .  hr  serins  to 
have  lirrii  so  iimert:iin  how  the  wliolr  woiilil 
rnil,  that  hrorderrd  hispaprrsand  most  valiialilr 
rllrcts  III  111'  siriireil.  an.l  preparations  to  hr 
iiiadr  fo.-  iinmi'liair  drpartiirr.  .Ml  tlirsi'  pro- 
eeedill^s  had  lireli  Wiltrllril  hy  thr  roiirtirrs ; 
Uii  hi  lirll  had  lirrll  srrn  to  ipiit  thr  ipirrli  s  ealii- 
llrt  troiihlrd  and  uloomy,  his  llirrr  in  trars;  and. 
soiiir  tinir  aftrr,  thr  kinn  himsrlf  followed  in  a 
st;lte  of  rxrrssivr  a;.'itation.  and  .  .  ,  left  Paris 
for  Vrr-aillrs  without  sii  iinr  his  minislrr  'riir 
whole  roiirt  tiioiiL'hi  the  rule  of  Kielielii'ii  at  an 

end,  and    the    salo.ilis  of    the    l.llXelllhour-    were 

erowiled  with  rai:rr  iiohlrs  rrady  towor-liip  tin- 

risiii;;  authority  of  the  iiiirrti-inolhir. '      Itut  the 

kin>;,  when  he  rearhrd  Vri'sailles.  .- 

Nil.'!'    to  his    mini-ter:     "  '  Tell   the 

nil  hi  lien  that  he  li;isaL'o.id  in.i^ier 

collie    hither  to   me  without   delay 

frit  that  thr  rial  powirof  rniiiee  w 

h;iii.|-;  and   seiliiu.'  olV  for  Nir-ail 

l,oiiis  lull  of  expression 

ileme,      Kunii   ITS  every 


alianiloiKHl  liy  all  thow  fawning'  M'  .|liaiitj 
whosi'  riintldi'iirr  niiil  ilis'ip|iiiintim'iit'  pi.Kiircl 
for   thr  ilav    of  Ht.    Martin,    1H;II>,   the  litl,. 


lit  this  nii> 
earilillal  dr 
and  hid  him 
liii'lii  liril 
,,  still  in  his 
s,  lie  found 
if   le^'iird   ;inil    eonli- 

ollll  111     re;ielieil     \'er 
slillr-of  ■iillllrliseeoiieoiirselhal  waslloekillL' 

I,,    |:  III    the    ipieeii  luother;     the    kin^' 

foinio  nearly    deserted,    anil   all    that 

iiielielieu  i,...i  -.;iid  of  lier  aiuhilioii  wasi'o'itirnied 
ill  the  nioiiari  h's  mind;  while  his  iiali.ril  nood 
...rii^r  tol.l  him  th;it  a  ininisiir  who  deprnded 
solelv  upon  hiin.  and  who  under  him  rxereised 
the  L'rrate-t  power  in  the  re.diu.  Was  not  likely 
til  wish  his  (,ill.  ...  In  the  mean  time,  tlie 
news  of  these  .  .  .  events  spread  to  l*ari^;  thr 
halls  of  thr  l.u\eiiihourL'.  wliieti  ;lii' day  liefore 

had    lleell  erowded   I'l    >UU'M-alioll,   wele    lii-l.mliv 

ilcserled;    and  the   ,|ueen  luother  fouii'l    herself 


-ti.  I' 
'  -'. ;./. 
I):iy  „t 

iris.  Wtl.i 

iiii.n.iii.u 

lllioli    ..f 


Kniieli  history  of  Tlir  Day  of  Diipi". 
It.  .lames,  Kiiiiiiiiit  Fun  inn  Stutifmi- 
NH-!)',> — 'rhr  iiltiniatr  niitcimir  of  '11 
Dupes  was  the  lliu'lit  of  Marie  dr  Mr 
spi'tit  thr  rmiaimliriif  lirr  life  in  thr  N 
ami  ill  Kii-'laml;  llir  trial  and  i\ 
Marshal  dr  Marillae;  thr  iniprisoiiniriii  nr  exil,' 
and  disL'rarr  iif  Uassimipierrr  and  olln  r  iieli|i« 
a  sriisrlrss  rrviilt,  hrailrd  liy  (liistoii  jiuki'  uf 
(irlraiis,  thr  kiiiiis  hrotlirr,  wliirli  w.is  i  riblml 
in  onr  hattir  at  Castlriiaiiilari,  Sriiiniihir  i 
li);i','.  and  wliirli  liriuiKlit  thr  Dukr  i|..  Mnnrm,, 
rriirv  to  the  liliM'k.— ('.  D.  VoiiL'e.  11,^1  r  /-V,!,,,,, 
iniiln-tl,.   Ili-'ir!.    .».  r.  1,  rli.  T-M, 

.\!.sii  in;  M.  \V.  Kn'er,  Mun-i.'l  I  ■/,  -i  1.,.,, 
■  ■f  Auftri:!.  v.  1,  c/i.  1.— C.  M  Yonu'e  r.,,„„.,.,i' 
ki'H'i'/i   Ili-'-'ril.  ><l/i  i«r„.-    .'    -Jll 

A.  D.  1631,— First  Printed  Newspaper,  s,, 
I'liisiiMi  vsi>  l'iii;s~     .\    D    lli:ll 

A,  D.  1631.— Treaty  and  negotiations  with 
Gustavus  Adolphus.  See  Ckkmvw  .\  |i 
|ii;il  1,1  \si  viiv);   lti:ll    IK:I'.';  and  H);'.-Mii;!l 

A.  D.  1632-1641.— War  in  Lorraine. --Occu- 

fation    and    possession    of    the  duchy      sit 
.iiuumm;;  A.  D.  Ki'.'l-ltMi:!. 
A,  D.  163S-1638.— Campaigns  on  the  Flem- 
ish frontier,— Invasion  by  the    Spaniards.- 
Paris  in  Peril.     S'r  .Nkthkhi.amis    A   H  HilV 

A,  D.  1635-1630. — Active  participation  in  the 
Thirty  Years  War.— Treaties  with  the  Ger- 
mans, Swedes,  and  Dutch.— Campaigns  of 
Duke  Bernhard  in  Lorraine,  Alsace  and 
Franche-Comtt.  -The  fruit  gathered  by  Riche- 
lieu.—Alsace  secured.  See  (Jkiohm  .\  h 
lii;tt-lti:ilt. 

A.  D  1635-1642.— The  war  in  northern 
Italy.     ^i'i'Itm.y;  A.  D.  ItW.VUi.V.i 

A.  D,  1637-1642.— The  war  in  Spain.— Re- 
volt of  Catalonia.— Siege  and  capture  of  Per- 
pignan.— Conquest  of  Roussillon,  SieS|'Ai\ 
A.  1).  KillT-lWl),  and  l«4ll-  !l!4--* 

A.  D.  1640-1645.— Campaigns  in  Germany. 
SeetJKKM.K.NV;  A.  D.  imil-lti4,"i.  ;ui.|   |ii|;l-!';u 

A.  D.  1641-1642.— The  conspiracies  of  Count 
de  Soissons  and  Cinq  Mars.— Extinction  of 
the  Principality  of  Sedan.— ■Tii'Ti  wen  n 
\olis  in  v;irii)iis  ipiartrrs  In  resist  |ilii'  ynk- "I 
Uiilielii'll|.  hut  Ihry  wrrr  iiurllril  wilh  iinif'Tln 
.-uerrss.  OlH'r,  and  oner  only,  the  lile  "1  tin 
(';irilinal  srrmrd  linally  sralrd.  llir  1  eiiii!  !.■ 
Sois.soiis,  a  iirinee  of  the  lilood.  h':i'l 
eonteiiieil  ^'I'litry  in  open  war  in  li'ill 
lisheil  the  lieadi|iiartrrs  of  ri'voli  in  1 
Seihiii.  The  Kinpirr  and  Spain  ram; 
port  with  promisis  and  nioiiry  'I  i 
siind  nirn  wrrr  iiiidrr  his  onhrs  ali 
with  raL'r  airainst  lliehrHeu,  and  del, 
deliver  the  kiii^'  from  his  de'.'radiiiL' 
Hiehrlieii  was  taken  ill  ,..'i'pared.  hui 
have  heeii  ruin,  lie  sriit  llir  Mar^l 
to  the  liordersof  ,Sed;in.  lowatih  ilr 
of  the  ronlrderati's,  and  rii|iiesi..l  1 
suniini'ii  frr-li  triMips  and  1:0  down  ' 
of  war.  Whilr  his  iilH'dirnt  Maie-u 
ill  thr  eoininission.  I'lialillou  ad.  it' 
Soissons  assaulted  him  near  tin  I 
.Mrusr,  at  a  placr  raUrd  Marfrr,  .iii! 
I..i.ii,iiid  im'iiiidiaiili'nvi-rliitTi^  '  ■■ 
thr  rovalist  sidr  n'trcatcd  at  an  rarly 


•I  III.'  'li- 

:ill'l  l-i.ll. 
le  I  iWn  'if 
tn  iii-  *U[' 
,  Iv.  tlle:i 
i.illu.'ll.v.: 
.■llillinl  t. 
iill.'U'.'.' 
IVW.'UH 
,ll  I'lhltill'ill 
|.I.iii'r.lilli> 

l!|r     killL'  I') 


..I  t,ir 

nf    ill.' 


..I    III.' 


1  •_'.-.  I 


FUANCE,  t«41-l«H-' 


rtnq  Mara 


KIIANCE,   l«42-184;i 


«.i,t  anil  fon-.il  their  wiiy  tlirouKli  H"'  infimtry. 
„^  «  h  ..  "in-ntr  HU»,.i<im.»  of  .ollusi.m  with 
Mr        onents.      I'»ris  it«-lf   w»h  »,   .li.nu.y. 

tar  ,     thruav,,mr..f  th..  pIhIs;    mt   ....  sfp 

t     ..k.n..      It  w,.»  fn.....l.  W1..-.1  'h<-  !'<'">'  "f 

ta.  1    W.I.  "VT.  """   S..isw.n»  «UH  unions    I..' 
7r     ri.r  for.-  of  .!..•  .•x,...lit.on  «m.s  ...  t  .. 
Trnux-  .ii.'l  th.Mhf.Ht   was  rts  >.s.f,.l   t,.  t  ..■ 
"nS  ..H  ..  vl.-tory  woi.M  bay..  I.-.-..       U..- 
'„  Z  mints  ha,l  ..o  hml.rH  of  -;.m.;.-..>  ra..k  an, 
Ihorilv  to  k.-.|.  thr  i..frnnrs  in  HhtU  .    for  th 
J     „  ll.a,ltl,i.....-l  th..  ra.,kso    th..  Jr^.a!  h,T..M_ 

to    .hi.fs,  ami   ....  ...a.,    .-onlil   tak..    h.s  t.r» 

o,«  ,  r,  ..v..  atainst  tl...  ('....rt  with....!  ,m........nt 

"„.,,  f..n..    hut  of  "  l<".'">-  'l'IT.".nt  .■ham.t..r 
r  m  th.'ir  im.,l.-.-.-M.rs.     Their  .n.n.ls  w.-r.'  <-ast 
jr„,.mar.'hi.al  ...o.il.l  fr.....  th.'.r  .arh.'s. yar.. 

Fron. this  ti.....  Hi.l.H.rvi.....y  t..  th..  litn-  li.' 

can,,,  a  sip.  ..f  n,.l.h..  hirth.  'Ij'':',  'having; 

ihi.  iKii-l    if  l>."sl   "  '""  '"'  '""'•''.  "■  ha\.ni. 
rasl.,..i  ,'>..t  th..  h.st  spark  of  p,.|'<'l^>'-  >»'h.p.... 

,1,,,«.  an,i  patrician  pri,i...  .   On.,  .nor.'  ..lion 

vviMiiia,.   l'M'->]  t,.  shako  ,>IT  tli..tran..n..ls  of  th,. 
b;i,.,iiar.iinal.     Ac.nspini.y  was.nt..r...l  intot,, 
,|,liv,.r  th..  la.ul  hv  tl...  ohl  K.-n.a..  n..tl.,Hl  ,>f 
'  „ing  .1,,. .  vrant  t..  .l..atl. ;  a...l  th.'  .Mtrions  par 
,t  !l„.  .lisi!;;.  is.  that  it  was  f,.r...i..l  ah..(.st   in 
nUu,-..  ..f  th..   king.       His    favoi.nt,.    fr......  , 

?o,u,"  Cin,,  Mars.  s.,n  of  th.'   M,.r»hal  .1  hlhat. 
lii,  l,ri,lh.r  Gaston  of  Orleans.  an,l  his  kinsma.. 
Ik  Duk..  ,li.  HouiUon.  who  wer..  n.iin.l  his  p.r 
m,n  at  all  hours  of  the  .lay.  wen'  the  chief  iijienls 
„f  th,.  nerilons  nn.h.rtakinj:.     Oth.rs  ami  with 
,l„,„,l..Tl.o...theson..f  the  v'r..at   br.....' .  h.s 

loriun,  ent.r,.,!  int..  th.'  ph....  hi.t  wisli..,    the  as- 
sassination t,.  1«.  l,.ft  out.     TI...5    woiihl  arr..s 
■m\  in.i.rison  In.ii:  hnt   this  was  ev.,l,.ntly  no 
,„„„,-l,      Whil..  lii.lieli..ii  livi..l.  n..  ii.a.i  ...aihl 
lif-s,?,.  ilioiiuh  th,.  Canliiml  were  in  th,.  ,h.ep..st 
,luii.',..iiL  ,>f  the  IJastile.     l)<.ath.   however,    was 
Inisv  with  tlair  vietim,  without  th.ir  ai.l.     It.' 
was  sinkiiiL'  nn.l.r  some  .l.'ep  l.i.t  partially -eon 
i«il.-,i  illni ss  wh,n  the  tl.r..|i.ls  ,>f  th,.  pl.)t  ean... 
iiilo  his  skilful  hauils.     lie  maih.  the  last  us.- of 
liisstnnu'lh  anil  intelliir<...ee  in  .inrav.lln.f;  l.tj 
anl  nimishiiiK'  the   reln.ls.   as  1..'   ealU.il    the... 
a-iiinVi  tl...  kinjis  ai.thority.      The  paltrv  an.l 
l«Tti.li..u-  (last.in  was  as  usual  p..niteut  an.l  par 
.l„u,,l   Imt  on  Cinii  Mars  an.l  .le  Thou  the  veii- 
j;iuuir..f  111,,  law  an,l  the  (.'anlinal  ha.l  Us  tell 
fori..     Th..  triumphant  hut  failini;  niinist,.r  r.. 
I'liN.-iiiii  a  Stat,-  harce  np,)n  the  Uh.aie.  town.K 
liis  |,ri~on,  rs  l»l.in,rhim  to  certain  ,l,.atl..     Oii 
!!,rir  iirrival  at  l,v,a.s  the  pnu-i'ss  was  sh.irt  anil 
fatal     The  v.a.i.'t;  ...en  were  exeeul...!  toiietlnr, 
■mA  till' a.. -.mill  , if  their  iK.havhiiir  at  th,.  lil."k 
i.  laii'  .1  Ih.'  most  atTe..ti..j;  ..arraliv.s  in  th,' 
aimaU  nf  Kraiiee."— .1.  While.  //'»'    •:''   /•''■"'";'■ 
r'l  l-J.-Th,.   Duke  lie  Bouill,....   impl..al,.,l  in 

iMitli  thi-e  ionspini<.i,.s  — that  ,if  the  (.■ount  ile 
S<as.,aisaiiil  that  of  Cimi  Mars— savi.,l  his  l.f,. 
on  the  luit.T  iK-easion  by  surrenihTintf  to  tl... 
rrewii  ihi-  suvireiiinlv  of  Seilan.  whiih  li.-hin,i;..il 
t..hiiii.  ami  which  liiiil  Ik'i.ii  the  bi.ii,l.iuart<.rs  ,if 
Ihc  .s,,i,s..Ms  r,-volt.  This  small  inilep,.|.,l,.m 
|irimi|ialiiv  —  the  town  anil  a  liltli-  l.'rritory 
an.uuilit-^liail  formerly  lH.ei.  in  tl...  possession 
"fth.  iHUM-rfiil  a...l  troubles.)..).,  fan.ilv  .if  I.a 
Marik.  till  la.st  hein.ss  of  wh.mi  linmul.t  it,  to- 
■-:::\,.T  ■.:■■.■.'.■.  -.W:  Iliicb...  of  Uoiiillon.  into  the 
faiuilv  of  I.a  Tour  .lAiivergue      The  I'rince  auu 


Duke  who  h>sl  it  was  the  w.e.mil  of  that  fiiinlly 
who  bore  tl.,.  titUs.     II,.  was  tl...  el.  er  l.r..tl.er 
of  tl...  >,m.at  soMier.  Turenne.      Ihi'  I'nn.ipiilil}' 
,)f  Silan  was  e.xtinguisliHl  fr.>in  timt  iinie.— I 
O.  Coekavn...  /.i/."/ '/''"••'""'■•      ,„.,,.  , 

\ls<.  I'v  \V.  Uobs<m.  I.iji  I'f  lUchihm.  rh 
U  \i—\\  W.  Fr..,.r,  MitrrUil  l.iff  of  Amu  «} 
\HMrM    r  •i.rli.  H.-Miss  I'uriUK..  l.ife>jM>irir 

A.  D.  i642.i643--The  de.th  of  Richelieu 
and  of  Louis  Xlil.-Regency  of  Anne  of  Aus- 
tria.-Cardin«l  Mazartn  and  the  party  of  the 
lmportanti.-The  victory  at  Rpcroi.-(  anliiiiil 
Hi,^...li,i.  ,li,.,l  ,1.1  th,.  -Itii  of  |),.,a....l.i.r.  UW.. 
lie  wasihail.  but  bis  work  siirnv,il  him  On 
111,,  verv-.v.niniiof  the  :t,l  ,if  l)...-...nber  I..111.S 
XllI  call.il  to  his  council  Carilnial  Ma/,ariii 
[whom  Ui.b.li,..!  ha, I  .a.mmen.l..,i  to  him)  ■ 

Scan.lv   hail   the  .nost   pow.rful   k...f.'s   viilil...! 
up  their  last  breath  when  'heir  wish.s  hail   been 
at  on,..  f,in.'oll,.n;  Caplim-l  Hiihelicu  still  t?,>v- 
.Tii.il  in  his  KDiv...-     But  now   after  two  ami  a 
half  c,.nt.iriis.  -.the  castle  .if  |{..h.  lieu  is  w,.U- 
niul.   ,h.slr,.v,.,i.    his   family,   after   fallini:   ...to 
.Hiv.rtv     is'eMinct;    th.     Palais  (■ar.i...al    |!.19 
sphiiillil  nsiileni...  wlii.b  1...  built.  aii,l  wbiili  be 
i;av,.  to  the  erowi.l  has  assume.l  tl...  na.i...  of  ti.e 
I'alais  l{..yal;  a.i.l  pur,,  monarchy,  tl...  aim  ..fall 
bis  ..|T..rts  an.l  th.-  w.irk  .,f  his  wh..le  1.1...  has 
b.-,-..  swept  awav  bv  lb.,  blast  .,f  revobilhai-     Of 
111.-  .-anlinal  th.-r..  r.-.i.ains  ..olhii.i;  but  th".  >-'re»t 
.iiemorv  ..f  his  p.iw.r  a.i.l  of  th.-  s..rvi.-,-s  h,.  r..n- 
,l,-r,.il  ills  .-,.ii..lrv.   .   .   .   Hii-b.-lhi.  ha.l  no  con- 
,-,.l,ti.,ii   of   that  ■iiol.l,-sl    ambilion   0.1    wbi.-l.   a 
l.un.an  soul  .-an  f,...|l.  that  of  jiovirnin;:  a  fr<.e 
c.unlrv.  but  he  was  on,- of  the  Kr,.at,.st.  11.,-  most 
,-lT,...|iv.-.   anil  the  iMihl.-st,  as  w.-ll  as  lb,.  i..,>sl 
pruih-iit  si-rvants  that  Frame  ev.r  lia,l        l-ouis 
XllI    surviveil  his  jrreat  n.inister  l.ss  than  Half 
a  v.-ar.  ilvini:  Mav  14.  1M:I.     11,-  l.a.l  .i,-v.-r  l.ai 
■  onlhh-nia.  in  A.m..  ,.f  Austria,  his  wit,.,  ami  ba, 
provhh.l.  bv  a  ,l,-.-laralion  whicb  si...  ba.l  s.pm.l 
an.l  sw.irn  to.  f.ir  a  .-oiiin  iKwhi.b  ....-lu.le.l  -Muz 

ari..)t.>  < trol  lb.'  .iu,,-n's  n-p-m-v  iluring  the 

inim.ritv  of  th.  ir  son.  l.ouis  Xl\  .     Uut  the  iiuien 
c.mtrive.l  verv  soon  lo  bn-ak  from  this. iblijiati.ui. 
ami  she  ma.i."  (anlinal  Ma/arin  l.<  r  one  .ounsel- 
loramlsupn-im-minisb-r.     -.(■oi.ti..u.ngtol.u.n.)r 
all  parti.-s.  Mii.i  ,lisplavi..i:fon.sii:l.t  an.l  pr...len..e, 
the  n.w  mi.iist.r  was  .-v.-n  now  n.aster.      I.ou.s 
XllI      wilb.iiit   anv    p,-rsoiial    bkmg    l.a.l    iH-en 
faithful  to  Uiil.eli;-,.  totl.eih-ath.      W  ilh  iliffer- 
,-„l   f,-,-lim.'s.  A.;:.,-  ,>f  Austria  was  1,.  testify  th.' 
san.,.  ,-,.nslan,-v  towanis  Ma/.ann,     A  stn.ko  of 
forluni-  ,aiii,.  "at   th,.  very  tirsi  to  sln-.i!.'t hen  the 
r,..',.„|s   position.     Sin.-.,  the  ileatl.  of  <  anl.nal 
Uii-h.-li.-u.    th,-    Spanianls.    but    ri.,.<.ntly    ,ivi-r. 
wl.,.l.ii,-.l   a.    th.-   .los..   .)f   !•!«.  biul   n-.-..v..n.. 
.-ouraiic  ami  iml.ln.-ss;  n,-w  .-..unsels  pn-vall,..l  at 
the  i-ourt  ,.f  I'hilip  IV..  who  ha.l  .lisn..ss<.il  Ob- 
van-/;  the  llous,' of  Austria  vig,in.i.sly  n-sii..i.-,l 
tin-   ,,IT,-i.sive;  at  tl..'  m-um-nt  of    L.,i.is  AMI- s 
,1,-atl.    l),i.i   K,..iicis.-»,le  Mclli>.  gov.-rnor  ol  tl.e 
low   Countries,  bail  just   inva.le.1  Jn-n.-b  n-n- 
torv  liv  wav  of  the  Anlennes.  anil  laiil  su' 
l{,«-nii"  ,.11  the  l-,>tli  of  May  [1643].     The  > 
arniv    was  ca,i.imaiul..,l  by   the  younii    lb. 
Km:hie.i  laflerwiinls  known  asthe  Gr..at  (  o.e.    . 
lb.-  prince  ,)f  Coniles  son.  scarc.ly  -ii  years  olil. 
I  oil  s  XllI    bail  iriven  him  as  bis  beiHi-nanl  an.l 
iliri.lor  tl.e   vet.-mn  Marshal  ,1,-  riKipital .  am 
111.-   latter  f.ar,-,!   to  (live  battle.     Th,.  l)uke  ot 
Kuirhiei..    who     was  lijiiit:   with  impatience  lo 


12.J0 


'1 


ifih 


'  ,  I 


•-■  »* 


111 


.  '  i  ■' 


¥U!i 


>*;. 


> 


4^- 


FRANrE,  1843-1648 


J««f<frv  »/ 
Maxann. 


PRANCE,  1«4a-l<M3 


cnUr  the  pnemy's  rminlry,  resolved  U>  atrom- 
pllah  by  addn-wi  wh»t   lie  could   not  carry    by 
kuthority.     He  openiHl  liU  hoart  U)  (laiwion  alone. 
Aa  he  [Ooaaion.  one  of  the  boldest  o£  Conde'soffl 
cers]  was  a  man  who  saw  nothing  but  what  was 
easy  even  in  the  most  dannemus  detnls,  he  had 
very  soon  b^)ught  matUTs  to  the  point  that  the 
prince  desired.     Marshal  de  I'llopitid  found  him- 
self imiMTceptibly  ho  near  the  Spaniards  that  it 
WH9  imiMHsible  for  him  any  longer  to  binder  an 
engagement,' .  .  .  The  army  was  in  front  of  |{o- 
croi,  anil  out  of  the  dangerous  delile  whieli  led 
to  ihe  pliue,  witliout  any  idea  <in  the  part  of  the 
marshal  and  tiiearmvtliiit  bmisXIII.  was  dead. 
Tlie  I)ul<e  of    Engb'ien.   who   had   n'ceived  the 
new.s.  liad  kept  it  secret.      He  had  miTely  said  in 
the  tone  of  a  master  'that  he  meant  to  flglit,  and 
wouM  answer  for  tlie  issue."'     The  buttle,  which 
was  fought  May  10,  llU;t,  resulted  inthedestruc 
tion.  almost  total,  of  tlie  Spanish  army,     of  IH,. 
(MX)  men  who  formed  its  infantry,  nearly  U.IMKI 
were  killed  and  7,IKM)  were  maile  prisoners.     The 
whole  of  the  Spanish  artilhry  and  JllH)  of  their 
standards  fell  into  the  bands  of  tlie  viitors,  who 
lost,  according  to  their  own  reports,  only  2.000 
men,  killed  and  wounded.      "  'Tlie  prince  was  a 
born  captain,'  said  Cardinal  de  llet/..     And  all 
France  said  so  with  him  on  hearing  of  the  vic- 
tory of  I{<K'n)i.     The  ileliglit  was  all  the  keener 
In  the  queen's  circle,  because  the  house  of  t'cmde 
openlv  supported  Cardinal  Mazarin,  bitterly  at- 
tacked as  111  was  by  tin  Importants  [a  court  fac- 
tion or  party   so  called,    which  was   made   up 
of  'those  meddlers  of  the  cmirt  at  wIidsc  head 
marched   the   Duke  of  Heaufort,  all   piilTed  up 
with  tlie  confidence  lately  shown  to  him  by  her 
Majesty,'  and  all  expecting  to  count  importantly 
among  the  ([ucen's  favoritesl,  who  accused  him 
of  reviving  tlie  tvnumy  of  Hiclielieu.  ,  .   .   And. 
indeed,  on  pretext  oltin'd  by  a  feminine  quarrel 
[August,  l(H8]   Istween  the  young  Duchess  of 
L.)ngueville,   daughter  of  the  jirince  of  Conde, 
and   the    Duchess' of   Montbazoa,  the   Duke  of 
Beaufort   and   some  of  his  friends  n'salveil   to 
assiMsiuati'   the  cardinal.      The  attem|)t   was  a 
failun',    but    tli<'    Duke  of  Eeaufort,   who   was 
arrested  on  the  'iil  of  SeptemlxT,  was  taken  to 
the  castle  of  Vinccnnes.     Madame  de  Chevreuse, 
reeentiv  returned  [after  being  exiled  by  Riche- 
lieu] to  <ourt,  where  she  would  fain  have  ex- 
acU'd  from  the  queen  the  n'Ward  for  her  services 
and  her  past  sutTerings,  was  sint  into  exile,  as 
well   as   the    Duke  of   Vciidomc.      Madame  d' 
Hautefort,    but   lately    sumnioiicd    by    Anne  of 
Austria  Ui  be  near  her,  was  siKin  iiivoUid  in  the 
same  disgrace.  .  ,  .  The  jiarty  of  the  Impor- 
tants was  dead,  ami  the  power  of  Cardinal  Ma- 
zarin sei'ineii  to  be  firmly  established.      '  It   was 
not  the  t'  'rig  just  then  for  any  decent  man  to  Ik; 
on  bad  i  rni'-  with  the  court.' says  Cardinal  de 
Iti'tz."— F.  1.  CJuizot.  I'i'iiiihr  IIM.  of  Fnuu-f, 
ch.    41-1:1.  -"Cardinal    Uiclielieu    was    not    so 
much  a  minister,  in  tlie  pricise  sense  of  the  word, 
as  a  p<'rson  investe<l  w  illi  the  whole  power  of  the 
crown.       His   preponderating    infiuencc    in   the 
<.)UiK'il  suspended  the  c'Xercise  of  the  hereditary 
power,  without  which  tlii'  monarchy  must  cease 
to  exist ;  and  it  seems  as  if  tliat  may  have  taken 
place  in  onier  that  the  stK-ial  pnigrcss,  violently 
arrested   since  the  last  reign,  miglit  resume  its 
eoursi'  at  tlie  instigation  of  a  kind  of  dictator, 
whose  spirit  \Mis   free   frulii  Llle  inlluelices  \\lii*ii 
the  interest  of  familv  and  dynasty  exercises  over 

125( 


the  chamcters  of  kings.  By  aslmnge  (  niu  urn  int 
of  circumstanceii,  it  hap|M'ned  thai  ili.  wnk 
prince,  whose  destiny  It  was  to  lend  In-  i];niii. 
to  the  reign  of  the  great  minister,  liinl  in  hi, 
character,  his  instincts,  his  go<sl  or  IismI  i|ii;iliti.. 
all  that  coiihl  supply  the  requirements  nf  mi.  i,  , 
post.  Ii<mis  XIII.,  who  had  a  iiiiiifl  wiilium 
energy  but  not  without  intelligencr.  emil'l  mt 
live  w'itlnmt  a  master;  after  having  pus..,  «,i|:,iiil 


■f.iiiii.l 


I"iinl 
"Iv  ri'v 

.    itirli. 


lost  many,  hetimkand  kept  the  one.  wh^h 
was  capable  of  conducting  Kninnlnili, 
wliich  lie  himself  had  a  faint  glinipsc  .,| 
which  he  vaguely  aspin-d  in  his  nielinn  li 
cries.  .  .   .   In  bis  attempts  at  innoviili.. II 
lieu,    as  simple   minister,    much   surp  !■ 
great  king  who  bail  pn-ceded  liiiii.  in  li.illn. 
lie    undertook   to   lU'celenile   the  ioom m,  ni  ti 
wards  civil  unilv  and  equality  so  rnuc  li,  ami  i.i 
carry  it  so  far.  tfiat  heri'after  it  sliuiild  In-  ini|in. 
silile   to   recede.   .   .   .  The   work   iif    l.iui>  Xi 
had  iK'en  nearly  lost  in  the  depth  nf  llir  Ir.nil.ln 
of  the   .sixteenth  century;   and   tliul    uf   II,  iiry 
IV.   was  compromised  bv    fifteen  years  of  ,|is 
order  and   weakness.     I'll   save  it  from  j«Ti»li 
ing.  three  tbinits  were  necessjirv:  that  tlu'  liiali 
nobility   should    be   constraineii  to  oliedit-nn'to 
the   king  and     to   tlie   law;  that  Troii  siaiili^m 
should  cease  to  be  an  armed  party  in  ilie  Siai. ; 
that  France  should  1m'  able  to  i  lioose  lur  aili.s 
freely  in  behalf  of  her  own  interest  mil  in  tiiitiit 
European  independence.     On  tliis  iriilr  ..lijiii 
the  king  minister  empUiyed  his  powerful  intrl 
leet.  his  indefatigable  activity,  anient    pa.-i  iis 
and  an  heroic  strength  of  mind.     His  ilaily  lifi- 
was  a  desperate  struggle  against  the  ii.ilili's.  ihf 
royal    family,   the   supreme   courts,   aLiainsi  all 
that  existj'dof  high  institutions,  and  i  or|i"raii.iii» 
established  in  the  country.     For  llie  purp.iv  uf 
reducing  all  to  the  same  level    .f  siihnii^Mon  mA 
order,  he  raised  the  royal  power  above  the  lira 
of  family  and  the  tie  of'preceilent ;  lie  isolali'l  it 
in  its  sphere  as  a  pure  idea,  the  liviiii:  iiiianf 
the  public  safety  and  the  national  interest. 
lie  was  as  destitute  of  mercy  as  he  was  of  fi-ar, 
and  trampled  under  foot  the  n'speit  dm  lo  jmli- 
eial   forms  and   u.'sages.     He   had  seiitnieis  nf 
death  pronounced  by  commissioners  of  lii-i  .ikd 
selection:  at  the  very  foot  of  thetliruiie  hesmiok 
theenemiesof  the  public intrrest,  and  at  tlivsimt 
time  of  his  own  fortune,  and  eonfuniided  liisiiir- 
sonal  hatreds  with  the  %'engeanee  of  tlie  Stato. 
No  one  can  say  whether  or  not  tliere  was  ilnii'. 
in  that  twsuratice  of  conscience  wliii  li  lie  mani- 
fested In  his  last  moments;  Goil  alone  louM  1  »'1> 
into  the  depth  of  his  mind.     We  who  liave  jatii 
eriil  the  fruit  of  his  lalsiurs  and  of  lii»  |ialri.iiic 
devotion  at  adistance  of  time  — weeanonly  Imw 
before  that  man  of  revolution,  by  wliomili.  ways 
which  led  to  our  present  state  of  son.iy  win- 
prepared.     But  something  sad  is  still  attarliiii 
to  his  irlory ;  be  sacrificed  everyiliiiiir  to  tlie  »m- 
eess  of  his  undertaking;  he  stilled  sviihiii  him- 
self and  crushed  down  in  some  iiolilf  -pirits  llii' 
eternal    principles  of   morality   and    iiuiiiaiiily. 
When    we   hsik   at   the   great   IliiiiL's  wiu,  li  li'' 
achieved,    we   ailmire   him  with  irriu'u.lr.  «.' 
would,  but  we  cannot,  love  his  ilianeo t.   -S,^ 
Thierrv,  Fiinimtinani.ii  Pnif/niu  ■■/  Ih,    /i.  «  >.''•' 
itr  Thi'ril  Eiitatf  in  Fr,iiic',  eh.  H. 

.\l,s<)  in:  V.  Cousin,  Strret  lli'l  "ft 
Court  uniltr  liicfu'tii'n  iin*l  M<i:'iri  • 
The  ~imr.  The  Yjuik  ;if  .tf.-r.'-i.-.-.-r  -'•  -'- 
— Ixjrd   Mabon.    Life  of  Ijiuiii,  /'/•/'/ v 


MIL 


FRANCE,  t«43-lM8 


Cowrt 
and  FtarUanMnl 


FRANCE,  1M7-1(MH 


^  1  -Cvntlnal  de  UfU.  M„'..»r.  hk.  1-8. -Mll.^   1 
A  D  l643.-AcceMionof  LouUXIV. 
.h.  Mo2Sl*.-sltge  and  capture  of  Thion- 
I:  .riiimnl..    .ntry  Into  llmrry.      fi.-  al  owed 

Tnt  in     mt  IX..,  K™nH«...d-  M.lo had tak,-n 

TVtM   l'hillll).'vUl.',  that  h<'  was  trying  t" 

'r^k    in   Hva    V.  I...t  that  of  all  his  infantry  not 

:U."<VK)n..-n  n.main,.d  to  hi".,  ""d  th..y  .Hs^ 

.ma  la.Hl  n.arlv  nak.<l.     No  army  any  lont-'.T 

S'  ,.d  Klan.l..fs.  and  th.  youthful  ;;'-»;«'■", 

Kriiiiii  ulrrady  ni. dital.'d  its  i-on.iu.st.     Hut 

ie'    mrt   whirf.  had  .xiH-.tcd  to  -s.a.n  w;ar  m 

„«n  i.n.viiH.s.  «us  not  prepan.!  to  rarr>  .1 

.    J  J.i,,..  pountricH      It  bcian\i-  nccfssary  to 

'wi  .1 ,     h..  siiL'..  of  Dunliirk,  with  which  Kn- 
'  ten        .u tiM'rta.u.r...l  hin.s..lf.     Th.n  lludinK 
Si      Spaniards  had  .Iniwn  olT  I  '-r  tr."'P 
torn   W  f>rtilirati<.ns  on  tin-  M,.*ill<'.  Kn^'hi.i. 
inl'    I    n  inanh  thith.T,  and  tak.  possession 
7\hvm      .  .  Although  this  proj.it  was  v.ry 
,r,ri,.r  '■•>  his  first,  its  -rratnrss  surprwd  thr 
,u mil<.f  Ministers;  tl,.  v  at  first  refiisnl  th.ir 
'r*'    Iml  th..  Duke  insisted -and  wl"'t'oiild 
Ik  V  n  fis,'  t,.  the  victor  of  IIihtov  t    Thionville 
:    uUlml  time  eonsiilere.l  to  be  one  of  Ihe   «;«! 
for,„.ss,.s  in   Eurt.pe.      On   arriving   lK;fore    Its 
W.11,,  afler  a  siv.n  days'  mareh    Knghun      .   . 
,.„al.  i»hed  his  lin.s.  ereef.1    .ridges   ralsiMl  r.^^ 
In  lin  and  opene.l  a  double  line  of  trenehes  on 
o.-,ih  of  June.      The    Fnneh   were,   si- v eral 
linOT  repuls.'.l,  Imt  always  rallied;  ami  ever}  ■ 
Lm  tl.  pres,.nee  of  Enghien  either  pri'vente,! 
,7™.ir,dtliedis«r.ler,  .   .   .  The  obstinate  re- 
Linn'  of  the  garrison  obligeil  the  Fr..neh  to 
l,.v     nrnurs,.   to  mines,  which,    by  assi.luous 
al«,r  llKV  pushed  forwanl  under  the  interior  ot 
(1„.  t'„«n'     Then    Enghien,    wishing  to  spare 
l,l,»,lslul.  sent  a  flag  of  tniee   to  the  governor, 
,„„1  ;illmv,..l  him  a  safe  eonduet  to  visit  the  state 
„f  111.-  -.vorli-     Tliis  visit  ecmvimed  the  i^paniarils 
„(  tl.r  in.possibilitv  of  def.'iiding  themselves  any 
loii'ir  Thev  evaeuali'd  the  town  on   llie 

■►'(fof  Vugust.  "Thionville  was  then  little  more 
than  a  heap  of  ruins  and  ashes.  .  .  By  this 
rnnmiest  Enghien  soon  lieeame  master  of  th. 
wh.l-  em.rs.-  .,f  th.'  Mowlle  down  to  th..  gates  of 
Trivi-  Si. reli  alo:»- vi-ntured  t.) nsist  hini.  Imt 
was  ri-,lu.  .'d  in  24  hours.  Th.'ii,  .lisi,osing  his 
.irmv  ill  uutumn  .luartiTs,  he  s.t  oti  for  1  aris 
-l,,"iril  Million.   /,(/-■  ".;'  h"ii'.  I'mif"  o;  I  „mlf. 

A.D.  i644-t646.-Campaigns  in  Catalonia. 
-The  failures  at  Lerida.  S.'  m-.un:  A.  l>. 
IMl  KUii,  .     _,       . 

A.  D.  1645-1648.— Campaigns  m  Flanders.— 
Capture  of  Dunkirk.-Loss  of  the  Dutch  alli- 
ance.-Condi's  victory  at  Lens,     s..'   Nktk 

KKI.ASOS;    .V.    1)      KMl-ltUfi;    IrtW-llUS;     1(14.- 

A,  D.  i646-i648.-The  last  campaigns  of 
the  Thirty  Years  War.— Turenne  and  the 
Swedes  in  Germany.  J^ie  (iKhm.vsv;  A.  U. 
IW-l.ils.  .      „ 

A.  D.  1646-1654.— Hostility  to  the  Pope.— 
Siege  of  Orbitello.— Attempts  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  insurrection  in  Naples.  S'e  Ita  i.v  ; 
.\  II.  lWti-18.->4. 


A.  D.  i647-i648.-CoiiBict  between  Court 
«,d  ParliaJienr-The  question  of  the  Pau- 
lette  -Eventa  leading  to  the  First  Fronde.- 

•  Th.'  war  waa  oon.lucte.1  with  allernate  su.'.-'Wi 

an.t  failiir.'.  hut  with  »''. <"^'!'!;''";'"!;'' "■"•''V'n 
the  public  n'V.'nue;   a.i.l  win  e  (Juebriant  Tu- 
renne an.l  C.n.li  w.re  maintaining  the  military 
"..,.'»•«  ..f  Franc,  DEmery,  th.'  suiM'rint.n.Unt 
of  tinan.e,  wa«  stniggllng  with  th.'  far  s.'verer 
.liffl.'ultV  of  raising  h.r  ways  an.l  m.-ans  to  the 
1,'v.l  of  her  expemliture.     The  int.-mal  history 
..f  the  llrst  live  years  of  the  r.-L'.-ney  is  th.-n.-.for- 
war.l  an-cor.l..f  th.'  cntesl  b.-iw.'.-ii    he  .•..urt 
an.l  the  I'arliani.-i.l  .if  I'aris;  be  w.-.'n  th.-  .'ourt 
promulgating  .-.li.ts  t-  n-ph-nisl.  the  •''"■"""t'; 
tr.'asurv,  an.l  th.'  I'arliaiii.ni.  r.  lu.iiislrutii.g  in 
angry  aihln-sses  against  th.'  a.ceptanee  ..f  I  i.-in. 
f  the  f.eir  s..ver.-ign  e.iiirts  which  ha.l    h.  irs-^a 
a,  thatlin..-intl,.-l'alais.h'.Iusti.-.-.ifl'unsand 
of  which  the  I'arliani.nt  was  the  ni.ist  .•o.isid'r^ 
abl.-th.-  other  lline  beinu'  th.-  (    ."n'lxr     .h's 
C.'mpt.-s.'  the  Cour  .l.s  Ai.h's.   ,m.     the  (iran.l 
(•„„,;.il_the  couns.-l..rs  or  stipen.liary   ju.lg.'s 
h.-M  Ih.-ir  orti.-.-s  f.ir  lif.-.     '■  Hut,  in  v  irtu.-  ..f  the 
law    .-alh'.!    I'a.il.tt.'    Iname.l    fr.im    1  aulet     its 
.iriu'inator,  in  th.'  reign  .if  ll.nry  I\  .]  .  ..   -     h.-y 
also  h.l.l  th.-iu  as  an  inli.'ritan.-e  trausmisslbl.'  t.j 
,heir.les,-e«.lants.    Th.- I'aul.tte  .  .  .    wasan.ya 
..rdinan.'.'  whi.li  imi.os.-.l  an  .mnual  lax  ..n  the 
stipen.l  .>f  ev.-rv  ju.lg.-.     It  was  usu.-i My  pass.'. 
.  for  a  l.-rm  ..f  nin.' y.-arsouly.     If  th.'  judg.'  .lie.l 
.lurinir  that  t.-rm.  his  h.-ir  was  eiitil l.-.l  to  sue- 
c."  to  th.'  va.ant  otllce.     Hut  if  the  .hath  of  the 
ju.lge  hapiH-ne.l  when  th.'  I'aulettc  was  not  in 
for.-.'  his  heir  li...i  no  su.:h  right.     C.ins.'.iu.ntly, 
th.'  r'.-n.'wal  ..f  the  tax  was  always  w.-le..nie  to 
tl[estipen.iinrvc..uns,-l..rs,.flh.'s..v.'reigne..urt,s; 

1.1  bv  refusinu'  or  .h-laying  to  n-newMt.  th.-  king 

cmi.l -always  .  xer.-is.-  a  P"",-''V''."'f "l"Tni'n.M'' 
th..m.     In  April.  1«47.  th.'  I'aulett.'  ha.l  expire   . 
an.l  the  .pi.-en-iu.ither  im.pose.i  thi-  n-vival  ..t   t. 
ijut  to  r.  li.'ve  the  Deces.sities..f  the  tr.-asury,  she 
also' pp. posed  t.i  incn-ase  the  annual  p.-r  .en.age 
whi.'li  it  inipos.-.!  on  the  sti,H'«.ls  ..    the  eoun^ 
seh.rs  of    th.'    ChamlK-r  '  d.-s  (-.Mnp  es,    ..f  the 
Cour  .l.s  Aul.-s.  an.i  of  the  (iran.i  (  onse.l      To 
concert   measuns  ..f   resistance  t..     he  .'..nteii - 
plateil  innova.i..n,  tlios.'  c..uns,-lors  liehl  a  ni.-.--^ 
„g  in  theOr-'at  Hall  .,f  St.  I..,uis;  and  at   their 
reou.'St  the   I'arliam.'nt.   though  n..t  pers..nall^ 
a„,'l  .lirctlv  int.'r.st.'.i  in  the  change  joined  th.-ir 
-iss,'niblv  •■     Tlu-  .ineen  sarcasti.-allv    r.'plie.l  t.. 
h^ir  r.-mo.istn.n.-,s  that  the     'king   "..uld  n., 
„„lv  vvith.lraw  his  pMp..sal  f..ran  mcnase  in  tl . 
r-,t,--  of  the  annual  tax    on   their   stipeiiils,    but 
woul.l  .'V.-u  gra.i..usly  nlieve  them  fr.'m  that 
bunleii    altogether.    .    .    .    Lxasperat.'.i    ''^    the 
Iret.-n.'     loss  .if  tl"'  h.'ritable  fnur,'  .it  their 
IH  es    an.l  still  .....r.'  ..ITe.i.le.l  by  th.-  sarcas  ic 
terms 'in  whi.li  thai  mena.'.-  w.us  e.mvey.sl,  the 
"ig.-s  as.sembl.-,l  in  the  hall  of  St.  L..u.s  with 
,cn-is.-.i    /.-al.   a.1.1  haningu.-.l  there  with  y.'t 
on-  iiLliirnant  el,..iuenc.', .    F.iur  .lim'reiit  limes 
he  „u.-eu   i.iter.licte,i  their  me.'tiiigs.  an.l  tour 
Ililleren.   times  they  answere.l  her  by   rcn.'W.-d 
resoluti.ms   for  the  coiitimianee  .if  tle-m.     >li. 
I  mi    lu-.l  s.'vere  punishni.'nts,  an.l  tl.,-y  r.-pli.-.l 
llvlemonstram-es.     A.lir.'.^  T"'^''T  ?  ,1:;!;';::;;^ 
ha.i  thus  oecurn.,1.  ami  it  InduK-v.'.!  "  ''    "^  ' '.y'^, 
,0  l.s.k  well  t.,  th.-ir  st.-ps.        riie  ,<      '  "       *^;"' 
to  a.lopt  a  cue  liat.TV   manner.  bit  tlu    .is 

s  ci 'led  niagist.aies  .(erived  new  bol.lness  fnan 
the  low,-r.-.l  b.iie  md  appart-nl  feur-^  r.f  th.-  gov 


12--)7 


KHANCE.  l(M7-l(MH 


n,    ftnl  fmmlr 


FRANCE,  IWO. 


..    I' 


I 
i 


i:MI' 


u 


.  ;     J  I      !. 


•ill-' 

.Us!,:.,--   ■ 
1     'ih  ' 


•v.- 


'i     I ' ,  1 


i-^nm 


rrnmpnt  S<nritii(  st  imcr  aIkivi!  tlio  linnibli' 
tupii' nil  wliirli  tlirv  hnil  liilluTtn  Imtii  rnvutfi'il 
Into  till'  n-Kli)ii  of  |(riirritl  jMititirM,  tln-v  piu«w-il 
lit  It  Kli'p  fniiii  till'  Miii'Htliiii  iif  till'  I'liiili'ttr  til  11 
n'vli'W  iif  nil  till'  piililir  tfrii'Vitiii'i'it  iiinlrr  nliirli 
llii'ir  fi'lliiw  nuliji'i  Is  win'  liilNiiiriii);.  Aftrr 
Imviiii;  HTdUiflit  iliirihk'  fi>iir  »iinriwivi'  duvs  in 
tliH  iiii'XimiiMtililr  iiihir  i>r  I'liNiurnri'.  Ilir\  iit 
li'iiiftli.  iin  till'  :W)tli  III'  .liiiii'.  IU4H,  riiiiiiiii'iHi'il 
thr  acliiptiiiii  nf  a  m'Hi's  iif  ri'wiliitiims.  wliii  li.  hy 
till'  '.Jtlli  i>r  July.  Iiiiil  iiiiKiiiiiti'il  in  iiiiinlM'r  t<>  '.'T. 
nnil  wliii'li  iniiy  Ik'  hiiIiI  In  liiivu  lui>l  llii'  IiiisIh  nf 
u  riiiiMtitiitlniial  n'Vnliitiiiii.  .  .  .  Iniportuiit  uh 
tlii'si-  n-'MiIiitiniH  wi'fi'  in  tliriiiHi'lvt-H.  Ilii-y  wrrr 
Htill  iiitin*  itnpnrttiiit  uh  ttii'  aHHi-rtinti.  Iiy  tlira.i 
Horiali'd  iiia'.'islialrs.  uf  llii'  rlu'lit  to  iiri'.'iiialc 
laws  alTrrtini;  all  tlir  trrniTal  iiiliTrsts  nf  tin' 
roiiinionwt'altli.  In  fart,  ii  iirw  power  in  thr 
».tati'  hail  siidili'iily  sprung  into  rxisti'iirc.  .  .  . 
TImt  was  an  a^t'  in  whlrli  tin-  niiniU  rf  iiii-n.  in 
rviry  part  of  Kiiro|M',  hail  Ikiii  rmlrly  awakriinl 
to  till'  r.vtint  to  uhirh  tin'  iinronHtltiitioiml  in 
rroiirliniriits  of  popiilai  hoilirs  iniirhl  In' rarriril. 
CharlpH  I.  was  at  that  tinii'  a  prisonir  in  tin' 
hikiiiU  of  till'  Kniilish  I'arliainrnt.  Louis  XIV 
WHS  a  Imy.  u!iri|)i'  for  an  I'lirountir  with  an\ 
Riiuilar  antairoiiists.  .  .  .  'I'lit'  qui'i'n-inothi'r, 
Iht'n'fori'.  rrsolvi'il  to  spiiri'  no  t'onri'sslons  liy 
wliirli  till'  ilisalTi'Ctrd  inaKislmiy  ini);ht  In' ion 
(ili.itid.  DKiniry  was  Nirritind  to  thi'ir  dis 
pliaMiri';  the  niiiwal  of  tin'  I'auUtIc  on  its 
iinrii'tit  trrnis  was  otTi-rrd  to  tliriii;  soiiii' of  tin- 
^frii'vanci's  of  whirh  tliry  roinplaiui'd  wrn'  ini- 
ini'diatrly  ri'dri'S.M'd;  and  tin'  youn;;  l^intf  np- 
piari'd  Ufori'  tlii'ni  in  piisoii,  to  proinisi'  his 
assent  to  tliiir  otliir  drinanils.  In  rrtiirn.  hi' 
Ktipiilatiil  only  for  tin'  iissiition  of  tlnir  loni- 
liiiird  ini'i'tinirs,  and  for  thrir  drsistiii;:  from  ttii' 
fiirthi'r  proiniiliratioii  of  arri^ts,  to  whirh  they 
a.si'rilH'd  thr  forii'  and  authority  of  hiw.  Hut 
thr  authors  of  this  hasty  ri'voliilion  wire  no 
longer  nixslers  of  the  spirits  whom  they  had 
Hiininioni'd  to  their  aid.    .  Willi  inireasin^ 

nii'laeity,  therefore,  they  i>ersevereii  in  defy- 
in>r  the  royal  |>ower,  and  in  rei|iiirinK  from  lill 
F'renrhnieii  implieit  sulnnis.Hioii  to  their  own. 
Advaneini^  from  one  sti'p  to  another,  they  adopt- 
ed, on  the  '.'8tli  of  Aiii-'ust,  1(H8.  an  "arret  in 
direet  iiinlliet  with  a  reeent  proelanintion  of  the 
kinir.  and  ordereil  the  proseiution  of  three  per- 
sons for  the  olfinsi'  of  |iresuinin);  to  hnd  him 
money.  At  that  moment  their  deliates  were  in 
terrupted  liy  shouts  and  ilisi-har^es  of  eannon. 
annoiineiiiirtlie  jifeat  vielory  of  Condij  at  liins. 
Diiriii),'  the  four  following,' days  religious  fesiivals 
and  pulilie  iejoi(ini:s  sus|H'iided  their  sittinirs. 
Hnl  in  tlioM'  four  days,  the  lourt  had  arranged 
their  measures  for  a  eoup  di'lat.  As  the  I'arlia 
nnnt  retired  from  \otn'  I>ume,  where  liny  had 
attended  at  a  solemn  tlianksgivini;  fiTthetriiimph 
of  the  arms  of  Kranee.  they  oiisi'rved  thai  the 
soldiery  still  sIimmI  to  tin.'  posts  which,  in  honour 
of  that  rerenii>iiial.  hail  Ihcii  iissii;ni  d  to  them  in 
dilTerenl  ipiartersid'  theiily.  I'liderthe  protee- 
tion  of  th.'it  I'oree.  one  of  the  presidents  of  the 
Cliainlier  ■■les  Kni|Uetes.'  and  He  llrou.ssel.  the 
ehief  of  llii'  parliann-ntary  agitators,  werearre.sted 
ami  eon-iL;ned  to  dilfereut  prisons,  wliih'  three  of 
their  I  olleai;iies  were  exiled  to  remote  distiineis 
frcpiii  the  lapital.  At  the  tiilinj^sof  thiaviolenee. 
the  i'arisian  populace  were  seized  with  a  ehanic- 
;cri-lii- |ian:.\ysini)f  fury.  .  .  .  In  ii  :■«  tii.ui  Unce 
hour^.   I'aris  had  iMcoine  an  cutreuched  camp. 


I.    .I!|k,- 


l.v    1],. 
pi  irri  U 


.  They  ilirtntcil  their  own  terms  Th,  ..j,!  , 
Were  recalled  and  the  priMini'rs  nlii,.  ,| 
Then,  at  the  liiildinK  of  the  I'arliaim  in  i||,.  ,^.,, 
i>\v  laid  aside  their  weapons,  threw  ,|,  An  iln- 
liarricmles.  n' o|Mnei|  their  shops,  un  I  ii-ui'inl 
the  ciiinmiin  InisinesHof  life  as  iiulith  i.  if  imn,. 
ill);  had  iH'ciirn'il.  .  .  .  It  was.  Imui  \,  i  ,  ,1,.,,., 
lived  triumph.  The  i|ueen,  her  son  iin.l  Mi/.rin 
elTei'ted  their  escajM' to  St.  (■ermain■^. 
liy  the  misliation  of  Conde  and  of  lii^ 
iii  Orleans,  the  uncle  of  the  kin^'.  a  1 
negotiated.  The  treaty  of  St  (Jeriniii 
warded  liy  the  court  with  shame,  m 
I'arlianieiil  with  exiiltiition.  "  Fr< -li 
over  it  sistn  arosi'.  "('onde  was  a  l'Ii 
hut  an  unskillful  and  impatienl  pcaeim  ik,  1-  ||, 
his  advice  and  aid.    the  queen  iimilirr  .m.l  n,',. 

kinir  once  more  retiied  to  St,  (irrm;uii>  m.l  1 1 

manded  the  immisliate  adjoiirnineiii  i.i  t!,,.  p,|. 
liament  from  Paris  to  .Montarnis  T.  ii,,  jr  r. 
monstrances  against  that  order  they  ciilil  uM^iiii 
no  answer,  except  that  if  tlnir  ol.e.|i,  me  in  it 
slioidd  In'  any  loniier  deferri'd.  an  iinni  i.f  ■yum 
men  would  immediately  lay  sieL'e  1..  i|„.  .in 
War  was  thus  declao'd.  '— Sir  .1,  Sieph,  1,  /,,/, 
../.  l/i,'  J/iMt.  nf  h;-ini,:\  trrt.  iX. 

.\l.Hii  IN:    Cardinal   De   Uel/.    I/./,,....    y,    j 
w.  1 1. 

A.  D.  1648.  -The  Peace  of  We»tj)h»lia.~ 
Acquisition  of  Aliace,  etc.  See  id  umiw 
A    I)    II14.S:  ami  ltM«-ITI.-i. 

A.  D.  1649.— The  First  Fronde.  Doubtful 
origin  of  the  name.— Siege  of  Paris  by  Condt. 
— Diihonorable  conduct  of  Turennc.  Deserted 
by  hit  army.— The  Peace  of  Reuil.  Tii. 
Very  name  of  this  movement  is  oh-eii.  mA  i'  i. 
only  certain  that  it  was  adopted  in  |' -1  I'rniii  1 
child's  >.'ame.  It  was  tittin;.'  thai  ilie  »iriiv.'!r 
which  liecanic  only  a  mischievous  l.urli«.|iie  .m 
a  rcvoiiilion  should  Ih'  iiannil  from  ili,  .{inn  if 
fTHinins  and  schiKil-boys.  Kromle  i-  ih.  |!:miii'  nf 
a  siini;,  and  the  iHiys  of  the  stnii  iimiI  ilij^ 
weapon  in  their  miniic  conleMs  ll'nv  ii  emiir 
to  he  applied  to  tlie  opponents  of  the  l'i.\.  riiini  11! 
is  uncertain.  .Some  claimed  it  wn^  li-.  n...- lii, 
memlH-rs  of  the  I'arliament.  like  lie-  \'iiiti.'  Inn 
deiirs.  hiirh'd  their  weapons  .11  M 1/ iriii.  Im! 
were  really  to  My  when  the  olli.  ei~  .ii  ilie  imlin- 
apjH'ared.  Others  said  the  lirin  1'  id  I"  iii  ii-.'l 
liy  chance  by  some  counsi-liur.  aiel  li  i<t  It  11 
adopted  by  the  writers  of  i-pitrruins  .ml  nu/.in 
naih'S.  lloweverderived.il  was  n"i  ili  i|';iii'l 
— .).  H.  I'crkins,  Fnmr,-  I'mlo-  .I/./m.  '  :i.  1 
— "  l*a'i!  de  (londi.  Coadjutor  of  I'.iri' ;i -'i-li't 
lor.  th.il  is.  of  the  Arcliliishop  of  I'.nl^,  uImi 
was  his  uncle),  famous  aflerw.inN  iiiiilr  tli'- 
name  of  Cardinal  de  liet/.  [ilaeed  liiiii-rh  ii  ili. 
head  of  the  revolution.  .  .  .  The  IViin  .  .|  1  niiii. 
Iirollier  of  Condi',  the  I>uke  of  l.ori-ii- vill. .  tin- 
Duke  of  IJi-aufort,  and  the  Duke  ni  i;..!iill'!i 
ailopted  the  party  of  the  coadjutor  aiii  liii-pir- 
liament.  (leneruls  were  cliosi-n  for  ;in  irmy  \ii'ii 
which  to  resist  the  court.  AltlioiiL'ii  1 1\'  - 1'  v;..! 
by  .Mazarin  liad  been  resisted,  tiivi  <  «•  p  fu'lj 
paid  to  raise  trisips  —  r.i.tH)U  men  \\.  iv  ri;>"l; 

Conde  [commaiidini;  for  the   i|ih.iii   i^ .  I  s 

Kohliers.  Thesi'  he  threw  around  I'm-  r.rl  in 
vested  KHI.tHK)  biiriiessi's.  and  Ihn  .ili  ii'  1 1  ■ -' ii>i 
the  town.  The  citizens,  adorned  "I'ii  !■  iilur^ 
and  rililMins,  maile  sorties  iM-casioiialh.  !iii'  liiiir 
manipuvres  were  the  subject  of  seori  1  .  !li.  -"! 
dier.s.  .  .  .  A.s  Voitiire.-.iy.s.  til.  :•■:-  :  ;:,  ::■ 
discorils  which  atUicted  Knj.'luud  at  i1k  -.inii  liiin 


12r,8 


PBASCE,  1«4» 


fkt   yyifwifitiM 


FUANfK,   liri"  lrt''l 


„,„H.  *.ll  th.'  .Ilfferrncf  l*tw«n  Hi.'   imtl<«"il   ! 
?»w.r.     Th..  EiitslWi  lm.l  lliruwn  int.. ir  i 

rhrwlm-«.iv.'«  Int.. ir  .Ull  Mrif;.  will. -a- 

X     iZmvt.    ,ll»-.l...lon    .....1    .1-  mu.W.rv. 

Sir       'n.n«0..  -..-'r,....  1.1;  ..nny  .■;  r,. 
*,„, „u,.t..fl.i^  family  >-'n..v,m,v  .1...  loj.  ..f 

;-,'i;j^v|-'r>r..;;!.,.r:;!iHUM:i.t5::.:V.f 
5,;^!''S.n.:v":^..::^!i'hi::;n;;r:^^^^^ 

X^^rVi,  ■  of  I.  »..v.T..i«.,  a.Hl  i„tr..»..-.l  wMl.  11." 
lm..ulnf  ....  ..rmy.  ...  .•ml.av.mri,.  l-Y'l  l>i» 

Sine  «l."r»  "t  ""■  «'"''  "'  "  ""'",'■       "'■ 

'     Uit  w„»l...  s..rin.-.-.l  l.U  l.n..;...r   a.Ml  al 
,,„„ll,is  fi.ir  (a....-  t..  !"•  tan.W..;.l  f"r  II..'  »..W.' 

U  wonl.1.-.*  w..man  «l.„  n-rntlv  J,..t,.1  at  1.  ^ 
l,u,n.  a...l  .-ar..!    n.-H.ii.i.'  f-r  l.H    »art    b.  t 
STnlv  for  Lis  »w,.r.l  for  h.T  ,.«,i  «,..l.lly  «.  vat- 
Ta^"     As  it  was  1,.-  .■n.lfav....r,.l  t..  |..r....ul..  hi- 

„n,vto  .l.rlar.'  for  tl..'  l.arlia....  ..I,  a...   |...r|M,>.-,l 

UkL'  it  i"t"  (■l.ai..p.iK'"".  ai..l  ...ar<l..nK  for     ,.• 
„|i..f  of  th.'   .apital;  but  tl...   tr....l..ry  ..f      .<• 

m,  1.1  «a»  ....  ...at.l.   for  tl...  »;i  'tl-'ly,  "•  '.>''' 

Si      ll.for..  T.mn...-  iss,...,l  his  ,  ...lara  .... 

ThU  .r.».ps  .!..■  .•..1.....-1S  of  his  r-o....M.     ha.l 

l,„lv   l.'i.   t p.."-.!    .vitl..       ri...   .•anli..als 

,n,i«iri.s  1....1  i.r..t..is<'.l  Ih.iu  pii.sioiis   a...   .Us 

irilml.M  C-NKMXHI  a..ioiiK  111.' oniciTt  ,....1  s.il.l..;rs. 

This  »i.s  a  .1.  lisiv.-  »rKui.>.-..t   for  ....r.T.iarifs. 

who  lu.iu'l.t  r.ir.n...-  l.y  fors,iki..K' I'll"  that  i.i-r- 
,,.,„rv   s.rvi.rs    <a..    ..lily    Ih'    .•o.ni..u...lf.l    hv 

m„m'v       DKrlaih  lm.l  also  sI.«k1  firm.       1 1..' 
rtK'irmnts  "f  T..r..|..i...  six   (l.ni.ai.  y'"-'"'""'^; 
rall.-,l  In   ilKrhiih.  mar.l.i-.l  on.'  miilit  to  J..111 
liira  .It   llrisa.  h.      Tl.riT   r.,L-ii...iits  of  n.faiUry 
thnw  tl„  i,.s,.lv..s  U...I.T  th.-  ^'....s.;f  l'l.ilipsl...rL'. 

(Iiilv  :.  small  fonv  w.is  l.-ft    to  Tiinmif,  «  10, 
ti.i.l'iii..'il..'  M.iwhf  h.U'mli-<l  l.op.l.ss.  s.iit  th.' 
IP,,,,.  .ii:i  "ill.  hi..i  I"  join  .1  r.rl."''  .''  »"««';■ 
,„„|r.lir..l  l.in.s.lf  with  lifl.in  or  Iw.-i.tv  of  his 
friiii.lM..  ll.ill.roii.  th.'....'  to  lloll;,i..l.  wh.n;   ..• 

aw;iit..l  ihc  1,  r.i.iii..tion  of  th.-  .nil  w.ir.      1  !..■ 
,„.ws  of  iIk-  !il.aii.l.>i.m.'iit  of   Tiiiviiii.'   w;is  n- 
,Tivc.l«ith  .lispiiir  lit  I'aris.  «iih  w.l.l  jov  .it  M. 
0.rm..iM.      His  bunisliiiicnt.    how.Mv.  "_.."  ""• 
lims       ri...   Lwlcrs  ..f  th.'    p:.rli;.i...'iil    b-M-iii..^ 
»»i,rr  Ih^.i  ll..-  priii<'.'S  of  ll..-  I'roiui.'  w";  fyiiii: 
i.Mil.i  lii.  f.ir.ii:!.  iissistaii.-.'  i"  oviTUiri.  tin-  moii- 
,mln;ilial  tl.iir   |.'fiuT;ils   w.T..    ......roliatii.«   a 

trcii'v  will.  Sp.iin.  They  felt  th.it  ..nlrr  ihmi.-.' 
au.lth.'  iii.l.pinil.'iu-.Mif  parliam.-iit.  which  wmil'l 
iQ  this  i:.-.-  biioii..'  ih'pi'i.il.'iit  iil»>"  tin'  nobility, 
waMii.l:.i.;.r.  Thi'V  t.K.k  the  p.itriolii-  rcsolii- 
ti"n  niii.  Islv  lo  iiit  of  tlu'iriiwn  a.-.-oril.  .V  con- 
t.r.-M..  Ii:..i  li.i^n  opiMici  iH'twi-.'ii  the  parliain.nl 
ami  111,' Colin  I'l'iicc  was  .•..iiclii'lfl  at  l{<'iiil. 
wliicli.  M..t«itlist»mlinj.'  Ilii'  r.-mo..str.iiurs  of 
('..mi  H.r.iih.r  of  Coiiili.,  the  f.imily  bt'iii)?  ili- 
n\i  .1  ill  111.-  First  Fnimk],  Bouillon,  ami  th..oth..r 

r,;-!-.!.  -  .-t'   t!:;    Frr.n.',.'    Wll-H  :l('-(.t.ptt..l  t»v  ll.t' wliolt* 

parliauit  111.     IVatr  was  procluimi'il  in   I'ari"  t< 


,1...  ,ii«„nt.ni  ..f  til..  i".|.ui...  -•      .■'"""■""':;,''■; 

ll...  ,  o„.  I.islo..  of  tl...  tr..,.ty  ..f  U.LI  .  .i.ibark.il 
|„    /....la.i.l.    h.i,.l...i    .It   Ui.pi"..     ''"'  ""     ."v„.r 

I'aris     -11    M    lb"''-'-.   r'n:nn,..l,    ll   -     A  l.r 
Ih..  sinni...;  of  tl...  p........   th.  tli..ir:..i  of  Si   <i..r 

,„ai„  !»•.  an...  tl...  r..sorT  of  ...i.iy  Pr.....  bur. :  tl... 

|;.",..,s,h.  l.onw'...-vill...tl.,.  l'iln..of(',,nti  an. 
,„.arlvalltl...oib..r.l.i.fsof  H„.  party  l.asl.-ii.-. 
t,.pavtl..irr.»p..<tsl..lb.l<o..ii      '^^'\^<;'l'!\[ 

,.v,'rvl»-lv    wi.l.oi.l    bitl.ni.ss,   s, ';';«'" 

fri..n.lsl.i[ 1  lb..  Minisl..ron  bis  P^'J'  •;;;■',    ' 

„„i,l,    i;,.,i,ral    u'.H«l  will  '111.,  of  tl...   nrsi 

fT..,is  of  ll...  p.......    b.iw...n  lb.,  parln.swas  i> 

,:i  ,^!;iin.b..ll...is..of,-,M,,|^  Tb..l>rin^ 
n.ss  ii..»a..',.r  ..,i.pl.iv...l  l...rs..lf  will,  /...l  ..lul 
«,„,.,.,s  in  nl'siabli-liiiii,'  barnioiiy   b|lw...n  l...r 

..hil,lr..|.,     (0,1.1.-.,  w Irspi,..,!  ins  bn.tb.r  l.K. 

i.iii.'b  to  l.al..  him,  r.:i.lil.\  airr...!  to  .1  nron.  Ilia 
1   ,i„„  wilh  him.      As  10  hi-  sisl.r,  h.'  b...l  ..lw...Ns 

f,.ll   for  li.r  i;r..al    utTi.  lion  a.i.l  1 i.l.ii....  ami 

»li..  1.0  1..SS  f..r  l.im;  tb..s,.  s.iilim.iils  >v..n.   r..- 
.ivi.l  III   •hiir  virv  llrsi   iiil.rvii.w  at    Unil,  ami 
h,.,....  ...ilvuaN.liVrlu.kbislri.ml-bip.but    K._ 

,ri,„  to.iit.'r  into  b.r  vi.ws,  ami  ..v.n  1..  I".  Kunl.-il 
r.v  b.r  .•ouns.ls       Tl...    !'ri.i,-..'s   p,.li.y  was  to 
„;„k..  Uovaliv  p..w,rf..l  ami  r.sp,.,l...l    but   not 
tsoLit..."    1|.  sai.l  publi.ly    that    1...    I..1.I   .loK' 
llZl    ...  ..UL'lit  in  ,.pl...lclini.-  Ma/.ariii,  l».....us..  h.^ 

|a,l   pr..mis...l  to  .1..  s.,;    but    l-r  .1...  futur..,  if 
i  ,i)s  l.iok  a  -lilTir..,..   lin...   h,.  sliouM   n..t   l"; 

iKi'iml  bv  tl...  p..st \  pr.y  to  a  t  .o..si.ml 

..,„„|i...ini:  f...lii.V's,  an.l  .lis..o„t,.nt...   w.ih  .A..ry 
|««lv     ami    p..rhaps  will,  bimsclf.    I...    t.«.K    111. 
r,.s,.b'.lion  of  nliriiiu'  bir  s.^viral  m.mths  U,  hi* 
u-ov..rnm..|.t  in  llurKumly.     On  nliiriuni.'  froni 
l)ii,.n  in  th.'  month  ..f  Auirust.  lb.'  rnm  i'  f"um 
li..(Ju....n  ..ml  ll...(ar,lin..lat  Con.pn.-m.    im.l 

v,.rv  ......h  .h.J...l...l.   .  ll-     ,    •    P"'"^'''  \"' 

„.  nt.irn  to  I'liris  will,  b.r  Minisi.r,  an-w.ri.u; 

for  Ma/.arii,  s  salVty.  at  tl...  risk..!  bis  "»" '"■''';^ 

Thiir  .nlrv  int..  I'.ins  t.x.kpla.-..  a  f..w  .lays 

;,f„.r.--l,onl  Mal.oii.    /.':'-    of  hmi,.    I  i-iiw   ,.J 

'"'('''».. "in  (iuv.b.li,  .»/.".'«•'•».  '•■  l.-('ar.lin.il 
1).'  K.t/.,    .1/. '/."<>-.  '■*     -i.-Mis^  l'.>r.l<»..    /  ■'"" 

■'^  A  D.''i650-i6Si -The  New  Fronde,  or  the 
Petiti  M.itres.-ltt  «lli*nce  wtth  Spam  and 
defeat  at  Rethel.-Revolt.  siege  and  reduction 

of   Bordeaux.-  ■  Faction.    lai.T  asl....p    b.r  ...... 

ni.'ht,  w,.k..  apiin  fr.sli  an.l  viu'orous  ur\tm>>t»- 

i,,:-    Tlur..  was  a  I'arliain.ntaiy  party,  a  D.;  K.t/. 

,nv  ami  aComIe  p..rly.  ..n.l  ....h  party  pb-  "..1 

,i;.l...,m..l  un....,sinL'ly  P.  .lis,  r,.,l.t  the  ..ib.'rs 

a       to..vok..  popul..r  tVilinu'  aL'..inst  all  i.N....pl 

i,s,.|f  N..itl.,.r  ,.f  tl...  I,...,l.rs,  c,.l.  pr.. Uiul 

,.'  fi-arof  assassinalioii.  ,.v,.r  stirr,.,!  abr..,i,l  nn- 
.s"s  in  til..  ....mi-anv  ,.f  4IKI  or-.iH.p.:ill..m.n,  thus 

l,„|,li„i;  tl.,..ilv  in"li..urly   i.,.ril  ol  an     um.u  ,. 
(•o„'k.s  arrou-ai,.-,.  ami  ii.s,.l,.m...  Ii,..-,.i.uni;  at  last 
tolallv    unlKMral.l...  th,.  Court  pr.i,  .■.-.b-.l  b;  U.. 
,   ;„;;,,  |,„asur....f..rr..s.ini:bi,n.     N..w  ....iiibma 

I    lions-  1)..  l{..t/.  ami  Orl.ar.s  coaU's.-..  omi'  mor.. . 

i    l)..K..t/...o.iu.ts  with  Ma/.arin  ami  is  proniis,.,!  ,1 

.anlinals  hat.      Wily  -Mazariu  stron^'ly  snpp..r  s 

I)..  lUt/.s  m.miiiatb.n  in  public,  ami  prnal.l.\ 

'     1,'..,  ,,.v.rv  n.,.|nt..r  ..f  tl...  <..n,n..il  I"  vol..  aL-an.st 

it  lUi.i  to  l.<.s.....b  th..lju....n  ton.f.isc  Ibc  .lii;iii  ty 

,   was  n.f..s...l;  upon  whi.h  IV  U.t/  turm.    b  > 
'„,.ri:i..s  up..n  a  (.'.lural  union  ot  par n. s   ,.r   1  .^ 

„.rpo>..  of  ciT...tin^'  ''"■.^'•''■r-;;f  ;,•;'.'';■ 'i 

|„,  '„v..rthrow„f  the  miiiisur.   -/'ij  ;'- '         /r" 


125!) 


(•■         > 


i     ,  ■  i 


:i]i' ,  "*'  :m 


.  ■  n    » 


l-Mi- 


-m\- 


FRANrE,  KHO-IMI 


Th»  rtMli  Wiirm 


FRANCE,  tSfll-tWia 


IiIk  lirothcrConli.  nnil  hi*  linithir  in  law  l^initiii- 
villi',  wi Ti'  itrnxli'il  mill  roiiiliirliil  In  Vlnt't'iiiii-K 
on  Ihi'  l'4>li  of  .liiniiiirr.  IH.10  "Thin  wiw  the 
MTonil  riioi*  lif  till'  M'llitliifi.  Till-  nlil  KmiiiIi' 
hllil  i'\|iirr<l;  it<4  Ii'IhIiTN  hml  h<iI<I  tlirlllM-lvrn 
I"  till'   ('■url.    lull    in     \\»    IlllMI'    KliMIIK    ll|>     llir 

Ni»  Kriimlf  liillril  iilmi.  frMiii  llir  iilfi  ili'il  nlm 
■  if  iiK  li'uiiirt.  III!'  I'rlltK  Multri4      Till'  iHuiiti 

fill    jlilrlli'HH   <>r     |,<ltli,M|l'Vi|ll'  wiln  till'    Milll    cif    it, 

iti'lirl  h\  llir  iiihhint.  Marnlllitr,  iiflrrwiinls  lliiki' 

ill   hi  l(o.  Ill  I mill,  iiiul  liv  till'   Itiiki'  i.r  iliMiil 

Itiii  (hi  llir  .irrr<«t  iif  tii'r  IiiimIiiiikI  iiihI  hrr 
lirntlii  r,  till'  Mill  hi'^H  liiiil  tliil  tn  ilollaml,  iinil 
iifii'rwarcli  III  Sd'inii ;  w  liiTi'  »lir  iiiul  Uuiiillcinn 
liMliiir.  'I'lirrniii'.wliii  »lyliil  liiiniilf  Ihi'  ■  KiiiU" 
l.ii'iiti'iiatil  (li'iK'nil  for  tlir  lilH-rilinii  nf  llir 
Prim  r-  '  I'tiliTi-il  inin  in'j;iM'ijitinn'*  \v  ilh  till'  .\rrli 
iliikr  l,i'<i|>i>lil      Kiiiiilloii  liini'uir  liiiil  rrtiri'il  inlii 

tillirl.llr,  \^  llil-ll  l>ruv  illl'l'  \\:I1  tllil  ttilll-'l  from    Illl' 

Ciiiirl  Imi'iii..i'  Ma/arlni'  niaiiilaiiii'il  iH  iK  u.inr 
iiiir  ihr  ili'lr^li'il  K|M'riiiiii.  In  .liilv  lloiiilloimiul 
IiIm  allir"!  pitliliriv  rrrrlvi'il  a  S|)aiu^li  t'livoy  at 
lti)ri|i'aii\  Ciiii'lr's  wifi'  ami  infant  miii  luni  Ihtii 
rrri'ii'i'il  in  ttiat  rily  v\itii  cntlin^ia'^ni.  Hut  im 
till' apprciarli  "f  Ma/arinr  with  llir  MVal  iinnv, 
till'  inlialiitanls  nf  liiiiniTii',  ulaniinl  fur  tlirir 
vintairi'.  nnw  a{ipri*ai'liini:  niatiirlty.  wlinwi'il 
Miirniof  <iii lull Uiii 111 ,  aflir  a  »lii>rt  xlru'r  lii>nli'aii\ 
^urri'riilrrt'il,  i>n  runilitinii  i>f  an  aniiii'Hty,  in 
wliiili  Itdiiilliiii  ;inil  I. a  Iti  liifnin  aiiM  wirr  In 
ilmli'il .  ami  llir  I'rinri  >-  uf  ( 'umlr  wa«  pirmit'ril 
til  rilirr  iKit'ilur  l~t  lirmi.  In  tlir  nnrtli,  llir 
Kri'tiiiriir-,  with  tliiir  Spitni''^li  allir'*,  si'rniril  at 
tlr-i  ninrr  sin  i  i".ifiil  In  llir  siiinniir  LriiiMilil 
Iri'l  I  riirrrcl  (  lianipaL'nr.  prnrlnitril  tu  hrrtr 
Mil'Mi,  ami  Minir  of  his  niaraiiilinir  piirtirs  hail 
rvrn  rrarliril  Maininarlin.  'riirrinir  trinl  l<> 
prrsnailr  Ihr  .\ri  liiliikr  to  man  li  to  Vinrrnnis 
anil  lihrratr  Ihr  primrs;  Imt  wliilr  lir  was  hrsi 
latin!;.  <iasion  Ii-,iiis?rrr"cl  Ihr  raptivrs  to  Mar 
rollssis,  wllrmr  tliry  wrrr  soon  llflrr  rtinvryrii  to 
Ilavrr.  L'.'opolil  anil  Tnrrniir,  aftrr  a  vain  at 
trmpt  to  r  iisi'  llir  Parisians,  rrtrratnl  to  tlir 
Mriw  ami  laiil  siru'r  to  Moiuon.  Thr  Carilinal 
hiinsrlf,  likr  his  mastrr  Itirlirlirn,  now  assiimril 
thr  rharartrr  of  a  ;:rnrral.  I'liitin!;  w  irh  his 
troops  in  thr  north  thr  army  of  (iuirnnr,  hr  look 
ii|i  his  i|uarirrs  at  Itrtlirl,  wliirh  hail  l«'rn  riip 
tiiml  hy  1)11  rirssis  i'nislin  llrnirhr  onlrml 
an  attark  to  Ih'  m.-rlr  on  Ihr  Spanianls  In  thr 
lialllr  whirhrnsnril.  Ihrsr  Hrn'i'lltirrly  ilrfratril, 
many  of  thrir  prinripal  othrrrs  wrrr  raiilurnl. 
antl  r\rn  Tiiri  niir  hinisilf  narrowly  rsrapnl  Ihr 
s.iinr  fair  (Drri'inlirr  l"itli  Ili.Vli,  'i'hr  Carilinals 
riaiion  ^vas  unlMiiuiilril,  It  was  a  irrrat  Iliiii!;  i-i 
havr  ilrfratril  Turrnnr,  aii'l  iIioulOi  Ihr  victory 
was  |>n  I'Irssis'.  Ma/.arinr  assiininl  all  thrrrrilit 
of  it       His  hrail  111  iran  to  turn       Mr  foru'ot  that 

h.     owril    his   snirrss    to    thr    Irailrrs    of    thr  iiM 

Kioirlr,  ami  rsp.rially  to  Ihr  CivuljiHor,  hr 
111  u'lrrinl  his  pruiiiisis  lo  thai  illl riiTiiiii:;  prrlalr. 
llioii::li  (iomli  plainly  ilrrhiml  that  hr  miisi 
rilhri'  lir  a  prim  r  of  till'  Cliiirrh  or  thr  hrail  of  a 
fariiou  >la/ariiir  \v,is  also  imprii'tritl  rnoni^h  to 
olTrmI  Ihr  I'arlianiriit ;  .'inil  hr  i  omparril  Ihrm 
with  tiiai  -iitiiiL'  at  Loiiiloti  —  whirh  imlinl  was 
iloitiL'  Ihrni  to'i  miirh  honour.  Thr  Coatljutiir 
wrnl  uvi  r  to  thr  part,\'  of  thr  primrs.  ilraLijiiiir 
with  him  thr  frrlilr  iiiimlnl  Orliaiis,  who  hail 
hinisrif  lurii  iiisullril  hy  thr  (iurrii.  Thus  was 
pro  lnri'il  ,1  thinl  phasr  of  this  siUL'iilar  srilitiiin 

-Uir   iiiiioii   ol    111.'  I'M    Fiomli'    »ilii   Ihr   nrw 
Thr  I'arliamrni  Illl^v  rlamouml  for  Ihr  lihrratioii 


of  thr  prinrm.  A*  Ibr  Qurrn  hmitaiiil  linxim 
hliintly  ili'i'luit'il  tliiit  tlH'  •lUiniiwal  "I  Mumm 
wan  niTfiwMiry  to  Ihr  ri'iitiirftlliin  of  pi.i. ,  «|„|^ 
thr  I'urll  mnl  mlilril  to  llirlr  forim  r  .l.iii:ui| 
itnothrr  I'M  Ihr  l'iinlln»ra  luinMiMiriii  Mi/ irm. 
wiw  IiIk  niialnkr  anil  riiili'iiviiiin  4  to  miifv  n 
III'  littHU'liiil  III  lliivrr  in  orihr  to  i,  i  riii' ili, 
|ir*ni'i'it  in  imtmui,  iiiiiI  i  laini  thr  nn  rii  n|  i  .|,,.i, 
taniiniH  iirt.  Hut  it  wan  Inn  lair,  ii  m  i<  jlii!, 
Ihiit  hi'  wiin  nilini;  only  liy  loiisiniii!  fi,. 
prini'i'H  wrrc  conilurli'il  hack  in  triniiipti  in  p,ri^ 
iiy  a  larm' ri'tlniir  wilt  lo  escort  ihiiii  iin  i.  i.ti, 
«ry  i'tXU  VW.  their  Innmrni  r  was  i  si,il,li,|„,|  |„ 
u  royal  ilrrlanitinn.  ami  Ihry  wrrr  n  »!■  n  .|  |.,  ,1! 
thrlr  iliunitirs  ami  rharui-M  M.i/aritu  .  n,.  m 
whllr.  wliomiw  Ihat  for  Ihr  prrsi  ni  lln  _■  >iiii  »  i. 
lost,  ntlrnl  iniii  rvilr,  llrst  inio  IIiiiu!1..m.  ii,.| 
aflrrwarils  In  llrlihl  on  Ihr  Uliim  wain  >|j. 
Klrcliinif  <'olin.'nriitIrrril  him  an  asvlnm  i'r  m 
this  place  hr  lorrrHpoiiih'il  with  iln  </ 1. 1  u  :ii,.| 
continuril  to  ilirrcl  hrr  rounsrls.  Tin  m.iri  in 
ami  confusion  that  hail  riHUnl  in  Fniti-  »,i. 
siirli  as  proniim'ii  him  a  <«pri'it\  rriurii  T  11 
l>\l'r.   IlitI    ■'!'  Vi'iirii  /-.'iimi^/u-    '>.  '■/.    I        .1 

".Vl.w>  IN  t.  Wriifhl,  //i»r  ../■/■V.r,  ,  <  I  '. 
ll'-  -.'I.  — Miss  I'anlor.  /.«'/i'»  A'/ I  '/'.'/''..  1  '( 
■  'It-y.itu-f.  i:  1,,'/,    i;i  l.V 

A.  O.  I65i-i6s».— The  lost  o(  Catalonu. 
Sri  SrviN     .\    l>    ItHM-iavj 

A.  D.  1651-1653.— The  arroeance  of  Cond« 
and  hii  renewal  of  civil  war.  -Thr  Kngi 
majority  proclaimed. —  General  chan(;ini;  of 
■idea.— Battle  of  Porte  St,  Antoinc  and  mas- 
lacre  of  the  H6tel  de  Ville.  End  of  the 
Fronde.— Condi  in  the  lerrice  of  Spain. - 
"  Thr  lilwratnl  raptivrs  wrrr  ri'i  I  i\i  i|  H  i'li  M.  r\ 
ilrmonHlration  of  joy  hy  »ll  Paris  aii'l  i!i'  Ff"'; 
ihurs,  iiicluilini;  the  Dukr  of  nil.  :ni>  fhi 
Ijiircn.  mrlunchiily.  anil  perhaps  nallt  ill  I  iv  ::i 
Im'iI  111  receive  their  visit  of  c.  iM  r.  n  in.'in  I'si 
thr  I)uke  of  (IrleaiiH  ^ave  Ihrm  a  i:rati'l  >ii|'['r 
ami  there  W11.H  iiiiiversiil  joy  at  lniiiL'  ri  1  ..f 
Mazarin.  .  .  .  There  wa.s  a  promi^i  I'l  .ihm  nilili' 
the  States  (Jemral,  wliilr  Conile  iIumil'IiI  lii'ii-If 
i:iiveniin^  the  kin^iloni,  ami  as  nsti;i]  hi.  :ur<' 
Cance  (.'ave  olleiice  in  various  ipiaitirs  Hi.'' 
artirh'  in  Ihr  ronipaci  whirh  hail  uMiml  In-  li!i 
rrty  was  thai  llie  Prince  of  Conli  ^hnuM  111. irn 
Maileinoiselle  ilr  Chrvri'usi'.  hut  this  .illiani '  ' ! 
frnilril  Ihr  priile  of  the  elilrr  linali.  r.  :iii  1  In 
liroke  the  iimrriaKr  iilI  hastily  ami  lnujliiili 
Mailame  ile  I'hevrt'U.se,  much  otTiii'l' •!.  ri|'iiii"l 
of  the  ai.l  she  liail  jjivrn.  wrtii  'wr  i"  Ihr 
linrrn's  parly,  anil  tonic  with  lur  ilr  "ilju'r 
who  was  ilrvotril  tn  the  rejeiii  .1  .l.,ii.'liii  r.  li  ! 
cniilil  always  sway  the  nioli  nf  Pari^,  s..  "  nii 
persons  hail  thiiscnine  In  ilrsrrl  Ihr  1  in"  "1  Mn- 
Prinrr  that  Annr  of  .\iislria  iIioul-Ii'  I  ii'iiu 
arresliiiL'  liiin."  Cniiili'.  siipposin-  ;  ii-i'.i  i!  iii 
ilan.irer,  lle.l  frnm  the  city  on  lln-  I'.ili  rl  'luly, 
ami"  wrnl  to  his  chateau  "nf  St  .Mm:  n  h. '.■  Iii- 
fa.nily  anil  frimils  jninnl  him.  arnl  hi  !i. '  i  .1  i^iii'l 
of  riAirt.  (Jiirrii  ami  Parliaiiinil  I"'M:~.i.i  '  11 
Irratirs  to  him  to  rrturii,  Iml  hr  ili>'i.ii::  'I  "li'iii 
all.  ami  lilailr  thr  1  nnililinii  of  hi>  r.  '  .i;i  'ii'  'li- 
missal  of  Ihr  srcretarirs  w  hoiu  M.i.rir:':  '.  1 1  ''  " 
The  tjurrn.  most  unnillin!:ly.  ma'lr  tii'  'n  "'"'' 
ami  Cnnilriliil  rrturii  for  .1  sli. .rl  lini'  !  ;'  I'' 
was  hau^htirr  than  rvrr.  ami  opriil\  1  ■  mij'I  iiH"! 
of  Mazarin'sinllurnrr,  inakint.'  rvrv  pn  |.ii.iii'':i 
for  a  civil  war.     .Slnmijely  vinlriii  -i'.'^  i-k 

placr."    Iirlwerli     the     Prillir   .ilri    lln     :      .:;:'  ' 

and  their  respective  lulhureuls,  aii'l  ]•'■■•'  "'b  '^"-' 


I'jon 


Kitdo/lkt 


nuMcx.  l«»l-»«M 


PH^    ■,,ultt«l  P«r1«,  w.nt  U.  CliMjllllv   iin<l 

XtlMV ..M  h»v..lHHn  i..il...«ntl».  t'i.r 

Ikmrn   wniilcl  h..  .'Mlly  .l.'»ll  Willi.     Hill.  ».U->\ 
S  Uvv     The  ..|o.tl.m«  f..r  tl.r  »tttt«  <J.-ii 

j;  Tlmri  nil  tor  ,,r..ml««.  tl..;  Om--..  .l.-<i.l.M 

X.:.'!'  ..Hr.  «ii.l  I'lH  niMllirr  .till  ..m.lu. f.l 

"(!„.,  nm.r..(.  I.wt  it  „m.l..  u  n.w    "K  ..ni.jK. 

I^Il".,  „„,.r».l,m  f,.r  Ktlrrlntf  up    .<■  l.;>.".v 

!,l,l^il»..r.  ana  w,i»  ..nlv  .Iriv,,,  Int..  i.     '.V 
r,«.M.T';»r«n...l.in«  ami  lh..«'  nf  In;*  f"''"'; 

1,1,„11  U  ll.r  1.4»t  toriluruit  I..  Il"'  ..i.l.l"ir.l. 
,      ,•  ..tli.r  M.l...  Ann.'  of  Austria  »|U.I,  '  Mun- 

l!„U l,('..."l.-.llr-'-'ll.iHf..r.-.,l..tak-.H-H 

,„i f  the  rlli.s  induyinn.',  an.l     !.■  afliT 

;^;,,,  ,,r.,r,,l,-.|  to  llonlraux  On  tl».  oth.-r 
tol  >L./:.rin  r.  |.air.a  to  Sr.laii  an,l  ..|Mtrn..l 
,,  r=.w.anannvinthrfn.ntl.r.iti.H  «ltl>«ln.l. 
,,,  „„nl„-.l  to  Join  tl,,.  Kln«  ,'""'  .'.I'"';'  ''. 
l'„iiirr»      War  »a»   ni»tlii«   ai;uin.  nIiIJ    a"  tl» 


riuNCE.  lasi-ttM. 


Fmii.Ic'  Ih.iUtfli  liar.'  hail  Urn  u  Krn.ral  .liaiii;.- 
„f sill,,  til.  I'.irliainiiit  luiiiir  now  for  the  <  ouit, 
,„,l,h.-  l'rin.,Haitaii..Ht  it.  thr  l>uk.- i.f  Orlnin» 
i„i,.iatii.f  siltish  atfitiitloii  lHtwin|n  tin;  t».. 
|«niiiii  lliit  till-  royal  army  wan  ailvancliitt  I" 
|,Un«n  a|.|.iinat'.-  of  OrUiiiiK.  ami  f.ann^  lial 
,h,.,itv  inial.t  o|..n  im  KiitrH  to  th.in,  hi'  wn  '.IT 
l.biUuBi.i.r.  Ma.l.nmi«ll..  l''''  "'■'•'I",""!';,';!-,  ", 
liein  lh|.  I  iti/inii  to  what  h.-  .alliKl  tliiir  .lut)  to 

hiraslf     Sh<.  wiiit  wl'l'  ""'y  **"  ''"'""  '""' , "'' 
sirviiiitH     .  .  anil  fmiiiil  the  Kati'ScliiMfilajta  list 
liir      Th.'  iHTN'virlnK  Muili-nioiwH"'  ■Hucwtli'il, 
hi.winr,  in  piinintf  ailmliwion  to  tlii-  town  ile- 
.iiiln  till-  iirdir-i  of  -.lie  in»Kiatrai<n.  ami  sin'  Ki'pt 
f,ut  of  it  till'  wililiirs  of  iHith  farlion.H  in  the  war 
But  hiTinvn  inilinations  were  NtrimRly  towanl- 
r.in.lr  iin.l  l.i<»iili'.     "Hhf  went  outtiui  little  inn 
i»  lii.lil  arnuniil  with  the  Dukes  of  IWaufort  iiml 
Nemours  aii.l  hail  to  nieiliatc  Ix'tweeii  tlieiii  in  a 
viiili-iit  cpmrri  1    .  .   .  liulwl,  Coniles  party  were 
ill  !iSriT.i ;  111'  Imil  even  .luarreleil  with  Ills  sister. 
iiiilslii'  luil  hroken  with  IK.,  la  Km'liefoueaulil . 
Till'  Duk.'  li-  Itouillon  and  his  brother  1  ureune 
»iri'  nmv  on  the  (Jueen's  side,  and  the  loiiinianil 
uf  iliiTMVul  iiniiv  was  conferred  on  the  Visi'ount. 
('..ml.'   «iih  unl'v  eijihl   persons,  ilaslied  iieross 
Frain,  1"  i:iki' the  eoniniand  of  the  army  over 
vvhirli  li.;iiilnrl  aiiil   NeiiiDurs  were  disputinj.'. 
Till'  viTi  luiiriiiiu?  after  he  arrived.  Turenne  saw 
I'Vlli.'  ,l!M...-iliiin  of  the  trisips  who  must  be  op 
]m-.;[  h,  l.iiu      '  .M.  le  Prime  is  loine.'  he  said. 
Tli.v  Win- ilii    two  );reatest  eiiptains  of  the  au'e. 
auil'll'i'v  f..u.'lit  almost  in  siv'lit  of  the  Kint'  ami 
tjiiiiii  :'ii  III.  iii'iiu.     Hut  Ihounh  there  were  skir- 
imslu-  ill.  hi.liiiL'.  at  the  outset,  the si'riousih'feat 
nf  iuliuMnii  i.r  ilie  roviil  f'lrees  umler  I1imi|U1ii 
I    ;r:,    'i     l.risivi-   elliiicenn'Mt    tiH.k   pline       It 
wa>:i  ~!!  I  •  •!.'  of  mami'uvri's,  and  in  this  Comli' 
lail   ihi'  .ii..i.|vantaire.   .   .   .    Week   after    week 
tlir  twi.  i.riiiii  s  .   .   .  watched  one  anotlier.  till  at 
last  (  uii.li'  «;is  driven  up  to  the  walls  of  I'aris. 
iinil  tluri'  till'  nates   were   cli)S«'d   aKain.st   Isitli 
411I11.-.     .'..ii.ie  «a.s  111  SI.  Cloud,  whillc'C,  till  the 
iml  iif  .hilv  [UiVJJ,  he  cudettvoured  to  lead  his 


»rmy  Mund  u>  ('harenUin  at  tb«  mnfliii'nrc  o(  tlie 
H.ln..  und  the  lA>irr .  but  wlit-n  lie  e»nw  III  f root 
of  the  I'orie  Si  Aiitolnr.  he  found  llmt  a  iMittki 
wu  Inevitable  and  that  he  waa  caunht  lu  a  trap, 
when-,  iinlena  he  "luUl  enrape  ibrjiuKli  the  city 
hia  dentruelloii  waa  liievlulile  He  Iwrrleadisl 
the  llim.iitre.t«  tliat  met  there,  li.aplim  up  lila 
Imififaite  a*  *  pniU.ction,  and  his  fri'  mis  wlthm, 
iiianv  of  them  wives  of  ijenlleiiien  In  hi"  army, 
saw  the  sit uiit ion  with  ilespalr  "  The  only  oiie 
who  hail  emrtfy  to  act  was  Ma.lemols.ll..  Mie 
e«lor1eil  from  her  hi.ltallntf  father  an  .  rder.  by 

virtue  of  which  shi'  isr.uail.d  tl aKis-.al.'s  "' 

the  lilv.  not  only  1"  open  the  nates  to  Conde,  but 
III  Mini  '.'  Uil"  nii'n  t.i  th..  Kaiilsnirif  St  Aiitolne. 
"  Mad.'mois.  He  miw  ppaind  to  the  top  of  the 
L-reat  s.ni:.ii'  low.  r. if  the  Ua.tille,  win  in.  she 
,,,„ld  s..'  ilii' tirrilile  eonlliit  <urrle.li.n  in  the 
thrie  siibiirlmn  stn  .  ts  whi.  h  eonvirL'id  at  the 
I'lirte  St,  Aiiti.in.'  "  S.i'lni!  an  i.|.p..rtiinily  to 
turn  theianiioiiof  llie  llaMille  on  the  pur.uin« 
IriNips  she  dill  so  v»iih  ilTi.t  "Tuniimwaa 
iiMli.il  to  draw  l.a.'k.  and  at  last  Comle  broutfit 
his  ariiiv  into  iheiilv.  wh.re  ih.  y  cn.ampi  d  ill 

theolMll  spuieof  the  I'rudesChrcs  (  olillM 

iinworlhilv  ri'.iult.'d  tin'  hospitality  wriiiiu;  from 

the    lilv,"     III-    was    r.sohed  to  oven e  the 

miitrulitv  of  the  rarliaim  iii.  and.  in  com  ert  with 
lleaiifort'.  inslitfat-d  the  iiioli  to  violeme  Many 
soldiers  were  ilis«iiiseil  as  iirli/iins.  and  minnled 
Hilh  the  rablde,  when,  on  the  4tli  of  .Inly,  he 
w.nt  to  the  Hotel  de  Vill.',  .istcnsibly  to  thank 
the  tiianislralcs.  but  reallv  to  demand  tlnir  sup- 
port airuinst  the  Crown.  Tlies.'  loyal  men,  how- 
ever bv  a  mujoritv  of  vot.s,  ilceid.-.l  .ma  iHti 
tion'totlie  KiiiK  to"reliini  without  Mazarin.  <>n 
this  Coml.'-  exclaimed  publicW,  '  riiis.-  Kcntle- 
men  will  .lo  nolhiiiK  for  us.  They  are  Mii/.arin_ 
ists  Tnal  them  as  you  pleas..,'  Thenlie  r.'t.r...l 
to  th..  I.uxemlM.urs'  with  O.ist.m,  while  Ikiiufort 
let  l.sis..  the  mob.  Tt...  '"itel  de  Mile  was 
stonmsl,  the  rabble  poi  it  .I'sirs  ami  w  in 

ilows,  while  the  ills){uis.i  iers  tln.il  from  the 

npiHislte  I10US..S,  ami  the  1.        strutes  w.r.'  threat- 
emd  and  piirsu...l  on  all  :..des.      rii.y  liml  one 
a.lvantatre,  that  they  knew  thelrway  thr.>u«h  t he 
Intricate  piissaKes  ami   the  mob  'lid  not.       me 
first  who  pot  out  ruslieil  to  the  I.iueiiilM.uri!  t.i 
entreat  the  Duke  and  Prince  to  slop  the  mas- 
suin.;  but  Moii.sieur  only  whistled  and  Wat  his 
tattoo   ami  Comle  said  iie  kmw  m>thiii«  about 
sedition      Nor  would  Ikaiifort  interfere  till  th.' 
ilisturbauce  had  lii.ste.1  many  hours;  but  aft.T  all 
many  more  of  the  rabbi.-  w.re  killed  than  of  the 
maK'tstrat..s.     It  was  th.-  last  remarkable  si^.iie  in 
the  strange  drama  of  the    Fromle,     The   Parlia- 
iii.iit  susiw  iided  its  sitlinns,  ami  the  Kin«  tralis- 
ferreil  it  lo  Pontoisi',  whither  Mole  and  all  the 
iilher  I'nsidenls  priK'eeded,  lea\  iiii;  Paris  in  .lis- 
.'iiis...     This  last  ferocious  pro<'i'i'diii!.'  of  (  oiide  s 
t'liouuli  he  tricl  toiiisavow  it.  had  shocked  ami 
iilii'iiated  everv  one.  ami  lie  soon  after  fell  se^k  ot 
■I  .ioleiit  fiv.'V.      .Meanwhile,  his  castle  of  Mou- 
Irond  was  taken  afl.r  a   year's  sieu'e,  Neiuours 
was  killed   in  a  duel  by  the   Duke  ot   Hi^aiifort, 
iimlthepartvwaslallinK'topieces    .       .    Maiarm 
saw  the  i.pihirtunilv.  ami  au'ain  left  the  (  ourl  tor 
the   tJermau    frontier.     This   was   all    that    was 
waiitini,'  to  brini;  back  the  malcontcuts.     I  omlu 
olTered  to  make  terms,   but  was  haughtily  an- 
swered that  it  was  no  time  for  negotiation,  liiit 
f..r  -•.i!.roi'-«e.!i.     I' poll  this,  b.'  pnKeeded  to  the 
I,ow   (.ouutries.  und  offered   his  sword   to  tlie 


1201 


rHANCK,  t«.tl-l«iMI 


i*nntl^'»  TVnwTHi 


FKANre,  luaiA.'w 


\<^\i- 

^i!]i-. 


,!■ 


•t.^rl 


il- 


i:     i. 


^punliiril*  Till'  Klnic  cnlrrtil  P»rU  In  •tuli- 
hihI  Ill-Ill  It  In'iI  iir  Jiialli'iv  III  Khirli  III'  pri> 
i'liiliii»l  nn  iiiiiniKlv.  i-iiri'iilliiK  frnm  It  ('unili' 
mill  Conll.  mill  mhiu'  iitlii'm  i>f  lliiir  (Hirty.  iiml 
fnrhlililiiiir  <Ih'  rnrlinniint  to  intrrfin'  in  Mtnli' 
kITiiln  Tlir  t'lHUljiitiir.  wlii>  liml  Imihiih'  i>  t'lir 
clliiiil.  »Fi»  iirriKlril,  mill  liii|irlw>iii'i|  unlll  lir 
niiuli'  III*  r«rii|M-  ilUliK'nIlnit  lii»  •lii'iililir  In  lil« 
fnll  rroiiillii'  kIihIiiw.  Iiiit  tlimlly  nni  liliiit  Itniiii'. 
nhiTi-  III'  llnil  nil  llii>  Kriiiiilr  »ii«  fMruiilini. 
lull  iiiMT  ImiiiiiiIiii{  An  liliUliiip  iif  I'lrli 
Wliiii  nil  wii«  i|cilit,  Mii/.iirlii  ri'liimiil.  in  Kili 
riitiry.  IHVI.  wltlimit  tli"  nllKlitcHt  iipiHwIliiin.  nml 
lliiK  riiilril  llii'  Kriiiiilr.  in  llii<  cnliri'  Iriiiinpli  nT 
tlii'Cruwn.  .  .  Till*  iiiiiMTy.  illntri'w*  miilillwiiw* 
cmiPM'il  liy  tliiw  «  im  of  llir  KmmiIi'  wiit  ilii 
•IH'iiltiililr       Tliiri'    «ii«   niilhinK    In  inl    In    llii' 

(inivinii-^wlii'ri*  titry  Itiiil  riiifnl  Imi  riMiin,  rnltrii 
mil.  mill  hmiil  iiiiuli'  "f  lirtin  '  U-  ml«'*r(' 

ill'  III  Kriiiiili''  »iiH  liiiii;  It  pnivi'rliim  i'«pn'wii>n 
III  Krttnri- ."--I'    M    Yim^rr,  f'tinwKi  t'r'Hit   Httijlith 

Al.wi  IN  l,iinl  Milium,  lifr  "f  l'"Hilf.  rh  H-ll 
— »1  I'  U  .IiiniiH.  I.ifriiiiil  i'im'it  I'f  h"iii  XIV.. 
e/i.  Ill',' -  iinllniti  ili'  lii'lz,  .V<"i"ir«.  M-  ;»  I 
(r  S-Ml  —  M  III'  ill'  Mniil|Kn»U'r.  Mtmiiir;  I, 
rh    II    17 

A.  O.  i6.',a.— Lost  of  CravtlinM  knd  DuU'- 
kirk.— Spanith  invaiioa  of  Picardj.— "  In  tlic 
•prlni;  nf  IH.V,'.  ilir  Spiini»li  fnni'it.  iindir  llii" 
f-uniiiimiil  iif  till'  iircliiiiikr.  Iiitil  iinilfrtitlcfn  llic 
•It').'!'  iif  (iniviliiii'K.  tvliirh  Witt  iiIiIIki'iI  In  riipltii 
Inli'  nil  till'  IMtli  i>r  .Mity  'I'lic  Hnliiliikc  nr.tt 
iiiiilirtiHik  till'  aii'ifi'  n(  Dunkirk,  lint,  iit  llii' 
I'Hrni'Htili'iiirt'  of  tin' prlnrrH.  hr  nicri'ly  liliM'kitilnl 
tilt'  pliM'r.  iiiiil  M'lil  Kut'imaliliiAtt  tvith  ittmnt 
14. INN)  ini'ii  into  I'irunly  to  llirir  mtHlHlniici' 
.  .  .  Till'  I'liiirt.  In  )iTii\\.  iilarni.  whikIi'  Hmt 
It  ntri'iit  in  Nnrniaiiilv.  lint  tin'  Kiikr  of  I/inKUc 
villi'.  Willi  '"till  liilii  till'  jriivi'mmrnt  of  that 
priivinir.  n  fii-iil  tn  n'rilvi-  .Mnzarin.  The  fi>ar« 
of  till'  rcuirt  wiri'  not  Ii'smiiciI  liy  this  pro 
cTcilinir.  iinil  it  wii«  vvvn  iinipowi!  to  riirry 
till'  kintf  to  l.yoim;  Imt  tlir  wlwr  roni  l»  of 
Tiiri'iinr  finally  pri'valli'il.  ami  it  wan  ri'w.  .ril  to 
CHtiililiiili  till'  army  at  Coinpli'Knr.  ami  \in\fv  tlir 
court  at  I'onloiHi'.  Fiii'iiNalilafta  fon't'il  tin*  pan 
wiKi' of  tlii'Oisi'  ai  Clianiil.  ami  tlii'n  lolncil  till' 
ilii!:i'  of  l,orraini'  at  KiKiiii's,  on  tin'  ilttli  of  .Inly, 
wlii'n  tliiir 
nil 

opp.s.'  Ill  ihi'in  But  till'  Spaniaiils  won',  as 
UHtial,  only  piirHiiiiii^  a  Hi'ltlili  j*o|iry,  anil  Fiirn- 
wililafia.  Mi  piiriiianri' of  llir  anliiliiki' s  orilrm. 
lift  a  IkhIv  "I  :l  iKNiiavalrv  to  ninfoni'  tlu'  iliiki' 
of  l,orraiiii'.  iiml  ntnniiHl  with  llir  rr»t  of  hi* 
tniopi  to  asjiiNl  in  tlir  Nii'i;i' ot  Miinkirk,"  which 
noon  iiirninhncl  In  liin  arms. — T.  Wrlifht.  Ili'l. 
of  AV.ooT.  r.  •-'.;•.  ist» 

A.  D.  1652-1653.— Last  phase  of  the  Fronde 
at  Bordeaux. — Attempted  revolution  bj  the 
Society  of  the  Orm<e.  Sic  ltimi)K.\rx  .\  I). 
Kl.V.'-lH.Vt 

A.  0.1653-1656.— Condi's  campaigni  against 
his  own  country,  in  the  service  of  Spain.— 
"('omli''.  nnforlunnlily  for  his  fame,  mailc  no 
alti  inpts  at  rcconclliaiinn.  ami  n'tinil  to  the 
Kpani.inis  —  an  enemy  of  his  country'  He  cap 
lureil  si'Viral  small  places  on  the  [Flemish]  fron 
tier,  ami  liopeil  to  n'tnru  in  spring  viclorioiis.  .\ 
few  ilays  after  the  entry  into  I'ari.s,  Tnrenne  wt 
.-.'.it  t.i  i-.p.p'.-4c  him :  -t;.|  ri'tskini;  ■'•-'m-  tr.wn=. 
had  the  satisfiictiuu  uf  compelling  him  to  seek 


then  their  j<>int    fones  anionnteil  to  full  2(I.IIIMI 
mil    while  Tiirenne  hail  not  mori' than  U.lMNl  !ii 


winter  ipiarten   Iwvoml    the  llnilu 

<'onile   |H'n*iiaileil  the  Hnitiii'.h  1  < 
IDHI  men   Into  the  Hehl   for  the  m  «i  ' 
Tunnne  mnl  \j\  Kert*  hwl  ImiI  lamHi 
ly/e  the   plana  of  the  I'liiiny,  11"'  \  !« 
tHMH-il  mill  Itln  pro|Hnutl  wax  ailoHi-ii,  t>. 


f    Kr:,n. 

MIli;  ,» 
ifhl 

'..il.l    IT' 


.11 


ihnaUiiInK  llieir  rear  ami  I'liiniiiniiii  in,  n  ' 
mciipv  |HMl»llu'y  woiihl  nolilare  liiuli  m  i.  ml. 
loavotil  IlKlillnK.  at  the  HHiiieiiniihhi'h  nn.'ilnrii 
fnnii  nil  Imporlitnt  iinilertaklnits  Ih  Li^mliv 
Iliniwintf  hlniM'lf  U'tween  two  i'';..  ,[  ii„ir 
army,  at  the  |K>lnt  where  they  ex|M  c  1.  I  '., ,  iTnr 
a  junction,  ami  In  the  1  liflit  or  iiiii'  'Ik'.iIik 
ItaiiH'il.  he  niovereil  Uheti  I.  wiili'.m  nhi,  i,  i' 
woiilil  have  Iweii.  as  he  ileciiires  tilm-w  tf  in.i*.* 
■ihh'  III  ilefemi  Hcanlynml  <'haiii|uii.->i<  lllxt'l 
Mimiii  h  an  olijeil  of  anxiety,  mci  l.ilo  n  m  ihro 
ilav"  Ilallleil  in  their  original  piir|n"M  x  m,,!,'  i 
h"<«.  the  Spanish  e»|M'cliil  a  lartfi'  i"in..i  frim 
('ainlmiy,  esiorleil  liy  it.ltlNI  hom'  I'lin  nii'  .'"! 
newaiif  this.  ami.  i>iMtinKliini<ielf  miir  I'l  roniu  ii 
Intercept  it,  ilnive  it  hack  toCamhrat  |  Au.'!"!  II 
1II,TI].  Then' ('unite anil  FuenHal'larKitiinii'i  ii|»<m 
him:  hiitlietiMikiipaiMMitlon.wlilrliilii  y  »  iirli"! 
for  Ihni'  or  four  ilavs.  ami  tliere  ■l.iinl  ihnr 
iittitik.  They  nfiineil  the  challiin.'i  TIhuo' 
the  enemy  im'W  off,  "  with  ileslvns  nn  liiji« 
which  Tiin-nne  frustraleil.  ■('omir'  ilun  hiM 
«h  i{e  to  IfcM'rol,  when'  his  own  tlr«i  l'I'Tv  tin! 
iH'eii  ^alneil ,  anil  this  place  is  s,i  litniiit'il  in 
by  woimI''  anil  ilefih's.  that  tiie  relirf  "f  it  mm 
linpoMiihi'  Hut  Tiirenne  conipen'si'i'l  f.-r  tli. 
losa  of  It  hy  the  eipially  valuahli  pc;i|.iiiri  t 
Moiison  Thus  the  whole  year  «  i*  •iH-rii  in 
marclii'Hanil  cotinteriiiarclies,  in  itain^  :itiil  l<»«'« 
which  hail  no  Intliience  on  eveiiti  Ity  ilii^ 
time  the  inalitintetits  were  so  |ir<'.'lnt!r  'Int 
Conile's  lirother,  the  I'rlnee  ile  (  onu  iml  lji< 
sister,  the  DiicliesHe  ile  I.onifuevili'  in  itl,-  ilinr 
IH'Hce  with  the  court.  .  .  .  Th.yriir  Hl'il  i.piii"! 
with  the  siege  of  Stcniiv  l>y  the  >  'Mii,' kiiiir  m 
iMfson,  who  was  carriisl  Ihlthe"  In  Mi/irin  !" 
I'vrawe  ConilA'a  (f'^ernor  with  lln' nn  il  nini'' 
ami  majesty  That  otilcer  »a^  tiii'n  itu<  1  ■  lii- 
trust  than  to  his  alle>flanci',  ami  Stin.iv  n'^t  \ 
nic^e.   .  ('onileciiiilil  ilo  no  lii'ltrr  III  I'l  ithii.ii'' 

Tiin'nne's  imlicy  of  the  previoiii  m  11  iml  I1 
sh'KC  Arntsa.s  ani'ipiivalent  forSlcn:n  ,  iimIii'Ii 
emi  he  mnsten'il  ;tt,l>(H»  men  .\rr:i-  «  i-  1  t'vir 
of  some  value,  ('oiiile  hail  ciiiiizht  it  it  <l'-iii 
vantage;  the  Rovernor,  .Monilejcu  »:i'.|  ;! 

on  his  ilefence  with  '2.''50<l  fisii  ami  |oo  li.rv  i  ■ 
n'inforce  this  slenih'r Harrison  waitli'  tir«i .  m  '  f 
Tiin'nne.  .  ,  .Mazarin  was  anvimi.  I  ir  Am. 
anil  olTeri'il  Tiin'nne  to  liri'ak  up  tin  »i.  _•.  I 
Stenay,  for  the  sake  of  n'infoniiik'  ihc' .iriiiv  -f 
relief  This  proposal  the  Visiiiuiit  rl, I  iiiii'l  II' 
must  have  iH'cn  very  conllileiit  of  ln^'Wii'i 
paeily  ;  for  he  coulil  coMccI  only  1 1 '""i  nun '•' 
hover  aroiinil   the  eneniv's  camp  II'  pr 

poseil  no  attempt  U(ion  the  inlniii  Imi'  11' -  li"  !i' 
hail  the  aiii  of  the  tnsips  fnim  Sti  ii:iy  1"' 

heilis[Mis<il  his  parties  aniiiml  so  a^  l"  jo  >'tit  'I"' 
enemy's  convoys  friini  rcachini:  tin  111  >ii  ii.a 
surn'iiilereil  on  the  tith  of  Aui:ii~i.  i"'l  Tunnni 
with  reinfim'cments  from  its  Is'sii  i:.  i>  ^iii.ii'M 
the  Spanish  lines  at  Arris  01,  llic  iii.-h' "f  lii'' 
a4tli,  with  ciimplete  success.  Tin  "•iniiiiril" 
raised  the  sii'ce  ami  retnaliil  In  (  am  riv.  liav 
InifH.IKH)  prisoners  ami  6:1  pieces  of ,  inii'ii  in  tl'' 
lianils  of  the  Knnch.  "The  ca|itiin  ,,f  i^ii. -mi)' 
aii't  !iii.c!ii"i  ftlltrl  iir.  th-  r*'-!  -f  ■■'■■  ■■■■■'■  !>' 
places  were  weak  anil  the  garrison'-  fi  •  Mi      ^" ' 


1262 


rKANCE.  tWil-l«a« 


4ltinnr0  milh 


nuscE,  i«.w-i*» 


Lumt  Tiiivnnr  rwlu.'.-.l  Umlnrlri.,  Coiuli-. 
ll  (LiUUIn.  whil''  I'l"  »'"»'■  "l>l"">'">  »*" 
rlKltmi-»(.ille.ll>v  lil.(>r.-.i«iill"ii  .Hii'UmMlliiiin 
taliui  l.y  till'  »l«<iir.l  l»hav|.iur  "f  Hi.-  f*|Miiil»li 

JJ,h.,rm«         Ti«' ««•»! .■v.i.i .,r  in-vi *«« iif 

L«.,.f  Viil.ii.l.nw.      Till.  I'll"'-  *«'" 

,r.iHl  bv  Tiirriiii.'  mIk.iiI   IIw  iiilil'llr  of  .riiiir 

l^„.i.nl.nl..fhl«iiii'l'rt.il.li.K  Th.  H<lMliltll"»« 
ihp.uiili  111.'  ti)«ri.  iiimI  t.y  r.-«TV()ln.  hikI  .liiln--. 
,„rt...l«l  «t  Ih-  "III  "'  "i"'  '"'"'.v  Tun  iiiw  . 
„mi.  WM  l«rif.-ly  liiuii.Ut..l  Mr  li*l  "v.r 

„llm«t..|  |.|»  iiw«n«  «>  irr.nl  wii.  III.'  ilr.  Ir  nf 
bi..irnim»»llnll"ii  lli»t  lii'  li;i.|  ii"l  in.  n  .ii.>ii«li 
,  iriiani  It  ».l.-.|imt(I.V  wl" n  '""'I''  '""'  ','"' 
HtMiii'li  «PP<»r<>l  Willi  'Jtl.!""!  III.  II  t.i  111.'  r.  Il.'f 
„(ili.'  iliu.'  '  Tlwy  lirxk.'  llmiUKli  lil«  lini'»mi.l 
f,«r.l  him  111  n-lri'iU.  wHIi  »  li'n'y  l.'»i"'  pfj"- 
nwn  ti.k.11  ■Tin-  VIm-.hiiiI  rctrli'VHl  lil«  i-mllt 
t.viii.  I«>l.l  «t»nil  Ik-  iiinil.' uftiT  llir  di'fi'Ul.' — 
t  II   ( ,.kayn.'.    I.i/t  "/  ■V<ir>fi.il   TurrnHf,  /.,■ 

S\m>\\    I/inl  MhIioii,  l.iff  :f  r„iuU,  fh.  W  — 
J  B  l^rkill«,  >Vii/.rt  iiiuitr  Mnninn,  eh.  1»-17 

A  D   1653-1660.— First  parMCUtioB  of  the 

JlBMnltti.      *<<■<■  I'OHT  KoTAI.  \SIITIIIt.lA!«!ll£N 

"a  D.  i65S-i658.-Alli»nc«  with  the  Eaclith 
CtmmoawMlth  acBinit  Spain.  -The  taking 
of  Dunkirk  for  England  and  Cravelinet  for 
Fftacc.-End  of  the  war.—"  Mii/nrlii  wun  imw 
l*nt  up.in  Ml  entirprlw  wliiili.  If  niHii'sitfiil. 
muit  ItiiMi  ilif  war.  .V  .Inwlly  lil'.w  woiilil  U' 
rtruik  ill  111.'  .irpiiRlh  .>f  S|ih'  if  Dunkirk,  .Miir 
,lTrk.  iiii.Kiruv.liii,  1  -til.    .  <liiii  .>f  wlili'li 

WM  .if  viwl  ImpnrlmK'i'  t.i  I       n.iiiimiiili-atlmi 

wltli  Flaii.liTs.  a*  w.'ll  «"  ''"  ''»»?  I"''  '"  "''" 
Fn-m  h  i'"Miini'ri'i' im  tlmt  nuiHt  —  iiiuM  Ih' wn'!it«'.l 

fmin  li.r      For  lliln  llii'   ei*|i<'r«tii>ii  of    »".ni. 
muritliu.  ixiKir  wiw  iiccrMary,  iin.l  .Miizttriii  i\f 
lermin.il  at  nil  i-.wtii  to  wfurt'  EiikIiiii.I.     Willi 
Crimwill  llii'  only  dlplomatUt  liv  wIi.bm'  mttutc 
mini  li.'  ...iif.'umil  liinwlf  Imffli'.!.  Iif  lufl  Ihiii 
nciiioliaiiiDjiiinii'lMl.  .  .   .  At  li'iiKlliim  Novcm 
lur  ;l  I1I.V1,  a  tri'aty  wan  nlKncil  ut  Wiiitinlnnti'r. 
lia»«l  ii|»iii  fn-wlom of  cminn'rii' ami  an  t'n)?axc- 
mi'utiliat  iiiitlicr  country  alioul.l  aMist  tlii'  vni'- 
mic«  "r  n-lM'ls  of  the  otlii-r ;  Maiarin  coniii'nti'il  to 
►ipfU'lurlcii  II..  JamcK,  ami  twi-nty  nami'.!  roy- 
iilistH  frnm  Fran.f.     Cromwell  Hlniilurly  aitn'e.l 
io.li«iiii».Hfr.iiii  K»Kli>nil  theenilmuirli'Dof  (nnile. 
But  Mii/iiriii  was  noon  anxious  for  a  nion'  i-ITt'i- 
niii!li.in.l    ,      .  {'mmwtllhail  I'.iually  ({."kI  rea- 
~riw  f.ir  ilmwinx  closer  to  France,  for  Spain  waa 
lirepariiii;  actively  to  aaaiat  I'liarlea  II.      French 
anil  Knsli.'.U  inten'sta  thua  coiml(lin(t.   a_n^  alll 
aniT  was  liirncil  at  I'arin  on  .March  Z\.  ItWi  1»<h' 
EsciUMi     \    n.   le.'KVlB.Vtl.      (Jravelinea  and 
Dunkirk  wi  re  to  lie  at  once  lH'sic)fe<l  Imth  liy 
laml  ami  lua.     Kiig"  ml  wiw  to  wnil  fl.lMW  men 
til  a.viisl  111.'  French  a.-'iv.      Gravelines  was  to 
b«imi.'  Kniii  h  and  Dunkirk  EnKlith ;  should  the 
former  f.ill  lirst  it  was  to  be  held  hy  Knt^lan.l 
until  Dunkirk  tiai  was  taken.  .  .  .  The  iilliani'.- 
wa<  niil  a  moment  t<x)  soon.     The  campaign  of 
l(l.'iT  ha.1  op.'iie<l   disastmugly.      The  ti.l.'  was 
hiiwev('riuriH'.l  by  the  arrival  of  the  English  eon- 
linKtht     .Montmedy  was  immediately  iK'sieged, 
»Dil  rapiiulated  on  August  4.     The  effect  was 
5r.ir, ;..  iu.ik.  .Ma.Lariii  Imiw  baiic  from  funhcr 
•Sort,  since  it  seemed  possible  now  to  nuikc  peace 


will.  H|wIh.  an.1  llwreliy  »v..l.|  an  EnnlUh  ot-ru 

pall. '  Dunkirk      Hut  t'romwell  »..iil<l  staml 

li.i  IrlHliig,  ami  his  Ihri'ata  wen'  v<  .  lear  tlint 
Ma^.trln  .h  termliir.1  lo  act  loyally  ami  wlllioilt 
.Ulay  (hi  M<'plcmti<'r  ;«•,  TunniM'  lalil  •li'iii' 1.1 
Manly,  k.  which  pmlectiil  Dunkirk,  aiul  l.a.k  It 
111  f.ii'ir  il»v«  It  was  at  once  liuu.l.'.l  over  to 
111.-  Eiiitll.  "  In  the  uprlnKof  Irt-Vt  the  »lege  of 
|ii.iikirl»  wa>  U'lfun  Tl«'  SpanlanU,  iiiiilcr  Don 
.Inliii .  f  Aiutrliiiiii.lC.ii.liV  iiil.miilliig  tonlleve 
111.  iilace,  wen'  .lefeale.l  (.liiui'  i:l|  In  the  buttle 
of  liie  Diini'S.  by  Tun'nne  bikI  ('niniwella  Iron 
shli's  IMC  Kn.ii.Vnii;  a  D  l«.n-l«.V'l  Dunkirk 
Imiiie.li.ii.  ly  «urren.len'.l,  aii.|  .m  the  '.'■'illi  was  In 
(nimwill  <  |i>"»<'««l.in  Twom.inlhs  latcrUravi) 
lln.a  aluo  fell  A  ..liort  ami  brilliant  cainpalKii 
foll.iw.'il.  In  wlili'h  Don  .lohii  ami  ('011.I6.  shut 
up  111  Hriiiui'ls  ami  Touriial  n'»liectl\ely,  wero 
.■.inipi'llc.l  1.1  O'lnuiii  Inactlv.'  whlh'  f.irlr.'««  after 
f,.rin'«  fill  Int..  Fr.n.  h  hamls  A  few  .lay» 
aft.  r  the  fall  of  llravellnes  Cromwill  1II11I.  but 
.Mu/arin  was  now  n.'ar  his  goal  rtierlv  defeated 
.111  her  own  soil.  Ual.n.  l."i,  bv  the  Portuguese 
at  Klvas.  ami  llin'»lene.l  In  Mihui,  her  army 
rulneil,  her  tn'iisiiry  Ininkriipt,  without  a  single 
ally  In  Euni|M',  Spain  slisal  at  last  (Miwerh'W  \w 
l^ifv  hini  "— O  Airy,  The  KiiylM  Hfturiilinii  iiiut 
h"i»  SIV  .  eh.  H  ■ 

A.  D.  1657.- Candidacy  of  Louit  XIV.  for 
the  imperial  crown.  Sie  (Ikhmany:  A  I) 
ItHH^ITi).-. 

A.  D.  i65»-i6«i.-The  treaty  of  the  Pyre- 
nees.-MarriaEe  of  Louie  XIV.  to  the  Spanish 
Infanta. —  •■  In.'  Spanlanls  could  struggle  no 
longer:  they  siii'.l  f.ir  |i«'ace.  Things  wen'  pn' 
pan'.l  for  It  on  every  liaml .  Spain  was  d.slx'mle, 
niatt.'rs  far  from  wttleil  .ir  safe  in  Krani'c;  In 
Knglaml  the  I'nilectors  il.'ath  liiul  come  very 
opporliiiiely  for  Maiarin ;  tlii-  stnmg  man  was 
no  lunger  theri' to  liohl  the  Imlaiiii'  Islween  the 
EuniiM'an  iiowcrs.  IJiii'sllons  as  l.i  a  Spanish 
niarriag.'  ami  the  Spanish  succi'S.sion  had  Im.h 
laf.ire  men  since  IH4M;  the  Siianlanis  had  ills- 
like.  I  the  match,  thinking  that  In  the  end  It  must 
subject  them  to  Kmii. .',  But  things  wen'changeil ; 
IMiillp  IV.  now  ha.l  i<n  heir,  so  that  the  nations 
might  hope  to  n-maln  under  twii  disti-cl  cniwns; 
iii.in'over.  the  iieeils  of  Spain  wen'  far  gn'ater 
than  in  IMS,  while  the  demands  of  France  weni 
h'ss.  So  neg.H'iation  iKtween  Ma/.arlii  ami  hiuis 
de  Ham  on  the  littl.'  I.sli'  of  I'b.asanls  In  the 
Hl.lassoa,  under  the  very  shallow  of  the  Pyn'mt'S, 
went  on  pnisiMmuslv ;  even  the  pniposal  that 
I.,<iuis  XIV.  should  espous.'  tln'  Infanta  of  Spain, 
Maria  Theresa,  was  at  last  iiirn-e.l  to  at  Mailriil. 
Tb.'  only  remaining  .lilllcully  ariw.-  from"  tho 
fact  that  the  viuiiig  Klnn,  I^iuis  ,\1V  ,  had 
fallin  in  love  .villi  Maria  Mancini.  Canlinal  Maz- 
arin's  niece,  anil  wisbe.l  to  marry  her.  "Tho 
King  lit  last  abanilom'd  bis  eoulhful  anil  piini 
passion,  iiiiil  signed  the  Treaty  'if  the  I'ynnees 
[c..nclii(hil  X.ivcHilK'r  7,  IH-W),  condemning  hlni- 
si'lf  t.i  a  marriage  of  stale,  which  exalted  high 
till'  dignity  of  the  Fn'iich  fniwn,  only  to  plunge 
it  in  the  eiiil  into  the  troubles  and  disasters  of 
till-  Siieii'ssion  War.  Tlii^  tn'atv  of  p«'ace  iM'gins 
with  articles  on  trade  and  navigation:  then  fid 
low  leasiouB.  restitutions,  and  exchanges  of  ter- 
ritories. 1.  On  the  Northern  frontier  Spain 
cede.l  all  she  liad  in  Artois,  with  exception  of 
Ain'  and  S.  Omer;  in  Flanders  itself  France  got 
Oravcliiira  arel  it^  'ViHer  dpffnces  !n  llalnault 
she   became   mistress  of  the  important  town*. 


J  263 


* 


il  » 


3f       '  i 


II    < 


IVra/y  o/  fA« 


FR4.NCE.  1«59-1«61. 


Landreriei,  Quesnoy,  and  Avesnes,  and  also 
strengthened  Tier  position  by  some  exdianges:  in 
Luxemburg  slic  retained  Tliionville,  Montmedy, 
and  scverar lesser  places;  so  tliat  over  lier  wliolc 
nortliern  border  France  ailvance<|  lier  frontier 
along  a  line  answerinj;  to  lier  old  limits.  ...  In 
return  slie  restored  to  Spain  several  of  ber  liit<-st 
conquests  in  Flanders:  Ypres,  Oudenarde.  Dix- 
mllden,  Fumes,  and  other  cities.  In  C'omle's 
country  Frunee  recovered  HiK-ro^v,  U-  Citelet 
and  Li'iuliaiup,  iMviipied  by  the  Pnnee's  soldiers; 
anil  so  sciund  Ilie  safety  liiiil  defemrs  of  fliani- 

paV'ue   »'"'    ''i'"^-       -■     ^'""•"   '"    ""'   '■'"■■''•  '''" 
buke  (if  Lorniine.  having  subniitti-d  wilh  such 
g(Mid  Knue  as  iiiifilit  lie.  wai.  reinstated   in  his 
Dueliy.  .   .   .    Hut  Kraiici'  reciivcd  her  price  lure 
also,  the  l)u(hv  of  l!;ir.  the  County  of  C'liTinont 
on  the  .(Igeiif  i'hanipaj;ne,  Sttnay.  l)un..Iiiiiiet/., 
Moyeiivic,    lircaine   hers.     Tlie    fortitications   of 
Naiiey  were  to  lie  riiscd  fir  ever;  the  Duke  of 
Lorraine  li.uind  hiiiiM-lf  to  peace,  and  airrei-d  to 
give  FniMi  !•  trie  pas>ai;e  to  the  IJislioprieks  and 
Alsice      'I'liis  was  tlie  more  ncces.s:iry,  because 
Fniiichr  I  unile.  the  other  highway  into  .\lsiice, 
was  lifl  to  liie  Spaniards,  and  such  places  in  it 
as  wire  ill  the   Kind's  hands  were  restored  to 
tlieiii.     Far  out  in  (iermaiiv  Louis  XIV.  replai'cd 
Jlllicii  in  the  hands  of  the  l)ukcof  Neuher;; ;  and 
that  eliiueiit  of  controversy,  the  nerni  or  pretext 
of  these  liini;  'vars.  was  extinct  for  ever.     <)u  the 
Savoyard  lionlcr  Friiice  retained  I'iiieriilo.  with 
all  tlie  iinai'S  and  temptations  of  iilTcnce  which 
it  involved:  she  rcstiiied  to  the  Duke  lier  other 
comiucsts  witliin  his  territories,  and  to  the  Span- 
inrils  whatever  she  held  in  Lombanly;  she  also 
lionouralilv  obtained  an  amnesty  for  tlios*-  sub- 
jects of  Spain.  Xeapolitaiis  or  t'atahins,  who  had 
silled  with  France.     I.iustly.  the  Pyrenees  became 
the  final,   as  it  was  the  "natural,   iKiumhiry  be 
tween  the  two  Latin  kingdoms.  .  .  .  Uoussillon 
and  Conllaiis  liceame   French:  all   French  cou- 
quests  to  the  soulli  of  the  ryreiiees  were  restored 
to  Spain.  The  S|)anisli  King  renounced  all  cluiins 
on    Alsiice   or  Hreisadi:  on  the  other  hand  the 
submission  of  the  g  eat  t'oiide  was  accepted;  he 
was   restond    to  ah   his   domains;  his  son,   the 
voung    Duke   of   Enghien,    In^ng   made  Ornnd 
Slaster   of    Fnuice,    and   he    himself  appointed 
Governor  of  Burgundy  and  Bres.si':  bis  friends 
and    followers   were   included    in   the  amnesty. 
S<ime  les.sir  stipulations,  with  a  view  to  the  peace 
of  Kiiropc,  for  the  scttlemiiit  of  the  ditfereiices 
between  Spain  and  I'ortiigal,  iMt'.vcen  the  Dukes 
of  Savov  and  .Mantua,  between  the  Catholic  ami 
the   I'rdtcstant   Cantons  of  Switzerland,  and  an 
agni  till  lit   to    blip  forward  peace  lietween  the 
Northern  Courts,  worthily  dose  this  gijcat  docu- 
miiit,  this  weightv  up|H'i'iiiix  to  the  Treaties  of 
Wi^tplialia.    A  separate  act,  as  was  lilting,  regu- 
latrd  all  ((Uestions  liiarin:;  on  the  grrat  marriage. 
It  coniains  a  solnnii  nniniciatiou,  inleiuleil  lo 
bur  for  cvir  tlic  union  of  Ihi^  two  Crowns  undir 
oni-  ~ii  pirc,   or  Ihe  ali-orptioii    into  France  of 
Flan.lir-,  liur^'umly,  or  Cii:irolais.     It  was  a  re- 
nuni  iaiioii   which,  as   .Ma/ariii  foresaw  loni;  Ih- 
fore,  wooM  nivi  r  hc^lil  lirni  against  the  tempta- 
tions:in(li\i;.'iiiiirsof  linie.   The  King's  niarriagi' 
nitli  till-  lnl:inl:i  .Maria  Thercs:i  of  Spain  did  not 
takr  plaii-  till  ilic  next  year,  liy  w  hicli  tiiiie  Maz 
arln's  work  in  life  seemed  well  iiiirli  over;  nicked 

will,     ;;..lr        !,..     hi-!      lil'i:      ^  11  i:  iV  Illr  11!     uf     ll'S    t  ri 

umphs.       .   .    lie  lietook  hiniieif  to  the  arrange- 
meut  of  hia  own  affairs:  his  physicians  giving 


FRANCE,  1891. 


him,  early  In  1661,  no  hopes  of  recoviry  .  . 
These  thtngg  arrangwl,  the  Cardinal  rlsinncd 
himself  to  die  '  with  a  serenity  more  pliil.is.i|iliic 
than  Christian';  and  passed  away  on  liu'  stli  „( 
March.  1661. "—O.  W.  Kitchin,  IIM.  ,.f  f,. ,„,;■.  hk 
4, M.  8  (r.  3). —"The  Treaty  of  the  l'\rim-«. 
which  completed  the  great  work  of  in  iiii:aii,a 
that  had  commenced  at  Munster,  is  j  ;-lly(■ll(• 
brated  as  having  put  an  end  to  sui  li  i  utir  :iiiil 
useless  animosities.  But,  it  is  mon-  I  unniiN.  :is 
having  intrislucid  a  new  ivra  in  i:iirn|„  m  |,„!i. 
tics.  In  its  pnivisions  all  the  Icailini:  rv. m.  .,i  j 
century  to  come  had  their  origin  —  thr  «  iisvihi.h 
terminated  with  the  Tri'atiesof  .\i\  h  i  hip,  11., 

NiiHcgurn,  and    Uyswick,   and  thai   r ■, min; 

tlie  Spanish  succession.  So  j;reat  :iii  .|imi1i  i:, 
history  has  the  I'yrenean  Treaty  biin  :h  cciiiii,,! 
by  ixiliticians,  that  Lord  BoliiiL'tiroki  «,,-i.f.>piii 
ion,  'That  theonly  part  of  history  imc  ■  -vir.v  I"U. 
tiioniughly  studied,  gis's  no  fartliir  hi.  i,  ih.iiiiiii, 
treaty,  since,  from  that  periiKl,  a  ii.u  mi  ..I  m.- 


priv;i 


.1 


// 


lives    and    principles    liav 
Eurii|H'.    '— .1.  Diinhip,  .lAm-.i/a  .;/ 
M.'    Itii'llif  ■■/  Pliilil)    IV.  . I  ml    CI, 
eh.  11.  ' 

A.  D.  1660-1688. — A  footing  gained  in  New- 
foundland. Sie  Nkwfoimu.ami  \  li  li.i.i 
KW. 

A.  D.  1661. — Personal  assumption  of  the 
government  by  Louis  XIV,  -The  extraordi- 
nary characteristics  of  the  reign  of  the  Grand 
Monarch,  now  begun.— On  tin-  .1.  nli  i  M.a 
rin  Louis  XIV.,  then  tweiity-tlirc.-  >.  ir^.il.l.  ;ii: 
nounced  to  his  council  his  intention  ..f  i.ikiii:.'!!.' 
government  solely  upon  liimsilf  II i-  Miiiii-I.ri 
were  henceforward  to  receive  insiru. 'i.'ii-  fr.  i;, 

him  in  person:    there  was  to  In |.niiii.r  i- 

their  head.  The  reign  which  Ih.n  h.  :;;iii  hi^ 
the  culminating  epiM'h  in  the  hi-l..ry  ..f  ilic 
French  Monarchj.  What  the  a.:.-  'f  I'.riil.s 
was  in  the  history  of  the  Atlieiiini  1).  mi.,  rn.j 
what  the  age  of  the  Scipios  was  in  ih.  lii>t.ir)  ,.f 
the  Itoman  Uepuhlic,  that  was  thi-  r.  i.-ii  ..f  I...uh 
XIV.  in  the  history  of  llie  ol.l  M.iiinliy  [ 
France.  .  .  .  It  is  not  only  the  mo^t  i..ii>|ii.ii.'.s 
reiiin  in  the  history  of  Fmnce  — ii  is  iIr  m  .•; 
consph'uous  reign  in  the  history  of  M.iiiir.  liv  ia 
genend.  Of  the  very  many  kind's  «li..m  lii»i.  ry 
mentions,  who  have  striven  lo  i\ 
narcbiod  iirinciple,  none  of  them  a.  1. 
cess  remotely  companible  to  his. 
have  ruled  liver  wider  dominion-.  !■  1 
attained  th.  exceptional  posiii..n  ..i 
pri'stige  which  he  enjoyrd  for  111. 1. 
century.  They  never  were  olu.y..! 
sivelvat  home,  nor  so  drra.l.-.l.  -i 
specteil,  abroad.  For  l.ouis  .\IV.  1  1 
last  reward  of  compli'te  surcis-,  il 
time  silenced  even  envy,  an.l  Inn: 
miration.  We  w  lio  can  e\ai.iiii.'  "' 
tinv  tlic  make  a  -d  coinposiii..n  "i  ■ 
of  a  Frencli  .Mon,-hy;  wie.  1:111 
much  Ihe  brass  and  clay  in  it  r\.  ■  ; 
who  know  liow  it  aftirwar.ls  f.  II  " 
iiur  ruin,  the  last  edioes  of  wlii.  Ii  1. 
did  aw:iy,  have  dillicnlly  in  n  ..: 
cination  it  cxcrcisi  d  upon  coin,  i;.; 
wiinessi'd  ilslirstseliiin:up.     l.oi.i 

was   Ihe  very  trium|ih  of   1 ii.  ■: 

iies.s,  of  external  mairniticeiu  r  anl  - 
M  the  vulirsr  umonir  iiiankin.l  1  c 
sinceri'lv  appnciale.   .   .   .    llis.|i.i 
the  surface,  visible  and  eompn  1.. 


I  hi'  II.' 

■\c.i  ;l-ii(  ■ 

lli.yiij.y 

Ihcy  Ilil.T 
|i  iWiT  :llll 
!..,il  li.lif  i 


,.irii,..l 
.■    f  f  :l 


^IV 


tu  aU. 


12G4 


PRANCE,  16«1. 


/»uu  Xlf.  and 
the  Hugvtnot: 


FRANCE,  lMl-1680 


He  wag  IndefatlRably  industrious:  worknl 
•»  .n  aJrase  ciRl.t  hours  .i  .l.w  for  fifty  four 
1™   h  .1  great  tenacity  of  wilf;  that  k.n,l  of 
ll^d  iuU'ncnt  whirl,  comes  ..f8h)wiii'ss  of  miln, 
^fw     :'  "  n..«.t  majestic  port  ami  preat  <l.«n.t  v 
S  nmnnis.     He  ha.l  also  as  mu.li  l^in,  hn.-ss  of 
!.hm  as  the  ve-y  Rreat  can  Ih^  exixHt,.,!  to  have 
■"'      I   nmst  have  had  Kreat  original  Hneuesso 
ii,t  t  .oui;li  it  was  in  tlie  end  i.early  ext  inRUishrd 
w  a.  Sm  and  ineense.     His  court  was  an  ..x. 
'^ml    arv  creatiou,  and  the  greatest  Ih.jjK  he 
»Hnevul  '  He  made  it  tlie  microcosm  of  all  that 
^.^   ,„st  brilliant    and   pronnnrnt   in   >  ranee. 
Fnr    onl.r  of  merit  was  invited  tliere.  and  rr 
„i  1. 1  cmirteous  welcome.     To  no  circumslamr 
5^    1  .  so  much  owe  his  endurintf  popularitj 
Bv  iK  means  he  imprcss.Ml  into  his  s.'rvice  that 
rilxV       gnat  writers,  the  first  and  the  last 
fC  c'  authors  of  France,  whose  calm  ai.d  serene 
W«  will  for  ever  illumine  (he  ep,Hh  o    his  ex- 
Sh      U  mav  even  he  admitted  that  Ins  share 
in  that  luH-re  was  not  so  a.-.idental  and  unde- 
l^,i  „s  certain   kinj;  haters    have    supj-osed. 
Tin    suWle  critic,  M.  Ste.  Ik'uve,  tlunkshecan 
,„„.  a  marked  rise,  even  in  Hossuet  s  sty  e  fron, 
the  ni.mient  he  l>ecame  a  courtier  (.f  Louis  .\l\  . 
m  kin.'  brouirht  men  together,  p  a<T<    them    n 
,  n„-ili..n  where  they  w.Te  indiUT.i  and  urf;ed  to 
f,ri,e-  llnir  talents  to  a  f.«-us.     His  Court  was 
crnatelv  a  hinh-brcl  »^.la  and  a  »'"«;l.v  ""'^ 
virsitv       .  .  Hut  Louis  Xl\    s  reiL'U  has  Wtter 
litlis'.luin  the  adulations  of  courtiers  anil  the 
cul,,"!.-^  "f  wits  and  pm^ts  to  the  attention  of 
B„st,Tilv,     It  marks  one  of  the  most  memora  ile 
™"c'l.s  i"  the  annals  of  mankin.l.     It  stR'tches 
across  historv  lik.'  a  great  mounlainnmce,  sepa- 
nli,,..  aiui, I'lt  Knince  from  tlie  France  of  modern 
tirn.s     On  the  farther  slope  are  Catholicism  and 
fencbilisra  in  their  various  stages  of  splen.lour 
aiul'ltcav-the  France  of  .Tusiiile  and  eliivalry, 
of  St   I-oMis  and  liavanl.     On  the  hither  side  are 
fri*  IhHUL'ht,  indusirv.  and  centralization— the 
FnnciM.f  Voltaire.  Tur.got  and  Condorcet.    \\lien 
Iy,„is  (.une  to  the  throne,  the  Thirty  \  ears   W  ar 
slill  «ai,i.^l  six  years  ..f  its  emi.  aiul  the  hea    of 
thc"!..  Ml  al  strife  was  at  itsintens..st  glo\v_    W  lien 
hf  ,linl,  llie  religious  tempeniture   hail    cooleil 
Dfiirlv  to  free/ingpoiiit.  and  a  new  vegetation  of 
sdi-.'i'  and  i>nsitive  imiuirv  was  ..versjireailing 
tlv  w.'ri.l      This  amounts   to   sayiiu;    that   his 
nr-ii  roM  r^  the  greatest  epoeli  of  menial  transi- 
t!,.iithnai.-li  Hliiih  the  human  mind  has  hitherto 
fia".'l  I  \..|iliiiL'  the  transition  we  are  witness- 
in  '  in  thf  ilav  wliiili  now  is.      We  need  hut  re 
fail  111.' names  of  the  writers  , -11111  thinkers  who 
anw  .hiring  Louis  XIV. 's  reign,  and  shed  th.ir 
seminal  i'i.as  tiroadeast  upon  llie  air,  to  reahse 
how  lull  a  period  it  was,  linlhof  hirth  aiuldeeay; 
of  III.'  ,  ,-sing  away  of  the  old  and  the  uprising' 
iiflli.n.u  lorins  of  thought.     To  mention  only 
Ihi  !;nai.-t;--the  follDwingareamongthechu  Is 
who  iir!|.i.l  t.i  traiisf.)rm   the  mental  talirie  of 
Knn-i..'  in  Hie  age  of  Louis  XIV. ;— l>escartes. 
.N.iMi.n,  l..ilinil/,.   Loeke.   Boyli'.   .   .   .   Hut  '[V 
chi.f  iiit..,-t   which  tl'"  reign  of   Louis   M\  . 
oH.rs  !•  the  student  of  history  has  yet   to  he 
mii,>i.i,.  ,1       It   was  the  great  turiiiiigl'oinl  111 
th.'  liist..rv  .'f  the  French  peoph'.      The  triumph 
of  tl.i'  Monarchical  principle  was   so   complete 
uii.l.r  him   iii.lependence  and  self-reliance  were 
so.lT.iiiiilly  enisheil.  hotli  in  liH-alities  and  in- 
ili'.-iii'-:!     t!-.a!  a  '.iermanent  lM*rit  was  given  to 
the  na;ii:  li  mind'  — a  haliit  of  looking  to  tliu 


Government  for  all  action  and  Initiative  ponna 
nentlv  estahlished.      Before  the  reign  of  Uiuia 
XlVit  was  a  questicm  which  might  fairly  he 
considered  undecided,  whether  the  country  would 
Im^  iihle  or  not,  willing  or  not.  to  <-o oiM^nite  with 
its  rulers  in  the  work  of  the  Oovernment  and  the 
reform  of  abuses.     On  more  than  one  occasion 
such  CO  operatio.i  did  not  seem  entirely  impossi- 
l)le  or  improbable.  .   .   .   After  the  reign  of  Louia 
XIV  such  CO  op<'ratiou  of  the  ruler  and  the  ruled 
be.  ame  >•      sible.     The  C.ovcrnim-nt  of  France 
liad  bet    mi      machine  depending  upon  the  action 
of  a  single  spring.     Spontaneity  in  the  popiila 
tion  at  large  w  as  extinct,  and  whatever  there  was 
to  do  must  he  done  bv  the  ci-ntral  authority.     As 
long  as  the  Ooverninent  could  correct  abuses  it 
was  well;  if  it  ceased  to  Ik-  eipial  to  this  task 
thev  must  go  uncorrei-ted.     When  at  last  the  re- 
forhi  of  secular  and  gigantic  ahusi-s  presented 
itself  with   imiM-rioiis  urgency,   the   alternative 
liefore  tlie  .Moiiarchv  was  t-ither  to  carry  the  re- 
form with  a  high  hand,  or  perish  in  the  failure 
to  do  so      We  know  how  signal  the  failure  was, 
and   coul.l   not   help   being,  under   the  circum- 
stances;  and  through  having  placed  the  Mm- 
archv  iRtwcen  these  alternatives,  it  is  no  paradox 
to  say  that  Louis  XIV.  was  one  of  the  most  direct 
ancestors  of  the  Great  Hcvolution.  ■— .1.  C.  Mori- 
son    Thr  llei'/n  "f  I'"'"'  -V/I'.  (hurtin'jhtlu  llfr.. 
M,irrh,  1H74J.  .„,      „,. 

Al.so  in:   -T.  L   von  niillinger,    riif   Pdim  fj 
IaiuU  XIY.  (Sliiilim  ill  K'irni„.m  UiHtnrii.  di.  U). 
A  D  1661-1680.— Revived  and  growing  per- 
secution of  the  Huguenots.— "One  of  the  King  s 
first  acts  on  ii-ssuming  the  supreme  control  of 
affairs  at  the  death  of  Mazarin.  was  signilicant 
of  his  future  policv  with  rcL'ard  totlie  Huguenots. 
\inonK  the  npresentatives  of  the  various  public 
iMniie.,  who  (-..;.ie  to  tender  him  their  congnitula 
ti.ms   there  appeared  a  deputation  of  Protestant 
ministers,  headed  bv  their  i.resident\ignoe;  but 
till-  King  refused  to  receive  them,  and  diri-cteil 
tliat  thev  shouhl  be  ordered  to  h-avc  Paris  forth- 
with     Louis  was  not  slow  to  foHow  up  this  in- 
timation bv  measures  of   a  more  positive  kind, 
for  he  had  "been  carefully  taught  to  hate  1  rotes- 
tantism;  and.  now  that  he  poss,-ss,.d  umcslrained 
,»>wer  he  tiattered  liimsi-lf  with  the  i.lea  of  com- 
lellin"  the  lluguenots  to  abaii.l.'ii  their  convic- 
tions and  adopt  his  own.     His  minister  Louvois 
wrote  to  the  L'.iveriiors  throii-h,..:i  the  provinces 
that  •  ills  majesty  will  ii.it  sulTer  any   person  111 
liis  kimidom  but  those  who  are  of  his  re  igioii. 
V  series  of  eiliits  was  ai-iorilinglv  imbhshed 
with  the  object  of  carrying  the  King's  purposes 
intoelT.-.-t    ■  The  conf.-rene.-s  of  the  Protestants 
,vere  declared  t..  be  suppressed.     Though  wor- 
ship was  still    permille.l   in   their  churches,  the 
sin-ill"  of  psalms  in  private  dwelling's  VN'as  tie- 
elired  to  be  fort.i.l.l.-ii.   .   .   .   Protestant  cluUlren 
were  invit.-.l   t.i  di-ilare  theiusi'lves  against  tho 
r,-li.'i..iiof  Ih.ir  iiareiits.     liovsof  fourteen  and 
.rirls  ,.f  iw.lve  yi;irs  ..1.1  niiirht.  on  embracing 
Ti.imau   Calliolicism,    become   enfraiichise.l    and 
enlirelv    frc-    from    parental   coiurol.    .       .    1  he 
lluL'uenots  wen-   aL'aiii  ilebarn  d   from  holiling 
public  ollices,  though  a    f-w.  such   as  Marshal 
Turenne    and    .VImiral    Duiiuesne.    win.    were 
Protestants,  broke     hroiigh  this  barrier  by   the 
splend.ir  of  their  services  to  the  state.     In  some 
iirovinces.  the  exclusion  was  so  severe  that  a  pro_ 
fessi.m  of  the  Uoman  Catholic  faith  was  required 
irom  siiupie   ailisaiis.    .    .    .    Coibci!,  whi.e   ti" 


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aJ 

PnANCE,  1661-1680. 


Cnlb*H-t 
AdminUtration. 


FRANCE,  1661-1683 


lived,  endravoretl  to  restrain  tlie  King,  und  to 
abate  tlicsc  intolenible  perwnillons.  .  .  .  He 
took  the  opportunity  of  caiitioninK  tlie  Kini*  le»t 
the  measures  he  wax  enfoninff  mitflit  tend,  if 
carried  out,  to  tiie  impoverislinientof  Frince  anil 
tlie  u^Kraiiiiizi'ineiit  of  lier  rivals.  .  .  .  Rut  all 
CiillM-rt's  expostulations  were  in  vain;  the  Jesuits 
were  stniiiger  than  he  was,  and  the  Kini?  was  in 
their  humls;  lu'sides.  C'oltHTt's  power  was  on  the 
decline.  ...  In  lf>06  the  iiuein-mollier  died, 
leaviiii^  to  her  son,  as  her  last  Ijeiiuest,  that  he 
should  suppress  ami  exterminate  heresy  within 
his  dDiniiiiiins.  .  .  .  Tlie  Bishop  of  Meaux  ex- 
horteil  him  to  press  on  in  the  path  his  sainteil 
niollierhad  pointed  out  to  him.  .  .  .  The  IIUKue- 
nots  had  aln.idy  taken  alarm  at  the  leiiewal  of 
the  persiculion,  and  such  of  tlicni  as  could 
readily  dispose  i>!  tlicir  property  and  j;o<kIs  were 
beginnini;  to  leave  the  kinirdom  in  cnnsiderahle 
nunilH'rs  for  the  purpose  of  establishini;  tliem- 
selves  in  fiirei);n  countries.  To  prevent  this,  the 
Kim;  issued  an  edict  forhidilint;  Kreneh  subjects 
from  priH dim;  uhroail  without  express  per- 
mission, under  penalty  of  contiscation  of  their 
giMxls  and  propi-rty.  This  was  followed  by  a 
sueeession  of  mahtc  measures  fui-  !lie  conversion 
or  extirpation  of  such  of  the  Protestants  —  iu 
ntimliers  aliout  a  million  and  a  li;ilf  —  as  hud  not 
by  tiiis  time  contrived  to  miike  their  escape  from 
the  kinj;doin.  The  kidm':  i  'ng  of  I'rotestant 
children  was  actively  set  <  .  foot  by  the  agents 
of  the  Honian  Catholic  priests,  and  their  parents 
were  sulijected  to  heavy  ]u-nalties  if  they  ven- 
tured to  .-oiiiplaiu.  Drders  were  issued  to  pull 
down  the  I'roleslant  places  of  worship,  and  as 
many  as  eiirlily  were  sliortly  destroyed  in  one 
diocese.  .  .  .  Protestants  were  forliidden  to  print 
books  without  tlie  authority  of  magistrates  of  tlie 
Uoiuish  communion.  Protestant  teaciiers  were 
interdicted  from  teaching  cliildreu  any  tiling  more 
than  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  .  .  . 
I'roti'stauts  were  only  allowed  to  bury  their  dead 
at  ilaybreak  or  at  nightfall.  Tiny  were  pro- 
hibited from  singing  psalms  on  land  or  (in  water, 
in  wiirksliops  or  in  dwellings.  If  a  priestly 
pn«'cssioii  passed  one  of  tlicir  churches  wliile  tlio 
ps;ilms  Were  being  sung,  they  must  stop  instantly 
on  pain  of  the  tine  or  imprisonment  of  tlie  otlici- 
atiii.g  niiiiisicr.  In  short,  from  the  pettiest 
annoyance  to  the  most  exasperating  cruelty, 
nothing  was  wanlin.g  on  the  part  of  the  'Most 
<  liristian  King'  and  his  alH-ttors." — 8.  Smiles, 

Also  in  :  A.  .Maiirv.    .}f,  inoiry  of  n   Iliiijuenot 
F'lmUy  {Kinl:ujii\.  eh.  -1-T. —  \V.   S.    Browning, 

lli!<t.    nflli,     llu'llltluilx.   eh.    ."li)-(iO 

A,  b.    1661-1683.— The    administration    of 
Colbert.— His  economic  system  and  its  results. 

—  ■■  Willi  C.Uiert  the  spirit  of  the  great  Cardinal 
came  liai  k  I"  power.  Horn  at  Iti-ims  on  tlie  illih 
of  .\ui.'ii-i.  li'.lil.  Colbert  was  i-ducited  by  the 
.le-uits  :ind  at  Uie  earlv  age  of  nineteen  entered 
the  \V..r  ()lli(e.  ill  which  department  I.e  Tellii-r. 
a  I  .piiiiec  lion  of  hi,  family  by  marriagi-.  tilled  the 
|io-t  of  liid'-r  Seerc'iary  of  Stale.  From  thi' 
rir-1  (■■IIhti  dislingui-^iied  himself  by  lii.s  abnor 
mil  |io\vi  rs  (if  work,  by  his  extraordinary  zeal  in 
llie  jiiihlic  ser\iee,  and  l»y  an  equal  devotion  to 
ills  own  iiiiere>is.  His  ,Iesiiit  training  showed 
fruit  in  bis  ilealin^'s  wiih  all  tlios<'  wlio.  like  I.e 
Tellier  or  Ma/.arin,  could  be  of  use  to  him  on  his 
r.....i  :..  j..,,i.i,  wi.iiM  li..  ..id  ir.i.iiiic.h  ..t  hi.s 
i^coteii  blodil  is  favoured  bv  a  certain  '  dourne.ss ' 


of  character  which  rendcre<l  him  in  general  iliifi. 
cult  of  aeei'sa.  Ills  marvellous  strengili  of  limii] 
seconded  hv  rare  powers  of  endiinini e.  eruill.ii 
him  to  work  habitually  fourteen  hours  :i  .|;,v.  i,, 
entei  into  every  detail  of  every  bram  h  .if  ii,,. 
administration,  whilst  at  the  saiiie  time  he  mvir 
lost  sight  of  that  noble  project  of  univi  rsil  ri 
form  which  he  had  conceived,  and  wliiih  tm 
bniccd  Iwith  Church  and  Slate.  .  .  .  (imiliiinl  jn 
every  way  for  the  work  of  adminislrali.iM.  ul.*' 
lutely  IndifTerent  to  popularity.  Collieii  .Km,.! 
destined  by  nature  to  lead  "tlie  liriil  ,  li:,r.-, 
against  the  surviving  forces  of  the  feiid.il  -v-i.m 
After  the  troubles  of  the  Fronde  bail  di'  1  awn 
and  the  death  of  .Mazarin  had  left  l.i'ui~  XIV  i 
king  in  deed  as  well  as  in  name,  these  f.,ivi,,,f 
the  past  were  personified  by  Foni|iiei,  aiil  ihi' 
tluel  between  Fouiiuet  and  Colbert  w.is  ili,.  ,|r, 
malic  elo.si!  of  a  struggle  preiieslined  lo  ml  m 
the  comph'te  triumpli  of  nbsohilism  1  In  im,. 
nilicentand  brilliant  Foiniuet,  wlio  lorMir-pw 
had  taken  advantage  of  his  posiiion  a.  Siiriu 
tendant  lies  Finances' to  lavish  thi'  rismirn  ,  i,f 
the  State  on  his  private  pleasures,  was  plaiiilv 
marked  out  as  the  object  of  Colbert's  tiosijliiv 
.  .  .  On  the  losing  side  were  ran^'el  all  lii.- 
spendthrift  princes  and  facile  iKanii.^  ,,r  ih,. 
Court,  all  the  greedy  recipients  of  i'nii,|i|,.n 
o.stentatioiis  iKiunties.  lie  had  reekin.il  ili.n 
the  greatest  names  in  France  would  !«■  M.mprti 
mised  by  his  fall,  and  that  liy  tlieirdaii!_"r  hi^mva 
safety  was  assured.  He  had  reckone.l  \\iili,,!it 
CollsTt;  he  had  reckoned  witlioiil  iliat  puiir 
whicli  had  been  steailily  growini;  tlirou;;li.iiii  all 
vicissitudes  of  fate  during  the  last  iwi.  miii  ra- 
tion.s,  and  which  was  now  leiitrid  in  lln  Kiiii; 
No  stranger  turn  of  fortune  can  lie  pii  lure.lilnm 
that  which,  on  the  tliresholil  of  the  luo,!.  ui  in 
linked  tlie  nobles  of  France  in  tlieir  la~i  -tni;;!.' 
for  independence  witli  the  fortune,  ul'  a  ri|ii 
clous  and  fraudulent  financier,  nor  c.iii  muliii],' 
be  more  suggestive  of  the  cliaraeler  of  iln  mm 
ing  epoch  than  the  sight  of  this  1 1-1  hitil.- 
fouuht,  not  in  the  field  of  arms,  but  In  f-o'  :i 
court  of  law.  To  Colbert,  the  fall  of  ¥ 
was  but  the  neces-sary  preliminary  1"  liia' 
of  every  brunch  of  tiie  udiiiinistratinii  uli; 
lieen  ripening  in  his  mind  ever  sim  e  1 
entered  tile  piilJic  service.  To  tiring  lli' 
cial  situation  into  order,  it  was  nee 
call  Fou<iuet  to  account.  .  .  .  Tl 
chief  offender,  Fouquet,  having  be.ii  l«r  .n.-lil 
about,  it  was  easy  to  force  all  tie--  '^Ji'  iiii 
been  guilty  of  similar  malversations  .m  1  iiiia.  r 
scale  to  run  tlie  gauntlet  of  the  lli^di  ('  iimi"i -i 
Kestitution  and  conliscatioti  Is-eame  ili<  >>r<l<  r  <  f 
the  day,  and  when  the  Cliamber  of  ,lii  i.n  \sa> 
finally  dissolved  in  Kitiil,  far  In  yoiid  u:v  .il.iii 
tage  which  might  be  reckoned  to  lie  Tiv.i-iiy 
from  these  sources  was  the  gain  to  the  n  I'i  .a  i-i 
the  general  si'use  of  security  and  coniid,  ;i. .  1: 
was  felt  that  the  days  of  wlioli-,a 
and  emlM'Zzlement  wire  at  an  end.  .  1 
w-ent  forward  from 'his  nioineni  wiili>n  li 
tion,  devoting  his  wliole  energies  to  lip   .ri.- 

task  of  R'-shaping  the  whole  intern  il  ■    ' 

France.  .  .  .  Backed  by  iles|i(>ii,'  |.,um 
uehievements  in  tliest  direeiioiis  I.im  :  '  -1 
credible  extent  determined  llie  ilesinu.  .  ..f 
em  industry,  and  have  given  oriLini  i^  ni-  \ 
svstem  of  modern  adminislralion,  n  '  ea 
iV.iiue.  ImiI  iliroiiiiiioui  r.ur.ipe.  il.  ::.  i 
a  lavish  expenditure  which  he  was  iitu  '  ■  'i 


•  inia.-! 


■  ■   IHllll 

lir-1  to 
.if  ll,.. 


11'  -'y 
■  I Ik  r! 


Me 


1266 


FRANCE.  1WJ-16&3. 


(Irrat  Daf  o/ 
AuvergKe. 


vRANCE,  1665. 


,    I    „„^A  Mirl  aealn  did  CollHTt  buccccmI  in 
'"uSraSnS"  equilibrium  wher     he 

"Sr       furCerinlof  lion...  pr.Kluc,i„n 
»""'     1%:,™!/.  «v8tem  of  prolwtion.  whil.st  at 

'^T?H    oa.«  "P™  ''nd  flo<Hlc.d  with  Freml. 
„retolH  lorv        1  ^^^^  ^^j  aweiilitT 

f"    Mniota  •  h^^  ow..  policy!  Huch  for  instance 


JKlK 


^':^;r;i:irn^;r:;ui:^.ri;vAu.xan.ier 

r,  „  I  rliment  IX.,  was  instantly  R'P"'»«''l 
^IL  ...  d  .  .  .  Ills  l..adi..<  Moa  w,us  t.. 
r"  ,  Jn  ,.xn  r  lues  on  national  pr.Mluee  and 
'"n,  h  tur's    and,  whilst  din.iuishing   i...|v.rt 

wi  !  ,  s ut'h  raw  materials  ,is  were  r.'4n.red 
'""pr      1    nian   faot,.res.  to   raise  the,..   u..t.l 

;;  /l^alm^^rohibitive  on   .dl   ^-■i,.'.^^ 

i!,  V,  IK^  t      T  .,tt  Uiritt  was  a  s,,le.,didl.v  states- 

1  LMittem.t  topv.t  ,i..  0.1.1  to  theeonrt.et  ,md 

mnlik  •  i"»  "    >;  I  ' .        ,         ,„„i  ,.„sto...s  the.. 

™"'''''''l?th'     ff.a'.U      ovin,-..s  a,..l  ports  of 

^f'-:::^.  d  twasin'^em.lt  a  .aritTealeula.ed  for 

\     .  1  niimos<'9      Far  <ither  w.t.'  the  eon- 

S:;^i;;^e,SSintl.e.aritTof  l««7,whid^ 

,;it"     "  Duteh  and  EniTlish  wars   ,..,d  wh.eh 

■    ,1,... .  ...ael.'d  in  the  supposed  ...len'sts  of 

Si.         r  ""v  ^tually  sti,nulate,l  pnKh.clion 

1,       o  ..itries       .  .   If,  however,  ih.Mndus- 

r.;  '    1    v  of   r.mH.rt  ean..ot  b..  .said  to  have 

X'    1  i"  expeetations.sinee  it  m^.ther  bnju.L-h 

,mT'   u'reat  increa.s..inthe   nu...ber  of  hon..^   i 
™,f.  lures  nor  sueeeede.l  i.i  see,.r.n,i,' ..  lartre     | 
to  if    for.-iL'..   trade,    there   is   not    a  -lou-. 
to  i.^  spite  eve..  ..t  the  dis.i.strous  wars  wl,  ,h 

,  dVovXi    it   powerfully  e.m.ribufd,  on  the   . 
^ho      to  I  ace  France  in  the  front  rank  ,.s  a 
*  Jial   nation.      .      The   l-'"!'- .»"^,,;  i;-    I 
wtii   Louvois.  who  had   succeeded    his   f.ith.r     , 
r  Us  old  patron  1^  Telli.-r,  as  S.-cr..t,.ry  o     ; 
s^  e  for  War,  plaved  on  th."  i.np.Tious  vamty  o     , 
■lS.g  Louis,  aild  -engag..!  him  in  «""  '"S  '"V 
itttl.  wl.i.h  in  most  ea««  wanted  eye..  I  he  sl.a  le    i 
;    anntext.  .  .  .  All  the  zeal  of  the  great  Ml.-    , 

torJ^suie.  economy  could  only  stay  for  a  wh.le 
,1,0   sure    approach    (.f    national   di*"'^;;«,  ■  •  ;,   1 
Wl„i,f..ll.ertdied,on8th  September,    «H.J.  1 1  e 

„,i*rvof  France,  exhausted  '.O' "P''"""  ^^V  X^ 
tion  iind  ,lepopiilated  l.y  armies  k.'pt  e  mstantlv 
n„  too,.  cri,-,l  o!,t  against  the  Mi..ister  w  ';'.■•''     ■• 
,l,»uf..ll  froinimwer,  had  le..t  '""'f '^ ''' "  X 
„rw  whi.h   he  heartily   condemned.      For   the 
,„..,„ent  ..uu  forgot  how  numerous  were-  ""■«•. 
Cswlmhhel.adcnferrcl  ..      .   '"1'' 7' '''  "'" " '' 
niilv  tl.e  iurshiiess  with  wh.eh  he  had  dealt  jus- 
,kn„„l  sIHited  .neri'V.    Y.4  or.ler  reigned  wlier.^ 
M,m-  his  advent,  all  had  been  eorrupt.on  and 
wfu>i.M,;  Ihe  navv  of  Franee  had  been  created, 
h,rc..lnni,'s  fost.  ..  d,  her  forests  save.l  from  . b  - 
sinirtiwi;  iiisli.e  and  ihe  authority  of  'be  la« 
lia,l  lR.„  .arried  into  the  .larkc'st  eoruers  of  the 
1.111,1    r.liL'ious  toleration,  socially  if  n..t  poUti- 
oallv   li;,.i  l».n  advocateil :  wbilsl  the  en-Toaeh- 
mnii-  "f  li.e  Church  had  ben  ...ore  or  less  steaa- 
fiiMlvn|.i«~d.      To  the  malerial  prosjiciiiy  ot 
tWiiiiih.ii -even  after  w.>  have  made  a.l  po>»ible 
il,-.lii(U'u-.  fi.r  the  evils  arising  from  an  exagirer- 
aleil  svstein  .if  pr.itecti.m  —  an  inimeiis.'  anil  eii- 
.luriiii  inipiilse  had  Iktu  gi'.eu;  aii.i  although  it 
is  tni.   ihat,  with  \\i,-  d.-a'h   of  CollKTt,  mMiv 
r.rirs..f  hi; --.leti.lid  si-heme  f.'M  to  the  ground, 
yt'i  it  musriJe'coutcs»ed"that  the  spirit  luw.iieii 


it  was  originated  and  improvc.l  still  '"iJ^St" 
France. "-Lady  Dilke,  A>a««  xinder  Colbert 
it'iirtMiihtly  Iter..  Frb.,  lf*86).  •      „/ 

AlJ^Msf  H.  Martin,  Hut.  of  Franee:  Age  of 
I.mUXIV..  V.  1,  M.  1-7  -See,  also,  TaiU,b  and 

"rD.l662.-The  purcha..  of  Dunkirk  from 
rharlea  II      S«'e  Enoi.anii:  A.  I).  lo«--    _ 

A  D  iM3-i674,-New  Fr.ncem.de.  Royal 
Province—^he^i^rench  West  Indi.  Comp.ny. 
S<e  Canada:  A.  I).  166:1-1074  .     ^ 

A  D  i664.-Aid  given  to  Au.tri.  «:..n.t 
the  Turks.-:The  victory  of  St.  GothuJ:  See 
HiNoviiY    A.  I)   1660-1064.  .     ..     , 

A.  D.  iis64-'666-W.r.  with  the  pir.ticl 


B«br.V'sut"eV-The    lijeli  .  expedition. - 
Treaties  with  Tunis  .nd  Algiers.    See  Bab- 
ihhyStvtks    a.  1).  l««4-lfi«4. 
T.aiM4-i690.-The  building  ofVersailles. 

*^  A^D"i66s.-The  Great  Days  of  Auvergne. 

_••  We  must  rea.l  the  curious  a<rou..l    of  the 
Great  Days  of  Auvergne.  written  by  Hechier  in 
l^s  v.iuth   if  we  wonl.l  form  an  i.l.^a  of  the  bar- 
harfsm  in  which  c.r.ain  provinces  "fj™" "  «.'  ^ 
Blill  plungc.l,  in  Ih,.  mi.lst  ..f  the  bri  1  ant  ciMli- 
"a   ..    <  f  Uic  IT.h  .-.nlury,  and  w.ml.i  know  how 
a    argenu..ib.r  ..f  tli.is..  s.ig.iiors,  who  9h..wcd 
"h.iiis,lvcs  so  gallant  and  l.mUT  in  the  lM>udo,rs 
I'aris    liv.  .1  0.1  their  estates,  in  the  .mdst  of 
their  sui.je.ts;  w..  might  imagine  "'"-selves  m 
e  mi.lst  .if  f.u.lalis.n.     A  M.on...nt  1h-w. hlered 
■the  hammer  ,.f  the  gr.at  de.....l.sl.cr  [U.che- 
liei.l.  whi.h  lia.l  batter...!  .h.wn  s..  many  Chi- 
i     ea.ix  Ih..  m.mntain  s,,i.iresof  Auvergne,  Limou^ 
Ki     Manhe  an.l  F. ire/,  had  res.im..l  then  habits 
i  1 1  "'l.r     e  fe.'  le  g.ivern.nc.it  ..f  Mazarin,     Pr..- 
;   ,:;    .1  iv  tlnir  .v.note.iess  fr.,n,  I'aris  an.l  the 
arlia.n.-nt,  a..,l  by   th.-  nature  of  tb.'   co  nt} 

'   Ley  inhabilcl,  they  inti lat..!  ..r  t-'j"     ''  >  ''^ 

'    the  subaltern  j,.dges.       •' .c.'.nm.tte     «. th  im 
nunity  ev.TV  specie-         vi.ilence  a...i  ex.u  tion. 
i    \  8  ngle  f.iturc  will         ble  us  to  cm.prehe.d 
ihe  state  of  th.s.'  pr...  .^..-s.     There  were  still, 
the  rei,0U.r  parts  <,f  Auvergn,.,  seigni.irs  who 
■   ek     e.ltous..tl.ewe.hling  right  (.Ir.i.t  de  ja.i.- 
i    .ai"     ..r,  at  the  h.ist,  t,.  «l    ..x..i.iption  tr.  m 
this  r  ght  at  a  high  price  t.i  ''"•".'-'K'-""""*,.  ,,^5!^" 
i        od  <.f  the  glebe  still  exist..!  in  some  distr  cts 
\ iT^ust  31,  106.-,,  a  roval  .!.clarat..m,  f..r  w h    h 
,u   p     an.!  n,.ble  nasoiis  wer..  given,  onl.re,!  t^^ie 
'       11  ng  .if  a  iurisdieti..n  ..r  .-..urt     .•..nini.Mily 
.lled  the  Great  Davs,'  in  the  city  of  (■U.r.....nt. 
fi      \u  erg..e,   IMnVlKinnais.    Nivernais.  Forez 
1,  i  lais   l.von.iais.  (■,.mbiaill..s.  Marche,  an.l 
5  rrv      V  prVsi.h.it  .if  parliament,  a  master  of 
re.inests,  sixt.rn  .•..umill..rs,  an  altortiev-general, 
.1  1    .leputv  pr.Kur.il..r-general,  wer.'  a.;signated 
;        1    ,h,.se  extraonlinary  as.sizes.    Their  powers 
ee  almost  absoU.t...   They  were  to  judge  wi  I- 
,.  appeal  all  .Mvil  an.l  cri'  inal  cas.^s,  t.i  pun  s. 
„,  •  1  buses  an.l  .l,-liii.,uen..  ies  of  officers  .d  tie 
J  1,1  districts,'  I,,  ref.irm  ba.l  usages,  as  w.dl  m 
Tl  .  s  vl. "d  pro.v,iure  as  in  the  pr..parat...i.  and 
Ml,  ,1  ...1 ..   trials,  ami  to  try  all  criminal  ca.ses 
irl        1,  w.-.s    ..nj.iined  on  baililTs,    Mmi'scbals, 
1  eir  lieut.'iia.its  an.!  alt  ..tl.er  Ju.Il'cs,  to   give 
','  iMaiit  inf.irmati.mof  all  kin.ls  ..f  .Turns,  in 
„r.ler  to  prepare  matter  for  the  Great  l>a}s.     A 
secoii.l  .-■clarati.m  onlcre.!  that  a  posse  sh..i  1 
j   1  e  put  i.ib.  the  hous..s  of  the  contumacious,  tha 
he  ehateaiix  wli.re  the  least  r.-sistance  was  inaiie 
■   u!  the  Uw  shcuid  be  razed;  an.!  forbade,  .in.ler 

■)C.T 


1207 


i-''-;i» 
'  1  ' 


i  .  I 


'ill' 


fn; 


Ik- 

{••uV 
■t » j  t    . 


*.  I 


^i 

• 

il 

1 

i 

u  ; 

I 

J 

L 

FRANCE,  lOas. 


Autacf. 


4loH  0/ 


FRANCE,  l«79-188t. 


penalty  of  deatli,  the  contumaciDUs  to  be  received 
or  a«»i»teil.  The  |>u!ilicati(iii  iif  the  royal  edietn, 
anil  the  prompt  arrival  of  Messieurs  of  tlie  Oreiit 
Days  at  Clermont,  pr<Hluce<l  an  ixiraordinary 
commotion  in  all  those  ri'^ions.  I'he  pi'ople 
welcomed  the  Parisian  magistrates  as  liberators, 
and  a  remarkable  moniinient  of  their  joy  has 
bciMi  pn'served.  the  popular  song  or  Christmas 
hymn  of  the  (treat  Days.  Terror,  on  the  con- 
trary, hovered  over  the  eliitteaux  ^  a  multitude 
of  noblemen  left  the  province  antl  France,  or 
concealed  themselves  in  the  mountains;  others 
cndeavori'd  to  conciliate  their  peasants.  .  ,  . 
The  (treat  Days  at  least  diil  with  \\fior  what  it 
was  their  mission  to  do:  neither  dignities,  nor 
titles,  nor  high  connections  preserved  the  guilty. 
.  .  .  The  Court  of  (Jreat  Days  was  not  content 
with  punishing  evil;  it  undert(S)k  to  prevent  its 
return  liv  wise  regulations:  first,  against  the 
abuses  of  seignioriul  courts;  second,  against  the 
vexations  of  seigniors  (m  account  of  feudal  ser- 
vice due  them;  third,  concerning  the  mcsle  and 
abbreviation  of  trials;  and  lastly,  concerning  the 
reformaticm  of  the  clergy,  who  had  no  less  need 
of  iK'ing  ri'forned  than  tlii'  noliilily.  The  (Jreat 
Days  wire  bro'.iglil  to  a  dose  after  three  months 
of  assizes  (end  of  October,  10(i5  —  end  of  January, 
1008).  and  their  reeollectkm  was  consecrated  IJy 
a  medal." — II.  Martin,  Hint,  nf /•'raw-e ;  The  Aije 
of  l.,iii»  XtV.,  r.  1,  (■/-.  2. 

A.  D.  1665-1670,— The  East  India  Company, 
Seel.NDi.v;  A.  I).  I(m.5-1T4:I. 

A,  O.  1666,— Alliance  with  Holland  against 
England.  SeeNKTiiKiiLANDs  (Hoi.l.vnd):  AD. 
100^-lf.tiO. 

A.  D,  1667,— The  War  ofthe  Queen's  Rights 
—Conquests  in  the  Spanish  Netherlands.  See 
Nkthkiii.am>»(Si".\nisii  l'noviN(  Ks):  A.  I).  1007. 

A.  D.  1668. — The  king's  con((uests  in  Flan- 
ders checked  by  the  Triple  Alliance.  S<c 
Ketiikiii..\m>s  (lf()i.i..\M)):  A.  D.  lOIW. 

A.  D,  1670.— The  secret  treaty  of  Dover.— 
The  buying  of  the  English  king.  See  Eso- 
LAXd:  A.  I).  lOOM-lOTO. 

A.  D.  1672-1678.— War  with  Holland  and 
the  Austro-Spanish  Coalition.  See  .Xistkiv: 
A.  D.  ll)T-'-17U;  and  Nktiikui..vxi)s(IIoi.i..\ni)); 
A.  D.  10T','-1«74.  and  ll>74-107-<. 

A,  D.  1673-1682,— Discovery  and  explora- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  by  Marquette  and  La 
Salle,— Possession  taken  of  Louisiana.  .See 
C.xN'.ih:  .V.  D.  Hm-l(i7:t,  ami  lOiilt-ir.sr. 

A.  D.  1678-1679.— The  Peace  of  Nimeg^en. 
See  NniKiii  i.N.  I'i;\(  1;  cii\ 

A.  D.  1679-1681.— Complete  absorption  of 
Les  Trois-Evech<s  and  Alsace. — Assumption 
of  entire  sovereignty  by  Louis  XlV.~En- 
croachments  of  the  Chambers  of  Reannexa- 
tion.— The  seizure  of  Strasburg.— •  The  l.or 
nine  Tniis  Kvc'-ihi's,  recovciid  by  France  from 
the  Holy  Uoniiin  Kiiipire,  li:id  re.nained  in  an 
ei|uivoeal  jiosiiioii,  as  to  pulilic  law.  during- 
ncurly  a  century,  between  Ihiir  c  M  and  new  ties: 
thr  treaty  (if  Westphalia  bail  cut  the  knot  by  the 
formal  ri'nuneiation  of  the  Kni|iire  to  all  riirlits 
liver  these  countries;  dillleulties  lie  vert  lawless  still 
subsisted  relative  to  thi'  tiefs  and  the  neiiclen- 
cies  of  Trois  l^vpehes  possesseil  by  members  of 
till-  Kuiiiinv  .Vlsace,  in  its  turn,  from  the  treaty 
of  Westphalia  to  the  peace  of  Xiinegiien,  liail 
olTcreil    anal  .,;  ais  and  still  greater  ditliculties. 

this     provie.ec-    ::f    Ti:!t.".::ie    t^m^iln    rr-t    having 

aeceiileil  tlieaiiiK  x.ition  to  France  as  easilvasthe 


AValloon  province  of  Troig-Evfiches,  ami ;  ho  trratv 

of    Westphalia    presenting    two    ( rii|i,i,,rv 

clauses,  one  of  which  ceded  to  Fram  r  all  i|,',. 
rights  of  the  Emperor  and  the  Einiiin-.  aiuliln. 
other  of  which  reserved  the 'iniineili  ii.nrs.ii,( 
the  hmis  and  the  ten  cities  of  the  pri  f.  1  tart  ,,t 
ALsacetowanls  the  Empire  [see(iKiiM\sv:  A  ll 
104K].  .  .  ,  At  last,  on  the  coinplaii.i,  carrinl 
to  the  Germanic  Diet  by  the  ten  .W-.a  i  ui  liii,, 
joined  by  the  German  feuihilori<^  if  i,.,!,,. 
Evfciies,  I/)uis,  who  was  then  nry  1  in  ilininrv 
towards  the  Diet,  consented  to  taki'  br  arlii!i'r« 
the  King  of  Sweden  and  some  prim  is  aril  inwiw 
of  Germany  (lOO.!).  The  arbitratinri  h.h  pi-. 
traded  for  more  than  six  years.  In  tin- U  ^.i,,. 
ning  of  107J,  the  arbiters  n  ndereil  an  ainliinuuiis 
decision  which  decided  nothing  ami  .s.iii,ii",|  nn 
one.  War  with  Holland  broke  out  iiii;uiMlii|p 
and  changed  all  the  relations  of  Kr.imc  wiili 
(ierniany.  .  .  .  Louis  XIV.  disirniil  nr  tnk 
military  occupation  of  the  ten  cities  .irnl  sili  iiml 
all  oppositi(m.  .  .  .  In  the  confinniis  of  .Niim.. 
giien.  the  representatives  of  the  i:iii|ii  roranil  tlie 
Empire  endeavored  to  return  to  Ilie  •  iriiiiinliiii,.. 
nc'ss.'  but  the  King  would  not  listi  11  tn  a  riinwal 
of  the  arbitration,  and  (hrlared  all  ih  bcii-  Mipir- 
lliious.  '  Not  only,'  said  the  Fniic  h  ]ili  iiiimtin. 
tiaries,  '<aight  the  King  to  exirei-i'.  as  in  (ait 
he  diH'S  exercise,  sovereign  doiuaiii  i.vir  tlio 
ten  cities,  but  he  might  also  cxIiMil  it  nvir 
Strasburg,  for  the  tn-aty  of  Mi'insln  riiriii-lii5 
to  this  city  no  special  title  giiar.iiili  1  iiiir  itj 
indipendi'iice  Is'tter  than  that  of  thi-  i.thiT 
cities.'  It  was  the  first  time  •'  "  l.nnis  liml  ili,. 
closed  this  l«)ld  claim,  resti;.,;  ,111  iii.iiriirne 
assertion.  The  Im|)erialists.  t  niinii,  viiliiiil  a< 
reganledthe  ten  cities,  and  .Ms.i'"  H.isHntcailril 
inipiestion  in  the  treaty  of  Niiii.'L'uin.  DnlvilR' 
Imperialists  protested,  by  a  separati'  n  I  ajaiii-t 
the  condusioiis  which  might  be  clniun  ii.ni  tliis 
omi.ssion.  The  ten  eiiics  siibinitliil  mi  I  !'i"k  tn 
the  King  an  oath  of  tidelity,  withmi!  r-vrva- 
tion  towards  the  Einpife;  tluir  suluiis-i.iM  was 
i-elcbrated  byamedal  iK'ariiigtiieiliv 
in  provineiam  reduda'  I  HixO).  Tl 
Nimeguen  was  followed  by  divir-,  n 
tine.!  'o  win  the  Alsician  populati"! 
wise  policy  bore  its  fruits,  and  .\l-i 
lized,  gave   no   more    ciuw   of    aM\i'  fv 


French   government.      FVam-e    was    11 
complete  mistress  of  the  po>NrNv|i,n^  1 

iM'en  Cc'lleil  to    hil   by  the    Elll|iilr.    lii: 

the  tir-t  part  of  the 'work;  the  |iiii:i!  i 
now  was.  to  eolnph'te  tlu'  •■  pos^,^.l.>'i 
ingtothem  thiir  natural  appcml.i::i^ 
Einpiri'  had  not  alienated.  The  b.  iii 
Lower  Alsace  and  the  Mi'ssin  distriri  .i 
liiieil.  eniroached  upon.  entani.'|iil.  mi  I 
on  tlie  .S.irre,  ami  in  the  Vo-^'es.  I.y  i 
;i  host  of  petty  princes  and  (iirtiian  U"'- 
ciiulil  not  be  called  a  frontier,  lii-;' 
very  heart  of  .\l>aee,  the  great  .  ii;.  i.l 
preserved  its  inilependence  towaiil-  I 
its  connection  with  the  Empire.  .V  pn  . 
was  invented  to  proceed  to  aL'.ri'i 
which  it  would  si'cni  could  only  b.  .!■  . 
arms;  apaciticmi'thod.proviiieilih  it  Ir 
count  on  the  weakness  and  irresoliin 
neiirhbors;  this  wastoinvestiiratc'aini  1 
everything  which,  by  any  title  and  iii 
whatsiH'Ver,  ha<l  lieen  dependent  mi 
Tri-N  Kveelit-^.  We  r::ay  eoiiiprriir::  ■  • 
would  lead,  thanks  to  the  conipliri  1 


.\Uali,i 

lIV    I't 

n  -'1I1-- 
TU. 

a»,ii,!. 

1"  til.' 
I.  aivf"rtll 
vlnli  liail 

■  «, ly 

.  ij'iiMiiin 
.  I  ■,  i.iiii- 
«l.iiliili.' 
ii;.ri..,.f 

iivill.i,  . 

ii.  Kl.iii., 

x-"Thi. 
ll  -  ill  till' 


mil 

lur 
■all- 
ill 

HI' 

all'l 

111 

Ihf 

Vim 


FBANCIE,  l«79-ie81. 


7^  Dragonnadet. 


FRANCE,  1681-1«»8. 


imM  cDOoh ;  and  it  was  not  even  deslftncd  to  stcip 
•t  the  (ludal  system,  hut  to  go  l)a.k  to  the  times  of 
.LVninkish  kings!   t'hamlHTSof  •  reiinnexntion 
wm  therefo.^  ifstitute.!.  in  1679,  in  the  I'arlia- 
mrat  of  Melz,  and  in  the  sovereign  eouncd  of 
Ataee  with  a  mission  whieli  tlieir  title  suffl.i- 
fnllv  in.lieatc.1.  .  .  .  Among   tl.e   nobles  s.im- 
ShI.  fl««red  the  Elector  of  Treves,  for  OIht- 
«rin  Kalkenburg,elc. ;  the  I,an.lgrave  of  lies,*, 
"rdivm  flefs;  the  Elector  I'alatine  for  Mt?.  , 
»ml  tlie  canton  situated  iRtween  the  Jjiuter  ami   i 
th..  Kiirh  (Ilogenbach,  GermerHheim,  ete  );  an-   j 
other  prince  palatine  for  the  count  v.if  \  e  <lent/. ; 
he  Bishop  of  Speyer,  for  a  part  of  ..is  l.ishopn.;; 
thcritv  of  8tra.sburg,  for  the  domains  which  i 
r,w»i.<l  iH'Vond   the   Uhine   ( Wiisselonne   and 
Marknlieim);" lastly,  the  King  of  Sweden,  for  the 
duchvof  Deux-I'onts  or  Zweil.riirk.n,  a  territory 
of  oonsiderahle  extent   un.l   of   irregular  fonn, 
which  intersected    the    cisllheiusli    I'aliili-  .te. 
Bv    divers    decrees    niidered    in    .Miiili, 
XuBU't"  and  October,  16H0,  the  sovereign  coun- 
cil of  \Uue  adjudged  to  th.'  King  the  sovcreigntv 
of  all  the  Alsiician  seigniories.      Thr  nobles  and 
inhabitants  were  summoned  to  swear  lidelity  to 
llio  King  and  the  nobles  were  re.iuired  to  recog- 
ni/ethe  w>vereign  council  as  Jutlge  in  la.st  resort. 
The  cham\K.r  of  Met/,  acted  on  a  still  larger  sea  c 
than  the chamlKT  of  Breisiuh.     April  U,  lOSO,  it 
united  to  Trois-Eviiches  mon'  than  m  ticfs,  tb.- 
Lorraine manpiisate  of  Pont  a-Mousson.  Iheprin_ 
ciralitv  of  Halm,  the  counties  of  Saarbrt\ek  nn.l 
V'ldiiitz  the  seigniories  of  Surrebourg,  Hitehe. 
Hiimliurg  etc.   The  foundatit>n  of  the  new  town 
of  Sarre- Louis  mid  the  fortiticalion  of  Hitdie  con- 
solidatitl  this  new  frontier;  and  not  only  was  the 
courseof  the  Sarre  secured  toFnuice,  but  Fninee. 
crossin"  the  Sarre,    encroached   deeply   on  the 
Palatinate  and  the  Elei'torate  of  Treves,  posKil 
hiTsclf  on  the  Xahe  and  the  Bliis,  and  tlmw   iis 
an  ailv.inc<'guard,  on  a  peninsulii  of  the  .Moselle, 
the  fortress  of  .Mont  l{oval,  halfway  from  Treves 
toCol)hntz.  on  the  territories  of  tlie  county  of 
Vcldiutz.     Tlie   parliament   of   Franche-Couite, 
ncwiv  French  as  it  was.  zealously  followed  the 
cxamplo  of  the  two  neighlwring  courts.     There 
was  :il~i'  a  frnntii-r  to  round  towards  the.Iiira. 
Till-  Duke  of  'WUrtemlMTg  was  reciuired  to 
swK.r  alloL'ianee  to  the  King  for  his  county  of 
Montlw'liavd.  .  .  .  The  ac(iuisiti.>iis  m:ide   were 
trilliiii;  coiiiiiared  with  those  which  riniaiucil  to 
lie  made,     lie  [Louis  XIV. )  was  not  sure  of  tlu' 
JUiini'.  nut  sure  of  Alsace,  so  long  a*  he  had  not 
ftra.lmr;:.  Xhf  gr-at  citv  always  ready  to  throw- 
iil»m  the  I'rem-h  bank  o'f  the  river  the  erniics  of 
tlio  Kmiiire.     France  had  long  aimed  at  this  .     i 
qiuM.     .\s  soon  as  she  possessed   Met/,  shejunl 
dnaimd  '<f  Slrasburir.   .   .   .  Though  the   ICiiig 
and  l.iiwv.ds  had  prevented  CriMpii  fn.in  In-sieging 
the  |-l,ici    auriiig  the  war.  it  w.is  l«'(-ause  tliey 
coii.ili  il  on  surprising  it  after  peac-i-.     Thj,^  great 
cnliiprise  was  most  ably    manceuvred."      The 
members  of  the  regenev  of  the  city  were  gained 
over.  nil,.  I.y  one.     '-'("he   Imperial  troops    hail 
ivaiu.itc  1  the  citv    pursuant   to   the   treaty   of 
Xinii.-n.  <.■  IhemaVi^lrates  (lismisse(ll.'JIKISv,i>.s 
Willi  il   lie  citv   had   in  its  pay;  then,  on   the 
llirral.iiiiiL:  demands  of   ihe    French,  they   de- 
moli>hid  anew-  Fori  Kehl,  whii-htliey  had  rebuilt 
mn-  ii^  destruction  bv  t're<iui.     When  the  fruit 
wmed  ripe.   Louis  stretched   out   his   hand  to 
fr..;,;  r ::      in  the  iatier  pari  of  Septf-iVilvr.  I'Wl 
tlic  garrisons  of  Lorraine,  Franche  Cc-ite,  and 


Alsace  put  themselves  in  motion.  .  .  .  The  28th, 
:«,0(M)  men  were  found  asM'mbled  liefore  the  city ; 
Huron  de  -Monti-Iar,  who  commanded  this  unny. 


Iwiron  (le  .?iohii  lur,  Hiii»  »»7iini...».,.i,. ■•■■-.■, 

informed  the  magistrates  that  'the  sovereign 
ehiimlKT  of  Breisach  having  adjudged  to  the 
king  tlie  sovereignty  of  all  Alsace,  of  wliieh 
Strosburg  was  a  memlK-r,  his  .Majesty  desired 
tliat  thev  should  recognize  him  as  tlieir  sovereign 
lord,  and  receive  a  garrison."  On  tlie  liiMli  tlic 
capitulation  of  the  city  was  signeil:  o»  the '23d of 
October  the  King  was  received  as  its  sovereign. 
—II  Martin,  lli't.  of  fnmre  :  A'/--  <>/  /.""/•■•  -V/I'., 
r.  I,  i-A.  T.     S<'e  Uk'i(M.\nv:  A.  I>.  l«4K-i;i,-.. 

A.  D.  i68o.— Imprisonment  of  the  "  Man  in 
the  Iron  Mask,"    See  Iuon  .M.vkk. 

A  D.  1681-1684.  — Threatening  relationi 
with  the  Turks. —War  with  the  Barbary 
States.— Destructive  bombardment  of  Algiers. 
See  Bauiiauv  Sr.\TKs:  A.  I).  l(m-l(W4. 

A.  D.  1681-1698.— Climax  of  the  persecution 
of  the  Huguenots.— The  Dragonnades.— The 
revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.— The  great 
exodus  of  French  Protestants  and  the  conse- 
quent national  loss.— •  Love  and  war  suspended 
foraconsiihnible  time  "the  ambition  of  the  king 
to  extinguish  li<-resv  in  his  dominions  and  estab- 
!   lishuniformitvnf  religious  worship;  "but  when 
Louis  lH'<-ame  satiated  at  once  with  glory  and 
pleasure,  ami  when  .Madame  de  .Maintenoii,  tlie 
Duke  de  B«auvilliers.  the  Duke  de  Montausier, 
'•  Bos.suel,  tlie  Archbishop  of  Klieims,  the  Chan- 
cellor  Letellier,  and  all  the  ndigious  portiim  of 
i  tlie  court,  iK-gan  to  direct  his  now  unoccupied 
i   and  scrupulous  minil  to  the  interests  of  religion. 
1   Louis  XIV.  returned  to  his  plans  with  renewed 
!   ardor      From  briberv  thev  proceeded  tocompul- 
i   sion      Missicmaries,  escorted  by  dragwms,  spread 
th.mstdves  lit   the   instigation   of   Bossuet,    and 
even  of  Feneloii    over  the  western,  southern  and 
eitstern  province..,  and  particularly  in  those  dis- 
tricts   tiiroughiiul    which    I'rotestantism,   more 
flrnilv   riHitcd  among  ;i   more  tenacious  people, 
liad  lis  yet  resisteil  all  aiteiiipts  at  conversion  by 
preiu-hing.   .   .   .  Cliihlren  from  aboveseven  years 
of  age  were   authorized    to  abjure   legally  the 
reli.'iou  of  their  fathers.     The  houses  of  tliose 
piir("nts  wlio  refused  to  deliver  up  their  sons  and 
(laughters  w-ere  iiivadi-d  and  laid  under  contri 
billions  l>v  the  roval  troops.     The  expropriation 
of  their  lioni.s,  aiid  the  tearing  asunder  of  fami- 
lies, compelh-d  tlie  people  to  tly  fro.:'  iierseeu- 
tion.     The  king,  iiiiea>y  at  tliis  growing  depopu- 
laticm,  pnmoiineed  the  piiiiishineiil  of  the  gallevs 
i   nuainst   those  wlio  soiiglit   liberty  in  flight;  he 
iifso  onh-red  the  contiscalioii  of  all  the  lands  and 
housi-s  wlii<-h  weresidd  bv  tb..se  proprietors  wlio 
'    were  preparing  to  (piit  the  kiiigdi.m.   .   .   .    \  cry 
s,,.,ii  the  proscription  was  organized  en  iiiassi,': 
all  tlie  cavalrv  in  the  kingilom,  who.  im  account 
of  the  peace. "were  iineinployed.  were  placed  at 
the  di-po<al  of  ihe  preac  hers  and  bishops,  to  up- 
liold  their  missions  |kno\vnas  the  drai:oiiiiades] 
with  the  sabre.   .   ,   .   lios.Miet  approved  of  these 
j   persecutions.     Hclinioiis  and    pcditical    faith,  in 
his  eves,   jiistitied  tlieir  necessity.      llis    corre- 
spondence is  full  of  evidence,  while  liis  actions 
'   prove  that  he  was  an  accoinplii-e:  even  his  do- 
i   (lueiicc  .   .   .  ovcrtlow-edwitliapprobationol.and 
i   eiitbiisiasm  for.  tlleseopprc^si(lns  of  the  soul  and 
'    terrors  of   lieresv."— .V.  de  Lamartine.   M,nio,rt 
j   ,.f  Cilihrtit.il   I'/iiinirlim.    r.    :i:  /Aiwiwir.  — '■  1  he 
!   I'ji.ro.ism  of  eonvieiioii.  it  has  been  truly  said,  was 
i  now  dispiaved.  not  in  resistance,  but,  it  the  pam- 


1201) 


1 

s 

^p?T^^^^Si^Bn^»^fF 

11 

f ; 


;   iS 

''■■V- 


>#, 


FRAN(  K,   1681-t«9« 


Hrwtratiitn  o/ 
lAr  EiticI  u/  Xanla. 


FRANCE.  18M. 


dox  may  lie  a<lmltto<I.  in  fllRht.  The  outflow 
was  for  tlip  moment  iinvittcil  lit  the  remonstrance 
o(  Colbert,  now  for  tin-  liwt  time  listened  to  in 
the  niyul  rouneiU,  and  liy  rt'lison  of  the  Hympatliy 
«mU8ed  lir  tlie  ftiKitiveK  in  Kn)(l»ud:  but  not 
before  a.tXK)  fimili<-»  liiid  lift  tlx'  eountry.  The 
relln'ment  and  dent h  of  tlie  Rreiit  minister  were 
the  aijfnal  for  revived  avtion.  wherever  an  an- 
M^mbly  of  huituenots  larv'r  than  usual  mi^'it 
warnint  or  colour  a  suspicion  of  n'lxllion.  In 
RUch  excus4's.  not  us  yet  an  avowed  crus;wle,  the 
tn>opers  of  the  dulie  de  Noailles  werc>  ciilleil  in 
at  Grenolili'.  Hourdeaux.  and  Nlnies,  Full  forty 
churches  were  demolished  in  lt)K;i,  more  than  a 
liunilrcd  in  1«H4.  But  the  system  of  military 
missions  was  not  ori;ani/cd  until  in  IHH.")  the 
defence  of  the  Spanish  frontier  offered  the  op 
portunitv  for  a  final  sulijui;ation  of  the  hui;\ie- 
nots  of  rttarn.  The  dragonnaih'  pass<'d  throiij;h 
the  lanil  liki'  a  pestilence.  From  CJuienne  to 
Uiiupiiiiu',  fnnn  I'oitou  to  I'pper  Laiigueihx  .  no 
|vlacc  was  spared.  Then  it  pcTvaded  the  south- 
east lountry,  about  the  I'evinnes  anil  Provence, 
and  ravai;ci|  Lyons  and  the  Pays  de  (ic.v.  In 
llie  irid.  till-  wlilih'  of  the  north  was  a.s.saileil,  anil 
the  failini;  edict  of  Nantes  was  annulled  on  tlie 
Nt  of  i  tctoher.  The  sombre  mind  of  Madame  de 
Maintcnon  had  postulated  the  Uecall  as  u  )>re- 
liniinary  to  the  marria;;e  which  the  kin);  had 
already  conceded.  On  the  ilst  of  the  month  tin' 
great  church  at  C'harcnton  was  diHimeil :  iiiid  on 
the  'Jind  the  'unadvi-id  and  precipilatr  ICdict 
of  Uevooation  was  registenil  in  the  (hainbre 
(lis  Vacations  .  .  .  The  year  ItW,")  is  fitly  identi- 
fied with  the  depopulation  of  France.  And  yet, 
with  a  blindness  that  appears  to  us  incridible. 
the  i;overnnient  refused  to  believe  in  the  desire 
or  the  possibility  of  eseajie.  The  penalties  at- 
tachid  to  capture  on  the  road,  —  the  galleys  or 
the  nurmery. —  the  vigilant  watch  at  the  fron- 
tier, till'  friiiates  cruising  by  every  coast,  all 
these  dillicuities  s<'em  to  have  persuaded  hou- 
vois  that  few  would  persist  in  risking  Might. 
What  these  measure?  actually  clTectisl  was  doubt- 
less to  diminish  the  e.xislus,  but  in  no  marked 
degree.  At  length,  it  came  to  Ih'  thought  that 
th.;  emigration  was  due  to  its  prohibition,  as 
though  the  huguenot.s  must  do  a  thing  frimi 
mere  perverseness.  Tlie  wati'li  was  relaxed,  and 
a  result  unlooked  for  issued.  It  was  the  signal 
of  the  greatest  of  the  einigrations,  tliat  of  16H8. 
...  In  the  statistical  iiui'siion  [as  to  the  total 
number  of  tlie  Ilui^ueuol  exiles  from  France  after 
the  revocalion  of  the  edict  of  Nantes]  it  is  im- 
possible to  arrive  at  a  certain  result:  and  the 
r.mge  which  calculation  or  conjecture  has  al- 
lowed to  successive  historians  may  make  one 
iiaiise  before  atteiupting  a  dosrni.-itic  solution. 
!asnai;i',  a  year  afli  r  the  liec.ill.  reckoned  the 
emiiiranls  above  l.'iU.IKH):  next  year.Iurieu  rai.sed 
the  total  aliove  ^oil.iKHI.  Writing  later  Hasnage 
found  bitweiii  :tilO,(liKland4(HI,(KK);  and  tlie  esti- 
mate has  lieen  accepti'd  by  Sismonili.  Lastly 
Voltaire,  followed  in  our  own  ilav  by  Ha.sc, 
rounted  ."lOU.iKKI,  Tliese  are  a  few  of  the  soIkt 
ealculatioris  and  their  mean  will  periiaps  supply 
the  ultimate  li^riire.  I  need  only  mention,  amonj; 
impossible  guesses,  tliat  of  LimiiTs.  which  rai.scs 
the  aeeoiint  to  siKI.IKHi,  because  it  has  been  taken 
up  bv  tile  Prussian  stalesrnaii  Von  Dohru.  .  .  . 
T!iv  ".ti!y  hist-riati  wlio  ■Tofessi-s  !o  have  pur 
.sued  tile  eih|iiiry  in  exaet  detail  is  ('.'ipellgue; 
and  from  his  minute  scrutinv  of  the  cartons  des 


Kenerulltus,  a»  prepared  in  the  closing  years  of 
the  17th  c*nturv,  he  obtains  a  eonipiit.iii.in  uf 
22.1,IH)0  or  aw.tioo.  Such  a  result  must  h.  ai 
cepted  lis  the  absolute  minimum:  fn'  it  was  tin- 
plain  interest  of  the  intendants  who  dnw  up  ii,,. 
returns,  to  put  all  the  facts  which  reveal,  ,|  n,,. 
fidiv  of  the  king's  action  at  the  lowi -i  .  ipji,  r 
Ami  allowing  the  aceumey  of  ('a[«ligue  s  w,,rii 
there  arc  other  n'liHons  for  increasing  hi- total 
.  .  .  Wc  cannot  »i  t  the  emigration  at  :i  luw,  r 
fraction  than  onetlflh  of  the  total  lnu'iiinut 
society.  If  the  hisly  numlM'red  twoinilli.,irs  tW 
oiitrtow  will  Im'  -KHMXH).  If  this  appear  iu'ev 
trenie  estimate,  it  must  be  rememliered  tliat  eiu'- 
tifili  is  also  extreme  on  the  other  side  Ifi.luf  inj 
the  form,  r  aggregate  to  l..'i(N),(M)u,  it  wM  |„, 
clearly  within  the  Imunils  of  miMleratieii  tn  lia\, 
the  total  cximIus  a  ninge  between  liooiioii  ;ui(l 
Xil^lXM).  How  are  we  to  distribute  thi-  irMmiti.i- 
agirn'gation  ?  Holland  certainly  claims  n,  ar  Pm 
IKK)-  Kiighind,  with  Ireland  ai'id  .\nieriii.  pr,.ii. 
ably  Hl),()0(l.  Switzerland  must  li:ive  re.eiv,,! 
i.l.lNM):  and  (termany.  including  Hrimli  nlmr:' 
thrice  th:it  number.  The  remainder  will  li,. 
made  up  from  the  north  of  Kurope,  ami  frnm 
the  exiles  whom  commerce  or  other  i  ;iiisei  rarriiil 
in  isolated  housi'holds  cls^'wliere,  and  "f  wlinni 
no  reconi  is  preserved  to  us.  .  .  .  The  t.ile  thru 
of  the  cminrants  was  above  ;t(K),(l(Ki,  It  r,ll,,w, 
to  ask  what  was  the  material  loss  iii\'.|v..|  in 
their  cxikIus.  Caveirac  is  again  I  he  Iowa  -t  in  liis 
estimate:  he  will  not  grant  the  exp'Tt  .if  iimti' 
than  J.IO.IMK)  livri's.  He  might  have  learm  fr.iiii 
Count  d'.Vvaux  liim.self,  that  those  1.  i-i  likily 
to  magnify  the  sum  confessed  tli:it  In  the  wry 
year  of  the  I^*eall  twenty  million  livres  ha'l  I'-iiic 
out  of  the  country,  and  it  is  cert;iiii  thai  \\ir 
wealthier  merchants  deferred  their  ih  parture  in 
onler  to  carry  as  much  as  they  could  uitli  tliiiii. 
Two  hundred  and  fifty  traders  are  said  t.i  hav" 
ipiitted  Itouen  in  1087"  and  UW,  prnLiMy  the 
actual  amount  was  very  far  in  excess. .1  Hhh' 
twenty  millions:  and  a  calculation  is  ,  i;e.|  liy 
.Macpherson  wl  Icii  even  afllrms  that  e\ery  uuW 
vidual  refugee  in  Kngland  brou.irht  with  him  "ii 
an  average  money  or  effects  to  the  vahi'"f  I'lHl 
...  It  will  be  needless  to  add  many  st  'li^ti.s 
of  the  injury  caused  by  their  witlidrawil  frnm 
France.  Two  great  instances  are  tvpieal  of  tlj'.' 
rest.  Lyons  which  had  emphiyeil  is  iimi  -ilk. 
looms  had  but  4,000  rcimiining  by  the  iimI  ef  tlii 
century.     Tours  with  the  same  interest  h  ><l  liail 

8»M)  mi'ils.  80,IMK)  looms,  and  perhaps  I, i  ui  rk 

people.     Of  its  8.(KM)  rilibon  factories  ,i:,Iy  -my 
remained.      Equally  significant  was  lie  ruin  "1 
the  wisillen  trade  of  Poitoii.      Little  «a- 
tlie  druirget-manufacturcof  (louloiiir'  s  a 
taigneraie,  or  of  tlie  industry  in  serges  ;i' 
ba/ines  at  Thouars;   and  the  export  ti 
tween  Chataigneraie  and  Can:ida,  by  »  i 
Uoclii'lle,  was  in   the    hist   year  of   th' 
absolutely  extinct."— K.    L."  P'lole.    ///-' 

Ilnqni'llotn  nf  tin'  DiHjurKton,  rlt.  It  n/e/  I.'i 

Ai.soin:'('.  Weiss.  IIM.  '■/  t/„-  /•■/./..' 
titlU  ll>filijeeii.  —  \.  Peynit,  T/ir  l',l>,l.,i^i: 
it,  rnifii.  F.  1,  cA.  '>-7.  — ,/.  1,  von  Ui'linj  ■  ^'  'e» 
ill  /■>/'"/«'.ii,  llhtoni.  i-li.  111'.'  (  "  I',  ell. 
//('»/  iifOii-  llnipu iii'il  Hniiiirnliiih  /"  .1  '  •-> 
(<■    1   ■li. 

A.  D.  1682-1693, -Contest  with  the  Papacy. 
.«  e  Pm'vcv   a    U    'AV^-i  WX\ 

A.  D.  1686.— Claims   upon  the   Palatinate. 
SeutiKKMxNV:  A.  I).  lt!«6. 


'■f!   of 

irliii 

hem 

nf    U 

tjun 

;<,,.  lie- 


1270 


FRANCE,  198»-1«»0. 


PevaMtatiitn  "/  thr 
PalatitMte. 


KHANCE.   1«89-1«»1. 


•   n   1680-1690.— War  of  the  League  of 
A«fbuVK.-The  Mcond   deTattation  of  the 

hroDi™  Stuart  king)  cau»i'.l  Wl  Hhiu  [Prince  of 

orj^  now  KlnKof  EnKlana)  t»  matun-  hm 

nhns  or  a  gn-ttt  ContlnenUl  ronf.ilenicy  ag.iinst 

&      On  May  12.  1889,  Willi».n.  m  Su.ll- 

MdTof  (lie  i;nrte<t  Provincrs.  had  enterua  into 

ff  .n  ivo  »n.l  .kff«»iv.  alUunc,-  with  tl.,.  i.uv 

wn,r  apUnst  Uwls.     On  May  17    .i»  King  "f 

Cli"'t  l.^'  >K'ch,ml  war  against  Kranrc;   and 

oDfeU  nl«r  30  joino.l  the  alliau.r  iH-lwi-.n  the 

Emmrur  and  the  D.it.h,      His  examide  was  f<^- 

l,w«l  m.  .lune  0,  1«»0,  by  the  King  of  Spa  n 

Z   m  tKlnlMT  20  of  tlie  same  year  l>y  \  uOr 

til  .  s     >nlie  of  Savoy.     This  e„nfe.l..ra.ion 

ir.Vd  the  'Orand  Allianee.'     Its  mar    oh; 

m  «i«  de<lar.Ml  to  1m-  to  .urh  the  power  an,l 

ito  of  Lewis  XIV.,    t«  f,,ree  hun  t„  s^r- 

ZhT  \n*  .onqiiests.  and  t.,  <(.nlin,.  hislerntories 

totlie  limits  ai,'ree,l  "P""  •^tw"'" ,.''"''  "'"'  ,   ''j 

KmntTor  at  the  treaty  of  Westphalia  (I  WH)   and 

tieen  Fmnee  and  Spain  at  the  treaty  of  the 

"vromrs  Mm.      The    League  of  ,Ai'gshurg 

wWh  William  had  with  so  much  trouble  brought 

Zil  had  „„w  sur.essfully  developed  into  the 

Si.Ulianre."-E.  Hale.  Th.  AW/./rA,  S,.,„r,> 

,,„.;  \y,>l,rn  K^imw.  ch.  14,  »,^r.  5.-"     h..  w„rk 

lUvhieh  William  had  toih'il  imlefatigably  1  urnig 


inanv  "l(»imy  and  anxious  years  was  at  l.ngth 
aco.mplishei     The  great  eoalition  was  formed. 
It  was  plain  that  a  desperate  con  liet  was  at  hand 
Thf  ci|.im.s^)r  of  Europe  wouUl  hav..  to  ileleml 
hi,™ If  against  England  allied  with  Charle.  the 
Sfcmil  Kim:  of  Spain,  with  the  Emperor  Leo- 
iv,l,l  and  with  the  Oernianie  and  Batavian  fed- 
,  rations,  and  was  likely  to  have  uo  ally  except 
llic  Sultan,  who  was  waging  war   against  the 
H.mse  of  Austria  1111  the  DaniilH..     U-wis  lia.l, 
t„w.irJs  tlie  <los.-  of  the  pn-ceding  year,  taken 
his  <-n.-mies  at  a  disailvautage,  and  hail  struck 
the  lirst  bh.w  Infore  they  w.-re  prepared  to  parry 
it     But  that  blow,  though  heavy,  was  not  aimed 
ui  the  part  when^  it   might  have  heeii  mortal. 
lliid  liostilitiis  Ix-en  <-omnit-n<ed  on  the  Halavian 
fnmti.r,  William  and  his  iinny  would  probably 
hiivi-  Ix-en  detained  on  the  continent,  and  James 
in.t'ht  have  eontinu-;'.  to  govern  England.     Hap- 
pilv   b-wis    uiidir  an  'nfaluatiou  which  many 
pimia  Protestants   confia.  iitly   ascribed    to   the 
riehteous  jiidge.ent  of  Oo<l,  Inul  neglected  the 
[..iat  en  wh^  ii  the  fate  of  the  whole  civilis(-d 
vv,.rl.l  ,le|«nded.  and  had  made  a  great  display 
uf  i)„«,  r  promptitude,  and  energy,  m  a  quarter 
«1»  n-  111.-  most  splendid  aehievements  could  pro- 
iliUT  nniiiiiis:  more  than  an  illumination  and  a 
T(  l)i-iim     A  French  ar.nv  under  the  i-ommaiKl 
■.f  Mar-hal  Duras  had  inviuled  the  Palatinate  and 
H.trn-  or  the  neighbouring  principalities.      Uut 
;hi«  ixpidilioM,  though  it  had  been  completely 
vum-<«liil,  and  tliouirh  the  skill  and  vigour  with 
ivhiih  it  iiad  been  conducted  had  excited  general 
MlmiralioM,  could  not  perceptibly  altect  the  event 
of  the  ir.-meiiilous  struggle  wliicli  was  approach- 
ins,     l-'rance  woulil  S(Km  W  alt.-icked  on  every 
M.ie    It  would  Ik-  impossible  for  Duras  long  to 
Main  possi^ssion  of  the  provinces  which  he  had 
surprised  and  o-errun.     An  atr<K-ious  IhoUL'ht 
ms-  iu  the  mind  of  Louvois,  who,  in  military 
;ilT:iirv   li-ol  111,,  cliief  sway  at  VersiiiUes.   .^  .   . 
Till' iroiiii,  .irled  stalesman'sulimitted   his  plan, 
proltihh  wilh  much  managemcnl  and  with  some 


dlngiiinc,  to  licwis;   ami  Ix-wIh,  in  an  rvil  hour 
for  his  fame,  aiwentcd.     Dura*  received  ordem  Ui 
turn  one  of  the  fairest  n-giond  of  Eiin)pc  Into  a 
wilderness.     Fifteen  yeam  had  elapsed  since  Tu- 
renne  had   ruvageil   part  of  that  ttnu  country. 
But  the  ravages  (-ommltted  by  Turenne.  thinigh 
they  have  left  a  <leep  stain  on  his  glory,  were 
mere  sport  in  c(un|mrison  with  the  horrors  of 
this  seccmd  ilevastation.    The  Fnnch  commander 
nDiiounce<l  to  near  half  a  million  of  human  be- 
ings that  lie  granted  them  three  days  of  grace, 
and  that,  within  that  lime,  they  must  shift  for 
themsi-lvc-s.     S<Hin  the   roads  anil   tields.  which 
tlvr.   lay  deep  in  snow,  were  blackened  by  in- 
numerable multitudes  of  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren Hying  from  their  homes.     Many  died  of  (old 
and    hunger;    but  enough   survived   to  till  the 
streets  of  all  the  cities  of  Europe  with  lean  and 
siiualid    beggars,    who  had  ome  been  thriving 
farmers  and  shopkeepers.     .Meanwhile  the  work 
of  destruction  began.     The  tlanies  went  up  from 
every  marketplace,  every  hamhi.  every  parish 
ihuri-li,  every  country  seat,  within  the  devoted 
provinces      The  lields  where  the  corn  had  iM-en 
sown  were    ploughid   up.     Tin-   orchards    w-ero 
hewn  down.     No  promiM-  of  a  harvest  was  left 
on   the  fertile  plains  mar  what  had  once  been 
Frankenthal.     Not  a  vine,  u  .t  an  almond  tree, 
was  to  lie  seen  on  the  slopes  of  tlie  sunny  lulls 
round  what  had  once  iM-eii  Heidelberg.      No  re- 
spect was  shown  to  palaces,  to  temples,  to  mon- 
asteries, to  inlirmaries,  to  iK-autiful  works  of  art, 
to  monuments  of  the  illustrious  dead.     The  far- 
famed  ciustle  of  the  Elector  Palatine  was  turned 
into  a   heap  of  niins.     The  adjoining  hospital 
was  wickeiL     The  provisions,  the  medicines,  the 
pallets  on  which  the  suk  lay,  were  destroyed. 
The  very  stones  on  which  Manheini  had  Im-cu 
built  were  Hung  into  the  Rhine.     The  magiuti- 
cent  t'atheilmrof  Spires  perished,  ami  with  it 
the   marble   sepulchres  of  eight   fa-sars.       The 
eofflns  were  broken  open.     The  ashes  were  scat- 
tered to  the  winds.     Treves,  with  its  fair  bridge, 
its  |{oman  baths  and  amphitheatre,  its  vcnemble 
churches,  convents,  and  colleges,  was  doomeil  to 
the  same  fate.     But,  In-fore  this  last  crime  had 
b«.en  perpetraU'd,  Lewis  was  recalled  to  a  ln-tter 
mind  by  tlie  execrations  of  all  the  neighbouring 
nations,  by  the  silence  and  confusion  of  his  flat- 
terers   and  by  the  expostulations  of  his  wife. 
He  relented;   and  Treves  was  spared.     In 
truth  he  could  lianllv  fail  to  perciive  that  he  hiul 
committed  a  great  error.     The  devastation  of  the 
Palatinate,  while  il  had  not  in  any  sensible  ile- 
gree  lessened  the  power  of  his  enemies,  had  in- 
flamed their  animosity,  and  had  furnished  them 
with   inexhaustililc  matter  for  invective.       The 
cry  of  vengeance  rose  on  every  side.      \\  hatever 
scruple  i-itlier  branch  of  the  House  of  Austria 
might  have  felt  about  coalescing  with  ProtestanU 
wascomplctclv  removed, '—Lord  Macaulay, //(»«. 

of  Kii'i..  I'll.  11.  ,        , 

■    Vis.)  IN     11.  Martin.    Ilixt.  ./  /■/•.(/ic<  .•    ■i<Ji'  "f 

//„„:■,  sii:  ^tr.,„>.  I'll  .V.  /..  Ux)!/,).'-.  2.  <■'''■  2.- 

S  \  Dunham,  l.'M.  of  the  Ofi:  hniinr,-.  U\  ,i, 
,j,  -i\,    ;!,  -See  ;,lso,C,*N.M,,^;  A,  D.  tllsit-ltmo, 

A  D.  1680-1601.— Aid  to  James  II.  in  Ire- 
land.    See  IHKIANI.;  A.  D    litsD-lOlM. 

A  D.  1689-1691.— Campaigns  in  the  Nether- 
lands and  in  Savoy.— 'Our  limits  will  not  per- 
mit us  ti>  iles<-ribi-  at  any  Icniith  the  war  between 
I,oui»  X tV,  .in,i  the  Graiul  o.j^i.,-,, ...  ^vi-,-„"li  lasted 
till  the  Pcticc  of  Uvswick,  in  169 1,  but  only  to 


1271 


1  ■  * 


1  .  ,  -  •  ^ 

1 '  s;!l3- 


J     '    ■  4   ,    ■ 


M: 


r    '-t- 


■m% 


■:f'.H, 


r 


I:" 


■V 


ii    '  ^    ■■:■ . 
ft  =  jf :  . '  : 

li  ?!;■■■;;;. 

I.;;  .4-;'  ■"•' 


:<,'i--if 


FRANCE,  188»-lflBl 


Campait/na  in  tk* 
Iahp  CVtunfriri. 


FIIANCE,  1«»8. 


nolo  iKinio  <if  llic  cliii'f  inoliiontii  of  the  dlfferrnt 
CHm|miKiii».  The  Iin|iiTiall«lii  had.  In  188».  not- 
wltlisliiiiilInK  llio  clIortH  It  wan  itllll  nccriwiiry  to 
nmki'  iiKiiinHt  tlic  Turks,  hronglit  nn  anny  of 
NO.INN)  men  into  tli<>  Hdil.  which  wan  ilivich'd  into 
thn'i'  iMHlifS  iindiT  the  conimaml  of  llii'  Diiki'  of 
I,,oiTainf,  tlic  KIcrtor  of  llnviiria.  ami  tlii'  Kloitor 
of  Hrnmlonliiirir: -vliilc  tin-  I'rimc  of  Wnld.ck, 
in  Ihi"  Nc'llicrhindn.  wim  at  tlu'  liraci  of  a  larRc 
Dutch  anil  Spanlsli  fi>rcc.  coniiKwctI,  liowcvcr.  in 
great  iinri  of  (iiTnian  incrciiuirics.  In  this  iiuar- 
Ut,  Marsliai  li'Iluniifrcs  was  o|ipoHC(l  to  \Val- 
ilcck,  wliih'  Dunis  coniniamicii  tlic  Krcmh  army 
on  the  Uhinc.  In  the  smith,  the  Duke  of  NoaiUcs 
inaiutiiincii  a  Frcnc  h  force  in  Catalonia.  Nothing 
of  inu<h  iniporlame  was  ciciiii' tills  ycur;  hut  on 
the  whole  tile  war  went  in  favour  of  tile  Iin- 
IH'rialisls.  who  siicccedid  in  rccoviTinR  Mentz 
and  Uonn.  18IM).  This  year,  Marslial  liUu- 
miOrcs  was  supirsided  liy  tlie  Duke  of  l.iixcm- 
iMiiirK.  who  in(use<l  more  vijtoiir  into  the  French 
op'ralions.  .  .  .  Caliiiat  was  sent  this  year  into 
Daiiphine  to  watch  tlie  niovemcnls  of  the  Duke 
of  Savoy,  who  was  sus|>ccted  by  the  Fnnch 
Court,  and  not  without  reason,  of  favourinR  the 
«3ran  1  Alliance.  The  extnivapiiit  ileinainls  of 
Louis,  who  re(iuired  Victor  Viiiadeus  to  unite 
his  tnmps  witli  tlie  army  of  Calinat,  and  to  ad- 
mit a  French  carrison  into  Vercelli,  Verrna,  and 
even  tlie  citadel  of  Turin  itself,  till  a  ijenenil 
pj'ace  should  he  elTectcd.  caused  the  Duke  to 
enter  into  treaties  with  Spain  a"d  the  Emperor, 
June  ;id  and  4th;  and  on  ttctolHT  20th,  he  joined 
the  Grand  Alliance  liy  a  tn-aty  concluiled  at  tli(! 
Ilague  with  Kn^land  and  the  States Oeneral. 
This  last  step  was  taken  My  Victor  Amadei'.s  in 
consequence  of  his  reverses,  lie  had  snstjiined 
fromCatinat  in  tlie  liatlle  of  SlalTardrt  (.VuKUst 
17th)  a  (U-feat  wliiili  only  tlie  I'iill  .1  a  youthful 
Beneral,  his  cousin 'lie  I'rinie  Euc(  lie,  had  saveil 
from  iHcomini;  a  total  Mut.  As  ihe  fruits  of  this 
victory,  Catiniil  occupied  S.iliizzo.  Susa,  and  all 
the  country  from  the  Alps  to  Ji(>  Tanaro.  Dur- 
ing these  operaii(ms  another  French  division  liad 
re<luced,  without  inucli  resislaiKc,  the  whole  of 
Savoy,  except  the  fortress  of  .Montmelian.  The 
only  oilier  event  of  iinportanie  duriiii;  tliis  cam- 
paif^n  was  tlu'  decisive  victory  (rained  liy  I.ux- 
eniliouri;  over  I'riiice  Waldeck"  at  Khurus,  .Iiily 
1st.  The  captured  staiuiarils,  more  than  a  hun- 
dn>d  in  nunilier,  which  I.uxeniliouri;  .sent  to 
Paris  on  this  uccasion.  olitained  for  him  the 
name  of  the  •  Tapassiir  de  Notre  Daine.'  Lux- 
embourg was,  htiwever.  jirevented  fntm  folio,v- 
Ing  up  Ills  victory  by  the  orders  of  Louvois.  who 
forbade  liiiii  to  lay  siene  to  Naiuur  or  C'hurlenu. 
Tlius,  in  this  campaiLrn,  Fraice  inaintaiiied  licr 
prepondenmce  on  land  as  well  as  at  sea  by  the 
victory  olf  Itcachy  Head  (sie  Knui.aM):  A.  1>. 
Kiitii] "  .  .  .  The  Imperialists  li.id  this  year  hist 
one  of  ilieir  best  leaders  by  tliedealhof  the  Duke 
of  l.'irniine  (.\prili.  lie  was  succecihil  as  com- 
iii:indiT  ill  (liiif  by  Maximilian  Kmaniiel,  Eh'ctor 
of  liavuria:  but  notliiiig  of  importance  took 
place  upon  the  Uliliic.  lOUl :  The  campaijjn 
of  this  year  w.is  simrularly  barren  of  events, 
tlioui;li  iioili  llie  French  and"  English  kings  tcMily 
a  personal  part  in  it.  In  March,  Louis  and  Lux- 
embourL'.  laid  siege  to  .Mons.  the  capital  of 
Ilaiiiault.  whi'h  surn'ndcrcd  in  less  ian  three 
weeks.  King  Wiiliaiii.  wiio  was  in  llie  iieigh- 
boiirhoisl.  could  not  muster  surticient  troops  to 
venture  on  its  relief.     Nothing  further  of  inijior- 


'l"lilrM!i- 
II    Ibrr 


.7  r-.v, 


tanee  wan  done  in  this  iiiiarter,  and  the  i  iiiipuiKn 
In  <}ermany  wan  e<|Ualiy  n  blank,  iin  il„<i,|p 
of  I'lislmont,  Calinat  tisik  Nice.  Iml.  Imu.'i.ii 
fronleil  bv  miperior  nunilaTS,  was  Im,,!  tu 
evainate  Pledniont ;  though,  by  way  ol  i.irii|,ii 
nation,  he  completed  the  eon(|Uest'of  >ivmvI,v 
tlieeaptureof  Montmilisn.  Noailles  ^'liii,,!^,,,;, 
trilling  Huccessi's  In  Spain:  and  lli>  itlil.niii<l 
French  corsair.  .lean  Hart,  distiiigiii-ln  I  lilinwlt 
by  his  enterprises  at  sea.  (Mie  of  lIu  in.i,i  p 
niarkable  events  of  Ihe  year  was  i 
oceiirn-nce,  theileath  of  Louvois.  "  —  I 
JUKI,  of  Moilfrii  Hun>iif.  hk.  \  rh. 

Al.sii  IN.  F.  1".  (lulzot,  I'^ijiiiliir  lli.xi 
eh.  44(1-.  .1). 

A.  D.  itoa.— The  taking  of  Namur  and  the 
victory  of  Steinkirk.or  Steenkerlce.  Nivr 
perhaps  in  the  whole  coursi' of  his  unn-iini.'  )if,. 
were  the  energiis  of  William  [of  droiL''  |  iiinn 
severely  taxeil.  and  never ilid  his  gn  al  in  ril  in! 
intellectual  qualities  shine  forth  with  i  liri.'|i!rr 
lustre,  than  In  the  vears  l«l)2-!i;t  Th,  cna! 
victory  of  La  llogiie  (see  Emii..\nii:  A  li  IH'J.'I 
and  tlie  dcst  met  ion  of  the  tlowemf  ili^  I'rnuli 
fleet  ilid,  it  Is  true,  relii^ve  Engluiid  .if  ;iin  im 
mediate  dread  either  of  insurrection  i.r  iii\;Uinii 
and  so  far  the  pros|)ect  iH'fore  liiiii  lu  tjiiiriil  :i 
slight  improvement  towards  the  siiiiiiiii  r  "f  IW,' 
But  this  was  the  only  gh'iim  of  liu'lit  in  tin  li  ri 
Eon.  .  .  .  The  great  coalition  of  I'muitm  wliiih 
he  had  succeeded  in  forming  to  resist  tin  ami u 
tion  of  I^iiis  was  never  nean'rdissi>lutii>iiiliait  in 
the  spring  of  1»11(3.  The  Scandiniuiiii  stati- 
w ho  had  held  i.Usif  from  It  fn mi  the  lii-i,  «,r. 
now  rapidly  changing  the  bcnevoliiin  nf  tli.jr 
neutrality  into  something  not  easily  ili>tlii;ui.li 
able  from  lt.s  reverst-.  The  new  r.>|ir  liiiinnii' 
XU.  showed  himself  far  less  aiiiiralil\  .li^|lM.l.! 
biwards  William  tlian  bis  twopredir.  -  ir~  Tlj. 
dccn-plaide  of  Spain  and  the  arroL'.rii  -■  If  will 
of  Austria  were  displaying  tlieiiisilvi  s  m  n  nn 
spiiuoiisly  than  ever.  Savoy  was  inl.i!  In  .i 
iluke  who  was  more  than  half  siispei  t.  .1  ■(  l«  in. 
a  traitor.  .  .  .  William  did  siicee.  d  in  >.nir;.- 
the  h'agiie  from  ilissolulion.  and  in  ^i  iiihl'  tin;- 
armies  once  more  in'o  tlie  llclil.  Ilui  n  '  nn 
fortunately,  to  any  purpose.  Tlie  laiiiiiiji!  '1 
the  pH'sent  yi'ar  was  destined  to  repi  at  tl..  ,  rr  r- 
of  the  last,  and  these  errors  were  to  h.-  piiil  f.-r  i- 
a  heavier  cost.  .  .  .  The  Freiicli  kin.;  An-  l«  n' 
iiiwtn  the  capture  of  the  great  sir.  n.^lii'M  ■; 
Namur,  and  tlie  enemy,  as  in  the  c:t-i  .  f  Mti- 
weri!  tiM>  slow  in  their  movemeiils  at  I  !  "•  ini ' 
fective  in  their  dispositions  to  prevent  ii  ^ll^l.■ 
ing  to  tlie  assault  of  the  duDinrcl  ii'\.  wiili  i 
inagniticciice  of  courtly  pa^raiiir}  .shi.  Ii  lii'l 
never  Is'fore  Is'cn  witiies.sed  in  wai'ir  I.' ■!;- 
sat  down  before  Namur.  and  in  i  II'!.!  'liy-  i'- 
fainthearted  governor,  the  nominee  iJ  i;,.  >|'i:' 
ish  viceroy  of  tlie  N'etlierlands,  siiir  n.n  nl  :i' 
discretion.  Having  aecomplisheil.  it  t  .'li'  r  ln^ 
ing  graciously  condescended  to  w  itn' --  tin  u  ■ 
complishment  of  this  feat  of  arm-  l.ui-  r 
turned  to  Versailh'S,  leaving  his  ariii;.  i^iilirili' 
command  of  LiixemlMiiirg.  Tlie  I  i"  '  N  iinnr 
WHS  a  severe  blow  to  the  hopes  i.f  \\  :;:.  nn.  I';- 
yet  worsi'  disasters  were  in  slop'  I  r  l:iia  ili 
was  now  pitted  against  one  win.  ,:  ,  vnl  tin' 
reputation  of  tlie  greatesi  gen  .'al  nf  ::.  u''.  .'"'I 
William,  a  fair  but  by  no  im     is  lini!..!:t  -tnit.- 

gisi.    Wji.s  llile<|ll,ll    It*  lilt    t"..!,:.  -T   v.;-:.  :;..:- 

plished   adversary.      Luxenihtiur_'    I,      ii-trin 
kirk,  and  Williaiii  approadiiug  him  fr    a  i  |"*« 


12; 


FRANCE,  1«M. 


Campatgnt  in  tht 
tow  Countritt. 


KKANCE,  1«»3. 


"in|i«n 


Willi 

I  "'V 

hv-  i: 

,-  >\'i:- 

i<  rui  ;: 

.„,.,!  Umbeque,  opened  hU  atUck  upon  bim 
r.  te  *«n«l».il  "irprte  which  promUe.  .t 
L  w  h"w  the  French  army  InU.  complete 
fCer  Luxembourg'!  n-.our.-c  and  energv, 
S-.r  were  equal  to  the  emergency  lie 
»m«l  and  .ti-adlil  hi«  tr.«.p»  with  ..tonUl.  ng 
S  » "a  the  nature  of  the  ground  pn-ventlng 
Kl*     ron.  mlvanclng  a»  n.pl.  ly  u»  they  hua 

,  '    ,1  they  found  I umv  In  u  i«mture  to 

3  »m  The  HritWi  foreen  weni  n  the 
S  ."".nmnde,!  by  Count  Soln.en  the  d.vtaon 
f  Mwkiiv  II  niinii^  now  honouriil.U'  for  nmn> 
Irruli-H  in  Ihe  ..nnuls  "f  <;ont  nenl..  ,  no  le,« 
fhm  .f  S.otti»l>.  warfare,  leudu.g  tlie  wiiy.  | 
Til'  h. r>H's,  for  ho.  though  ...  yt  .mtri.'d  «..l-  , 
'lUrTtlHV  ,ipprov..l  tbeinmlve^  wer.'  to  have 
ta^',  ,i,ort..;i  byCounlS.ln.sw.tha  ^tror;; 
!      ot    uvalry  ...ul  Inlu  but  ,,t  the  .r  t^ 

,    n-Huent  he'failcl  the.     ...  ».  mbly.  .md  h  s   ; 
f  limMlnl.ledthefurtiim-.ii>f  llieday.   .   .   •    '.he 
l'     ,     «as   praetieally   annihilated,    _  Its   nve    j 
^I-  n  enN.  'f"' fn.  Ma.  kay  «.  A..;:..s  s.  (  nd.an.  », 
"„^     ,.„.n-s,all,'a,  Corpor.l   Tn...   relat.s  pa- 
rtinllv    ■cut  to  pi.«.,.  and  «.   had  the  hujs- 
h    Jfi-uuardH  W\n  U.<.  ha.l     t  ,.ot  l«rn  for 
,„„     ..'i.n.nt«on  the  risht,   who  n.ar.h..d  up 
I, Mlvtotheir  nli.'f,  ami  nnrived  the  ene.ny  s 
r,   i..  ih-ir  faces.  iH-for.'  any  on-'  of  th.'.r  own 
1„  msclis,:,arK.>d  a  .....sk.^t,'     H.tt.T  was    !..■   ! 
r      .Miti"  >!"■  KnKllsh  ar...y  at  tl.e  ,l"S,.rt,o„ 
7.  KM.  p'"^"'t  lr<'<'i>''  ''y  <'">"'l  •'••  ^"li,"'-*' "'" 
V  I  ....  t.'ave  vei.t  to  o.,e  of  his  n.re'  o..t  .urstsof 
;'!.r  ...  the  si«ht.      We  have  i.  ln.l.-.;l  on  tl.c 
uutl.»ritv i.lK.ve u.ioled -unin.p.-.ieh..  .1.  as  Brst- 
baml  tradition,  for  Sterne  h:id  he.ir.l  the  storj 
„t,l„.,,w:.r9.vt  the  k.i.TS  of  a.,  .-yewitness  of 
„„1  a. tor  in  th..u-that  the  King  'would  ijol 
«„lter  the  Count  to  come  into  his  presen.e  f..r 
„^  ,v ,„onthsaft.T. •    The ,le8tru.;tion of  Maek..y  s 
llivi»in.i  l.a.l  indeed  deci.!.'.!    the  issue  of  the 
strucL'le.    Luxembourg's  army  was  twing  rapi.ll} 
s,n.„^tl.en.d    bv  reinfore.ine.;ts    fron.    that  of 
BoutHefH.  and  there  w.is  nothing  for  it  bit  n- 
tniit     The  loss  on  both  sides  hiul  bi'en  great,  but 
thcm.md  elTeitof  the  victory  was  stdl  gri'iiter. 
Williiim'i  reput<itlon    for  generalship.    l)erhaps 
und.ilv  raised  by  bis  recent  exploits  in  Irelaiid, 
umlerwiiil  a  H.rious  decline.  —"■''•    ""'""• 
ira/.iNi  (      Third,  eh.  lU.— On  the  Hhine  and  on 
ih,.  Si.i«iiMi  fn)ntier  nothing  of  iniponaucc  oc-    i 
(urml  .l.irii.tf  189'.>.     The  D.ik.;  of  Suv..y  gaine.1   i 
«,„„■  uilviuitages  on  his  sid.-  and  invade.l  I>au- 
pliiuv.  wiilnmt  any  material  result.      Uie  mva-   i 
virai  .".llrd  int.)  action  a  young  heroine.  Mad.'niot- 
vll,.  a.-  La  Tour  .liil'in,  whose  portrait  has  a 
i.ia.r    at    Saint  Denis   bv   the   si.le   of    that  of 
.I.aim.  |i  An.— IL  Manin,  JIM.  ,if  Fraiwe  :  Aye 
..f /...".«  A7 1'.,  r.-i.  ,-h.  2.  ,     ™.    , 

'  .\i-o  in:  W.  H   Torriano,   William  the  Thinl. 

A  D.  1693  (July I.— The  Battle  of  Neerwin- 
den.orLanden.— ■  Liwishaiiilel.rinin.Hl  not  to 

i.iiiki'  :111V  a.lvanie  towanls  a  r.'Conciliation  with 
111,'  iKvv';.'o\ eminent  of  Kngland  till  the  wholi' 
nn  .iirili  (if  his  ri'aliii  ha.l  bi-en  put  forth  in  one 
ni'Tc.  ir.rt.  A  n.iu'hlvelTort  in  truth  it  was.  but 
io..i\li.iuslim;  to  1k'  r<"pealed.  lie  niii.l.'  an  iin- 
in.  iiM'  .li'-pliiv  of  fore.'  at  once  on  the  I'yri'n.'c.-. 
.iivl  y>n  Ih.  .Vlps.  on  the  Uliine  and  on  the  .Mi'use. 
ill  til.-  .\il:.iiti.-  and  in  the  Mediterranean.  That 
n-'i:i:- :::;-!:■  !  v  w-ti!<ins  wiiieh  iiis!.!  excitc  the 
inani:il  :.nl.iiir  .if  a  nation  enunently  high-spir- 
ittd,  he  instituted,  u  few  days  before  he  left  his 


nalace  for  the  camp,  a  new   mlllt*rjr  order  of 
knlghtho<Kl.  and  plac-ed  It  under  the  protection 
of   his  .)wn  salnleil  anceator  and  patron.      The 
croM  of  Saint  Lewis  .hone  on  the  breaaU  of  the 
gentlemen   who   ha.1    been  conspicuous  In   the 
tnnch..s  Uforc  Mon.  and  Namur.  "jo'l  «">  «^ 
flel.ls..f  FleurusandStelnklrk.  .  .  .  Onthomh 
uf  May  U^wis  l.ft  Versailles,     harly  In  June  be 
wiw  .i.i.l.'r  the  walls  of  Namur.     -Tbc  F:'  ncewiej, 
who   ba.l    accompanl.-d   him,    held   their  court 
within  the  fortress,     lie  tiH.k  un.ler  Ids  Imiupdl- 
at.'  command  the  army  of  B.)Ulll.rs,  which  was 
.•ncamiK^^.1  at  (}..mbl..ux.     Little     ...r.'  tbana  mile 
„IT  lay  the  army  ..f  Luxemburg.      FIk'  force  coi- 
l.'.te.l  in  that  n.lghlKn.rh.Kjil  un.l.r  thetrencll 
lilies  did  n.it  ain..unt  to  less  than   r.'O.jWO  men. 
Lewis  l.a.1  llatl.re.1  hims.lt  that  heshould  b.:  able 
ti.  niM-at  in  l(IU;l  the  stnitag.'ni  bv  which  Mons 
lia.l  iH  .11  tak.Mi  in  IBltl  an.l  Namur  in  1«W;  an.l  be 
''    ha.l  ,l(.t.rmiii..l    that    .illur    Liege   ..r    Hrussils 
j   sh.i.il.l  !«■  his  pr.'V.     Hut  William  ha.l  this  y.ar 
I    U-.  n  able  t..  a».'in"bl.'  in  u'.shI  time  a  f.ir.-.-,  inferi.ir 
I    in,l.c.l  t.i  that   whi.li  »iw  opp.is.il  t.i  bini,  Init 
!   still  formi.lalile.      Will,  this  f.ire.'  h.'  t.Hik  Ins 
i    |«.st  near  lAUivain,  on  the  roa.l  Utween  the  two 
1    tliri'iitem-il  .  ities,  ami  watclie.l  ev.Ty  movement 
„f    the  .iiemv.   .   .  .  Juxt   at    this   .•onjuiicture 
1    Liwis  ann.iun.-.'.l  bisintenti..ii  l.i  return  instiiiitlv 
i    t.i  Vi'rsailles,  an.l  to  s.Mi.1  the  |);iU|>hin  an.l  Bouf- 
;   ilirs   with  part  .if  the  army  whieli  was  n«».m- 
i   l.lcl'  mar  Nai...ir.  t.i  J.iiu  Marshal  Lorges  who 
i   .■.immiuide.l  in  the  Palatinate.     Luxemburg  was 
thumlerstruck.       II.'    expostulate.1    b.ildly    and 
I   .arnestlv.     Never,  he  siii.l.  was  suili  an  oppor- 
tuuity  tLrown  away.  .  .  .  The  Marshal  reasoned: 
h.'  implore.l:  he  w.nt  on  his  knees:  but  all  was 
vain;  an.l  he  q'-itted  the  royal  nresince  in  the 
deepest  dejection.     U'wis  left  the  camp  a  week 
after  be  ha.!  joined  it.  and  never  afterwarils  mmlo 
war  in  person.  .  .  .  Though  the  K.euch  army  In 
the  Netherlanils  had  Ik'cii  weakened  by  the  de- 
partur-  of  the  forces  comnmmled  by  the  Uau. 
iliin  and  Uoufflers.  anil  th.iugh  the  nllie<l  ijrmy 
was  daily  stn-ngthem-.!  by  the  arrival  of  fresh 
troops,    Luxemburg  still   had  a  8ui>erl..rity  of 


troops,     ijuiemui.i);    n...      ......   •.       -I        ,    ,  '   „„ 

force;  and  that  superionty  he  increiLsed  by  an 
adroit  straUigem.  "     He  aticceed.d  by  a  feint  in 
inducing  William  to  detach  'iO.OOO  men  from  his 
army  and  tosi-ml  them  to  Liege,     lie  then  moved 
sudilenlv  upiin  the  cninp  of  Ih.'  allies,  with  W,- 
(MK)  men"  an.l  fouml  but  .V).O(H)  to  opp.ise  liim. 
■  It  was  still  in  the  [English]  Kings  power  by  a 
busty  n-'ri'at,  t.,  put  between  his  army  im.l  tbc 
emniy  the  narrow,  but  il.e|  ,  waters  of  the  (ictte, 
which  bad  lately  l.e.n  sw.iUen  by  raiii-i.     But  the 
site  which  be  (H.-cupied  was  strong;  an.l  it  could 
ca,.ily  be  inaile  still  stmiiger.      lie   set  all   h  s 
tr.».ps  to   work.       Hitches   were   ,lug.    mounds 
tbr.iwn  up.  palisa.l.s  tix.'.l  in  the  eartli.      In  a 
f.'W  h.iurs  the  gni.in.l  wore  a  new  aspect;  ami 
til.'  King  trtist.'.l  that  he  sbo.il.l  b.'  able  to  repel 
the  attack  even  of  a  f.irce  greatly  outnumlH'ring 
Ills  own  .   On  tlie  left  Hank,  the  village  of 

l{.ims.lortt  r.iM'  .l.ise  to  the  litth'  stn-ain  .if  Lan- 
,1,11  --..IM  wuich  the  Knglisli  have  nai.ie.l  the 
•  lisasti.  .IS  .lav.  On  the  ri.ght  was  the  village 
„f  N,rrwiml.'"n.  li.'th  villages  were,  after  the 
faslii.in  of  the  Low  C.iuntries.  surroumle.l  Dy 
inoatsaml  fences.'  .NotwithsUinding  the  strength 
,.f  th.'  p.)siti.m  hel.l  by  the  allies,  ami  the  val.ir 
with  which  they  defemli'd  it.  they  wer.'  .Iriven 
mil  ot  Neerwiii.ien  f.Iuiy  29)  —  but  ,,r.ly  afar 
the  shattered  \illage  had  been  five  times  taken 


II 

1 

^^HsH 

ij, 

\i 

1^  ^wim  i^^Pk^rMIH 

1273 


:  ui  ,* 


i  i^' 


KHANCE,  1(»3 


ftatlUs  ftn 
htmi  ami  S99 


KHANCE,   IflM 


i  'iii 

1  .  ;•!  il 
■All 


■t  ■  !  .  ;  I 


!^M^ 


m^ 


I  Mi 


imy:\ 


i,  .'i' 


■*    ' 


I 


•ml  n'titkrn  —  ami  niniiM  llic  (ii'tic,  in  riinfiiitlim 
anil  with  licttvy  Iimii  "Tlif  Kn-mii  witi-  vir- 
Uirioiia:  but  tliiv  liiul  iNiiiKlit  tliiir  viclory  iliiir. 
More  tlien  IO.iM)i)i>r  tin'  Ix'at  lnK>|Mi>f  Ij-wIkIihiI 
fuliun.  NiiTwiiiiiiMi  wiw  II  ii|H'i'tH('li'  itt  wliicli 
till'  oiliest  wililii'm  kIimkI  ii)(lmiit.  Tlir  ulnilH 
wen'  piicil  i)rt'aiit  iii);ii  witii  inrpni'ii  Anionir 
tilt'  itliiln  wiTt'  winie  gwat  InniH  ami  mini)'  n' 
niiwni'd  wiirrlcipt.  .  .  .  Tin'  r«Kii>n,  nnowmii  114 
till'  Imtlic  (liiil.  liiriiiitcii  miiny  iKi'*.  nf  'In'  Kniit- 
v*\  iMiu'tm  iif  K.iini|M',  iiiin  seen  oniy  two  mon? 
Iirrlliii'  iliiyn,  llu'  iliivnf  Malpiinnn't  iinil  tln'ii»y 
(if  WiilirliHi.  .  .  'I'lnri' wiiHno  piimiiil.  tiiiiiiKn 
tin' Hiin  wiiH  mill  lili;ii  in  tiii>  Ih'iiviii  when  Wil- 
liam criww'il  111!'  Oith'  Till'  I'liniiin'riiiii  wrrr  w) 
miu'li  I'Xliaiiiili'ii  liv  niarclilnii;  ami  tiKlitInK  Unit 
tin'V  (oiilil  iMiimly  niovi'.  .  .  .  \  viry  slmrl 
ililav  was  onoiiiii'i  for  William.  ,  .  Tlirro 
wi'i'kn  aflir  liix  ilifiat  he  Inlil  a  review  a  few 
niiieii  from  Urinwelit.  Tlie  niimlier  of  men  nniler 
arniH  waa  (fnatcr  than  on  the  morning  of  the 
iiliHuly  ilay  of  Ijimlen:  tln'ir  apfu'iirunce  was 
siiiilierlike;  anil  tlnir  »|>irit  mn-med  unbroken. 
William  now  wrote  to  lleinfiiiiH  that  the  worHt 
was  over.  'Till' irisin,' he  miid.  '  Ima  iH-en  a  ler- 
ribie  one.  Thank  (IimI  tliat  it  hita  ended  tliUH. ' 
Ho  did  not.  however,  think  it  prudent  to  try  at 
that  time  the  event  of  another  pilehed  Held.  He 
Iheri'fore  sulTeri'd  the  French  to  iK'siegeand  take 
v'iuirleroi;  and  tlii.s  was  tiie  only  advaiilatje 
whieh  they  ilirlveil  from  the  most  sanKuinary 
battle  fou^'lit  in  Kiirope  diiriinf  the  wventeentli 
century.  "— Lord  .Maiaulay.  //iV.  ./  Kiij.,  rh.  •.'() 
(r  4). 

Ai.ro  IN:  (i.  Hiirnit.  Jlint  •'t.V;/  Oien  Tiiiit, 
M-.  .')(ltli»;i).  r.  4.  — Due  de  Saint  Simon.  .Vrimiiri 
{Ir.  hy  SI.  .l„Uii\.  r.  1.  rh.  4. 

A.  D.  1693  (October).— Defeat  of  the  Duke 
of  Savoy  at  Marsaglia.— '  The  trnat  ellorls 
made  liy  l-oiiis  in  the  north  preiented  him  from 
KtrenKllieniiiir  the  army  of  t'atinat  sutlleiently  to 
act  with  enerjry  nKuins't  tin-  Savoyard  prinee,  and 
it  was  deiermmeil  to  rt'striet  the  campaign  of 
1693  to  tiie  defensive  on  the  part  of  France.  The 
forces  of  tile  duke  had  in  liie  meantime  Iwn  «■■ 
inforceii  from  Oerniariy.  and  he  opcneil  the  cam- 
paign with  a  brilliant  and  successful  movement 
B)tainst  l'i(^neri)l.  ,  .  .  He  is  said  to  have  enter- 
tained liopes  of  carrying  the  war  in  tiiat  one  cam- 
paign to  tlie  very  gates  of  l.vons;  liut  the  siic- 
cisses  whidi  inspired  him  willi  such  expectations 
alarmed  the  court  of  France,  and  Louis  detaclied 
in  haste  a  large  bisly  of  cavalry  to  reinforce 
Catinat.  Thai  genemi  inarched  at  once  to  light 
tlie  Duke  of  Savoy,  who.  presuming  on  his 
Btrength.  sulTiTcd  tile  French  to  pour  out  fmm 
the  valley  of  Suza  into  tlie  plain  of  Piedmont, 
abandoned  the  hiiglits,  and  was  conseipiently 
defeated  at  Marsaglia  on  tlie  4lh  of  OcIoIht. 
Catinat.  Iiowever,  could  not  pnifit  by  his  victory ; 
he  was  tiK)  ill  supplied  in  every  respect  to  under- 
take the  siege  of  Coni,  and  the  state  of  the  Fnnch 
armies  at  this  time  marks  as  plainly  that  Louvois 
was  dcaii,  as  the  state  of  the  finances  speaks  the 
I0S.S  of  c.lhert  ■•— G.  R  K.  James,  Life  and 
Timea  „f  l..,:iU  XI\'.,  r.  'i,  eh.  II. 

A.  D.  1694.— Campaigns  without  battles.— 
Operations  at  sea.—  In  1«U4.  King  William  was 
"m  a  position  to  keep  an  army  afoot  in  the 
Netherlands  stronger  than  any  liad  hitherto  Ix-en. 
It  was  reckoned  at  Ai.y.im  h..r«-.  luiiu.liiig  a 
corps  of  dragoons,  and  58.000  foot;  so  gnat  a 
force  had  never  been  seen  within  the  memory  of 


vl 


man  All  the  hmt-knnwn  generuU 
hitlierto  taken  part  In  the  wars  of 
Kuro|M',  wen'  ga'ht'n'd  mund  him  win,  ||„.',J 
troops  Till'  French  army,  with  HJiiih  iii.  I), 
|>liln,  but  not  the  King,  was  pn-si m  »,,  „,,, 
niuih  mnnller:  il  was  onre  more  led  In  \|,ir-ij,i 
l.u.<emlN>iirg.  Tlie«4i  two  hosts  lay  ..v.  r  iil;  liiw 
one  another  In  theircninps  for  a  couph  nf  innntt,, 
iieitherolTeretl  liallle  totheotliir    .  i'ln,,  m/ 

paign  Is  notjible  In  the  annals  of  tin'  ,irt  ,,f  » .r 
for  the  skill  with  which  each  fon  !■  imrMiiil  .- 
evadiit  the  other;  but  the  nsiills  »i  n-  liiniinl '., 
till'  n'covery  by  the  ailh'S  of  tlnit  iiriiMi|„,n  ,1  • 
lilace.  Hiiv.  William  liail  thougiit  hiin..  ||  f.,, 
Innate  In  fiaviiig  come  out  of  tiie  pn  vif.i;^  im, 
IMiIgn  without  ilisaHler:  in  this  1  aiii|i  ol-ii  iI,' 
French  wen-  proud  to  liave  held  III.  ir  lin.,  in 
prrwiKT  of  a  MU|H'rlor  fone  On  tlie  i,,,,t  ^u, 
the  Fn'Uch  wen'  successful  in  niii  llini;  ;i  i,,..,,. 
vehement  and  |H'rl|ous  attack  Tiny  liul  I.,,, 
wariieil  that  the  Knglisli  wen'  gniiuf  t.if.ill  .^ 
Bn-st,  and  Vaulwn  wils  wnl  down  tin  n  in  1, 1,1, 
to  organise  the  defence ;  and  in  tliis  he  »  i^  i|,  r 
oughly  successful.  When  Hie  Kiii,'li«h  liii  i  I 
on  the  coast  In  C'amaret  Hay  (for  I  lie  fori  if  iImi 
name  had  first  to  Iw  takeni'lhey  were  »uliii.  il  ly 
two  iNdterles,  which  tliey  hail  niMr  ilitiii,.i, 
and  which  v.en-  so  well  placed  tlmt  ivi  rv  ^ll.  t 
told,  and  the  gra|M'-sliot  wounded  al?n■l^^l^  :v 
man  wlio  hiui  ventureil  aslion'.  'Ihe  t'lllmi 
Oeiienil,  Talmash,  was  also  hit,  and  ere  I..11:;  ,|;,  | 
of  his  wiiunds.  The  Kiigli«h  licit,  whiili  lid 
come  to  iKimbanI  Brest,  was  ii-ulf  liniiilMr,|..l 
from  the  walls.  But  though  this  gn  ;it  ii[.,r 
failed,  the  Knglisli  flift  still  held  the  tiiiiMi  r>  ..f 
theChannel:  it  also  blmkaded  tlienoriln  nn  iiv't 
of  Fmnce.  After  Bn'st  it  attacknl  Diipp.  Ir. 
ing  it  almost  entinly  in  ashes;  tliim  c  h  viiL  .1 1,, 
llavn'.  and  St.  .Miilo.  to  Calais,  and  Knukirk 
This  was  of  gn'at  use  in  the  condui  t  of  llu  «  ,1 

King  William  obsirvcs  that  had  not  tin c-s 

lieen  kept  In  a  stjite  of  alarm,  all  tlie  f 


tained  tlienr  for  defensive  purposes  \\\ 
b<s'n  thniwn  on  the  Nelherlaiul'i  . 
most  important  result  of  the  niariiiini' 
on  another  siile.  In  May,  |iiU4,  Noailli 
into  Catalonia,  supported  by  TourviUc, 
at  anchor  with  tiie  fleet  in  the  Uiy  . 
...  It  was  of  Incalculable  imporiaiii v 
to   Ih.'  in   alliance   with   the   inaritii'^ 


Strengthened  by  a  Dutch  fleet  and  soin 
ships.    Admiral    |{us.s<'!l   now 


'll.l   il;u.' 
llllt  111.' 

unr  i:o 

s  |.„.l,. :! 

Ull.t  l,iV 

f  Unv,; 

I...S|.iii; 
powi  r-i. 
"^p.iril-li 
appi'.iroi  ill  til-' 
Mediterranean.  He  secun'd  Han  ilon  1  fniii  llu 
French,  who  would  never  have  bun  Ui  pi  .m  ,if 
the  city  by  the  Spanianls  alone  'llu-  npiiriii li 
of  the  English  fleet  had  at  tliis  lime  llu-  ;:n,iii-' 
influence  In  keeping  the  Duke  of  Savcv  ^laiui  h 
to  the  confeih'ration.  In  Oerniaiiy  Ihe  ri-i-  nf  tin- 
hous<i  of  Hanover  to  the  Electoral  ilijiiily  lu! 
now  caused  most  unplea.sant  coinplii  ai  n-.  .\ 
shoal  of  Oerman  princes,  headed  by  tin  KiiiL"'f 
Denmark,  asa  I'rince  of  the  Empin'",  anl  •.iTi  iil -i 
by  tlie  pn'fen'nce  shown  to  Haii"Vcr.  im  liii'il.  il 
not  to  alliance  with  France,  at  least  to  m  lunlii.v 
.  .  .  Wo  can  have  no  conception,  aii.l  ia  i!i;' 
piao-  we  cannot  poasiblv  invesligale.  ui'li  win'- 
unbniken  watchfulness  King  Williain,  supp'ri"! 
by  Heinsiiis,  l(M)ked  after  tlie  (iiriuaii  in  1  ilu' 
Northern  courts,  so  a-s  to  keep  tin  ir  irrilati"ii 
from  reacting  on  tlic  course  of  the  gnat  w  ir 
When  the  French,  in  June,  liti#*.  iM>^r'i  :ii'- 
Khine,  meaning,  as  they  boa.sted  with  irii  lialiii: 
arrogance,  soon  to  dip  tlieir. swords  in  l!i'  Hauubt, 


1274 


FRANCK.  lew. 


Fimn  <i/  Rutttrk 


FRANCE,  IM7. 


|k(T  (nund  the  Prince  of  Hwliii  m<  well  prrp«rt<l. 
«{  n»u-l  •»  •tri.iiKly  u.it  Wl«lm•l^  llmt  tlicy 
dM  not  venture  t<>  »nmk  lilm.  The  K»;n<riil 

w,ulli»llil«:  nc'ithiT  Mv  vw>  m  >ft  n-iilly  mi 
-,ri..rl"  tlw  """f;  '""  "'"  ••'••""'''  P"W'r»»" 
Mfrvwliire  th»<  k.il  Riwl  liiM  within  l"nin.l«  liy 
,h,.inii««na  Inll.irmv  of  William  HI,'-!'   )■"' 

''ad  i6o5-i«9«.— Tht  end  of  the  War  of 
litLcMU*  of  Augtburj.-LOM  of  Namur.- 
Ttraii  with  S«»oy.-Tht  Peace  of  Ryiwick. 

-■•Mililury  »ncl  naval  ilT<irt»  wirr  nliixrd  im 
•lUiilr.    iinllje  Hliini'tlir  IMmo  i)f  llmlin  iiml 
IbfMamlittI  (Ic  lA.rifM.  lH>tli  ill  In  Innltli,  ili.l 
mil,,  but  olHierve  itmIi  otiiir,  iinil  IImhikIi  tin' 
Duk.  .if  Siivoy  miiilo  lilmwif  iniiHiir  of  Ciiiuil  on 
the  mil  July.  ""••V  nil  otlitT  niilitnrv  cvriit  of 
uiv  (imsiciiK'mf  totili  plan'  on  llic  itlilr  of  lt>ily, 
wbire  I^'uU  rntrrcd  Into  m'(foiiution»  wltli  llif 
Juke  anil  imn.HHlwl,  In  the  following  y.nir.  In 
(Iftadiinir  liim  fMin  the  li'«nue  of  A»K»liiir(;.     A» 
the  Drier  of  lil«  'li'ffi'tion  llir  wliole  of  IiIh  tcrri 
toriM  «.n-  to  !»■  r...tor.-il  to  l.lm.  with  tli.' .x 
ceptlim  "f  Huza.   Nitv.  ami  Montmcillan,  which 
were  promijMKl  to  Im>  ilcllvcrcil  alwi  on  thi!  Hiisna 
lurp  nf  a  KiMu  «1  pr«<T,     Monrv  wiw  ailiU'il  to 
remlir  the  ciinscnt  of  n  nct-dy  prliiif  inori'  niidy. 
Till' iliikf  proniim'il  to  olitnin  from  llir  f-ni 
wnirii  pIcilK'c  llmt  Italy  should  1m- coniildiTcil  as 
Ufiilnil  iTMUiid,  and  if  the  allies  n'fuseil  sueh  n 
rlHlgr.  then  to  Join  the  forces  of  Savoy  to  Ihow 
o(  Kraiire.  and  give  a  free  passime  U  the  hreneli 
tliroiicli  Ills  dominions.     In  consiiiuenci'  of  tills 
tttnif  he  applied  to  the  emperor  for  a  rec- 

oeniiUmof  the   neutrality  of  Italy,  and  was  re- 
luseil      lie  then  liaiit.Mie(l,  with  »  facility  whii  h 
(lisliiiKiiisliiil  him  through  life,  to  almndim   Ills 
frii-n.l*  und   join  his  enemies,   and    -.vithin   one 
m<.iilli  was    generaliwimo   for   tiie   ein|Hr(ir   In 
Italy  tiL'hling  apainst  Frami'.  and  KenendiHsimo 
for'tlie  KiiiR  of  Kniiice  in  Italy  tiKlitiiiK  against 
the  iMiip. Tor.     Previous  to  tills  change,  however. 
the  Kinjt  "f  Kn),'land  oiiened  the  campaign  of 
ISM  ill  tlie  Ni'therlands  by  the  siepe  of  Namiir. 
ThiMlnilli  of  I.uxemlmrg  Iiad  place<l  the  French 
tmy  of  Kliinders  under  the  command  of  the  in- 
rapalili'  Marshal  Villerol;  and  William,   feelinit 
tliat  liis  enemy  was  no  longer  to  lie  niucli  re- 
(pcftcii.   ttssiin'ii'd    at  once   the   olTensive.       He 
coDaaliil  Ills  design  upon  Samiir  iindir  a  variety 
of  maiiauvres  which  kept  the  Kn'ncli  generals 
in  susiMiise;  and.  then   leavlns   the    Prince  of 
Vaucltinoiit  ti>    protect  the    principal    Mpanisli 
toirns  in  Flanders,  he  collected  his  Irisips  .  ud- 
denly;  and  wliile  the  Uuie  of  Bavaria  Invested 
Saraur.  he  coverwl  the  operations  of  the  siege 
with  a  considerable   force.     VilliToi  now  deter- 
miutii  to  attack  tlie  Prince  of  Vaudemont.  but 
twice  siiflired  him  to  e8<«pe;  and  thi'ii.   after 
having  api)iirentiv  hesitated  for  some  time  liow 
to  ilrivc  or  draw  ih.   Kinjf  of  Kngland  frimi  the 
attack  upon  Nairn       ■■<•  resolved  to  iMimiiard  the 
dlv  iif  linisaels,  nc^.r  pretending  to  iR'siefre  it. 
but  ali.iriu(t  as  his  motive    for  ft    proceedintf 
which  w:is  merely  destructive,  the  iMimbBnlnienl 
of  till-  iiiaritime  towns  of  France  by  tlie  EnjiHsli. 
Duriug  ihne  days  he  tontinued  tci  tire  upon  tlie 
city,  ruiniiu;  a  great  part  thereof,  and  thi'U  witli- 
ilrew  t'i  witness  the  surrender  of  the  citadel  of 
Niimiir  "P.  the  ?nd  8e;<teitil>er,  the  town   itself 
having  iiipitidateil  on  the  4th  of  the  preceding 
mimtli     .Vs  some  compensation,  though   but  a 


|MN>r  one,  for  the  Ions  of  N'amiir,  and  the  disgrace 
of  ilw  FriiK  h  arms  In  sulTerlng  such  a  city  lo  lie 
captured  In  tlie  pnMtice  of  wt.tniit  men.  MonUil 
tisik  IHimuile  and  Deynx' In  tliecour«<'of  June. 
.  The  only  after  event  of  any  ini|Mirt»iice 
which  iMcum'd  In  Flanders  during  this  war,  w»» 
the  caplimi  of  Ath  by  Hie  French,  In  the  year 
1I1U7.  while  negotiations  for  |Mace  were  going  on 
with  Bctiviiy  at  liyswick.  .  .  .  Hegular  com- 
muiiiralions  nganling  peace  having  U'cn  omc 
cstalillslud,  Uyswick.  near  tlie  Hague,  was  «p- 
poiiitcil  for  the  meeting  of  pleiiipotenliaries;  and 
llarlav,  Tr.rci,  and  Callifres  aplKare.1  at  that 
place  as  ripresentatives  of  Ijiuis.  The  arth  lis 
which  hail  iM'in  formerly  sketched  out  at  I'lrccht 
formid  the  base  of  tlii'  Ireallis  now  agreed  iiimii; 
liiid  Louis  viilded  far  iiion-  llian  could  liave  lieeii 
exiM'cled  from  one  so  pMiid  and  »<i  successful  " 
— (I,  P.  H.  .lames.  I.it'r  fiwt  Tiiiumf  l/iiiiHXlV , 
r  ■.'.  rh.  \\ 

Al.solN  T.  11  Dyer,  lli>t.  <'f  Mixlrrn  h.nmitf. 
r  ;).  rh  .'>.— Slr.l.  Ualrymple,  .Viiin'trt  of  (irait 
HriUiiii  mill  Irrlaiiil.  pt.  A.  hk.  4  ir.  «) 

A.  D.  1697  (April).— The  aackine  of  Cartha- 
rena.     S<e  ('.MtTiiAiiK.NA:  A    I)    ltl&7. 

A.  D.  1697.— The  Peaceof  Ryawick.— "The 
Congress  for  the  treaty  or  siTies  of  treaties  that 
was  to  terminate  the  great  Kuropean  war.  whldi 
liad  now  lasted  for  upwards  of  nine  years.  wa» 
held   at   Uyswick.  a  clidteau   near  the   Hague. 
!   The  conferences   were  opened    in    May,    U1U7. 
Among  the  countries  reprewnted  were  Sweden, 
Austria.  Fnime.  Spain.  Kngland.  Holland.  Den- 
mark ami  tlie  various  States  of  tlie  (lerman  Em- 
pire.     The  treaties  were    signed,  in  siveralty, 
Islween  the  ditTenmt  Suites,  except  Austria,  in 
S<-ptemlier  and  Octolier,  1«»7,  and  with  the  Kni- 
peror,  in  XovemlH'r.     The  principal  features  of 
the  treaty  were,  as  Is-tween  France   and  Spain, 
that,  the'former  country  was  to  deliver  lo  Spain 
Harcelona,  and  other   places    in   Calaloiiia;  also 
various  places  which  France   had  taken  in  tlic 
Spanisli  Netherlanils,  during  the  war,  including 
Luximlsiurg  and  its  Duchy,  CharlcMi,  Monsand 
Cotirtral.     Variiua  others  were  excepted,  to  lie 
n-talned  by   France,  as  dependencies  of  French 
posses-sions.      The    primipal  stipulations  of  tliu 
tn'aty,  as  between   France   and   Great    Hritaiu, 
wcrt^  that   France  formally   recognized  William 
111.  as  lawful  king  of  (Jreat  Britain,  and  agreed 
not  to  trouble  liiiii  in  the  possi'ssion  of  his  do- 
minions, and  nut  to  assist  his  enemies,  directly 
or  iudirecliv.     This  article  had  particular  rela- 
tiim  to  the  partisans  of  the  exiled  Stuart  king, 
then  living  in  France.     By  another  article,  all 
places  taken  by  either  country  in  Ann  lica,  dur- 
ing the  war.   were  to  lie  relinquished,   and  the 
I'rincipality  of  Oninire  and  its  estates  situatinl  in 
till'  south  of  France  were  to  lie  restored  to  Wil- 
liam.    In  tlie  treaty  with  Holland,  certain  Dos- 
s<s.sions  in  tiie  Eastlndies  were  to  be  restored  to 
the  Dutch  Kast  India  Company:  and  important 
articles  of    commerce    were    appended,    among 
whiih   the  principle  was  laid  down  that   free 
ships  should  make  free  gwKls,  not  contraband 
of  war.     By  the  treaty  with  the  Emp'Mr  and 
the  Clerman  States,  the  Treaties  of  \\estphalia 
and  N'ymeguen  were  recognized  as  tlie  basis  of 
the   Treaty   of  Uyswick.   with  such  exceptions 
only  as  were  to  be  provided  In  the  latter  treaty. 
France  also  was  to  give  up  all  territory  she  had 
iK-cupicti  or  coulrolled  iR-Iore  or  during  the  waf 
under  the  name  of  '  reunions,'  outside  of  Alsace, 


li 


I     '  lii'    •  I 


M 


KRANCK.   l«»7 


numt  a/ 
tlu  CamlmrtU 


FRASCK.  ITM-ITIO 


but  the  Rnmitn  C'»th<)llr  rrllKlun  wm  to  bo  pi* 
■rrred  In  Almrv  M  It  tlwn  mUlnl.  ThU  r<in 
ccMlon  lijr  Kmni-o  Ini'luiliit  «iiiiiii(r  irtlwr  |iI»«t» 
Fri'iliuri;.  Hrlimrli.  *iul  Tn'V.'«i  miil  irrtalii  rr« 
Utulluiiii  wrri'  til  Im-  mwli'  liy  Krniiri'.  U'  (itviir  of 
8plrr.  tlw  Elwtiint  •>(  Tri-v.ii,  itml  llntiiilfnlitirK 
*nd  tlu-  I'ltlatiiinti' .  nUi,  hiIhtii  in  favor  i>f  rrr 
t«ln  of  tlir  •iiutlliT  Ocrninii  l'rln<i«.  Tlic  city  of 
HtnwliiirK,  In  rrtuni,  wan  forniiill)  ci'drd  to 
Kritnci',  .  anil  tlii'  tni|H>rtiint  fort  of  Kilil  wu 
vli'lil^l  to  till'  Kniplnv  Tlif  niivlgiitlon  of  llin 
Uhlni'  wiw  to  ;h'  fric  to  nil  pir!uin«  Tlw  Ituki- 
of  j^irriiiiii'  wilt  I"  Iw  nilonil  to  hU  pmui'iuioiia 
witb  miiii  itnplliiiin  »•  »iri>  provliltil  In  tin' 
tri'nly  Hy  tin-  Iitmik  of  thlx  tnnly.  u  niori'  ml 
vunliiKioiiit  priiii'  W!i»  ({iviii  lo  Hpuin  tliiin  »ln' 
liiiil  liny  i«p>i  iHlion  of  .  .  Not  oiily  »iri'  llif 
pliKvi  tiiki'U  In  Spiiln.  Iniiiiillni;  llir  niinnroii* 
forlllliil  pliini  In  t'litiiloniii.  virliliil  up,  Imt  iiWi. 
Willi  Hoini'  I Airplloiit,  lliii-.r  in  till'  Spiiniitli  Ni Hi- 
rrlinili.  iiml  aUo  ilir  lni|Mirliii't  lirrilort  of  l.iix 
••inlKinn;.  Honii'  plain  wi  rr  imii  \irliliil  lo 
Spain  that  Kraini'  iiiul  iraiiiiil  iiiiil.r  fornur 
ir.iilli'.  — .1  W  (iiraril,  77..  /'..<■.■  ./  ll,;M. 
eh  4  —  "  Till'  p  xlilnliiMit  iin.l  n  haIoiih  [fniiii 
FriiiKi'  111  (liriii  my  I  riiiuprlwii  Trini,  (liTincrs 
liiliii,  l»iii\  I'onli',  Viiiliiil/..  MiinllKliaril.  Kiiil. 
t'niliiirir.  Ilni-unii,  I'lillippHlmrif.  tin'  Kinpirur 
ainl  llii-  Kriipirr  niiiii^'  in  <xiiiaiii,'r  Slriisiioiirif 
lo  tlif  Kinifipf  FraiHi'  in  loinplitr  wm  rrimily, 
.  LotiiH  XIV.  hail  roiiM'iit.'.l  Honii'wiiat  (o  ri- 
lax  111!'  riiiiT  of  111.'  tnatv  of  NiiniKiirii  lowanlH 
llir  iiiir  of  lln'  l>ii(iiy  of  I.i.riaiiu-.  nrpli.wof  llii' 
:'ni|Mror  by  liit  inoilnr;  lir  rr»toriil  In  tlii'  yoniiK 
Uuiii'  U'lipolil  lii't  iiilirrilaiii'i'  in  llii'  romiitiiin 
In  wliiiii  lliarliH  IV  liail  p..-»issi-(l  it  iMf.in'  tlu' 
Kr.  mil  ionipir«l  of  IHTO,  tlnil  is  to  wiy,  lif  re 
ittori'.|  Nam  y.  iilloniiiK  only  tlii'  ninipiftH  of  tlic 
(l|i|  Tovvii  III  ri'iiiuin,  anil  raicini;  all  tin'  ri'Kt  of 
tlir  forllliialions  «itliouttlH'  |kiiv.t  of  n'storlni? 
tlicni;  111'  lii'pt    Marsiii,  an  int.  place  ralin 

lati'il  to  liolil  [^.orraine  iniiiiik,  mil  almi  Sarrr 
Lonii,  n  frontier  piaci'  wliiiii  wparatiil  Ijirraini' 
from  till'  (Irnnanlr  proviniiv*;  lie  nulonil  liilrlie 
aoil  lloniliiiri;  ilisinanlleil,  witliont  |Hiwer  to  re 
(hitaliliHli  till  III.  ami  kept  I.iiiiKH'y  in  exiiianue 
for  a  i.iinain  of  niinilar  value  in  one  of  tlieTr.iS' 
Kvdelies;  llnally,  lie  no  loii^r  ileiiiaudeil,  as  at 
Nlmeisuen,  four  nfeal  Htratetfie  nintes  tliron^'li 
i/irraiiie,  anil  i  nnsenteit  tliat  the  pas.su);e  shoiilil 
always  Ih.'  open  to  his  tr.Hips.  The  lIoiiHV  of 
Lorraine  was  thus  refstalilisheil  in  Its  estates 
after  twenty  siven  years  of  exile," — II  .Martin. 
Hint.  ./  t'nmre  :  .lyV  "f  l.'"ii»  XI  I',  r.  '.'.  fh.  i 

Also  IN;  L.  von  Itaiike.  //('^^  "f  /Cnf/..  IT/A 
C'lil'iri/.  I'k.  'JO.  rh.  II  i.v  .'o.  — S.'e.  also,  C.VSAIU; 
A.  I)  |lli»J-ili'l7i  ami  Nkvvum  .\iii,ami:  A,  I). 
I0U4    I'i'.i? 

A.  O.  1698-1712.— The  colonization  of  Louis- 
iana. -Broad  claims  to  the  whole  valley  of  the 
Mississippi.     S.'   Loii-unv:  A    l>    liilH   171.' 

A.  D.  1700.  —Bequest  of  the  Spanish  crown 
to  a  French  royal  prince.     See  ISi-mn:  A.  I> 

llll»'<    ITlHI. 

A.  D.  1701-1702.  — Provocationofthe  Second 
Grand  Alliance  and  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession.  Si.'  Si'MN     a    I>.  I  T'iI -ITo.',  auil  Kmi- 

i.A.Mi;  A  I)  inn  iTi)-,' 

A.  D.  1702-1710.  -  The  Camisard  rising  of 
the  French  Protestants  in  the   C<Tennes.— 

■•  T!--  lifv.  "i^ivt  kn.^wn  :\-  ■■),■■  W;ir  r.i  :'.■,,■  r^jirij. 
Aanlsis  an  epi^.sleof  the  liislory  of  ProteHtantisin 
in  France  which,  thuugii  rarely  studied  in  detail 


xu  not 
I  III  Ihr 
lliitl  1: 

li,    liHnlM 


Hi.' 
Hut 


l.f.,.. 
'  pin. 


li 


iiiH 
liiii 


I  Hut 
.  t  ll 


t.. 


!.n! 
Mill 


ami  iM-rhap*  but  (wrtlallv  uiul.  mtotNl 
ilfviiiil  of  •iKntflcancp  When  li  oi'iiirr 
Slimmer  of  171111.  a  |>orlo<l  of  little  1.  ^ 
yean  had  elatMnl  ilnif  IaiuIh  XIV 
of  KontHinelilrau,  t>etotirr.  IHM.y  m.I.  imhIv  ri 
vokeil  thr  great  anil  fiinilnmentiil  la»  1  1 1.  ii.l  In 
hU  Kmnilfalhrr,  Henry  IV  .  fur  lli.  |.r  t.,  11,0 
of  the  aillu-ri'iitu  of  lli«  Iteformeil  faiili  kti-nm 
in  history  m  the  K^liet  of  Nanti's  l>iiriii.;iiM 
whole  of  that  perlml  llie  I'mtestani^  Iml  .i||i 
milliil,  wllh  scarcely  an  attcnipt  al  uiiin  I  rr>i« 
tame,  lo  the  pni«  riplion  of  Ihiir  1.1.1. 
The  inaiorily,  uiialile  toeiH'a|H'  Iri.iu  ih.  Un.l  .,f 
oppresniiin,  reinaineil  at  lionie  m  11  h  ill  ..f 
lliim  cherishing  the  contlileiil  lii.|.< 
kind's  delusion  would  Ih'  slmrl  liv.  .1 
the  nil.  t  uii.lir  whlrh  tiny  and  He  11 
had   lived    for  llini'  K<'neriilloiis  w.,.. 

lonif.  Is'  nsliired  lo  tlielll  V«ilh  tin-  L'l. 
If  not  the  wlliile,  of  lis  lellelli .  lit  | 
Ml  aiiwliile,  all  the  I'mle^laiit  iiiliii.i. 

Im'I'II  expelled  111  Krillire  llV  Ihi'  s  tin.    ! 

pniliiliili.l  '  .palrlali.in  of  any  "I  il 

llie    IM'ople  ...       ic    Iteforined    faith    (•.. 

selves  deslltllle  of  llie  splrilu  ll  f I  Hi.  t 

True,  the  new  let;lslatiiin  alT.'eti-.l  f..  n 
faith  as  ilea.l.  and  desitfiialid  all  tin  ;..i 
liereiils  of  I'mlesianllsin,  willmul  ili^iim 
llie  'New  Connrts,'  '  Nonviaiu  (  . 
.\tii|.  In  [i.iliit  of  fact.  Hie  );reat  ma|..MU 
far  yiil.l..l  to  the  lerrilile  presMire  i.l  Hi. 
measures  liroui^lit  tolM,tr  upon  th.iii 
they  had  coiisi'nled  to  sii;n  a  proiiii~.  t 
uiiiled' to  the  Itoinan  Catholic  rliiin  h  '  \iv\ 
K<ine  at  least  once  to  mass.  Iliil  tli<  v  u.  r.  <■^\ 
I'Mtestants  at  heart.  .  .  .  riidir  tin-.-  1  ir.  miii 
Htames,  feellnit  more  than  ever  tin-  11. .  I  .f  r. 
Unions  eoinfiirt.  now  that  reiiior.>e  ar  -.  f.  r  i 
weak  Ininival  ot  consi'ienllous  ■  .iri\  n  li.in.  iln- 

(iniscrilM-d  Protestants,  especially  in  tli'  ^..iiiti.if 
■"ranee,  iM'^an  'o  mist  clandestiiii  l>  I  r  iliviiiii 
worship  In  «nih  relinsl  places  a-,  w.in  .|  iii.-,i 
likely  to  escalH!  the  notice  of  lli.ir  \  1.1' mt  nu 
mie».  .  .  .  ll  was  not  HtnuiKe  that  in  ~  i\r.  p 
tioiial  a  situation,  n  phase  of  reliu'loui  lif.  ml  f.^ ! 
InKeipially  exceptional  should  maiiif.  ■>  11^  if  1 
refer  to  that  'iiUM'aniiu-e  of  jiniplii  tii'  jiiviitr,ili.fri 
wiiii  i.  -ilii  I  1  lo  Ihe  pn.vii,  r  of  \ 
lo  Ihe  L'evennes  Mountains  the  alt.  1 
Kur.ipe  .  .  ,  Historically  ,  .  .  tin 
the  prophels  of  Ihe  Cevennes  was  n 
faclor  In  the  I'roieslant  prolilein  "f  ili 
ITth  and  the  commeneenieiit  of  tin- 
rii's.  ,  .  ,  Variousmethisls  wi're  a.l.  ipi 
en  I  to  the  prophets  with  their  pruple 
were  fnrtiie  most  part  deiiunciat'.ry 
Antichrist  and  fonshadow.il  tli.-  1 
fall  of  the  papacy.  Hut  this  f..irii  "f 
had  struck  a  deep  root  and  it  »  is  li 
cat!'  it.  Itn|irisiinment,  in  mini  iit  . 
Hie  mist  cominon  ])iii'isliiiii'iit  i^p. ' 
casi'  of  women.  Nut  iiilri.iiui-iitl>  1 
mini  WIS  addeil  lorpnr.il  clia-.ti~.  in- 
propliets,  mall'  an.l  fi-inali ,  wire  ll 
they  mii;ht  Ik'  re:;ardi-.|  as  fiiilv  1  1 
delii^iiin.  ,  .  .  Hut  no  uttir.n.'i  ~ 
lioweviT  fervid  and  iiiipas.-,ii.iir.l. 
siiflieed  toocciision  an  uprisinij.if  tli. 
of  the  Cevennes  Mounlains,  had  il  1 
the  virulent  per9i?cution  to  which  tli. 
tlii-ini.  Ivci.vno-il  a!  !iic  haiid-iof  !!; 


;.ll.l 
■f  ;lil 


■i'l.l.l,. 
i!l,|.. 


l.l.flli.. 


■It.. 


..  Willi  !i 

i;..iii.  ,i> 

1.1. Inn.: 


u:il 


h.i 


rf...i:i.l 


J" 
BUtliorlties   dirt'ctlv   insti(!ate.l    tliur  ; 

clergy  uf  tliv  establiiiheil  chunli      1 


l.y    III.. 

it    lllOal 


127G 


'If. 


rRANce.  I7IW  1710 


War  n/  tlu 
Sfmnuk  Jta.«MMa<< 


KUANCE.   171it 


SmI' r.  »ir"t«l  U.  .-1.11  thrm  •  N-w  « •'•>••;"••. 

Tu  0    »  million  -f  «ml».     "'  ll»-'   -»1«. 

il    l'r...«<»»l  Tl...   w«r  „my  ■      *il.    lo 

tar  l-fuM  on  tl.«  34tli  of  July,  noj.  wh.n 
SJ,  AW«!  .Ill  »l>«yl«.  "  ""•'■■'  li-rxTiitor  WM 
knw  In  hU  I'""*'.  «'  •*""'  ''■■  X"'"*"'"'  ''>  * 
iLl  (.f  411  or  SO  of  111.-  'Nouviwn  Connril*. 
Xra  b,.  Im.l  .Iriv.n  I..  ,U-«n.;r,ilto.i  l.y  l.U  -  ni.lt  v 
,„  th.lr  f.n..w  IrlU'v.'".     If  ».;  r.KHr.l  ll«  t.  r  1 1 

,.ll,m  1"  !»•  till-  .iil..nl«l..n  of  .l.-.in  (uvh  i.r,  th.j 

.blr.'f  111.'  I'li'l.rH.  ">  «'"■  ">"nlli"f  •>>'«>•  V,**' 
,h..  .«r  U.I.-.1  »  lli'lf  !'■«  •'"»  '«,"  y*""  "'",• 
jlthoiiiih  llw  Krcnili  Kov.rnni.iit  li.i.l  «ii.  <■.•.•.  .■.! 
™il.,.r  liv  '-ntl  than  l.v  f..r..'.  i.i  KHtintt  rl.l  of 
,l^,„„HrtMrmi.liil.l.M>f  ii""!'!'"!!'"'''  ,  "*;'■; 
„„tuiiiil  llv.'or  »ix  y.'urH  l.it.T  -ilmt  i*.  niHH 
,.,^„,  1710  — tlmt  .,.niimnilivi|..w.' »■«» 

toilly  n-Mor.-.!.  .  Unriiik'  tli.'  Ilr»l  iii..iilli>i  of 
,l,,iu.urr,.ii..n  Mi.'  .■xploitiof  tli.'  nial.-oiit.'nU 
win'  .■.iiilln.il  to  .l..*'!*  "f  .l.«lru.li.iii  «i-."iii 
nli.tol  liv  .■..nipiinl.a  .if  v.ntiir.»..in.'  iii.-ii  who 
Llm."l  i"v.rvwh.r.'  .lii.l.il  Ih.^  imrsiiit  of  tho 
,n,my  hv  lliVlr  mi|MTior  knoivlclt'.'  of  tli.'  inlri 
,„iM  „f  ih.'  mountain  w.k«Ih  aii.l  (i.iiIih.  Ih.' 
<w\  "f  ll"«'  mnipani.'H  coul.l  cinily  I"'  nu.l.' 
,,„t  f„r  It  win  miirki-.!  l.y  thi'  .l.»tru.il..ii  of 
vtaur.c. ■. iin.l  r..torl.H.  Iiy  tli.'  "inoW.'  'if  l.uriw.l 
chunli.'  i,«..>fl.nlivlli.'C»rp>«.'it.>f  "hiinprU»M. 
Tlie  n.f|..init.>r«  .>f  tlifw  lutu  of  viol.n.f  wk.ii 
w„n  i..r  111.  ni-«lv.«  wimc  upci  iul  .l.skimll..n«,  to 
rlUiiDt'iii-hlli.mfmm  tli<"  nion'  p.Mwiv.-  j'rot.s 
Uni«  wli..  r.nu.ln.Ml  In  their  liomct.   tiiklne  n.i 


■ilinrVrtinll..  struimlr  AlH.ut tli.'<lo*M.f 

IWJ.  h'.w.v.r,  .>r  th.'  tlmt  months. if  l.ii:i.  ii  n.  w 


wiinl  K.-.  <..iii.'.l  for  till-  fr.'»h  .im'rB.iiiv.  iiii.l 

lb.'  arniiil  I'micstiintt  n'lciv.'.l  tin'  uppclliitlon 

unilir  whi.  h  tli.y  Imv.-  p.iH*'il  int.i  liistorv  — tin- 

liimUir.U     I'ussinit  liy  iill  tin-  ulninKi'  iiii.l  fiin.l- 

fiiMirivulioiHiif  the   w.ir.1  which  w.ni  to  liiivi' 

iiiitUiiii  .ipMii  .1111   iioli.-i'    unless  it  li.-  Ih.-ir  (■■.i 

•li-ntatiMirilitv,  we  hiiv.'  ii.iililU.  ii.ty  I"  i-.nJii  ;t- 

iut'  it  Willi  I'liow  n.Mturniil  i'XiM'.lili.>iis  whiih 

v,n  f\\U'\  •CiiniiKiMlfH';  licitus.!  th:'  warriorx 

wli..  |.«.'k  ii.lviintai.'.'  of  the  ilarkii.'»s  of  the  night 

Inri.lic.iii  1111.1  .xplorc  .ir  f.ir.i'  th.- iii.'iny'ii  en- 

ir. Ill liiii. MM,  somitimi'S  tlm'W  ov.r  tli.ir  nmi.ir 

a  «liirl  lli:ii  iiiii^ht  I'lialilo  th.-m  to  rccmni/,.'  riuli 

.iili.r,     ililiirs    will   liiiv.'  it    that,    though   th.' 

iiiiiu-  wi-.liriv.il  from  th.'  sumo  arll.l..  of  ap- 

piinl  — th.  •  iiimiHa'  or  sliirl  —it  wiw  applii'.l  to 

ilii'I'iMM"!  Iniii.U  fur  anoih.'r  niimm,  iiam.-ly,  ' 

llwt  mIi.1i  Ili.'V  fmiiiil  opportuniticH.  tlu-v  .arri.'.l 

off  .I..III  Iill.  ii  friini  till'  villagi'S  ami  l.'ft  tliiir 

ii.iil,-.|  vMiiiiiuls  in  cxclmnit.'.     Tlu'  tlnal  ov.t- 

tbri.w  I,!'  111.'  Camisarls  "  was  n.il  iici'ompli^lii'.l 

wulmiii  111,  .iiiplovnu'Ut  of  imi,iMM)  triH.ps,  <<t- 

laiiilv  finii.irc  thiin  t.n  limes  the  total  iiumli.r 

tuTliriiirl.'  inl.i  the  tlehl    l.y  th.-  fainisar.ls. 

N  t  iKithan  three  ollieers  of  tli.'  high.'>t 

(iriiili-  in  Iill'  wrvii'.',   manihals  of   Fran.-.',  were 

•uiiioiv.lv   iiiipointe.1   t.)   put   down  a   rev.ilt 

wuirii  it   iiiigiii    iittvu  iieen  .'\|>eiU-.I   a  ..^iIl■.pli' 

colon.!  i"uM  sum..'   to   nuell  — M.  ile  Uroglic 

1 


Ix-liiic  •iiriwili'.l  hy  tlw  M»r«h»l  ile  M<mtr»»tl, 
the  M»n.lml  -le  M.mirevel  l.»  thr  M»r.h»|  i»« 
VUlam  W1.I  Ihr  M»f»lii»l.le  VllUml.y  th*  M»nbal 
.lelWrwUk  II  M  »«l^l,  Th' i:,mi»inl  (  firu 
i,.,/ ( n./*r.  .;/  «A«  ,1m    .■*«•   ..flhurrh  lift  .  r.  J, 

''ai*!  in  Mr«.  Umy,  Th»  HfJl  ■>rtk*  I'nttt 
l,iul,„l  i/u  <;r*HnMS  I'eymi,  Thf  l\ulnrt  in 
Ih,  \\\t,l,rntu —^  Hmllm.  Tht  lliig<iKU>U  m 
h't.iiu-f  afttr  the  HtvofiUonoftke  Kilirt  "/  Sonlt*. 

A.  D.  I70»-I7ii.-Th«  W»r  of  th*  SMnlth 
Succtiiion  In  Amtrica  icalltd  Out«n  Ann*  • 
W«ri  (*.e  Nkw  Knoi.a.'^ii:  A  1)  l.O--'-1710; 
mi.lt^MAiM     A    I).  171l-ITi:t      ,    ^     „        ,  ^ 

A  D  I70a-I7i3.-Th*  W«r  of  th*  Spanish 
Succcuion  In  Eurap*.  S<e  Itaiv  A  D  Kol- 
i;i:i  Si'MS  A  1>  l?i)'.M..17l>i  171i»,<iKiiM*!<Y: 
A  l>  irii'.',  t.i  17IKV-1711 ,  Nktiikhuniw  AD. 
I70'J-17IH,  1.1  1710-171'J 

A.  D.  l^02■\^\i.-P^n^•mti^ttaiUc^\  p*r- 
tccution  of  th*  JanMniitt.-Tfie  odiou*  Bull 
UniKcnitu*    and  it*  tyrannical  •nlort*m«nt. 

>*.•.•  "'..Ill'    U..VAI.    ANI>    Till.    .IaNHKNIHTS:    A.    1>. 

A  D.  1710.— Th*  War  of  th*  Spanish  Suc- 
cciiion  ;  Miier/  of  th*  nation. -0»«rtur*i  (or 
P*act.  -Conf*rtnc«*    at    G«rtruyd«nb*rg.— 

"  Fran.'.'  wait  still  n-.l.i.  .'.I  I"  "'Xtrenie  anil  alilei-t 
wr.l.  h<'.lni -s      II. r  lliiai...'«  w.re  riilne.l.     Her 
iH'.ipl.'    weri'    half  .larvlnir       Marll«>r.ni»jli   lie- 
elunil    Ihat    In    Ih.'   villag.'S  tliniugh   whl.h  ho 
piKsi.l  III  th.'  f.unim.r.if  1710.  at  Last  half  tho 
Inhaliitant*  lia.l  p.  rishe.l  siii.e  llie  iMginning  of 
the  pr.'.f.UuK  wiiiler,  an.l  Ih.^  r.'»t  l.«ik..l  us  If 
th.v  hii.l  .'.line  out  of  their  gniv.  s       AU  the  clil 
.Iri'IiiiH  ..f    Kren.li    omiiu.sts    in    th.'   ,spa  lisli 
Nelh.rlan.ls.  In  Itulv,  ami  In  tli'miany  wer.'  ills- 
lell.'.l   an.l  till'  Freii.li  ir.n.rals  w.re  ii.iw  struB- 
L'lliiL'  .U'SlHrately  ami  "kilfiilly  to  .l.'r.'ii.l  tlielr 
ownfmntiir.   .  .  .   In  1710,  while  the  W  hig  min- 
istry [in  Englaii.ll  was  still  In  pow.  r,  liut  at  a 
time  when  It  was  manifestly  loitering  t..  Its  fall, 
Lewis  hail   maile  one   ni.in'  altenii  i.  to  obtuia 
peaee  liy  the  m.wt  amph'  eoni'i'H.s|. ins.      Tlit!  con- 
ferenc'S  wer.!  hel.l  at  the  |)ul.  h  f.iriressof  (Jcr- 
triiv.lenlxrg.      Lewis  .li'elar.'.l  himself  r.a.ly  to 
a.-.-'ept  th.'  I'on.litl.iiis  exaet.'.l  as  i.r.liminari.s  of 
peaee  in  the  pneeiling  year,  with  tho  .■x.epti.m 
..f    the    arti.le    tom|»'rtlng    I'hilip   within   two 
m,.;,,'  to  e.'.le  the  Wpunish  thr..m'.     ll.t  e.m- 
Bi.ite.l  In  the  .'.mrs.'  of  tli.'  negotiations,  I.)  grant 
t.ith.'  i)utrli  nearly  all  the  forlr.'ssesof  the  French 
anil  Spaniili  Nelli. nan.ls,  in.  lu.lingamong  .ithers 
Ypr.'S   T.mrnav,  Lill.'.  Furn.s.  an.l  ev.n  \alen- 
ci.iin.'s   t..i'.'.l.''  Al*iee  to  111.'  Duke  of  L.irrainc. 
t.i  .lesln.v  111.'  fortill.aiions  of  Dunkirk,  and  thoso 
on  th.'  rUiiiie  from  Hale  L.  IMiilipslmrg.      1  he 
main  .lilll.ultv  was  on  Ih.'  .|ii.slion  of  the  S>j)an- 
i^h  su.'.<'ssi.iii.  .  .      Th.'  Fi'.'iuU  tnsMis  lia.l  al- 
r.'a.lv  l..en  re. all.d  from  Spain,  ami  Lewis  eon- 
s.nu".l  lo  r.'.'.ignis.'  the  .\r.  Ii.lukc  as  the  wiverelgn, 
t.i  engage  to  give  no  more  assistan.e  t.i  his  gran.l- 
eliild   tl'  pill.'.'  four  .aiitionarv  towns  in  Ih.'  hands 
of  ihe  Duuli  as  a  pl.-.lge  f.ir  the  fumiiu.ntof  the 
ir.ilv   anil  .'V.n  t.)  |>av  a  subsidy  to  the  allie* 


for  the  i-onliiiiiiin.e  of  the  war  a-ainst  I'liilip. 
Th.'  alli.'s.  liow..v.r,  iusiste.1  that  In'  sli.iul.l  joli 
with  I  hem  in  driving  his  gran.ls.  ii  by  force  of 
arms  (roni  Spain,  an.l  on  this  arti.  le  the  neg.itia- 
lions  were  broken  .ilT. --W  E  H  Wky,  Ihtt. 
..f  /.:...  ;..  tk.-  \Hth  IVat^iry,  ch.  I.—;*'?  h,N..i!,*!<o: 
A   i)."l7il>-171'i. 


I  I 


i'    r 

-1 


P 


)'■ 


i: 


Mf 


.1:, 


."I 


•I 
it 


FRANCE,   1713-1714 


The  Kinfftlom  iim 
If/I  by  Intuit  XII' 


FRANCE,   17!r>  17->.1. 


A.  D.  1713-1714. — Ending  of  the  War  of  the 
Spaoiih  Succession. —The  Peace  of  Utrecht 
and  the  Treaty  of  Rastadt.  Scr  Itiikiiit: 
A.  n.  17r.i-1714. 

A.  D.  1714.— The  desertion  of  the  Cata- 
lans.    ScrSi-AIN;  A.  D    I7i:i  1711. 

A.  D.  1715.— Death  of  Louis  XIV.— The 
character  ofhis  reign.— I.miis.XIV.cliid  Siplciii- 
Iht  1.  KlTi.  lit  till'  iiL'fof  77  viiirs,  Imvini;  rriirniil 
7'J  viars.  "  lti<  Ik  lieu,  ami  aflir  liiiii  Maziirin. 
gdViTiiirii;  ii^iif  lljiv  liaci  lii'iii  ilirlalors  of  a  ri- 
puhlii',  liail  i\tiii,i.'"i'*liiil.  if  1  may  use  the  <\ 
pr<'s>ion.  their  piTscinalily  in  llii'  iilia  and  service 
of  llie  stale.  I'Ds.sessiii);  only  the  exereis*'  of  au- 
thoritv,  tlii'y  hotli  <  I'ndiielcil  tlieniwlvet  as  n'- 
sp.>nsllih'  ai;ents  towards  the  soveri'iu'ii  and  1m'- 
f ore  the  jiidi;nient  of  tlie  country;  wliili'  l.ouis 
XIV  .  romhjnini;  thi'  exercise  willi  llie  rit'lit, 
ronsi.iereil  himself  exeinpled  from  all  rule  but 
that  of  his  own  will,  and  ai  knowledijed  no  re- 
sponsihility  for  his  aelions  excijit  to  his  own  con- 
science, (t  was  this  I'onviction  of  his  universid 
power,  a  conviction  nenuine  and  sineeri'.  exclnd- 
inj;  liolli  scruples  and  remorse,  which  made  him 
upset  one  afti  r  Ili<'  other  the  twofold  system 
fiinndeil  hy  Henry  IV..  of  rilisious  lilxrty  at 
home,  ami"  abroad  of  a  national  preponchTanee 
rvslin;;  upon  a  tjeneroiis  protection  of  the  imle- 
pendince  of  states  and  Knropi-an  civilisation. 
At  the  personal  accession  of  l.ouis  .XIV.,  more 
than  lifty  years  liail  p:u..s)'d  since  Kranco  had 
pursued  the  work  of  her  jiolioy  in  Kurope,  ini- 
parti.il  towards  tin'  various  communions  of  Chris- 
tians, the  dilTerciit  forms  of  jrovernments,  and 
•he  internal  revolutions  of  the  stales.  Althouiih 
Francis  was  catholic  ami  moiiarrhical.  her  ajli- 
anees  were,  in  the  tirst  plaei'.  with  the  Protestant 
males  of  (ieriuany  and  with  republican  Ilollanil: 
she  had  even  made  friendly  terms  willi  rejricide 
England.  No  other  interest  hut  that  of  the  well 
understooil  developnniil  of  the  national  resources 
had  weiiiht  in  her  louncils.  and  directed  the  in- 
tiTnal  action  of  her  j;overinni'nt.  Hut  all  was 
rlianijeil  by  Louis  XIV  ,  and  special  interests, 
the  spawn  of  royal  personality,  of  the  principle 
of  the  lierediiary  monarchy,  or  that  of  the  state 
rclifiion,  Wi-re  ailmitted.  .si>on  to  lly  upw.-ird  in 
the  scale.  Thence  resulicd  the  overthrow  of  the 
system  of  the  balance  of  powir  in  Kuropi',  which 
ini^ht  be  juMly  called  the  French  system,  and 
the  abandoiuni  lit  of  it  for  dre.uns  of  an  univers.il 
monarchy,  revived  afor  the  evaniple  of  Charles 
V.  and  I'liilip  II.  Theiii  .■  a  su<ees>ion  of  enter- 
prises, formed  in  opposilioTi  to  the  policy  of  the 
country,  such  us  the  war  with  Holland,  the  fac- 
tions liiade  with  a  view  to  the  Imperial  ciown. 
the  support  j.'ivi  h  to  .lames  II.  and  tlu  counter- 
rev.. bitiou  in  Knt'laiid,  thi-  accepianci'  of  the 
tlirnnc  of  Spain  for  a  son  of  France,  iireservini; 
his  riirhts  to  the  Crown.  These  causes  of  luis- 
fiirtuni-,  unilir  w  liiih  the  kint'dom  was  obli^red 
to  >ueeuinli,  all  issued  from  the  circuiustatice  ap- 
plauded by  the  nation  and  cnnforriialiie  to  Ihi' 
spirit  t'f  its  tendencies,  wliii  h,  after  ?i)\  dty  hail 
attaiiieil  its  hi^rhest  ile,i;rc-e  ipf  power  under  two 
ministers,  delivered  it  unliniiled  iiil.i  the  h,-inds 
of  a  prince  r  ndoweil  with  rpialities  al  once  bril- 
liant and  snlid.  an  object  of  enthusiastic  alTeelion 
and  leuMliiriate  a<liniration.  When  the  reii;n, 
which  was  l.>  crown  under  such  auspices  the 
H,scemlant  march  of  thi'  French  imaianhy,  hail 
fiilsilied  till  unbounded  hopes  which  its  com- 
muiiceincnl  liadcxiited.    wlien  in  the  midst  of 


|Ti.' 


-■.liii; 


fruitless  victories  and  cnntimially  imr'  i-inj;  ri- 
vi-rses,  the  people  iM'held  iiroiinss  jn  ;,il  i||,. 
hninchcs  of  public  economy  ihauL'ed  in'  ,  i|j, 
tress,  —  the  ruin  of  the  tinanecs.  iiii|ii-tr\,  ;,ii,[ 
au'Keultnre  —  the  exhaustion  of  all  lie  n  ~i.ur,,, 
i>f  IIk' country, —  theim|M>veri.shmeiil  of  ill  1 1 1,^.^ 
of  the  iialiim,  the  dreadful  misery  of  ih.-  |i..|,ii:, 
tioi  ,  they  were  seized  with  abiii.r  .|i- ,|,.„.j;,■ 
nlent.  of  spirit,  whi<'h  took  the  jil  e  1  ,1  ih.-  . 
thusiasm  of  their  conlidenee  and  !,vr  \ 
Thierry,  F<>nn'itii>n  ii/ut  /'/vyi-' «v  ,-  /',.  /,.  , 
Ktiil  u'r  T/dnl  f'lnt,-  in  Fnii,.\.  .■/,.  ',1 
A.  D.  1715.- Accession  of  King  Louis  XV 
A.  D.  1715-1723.— State  of  the  kingdom  at 
the  death  of  Louis  XIV.— The  ini.ionty  of 
Louis  XV.  and  Regency  of  the  Diike  of 
Orleans.— •■  l.ouis  XIV.  .  .  .  left  Frm.'  .\,,. 
sivcly  exhausted.  The  State  was  riiiin.l  n,; 
S4'enied  to  h.ivc  no  resource  bul  b:iiikriii>t. . 
This  trouble  seemed  es|H'cially  inimiiic  e;  in  i;i\ 
after  the  war,  diirim;  which  the  "  ■•  nun.  in  Li! 
Im-cu  ohliu'cd  to  borrow  at  -KHI  per  .  .111  .  i-.  er.  ,; 
new  taxes,  to  spend  in  advance  lli.-  nviei.-  ,; 
two  years,  and  to  increase  the  piiMi.-  .1.1.?  • 
2,-tno'  millions.  The  aeipiisiii.m  of  i«. 
iiices  (Flanders,  Fmiiehe-Comtel  aiil  a  I. 
(.•slriussburi;,  Lamlaii,  and  Diinkirki  w.is 
pi'iisation  for  smh  terrible  poviTly  Si. 
^enenitions  have  reinenilHTcd  only  the  iiuiii.r.ah 
victories,  Kurope  defied,  France  f-.r  twi  iiiv  \.:ir^ 
pn'pi>nderant,  and  the  ineoniparatile  v|il,.i!,],,r  ■  f 
the  court  of  Versailles,  with  its  niarvi  I-  .f  l.^.^ 
and  arts,  which  have  ^iveu  to  Ihi-  ITili.-imirv 
the  name  of  the  a^'e  of  Louis  XIV  It  is  l..rl,> 
tory  to  show  the  price  which  Fraiii  <■  lei^  [i:ii.!  t  r 
her  kind's  vain  attempts  aliroa.l  i..  nil.  ..\.r 
Kurope,  and  at  home  to  i-nslave  ih.-  .\iiN  .iiii 
consciences  of  men.  .  .  .  The  wi  iidi!  .-t  iii.- 
authiirily  of  Louis  XI\^  had  Ihcii  cni-liin:;  .lur 
ini:  his  last  years.  When  the  nation  f.  !i  ii  liP.  i. 
it  breathed  inor' freely:  the  c.iurt  mi.l  ili.  .iv, 
burst  into  disrespectful  di'monstrati..ii-.  ..f  j.iv 
th(^  very  colli n  of  the  i;rcal  kin;;  «a-  iiiMiii.'l 
Till'  new-  kiiiL'  ]  Louis  .W.,  i;nal  L'riii.l^ni  ..f 
Louis  XIV.  I  was  live  yiars  ol.l,  Wii..  \i.is  t" 
pivernV  Louis  XIV.  had  in.lii.l  lift  a  will,  lui 
he  had  not  ileceived  himsilf  wiili  n- n  I  1 .  ih.- 
valiu?  of  it.      *  .Vs  soon  as  I  am  .1.  i.i.  it  wii!  !.. 

disn'frarded ;  I   know  tmi  well   wli.t   l'..ii f 

the  will  of  the  kinir.  mv   father''     .U   iH.  1  tl,. 
death  of  Henry  IV.  aml'Lonis  XIII   'l.ivm-.i 
moinent  of  feudal  react  ion;  but  ili.  .|.  .1 
nobility  may  be  measured  by  iIh-u.  . .  — 
eiiini:  of  iis  etforis  in  each  ca^.       (  n 
de'  .Mi'dici  it  was  still  able  1.1  mil,.    ,  1 
under  .Vnne  of  .\ustria  it  pro.lii. .  .1     ',. 
after  Louis   XIV.   it   only  pro'lm  ..I   'i 
The  Duke  of  Saint  Simon  desire. 1  ihi! 
priiK-eof  the  blood,  l'hili|)  of  (lil.a!,- 
the  will   left  only  a  sha.iow   of  p.'A' 
demand  the  rcL'eney  from  the  diil..  >  :i 
as  heirs  and  representatives  of  111.-  :iii.  .. 
vas.sals.      Hut    tin-    Duke   of   (iiliui- 
I'arliamcnt  in  order  to  break  down  I li. 
iiious  despoIi'>m  of  the  old   killL^  !■  i-i 
the  kinj;  Had  cummilted  the  !:..\.  riiiii. 
hands.     The  riL'eiicy,  with  the  r'-l.'  i 
the  council  of   reiieiicy  as  he  vv.'nl' 
fcrrcd  upon  him,  and  the  cDinm.iii.l  . 
household  was  taken   from  th.'   Diik 


.^t ' 


M.: 


Fi 


III. 


I" 


..I,.-.| 


tli:i 


liie  r"\:ii 
..f    M:lltli' 


[one  of  the  basta^l  sons  of  Louis  \l\  1.  "ii' 
yiehied  this  important  preroL'aiiv.  .iily  aftiT  s 
"violent  altercation.     .\s  a  rewani  i.t  lii.  ^  1 '"" 


1*27S 


'■rW. 


FRANCE,  1715-t7'W 


J<thn  Ijaw  ami 
the  iliui—ippi  Schriiur 


KUANCK,   1717-1720 


„fi,i.tKO»mcs,  tlicniikcof  Orlnins  ciIUmI  the 
Jib  noWmy  into  •.ITuin..  by  sul.titu.  n«  or 
frn.inWri.-a  mx  c.,nmU.  lu  whirl,   tl»y   o- 

:^,i"l  HlM..».t  nil  ll>.'  rl:'"'».  "ncl  ,..o,.r.l..l  I- 
S,nu.nt  tin- riL'l.t  of  r,.m,.nstr,.n.;..      But  •»_'• 

4    ha,l  Imnllv  l..u.s,.,l  wh.n  the  .n.nistn.s  w.r.' 

Iron'l  to  sil.'""'.  It  w""  Pl^'"  that  n.Hhrr 
3v  nor  I'urlmmcnt  wir.  ■..  l;.'  th,;  l.o.^.  of 
be  .  woluf  m....Hr.'l.y.  .  I  .•1«'>'I"  •^^■  ''."'; 
intil  Mi'n.  kcpl  witl>in  >-<Tt.'in  InniH;  cyniciHiii 
t    „>  .urs  us   «■,■!>    .iS   of    thoos  1,1   wuM   now 

Tl;;',-!.h:..lm-v;.rlH...n..    .     ,.  1.  'nvolity  of  ,o„ 

iliKt  niir  Biicli  lii-P"' 

the  Willi  MU'i'tini-''' 

Orlnins.    There  hii     i" 

in  Frani-c,  Unit  of  t      •■ 

„p,.-,  t"  II  siH-icty  w   '  1 

nOicioii-  (iiieslioiis.  .  r 

futiliii.4  of  ctiqiK'ty. 

(IwnL'e  wiTo  iicci-ssillcs 


}femiiini  nf  llu-  lli"iiv 

,  itiid  r.  i.' rli.  1-:).— 

tiiuiri/  Si'irit  iirmiliii;/ 

I!.'  I'lrkins.    h'r.iuee 


nut  r\h'il)iloil  in 
1],.  •■iiiir>  .i:  ;!'  •  !'■'';(■  of 
ri'f.  ninth  oi.I  ■  ir  Milon 
;-  •;  atho  wi'ul  '  I.'  now 
I  '  .  V.m.vt  •  i".  'I  with 
iilli  \\M  or  '.  •  firavc 
1, .;    tl'  .,     \\\,-.  airr   iinil 

hi.rmijoritv  Fcl.rimry  i;i    1723.  Ih^iii^-  lh._n   1. 
vrinoil     This  tcrminiitnl  tlic  rc-cm-y  of  the 
tluk.of  Orl.ans     But  the  kinR  was  si  il  to  nmain 
1  *.  time  iMi.ler  tutelage;  the  < luke.  ni  onlcTto 
rctointlie  power  after  resipiinK  tli<'  n^'eiK  y   Inul 
taalviueJ  Riven  l<'iinliiiall  Duliois  the  title  o 
nrine  nmiister.     At  the  ileath  o     the  wretehe. 
buxMs  he  tmk  the  offlce  hiins..lf,  hut  held   it 
„n     f.u.rmonlhs.  .Ivin,;  of  apo|.  exy  in  Deeenr 
Zl  \:Z\:-\.   Diiruy,    lli^t.  of  Fr.,„rf.  rl,.  si 

tnd  5"i.  „     , 

Also  is  ;  \V.  < '  Taylor 
if  (trl^.vm.  r.  1,  i->i-  U-17. 
F.  Hm-iiuain.  '/'/.<■  UeMiili' 
thf  ^V,«<■/l    lltr  .  eh.   1. — I 

°'a  D.'i7'i7-i7i9--The    Triple    Alliance.- 
The  Quadruple   Alliance. -VVar  with  Spain. 

LseuN;  A    1>   I7r.l-172.'.;  also.  Italy     A.  1). 

iTi.vn;i."i.  .  . .    „. 

A  D    17I7-I7M.— John  Law  and  his  Mis- 
sissippi Schime.--  When  the  H.pnt_  Orleans 
,i.*iiinr<l  the  government  of  Krame.  he  fmiiu    its 
attos  in  friL'htful  cMifusion.      1  he  puhlie  '  el,t 
WIS  three  huiiiirecl  niillioiis;  putlmj;  the  lUlil  on 
,w  siile.  the  expenditure  was  only  just  eov.red 
bv  the  revenue.     St.  Simon  adviMil  hini  to  Mi- 
,4re  a  national  l.ankruptey.     De  Noailles.  li'ss 
Bcropiilrais,  proposed  to  ih'liase  the  eoinaue,   . 
IiiMirlnlisperate  cireuinstanees,  it  was  no  won- 
der llial  the  reL'ent  was  reaily  to  eateh  e:i-erlyat 
anv  pr.wp,et  of  suieexs.       A  reniidy  was  pro- 
i«,'-i-il  10  liini  hv  the  famous  .lohu  Law  of  I.aiiris 
I,m     Tliis  new  liL'ht  of  tinaiiee  had  i;anil>led  in. 
awllir.n  \ianished  from,  half  the  eourls  of  l.u 
ri.p.'    Iir  hail  li','ureil  in  the   Emrlish  '  line  and 
Cry  ';l^■avl■rvtall,  l.laek.  lean  rnan.  will  >hapeil. 
al.'.vexixfiet'hi^'li,  laru'e  p(«k  holes  in  his  taee. 
liijiiovil.  s|K>aks  hroad  and  loud.'      lie  was  a 
liij,  niaMerful,  hullvin!.'  man.  one  of  keen  iritel- 
lilt  as  Will;  the   liero  of  a   hundred    romanlie 
stories   .  .  .   Me  studied  linanee  at  .Vnisterdam. 
thentlie  L'reat  sihool  of  eomnieree.  and  olTered 
hissiTviiis  and  the  'system'  whieh  he  had  in 
vitui.i.  lirst  to  (iiHlolpliin,  "hen  that  u.ilileiuaM 
«a<  at  :lie  lead  of  alTair>  in  England,  then  to 
Viiliir.\Mia.l.us,  duke  ot  Savoy,  then  to  Louis 
XIV..  wiio,  as  the  story  riK'S,  refused  any  enilit 
tea  liiniie.     lie  invented  n  new  eomliination  at 
( inli.  whiih  iM'ciime  the  despair  of  all  the  crou 
iiHTs  in  Kuiope:  so  successtui  was  This  la>l  in- 


vcMition   that  ho  arrived  for  the  spooml  tune  at 
Versailh's,  in  the  early  (lav»  of  the  regency,  with 
upwanls  of  tlid.tKH)  at  his  disposal,  and  a  copy 
of  his  •  system  ■  in  hi.s  piKkct.   .   .   .  Tlicr.    wasa 
dash  of  ilarin)?  in  the  wheme  which  siiili.!  well 
with  the  reifent's  ix'eilliar  turn  of  iniiid;  it  was 
L'ainhlini;  on  a  «ii:anlh-  sialc.  .  .   .    lJ<>.sides.  the 
siheine  was  nlausihh' and  to  n  ccrWin  point  cor- 
rut       The  retteiil.  with  all  hi.s  faults,   was  \w 
(lever  a  man  not  to  recosnize  the  Kcnius  whieh 
L'leamed  in  Laws  dark  eyes.      Ijiw  showed  that 
the  tr.iile  and  commerce  of  every  country  was 
crippled  In  the  want  of  a  eirciilalinK  iiwdimn; 
specie  was  not  to  he  had  in  siilllcient  (luantiti.-s; 
iiaper   hacked  l.v  the  credit  of  the  stale,  was  the 
L-ranil  seer,  t      lie  adduced  the  examples  of  (jrcat 
Britain,  ot  (ienoa.  and  of  Amsterdam  to  prove 
the  advant.iL'c  of  a  paper  currency  ;  he  prolMWcd 
to  institute  a  hank,  lo   he   called    the  '  Bank   ot 
France.'  and  to  issue  notes  fiuaranleed   by  the 
U'overmnent  and  sicured  on  the  crown  lands  cx- 
chaniicalile  at  si«lil  for  specie,  and  receivahlc  in 
payment  of  taxes;  the  liank  was  lo  lie  conducted 
in  the  kinn's  name,  and  to  t«-  luanased  hy  com 
inissioners  appointed  liy  the  States  (ieniTil.    The 
wlieme  of  Law  was  based   on  principles  which 
are  now  admitted  as  economical  axioms;  thedan- 
L'cr  lay  in  the  enormous  extent  to  which  it  wius 
inlcmred   to  ])Ush   the    scheme.   .   .   .    While   the 
bank  was  in  the  hands  of  Law  himsi'lf.  it  appears 
to  iiavc  Iweii  managed  with  consummate  skill .  the 
notes  bore   some  proportion   to   the   amount    of 
available  specie ;  tliev  contained  a  iiromise  to  pay 
in  silver  of  the  same   slandard  and    weipht    as 
tliat  which   exislid  at  the  time.      A  larL'c  di\  i 
(hnd  was  dc<;lared ;  then  the  reu'ent  steiiped  iiL 
The  name  of  the  bank  was  chaii!.'ed  to  that   of 
llie  Boval  Bank  of  Kraiice,  the  promise  to  pay 
in  silver  of  a  cert;iiii  weight  and  standard  was 
dropped    and  a  iiromisi'  substituted  to  pay  _in 
silver   coin.'     This  omission,  on   the    part    of  a 
prince  who  had  already  resorted  to  the  cxpcdL 
ent  of  debasiiiL'  the  ciirrem  y.  was  ominous,  and 
did  murhto  sliake  public  conlidence;  the  intelli- 
I'l-nce  that   in  the   lir-.t   y.ar  of  the   new  bank 
ToUDIMXMKM)  of  livres  were  fabricated,  was  not 
calculated  to  risli.re  it.     But    these  trilles  were 
fori'otteu  in  the  mad  excitement  which  followed 
I  aw  had  Ion;;  been  elatioratin;.'  a  Mlienie  which 
is  foreviT  ,i>.soci;ited  with  his  name,  ;iiiil  l«'side 
which  llie   Bank  of  Frame  sank  inio  insi-niM- 
eanie      In    1717,  the  viar  bifore   the  bank   Iwd 
iMi'tl  adopted  by  the  re^'clll,  the  liillets  d  etat   of 
-iiMl  livres  cub 'were  worthaliout  Itiil  livres  in  the 
market.     Law.   with  the    a>-ent    of  the   reaeut 
propos,-il  to  establish    a  comp;iiiy  which  should 
on-niss  all  the  trade  of  the  kin-doni.  and  all  the 
revrnuis  of  the  crown,  should  c;irry  on  the  bust 
nesH  of  merchants   in  every   part  of  the  world, 
and  nionopoli/.c  the  f;irmin- of  the  taxesaiid  the 
eoinini:  of  luomv  ;  the  >loek  was  to  lie  divided 
into  ■,'1)0  000  sh:iri-sof  ."lO'i  livres  .'aeh.      llie  re 
L'ent  nearly  m;irrid  the   s,  li.nic   at    smrtiUL'    by 
inseriin'  a  provi*i  th;it  the  depreciated  billets 
d'etat  wire  to  be  nceived  at  par  in  p:iynieiit  tor 
the    iiiw    stock,    on    whieh  four   per  cent,    was 
.'ii'innlei'd  bv  Ihi-  St;itf."     Law's  company  was 
formed    uniie'rthe  name  of  the  t'ompany  of  the 
West   and  obt;iined  for  the  basis  of  lis  operations 
a  monopoly  of  the  tr;iile  of  that  v;ist  territory  of 
Fnmce    in"  the  valley  of   the   Mississippi   whicli 
Imre  the  name  of  Louisiana.    The  same  monopoly 
h...;  ill  in  hcl.i  fvf  nv.-  years  hy  one  Cro/at.  who 


1 


1270 


FHANCE,  1717-1720. 


Rtiffn  of  Ijouia  Xt' 


FRANCE,  1733-1774 


i  '^■^■ 


If    H 


'■W 


Iw-^w^' 


f. 


DOW  reBignod  tt  liecniiKo  lie  found  it  iinprofitatilo; 
hill  thi'  fiict  nriivcil  little  attention  (see  Louiai- 
ana:  a  I).  1717-1718).  "  I^misianii  was  de- 
scrllicii  ua  ii  |mniiii»f.  .  .  .  Sliarelinlders  in  tlio 
coinimnv  were  lolil  llml  tlii'V  would  enjoy  tile 
nioii(i|>"ly  of  trade  throuKliout  hVuch  Sortli 
America'  and  llie  prixluee  of  a  country  rich  in 
every  kind  c^f  miriend  wealtb.  Uille'ta  d'etat 
were  restored  to  their  nominal  value;  Ntwk  in  the 
Mississippi  scheme  was  sold  at  faliulous  prices; 
ini.'<ils  of  i;iM.  wliiili  were  declared  to  have  come 
from  the  mines  of  .S|.  HarU',  were  taken  with 
treat  pomp  to  the  mint.  ti.iNHl  of  the  p(K)r  of 
*aris  were  sent  out  as  miners,  and  provided  with 
tools  to  work  in  the  new  diiiiriniis.  New  issiu's 
of  shares  w.re  made;  lirst  ."lO.tKHI.  then  riO.lKHJ 
more,  liolli  at  an  enormous  pri'iniwiu.  The  joli- 
hers  of  tlic  rue  Quincampoix  fciund  ordinary 
lanKUaue  inadcpiate  to  I'xpnss  their  deli);lit: 
they  iuvi  nicil  a  new  slaiii;  for  tlie  occasion,  and 
called  the  new  shares  ■  les  liMcs,'  and  '  les  petitis 
lilies,'  rc>peclivily.  Paris  was  divided  hetweeii 
the  '  .\nti  system'  (larty  who  opposed  Law,  and 
the  Mississippiaus  who  supported  him.  Tlie 
Stute  liorroweii  fmm  the  company  lifteen  hun- 
dred millions;  );ovenmient  paid  its  creditors  in 
warrants  on  the  company.  To  meet  then.  Law 
i.ssui'd  IIHI.OIHI  new  shares;  whieh  (ame  out  at  a 
pri  iiiiuin  of  l.lloo  per  cent.  The  Mi.ssissippians 
went  mad  »  ith  joy  —  they  invented  another  new 
slaii^  phrase,  the  '  cimj  cents'  eclipsed  tlie  tilles 
and  the  [letites  lilies  in  favour.  The  jrates  of 
Law's  hi'tel  had  to  he  ^uanled  hy  a  detachment 
of  archers,  the  cashiers  were  inolilied  in  their 
bureati.x;  applicants  for  shares  s;it  in  the  ante- 
rooms; a  select  hody  slept  for  .-ieveriil  nit;hts  on 
the  stairs,  ^o  ntlemen  di^irnisid  themselves  in 
Law's  liviry  to  olilain  aieess  to  the  j;reat  man. 
.  ,  .  Hy  this  time  the  charter  of  the  company  of 
Senegal  had  Incn  mer^n^d  in  the  hank,  whii-li  also 
liecame  sole  f;irnur  of  the  tobacco  duties;  the 
E;i.st  India  Company  had  been  alioiishcd,  and  the 
exclusive  privilciTc  of  tradinir  to  the  Last  Indies, 
China,  and  the  South  Seas,  i  ■  c  llier  with  all  the 
po>,-^ssious  of  Colbert 'scomi  y  weretr.msferred 
to  Law.  The  bank  now  a^-iiuied  the  style  of 
the  Company  of  the  Indies,  liefore  the  year 
[171'.ll  was  (lul  the  reiieiit  had  traii>ferred  to  it 
the  exclusive  privilei;e  of  the  mint,  and  t'lr'  con- 
tract of  all  the  L'reat  farms.  Almost  every  branch 
'if  industry  iu  Krance.  its  trade,  its  revenue,  its 
police,  were  now  in  the  hands  of  Law.  Every 
fresh  pri\ileire  was  followed  by  a  new  issue  of 
shares.  .  .  The  shares  of  Ml)  franks  were  now 
wortli  10. OIK).  The  rue  Quincampoix  became 
impassable,  and  an  army  of  stockjobbers  eam[>ed 
in  tents  in  the  I'lace  Vi  ndome.  .  .  .  I'lie  excite- 
ment spread  to  Kru;lanil  [where  the  South  iSea 
Hubble  was  inllatetl  hy  the  mailness  of  the  hour 
—  SCI  Sol  Til  Sk.\  Ikiuu.r.J  .  .  .  Law's  systi'in 
and  the  South  Sea  scheme  both  went  down  to- 
gether, liolh  were  calculated  to  last  so  loiifj, 
and  so  loni;  only,  as  univcrs;il  eontidenee  I'Xisted; 
when  it  Is '^au  in  be  whispiTi  d  that  tho.si'  in  the 
secret  Were  rcali/.ini;  llu-ir  prolits  ;ind  jjettin;^  out 
of  the  inipendinir  ruiu.  the  whole  eiiilice  eanii' 
down  with  a  crash.  .  .  .  No  schuut  was  it  evi- 
dent tli;il  the  system  was  abou't  to  breakdown, 
than  L:iw,  the  only  nuin  who  could  at  l(>ast  have 
mitiiraled  the  blow,  w:is  banished.  "— Viscount 
Bury,  Hj-hIi.^  ••/  thf  \\',»Un,  .Wtti'iua,  r.  '2,  ch.  .'>. 
.A  "i, HO  IN.  C  Mick;iy,  Mt  ■■:■■::-■■•'  Kr!r-:-r-!iri:!r:; 
Popuhr  DihiKv^M,    r.    1,    ,•;,.  1.— A.  Thiers.  T/ie 


:i    ;il!.r 

-wl,,,-,. 

HilT.r 

.  l:t  ;.|v 

>ielll  !  I 


Wimmppi  Bukhtf—W.  C.  Taylor,  If.  ,..,..  / 
the  HouiK  iif  Orlriiiui.  t.  3,  eh.  3— ('  iliyirr.'. 
Ihnt.  of  [jtuiriatui,  nertmd  M'rifn,  io-t.  1  Ilijki' 
de  Haint  Himon,  Menutirx:  ahriil'ii'l  (//.,,  '.y  ,s( 
Mill,  T.  3,  ch.  ar),  and  r.  4,  rh.  4.  nwl  I  :  1", 

A.  D.  1720.— The  fortifying  of  Louisbourg. 
See  t'Ai'K  Brkton  Islami:  A.  I>.  ITJo  !;|-, 

A.  D.  1723-1774.— Character  and  reign  of 
Louis  XV. — The  King's  mistresses  and  thrir 
courtiers  who  conducted  the  government.- 
State  and  feeling  of  the  nation.— A  Hit  iti« 
death  of  the  Duke  of  Orh'ans,  "a  shori  prriii.1  ut 
about  two  years  and  a  half  eomprcheii.U  il,,.  ii,| 
ministration  of  the  Duke  of  Hoprbmi.  i.rritluT 
of  his  iiistress,  la  Maripiise  d.  I'rie  Fli  iirj- 
|('ardinal|  then  appears  cm  the  stat'e,  .mi  di. -in 
1743.  lie  was,  therefore,  minister  of  I'nii  ,  iLr 
seventeen  years.  On  his  de;itli.  th'  kin,' 'l.mii, 
XV.)  undertook  to  he  his  ;>wn  prime  miiii-tiT, 
an  unprimiisin);  expcTinient  for  a  cnuiiiry  ;it  any 
time.  In  this  instance  the  result  was  cnlv  tn.ii 
the  king's  mistress,  .M.adanie  de  (  h  11.  .ii'irn;i\ 
heeaine  the  ruler  of  France,  aiiii  > 
•Madame  ihi  I'lmipadour,  another  mi»ii 
reij;n  »;is  prolonged  from  1745  to  17i;:; 
cut  eourticTS  ami  prelates  were  seen  i 
lirst  ollices  of  the  .state  during  this  app 
miership  of  the  monarch.  The  ladu 
have  chosen  or  tolerated  ('ardir.:il  T.  n- i 
geni,'on.  Orsv,  .Mauripaux,  and  .\rnel"t,«ii  1  wiiii 
Ihe  Dukes  S'oailles  and  Iticheliiu,  sun,..!..!  1., 
Fleury.  Afterwards,  we  have  Ar-i nv  ii  ;iii>i 
Machault,  and  then  come  the  most  eel,  !ii,.i  4  nf 

the  ministers  or  favourites  of  Mad. 11 !.■  IVnii 

padmir,  the  Abbe  de  Bernis  and  lie-  lia,'  di' 
Choiseiil.  The  last  is  the  most  .li^'i'i.-iii^li.d 
minister  after  Fleury.  lie  contiimcd  in  Ineur 
from  n.")**,  not  imly  to  17tl3,  when  Mi.Unif  .l.' 
Pompadour  ilied.  but  for  a  few  year-,  iilii  r  11.' 
was  at  length  disgraced  by  la  t'oriite— ■  |i  iii.irri. 
who  had  become  the  king's  mistreN. 
the  death  of  .Madame  de  Pompahi 
mained  so,  nearly  to  the  death  of  t 
himsi'lf,  in  1774.'"'— W.  Smyth,  /,<-r  • 
nfthi'  French  Htrnhition,  left.  3 — "'1' 
of  the  Duke  of  Orleans  laste  I  only  .  i.-ln  yi-:irs, 
hut  it  was  not  without  a  const  hnilile  •  iI- 1 '  »|r"n 
the  destinies  of  the  country.  U  was  a  biv.ik  ia 
the  political  anil  the  religious  traditi.Mi-,  ef  tlic 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.  The  new  ;ietiviiy  imjvirteil 
to  business  during  this  period  wa;  aaevi;i!  'if 
cijual  importance.  Nothing  is  nvn  1  rri'ii"'i;s 
than  to  suppose  that  eonstanlly  increa-inj  iiii-.Ty 
at  last  excited  revolt  agains:  the  l'"\'  ri,'!,'  ;r  ui'l 
the  institutions  of  the  old  remme.  'I'li'  le  \.'luM"n 
in  Fnuice  at  tlie  eUise  of  the  eight"  r. 
was  possible,  not  because  the  c"ii  ii', 
people  had  grown  worse,  but  lMi:e,-' 
come  Iwtter.  The  material  dcvc  1"|'!; 
country,  during  the  llfty  years  tlia!  |  1 
eonviM';ition  of  the  St^ites  (icneral.  Ii  i! 
ill  its  past  history.  Neither  the  «'  iJ 
ti'iii.  nor  the  extnivagance  of  the  ,"  . 
bankruptcy  of  the  government.  1  in  ' 
crea.se  in  wealth  that  inatle  Franc-  i;. 
like  a  ditTerent  land  fT'Ui  France  in 
lot  of  large  clas.si's  was  still  mi^cral'l' . 
of  t:ixation  upon  a  large  part  of  1 1:' 
was  still  grievous,  there  were  s"  ^ 
.Vrthur  Young  could  truly  say  ilic 
only  poverty  and  privileges,  but  lie 
a  ".^a'de  war*,  nion-  prospeP'Us  '.'i,':  ■- 
Sjpaiu;  it  was  far  more  prosperou-  ' 


aflT 
I'l  n' 
linri'li 

//of. 

^.''■aiv' 


'  iiiiirv 


I'll.' 


f  uri'l 


nM 


1280 


FKANCE,   1723-1774. 


Hour  bit  n 
Famitu  Compait. 


FRANCE,  1738. 


wn  un.ler  I-"iii9  XIV.   .  .   .  Such  an  Improve'. 
^nt  in  miitcrial   conilitlons  n.i'cssilated    botli 

•yiaUnil  political  cImnKcs. 

Snuulilinns  ha.l  iilt<-re.l,  politii'iiliiistitulimH 


Hut  while  so- 
I'iil  iiistitulioTH 
n.mair'ru'ncimng."'.i.    Nrw'win.-  l.ii.l  l»;fi.  pouroil 
n  Ijiit  till'  "111  I'ottl'-s  "■'•'■i^  s""  "*'■''■      fi'il'''-^ 
vert^  no  more  wvinr  in  llu-  ciffli- 
II  the  flfteciith  (eiiturv.  tmt  they 


UTOth  111 -    ■        ,      ,   ,        .   ,, 

vm  iiKirf      lions-     A    feudal    privilc'i-'e 
hiiil  tlun  1h(Ii  accepted  as  a  part  of  the  law  of 
niiurr  w;ia  now  regarded  as  contrary  to  nature. 
\  demand  for  social  eipiiility.  for  the  al>oli- 
tionOf  privileges  and  immunities  by  which  any 
,.|,.ssi"-"Hl<''lat"'"''''l'*'"*'  of  others,  was  fos- 
tond  In  economical  changi's.     It  received  an  ad- 
diii..n;,l  imr>etu9  from  the  writings  ..f  tlieorists, 
rhil.w.pliers.  anil  political  reformers.     The  inllu- 
tnce  of  lileniture  in  France  during  theelghU'entU 
ccTiturv  was  important,  yet  it  is  |)ossilile  to  over- 
estimate it   The  seed  of  political  and  social  change 
ms  .*"wn  by  the  writers  of  the  period,  but  the 
soil  wiis  already  prcpari'd  to  receive  it.   .   .   .  The 
course  of  events,  the  omdiict  of  their  rulers,  pre- 
nand  the  minds  of  the  French  people  for  politi- 
cal change  and  accounted  for  thi'  inlluence  which 
litmture  acquired.     The  doctrines  of  philoso- 
phers found  easy  access  to  the  hearts  of  a  peoiile 
with  whi'in  reverence  for  royalty  and  a  tnimiuil 
acceptance  of  an  established    government   had 
l)een  smiced.il  by  contempt   for  the  king  and 
hatred  fnr  the  regime  under  which  they  lived. 
We  can  Ince  this  chaiiL'e  of  sentiment  during 
Ihen'ignnf  Louis  XV.     The  popular  ufteeti-ai 
ivhiih   emircled    his   cridle    accompanied    liim 
when  he  had   grown   to   be   a   man.   .      .   Few 
events  are  more  notici'able  in  the  history  of  the 
age  than  the  extr.iordinary  expressions  of  grief 
and  affection  that  were  excited  by  the  illness  of 
Louis  XV.  in  17U.  ...  A  preacher  liaiUil  him 
as  Louis  the  well  Indoved,  and  all    the    nation 
adopted  the  title.      'V     'have  I  o'.ne  to  '      so 
loved?'  the   king  him...  .  asked.     <'ertainly    he 
had  done  nothing,  but  the  explanalicm  was  cor- 
tectlv  given.     '  Ixjuis  XV.  is  dear  to  his  people, 
without  having  done  anything  for  them.  iM'causc 
the  Fri'iieh  are.  of  all  nations,  most  inclined  to 
love  lluir  king.'    This  affection,   the  result  of 
(enlunt'S  of  tidelity   and   zeal  for  monarchical 
institutions,  and   for   the  sovereigns   by    whom 
thcv  Wire  personified,  was  wholly  de.-,troyed  by 
Loiiis's  suli-iciiuent  career.     The  vices  to  which 
he  liecanie  addicted   were   tliost-    which   arouse 
feelingi  nul  only  of  reprehension,  but  of  loath- 
ing.   Thiv  excited  both  aversion  and  contempt. 
The  admiiiislration  of  the  country   was  a3_  des- 
picable as  the  character  of  the  sovereign.    Under 
Loui.s  \l\   there  had  been  sulTcring  and  there 
hail  been  disaster,  but  France  had  always  pre- 
served a  eoinmanding  position  in  Europe'.  .  .   . 
But  now  defeat  and  dishonor  were  the  fate  of  a 
people  alike  powerful  and  proud.  .   .      The  low 
profligacv  into  which  the  king    had   sunk,  the 
nullity  of  liis  character,  the  turpitude  of  his  mis- 
tress, the  weakness  of  his  administration,  the 
failure  of  all  his  plans,  went  far  toward  destroy- 
ing the  fiilinu's  of  loyalty  that  had  so  long  ex- 
isliii  in  till  liearts  of  the  French  people.     Some 
curious  tii."ires  mark  the  decline  in  the  estima 
tion  in  wliirli  the  king  was  held.     In  1744,  si.x 
thousand  iiiasst'S  wen;  said  at   Notre  Dame  for 
the  restonition  of  Louis  XV.  to  health;  in  1757, 
tft.-.r  !!,..  -.•'-ii-pte'.!  s^5ti55inati'-!'i   by    !);ifr',i."n'; 
there  were  six  hundred ;  when  the  king  actually 
SI 


lav  dying,  in  1774,  there  were  only  three  ihe 
fa'll  from  six  thousand  to  three  mea-siires  the  de- 
cline in  the  affection  and  respect  of  Ihe  French 
people  for  their  sovereign.  K  was  with  a  public 
whose  sentiments  bad  thus  altered  that  the  new 
philosophy  found  acceptance."— J.  B.  Perkins, 
Fritiirt  luiiirr  the  Regenfy.  rh.  1. 

Al.soiv  :  F.  Uoccpmin.  Tlif  Ii(r«l>ili.miir!i  S/nnt 
jmndiiLj th-  h',:H,'r..rh.  a-«.— .!.  .Murrav,  /•Ve/icA 
Kiiiinriiiii'l  Fiiiiineient  mitler  /><«/«  A'  l'. 

A.  D.  1725.— The  alliance  of  Hanover.    See 

sr.viN:  A.  1).  ms-n'M. 

A.  D.  1727-1731.—  Ineffectual  congress  at 
Soissons.— The  Treaiv  af  Seville,  with  Spain 
and  England.  -The  Second  Treaty  of  Vienna. 

SeeSru.N:  A,  P.  1726-1731. 

A.  D.  1733.— The  First  Family  Compact  of 
the  Bourbons  (France  and  Spain).— "'I he  two 

lines  of  the  house  of  Boorbon  |in  France  and  in 
Spain]  once  more  Iwcame  in  the  highest  degree 
prominent.  ...  As  early  :i8  November  1733  a 
Family  Compact  (the  first  of  the  series)  was  con- 
eluded  Itetween  them,  in  which  they  contemplated 
the  possibility  of  a  war  against  England,  but 
without  waiting  for  it  entered  into  an  agreement 
against  the  maritime  supremacy  of  that  power. 
. '.  .  The  commercial  privileges  granted  to  the 
English  in  Ihe  I'  <e  of  I'trecht  wemcd  to  both 
courts  to  iM'  intolerable."— I,,  von  Itanke,  IIi»t. 
of  Kn;i..  U:  22,  eh.  4  (r  .I).  —  "  It  is  hardly  too 
mueh'to  say  that  the  Family  Compact  of  1733. 
though  even  vet  not  generally  known  to  exist,  is 
the  most  important  doi  umcnt  of  the  middle 
period  of  the  IHtli  century  and  the  most  indis- 
pensjible  to  history.  If  tb.t  period  seems  t  >  us 
confused,  if  we  lose  ourselves  in  the  medley  of 
its  wars— war  of  the  Polish  election,  war  of 
Jenkins's  ears,  war  of  the  Austrian  succession, 
colonial  war  of  17.V!— the  simple  reason  is  that 
we  do  not  know  l.ds  treaty,  wh  rh  furnishes  the 
clue.  From  it  we  may  leiini  iliat  in  this  period, 
as  in  that  of  Louis  XIV.  and  in  that  of  Napo- 
leon, Europe  striiixgled  ngal  the  ambitious 
and   delibemtelv    laid   design  m   as.-endant 

power,  with  this  difference,  t.       those  aggres- 
sors  were  manifest   to  all  the  worid  and  tneir 
aims  not  dillicult   to  understand,  whereas  this 
aggressiim  prix-eedeil  by  ambuscade,  and,  being 
tiie  aggression  not  of  r  Single  state  but  of  an  alli- 
ance, and  a  s<'cret  alliance,  d' "  not  liecome  clearly 
manifest  to  Europe  ever  win  n  it  had  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  attaine.    <is  objects.  .   .  .  The 
first  two  articles  define  the  .lature  of  the  alliance, 
that  it  involves  a  mutual  guarantee  of  all  posses- 
sions, and  has  for  its  object,  first,  the  honour, 
glory,  and  interestsof  both  powers,  and,  secondly, 
their  defence  against  all  damage,  vexation,  and 
prejudice  that  may  threaten  them."    The  first 
declared  object  of  the  Compact  is  to  secure  the 
position  of   Don   Carlos,    the   Infant  of  Spain, 
aftcrwanls  Charies  III.,  in  Italy,  and  "to  obtain 
for  him  the  succession  In  Tuscany,   protecting 
him  against  any  atUick  that  may  be  attempted 
by  the  Emperor  or  by  England.     Next,  France 
undertakes  to  •  aid  Spain  with  all  Ler  forces  by 
land  or  sea,  if  Spain  should  suspend  England  s 
enjoyment  of  commerce  and  her  other  advan- 
tages, and  England  out  of  revenge  should  resort 
to  hostilities  and  insults  in  the  dominions  and 
states  of  the  eniwn  of  Spain,  whether  within  or 
ouUide  of  Europe."'     Further  articles  provide 
for  the  inaking  of  efforts  to  induce  (Ireat  Britain 
ti)  restore  Oibraltar  to  Spain ;  set  forth  "  that  the 


1281 


1  i'.:.' 


■).  =. 


'  I  ■• 


■  ■!  •    ; ; 


I M 


a,. 

^1' 


.5f* 


FRANCE,   1733. 


War  Kith  Aultrta. 


FRANCE,  1783-173.'. 


foreign  policy  of  both  statoH  is  to  I*  guiilrd  ex- 
clUBivoly  t)V  till'  inti'ri'Sts of  the  lioiiso" ;  ilcnomuc 
the  Austrian  I'rHgnmtic  ns  "  (•|i|k>(m>(I  to  tlio 
wriirity  of  the  liouw  of  IJourboii."  "The  King 
of  Fraiux'  engages  to  send  32,000  infantry  anil 
8,(MM)  ouvalry  into  It«lv,  and  to  maintain  other 
armies  on  his  otlicr  frontiers;  also  to  have  a 
R<|iia<lron  reaily  at  Toulim.  eiliier  to  join  tlie 
Spanisli  lleet  or  to  aet  wparatciv.  anil  another 
squiidron  at  Hrest.  'to  lieep  tlie  Englisli  in  fei;r 
and  jealousy';  also,  in  ease  of  war  willi  Kiic 
lanil  lirealiing  oul.  to  mmniissiim  tlie  large^t, 
p<issil>le  numliercif  privateers.  Spam  also  prom 
fses  a  li.xed  nunilier  of  tn«>ps,  Tlie  1  Itii  and 
I'itli  articles  lay  the  founilation  of  aelnseeoni- 
niereial  alliaiici-  lo  lie  formed  between  Kraiue 
and  Spain.  Arlielr  i:i  runs  as  follows:  —  'Ilis 
Cat  111  ilie  majesty,  reeoiinisiii);  all  the  abuses  wliicli 
JKive  U'en  intriKlueed  into  eomnuTee,  eliietly  by 
the  liritisli  nation,  in  the  emdieationof  whielithe 
French  and  Spanish  nations  are  eipially  imcr 
esteil.  has  detennined  to  bring  everything  bark 
witliin  rule  and  into  aijreement  with  the  lettimf 
treaties'" — to  which  end  the  two  kini;s  make 
eommiin  cause.  "Finally  the  lllli  article  pni- 
vi.l.'s  that  the  present  treaty  shall  remain  pro- 
fiiundly  secret  as  loiii;  ;is  the  <-ontracting  parties 
shall  jiiil.:;e  it  agreeable  to  their  interests,  and 
shall  Ik'  reiiarded  from  this  day  as  an  eternal 
and  irreviH'able  Family  Compact.  .  .  .  Here  is 
the  explanation  of  the  war  which  furnished  the 
iineieiliate  ineasion  of  the  lirst  Coni|)act,  u  war 
must  misleadinglv  named  from  the  I'olish  elee 
tiiin  which  alforiied  an  ostensible  pretext  for  it, 
and  deserving  better  to  be  ealled  the  Bourbon 
invivsion  of  Italy.  Here  too  is  sketched  out  the 
course  which  was  afterwards  taken  by  the  Hour- 
bon  courts  in  the  nnitter  of  the  Pragmatic  Sanc- 
tion. Tliirdly,  heri'  most  manifi'sily  is  the  ex- 
planation of  tliiit  war  of  .lenkius's  ears,  which 
we  have  a  hal)it  of  representing  as  foiced  ujHm 
Spain  by  English  comini'reial  cupidity,  but 
which  appears  here  as  delitK'nitely  planned  in 
concert  by  the  Bourlion  courts  in  order  to  era<li- 
cute  the  'abuses  whii  li  have  been  allowed  to 
creep  into  trade.'" — .1.  K.  Seelev.  T/<e  lloune  of 
Bill rfxm  (Kill/.  Hint.  Itfr..  ./mi..  i(«6). 

Also  in:    J.    McCarthy,    Hint    of  the    Fuiir 
(leorijfji,  ch.  2'i  (r.  'Z). 

A.  D.  1733-1735. —  War  with  Austria,  in 
Gertnany  and  Ituy.— T^inal  acquisition  of  Lor- 
raine.—Naples  and  Sicily  transferred  to  Spain. 
—  In  the  war  with  Austria  which  was  brought 
alxiut  bv  the  ipicstion  of  the  Polish  succession 
(see  I'o'l.AM):  A.  D.  17;«-17;t:i),  the  French 
"struck  at  the  Uhine  and  at  Italy,  while  the 
other  powers  looked  on  iinmovcd:  Spain  watch- 
ing her  mninciit,  at  which  she  mi ;lit  safi-ly  in 
tcrfere  fur  her  own  interests  in  Italy.  The  army 
of  the  Uhirie,  wliii  li  reached  Slrasburg  in  aiituinn 
173^1,  was  ciimmaniied  by  .M:irslial  IJi-rwick,  wiio 
had  ill-en  called  awiy  from  i  ight  years  of  ha|)py 
and  charming  leisure  at  Fit/.-.laines.  With  him 
s^Tvid  f.  .r  the  lirst  time  in  the  French  army  their 
one  great  generil  of  the  coming  age.  and  he  too 
a  fnreiL'niT.  Maurice,  sun  of  .Vuu'ustus  II.  of 
Poland  and  the  l-ivcly  Countess  of  Konigsmark. 
.  .  .  He  is  best  known  to  us  as  .Marshal  Saxe. 
It  was  too  late  to  accomplish  much  in  17:i:i.  and 
the  Fri'nih  had  to  content  themselves  witli  the 
oaptun' of  Kchl:  in  tie-  wisiter  the  iTopj-rialist.s 
constructed  strong  liius  at  Ktlliiigiii.  a  little 
place   not    far  from  Carlsruhe.  Ixi  .n  en    Kchl. 


which  the  French  held,  and  Phill|isliiiri;,  »i 
which  they  were  aiming.  In  the  sprin;;  nf  17:14 
French  preparations  were  slow  and  ficlilt  ,, 
ni'W  power  had  sprung  up  at  I'aris  in  tin.  inrswi 
of  Hellc  Isle.  Fon  '  grandson,  wlm  h:i,|  nimi, 
of  the  persiittsi-  lion  of  liis  graiiilfiilur 

He  was  full  of  ,<■».  and  iudiicel  ihe  uw^l 

Fleury  tolieliei  ,1  to  be  IhecominL'  inniusof 
French  generalsiip;  the  1  areful  views  1  if  M;ii>liiil 
Uerwick  suited  ill  his  soaring  spirit ,  hr  w.mti-il 
to  nian-h  heiullong  into  Saxony  aird  ll.i|iiiiii:i 
Berwick  would  iml  allow  so  n.ckle»s  ;i  m  In  im.  i,, 
beadopU-d;  still  Belle  Isle,  as  lieulenani  _',  11, ral 
with  an  alinust  iiulependent  eoniniand.  n.isvni 
to  iK'siege  Trarbadi  on  the  Moselli',  w,    i.treinn 

which  delayed  the  French  advanc 1  ih,  Kluii,. 

At  la.st,  however,  Berwick  moved  forw.ir.l-  \\\ 
skilful  arranirements  he  neutnilised  the  Ijilin.-.n 
lines,  and  without  a  battle  foried  the  (J,  iiii.iin  1, 
abandon  them.  Their  army  .villulirw  t.iIM]. 
bninn,  where  it  was  joined'  by  Prim,-  IJu-.ij,, 
Berwick,  freed  from  their  imiiieiliiiti  |inMinv. 
ami  having  a  great  preponderance  in  fnr , ,  j; 
once  sal  down  bcfori^  PhilipshiirL'.  'I'lirn'.  mi, 
the  litli  of  .liine,  as  hi^  visited  the  trii!.lii~,  lir 
w;is  struck  by  a  ball  and  fell  <le:i,l.  S,.  ptssf,] 
awav  till  hist  but  one  of  the  gre;it  gen- r.iU  .>t 
Louis  XIV.  :  France  never  again  s;iw  hi-  like  til: 
the  genius  of  the  l{evobition  evnknl  a  m  w  ri., 
of  heriMs.  It  was  thought  at  lirst  thil  li.r«i,  k\ 
death,  like  Turenne's,  would  end  tlie  caiiipiiijn, 
and  that  the  French  army  must  gel  lim  k  ai to-, 
tlie  Khine.  The  position  seeineil  criiii-il,  I'liilips 
burg  in  front,  and  Princi'  Eugene  w:ili  liiiu'  wiili 
out.  Tlie  Princes  of  the  Empire,  hnwivir,  h*l 
not  put  out  any  strength  in  this  war.  t'  L^iinlin^' 
itchietly  as  an  Austrian  affair;  and  ihe  .Nhmiuis 
d'.VsfeUl.  who  tinik  the  command  of  tlie  I'riiiib 
forces,  was  able  to  hold  on.  and  in  .Inly  turviliin' 
the  great  fortress  of  Philipshurg.  riienvvlili 
the  campaign  of  the  Khine  closed  In  Il:iK 
things  hud  Iktu  carried  on  with  nmre  vi::.MiriinJ 
variety.  The  vetcRui  Villars,  mov  si  years  "IJ, 
was  in  command,  under  Charles  Kiiiiuaiuirl. 
King  of  Sanlinia.  .  .  .  Villars  fuiiail  it  iiuit.- 
easy  toix-cupy  all  the  Milanese:  fart lier lie  "iill 
not  go;  for  Charles-Emmanuel,  after  liie  iii;iimir 
of  his  family,  at  once  began  to  ile:il  1»  iiiul  liis 
liaek  with  the  Imperialists  and  the  1  .im|iaiL.'ii 
dragged.  Tlie  old  Marshal,  little  liri.,)kiiiL'  in 
terference  anil  delay,  for  he  still  w.is  full  .f  lir.'. 
threw  up  his  command,  and  started  f  ir  Kr  iim 
on  the  way  he  was  seized  with  ilhu-s  ni  'I'liriu, 
and  died  there  live  days  after  Berwick  hail  btru 
killed  ut  Philipshurg.  With  tliein  the  l,,ii:;  serii-s 
of  the  generals  of  I,ouis  XIV.  iniii.s  i,i:iniml 
Coigny  :ind  the  Duke  de  Broglie  sueeee.le^l  i.- 
the  command.  Not  far  from  Pariu.i  tiny  f",i.'li'i 
a  murderous  battle  with  the  Aus;ri:iiis,  holly 
contested,  and  a Cadmcan  victory  forth'  Knin li 
it  arrested  tlieir  forward  movcnienl.  itid  twi 
months  were  spent  in  enforced  idlene 
temlier  ri'34  the  liiperialists  iiillict 
cheek  on  the  French  ut  the  .S'cclii:i: 
however emlMildenal  by  this  success 
a  pitched  battle  at  (iuaslalla,  in  ul 
tierce  struggle,  the  French  renciiied 
the  tield.  Their  losses,  the  advaii, ,  1 
year,  and  the  uncertainty  as  to  the  K 
dinia's  movements  and  intentions,  r 
rest  of  t!:e  eumpaiirn  unimp-.-irtant. 
the  Imperialists,  in  order  to  make  li 
the  Kreiuh  ill  the  valley  of  the  Ph 


III 

r.|    :,    h,.Oy 

aflirwar'i> 
tll.v  fellill! 
Jlell,  afllT.l 

!:M,'eftllr 

.v.vl  uf  S:ir 

,  1|.|.  reillllr 
U  h.OVeV.T 

■  III  Hiriiin-s' 
li;i,l  ilrawa 


1282 


FKANCE. 


7ija-j:i«.  i««  Oppo<-iuni,i».  FKANCE,  n3»-1770. 


.11  their  available  force  out  of  tlif  Nrupoiilai. 

'lXde.1  at  N.il.l«  a"<l  .wi"  rc.eiv.Hl  with 

l™,rt»  of  loy:  llie  AiHtriaiis  were  defeaU'd 

?Eto •  t  H?SpHn:  ,rds tluu er,««.d  ii.to  Sicily, 

"h^.r«w/w.'l<'"'->l    tl"'"'    Kladly;    the  two 

"iSLfpaH-'-l  willinKly  under  ihe  rule  of  tl,e 

,   ,r  U      In  K:l">  Austria  nm<le  udvanees  ii 

,ir  1  n     ion  of  peace  ;  (or  the  Kreneh  lm.l  stirr..! 

U^ir  old  friend  the  Turk,  who    u,  onl.T  to 

''      P„l.ind     propos<d    to    mviide    lIunL'iuy. 

Crv     '    l.ive'r  of  war.  and  awar,.  tlut  Kn^'- 

U,  l?n.'Utn.lily  eonld  not  last  forever.  >vas  not 

m  willinu'  t.i  treat :    a  C'on-ress  at    \  lenna  of 

V  V,      and  iHfore  the  end  of  IT^t.".  p.tue  apun 

„  M  ;i  in  Kurope.     The  terms  of  the  Frea  y  o 

. ;"!  '  Austria  .edcl  N.ples  and  >tr,ly.  V.ll.», 

1,  ,.  States  .irirli    I'n'sidii    to   ^paln.  to   la- 

;';:l,i,rasepa,;teUin.do,u  for  l.,.n  ratios: 

j^,„e  ohUiined  Lorraine  and  Bar.  w  m  !,  vere 

-ivwito  Stanislaus  I,ee/inski  on  roncliliuM  that 

t.\,  .il.l  ren.miav  all  ilaiin  to  tin-  I'olish  Crown  ; 

„'\v,retol»'!:overne.l  hv  him  und.r  1- r..n<l. 

!,|,i,i„istnition  :     Francis    Stepli,  n,    the    former 

Z  obtain.-l.  as  an  ind,-mtuty.  tin;  rey..rsion  of 

Tascanv  which  lell  to  him  in  th.'  fol lowinir  y.'ar. 

I'ariniiand  I'iacen/.a  relurneil  to  the  Knipcror 

^■1,„  „Ko  obtained  from  Fruniv  a  K'uarantee  of 

th,.  I'ni.Mnalic  Sanction.      Thus  trance  at  last 

,.„t  lirm  liold  of  the  much-dcsiie.l  I.orrame  coun- 

irv   thoutth  it  wius  not  absolutely  unitcl  to  her 

till' the  deatli   of   Stanislaus  in   l,ti«. '— O.    \V  . 

Kitchin.  Ili'l   ■!/  h'niMf.  I'k:  ti.  .7i    v.. 

Also  IN  ■.  F.  i'.Uui/.ot.  h.vnhirlliM.  oj  Fninr,: 


tniB  Succession. -Guarantee  of  the  Prag- 
mitic  Sanction.    See  AisTiiiA:   A.   1).   1.1«- 

i;;t.s.  ami  1T40.  _ 

A  D  i738-i770.-The  fatal  policy  in  Europe 
which  lost  to  the  French  their  opportunity  for 
colonial  aggrandizement.— '  Louis  XIV.  hail 
maili-  France  («lious  U)  her  neinhljors  and   sus- 
pictcd  liv  all  Kurope.    Those  wlio  suececdeil  liini 
roiiuired'much  prudence  aial  wisdom  to  diniinisli 
the  fi'dincs  of  fear  and  jialousy  which  this  lont; 
riicn  iif  wars  and  ccHKiuests  had  inspired.    They- 
wire  fortuEiate  in  that  the  mcxleraticm  .leinandeil 
iitiliini  was  for  Fmtiee  the  most  skilful  and  ad 
vmiUt'cous  policy.   France  kept  Alsjice,  Franche- 
(oiiite    FlaiidiTs.    Koussillon.  and   beyond    this 
1  iiliwd  frontier  she  was  no  hmircr  menace.!  bv 
the  same  enemies.     Tlie  treaty  of  I'trechI  had 
miHlitivd  the  entire  balance  of  power.     Thee  is 
lipuri'f.irwanl  no  house  of  Austria  exceptni.i:  in 
iliTmiUiv    .  .   .  Spain  is  no  loni:er  to  he  feared; 
slic  is  we:iUencd.   she   is   Inc. .mini;   dcpetulent. 
\n\i-\  of  France,  a  Hourlinn.  reiittisat  .Madrnl. 
.11  seems  that  henceforwanl  France  has  only 
til  (onserve  on  the  continent.     She  presents  to  it 
the  most  compact  power.     Ilcr  principal  eneiny 
in  it  is  cr.  atlv  reduced.     She  is  surroimdeil  li.v 
>latcs,  wcik.r  than  she,  who  defer  to  her  and 
f' ;ir  her ;  slie  .nn  resume  that  tine  nMe  of  nexlera- 
Inr  Mill  snardian  of  the  peace  of  Europi'  wliu'li 
Kiihclivii  hiel  pri'pared  for  her,  and  bi^ar  else- 
Klicn-.   into  the  other  hemisphere,    the   super- 
abimilame  of  her  fori'ca  and  that  excess  of  vicror 
wliiili  in  jrreat  nations  is  precisely  the  condition 
of  iieuiiii.    Tile  fiiUiri'  of  her  jtrandcur  is  hence 
(orwiird   in  the   colonics.     Tt?re  she  vfill  en 


counter  EnKland.     Lm.n  this  new  staBo  the  r 
rivalry  will  be  reviv.il,  more  anient  than  in  the 
.lavs  of  the  hundnd  years  war     To  maintain 
this struirclewhi.hextcndsover  the  entire  worlil, 
Fran.e  will  not  W  t,-,  stronj;  with  all  her  re^ 
sources      When   she  is  cnKaRcd  in  Canada  and 
the  Indies  at  tlie  sann'  time,  she  will  not  need  to 
earrv  h.r  armies  across  the  Khine.     Peace  on  the 
continent  is  the  i ondition  ne.es.sary  to  the  mac- 
nitieeiit  fortune  wliich  awaits  her  in  Amern  a  ami 
\sia      If  she  wishes  to  obtain  it   she  must    re- 
nounce continental    .iinbitions      She  .an  .lo  it; 
her   li.fense  is  formidable.     No   one   alHiut  her 
.voiilii  dare  to  lire  a  ).'un  without  h.r  p.rmis.sion. 
Hut    alas'  .~h.- is  far  removed  from  this  wisdimi 
„,i,|,'    in   atlemptinir  to   i-stablish    .■olonies,    and 
make-  <  hances  in  the  kin^-doms  of  Kurope  at  th.' 
siinie  time,   sh,'   will   eompromis.-   her  piAv.T  111 
bulh  worlds  at  on.-.-      Th.-  Fr.-ii.h  .i.sire  .  .>  .mial 

,, ii.Ms   but   tliev   cannot   ab-tain  Irom  l-.ur..- 

.Han    .■..iiouests.    and    Ktifilarid    prohts    by    it. 
\n.tria  b.-.oni.-s  her  natural  ally  a.-amst  France. 
Tli.s,-   p.nv.rrul  diversions  k. .  p  llie  l-r.-n<h  on 
tin-  L'roun.l.     llow.v.r.  they  .-.,n  y.-ti-urb  Aus- 
tria     ihev    hav.-    I'nissia.    Savoy.    Poland  am 
Tii'k.  V    if   ii.-..-sarv      Diplonm.y   is  sulhei._nt 
f,,r  this  L'.iiii.-;  Init  this  p.nie  is  not  siiili.i.nt  for 
tin-  Fr.in-h  p-litii-ians.     Tin-  liatr.  .1  of  the  huiise 
,,f  Austria  survives  th.-  causes  of  rivali.v.      I  his 
house  s.-ems  ahvavs  -  -la-  moiist.-r    of  whu_h  Hal- 
/.a.-  speaks.     <  Ine  is  not  satisti.-.l  t.>  have  ehainc.l 
it  ■  on.-  can  e.ase  onlv  aft.T  havint:  annihilal.-.    it. 
■flwre   is  always.' "writ,  s  Arpnwm,  -for  politi- 
cians a  fun.iam.'nlal  rule  of  r.-.lucmi:  this  power 
t.i  the  p.iint   wher.-  the  Kmp.ror  will  not  Ik-  a 
.rreater   lamlliohicr    than    th.-    richest    <-le<-t.>r. 
rharl.-s  VI.  .li.-s  in  174(1 ;  lie  leavi-sonly  a.lau^^  i- 
ter- the  opportunity  s.enis  favorable,  and  noisily 
sounding-  th..  d.-atl,  ,-ry  (Ihallali)  Ih.-.v  take    the 
li.l.l  Rt   the  hea.l  of   all    th.-   hunU-rs  b>    >"!'■"■ 
tanee  Is.s-  AfSTni.*  :  A  D.  1740-1 .41    ai.d  after  ; 
It.  t.v;  A.  I>.  1741   17411  t.n74fi-J747;  NKniKU- 
,,*M.s;  A.   1).   171.-..  an.l  174ti-17471.     'lliey  p.) 
•to  make  an  emp.-ror,   t.i  eon.iuer  kiiiploms. 
The  Bavarian  whom  th.y  crown  is  a  staire  <-n^ 
p.r.ir.  and,  as  f..r  c.,n,,ucsts.  tli.-y  are  .-.aisi.b  r.  d 
;,„ly  t,«    f..rtuiiate   that    Maun.-e  of   Saxe  pre- 
serves to    Frame   tlios.-   ..f    1..)U18  XI%  .       1  he 
eoaliti.m    has  no  otli.r   n-sult    than   I"  '■"'i.';,*;"' 
Prussia    |s.e   Aix  I  a  (liArKl.i.K  ;    A.    D.    1.4><; 
anii  Nkw  Kno.,.m.     A.  D.  174.V174S].     M.-an^ 
Willi.-  Frame  is  beaten  on  tin-  sea  and  aband.ms 
s.il.-ly  to  th.-  r.'s.airr.-of  his  L'.nius  l)npl.-ix,  wh.) 
with' a  haialf.il  of  i."  n  was  foiin.linu  an  cmpir.- 
ls.e  Im.ia:  A    D-   174:M7.V-'l      1  h.re  was  be^ 
sid.s  am.ther  small  niatt.r  ;  aft.-r  having  .;xp..sed 
Canada    |s.e    Nkw    Kn.ii.ani):   .V    1).   1.44  am 
ITl.-.l  in  onl.-r  to  .on.iuer  Sil.sia  for  the  kir.):  .'f 
I'nissia    it  was  lost  in  or.ler  to  hav.-  the  pl.asur.- 
„f    .'ivin"  ba.k  that    provini-<-  to  the  .iue._ii  ot 
Ilunirarv"     Fraiu-.-  had  play.-d  the  u-ame  ..1  Kni:- 
1-ind  in  ihc  war  of  the  succ.ssi.ai  of  Austria,  sh. 
nlav.-d -liat  of  Austria  in    tlie  s.-v.-n  y.ars  war 
s..-.(;KnMANv:  A.  11.  17.M-17,V1.  "ud  i.ft.T  ;  a... 
KN..1.AN0  :  A.  I).  17.vl-17.V,l.     rn-d.-ri.  k  was  th. 
most  ..,,uivo.-al  of  alli.-s.     In   '  ;'■'-'"•  !'';:'[';;, 
,.yiii.-allv   an,l   pass..,l  over  to  tie-  ^"^:''^!';^     ' '" 
had    just    r.-c..min.-ii.-isl    war    aL-amst    I' """   _ 
Kn-laml   havim;    Prussia,   it  was  important,   in 
„rder  to  inait-tain  the  e.iuilibrium.  t  lat   France 
hav.-  Austria.     Maria  Theresa  oflerci  h.-r  a  liam-r 
.,,.<!  Pr,=tire:iccept.-d  it.     Thus  was  eon.-luded  tin- 
famous  treaty  of  May  1,   U-W     The  ..bject  ..t 


.*  I- 


|?j.^^ 


1283 


EC    '-''l 


KUANXE,  17:)H-1770, 


.\fi>re  ynmily  Comfhu-tt. 


KHANt'E,  17«1 


1-  n 


Hi 

Hi 


;!.■■ 


!         1  •        • 


lliis  iillinnro   was  entirely  (I  fenslve.      Tlii«  it 
« liiit  Kniiiic  (lid  not  undi'rstiiml,  iiiiil  slie  diil  nut 
ccii-u'  1(1  Ix'  ii(lu|M'  f(ir  liiivini;  eliiinKed  piirliiiri 
I.duis  XV.  ni:i(lc  liiiiiscif  llic  defemlcr  of  Aiisiriii 
Willi  llie  same  lilindiiess  as  lie  had  made  himself 
lier  adversjiry.     Tlie  eoiiliiientiil  war  wliieh  nan 
only  the  aeeiMsory  1)  ■(  amc  the  principal      Froiu 
11  riiHnir  power.  Fruiiee  fell  to  I  he  rink  of  ii  siili- 
ordiriale.     She  did  not  even  attain  tin;   iiidireel 
result   to  whii  li  she  saeritleed  her  most  precious 
interests      Frederick   kept  Silesia.      France   lost 
Caiiadii  .ind  aliiiiidoned  Louisiana,  the  empire  of 
the  Indies  passed  i..  the  Knclish  |see  ('.\s.vi).*  ; 
A    I)    IT-'iO  17,"i:i  to  ITilii;   Nova  S(  oth  :   A.  I). 
17(!t  ir."i."i.  and    I7-m;    Ohio  (Vai.i.kvi  :    A     D. 
174S  17."il.   and  after;    Cm'k    Huiiiin    Isi.imi: 
A     I)     17"iS  Kiiii;     iMiiA:    A.    I)     17.V-l7iil| 
Louis  XV.   had  liiiis  directed   a   policy  the  sole 
reason  for  whii  h  was  ihe  defeat  of  KliKlaiid.  in 
such  a  way  as  to  assure  the   trimnpli    of   that 
conntry.      ■  Alxive  all.'  wrote  Heriiis  to  Choiseiil. 
then  aniliass^idor  at  Vienna,  'arraiiiie  matters  in 
such    a    wae  that   the  kini;  will   not  remain   in 
servile   depenilence   on    his   allies.      That    stale 
wonld  he  Ihe  worst  of  .ill.'     It   was  Ihe  sl.ite  of 
France   diirini;   tin-  last   ve.'irs  i.r   the   reiirn   of 
L(niis  XV       The  allliiiceof  lT.-,(i,  whi(  h  had  been 
at  ii~  liei:iniiini:  and  under  its  tirst  form,  a  skil- 
ful c\|MMlient,  became  a  jsilitieal  svstcm,  and  the 
most    dis.istroiis  of  all.      Without  u'ainini?  any- 
thiiii;  in  Icrritory,  France  lost  her  considcrati('in 
in   Knrope      She  had  formerly  uroniwd  around 
he- all  those  who  were  distiirlied  hv  the  power 
of  Austria:  forced   to  chose  betwivn  them  and 
Austria,  she  allowed  the  .Vuslrians  to  do  as  they 
oliose.     To  crown  the  humiliation,  immediately 
after  a  war  in  which  she  had  lost  evervlhinir  to 
serve  the  hatred  of  Maria  Theres,i  for  Frederick, 
she  .saw  those  iinreconeilahle  (iermans  diaw  to- 
jrether  without  her  knowled:;.-,  come  loan  nnder- 
standiiii;   at    her  e.tpense,  and.  in  concert   with 
Unssia.  divide  the  spoil  of  one  of  the  olilest  cli- 
ents of   the  French  monarchv.   Poland.     There 
remained  to  France  but  one  ally,  Spain      They 
were   united    in  17111   by   the    Family    I'act,  the 
only    benelicial    work    which   had    iK'en   nccom 
plished  in  these  years  of  di.saster.   .   .   .   To  'he 
aiiL'er  of  havinir  felt  herself  made  use  of  duriiu; 
the  War.   to  th,'  rancor  of    haviii);  seen    herself 
duped  diirini;  the  pe.ace.  wa.  joined  the  fear  of 
lieiiiir  despoiled  o..e  day  by  ;.n  ally  soereedy  and 
so  little  .scrupulo'is.     "'I  foreiee,''  wrote   .Mablv 
some  years  later.  ■  that  th  ■  Kmperoi  will  demand 
of   us  attain    Lorraine,    Alsace   and    eyervthing 
which  may  please  liim'  — -Who  can  fjuiirantv 
Fnnce,  if   she  should  experience  a  complicated 
and  unfortunate  war,'  said  one  of  the  ministers 
of  Louis  XVI.,  'that  the  F;mpcror  would  not  re- 
cliim  .\lsice  and  even  other  provin(i!s'(  '    It  was 
ill  this  way  that  the  abuse  made  by  Austria  of 
the  alliance  revived  all  the  tradition's  of  rivalry. 
.\dd  th.it   Maria  Theresa  was  devinit.  that   she 
was  k    ■nil  to  be  a  friend  of  the  .lesnils.  an  en 
emy  of  the  philosophers,  and  that  at  the  Kinii's 
court,  the  favorites  were  aceouiited  as  aci|uired 
from  Au.stri.i:    eyerythiiii.'  thus    ( .jntributnl    to 
reiiiler  odious    to    public    opinion    the    allimco 
whii  h.  in  if.self.  alreai.y  seemed  detcsmble.     At 
the  time   when   they    were    beeinnini;   to   style 
the  partisans  of  new  ideas  '  patriots.'  they  were 
in   the    habit     of    eonfoundiiiR   all    tlie'adver- 
sarii.s  of  ilex    id,a»  wiih  tiie    Austrian  party.' 
.  .  .  The  marriage  of  Jlarie  Antoinette  witli  the 


>|.;, 


1284 


Dauphin  was  destined  to  seal  forever  ih  ..Hi,,,,., 
of  K.^tl.  The  unfortiinate  princess  :i, .  .iiiiil,!,,| 
on  her  head  the  hatreds  and  prejuiji.  .1  I,,  ],'„',, 
lip  by  three  centuries  of  rivalry  and  .  \. ,  „n, Vj 
slimiilated  by  the  still  smnrli'n;;  iiii|iir -s.ni  .'; 
recent  wroiiirs.  Kvcn  the  cause  of  h,  r  i  .iiiim  , .,', 
France  rendered  her  siispei  ted  by  n,,  I'l,.,,!, 
they  impiilcd  lo  her  as  a  crime  li.  r  iiiel.inci 
to  Ihe  alliance  which  was.  notwiihshji  ,lin  ■  n„. 
Very  reason  of  her  nuirriai:e.  To  mdi  r,!;,i,i 
llic  priKligious  unpopularilv  w  hii  h  pir -uni  [..j 
ill  Krancc.  it  is  necessary  to  ineasiiic  He  m-i],,,,, 
of  the  passions  raised  up  iicaiiisl  h.  r  in..!lii  r  v;'i 
her  ( iiuiilry  ;  it  was  siimincd  up,  l,,i,^.  i„  i,,,.,,',),,, 
Hevolution,  in  that  word  which  Im.mimi  l.i  Mur',, 
AntoincMe  a  decree  of  forfeitiin- ami  of  lii.,',!,' 
the  Ausirian.  ■— A.  Sorel,  /./-.'nr,,/,,  ,t'.i  /,'.,,.', 
ti"H  fnuii^iUKr  {tnin»  fn'in  tl/t  Fitiu-ln  t.t  I 
2KS-2H7.  "  ■  '     " 

A.  D.  '743  (Octoberi.-The  Second  Famil, 
Compact  of  the  Bourbon  kings.-  Kium.  .,.'] 
Spain  sillied  a  secret  treaty  ot  pi  ipi  lunl  .illi,),, 
at  Fontainebleaii.  OeloberVilh.  I7(:|  'riietr,i,;i 
is  remarkable  as  llie  precursor  of  the  . , !.  hrv.ii 
Family  Compiict  between  the  FniK  li  ai 
ish  Honrbons.  TheSpaiiiard.s,  imh.d.  ( 
Second  Family  Compact,  the  VwA  l.  iii"  <\, 
Treaty  of  November  7lh.  17;i:i.  of  uhuli"«i.|; 
regard  lo  colonial  allairs.  it  was  a  him.u.iI  I;,' 
this  treaty  had  a  more  special  n  fen m  ■  id  |i;,ii 
Louis  XV.  engaged  to  declare  war  neiiii-l  >,,' 
dinia.  and  lo  aid  Spain  in  coiiijin  nn^  i|,,  M: 
lanese.  I'hilip  V.  transferred  his  ,  luinis  i,,  ti,,' 
duchy  to  his  son,  the  Infant  Don  \'\M\\,,  u|,,i 
was  also  lo  Ih-  jiut  in  pos.sessi.m  of  r:iiih;,  ;,.,,i 
I'iHceiixa.  All  the  jiossessioiis  Kill  .1  In  Kr:ii,,i 
to  the  King  of  Sardinia.  livtl.eTn:,n  i.il  ii,,|. 
were  to  be  again  wrestiil  I'rdin  him  .\  ..i,|,, , 
alliance  was  to  be  formed,  to  whi.  h  iln  In' 
Charles  VII.  was  to  accede;  wh,.~.  -lit 
even  sonu'lhing  more,  were  to  b.  hniMrol!  i 
liim.  I'ndcr  certain  circum.staiM  i^  wir  »;,-  i. 
be  dcchu.il  against  Kiigland  :  in  ul.i.li  ,;,„ 
France  was  to  assist  in  the  rci dvi  rv  .'1  (i]l'ni!t:ir 
and  also,  if  possible,  of  Minorca.  Tie  i^.  n  , ,.:, m 
of  (ieorgiawas  to  be  de.stroyi d,  lln  A-;'  i,'  -wi'l, 
dniwn  from  Kngland.  (.Vc''— T  ||  |iyr  //,.• 
I'f  Miikrn  Kuruix.  hk.  tl.  di.  4  w.  ;;i 
A.  D.  1754-1756.— The  Seven  Years  War 

—  Its  Causes  and  Provocations    n vum 

A.  D  17.>"i-17.'>«  ;  and  Km^i.ami    .\   |i  km  i;v, 
A.  D.  1756 (May).— The  Seven  Years  War; 
Minorca  wrested  from  England.     .^.  •    ':\\\:,\. 
(A  :  A    D   17.1fi. 

A.  D.  1761  (August).— The  Third  Family 
Compact  of  the  Bourbon  kings.—  '  m  Ik  I'iIi 
of  August  [1761 J  .  .  .  (irimaldi  (Sp/ii-li  mii 
bassador  at  the  French  court)  ami  I  In  i-.  ;il  |i|,r 
ruling  minister,  at  the  lime,  in  Ftii  <•  '  -\-z\\v\ 
Ihe  celebrated  Family  Compact.  H-.  i!i'>ln;itv 
the  Kings  of  France  and  Spain  iiei^i!  f  r  lli.' 
future  to  consider  every  Dower  11s  il  ireiMiiiv 
whiih  might  become  the  enemy  of  (ill 
guarantee  the  respective  domjiiioii--  ii 

ot    Ihe  world  wliidi  they  mit'lit  | 

next  conclusion  of  peace.  Miiliiil  >  : 
.sea  and  land  were  stipulate<L  ami  m  j  ; 
jieace  to  their  comnKai  enemies  wa>(  t  ■ 
nor  negotiation  enten^d  upon,  iiiiIi  -s  l.i 
consent.  The  subjects  of  each  n  -i.! 
Kuropean  dominions  of  the  oilii  r  wi  n 
the  same  commercial  privileges  n^  : 
Moreover,   tlie    King  of    Spain  sn|' ; 


MllKr.'! 


•.li.il.. 

1'!  I.lltN 
.  :lt  'il.. 

.■ir^  liv 

..  -.,1  ..f 

Iiiir.l... 

'.imr...!i 

il:  llli' 
(  \\\ys 

itlV.- 

,.|    iLe 


FRANCE,  n«I. 


Iytul»  VI7  and 

Am  SiintHtfra 


FHANCE,    1774-17S« 


.-^^inn  of  hl«  -on,  llw  KiiiR  of  N'aplts.  to  this 
Jlia:ir,  hut  it  wan  BKn-cil  tlmt  nii  prince  or  p<i_ 


tllia: 


f  Ikiiirlion,  hlioiilil 


vnl.il'-.  <!i<il't  of  the  llouw 

„cr  !»■  lulmillcil  lo  Us  piirtuipiilion.      Ursiil.s 

thi,  triiitT.  which  111  it«  wonln  ut  least  iipplic.l 

oniv  '"  f''""f''  '""'  <'"»>«"'K""'  "■'"■"•  '""'  *■''"''' 
wiij  intiiiilcil  to  t)c  iiltinmlily  piilillHlicd.  tin  re 
«««  iiNi  si>;ntKi  (in  the  Hiirue  iliiy  ii  »peciiil  imd 
KiTvt  c.pnviiitlon.     Thin  iinporliil,  licit  in  Ciise 
Knuhiriil  iinil  Kranoe  hhoiild  still  1h'  cnpit'eil  ill 
|,„.tilHie,  on  tlie  1st  of  Mity  1763  Spiiiii  slioiiM 
(ititlialiliivdecliire  war  against  KnL'land,  and  that 
Frtuicr  should  at  the  sjime  pcriml  restore  Minorca   : 
UiSiiiiin    .  .  .   Not  only  the  terms  hut  the  exis     ; 
leni r  "f  a  Kamilv  t'om'pact  were  for  some  time   ; 
kiMitscrupulouslV  secret.     Mr  Stanley,  however     | 
jlciiniil  some    informHti(m    from   the   mattered 
blDts  of  the  Dulse  de  Choisiiil.  and  these  were   ■ 
contirmi<l  to  I'iit  fnmi  wv.  ral  other  quarters. 
Aj  the  result  ol  the  Kaiiiily  Compact,  Enfjland 
declared  war  uRainst  Spain  on  the  4th  of  Janu- 
,rv  1"6''     I'i"  •■'"'  It'""'  ""'  "'  "'"'■''  '"  October 
hiaust!  his  colhiiRues  and  the  King  would  not 
then  consent  to  a  deelaratioii  of  war  ai:iiinst_tlie 
Spanish  UoiiilHiim  (see  En(ii..^si>.   A.  I*.   17«0- 
1763).    Tlie  force  of  circumatanees  soon  brought 
them  to  the  measure.— I.<ml  Mahon  (Karl  SUin- 
hopc).  Ili't  of  Knf,.,  17i:5-178;t,  rl,.  37  (r.  4). 

A.  D.  1761-1764.— Proceeding!  against  the 
iHuits,— Their  expulsion  from  the  kingdom. 
Se,.!KsriTS:  A.  1>.  17(ll~17«». 

A  D  1763.— The  end  and  results  of  the 
S««n  Years  War.— The  Peace  of  Paris.- 
America  lost,  nothing  gained.  See  Skvks 
Ye.\rs  \V.\ii:  A.  I).  17tt:!. 

A.  D.  1763.— Rights  in  the  North  American 
fisheries  secured  by  the  Treaty  of  P»ris.  See 
FlsiIKUiEs,  NoKTiI  AmkkhaN:  A    I).  170!!. 

A.  D.  1768.— Acquisition  of  Corsica.  See 
CoRSIc.v:  A.  U.  172«-17ti9, 

A.  D.  1774-1788.— The  Court  and  Govern- 
ment of  Louis  XVl.,  his  inheritance  of  troubles, 
his  Tsciilations,  his  helpless  ministers.— Tur- 
got,  Necker,  Calonne,  Brienne.— Blind  selfish- 
ness of  the  privileged  orders.— The  Assembly 
of  Notables.— The  Parliament  of  Paris.— 
"Louis  XVI.,  an  equitable  prince,  nuxlerate  in 
his  propensities,  carelessly  educated,  but  natur 
allr  of  a  pvnl  disposition,  o-scemled  the  throne 
l.Vfav  11.  1774]  at  a  very  earlv  n:,'e.  He  called 
to  his  bide  an  old  courtier,  and  consigned  to  him 
the  rare  of  his  kingdom ;  and  divided  his  con- 
tiilince  tiitween  .Maurcpas  an<l  the  Queen,  an 
.Austrian  princess  [Marie  Antoinette],  young. 
lively,  ami  amialile,  who  possoswd  a  complete 
ascendency  over  him.  Maurepas  and  the  Queen 
were  not  giKKl  friends.  The  King,  sometimes 
givinff  vuy  to  his  minister,  at  others  to  his  con- 
sort, iM'pin  at  an  early  periixl  the  long  career  of 
his  vaiilliitiuns.  .  .  .  The  public  voice,  which 
was  Kmilly  expressed,  called  for  Tiirgot,  one  of 
the  class  ef  economists,  an  honest,  virtuous  man, 
endowed  with  flrmnessof  character,  aslow  genius, 
but  ohsiiivite  and  profound.  Convinced  of  his 
probity,  (U  lighted  with  his  plans  of  reform,  Louis 
SVI.  frei|ninlly  n|ieate<l:  "Thetv  arc  none  be- 
slJcsmys.lf  and  Turgol  who  arc  friends  of  tiie 
people.'  Turgot's  reforms  were  thwarted  by  the 
opposition  of  the  highest  orders  in  the  state, 
who  were  iiitercstcil  in  maintaining  all  kinds  of 
abuses,  wlLieh  the  austere  minister  propose<l  to 
■uppresa.  ijniis  XV 1.  dismissed  him  1 1776]  witii 
' icli  wi 


tgret.    During  his  whole  life,  which  was  only 


a  long  martyrdom,  he  had  the  morlifle.it ion  to 
disiern  whiit'was  right,  to  wish  it  siieeri  ly,  but 
to  lack  the  energv  requisite  for  lurrying  it   into 
execution.     The  king,  placed  belwieii  the  court, 
llie  parl;,iinents,  and  the  people,  exposeil  to  in 
IriL'Wisand  to  suggestions  of  all  sorts,  repeatedly 
I  haUL'eil   his  ministers.      Yielding  once  more  to 
the  pulilic  voice,  and  to  the  necessity  for  reform, 
he  surninoned  to  tlie  tinance  departniint  Nei  ker, 
a  nativenf  (ieiieva,  who  had  amiisMil  wealth  as  a 
banker,   a   partisan  and  disciple  id  CollHirt,   as 
Turgol  was  of  Sully;  an  eeonnmieal  and  upright 
linaiicier,  but  a  vain  man,  fond  of  setting  him- 
self up  for  arliitrator  in  evirything.   .   .   .   Necker 
re-establislied   order  in  the  llnances,   an<l  found 
means  to  ih  fruvllu'  heavy  expenses  of  tie' Aiiiiri- 
can  war.   .   .   .But  it  required  s  nietliing  more 
than  linani  ial  artillces  to  put  an  end  to  the  eiii- 
barrassiiicnls  of  the  excheij.ur.  and   he  had  re 
cours)'  to  reform      lie  found  the  higher  orders 
not  less  adverse  to  him  than  they  hail  been  to 
Turgot;    the  parliaments,  apprised  of  his  plans, 
combined  anainst  him,  and  obliged  him  to  retire 
(17H11.     TheennvictiiiiKd'  the  existence  of  abuses 
was  universal;  evirylsuly  admitted  it.   .      .  The 
courtiers,    who  ilerived  "advantage    from    these 
abus<s,  would  li  we  been  glad  to  see  an  end  put 
to   the   cniliarrassnienls  of   the   exchequer,    but 
without  its  costing  them  a  singU'  saeritice.   .   .   . 
The  p-irlianicnts  also  talked  of  thi'  interests  of 
the  people,  hiudly  insisted  on  the  sulTerings  of 
the  p(n>r,  and  vet  opposeil  the  ecpiali/.ation  of  the 
taxes,  as  welliis  tin   abolition  of  the  remains  of 
feudal  barbarism.     All  talked  of  the  public  weal, 
few  desired  it;  and  the  pci>ple,  niit  vet  knowing 
who  \\ere  its  true  friends,  applauded  all  those 
1    who   resi.sted    power,   its  most   obvious  enemy. 
!    Ilv  the  removal  of  Turgot  and  Necker,  the  state 
j   of  alTairs  was  not  changed;    the  distress  of  the 
j   tRasurv  remained    the   same.   .   .   .   \n  intrigue 
i   brotigirt  forward   M.  de  Calonne  [in  17*t,  after 
I   brief  careers  in  otlice  of  M.  de  Heiirv  and  M. 
i   d'Onnesson].   .       .   Calonne,  clever,  brilliant,  fer- 
I   tile  in  resources,   relied  upon   his  genius,  upon 
fortune,  and  upon  men,  and  awaited  the  future 
with  the  most  extnordinary  apathy.   .   .   .  That 
future  which  had  been  counted  upon  now  a|)- 
pmai-hed ;  it  became'  necessary  at  length  to  adopt 
decisive  measures.     It  was  impossible  to  burden 
the  people  with  fresh  imposts,  and  yet  the  coffers 
were  empty.     There  was  but  one  remedy  which 
could  be  applied;    that   was  to  reduce  the  ex- 
penses bv  the  suppression  of  grants;  and  if  this 
expedient  should  not  sutliee,  to  extend  the  taxes 
t"  a  greater  numlwr  of  contributors,  that  is,  lo 
1     •  nobilitv  and  clergy.     These  plans,  atU'mpteil 
.;uccessiveiv  by  Turgot  and  Necker.  and  resumed 
by  Calonne.   appeared   to  the   latter  not  at  all 
likely  to  succeed,  unless  the  consi'nt  of  the  privl- 
legeil    elas.si's    themselves    could    l>c    obteined. 
Calonne.  therefore,  proposed  to  collect  them  to- 
gether in  an  assembly,  to  be  called  the  Assembly 
of  the  Notables,  in  order  to  lay  his  plans  lieforc 
them,  and  to  gain  their  consent  either  by  aildress 
or  bv   conviction.     The  assembly   [which   met 
February  'J'J.    17S7]    was    conipo3(.'(l   of    distin- 
guLsliLil  members  of   the  nobility,   clergy,   and 
magistracy,  of  a  great  number  of  masters  of  re- 
quests and  some  magistrates  of  the  provinces. 
Very  warm  di.scussions  ensued."     The  No- 
t;ibles  at  length  "  promised  to  sanction  the  plans 
of  Caionne,  but  on  condition  that  a  luiiiialer  L.orc 
moral  and  more  deserving  of  confldencc  should 


%■ 


.11       4"»   . 

^  H 


ff'^m 

Wm 

i\  >;|S| 

H« 

Hh 

n 

11 

1285 


I 


^?!U  :':"•:'•; 


^!4i 


;  i  :  .  i 


FRANCE,  1774-1708. 


IxtuU  XVI.  niMi 
Jiu  Cuurf. 


KKANCE,  177*-178». 


be  appointed  to  carry  them  into  execution." 
Calonne.  conieiiuently,  was  iliiiniaMil,  nuil  re- 
placed by  M.  lie  Brienne,  Archbishop  of  Tou- 
louHC.  "The  Notalilea.  bound  by  the  pron-iiifii 
which  ther  hiul  innde,  readily  conaented  .o  all 
that  they  iiail  at  tlmt  rcruM'il:  liindtax,  8tuni;i- 
duty,  Rupprcsxioii  of  the  )(nttuitous  wrvlcea  of 
vaMal*  (' corvii!( '),  provincial  nMM'iiililics,  were 
all  elu^'rfully  grunted  .  .  .  Hud  M  de  ilrienne 
known  how  to  prutlt  by  the  advantiii;!'!*  of  liisi 
poaitloii;  hud  he  iiclively  pro.'ecdeii  with  the 
execution  of  Ihc  nieasiircs  an.-H'nud  to  by  the  No- 
tables, liiid  III'  Huliiniltrd  thi'iii  all  ut  once  and 
witliout  delay  to  the  parliMini  lit.  ut  the  instant 
when  the  adhesion  of  the  hi^licr  onlers  Hcenicd 
to  lie  wriuik;  from  tliiin  —  all  would  prolialilv 
have  Ih'cii  ovit.  the  parliaineiit,  pri.-scd  on  all 
»i(lc».  would  have  eoiiwiiled  lo  I  virylliiiiK,  .  .  . 
NolliiiiK  "f  the  kind,  liowivi  r.  was  done  lly 
itnpruileiit  delays  oceasiiiii  was  furnished  for  re- 
lap.Hcs;  the  edii'ts  wcn>  hiiliniitti'il  only  one  after 
another;  llii>  parliaineiit  had  time  to  iIIsiu.hs,  to 
KHin  eoiiraife,  and  to  recover  fnmi  the  sort  of 
surprise  liy  wliii  li  the  Notaliles  had  Ih'cu  taken. 
It  rcfrislereii,  aftir  hmi;  iliscussion.s,  the  ediil 
enacting  the  H'ci.nd  alx'lition  of  the  'corvecs.' 
and  another  permitting  tlic  fne  exportation  of 
corn.  Its  aiiiniosily  was  jiarticuiarly  directed 
a^rainst  the  land  tax;  but  It  feared  lest  by  a  re 
fusal  it  should  i  iilii.diten  the  public,  and  show 
that  its  opposition  wiut  entirely  seltish.  It  hesi- 
tated, when  it  was  spared  tliii  embarrassment  by 
the  siniultaiii'ous  presentation  of  the  eilict  on  the 
stamp  duty  and  the  lanil  lax,  and  especially  by 
opi'ning  the  delilnnitious  with  the  former.  The 
parliament  had  thus  an  opportunity  of  refusing; 
the  first  without  entcrini:  into  explanations  re 
spectin)?  the  second ;  and.  in  attacking  the  stamp- 
duty,  which  nlTe<tcd  the  majority  of  the  payers 
of  taxes,  it  seemed  to  defend  the  interest  of  the 
public.  At  a  sittini;  which  was  attended  by  the 
peers,  it  denounced  the  abuses,  the  protligiiiy, 
and  the  prinlipility  of  the  court,  and  demanded 
Mutemenis  of  ixpenditure.  A  councillor,  pun 
ning  upon  the 'etats'(stateincnt.s)exclaimc(l  .  .  . 
— 'It  is  not  statements,  but  States-General  that 
we  want.'.  .  .  The  utterance  of  u  single  word 
presented  an  unex|H'cted  direction  to  the  public 
mind :  it  was  repcateil  by  every  mouth,  and  iStates- 
Oeneral  w  ere  loudly  deinaniled." — A.Thiers, //I'dr 
iifthe  French  liertiiittimi  i.lin.  <(/.).  r.  1,  /</<.  17-'il. 
—  "There  is  no  doubt  that  the  French  ailmlnis 
trative  ImmIv,  at  the  time  when  I*ouis  XVI.  Ix-gan 
to  reign,  was  corrupt  and  .self  si<  king  In  the 
manai;emeut  of  the  linaiices  and  of  the  army, 
illegitiiiiate  prollls  wen-  made.  Rut  this  was  not 
the  worst  evil  from  which  the  public  service  was 
;;ulTiriiig.  Franc  e  was  in  fact  governed  by  what 
in  nnslcrn  times  is  called  'a  ring.'  The  mein- 
Ikts  of  such  an  organization  prctenil  to  serve  the 
sovereign,  or  the  public,  and  in  some  measure 
actui'lly  do  so;  but  their  rewards  are  determined 
by  intrigue  and  favor,  and  are  entirely  ilispro- 
portionale  to  their  services.  They  generally  pre- 
fer jolilicry  to  (lin'cl  stealing.  Jitirl  w.Il  spend  a 
niilliiiiiof  the  state's  money  in  a  ne:-i..i-ss  under- 
taking, ill  order  to  il;verl  a  few  thousands  into 
tlieir  oA'u  put  kets.  They  hold  together  against 
all  the  world,  while  trying  bi  circumvent  each 
other.  Such  a  ring  in  old  France  was  the  court. 
Uy  siivii  h  ring  wi!)  evf-ry  cmntry  !>*-  g->v..rn«l, 
where  the  sovereign  who  possesses  the  political 
power  is  weak  in  moral  character  or  careless  of 


the  public  intemt;  whethpr  that  sovrri  ign  iw  | 
munarcb,  a  chamlwr,  or  the  mass  of  the  iii-nple 
Ixmia  XVI.,  king  uf  France  anil  of  Navirn-,  viu 
mure  dull  than  stupid,  and  weaker  In  uiM  i||.,g 
in  intellect.  .  .   .   He  was  .   .   .   thoroiighU  i„n 


scienthius,  and  hail  a  high  senst!  of  tie 


■|"I1H1 


1'  V 

"T. 

Dm 

^ill-- 

:>llt 

MIC 

mill 

111) 

n  :i,l 

1     til 

bility  of  bis  great  calling,  lie  was  imt  iml  .l.m 
although  heavy,  and  his  coiiragi',  »lii>li  uu 
sorely  tested,  wan  never  broken.  \Siili  Hi,., 
virtues  he  might  have  miulc  a  gisid  kin.-.  Iiul  lir 
]M>ss<'sseil  firmness  of  will  enough  to  -ii|i|inrt  ^ 
giKsl  ininister,  or  toiidliere  to  i;o(k1  p 
such  Ntreiiglh  liiul  not  Ikcii  given  hin 
inca|iable  of  standing  by  hiiuself,  In- 
cessively,  or  simultamiiusly,  on  his 
wife,  bis  ministers,  his  lourtiirs.  :is 
change  his  policy  as  his  adviser  Vrl  ii  vmcs  p.iii 
of  his  weakness  to  lie  unvvilljiig  to  lirlirvr  iiini 
self  umh'r  the  guidaiiceof  any  piirlinii.ci  |»  r^.ii. 
he  set  a  high  value  on  his  own  aiif!i,>ii!\,  .m,] 
was  inordinately  jealous  of  it.  No  in.  .'ilMf 
fore,  could  acquire  a  permanent  iiillin m  •  'fin. 
a  well  meaning  man  iH-came  tin-  worst  of  si,ur 
cigns.  .  .  .  Louis  XV.  hud  bn  ii  hd  In  his  luU 
tres.ses;  Louis  XVI.  was  iiirnni  aliout  liv  ilii- 
last  person  who  liappencd  lo  s|Mak  to  liim  '  Tli.. 
courlh'rs,  in  llnir  turn,  were  s«a\ci|  In  tlnir 
feelings,  or  their  interests.  They  furiiiMr|iariii'S 
and  combinations,  and  intrigued  for  or  iti'.iiuHt 
each  other.  They  made  bargains,  they  ::.ni- .mil 
tcHik  britM'S.  In  all  these  intriiiues.  iirilii  s,  ;,iiil 
bargains,  the  court  ladies  had  a  i;ri  .it  sjiarr 
They  were  as  corrupt  as  the  iiicii.  iiml  as  triv.il 

oils.     It  is  probable  that  in  no  govern iit  iliii 

women  ever  exercise  so  gn'at  an  iiitliniin  ,  'I'lir 
factions  into  which  the  court  was  diviiliil  tviiilnl 
to  group  thems«'lves  round  certain  rii  li  luiil  in 
tluential  families.  Such  were  the  Naillc-.  an 
uinbitiimsand  [lowerful  house,  with  wliii  li  Litav 
ette  was  connected  bv  marriage,  tin  lirn^'lii-s 
one  of  whom  had  held  the  thread  of  ilu- si-irtt 
diplomacy  which  Ijouis  XV.  Iiad  i  inii-.l  no 
Ix'hind  the  backs  of  his  acknowleiL'nl  iiiinis 
ters;  the  Polignacs,  new  people,  (riaiiins  "t 
Queen  Marie  Antoinette;  the  Uohaiis.  Ilirmix'li 
the  influence  of  whose  great  name  an  uiiunrihy 
ineinlx'r  of  the  family  was  to  rise  to  liii'li  ilicuiiy 
in  the  church  and  the  stale,  and  then  to  nw  t 
deep  shadow  on  the  darkening  popiihiniy  of  tlmt 
ill-starn'd  princess.  Suchfamiliisa.s ilirsi- finmil 
an  upper  cliuss  among  nobles.  .  It  isinii  ra-y, 

in  looking  at  the  French  governmi  nt  in  llic  rii'li 
tcenth  century,  to  decide  where  llie  Knrkiiii;  ail 
ministration  ended,  md  where  tin'  usi  li  ss  i nun 
that  answered  no  real  jiurposi-  begun.  .  .  Tin  n- 
was  the  department  of  hunting  uiul  tli  it  of  Imilil 
ings,  a  separate  one  for  royuj  JoiirinN-.  oin-  It 
the  guard,  another  for  police,  yi  t  aii'ilnr  for 
ceremonies,  Thi're  were  live  liiiinlii'l  ollim^ 
'  of  the  mouth,'  table  l»'arers  disliinl  from  iliair 
Iwarers,  There  were  tradesiiicii.  fmiii  apnliu' 
caries  and  armorers  at  one  einl  of  il'-'  list  In 
saddle-makers,  tailors  ami  violiiiisls  at  '.^-v  "lint 
.   .   .  The  military  and  livil  hoiisiliimU  if  iiu- 

kini:  and  of  the  niyal  family  are  .s:iii|  i"  li  oi- ' 

sLsted  of  alKiut  llfl'een  tliousand  souls,  ami  loliive 
cost  forty-live  million  francs  pir  .-iiMiiu  Tin- 
hohlers  o"f  many  of  the  places  mtmiI  Iui  ilinr 
months  apiece  imt  of  every  yiur.  m'  iln'  f""' 
olHccrs  and  four  salaries  were  rii|iiiri  i.  insli-inl 
.-,f  ,-iiiP  Wi:h  ~'.ieh  a  system  u-s  W:'.-  ''■  .  inn.ii 
wonder  that  the  men  who  administenil  tin-  Fn-udi 
govermncut  were  geocrally  incapable  ami  srll 


128G 


FBANCE,  n7*-l7l«. 


AfaiT  ../  HU- 
thamond  NttkUtct 


FRANCE,   17S+-17S5 


«l,i„»     M.»t  of  ll.cm  wiTc  nollllci»n»  r»ther 
f       i.,.lni«tr»l<>ni    and  fared   in'>re  for  tliflr 

K,i,  .«Hn.l  imtriotlc  men  wI..m,1,u1.h.1  ih.w.t, 

'%'.*.   IN     K.    K.K<iuain,    Tlu'    Uti^lutioMri/ 
T\\  lirr.  rh.  a-10  (r.  D.—I.  N.ckcr,  0»  (Af 


■('(incliirnt,  t.ife  "/ 

n„„i.  m:  >,-6.-i-.  wuv.  •/■"'•;/"'.  '•/>■:>-,;,-*'■ " 

AD  .778  (Februanr).- Treaty  with    the 

"am      A    1)    177<V-1-^    "■"'    1""  l^^:'""^ 

*"a  D  1780  (July). -Fresh  aid  t»  the  United 
Suteiof  America.    Srr  Initki.  Statk«  ok  Am. 

A  D  1783.  -  Diiaitroui  naval  defeat  by 
Rodaey-Uniucceiiful    lie^e    of    Gibraltar. 

A  D  I782.-The  negotiation  of  Peace  be- 
tween Great  Britain  Tnd  the  United  States 
rAmeVica.-Di..ati.faction  of  the  French 
minister.  Se  IsiTKU  MATKx  "K  Am  ;  A.  i) 
"  °|(V  KITKM..KII).  and  (Sbiikmiikk-Novkm 

"'^a'  D  I784-I78s.-The  affair  of  the  Diamond 

Necklace -Til.-  cliiit  i«tor  in  tliu  alluir  ..f  I  »; 
"iani...,a  iHckliic.'.  whid.  nms.Ml  a  Kn.it  waudul 
md  smirih,.(l  the  ciuwnn  miiiif.  wiw  .111  mlvii 
„„.«,  «h„  .ullcl  hrr«af  the  f«mf».s..'  d.'  1^|^ 
mctlc  iin.l  olttiini'ddm'iiit  from  Henry  II.,  l«ut 
»1,„  li,ul  iKiii  half  wrviiut,  half  i(impani<m,  to  a 
la.lv  of  oualilv.  and  ha.1  picked  up  a  um'ful  a<_ 
iiuaint-ui!  e  wiUi  the  manners  and  the  gossip  of 
aiiirl  «Ki.tv.     "Madame  do  Uiinotte s  original 
pairuiiew  liml  a  visiting  acquamtance  with  the 
Canlinul   I'rince   l.«uis  de    Itoliuii,  and   in   lier 
oorapany  lier  protegee  learned   to    know    Inm 
als..     I'rince  I^uis,  who  had  helped  to  receive 
Marie  Antoinette  at  Strasbiirg.    had  been  the 
Fnucli  ;iinl)a!«ador  at  Vienna,  where  he  had  m»- 
gusutl  and  incensed  .MiriaTheresaby  his  world- 
liiH'sii.  protlif,'acy,  and  arrogance,     hhe  had  at 
last  i.riM  urid  his  withdrawal,  and  her  letters  ex- 
pris.-inir  a  positive  terror  lest   he  slioulil  come 
mar  .Marie  Ant«inette  and  acquin'  an  luljucnce 
ovir  1m  T,  wire  not  without  their  ellect.     He  was 
not  allnwid  to  appear  at  Court,  and  for  ten  long 
years  fretted  an       'inied  under  a  sense  of  the 
n.vul  ilispleiusun  He  was  now  a  man  lM>r 

JeViiiL' nil  tifty.  grey  headed,  rosy,  'pursy,  with 
nolliiiiir  save  his  blue  1)1o(h1  and  the  great  olllces 
whicl]  lie  ilisitraccd  to  reeoinmeiHl  him.  Mailaniu 
Jc  Lamutte,  hovering  alniut  I'aris  and  \  ersailles 
when'  she  had  l.nlgings  in  I.a  Uelle  Itmgi',  tried 
til  lu.ike  lier.>vviiof  baeksUiirs  gossip,  and  picked 
up  a  hint  i.r  two.  Suddenly  a  great  idea  struck 
lier  loMiiiled  on  the  liisto'rv  of  a  magnllicent 
mrklair  ilaiigled  U-fore  bright  eyes,  over  which 
iiiaiiv  an  excitable  imagination  gloateil.  1  he 
l^mi  11  had  11  cciurt  jeweller.  Itielimer,  who  had 
f„.iiierlv  been  jeweller  to  the  King  of  Saxoiiv 
at  llresilen.  .  .  .  For  a  period  of  years  lie  had 
been  collecting  and  tt».sorting  the  stones  which 
ulicuhl  forni  an  incomparable  necklace,  in  row 
-.ire.;-,  re-.-...-  ;-j-!:i!:n!!.-.  and  t;is.sels  of  Ii.i«t|iius  dla- 
lu'oncls,  till  the  price  reached  the  royal  piUli  of 
(ruin  eighty  to  ninety  thousand  pounds  Knglish 


money  This  coatly  collar.'  at-eordinK  U>  rii- 
mour^M.  .  .  meint  intheU.Kinnh.g.forll^ 
t'omtcM.!  du  lurry.  In  the  end.  it  .  .  »" 
offered  with  contldcneo  U.  the  ^ueen.   .  Hhe 

declliieil  to  buy  — she-  ha.1  enough  diamonds. 
There  was  nothing  f.ir  it  but  that  »<thm.r 
should  hawk'  his  iitekUco  In  every  <  ourt  of 
Kurope.  without  suec.M,  till  the  (lerinan  deelan^d 
himself  ained.  and  passionately  profsted  that. 
If  the  Queen  woul.l  not  buy  the  diamonds,  then! 
was  no  n'soime  for  him  save  to  throw  him.H.lf 
into  the  Mw.  Hut  th.re  w.i»  a  resource,  uu 
happily  for  Ikehnier,  uuhap|>ily  for  a  1  con- 
cerned: most  so  for  the  pis.r  liueen.  Maihimede 
hamotte,  in  keeping  up  her  acquainlan.  .•  w  1  h 
I'rin.i'  l-ouis  de  liohan,  began  to  hint  darkly 
that  there  might  lie  ways  of  winning  the  roya 
fiivHur      She   tlinw   out  cunning   words  alK.ul 

thi-  de-r if  importance  and  trust  to  which  she 

had  attained  in  the  highest  quarters  at  \  ersailles; 
alsmtthe  einiitiues.s  of  the  Que,  n  s  exchequer 
with  cons<qu.nt  diin.ultics  in  the  discharge  of 
her  charities;  about  the  sicrel  roval  .lesire   for 
the  famous  necklace,  which  the  King  woiiM  not 
enable  Marie  Antoinett.'  to  obtain.      I  he  bliiiilea 
and  besotted  Cardinal  drank  in  these  insinuations. 
■I'll,  black  art  was  called  in  to  deepen  his  convic- 
tions.    In  uu  au-e  win  n   iii.iny   men,   esjKCially 
many  churchmen,  believid  in  nothing,  m  spito 
of  their  professions,  naturally  they  were  given 
„ver  to  believe  a  lie.     Ca-liostro.  astrologer  and 
mmlern  magician,  was  Hourisliiiig  111  1  ai;is,  and 
bv  circles  and  signs  he  proinis<il  tlic  priest,  l»e 
Uohan  progress  in  the  only  suit  he  had  at  heart. 
Still  the  dupe  was  not  so  inl'atuateil  as  to  require 
no    priHif  of  the  validity   of    tlie.se   momentous 
implications,  and  proof  was  not  wanting;  notes 
were  handed  to  hini,  to  lie  afterwards  shown  to 
H<ehiiier,    graciimsly   acknowledging     us  devo- 
tion and  authorising  him  to  buy  for  the  Queen 
the  diamond  ueeklace.     These  notes  vyere  appar- 
ently written  in  the  tiueen's  lian.l  Ithat  school- 
girl's scrawl  of  which  Mari.i  Theresa  was  wont 
U)  complain) ;  but  they  were  signed  '  Mane  An- 
toinette de  France,'  a  signature  which  so  great  a 
man  as  the  Cardinal  ought  to  have  known  was 
never  eiiiploycil  bv  the  Queen,  for  the  very  good 
reason  that  the  tenniiiation  '  de  France    iK'longeil 
to  the  children  and  not  to  the  wife  of  the  sover- 
eign     Even  a  further   lussuranee  that  all   was 
right  was  granted.     The  Cardinal,  trembling  in 
a  fever  of  hope  and  expectation,  was  told  that 
a  private  iiit.rview   with  the  Queen   would  be 
vouchsafed  to  him  at  midnight  in  the  I  ark  of 
Versailles.      At  the  appointc.l  hour,  on  the  night 
of  the  'JHthof  .lulv,  1784,  I>e  lUdian,  in  a  blue 
ureali-oat  and  slouched  hat,  was  stationed,  amidst 
bhroiuling,  sultrv  darkness,  intlieueighbourho.Hl 
of  the  palace.     .Slailame  de  I-amotte,  in  a  black 
domino,  hovered  near  to  give  the  signal  of  the 
Ou.eus  approach.     The  whisper  was  given,  'In 
tlie  lIornlH-am  Arlsiur'and  the  Cardinal  hurried 
to  the  spot,  where  he  could  dimly  descry  a  tal 
ladv  in  white,  with  chestnut  hair,  blue  eyes,  and 
a  commanding  air.  it  he  could  really  have  sjru 
all  these  well  known  attributes,      lie  knelt,  but 
before  he  could  lUi  more  than  inulU-r  a  word  of 
homa.'c  and  gratitude,  the  black  domino  was  at 
his  side  again  with  another  vehement  whisper. 
'Du  vienf   (They   come).     The    lady  in   white 
dropiied   a   rose,    with    the    signiUcant    words. 
•  Vous  saveice  que  cela  Vcul  dire    ^ou  KtioW 
what  that  means),  and  vanished  before  the   Vlte, 


! 


I: 


128 


KUANCE,    17H4-I78.V 


■**trtntfif  With  li*f 
I'arlutmrnt  of        ,  ,j 


m 


:fr 


1  r  » 

i'iiU 

1i  •*!''. 


it    .  %     •  )i.i 


.; 


s 


jafi 


TlU-' t'CjiiUk.  <|iiii'k'i  iif  III)-  lilmk  ilmniiio.  fur 

the   Mllllhll  of  Itpprnticllllllf  flMltNtl'lm  WHM  Nt||l|l(>IM*t| 

U>  iiidinitc  till'  iipprmic  li  of  Muiliimc  uiul  llii> 
(^miliHM'  ilAriiiiM.  ;inil  llu'  ('itnlliiiil.  In  lil» 
turn.  Iii.il  to  till'  fnini  iliiiitldn  NVImt  nmri' 
iiiuM  In'  n'<|iiiri  <l  In  i  unvini  r  ii  niiin  iif  thi'  (JikicI 
fiiiili  cif  llii- hilly  lt<ilinn T  ii'ci'lvnl  a  hint 

thai  hi'  iiiiL'lit  xll  hi»  Mi'<  khii-c.  thnHi^'h  thi' 
I'rlnci'  (unllniil  Luiiih  iIi'  Kuhii'i.  Ii>  mii' of  the 
>;rr;tl  oncH  of  tlir  rarlh.  « ho  wan  to  n'lnuin  In 
iiliM  uriu  Thr  JiMillir  lire  «  nut  hi'*  tiTini  — 
alxti'i'Ji  liniKlnil  tlioii'vinil  livriH,  to  In'  |iiili|  in 
Hvc  I  i|ii.'il  ln>liilinrnl'<  ovir  ii  yriir  anil  a  half — 
t<i  whiih  he  anil  I'riiiii'  Louis  allUi'il  tlnlr  sl^'na 
tun  ji  Tiiin  papi  r  Maihinic  ili'  Lainotli'  rarriril 
to  Vi  r-^iilli's.  n:i(l  lirout:ht  it  liai  k  with  thi'  worcln 
wrilii'ii  on  the  iiuiri.'in.  '  Itoii  Marie  Antoinilli' 
(li*  Fraitcr  '  It)  the  incanthnr,  li<i>liin<-r,  the 
lM'tl<rto  keep  till'  wirit.  iravi' out  that  he  nl 
Milil  till'  nirkliK'i'  to  till'  (iranil  Turk  for  lii<4  fa 
viiiiriti'  Sulliiim  Tin'  inrklari'  »a«.  Ill  fail, 
drlivircil  til  I'rinci' Louii  anil  liy  him  I'ntrunti'il 
U>  Mailaini'  Laiiiolti',  fmni  hIiom'  ItaniN  it  paitMil 
—  not  into  tilt'  (jui'in'i  llavini;  hiin  taken  to 
pieies.  it  Vim  Kent  in  all  haste  out  of  the  kiuK 
(loin,  uhih'  the  Carilinal,  aeconlin);  to  hix  own 
aceouiil.  was  Btill  |ilayi'il  with.  ...  It  pH's 
without  Hayin^r  that  no  |iayiiU'iit,  except  ii  Hnmll 
iiHiT  of  Interest  on  the  thirty  thousunil,  wiin 
(ortlieiiniinL*  The  Canlinal  anil  Itiehiner  wen' 
U'trayeil  into  wrath,  ilisniay,  anil  ilenpair. 
Hohmi  r  tiM  k  It  upon  hini  t(>a|i"iily,  In  res|Mrtful 
UTins,  to  her  Mujestv  for  payment;  anil  when 
■he  Hiiiil  the  whole  tiling  was  ii  mistake,  the  man 
must  Ir'  mail,  and  euusiil  her  wonis  to  lie  w  ritten 
to  him,  he  souu'lit  un  interview  with  Mailaine 
(,'umpan.  Ilie  tirst  woman  of  the  liedehamlMr,  at 
her  house  at  l'ris|>y,  w  hen'  he  had  Ix'cn  diuini;, 
and  ill  the  ^'aniens  there,  in  the  middle  of  a 
thunder  >. I'  .-er,  ustnunded  her  with  his  veraion 
of  the  St  .-i  .  .  The  Canlin.il  was  taken  to 
the  Hastiil.  Mon-  arnst.s  followed,  iniludini; 
thiisi'  of  .Mudaine  ile  I.amntte,  stuyiuK  iiuietly  in 
her  house  at  Harsur-AulH',  and  the  gM  (lav 
d'Oliva.  an  imhiippy  jfirl,  tall  and  fair  haireil, 
taken  fniinthe  .streets  of  I'aris,  and  liroU);ht  to 
tile  park  of  Vi'rsailles  to  personate  the  t^neeii. 
It  was  Mild  the  Omen  wept  passionately  over 
the  seandal  —  well  she  mi^ht.  The  court  in 
whii  h  the  ease  was  tried  might  imive  the  for- 
gery, us  in  f.iit  it  dill,  thou);h  not  in  the  way  she 
cx|H'eleil ;  liut  every  I'ourt  in  Kunipe  w"(iuhl 
ring  with  the  storv,  and  she  had  nuule  de^uily 
enemies,  if  not  of  tiie  Church  itself,  of  the  (-nal 
houses  of  l)e  Rohan,  I)e  Souliise.  l)e  (iuenienei', 
l)c  Marsan.  and  their  multitude  of  allies.  The 
priM'es  lasted  nine  months,  and  every  exertion 
was  made  for  the  deliverance  of  the  priiKi'ly 
culprit.  .  .  The  result  of  tlie  trial  was  thai, 
though  the  Queen's  signature  was  declared  falsi', 
Madame  lie  Lamotte  wus  sentenced  to  Ik'  whippe*!, 
bmnded,  and  imprisoueil  for  life,  her  husband 
was  I  onilemned  to  the  galleys,  and  u  man  called 
Villittede  Uetaiix,  who  was  the  actual  fahricator 
of  the  Queens  handwriting,  was  wntenced  to 
lie  banished  for  life.  TheCanliinil  Prince  Ixmis 
de  liuhan  was  fullv  acquitted,  with  permisKiiin 
to  publish  what  defence  he  chose  to  write  of  his 
coudu<t.  When  he  left  the  court,  he  wasescortiil 
by  great  cn>wds,  hurrahing  over  his  aiipiittal, 
because  it  '.va.-i  suppuscd  *n  rover  the  Coun  with 
mortilication." — Sarah  Tvtler,  Miirie  Antuiiutle, 
til.  12. 


KUANC'K.   I7H7-17W 


II 


f -r 

I-' f 

"I  ll'i 

'■  iiirni 
i"-ili"n 


Al.wi  IN    T.   Carivh',  Thr    lHiim,n„l    \    (, 
{I'rilinit   iiiiil    Mifrlliiiifiuii    Ktmiiin, 
Vl«eli'lly,    Thr  SInry  iiflh,   th'inuiiiil    \ 

A.  D."  1787-1719.— Strunit  of  the  Crown 
with  the  Parliamtat  of  P«rit.  -The  ilrnund 
for  a  meettnK  of  the  SUtci-Ctncral  yuldfd  to 
-Double  representation  of  the  Third  Ettitt 
conceded. —The  make-up  of  the  St-itci-GM- 
eral  at  elected  bjr  the  three  Ettatrs  11, „ 
Ished  to  Tniyes  (.\uiru«t.  17"<Tl.  in  ivn-,  ,|i|,  ,„,, 
of  Its  n'fusal  to  ngister  two  edii  is  r.l.iin..  t,. 
the  stamp  duty  and  the  land  tax.  the  riilnimn' 
of  I'aris  ■■gn'W  weary  of  exile,  ami  Ih'  iiiiin.tir 
n-eaUed  It  on  eondilli'in  that  the  tnoeilii  1.  ,|„,„|,{ 
lie  passed,  liut  this  was  only  a  sii.|.Mi-i.iti  .,r 
hiistllilies;  till'  necessities  of  the  crcuMi  -  k.ii  ri  u 
den'il  the  striiggh'  mon'  olistinale  .unl  lir.i.nt 
The  minister  hail  to  make  fnsh  appln  ii 
nioiiey;  his  existence  di'lMiideil  on  ih. 
wveml  succishIvc  io.ins  to  tlie  ainniiiii 
(N.tl.iKKI.  It  was  necessary  to  obtiiii  ili 
ini'iit  of  them,  llrienne.  exiHitin;;  op 
fniin  the  parllam.nl,  pnM'un'd  the  1  nr  .lim m  ,,f 
this  edict,  by  a  '  Ik'iI  of  Justice.'  and  t.ir.,ii(  ilj,,!,. 
the  magistracy  and  public  opinion,  ili"  |,niii. 
tants  wen'  nstonil  to  their  rights  in  ih.  -.1111. 
sitting,  and  Louis  .\VI.  |ininiiseil  .'in  aiinu:,!  |,iil, 

lii'ation  of  the  state  of  tinances,  and  ili mm 

cation  of  the  stales-general  befon'  the  nnl  nf  li,.' 
ye.-irs.  Hut  thes**  conci-ssions  were  im  I-.h^'t 
sullli  lent :  parUanieiit  refiisfil  the  enn.hni  nr  mil 

nisi'  agai'isl  the  ministerial    tyranny.     N.i f 

its  members,  among  others  the  duke  of  uil,  ui. 
Were  banished      I'arliaiinnt   pnitisinl  l.\    ,  d^ 
cn'c  against  Metth'S  ile  cm-hel,'  and  ni|Mi'ird  III.- 
ncall  of  its  inemlsrs.     This  ilecne  w:i>  .ihniill,,! 
by  the  king,  and  contlrmed  bv  parliamc  ni      Tli' 
warfan'  increased.     The  maglsiracv  ol  l'iri»  »  n 
supported  by  all  the  magistracy  of  Knn, .    ;(ii,l 
encouraged   by  public  oiiinion.      It    |  r  .  Imn.-I 
the  rights  of  tiie  nation,  and  its  own  Ino mpi 
lence  in  matters  of  taxation  ;  and.  In  .  inii.  lii»  ral 
from  interest,  and  niidend  gcnemus  by  'iiin- 
sion,  it  exclaimed  against  arbitrary  iniprU'iimi  Tit 
and  denmmled  n'gularly  convokeil  siatr  s  ,•■  1,1  ril 
After  this  act  of  courage,    it  dii  nid  tli     irn 
movability  of  its  meinlHrs,  and  the  inr  iiii|u 
of  any  nho  might  usurp  their  fiinrfi'i:- 
ImiIiI  manifesto  was  followed  liy  thi'  arn  ^I  1 
niemlxTs,   ilKiiremenil  and  (Joislinl    In   t 
form  of  the  bislv,  and  tlie  establi-liriM  nt 
ph'iiary  court,      lirienne  understixKi  il.it  il 
piK^ilion  of  the  parliament  was  sy-ii  n  .!ii 
it  would  Im-  n'liewcil  on  every  fn'sli  dim  iii'l 
subsidies,  or  on  the  authorization  of  1  m'v  1 
Kxile  was  but  u  momentary  rcMieilv.  "lurl 


iriii.' 

TllI^ 
f  !«.. 
lir  r. 

.  Ill;i' 

d    fn- 


pendeil  opposition,  without  de  tn'niiu-  i 
then  pn>jected  the  n'duction  of  llu-  li' 
judicial  functions.  .  .  .  All  the  ni:u'i~'i 
France  was  exiled  on  the  nanu-  day,  in 
the  new  judicial  organization  might  1. 
The  keeper  of  the  seals  depriveil  the  1 
of  Paris  of  its  political  attributes,  to  ii 
them  a  |)lenary  court,  ministerially  • 
ami  reduced  its  judicial  com|)etence  in 
bailiwick.',  the  jurisdiction  of  which  lie 
Public  opinion  was  indignant',  theCli 
tested,  the  pn)vince8  rose,  ami  the  |il<  11  iry  mun 
couhl  neither  be  formed  nor  act.  Di-iurt'imca 
broke  out  in  Dauphinc,  Brittany,  Prov.ni  ■  Flan 
d(T.s.  Langucdoc,  and  Bcani.  the  r.v.;.':  try.  in 
stead  of  the  regular  opposition  of  p  irli  unent. 
had  to  encouutor  one  much  more  auinin  "I  ami 


\l 


f 

.  rtlul 
Id..',' 

i  iiitf  n' 
-I  with 

:':;;::lf 

e.,d.-.l, 
.1  I'll! 


1288 


FKANCE.  17»7-17«» 


ttu  MtiU»-U*n*rttl 


KHANCr,  17W 


h,ik«u     The  nobility,  the  thlnl  culntr,  the  pro 

Lbir  .11  f«tr...Mlnary  »«.ii[l.ly  -f  th.| . I.tk.v, 

^\v  r.n.ll  "f  ll»'M«l.-K.nrral;  t  iry  «li.n.- 
Zi\A  thnu.  forth  njmlr  lh«  dliM.r.  .ml  Mul..  ..f 

"h.H...li»p..t...f..rp..w.r       .      U1.>..1'.1"^; 

,l,f  I'li-roirv  <■""••'•  »■»!  ""'  wHliinir  t.i  r.-.  all  the 

„„,„li.h..»l.n iir"i"        ^„  II.' -""•'"■'•"•'I 

,.„  lb.'  'J-.H.  AuK.i.l.  1:hm  TI..,'  .•....«■  ..f  hi" 
dill  "ii*  i\  «i»l»i''*'"'>  "'  ""'  l'''>"''"'  "'  ""' 
l„un',t  ■■M  th.-  .1. 1''.  »''''''  «•'"<  "'•■  <■"""..._...■'■ 
m,.nt  ..f  hniknipl.y  '1  Li"  mlnlsur  h«H  li.'.n 
Itieni.i"!  lili.imd  U'.wim-  hi-  lame  hist,  liihirit 
Inirllii'  f:i.ilt',  th.'.iiihiirriiNsm.'iiis  nf  pii«t  HJ"'"*. 
Ik  h»a  tn  Hlniu'ul.'  with  the  .lilll.nlli._H  nf  hi* 
n,„iil..ii with  iii.lll.i.iit iii.iiii*.  llf  irhtl liiirm'iR' 
,na  i.i>iin>-inii;  h.'  hani»l..'.l.  tmnpfiuh-il   ilinnr 

£iinil.-.l  IKirliii '.  iv.rylhiiii;  wu..  iiri  ..liMa.h.' 

loliim  n..iliiMi;iii>l.''lhiiii,     .\fl.r.U"n»fstrii)iL'l.'. 
he  sank  iiuMir  l.i.Hsitiidf  iiml   vM-iikn.'s»;  I  ihiri! 
not  Siiv  frnm  In.  iipii.  lly.    f.ir  hail   he  Ikio   fur 
itronj-'Jr  nn.l  ninn'  iikilf.il.  hu.l   h.'  Ih.ii  u  111.  h.- 
litu  iir  n  Siillv.  ho   w.iiihl  still   have  fallcii.      It 
u.il.iii»;.rap|H'niilii.'.l  ti>  any  n".'  arhllnirlly  tn 
r.i«- m.ini'v  i.r  t..  ..ppr<'»»  th.'  p.'nphv   .  .   .    Ih.' 
lUiUn «.  ii.'riil   hull    iH.omc   th.'   milv    mvnu*  nf 
wvimm.nt.  ami  th.'  hist  r<s.mr<f  nf  lli.'  Ihrnu.'. 
Wv  hail  hr.-ii  .aWirly  ilcmamhil  hy  l.arliuiii.iit 
anillli.'  IH.TH  nf  the  kiiiBilnm.  .m  th.-   IDih  ..f 
Julv    1>7;  hy  tho  Mat.'s  »f  Dauphin.'.  i»  lhi> 
iiwralily  lit  Vi/ilh':  hv  the  ih-rcy  in  it.'.  as.s('mlily 
at  I'aris     The   prnvituial   Htal.-s  ha.l  pr.parf.l 
Iho  pulili.'  mind  fnr  Ih  "ni;  nn.l  the  nntahlcs  w.rc 
tlifir  pn. ursnrs     Thf  kini?  aft.r  Imvinp.  nn  the 
IHth  nf  l).'ctnilM'r,  17M7,  prnnilM-il  their  convo- 
cation in  llvi'  Vfars,  nn  the  Sth  of  Auifusl.  17HS. 
Sseil  thi'  .>p.'nin)f   for  the    Ut  of   May.    17Hl|. 
Xockor  wan  ri'calltd,  pnrlianu'nt  r.'  ostalilisli.'.l, 
the  pli'miry  court  alM.lishid.  the   liailiwi.  k»  dr- 
«triiyf'.l.  aii'il  Ihi'  nrovinci'nwitistlf.l ;  an.l  th.'  new 
tniu'ist.  r  iiri  |mn'(l  fvcrythinx  for  the  election  of 
iLputi.'S  anil  thf'  holding  of  the  slaU'S.     At  this 
ipiK  h  a  pr.  at  chanKC  t.K.k  place  in  the  opp.)sith)n, 
which  till  then  hail   iM'cn   nimnimoiia.      I'n.hr 
Bricnne,  th.'  niinlHtry   lia.1  en.oiintered  opposi- 
tion from  nil  the  vari.iiis  Inxlies  .)f  the  state,  he- 
laii.w  it  had  MiiiRht  to  .ippress  tlietn.      Under 
Ni'ckir.  it  m.t   with  resislan.'e   from  the  sain.' 
iHiilii's,  whii  h  il.'sired  power  for  th.'iiis.'lves  and 
■  ipproM.ii  fnrlhe  people.     From  iH'iii);  .l.'sp.iti.-, 
it  hail  l».nm.'  national,  and  it  still  had  Ihi  in  all 
equally  a.;  linst  it.     I'arlianunt  had  inaiiitaiiiid  a 
strugL'le  fur  authority,  an.l   not  for  Ih.'  pulili.' 
wcKart'.   'iiiil  the  nofiilily  had  united  with  the 
thinl  istat.'.  r.llier  ajiainst  the  j;ov.'rnin.'iit  than 
in  fiiviHir  of  111.'  p.'nple.     Kaeh  .)f  thes.'  liiMlies 
hadili'ini.iwl.d  the  slates-Kcn.'ml ;  the  parliani.'iit. 

intU.'h"; f  nilinv;lhema.s  it  had  .l.me  in  1014. 

anil  till'  iiuliility,  in  the  hope  of  reuaiiiiiiK  its  Inst 
inllui'iH'o  .\iViiriliii(;ly.  the  muiristracy  prn- 
p'lsed  .ua  innili'l  forth.'  states-general  .if  1  TH!(. 
the  form  nf  that  of  1814,  and  public  opininn 
aliandimi-il  it;  the  nobility  refuse.l  its  cnnscnt  t.i 
ilip  ilniilili'  rijnrpapntation  of  th'.'  tliinl  estate,  an.l 
1  ilirisiim  broke  out  between  these  two  onlers. 
This  ilmihlc  representation  was  required  by  the 

1280 


Intelh'ct  .>f  the  nitP,  the  necfMlty  of  reform.  «iHi 
by  the  lniI«irlJiiKe  whi.h  III.'  Ihir.l  .'"late  liwl 
a.  ipiir.'i|  It  hiul  already  U'eii  iiilmill.'.l  Int..  tlie 
th.'  pr..vlnclal  aiwcmbli.'S.  .  .  .  1  Ipinhm  U'Caino 
.lailv  mnr.'  .h.  id.'.l.  and  Ne.  k.r  wishlnn.  jrel 
f.atliiir  t.i  ialisfv  It.  and  .h'.lrniiH  ..f  i.inclli.iling 
all  nrih  rs,  of  oblHlninK  ifin.  r»l  appr.ibatinn.  .'nn 
vnki'd  u  '.'.iind  Hssi'inbly  ..f  nnlables  nn  the  «th 
..f  Niiv.inlHr.  \''<^.  to  <h  lllM'rati.' nn  the  .-.imiMt 
silinn  nf  th.'  slat.'H  ifen.ral,  and  the  .l.'.Iinn  n 
its  ni.'mb.r«.  .  .  N.'.k.r,  having  b..  n  i.iiablo 
to  make  th.'  imlabl.'H  iwhipl  the  Idniilili  |  r.pre 
wntatinn   nf   Ih.'    Ihir.l   estate.  .  aiisi  d   it   to  lio 

a.'.Mil.d  by  Ih i.  il.     Th.'  ri.yal  ih.  laration 

nf  Ih.  'JTlli  nf  N"M  .  ilsr  .1.  .r.'.'d.  that  Ih.'  .hpu 
li.s  In   the  stall  s  i;.n.'ral   shmild   iiiii'Oint  to  at 
hast   a  thi.iisaii'i.  and  that  th.' .h'|mli".  nf  tha 
third  .'slal.'  shmild  b.'  iipial   In   niiniber  In  the 
ilepiiti.'S   .if   the   iinbilily   and    .  h  ri;y    tn({illii'r. 
Nnk.r  iii.ir.nvi  r  nblainid  Ihi'  adnii-sinii  nf  the 
.  iiris  int. I  the  nrihr  nf  tin'  i  h  rt'y.  and  nf  nrnt.'S- 
t.iiils  inln  that  nf  Ih.lhird  .'^lat.'.     'I'll.!  .listrict 
asseinbli.'s  wire  I  nnviikid  for  Ih.'.'liilinns;  every 
nn.'  .x.rted  himsi  If  to  s.ciir.'  th.'  iininliialinn  of 
ii.'nili.rs  nf  hisiivvii  party,  anil  tndiavv  up  inanr 
f.'stn.  s  w'tliiij;  forth  his  vie\vs      Parliament  hiw! 
bill  little  inllueii.-.'  in  til.'  .le.  limis,  and  the  court 
nniie  at  all      The  nubility  s.  h.  n  d  a  few  nnpuhir 
ilepiili.s,  but  fnr  the  most   jiart  diynl.il  to  the 
lnti'r.'>ts  nf  tli.ir  nnhr.  and  as  mm  li  npimsid  to 
Ih.'  ihini  .slat.'  as  In  I'.ie  nllu'.irehy  of  Hi.' KO'iU 
familiis   of   th.'   .  nurt      The   .  lercy   iinminatcrt 
bi^hnpH   and   abb.'s   atlach.d   to    privih-ije.   and 
.'uris  favourable  to  Ihe    popular  .ails.',   which 
was  thi'ir  nwn;  lastly.  111.'  Ihir.l  .stale  sehcled 
men   enlitrhl.n.'d,  Hrni   and    unaiiimmis   in  their 
wish.'S       The   .l.putalinn   nf   the    nubility    wai 
.'niiipris.'d  nf  -Hi  nenthiii.ii.  and  'J'*  minilHrs  of 
Ihe  parliament;  that  of  Ih.'  iler^-y.  of  ^'^  |'"''', 
bUhnps  or  bishops,  ai  abbi's  or  .hans.  and  '.••» 
.ur.'s;  an.l  that  of  the  .nmmun.s.  nf  tw.>  e.-cle- 
hiaslics,  12  noblein.n,  1«  maj;islrat.'S  of  tnwiw, 
•,'(HI  eountv    ineml«rs.  ilJ  barristirs,    10  phvsl- 
clans.  aniiaiB  imrchnntsand  auriiulturists.     The 
oiH-'ninK  of  the  stat.-s  pn.  ral   was  llx.d  fnr  tho 
5th  .if  May.    17NU  "— K.  A.  .Mign.t,  lift,  oj   (A« 
tWiii-h  llii:,  iiilnni 

Al.so  IN;  \V.  rtmvth.  /,.<-r»  ""  <!"•  Il">  "J  '?* 
/■v.  Iter.,  Uet.  «  (''-  1»  — J  Necker,  On  the  tr. 
Itir..  III.  1.  Ki'-t.  1. 

A  D.  1789.— The  condition  of  the  people  oa 
the  eve  of  the  great  Revolution.  -The  »ourceii 
and  cauiei  of  its  destructive  fury.-' In  l.S» 
thn'.'  cla-sses  if  persnns.  111.'  ('l.T-y,  the  Nobles, 
and  the  Kini;  .H.-upied  the  iimst  pminiiient  pnsi- 
linn  ill  111.'  Slate,  with  all  the  a.lvantai;cs  which 
ilcniiip  >ns;  iiaiiielv,  auilinrity,  prnpi'rty,  h.m.irs, 
..r,  at  th.'  very  l.'ast.privil.'ii.'S.  immunities,  favnrs, 
pensions.  pref.r.'ii.'.'s.  and  the  like.  .  .  .  Tho 
irivihi'.d  .1  isv  s  nuiiilKr  about  27(I.OIH)  piTsoiis, 
cnniprisin-  nf  the  nnbilitv  l-HI.IHH)  and  nf  the 
ch'ri'v  i:iiMKl.l.  This  mak.'s  frnm -'.-..(HH)  to  IIO.IHH) 
nnbh'"  familiis;  'J;!.!"!.!  mnnksin2..'ilH)miinii.st.'ries. 
and  :J7.0(MI  nuns  in  l..")Ui)  convents,  and  OO.OtlD 
curatis  and  vicars  in  as  m:iiiy  cliiirclies  anil 
ihapils.  Should  the  riader  .lesire  a  more  dis 
tinel  impressiiin  of  them,  he  may  iiiiai:mi'  on 
.ach  siimire  leaffue  .if  territory,  and  to  each 
thniisand  .'f  inhabitants,  one  noble  family  111  ita 
wealh.'rock  mansion,  in  each  villaiie  a  curato 
and  his  church,  an.l,  every  si.x  .>r  sev.'n  leagues, 
a  .onvcntuai  body  .it  lueu  01  i.l   wi.m.ii.   .  •'■ 

afth  of  the  soil  belongs  to  the  cr.i\vn  ami  the 


it  w   i-   k  i   • 


',;(■; 


il  m' 


!t 


W      i 


:y 


TWt 


FKANIK,   t;iH) 


mmniiinrt,  n  fldli  tn  llii-  tliini  niatf,  n  (Kill  ti> 
tbc  rural  |M>tiiihiiliiii.  »  Dflli  In  Hip  notilin  hihI  n 
llflh  111  till- iliTiiy      AiriinlliiKly,  If  wimIihIihI  iIii> 
piilillc  I.iikU.  III!'  |irlvil>'Ki'i|  rliuiM'i  own  one  liiilf 
iif  Ihr  kliii<l..Mi      TIiIh  inrii<'  |H.riiiin.  iiiiTinvir, 
taut  till' Willi' timt'  llif  riiliinl.  for  II  iiimi.rl«« 
■ItiiiMt   nil   Ilii     hiri,')'  mill    liiuiiI'Miiiii'   lMil|iliim"<. 
till-  \m\tit    H.  t:ti|]i  4.  ('iii)vt-iit«,  tinil  ritlH-ilruU,  uihI 
•Imiii>i  nil  till'  \iiliiiilili'  iiiinulilr  pri'i"  riy 
Hinli  In  llii'  dial  nr  purilul  ixriiiplinii  frmii  l,i«ii 
tlmi      Till'  l.n  iiillirliiri  hall  In  llu-lr  pri'iiciiri'. 
Ih'i  ii|x' llii' klni;  »i  II  kniiititliiit  fimliil  |>rii|H'rty 
jiiui  llii  Kjinii' iiriuiii  »<  111')  imii.  If  myiillv  imiiii' 
priviti-;;!'  »i'i>(iii"rv  U  ttiiolhcr ,  I  hr  kin  if  liiiiiNt'lf  U 
(imply  llii-  ihi~l  prlvlli't'i'il  ainmi;;  Ihr  prlvili'i;ii| 
.  .       Afli  r  lliiUMHiiiilNiif  4.'iilyrar».  ta»al|iiii.  till' 
flml  iif  llxal  liintniMii'iilalilii'<!  IIh-  ii|i»tl  Imnlrii 
■oiiK'  iif  all.  Inivi'H  fi'iiihil  prii|Mily  iiliii"«t  liitai  t 
.  .   .   Till' prlvlli'uril  pirwiii  aviiiil«  iir  n  |»l'<  liixa 
tlon.  iiiil  nil  n  ly    Ixraii'tt'  It  ili  "tpniU  him.  lull  l»'- 
riiu«-lt  In  llnli'<liini ,  Il  Uii  mark  iif  pli  Ixiunciin 
illlliin.  Iliat  In  111  «iiy.  of  foninr  wrvllinU'.  ami  In" 
^'<<i<•lll  llii'  llur  HI  iniiili  lllr>lll^ll  priili'  lu  throiiKli 
Inlinit        .   .    1,1  limy I'n- wrntc.  just  «  nntiiry 
iM'fori'  IT'^II,  '(  I  ilaiii»aviik'i'  liHikiiiK '"'InK*.  "I'l'i' 
mill  fi'Miali',  art' SI  in  in  the  counlry.  Iilm  k.  IKiil 
iiniUiinliiirnt.unil  bt'l'inuin^tolhriMiil  whlihllny 
iHk  tint  k'nih  will)  invini  ilili'stiililHirniii'W    Thiy 
Weill   rapalile   of  iirliinlalloii.   iiiiil.   when   they 
stjinilerii  I  liny  ilisplay  human  lineiimenln     Thev 
»n',  in  fait,  nil  11      Tiny  rriire  ni  niijlit  into  tin  ir 
ilenK.  whiri'  liny  live  on  hi  ii  k  linail,  wiileranil 
n«iN     They  xpare  iiilier  hiiinan  Ih  Inns  the  Irouhhi 
of  Hiiniiii;.  iiloiiKhiii);  lunl  liarveHling.  ninl  tlni'* 
nhiiiiiil  iiiit  Ih'  In  w.iiil  of  the  Imait  lliey  have 

planli  il  '     They  < linui'  in  want  of  it  linflni:  J-l 

years  afler  this,  mill  ilie  in  herils  I  e«llnial'  'hal 
in  lTl.">niore  llimi  one  lliinl  of  the  popiilali  ^ix 
millions.  |Mrisli  «illi  liiinue.  ami  of  ihslii  mil 
Thepii  tiircaeeoriliiiu'lv.  fortliellrsliiuarliriitllm 
century  pneeilinj- ilie  Itevohiiion.  far  from  beinu 
overilrawn.  is  ihe  reverse;  we  hliall  Hi-cthal,  liiir- 
Ini;  iiiori'  than  half  n  (i  iiMiry,  lip  lo  the  death  of 
I,oiiis  .\V  .  il  isexai  I .  I"  rliaps.  insleail  of  weak 
eiiln;;  any  of  its  points,  they  slioiilil  1m'  streiii;tli- 
eiieil.  .  .  .  riuliMilMiilly  tlie  L"nernineiit  umler 
Louis  XVI.  is  niililer;  the  iiiniiil  nits  are  more 
hiiiiiane.  Ihe  ailniiiii-tration  is  les.s  rii.'ii|.  the 
'taille'  IllloineS  less  tini'ipial,  unit  the  '  eurvee  ' 
is  less  onerous  lliroiii.'h  its  Iraiisfiiriiiation.  in 
Bhort.  misery  has  ilinihiWnil.  aiel  yet  this  is 
^'reater  than  hiiin.in  nature  e.in  hear.  Kxaniine 
ailiiiinistr.itive  eorresponileiiee  for  Ihe  lust  lliirty 

years  pneeilin;;  the  lieVollllioll.      (' tliss  stale 

ini'iii>  revi.il  I'M  e-^sive  siilTi  riiiff,  even  when  not 
lenniii.ilin;;  In  fury.  Life  to  a  man  of  the  lower 
I'huss.  to  an  artis.m,  or  w.irkniaii,  siil'si^tini;  on 
the  lalior  of  his  own  hands,  isevidenliy  prerari 
oils,  he  oht.iiiH  simply  i  iioiii;h  to  keep  liiiii  frmn 
starvation  aii'l  he  ihss  not  always  L'et  that. 
Here,  in  four  dislriei...  '  the  inlialiilatits  live  only 
on  Imi  kwlie  11.' ami  l.ir  live  years.  Ihe  apple  croi) 
liaviiii:  (.lil'il.  liny  drink  only  water.  There. 
in  a  countrv  of  vineyards,  'the  vine  dres.sers 
caeli  year  are  ndneid.  for  Ihe  most  p.'irt,  to  liejj- 
);ini;  lleir  liiiad  dnriiii;  thediill  season.' .  .  .  In 
u  remote  laiiti'ii  the  peasants  cut  the  jrrain  still 
green  mid  dry  il  in  the  oven,  heeause  they  are 
too hiinu'ry  ti)  wait  .  .  .  lietween  IT'-illand  ITHO, 
the  idlers  who  eat   supiM'rs  la'cin  to  ri-L'ard  with 

re.n>'i:"iS-i'.e,  :ir.d  :il:}r5il  IJ'.i'    !:l!'"'.nT4  wi:::  !■"•'»  'vith 

out  I'.inners.     Why  are  the  latter  so  impoverislied. 
and  liv  what  chaiiei,  on  a  soil  as  rieii  lu  that  uf 


rr»ner,  il»  t\uw  lark  tirr»4l  who  (iron  ih,'  mini 
In  III)'  flrat  phue.  many  fariini  Miinn  iinitiiii 
tnli'd.  ami,  what  U  wnrM-,  many  an  d'sin<.{ 
AeitirlInK  111  |Ih>  lir^t  olMervers  "m  .|Uir',( 
of  Ihe  Mill  U  alnoililtely  lyliiK  Wiuie  ||„„ 

ilreiU  and  hiindrisia  of  ariantsof  In  ill,  M,,i  m..,r 
fiirin  e»liii»lve  ilewrta  '  .  .  This  !■.  n,  i  ,ti  nli'j 
III!'  deeaileiiee  The  regime  limiilnl  l,y  |,.iiui 
XIV  han  priHliiced  llsellei  I .  Ihe  sod  (or  auniiiry 
pa»l  l«  nverllnu  liaik  Ilia  wild  state  |t,i(,, 

M'l  olid  place,  ciiltlviillon.  when  II  do, ,  i  .kr  {,l.„, 
l»  carried  on  aiconllnu  lo  mednMil  h  .I,. 
Arthur  Vonnit.  In  I7W.  consldir.  tl,  e  I'r.  ia|i 
aKrleiilliiri'  liita  not  pniuresiMd  Is  » .i,  I  ili.,i,( 
the  lillhienliiry  K»ei  nt  in  Klandiit  .e'liiiilu, 
plaliu  of  ,\lnace,  the  (leliU  lie  lalloi\  'iiir  )>;iri.>if 
of  three  and  oftenliine«  one  year  oiii  i.l  i».>  TU 
ImplemeiiU  are  pisir,  then'  are  no  pi  "h.Iis  ma'li! 
of  iron,  in  many  placea  the  ploiii;li  "i  \irjiii 
time  U  mill  111  nsc  .  .  .  Arlliiir  Viou'  sin  «i 
(hit  In  Kranie  tlnw  who  lived  on  lii  Id  lil'.r  m,) 
they  cimiilltiiled  Ihe  ((n'at  majorit'i  an  Tiijir 
cent  k'»«  comfortalilc  than  Ihe  sann-  lilurm  io 
Knijland.  whlh-  (hey  are  711  per  nut  |i .«  ».1| 
fed  and  well  clollleil.  In'Khleii  1m  iim  »  rst  irial.l 
In  slekiK'HH  and  In  health.  Therisuli  i^  ilmi  in 
tU'Vi'ti  ei^ihllHof  the  kingdom,  tin  n  ari  ii' tiru.in 
Inii  hiinply  initayerM  [The  piNir  pi.'ili  »,i\i 
Anliur  Yoiin)^,  'who  ciilllvale  the  s,.il  lit  ri' irf 
mi'tiiyera.  that  in.  men  who  hire  the  Imd  -^lili'iit 
ability  to  utocklt;  the  proprielor  is  finil  in 
proviih' eullte  and  aeed.  and  he  ne  Institmiiu 
divide  Hie  priMJiicI  '|  .  .  Misery  li. c  i- I'ltli r 
ncKH  in  a  man;  but  ownership  i'>>tt[)l, ,1  niih 
misery  reiidepi  lilm  miIII  more  hiihr  ".  iirul. 
Rtranife  us  it  appeals,  tlie  ac.|iii>iii"ii  "f  inul  lijr 
the  l-'rench  peasants,  in  small  hnliliiiL-^  v^mi'ii 
meadily  ilnrini?  the  l"<tli  (inliiiy.  'I'-i'iii  ihi- 
want  and  HiitTerint;  which  were  s,.  univrsal 
"The  faitU  almost  Imredilili .  Imt  iii-riinr 
thelea^  true.  We  can  only  exphiii  ii  liv  iN'' 
chamcter  of  the  Kreneh  jieasant.  I'j  !;- v,,|.ri,  iv 
hln  leiiaeity,  Ills  riu'or  wilh  hiiiisi  li  le-  iIismiih: 
lulioii.  bin  herc'lilarv  passhm  for  pr'i|.iriy  .ii! 
esiH'cially  for  that  of  the  soil.  II.  lul  lii.  !  ci 
pri'alioiis  and  ecoiionii/ed  soil  all' r  --.i 
ToHanIs  ITllll,  one  i|iiarler  of  the  -'il  i- -ail : ' 
have  already  |iassi  d  into  the  liaii'l-  "I  u'li.  uli.r 
ist.s.  .  .  .  The  small  cultivator,  h".. i  \.  r.  in '' 
ci'inini^a  pos-e-sorof  the  soil  ii--Mni' 
Simply  as  day  laUirer,  and  wiiii  lH' 
he  wa.H  mily  partially  alTi  i  ii  1  I' 
■  whin' there  is  not hini;  the  kin:.'  I" 
liiil  now.  vainly  is  he  pisir  end  ih  '  1  oi 
still  pisiri  r;  the  (isc  has  a  lioM  ■■:■•  I 
every  portion  of  his  new  po— c  —  i  i 
ITl."!,  the  •laiile'lsie  Tvii  i  i;  vsn  !■  >' 
the  poll  tax.  which  In-  aliin  |' i.> - 
alone,  ninounts  lollil.mMi.oiiDlivr.  -  il ' 
9;i,iKMI.()IK»inl7,"iUaiiil  Ilii.iHiit.iKioiif  Ir- 
ani niisiTable  because  loolnucli  i-  III-'  ' 
Tiki  much  is  taken  from  me  hei  in-  "" 
taken  from  the  privile;;i"l.  Not  oniv  il 
li'iied  force  me  to  pay  in  their  pi  e  '  I 
Ihi'V  previously  deduct  from  no.  <'i: 
ecclesiastical  and  feudal  dm  <  VV  !"  ■ 
income  of  IIM)  francs.  1  have  part"!  «i;i 
and  more,  to  the  colleelor.  1  ale  .  I'lii." 
Hivc  14  francs  to  the  M'itrnior.  a!-"  in" 
for  titlies.  and.  out  of  the  n  iieiiiii!  - 
frarea  !  have  additionally  t'  s:!'i-li 
men.     I  alone,  a  pisir  niau.  pay  t« 


ill  II 


.  h'-'lu. 

1..'  i::ii.- 


oiii',  the  old  govumment  Ithe  siigni' 


1   .ij  .in. 
^-  li.'ir 

,1  ■■fli'.V 

,.!  fniii's, 
.ijiiin  t" 

lll:,ll  li 

|s  ,,r  I'J 

I.    r.Vii* 

riirifmi., 
ivvrD 


al  : 


12^0 


rUANCK.  vm 


^lli.m  of  «». 


rUANCK.   I7W 


_,„tnrilwfr«i<Ulr.-|(lni.').  lii<»l«n.l  now  alwiil. 
Ll.'M  liM.in»riilrnl  aii<l  (luiiillliillnir.  uti.l  «■  ilvi' 
,*lv  tlimimh  •iinn)f»nr«'«.  •■«cmtilliiii«  riii.l  l.n.,. 
.wl  111.-  "Ihrr  |llM'  royiil  K..v.rimi. ml.  r.r.ni, 
,«irall/.'.l.  .-..•rvwlwn.  pr.-!.!.  •Iii.li.  l.ikina 
„n„i.  it«l(  i«ll   fuiHll""".    '"«   *"-'    '"■'■'''•  "'"' 

mnk.«  i"V  m.-.i|in'  .limil.l.M.ui.i"!"  in r.ii..ii« 

•  i-liilil  ■  Til."',  in  |ini  '-•  '■'"'■*  '"■'■  ""■  »""'"• 
l,lr»;,  1,  ili.iiimr  t"  (.rill,  lit  ill  lii.'  iM.piil.ir  I.i.iim 

"  ,1,.,,, t.T...I -v.-ry  i..m'.-  ..r  111.'  r....nN  ..r 

X,Si,„.    .l.ii.nil  Tii.l.rivli.if.Ur.Miifhl 

Mr  ..*ii  .l.«lni.ll-.ii  .    Al  lli.lr  li.*l,  tli.' 

„,f  hi,  „«ii  pr..|»rtv.  .ii'l.'.i  I.N  -iMTill.  Inu  li- r 
„l(lii«  ..wii  pr.'|«Tty,  II..'  puMi,'  piir>.'  h  liii 
nri.  .1.' P'lr"-.  «''''••  I'""'"""'  vuhitl...  p.rs..iiHl 
*i  lUn.-"-"   hi».irl"""'  I'i'l'lK   f iiiilly  w.liiii.i'l. -. 

Ilif  iciirii!ii.'"<  "'  iiiiiMr.-"..."'!  I iiliri.,-    ..f  .» 

,|f,.   tr.v.rim  "III '  JiliKMi.iKNI  111.11   Willi  111! 

,rt,iir.riti.-«.  ii  !i.-.'.ll.-«»ii.-'>-..  n  pr.MJlLMlily.  »ii 
un.kll(iilii.'<->.  nil  bImu'M.'.'  "f  .■.■ii«iHl.'n.)-.  Hull 
»miU  >.  iir.-.ly  l""nrl.«.k.'.l  in  ili.' iimii:iuiiii.iit 
„f  .,  privul.'  .l..iiiulii  Th.'  kini:  'iml  Hi.' privi 
|,.|[.'.l  .x..  I  I"  ""'■  .lin.ll"".  Ii'  ir""'l  l.r.-.-.lliu'.  in 
i.«.lti«l.'  Inrii^lii..ii.  ill  th.-lali-ni  f..r  «lf  .INpliiy 
Ml  ill  .nt.ri.iliiliiir.  in  Hi.'  Klfi  •'<  i;m<.fiil  ""ii 
v.r«lli..li.  In  flii.-»f  «n'l  I"  K'')''*'  '»  ""'  '"■"  ' 
(•Miivifllii<  lif.'  in'"  !i  lirilliiiiil  iinil  iiii,'.'ni.iin  f.s 
livilv  Tliri'iillli  III.'  UtxUit.   p.rfc.ti..n  iiii.l 

,«iv  nf  iHilisli.  .1  Inl.'r.-.nirs,'  liny  sl;iniiK.|  I'li 
tli.'iViiili  inl'll.-.l  Ii  ■■lii-.-.i.'  f""".  wlil.li. '""1 
liiiu.l  Willi  nii'iit  Hili'iilill.'  ii..|iil»ili"n'<.  pn»lni  ..I 
th.'  i.liilo-'piiv  ..f  III.'  l^lli  .■I'liliiry.  III.'  ill  r.'|.iit.' 
„f  irii.'.ilinn.  ill.'  iiiiiliili.'n  "f  n.;i-.iinK'  uH  lium^in 
iiwtiliiii'.iw  ii.i'"rilini{  I"  111.'  '"'I.'  .Ii.lul."<  "f 
rnismi  Ihi'  iippliiiii.'i'  "f  ni:illi.iii!ilii-iil  iii.tli'^H 
t,)|.,.li'li.^unil  iiiuml,^.  III.'  .■;il.'.liUm..r  Ili.'riiiliW 
..f  mm,  :iii'l  I'lli.T  .l.>«iii^i»  •'<  iiniir.lii.iil  nn.l 
,lr..|.i.ii.  .li:irii.l.Tin  111.'  riiiilriit  Sik  iiil.'— I'm.-,' 
iliN.l.iMim  is  l"'rn  |lii  V  ».l...Tn.'  it  ii»  n  .Iriw 
111  ■  fMiii  film  V  .  lli.'V  li-.'.' 111.'  litll.' iii"ii'.l"-:i-<  !i 
(lUvtliiiik',  ii-iV.-l  lull'".  II'  iii'l  .l.-.k..!  Willi  nl. 
Ii-iinliki'  II  |iiUt.ir:il  liiiiitikin.  Ilii-v  n.-v.  r  .In  niii 
if  it  Iw.'.iiiiiiii;  11  rill.' I II  I.',  f.iriniiliilil.'  Iinii.-.  Ili.y 
iiniiri-li  il.  iiii'l  i'ur.-M*  it.  ami  lli'ii.  "p.  niiii.'  Ili'ii' 
il,«.r«  'li.-v  l.'t  il  iii'1-.i'.ii'l  iiil"  llii'-iri'.l'.,  —  llir.'. 

.illl.!!,^-,!    Il    llliil.ll.'    .'lasH    will.  Il    III,-  .  .iv.i-iiiii.'m 

l,;i,  iiii.|.r,-,l   ill  ilwp'.s.'il    liy    .iiinpniiiii-iMi:   i'" 
(i.rtmi.         'li.lill..-  privil.'Ui.l  liiiv.' iilt.-mli-'l  l.y 
r.,tru  111       il-i   iiiiiliiti'iii.    wlii'li   i-*  wiiiimli.l  l.y 
i,n.-.|iM:iu  ilir..iii-li  iiijiir.-il  <.  If  .-.l.-i'iii.  tlii'  r.-vi. 
liiii-'!i:irv'tlir.iry  uniii-i  iiipiil  in  . .  s-i'iiH.  ii  ■imM.ii 
ii-pi  rit\ .  uii'l.  ill  a  f'-w  vi-ars,  il  limN  il*lf  iiiiili^ 
p;tiiliin«'.r..f  pulili.'.'ipiiii.'ii.  ~.\t  tlii'*iii"im-iil. 
ill,  1  III   iis  siihiimmH.   iimitli.r  cnln-.sal   iiioii^Iir 
ri.iN  u|.,   a   imiiiM.-r   will,    iiiilliniis  .if    li.-ml-',  a 
li'iiii.l.  Marll.  .1  iiiiiiii.il,  nil  I  iiliri'  p.-.ipli-  |iri-s-iil 
ili.uii  .  \i,-|i.  riit.a  ami  -ihl. Lilly   l...i^.-i|  ii.':iiii-.t 
till- i;.i\.  riiiiimt  wliiiM'  i-xarliiiii-  liavi- .1.  ^poiln! 
it,  ,iL'.iiii-i  till    privili-ir.'il  win..'*.'  riiilii^  li.iv.-  n- 
iliinil   it    t..    -iiirviilinii  "  —  11,     .\.    'rain.'.     W/, 
.1',.-.,  .1  I;,  jni.-.'l.    \,.-li.  1.-.',  .i/.i/''A-,  ">.<''.-  l.'-'.."!. 
-Will  11  111.'  liiii'ii.f  lii>iciry  ar.'  fully  uii-l  im 
luriiilli  ~ri  liir'.li.  111.'  w.inili  r  i-i  riilli.  r  thai  s:in.' 
mill  |iiii    ii|>   with   III.'  I'luDiic   iiiilii'iiiily.   lilt' 
hill "11^  iiiji»li.'.'?t.  Ihi;  .sliaiii.-li-'ii  Miiiiil.iN.  "f  111.- 
-.Viiiii-ii  Ur-i;iin.-,' in  till' i-iirlii  r  liiilf  (if  llu' ii-ii 
tiry.  miiiiy  yi'urs  iKfiirc  111.'   puliii.'al  '  I'liil.iMi 
plus'  nrii"ii''(i  lint'. —  why  111.'  lt.-v.)liitiim  cli.l 
0"t  lin-ili  out  In  1754  or'lT.')'.  ii-*  it  wa'<  mi  ilif 
lirinkiif  ili.ini:.  iusU'ii.1  of  bi'init  .l.lay.'il.  hy  iln' 
pmirm  iiiMiiratK-c  ot  tlHi  pcopli'.  I.ir  iiiimiu'r  g.-n- 
nali'ii     It   can   hiinlly    be    doubtcU  that    the 


lt.'V.iliill.>n..f  '<»..w<'.l  many.'f  li« w..r«t fratiin ■» 
1.1  til.'  »lii|.-ii.-.'  (if  »  iHipiiliK'i'  .U'lirwlitl  t"  til. 


I.  V.I  i.f  111.'  IbmH  liv  111.'  '-ff"'  "'  "'*■  ''"•'" 
il.itiK   iiii.l.r    whlih   ifi.y    li.'nli'a    l..({i'lli"r  ami 
>'.irvi-.l.    mill  thiit    111.'    wi    '       *  ' 


»lil.li  II 
ili.-»p. 


iipl.'.l  «ii« 


ifk  .if   ri'<'.iii«irii<'l" 
irry  Int.i  prmll. 


...  i,,n«.if  Miilily  iiii'l.if  It""'*'"'""  ""' 
jii-.!  in  liiili'.  .liK  «  I'  ~-i  III  ii|H-ii  1.1  .pi.  ■<ll"n  lllll'. 
ii.lili.r  111.'  wrllliliik'*  "f  II"'  <lr.'tf'<.'f  Hi.- p"!"" 
la..' in  th.  ir   mU  rv    li.ir  III.'  «p<'<  .llalUi'  .1.  lll.ni 


1.1  rill  i"!.'. 


..f  III. 


I.I 


t.i  llini  11    .-\r.-| 

»lii.  Il  li.il  Ik-.  II  l^.1ill^'.lnl'^ 


i.f  tin 

till'  Jii>i   mill  I 


l*liilc.*ipli.'n«.  w 

it  f.ir  III.'  r.'viiliil|.  imiy  iii.ivi'ni.iit 

rain.  I' III.'  U'Kiniiliiit 

r  niHir.'.'  .if  tliii  la>  in 


III     nf    111.'    p"pillal 


, .       Till'  .h'.'i    - 

I  iinifciiml    irri.-f»  "f  ill  h-ii»l   »"•  |m  r 


iiriaini 


il,  iii'iat. 


>  iIimI.I.-   il.iii.iil«.   fn.ni  Ih.-  iitfrii  iilliiml   p.-ai 
lint,  t.i  '111-   III.  n  liiin'-i  ami   llu-    ni.-n  "f   I.H"  rn 
»N»l.-iii  I'V  whl.li  Ili.y 
I'  whii  li.nr  way  Ih.y 


kI 


lot     till 


\vi  ri'  rnisli 


ih.'il. 


iiirii..l      Hut   till-  «iirfii.-.'  ciirr.  Ill   wan  Iiii|mIIi'.I 
,1  il.f.-ihlirsiif  till-  ■.\iii-l.-"U<'«i ■ 


liv  tin-  ..111.  ill 


th.-ii 


Ii   wiiHtli.'  (■.iiiri.  Hi.-  nuirili.  th.' 

I'arlliiiii.-iili,  iiii'l.  iiliiiv  nil.  III.'  .l.".iilt-4,  iii-tinij  in 
111,'  liil.i.-sl-i  ..f  111,-  ,|.-p,iiiMii  I.f  Ihi'  I'iijiiiiy. 
«li,.  ill  th.-llr-t  liiiU  "f  till'  IHih  ciiliiry.  I'lli'.lii- 
allv    iimhriiiim.l  all   r,-«p.-il    f'.r  >i"lli"rljy_ J 

I'lilir  It.lVkl.  AM.    11 

i:i- 

,ir  r.lii,'i,iii 


.,.,. iiK  .UvKVHTH    A    1»    l.ir.' 

l.lK«iit-    A  1)  ITHI    i;<I7|.wli.llirrilvil 

K.  iiii'l  Jii,lilli-,l   till-   wi.rst  that  wii-i  iir 


1,1  l»'  vui.l  liv  III,-     I'liili-MipliiH-  la',  run 


n. 


I!,i:,liitiii,iir!i  Sjiirit  III 


nhii'l 


tl„'  h'n  iii-l   lUr 


■\  i,«.k    piiM   in  111,'  .>p.iiiiii.'  I.f  III.' Slat.;-. 


al.-i  <)<  II 


i-riil,  ami.  in   -pili'  "f  Ih''    1' 

ny, 


,,w,r  wiiH 


llllp 

Niirniiiit 


with  which  III.' 
,l,,l.  I   thin    Hiiw 


III.'  piii-iiiii,'  away 


Htill       ,, -         , 

,.f  till'  ..1,1  r,-i,-iiiii-     Th.'  ri'itlim 


tthi.li   pr. 


I'   S(t.   >,||,.lll,l,    i 


I   *■.  iiH  In  nil',  11. 


imii,li'ri-,l  fr,,iii  a  tw.  f.'i'l  ii-p"  '  -  ' '"''  "' 

lilimi  ,,f  Ihi' r.iiinirv.  iiml  tin-  ..lli.-r. 
ii;  iHtw.-.n  till-  iiiivi-rnim-nl 
Willi  r.  .'iril  1,1  till-  f'irni.r.  I 


i!,iiiriil 

till'  r.'liitii.ii-.  rxi-lli 


111  Ih.'  c.iintrv 


llrinly  In-li.-v. 


hill,  tr.im  Iln-  i.irli.-sl  iliiyn.if  If 


imiiiar.-liv.  Kraii. ,-  liii'l  al  m>  ] 


•,|  I 


«',  II  liappi,  r 


than  ill.'  »-ii-< 


lli.'il. 


-hi'  hail  mil  fill   Iln'  i'IT.'.Ih 


,if  iiiiv  i;r.'iil    nil 


.f.irlnn.' 


Ill, 


rii.sh    w  lih'li 


f,.l|..\v,,|  Law's  ,\,t< 


II,     Till'  I'lii','  lii-.tini;  minis 


,.f  Car 


liii.il  ,i,-  Fl,iirv.  il.iiilitli'ss  iii;:l,iri,iii». 


Iii'it    wis,'  ami  ,  ir,iiiiis| 


,1,  hi.l  mull- 


1,1  th, 


1,1 


I  liL'lll,'in-,l  th,'  hiiril.iis  iinpnscl  al   11 


nl  ,,f   Ih, 


,,r   1.1 


XV      II. 


thill 


iral  "ir-,  iiml,  rliik,  ii   wil 


iiml  w.i_',  ,|  Willi  ^til 
h r  ,,f  Inr  nniis 


,1  lis,,  hnl 


h   Hill,'  skill. 


nlll 


n-ri'P 


,,iii|>r,  Hills, 
ali.ii.i'f  Inr  1 


,1  thi 


lit.  if  lli.-v  liinl  .-viii  thr.iwii  Inr  lliiniirni 


.iiiii'Wliiil    iilirniiiii;  sial. 


,,r  .lis.,r,l,-r.  it 


lit   fair  t,i  siiv  llnit  tin-  cintiisinii    r,-sii 


lliim 


I  hnl  iinr,  Iv  iilT,-,t.',l  tin-  f,,rliim'  .if  ii 


ilii. 


iiml  hii'l  nut  liipi 


I'll  llu- 


.s,iur('('-i  of 


'  pnisp,  rity 


,,11  III,' 


.lilt 


rarv.«liatisstvl,',l 


lili,'    ii,liiiipii-i     li'Mi    hnl    iiiaili'   cmsiaiil 


]ir,,jr,- 


If.  nil  tin- 


-  hiiml.  the  slat.'  Iiml  in't 


1 1, 


ilih'  1,1  Iiniisi  I'l    iiv  k'l'i'iit  niiuist.'rs. 


tin 


,iihrr.   till'   |ir,..in<'<'s 


ill, I  slniw   maiiv   lii!;lily 


■iiUi:ht.'iiiil 


.1. 


nianl  i 


U:,mls  hinl 


iilKinil  ('.•nm-.-tini;  iiiiini-nii.s   pniiils 


nl 


hnl  Im.ii  cr.allv  iiiipr  ivi',1  in  all  iliriitiniis      It 
sli., lllll  n,>l    1h'  hiru-i.ttin  that  th 'sn   liiin'tils  at;., 
lip.illy  ill  n  III  till'  ri'is'ii  I.f  l„iiii!i  XV.    Tliiir 


pn 

nnist    iinpnrl 
iinpr.iv.'iiu-iit  in 
i'l 


lllll  n-siilt  ha.l  I'l'.  «  11  prniir.'.'i.sivc 
the   o.m.litiim   nf    airriinlturi' 


iXVi.  haiUiii 


this  wisi  policy,  wliicli  ha.l  not  lieuii  iuterniptci 


il 


I2yi 


i 


1^' 


-t 


if* 
iikf 

m 


'    '"1 
J: 

4        til 

i  u,. 


il  >' 


'    1  - 
\ 


!i  ■:" 


HI 


1-^     , 


-I?*! 


KK.VNtE,  1789. 


J'o/iulitr  opinion  of 
Starit  AntointUt* 


FKANCE,  1789. 


liv  Uk  nmritimc  war  iindrrtakrn  on  iN'liiilf  of 
Anw  liriiii  imli'pomlvnc'c.  Manycotton-milUlmd 
8|iriiiiir  \ip,  while  conwicrabic  proRrcits  Imd  Ix'i'ii 
iimil''  ill  till'  iniiniifiwturt'  of  printed  cotton  f»b- 
riis,  mid  of  steel,  itnd  in  the  preparinir  of  stiiins. 
...  I  «iw  the  splendors  of  the  Knipire.  Since 
the  KestonUioii  1  we  diiily  new  fortunes  aprinj; 
lip  iiiid  coiMoliiliitc  themselves;  stil!  nothing  so 
far  lius.  in  my  eyes.  ei|  illiil  the  splendor  of 
Paris  during  the  years  w.tieh  elapseil  lietwii'ii 
1783  and  17HU.  .  ." .  Far  be  it  from  inc  to  shut 
my  eyes  to  the  reality  of  the  public  prosperity 
which  we  are  now  [isjil  enjoyint;.  .  .  .  But, 
nevertbiless.  when  I  i|uestion  my  reason  and 
my  eonsi'ience  as  to  the  possible  future  of  the 
Kriince  of  ITWt,  if  the  Hevoliition  liad  not  burst, 
if  the  ten  years  of  destruction  to  wbicli  it  gave 
birth  had  not  weighed  heavily  upon  tlmt  beau- 
tiful country,  ...  I  am  convinced  that  France. 
at  the  time  I  am  writing,  would  be  richer  and 
stronger  than  she  is  today." — Chancellor  I'as- 
ilui(T..V<  )»"(>»,  )!)>.  44— 17.  — "The  history  of  the 
nvolution  can  no  more  be  understooil  without 
uiidiTstaiiding  the  part  played  in  it  by  t'aris, 
llian  one  can  conceive  of  the  traircdy  of"  Hamli'l 
with  the  part  of  llainlet  left  out;  aiiil  to  under- 
stand the  p.'irl  played  by  I'aris  in  the  ri^voliitiim 
is  eipially  impossible.  .  .  .  l,et  us  commence  at 
the  bottom  with  thi'  noboilies.  .  .  .  Since  the 
days  of  Henry  III.  (l.")74->'»)  the  forcing  of  all 
inilustrial  |iursiiits  into  the  strait  jacket  of  guild- 
ships  had  ln-cn  carried  to  the  extremo  of  utter 
absurilitv.  Here.  t<H>.  the  chronic  tliiaiicial  dis- 
tress had  bein  the  principal  cause.  At  first  the 
haii'iicnifts,  whiili  every  boily  liad  been  at  liberty 
to  priictiii*.  were  witlidnwn  from  free  competi- 
tion and  sold  as  a  privilege,  and  tlicti,  when 
notiiiiig  was  left  to  be  sold,  the  old  guilds  wen' 
split  up  into  a  number  of  giiildlcts.  merely  to 
have  again  something  to  put  on  the  counter. 
And  it  was  not  laily  left  pretty  much  to  the  mas- 
ters whom  they  would  admit  to  the  fi-eeilom  of 
the  guild,  but  besides  the  charges  for  it  were  so 
lii-rh  that  it  was  often  absolutely  out  of  the  reach 
even  of  the  most  skillful  journeyman.  Even  a 
bliKMl  aristocracy  was  not  lacking.  In  a  number 
of  ;;uilds  only  tlie  sons  of  masters  and  the  second 
husbands  of  masters'  widows  could  become  mas- 
ters. Thus  an  immensi'  proletariat  was  gradu- 
ally foriiii  d.  which  to  a  great  extent  was  a  pro- 
letariat only  because  the  law  irresistibly  forced 
it  into  this  position.  .Vnil  the  city  proletariat 
proper  received  constant  and  everincreasing  ad- 
ilitions  from  tne  country.  There  such  distress 
pr-'vailcd.  that  the  paupers  llockeil  in  crowds  to 
liie  cities  ,  .  ,  In  17!*!,  long  iM'fore  the  inaugu- 
ration of  the  Iteign  of  Terror,  lliere  were  in  a 
population  of  tl.To.iNKi.  n.H.iKMi  paupers  (indi- 
geiiisi  I'liiler  ilie  '  aiicicn  reuiine'  the  iinmi- 
t^raiil  protet.iii;!'  tVoni  the  country  was  bv  the 
law  b  iired  out  frmn  all  ways  of  earning  a  liveli- 
IiiiihI  except  .IS  enniinon  day-laborers,  and  the 
wa^'es  fif  tiles.'  Here  ill  I7KS,  on  an  average.  'J(i 
cents  fi.r  men  and  |."i  for  women,  while  the  piici- 
of  bread  was  higher  than  in  our  liiiii's.  What  a 
giL'aniic  heap  of  ferment  !"  — 11  von  llolst.  Tin 
h'n  iii-li  i;,  r,Jiit;,,i,,  Ift  i  —  "In  the  spring  of 
17><'.t  who  e. mill  have  foreseen  the  blmyly  I'atas- 
irophe  "^  K\erytliing  wjis  tin;jred  with  hopeful- 
ness, the  World  was  dreaniini.^  of  the  (lolden 
.\ge  l>es[tite  the  previous   (lisonlers,   and 

?.ee;!s    -.if   -.li-e.^r!!    coritainei!  i::    ccrtjiia    eahicrs 
the    prev.iiliiiir  si'iiliineiit    was  cuuHilcnce.    ,   .   . 


The  people  everywhere  hailed  with  eiiiliiisi,,,^ 
the  new  eni  which  was  dawning.     Wiili  ;i  lir,,. 


"  isilcil 

' Ill 

'     i'lrrc 

"iili  iin 
appall. 
:iriiireliv 

pi  all 


!-(;ir- 


.|Ue, 


«  -rk ; 


king,  withastatesman  who  knew  what 
and  was  determini'd  to  accomplish  ii,  ih 
deii<«  would  have  been  an  inconipan.l. 
With  a  feeble  prince  like  I»uis  XVI 
irresolute  minister  like  Necker.  it  was  an 
ing  danger.  The  public,  intlamed  bv  il . 
tlmt  had  precedea  the  convocation  oi  li,, 
disposcii,  through  its  inexperience,  i.,,, 
llopias,  and  im|H'lled  by  its  iMinliiu  ihirnuiir 
to  desire  their  immediate  reaiizatinn,  inHirallv 
gn'W  more  exacting  in  pro|Hirtion  as  ili.y  «,.„, 
promiseil  more,  and  mon'  impatient  ami  irnial,!,. 
as  their  hoix's  iH'cam"  livelier  and  u|i|h  arcd  Uiier 
founded.  In  the  midst  of  this  gem  r;il 
tioii  tliere  was  but  one  dark  spot, —  lie 
The  cheers  which  greetiil  the  king  u.i 
before  his  wife.  Caluniny  hail  liiae  it- 
and  all  the  nobles  from  the  provinces  ii,,  niiu. 
try  curates,  the  citizens  of  the  small  ii.nn^  (amc 
from  the  contlncs  of  France  iinbn.d  uiili  ii,(. 
most  contemptible  prejudices  agaiiisl  Hii,  iiMf,.r 
tiinate  prine«'ss.  Pamphlets,  poiire.l  eui  a^ain-l 
her  by  malicious  enemies ;  vaL'iie  anil  iii\.iiii;nn 
rumours,  circiilatiil  everywhere,  npiaiiil  in 
whispers,  without  giving  any  clew  i<i  ijair 
source,  —  the  more  dangerous  bei  aiisi-  ii.il'  tiniti', 
and  the  more  readily  believed  because  iniiininiis 
and  absurd, —  had  so  often  niterainl  ilia'  iln 
queen  was  author  of  nil  the  evil,  that  ilji  n..rM 
had  come  toregard  heras  the  cause  nf  iln  il.iiiit. 
and  the  only  serious  obstacle  to  cirtain  elliiai  imis 
reforms.  •  The  queen  pillages  on  all  sid,,,  ,|ir 
even  sends  money,  it  is  said,  to  her  hieiiiir,  ib.. 
emperor,' wrote  a  priest  of  Maine,  in  hi-  i.ar.Khial 
register,  in  17H1  ;  and  he  attribiilnl  tie  m.iiii,. 
of  the  reunion  of  the  Notables  to  tin  -i  vup|..,„,l 
depredations.  This  was  eight  years  In  In  tin- 
crisis  came,  and  such  stories  grew  ainl  -pr.,iil  ' 
— M.  de  la  KiHheterie,  Lifi  of  M,iii,  .1  ,f  .i  ,,(i, 
r.  2,  ch.  1. 

Also  in:  A.  deTix-queville,  Outl,,  si.it,  ,t \i. 
fiiti/  in  Fninrf  before  t/ie  li'tr — .\.  V..ui!l',  '/r.m:, 
ill  Fninre,  17H7-Mi».— 1{.  11.  Itabney.  Ci'  ,>....(  (/., 
h'rinch  Her. — E.J.  Lowell,  T/ie  h'noi  i,',i  Fi,  i-o'i 
II.  r. 

A.  D.  1780  (May),— Meeting:  of  "«  States- 
General.— Conflict  between  the  three  Estates. 
— Thequeitton  of  three  Housesorone.— ■  lli" 
opening  of  the  StJitcs  general  was  li\i.|  fir  tin' 
.Ith  of  May,  17H!t,  and  Versailles  wiis  ,);,«,  n  as 
the  place  of  their  meetings.  On  Hie  Itii,  liait 
Paris  poun'd  into  that  town  to  sei-  ilu  c  .,i,r!  aii'l 
the  deputies  marching  in  priKassinn  i..tli.  -1!.  11. n 
ri'ligious  wremony,  which  was  to  inai.-iiia't  The 
important  epiM'h.  .  .  .  On  the  follmi  ii  j . 
.^tati'H  general,  to  the  niinilH'r  of  I.'Jn'  i 
assiinbleil  in  the  spacious  and  rii  hi\  lir 
'salle  lies  ineniis  plaisirs.'  The  Kin;;  :!i 
surrounded  by  his  family,  witli  ;ill  tin  :\ 
ecnee  of  the  ancient  court,  and  wh-l-i- 
the  enthusiastic  ii|iplaiise  of  tin-  ili  |  ; 
spectators."  The  king  iiimie  a  spe.  i  !i  i 
bv  Harentin.  the  keeper  of  the  gre.ai  «  ,; 
N'ccker.  The  latter  "could  not  pn  .  1 
himself  to  avow  to  the  .\ssi-iiitily  IP 
of  afTairs.  He  announced  an  aiiiui;'  '' 
.'Hl.tHHKOOil  francs, and  thereby  confu-.i  -I 
of  the  public,  which  since'llie  im.'  i-- 
Notables,  had   alwavs   Iwen  discus. i,  _■  ■' 

of    from     1'»n,lHKI,!Hlli    t;-.    140  l!l!l!'.![l;l  ! 

quite  right  in  assuming  tliat  lli'-i    "'' 


a.v.  Ill'' 
(  r-'  i;s. 

.t:,!..1 
■p.arel 
.ajllili- 

;..l  liv 

-  aia 

.|...u.,l 
.1.1  I'.V 
;  i:p,.n 
,1  -tail- 
li.it  "f 
.'  iiniil 
..f  I  I.I' 
ill  la  i! 


1292 


FBANCE.  1T8». 


M-Uno  o/ 
lh»  Stata-Omeral. 


FRANCE.  178». 


mlrht  be  covered  by  economy  In  the  expendl- 
Srebut  It  WM  both  IrriUtlng  and  untrue  when 
rratl  ground,  denle.1  the  neceMJty  of  .um- 
^g  the'^St.te.-general.  and  called  their  con- 
3n  a  free  act  of  royal  favour.  •  •  •  The 
K  of  income  and  expenditure  might,  in- 
SS  ^ily  be  re.tore<l  in  tlie  future,  but  the  def- 
Siof Xrmer  year*  had  been  hecdleaaly  allowed 
S'^umlte^nd  by  no  o""  ""re  "uju  1^ 
vXr  hinuelf.     A  floating  debt  of  S-W, 000.000 

Zi  a  whole  year's  income  ha.1  been  expended 
ni»rncc  .  The  real  dulicit  of  the  year. 

Sereforp  at  the  lowest  calculation,  amounted  to 
Sore  hai  200,000,000,  or  nearly  half  the  annual 
^^m         .  These  facts,  then,  w.re  .■.mccalcd. 
„d  tlmsthe  ministry  was  n..ccs»..rily  pla<e.i  in  a 
fate  p.«iti»n  towar.19  the  States-Kcueral;  the 
"otinuauie  of  the  former  abuses  was  peri«tu- 
ited  or  a  violent  catastrophe  made  iii.vitable. 
For  tlic  moment  tlie  nuitti-r  was  not  (lis- 
oumed     Everything  yiel.led  to  the  i'ni>ortancc 
of  theconstitiiiional  question  — whether  the  three 
orders  should  dcliln'rate  in  cominou  or  apart  — 
whether  lliire  should  be  one  simjle  reprcsentji- 
live  body,  or  in.iependent  corporutions.     This 
nolnt  was  m(K.tod  at  once  in  its  full  extent  on 
Sk  Question,  whether  the  vali.lity  of  the  elections 
riiould  be  scrutinised  by  each  order  aeparutely. 
or  bv  the  whole  Assembly.     We  need  not  here 
enter  into  the  question  of  right;  but  of  this  there 
an  be  no  doubt,  that  the  government    which 
yirtuallv  created  the  States-general  afresh  [smce 
there  hiirt  l)een  no  national  meeting  of  the  Estates 
Mce  the  States-general  of    1614 -see  above: 
A  D  1810-1610],  hati  the  formal  right  to  coii- 
voke  them  either  in  one  -rvy  or  the  other  as  it 
thouKht  fit.  .  .  .  They  [the  govemmentl  infi- 
nitely lowered  their  own  influence  and  dignity  by 
leavini!  a  most  important  constitutional  question 
to  the  decision  and  the  wrangling  of  the  three 
orders;  and  they  frustrated  their  own  practical 
objects,  by  not  decidedly  declaring  for  the  union 
of  the  onhrs  in  one  assembly.     Kvery  important 
raensure  of  reform,  which  nad  in  view  the  im- 
provement of  the  material  and  Hnancial  conilitlon 
of  the  country,  would  have  been  mutilated  by 
the  cUrdV  anil  rcjecte<l  by  tlur  nol>les.     This  was 
sufBciintiy  proved  by  the  ' cahiers '  of  the  elec- 
tors I' wri'tlin  instructions  given  by  the  electors 
to  the  .icputies '].     The  Stat«;3  tliemselves  had  to 
undertake  what  the  goveniment  hail  neglected. 
That  wliii  h  the  government  might  have  freely 
and  IcL'iillj-  commanded,  now  led  to  violent  revo- 
lution.   But  there  was  no  choice  left;  the  com- 
mons would  not  tolerate  the  continuance  of  the 
privilep-iionii'rs;  and  the  state  cnuld  not  toler- 
ate tkm  if  it  did  not  wish  to  perisli.      The  com- 
mons, wlio  oil  tills  point  were  unanimous,  con- 
sidenti  ilie  svstem  of  a  single  A.ssembly  as  a 
matter  of  i  uu'rse.     Thev  took  care  not  to  consti- 
tute tliiins.  Ivrs  as  '  tiers  ctat,' but  remained  pas- 
sive, and  diilnrcil  that  they  would  wait  until  tlie 
.^ssemhlv   should    lie    constituted   as   a    whole. 
Thus  sliV.viv  und  cautiously  did  they  enter  on 
their car.'r"      .  .   Indisputably  the  most  inipor 
tant  and   irilluential    among    them   was  Couiil 
Miralxiui,  till-  representative  of  the  town  of  Aix 
in  Proi-dicv,  a  violent  opponent  of  feudalism, 
and  a  n-stl.  ss  pariicipator  in  all  the  recent  popu- 
lar ciirauiotioiis.     He  would  have  bi'eii    better 
nble  thsi!  a^iv  man  to  stimulati-  the  Assembly  to 
vigorous  action;  but  even  he  hesitated,  and  liept  I 


back  bis  aMocUte*  from  taking  any  Tiolent  iteps. 
because  he  feared  that  the  inconsistency  and  In- 
experience of  the  majority  would  bring  ru'n  on 
the  state.  ...  It  was  only  very  gradually  that 
Uie  '  tiers  6tat '  began  to  negottote  with  the  other 
orders.    The  nobles  shewcdthemselves  haughty, 
dogmatical,  and  aggressive;  and  the  clergy  cau- 
tious, uni'tuous.  and  tenacious.    They  tried  the 
clflcacy  of  general  conferences ;  but  as  no  prog- 
reas  was  found  to  have  been  made  after  three 
weeks,  they  gave  up  their  consultations  on  the 
2,'itli  of  May.     The  impatience  of  the  public,  and 
the  necessities  of  the  treasury,  continually  in- 
creased; the  government,  therefore,  once  more 
intervi'iied,  and  Necker  was  called  upon  to  pro- 
pose a  compromise,"  which  was  coldly  rejected 
by  the  nobles,  who  "declared  that  they  had  long 
iiiio  llnislied  their  scrutiny,  and  constituted  tliem- 
selves as  a  si'parate  order.     They  thus  spared  the 
commons  the  dreaded  honour  of  lieing  the  first 
to  break  with  tiic  crown.     The  conferences  were 
Bgiiin  closed  on  the  »th  of  June,     The  leaders  of 
tlie  commons  now  saw  that  they  must  either  suc- 
cumb to  the  njbilitv,  or  force  the  other  orders  to 
submission,"— H.  von  Syliel,  //iX.  "/  the  French 
/fcr.,  6*.  1,<-A.  3(r.  I). 

Also  in:  W.  Smyth,  Led  ton  the  Uml.  »/  the 
Frtnch  Iter:.,  Uet.  8  (f.  1),— Prince  de  Talleyrand. 
ifimoirt,  pt.  1  (f.  1). 

A  D.  1780  (June).— The  Third  Eatate  «eue» 
the  reins,  proclaims  itielf  the  National  As- 
lembly,  and  aasumea  io»ereig[n  powers.— The 
passionate  excitement  of  Pans.- Diimifsal  of 
Necker.— Rising  of  the  mob.— "At  last  .  .  . 
on  the  proposal  of  Sicyi^s  [the  Abbe,  deputy  for 
Paris]  an(l  amid  a  storm  of  frantic  excitement, 
the  Third  Estate  alone  voted  themselves  'the 
National  Assembly.'  invited  the  other  two  orders 
to  join  them,  and  pushing  their  pretensions  to 
sovereignty  to  the  highest  point,  declared  that 
the  existing  taxes,  not  having  lieen  consented  to 
by  the  nation,  were  all  illegal.     The  National  As- 
sembly, however,  allowed  them  to  be  levied  till 
ita  separation,  after  which  they  were  to  cease  if 
not  formally  regranU-d,     This  great  revolution 
was  effected  on  jTune  17.  and  it  at  once  placetl  the 
Third  Order  in  a  totally  new  relation  both  to  the 
other  onlers  and  to  the    Crown.     There   were 
speedy  signs  of  yielding  among  some  members 
of    the    privileged  orders,    and    a    fierce   wave 
of  excitement  supported  the  change.     Malouet 
strongly  urged  that  the  proper  course  was  to  dis- 
solve the  Assembly  and  to  appeal  to  the  constitu- 
encies   but  Necker  declined,  and  a  feeble  and 
ineffectual  effort  of  the   King  to  accomplish  a 
reunion  and  at  the  same  time  to  overawe  the 
Third  Order,  precipitated  the  Revolution.     The 
King  announced  his  intention  of  holding  a  royal 
session  on  .lune  'J2,  and  he  summoned  the  three 
orders  to  meet  him.     It  was  his  design  to  direct 
them  to  unite  in  onler  to  deliberate  in  common 
on  matters  of  common  interest,  and  to  regain  the 
royal  initiative  by  laying  down  the  lines  of  a  new 
( onstitutioii,   ,   ,  ,  On   Saturday,  the  20th.  how- 
i-vir  the  course  of  events  was  interrupted  by  the 
famous  scene  in  the  tennis  court.     Troops  had 
lately  lieeii  pouring  to  an  alarming  extent  into 
Paris  mid  exciting  much  suspicion  in  tlie  popu 
hir  party,  and  the  Government  very  injudiciously 
selected  for  the  royal  si'ssion  on  the  following 
Monday  the  hall  in  which  the  Third  Order  as- 
si^bled.     The  hall  was  being  prepared  for  the 
occasion,  and  therefore  no  meeting  could  be  held. 


1293 


p: 

1. 

Im-i 

i^ 

V       '' 

t-J 

'^N 

r> 

,'    i- 

i  , 

i! 

'  ■  .'•  M 

,  ,  i^ 

,          ll 

<    V  t    ! 

\  :•<! 

■* 

^!      ■  '^ 

.*                  '4 

)                      t 

1  '^'^1 

'i 

'  I 

i 

'i 

p.- 


J     f  *  ' 


^S-Si' 


.J 


'k« 


■i: 


-f.nr 


i.:i: 


Wih 


^^^^^^B 

"•;]::i-:^: 

^Bi^       : 

■-■Uv  ^■■• 

^^H   . 

^^^^^^B 

inr-j; 

J    fi  ■      .  i  -  ■ 

^^^H 

■jr^'i-' 

'Iff' 

KHANCE.  1780. 


n^  Satinnat 
Ataembtu  proclaimra. 


FRANCE,   1789. 


The  mcmbore,  ignorant  of  the  fart,  went  to  their 
rhainber  nnil  wen-  n'|K'llcd  by  soldiers.  Furlons 
at  the  insult,  tlicv  itcljoumcil  to  the  neighbour- 
ing  tennis  court  "[,Icu  lie-Paume).  A  suspicion 
that  the  King  meant  to  ilis.solvc  them  was 
abrouil,  and  they  n'solved  to  resist  such  an  at 
tempt.  With  lifted  hands  and  in  a  transport  of 
genuine,  if  somewhat  theatrical  entliusiasm.  they 
swore  tliat  they  woulil  never  separate  '  till  the 
constitution  of  the  kin^^dom  and  the  regeneration 
of  public  orderwere  established  on  a  soliil  basis.' 
.  .  .  One  single  member,  Martin  d'Auche,  re- 
fused his  assent.  The  Thini  Estate  had  thus 
virtually  assumed  the  sole  legislative  authority  in 
France,  and  like  the  Long  Parliament  in  Kngland 
had  denied  the  King's  power  to  dissolve  them. 
.  .  .  Owing  to  the  dissension  that  had  arisen, 
the  royal  session  wus  i>ostpone<i  till  the  2yrd,  but 
on  the  preieding  day  the  National  Assembly  met 
in  a  church,  anil  its  session  was  a  very  important 
one,  for  on  this  m-casion  a  great  IkxIv  of  the 
clergy  formally  joined  it.  One  hundred  and 
forty -eight  members  of  the  clergy,  of  whom  134 
were  cures,  had  now  given  their  adhesion.  Two 
of  the  nobles,  separating  from  their  colleagues, 
look  the  same  course.  Next  day  the  royal  ses- 
sion was  held.  The  project  a(lopte<l  in  the 
council  dilTered  so  much  from  that  of  Neckcr 
that  tills  minister  refus<'(l  to  give  it  the  sanction 
of  his  presence.  Instead  of  commanding  the 
three  orders  to  deliberate  together  in  the  common 
interest,  it  was  determined  in  the  revisitl  project 
that  the  King  should  merely  invite  them  to  do 
so.  .  .  It  was  .  .  .  determined  to  withdraw 
altogether  from  the  common  deliberation  'the 
form  of  tlic  constitution  to  be  given  to  the  com- 
ing States  General,' and  to  recognise  fully  the 
essential  distinction  of  the  three  orders  as  politi- 
cal b<Klies,  though  they  might,  with  the  approval 
of  the  Sovereign,  <lelilH'rate  in  common.  Xeeker 
had  proposed  .  .  ,  that  tlie  King  should  deci- 
sively, and  of  his  own  authority,  al>olish  all 
privileges  of  taxation,  but  in  the  amende<l  article 
the  King  only  undertook  to  give  his  sanction  to 
this  measure  on  condition  of  the  two  orders  re 
nounciiig  their  privileges.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  King  aiiiiouiiied  to  the  Assembly  a  long 
series  of  articli's  of  reform  which  would  have 
made  France  a  thoroughly  constitutional  coun- 
try, and  have  swept  away  nearly  all  the  great 
abuses  in  its  government.  ".  .  .  He  annulleii  the 
pnxiedings  of  June  17,  by  whiih  the  Third 
Estate  alone  declared  itself  the  U'gislaturc  of 
France.  He  reminded  the  Aiwembly  that  none  of 
its  proceedings  could  acquire  tlie  force  of  law 
without  his  assent,  and  he  as-serted  his  sole  right 
as  French  Sovenign  to  thecommanit  of  the  army 
and  police.  He  concluded  by  directing  the  three 
orilers  to  withdraw  and  to  meet  next  day  to  con- 
sidiT  his  pn)p<isals.  The  King,  with  the  nobles 
anil  the  majority  of  the  clergy,  at  once  with- 
ilnw,  liut  the  Third  Onler  ileflantly  remained. 
It  was  evident  that  the  attempt  to  conciliate,  and 
the  attetiijitto  assert  the  royal  authority,  had  both 
failed  The  .Vs.seinbly  prixlaimed  itself  iuviola- 
ble.  It  coutirmeti  the  ilecrt-es  which  the  King 
had  annulled.  SieyOs  declared,  in  wonls  which 
excited  a  transport  of  enthusiasm,  that  what  the 
Assembly  was  yesterday  it  still  was  to  day ;  and 
two  days  later,  the  triumph  of  the  Assembly  lic- 
caine  still  more  evident  bv  the  adhesion  of  47  of 
the  iioliility  .\fier  this  .lefecti'.'D  the  Kinsr  saw 
the  hopelessnes..  of  resistance,  and  on  the  27th 


he  onlerod  the  remainder  of  the  nobles  to  take  ilip 
same  course.  ...  In  tlie  mean  time  ,ho  nal 
rulers  of  the  country  were  coming  rn].i.ily  toiW 
surface.  .  .  .  Qroups  of  local  "L'iiiii..rs'iinil  f 
the  8<;um  of  the  Paris  mob  began  in  iiv(  niwc  Uif 
representatives  of  the  nation,  and  I..  iliriTt  ili,. 
course  of  its  policy.  Troops  wen'  pi.iirnl  y,„ 
Paris,  but  their  presence  was  ;iii  ivdtcniir' 
without  being  a  protection,  for  diiv  ufur  ilav  i' 
l>ec8mc  more  evident  that  their  di-riplim  iai 
gone,  and  that  they  shared  the  sviii|i,iiiii,,  a„,| 
the  passions  of  the  mob.  .  .  .  Ai  iln  s^uiictinK 
famine  grew  daily  more  intense,  -tiiil  the  mils 
more  passionate  and  more  forniiilul  Ic  Thf  ilis. 
missal  of  Necker  on  the  eveiiiM<  .  f  ,Iiilv  n 
was  the  spark  which  produced  the  1  "inhuratini 
that  had  long  Ihtu  pn^pariiig,  .Ni  xt  ihiv'  i^ij 
Hew  to  arms.  The  troops  with  fi  w  ,  xn  iiiiun, 
abandoned  the  King."— \V.  K  II  l.dkv  Hitt 
of  EiKjltind  in  the  Wth  Ctntiin/,  i-h.  I'l)  (r '.1) 

Also  in;  E.  Diimont,  Hea>liei-ti„iu„fSl,r,il»,n 
eh.  i-5. 


A.  D.  1789  (Julj).— The  mob  m  arras. 
a  Paris. 


An- 


archy in  Paris.— The  taking  of  the  Bastille.- 
"On  the  12th  of  July,  near  uiKin,  on  the  newsuf 
the  dismissal  of  Neckcr.  a  cry  of  rii«e  arises  in 
the  Palais- lioyal;  Camillc  DesmouliiK,  mounted 
on  a  table,  announces  that  the  Coiiri  iiinliiates 
'a  8t.  Bartholomew  of  patriot.s.'  Tlic  (rowil 
embrace  him,  adopt  the  grwn  eockaili-  whitli  ho 
has  proposed,  and  oblige  thedaneini;  sjiloons anii 
theatres  to  close  in  sign  of  mouruinc:  tlicy  hurry 
off  to  the  residence  of  Curlius  (ii  planter  (;i>t 
master],  and  take  the  busts  of  the  Duke  nf 
Orleans  and  of  Necker  and  carry  tin  in  ulnrat  iu 
triumph.  .Meanwhile,  the  dragoons  of  the  I'riiMe 
de  Lambesc,  drawn  up  on  the  I'huo  l,ouis- 
Quinze.  find  a  barricade  of  chairs  at  thi'  entrame 
of  the  Tuilleries,  and  are  greeted  with  ii  sli.iwer 
of  stones  and  bottles.  Elsewhere,  mi  thi-  Iliule 
vard,  before  the  Hotel  Moritnioremv,  .*ime  ■■! 
the  French  Guards,  escaped  from  their  harraek*. 
fired  (m  a  loyal  detachment  of  the  ■  iidval  .\lle 
mand.'  The  tocsin  is  sounding  on  all  sidis.  the 
shops  where  arms  are  sold  are  pillaireil.  unii  the 
Hdtel-de-Ville  is  invaded :  1.5  or  10  well  liispusij 
electors,  who  meet  there,  order  the  disiriri.-itobe 
assembled  and  armed. —  The  new  sovc  niirn,  tlio 
people  in  arms  and  in  the  street.  Iia.s  dedarnl 
himself.  The  dregs  of  society  at  uiiee  enmetn 
the  surface.  During  the  night  Ktween  ihi  IJtk 
and  13th  of  July,  'all  the  barrio  r<,  fpiii  ilie  Kau 
bourg  Saint- Autoine  to  the  FaulioiirL' Saint  lion 
ore,  bcsiiles  those  of  the  Faiibourt'"  Saint  .Manel 
and  Saint-Jacques,  arc  forced  aiil  m t  on  tin' 
There  is  no  longer  an  '  octroi ';  tlie  city  i.s  niih 
out  a  revenue  just  at  the  monu  nt  when  ii  i> 
obliged  to  make  the  heaviest  expemlitnres 
'  During  this  fearful  night,  the  lioiir:.'' 
themselves  shut  up,  each  tremlilini;  a: 
himself  and  those  belonging  to  hiiti 
following  day,  the  13th,  the  capital  : 
be  given  up  to  bandits  and  the  h>wi  ^t  , 
.  .  .  During  these  two  days  an  i  ni 
Bailly,  '  Paris  ran  the  risk  of  beiiiL'  1  i^ 
was   only  saved    from    the    marainlu 


isie  kepi 
hi  line  fi>r 
■     I  In  tile 

ppran  l> 
f 'he!.™- 
•ht*.  says 

llTr'l   all't 

s    l.y  l.'ie 

I  national    guard.'  .    .    .    Fortunately  the   militia 

j  organized  itself,  and   the   principal   inhabit^iDts 

1  and  genth'inen  enrol  themselves;  lMi«H)menare 

I  formed  into  iHtttalions  and  coinpani.  ,;  the  tumr 

I  geoisie   buy   gims  of  the  vagahniicls  fur  thi»f 

I  livrea  ap!e<;e.  and  sabres  or  pi.-i!::!-  I' -r  t""l" 

i  8<jus.     At  last,  some  of  the  offeudor'  are  hung  on 


1204 


FRANCE,  1789. 


Thf  taking  of  the 

utuiau. 


FRANCE,  1789. 


A,  .not  and  others  diii«nne<l,  and  the  insurn'r 
Lwain  Iwcomcs  political.     But,  whaU;v.T  lis 
?hiect  it  remains  always  wild,  iK^caus.'  it  i«  in 
h    himls  of  the   populm^L..  .         Thm>   1;.  no 
iMuler  no  management.     The  el.ttorH  who  Imve 
rol«.rt,a  themwlves  into  tlie  represt'iitatiyen  of 
Pirin  9<'<n>  to  command  the  crowd,  but  it  h  tlie 
rm«(l  whicli  eommanila  tlicm.      One  of  them, 
Crenel  to  save  tlie  lloteldcVillc,  lias  nootlur 
JSurce  Imt  to  semi  for  si.\  harnis  c,f  gunpow- 
der  ami  to  declan!  to  tlie  assailants  tliat  he  is 
•bo'uttol)lowcverytliingint.>tluair.      The  com-   | 
DUimlanl  whom  they  tlieius.lv(»  liavc  cliosen  .M. 
do  Salles  has  twenty  bayonets  at  Ins  bnast  ilur- 
ine  a  (luarter  of  an  hour,  and.  nion;  than  once, 
the  whole  committee  is   near  iR'ing   mas.sacred. 
Let  the  reader  imagine,  on  the  premises  where 
fhe  discussions  are  going  on,  and  (H-titions  arc 
beinirmade,  '  a  concourw  of  1,. WO  men  pressed  by 
100  000  others  who  are  forcing  an  entnmce,  the 
wainscoting  cracliing.  the  iH'nehes  upset  one  over 
another        .  a  tumult  Huch  as  to  bnng  to  mind 
■theday  of  jiulgnicnt,'  the  death-shrielis,  songs, 
veils  ami  '  people  beside  themsi'lves,  for  the  most 
'MTt'not  knowing  wliere  they  are  nor  wliat  they 
!(iiiit '    Eiiih  district  is  also  a  petty  centre,  while 
the  Palais  lioyal  Is  tlic  main  centre.  .  .  .  One  wave 
Mlhers  here  and   another  then-,  their  strategy 
consists  in  pushing  and  in  being  pushed,     let, 
their  entrance  is  effected  <mly  Ix-causi^  they  arc 
let  in.    If  tiny  get  into  the  Invalidi'S  it  is  owing 
to  the  connivance  of  the  soldiers.  —At  the  Uas- 
lille   tireamis  are  discharged   from  ten  in   the 
morning  to  five  in  tlie  evening  against  walls  40 
feel  high  and  30  feet  thiclt,  and  it  is  l)y  <Uance 
that  one  of  their  shots  n-aches  an  'invalide'  on 
the  towers.    Thev  are  treated  tlie  same  ils  chil- 
dren whom  one  wishes  to  hurt  as  little  as  possi- 
ble    The  governor,  on  the  tirst  summons  to  sur- 
render, (inlers  the  cannon  to  1k'  withdrawn  from 
the  cmlirasun's;    he  malies  tlie  garrison  swear 
not  to  ««•  if  it  is  not  attaciied ;  he  invites  the  tirst 
of  the  deputations  to  huich;  he  allows  the  nies- 
lenger  dispatched   from  the    Hotel de-Ville   to 
inspect  the  fortress:    he   receives  several    dis- 
charges without  returning  them,  and  lets  the 
flrat  bridge  be  carriwl  without  firing  a  shot. 
MThen.  at  length,  he  d(x;s  fire,  it  is  at  the  last 
eKfraitv.  to  defend  tlie  second  bridge,  and  after 
having  riotilied  the  assailants  tliat  he  is  going  to 
do  so ..  .  .  The  people,  in  turn,  are  infatuated 
with  the  novel  sensations  of  attaik  and   resis- 
tance, with  the  Miiell  of  gunpowder,  with  the 
cicitementof  tin-  ..mtest;  all  they  can  think  of 
doing  is  to  nish  against  the  mass  of  stone,  their 
espedienls  Ixing  on  a  level  with  their  tactics. 
A  brewer  fancies  that  he  can  set  fire  to  this  bhxk 
nf  raasenry  bv  pumping  over  it  spikenanl  and 
poppy  si'eil    oil    mixed   with     phosphorus,       A 
young  curpcnter,    who  has  some  arclia'ological 
iiotiims,  proposes  to  construct  a  catapult.     Some 
■if  them  think  that  they  have  stdzed  the  gover- 
nor's daughter,  and  want  to  burn  her  in  onUr  to 
make  the  father  surrender.     Others  set  Arc  to  a 
projecting  mass  of  buildings  filled  with  straw, 
and  thus  close  up   tlie  passage,     'The  Bastille 
WM  not  taken    by  main   force,'  sjiys  the  brave 
Elie,  one  of  the  combatants ;  •  it  was  surrendered 
before  even  it  was  attacked.'  by  capitulation,  on 
the  promise  that  no  harm  8ho,ild  l)e  done  to  any- 
body.   The  garrison,  being  perfectly  secure,  had 
no  longer  thi>  hpart.  tof^rr  on  tiuman  iM'ings  while 


uu  luuirt-r  iiH'  ncHrr  tt\  iin'  on  n'ooaii  iit-iiiurs  wiiiu- 

toemtelves  risking  nothing,  and,  on  the  other 


hand,  they  were  unnerved  by  tlie  sight  of  the 
immense  crowd.      Eight  or  nine  hundred  men 
only  were  concerne<l  in  the  attack,  most  of  them 
workmen  or  shopkeepers  lielonging  to  the  fau- 
bourg, tailoTM,  wheelwrights,  mercers,  and  wine- 
dealers,   mixed  with  the   French  Guarils.     The 
Plac(>  de  la  aistille,  however,  and  all  the  streets 
in  the  vi<iiiity,  were  crowded  with  the  curious 
who  came  to  witness  the  sight;  'among  them,' 
says  a  witness,  '  were  a  number  of  fashionable 
wiimen  of  very  good  appearance,  who  had  left 
their  carriages  at  some  distance.'      To  the  120 
men  of  the  garrison,  looking  down  from  their 
parap<'ts,  it  seemed  as  though  all  Paris  had  eomo 
out  against  them.     It  is  they,  also,  who  lower 
the  drawbridge  and  iiitrixiuce  the  enemy:  every- 
biHlyhas  h«t  his  head,  the  besieged  as  well  as 
the  liesiegers,  the  latter  more  complet<'ly  because 
they  are  intoxicateil  with  the  sense  of  victory. 
Scarcely  have  they  I'ntered  when  they  l)egin  tlic 
work  of  destru<;tion,  and  tlielat<'st  arrivals  shoot 
at  random  thost'  that  come  earlier:    'each  one 
fires  without  heeding  where  or  on  whom  his  shot 
tells.'     Sudden  omnipotence  and  the  lilierty  to 
kill  are  a  wine  too  strung  for  liuman  nature,  .  .  . 
Elie,  who  is  the  first  to  enter  the  fortress,  Cholat, 
Hulin,  the  brave  fellows  who  are  in  advance,  the 
French  Ouanls  who  arc  cognizant  of  the  laws  of 
war,  try  to  keep  their  word  of  honour:  but  the 
crowd  pn'ssing  on  behind  them  know  not  whom 
to  strike,  and  they  strike  at  random.     They  spare 
the  Swiss  soldiers  who  have  fired  on  them,  and 
who,  in  their  blue  smocks,  seem  to  them  to  be 
prisoners;  on  the  other  hand,  by  way  of  compen- 
sation, they  fall  furiously  on  the  '  invalides '  who 
o|K'n(Ki  the  gates  to  them ;    the  man  who   pre- 
vented thi     overnor  fn)m  blowing  up  the  fortress 
has  his  wrist  sevired  liy  the  blow  of  a  sabre,  is 
twice  pierecHl  with  a  sworil  and  is  hung,  and  the 
hand  which  had   saved  one  of  the  districts  of 
Paris  is  promenaded  through  the  streets  in  tri- 
umph.    The  olUcers  are  dragged  along  and  five 
of  them  are  kilhnl,  with  three  soldiers,  on  the 
spot,  or  oil  the  way."     M.  de  Launay,  the  gov- 
ernor, after  receiving  many  wounds,  while  being 
dragged  to  tlie  llotel-de-Ville.  was  finally  killed 
by  bayonet  thrusts,  and  his  head,  <  ':t  from  his 
beMly,waa  placarded  and  borne  through  the  streets 
upon  a  pitchfork,— H,  A,    Taiiie.    The  Prenth 
Rer^iMinn,  hk.  1,  eh.  2  (r.  1).— "  I  was  present  at 
the  taking  of  tlie  ttislille.     What  has  Iwen  styled 
the  fight  was  not  serious,  for  there  was  absolutely 
no  resistance  shown.     Within  the   liold's  walls 
were  neither  provisions  nornmmunition.     It  was 
not  even  necessary  to  invest  it.     The  regiment  of 
gardes  franvaises  which  had  led  the  attjick.  pre- 
sented  itself  under  the  walls  on  the  rue  Saint 
Antoinc  sidi'.  opposite  the  main  entrance,  which 
was  barred  by  a  drawbridge.     There  was  a  dis- 
charge of  a  few  musket  shots,  to  which  no  reply 
was  made,  and  then  four  or  five  discharges  from 
the  cannon.     It  has  iK'cn  claimetl  that  the  latter 
broke  the  chains  of  the  drawbridge.     I  did  not 
notici'  this,  and  yet  1  was  standing  close  to  the 
point  of  attack.     What  I  did  see  plainly  was  the 
action    of    the    soldiers,     invalides,    or    others, 
grouped  on  the  platform  of  the  high  tower,  hold- 
ing their  muskets  sUxk  in  the  air,  and  expressing 
by  all   means  employed  under  similar  circum- 
stances their  desire  o'f  surrendering.     The  result 
of  this  so-called  victory,  which  brought  down  so 
many  favors  on  the  heads  of  the  so-called  vicUirs, 
is  wcllknowu.     The  truth  is,  that  this  great  ngiit 


i   1 
I 


1295 


i 
I 


:3; 


I  • 

1 

m 

1 1 


■iii 


.  i^ , 


i  '. 


}    : 
1    ( 


I 


•HI 


i  9  t.;Cf 


FnANCE,  1789. 


Ktnt't  aurrtnder. 


FRANCE,  1789. 


did  not  for  a  moment  frighten  the  numerout 
•pcctatora  will)  liad  ll<M:keil  tii  witneiu  its  result. 
Amonf;  tliein  wore  many  women  of  fa.shion,  who, 
In  onler  to  Iw  cloaer  to  the  wene.  had  left  their 
carriages  some  distance  away." — Chancellor I'as- 
quier,  .Vfnuiirt,  pp.  SS-flfl. 

Also  is  :  I).  Uiugham.  T/k-  lliMiUe,  r.  3,  eh. 
9-12.— a.  A.  Davenport,  JIM.  „f  the  liutitr.  eh. 
12. — .1.  Claretie,  Camille  lk$inouliii»  ami  hit 
Wife.  eh.  1.  teet.  4. 

A.  D.  1789  (July).— Practical  surrender  of 
authority  by  the  Icine. — Organization  of  the 
National  Guard  with  Lafayette  in  command. 
-  Disorder  and  riot  in  the  provinces.— Hunger 
in  the  capital.— The  murder  of  Foulon  and 
Berthier.— ■•The  next  morning  the  taking  of 
the  IListille  bon'  its  intemleil  fruit.  Marshal  ile 
Broglie.  who  liad  fotiml,  instcaii  of  a  loyal  army. 


only   (lisafli'cteil   regiments  which  had  joined  or 

;  to  join  the  mob,  sent  in  liii 
nation.  .   ,  .    I'lic  king,   dewrted   by   his  army, 


were  preparing  to  join  the  mob,  sent  in  his  resig- 


his  authority  now  <|tilie  gone,  hail  uo  means  of 
restoring  onlcr  except  through  the  Assembly. 
Ho  begged  that  b(«ly  to  undertake  the  work, 
promising  to  ncall  the  disini.ssi'il  ministers.  .  .  . 
The  power  of  the  king  had  now  pas.se(l  from  him 
to  the  National  Asm  inbly.  But  that  numerous 
bixly  of  men.  absorlKnl  in  intenninable  discussions 
on  abstrai  t  iiieas.  was  totally  incapable  of  apply- 
ing its  power  to  the  government  of  the  country. 
The  elect<irs  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  on  the  l.")tli  of 
.Tuly,  resolved  tliat  there  must  be  a  mayor  to 
diri'ct  the  affairs  of  Paris,  and  a  Natiimal  Uuard 
to  prcsi'rve  order.  Dangers  threatened  fn>m 
every  quarter.  WIh'U  the  (piestion  aros<'  as  to 
who  sliould  fill  tliest-  ollices.  Moreau  de  ?laint 
Mery,  the  pnsidciit  of  the  electors,  pointed  to 
the  dust  of  Ijifayett*'.  which  liiid  l)een  sent  m  a 
gift  to  the  city  of  Paris  by  the  State  of  Virginia, 
in  17S4.  The  g.-sturc  was  ImmtHiiately  under- 
stood, and  liSfayettc  was  chosen  by  ncci'amation. 
Not  less  unanimous  was  the  choice  of  liailly  for 
mayor.  Ijjfayette  was  now  taken  from  the  As- 
sembly to  assume  the  more  active  emplovment 
of  commanding  the  National  Ouard.  While  the 
As.scmbly  pursued  the  destruction  of  the  old 
order  and  the  erection  of  a  new,  Jjifayctte,  at 
the  age  of  S2,  became  the  chief  de|H)8itary  of 
executive  power.  .  .  .  Throughout  Fmnce,  the 
deepest  interest  was  exhibit<'d  in  piutsing  events. 
.  .  .  The  victory  of  the  Assembly  over  the  king 
and  aristocracy  led  the  p<'ople  of  the  prov- 
inces to  believe  that  their  cau-si'  was  already 
won.  A  general  demoralization  ensued. "  After 
the  taking  of  the  Bastille.  "  the  example  of  re- 
bellion thus  set  was  specilily  followed.  Rioting 
and  lawlessness  soon  pri'vailed  everywhere,  in- 
creased and  imbitteri'd  by  the  scarcity  of  finxi. 
In  the  towns,  bread  riots  iH'canu'  contiiiinil,  an<l 
the  custom  houses,  tin.'  means  (»f  collecting  the 
exorbitant  taxes,  were  ilcstroyed.  In  the  rural 
districts,  chateaux  were  to  be  seen  burning  on 
all  sides.  The  towers  in  which  wen:  pnserved 
the  titles  anil  documents  which  gave  to  tlie  noble- 
man his  oppre8.sive  rights  were  larried  by  storm 
an<l  their  <  mtents  seatlen'd.  Ijiw  and  authority 
were  fa.sl  iMroming  synonymous  wiili  tyranny; 
the  wonl  'lilH-riy,'  now  in  every  mouth,  had  no 
other  siguitieaiioii  than  license.  Int«  Paris  slunk 
honles  of  gaunt  fix  it  pads  from  all  over  France, 
attracted  by  the  pr^pectof  disorder  and  pillase. 
.  .  From  such  circumstances  naturally  arose 
the  Natiooal  Guard. "    The  king  bad  been  asked. 


on  the  18tb,  by  a  deputation  from  the  Assembly 
"to  confldo  the  care  of  the  city  to  a  militia  uij 
had  declined.  The  military  organi/.aiiun  u( citi- 
zens was  then  undertaken  by  the  elei  tors  at  the 
Hotel  •'<•;  Ville,  without  his  con9(>nt,  ami  its  cm. 
mande  designated  without  his  iiiipiiintment. 
"The  king  was  obliged  to  conflrm  iliiichnict 
and  he  was  thus  depriveil  even  of  tin-  nurit  of 
naming  the  chief  offlcer  of  the  guard  wlnwoei 
istence  had  been  forced  upon  him. "  ( iii  tlic  ITih 
the  king  was  persuaded  to  visit  the  1  iiv,  f.ir  ihe 
effect  wh'eh  his  personal  presence  woul,)  have 
it  was  thought,  upon  the  anxious  and  1  \i  itiil  pub! 
lie  mind.  Lafayette  had  worked  wiih  mcrirvto 
prepare  his  National  (Juanl  for  tln-iliili.  iilt  ifmv 
of  preserving  order  ami  proteciiii::  liir  puiil 
visitor  on  the  occasion.  "So  inii  ii»,  wm  jiif 
excitement  and  the  insurn^ctionary  s|iirii  nf  the 
time,  so  uncertain  were  the  botnidurii s  Utwim 
rascality  and  revolutionary  zeal,  that  ii  ivasijif. 
ticult  to  establish  the  fact  that  tlie  mw  \^\ati 
was  created  to  preserve  onler  and  \w\  t.iiijht 
the  king  and  pillage  the  aristiKriu y.  I'lif  cnat 
armed  mob,  now  in  prix-essof  ori:iiiii/;iiinu.  haj 
to  be  treatetl  with  great  tact,  lest  it  sImmiIcI  n  fuse 
to  submit  to  authority  in  any  shape  '  lint  slmn 
as  the  time  was,  Lafayette  succecdiil  in  giving 
to  the  powerless  monarch  a  safe  and  unlirly  re- 
ception. "Tlie  king  made  his  will  ami  tiickilie 
sacraments  before  leaving  Versailli  1.  fur ,  . 
doubts  were  entertained  tliat  he  wmiM  live  ti 
return."  He  was  met  at  the  gates  of  Huris  by 
the  new  mayor.  Bailly,  and  esicirtnl  tliniusba 
double  line  iif  National  Guards  toilie  lloiildc 
Villc.  There  he  was  obliged  to  lix  mi  liis  hat 
the  national  cockade.  Just  brought  iiitu  iim',  ami 
to  conflrm  the  appointments  of  Lafuyitte  and 
Bailly.  "  IjOuIs  XVI.  then  returned  to  Versailles. 
on  the  whole  pleased,  as  the  day  luid  Ixea  lesj 
unpleasant  than  bad  been  expected,  liut  Ihe 
compulsory  acceptation  of  tlie  cockuilc  ami  the 
nominations  meant  nothing  less  tlian  lliieitiuc 
tion  of  his  authority.  .  .  Ijvfayi  tto  riorMiteJ 
his  army  from  the  bourgeois  ela.ss.  for  the  tid 
reason  that,  in  the  fever  then  mging  fur  uiniin- 
trolled  freedom,  that  class  was  tin-  only  one  fro-i 
which  the  pro|)er  material  could  Is'  l.iki  n.  Ti.e 
importance  of  order  was  impressi  d  mi  t'le  bour- 
geois by  the  fact  that  they  had  sin  pi  ami  house! 
which  they  did  not  wish  to  si c  pilhiiriil.  .  .  . 
The  nettssity  for  strict  police  mex'-iiris  wassono 
to  be  terribly  illustrated.  For  a  wn  k  pa-l  a 
large  crowd  composed  of  starv"n;  wi;rkm™. 
country  beggars,  and  army  diMTliri.  li*l 
thronged  the  streets,  angrily' lUniai.'liiii;  fi>ii!. 
The  city  was  extreimdy  slmrt  .f  pr  lvi^i.1n..,  anJ 
it  was  Impossible  to  satisfy  the  iliiiiai.ts  u*!? 
upon  it.  .  .  .  On  July  22, "an  nM  m.iii  naimJ 
FouUin,  a  member  of  the  late  iiiiiii~iry,  who  had 
hmg  iH'en  the  object  of  public  ili-liri,  and  «as 
now  detcsteil  b<'cau.s■..^  it  was  ruiiionl  iliat  fc 
said  that  '  the  people  might  eat  ir'a-",' »a<  ar 
rested  in  the  countrv,  and  brimirlii  t  .  ihi'  llolel 
de  Ville,  followeil  tiy  a  mob  -.vlio  .1  maiidid  his 
immiHiiate  judgment."  Lafayitir ■  a,  rird  vainly 
his  whole  intluence  and  his  whnlo  mtliority  I' 
proU'ct  the  wretched  ohl  man  uiuil  In' i..iild  !»■ 
liKlged  in  prison.  The  mob  tore  ii-  v!.  nm  fpm 
his  very  hands  and  destroyed  him  .11  the  spot. 
The  next  day,  Foulon's  son  in  la".  I!,rthiir,  the 
Inlendant  of  Paris,  was  arrest.-d  in  iiiiHintrv, 
and  the  tragedy  was  re-enacted.  :-Ii'k  iiiii  bj 
these  murders  and  disgusted  by  his  ..»u  iuabilit; 


129G 


FRANCE,  178». 


TV  Emigration. 


rUANCE,  178». 


to  prerent  them.  Uf.yette  Mnt  his  re"!?""!"" 
toie  electon,  and  (or  »ome  time  pcnilited  in  his 
kIumI  to  resume  his  office.  But  no  other  man 
Sdd  be  found  in  Paris  equally  fllttjl  for  the 
riM'  10  that  on  the  personal  solicitiition  of  the 
fetors  and  a  deputation  from  the  60  dUtricta  of 
^dtr  he  again  took  command,  "-BTuckcr- 

aUo  raT  J.  Michelet,  lltttortfal    \ieie  of  the 
rnnthHet.hk.  2.  eh.  1-2. 

AD  i789(July-Aupiit).-C»use»ndchar- 
scterof  the  '''Emier«tion."-"Everythmg,  or 
Mrlv  everythinit.  was  done  by   the  party  op- 
Mseilto  the  Kevoliition  in  the  exeiU'ment  of  the 
Soment;  nothing  was  the  result  of  reasoning 
Who  for  instanec,  reasoned  out  the  emigration  ? 
It  has  oftentimes  liecn  asked  how  so  extraordi- 
MfT «  resolution  came  to  be  token;  how  it  had 
entered  the  niin.ls  of  men  giftol  with  a  certain 
unoiint  of  sense  that  there  was  any  ailvantagc 
to  be  derived  f  mm  abandoning  all  the  posts  where 
they  could  still  exercise  power;  of  giving  oyer  to 
the  inemy  the  regiments  they  commanded    the 
localities  nverwhich  they  had  control ;  of  deliver- 
ing up  completely  t«  the  teachings  of  the  oppo- 
nit  party  the  peasantry,  over  wliom.  in  a  gooilly 
numhpr  of  provinces,  a  valuable  Influence  might 
be  exerted  and  among  whom  they  still  had  many 
friends;  and  all  this,  to  return  for  the  purpose  of 
conquering,   at  the  swonl's  point,   positions,  a 
number  of  which  at  least  could  Iks  held  without 
a  fight     No  doubt  it  has  bet-n  offered  as  an  ob- 
jection, that  the  peasantry  set  fire  to  chateaux, 
that  soldiers    mutinied  against    their    officers. 
ThU  was  not  the  case  at  the  time  of  what  has 
been  called  the  first  emigration,  and.   at  sny 
rate,  such  doings  were  not  general ;    but  iloes 
danger  constitute  sufflcicnt  cause  for  abandoning 
an  important  post?  .  .  .  What  is  the  answer  to 
all  this?    Merely  wliat  follows.     The  voluntary 
going  into  exile  of  nearly  the  whole  nobility  of 
Franoe.  of  many  magistrates  wlio  wer«  never  to 
nnsliHilh  a  sword,  and  lastly,  of  a  large  number 
of  women  and  children,  —  tills  resolve,  witliout 
a  precwlciit  in  history,  was  not  conceiveil  nnd 
determined  upon  as  a  8tate  measure;  cliance 
brought  it  aliout.     A  few,  in  the  first  instance. 
tollowid  tlie  princes  who  lind  been  otiliged,  on 
the  14th  of  July,  to  seek  safety  out  of  France, 
and  otiurs    foltowed    them.     At    tirst.    it    wa.>i 
roon-lv  in  ilie  naturi^  of  a   pleasant  exrursioii. 
Outside  of  France,  they  might  freely  enjoy  say- 
ing and  Ik  lieving  anything  ami  everything.   .   .   . 
The  wealthiest  were  the  first  to  incur  t  lie  expenst; 
of  this  trip,  and  a   few   brilliiiiit  and  amiable 
wonira  of  tlie  Court  circle   did    tlieir  share   to 
rendir  most  attractive  the  sojourn  in  a  immlM'r 
of  fun  i;n  towns  close  to  the  frontier,     (imdually 
till'  iiiimliiT  of  tliese  small  gatherings  inereasecf. 
anil  it  was  tin  n  tiiat  the  idi'a  arose  of  deriving 
adviuiiaL-  from  them.     It  (H-curred  to  the  minds 
of  a  few  men   in  tlic  entourage  of  the   Coiiite 
d  Anois,  nnci  whose  Mioviiig  spirit  was  M.   de 
Calonne,  tliat  it  w^ould  Ix'  an  e;i.sy  matter  for 
them  to  orcite  a  iiingdom  for  their  SDVereign 
outiiileuf  France,  and  tliat  if  tlicy  cimld  nut  in 
this  (ii.dii.'H  succeed  in  giving  liiin  provinci'S  to 
ri'ignovcr.  Ii"  would  at  lea."!  reign  over  subjects 


nij;iiuvcr.  O''  wo\llu  ai  ic:i."*l  reij;ii  omi  7,ui,ji-,.i^, 

andlh;il  this  would  serve  to  give  him  a  standing 
in  the  eyes  ■  if  fofign  powers,  and  determine  them 
toespoiiv  Ids  cause.  .  .  .  Tlius  in  '8i»,  '90,  and 
*9I.  liiiTr  W(  re  !t  few  wiio  were  coniiieiled  ti»  ll\ 
Jrum  aciunl  danger;  a  small  number  were  led 

82  1297 


away  by  a  genuine  feeling  of  enthusiaim ;  many 
felt  themselves  bound  to  leave,  owing  to  a  point 
of  honor  wliich  they  obeyed  without  reaaoning 
it  out ;  the  mass  thought  it  was  the  fashion,  and 
that  it  hxiked  well ;  all,  or  almost  all,  were  car- 
ried away  by  expectations  encouraged  by  the 
wildest  of  letters,  and  by  the  plotting  of  a  few 
ambitious  folk,  who  were  under  the  Impression 
that  they  were  buildmg  up  their  fortunea.  — 
("hanceilorra.squier.  Memoir/,  pp.  64-fl«. 

A.  D.  1789  (Aupiat).— The  NiB;ht  of  Sacri- 
fices.—The  sweeping   out    of   Feudaliam.-- 
"  What  was  the  Aswmbly  doing  at  this  period, 
when  Paris  was  waiting  in  expectation,  and  the 
capture  of   the  Bastille  was  lieing  imitated  all 
over  France ;  wiien  cliSteaux  were  burning,  and 
noidcs  rtviug  into  exile;  when  there  was  positive 
civil   wa"r  in  many  a  district,  and  anarchy  in 
every  province  1    Why,  the  Assembly  was  dis^ 
cussing  whether  or  not  the  new  constitution  of 
France  should  lie  prefaced  by  a  Declaration  of 
the  Klghts  of  Man.     In  the  discussion  of  this 
extremely  important  ([uestion  were  wasted  the 
precious  days  which   followed    .luly   17.    .    . 
The  complacency  of  these  theorists  was  rudely 
shaken  on  August  4,  when  Salomon  read  to  the 
Assembly  the  report  of  the  Comite  dcs  Uechcr- 
ches,  or'CommitU'e  of  Utsearches,  on  the  state 
of  France.     A  terrible  report  it  was.     Chfiteaux 
burning   liere   and    there;    millers    hung;    tax- 
gatherers  drowned ;  the  warehouses  and  depOta  of 
tiie  galKlle  burnt;  everywhere  rioting,  and  no- 
where peace.  .  .  .  Among  tho8<"  who  listened  to 
the  clear  and  forcible  report  of  Salomon  were 
certiin  of  the  young  lilieral  noblesse  who  had 
just  lieen  dining  with  tlie  Due  de  la  Rochefou- 
cauld-l..iancourt,  u  wise  and  enliglitened  noble- 
man.   At  their  head  was  the  Vicomte  de  Noailles. 
a  young  man  of  thirty-three,    who  had  distin- 
guished  himself  at  the  head   of  his  regiment 
under  his  cousin.  Lafayette,  in  America.  .  . 
The  Vicomte  de  Noailles  was  the  first  to  rush 
to  the  tritmne.     '  What  is  tlie  cause  of  the  evil 
which  is  agitating  the  provinces?'  he  cried;  and 
then  he  showed  that  it  arose  fnim  the  uncertainty 
under  which  tlie  jK-ople  dw(  It.  as  to  whetlicr  or 
not  the  ohl  feudal  bond.s  under  ivliicli  they  had 
■so  long  lived  and  lalniurcd  were  to  tie  pcrpetu- 
ateil  oratiolished.  anil  omciuded  an  impa-ssioned 
speecli  by   proposing  to  abolish  them  at  once. 
One  after  aiKdher  the  young  libeml  noldemcn, 
and  then  certain  deputies  of  the  tiers  etat,  fol- 
lowed him  with  fnsh  sacriflces.     First  the  old 
feudal  riirhts  were  aliolislied;  tiien  the  rights  of 
tlie  (io\  ■  and  the  game  laws;  then  the  old 

copyhold  vices;  tlieu  the  tithes  paid  to  the 
Church,  in  .  pite  of  a  protest  from  Sieyi^s;  then 
the  rights  of  certain  cities  over  tlieir  immediate 
suburbs  and  runil  districts  were  sacrificed ;  and 
the  contention  during  that  feverish  nigiit  was 
rather  to  remember  something  or  other  to  sacri- 
fice than  to  suggest  the  expediency  of  maintain 
ing  anytliing  whii  li  was  established.  In  its  gen- 
erosity the  Assinibly  even  gave  away  what  did 
not  iH'hmg  to  it.  Tiieold  dues  paid  to  tlic  pope 
were  alxdislicd.  and  it  was  even  declared  that 
the  territory  of  Avignon,  which  had  belouged  to 
the  pope  sim-c  the  Middle  Ages,  should  lie  united 
to  France  if  it  liked;  and  the  sitting  closed  with 
a  unanimous  decrei'  that  a  statue  should  lie 
erected  to  Louis  XVI.,  'the  restorer  of  French 
iilK-rly.  Weil  might  Mirabcau  define  the  night 
of  August  4  as  a  mere 'orgie.'.  .  .  Noble  indeed 


m . 


1  'if: 


1   *  * 

>     1 

V'^% 

•<•}!. 


..;  1 . 
ill 


I 


I 


}■""!'■■ 

W 

■  -'  '  I  : 


FnAN(;E,   1789 


ConMitulion 
making. 


FRANCE,  1789. 


were  thp  intentioiu  o(  the  deputies.  .  .  .  Yet  the 
iviulta  nf  this  nivht  of  sacriflcea  were  bad  ruthcr 
tliBU  f;(Mxl.  As  Miraliea\i  pointed  out,  tiic  (H-opJo 
of  Franco  were  told  tliat  all  tlie  feudal  riKlitK, 
dues,  and  tithes  iiatl  bein  ulN)lislied  that  evening, 
liut  they  were  not  tolil  at  the  saniv  tini't  tliat 
there  must  be  taxes  and  other  buniens  tn  take 
their  place.  It  was  of  no  use  to  issue  a  pro- 
visional onlcr  that  all  rl){hu,  duos,  ami  tJixes  re- 
mained in  force  for  the  prew'nt,  Ih'Cuus<'  the  pcKir 
peasant  wouhl  refuse  to  pay  what  was  illoftal. 
anil  uiiuld  not  undersland  Ihe  |>olilieal  ne<'es.sity 
of  siipporlinK  the  revenue.  .  .  .  This  ill  con 
sj'lered  ina.ssof  n>solutions  was  what  was  thrown 
in  the  face  of  Franco  in  a  state  of  anarchy  to  re- 
stori'  it  to  a  state  of  ortier" — II.  M.  SSlepliens. 
J/i»l.  "/  the  French  l!tr..  r.    I.  rh.  ft. 

Al.wi  IN:  A.  Thiers,  llht.  nf  the  Frenrh  Iter. 
(.Iwi.  <</.),  r,  1,  pi>.  H1-M4. 

A.  D.  1789  (Augrust—  October),—  Constitu- 
tion-making and  the  Rights  of  Man. — The  6rst 
emigration  of  nobles. —  Famine  in  Paris.— 
Rumors  of  an  intended  flight  of  the  King.— 
"One  niiiy  liH)k  upon  the  peculiarity  of  the  As- 
sembly as  Kint'  a  sinirular  faith  in  the  power  of 
ideas.  That  was  its  great ncss.  It  tirndy  iK'licved 
that  truth  shaped  into  laws  would  1h'  invincible. 
Two  months  —  such  was  the  calculation  —  would 
sulllce  to  constriK  t  the  constitution.  That  con- 
sti'ution  by  its  omnipotent  virtue  wouli)  convin<e 
all  men  and  bend  Ihem  to  its  authority,  anil  the 
revolution  would  be  completed.  Such  was  the 
faith  of  the  National  .\s.s<inlily.  The  attitude  of 
the  people  was  so  menacing  that  many  of  the 
courtiers  tied.  Thus  conimenced  the  tirst  enii>;ni- 
tion.  ...  As  if  the  minds  of  men  were  not  suf- 
flriently  agitated,  tliere  now  were  heard  cries  of 
a  groat  conspinuy  of  the  aristoirats.  The  papers 
announced  tlial  a  plot  had  liecn ilis<overed  which 
was  to  have  delivenil  Brest  to  Ihe  English. 
Hrest,  the  naval  arsenal,  wherein  France  for 
whole  centuries  had  expended  her  millions  and 
her  labours:  this  given  up  to  Kngland  I  Eng- 
land would  (  :ice  more  overrun  France  !  ...  It 
was  amidst  those  cries  of  alarm  —  with  on  one 
hand  the  omi^'ration  of  the  nobility,  on  tlu^  other 
the  hunger  of  a  maddened  people;  with  here  an 
irresolute  arisloinicy,  startled  at  the  audacity  of 
the  '  canaille, '  and  there  a  resolute  Assembly,  pre- 
pared, at  the  hazard  of  their  lives,  to  work  out 
the  lilR'rty  of  Fnince;  amidst  reports  of  famine, 
of  insurrections,  and  wild  disorders  of  all  sorts, 
that  we  tind  the  Xatio-.al  Assembly  debating 
upon  tlie  rights  of  man,  discussing  every  article 
with  inelaphyslcal  quibbling  and  wearisome  llu- 
ency,  and,  having  linally  Mtlloil  each  article, 
making  their  famous  l>ei  lamli"n.  This  Declara- 
tion, whicli  was  suli-mnly  adopted  by  the  As- 
semlily,  on  the  IHlli  of  .\ugust,  was  the  prinluct 
of  a  whole  century  uf  philosophical  sjM-culation, 
fiTed  and  reduced  to  formulas,  and  Isaring  un- 
niistakeable  traces  of  KousiM-au.  It  declared  the 
original  equality  of  mankind,  and  that  the  ends 
of  social  unicrn  are  liberty,  property,  security,  and 
risistanci-  lo  upprt-ssion.  It  declared  that  sov- 
eriignty  ii--ii|is  in  the  nation,  from  whence  all 
poHiT  c  .nanaiis;  that  freedom  ccin.sists  in  doing 
everythiii;;  will,  h  iliK's  not  injure  anntlier;  that 
law  is  the  ivprcssion  of  the  genenil  will;  that 
public  burlins  should  be  borne  by  all  the  mem- 
bers I'f  the  st;ite  ill  proportion  to  their  fortunes; 
that  Ilie  elective  friuclii.'U'  should  be  1  .\te:iiled  to 
all :  that  t  he  exercise  of  natural  riglils  has  no  other 


limit  than  their  Interference  with  the  finhtu  of 
otbera;  that  no  man  should  be  perac'cuted  fer  liis 
religious  opinions,  provided  he  conform  tii  tlii' 
laws  and  du  not  disturb  the  religion  of  tlu'  state. 
that  all  men  have  the  right  of  iiuittiiig  the  stut,! 
In  which  they  were  bom,  and  of  chiMisiin.-  unntlitr 
country,  by  renouncing  their  rights  of  in\m 
ship ;  that  the  llisTlv  of  Ihe  press  is  the  fiTcnmsi 
support  of  public  liberty,  and  Ihe  Uw  hlimilil 
maintain  it,  at  the  same  time  punisliiiiu'  ilj<w 
w  ho  abuse  it  by  distributing  wditinus  clisi miry* 
or  calumnies  against  individuals.  '  Ihivini, 
iidopteil  its  Di^daration  of  ihe  rigliia  nf  man.  tlif 
Assembly  priMoedod  to  Ihe  drawing  up  nf  a  ud 
stitiition  which  should  emlssly  the  prim  ipli ,  „f 
the  Declaration,  and  sism  found  itself  in  pi^.inn 
ate  debate  u|Min  the  relations  to  he  1  si;il.lMi,,l 
between  Ihe  national  legislature  and  tin-  l>ii,s; 
Should  the  king  retain  a  veto  upon  Ii-L'i4i 
lion  V  Should  he  have  any  voice  in  tli.  iii,,l,iii^. 
of  laws  Y  "The  hivers  of" England  ;iih1  ihi-  Kn;" 
lish  constitution  all  voted  in  favour  of  the  vn,, 
Kven  .Mirals-au  was  for  it."  Uoliispii  rri'.  ju^l 
coming  into  notice,  bore  a  iironiiiu  nl  part  ni  tin' 
opposition.  ■■The  majority  of  tin  .VsmiiiWv 
shared  Hobospierro's  views;  and  tin  Kiiu's 
counselors  were  at  length  forml  to  pni|ii>M-  s 
compromise  in  the  shape  of  a  su>peii>iM  viti, 
namely,  that  the  King  should  not  have  tin-  alivi 
lute  right  of  pri'venting  any  law.  but  unlv  ili,- 
right  of  suspending  it  for  two,  lour,  or  six  viar> 
.  .  .  It  was  carrieil  by  a  large  majority,  ■  .Shan- 
time,  in  Paris,  "vast  and  incaleiihl.lc  was  ib.' 
nii.sery:  crowds  of  poruko-niaki  rs.  tailors,  ami 
siHH'makcrs,  wert^  wont  toassemble  at  tin-  ho.ivn- 
and  in  the  Champs  Elysees,  deinainliit;,'  tliiiiL'« 
impo-ssible  to  \k  granted;  demaiidiriL'  lh;it  tin- 
old  regulations  should  be  maititaiiied.  ;tn<l  that 
new  ones  should  be  made;  demanding  that  tlie 
rate  of  daily  wages  shoiihl  be  tixed:  iliiiuiuilin: 
.  .  .  that  all  theSavoyanlsin  thecoiiiilrv  shoiilil 
lie  sent  away,  and  only  Frenchinin  unpl'iyml 
The  bakers'  shops  wore  liosieged,  as  early  as  live 
o'ch)ck  in  Ihe  morning,  by  hungry  crovMJs  win 
had  to  stand  'enqueue';  ha]ipy  whin  tliry  li:i'l 
money  to  purchase  miserable  lireaci,  even  in  tliis 
uncomfortable  manner  .  .  .  Paris  was  liv in;  at 
the  mercy  of  chance:  its  subsistem  i-  fh  pimlint 
on  some  arrival  or  other;  dependent  on  :t  (<iiivny 
from  Beauco,  or  a  boat  from  C'orbeuil  Tin'  ( ity. 
at  immense  sacritices,  was  obliged  to  lower  tin- 
price  of  bread:  the  consoquenc  Has  that  tlu' 
population  for  more  than  ten  leagin  s  r  iiml  (ami 
to  procure  provisions  at  Paris.  The  uini-riaiiiiy 
of  the  morrow  augmented  Ihe  dllVn  iillii  s  Km  ry 
boily  stored  up.  and  concealed  provisions.  'Flit- 
administration  sent  in  every  direelion,  and  l.ouj'ii 
up  Hour,  by  fair  means,  or  by  foul.  Il  "ft-  n  lap 
pened  that  at  midnight  tliiVe  wa.s  Inil  lialf  tin: 
hour  iieees^iarv  for  Ihe  morning  iinirkt  t.  Pri' 
visioning  Paris  was  a  kind  of  war.  Tin-  .Naiii ml 
(iuanl  was  sent  to  protect  each  arrival ;  or  in  s. 
cure  certain  purcbasi'S  by  force  of  arins  >y\  11 
lators  were  afraid;  fanners  wanilil  n^  1  li:ra-li:Uiy 
hinger;  neither  would  the  miller  t'rinil  I  usiJ 
to  see,'  says  Hail  ly.  'gisMl  tradesnu  11.  nn  rn  is.iutl 
goldsmiths,  praying  to  be  adinilleil  :iinon  '  tlit 
beggars  ein|iloy"ed  at  .Moiitnnirtre.  in  ili.'L-iiiL'  tlie 
gnmnd.'  Tlieli  came  fearful  wliis|„;>  nl  the 
King's  inleiiliini  to  tlv  to  .Met/..  Win!  will  I* 
come  of  us  if  the  King  slioiil.l  lly  Y  lb  nnist  not 
llv;  we  will  have  him  here:  Imre  ;imi'n;:st  «>  in 
Paris  !     This  prisluced  the  famous  insiiirn  linn 


12!tS 


5^;!"' 


PRANCE,  178» 


The  Moh  0/  H'DiMn 
at  V'ermiUei. 


FRANCE,   17S9. 


(it  woDirn 

/W. «/  '*«, 
A  D.  171 


the  5th  Octolwr."— O.  H.  ] 
itrrt.  eh.  9  — H.  von  Hybcl, 
,rnnfAltev..bk.l.eh.3-4{v.l). 
k  o  1789  (Octob«r).-Th«  Jniurrectlon  Of 
J«mtB.-Th*ir  march  to  Veri»»llet.- "  A 
Kror  .llm  r8wn»tcrial  of  8  tho.iKht.  wm 
Stinft  »"  ■'lf?ht  lOcU.lx'r  4-5],  unrvenu.1  y 
n^  f"m»le  hm.1,  nn.l  might  expKxlc.  n 
SJjW  garret,  on  Monday  morning  Mat.rnitv 
"iX    to  I'rar  cl.ll.lrcn   ««.,.ing   for   l.r.-aJ 

mS"'"'  »»l"'r>t'<lUfU.«;  niceu  tlH^rc  with 
f^  ,.iri,-U..n  MHU-rnity,  HVinpalhe'ii-,  <'xaif 
S  .(.«"■  unhappy^i-om.-..'  But.  inH,.a.l 
SbIiuts' 'l»ciU'«,whynotU>An>.t(K-raUi  imlarw. 

In,".]  tl"'  mHtter?  Allo.is!  I..;t  u»  a»- 
Lmbk  T,.  the  Udtol-.h-Vill..;  to  \>pu..11.«; 
mZ  I.Hnt.rne !  In  one  of  tl..'  Ouanl  l.ouws  of 
1  biwrtier  SaintEustafl.c,  'a  young  w.>man 
L4«^r.lrum,-for  how  shall  National  Guarjls 
^u  6k  on  women,  on  a  young  woman  t  The 
^,u„g  woman  «■!«■»  the  <lrun. ;   s.'!^  f..rth,  iK'at- 


Injit,    uttering  eriea  relative  t,.  the  .  earth     f 
Zini'     Descend,  0  mothers;   deseend,  ye  Ju- 
SSLio  f,>o.l  ««.l  rev..n«e:  -  All  won.en  gather 
r^a  BO'   erowds  storm  all  st«irs,  for<r  out  all 
mmen    the  female  Insurrectionary  toroe    ae- 
,^X  to  Camille.  n.«-mble8  the  En.'l.sh  Naval 
,„■  there  i.t  a  universal '  Pres.s  of  women.      Ro- 
l,lai  Dames  of  the  Hallo,  slim  Mantua  makers,  as- 
wluous,  ris.n  with  the  .lawn;   ancient  \  irginity 
iriDning  to  matins;  the  llousemai.l.  with  early 
3ra;  all  nmst  go,     Rou*  ye,  O,  women ;  the 
Umnl  mi"  w'"  ""'  »•'';  they  say,  we  .mrsches 
nilv  act'     And  so,  like  8n.)wl)n-ak   from  the 
mountains,  for  every  staircase  is  a  melte.1  brook, 
TZrr<m:  l.unultuous,   wil.l-shrilling,   towanU 
the  Hotel  il.'Ville.     Tumultu.ms;  with  or  with- 
out drum  music ;  f.>rthe  FaulK)urg  Saint-Antome 
also  has  tuekeil-up  its  gown;   and  with  Iwsom- 
stavcs.  flri'  irons,  ami  even  rusty  pistols  (void  of 
mmunilion),  is  flowing  on.     Sound  of  it  tiles, 
with  a  v.locity  .)f  sound,  to  the  utmost  Barriers. 
Bv  seven  o'clock,  on  this  raw  October  morning, 
fihh  ..'  the  month,  the  Townhall  will  sec  won- 
ders. .  .  .  Grand  it  was,  says  Camille,  to  see  s.) 
many  Judiths,  from  eight  to  ten  th.)U8and  of 
Uieni  in  all,  rushing  out  to  search  inU)  the  root 
of  the  matter!     Not  unfrightful  it  must  have 
been;  ludicro-terriflc,  and  most  unmanageable 
At  such  hour  the  overwatched  T'lree  llundre.l 
m  not  vet  stirring:   none  but  some  Clerks,  a 
company  of  National  Guards;  and  M.  de  Oou- 
vion,  the  Major-general.     Gouvion  has  fought  in 
America  for  tlie  cause  of  civil  Liberty ;  a  man  .jf 
no  inconsiilerablc  heart,  but  deficient  in  head. 
lie  is  for  the  moment,  in  his  back  apartment ; 
MSuaKiiii  I'sher  MaiUard,  the  Bastille-sergeant, 
who  luis  emu.',  as  t.)o  many  .1.),  with    'reprc- 
sentalioiw. '    Th.>  assuagement  is  still  incomplete 
when  (iur,Iuclith3  arrive.     The  Nali.mid  Guards 
fcirni  nil  the  .luter  stairs,  with  levelle.l  bay.)net8; 
the  un  ih.iusan.l  J  u.iiths  press  up,  resistless ;  with 
obti-stali.ms,  with  outspreml  han.ls.  —  merely  to 
speak  t.i  the  Mayor.     The  ri'ar  forces  them;  nay 
frumnwk-  huuds  in  the  rear,  slonis  alrea.ly  Hy; 
the  Xaliniml  Guanl  must  .lo  .me  .)f  two  things; 
sweep  till-  Place  .le  Grivc  with  cannon,  or  else 
open  to  riL'ht  and  left.     They  opi'n :  the  living 
deliiire  nishcs  in.     Thr.)ugh  all  r.)oms  and  cabi- 
nets. u|nv:inls  to  the  topmost  lielfry :  ravenous; 
aetiiiug  arms,  seeking  Mayors,  seeking  justii  e , — 
while,  again,  the  better-dressed  speak  kiudly  to 


the  Clerks;  point  out  the  misery  o(  these  poor 
w.>men;  als-i  their  ailments,  some  even  of  an  in 
teresling  sort.     H.)or  M.  de  Gouvion  is  shif  less  in 
this  extn-mity;- a  man  shiftless,  perturlHd;  who 
will  one  day  .•ommit  sui.l.le.    How  happy  f.)r  him 
that  Usher  Maillar.l  the  shifty  was  there,  at  the 
m.iment,  th.)ugh  making  representatl.ms!     Jly 
back,    thou   shifty  Malllard;    seek   the   Bastille 
Company    an.l  O  return  fast  with  it;  alH>ve  all, 
with  thy  .)wn  shifty  head!      For,  Nhold,  the 
.lu.llths  can  flml  n..  rfay.>r  .)r  Municipal ;  scarcely, 
in  the  topm..st  Inlfry,  can  they  fln.l  p.K>r  Ablje 
I^fiHre  the  Pow.ler  distributor.     Ilim,  f;>r  want 
of  a  licttcr,   th.'y    suspend   there:    in   the    pale 
m..rning  light ;  ov.r  the  t.-l.  of  al   Paris   whi.h 
swims  in  .Mil's  failing  .■yis:-a  h..rnl)le  .n.n 
Nav  the  ropi^  brok..  .is  French  r.ipes  .ifteu  cli.l; 
or  els.,  an  Ama/.ou  .ut  it.     Abbe    ..■f.vre  falls 
s<mie  twenty  f.ct,  rattling  am.>ng  the  l.ads;  and 
lives  long   years  after,  thimgh  always  with    a 
tremblement  in  th.^  limbs.'     And  now  .hvirs  fly 
umir   bat.hcts;    the  ,Iii.liths   have   broKcn  the 
Armory ;   hav.'  wi/'il  guns  ami  cann.)ns.  three 
mtmey-bags,  pupir  h.aps;  tonhes  flariv   in  few 
minui..s,  ...ir  br.ive  llotel-d.-yill.',  whi.h  .lates 
fr.m>  the  F.)urth   Henry,  will,  with  all  that    t 
hohls.  iH^  in  rtanu's!     In  flam.s,  truly,—  ^yere  it 
not  that  Usher  Maillanl,  swift  of  fi«>t,  shifty  ot 
head  Imsntiirned!    Maillanl,  of  his. )wn  m.m.m, 
—  for  (iouvi.in  or  the  rest  w.)uld  not  ev.n  sanc- 
tion him,— snat.bes  a  drum:  defends  the  1  .ir.h- 
sudrs,  ran-lan.  beating  sharp,  with  loml  rolls  his 
Rogues-march:     To  Versailles!     All.m9;4\cr- 
saiU.s'     As  :ncn  b«'al  <m  kettle  ..r  warming-pan. 
when  angry  she-lM-es,  or  say,  flying   desperate 
wasps,  are  to  be  hived:   and  Ih.^  .lespcratc  in 
sects  hear  it,  and  cluster  rouml  it.— simply  as 
round  a  guidan.-e,  where  t'"-"' "■'».^,"''°''-,??""" 
these   Menads  round    shifty   Maillar.1,    Ridmg- 
Usherof  the  Chatelet.    The  ax.;  pauses  uplifted ; 
Abbe  Lef^vn-  is  left  half  liange.1 :  from  the  b.dfrv 
.lownwards  all  vomits  itself.      What  rub  a  dub 
is  that?    Stanislas  Maillar.l,  Ba.stille  lier.;,  will 
lea.l  us  to  Versailles?    .lov  to  thee,    Malllard; 
blesse.!  art  th.iu  above  Hiding-Ushers!     Away 
then,  away !     The  st^ized  rann.)n  arc  y .>ked  with 
seized  cart-horses ;  brown-locked  Uemoisellc  The- 
rolgne,  with  pike  and  helm.'t,  sits  there  "^  8"°- 
neress       .  .  SIaillar.1  (for  bis  drum  still  rolls)  is. 
by  hcavenren.ling  acclamation.  a.lmitt.<l  Gen- 
eral      Maillanl  hastens  the  langui.l  march    .  . 
Ami  now  Maillanl  has  his  Menmls  in  the  Champs 
Elvsees (Fields  Tartarean  nither);  and  the  HOtel 
de-Ville  has  suffered  comparatively  n.itbing.  ... 
Great  Maillanl!     A  small  nucleus  of  Onlcr  Is 
round  his  drum;   but  bis  .mtskirts  fluctuate  like 
the  mad  Ocean :  for  Kas.ality  male  and  female  is 
flowing  in  on  liim,  fnmi  tlie  four  win.ls:  gui.l- 
an.c  there  is  non.'  but  in  his  single  heiul  an.    wo 
drum  sticks.   ...  On  the   Llysian  Fie  .  s  there 
is  pause  and  rtuctuati.in ;  but   for  Maillard,  no 
return       He  persuailes  bis  Menads,   clamorous 
for  arms  and  tli.'  Arsenal,  that  no  arms  arc  m 
the  Arsenal;  that  an  unarmeil  attitude,  ami  peti 
ti(m  to  a  Nati..nal  Assembly,  will  be  tlu^lH-st: 
h.'  hastily  ii.uuinatcs  or  sanctions  generales.ses, 
captains  of  tens  and  fifties;- and  so,  in  Lnm^st- 
flowing  onhr.  to  the   rhythm  of  some     eight 
.Irums  ■  (having  lai.l  aside  his  own),  with  the  Bas- 
tille Volunteers  bringing  up  his  rear    once  more 
Wkes  the  r..a.l.     Clmill..t,  which  will  promptly 
yici.i  bakrd  loaves,  is  not  pbanderc'l ;  ",.r  an^  the 
"Sevres  Potteries  broken The  press  of  women 


129! 


II' 


I       'l   '' 
1 


till!: 
■  V.  • 


■i   i 


'  *  . 


KRANCE.  1789. 


at  rtrmtiUM. 


ntANCE,   1788 


■till  continura,  for  it  is  the  cauao  nf  all  Evv's 
Daughten,  niothcn  tliut  are,  or  that  oufrht  to  lie. 
No  carriagclaily.  were  it  with  never  -iiich  liy« 
k'ricH.  Iiiit  inimt  ilinmo'snt,  in  the  iniul  roads,  in 
her  Mk  HliOf!i,  unci  walk.  In  this  manner,  uinlil 
Willi  Oetober  weather,  they,  a  wild  unwinK<'d 
itorii  flight,  through  theaatiinislie<l  eoiintry  wend 
their  w«v." — T.  Carlvle,  I'/ie  frenrh  Itetulutiun, 
t.  1,  M-.  7,  M.  4-.'5. 

A.  D.  1789  (October).— The  mob  of  men  at 
Veriaillei,  with  Lafayette  and  the  National 
Guard.— The  king  and  royal  family  brought 
to  Parii. — IJefoH'  the  nieniorable  .'ill  iliiy  <>f 
OetolHT  elotM'il.  the  niiivenient  of  the  wonii'n  lipon 
Versailles  wiis  followed  liy  an  outpouring,  in  the 
some  directi<in,  of  the  nias<'uline  moh  of  Purls, 
beaded  hy  the  Xutionul  Guard.  "The  eoni 
mander,  Ijifayette,  opposcnl  their  departure  u 
long  time,  but  in  vain ;  neitlier  his  efforts  nor  \i\% 
popularity  eould  overeonie  the  ohstinaey  of  tlic 
pj'iiple.  Vor  seven  ho\irs  he  harangued  and  re- 
tained them.  At  length,  impatient  at  this<lelay, 
ri'jeeting  his  advice,  they  prepared  to  sc't  for- 
ward without  him:  when,  feeling  that  it  was 
now  his  ■liity  toeonduetasitliud  previously  U'en 
to  restr:.  ihem.  he  iiliteiued  his  uiitliorisatlon 
from  the  1  rporation,  and  gave  the  word  for  depar- 
turt"  aUiut  seven  in  the  evening. "  Meantime  the 
army  of  the  aniuzons  had  arriviil  at  Versailles, 
andexciteil  the  terrors  of  the  court.  *'The  troops 
of  Versailles  flew  to  arms  and  surrounded  the 
chateau,  but  the  intentions  of  the  women  were 
not  hostile.  SIttillani.  tlieir  leader,  hud  recom- 
mendi'<l  them  to  ap(H-nr  as  suppliants,  and  in  that 
attitude  they  presented  their  cimiplaints  sueees- 
sively  to  the  ussc'nibly  and  to  the  king.  Acconl 
ingly,  the  first  hours  of  this  turbulent  evening 
were  sulliciently  culm.  Yet  it  was  impos-nible 
but  that  cau8<'s  of  hostility  shouM  arise  iH'tween 
an  e.Yrited  mob  and  the  household  tn>ops,  the  ob- 
jects of  so  much  irritation.  TIh^  latter  were  sta- 
tioned in  the  court  of  th"  chSteau  opposite  the 
national  guard  and  the  Flamlers  regiment.  Tlie 
space  Is'twivn  was  fliied  by  women  and  volun- 
teers of  the  Hostille.  In  the  midst  of  tlie  con- 
fusion,   neces.sari!y  arising  from   such   a  juxtu- 

sitinn,  a  M'uflle  aros4- ;  this  was  tlie  signal  for 
distiriier  ,-uid  conflict.  An  otllcer  of  the  guards 
slrui'k  a  Parisian  soldier  witli  his  sabre,  and  was 
in  turn  sliot  in  llie  arm.  The  national  guards 
sided  against  the  houseliold  tnM)ps;  the  conflict 
iM'canie  warm,  and  would  have  iK-cn  Sjinguinary, 
but  for  tlic  darkness,  tlie  bad  weatlier,  and  tlic 
orders  given  Ititliehoiiseliold  trmips,  first  tocea.si; 
firing  anil  llicn  to  retire.  .  .  .  During  this  tu- 
muli, the  court  was  in  cousterimtiim:  the  fliglit  of 
the  king  was  suggested,  and  carriages  prepared: 
a  pii|>iit  (if  tile  national  guard  s;iw  them  at  tlie 
gale  of  the  orangery,  and  having  made  tlicni  go 
Itack,  closeii  the  gate:  moreover,  the  king,  eitlier 
ignorant  of  the  designs  <if  tlic  court,  or  conceiv- 
ing Ihem  iniprac  ticalile,  nfusi-ri  to  escape.  Fears 
were  niingted  witli  bis  pacific  intentions,  wlieii  lie 
hesitaled  to  npel  the  aggres.sion  or  to  taki'fli^dil. 
l'iini|uered,  he  apprehended  tlie  fate  of  Cliarles  I 
of  Knglaiid:  absent,  he  feariil  that  the  duke  of 
Orleans  wiiuld  obtain  liie  lieutenancy  of  the  King- 
dom. Ibii,  in  tile  nieintime,  the  rain,  fatigue, 
and  tile  inaction  of  llie  househoUl  troops,  lessemil 
the  fury  of  the  multitude,  and  Ijifavettc  arrived 
at  the  !:c:ul  of  llic  Pari'iian  army  lli-  preRen.''e 
n'Storiil  security  to  tlie  court,  and  tlie  replies  of 
the  king  to  tlie  depututioa  from  Paris  satisfied 


the  multitude  and  the  army.  In  a  slinrt  time 
Lafayette's  artivity.  the  good  sense  aim  .li«  ip|i„i 
of  the  Parisian  guuni,  restored  onhrin.  r\  Mlurr 
Triin(|uilllty  returned.  The emwd  of  w.mm ami 
Toluntoers,  overcome  by  fatigue,  gri.lniiliv  ilU 
p<'rse<l,  anil  some  of  the  national  guiinl  »,  re  n 
trusted  with  the  defence  of  the  1  li;iiiaii  wlrile 
others  were  lodged  with  their  companii  ii!>  in  am,, 
at  Versailles.  The  royal  fuinily.  n-  ii««iir,  ,1  after 
the  anxiety  and  fear  of  this  painful  mil-Iii.  n  ilml 
to  n'St  about  two  o'clock  in  the  iimniiriir  To 
wards  five,  I..afayette,  having  vi^iii.i  iii,.  ,,„| 
|M>Rta  which  had  iWen  confiileil  tu  hi.  i~,ri.,  and 
finding  the  watch  well  kept,  the  l.ovii  i  ilm,  imil 
the  cniwds  dis|ier8e<l  or  sleeping,  alsn  luuk  iifm 
moments  repose.  About  six.  liowc\ .  r.  mimu'  men 
of  the  lower  class,  more  entliusia-.ii,  ilmri  ihf 
rest,  and  awake  sooner  than  they,  pnwl,,!  r,,,,,,,! 
the  chateau.  Finding  u  gate  open.  ilii\  i!i|,.niii,l 
their  companions,  and  entered.  I  iilnriiinaiil), 
the  interior  posts  liiiil  Ixtu  entruslicl  in  ili.'  Imu.*' 
hold  guards,  and  ri'fused  to  the  I'.irivi;,,,  |,rmv 
This  ratal  refusal  causcHl  all  the  iiii~f.imnin  i.f 
the  ni"ht.  The  interior  guard  had  m.i  1  \. n  Iktu 
increased:  the  gates  searcely  visiinl.  ;iiiil  ihf 
watch  kept  as  negligently  as  on  oriliuarv  una 
sions.  Tliesc  men,  excited  by  all  llif  i^ssidiu 
that  had  brought  them  to  Vcrsaillis.  pimivinit 
one  of  tlic  househohl  tnsips  at  a  « inilmi  U^m 
to  insult  him.  He  flnil,  and  wniiiiili.l  ,,,i,  „f 
them.  They  then  rushed  on  llir  Ii.ucsiIupI.I 
troops,  who  defended  the  diilliaii  Imasi  lo 
breast,  and  sacritiii-d  themselves  liiroii  ally  (Ino 
of  them  had  time  to  warn  tiie  iiuciri,  wlinrii  Ihf 
assailants  particularly  threaten!  <l.  ami.  hnlf 
dressi'd,  she  ran  for  ri'fuge  to  tlie  kiiic  'iijiiii 
mult  and  danger  were  extnnie  in  iIm  .  liiiii-iii 
Lafayette,  apprised  of  the  Invasion  c  I  iln  nival 
reshlence,  mounted  his  horse,  ami  ri«|i  liasiilyio 
the  .scene  of  danger.  On  the  sipiare  li''  im  1  seme 
of  the  household  troops  surrounili-il  liy  mi  infuri- 
ated mob,  who  Wftv  on  the  point  of  l.illim;  iliira 
lie  threw  liiinself  among  llieiii,  lall.il  smir 
French  guards  who  were  near,  iwA.  haiiai:  ru 
cued  the  household  troops  and  cli.^|ll  rv  I  :|ii  ir:i. 
suiiants,  he  liurried  to  tlie  clialiaii  lb  li.iiii.i  ii 
ulready  secured  by  the  gn-nudiirs  cf  liii'  Frrndi 
gininl,  who,  at  the  flrst  noise  of  \\\f  luniiilt.  Iiail 
iiastcned  iinil  protected  the  liouscli.iM  tn«i|isfriiii 
the  furv  of  the  Parisians.  Hut  iIh'  m  ■  ih  H:u*iint 
over:  the  crowd  iissi-niblcd  again  in  llir  iiiarMi' 
court  under  the  king's  balcony.  liMidly  nil.il  fur 
him,  and  he  appeared.  Tlicy  iiiptiriil  \,\^  \V 
partiire  fur  Paris:  lie  proniiseil  ii,  ir|M;r  tliiilur 
with  his  family,  and  lliis  pniiiiiM-  «,i>  nciiv"! 
with  general  up|)luus<'.  Tlie  iiuciii  .^.l^  re  vh"! 
to  accompany  liini:  but  the  pn-jiiiii'  ••.i.Mlii't  li-r 
was  so  stmng  that  the  journey  w:i-  :•>!  wi'lii'ui 
danger:  it  was  nei'es.sary  to  rtcuiiMJ'  ii<  r  witli 
tlie  multiluiic.  Lafayette  propiw.l  i,,  lirri.i 
accompany  him  to  the  balcony:  aftrr  ^ 'iii'  lii-i 
tation.  slie  consented.  Tlicy  appiMn  1  ..-i  ii  ii. 
gellier.  and  to  communicali'  by  ;i  ^i-n  »i:lillie 
tumultuous  crowd,  to  conquer  its  :il;!'i,  .^iiy  ;tini 
awaken  its  cntliiisiasni.  Lafaycit''  n-i.iifully 
kis.se<l  the  queen's  hand:  the  ri'.'«  1  ^-iimilci 
witli  acclamations.  It  now  rem. tin' >!  !'■  iniiki- 
iK'ace  Ix-tween  tliem  and  the  lion-  IrM  ir'K'i's 
Lifayette  luivunctHl  with  one  of  lie—  |  liciliiis 
own  tricolotiri'd  cockade  on  liis  liat.  airi-  nibnii'i-ti 
him  la'f.-.re  the  p«i,-.nle,  wl-,.-.  sb.-ii:  i  '.:■.:::!  W 
gurdes-du-corps! '  Thus  termiuaol  in- wvnr, 
the  ruyal  family  set  out  for  Paris,  esii  I'nl  liy  ilie 


1300 


.^l 


nUNCE.  1789. 


71U  n#w 
CoiutUutum. 


FRANCE,  178»-mi. 


«mT  »dA  lu  «u»rdimlMd  with  It.  -F.  A.  Mlg- 
»i  /«•«  oftlu  Frtneh  Hn.,  eh.  8. 
Ai*)  i»r  B.  Tuckenn»n,  Lift  of  l/tfai/ettt,  t. 

'a-D    i7««-t79i.— The  new  conttitution.— 
AMropriMion  and  mUc  of  Church  property.- 
f£5rTAMif».t..-.Abolition  of  t-ltle.  of 
tonoi.-CWl  conrtitution  of  the  cljrgy.-The 
FTMji  of  the  Foderation.-The  Emiirtt  on 
ih,  border  «nd  their  conduct.-"  The  Wng  wa. 
bfn(ef"rtl>  «t  the  mercy  of  the  mob.     Deprived 
of  Ilia  nuanis,  and  Bt  •  distance  Inm  his  »miy, 
h»  wan  in  the  centre  of  tlic  revolution ;  and  iiir 
roun(i.Hl  by  an  excited  and   hungry   nopiiluce. 
He  w»»  followed  to  Paris  by  the  Asiembly :  anil, 
forthel>re«enl.  wa»  protected  from  f urtlier  out- 
nil,'*  by   Ii«f«yetto  niid   tbe  national    Kiianls. 
MimlK-aii,  wl'"  ««»  no*  '»  f'"'  commuui.a- 
li,m  with  the  court,    wame.l  the   kln^  of  his 
dinner  in  the  midst  of  the  revolutionary  capi- 
ttl     'Tliemobof  Paris,' he  said,  'will  scourge 
thecorpiesof  the  king  and  queen."     He  Siiw  no 
hoie  o(  safety  for  them,  or  for  the  State,  but  in 
their  wlthilrawal  from  this  pressing  danger,  to 
Fontaiiiebleau  or  Uouen,  and  in  a  stmng  «»»«'"• 
meat  supported  l)y  the  Assembly,  pursuing  lib- 
eral measures,  and  <iuelling  anarchy.     His  couu 
kIs  were  frustrated  by  events ;  anil  t  he  revolution 
had  advani-wl  too  far  to  be  coiitndled  by  tins 
lecret  and  su8|)ected  adviwr  of  the  lilng.     Mean- 
while   llie  Assembly   was    busy   with    further 
Khemes  of   revolution  and    desperate  finance. 
France  was  divided  into  departments:  the  prop- 
trty  of  the  Church  was  appropriateil  to  meet  the 
urgent  ne<e8sitie»  of  the  State:  the  disastrous 
aa^gnats  were   issued:    the  subjection  of    the 
clergy  to  the  civil  power  was  dicreed :  the  Pur- 
llamenu  were  supersetknl,  an.l  the  judicature  of 
the  country  was  reconstituted,  upon  a  popular 
basis    titles  of  honour,  orilers  of  knighthood, 
armorial  tarings  —  even  liveries  — were   abol- 
UhfHl:  the  army  was  reorganised,  and  the  pnyi- 
Icgis  of  birth  were   maile  to  yielil  to  service 
and  seniority.     All  Frenchmen  were  lienceforth 
equal,  as  'citoyens';  and  their  new  privileges 
win'  wildly  celebrated  by  the  planting  of  trees 
of  lilierty.     The  monarchy  was  still  recognised, 
but  it  stood  alone,  in  the  midst  of  revolution."— 
SirT.  K.  May,  Ikmttniey  in  Kiimiif.  ch.  13  (c 
21— "The  monarchy  was  continued  and  lilu'rally 
emiowcil ;  but  it  was  shorn  of  most  of  ila  ancient 
prtMiiaiives,  and  reduced  to  a  very  feeble  Ex- 
ecutive; ;iml  while  it  obtained  a  perilous  veto  on 
the  rrsniiitiims  and  acts  of  the  Legislature,  it 
wiu  SI  p.irited  from  that  power,  and  placed  in 
op|insitinii  to  it,  by  the  exclusion  of  the  Ministers 
of  thi-  Crcinn  from  si'atsand  vntes  in  the  National 
As.s»iulilv.     The  l/'gislalure  was  compo.sed  of  a 
Let'islitive  .Vssembly,  formed  of  a  single  Cham- 
ber ;il'>ni',  in  theory  supr.'me,  and  almost  abso- 
lute. Iml,  lis  we  have  seen,  it  was  liable  to  come 
in  eiinlliit  with  the  Crown,  and  it  had  less  au- 
thiiriu    ih:in    might  l)e  supposed,  for  it  was 
eUfti-il  bv  a  vote  not  truly  popular,  and  sulMir- 
dinate  jiuwirs  were  allowed  to  possess  a  ver^ 
large  pirt  of  the  rights  of  Sovereignty  which  it 
ouRht  I,,  have  divided  with  the  King.     This  la-st 
portion  nf  the  scheme  was  very  striking,  and 
was  the  one,  too,  that  most  caused  alarm  among 
distant  political  observers.     Too  great  central!- 
5s!! '.r.  !;,iT!!'.g  iarn  one  of  the  chief  complaints 
against  the  ancient  Monarchy,  this  evil  was  met 
Willi  a  railiial  reform.  .  .  .  The  towns  received 


extranrdintry  powen;  their  munlclpslltiei  h«<l 
complete  control  over  the  Netlonel  Uuardi  to  be 
electa!  In  them,  and  pnmmed  many  other  func 
tlonsof  Oovemment;  and  Paria,  by  these  means, 
b'came  almost  a  separate  Commonwealth,  Inde 
pendent  of  the  SUte,  and  directing  a  vast  mill 
tary   force.     The  aame  aystem  waa  applied  to 
the  country ;  every  Department  was  formed  Into 
petty  divisions,  each  with  iU  National  Guards, 
and  a  considerable  share  of  what  Is  usually  the 
power  of  the  government.  .  .  .  Burkes  saying 
» lis  strictly  correct,  '  that  France  was  split  Into 
thousanils  of  lUpubllcs,  with  Purls  preilominat 
ing  and  queen  of  all.'     With  respect  to  other 
Institutions  of   the  State,    the  appointment  of 
nearly  all  civil  functionaries,  judicial  and  other 
wise,  was  taken  from  the  Crown,  and  aliandoned 
to  a  like  popular  election;  and  the  same  princi- 
ple was  also  upplleil  to  the  great  and  venerable 
Institution  of  the  Church,  already  deprived  of  its 
vast  estaU'S,  though  the  election  of  bishops  and 
prlesU  by  their  flocks  interfered  directly  with 
Itoman  Catholic  discipline,  and   probably,  Umj, 
with  religious  dogma.  .  .  .  Notwithstanding  the 
opposition  of   Necker,    who,    though   hardly   a 
atuU'smun,  undersUKHl  tinuuce,  it  was  resolved  to 
sell  the  lands  of  the  Church  to  prtKure  funds  for 
the  necessities  of  the  State ;  and  the  dcHcit.  which 
was  Increasing  rapidly,  was  met  by  an  Inconver- 
tible currency  of  pajHT,  secured  on  the  lands  to 
bo  sold.     This  expedient  .  .  .  was  curried  out 
with  Injudicious  recklessness.     Tbe  As-signats, 
as  the  new  notes  were  called,  seemed  a  mine  of 
InexliHUstible  wealth,  and  they  were  Issued  In 
quantities  which,   fnim  the  first  moment,  dis- 
turbed the  relations  of  life  nuil  commerce,  though 
they  created  a  show  of  brisk  trade  for  a  time. 
In  matters  of  taxation  the  Assembly,  too,  cx- 
cee<led  the  iHiundsof  reason  and  justice;  exemp- 
tions previously  enjoyed  by  the  riili  were  now 
indirectly  extended  to  the  p<K)r;  wealthy  owners 
of  land  were  too  heavily  bunleneil,   while  the 

C)pulacc  of  the  towns  went  scot  free.  .  .  .  Very 
rge  sums,  also,  belonging  to  the  State,  were 
advanced  to  the  Commune  of  Paris,  now  rising 
into  formidable  power.  .  .  .  The  funds  so  ob- 
tained were  lavishly  squandered  in  giving  relief 
to  the  [MKirof  the  capital  in  the  most  Improvl 
dent  ways  — In  buying  bnad  dear  and  reselling 
it  cheap,  and  in  fiiiiling  fanciful  employment  for 
arti/.ans  out  of  xvork.     Tbe  result,  of  course,  was 
to  attract  to  Paris  many  thousands  of  the  lovesi. 
class  of  rabble,  and  to  add  them  to  the  scum  of 
the  city.   .  .      Oh  the   first  auniversary   [.luly 
14,   17!m]  of  the  fall  of  the  Bustille,  and  iK'fore 
the  Constitution  had  Iwen  finished  .  .  .  a  great 
national   holiday  (cuUi'd  the  Feast  of  the  Fed- 
eration] was    kept:   and.  aniiilst  multitudes  of 
applauding  spectators,  deputations   from  every 
Department  in  France,  heudeil  liy  the  authorities 
of  the  throniring  capitiU,  defiled  in  priKcssion  to 
tbe  broad  space  known  as  the  Field  of    Mars. 
along  the  banks  of  the  Seine.     An  immensi-  am- 
pbiliieatre  had  been  constructed  [converting  tbe 
plain  iuto  a  valley,  by  the  lalwr  of  many  tliou 
sands,  in  a  single  week],  and  decoraU'd  with  ex 
traordiiiary  pomp;  and  here.  In  the  presence  of  a 
splendid  Court,  of  the  National  Assembly,  and 
of  tbe  municipalities  of  the  realm,   and  in  the 
Bight  of  a  great  assemblage  surging  to  and  Iro 
with  tbrobbinir  excitement,  the  King  took  an  oath 
that   be  wouiii   faithfully  respect  the  order  oi 
things  that  waa  being  established,  while  incense 


Si 


1301 


It- 


r 


m 


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'.'if 

hi!; 
?  ft  : 


4 

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•i 

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f 

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J 

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ii 

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) 

>i 

1 

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s- 

il 

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ll^ 


KKANCK.  I78«-I7»l 


r*f  ciuiu. 


FRANCE.  171». 


■tri'iimiHl  frnm  liiKli  riiimil  nltiirn.  anil  the  rwikii 
«r  roiNMI  National  (liinnU  liiirat  into  IoihI  rlwi-ni 
ami  Iriiimpliant  iiukU'  ;  mid  crrn  the  ({iiitii, 
Hlutrini:  In  the  luiuion  iif  tlic  hour,  uiiil  railiuiit 
Kiili  Ix'Hiity.  lifli'il  up  ill  liir  nrmH  tlie  jimiiik 
<liil<i  who  will  III  In'  thr  fiiliiri-  rhicf  of  a  ili» 
1  iithriillnl  iiikI  rcKiiirnili'  |»iipli'  .  .  .  Thi'  ful- 
liiwliii;  Hi'i'k  u.ia  guy  wllii  iIiihi'  lirlllliint  ili" 
|il»V»  whii  h  I'arit  kiiiiwi  Imw  lo  iirriiiijfc  «i  uill 
.  Till' work  Ihiwi'Vir,  uf  ihc  N.ilioiiul  Aii'M  111 
Illy  (li'vi'loiii  il  .oiiii'  of  itii  I'lTrrti  iri' lonK 
Tlir  riiiiimlioii  of  thr  N'olili'S.  whirh  Imil  Iktoiiii' 
vir\  HI'  II  nil  frnm  tlir  "ith  iiiiii  lllh  of  Oc'tolxr, 
Hi  lit  iM  ill  ilailv  iiiicnii'iitiiiir  nutnlMTH  ;  iiiiil.  In  it 
ilimi  liiiii'.  till'  fiiinliirx  wirr  iilucil  with  UimU 
of  I'xili'H  lirriiililiiL' vi'iiKi'iUiri' mill  hiitnil."  To 
•M  llir  niiiiiy  ilcsinii  live  itnil  n  volutionarv  iiiMii- 
I  ini's  lit  work  ».i«  MOW  luliliil  "the  piti^ll  roll 
iliii  I  i.f  iliii«'  li'st  known  Iiv  Ihi-  ttill  illnlmnom 
liji'  n.inii'  of  K.iiiiL'ri'x  '  fn  >i  fi'W  inonllH  llii' 
i;ri'Jit  niajorily  of  the  liii^itiKTacy  of  Kriini'i'  IiimI 
ilril  till'  kiii:.'i|iiMi,  iiliuniloni'il  thi' throne  iiroiiiKl 
wliiili  tiny  liiul  sloi»l.  Iiri'itlliini;  miili'di)  tionn 
itCHtn^t  II  i'iii)lirn|itiioim  N'lition,  us  Hrroi:iint  im 
ivir  in  Ihr  inipiiti  III!'  of  want,  iiiut  Ihiiikini; 
only  iif  a  1  ountir  nvolutiiin  tliitt  woiilil  iovit 
the  iiiHiil  soil  with  liliKwl  .  .  .  Tliiiriittir  want 
iif  p,ilriiilisni  iinil  of  soiiml  fcilini;  iniiili'  thou 
wiriilsli:  III  VI'  Unit  111  stall'  of  «im  irty  whiili  liinl 
liri'il  siiili  rn-ituns  oiihIiI  to  lii'  swept  iiwav." 
—  \V.  OC  Morris,  /V„  /■;■,„■■/,  fir  ,ind  l-'li-l 
Kill  fit  r< ,  'ft    '.\ 

,\t.sii  IN  II  Vo".  SvIm'I,  llhl.  nf  I/,,'  Frmi-h 
Itfr.hk  1,  ill.  :>.  .11,11' fii:  •,>,  ,'/,.  ;(■-,-, —.Mine  ile 
Sllll'l,  r,ii,i,iil,nili,ii,M  nil  till  h'l:  Itri..  jit  'J,  i-h. 
l\!-llt(r.  I).  — K  Hiirke,  lt,tt,.liiiiiii  mi  Iht  Ilir.  in 
h'i;iiii-i—\  P,  Uertrimil  lie  Moleville,  .Inimlii  nf 
III!  Fr.  llir  ,  ,,t  1,  ,'/,  '.>','  a-ilr  •,'-:l)  — I>ll(he.;s 
ileTiMirzill,  lA /(."iVk,  ;<•  I,  i-li.  ;l-l  I— W.  II.  .ler 
vis.  Till  (i.illii-iiii  Cliiiri-li  mill  III!   II,  r,  rh.  1-4 

A.  D,  1789-I7M.-Mythi  of  the  Revolu- 
tion,—  ■'The  rapid  u'rowth  ami  the  consiilenihli 
niitnber  of  these  myths  (ire  one  of  the  most  iiirl 
oils  features  of  the  Kevoliition,  while  their  per 
sisient  vitality  isiistaiiilini;  WHrniiiirforhisiiiriiiil 
Rtiiilents,  I  eliiini  to  show  that  t'a/.otte's  vision 
WHS  invented  liy  Ijilmrpe,  that  Somlmiiil's 
daiiu'liter  did  not  piinliase  his  lilKrty  by  (|imfT 
inu'  lil'iiiil.  that  the  lisksiniili  Oanniin  was  not 
piiisoiiiil,  that  l.iilius^iere  did  not  save  liiindritls 
of  piiMiners  liy  di'stroyin;;  the  diKiiments  in- 
criniiiiaiiiiL'  them,  that  tlie  (iironilins  hud  no 
la-t  siip|iir,  that  some  famous  ejaeiilations  liavi' 
lieen  falirieati'd  or  di>'.irtisl.  that  no  attempt  was 
made  to  sav  '  liie  la^i  liateh  of  vietiiiis,  that  the 
Ihivs  Harra  and  Viala  were  not  herm's,  that  im 
h'allier  was  made  of  human  skins,  that  no 
KiiL'lisliiiii'n  pliisl  the  SeptenilM'r  assassins  with 
drink,  ilial  tlie  ■  Venijiiir '  crew  did  not  |H'rish 
ratle-r  Ihan  siirnnder,  that  the  ice  lioiind  Duteh 
lleet  was  not  raptured,  that  UolKspierre's  wound 
wa»  Mill  Ilie  work  of  .Merda,  iml  was  selfintlietisl, 
and  ttiai  'riioinas  Paine  li-id  no  niiraeulDUS  es- 
rape  — ,1.  (;.  .M'.rer.  (.'/,„/*.»  ,.f  tl„  fn  ii.li  II,  r 
A.  D.  1790.— The  Rise  of  the  Clubs,— Jaco- 
bitis, Cordeliers, Feuillants.ClubMonarchique, 
and  Club  of  "89,  -  Kviry  party  »oui;lit  to  hmu 
till- peiiple  ;  it  w.is  eiiiirtiil  as  sovereijin.  After 
atlernptinj;  to  infliienre  it  hy  relieinn,  another 
means  wa^  employed,  that  of  thi'  c  lulls.     At  that 

{"■ri'..-.l.  eluhs    were    private'   :lti-,;;m!'-!;rs    in  wli!,"h 

the  measures  of  u'liverniiient,  tlu'  liiisiiiess  of  the 
state    and  the  decrees  of  the  a&si'Iiibly,  were  (lis 


riimal,  their  ilelilienitlonii  had  no  aiithoriiv  Imi 
they  eifrriwHl  a  nrtaiii  inlturnii'  Th.  iIm 
eluli  i)W«l  lu  iirlitin  to  the  Ureton  dipuii. ,  hi,,, 
alrcotly  met  tojfelher  at  Veraailleit  tun.i,.  :,  r  ti,,. 
niunx-  of  prcK-wsliiiK  they  ahoiild  tike  \M„  „ 
the  natiiHial  representatives  werelraiisl.rr,  ,|  imm 
Versailli'H  lo  I'ariit,  the  Ilretoii  deputii ..  niiilii,,,.,, 
of  thi'  aMarmbly  who  wen-  of  their  vi,«,  |„  i,| 
their  sittiiiK"  in  the  ohi  eonvenl  of  the  ,liii  .,|,|„„ 
whli'h  subsequently  (rave  its  name  In  ilu  r  ii„,t 
iiitfs.  It  did  mil  at'  llrs*  cease  to  be  a  pr.  p,i  iturv 
ii».si'mbly,  but  as  all  thiiiL's  increase  in  iim,  i|„. 
.laeobln  Club  dill  not  eoiitlne  itself  t..  inllu,  m  1,,., 
the  iLssembly  ;    It   wiujtht   also  lo   inlln,  i„  ,    n". 

municipality  and  the  \ pie,  and  rei,  |\,,|  ,,  „ 

solales  iiiemlK-rs  of  the  iiiiinleipalily  uml  i,.ii, 
tlloll  eill/.ells.  lis  orpllii/.alioll  bccMlh.  m,,,,. 
rcKUlar,  its  action  more  powerful  ii,  -ni;,,;, 
wen' reifularly  ii'|Mirted  In  tin  papers;  jt  n.  ii,"| 
bnineh  clubs  In  the  provinces,  and  iiiisi  ,|  j.v  .|„, 
side  of  li'diil  iHiwer  another  power  win.  h  ni,i 
coiinsilhsl  and  then  emidui  lisl  it  Tin  ,1,,  ,.1,;., 
I'lidi.  us  II  lost  its  primitive  iliaraiiir  ml  I.. 
came  a  popular  ussiniblv,  had  Is  en  fi.rvik.  u  In 
part  of  lis  foiiiideis  Tlie  laiter  e<tMlili.|i.  ,|  ..li 
other  sisiety  on  the  plan  of  the  old  nuv  iii„!,r 
the  name  of  the  Club  of  'NH.  M,  \  ,.<,  (  h:,|„  ;„  ,. 
I.afayetle,  1,b  l^l<'hefouellulll,  iliriiie.1  n  ,„ 
l.amclhand  liiirnavedireetiil  that  nlilii.lii  .hu,, 
Miraln'aii  belonged  to  both,  ami  In  linili  k:i, 
equally  courted.     These  I'liibs,  nf  wliii  h  i|,i  ,,,„. 

pri'vailnl  ill  the  assinibly,  and  11 iher  mx ^-.i 

the    people,  were  attached  to  the  new  nnli  1  .[ 
thinirs,   though  in  dlllerent   dc'rees      'lln^iri^ 
tiK'raey  HOUKht  to  attack  the  ren.lminn  will,  it, 
own  arms:  itO|H'ned  mynlisl  1  liihs  t.i  eppiM  il,. 
IMipular  clubs.     That  llrst  esiablishnl.  ihuIit  \W 
name  of  the   Club  <|es    liiipartiau\.    mulil   nut 
last  Ih-cuiihc  itiuldri'HM-d  Itself  lonocl.iv.  ,.|>ini..n, 
|{eap|iearinK  under  tin'  iiimie  of  the  Clnli  Mi.mir 
cliii|ue,  it  includislamonL'  its  iiieiiilHrs  ill  ili.» 
whose  views  it  represi'ntist.     Il  siiiii;lii  1,,  r.  iil.r 
itsilf  |wipiilar  with  the  lower  cIusms.  ml  i!!« 
lribut<'d  bremi ;  but,  far  from  acceplintr  it>  mir 
tures,  the  people  eonsidcri'd  such  1  ^tallli.llllll n!, 
an  a  coiinler  nvolulionurv    movi  niml       1'  .li'i 
turlxsl    their  Hillinjfa,  and' oliliired  tin  in  .-x.ml 
times   to  chani;e  Iheir   place  nf    niniii,.-      .V 
length,    the    municipal    aiillinrilv    loiiml    i:--!! 
obliijisl,  in  January,  17111,  to  diiM-'lhi^i  liili  uhi.  li 
had   been   the   cause   of    several    li.ii-        V    \ 
Milfliel,  lli'l    iiflhi   Flrnl'l,  l!,r  .  i-l,    W       ■■  \\\hv 
end  of  KiMI  tlie  niimls'r  of  .lacobin  (1,1..  «  1- 
','(HI,  many  of  which  — like  the  one  in   M.r-.  ii;i« 
—  contained    more   than   a   tlions.ind    m.  mi.  i> 
Their  oru'anizalion  extended  tlin.iiL'li  ih.    -.d.  !.■ 
kingdom,  and  every  impulse  L'iven  at  ili.  .mn. 
in  I'aris  was  felt  at"  the  e.xircmitin    ,         I'  "  .» 
far  inih'ed  from  cmlinieini.'  the  iiiajnriM  ..f  :i.liili 
Frenchmen,  liiit  even  at  that  lime  ii  Iniil  .n.  I..11!.! 
(slly  become  — by  iiimns  nf  iis-lriil  uiniv  —:\v 
greatest  i«)wcr  iii  the  kinL'dum."-.  II.  v.r  >\l..l. 
Ilinl.  nf  the   Fr.  lift..  U.  1,  .'/;   .-11,    |..-    Tlii- 
.laeoliin  Club  soon  divided  its.lf  inin  iln. .  .'Irr 
clubs;  first,   that  party  which  lo..ki-.l  ni.  n  th. 
.laeohins  as  lukewarm   patriots  lift  ii.  ;,i  1  1  .a 
..tiluled  themselves  into  the  Chili  nf  il"  1  ■  r.i. 
Hers.  wIhtc  Danton's  voice  nf  tliunili  1  iiiil'  iln' 
halls  riiiit ;  anil  Camilli'  Desmoiilins'  lijii'    L'i^ii. 
inn  wit  phi.vcd  with  momentous  siilii.i-     Tie 
■"IrT  p.ifty,  wliieh  Ifoknl  ',!p;;ll   lie-   .' :      '      -    1- 
too  tierce,  constituted  itself  into  the    (  hil'    '  IT^'.i. 
friends  of  the  moiiarehic  const  it  iitiuii , '  an!  .iftir. 


1302 


fRANCE.  1790 


JCitriipMii  roalUIOH 
talH»t  farm 


KHANt'E.   IT90-n»l 


»«U  BUnwJ  FrulllMl't  Clul..  brr«u«>  It  met 
lu"  lupix-rtiHl  by  the     rwiM-tUbl.-    palrioU 

K^".  '*•  >»-•""'«•  ••""I'll'"  *"'• ," 
^;,!5lnf  throughout  Kmrn....  But  «ri. 
™ la -tlr  .n.V  rite  «t  tl..-  fury  of  ""'/""•'j  '" j 
.'iTi.ri«  1«-IUK  <>n<"  I"  niirtlon,  the  |m.1  ti.al 
'„"  toinnll  «.«.  «l«..I..U.|y.o..liK-.l  to  f..l  ow. 
1  ii,i.i,i,.lltv  wu  vcrv  IMiw'  .111  nmoiiK  "»'  *  or- 
l,i"'Tl^.irT.>'nmlU.,   M,.r»t,    I......oulln,. 

wX mh  for hlniiKlf.  Dmiton.  th.'  oii.iilix.t.iil 
,™or  W0..1.I  never  writ..;  b.it  by  way  of  .-oiii- 
pf^uailon.    Maml  auil    IK«iiioulli.»,    who  »t.im 


Jl^l  or'  li.|H'l.  "'"•'l  l>rin.l|«lly  to  writr.  ..iM 
lim  upoke  The  C.inl.ll.ri*  fonni'l  H  wirt 

.,( irilK'  all  livlni?  In  tb''  n.lKbl)oiirhoo.l  of  llw 

U»  W;  T.  Carlyle.  Tkf  AV.  ftr..  r.  •->.  If   1, 
, J  5-11   A.  Taine.  Thr  AV.  /i-r.  U.  .Kr,  2). 

A.D    iTgo-lTOi.— Resolution  at  ATigaon. 
-Lnion^  «.  old   P.p.1  proTinee  w.  h 
Fruce  d.crttd.-'Tlie  ol.l    r.Hi, lime    of   tl. 
Voxn'*  LAvl^iion)  remaine-l  iintl    the  year  IjSO 
,mir  tW  papal  Bovemmrnt,  wbi.h.  from  it-.  <1Ih 
L.V.  ixeniUl  Its  authority  with  great  m  M 
am    and  W'ft  the  town,  and   vlllaKe»  of  lb'' 
couiilrv  In  the  enjoyment  of  a  gr-'at  .leKr.e  of 
i,^..p..nilenee.      The    geueriil   coii.litlou  of    the 
mmulalion  wan.  however,  niueh  the  name  «»  in 
lluMK-iirlilHiurinn  .llatricta  of  Krani^e- agitation 
inthiiownsandmlwrylntheeouiitry.     It  wn<it 
jurprisinit,   therefore,    that    the    eoinniolion    of 
August  4th  shouH  extend  it«lf  among  the  sub- 
jnu  of  the  Holy  «•<•■     "ere,   t.Ki,  ea^tlea  wen- 
burned,  blaek  mail  levied   on  the   monasteries 
lilhesaiid  feudal  righU  alHilislied.      The  e  ty  of 
Avicnuii  »<K>n  iHeame  the  lentre  of  a  iMilitieal 
«eilitii.n,  whose  flrst  obj.tt  was  to  throw  oil  tlie 
i«il«l  yoke,  and  then  U>  unite  the  country  with 
Fraon'    ...    In    June,     1790,    the    i-e.iple    of 
Avignon  tore  <lown  the   papal   arm>,    and   the 
Town  (Vmncil    sent  a  message   to    I'ans   that 
Avignon  wished  U)  lie  united  to  Franee.       home 
Freridi  regiments  were  sent  to  the  eitv  to  main 
taiu  ordir;  but    -tUe  greater   part  of  them  <le_ 
Krtwl  and  niarehed  out  with  the  Democrats  of 
!bi'  town  to  take  and  siw-k   tlie  little   town  of 
Cavaillori.  which  remained  faithful  to  the  Tope. 
Fnmilhi^time  forward  civil  war  raged  without 
inurmis.sion.  .  .  .  The  C<mstltuent  Assiinbly,  on 
the  14tli  «)f  SeptemUT,  1791.  decreed  the  reunion 
uf  till'  loiintrv  with  France.      lUfore  the  new- 
govi-rmiunt  could  assert  its  authority,  frt-sh  and 
mun-  (Irca.ltul  atrocities  had  taken  place,  "  ending 
witU-.k-  Iknilish  massacre  of  110  prisoners,  heM 
liv  a  b;iiiii  (if  rultlans  who  had  taken  poss<-s»lon 
..(  !ln-i..ip«l  <u8tle.— H.  von  SyU-1,  lli't  •■/  tht 
Fr,„.-I,  lt,r..  I,k.  3,  eh.  He.  1). 

A.  D.  1790-1791.— The  o»th  of  the  clergy.— 
First  movements  toward  thi  European  coali- 
tion against  French  democracy.— Death  of 
Miribeau.-The  Kina;;i  Bight  and  arrest  at 
VaremiM.— Rise  of  a  Republican  Party.— •By 
a  decp-e  of  November  27tli,  1790,  the  Ass<-mbly 
nipiired  the  clergy  to  take  an  oath  of  lldelity  to 
*<■■  -ijti-.-ii,  the  hw  iihl  th-  king,  an<!  tji  main- 
Uin  the  constitution.  This  oath  they  were  to 
take  within  a  week,  on  pain  of  deprivation.  Tht 


King.  Uforr  osw-nting  to  this  measure. wl»h«l  In 
pnK  un-  the  (-.mwnt  of  the  l'op<'.  but   was  per 
siiadnl  not  to  wall  for  It,  and  gave  his  sanction. 
lh-e.mlH-r  !lnl       .      t )f  aoo  prelates  an.    priesU, 
who  ha.1  »«at»  In  tlie  At««-mbly.  th.«c<  wli.i  sat  (in 
the  right  unanimously  refuae.1  to  Uke  tlie  oath, 
while  those  wlM.  sal  <m  the  left  »nllclp«te<i    he 
.lay  apiK.lnle.l  f.ir  that   purp.«ie      Out  of   !»» 
archbishops  ami  bishops,  only  four  .-onsented  to 
sw.-ar    Talleyran.1,    Lomeiil.-  .1.-   Brl.-nn.^   (m.w 
An  bblshop  of  «.-iis).  th.-  Bishop  of  Orleiins,  and 
the  Bishop  .if  Vivien..     Th.-  oath  was  also  re_ 
fii«-,l  bv  th.-  gn-at  maj.iritv  of  th.-  <  un-s  and 
vl.ars.  amounting.  It  Is  »ii.(.  to  Wm      ll.-nre 
anis.-  th.-  ilistin.tlon  .>f  '  l.ri>tns  sermeiil.-s    and 
■  ln«.-riii.-nt.'»  '  or  sworn  ami  mm  Juring  prii-»ts. 
The  bri.-f  ..f  I'lus  VI  .  forbi.bling  the  oath,  was 
burnt  at  tin-  rulals  H.iv«l.  as  w.  II  as  a  mannlkio 
npns.ntlng  th.-  I'oim-  hiiiwlf  In  his  p.intitl< als. 
Maiiv  of  111.-  .bpriv.-.l  .-.  .h-siasll.s  n-fus.-d  to  va- 
cate'lli.-ir   fumtions.  .Iceland    Ih.ir   suecesw.ra 
intrucbn.  anil  the  sii.  ramcnu  tli.-y  admlnlsterwl 
null  ami .  x.-oiimiuni.  al.-il  all  who  recognisi-d  and 
„lH-y.-il  them.      Louis  XVI  ,  wli.m.-  n-llgl.ms  f.s-r 
lugs  wen-  v.-ry  stmng.  was  perhaps  mon-  hurt 
bv  Ibi-se  attacks  upon  tbi- fliunli  than  .ven  by 
those  .lin-.-t.sl  against  his  own  pnn.gatlve.    The 
death  .if  Mlralsau,  April -Jml    MM    was  a  great 
loss  to  till-  King,  IlLiugh  it  may  will  U-  .loubted 
wh.-thcr  his  ex.-rtlons  .  ould  have  saved  th.-  nion- 
arcbv      lie  fill  a.  vl. tim  to  his  pmlligate  liablu 
asslst.-d  pnibably  bv  th.-  vioh-nt  cxerthras  h.-  had 
recently    iimde   in  the  As«-nibly.  lie  wiu 

h.moun.l  with  a  sumptuous  funeral  at  the  puliiu: 
exiMiis.-,  to  whi.h.  says  a  ..mteinporary  histo- 
rian, mithing  but  grief  was  wanting.     In  fa.  t,  to 
immt.if  the  inemU-ni  of  the  .\ssc-inb  y.  .-■lips.-d 
bv  his  splen.ll.l  talents  ami  overawisl  by  bis  n-ck- 
1J.SS  auilacltv.  his  <l.-ath  was  a  n-llef.      .   ■  After 
MirabeauB  il.-ath,  l)up.irt,  Barnave,  and  Umcth 
n-igned  supn-mo  in  the  A»s.-niblv,  ami  IIoIm-s- 
nlerro  became  more  promln.-nt.     Tin-  King  lia.! 
now  begun  t.i  tix  his  hop«-s  on  fonign  mterv.-n^ 
tion      The  Injuries  Inflicted   by   the  d.-crees  of 
the  Asst-mbly  on  August  4th  17S9.  on  M-veral 
princ-s  .if  th.^  Empin-,  thniugh  their  possessUin* 
in  Alsace,  Franche  Cointi-,  and  Lorniim-.  might 
altonl  a  pretext  for  a  ruptun-  Is-tw.-en  the  Ger- 
man Cmifisleratlon  ami  France.      .      The   Uer- 
man  prelates,  injurisl  by  the  Civil  Constitution 
of  th.-  clergy,  w.-re  among  the  llrst  t.i  complain. 
By  this  act  "the  Klictor  of  .Mint/,  was  deprived 
of  his  iiieln.p.ilitnn  rights  ov.r  the  blslioprics  of 
Strasburg  and  Spir.-s;  tin-  Klctor  of  Treves  of 
thos.'  ov.T   M.-tz,  Toul.  Verdun,  Nancl  and  SL 
Diez.      Till-  Bishops  of  Stnisburg  and  Bile  lost 
their  dim-.-s)m  rights  in  Alsace.     Some  of  these 
iirinces  ami  nobl.  s  lia.i  called  upon  the  hmperor 
and  the  (ierman  biKly  In  January    1790,  for  pnt- 
tection  against  th.-  arbitniry  acts  of  the  National 
Asw-mbly.     This  app.-al   lia.l   bi-cn   fay..umbly 
.-nt.-rtained,  both  bv  th.-  Emperor  Joseph  U.  and 

...  e  11-..'  ..: I   *t,,>i,irl>    (hi.     AsSi'MI- 


.-nt.-riaim-u,  mnn  n.  »»"   .............  -  —  r-  -- 

by  th.^  King  of  Prussia ;  ami  though  the  Assi-m 
blv  olle-i-d  suitabli-  iiidcmnltics.thi-v  were  haugh- 
lily  n-fused    .  .   .  Tin-  Spanish  ami  Italian  Bour- 
Imns  were  naturally    incline.l   to  supiiort   their 
relative.  Louis  XVI.  .  .   .  The  King  of  Sardinia, 

.-.innected  by  intcrmarriag.-s  with  the  Jn-nch 
Bourbiins.  had  also  family  intcresU  to  raaintain. 
Catherine  11.  of  Russia  had  witnessed,  with  hu- 
ndlisiion  and  alarm,  the  fruits  of  the  philos.>phy 
which  she  ha.1  putroniseii,  ami  was  oppiraid  W 
the  new  onler  of  things  in  France.  All  the 


130^ 


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FRANCE,  ITM-ITtl 


1%0  Kint'9  JIti/kl 
la  >'■ 


riUNCE.   ITti. 


■•trrtoUcsUtol  for  >n  nlrMlrp  cmllllon  •nintl 
Frriicli  (IviiKirnu'y.  Id  M*  \n»lun>  nl  •ffain  the 
('■•lint  il'Artuta,  ■cn>nitwnk'<l  by  Culonnr,  wIh> 
■rrvr<l  lilm  u  •  nort  of  mliiUur,  niul  lir  tb« 
Count  ili'iMirdirt.wkii  hixl  Irrn  ili-a|iiiulini  fnim 
tbr  Kniii'li  Court,  hail  n  ronfi'itiii c  with  the 
Kmprror,  now  l.fo|Hilil  II  ,  i>t  Miintiin.  In  Mny 
1781,  In  which  it  wita  UKntHl  that.  towanU  the 
(ollowInK  July.  AuatrianlHiuld  march  iM.IMIOmen 
townnU  the  frontier*  of  Flamlcni:  thf  Urrman 
Cinhn  l.t.lMIOIowanU  AImuv;  the  HwIm  l.t.lllll) 
tnwuril*  til)'  Lyimniila:  tin'  KiiiK  of  Hitr<llnl» 
in.lNm  iiiwanln  Ihtupliine^  while  .Spain  wim  Io 
bolil  liO.llUt)  in  rewlincM  In  CaUlonia.  'I'hia  nirni- 
■nent.  for  tlier«>  wa«  not.  ««  wnue  wrltem  have 
■upiMMi'il,  any  formal  tri'aly.  was  ilmwn  up  hy 
Caionne,  anil  amenilMl  with  the  KniptTor  «  own 
hanil.  Iliit  the  large  force  to  lie  Ihuit  hhm  iiilileil 
waa  inlendeil  only  a*  a  threatening  ilemimitra 
tlon.  anil  liimtiiitieii  were  not  to  lie  actually  cum 
nienceil  without  tlie  naiiclion  iit  a  coiiicn'W  .  . 
The  Klng'a  ultuntion  hiwl  now  lieconu'  intolrnilily 
Irluomr.  Me  won.  to  nil  Inlentu  itnil  puriMMeii,  a 
prlwiner  nt  I'ariii.  A  trip,  which  he  wUlieil  to 
make  to  Ht.  Clouil  ilurinic  the  Flutter  of  1*91.  wai 
denounrail  at  the  .liuiiliin  Cluh  una  pntext  for 
flltfhti  anil  when  he  atlempteil  to  have  the  Tuil- 
eru-t,  April  IMth.  the  toonin  wa«  rung,  hia  car- 
t\»ge  waa  •urrounileil  by  tie  nioli.  and  he  was 
rompellett  to  return  to  the  palace.  ...  A  few 
ilay*  after  .  .  .  the  leaden  of  the  Ilevnlutlon, 
who  appear  to  have  auniM'cted  hU  neK<H-lation» 
abronil,  exacted  that  he  auould  aililreu  a  circular 
to  Ilia  amiiaaaailnni  at  forelKn  iiiurta,  in  which  he 
entlrt'ly  approved  the  Itevolullon,  OMumcd  the 
title  of  •  l{i'»t«rer  of  JViich  lllH-rty,' and  utterly 
repudiated  the  notion  that  he  wua  not  free  anil 
master  of  hia  ai'liona."  liut  the  Kiug  immedi- 
ately uullihed  the  circular  by  ileHpatchinK  secret 
agents  with  letters  "In  which  he  notiUed  that 
any  aanction  he  iiiiKht  kIvc  to  the  decrees  of  the 
Assembly  was  to  Im'  reputed  null;  that  hi"  pn' 
tended  approval  of  the  constitution  was  in  In' 
interpreted  in  an  i>p|>osite  at-nae,  and  tint  the 
more  atrontfty  he  hIiiiuIiI  aeeni  to  adhere  I"  ii,  the 
more  he  slmuM  desire  to  be  lilNTiited  frniit  the 
captivitv  in  ^^  liich  he  wua  held.  KoiiI.h  wtoit  tifter 
roaolvcif  on  lii.H  iinfortuiiute  tli>;bt  to  the  unny  of 
the  Mitri|uis  lie  liouilleut  Montmedy.  .  .  .  Ilav 
injr.  aftersoiiie  liiiir- breadth escapi  ..  aucceeditl  in 
uiiittinf;  I'liris  in  a  truvellinii;  lierlin.  .June  30th. 
Ijiey  [the  Kinj;,  (Juein.  and  family)  remind  Ht. 
Meiieiioiild  in  aitfety  Kut  here  llie  Kmg  wua 
recojrnisi'd  by  Ormiet.  the  sou  of  the  poni niitater. 
who.  mounting;  his  liorsi'.  purMiied  the  royal  fii 
ffitivi-s  to  Viimiiies,  raisi'd  an  alarm.  uihI  cauai'd 
them  to  be  (aplured  when  they  airiady  tliou),'lit 
theiiiM-lves  nut  nf  danger.  In  <-oiis«-i|Uenee  of 
their  In-ill^  ratlier  later  than  wa.i  cxpi-cted,  the 
inililury  priparallniis  that  had  lai  u  iiiaile  for 
Ihiir  |irv.tiitiuii  enliniy  failed.  Tlie  news  of  tlie 
Kind's  llii;lit  fillcil  I'aris  witli  consternation.  The 
Aiwinlily  iLSKumed  all  the  executive  power  of 
the  (ioverument.  ami  whin  I  lie  new  a  of  the  Kin^  a 
amst  arrived,  they  ilespatcliid  Hariiave.  Latour. 
MuulNiiiri;  anil  I'etion  to  rondurt  him  and  his 
family  link  to  Taria.  .  .  .Noliii's  hud  iM-en 
posted  up  in  I'aria.  that  tiioae  who  appluudeil 
the  Kim;  ahoiild  Ih-  liorai'whipped.  unit  that  those 
who  inaulted  him  slioiiid  Im-  handed;  hence  he 
Wit,>  rcci  iv< ,!  Ml,  <  iii<  riii)(  tin  (apitui  with  ii  \Kitl 
iilence.  The  atreets,  however,  were  traversed 
without  accident  to  tlie  Tuileriea,    but  as   the 


Myal  party  ■mm  allKhtlng,  a  rush  «>«  mids 
upon  llirm  by  some  nillUiM,  ami  tin  v  *i  n-  wiili 
illltlciilly  Mveil  from  Injury.  Tlw  KIhl-  -,  I'mihrr 
the  Count  of  I'rovence,  who  ba>l  Ned  ai  ih,  wn, 
time  by  a  dUTerrnt  mute,  escuiieil  miIi  i\  i,,  ||n„ 
tela.  Thia  lime  the  King's  Intenlimi  Im  Hi  ,,,„|,| 
not  lie  ileDliil  he  hair  Indind,  IjIiu'm  If  pr,, 
claimed  it,  by  tvnding  to  the  Aiuu'niblv  i  nuu 
fest,  in  whiih  he  explained  hia  riai^iiK  r  ,r  it 
declared  tliat  be  did  not  intend  to  ipiii  ih,  |,|,,^ 
doni.  expreaaed  hia  ileain'  to  reatnri  IiIhtIv  ml 
rstabllab  a  conatltiltion.  but  annulled  j,ll  iliai  ||„ 
hoii  done  during  llie  luat  Iko  years  n,,, 

King,  after  hia  return,  waa  priiviM'n.  illy  „„ 
lieiiilitl  from  hia  fiiiictiima  liy  a  ilun,  i,f  Dm 
Aasenilily.  .lune  'J,*>lli.  Oiianla  Mi  n  |il  imj  ,,)„ 
him  and  the  tjueen ,  the  gardeiia  nf  rh.  luilirin 
assumed  the  apiiearani'e  of  a  lamp,  uniiixlii 
were  Btatlone<l  on  the  naif  of  Ilii  i';il,ni  im,) 
even  in  the  (jueen's  liedchunila  r.  .  I'mm 
the  iK-rlisI  of  the  King  s  flight  to  Van  nm  s  miuu 
lie  dated  the  first  deiidtd  ap|H'aruiire  "f  a  n  puli 
llcan  party  in  France.  Durliiir  liis  >ilis.iiii  tin- 
Aaaa'mblvhail  lieen  virtually  aoverrinii.  iiii,lliriur 
men  tiHilt  (X'cashin  to  say.  'Ymi  mi  ih,  |hiIi|i, 
iieace  lias  lieen  maintained.  alTaira  Iium  l','Ii('  us 
Id  the  usual  way  In  the  King's  ulMem  r  iiu'i  liiif 
advocates  of  a  republic  were  IiriK.Mil.  (  "inlfirici 
and  the  recently  established  club  ot  ih,  r.inli 
Hers.  .  .  .  Thearcb-ilemiH'rat, Thomas  I'lMir.Hli'i 
was  now  at  I'aris.  also  eadenvoiin  d  t,,  it,  it,  ly. 
IMipiilace  against  the  King.  Tlie  ,l,i<ol>ih  (  liib 
Loil  not  vet  gone  this  length:  liny  uin  fur 
bringing  Uiuia  XVI.  to  trial  and  i|r|'"siii:.'  luiii 
but  for  malntnlning  the  monarcliv  '  ~  r  Ii  Hvir. 
//»•<.  nf  .Vixlrr),  tiuni/if.  hk.  7,  r/i.  'J  :)(r  4) 

AlJO  I.N;  J.  Mlchelel,  Hint.  Vitif,.!!!,,  yr,i,A 
Her  ,  bk.  4,  eh.  8-14.  — M'nie  Caiiipau'.  <t,i.;,.ir,vf 
Miirie  Animnflte,  r.  },  rh.  .'i-T  -  M.iii|iiis  ilc 
liouille,  Mtiiuiin,  ch.  S-li.— Dmliiss  .1.  T  ,iir«(l 
MfiiKiiri,  r.  1,  rli,  Vi. — A.  H.  CiMhraii'  / Vo.rn 
/.  iiHtl  vthtr  llitlorinil  Utatliet,  r.  'J  (/'A,-  Hujlit 
iif  ynrrnnet). 

A.  D.  1701  (July— Scptem'oeri.  -Attitude  of 
Foreign  Powcrt.— Coolness  of  Austria  to- 
wardi  the  Lmigrit.—  The  Declaration  of 
Pitnitz. —Completion  of  the  Coaatitution. 
Restoration  of  the  King.— Tumult  in  the 
Champa  de  Mart.— Disiolution  of  the  Con- 
stituent N»  ional  Aiaembljr.— ''Ill  Hm  .'TMhI 

July.  I'rinee  Iti'iias  pn's4'nteil  a  im  i il  Ifriin 

the  Court  of  Austria)  to  the  C.iuu  .•f  II.  riiii.  in 
which  tlie  Kin|ieri>r  explained  at  li  ii-"i.  1:-  vim^ 
of  a  Kiiro|M'an  Concert.  It  «ii-  .liiiiri  up. 
tliri'iiLdioiit,  in  lAiipoid's  usual  {.ii,ii"U.  unl 
cin  iiiiis|)ect  manner.  ...  In  case  :im  ,iriii,.|  in 
tiTM'iilion  should  apjK'ur  neeesKiry  -  -  tit.  y  w-'nM 
lalvi-  into  considenilion  the  fiiliire  rcmsiiiuii  'ii  c  1 
Kranee;  but  in  doing  »o  they  uiri'  I.'  i'  iiininri. 
ill  honour  of  the  great  cause  in  \\lii<l>  iIkv  Min- 
i'iii:ageil,  all  views  of  sidtlsh  atTL,'!  i!;- 
We  S4*e  what  ii  sinall  part  tin-  ili^jr, 
played  in  the  draw  iiig  up  of  this  far  -  ■ 
Tlie  document  n|Haleilly  iirp  d  il,' 
ought  to  lie  taken  witliuiil  the  cnt  ':"■ 
the  Powers,  and  esjM'ciuily  of  Kii::iii 
Kngland'a  decided  aversion  to  eviry  li 
terferi'iice  was  well  known,  this  slipiil  i 
was  siiHlcicnt  to  stump  ii|Hin  the  win  I' 
tlR-  character  of  a  harndesa  dciiioiisii  iii  n 
the  aaille  time  Cathiililie  II.  "I  it'i-;,  r.:,:i';": 
fnim  war  with  the  Turks,  and  Lv'  'i|-  "  'I' 
(ivstructiua  of  I'uluud,  desired    "  tu  i:iii  Utjli  ibc 


\/l 

itutir 

t. 

r  w  tr 

ri_ 

|'l;itl. 

11 

1    »rr]i 

11,1  1'. 

■  ■1 

nf  il; 

..l.iNl' 

1). 

11*  111'', 

.M 

1304 


FBANCE.  ITtt 


IV  UnMitmlioH 


niANCK.  t7«l 


SL  ."  „.,.l  ..Hi  II.I"  III.'  i«K.«;l.tl.....  for     >.. 

SEC  King  0...l«v,..  ..(  SW...I....  .!.       -I  l.l» 

'ZZ  u,  <-.-n.l.ict  >  «w.  .li.li  .rmy  liy  *  .1 1"  iIm> 
^„t  ri»n.l«Ti,  »ml  llM-mf.  uu.l.r  111-  ut.l.l 
!^„(  lloiiUI*.  »K»ln»t  l'»f'«  Hiit.i.fj.'j.n*. 

^v  ...nl  !»•  »ll.r,.l  »«•  only  «»  ml.lltln.u.1 

rXtW  rinimuun.-.'"  I..'  Itlif  Kni|M  r<ir   wii* 

r«ur     »  f'W  .f»y.  Uf.-r,.  l,U  .l.t.«rt.,r..  f,.r 

r\rt!'«      It  *..«  not  p.«Mill.l-  li.  r.f.1..-  i"  «■« 
hi„,  l.ui  U'..p<-UI  n'»<l«  '»-  •".:•'  ";  •''"'  "'  "" 

ri  .. ..."mp.ny  thr  Kminror  1..  I   Unit/,  » Ijlrh 

e  l»tl.r,  will.  n«.l  |H.llt.M,.,»,  «.l.l  tlmt  !»■  I>«1 

„    KTupU.  in  Rr.ntinK   l.u.  that  .vcn  ll.m.  no 

.Uh.u.l.  ^ntlmenu.  llir  Kn.,-r..r  I^-o  h.I.I  «t 
,,,t  for  the  confenme  will.  l.i«  i.-'W  a  ly;  ami  , 
th,.  Kinz  iif   I'ruiwia  c-anii'  l»  niict  liini   willi 
eriinly  .m.r,lant  vi,..«  Tl..-  rrprrMMila- 

i„,,,rf»i.m  at  IMUniti,  at  tlirv  I>h.1  ilonc   a  *.-^lc 

"U.  »t  Vienna.  .  .  .  On  tfie  27tl.,  .1  Arm  «  n- 

(elvrd  the  Joint  an«wiT  "f  llif  two  Sov.nUns, 

,1k.  „mr  .ml  p.irix>rt  i.f  «lil»l.  olearly  t.^tlrt.'.l  to 

,l,c«.n,im..nti..flt«»»tl...n..         .  fl..- Kn,,*r.jr 

,„1  Kinif  K»vc  tlHlr  wmition  to  tlw  p.ac.»bto 

r,"l,lH,"fof  ln.li»l.lu.l  Kn>iKK-«  In  th.-lr  Stale. 

but il«lar«l  Hint  no  »rnnil  i.r. piiratton"  would 

(ie.llowi.l  before  the  condition  of  an  aifniiiient 

t«tw«n  the  Europi'aii  1'ow.n..     To  tliU  njec- 

uoo  the  two  Monarch*  »<ld"l  a  prop<«iBl  of  tlw'lr 

own  -mntalned  In  >  Joint  iletlaratlon  -  In  which 

Ihry  ilHike  of  the  reatormtlon  of  onl.r  an.l  iiion- 

inliy  in  France  at  a  queatlon  of  f'e  (?"•'«'•»< '•": 

portin.  .■  to  the  whole  of  Europe.     They  .iKntflejl 

thfir  intention  of  inviting  the  cooperation  of  a  1 

ihe  EuroiKKD  Power..  .  .  .  But  a.  It  *.»  w''" 

Mcertaine.1  that  England  would  take  no  part.  tli8 

fiprrwion.  they  chore  were  really  ctiuivalent  to 

iilKlaration  of  non-lnlervcullon,  and  were  ev  - 

ilentlv  made  mm  of  by  U'opold  solely  to  intiml- 

(iate  III..  1'Hrl.Un  demoimtH.  .  ,  .  Tliu«  iiided 

lb.,  c.ntinnce  of  Illlnltz.  after  the  two  Moiiar.  .« 

luul  uttnnl  to  protect  the  ci>n»tiliitiim  of  il..! 

EniDire.  to  encourage  the  EU<  tor  of  ^axnlly  to 

jcopt  ilierrown  of  Poland,  and  to  affonl  la.li 

other  friindly  aid  In  every  quarter.     The  Rlale 

racnt  tlunfore,  which  haa  laen  a  thousand  times 

rciMii.!   that  the  Brut  coalition  for  an  alt.uk  011 

Iho  Krrndi  Uevolutlon  wag  fornieil  on  this  ikcu 

•liin,  lias  tieen  shown  to  »M'  utterlv  without  fouii- 

ilatinii      As  soon  as  the  faintest  nUuin  of  a  ret-on- 

ciliiiii.iiiU  tween  Umisand  theSati.mal  A^«  iiibly 

apptin-l.  Ilie  cause  of  the  Einicres  was  ahaii- 

ilon.d  In  ilie  Oerman  Oairts.  "— II.  \on  SvIhI, 

i/l»(.,ry  '.'/■   the    t'niich    HtnJuli'iil.    M-.    i.    rh.    (I 

(r,  1)  -  Al  Paris,  nuaiitime,  ••the  cotnniiKsi.iiii  rs 

ilmrL'i  d  to  make  their  report  on  the  alTair  of  \  a 

renms  pr. siiited  It  on  the  16th  of  July.     In  the 

journ.  V,  they  said,  there  was  nothing  culpalde; 

mil  ivl  11  if  t'here  were,  the  Kinf  was  Inviolable. 

Dfthri  lament  could  not  result  from  it,  since  the 

Kiii^'  li;iii  iKiisUiii  ttv»u>  long  Uiough.  ami  hati 

not  rtsisicU  iheiummoiuof  the  legislative  body. 


Itohnpt.  rf.,  Buioc,  »aA  Pitioo  rtowwd  .11  th« 
well  known  .ritumMiU  uwiivt  »b«  tB»loUbllUy, 
Duport.  B«ni«ve,  aod  hJU  m.wmw1  them,  .wl 
It  wM  .t  length  rMolve<l  Ih.t  lh«  Kln|  could  n.it 
lie  broiiKht  l<)  trial  00  account  of  hi.  <ll«'>»,  • 
No  xKiner  w*«  thl.  ri)»)lutli«l  p«i«!<l  than  Kobe, 
phrre  ro*-  and  protMtwl  .irooKly  .«»ln»t  U.  m 
the  nam.  of  humanity  On  the  c»enln«  preeeU- 
ItiK  Ihlh  ,lei  Ulon,  »  f  r  •  tumult  hwl  Uken  place 
at  the  J,«obln.     A  o    to   the    A»einbly 

was  there  dmwn  U|  '  it  t.>  ''"  '»'V'  "*•» 

the  Kiiix  waa  d.  |»-  ^rrtdlou.  tral  or  to 

his  oaths,  and  tliat  It  woi;  d  irek  W  .upply  hi. 
plaie  l.v   all  the  eonstitutlon.l  mean..     It  w». 
r.,»,lv,,i  ilml  thi«  p.llticm  shouhl  lie  carrie.1  .in 
till'  riilliiwIiiK  day  to  the  t'hamp  de  Mara,  where 
.very  .)n.-  nilnlit  slxn  It  on  the  altar  of  tlie  coun- 
try,    Ne»t.lay.  it  wasa<cordlni,ly  carritil  to  the 
pfai-.'  atfr...l  u|)on,  .ii.l  the  crowd  of  the  •.ill- 
tloiis  was  reinf.ir.e.l  by  that  of  the  curl.ms,  who 
wlslie.1  t.i  I"'  siMital.irs  of  the  event,     At  thl. 
in.mii'iit  the  tUvtiv  was  paasetl.  v^  that  »  wa. 
n.iw    t.s>    hit.-  I.'    petition.       Lafayette   arrivwl. 
broke  ilowii  Ihi^  Darricailes  alrewly  er«-lwl.  wa. 
thr.auii..l  and  even  llnd  al.  but  ...  at  hngtU 
prevalle.1   .ai  the  |>opulaee  U)   retire.   .       .Bui 
the  tumult  was  Ksm   n-newi^.!.     Two  InvalliU, 
!  wh.i  happened  to  !»•,   iiolasly  kn.iws  for  what 
j   purisHM-,   uiiiler  the  altar  of  the  country,  were 
niurd.T..<l.    ami  tli.'n    the    upr.sir   laiaine    ui>- 
l».uii.led.     The  Assi-mbly  K'nt  f.ir  Hi.;  munici- 
pality,  aii.l  eliarKe.1  il  to  preserv.-  iiubllc  onler. 
Ihilily  repaln.i  to  the  Champ  .le  -Mttm,  orilereil 
the  rtMl  tla({  to  !«•  unfurled,   an.l,  by  virtue  of 
nmrtial  law.  auinnioned  the  M!dllhiu.  to  retire. 
UfayetU!  at  first  onlered  a  few  .hot.  to  bo 
tiled  In  the  air:  the  crowd  uultu.<l  the  altar  of 
the  country,  but  Ksm  rallle<I.     Thus  driven  to 
extnmlty,  he  gave  the  w.irti,  '  Klre  I      The  Brat 
dlaiharKe  kille<I s.ime  of  the  rioter..     Their  num- 
Ur  haa  U^en  exaKgeraUMl.     Some  have  mluceU 
Il  to  m.  othem  have  ralstnl  it  to  400,  and  other, 
to  several  thouMnd.     The  last  staU'ment  wu  he 
lleve<l  at   the   moment,    an.!    the  con»ternation 
l*came  general.  .      -  Lafayette  an.l  Bai  y  were 
vehemently   reproached  f.>r  th.-  procee«ling.  in 
Ihe  Champ  de  Mars;  but  both  of  them,  consider- 
Ing  il  thilr  duty  to  observe  the  law,  and  to  ri.k 
tHrpularity  and  lite  in  ita  executhin    felt  neither 
nilret  n.ir  fear  for  what  they  bail  done.     The 
factions   were  overawd    by  Ihe  energy  which 
they   .lisplave.1.  .  .  .   ANiut  this  time  the   A»- 
seiiiblv  .am.',  to  a  .l.terminalion  which  has  since 
iKHU  ceiisureil.  but  Ihe  result  of  which  di.1  not 
nr.>ve  s..  misilil..v,ais  as  it  has  taen  supposed.    It 
.l.<ree.l  that  m.iu'  of  its  memlH^rs  sh.mld  Ijo  re- 
,l.tt.'.l      lUiUspi.rre  was  the  proposer  of  this 
resolution,    an.l  it  was  uttribuUHl  to  the  i^vy 
whi.  h  h..  f.lt  aRainst  his  coll.-ague.,  among  whom 
he  lia.l  not  »h..ii<'.         .  The  new  Assembly  was 
thus  d.privcd  of  men   whos<!  enthusiasm   was 
!M,m.wliat  al.at..l.  and  wh.we  legislative  silence 

■    I ....u........   ..r    tliri.i,    viMirs. 


was  maluriHl  bv  an  exiK'riencc  of  three  vears 
The  constitution  was  .  .  .  completeil  with 
M.me  liastc.  an.l  submittol  to  the  King  for  his 
i„  . .  ptanee.  Vnnn  that  moment  his  frtwloni  was 
r.sl..r..ltoliini;  or.  If  that  expresaion  be  objected 
to  the  strict  watch  kept  over  the  palace  ceased 
After  a  ceruin  number  of  .lays  he  declare.  I 
tlial  he  accepted  the  constitution.  .  .  .  He  r.'^ 
pained  to  the  Assembly,  where  he  was  received 
as  in  the  iix-^t  V.ril!iant  times.  Lafayette,  wh.i 
never  forgot  to  repair  the  Inevitable  evil,  of 


1305 


!    'J    • 


\U' 


i. 


■1   '■ 


■ 


m\  , 


PUANCE,  1791 


TKr  Oirondutt 
and  the  MottHtiUn. 


FKANCE,  1791 


pnlitioal  troubles,  proponed  »  general  amnesty  for 
all  aots  eonnerted  with  tlie  Itevoliition,  whicli 
was  prorlnininl  iiini(l»t  shouts  of  Joy,  and  the 
prisons  wen-  instantly  thniwn  open.  At  length, 
on  the  3t)th  of  SepteniUr  (17011,  Thouret,  the 
last  president,  <Ie(lare<l  that  the  ('onstitueiit  As- 
sembly Imd  terminated  its  sittings."— A.  Thiers, 
Hitl.  of  the  tWneh   lir.  (.!;«.  ril.).  r.  I,  im.  186- 

iu;t, 

AlJ«)iN:  M  me  de  Stael.  Cimtidtriitiinui  on  the 
Frruch  II,  r,  pt.  '.',  rh.  'i'-'-aH,  and  pi.  H.  M.  1-2.— 
H.  r.  LiH-kwiKNl,  l^nmtitutional  llint.  of  J^ytinet, 
eh.  I.,  iintt  api>.  1. 

A.  O.  :7;i  (Auguit).— Insurrection  of  slavei 
in  San  Domingo.    See  I(.\yti:  A.I).  IKJ3-1HI)3. 

A.  O.  1791  (September),— RemoTkl  of  all 
disabilities  from  the  Jews,  See  .Jkwm:  A.  I). 
1791. 

A,  D.  1791  (October).— The  meeting  of  the 
Legislative  Assembly.— Its  party  divisions.- 
The  Girondists  and  their  leaders.— The  Moun- 
tain.— "The  most  glorious  destiny  was  predicted 
for  the  Constitution,  yet  it  did  not  live  a  twelve 
month;  the  A.H.s<inil)ly  that  was  to  apply  it  was 
but  a  Ininsition  iK-twei'n  the  Constitutional  Mon- 
arehy  and  the  Itepiiblic.  It  was  l)eeause  the 
■{evolution  partook  murh  more  of  a  sixial  than 
of  a  |>olitieal  overtlirow.  The  C<mstitution  btt(l 
done  all  it  could  for  the  political  part,  but  the 
social  fabric  reninined  to  hv  reformed ;  the  ancient 
privileged  cliuwes  had  been  scotched,  but  not 
killed.  .  .  .  The  new  Ix'gislative  Assembly 
[which  metOctolHT  1,  its  memlHTs  having  been 
elected  iH^fiiii-  the  ilissolution  of  the  Constituent 
Assembly)  wiw  composed  of  "W deputies,  mostly 
chosen  from  the  midille  classes  and  devoted  to 
the  l{evolution;  those  of  the  Kight  and  Extreme 
lUght  going  b^  the  name  of  FeiiillanU,  those  of 
the  Left  and  K.\trenie  I..eff  by  the  name  of  Jaco- 
bins. The  Uiglit  was  composed  of  Constitution- 
alists, who  counted  on  the  support  of  the 
National  Ouard  and  departmental  authorities. 
Their  ideas  of  the  Kevolution  were  emlMxlied  in 
the  Constitution.  .  .  .  They  kept  up  some  rela- 
ti(ms  with  the  Court  by  means  of  Bamave  and 
the  I^meths,  but  their'pillar  outside  the  Assem- 
bly, their  trusty  counsellor,  seems  to  have  been 
Lafayette.  .  .  .  The  U'fl  was  composed  of  men 
resolved  at  all  risks  to  further  the  lievolution, 
even  at  the  ex|)ea.sc  uf  the  Constitution.  They 
intended  to  go  as  far  ».s  a  Itepiiblic,  only  they 
lacked  common  unity  of  views,  and  did  not  form 
a  compact  Ixxly.  .  .  .  They  reckone<l  amoni; 
their  tiumlnrs  Vergniaud,  (Juadet,  and  Qensonne, 
deputies  of  the  Oironde  [the  lionieaux  region,  on 
the  OaronneJ,  powerful  and  vehement  orators, 
and  from  whom  their  party  afterwards  Uwk  the 
name  of  •  (iinindins ' ;  also  Brissot  Idc  Warville] 
(born  17.54),  a  talent<'<|  ioumalisf .  who  had  drawn 
up  thepetiti(m  forthe  King'sdeposition;  and  Con- 
dorcet  (Imrn  174;i),  an  ultra  lilH'ral,  bat  a  brilliant 
philosopher.  Their  leader  oubdde  the  Assembly 
was  I'etion  (iK)rn  17.T3),  a  cold,  calculating,  and 
dissembling  Kcpublican,  enjoying  great  popu- 
larity with  the  nm.s.ses.  The  Extreme  U-ft,  wcu- 
pying  in  small  nunilierE.  the  raised  a<'ats  in  the 
AiBsembly.  from  which  circumstance  they  after- 
wanls  took  the  name  of  'the  Mountain,' were 
auxiliaries  of  the  ■  Oirondins '  in  their  attempta 
to  further  a  lievolution  which  should  be  entirely 
In  the  interest  of  the  people.  Their  inspin'rs 
out«ide  the  Assembly  were  Robespicrri!  (bom 
1759),  who  colli n>lled'tlie  cluli  of  the  Jacobins  by 


his  dogmatic  rigorism  and  fame  for  inicjriiv 
and  Danton  (Ixim  1759),  suraamed  tin-  .Minibeiu 
of  the  'Breechless'  (Sansculottesi.  ,1  ),.>l.|  |,„,( 
daring  spirit,  who  swayed  the  new  1  lull  ,if  n, 
Cordeliers.     The  Centre  was  coiiipiiM  ,1 1,1  ,„,„,,„ 
titles,  their  moderation  wasinspiriil  In  f,  .,r  luii,  ,■ 
they  nearly  always  voted  with  the'  |,(ft    _[[ 
Van  Ijiuii,  The  trench  Uepoliition,in/  f-.'i-^h  N 
I,  eh.  i,  urt.  H  (r,  I).— "The  departinciit  .,f'i|„. 
(linmile  iiad  given  birth  to  a  new  poliij,  il  partv 
in  the  twelve  citizens  who   formed   i(,  dip'. 
ties.       .   .  The  names  (obscure  and  unkriiiwri  IIP 
to  this  period),  of  nucos,  Giimiit,  LafiimMj,,!,!. 
bat,  Urangeneiive,   Geiisonne,    Vergniuml,  wire 
alH>ut  to  risi-  into  notice  and  rtiiown  with  iin. 
storms  and  disasters  of  their  couiitrv:  ihi  v  wcp. 
the  men  who  were  destined  to  give  ■timt  irii|iul«. 
to  the  l{evoluti(m  that  bad  hitherto  nnmiiinl  in 
<loubt  and  iiidecisiim,  liefore  whicli  it  si  ill  trvm 
bled  with  uppri'liension,  and  which  was  tn  iirccihi 
tate  it  Into  a  republic.     Why  was  this  iinpiiK.. 
fated  to  have   birth  in  the  dep.irtniint  of  tl„. 
Uinmde  and  not  in  Paris?     Nmiglit  but  cunjn 
tures  can  lie  offered  on  this  subject.  .        |)„r 
deaux  was  a  commercial  city,    and  cuiiiiium 
which  reipiires  lilxTty  through  interest,  iii  \^- 
desires  it  through  a  love  of  freedom.     Unnliam 
was  the  great  commercial  link  between  .Vniirici 
and  Krance,  and  their  constant  iutcrdmrse  with 
America  had  communicated  to  the  (Jirnnilc  thtir 
love  for  free  institutions.      Moreover  Itiirilraus 
.   .   .  was  the  birthplace  of  Montaigne  mid  .Mon 
te»<iuieii,  those   two   great    rcpubjicans  of  tin 
French  school."- A.  de  Lamartine.  Ilitl  „f  iht 
GiniiuliHt*,   hk.    i,  uet.    1    (r  1).  — "In  tln'  uiv» 
National  As.sembly  there  was  only  one  puwi  rfti; 
and    active  party  — that  of  the'  Ciinnnk 
When  we  use  the  term  'parties'  in  nfiniire  ii 
this  Assembly,  nothing  mon-  is  nieiint  hv  it  tltn 
small  gnnips  of  from  Vi  to  20  iH-rsoim,  wlin  Ixin- 
the  sway  in  the  rostra  and  in  the  Corniiiittns. 
and  who  alternately  carried  with  tliiiii  the  aim 
less  crowd  of  Di'ptities.     It  is  true,  indiid,  timt 
at  the  commencement  of  their  session.  i;t(i  I)(|iu. 
ties  entered  their  names  among  the.Iacohins,  urn! 
about  200  among  the  FeuillanU.  but  this  had  in 
lasting  influence  on  the  divisions,  and  the  inajm 
ity  wavered  under  the  Influence  of  limpi.r.in 
motives.     The  party  which  was  regardiil  astk 
'  Kight '  had  no  opportunity  for  a<  linn.  Imt  siw 
themselves,  from  the  very  first,  oliligiil  In  assuiiir 
an  attitude  of  defence.  .  .  .  Outsiih-  ilif  (  li.im 
lier  the  beau  ideal  of  this  party. —tinnral  U 
fayette, — declared  himself  in  faVoiiruf  an  .Vmcr: 
nin  Senate,   but  without  any  of  tin    1  m  rirv  uf 
real  conviction.     As  he  had  defended  ilu'  .\liii 
archy  solely  from  a  sense  of  duty,  wliil,-  all  tli.' 
feelings  of  his  heart  were  inclined  imvanls  i 
Kepublic,  so  now,  though  he  acknii\vl(i|i;iil  tin 
necessity  of  an    upper  Chamber,    tlii'    1  xisiiiii; 
Constitution  appcareil  to  him  to  p"s.si<H  a  iiinr' 
Idral  beauty.     He  never  attaineil,  on  ihis  pniiii 
either  to  clear  ideas  or  deciiled   acliiiis;  .mA  i: 
was  at  this  period  that  he  resigned  liis  niiiiiimiiil 
of  the  National  guanlin  Paris,  and  niinl  fir  t 
while  to  his  estate  in  Auvergne.   .  .  .  ThtiJinin 
(list  Deputies  .  .  .  weredistinguishniaiiKD^'thi' 
new  members  of  the  Assembly  by  personal  ilii; 
nity,  regular  education,  and  natural  aliility .  ami 
were,  moreover,  as  ardent  in  their  nuliialisiii  m 
any  Parisian  ilemagoguc.     Thev  cuiucijui  iitly 
sism  lieeame   the  darilnga  of  nil  llmsi'  /laloui 
patriots  for  whom  the  Cordeliers  were  tiw  dmr 


1306 


FRANCK.  1791. 


iSmigr^i  and 
rjrcted  Prifttt. 


FRANCK,   1T91-1792 


ukI  tbi'  FeuillanU  too  lukc  warm.     ExtornBl  ml- 
TsntHifi'S  are  not  witlioiit  their  weiKlit,  even  in 
Ihf  nioiit  U-rriMe  political  eriws,  iind  tlic  Oimii- 
i|i»t8  I'wt'  to  ""'  niuBic  of  tlifir  elixiucnoi',  and 
eineciallv  to  that  of  Vergniimd,  iin  cuiluring 
J«me    wkch  neither  their  principles  nor  their 
dceils  would  liave  earned   for  them.  .  .  .  The 
irnrescntativea  of  Bordeaux  had  never  o<'Cupied 
.lending  position   in  the   Oirondlst   party    to 
which  tliey  luid  given  its  name.     The  real  leader- 
riiin  of  the  Oinmde  fell  singularly  enough  into 
Uielmmlsof  an  obscure  writer,  n  political  laily, 
snd  a  priest  who  earrie<l  on  his  operatKms  iH'himI 
tlit  wencs.     It  was  their  hands  that  overthrew 
ihc  llimne  of  the  Canets,  and  spread  revolution 
over  Europe.  .  .  .  The  writer  in  this  trio  was 
Brissot  who  on  the  16th  of  July  liad  wished  to 
nroolaim  tlie  Republic,  and  who  now  represented 
Uie  capital  in  the  National  Assiemblv,  as  a  con- 
.titutional  member.  .  .  .  While  Bns.sot  shape<l 
the  foreign  policy  of  the  Girondist   party,  its 
home  affairs  were  directed  by  Marie  Jeanne  Ko- 
Ijnd  wife  of  the  quondam  Inspector  of  Factories 
tt  Lyons,  with  whom  she  had  come  the  year  l)c- 
fore  U)  Paris,  and  immediately  thrown  herself  into 
the  whirlpo(d  of  politicjil  life.     As  eariy  as  the 
yearlTBl),  she  had  written  to  a  frien<l,  tliat  the 
Nstional  A8scml)ly  must  demand  two  illustnous 
heads  or  all  would  be  lost.  .  .  .  She  was  .  .  .  3« 
years  old.  not  lieautiful,  but  interesting,  enthusi- 
istic  and  indefatigable;  with   noble  aims,  but 
incapable  of  discerning  the  narrow  line  which 
separates  right  from  wrong.  .  .  .   When  warned 
by  a  friend  of  the  unruly  nature  of  the  Parisian 
mob,  she  repliitl,  that  bloodliounds  were  after  all 

indispensable  for  sUrting  the  game V  less 

consipiouous,  biit  not  less  important,  part  u\  this 
association,  ■  ilayeti  by  the  Abbe  SieySs.  lie 
did  what  nci'  Brissot  nor  Mad.  Roland  could 
have  done  by  laraishing  his  party  with  a  compre- 
hensive and  prospective  plan  of  operations.  .  .  . 
Their  only  cleariy  defined  obj<<  i  i  ere  to  possess 
themaelvcs  of  the  reins  of  government,  to  carry 
on  the  Revolution,  and  to  destroy  the  Monarchy 
by  everv  weapon  within  their  reach." — II.  von 
Sybel,  tlitt.  of  the  French  Rer.,  I>k.  3.  eh.  1  (p.  1). 
Also  is:  H.  A.  Taine,  The  Freneh  lier.,  bk.  4 
(t.  2).— See,  also,  below. 

A.D.  I79i-i79a.— Growth  and  >prewl  of 
tnarchj  and  civil  war.— ActiTity  of  the  Emi- 
pto  and  the  ejected  prieati.— Decreet  ajiainst 
Uem  vetoed  br  the  KtnK.— The  Gironditts  m 
control  of  the  eoremment.— War  with  the 
German  powers  forced  on  by  them.—"  It  was 
tn  ominous  proof  of  the  little  confidence  felt  by 
serious  men  in  the  pennanenco  of  the  new 
Constitution,  that  the  funds  fell  when  the  King 
signed  it.  All  the  chief  municipal  posU  in  Paris 
were  passing  into  the  hands  of  republicans,  and 
when  Bailly,  in  November,  ceased  to  be  Mayor 
of  Paris,  he  was  suceeedeti  In  that  great  offlcc 
by  Pclion,  a  vehement  and  intolerant  Jacobin. 
Lafayclte  had  resigned  the  command  of  the 
National  Guard,  which  was  then  divided  under 
lii  commanders,  and  it  could  no  longer  be  countetl 
on  to  8upi»rt  the  cause  of  order.  Over  a  great 
part  ut  FraocB  there  was  a  total  insecurity  of  life 
and  property,  such  as  had  perhaps  never  before 
existeii  in  a  civilised  country,  except  in  times 
of  (oreiitn  invasion  or  successful  rebellion.  Al- 
most all  the  towns  in  the  south  —  Marseilles, 
Toulon.  Ntmes.  Aries,  Avignon.  Montpellicr, 
L'arpenttHs,  Aix,  Montauban^^  were  centres  of 


Republicanism,  brigandiige.oranarchy    Tliemus- 
saiTcs  of  .lourdain  at  Avignon,  in  OiiolHT.  are 
conspicuous  even  among  the  hom)rsof  llie  Revii- 
lutiim.     Caen  in  tlie  following  month  was  con- 
vulsed bv  a  savage  and  blooily  civil  war.     The 
civil  coiis'titutlon  of  tlie  clergy  having  iK-en  inn 
di'nined  bv  the  Pope.  pnxluce<l  an  open  .icliisin. 
and  crow(U  of  ejected  priests  wen;  exciting  the 
religions  fanaticism  of  the  peasantry.     In  some 
districts  in  the  south,  tlie  war  between  C'athcdic 
and  Protestan ,  was  niging  as  fiercely  as  in  the 
ITtli  centurv.  while  in  Brittany,  and  especially 
in  La  Vendee,  there  were  all  the  signs  of  a  great 
popular  insurrection   against   the   new  (Jovem- 
inent.     Society  seemeil  almost  in  dissolution,  and 
then'  was  scarn-lv  a  department  in  wliicU  law 
was  observcil  ami  property  secure.     The  price 
of    corn,   ut    the    same    time,    was    rising  fast 
under  the  influence  of  a  bad  harvest  in  the  south, 
aggravaf<-d  by  the  want  of  specie,  the  di'precia- 
tion  of  paper  money,  and   the  enormously  in- 
creased ditliculties  of  transport.     The  pea.santry 
were  combining  to  refuse'  tlw;  paper  money.     It 
was  falling  rapidly  in  value.  ...  In  the  mean 
time  the  stream  of  einignints  continued  unnbateil. 
and  it  included  tlic  great  iHidy  of  the  officers  of 
the  anny  who  had  iK'en  driven  from  the  regt- 
ments  by  their  own  soMiers.  ...   At  Brussels, 
Worms,  and  ('obli'iit/.,  emigrants  were  forming 
armed  organi.sations."— W.  E.  II.  Lccky,  Ifitt.  of 
Km/,    ih   the    \%th  rfiiluri/,  eh.   21  (r.  .5).  —  "  The 
n'v'olulion    was  threatened    by   two  dangerous 
enemies,  the  emigrants,  who  were  urging  on  a 
foreign  invasion,  and  the  non-juring  bisliops  and 
priests  who  were  doing  all  in  their  power  to  ex- 
cite domestic  rebellion.     The  latter  were  really 
the  more  dangerous.  .  .  .  The  Girondists  clam- 
oured for  repressive  measures.     On  the  ;tOth  of 
Octolwr  it  was  decreed  tliat  the  count  of  Provence, 
unless  he  returned  within  two  montlis.  sliould 
forfeit  all  right-s  to  the  regency.     On  the  9tli  of 
November  an  edict  threatened  the  emigrants  with 
confiscation  and  death  unless  they  returned  to 
their  allegiance  before  the  end  of  the  year.     On 
the  •29th  of  Novemlier  came  the  attack  upon  the 
non-Jurors.  They  werecalled  upon  to  take  the  oath 
within  eight  days,  when  lists  were  to  he  drawn 
up  of  those   w"ho  refused;   tlie.s<'   were  then  to 
forfeit  their    pensions,   and  if  any  disturbance 
took  place  In  tlieir  district  they  were  to  be  re- 
moved from  it.  or  if  tlieir lomplicity  were  proved 
they  were  to  lie  imprisoneil  for  two  years.     The 
king  accepted  the  dccni;  against  his  brother,  but 
he  opposed  his  veto  to  the  other  two.     The  Gi- 
rondists and  Jacobins  eagerly  seizetl  the  oppor- 
tunity for  a  new  attack  up<m  tlie  monarchv.  .   .   . 
Throughout  the  winter  attention  was  devoted 
almost  exclusively  to  foreign  affairs.    It  has  lieen 
seen  that  the  emperor  was  really  eager  for  peace, 
and  that  as  long  as  he  remained  in  that  moo<l 
there  was  little  risk  of  any  other  prince  taking 
the  initiative.     At  the  same  time  it  must  be  ac- 
knowledged  that   U'opold's    tone    towards  the 
French  government  was  often  too  haughty  and 
menacing  to  be  conciliatory,  and  also  that  the 
op«'n  preparations  of  the  emigrants  in  neighbour- 
ing states  constituted  an  insult  if  not  a  danger  to 
France.     Tlie  Girondists,  the  moft  susceptible  of 
men.  only  expressed  the  national  sentiment  in 
dwelling"up<m  this  with  bitterness,  and  in  call- 
ing for  vengeance.     At  the  same  time  tluy  had 
conceived  the  definite  Idea  that  their  own  suprcm- 
»<y  could  best  be  obtained  and  secured  by  fore- 


1307 


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1   1 1 


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ft: 


■''?• 


FRANCE,  1791-17W. 


FRANCE.  17«3. 


log  on  a  foreign  war.  This  was  expressly  avowetl 
by  Briasot,  who  took  tlie  lead  of  the  party  in  this 
mattir  Itobespii-rrc,  on  the  other  liand,  partly 
through  temperamrnt  and  partiv  through  Jeal- 
ousy of  his  brilliant  rivals,  was  inclincil  to  the  main- 
tenance of  peace.  But  on  this  point  the  Feull- 
lants  were  agrctnl  with  the  Gironde,  and  so  a  vast 
majority  wiis  formed  to  force  the  unwilling  king 
and  ministers  into  war.  Tlic  flrat  great  st<-p  was 
taken  »  hen  Du|>ortail,  who  hod  charge  of  mili- 
tary afTairs.  was  replaceil  l)y  N'arbonne,  a  Feuil- 
lant.  Lduis  XVI.  wiis  r(im|H>lled  to  issue  a  note 
(14  Deii'iiilMT.  IT'JDto  tlie  emperor  and  to  the 
archbishop  of  Trier  Id  the  elTect  that  if  tlie  mill 
tary  force  of  the  emigrants  were  not  (lisl)an(ied 
by  the  15tli  of  .luuuary  hostilities  would  lie  ci>m- 
menced  against  the  elector.  The  latter  at  once 
orderwl  the  cessation  of  the  military  prepanilions, 
but  the  emigrants  not  only  refuseil  U>  ols-y  but 
actually  iusulted  the  Frencli  envoy.  I^opold 
expressed  his  desire  for  peace,  but  at  the  same 
time  <lecliired  that  any  aluick  on  tlie  electorate 
of  Trier  would  lie  regarded  as  an  act  of  liostility 
to  the  empire.  Tliese  answers  were  unsjitis- 
fiKtory,  :ind  Narlioiiiie  colleeled  three  armies  on 
the  fnmliiTs,  winler  the  enmmand  of  KiK'tiam- 
iH'au,  Laf.'iyette,  and  l.uekner.  and  amounting 
loi;rlliir  111  alKiut  l."il).()<HI  men.  On  the  2.")th  of 
January  ,in  e.Mpliiit  ileclaralion  was  deniaiuU'd 
from  the  emperor,  with  a  threat  that  war  would 
lie  declared  unless  a  sjitisfaetory  answer  was  rt.-- 
cciviKl  by  the  4lh  iif  March.  I.<ii|Mild  II.  saw  all 
his  hopes  of  maintaining  peace  in  western  Europe 
gradually  disappearing,  and  was  compelled  to 
bestir  himself.  .  .  .  (jn  the  7th  of  February  he 
Anally  conclude<l  a  treaty  with  the  king  of 
Prussia.  ...  On  tlie  Ist'nf  March,  while  still 
hoping  to  aviiiil  a  quarrel.  Ix-opold  II.  died 
of  a  sudden  illness  and  with  him  perished  the 
last  pos.sibility  of  peace.  His  son  and  successor, 
Francis  II.,  who  was  now  24,  had  neitlier  his 
father's  ability  nor  his  experience,  and  he  was 
naturally  more  easily  swayed  by  the  ami  revo- 
lutionary spirit.  .  .  .  The  Girondists  Cdinbined 
all  their  efforts  for  an  attack  upon  the  minister  of 
foreign  affairs,  Delessart,  whom  they  accused  of 
truckling  to  the  enemies  of  the  nation.  Delessart 
was  committed  to  prison,  and  his  colleagues  at 
once  resigneil.  The  Gironde  now  came  into  of- 
fice. The  ministry  of  home  elfairs  was  given  to 
Roland;  of  war  to  Servan;  of  finance  to  I'la- 
vlfire.  Dumoiiriez  obtaineil  the  foreign  depart- 
ment, Duranlhon  that  of  justice,  and  Ijuosle  tlie 
marine.  Its  enemies  called  it '  the  ministry  of  the 
sansculottes.'  .  .  .  On  the  'JCIIh  iif  April  I17S»2J 
Louis  XVI.  apiK'sred  in  tli,:  assembly  anil  read 
witli  tn'mbling  voice  a  declaration  of  wiir  against 
the  king  of  Ilunirary  and  Bohemia."— It.  l.<«lge. 
Hint,  'if  \(,MUrn  K'inipf,  rh.  ii.  xrl.  2(»-ai.— The 
sincere  desire  of  the  Ein|M'ri)r  Leopold  II.  to  avoid 
WAT  with  France,  ami  the  restraining  infiuence 
ovc  r  llie  King  of  Prussia  which  lie  exercised  up 
til  llir  liiTir  when  t'alhcriiie  II.  of  Hus,sia  over- 
caiiir  il  liy  tlie  Polish  temptation,  are  set  forth 
liv  II.  Von  SvUl  in  pas.sages  quoted  elsewhere. 
See  (iKiiMA.NV;  A.  I).  ITUl-liU'i. 

Al.Mi  i.S:  A.  lie  I^inmrtinc,  Hint,  nflhi-  liimn- 
ditts,  M-  (i-14  (r  1).— A.  F.  Bertraiid  ile  Mole- 
ville.  Aiiifih  ./  t/it  Fniieh  lUt.,  pt.  2,  eh.  1-14 
(r.  ,5-«)._K  c.  Sehlosstr,  Hint.  «f  tl<f  EighUenth 
Cenlun/.  Tilh  iirriml.  'M  ilir.,  eh.  1  (r.  6) 

A.  D.  179a  (April).— Fete  to  the  Scldiers  of 
ChateauTieux.    ^'e  Lioehtv  t'.\p. 


>Illilir!i 

tr..|iv'. 
IV  h.iil 
iili.'ii. 

I    W, 


A.  D.  179a  (April— July).— Opening  of  the 
war  with  Aoatna  and  PniMia.— French  rt- 
venci. — "Hostilities  followed  clost^  ii|»,ii  x\v. 
declaration  of  war.  At  this  time  the  fnnrH  iIm 
tined  to  fxtme  into  collision  were  posiol  m  („|. 
lows:  Austria  had  40,000  men  in  Ileliriuiii  uml 
23,000  on  the  Kliine,  These  nuinbi  rs  niiubt 
easily  have  Ix-en  inerease<l  to  t)0,IKM»,  lim  ii,,.  |.;„. 
perorof  Austria  did  no  more  than  (..||,it  T.iicii) 
or  8,000  around  Brisgau,  and  some  ^'iiiuki  ninrp 
around  Iia.sta(it.  The  Prussians,  now  In.imkI  iniii 
a  elos»!  alliance  with  Austria,  hiul  silll  (-rmt 
distan™  to  traverse  from  their  bitse  to  ili,  iln  ^t^ 
of  war,  and  could  not  hope  to  uii(iiTt:ikr  aiiivv 
opiTations  for  a  long  time  to  come.  Kr mir.  (m 
the  oilier  band,  had  aln'ady  three  sir.. 11;  iniiiu 
in  the  field.  The  Army  of  the  Nortli.  uul,  r(i,ii 
end  UiKlianibcau.  nearly  .'VI.IKtO  slmiiL'.  lull  tin- 
frontier  from  Pliilippeville  to  Dunkirk.  Cmn,! 
Lafayctle  commanded  a  second  army  ul  ahmu 
the  sjuiie  strength  in  observation  froni  i'liili|i|ii. 
ville  to  the  Lauter;  and  a  third  ariuv  .  f  lu.ixi 
men,  under  Marshal  Luckner,  wali  lii/l  1 
of  the  Hliine  from  l^aulerUiuri;  lo  tli, 
of  Switzerland.  The  French  f.irc  1  s  »i  r 
however,  on  pajier  only.  Tin-  Fn  ik  li : 
been  mined,  as  it  seemed,  by  tlii>  K.  \  li 
and  had  fallen  almost  to  pieces.  Tlir  wUi 
emigration  of  the  aristocrals  had  rohln  ,\  w 
cimimissioned  o'tlcers.  tlieiildexpi  liinnl  |r;iiiirs 
whom  the  men  wen^  accustoimil  in  lii||..«  aii.l 
olK'y.  Again,  the  passion  for  poliii.il  fliMii, 
sion,  and  the  new  notions  of  uiiin  r-il  1  |ii;iliiv 
liad  fostered  a  dangerous  spirit  of  lii  ■  iisi.  in  ilf,. 
nuiks.  .  .  .  While  the  regular  rei;iiniMis..f  iho 
old  establishment  were  thus  (liinoriiiMil  liic 
new  levies  were  still  but  imiwrfeclly  oii.Miiisiil. 
and  the  whole  army  was  unfit  to  taki-  ih.  tii  ii 
It  was  badly  equip|>ed,  without  tr.iii^iiMii,  ;iui| 
without  those  useful  adniinistralivt  Mrvii« 
which  are  indispensable  for  mobilitv  an  1  iltici 
ency.  Moreover,  the  prestige  of  the  Fr'  11.  Ii  iiriiis 
was  at  its  lowest  ebb,  A  hmg  and  1  m Tvaun^' 
peace  had  foUowed  since  the  last  grmt  wiir,  in 
whicli  the  French  armies  had  endunil  c  .11  ly  failiin 
and  ignominious  defeat.  It  is  not  sinui!}< .  ihni. 
that  the  foes  whom  France  had  so  luMMilrMily 
challenged.  countiMi  upon  an  ea.sy  trininpli  nvir 
the  revolutionary  troops.  The  earliisi  ..pi  niiinu 
fully  confirmed  these  anticipations.  .        FrunT 

after  tlie  declaration  of  war  liad  at :.>>miu.l 

the  initiative,  and  priK-eeded  to  iiiva.l.  Ii.  isriimi 
Here  tlie  Duke  Albert  of  Suxc  To.  Ih  n  wli.i 
commanded  the  Imperialist  forces.  IhI.I  hi-  i'.in  >  > 
concentnited  intlm-e  principal cor|i^  1.1,1  ii.n.i 
the  line  from  the  sea  to  Tournay :  llion  ii.|  iix< 
at  I..i'U/.e:  the  thini  and  weakest  al  Mi-  Tii. 
total  of  these  troops  rose  to  barely  10  oitii  :i;nl 
Mons.  the  most  important  point  in  th. 
line  of  defena-,  was  the  least  strongly  In 
able  slmtegLst  gathering  togillier  ■'•".' 
fnim  each  of  the  French  annits  of  ili 
and  North,  would  have  struck  at  .Mm- 
his  stp'ngth,  cut  Duke  Alberts  ■■oium  1 
with  the  Ubine,  turned  bis  innirtl ink  1 
him  up  into  the  sea.  But  no  gnat  l"  i.i 
diriMte.l  the  militJiry  energies  of  Kri.  . 
By  Duniouriez's advice,  the  Fntiiii  au;  1-  «in 
ordeo'd  to  advance  against  l!ie  .V"-!iicn<  l>y 
several  lines.  Four  columns  of  iii\  c  .  n  a'  n- 1.1 
enter  B<'lgium:  one  was  to  follow  ili.  ■.  i  l  t-i 
the  swonil  111  march  on  Tournay.  ti;.'  Miir.l  t" 
move  from  Valenciennes  on  Moiis.  .imi  u:   i  nirta. 


■  ::,lnT.!l 

'I Ml  linn 
f  iinir. 
ui;li:ill 

ril.  all.  11- 
i..ll'.||..| 
.  -  a-  V 11 


13U8 


a.i>. 


FRANCE,  1792 


TV  Mnb  in  thr 
TuiUriu. 


FRANCE,  179? 


~i»  Ijifavette  on  Glvet  or  Namur.     Each,  ac- 
S,rftaKt«lhe  .ucc««  It  might  achiev,  was  U. 
Sorcc  the  next  nearest  to  it,  an.l  all,  finally, 
rreTc<'n»erKe  on  Bru«M.-ls.     At  the  very  out- 
"    however,  t1.e  French  cnmunfre.1  the  most 
Microns  reverses.     Their  columns  «f  In  .  is- 
"l«  diwH^tly  they  came   within   sight  of  the 
llmT     Ufayette  alone  conlin.ie.l   his  march 
tolJIy  towards  Namur;   but  he  was  soon  com^ 
3  li>  retire  by  the  news  of  the  hasty  ttight  of 
£a,lun,ns  north  of  lilm.      The  Fn'och  troops 
Zl  pmvi.l  as  worthless  as  their  leaders  were  in- 
™n«ble-  whole  brigades  turned  tail,  crying  that 
her  we're  Intrayed,  casting  away  their  w.uimi.s 
a  thev  rsn,   and  displaying  tin;   most  abject 
;,.wanlire  and  terror.     Not  strange  v.  aft.r  this 
i.itiful exhibition,  the  Auslnans  — all  hurope,  in- 
li^i-hcl.i  the  military  power  of  tniiiee  in  the 
utmost ..mtenipt.  .  .  .  Butnow  the  natio.mhlan- 
i.,.r stirriil  France  to  its  inmost  depths,     t  rencli 
pint  wi.^  th"P>»ghly  ro.ise.1     The  cmntry  rose 
Mone  man,  determine.,  lo  offer  a  steadfast,  stub- 
h„ni  front  lo  its  f'H's.    St.mthearteil  leaders,  ful 
,  t  Ixnimlless  energy  and  enthusiasm,  summoned 
ill  the  nsoiirces  of  the  nation  to  stem  and  roll 
back  the  tide  of  invasion.     Imn-ediale  steps  were 
taken  Ui  |iul  the  .lefeateil  and  dis-mced  armies 
of  the  fr.mti<T  ni>on  a  new  footing       Ijifayette 
replaml  K(«'liainlieau,with  charge  from  Loiigwy 
to  the  sea  his  iiitiin  iKHly  iilMHit  S-.laii ;  l.uckner 
U»4thc  line  fmin  the  Moselle  to  I'.ie  Swiss  moun- 
tains, with  luad  quarters  at  Melz.     A  third  gen- 
ml  destined  to  come  speedily  to  the  front,  also 
joined  the  army  as  Lafayette's  lieutenant.     This 
was  Dmuoiiriez,   who,   wearied  and  battled   by 
Parisian  politics,  sought  the  freedom  of  the  held. " 
_.\.  Gritliths,    Freiick   lienilutionary    (teneraU. 

K.  D.  1792  (June  —  August).— The  King  s 
diuiissal  of  Girondiit  ministers.— Mob  demon- 
ttr«tion  of  June  20.— Lafayette  in  Paris.— His 
fiiliire.— The  Country  declared  to  be  in  pan- 
mr,— Gathering   of   volunteers    in   Paris. — 
Bnin$wick's  manifesto.— Mob  attack  on  the 
Tttileritj,  August  ic— Massacre  of  the  Swiss. 
-•Serviin.  the   minisU'r  of  war,    proposed  the 
fonnation  of  an  armeil  camp  for  the  protection 
«( Paris.     Much  opiM>8ition  was,  however,  raisid 
In  the  pniject.  and  the  Assembly  decreed  (June 
ei  that  SO.OtX)  volunteers,  recruited  in  the  de- 
(laninonts,  should  meet  at  Paris  to  take  part  in 
i!if  celel)r.itii)n  of  a  federal  festival  on  July  14, 
the  third  anijiversarv  of  the  fall  of  the  Hastille. 
The  real  ubjeet  of  tliose  w  ho  supported  the  (Ireree 
waste  have  a  force  at  Paris  with  which  to  main- 
tain mastcrv  over  the  city  should  the  Allies  pene- 
trate iiitii  the  interior,     f-ouis  left  the  decree  un- 
sanotiouid.  :i«  he  had  the  one  directed  against 
nnnjiiror-^      The  agitators  of  the  sections  sought 
10  jtet  lip  ;in  armed  denionslniti.m  against  this 
•  senisi'  (if  tin'  King's  coiistituticmal  prerogative. 
Thouiili  iinnid  ilinninstrations  were  illegal,  the 
rauniiiimlit  t  offered  but  a  perfuni  tiiry  and  half- 
hearttnl  n  ■.istaiue.   .  .  .   Louis,   irritated  at  the 
pnssurc  [lilt  (111  him  by  lioland,  tiaviere,  and 
Servan  \n  siimtion  the  two  decrees,  dismissed  the 
Uine  niiniM(  rv  from  ottioc  (June  i:ti     Dumouriez. 
wliuhiui  >iu:irreled  with  his  colleagues,  supported 
the  Kill);  in  taking  this  step,  but  in  fai  e  of  the 
hnslilitv  (if  the  Assembly  himself  resigned  oftlce 
(June  l.'i)     Than,  days  fater  a  letter  from  Lafay- 
•tte  wiH  r(  ;i:!  !:i  the  .\.H..u'n'.!i!v      The  iienera!  de- 
nouncwl  tli(  Jacobins  as  Ihe'aiilhors  of  all  dis- 


onlcrs,  called  on  the  Assembly  to  mainUln  the 
prerogatives  of  the  crown,  and  Intimated  that  his 
army  would  not  submit  to  sec  the  constitution 
vioh'iU'd  (June  18).     Possibly  the  dismissal  of  the 
ministers  and  the  writing  of  this  letter  were  meas- 
ures coiicerUKl  between  the  King  and  Lafayette, 
In  any  case  the   King's  motive  was  to  excite 
divLsiou  between  the  constitutionnlisU  anil  the 
Oirnndista,  so  as  to  weaken  the  national  defence. 
The  dismissal  of  the  ministers  was,  however,  re- 
ganied  by  the  Girondists  as  a  proof  of  the  truth 
of  their  worst  suspicions,  and  no  measures  were 
taken  to  prevent  an  executicm  of  the  project  of 
making  an  armed,  and  therefore  illegal,  demon- 
stration against  thi^  royal  policy.     On  June  20, 
thousands  of  persons,  carrying  pikes  or  whatever 
weiipou  came  to  hand,  unil  accompanied  by  sev- 
eral battalions  of  tlii^  national   guard,  marched 
from  St  Antoine  to  the  hall  of  the  Assembly.    A 
depuution  read  an  address  demanding  the  recall 
of  the  ministers.     Afterwanls  the  whole  of  the 
pnxession,  men,  women  and  children,  dancing, 
singing,  and  carrying  emblems,  defiled  through 
the  chandler.     Instigated  by  tlieir  leaders  thev 
broke  into  the  Tuileries.     The  King,  who  took 
his  stand  on  a  window  seat,  was  moblicd  for  four 
hours      To  please  his  unwelcome  visitors,  he  put 
on  his  head  a  red  cap,  such  as  was  now  commonly 
worn  at  the  Jacobins  as  an  emblem  of  lilicrty,  in 
imitation  of  that  which  was  once  worn  by  the 
eniaiicipaled  Roman  slave.     He  declared  ins  in- 
tention to  observe  the  C(instif.:tion,  but  neither  in- 
sult nor  menace  could  prevail  on  him  to  promls<! 
his  sanction  to  thetwo<h'crees.     The  Queen,  sep- 
arated from  the  King,  sat  behind  a  table  on  which 
she  plaicd  the  Dauphin,  exposid  to  the  gaze  and 
tJiunla  of  the  crowds  which  slowly  traversi'il  the 
palai'c  apartments.     .\t  hist,  but  not  before  night, 
the  mob  left  the  Tuileries  without  doing  further 
harm,  and  order  was  again  restored.     This  insur- 
re<tion  and  the  slackness,  if  not  connivance,  of 
the  municipal  authorities,  excited  a  widespread 
feeling  of  indignation  amongst  constitutionalists. 
Ijifuyette  came  to  Paris,  and  at  the  bar  of  the 
Assembly  demanded  in  person  what  he  had  be- 
fore demanded  by  letter(Ju:ie  28).     With  him,  as 
with  other  former  members  of   the  constituent 
i   A.s.semlily,  it  was  a  point  of  honour  to  shield  the 
'   persons  of  the  King  and  Queen  from  harm.    Vari- 
ous projects  for  their  removal  fnim  Paris  were 
formed,  but  policy  and  sentiment  alike  forbade 
.Marie  .Vntoinette  to  take  lulvantage  (if  them    .  .  . 
The  one  gleam  of  light  on  the  horizon  of  this 
iinha|ipy  Queen  w.is  the  advance  of  the  Allies. 
'  Iktter  dii', '  she  one  day  bilteriy  exclaimed,  '  than 
In-  saviil  by  Ijifayette  "and  the  constitutionalists.' 
There  was,  no  doubt,  a  possibility  of  the  .\llies 
naching  Paris  that  suiiiuier,  but  this  enormously 
iucrea-sed  the  danger  of   the   internal   situation. 
To  rouse  the  nation  to  a  sense  of  peril  the 
As.senilily  [July  1 1]  caused  public  proclamation  to 
lie  made  in  everv  municipality  that  the  country 
;   was  in  danger."    The  apiwal  was  nsponded  to 
1   with  enthus.iasin,  and  within  six  weeks  morethau 
!   (10  000  Vdlmiteers  enlisted.     The  Duke  of  Bruns- 
!   wick,  the  commander  in-chief  of  the  allied  forces, 
I   published  a  manifesto,  drawn  up  by   tln^   eini 
i   grants.     If  the  authors  of  this a.stounding  prinla- 
!   niation  had  delilHTately  intended    to  serve   the 
!   purpoM  of  those  Frenchmen  who  were  lient  on 
I   kindlinir  zeal  for  the  war,  they  could  not  have 
i  (lone  iiiivthine  more  likely  to  serve  their  purpose. 
j  The   powers  ""required  the   country    to    subiuil, 


1300 


FRANCE.  1792. 


liamacre  of  I 


FRANCE,  1793. 


,     1H 


^'t      . 


unconillllnnally  to  Ix>uls's  mercy.  All  who  offered 
rrnUtaiu'i'  were  to  be  treated  a«  rel)els  to  their 
King,  and  Pari*  was  to  aiiffer  militjtry  excriitiim 
if  any  harm  befell  the  royal  family.  '  .  .  Mean- 
while, a  second  insurrection,  wliirli  lixxl  for  its 
object  the  King's  deponition,  was  in  preparation. 
The  Assembly,  after  declaring  the  country  In 
danger,  had  authorise.l  the  sectioiia  of  Paris,  as 
well  as  the  adminislrutivc  authorities  thMiiKhoiit 
Fniiire,  to  nicrl  at  any  moment.  The  s.'etions 
had,  in  conseiiin'iue,  Ik'CU  abk  to  render  them- 
sclv<s  entirely  imlepi'nilent  of  the  municipality. 
In  vw\t  of  the  sectional  or  primary  assenililies 
from  7()0  to  3,00(1  active  citizens  ha<f  the  right  to 
vote,  'mt  few  cared  to  attend,  and  thus  it  con- 
stantly happened  that  a  small  active  minority 
spoke  and  acted  in  the  uame  of  an  apathetic  con- 
stitutional majority.  Tbi<usands  of  volunteers 
passed  throtiiib  Par'  m  iheir  way  to  *he  fron- 
tier, some  of  whom  were  purposely  retained  to 
take  part  in  the  insurrection.  The  municipality 
of  Marseille's,  at  the  reipiest  of  Harbaroux,  a 
young  'rienil  of  the  K>ilands,  sent  up  a  band  of 
500  men.  who  f.rst  sung  in  Paris  the  verses  cele- 
brated an  the  '  Marseillaise'  [see  M.\r»kili.aisk]. 
The  lianger  was  the  greater  since  every  si'ction 
bad  its  own  caimon  and  a  special  bo<ly  of  ran- 
noneers,  wh(t  nearly  to  a  man  were  on  tb"  side  of 
the  revolutionists.  The  terrified  and  oscillating 
Assembly  made  iioattempt  to  suppres.^  agitation, 
but  acquitted  (.Vugust  8)  IjifavelU',  by  40« 
against  2>*<)  voii's,  of  a  charge  of  .reason  made 
against  him  by  :!.'•  Ii-ft,  on  the  ground  that  he 
had  sought  to  niH  idat*"  the  I/igislature.  This 
vote  was  regardt  .i  as  tantamount  to  a  refusal  to 
pass  sentence  of  depitsition  on  Ix)uis.  On  the 
following  niglit  the  insurri'tion  l>egan.  Its  centre 
was  in  the  KaulK>urg  of  St.  Anioine,  and  it  was 
organised  by  but  a  small  numlHT  of  men.  Man- 
dat.  tbecoininander  in  cliii  f  of  thenuiionalguanl, 
was  v'X  energetic  constituitonalist,  who  ba<l  taken 
well  concerted  measures  for  the  defencv  of  the 
Tuileri's.  Hut  the  unscriipuiousne.ss  of  tin'  con- 
spirat'irs  was  ninre  than  a  match  for  his  zeal. 
SiKin  after  midnight  c.immis.siiiniTs  from  28  wc- 
ticms  mil  t.ii:itlier  at  the  llnlil  de  Ville.  and 
forced  thi'('ounrir<;encral  of  the  .Municipality  to 
suiionon  Matidiit  iK'fori-  it.  and  tosend  out  o.ders 
to  the  (illicirs  of  the  jruard  in  cimtradiction  to 
those  pnvio:i>^ly  given.  Mandal.  iniaware  of 
what  was  passing,  obe^  ed  the  summons,  and  on 
his  arrival  was  arrested  and  munlired.  Aft(  rtliis 
tlie  eoniiiiissiotxTS  disper.-^ed  the  lawful  council 
and  u^ur|M'li  its  place.  .Vt  tlic  Tuileries  wi-n* 
about  U.'iO  Swiss  and  mure  than  4.0IHI  national 
guards  Karly  in  th<'  morning  tin'  lirst  bandNof 
in.Numi-nts  appeiiri'd.  <bi  the  tiiirlily  «>f  the  tia- 
tional  guarils  it  Wiis  impossibhi  to  nly;  and  the 
royal  family,  alleiided  by  a  small  escort,  left  the 
palaci'.  ancf  sought  refuge  with  tlie  .\ssi'nibly 
[wiiii  h  held  its  sessions  in  the  old  Ui(ling-S<-h(S)l 
of  the  Tuileries,  .ot  far  from  the  jialaci',  at  one 
side  of  the  ganlens].  liefore  their  departure 
orders  had  Imtu  giv.'ii  to  tin*  Swiss  to  reiM-I  force 
bv  force,  and  s<Hin  the  s<jund  of  tiring  spread 
alarm  tlirouL'h  I'.iris.  The  King  sent  tlie  Sv.-iss 
instriK  lions  to  retin'.  which  they  punctually 
olxjed.  One  (olumn.  passing  through  tlicTuii 
erics  ganlens,  was  shot  down  almost  to  a  man. 
The  rest  reai'hed  the  As.sembly  in  safety,  but  s<'v- 
oral  were  afterwards  lUiis-sacnil  on  their  way  to 
prison.  For  2i  iiours  the  most  frigiitfui  anan-hy 
prevaik-d.     Numi'ous  murders  were  committed 


in  the  streets.  The  assailants,  some  hunrtrwls.t 
whom  had  perished,  sacked  the  palace,  unil  lii||,,,| 
all  the  men  whom  they  found  there.  —l(  \] 
Qanliner,  Tlie  h>cneh  llewlulimi.  rl,  .■.  _■  1,.^ 
ror  and  fury  ruleil  the  hour.  The  S»  i»«.  pres.«.,| 
on  fnmi  without,  paralysed  from  wpiiiin  Imi,. 
ceased  to  shixH;  but  not  to  t)c  shot.  Wh.ii  >i,,|] 
theyilot  IKvperate  is  the  moment  Sluhtrnr 
i.istant  death:  yet  Mow,  Wiiere  '  i  im-  punv 
flies  out  by  the  Hue  de  1'  Eehelle;  i-.l^  .tr..i,,|i|f 

terly,  'enentier.'     A  si-cond,  by  il h.r  ,j,|,. 

throws  itself  into  the  Garden;  '  burn  ini;a.  r,i>,j 
keen  fusillade';  rushes  suppll.uil  intu  ||.|.  \;| 
ticnal  Assembly;  finds  pity  and  n  fiii;i' jn  n,,. 
Imck  lienches  there.  The  third,  aii'l  l,irci,i 
darts  out  in  iDlumn,  300  strong.  i..«:cnL«  ilu 
(,'hampsElysees:  'Ah,  could  we  liui  n  i.liCmr 
Iwvoye,  wliere>  other  Swiss  are  !'  W,,'  sw  jj 
sueli  fusilhulc  the  column  'socm  bnak^  it^lf  liv 
divrsity  of  opinion,'  into  distraiit.l  ~.^'imiii^ 
this  way  and  that; — to  ese.iiM-  in  li..li^  in  ,li,. 
fighting  from  street  to  stnet.  TIm  lirin;  ami 
murdering  will  not  cease;  not  yet  for|,.n!;  'Tlje 
red  Portersof  Hotels  are  shot  at,  b  •  ihi  v  ■  Siiis*' 
by  nature,  or  Suisse  only  in  n.iiin  Tlie  \m 
firemen,  who  pump  and  lal>our  on  Ihit  ^iiioklni; 
Carrousel  [which  the  mob  had  tired],  iin  >liut  at" 
why  slioiikl  the  Carrousel  not  burn  t  .Siriie  S«is,i 
take  refuge  in  private  houses;  lind  that  niinv 
t<K)  dix'S  still  dwell  in  the  heart  of  luaii  Thf 
brave  Marseillesc  are  merciful,  lalesowroili  ami 
labour  to  save.  .  .  .  But  the  most  ar'liuiilurni 
and  even  mangleil.  Fifty  (some  s.iy  K"ursr,irn 
were  niarehe<l  as  prisoners,  by  .Natimial  liuariis. 
to  the  H6t<d-de-Ville:  the  fen)cious  |iiii|i|r  liursis 
through  on  them,  in  the  Placi  ili  (in'vr;  nia- 
sacrcs  tliem  to  the  last  man.  '<)  I'l  iiplt-.  mvinf 
the  universe  !'  Peupic.  in  mad  (Julie  ilTcrv.< 
cencel  Sure'lv  few  things  in  tlie  hi-tnrynf  ,ar 
nage  are  pAinfuler.  What  inelfaeeaMe  n  1  >tri  ak. 
flickering  so  sad  in  the  ineniorv.  i«  that,  nf  ti,i4 
poor  column  of  retl  Swiss.  '  breal>iiiL'  il-ilf intlic 
confusion  of  opinions';  dispersin;;.  ininlilaikcir-i 
anil  death  !  Honour  to  you,  bniviiiini:  linnciiir- 
able  pity,  throitgh  hmg  times'  Not  iiiarivr«  «.rr 
ye;  jind  yet  almost  more,  lie  \v;is  ii  >  Ki!!i:  i.f 
yours,  this  [.irnis;  and  be  forsook  \<<n  WU-  a  Kim; 
of  shreds  and  patches;  ye  weri'  liut  r-nM  lu  liiiii 
fitrsome  po*>r  si.\peuce  a-day ;  vet  wouM  ye  w..rk 
for  your  wages,  keep  yimr  pIiL^liIe'l  woni.  The 
work  now  was  to  die;  and  ye  did  it.  lli'iiniir  t.i 
you.  ()  Kinsmen;  and  may  tlu' oil  Itnii^'ii  ■  Hit- 
derkeit '  and  '  Tapferkeil.'  and  Vai'ir  ahiihi; 
Worlii  and  Truth.  U'  tluv  Swis.,.  It,.  i;.(  v  S.ix.is. 
fail  in  no  age  !  "—T.  Caflvle.  T'l.  /■..'..'.'■ 
r.  -i.  H:  (!,  .•/(.  7. 

Also  in:  A,  Thiers.  //<«/.  ,.i!',.'  /■';,/,■'.  A'. 
(Am.  fl.).  r.  1.  ;./>.  '.JtHi-;!:)!!  — M.i.l mi'' (  aiirp.i! 
MimiUrf  ■'/'  M.irie  Aiih,ii',tlf,  r.  ■,'.  ,■',  :i-l'!-.l 
Chirelie,  Citmitlf  Ditunoiilihit  iiii'lf'i^  UVr;..'.  .: 
....■r  4-.").— A.  R  Ik'riran.Me  Mol.  ' .'I,  I'." 
..;'  the  hWnrh  li^r.,  j,t.  -J.  ,ii.  Is  ■,■'  n  :■  - 
Duchess  de  Tinirzel.  .(A  m.,/>.^.  .•  'J.  ■•'  ^  1" - 
Count  M.  Dumas,  Mrminrti,  .-A.  \  '>■    1 

A.  D.  1792  (Auguitl.— Power  seized  by  the 
iniu,  rectionary  Commune  of  Paris.  De- 
thr.-  .ement  and  imprisonment  of  the  King.- 
Conflict  between  the  GironiJins  of  the  Assem- 
bly and  the  Jacobins  of  the  Commune  —Alarm 
at  the  advance  of  the  Prussians.— The  sewch- 
injr  of  the  city  for  inspects.— Arrest  of  ifiou. 
—  ■■  Willie  lite  Swiss  were  Isiuii  ii...r.:.  riu.  ;."v 
Ijegislative  Assembly  were  infortnei!  ihataiiepu 


1310 


'A 


^)'i'' 

w 


•f-t 


FRANCE,  1788. 


TV  CVvmmuiw 
of  ParU. 


PRANCE,  nm. 


utloD  wlihed  to  enter.     At  the  head  of   this 
depuutlon  appeared  Hiiguenin,  who  announced 
Sit  »  new  municipality  for  Paris   had  been 
formed  and  that  the  oM  one  had  resigned.    This 
wai  Indeed,    the  fact.      On  the  departure  of 
M'terre  the  commissioners  of  the  sections  had 
liven  ordeis  to  the  Ipfritimiitc  council-Reneral  of 
Uw  municipality  to  resign,  and  the  council  gcn- 
ertl  iitartlwl  by  the  events  whldi  were  passing, 
omsenUHl.     The  commissioners  then  called  them- 
lelves  the  new  municipality,  and  proceeded,  as 
oumcipal  officers,  to  send  a  deputation  to  the  As- 
lembly     The  deputation  almost  ordered  that  the 
AKeml'ly  should  immndiately  declare  the  liing's 
deUironi'mect,  and,  in  the  presence  of  the  unfor- 
tanstc  monarch  himsi'lf,  Vergnlaud  mounted  the 
iribuno    and  proixw^l,  on  iK'lmlf  of  the  Com- 
mittee "f  Twenty-one,  that  the  French  people 
ihould  be  inv!tcd  to  elect  a  Xallimal  t'onventlon 
to  draw  up  a  new  Constitution,  and  that  the 
chief  of  tlie  executive  power,  as  he  calletl  the 
kioc  should  be  provisionally  suspended  from  his 
lamtions  until  the  nev     Oonvention  had  pro- 
DOunce<l  wnat  measures  should  Im;  adopted  to  es- 
ttbllaha  new  government  and  the  reign  of  lilierty 
•ml  equality.     The  motion  was  carried,  and  was 
fountersigms!  by  one  of  the  king's  ministers.  Ue 
JoIt;  and  thus  the  old  nionnrchy  of  the  IlourlMins 
in  Frcnce  came  to  an  end.     Ilut  the  Assembly 
htd  not  yet  complet«Hl  its  work.     The  ministry 
wu  dismisaeil,  as  not  having  the  conlidem*  of 
the  people,  and  the  MlnlsUT  of  War.  d'Aban- 
court.  was  onlered  to  Im-  tried  by  the  court  at 
Orleans  for  treason,  in  having  brought  the  Swiss 
Guanis  to  Paris.     The  Assembly  then  prepared 
to  elect  new  ministers,     l^>lan(!.   CMaviJre.  and 
6erv«n  were  recalled  by   acclamation  to    their 
foraier  posts.  .  .  .  Danlon  was  elected  .Minister 
of  Justice  by  22-)  votes  against  60;    Uaspanl 
Monge,   llie  great  mathematician,  was  elcct4-l 
Minister  of  Marine,  on  the  nomination  of  Con- 
dorcei;  and  Lebrun-Tondu.  a  friend  of  Brissot 
md  Duniiiuricz.  and  a  former  alilw.  to  the  <le- 
psrtment  of  Foreign  AlTain.     \t  the  bidiiiug  of 
tlie  self  elected  municipality  of  Paris  llie  king 
haii  been  susiM'nded.   and    a  new  ministry  iu- 
iu(!utated.  ami  this  lU'W  municipullty.  which,  it 
must  bi'  mnemlK'nil.  (mly  represeiitiil  2S  sec- 
tions of  Paris,  next  proceeded  to  s<iid  its  deerifs 
all  (iver  Fmnce.     It  was  joineil  on  tliis  very  ilay 
by  «irae  of  the  extreme!  men  who  hi>ped  through 
lis  means  to  force  a  n'public  i»i  Knince  —  notably 
bvCiimille  De.sniouliiis  :ind  Duliois  Dubais;  ami 
oil  iIk'  11th  it  was  still  further  reinforceii  by  the 
preseme  of  UolH'spierre,    Billaud-Vanniie.  and 
Mamt.    T  ;e  U'gi.slutive  As-seinbly  had  l«'couic 
a  mere  instrument  in  the  hands  of  tket'oniniittce 
(i(  Twintv  one  [a  cimimittee  specially  charircd 
»itli  watchfulness  over  the  safity  of  the  pulilii', 
ahclwliiih  fori'slmdowed  the  later  famous  C.iui- 
mitlee  »f  Public  Snfciv]      The  majority  of  the 
depatiis  cilht  r  left  Paris,  or,  if  they  Ixlongid  to 
theriubt.  hi'i  themselves,  while  those  of  the  left 
liad  Id  (liiey  I'Very  onler  of  their  leaders,  and  left 
llie  IrHnsacliiiu  of    teini>orarv    business    to  the 
I'i'ramitlee  of  Twenty -one.     This  committee  priic- 
licalh-  ruled  France  for  forty  days,  until   the 
nulling  of  the  Convention:  tlie  .Vssembly  always 
sntjitid  its  propositions  and  sent  the  deputies  it 
iiimiinat«l  on  important  missions ;  its  only  rival 
*a.<i  the  insurrectionary  commune,  and  the  Inter- 
Sfiiln   »,ii  1,11V  iH^lMi-eu  lilt  .Jacoliilis  and  lili-  (5i 
tondius  was  foreshadowed  in  the  struggle  Ijetween 


this  Commune  and  the  Committee  of  Twenty 
one.    For,  while  the  extreme  Jacobins  tilled  toe 
new    Commune    of    Paris,    the    Committee    of 
Twenty-one  consisted  of  Oirondlns  and  Feuil- 
lants,  BrUsot  was  Its  president,  Vergnlaud  its 
reporter,  and   Qcnsonne,  Condorcet,    l^asource, 
Quadet,   Lacepide,  Ijicuie,    Pastoret,    Muraire, 
Deimas,  and  Guyton-Morveau  were  amongst  it» 
members.     On  the  evening  of  August  10  the  As- 
sembly decreed  that  the  ditference  between  active 
and  p'assive  citizens  should   be  abolislied,  and 
that  every  Frenchman  of  the  age  of  S.)  should 
have  a  vote  for  the  Convention.  .  .  .  The  last 
sight  the  king  might  have  seen  on  the  night  of 
August   10  was  his  palace  of  the  Tulleries  in 
Hames.  wliere,   for  mischief,  fire  had   been  set 
to  the  stables.     It  spread  from  building  to  build- 
ing, and  the  Assembly  only  took  steps  to  check 
it  when  it  threatened"  to  spread  to  the  houses  of 
the  Hue  Saint   Honore.   ...  On  the  day  afU-r 
this  terrible  night  the  kiuj;  was  Informed  that 
rooms  had  Ix-en  found  for  him  in  the  Ccmvent  of 
the  Feulllants;  and  to  four  monastic  cells,  which 
had  not  l>een  InhabiU-d  since  the  dissolution  of 
the  monastery  two  vears  before,  the  royal  family 
was  lol,  and  round  them  was  placed  a  strong 
guaril.     Yet  thev  were  no  more  prisoners  in  the 
('onvent  of  the  ^eulllauts  than  they  had  been  in 
the  splendid  palace  of  tlie  Tulleries.  .  .  .  The 
king's  n(Uiiinal  authority  was  annihilated;  but 
though  tlir  course  of  events  left  liim  a  prisoner. 
It  cannot  l>c  said  that  his  intlueiice  was  <limin- 
Islied,  for  he  had  n<me  left  to  dii  inisli.     It  was 
to  the  Oirondlns,  rather  than  to  the  king,  that 
tlie  results  of  August  tO  brought  unpleasant  sur- 
prises. .  .  .  The  real   power   had   gone   to  the 
Commune  of   Paris,  and  this  was  very  dearly 
perceived   bv  ItolH'spierre  and   by  Marat 
Though   Marat  was  received  with  the   loudest 
■heers  by  thi'  insurrectioiiary  comniune.  Holies 
pierre  was  the  man  who  really  lieeame  Its  leader. 
lie  bad  long  expe(     il  the  shock  wliicli  had  just 
taken  place,  and  had  prepari'd  himself  for  the 
crisis.     The  first  reciuisition  was,  of  course,  for  a 
C<mventi(m.     This  had  been  grinled  on  the  very 
first  day.     The  second  demand  of  tiie  fouiniune 
was  the   safe  custody  of  the    kinir.  so  that   he 
should  not  be  aide  to" escape  to  the  armv      This 
was  conceded  bv  the  Assembly  on  .Vugust   12. 
when   Ihev   onlered    that    the    kiiiL'    and    royal 
faniilv  shiiuld  be  taken  to  tlie  old  tower  of  tile 
Temple,   and   there  strictly   miiirded  under  the 
siiperintenileiiic  of  tlie  iiisiirreelionary  commune, 
Ijifavette'ssuiidc  II  lli;;lit  irreatly  stnuglliened  the 
posit'ioucif  theConiiiiiiiieof  Paris  Relieved 

from  the  tear  of  Lafayeiles  turning  againsi 
them.  iHilh  tlie  (;irondiiis"  in  the  Legislative  As- 
seiiililv  and  ilii'  .Iae,,liiin  in  tli(  insurrectionary 
cimiimine  tnriied  !•■  llie  pursuit  of  their  own 
special  plans,  and  iialurally  siHin  came  Into  vio 
lint  collision.  The  (Sirondins  were,  above 

all  tliiiiL's.  nun  of  iih.is;  tlie  .lacobins.  above  all 
things,  practical  men  and  of  the  issue  of  a  siriig 
gle  Ixlween  them  there  could  be  little  doubt, 
though,  at  this  periml  the  Oirondlns  had  the  ad 
vantage  .if  the  I"  st  position.  On  .Vugust  !.'>  the 
final  blow  wiw  struck  at  the  unfortunate  Feuil 
laiils.  or  Constitutionalists.  The  last  ministers  of 
tlie  kiiiL'.  as  well  Duporl  du  Tertn".  Bertraiid  de 
Moleville.  and  Duportail.  were  all  ordcriHl  to  lie 
arrested,  with  Barnave  and  Charles  de  Ijimeth. 
The  As.scn;biv  fniluwt-i!  up  this  aOti-'-n  (.y  est-^b 
lishing  the  siMcial  tribunal  of  .Vugust   17.  which 


1311 


I 


i 


m 


[H 


.-J,. 


FHANCE,   I7»8. 


Arrttt  of  tkt 
Sutptctt. 


FRANCE.  17»8. 


held  it!  firxt  nittinK  im  the  aamv  eTening  at  the 
Hotel  lie  Villi',  liobrsplerrc  W8»  elccttd  preiii- 
dent,  and  n-(iiiie<l  the  olflrr.  .  .  .  The  new  tri- 
bunal was  Um  hIow  to  salisfy  the  leaden  of  tliv 
Commune  o(  Paria.  for  it«  Unit  priaoner,  Ijiporte. 
the  olil  intendunt  of  the  rivil  list,  was  not  JuiIk"! 
until  August  21.  iind  llicn  nciiuilted.  This  news 
made  the  C'onuiiune  low  all  patienee,  and  they 
determined  to  urpe  the  Asseinlily  to  more  ener- 
getic meiuurt'S.  I'nder  the  prcsnun-  of  the  Com- 
mune tile  Aiwembly  look  viu'on>u«  measures  in 
deed.  All  the  leaJien  of  the  emigres  were  w- 
tiuestruted;  all  ecelesiusties  who  would  not  take 
the  oath  were  to  be  transported  to  French 
Quiuna,  and  it  was  ileereeil  that  the  National 
Guard  shiMild  enlist  every  man,  whether  an 
active  or  a  passive  citir.en.  .Much  of  this  vijroiir 
on  the  part  of  the  A»«'mhly  was  due,  not  only  !•' 
the  pressure  of  the  Comnmue,  hut  to  the  rapid 
advance  of  the  i'russians.  .  .  .  The  Assembly 
.  .  .  dccrecil  tliat  an  army  of  ;l().00()  men  sliould 
be  raised  in  I'aris.  and  that  every  man  who  hail 
a  musket  issuiii  lo  him  should  lie  punished  with 
death  if  lie  did  not  march  at  once.  .  .  .  On 
August  US.  on  the  motion  of  Danton.  now  Min- 
ister of  Justice,  a  general  search  for  arms  and 
»us|H'Cts  was  onlereil.  The  gates  of  the  city 
were  cUised  on  August  JiO;  every  stn'ct  was  or- 
deretl  to  he  illuminated;  Isslies  of  national 
guards  entered  each  house  and  searched  it  from 
top  to  bottom.  Harely  I.tKK)  muskets  were 
seized,  but  more  than  3.(MX)  prisoners  were  taken 
and  shut  up,  not  only  in  tlie  prisons,  but  in  all 
the  largest  convents  of  I'aris.  which  were  turned 
into  liousi'Sof  detention.  Who  should  be  arrested 
as  a  suspect  depended  cntinily  on  the  municipal 
ortleer  who  happened  to  examine  tlie  hoiis*'.  anil 
thest!  men  acted  under  the  onlers  of  a  special 
cominittee  establislied  by  tlie  Commune,  at  the 
head  of  which  sat  Marat.  .  .  .  The  n'sidents  in 
I'aris  at  the  time  of  the  J'evolution  seem  to  have 
b«M?u  more  struck  by  this  hous<>-to-house  visita- 
tion than  by  many  other  events  which  were  far 
more  horrible."— "H.  M.  Stephens,  Ilitt.  of  the 
French  Her.,  r.  2,  cli.  4. 

At.*)  l.\;  (Jnice  I).  Klliot.  Jnuriutt  </  Ify 
Life  ihirittij  the  Freneh  lier.,  eh.  4. — Gouvemeur 
Morris.  Life  ami  <hrr  ,  eil.  bi/  S/Hirks,  r.  2.  pp. 
2011-217.— G.  Long,  Fntnee  mid  ilt  liinilutiom, 
eh.  2U. 

A.  D.  1792  (August).— Lafayette's  unsuc- 
cessful resistance  to  the  Jacobins. — His  with- 
drawal from  France.— "  I'he  news  of  the  10th 
of  August  was  carried  to  Ijifayette  tiy  one  of  his 
own  otHcers  who  happened  to  Im'  in  I'aris  on 
business.  He  harned  that  the  throne  was  ovcr- 
tiirneil  and  the  As.senilily  in  subjection,  but  he 
could  not  iH'lieve  that  the  cause  of  the  constitu- 
lional  monarchy  was  alianiloned  without  a  striig- 
gh'.  Hi-  aniiouiu  ed  to  the  army  the  events  that 
hail  >.  lii-ii  place,  and  conjured  the  men  to  remain 
true  to  till-  king  and  constitution.  The  coniniis- 
sioniTs  dopali  hcd  by  the  Commune  of  I'aris  lo 
Hiinoiinic  III  the  dilTinnt  armies  the  change  of 
goveruniiiit  and  to  exact  oaths  of  tidelity  to  it 
.soon  arrived  at  Sedan  within  I.afayettes  <'om 
mand  The  general  hail  them  brought  Infore 
llie  nmnicipalily  of  Sedan  anil  interrogated  re- 
gardiiii.'  Iliiir  mi.ssion.  Convineed.  from  their 
own  acioiinl.  thai  they  were  IheagenUsof  a  fac- 
tion wliti'li  h.-iil  iiiii  iwfittlv  ,it>j/i>i{  upiin  power, 
he  orilcri  il  Iki-ir  an.  ^t  and  liad  them  iinpri.soned. 
Lafayette  s  monil  inlluence  in  the  army  and  the 


country  was  still  no  great  that  the  Jacoliins  ktivw 
that  they  must  either  destroy  him  or  \iin  i,iu 
over  to  their  side.  The  latter  coiirs.-  »,i,  pf,. 
fern-d.  .  .  .  The  imprisoned  eommissinmr^  thr^ 
fore,  reiiuested  a  private  conference  w  nli  I.af,,, 
ette,  andolTered  him,  on  the  part  of  tin  ir  -iipirid'ni 
in  I'aris,  whatever  executive  power  In-  .ii^irvilin 
the  new  govenwnent.  It  is  needless  1.,  >.iv  iim 
Lafayette,  whose  s<ile  aim  was  to  cslahli^li  IiIm  ru- 
in his  c-ountry,  refused  to  entertain  tin  1,1,1  .if 
associating  himself  with  the  despniiMii  .if  ilj.- 
mob.  He  causetl  his  own  soldiers  to  niiiw  their 
oath  of  Hdelily  to  the  king,  and  ciiiiiiMiiiiii:ii„| 
with  Liickner  on  the  situation.  .  .  .  .M.  hibIiji,. 
emissaries  from  the  Commune  were  si  ni  Im  Sijiu 
III  inlluence  the  soldiers  by  brils's  uml  ihriiitiitu 
ri-nounce  their  loyalty  to  their  ciinini:ii..l.  r  .VH 
111!'  oilier  armies  and  provinces  to  Hliirh  mm 
inissioners  had  lieen  sent  had  niciMil  tlj,  n,  ami 
taken  the  new  oaths.  Lafayette  fi.iin,!  luniv  if 
alone  in  his  resistance.  His  allitmli  :ir,|i,iriil, 
every  day,  more  the  a|)|Maranie  of  r.  In  llinn 
against  authorities  recogiii/.eil  by  tin  n  *t  ,,t 
France.  New  cominis.sioners  arrin.l.  |priiii:iii' 
with  them  his  dismissid  from  coiiimmm'I  Tlir 
army  was  wavering  lietneen  allai  liiiu  in  i,,t|i,ir 
general  and  oliedii'iice  to  govi-riinitiii  On  the 
lUth  of  August,  the  Jacobins,  sei  iiiir  iliit  tlicv 
couUI  not  «in  him  over,  caused  Ilic  .\-,. mlilv  tii 
ileelare  him  a  Iniilor.  Ijifayelti-  hi.l  h,i«  t„ 
take  an  immediate  resolution.  Fniiin  hut  ih 
clareil  for  the  I'aris  Comiuunc.  The  loiisiim 
tionni  monarchy  was  irretrievahly  iloirnvi-.l 
For  the  general  lo  dispute  with  liis  ^ipjiiininl 
sueces.sor  the  command  of  the  arim  w  i,  ic,  pr., 
yoke  further  ilisorilers  in  a  caiiM-  Iliat  hul  nasnl 
to  be  that  of  Ihe  nation  and  beionii-  unlv  liiH.ivii 
Three  possible  courses  remained  opinio  liim,— 
to  accept  Ihe  Jacobin  overtures  ami  I'lr.iim-  1 
part  oi  their  bloody  des|M)lisni;  to  nuiiiiur  his 
ri'sislancc  and  give  his  head  to  the  unuli.iiim,  M 
leave  the  country.  He  ri'solved  to  s<-i  k  iin  :i-viiini 
in  a  neutral  territory  with  the  hope,  a^  In  hilns,  If 
somewhat  naively  expn-ssi'd  it.  'miiim-  i|.i\  |..1»- 
again  of  service  to  liberty  and  to  l-'riini-'  Li 
fayetle  made  every  preparation  f"r  tin-  -,ifri\  if 
his  triHips,  placing  them  under  tin-  i.nlits  nf 
Luckner  until  the  arrival  of  Duinmiricv..  tin  lu-u 
general  in  command.  He  publicly  ackiiuAl'il;;iil 
responsibility  for  Ihe  arrest  of  tlicciiiMiii>v-iciut'r* 
and  Ihe  defiance  of  Sedan  to  the  C-niiii'iiit,  in 
onler  that  the  municipal  othci  rs  v,\i<<  hi. I  -up 
ported  him  might  escape  punisliiiu  iit  Hi  in 
eluded  in  his  parly  his  stall  iillliTr-,  uh.iv  ii. 
socialion  with  him  would  have  siiliji  1  Inl  llnni 
to  the  fury  of  the  C'oinmune.  luul  siiti:i-  I'tlur-, 
who  had  aVso  Ixi-n  declareil  Iraiti'iN  lui  armiinl 
of  olsdieiice  to  his  orders.  He  tin  11  iiiaili-  his 
way  to  liouilhm,  on  the  extn'me  frmiiii  1  Tin  n 
dismissing  the  escort,  and  si-miiiu'  '-:!'  k  l.n.il 
onlers  for  the  si'curity  of  the  ariiiv.  h-  r  -h  miIi 
bis  companions  into  11  foreiirn  lanii  II  Tii-Mr 
man,  l.ifr  if  /.nfti/etli,  r.  2.  cli.  M 

A.  D.  1793 (August— September!  -The Sep- 
tember Massacres  in  the  Paris  prisons. -lite 
house  to  house  sean'h  for  siispn  i^  u  i-  ,  .rnnl-'n 
during  the  night  of  .Vugust  211  ami  tin  l-HiHiiii^' 
day.  "Tlie  next  ninrniiig.  at  liivl!'  ik.  the 
Mairie.  the  sections,  the  ancii-nt  pri>>  n-  ;  l'ari.s 
and  the  convents  that  had  Iseii  miix  rinl  intu 
prisons,  were  crowded  with  nri., ,■.,  r.  Tiny 
were  summarily  interrogated,  ami  l..ii:  f  ih'iii. 
the  victims  of  error  or  precipitati.iii    "■  r.-  -.1  11 


131: 


FRANCE,  17W 


nU  September  iiaamrrr 
in  th0  PrUons. 


PRANCE,  1793. 


IbeitT  or  cUlmed  by  their  wctlons.    The  re- 
BilDder  were  dUtrlbuted  In  the  priaoni  of  the 
ibbtve  Saint  Germain,    the  Conclfrgeric,    the 
Chite'lct    1*  Force,  the  Liixeinboiird.  iiml  the 
uclent   raonaaterlea    of    the    Bemanllns,    Saint 
ftrmin  and  the  Carmcsi;  BicOtre  ami  tli»  Sulpfl- 
tj)»re  alwi  iipencd  their  gates  to  receive   fresh 
iomatM.      The  three  <lnys  that    followed   this 
nirtt  were  employed  by   the  commiaaarlcs  in 
nukiDK  a  aelection  of  the  prisoners.     Already 
thfirdiath  was  projected.  .  .  .  '  We  must  purge 
tbe  priaims.  and  leave  no  traitors  lK.'hlnd  us  when 
we  hasten  U)  the  frontiers.'     Such  was  the  cry 
put  into  the  mouth  of  the  people  bv  Marat  and 
IhDton.    Huch  was  the  attitude  of  Diuiton  on 
the  brink  of  these  crimes.     As  for  the  part  of 
Roheiiplcrre,   It  was  the   mime  as  in   all    these 
frijfs  —  (in  the  debate  comrrniiig  war,   on  the 
20lh(if  June,  and  on  the  KMh  of  August.     He 
did  not  act,  he  blamed ;  but  Ik!  left  the  event  to 
iUelf.  and  when  once  accomplisheil  he  accepted 
It  aa  a  progressive  step  of  the  Revolution.  .  .  . 
On  Sunday,  the  2<l  of  SepU-mber,  at  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  the  signal  for  the  massacre  was 
rriven  by  "i"'  "f  those  accidents  that  seem  so  per- 
fectly the  effect  of  chance.     Five  coaches,  each 
containing  six  priests,  started  fnim  the  liatelde- 
Ville  to  the  prison  of  the  Abbaye  .  .  .  escorted 
by  weak  deUchmenU  of  Avignonnais  and  Mar- 
leilUis,   armed   with    pikes    and    sabers.    .    .    . 
Groups  of  men.  women  and  children  Insulted 
them  as  they  passed,  anil  their  escort  ioined  in 
the  invective  threats  anil  outrages  of  the  popu- 
lice.  .  .  .  The  emeute,  i  ncreasing  In  number  at 
every  sUp  across  the  Rue  Dauphine,  was  met  by 
snotlier   mob,  that  blocked  up  the    Carrefour 
Bussy,  where  municipal  officers  received  enrol- 
ments in  the  open  air.     The  carriages  stoppeil ; 
Mil  a  man.  forcing  his  wav  through  the  escort, 
sprung  on  tlie  step  of  the  tlrst  carriage,  plunge<l 
his  saber  twice   Into  the   body  of  one  of  the 
priests,  and  displayed  It  reeking  with  blood :  tlie 
people  utU'reil  a  cry  of  horror.     '  This  frightens 
Tou.  cowanlsl '  said  the  assassin,  with  a  smile  of 
disdain;  '  You  must  accustom  yourselves  to  look 
1)0  death. '    With  these  [wonls]  he  again  plunged 
his  saber  into  tbe  carriage  and  continued  to  strike. 
.  .  .  The  coaches    slowly  moved   on,  uud  the 
assassin,  passing  from  one  to  the  other,  ami  cling- 
ing with  one  hand  to  the  dix)r,  stablx'd  at  random 
St  all  he  could  reach;    while  the  assassins    of 
.Wgnon,    who   formed    part   of   their  escort, 
plunged  their  bayoneta  Into  the  interior ;  and  the 
pikes,  pointed  against  the  windows,  prevented  any 
of  the  priests  from  leaping  into  the  street.    The 
\mg  line  of  carriagea  moving  slowly  on,  and 
leaving  a  bloody  trace  behind  them,  the  despair- 
ing cries  and  gestures  of  the  priests,  the  ferocious 
shouts  of  their  butchers,  the  yells  of  applause  of 
the  populace,  announced  from  a  distance  their 
arrival  to  tbe  prisoners  of  the   Abbaye.     Tbe 
cortege  stopped  at  the  door  of  the  prison,  and 
tbe  soldiers  of  the  escort  dragged  out  by  the 
feet  eight  dead  bodies.     The  priests  who  had  es- 
csped.  or  who  were  only  wounded,  preolpitatetl 
thim.si Ivis  Into  the  prison:  four  of  them  were 
seiiai  und  massacred  on  the  threshold.  .  .  .  The 
prisoners  ,  .  ,  cixiped  up  In  the  Abbaye  heard 
this  prelude  to  murder  at  their  gates.  .  .  .  The 
internal  wirkcta  were  closed  on  them,  and  they 
received  orders  to  return  to  their  chambt'rs,  as  if 
to  »lis**tT  Llie  niuster-ruii.     A  fearful  apeclaclo 
«u  visible  in  the  outer  court:  the  last  wicket 

] 


opening  Into  It  had  been  transformed  Into  a  tri- 
bunal: and  around  a  large  table  —  covered  with 
pn|M-rs,   writing  materials,   the  registers  of  the 
(irisons,  glasses,  Imttles,  pistols,  sabers,  and  pipes 
—  wen^    seated  twelve   Judges,    whose  gliHimy 
features  and  athletic  proportions  stam|>e<l  tliera 
men  of  toll,  debauch  or  blood.     Their  attirt^  was 
that  of  the  l;itM)riug  classes.  .  .  .  Two  or  three 
of  them  attriMted  attention  by  the  whiteness  of 
their  Imnds  and  the  elegance  of  their  shape:  and 
tliat  betrayed  the  presence  of  men  of  intellect, 
purposely  mingled  with  these  men  of  action  to 
guide  them.     A  man  in  8  gray  coat,  u  saber  at 
his  aide,  pen  In  his  liund,  and  whose  InHexiblo 
features  seemed  as  though  tiicy  were  petrifled, 
was  si'ateil  at  the  center  of  the  toble,  and  pre- 
sided over  the  tribunal.     This  was  the  Huissier 
Maillard,  the  idol  of  the  mobs  of  the  Faulxjurg 
Saint  Marceau  ...  an  actor  In  the  days  of  Oc- 
tober, the  20tliof  June,  and  the  lOtli  of  August. 
...  He  had  Just  returned  from  the  Cannes, 
wliere  he  hud  organized  the  massacre.     It  was 
not  chance  that  hud  bniught  him  to  the  Abbaye 
at  the   precise   moment  of    the  ai rival  of   tuo 
prisoners,  and  with  the  prison  registers  In  his 
hand,     lie  had  rertiveil,  the  previous  evening, 
the  secret  orders  of  .Miimt,  through  the  members 
of  the  Comitc  de  Surveillance.    Danlon  had  sent 
for  the  registers  to  the  prison,  and  gone  through 
them;  and  Maillard  was  shown  tlutrv  he  was  to 
acquit  and  condemn.      If  the  prisoner  was  ac- 
quitted. Maillard  said,  '  Let  this  gentleman  be  set 
at  liberty':    if  cojilemned,  a  voice  said,  'A  la 
Force. '     At  these  words  the  outer  diK)r  opened, 
and  the  prisoner  fell   dead  as  he  crossed  the 
threshold.     The   massacre  commenced  with  the 
Swiss,  of  whom  there  were  I.IO  at  the  Abbave, 
offlcere  and  soldiers.  .   .  .  They  fell,  one  after 
another,  like  sheep  In  a  slaughte'r- house.     The 
tumbrils  were  not  sulllclent  to  carry  away  the 
corpses,  and  they  were  piltHl  up  on  each  side  of 
the  court  to  make  room  for  the  rest  to  die;  their 
commander,  Major  Reding,  was  the  last  to  fall. 
...  After  the  Swiss,  the  king's  guards,  impris- 
oned in  the  Abbaye,  were  Judgeii  en  massi'.  .  .  . 
Their  massacre  Itiste-d  a  long  time,  for  the  people, 
excited  by  what  they  had  drank  —  brandy  min- 
gled with  gun-powder  —  and  Intoxicated  by  the 
sight  of  blood,  prolonged  their  tortures.  .  .  . 
The  whole  night  was  scarcely  enough  to  slay 
and  strip  them  " — A.  de  Lamartine,  IIM.  of  the 
Oirondutt.  bk.  2,5(r.  2).— "To moral  intoxication 
ts  adtieil  physical  Intoxication,  wine  in  profusion, 
bumpera  at  every  pausi-,  revelry  over  corpses. 
.  .  .  They  dance  .  .   .  and  sing  the    'carmag- 
nole'; they  arouse  the  people  of  the  quarter  'to 
amuse  them,'  and  that  they  may  have  their  share 
of '  the  fine  tile. '    Benches  are  arranged  for  'gen- 
tlemen '  and  others  for  '  ladies ' :  tbe  latter,  with 
greaU-r  curiosity,  are  additionally  anxious  to  con- 
template at  their  ease  'the  aristocrats'  already 
slain:  consequently,  lights  are  required,  and  one 
is  plated  on  the  breast  of  each  corpse.     Mean- 
while, shiughler  continues,  and  is  carriinl  to  per- 
fection.     A  butcher  at  the   Abbaye  conipklns 
that '  the  aristocrats  die  too  quick,  and  that  those 
only  who  strike  first  have  the  pleasure  of  It ': 
henceforth  they  are  to  be  struck  with  the  backs 
of  the  swords  only,  and  made  to  run  between 
two  rows  of  their  butchere,  like  soldiera  formerly 
running  a  gauntlet.  ...  All  the  unfettered  in- 
sliui  U^  ihiit  live  in  the  lowest  depths  of  the  heart 
start  from  the  human  abyss  at  once,  not  alone  the 

$13 


't 


% 


i 


i 


■ii 


FRANCE,  17*3 


Tk«  Xatiimal 


FRANCE.  17»9. 


beinoui  initincta  with  thrir  fuin,  but  llkewin 
the  foulett  with  tlirlr  lUvrr,  while  butb  packs 
(all  furiously  on  women  whuw;  nohU'  or  Infamous 
ri'putc  brinKStbem  bi-fnre  tUt' worlil :  nn  Miulune 
(t«  LamlMlic,  till-  Qupen'H  friend:  on  Modsme 
Desrues.  widow  iif  llie  famous  prisoner;  UD  the 
flower-girl  of  the  PalBis-lioysl.  who,  two  years 
Ijefore.  bail  mutilatetl  her  lover,  a  French  Kuarils- 
man,  in  »  lit  of  Jealousy.  Kerocity  ben-  in  bi»o- 
riated  with  liil>rirlty  to  add  urofu'nation  to  tor- 
ture, while  life  is  attacked  thn>UKh  attacks  on 
romleiily.  In  Madame  de  I^nilmlle,  killed  too 
<|ui<'kly,  the  lilijilinous  liutcliem  could  only  nut 
raKc  a  corpsi',  hut  for  the  widow,  ami  espi'clally 
the  tlowiT  Kirl.  they  lniaf;ine  the  wtinr  an  a  Ne.ii 
tlu-  rtre  circle  of  Ihe  IriMiuois.  ...  At  Im  Force, 
Madame  de  l^mballe  is  cut  t«  plicea.  I  cannot 
transi'rilK'  what  t'barlot,  the  Imir  tlresMT.  ilid 
with  her  head.  I  mcn'ly  Htatc  that  another 
wrctcli.  in  the  line  Saint -Antoiiic.  lH>n' olT  her 
lii'urt  anil  'ale  it.'  Thi'y  kill  anil  they  drink,  and 
drink  ami  kill  airain  ...  As  Ihe  priwrns  are  to 
III'  cleaned  oiil,  it  lit  aa  well  to  cli'an  them  all  out, 
and  do  II  at  lanv.  After  the  Swiiw,  prlestn,  the 
aristiKTiIsi,  and  Ihe  '  white-skin  jtentlemen,'  there 
remain  convicts  and  thorn;  conllniil  through  the 
ordinary  channels  of  justice,  rohlK'rs,  asaassins, 
and  those  sentenced  to  the  galleys  in  the  Con- 
ciergerie.  in  tlie  C'hiitelet,  and  iii  the  Tour  St. 
liernnrd,  with  lirandiHl  women,  vagabonds,  old 
Ix'ggars  and  Ik>vs  contlned  in  llicttre  and  the 
Salpi'lrii^ri'.  Tfiev  are  giMwl  for  nothing,  coat 
something  to  feini,  and,  probalilv,  cherish  evil 
designs.  .  .  .  This  time,  as  the  job  is  more  foul, 
the  broom  is  wiildeil  by  fouler  bands.  ...  At 
the  Salpetridre,  '  all  the  bullies  of  Paris,  former 
epies,  .  .  .  litiertines,  the  rascals  of  France  and 
all  Europe,  prepare  tieforeband  for  the  operation,' 
and  rape  alternates  with  massacre.  ...  At 
Bic?tre,  however,  it  is  cruilc  butchery,  the  car- 
nivorous instinct  alone  satisfying  itself.  Among 
other  prisoners  are  43  youths  of  the  lowest  claaa, 
from  17  to  19  years  of  age,  placed  there  for  cor- 
rection by  their  parents,  or  by  those  to  whom 
they  are  bound.  .  .  .  These  the  Innd  falls  on, 
beating  them  to  death  with  clubs.  .  .  .  Thci« 
are- six  days  and  five  nights  of  uninterrupted 
butchery,  171  murders  at  the  Abbaye,  189  at  La 
Force,  iiS  at  the  CbStelet.  328  at  the  C'onclerg- 
erie,  73  at  the  Tour-Saint  Bernard,  1'20  at  the 
Carmelites,  79  at  Salnt-Firmin,  170  at  Bicitre,  3'i 
at  the  Salpelrli^ri' ;  among  the  dead,  'J.W  priests, 
3  bishops  or  archliishops.  general  otUcem,  magis- 
tntes,  one  former  minister,  one  royal  princess, 
la-longing  to  Ihe  la-st  names  In  France,  and.  on 
the  other  side,  one  negro,  several  low  <la»s 
women,  young  scape-graces,  convicts,  and  jiiHir 
old  nun.  .  .  .  Fournier,  Ijit/.owski,  and  Uecanl, 
the  chiefs  of  rotilx-rs  and  assas.slns.  nlnrn  from 
Orleans  nil h  L.'iOO  cut  llimals.  On  Ihe  way  Iliev 
kill  .M.  lie  Brksiic,  .M.  di-  Lessart.  and  4'.'  'I'hcrs 
an  used  of  '  li%--nalion.'  whom  Ihiy  n.e.tiil 
fpMii  tliiir  judges'  hands,  and  lluu.  Iiv  wav  nf 
surplus,  'fiilliiwing  Ihe  I'Xaniple  nf  TarU,"'  '.'l 
prisipnir,»l:iki-n  fnun  tin'  ViTsaillcs  prisnus.  M 
Paris  liir  .Minister  of  .luMiie  llianks  them,  the 
('(ininiiMii-  ciingratulali's  IImiii.  ami  Ihe  sections 
feast  I  hem  and  embrace  llu'in.  .  .  All  the  jour- 
nals approve,  palliale,  or  keep  sill-Ill ;  nolxxly 
dares  nif.  -  ■<  sistance.  I*ropiriy  as  will  as  lives 
Iji-!'-::;;  :  -.vhDCTcr  -K-ant.s  i.,  ukr  tiwni.  .  .  . 
I.lki-  li  man  struck  on  the  head  with  a  mallet, 
Paris,  li-lied  lo  the  ground,  lets  things  go;  the 


Buthon  of  the  manacle  have  fully  atlaim-il  thrir 
ends.  The  faction  has  fait  hold  of  ixim.r  unl 
will  maintain  its  hold.  Neither  In  ihi-  Ij-tkh 
tire  Asavmbly  nor  In  the  Convention  »i||  tin- 
alms  of  the  Uinindists  be  successful  uijiiiiMt  iu 
tenacious  usurpation.  .  .  .  The  Jacobins  Ihrr.iiitb 
sudden  terror,  have  maintalneil  Iheir  i||,.|;,| 
authority;  thnmgh  aprohmgatlon  nf  lirrtirilirr 
are  going  to  establish  their  legal  aiilhnrily  A 
forc«-d  siifTrage  is  going  to  put  tliitn  in  ciHce  lii 
the  llolel-de-Ville,  in  the  tribunals,  in  il,,.  x^ 
iIoimI  Ouard,  in  the  Be<'tions,  and  In  iln-  variotii 
lulmlnistrMtlons."— II.  A.  Taine,  T/ie  F,,'w>,  lir 
hk.  4,  rh.  9  (r.  3). 

Alm>IN:  a.  Thiers,  IlitI  nf  th,-  Fr,  i,.-),  ]•„, 
(Am.  ni).  r  I,  ;./..  3.'K>-3<1H  -I.S.rgi  nt  Murnau. 
lifmitiiiirenrrt  nf  ii  llfijifiiti ,  eh,  il  _.V  l)ili»n 
The  I'rtiieeuile  iMiithiUU  ("  h'nur  /-'r,  w/,i/-,.„„„ 
eh.  3).  — The  lieiyit  of  T,  rnir  :  .1  r„ll,eii:,:,  „,  (!, 
thfiitie  NttrmtirtJi.  r.  'i. — ,1.  B.  Cliry.  ./.nin,.,l  ,,f 
Oeeitrrences  at  thu  TemjUe.  —  />r«/«/f,/n»  "i' Knl 
iloietr.  pp.  a-.'.VJ'i9. 

A.  O.  179a  (September— NoTcmberi.  -Meet- 
ing; of  the  National  ConTention. -Abolition 
of  royalty.— Proclamation  of  the  Republic- 
Adoption  of  the  Era  of  the  Republic.  -Estsb- 
lisbment  of  abiolute  equality.  The  losing 
itruKgle  of  the  Girondists  with  the  Jacobiu 
of  the  Mountain. —  "It  was  in  the  niiiist  nf  tli,'<,> 
horrors  [of  the  S-ptemlx-r  ma.ssaerisl  ili:it  iln- 
Ix-gislative  Assembly  approached  iis  Uriniriallim. 
.  .  .  The  National  Convention  Ih-ctii  | ■Hpi.iu 
iK-r  "22]  under  darker  auspices,  .  .  .  riii-  i;rtui 
and  inert  mass  of  the  people  were  ilispuv  i|.  m  in 
all  commotions,  to  range  tliems<'lvrH  oniliivic 
torious  side.  The  sections  of  Paris.  iijuIit  ihi- 
intluence  of  Robespierre  and  JIarat,  niuriud  ihr 
most  revolutbmary  deputies;  thosenf  ninsli.tbiT 
towns  followed  their  example.  Tin-  .Luiiliins, 
with  their  affiliated  clubs,  ou  this  oicisiou  ei 
erciscd  an  overwhelming  intiuemi-  i>nr  all 
France.  .  .  .  At  Paris,  where  Ihe  elniiuuat.iuk 
place  on  the  'id  September,  amidst  all  ilii'  1  X(ii<.> 
inent  and  horrors  <if  the  massacres  in  Uu-  prisins. 
the  violent  leaders  of  the  municipality.  Aluihad 
orgauizi-<l  the  revolt  of  August  loifi,  ixmisiil 
an  irresistible  sway  over  tlie  cllizms.  Kols-s 
pierre  and  DantonWere  the  llrst  imnu.l.  ainiilsl 
unanimous  shouts  of  applause,  afiir  llniu  Ca 
millc  Desmoulins,  Tallieu,  Osst-lin,  Kn-run.  .U 
acharsis  Clootz,  Fabre  d'Eglantiuc,  D-iviii,  ihr 
celebrated  painter,  Collot  dllirlKiis,  liiUaud 
Varennes,  liegendre,  Panis,  Sergiiit,  :ilini>sl  al! 
implicjited  in  the  massacres  in  llie  prisiiis,  urrr 
also  chosen.  To  these  was  addi'il  Ih''  llulii"f 
Orleans,  who  had  abdicated  his  lillo.  uii'l  «».■! 
called  Philippe  figalitc.  .  .  The  iii'si  .on 
servative  part  of  llie  new  .Vssenilily  «itv  tJc 
(iirondists  who  had  overturned  thelliroin  Knini 
Ihe  llrst  o|>ening  of  Ihe  ('onvcnlimi.  !lir  (iiMii 
(lists  iK.'Cupied  the  riglil,  and  llu-  .liiMl'iiis  ilif 
seals  on  llie  suniniil  of  llie  lift.  »lii  in-  ihiir 
designalion  of  'The  .Mountain'  w:i-  ilt  rivfi 
The  former  had  the  majorily  of  vnl.  -i,  tli.  ^Tratfr 
part  of  the  departments  llavin^  pt.i.n!"!  "I'-n 
of  comparatively  moderate  principi'  <  li'il  tlii- 
latter  possessed  u  great  advantriL'' .  i'l  luvini; 
on  their  side  all  the  nieinbers  el  llii-  ii'}'  >'' 
Paris,  who  ruled  the  mob.  .  .  nul  in  Iniog 
supported  by  the  muuii  i|)alily,  nhitli  liad  ai 
ri...!y  growii  mlo  a  ruii.m'  po.v<r  ;;.  ::..■  .-::i: '. 
and  had  become  the  great  cx-ntre  >f  tin  I'm" 
cratic  party.     .V  neutral  body,  coinp.  ■■•  il  'f  tboee 


1314 


.«* 


•;  :  f 


...  ■..m.-sim:*     •^^mtsut-Jf^- 


FRANCE.  17»8 


OinmiiiaU 
and  JataUiu. 


FRANCE.  1793. 


-.■henwboM  principles  were  not  vetdecUred. 
TmSw^  Vl.ln.^r,  M.r«l.;  ft  n,nge,l  It^ 
«  Willi  the  OlrondUU,  until  U-rror  compe  led 
"  -Tn,  .n  to  .-.wlewc  with  the  vlitoriou*  ilile. 
'"The  tworiv.1  partie.  mutually  Indulg,.!  In 
„crlinln»tl<)n«,  In  order  to  Influenie  the  piihllc 
™S^  The  jKobin.  ln«iiiu»ntl¥  rei)r.«ehe<  the 
Stai.ll»  »wlthde»lrinK  U.dlMofve  tJ.o  lU-publ  c; 
mS  »l.  three  nndtw.nty  «.pHr»te  dem.K;«tlc 
^  held  together,  like  the  Ameri.an  prov- 
SST'bv  »  m?n.  federal  union.  _  .  .  N.JthlnK 
SS^'w«  re.luUiU-  to  reiuler  them  in  the  highest 
re^".u.lK>pular  in  I'liris.  the  very  exi.slen.e  .jf 
,hiX  .  e  Hiide.l  on  im  reinalnInK,  throUKh  »!! 
rrplw«'«"f  govrinnenl,  the  ».»t  of  the  r"lin« 
~^«..r     The  rtiroudisU.  r.torl4d  ui«.!i  their  ml- 


,er«rie»  clmrKes  iM'tter    founded,   hut   not 
ikeh'  to  i..llan.e  th.-  p..j>ula.-e.    T1...V  repromh  -.1 
Z-m  will.    eu.leuvoun'nK    to    est,.l.l.»h    in     he 
municil«li'v  "'  ''"''»  "  ''""'''  9"l"ri.>r  to    he 
Wi°la  »"■  of  all    Kr,inee,    with   oveniwin«  the 
Illxrutions  of    the   C.mvention    l.y    n.en.un.« 
S."».»r  "»•  "I"-"  display  of  l.rute  fone.  and 
Slv  pr.  paring  f..rthe!r  favourite  .•mlern,  Dan^ 
toD    it.lH'.mrr..   and  .Manit.  a   triun.v.m  e  of 
;°w,.r,  «l,i.l,  would  Hpeenlily  '•".""K"'-:^'.  "" '''^; 
mJoni   wliieh   had    Ineii  aeciuircd.      File  flrxt 
nut  of  the  ueeusation  was  well  founcUil   even 
Km    of  the  last,  tin.e  Hoon  afforded  an  ample 
mnflmalion.     The  Convention  met  at  llr^t  in  one 
Jthe  h«il»  of  the  Tnileries,  l.ut   Inwnediate  y 
K|ioume.l  to  the  Salle  du  Minage.  where  it.s  sub- 
w^uent  »ilting»  were  held.     Its  tlntt  step  was 
^,1,..  motion  of  the  AbW  Qixgoire,  a"}  «■»  •j';' 
uMU,imou.s  tnmslH)rt.s,  to  declare  Itoyalty  abol- 
Uhed  in  France,  and   to   proclaim  a  republic; 
ud  bv  another  decree  it  waa  ordered,  that  the 
old  calendar  taken  from  the  year  of  Christ  s  birth 
should  b.-  abandoned,  and  that  all  public  act^ 
rfioukl  iK!  dated  from  the  ttrst  year  of  the  French 
republic.    This  era  iK'gan  on  the  2M  September 
17K     [See.  also,  below ;  A.  U.  1793  (Octobeb).] 
Vstill  more  demo('ratic  constitution  than 
th»t  framed  by  the  Constituent  and  U-gislative 
Ajsemblics  was  at  the  same  time  eftablished. 
Ul  the  n^uulsites  for  election  to  any  office  what- 
ever were  on  the  motion  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 
iboUshed.     It  waa  no  longer  necessary  to  select 
iudees  from  legal  men.  nor  magistrates  from  the 
clu(  of  proprietors.     All  pers-ins,  in  whatever 
nuik,  wercdecUred  eligible  to  every  situation; 
■od  the  right  of  voting  in  the  primary  aswmblies 
waseonfirred  on  every  man  al)ove  the  age  of  ,1 
years     Absolute  e<iuality,  in  its   literal  seusi', 
was  universally  established.     Universal  suffrage 
was  the  basis  on  which    government  rested. 
Tilt  iiiidersof  the  Giromlists soon  oiH'ned  attacks 
uwiu  IfcilKspierre  and  Marat,  accusing  the  for- 
mer of  a.-ipirmg  to  a  dicUtorsbip.  ami  also  hold 
ing liini  nspimsible,  with  Marat  and  Uanton.  fur 
the  S(|>unil)er  inassacris;  but  U>uvet  and  otlicrs 
Khu  m^i.li  the  attack  were  feeldy  supi«>rled  by 
Ihiir  piirtv.     Louvet  'repeatedly   appealed    to 
PttUm.  ViTgniand,  and  Ilie  other  leailers,  In  sup 
port  his  slateinenls;  but  they  had  not  the  lirni^ 
ness  iKiliilv  lo  slate  tlie  trutli.      Had  tlu  y  Icstilieil 
ufimrth  |«rt  of  what  llii'y  knew,  tlie  aicu.sation 
must  iiave  Ihi  11  insUintly  voted,  and  tin-  tyrant 
rm.«liiil  ;il  once.     As  it" was,  liolnspierre.  fear- 
tul  lit  it.s  ellwls.  demanded  eiglit  days  to  pre- 
Dure  for  liis  defence.     In  the  interval,  the  whole 
inaclitiicrv  ot    terror  was  put    in    tone.      Tbe 
Jacobins  thundered  out  accusations  against  the 


Intrt-pld  .MUier.  and  all  the  leadenof  the  Moun 
tain  were  Indefatlgmble  In  their  efforU  to  atrikc 
fear  Into  their  opponenta.  ...  By  degrees  the 
Impresihm  cooletl,  fear  reaumwl  lU  sway,  ami 
the  accused  mounte«l  the  tribune  at  the  end  of 
the  week  with  the  air  of  a  victor.  .  .  .  It  waa 
now  evident  that  the  Glrt>mlUu  were  no  match 
for  their  lerrlbU-  adveiwries.  The  men  of  action 
on  their  side,  Louvet.  IJarlairoux.  anil  Ijinjiiinals, 
in  vain  stMve  to  rouse  them  U.  the  iie<eH.sity  ol 
vigorous  measuris  In  eontemllng  with  such  em- 
mies.  Their  <  onslant  nply  was.  that  they  would 
not  tw  the  lirst  to  commence  the  shedding  of 
bliH«l.  Their  wh"h'  vigour  manifesleil  Itself  In 
del  laniatioii.  their  whole  wisihim  In  abstract  dis- 
cussion Tluv  had  now  U'conie  humane  In  In 
tention.  and  iruslerale  in  coiinscl,  though  tliey 
wen>  far  fmin  having  U.n  n.  in  the  earlier  stages 
c,f  the  Itevoluliim.  .  .  .  Tiny  were  t.K.  Iicmour- 
able  to  Islicve  in  tlie  wickedness  nf  tluir  op 
luinciils,  t.H.  siriipiilMils  to  adopt  the  measures 
noiiisile  to  ilisarin.  t.K>  ileslitutc  of  moral  cour- 
HL-c  to  Im.  able  1..  crush  tliem.   .  The  .lacobins 

wliile  thcv  were  dailv  stnngthening  and 
imreasin-  the  armed  force  of  the  s<-ctions  at  the 
command  "f  the  municipality.  .  .  strenuously 
resisted  tlic  slightest  approach  towards  the  es- 
tablishment of  any  guard  or  civic  force  for  the 
defence  of  tlie  Convention.  Awan'  of  their 

weakness  from  tliis  cause,  tlie  C.irondists  brought 
forwani  a  proiHisal  fur  an  armed  guard  for  the 
C(,nveWion.     The  populace  was  iinraediately  put 
in  motion,"  and  the  overawed  Convention  aban- 
doned the  mea.sure.     'In   the   nudst  of    these 
vehement  passions,  laws  still  more  stringent  and 
sanguinary  were  passed  against  tlie  priests  and 
emigrants    .  .  .   tVt.  it  was  decreed  that  every 
Frenchman  taken  with  arms  in  his  hands  against 
France  should  Ik>  punished  with  death;  and  soon 
after,  that  -the  French  emigrants   arc  forever 
banished  from  the  Urritory  of  France,  and  those 
will,  return  shall  be  punisheil  with  death.      A 
third  decree  direct.il  that  all    their   property 
movable  and  immovable,  should  be  contiscated 
to  the  service  of  the  state.     These  decrees  were 
rigidly  executed :  and  though  almost  unnoticed 
amidst  the  bl.Kxly  deeds  which  at  the  saine  peno.1 
stained  the  Ilcvolution.  ultimately  protluced  the 
most  lasting  and  Irremediable  effects.     At  length 
the    prostration    of    the    Assembly    before    the 
armed  sections  of  Paris  had  become  so  excessive, 
that  IJii/ot  and  Barbaroux,  the  most  intrepid  of 
the  Oiromlisis,  brought  forward  two  measures 
whi.  I.,  if  thev  could  have  Inen  carrieil,  would 
have  einanciprited  the  legislature  fn.m  thisoillous 
thraldom.     Huzot  propiwed  to  establish  a  guard, 
siu-ciallv  for  the  protection  ot  the  Conyt^tiou 
drawn  from  voung  men  chosen  from  the  different 
.Upartments:      Barbaroux    at    the    same    time 
hiouiiht  forwani  four  decrees.  .  .  .  By  the  tlret, 
the  capital    was  to  cease  to  be  the  scat  of  the 
Icislature.  when  it  lost  its  claim  to  their  presence 
In"  failing  U.  protect  them  from  insult.     By  the 
second,  the  troops  of  the  Feileresand  the  nationiU 
,  avalrv  wen-  to  l>e  charged,  along  with  the  armed 
...ctioiis    with  the  protection  of  the  legislature. 
Bvtl.c  third,  the  Convention  was  to  constitute 
il«lti.Hoa  court  of  jiLsticc.  for  the  trial  of  all 
coiispiratorsagainst  iuauthority.    By  the  fourth 
th.   '.invention  suspended  the  raunlclpality  of 
I'lris  The  Jacobins  skilfully  availed  them- 

i^---;..i  uf  tiiKsc  lmi-..^tent  manifratatiom-  of  dis- 
trust to  give  additional  currency  to  the  report 


1315 


■  » • 


r'ii:'- 


\4  ■■■■ 


'5 


V 


KKANCE.  I7M 


bamming  Aitv^^tmivr 


FRANCE,   ITW 


that  thp  nirondiiu  Intrmlnl  In  tramport  the  wat 
of  jcovcrnimnt  III  tlu- Miiiilicrn  pnivinD'i.  Thin 
rumour  mpiilly  Riiincd  (jmiiiuI  with  the  popu 
Un'r,  anil  iiiiKiiifiitiil  ihiir  illaliki'  nt  llm  niliiiiitry. 
.  .  .  All  ttitsp  pn'liminiiry  "truK'k'li"!!  wi'n'i'itiiByii 
of  Kln-nKtli  liy  the  lwt>  pjirtlfi,  prior  to  tin-  Krand 
question  wliiili  wm  now  dciilinctl  lo  attmct  llie 
tyv*  of  KiiroiH'  nnd  the  world.  This  wiw  the 
trial  of  I^uiH  XVI."— Sir  A,  Alliion,  //i.r.  ./ 
Kiir^ijif,  fh.  M  (r,  Ml, 

Ai.H)IS:  (i.  II.  I,ewi'».  l.iffof  ItiihMpifrrt.  eh. 
19 — A.  de  Ijinmrllne,  Hint,  itf  ihr  tlinmiltnl,.  lik. 
!89-;)l.— I'.  I)  Vonite,  //iV.  ./  AVunrt-  niilrr  l/it 
H'lirt'inii.  M  4:1  ((,  4)  — .1.  Moore,  .),»irniil  in 
h'riiiii-r,  ITyj,   r.  S. 

A,  D,   179a  (September— December),  — Tht 
war    on    the    northern    frontier.  — Battle    of 
Valmy.  -Retreat  of  the  invadins  army.— Cua- 
tine  in  Germany  and  Dumouriei  mthe  Nether- 
lands.—Annexation  of  Savoy  and  Nice.— The 
Decree  of  December  ij.— Proclamation  of  n 
republican  crusade.— "  The  defence  of  Fmnee 
n'sted  on  »!i  nend  Dumourlez.  .  .   .   Ilrtppily  for 
Kmnre  llie  kIow  iiilvimce  of  tlie  I'ruwiliin  gi'neml 
p<'nnilled    Dumouriez   to   (wiupy   the   dllHrult 
country  of  the  Ar>;onne«,  when',  while  wnltlnjj  for 
his  reinforieinentii,  he  wiw  able  for  some  lime  to 
holil  the  InviiderH  In  elieek.     At  length  Brung- 
wuk  in.iile  his  wiiy   punt  the  detile  which   Du- 
mouriez hud  chosen  for  his  «rst  line  of  defence; 
but  it  «  IS  oidv  to  tind  the  Kremh  posted  In  »ueh 
dtrenKih  on  his  tlitnk  that  any  further  ailvanei^ 
Would  lni|Mril  his  own  army.     If  the  advance 
wua  lo  Ih'  continued.   Dumouriez  must  Iw  dis 
lodged.     .\ccordin),'ly.  on  the  20th  of  t4<'pteinb<>r, 
Kruiiswick,  facing  half  round  from  his  line  of 
man  h,  dlrcied  his  artillery  against  the  hills  of 
Valniy,  where  Kellerniumi  and  the  Krench  left 
were  incani|Hd.     The  c^innonaile  continued  for 
some  hours.  Init  it  was  followed  by  no  genend 
»tta<k.     .\lready,  Ixfori! a  blow  had'boen stnick, 
the  (Jerman  forces  were  Wiwliiig  away  with  dis- 
ease. .      .  The  King  of  Prussia  U-gan  to  listen 
to  the  (iroposals  of  (wace  which  were  sent  to  him 
by   Dumouriez.     A  week  «p<nt  in  negotiations 
«erved  only   to  strengthen   the   Kn'nch   and   to 
aggravaU'  the  »<arcity  and  sickness  within  the 
(ierinan  camp.     Dissensions  broke  out  between 
the  J'rus.sijin  ami  Austrian  commanders:  a  retreat 
wiw  ordered  ;  and,  to  the  astonishment  of  Euro|)e, 
the  v.  icmn  forces  of  Krunswick  fell  bai  k  before 
the  mutinous  aoliliery  and  unknown  generals  of 
the  Uevohitum.   .   .  .   In  the  meantime  the  U'gis- 
lativc  Assembly  had  de(  n.-d  ila  own  dissolution 
.   .   .  and  had  onlered  the  election  of  representa- 
tives ti>  fnime  a  constitution  for  Kmnee.   .   .  .  The 
Oironrlins,  who  had  l)een  the  party  of  extremes 
In  the   Ixgisltttive  Assembly,  were  the  |)arty  of 
mcsleration  and  onler  in  th<'  Convention.  .  . 
.Monarchy   was  abolishe<l,  and  France  declared 
a  liepublic  (.Si-pt.   21).     Office  continued  in  the 
hands  of  the  Uiromle;  rut  the  vehement,  unoom 
promising   spirit    of   their   rivals,    the  so  called 
jiarty  of  tlic>  .Mouni  lin.  iiuiikly  made  itself  felt 
ill  all  the  relations  of  Krance  to  foreign  powers. 
Tlie  intention  of  concpiest  might  still  be  as  sin- 
cenly  disjivoned  as  It  hiul  Inrn  tlve  months  be- 
fore;   b\ii    were   the   converts   to    liberty   to  be 
denied  the  right  of  uniting  themselves  to  the 
French  is'ople  by  their  own  fnr  will  1 .   .  .   The 
scruples  which  had  lately  condemned  all  annex- 
ation of  tiTr!!4-.rv  vjiniahed  in  tfiit  ofgy  „f  pa 
triotiam  which  followed  the  expulsioa  of  the  In 


vaiierawl  the  dlsroTpry  that  the  Idinl,,,!,.,,  , 
alnwly  a  p<iwer  In  oilier  lauds  than  Vrm  , 
.\long  the  enlire  fnmtler,  fnim  Dunkirk  1..  lU. 
Maritime  Alps.  France  nowlwre  lourl,,  ,| ;,  „f,,„^ 
unlliil,  and  Independent  people;  an.)  ai.ir,,;  ti*. 
entln'  frontier,  except  in  the  eounir\   ..|,|,„ii,, 
.Vlaaee,    the  amieil    pmselytism   of   ih,    l.'„,„|, 
Kevolutlon  pmvnl  a  greater  force  tliaa  ihi  ,,rt,, 
ences  on  whl<-h  (he  existing  onler  of  thiin,s,|, 
peinleil.     In  the  Ixiw  Countries,  in  ihc  l'rniii,,,li 
lies  of  the  KhliM',  In  Hwllnrlanil.  in  >ivnv    1 
i'ii'dmont  Itself,  the  doctrines  of  lii,.  Unulliii,,,, 
Wen'  weic<jine<t  by  a  inon'or  hHsnnnii  r.n„,|„„ 

mid  the  armies  of  France  appcnn.!  tir  a rm  « 

as  the  misslonariesof  llbern  and  ritrhl  miIi.  r  iliin 
as  an  invading  enemy      K'o  wHiiiir  h  il  llnm, 

wick  l>een  brought  to  a  staml  by  Du .iri,/ ,1 

V'aliny  than   a   French  dlvi-,ion    uruli '  1  n.i 

cnxised  the  Alsatian  fnmtler  ami  ailvam.. I  \n„.„ 
Hplrcs,  where  Kruiiswick  had  '1  ft  hr.'.  .i,,nl,„f 
war.     The  garrison  was  deb  .led  in  nn  memo 
IvrouUide  the  town;  Spires, mil  Worm,  •.iirnn 
dercd  toCiistlne.     In  the  nelghlH>urin^'  |..nn,.,,f 
Mainz,  the  key  to  we»u-m  (lermanv,  rii,ii(i,-, 
advance  was  walched  with  anxious  H:ifisf,,iti,ir]  h, 
a  republican  party  among  the  hihaliihniti.  fr.™ 
whom  the  French  general  leanit  thai  In  Imil  .,nlr 
to  appear  liefore  the  city  to  Is'coini'  ii,  iiii„iir'. 
.At  IIm)  news  of  the  captiin'  ..f  ^|.|^u  the 
.Vrchbishop  retired  into  the  Interior  of  IJ.  riimiiv 
leaving  thcadminlslration  toa  Isianl  i.f ,  n  I,-,,;,',' 
tics  and  olHeiaU,  who  pulillslieil  a  inaiiil.  Mmall 
liig  U|>on  their  •  behived  brethren  '  ih.  ,  m/,.,,,  i„ 
dcfeml  themselves  to  the  last  exlreniin.  undllun 
followed  their  master's  example      .\  iimiicil  cif 
war  dedartsl  the  city  to  be  uiili nahli  ;  ami.  1m> 
fore  Ciisline  had  bn'iught  up  a  .singl.-  >lii;i  i;uri 
the  garrison  capitulated,  and  the  Kn  in  h  »in> 
welcome<l   InU)   .Mainz    by  the   parii^in,  c.f  il,.> 
Hepublic  (Oct.  20).  .  .  .  AlthoUL'h  ihc  huks  ,.f 
the  inhabitants  held  aloof,  a  ItepuMir  «,i,  liimlly 
pnx'laimed,  and  incorporaUil  wiih  ihc  licimbli'i 
of  France.     The  success  of  Cu.sliiic  <  ni.l  into 
Oennany  did  not  divert  the  Convention  Irimi  ilic 
design  of  attacking  Austria  in  the  .Niili.  ri.iiuls 
which   Dumouriez  hail   fnmi   thr   iir,i   |,rr»s.il 
upon  the  Uovemment.     It  wasn't  iKrn-  \,-,in 
since  the  Netherlands  hail   been  in  full  r'.icli 
against    the    Emperor    Joseph.   .  .  .    i  Inw  thf 
gmund  was  everywhere  prepared  f.r  i  Kriiiih 
occupation.      Dumouriez  cn)s.s«il    ih.'  fninii.r 
The   bonier  fortresses  110  longir  ixi-iid    mil 
after  a  single  battle  won  by  the  Kn  iirli  :it  .li 
mappes on  the  6th  NoveinlK-r,  tl«'  Aii,i  n:m~.  liml 
ing  the   population    universidly    hu^iili.  alciii 
dimeil  the  iHetherlands  without  a  striigi;lc      Tin- 
victiiry  of  Jemappcs  the  first  pitiln d  1  .iiili  «mii 
by  the  Kepublic.  c\i ited  an  outlmrM  ,.t  nuiu 
tionary  fervour  in  the  Convention  « Im  \t  il<r|l> 
affected  the  relations  of  France  to  ijicai  liriMiii 
hltberui  a  neutral  spectaUir  of  the  war     .1  ■!.■ 
eree  was  passed  for  the  publicalinii  I'l    imam 
festo  in  all  languages,  ih'claring  that  'li<'  i'muli 
nation  otTerwl   iu  alliance  to  all   p.  iplis  wlm 
wished  to  recover  their  fn'iHloin,  and  1  liargiin 
the  generals  of  ihe  Hi'ptilplit-  |i>  L'iv  ilmr  i>m 
teclion  to  all  persons  who  had  sulTi  n  d  ,ir  iiiiijhl 
sulTer in  the caii.se of  lilH'rty.    1  Nov.  1:1  1    .Vwiik 
later  Savoy  and  Niw  were  annexiil  n.  Kniiia'. 
the  population  of  Havoy  having  iilin-i  'iimiii 
mnusly  declared  in  favour  of  Fnim  e  m  iIk'  "uI 
break  t]f  war  between  France  a.".::  H:;r;;;:.  ;     ■'- 
the  15th  December  the  Conveuiion  pr    lurniil 


131G 


n 


■*    i 


KRANCK,  1799 


fRANCK,   17W 


<jf  thf  IM/A 
-E.  I4«lll.«, 
(    1.  .-A.  »-5 

-Charfii 


IMt  «  •T>l<>m  of  lorlal  «n<l  iMilltli  »\  ivTnlution 
■u  hrii' 'fortii  to  wninipniiy  cvrry  moTi-nipnt 
<,(  lu  »rml(ii  im  foreign  wiil  '  In  every  <  'intrY 
th»t«li»ll  l«M>icupli'<l  l>y  tlMiirml(»i>f  tlii'  i  rcnch 
U,-„l,li,  _iii<li  wu  the  iiilMlitihr  "f  tlw  !•«•• 
ftii  if  l>« "•rmlirr  18th  — 'Ihf  (foni-nii    xhnll  an- 

I, „,  iIh' iitNilltlon  of  nil  I'xUllnR  auili»rllU-»: 

irfiii.liility.  of  nerfajtr.  of  c  v<Ty  fciidiil  rlirlil  and 
e»fr»-  mi>ni>p<ily;  tMi  »IimI1  nrcxliilm  llw  nov 
mliimv  of  the  pooplp.  .  .  .  Tlii'  Kn'ncli  nation 
will  tri  il  a» rnimlM  any  p«)plf  wlilrh,  rrfu«ln){ 
Ibrrly  ami  equality.  <l«ln'»  to  pn-M-rvv  iu  prince 
inl  iirivllcfeil  caaten.  or  to  nmko  any  ai-roninio- 
dalliin  with  Ihrm. '  Tliia  aiuKolar  announicnii'nt 
of  %  new  cruiuwlf  cauMil  tin'  Oovomnunt  of 
Orp»l  Britain  to  arm."— (".  A.  FylTr,  IlitI  -f 
U<4trR  Kiimm.  r.  1,  th.  2 

Auo  IS:  '■  f-  MrhldWMT,  IHtt 
Cnlury  '■  (I.  ''<>  3,  <"*  -.  «<■'  ' 
DM  „f  !'„■  Wiirt  nf  thf  /■'  ■  nrh  11,  r. , 

A.D.  i79a(No»tmb«r-December 
iniait  the  KinB-— Jxobin  clamor  for  hii  con- 
Smoation.— The    contett    in    CoiiTention.— 

■TtHTP  «>n',  wlihoul  a  doubt,  in  thin  conjunc 
luit,  a  grrat  numbt-r  of  Mountglni'cr*  who,  on 
this  ofiwilon,  ttot«l  with  tlir  grcativt  ainicrily, 
mil  iml.v  a»  rcpulilirans.  in  whow  cyia  I^iuU 
XVI.  apiD'arfl  K'lilty  with  rrupcct  to  the  n'vo 
Mnn;  and  a  (Ic'thronoil  '  'nn  wn»  <liinK<Touii  to 
» joung dcnimrnoy.  Bui  tliix  party  would  Imve 
iten  more  rlenn'nt,  had  It  not  Imd  to  niln  the 
Qliondp  at  the  «nme  time  with  I-ouIh  XVI.  . 
Puty  iiv'tivpa  and  popular  nnlnioiillien  (•onibine<l 
igainst  this  unfortunatp  princi'.  Tliow  who, 
twomontlulM'fi  r«,  would  h»\i-  repelled  the  idea 
of  eii«~lni5  him  to  any  other  punishment  Itmn 
Ihatnf  cli'thronement,  were  Kt»petie<l ;  no  ipiic  kly 
doraman  lose  inmomentaof  erisisllierldit  lode- 
(«id  bis  opinions:  .  .  .  Aftertheldthof  .\ui;ust, 
thrre  wen'  found  in  the  ofllre^  iif  the  civil  lUt 
documenta  wlilcli  proved  the  wrret  corn ^i ion- 
dfDcp  of    I-oui«    XVI.    with    the    dlseonteiited 

FrimTs.  with  the  emigration,  anil  with  Europe, 
n  >  n'pcirt,  drawn  up  at  the  command  of  the 
Ifgislalivc  amiemtily,  he  waa  accu-setl  of  Inlending 
ti)  Mray  the  atate  and  overthrow  the  revolu- 
tion. Ill-  waa  accuaeil  of  having  written,  on  the 
Hth  .\pril,  1791.  to  the  bishop  of  ("lermont,  that 
if  b*'  regained  liis  power  he  would  restore  the 
former  sovemment,  and  the  clergy  to  the  state 
in  whir  il  they  previously  were ;  of  having  after- 
»»nl»  pmiHwed  war,  merely  to  haaten  the  ap 
pnwh  (if  Ills  deliverers ;  ...  of  having  lieen  on 
ttrms  with  his  brothers,  whom  his  public  mea.s. 
urn  hail  iliwountenanoed ;  and,  lastly,  of  having 
ooMUntly  iipiKwed  the  revolution.  Fresh  docu- 
BmUi  Ki-n-  .«oon  brought  forwanl  in  support  of 
this  •('('usation.  In  the  Tuileries,  behind  a  panel 
in  the  wuiiiscot,  there  was  a  hole  wrought  in  the 
wall,  ami  i  liiseo  by  an  iron  door  This  secret 
cloK't  Vila  pointed  out  bv  the  minister,  Itoland, 
•nd  then'  were  discovered  proofs  of  all  the  con- 
ipirtcie^  and  intrigues  of  the  court  against  the 
reToluliiiii;  projects  with  the  |M)pulur  leaders  to 
itrenjftlii-ii  the  constitutional  power  of  the  king, 
ton-atorc  ilie  ancient  regime  and  the  ari.-*!  i  icrata ; 
the  mauii'uvres  of  Talon,  the  arrangemem.s  with 
Mireljeau.  the  propositions  accepted  by  Bouille, 
under  lln-  i-onstltuent  aaaembly,  and  some  new 
ploUumlcr  'he  legislative  aaaembly.  This  dis- 
uiterj  iiK  iiiuvd  lh«  eaaaperatiou  aKaiual  Luuia 
XVI     Miralnau's  bust  wai  broken  by  the  Jaco- 


tilns,  anil  the  convention  covered  the  one  which 
■tiDMl  in  the  hall  where  it  held  it*  ailling*.  For 
Kime  time  there  had  lirrn  a  i|uestiiin  in  the  as 
M'inlily  lis  to  the  trial  iif  this  prime,  who,  having 
Ikcii  ilethnmeil,  iiuild  no  hinger  !»•  prodiili-d 
aitaliKl  Then-  waa  no  tribunal  empowend  to 
(riiiiiniMiH'  hi»  sentence,  no  punishment  which 
I  iil-l  tie  Inllieted  on  him;  acconlingly.  they 
plu;  ijed  Into  false  liiierpn'tations  of  the  inviola- 
iiiliiv  gniui.d  to  Ijiuis  XVI  .  Iti  onler  i"  urn- 
demn  him  li  .idly.  .  .  The  cnmmllli e  of  h'gls- 
laliiin.  ciininii-vnioned  to  draw  up  a  npnrt  on  the 
i{>ii'Miim  n«  to  wliether  I,oul«  XVI.  eoiild  be 
Iriid,  and  whether  he  could  Ih'  tried  by  the  con- 
vintliin,  decidid  inthearttrniulive,  ,  ,  .  The  ills- 
cu'tsion  ciimnii  111  <  d  on  the  lilth  of  November,  six 
ilavniiftir  the  ri'port  if  Ihecommittee  .  .  This 
violiiit  parly  (the  .Mountain],  who  wislie'l  t"  suh- 
slilute  a  coup  d'etat  for  a  wntenee,  to  f.illnw  no 
law,  no  form,  but  to  strike  IjiuiH  XVI  like  a 
coni|iH'rt'il  priiMiner,  by  making  hostilities  even 
survive  viitnry,  hail  but  a  very  fiilile  niiijority 
in  the  convi  iil'ion ;  but  wllhnut,  it  was  Mningly 
«up|Mirted  liy  the  .lacoblnM  and  the  commune. 
.NotwltliKtaniling  the  terror  whiih  it  nln-ady  in- 
»pln-il,  it«  niiinleroiis  suegestions  were  rep<lleil 
liy  the  eiinvi-nthin;  and  the  partisans  of  inviola- 
bility .  iMilielrtum,  courageously  a.sserled  reasons 
of  public  interest  at  the  same  time  as  rules  of 
jiisiiie  and  liuinanlty  They  maintained  that  the 
same  men  cuiilil  not  lie  Judges  and  legislators, 
the  jury  and  llie  BceuiMrs.   .  In  a  iHilitical 

view,  they  showed  th'  riinw'i|Ueni  i  nof  the  king's 
condemnation,  as  it  wmild  alTerl  tlie  anarchical 
party  iif  the  kingdom,  renderinK  il  still  more  In- 
siilcrit ;  and  with  n-piril  to  Kiiruiic,  whiM<'  still 
i..utnil  piiwers  It  would  inilme  to  join  the  coali- 
tiim  atainst  the  n  |iiitille.  Hut  ItolNspiirre,  who 
during  tills  lung  debate  ilisplayiil  a  daring  and 
piTM'verunce  that  pre.saifed  liispowcr.  npiM-nmi 
at  the  tribune  to  support  Saint  .Just,  to  reproach 
the  conventinn  with  involving  in  ilmilit  what  the 
insurnctiiin  had  dicided,  and  with  storing,  by 
sympathy  and  the  piililicity  of  a  .iifence,  the 
fallen  M.valist  party.  •  The" assinibly,' said  I{o 
liespierre,  'has  involunliiiiK  la'cn  linl  far  away 
fmni  the  n'al  iiuestinn.  lien'  we  have  nothing 
to  do  with  trial:  I.ouls  is  ni  '  an  accuaeil  man: 
you  are  not  judges,  you  ari ,  and  can  only  b<" 
statesmen.  You  have  no  sentence  to  pronounce 
for  or  against  a  man,  but  you  are  called  on  to 
ailopt  a  measure  of  public  safety ;  to  perform  an 
act  of  national  precaution.  A  dethroned  king  is 
onlv  lit  for  two  purposes,  to  disturb  the  Iran 
qufllity  of  the  state,  and  shake  its  free<lom,  or  to 
strengthen  one  or  the  other  of  them.  Louis  waa 
king ;  the  republic  is  founded ;  the  famous  ques- 
tion you  are  discussing  is  decided  in  mese  few 
wonls.  I.ouls  cannot  be  tried;  he  ia  already 
tried,  he  Is  cundemneil,  or  the  republic  is  ot  ab 
solve. I  '  He  required  that  the  convention  )uld 
declare  I.ouis  XVl.  a  traitor  towards  the  French, 
criininal  towurls  humanity,  and  sentence  him  at 
once  to  death,  by  virtue  of  the  insurrection.  The 
Mountaine<'rs.  by  these  extreme  propositions,  by 
the  popularity  ihey  attained  wMhoi.,,  rendereil 
condemnation  iu  a  measure  Ineviiable.  By  gain- 
ing an  extraoniinarv  advance  ot  lie  other  parties, 
it  obliged  them  to  foll..w  it,  though  at  a  distance. 
The  majority  of  the  convention,  composed  in  a 
large  part  of  Qirondists,  w  '.odared  not  pronounce 
L<.iil»  XVi  iuvioiablf ,  and  of  the  Plain,  derided, 
on  Petion's  propositioD.  agkinst  the  opinion  of 


1317 


h  -n 


!"l 


V':' 


iH 


k' 


a 


PRANCE,  ITW 


rw  jr«i«->  ivM. 


PRANCE.  ITM-ITW 


the  fuuktickl  MounUliMwni  tad  >|kliiit  th>t  i>f 
I  «  partiwiM  «f  iDTlolnblllty.  that  Loula  XVI 
■boUMl  lir  trini  hjr  thp  ciinvratloo.  Rnbvrt  I.liwlrt 
Ibrn  nuMlr.  In  Ibc  name  i>f  thr  nimmlMlon  of  tlir 
twi'tilyonr.  Iii«  rrport  m|ir<-tlnK  l,i>iiU  XVt. 
Th«  amilinnM-nt.  urttlRK  forth  Ihv  offrat-r*  Irii 
pul«<l  tolilm,  wu  drawn  up.  ami  tliv  ninven- 
lion  •ummiHml  tlw  jprlaiinir  to  lu  bar  "—P.  A. 
Mlicnrl,  Ilitt.  of  Ihr  fWueK  Ittr  .  fh.  6 

AlJHi  IN:  (I.  II  U'Wf«,  l.iff  iif  Wififtiiifrrf,  fh. 
17— A.  ill'  Ijiinartini'.  Hitl.  ffihr  (lin-uditU.hk. 
!B-8.'l  (r.  ■i)—.\.  til'  Draiii'hranr,  hrnin  Xt'll. 
/fit  Life,  hit  Siifirinfl.  h,»  Itrnlh.  A*.  9 

i.  D.  I70>-I793(btctnibcr— Jaou 
Kioc'a  Trial  and  daath  ttntenct,- 


A.  D.  i70>-i793(Dtctnibcr— Jaauaryi.— Tbt 
"bc'i  Trial  and  daath  ttntenct,— "On  l>i' 
rrmiKT  It,  the  III  fnlitl  iiioiinri'li,  lakrii  frnm  liU 
lirlwm  lo  hla  rormar  iiitlmc.  ap|M'«nil  al  llii'  bar 
of  bin  n  piililiriin  JiulKtu,  »»«  r<if  Iv-'d  In  iiilrnrt' 
anil  wllli  riiMri  il  liimU.  nnil  imHWirnl  InliTToKH' 
torirx  aililnsMi'il  to  lilni  uh  '  l,<iuiH  ('tt|M't,'  tlioiiKb 
witb  un  air  of  ili  frnMirc  llli  |»iimIvi'  loniitanrv 
toiubiil  iiiuny  binrts.  .  .  On  the  2fllb  Ihi'  ml 
viHiiti'n  of  llir  KiiiK  niHcli'  iin  r!(M|iii>nl  difrnri' 
for  tbi'ir  iIIm  ronni'il  rlinil.  jiiiil  l,oui«  ailili-d.  In 
a  fi'W  Himpli'  wonU.  timl  tlir  'IiIikxI  of  Ihi'  Ktlh 
of  Aiitciiii  nlioiilil  not  Ih'  IuIiI  to  Ma  ibnrKi'  '  Tbv 
ilclmli'x  in  till-  Anwniblv  now  lu'irnn.  and  it  iMHm 
Ihi'iuiii^  ividi'nt  tlitit  till'  Jiu'obln  fiirllon  «rri' 
making  the  i|iir!iiion  till'  im-nni  to  furtbi'r  ilieir 
objii'tfi.  and  lo  bold  up  tbrlr  uppononta  to  popii- 
liir  butn'd.  Tbi'v  claniori'd  for  iinini'dlHtp  vrn 
Keamc  on  tin'  tvmnt,  di'darwl  timt  Ibc  Iti'pulilir 
roiild  not  Ih'  mfi'  until  Ibc  Court  wua  amittin  on 
its  bi'iiii.  and  n  great  t'xunipiv  liiid  Ui'n  given  lo 
Eumpe.  and  denounccil  nii  reKi'lionnry  and  an 
roncenled  roynllHta  all  who  rraUled  Ibe  deinauds 
of  patriotiiini.  Tlienc'  ferocioua  Inverlivea  were 
atdeil  by  Ibe  exiMillenU  ai>  often  employeil  with 
suri'i'Mi,  and  Ibe  rapilal  and  Ita  mobi  were  ar- 
rayeii  lo  lulimldate  any  deputlea  who  hmltaletl 
In  the  '  rauae  of  the  Nation. '  The  Muderati>!>,  on 
the  other  hand,  were  dividcil  in  mind ;  a  majority, 
perhaps,  condemning  the  King,  but  alto  wlahinx 
to  apare  hit  life:  and  the  Qironde  leaileni,  halt- 
ing belwiH'U  their cimvlrtlona.  their  feelings,  their 
deain'S,  and  their  fean.  shrank  from  a  courageous 
and  n-solute  course.  The  result  was  tuch  as 
usually  follows  when  energy  and  will  encounter 
indecision.  On  January  14  [the  L'tth,  ac<  '  I'ing 
to  Thiers  »nd  others].  1783.  the  Convent:..  ,  dc- 
I'lared  I/>uU  XV'I.  guiltv,  and  on  the  following 
day  [Ibe  speaking  and  voting  lasted  through 
the  night  of  the  I6II1  and  the  day  after  il]  sen- 
tence of  Imracdiiilc  death  was  pronounced  by  a 
maiorily  of  one  [but  the  minority,  in  this  view, 
included  24  votes  that  were  cast  for  death  but 
In  favor  of  a  |>oslponement  of  the  penally,  on 
grounds  of  political  expeiliency],  proposals  for  a 
respite  iind  an  npiieul  to  the  [K-ople  having  been 
rejirtiil  at  tlie  rrilical  raonient.  The  votes  had 
tH'in  taken  after  a  solemn  call  of  the  deputies  a*. 
itnitlinL'  protnictiil  for  days;  and  the  8|Hi'ta<le 
of  the  viist  dim  ball,  of  the  shadowy  figures  of 
till-  ,iwcstni(k  judges  meting  out  the  fate  of 
thiir  fonner  Sivenign.  and  tier  upon  tier  of  half 
sei'ii  f'lres.  l(K>king.  as  in  a  theatre,  on  the  dniniii 
Im'Iow.  and  bri'Hking  out  into  disconliinl  clamor, 
made  a  fearful  iinjin'ssion  on  many  eye-witnesses. 
One  vote  excitiil  a  si-nsation  (if  (llsgust  even 
among  the  most  ruthless  ehiefs  of  the  Mountain, 
Ihoiigli  it  was  nniurked  that  many  of  the  nlmn- 
linn,  .i  u..iiien  who  (■rowii..d  the  galicri. »  siiri.  ki'i 
approbntiun.    The  Duke  uf  Orleans,  whose  Jaco- 


bin profetaiont  hid  caiiani  him  In  Ir  ntinM 
for  Paria,  with  a  voice  In  which  elTMiiii  rv  mln 
gird  with  tem>r.  pmmiuncmt  for  the  iiimiiiiiiir 
rirciitlon  of  hbi  kinsman,  The  minlHiir  „r  j,„ 
tUv— IhuiUm  liaii  rr«igne<l  —  aniHinmid  <>n  ihf 
90th  the  aenlence  lu  lh«  King.  The  miilivr  rr 
ceived  the  meaaage  calmly,  asked  for  ilin,  ,!.», 
to  get  really  lo  ille  (a  reiiui-st,  howevi  r,  .11  „tu-r 
refuaed),  and  prayed  that  he  might  M-e  ||i<  f.imll« 
and  have  a  confessor." — Vi.  O'C  M,irn»  H, 
fWnrh  Iter  ,  an'l  b'trtt  Km/iirf,  M.  ,"> 

AlJxi  IN:  A.  Thiers,  l/itt.  ■•fthr  fr,.,/,  li„ 
(Am.eil.).  ri.pp  44-73.— A.  K."II<nnin,l,|.  M'.lf 
vllle,  I'rirtitr  .iftumirt,  rrttilirr  ^<  M»-  /.t^t  t^,,,r  .,^ 
/...«»■«  XVI ,  fh  :IM-4(I  —J.  B  Clirv.  ./..  „„(  f.f 
fkrufrrnfrmtt  thf  TrmnU. 

A.  D.  I79*-I793  (btetmbtr  -  Februaryi  - 
Dtterminmtlon  to  Incorporate  the  Auitriti 
Ntthtrlaodi  and  to  attacli  Holland  Pitt'i 
unmvailinK  itrunlt  for  peace.  EniUod 
drlTtn  to  armt.  —  War  with  the  Mariiim« 
Powtr*  declared  br. the  French.— ■•^nir.  ii,,. 
Isglnnlng  of  Di'ci-miImt.  the  Kri  n' li  i;"i.  ruiu.ai 
hail  conlmcteil  their  fur  reiuhini!  lu  hiin"'  vMthm 
dellnite  liinlu.  They  were  emn  pi  I  In  I  1,,  i;i\'  •:]< 
the  bo|i<!  of  revoliitioni/lng  theiiinnoi  Km;  In 
>ind  establishing  a  Ili'pulilic  In  Iin-  llriiish  |. 
lands:  but  they  were  all  Ibe  more  il<  i,  rniinnl  n, 
the  n-solve  to  subject  the  countrin  wliiili  Im,| 
hitberto  lafn  iN'Cupieil  in  the  nmni'iif  fn-nl.m 
to  the  nde  of  F'ninee.  This  obji ci  «:i> m,  n  •. 
peclully  piirsueil  in  lielgluin  by  M:oihii  ml 
I  hn'e  other  deputies,  who  were  wnl  ii"  (  .mniij 
sionera  of  the  Convention  to  that  1  "iiiiirv  'ti  the 
Hittb  of  November.  Thev  «en'  din-i  ii  ■!  i.>  m 
ijuire  Into  the  condition  of  Ihe  I'Tuvhn  • »  iiri.j  t.i 
conslil, r  Dumuurlez's  complaints  nir iin»t  I'.nln' 
[the  Minister  at  War]  and  llie  Coniiniiti  >  f.irnipil 
lo  purchase  supplies  for  the  army.  '  D.-iniun  In- 
came  resolute  In  the  determination  In  {iiii>r|n>nit<' 
Belgium  and  pn'saed  Ibe  pn)jiit  imxuniljly 
'It  wai  a  matter  of  course  tli:it  Kritiltiiiil 
would  interpoao  both  by  woni  and  dn  d  ilirnily 
France  prepan'd  to  lake  possession  I'f  Iti  liriuni 
.  .  .  England  hail  guaniuieed  the  po>«i'«»iiin  if 
Belgium  to  the  Einp<'n>rin  17tNI  — ami  iIm  rjumni; 
of  the  Scbehlt  to  the  Dutch,  ami  itx  pnliikil 
IKMitlon  In  Holland  to  the  IIouni'  of  iir^mnc  in 
1788.  Under  an  lmi>erative  si-nsi'  of  li.r  (urn 
Interests,  she  had  struggliil  to  previ'nt  tin-  IMiib 
from  gaining  a  fooling  In  .\utwerp  :>>i'l  (Mnul 
Prudence,  ttdellty  lo  treaties,  tlie  ritrn»|«'(i  "f 
the  past  and  tlie  hopes  of  Ihe  fulup-  ill  i;i!lr'l 
loudly  up<m  her  not  lo  allow  the  I'llimr  if 
Europe  to  lie  dlsturU'd,  and  le^iKt  of  ull  In  Ilil 

Slum."— H.  von  Hrbel.  //iV  ../  r/i/  /■;■.;..'.  li'. 
i  a,  eh.  6  (r.  2).  — "The  Knni  li  leivi  riiriiiiit 
resolvtil  to  attack  Holland,  itiid  or.lir.  1  its  ({in 
erals  to  enforce  by  arms  Ihe  opi'iipn;  of  tlie 
Hcbeldt.  To  do  this  was  to  foni-  K'ii:l;ii.'l  inli 
war.  I'ubllc  opinion  was  alreuily  pn— Iin;  •  11  ry 
day  harder  upon  Htt[see  K.voi  ^SI>  .\  I'  ITW 
ITSW].  .  .  .  Across  the  Chainii  I  his  iii.-|it~iii"n 
was  only  taken  for  fenr.  .  .  .  Tin'  n  j'ti'"  'f 
bis  lust  offers  indeed  m»(h'  a  coiiti-l  iimiialJi 
Both  sides  ccasiil  fnmi  diplimiHlii-  1  "ininunli;! 
lions,  and  In  Kebruary  ITU'.I  Kniim-  i-^ui.l  hir 
Declaration  of  War."— J.  It  (in.n  Ih'l.  / 
the  Kiiijlith  PropU.  bk.  9.  fh.  4  (r.  4i 

Al»oin:  W.  E.  II.  I-eckv,  /AV  f' Av;  ,n 
the  18M  Century,  fh.  22  (r.  A).— K:irl  >:,iiiiii>)K', 
i.>f<  •■/  Pi!t.  ■•■':  ifl  i'".  2).  i/cjf :.•:  ■V-  J  '■■■'■' 
li'uiter,  pp.  -.2S6-3«)9. 


1318 


nuNcE,  im. 


vf  Urn  KtKt. 


4    0.    ITtJ  (J««««7)— Tl»  •■•««tlo«  of 
xTuM  -'To  thU  itHu  liiilKii,  thm.  hum  Ihoii 

?irT> i«pl««  •<""'"'    '■■'"■  **""  "'  "'">  .'^'".''* 
kw.lt*  .HI  llM-  H<i»ir..l.l  by  f..riii  "f  U«.     I  i«l«T 

Siwi.  bM  lirrii  (»«lil..iiliiK  Iflf  l<'K«-thrr  tli«o 
!h^Mii<l  TM";  »n.l  Iim  l»'...inr.  •«!<■  way  »n,l 
^r.  ™«.t  .!«..««  M«.  hlnr.  Hurrly,  »  n... 
hT  I  i«  •l«"  WKhtful.  ihU  M».hlD.'.  tl.wl. 
Si^l  n<**li»t  lt.h...il.l  !«•;  wlil.li  will.  .«  ft 
i^;  „r  hy.'..l.l  «l.>w  l..rl..r.',  hu  «i.»t..l  tl..; 
H.M.n.l«ml«..f  lnniim.ml.1.- MK'ti  A.i.l  ImI...  .1 
niwi  KIntt  hImiM'lf  ..r  mv  nilh.r  klnitli.H«l  In 

h„ ,„.r«.n,  i« I.. .•«pi'<'  i"f ';; ' "''! !""""■"■  7 

K„i„l  llr»«.n   Hull'     It  i"  <v>r  *»;  nml  II....1 
.U„uM.l  kn,.w   It,  <»  hiMiitlity  lyr«i.ii...H  mni.: 

inturti.'.-   l.r U    lr.ju»ll..':    ."r~'    »»,''  /?'"*' 

hUuil"  v.rllv  nM.irii  •.il«iiy«  I.......'.   wM.' ;.» 

th.¥  muv  wHii.lir.     lnn.H.iil    Ij..iI>i  Ihwh  Hi.' 
.ini  i.f  iiwnv    K.wr»li>.iw;    !..■  i.k.  .xpiri.  n..« 
lli«tm»ii«lril>.in"l  l«n.>l  rtilliU  Kuril..  Ilii.tlfl..' 
lu.)  m.  liitfluT  »m'.  It  »rr.'  not  w.ll  with  lil'. 
\  Kiiii!  'lyli'K  '">■  "'"■''  *'"''''i"'  "I'l"'!"'*  '""1" 
;  telv  til  the  IniaKiliBtl.iii.  n»  thf  liki>  ii.ii> 
,Bd  >m<ht  ti.  .!.>      A11.I  y.t  at  l«.lt..ii.  It  I         i 
the  r.i..)!  .Ivinir.  Imt  th.-  im.n:     K'''^'' 
emit    thi-  f'niv\  l<"w  1»  "f  tl.''  'kin       ' 
Inini  whom  y.m  take  his  Life  t..  hi".  ' 

«h.«le  ((.mhliiiil  w.irl.l  <lo  mcrcT  . 
(«Mir   liiw  .■..III.':    Ablw   Kilifi*»r>  ■ 
Mtrwll"!!.  »l>"inthfKln(t  kii.'wl.y     ■    1   ■ 
hM  .■..mi'    pnimptly   on   thU    w>l"'i 
U»vr  tl.r  tJirth  ali.nf.  thi'li.  Ihmi  ' 
it  with  llH  niali.c  will  g.>  lU  wuy.  u 
(TO  thine     A  hani  •ceti"  )'■»  reniai.. 
iD|{  with  .)ur  lovvtl  oiira.     Kin.l  liD»rt». . 
Id  the  same  (fliin  imtII  with  iia;  to  Iks  I. 
l*t  thi 


K 


11* 
„. ....  reader  l"">k  with  the  ijes  of  Viil.a  v  '<r\ 
thniugh  these  Khuwdoors,  where  alw>  tin-  Mun,  1 
pillty  wat.hea;   anil  acfl  the  cnieleat  .if  wen. 
At  half  pa»t  eluht,  the  dcM.r  ..f  the  an'e  riHiii. 
openeil;  the  Queen  anpeareil  flral.  leading  hiT 
Son  by  the  hand;   then    Mailame   Koyale  an.l 
Madatn.    Klizabeth;    they  all  Hung  thenn<;lve« 
Into  tl..-  arms  of  the  King,     ftllen.  -  reigned  f..r 
*.niemieute»;  InU'rrupted  only  bj   aobs.    ... 
F.ir  nearly  two  houra  thla  agony  laats;   llii'ii 
they  tear' themaeWea  aaunder.     'Vromlw   that 
Tou  will  we  uaonthe  morr.>w."     lie  pnimiwa: 
-Ah  yoi.  yes.  yet  once;  an.l  go  now,  ye  l.iv.'.l 
lines;  .ry  in  (i.Kl  f.)r  yiiiirwlvea  an.l  niel— It 
WM  a  liar.1  n-ene,  but  It  la  over.     He  will  n.it 
w  thtni  ..n  the  morrow.     Th.'  Queen  In  paaalng 
thruiidh  the  anteroom,  glam-e.l  at  the  CerlM'rus 
Muni.ipaU;  and.  with  woman's  vehemence.  rbI.I 
tlinmeli  her  team,  '  Voua  etea  t.iU8  des  K-41f  mta. ' 
Kini?  Lulls  slept  iound,  till  tlve  In  the  ni.>riiiiig, 
when  Clirv,  as  hi-  had  \kvh  onlcred,  awoke  liliii. 
Clfrv  ilns'wl  his  hair:  while  this  went  fnrwaril, 
Lnuiii  t(K>k  a  ring  from  liLs  watch,  an.l  k.'pt  try- 
init  it  .m  his  tliiger;  It  was  his  we.l.lingring, 
whi.li  he  Is  now  to  return  to  the  Qii.'cii  as  a 
mule  fiir.w.'ll.     At  half  past  six.    Iw  t.s.k  the 
Saimnient.  aii.l  cmtlnued  in  ilev.itlnii.  uii.l  ciin- 
(frtiiiT  with  Abbe  Edgewortli.     H.-  will  not  see 
his  (amilv :  it  were  t.M)  hard  t.>  bear.     At  ei^'l.t 
thp  .MiiniVipals  enter;  the  King  gives  thcin  his 
Will,  an.l  meaaageaand  effects;  which  they,  at 
tlr»t.  lirutallv  refuse  t.>  take  cimrge  of;  he  glv.s 
tl.fni  ii  rcll  of  ff.ilil  pieces  11  humlred  an.l  twenty- 
tlvf  l.iiii«;  thesi'  arc  to  Ih'  rctiirne.1  to  Miilesherbes. 
who  had  lent  them.     At  nine,  Santerre  saya  the 


rUANCE.  ITW 

hour  U  ronw.  Th.  King  b«fa  yrt  to  rrtlr.  fo» 
three  mlniitni  At  the  emi  <if  thrre  nilnutM. 
Santerre  again  lays  Hi*  hour  l«  ...me  '  Htanip- 
Ing  .m  th.'  gr.iuii.1  with  hU  right  f.Hit,  l-.uta 
answera;  I'arUma,  Ut  iia  g.i  -ll.iw  the  r.dllng 
iif  thiSM!  druma  mniea  In.  through  the  Temple 
linatloiiaanil  bulwarka,  .m  the  heart  of  a  .pieenljr 
wife;  aiHiii  to  lie  a  widow!  lie  la  got..',  then, 
aiul  haa  not  ii«n  u«?  ...  At  the  Temple  (lat« 
were  win.)'  fulnt  irlcs.  perliapa  fr.mi  v.ilcia  nl 
pitiful  w. mien;  tlri\ce'  Iir4.i'  Thni.igh  lln'ri-a* 
.if  the  siriela  th.r.'  Is  sil.iii  e  us  .if  the  grave 
N..  mail  nut  iirii.e.1  Is  iill.iw.-.l  t..  1m'  Ih.re  llm 
8riii.-.l.  .11.1  any  .mh  pity,  .lure  n.it  expr.ss  It 
eii.li  mun  .iv.  fuw.'.!  I.y  all  his  mlitlilsnir-  All 
niiiiliiwa  nr.'  ilnwii.  n.'Hc  seen  l.s'kii.g  llirii.ii.'h 
till  III  All  ali.ips  ur.' shut.  No  wh.'.l  i«rri:../f 
riills.  this  iii.irniinr.  in  lh<-<.'  stri'cta  b.il  ...le  ..nly 
WI.SKI  iirn.iil  111. ..  stuii.l  ruiik.'.l.  Ilk.'  arn.i.l 
sliitu.-siif  i.i.n;  .iiiin.ins  lirlstl.',  .  aiin.iii.>'rs  with 
.     ..h  l.tniiug.  liiit  nil  w.iril  ur  i.i.ivemeiil ;  it  Is 

■it.  1 II.  huiit.'.l  Int. I  siliiiie  an.l  stun le 

■    Alth  its  .".I  .irt.  »|..«lv  runililiiiir.  is  llm 
I  iiuil      Liiuis  ri'uils,  in  )iis  ll<s'k  nf  I).'*.. 

,1    ,i„.    |«,  '  III     Uyini::  .  lull,  r  of  this 

I  <  11 .111  the  .ur.  in  III.-  gn-ul 

,  „  .      ,,.,       ,„  ht    HMiiliI   fuin  strii^'gle 

,    1,1.     ,•,  1    Mi.^    Kurth      As  the 

|,       ,.,1,  |.  til.'  I'lti.e  .1.' lu  Itevnlu- 

.1,       ,     .      ,■■■.  Qiiiii/c:  thetiuillcitliie, 

,    ,.,!,   '        ,'  til,  ,1  ,'Mal  wher.' iiii.e  st.sal 

v   ,        .,,    ;, ,'  ;  Far  r.iiiiid,  all  lirlstlcB 

;i  .,  i  .  :     i  ,         ,  in.ti;  spectutom  crow.l- 

,      ,    •,„        I     ,    ■  I!,  .ins  Knalltetherelncubrlii- 
.r  ,    I '•    .,1    III  I.imis  reu.ls  hla  I'rayera 
'1   .,,1;;  1,^,1   I    i  live  mlnutea  yet  has  be 
,1     .;„.  ili.'i      rlage.ipcns.     W  hat  temper 
,.  II  i.'lT.rcnt  witneaaea  will  give  ten 

,i  r,r.iii  .if  It-     He  is  In  the  cnlllalon  of 

,,  ,„  IM      il  n.iw   ut   the   black   Mahl- 

iii'M.   .  I  111  .if  Death:  In  Borrow,  In  Indlg- 
iii  •■   .1         i.in  struggling  to  be  realgned. 
of    M.    Edgi'worth,'    he    atraltly 


■    lUftC       -        -  ^-  „  ,    ,        . 

cimrgea  the  Ucutenant  who  is  silting  with  them: 
then  thev  two  desceii.l.  The  drums  arc  beating; 
•Taiser-'vous,  Sili'iice!'  he  criea  'In  a  terrible 
vohe,  d'unc  voU  terrible.'  lie  mounU  the  ac«f- 
fol.l,  n.it  without  ilelay;  he  la  in  puce  coat, 
breechca  of  gray,  white  stockinga.  He  atripe 
off  the  oat ;  alan.la  dlacloscl  in  a  sli'eve-walstroat 
.if  white  tinnnel.  The  executlon.'rs  approach  to 
bind  him:  he  snurns.  reslats;  Abb*  Edgeworth 
has  t.i  remind  liini  Imw  the  Saviour,  in  whom  men 
trust,  suliinitted  tols'  Isiiind.  Ills  hands  arc  tied, 
his  h.'ttil  bare;  the  fatal  moment  Is  conic.  He 
uiivuni'i's  to  the  clgc  nf  the  8<affold,  'hla  face 
very  r.-d,'  und  wiva:  '  Krenehmen,  I  die  lnno<-cnt : 
It  is  from  the  Scu'llnlil  unil  near  appearing  before 
(io.1  that  I  t.ll  vii.i  so.     I  pardon  my  enemies;  I 

ile^ir.'that  Kruu..- '    A  Oeneral  on  horseback, 

Siint.rre  ..r  aiintlier.  pniiic.'S  out  with  uplifted 
huii.l:  'Tuiiiliiiiir-''  Th.' drums  drown  the  voice. 
■Kx.'.uli.inerj,.  .In  your  duty!'  The  Kxecu- 
ti.imrs.  .i.'sp.  rate  li'st  th.r  selves  !«•  mur.l.'red 
(fur  .Sant.rr.'  an.l  his  Am  llunks  will  strike. 
If  tiny  ilii  nut),  seUc  the  'less  Louis:  six  of 
Iheni  d.'spi'rat.'.  him  singlv  |ieraU',  struggling 
th.re ;  an.l  lilnil him  t.i their  plank.  Ablie  Kdgc- 
wiirtli.  st.Miping,  bespeaks  him:  "Son  .if  Saint 
I,.mi.s.  ascend  to  ll.'r.vcn.'  The  Axe  dunki 
.Iciw'i ;  a  King's  Life  is  shorn  away.  It  is  Men- 
ilav  liie  2l6l  i.f  ,luiiuar-v-  l793.  lie  was  agctl  8S 
yeiira  four  months  and  28  daya.     Executioner 


1319 


I'W  i 


ik' 


.1 


' 


■yr-: 


FRANCE,  ITK). 


Th«  ffrt«n/y/iOfianr 

I><»uiia<. 


PHA>X'E,  1798. 


BamRnn ahowii the  Head:  flerce  aliouts  of  Vive  la 
Kv|iul)lic|ii(' riM's.  aml»«cll«;  ciiniirniwiliin  linvo- 
nets,  hats  waviiig;  titudt'iilH  nf  tin-  C'olli-itf'of 
Kour  NutUma  tiiki-  it  up.  on  the  fiir  yiiiils;  fling 
It  over  I'nris.  D'Orlennsilrivi'!.  iilT  in  lii»ral)rio- 
Ict:  tlie  Townliall  ("imndllurs  rub  tlicir  Imnils, 
laying,  'It  is  dono.  It  is  done'  .  ,  .  In  llie 
rolTi'c  houses  llmt  cvcninp,  mya  I'ruillioninie, 
I'alriot  sliiNik  liunds  nith  I'atriot  in  a  moru  cor- 
dial nianniT  than  usual.  Not  till  aonic  days 
aftir,  aiiordinK  to  Miri ier,  did  |iulilii;  nun  w-f 
what  n  grave  tiling  it  w.is,  A  grave  thing  it 
{ndisputalilyis:  and  willhaverf>nsei|ueners.  .  .  . 
At  home  this  Killing'  of  a  King  has  divided  all 
friends:  and  abnuid  it  has  united  all  enendes. 
Kralernity  of  I'eojdes.  Itevolulionary  I>ropagan- 
disin:  Atheism,  IteL'icide;  total  ilestruetion  of 
WKJiil  order  in  this  > ,  nrld !  All  Kings,  and  lovers 
of  Kings,  and  haters  of  Anarchy,  rank  in  eoali- 
tion;  as  in  a  war  for  life."— T.  Carlylc,  The  Ft. 
lifr.,  r.  :t,  hk.  2,  eh.  8. 

A.  D,  1793  (Febrnary— April).— Increaainf 
anarchy.—  Degradation  of  mannera. —  Forma- 
tion of  the  terrible  Revolutionary  TribunaL — 
Treacherous  detiKns  of  Dumouriez.—  Hia  in- 
vaiion  of  Holland.— Hit  defeat  at  Neer- 
winden  and  retreat.— Hit  flight  to  the  enemy. 
— "  While  the  French  were  .  .  .  throwing  down 
the  gauntlet  to  all  Europe,  their  own  country 
seemed  sinking  into  anurrldcal  dissolution. 
Paris  was  fillecl  with  tumult,  insurrection  and 
robliery.  At  the  diMiunciations  of  .Marat  against 
'forestjillers,'  tlie  shops  were  entered  by  the 
moll,  who  larried  oil  articles  at  their  own  prices, 
anil  sometimes  without  paying  at  all.  The 
populace  was  agitated  by  the  harangues  of  low 
Itinerant  dema.i;o;,'ues.  Hough  anti  brutal  man- 
ners were  affecied.  and  all  tlie  courtesies  of  life 
alHilished.  Tlie  revolutionary  leaders  adopted  a 
dress  called  the  'carmagnole,'  consisting  of 
rnoriiious  Mack  pantaliKins,  a  short  jacket,  a 
three-coloured  waistcoat,  and  a  Jacobite  wig  of 
short  Mack  hair,  a  terribli>  moustache,  the 
'iHiiinet  rouge.' and  an  enormous  sabre.  [The 
name  (iirniiignole  was  als<i  given  to  a  tune  and 
a  diiiice;  it  is  suppoM'd  to  have  borne  originally 
Some  reference  not  now  understoiMl  to  t'armiig- 
nolu  in  riidmont  ]  .Moilerate  persons  of  no 
strong  political  opinions  were  den'amced  us 
•suspected.' ami  their  irime  sligfuatised  by  the 
nenlycoineilwordof  'nKHlerantisnie.'  The  varia- 
tions of  popular  feeling  were  reconled  like  the 
heat  of  tiie  weather,  or  the  rising  of  a  tlood. 
The  principal  articles  in  the  journals  were 
entitled  '  Thermometer  of  the  Public  Mind;'  the 
Jacobins  talked  of  .  .  .  t)eing'up  to  the  level." 
Many  of  llie  provinces  were  in  a  disturtKKl  state. 
A  movement  had  been  organising  in  Brittany  ever 
since  1701,  but  the  death  of  the  Marqui.s  de  la 
Uouarie,  its  principal  leader,  had  for  the  prc^sent 
suspeiiiled  it.  A  more  formidable  insurreilion 
was  pri'paring  in  I,a  Vendee.  ...  It  was  in  the 
midst  of  thi's<>  disturbances,  aggravated  by  a 
8u»pi<  ion  of  (ienenil  Dumouriez's  treachery, 
which  we  shall  pre?4i'nlly  liavi'  to  relate,  that  the 
t<rriblc  court  known  as  the  l{<'voliiti<mary 
Tribunal  wiw  established.  It  was  first  formallv 
proposed  in  the  Convention  March  9th,  by 
Carrier,  the  miscreant  afterwanls  notorious  by 
his  massacres  at  Nantes,  urgeil  by  Camliaceres 
on  the  lOlh.  and  completed  that  very  night  at 
the  instance  of  Danton,  who  rushint  to  the 
tribune,  insisted  that  the  Assembly  should  not 


separate,  till  the  new  Court  had  lieen  iirvMtii,p,| 
.  .  .  The  extraordinary  Iribunal  <.f  .\„„i,j 
17IW  had  not  iH-en  found  to  work  fust  mn'i^-it 
and  it  was  now  superst'ded  by  this  m  w  (,np' 
wliich  iHK'aine  in  fact  only  a  nielhiHl  .f  uwm 
cring  under  the  form  of  law.  The  llcvoluti,,'i,.ini 
Tribunal  was  designed  to  take  cogiiis:in(  e  „f  ,|| 
counterrevolutionaiT'  attempts,  of  nil  atiaiks 
uiMin  lilierty.  equality,  the  unitv  ami  iii,livi,i 
bility  of  the  Republic,  the  Internal  ami  ixicrn,! 
safely  of  the  State.  '•omnii.s.sion  if  six  nicm- 
!hts  of  the  Convention  was  to  evuniim  -.md  n-. 
port  upon  the  cases  to  lie  brought  In  1,1,  jt  (,, 
draw  up  and  present  the  in  is  of  iiMrsiii,,,, 
The  tribunal  was  to  Ik?  composulof  u  jnrv  i., 
decide  upon  the  fact.s,  five  judu'i  s  to  u|.|,Ki|„, 
law,  a  public  accu.ser,  and  two  siibstiiiiii. ;  'fr,„„ 
its  sentence  there  was  no  appeal.  Mcuinhilr 
Dumouriez  had  retunied  to  the  urinv.  m  r\  iii.< 
satisfied  that  he  had  faih'd  in  his  ntti  ni["ii»  in 
save  the  King  and  baffle  the  Jacobins.  |l|.  j,,,,! 
formed  the  ilesign  of  invading  llolhiml,  ili.<s„ii. 
ing  the  Kevolutionary  Committee  in  ili:ii  dmn- 
Iry,  annulling  the  decree  of  Dec.  l."!)!!,  nilirinir 
neutrality  to  the  English,  a  suHpensi.n  of  arna 
to  the  .\ustrians,  reuniting  the  Hi  Lim  ami 
Ilatavian  republics,  and  proposing  to  FnuHc  s 
retinion  with  them.  In  case  of  n  fiiwil.  lie 
designed  to  march  upon  Paris,  dissolve  the  i'nii- 
vention,  extinguish  Jacobinism;  in  .-^lii.rt.  to 
play  the  part  of  Monk  in  England.  'I  his  plan 
was  coutided  to  four  persons  onlv,  among  «liiim 
Danton  is  said  to  have  la'cn"  one.  .  .  .  Du. 
mouriez,  having  directed  (Jeneral  .Mii  imla  to 
lay  siege  to  Maestricht,  left  Antwerp  f.  r  ll.,I. 
land,  Feb.  22nd,  and  by  March  4lli  hail  »,i,:,,l 
Breda,  Klundert  and  flertruydenberir.  .\ii>tm. 
at  the  instanee  of  England,  iiad  puvln  il  f  irnarj 
112.000  men  under  Prince  Josias of  Sum  ('..luiri' 
Clairfait,  with  bis  army,  at  this  tim.'  oirii]i,,l 
Hcrghem,  where  he  was  separalnl  fr.m  ilie 
French  only  by  the  little  river  Hoer  -.mi  tlie 
fortress  <if  Jiiliers.  Coliurg,  limini:  j.iiiud 
Clairfait,  March  1st,  crossed  the  Hm  r.  .lifcaiiil 
the  French  under  Dampierre  at  Alteiili..v(  n.  «iul 
thus  compelled  Miranda  to  raise  the  ^'uyv  iif 
Maestricht.  and  retire  towards  Tonirn  >  .\i\  Li- 
Chapelle  was  entered  by  the  Austrim-  nflir  a 
smart  conti'st,  and  the  f'rench  coni|..ll.l  to  re- 
treat U|M)n  I.iege,  while  the  divi>i.,ii,  m„ier 
.Stengel  and  Neuilly,  iH'ing  cut  olT  bviliis  mev ■■ 
ment,  were  thrown  back  into  l.inihuri;  TIr' 
Austrians  then  croised  the  .Mciim'.  ml  ti.ik 
Liege,  March  6tli.     Dumouriez   was  mnv  ri.iii 

1)elied  to  concentrate  his  forces  ai  I.  nviiin 
'Voni  this  place  he  wrote  a  threalei.iiii;  !c  11.  r  t,i 
the  Convention,  March  11th,  deniinuin;;  He  ( ro 
ceedi'  >  of  the  ministry,  the  acts  of  .11  r-- j.  u 
conin  jd  in  Belgium,  and  the  decn  r ,  .1  I  >-.  .1.. 
Iht  15lh.  This  letter  threw  the  (1111111, iim  "f 
(JenersI  Defence  into  con.sternatinn  1(  «a.< 
resolved  to  keep  it  secret,  and  Danlnn  and 
Ijicroix  set  off  for  Dumoiiriez's  e.iiir|i  I'l  try 
what  they  could  do  with  him.  but  foiiji,|  liini  iii- 
flexible.  His  pnx'cedingshad  alreuil)  unniiskiKl 
his  designs.  At  Antwerp  he  liml  ..nlin.l  llie 
Jacobin  Club  to  Ik>  closed,  and  the  iii'  i:.!, ri  in 
be  imprisoned,  at  Brussels  he  hail  ili^-  iwil  Ibe 
legion  of  'sans-cuUitles.'  Diiniourii  /  a  ,-  de- 
feated by  Prince  Coburg  at  Neerwimli  ^  March 
IHth.  and  again  on  the  22nd  at  l.oin  .'i'  In  1 
secret  interview  with  the  Austrian  C!  1  Muk. 
a  day  or  two  after,  at  Ath,  he  annoiim  ■  i  m  lh«t 


1320 


'J-  ;^ 


FRANCE,  nm. 


Inaurrtetion 
■It  iM  WtntUt. 


FRANCE,  1798. 


Mat  hid  Intention  to  m«rch  on  Paris  and  cstab- 
Hih  s  constitutional  monarchy,  but  nothing  wiw 
aid  u  to  "ho  wad  to  wear  the  cniwn.     The 
AuntriaM  were  t.i  support  Oumouriei's  advance 
upon  Paris,  but  "o*  to  show  thcmsclveH  except 
In  case  of  need,    x  '.  he  waa  to  have  tlie  coni- 
msnl  "t  what  Austrian  troops  he  might  select. 
The  French  niiw  contlnue<l  their  retreat,  which. 
In  consequence  of  these  neeoclations.  was  un- 
molestcil.    The  Archduke  Charies  and  Prince 
robnrg  entered  Brussels  March  2.'itli.  and  tlie 
Dutch  town*  were  shortly  after  i  :taken.     When 
nuiDfuriez  arrive<l  with  his  van  at  Courtral.  he 
mu  met  by  three  cniisnaries  of  the  .lacoblns, 
srnt  »ppar"nlly  to  sound  him.     He  bluntly  told 
ihem  thai  his  design  was  to  save  France,  whether 
Ibfy  callcil  him  Ciesar.  Cromwell  or  Monk,  dc- 
ncunccd    the    Convention    as    an    assembly   of 
ttrsnt-H.  said  that  he  despised  their  decrees.  .  .  . 
At  «t.  Amand  he  was  met  by  Heunionville,  then 
minister  of  war.  who  was  to  supersi'de  him  in 
the  command,  and   liy    four  commissaries  de- 
iMtched    by    the    Convention."       Duraouricz 
srrested  these,  delivereil  them  to  Clairfait,  and 
they  were  sent  to  Maestricht.     "The  allies  were 
»o  sanguine  that  Dumouriez.'s  ilefection  w<ndd 
put  sn  end  to  the  Revolution,  that  Ijonl  Auck- 
land and    (Jount    Stahremberg,    the    Austrian 
minister.  Kniking  upon  the  dissolution  and  flight 
of  the  ('.invention  as  certain,  addn-sseil  a  joint 
note  to  the  States-Oeneral.  requesting  them  not 
to  shelter  such  mcml)ers  of  it  as  had  taken  any 
part  in  the  condemnation  of   I,ouis  XVI      But 
l)umourie/.'s  armv  was  not  with  )dm      On  the 
read  to  I'onde  he  waa  llretl   on  by  a  iKnly  of 
rolunteers  and  compelleil  to  lly  for  his  life  (April 
4th)."    The  day   following  he   abnndonc  I    his 
armv  and  went  Over  to  the  Austrian  quarters  at 
Tournav,  with  a  few  companions,  thus  eniling 
lii«  political  and  mlliury  career.     ' '  The  situation 
of  France  at  this  time  8eeme<l  almost  desperate. 
The  army  of  the   North    was  complct«'ly  ills 
iirpinisiMl  through  the  treachery  of  Dumouriez ; 
the  armies  of  the   Khine  and  Moselle  were  re 
trfsting.  those  of  the  Alps  and  Italy  were  ex- 
pecting an  attack;  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Pyrenee.s  the  tnwps  were  without  artillery,  with- 
out generali'.  almost  without  bread,  while  on  the 
western   side    the    Spaniards    were    advancing 
lowanis  Bavonne.     Brest.  Cherbourg,  the  cmists 
of  Brittany,  were  threatened   by  the    English. 
The  rti'un  porta  contained  only  six  ships  of  llic 
line  reiuly  for  sea.  and  the  Mediterranean  fleet 
was  l)elnK  repaired  at  Toulon.     But  the  energy 
of  the  nvnlutionary  leaders   was  equal  to  the 
occasion."— T.  II.  Dyer.  Hint,  nf  Mintrrn  Kumiir, 
*i.  7,  el.  .1  if.  i). 

Also  is  A.  OritlitliH.  Fnnrfi  Reiyiliitionttry 
Unrnil,.  M.  5.— F.  C.  Sihlosser.  Hinl.  of  Ihf 
l^M  f.nliin/.  r.  6,  </i>.  2.  r/i.  2.  »'•^  1-2.— C. 
MacFarliiiie'.  Thf  AV.  Kev..  r.  S.  M.  11. 

A.  D.  1793  (March— April).— The  insurrec- 
tion in  La  Veode'e. — "Kvcr  since  the  aluilition 
of  royally  and  the  cimstitution  of  ITlt".  that  is. 
met  the  l>IIh  of  August,  a  conueuinutory  and 
Ihreatciinii;  silence  hail  prevailed  in  Normandy. 
Bretairno  exliibjted  still  more  hostile  s<>ntiments. 
and  the  people  there  were  eUj.rosseil  t)y  fondness 
lorthe  priests  and  the  gentry.  Nearer  to  the  banks 
of  the  Loire,  thisattjichnient  aninunteil  to  insur 
rection;  and  lastly,  on  the  leil  hank  of  th.il  river, 
in  the  It<K"age.  Le  Ijoroux.  and  I.A  Vendei'.  tlie 
insurrection  was  complete,  and  large  armies  of 


ten  ami  twenty  thousand  men  were  already  in 
the   Helil.  ...   It  was  particularly  on  this  left 
Irnnk.  In  Anjou.  and  Upp<'r  and  I^iwer  Poltou. 
that  the  famous  war  of  I^  Venilee  hail  broken 
out.     It  was  In   this  part  of   France  that  the 
influence  of  time  waa  least  felt,  and  that  it  had 
produced  least  change  in  the  ancient  manners. 
The   feudal  svstem  had  there  acquired  a  truly 
patriarchal  character;    and   the  Ilevolution.  In- 
stead  of  operating  a  beneflcial   reform   in  the 
countrv,  had  shocked  the  most  kindly  habits  and 
l>een  received  as  a  pcrse<-utlon.     The  IltM-ageand 
the  Maraia  constitute  a  singular  country,  which 
It  Is  necessary  to  ilescrilie.  In  order  to  convey  an 
Idea  of  the  manners  of  the  popidalion.  and  the 
kind  of  siMMctv  that  was  formed  there.     Setting 
out  from  Nantes  and   Saimiur  and   proceeding 
from  the  Loire  to  the  sands  of  Olonne,  Lii(;on, 
Fonteiiay,  and  Niort,  you  meet  with  an  imequal 
undulating     soil,     intersected    by    ravines    and 
cros.se(l  by  a  miiltiliide  of  Inilges.  which  serve 
to  fence  in  each  Held,  and  which  have  on   thia 
account  obtained  for  the  country  the  name  of 
theUocage.    Asyoii  approach  the  sea  the  ground 
declines,  till  it  terminates  in  salt  marshes,  and  is 
everywhere  cut   up   by   a  multitude  of   small 
canals,  which  render  access  almost   Impossible. 
Thia  Is  what  Is  called  the  Marais.     The    only 
abundant  proiluce  in  this  country  is  pasturage, 
conseipiently  cattle  are  plentiful.     The  peasants 
there  grew  only  just  sutllcient  corn  for  their  own 
consumption,  and  employed  the  proiluce  of  their 
herds  and  flocks  as  a  medium  of  exdiange.     It  is 
well  known  that  no  people  are  more  simple  than 
those  subsisting  by  this  kind  of  Industry.     Few 
great  towns  had  iJeen  built  in  these  parts.     They 
contained  only   large   villages  of  two  or  three 
thousand  souls.       Iletweeu  the  two  high-roads 
leading,  the  one  from  Tours  to  Poitiers,  and  the 
other    from  Nantes  to  La  ll.ichelle.  extended  • 
tract  thirty  leagues  in  brendtli.  where  there  were 
none   but  cross-roads  lei.iling  to    villages    and 
hainleta.     The  country  was  divided  into  a  great 
number  of  small  farins  paying  a  rent  of  from 
live  to  six  hundred  fnincs.  each  let  to  a  single 
familv,  which  divided  the  proiluce  of  the  cattle 
with  the  proprietor  of  the  land      From  this  divi- 
sion of  farms,  the  seigneurs  had  to  treat   with 
each  familv.  and  kept  up  a  continual  and  easy 
intercourse"  with  them.     The  simplest  miale  of 
life   prevailed   In  the  mansions  of  the  gentry: 
thej    were  '  md  of  the  chase,  on  account  iif  the 
abundance 01  iranie;  the  ifentry  and  the  peu^jints 
hunteii  together,  and  thev  were  all   celebrated 
for  their  skill  and  vigour!     The  priests,  men  of 
extraordinary     purity    of    cliaractcr.    exercised 
there  a  truly  p.  lernal  ministry.   .   .  .   When  the 
Ki'Volution.'  so    lienetieeiit     in    other    quarters, 
reached  this  muntrv.  «ilh  lis  iron  level,  it  pro- 
duced pnifound  agi'tation.      It  bad  Iwen  well  if  It 
coidd  have   made  an   exieptiim  there,  but  that 
was  impossible.   .  .   .   When  the  removal  of  the 
non  juring  priests  depriveil  the  peasants  of  the 
ininiHters  in    whom  they    had   contidence.  they 
were    vehemently  exasperated,  and.    as  In  Bre- 
tjigne,  thi'V  ran  into  the  wiksIs  and  travelled  tin 
considerable  distance  to  attend  the  ceremonies  of 
a  worship,  tlie  only  true  one  in  their  estinialion. 
From  that  moment  a  violent  hatred  was  kimlleil 
in    their  souls,    and   the    priests    neglected    no 
nn'aiis    of    fanning    the  Hanu-s.      The    lUtli  of 
August  drove   several  Poitevin  nobles  back  to 
their  estates;    the  21st   of    January    estranged 


1321 


ii>: 


u  ; 


^ 


FUANCE,  1703.  t"  i 

thrm,  and  they  communiriitpd  their  indignation 
t<>  ttiow*  about  tiiem.  They  did  not  conHpire, 
howt'ViT,  AH  some  liavc  coiicpiTcd.  TIh>  Iciiown 
dispositions  of  tlii-  country  Imd  inoilt-d  men  who 
were  HtrnnKprs  to  it  to  fraini'  pliinsof  conspinuy. 
One  liiiil  liccn  liiitilii'il  in  HretiiKne,  but  nonr  wus 
fornu'd  in  the  B«K'ajr<';  tlirre  whs  no  concerted 
plan  tlien*:  tlie  people  sufTerctl  thcins4-lvea  to  1m* 
driven  to  extremity.  At  length,  the  levy  of 
JJtKI.IHMt  men  I'Xciteil  in  the  month  of  March  a 
(Ti'iiiTal  insurrection.  .  .  .  (ihliitiMl  to  take  arms, 
they  chiM4>  rather  to  tlcht  nifiiinst  tlie  republic 
than  for  it.  Nearly  alMMit  the  same  limi',  that 
is.  at  the  bcf;inninK  of  March,  the  drawing  was 
the  iH'casion  of  an  insurn'Ction  in  the  l'pp<'r 
Hoeaftc  and  in  the  .Maniis.  On  the  lOth  of 
March,  the  drawinp  was  to  take  place  at  Ht. 
Klorent,  near  .\ncenis,  in  Anjon.  The  yount;; 
men  refusi'ti  to  draw.  The  ^uard  i-ndeavoun-cl  to 
fiirce  them  to  comply.  The  military  command- 
ant iinlereil  a  piece  of  cannon  to  be  pointed  and 
flriKl  at  tlie  niutiiieers.  They  ilashed  forward 
with  their  bliiilKeons,  made  thcmselv<>s  maatera 
of  the  piece,  disarmetl  the  ifuard.  and  were,  at 
the  same  time,  not  a  little  astonished  at  their  own 
temerity.  A  carrier,  named  Cathelineau.  a  man 
hifthly  esteemed  in  that  part  of  the  country, 
p<>»ses.sin(t  great  bnivery  and  powers  of  persua- 
sion, quitting  his  farm  on  hearing  the  tilling, 
hastened  to  join  them,  rallieil  th<'ni,  roused  their 
courage,  and  gave  si)me  consistency  to  the  insur- 
rection by  his  skill  in  keeping  it  up  The  very 
Kami'  ilay  he  resolved  to  attai'k  a  republican 
post  consisting  of  eighty  men.  The  |>oasanta 
foMoned  him  with  their  bluilgeons  and  their 
muskets.  After  a  first  v<illiy.  every  shot  of 
which  told,  because  thi'y  were  excelli'nt  marks- 
men, they  rushed  upon  the  post,  disarmed  it, 
■ikI  made  themselves  master  of  the  position. 
Next  day,  Cathelineau  priM-ecdeil  to  Chemille, 
whiih  he  likewise  tisik,  in  spite  of  SIM)  republi 
rans  and  three  pieces  of  cannon.  .\  gamekeeper 
at  the  chateau  of  Maiilevrier.  named  IsfotHet,  and 
a  young  peasant  nf  the  village  of  Chanzeaii.  had 
on  their  part  coll<-<'teil  a  banil  of  pe;is4tnts. 
These  came  and  joineil  Cathelineau,  whit  con- 
ceived tlie  daring  design  of  attacking  ClK>llet, 
the  most  consideratile  town  in  the  country,  the 
chi'  f  place  of  a  distriit,  anil  guarded  by  ."MKI 
repuhlicaas.  .  .  .  The  victorious  band  of  Cathe- 
lim  MU  I  iitered  Chollet,  seized  all  the  arms  that  it 
could  liiid,  and  made  cartridges  out  of  the 
(•barges  4.f  the  cannon.  It  was  always  in  this 
manner  that  thi'  Vendeans  prisured  ammunition 
.  .  .  .\niitlier  nun  h  niori'  general  revolt  had 
bmki  n  mit  in  the  Marais  and  tin  ilepartnient  of 
l.a  Vendee.  ,\t  .M:iehe<-oul  and  Cliallans,  the 
re(  ruiling  was  tie-  iH-casion  i.f  a  universal  insur- 
rection .  .  Three  hundred  republicans  were 
shot  by  parties  of  Jd  or  ;!0  ...  In  the  depart- 
ment of  l.a  Veiidri.  that  is,  to  the  south  of  the 
tlieatre  uf  this  war.  the  insurrection  assumed 
sidl  more  consistence.  The  imtiimal  guards  of 
Fonteiiay,  having  set  out  on  their  march  for 
Chantonnay,  were  repulsed  and  Iwaten.  Chan- 
tonnay  was  plundered  <leni  ral  Verteuil,  who 
<-iiinii);oide't  the  Ilth  military  divisji)n,  on 
reeei\iiiL'  iiilelligencr  (if  this  difeat,  dispatched 
(tini  ral  Mam  with  l.'JIHI  men,  partly  trisips  of 
the  line,  and  partly  national  guards  The  rebels 
who  Wert  iiiel  al  St  \'irieelll.  were  repulsed. 
General  Mireebi.l  lime  to  add  l.'JIH)  more  men 
and  nine  piei  i-s  of  cannon  to  his  little  army.     la 


"d"  FUANCE,  1793. 

marching  upon  St  Fulgent,  he  again  fi)]  ,„ 
with  the  Vendeans  in  a  valley  ami  ■•loppMi  lo 
restore  a  bridge  which  they  hml  (IrstrnM.,! 
Ab<mt  four  in  the  afternoon  ofthe  Ihii,  ,,f  .M,f,.|, 
the  Vendeans,  taking  the  initialiu,  ailvHijini 
and  attacked  him  .  .  .  and  made  ttnni.Mlvt's 
masters  of  the  artillery,  the  amniuniiiei:  ami  iiif 
arms,  which  the  sidiliera  threw  awav  il'U  thfy 
might  h<>  the  lighter  in  their  Might  Ih  ,.  tnor'r 
important  mieii-ssi'S  In  the  ihpartnn ni  ,if  |,j 
Venilee  properly  so  callisl,  piiKiirrij  f.,r  (j„. 
insurgents  the  name  of  Venileaiis.  « |ii( h  thiv 
afterwanis  retained,  though  the  war  was  fit 
more  active  out  of  Iji  Vendi'c  Thi'  pill«i;f 
committed  by  them  in  the  .Mantis  (  aiis.il  ihim 
to  I H' called  brigands,  though  the  grialernamlifr 
did  not  deserve  that  apnellati(m  The  iimimc 
tion  extended  into  the  Marais  from  tin  i  nvironi 
of  Nantes  to  I,<-a  Sables,  and  into  An;  >m  ami 
I'oitou,  as  far  a*  the  environs  of  \  ihii  rs  niul 
Harthenay,  ,  .  ,  Bister  recalled  all  thi  insiir 
gents  to  their  homes,  from  which  lie  v  ncvir 
would  stay  away  long.  To  tlii'in  a  "iirwa.sa 
sort  of  sporting  excursion  of  several  ilnvs.  tlur 
carriexl  with  them  a  snfflcient  i|nanliiy  ef  brcail 
for  the  time,  and  then  returneil  to  hjllana' tbrir 
neighlmura  by  the  accounts  which  ih.v  gate 
Places  of  meeting  were  appointtd  fur  thi'  momli 
of  April,  The  insurrection  wis  thin  ni-nerai 
and  extended  over  the  wlioii  snrfaie  ef  tlip 
country.  It  might  be  <omp  i  ed  in  a  line 
which,  commencing  at  Nan;  ■  wouiil  |>«s» 
thriMigh  I'ornic,  the  Isle  of  Noirmouiii  rs.  I*s 
Sallies,  I,ui,on,  Konteniiy,  N'iort,  and  I'iirihcniiv 
and  return  by  Airvaull,  Tliouar,  Don.  m\>\  i; 
Florent,  to  the  Loire.  The  insurrei  lii.n.  Iicfun 
by  men  who  were  not  superior  ti  llii- pi, isinls 
whom  they  commanded,  excepiiiii;  In  ili.jr 
natural  i|ualities,  was  so<m  continueil  by  n»n  >( 
a  higher  rank.  The  peasants  went  to  ihe  mbii 
sions  and  forced  the  nobles  to  put  tin  insrivps  at 
their  head.  The  whole  ,Marais  insisii  ,|  .m  In  iiii- 
commanded  by  Charette.  ...  In  llie  ItiKat'i-. 
the  peasants  applied  to  Messrs  ib-  Hmu  lr:im| » 
d'KllV'c,  and  de  I,ariH'he  Jacipielein.  iml  rnoi 
them  from  their  mansions  lo  plan*  tin  in  V.  litiir 
head."  These  gentlemen  were  al'irwani^ 
[  joined  by  M.  de  Lescure.  a  eou.^in  "'  Id  iiri -if 
i  Ijins'lie  .laci|iielin.  — .\.  Thiers  ///'  ■■rH,  y 
i  rt.r  l.lm,  <./.!.  r.  ',',  /./..  llf.-l.V,', 
Also  in  Sir  ,\.  Alison,  l/i-t  ■■/ /■ 
('•.  IP.  —  Maniuise  de  KariM-lieia.pn  li 
—  Iftnri  l^ir-H'htjivjHtli  in  'iiof  tf" 
\'tnih''\  {t'ft'iiii/fru  .\ffM'*U>thi/.  '- 
(lulncy.  Mmtniiiir  llmri  nl*  Lit  !,'■' 
A.  D,  1793  (March  June  . 
meaiures  of  the  Revolutionary  goveriiaiest 
The  Committee  of  Public  Safety  I  he  final 
atruggte  of  Jacobins  and  Cirondms.- The 
fall  ofthe  Girondins.— 1  he  news  1  :.  ;  i,  r 
of  Dunioiiriez  at  Neerwiinlin.  ulini,  r- 11  Lnl 
I'arison  the  J  1st,  "  liroUL'lil  aboiil  tw 
measures,  Jean  Peliry,  on  In  h: 
DiplomaticCominillei  .proposi  iltli.,1 
should  be  expelled  from  Frann'  " 
days  who  could  not  give  a  goiNl  r-  i- 
residence,  and  on  the  sjiine  evi-iiiiiL'  ' 
tee  of  (leneral  l>efenee  was  ri"!- 
placed  on  anollier  bsiting  This  .  e 
come  into  existence  in  .laiiuarv  17!' 
nally  consisted  of 'Jt  meinlii  rs.  "I, 
dinrtly  elected  by  the  Coiiviiiii.  u  !"i'  «■" 
chosen  from  the  seven  most  impori  lui  iiramll 


■■/,  :.' 


I/' 


ir 


/.- 


Vigorous 


>  11 

i]..  rtiinl 

If 

..f    Ihf 

i:- 

It;illi:i'fS 

:!l 

:i  li.'lit 

.r!li.ir 

, 

.lulllil- 

it  '■ 

■,,1   'III  J 

1:.: 

f..   Iiail 

It  I'riiri- 

\\ 

,  r.     r.-\ 

1322 


PKANCE,   1T93. 


Full  -if  !^e 
titrttiutillB. 


FRANCE,  1793. 


Kel.  But  now,  aftrr  iIk'  news  of  Noorwindcn, 
.powerful  committir  wiw  ilircctly  I'h'ctcil.  1' 
,,,,„ji,l„l  of  24  miiiiliirs.  and  Ilic  first  ((iiiiimlii  .^ 
(iiniauii'il  nine  (iinnKlins,  iiiiii'  ilcputiis  "f  1m' 
pi,in  «nd  ilx  Jini)l)iiis,  iiioluding  i-vitv  rcpr,- 
lenlitivc  m»n  in  the  Convention.  .  .  .  Tlic  n.w 
Comraittfe  was  givon  tlw  grcHtcst  powers,  imd 
,(,ff  lirst  proposing  to  the  Convi^ntion  tliat  the 
wnalI<^of  deatli  sliould  Iw  ilccrei'il  agiiinst  every 
«iiii:ru  over  fcmrteen,  anil  to  eviry  one  wliopro- 
tfrtPil  an  eniiKre.  it  propositi  lliul  Diiinimriez 
slioi''!  Iw  siininioned  to  llie  liiir  nf  tlic  Conven- 
tion ■  Early  ill  April,  news  nf  tlie  desertion  of 
Dumouriez  and  the  retri-ul  <if  Ciistine.  ■niiide 
the  Convention  deciile  on  yet  furtlier  niensnres 
to  «lreiiKtlien  the  e.xefulive.  .Marat,  wlio.  lilie 
D»ui.inandKolM'spierre,  was  statesman  enoiijjh  to 
penti 


vethe  need  of  slrenKthenini;  tlieexeeiitiv 


proiKKud  that  enhirged  pi.wers  sliould  be  izi\. .. 
tothe  cointnittees;  ami  Isiiard.  as  the  reporter 
of  the  Committee  of  (ietieral  Defence,  pn.posid 
the  establishment  of  a  smaller  iimiiniltee  of  nine, 
with  supreme  and  unlimited  e.xeeiitive  puwers — 
a  pri)|Hiaal  wliieh  was  warmly  supported  by 
orery  sUtcsnian  in  the  ('(invention.  ...  It  is 
noticeable  that  every  measure  wliiih  strength 
tned  the  terror  when  it  was  finally  established 
wa  decreed  while  the  (iirondins  eould  eom- 
niandsniajoritv  in  the  CiHiventinn,  and  that  it 
wu  a  Girondin,  Unanl,  who  pni|Kwed  the 
immense  powers  of  the  ruminittee  of  I'ublie 
S«fety  [Coniilc  de  Halut  Pidilie).  l'i"iu  April  6 
Isnaril  liMUght  up  a  deeree  (hliniii);  the  jinwers 
of  the  new  committee.  It  was  to  innsist  of 
nine  deputies;  to  confer  in  si-eret ;  to  have 
supreme  exedilive  power,  and  aulliorily  to 
^;.Mld  certain  sums  of  money  without  aeeount- 
ius  t'lr  them,  and  it  was  to  presi'iit  a  weekly 
iirt    to    the    Convintion.      Tliese    iiniuense 


repiT 


of  news 


|«)Wors  were  jrranteil  under  the  pre>sure  i 
from  the  frontier,  and  it  was  obvious  thai  it 
mmld  not  be  long  before  sui  h  a  powerful 
eii'iutive  eould  eoii(|Uer  the  iiidipeiiderii  c-  of  ibe 
Convention.  Isnard's  proposals  were  o|.poMd 
by  Bu/."l,  but  decreed;  mid  on  .\pril  7  the  lii-t 
I'iiiiimilti  e  of  I'ublie  Safety  »as  eleclid.  It 
ii.nsisied  i>f  the  foUowiiiK 'members:— Itarrrc, 
Dilaiiis,  iireard,  Caniboii,  Uaiilon,  (iiivli  ii- 
Morvi-jvi,  Treilhard,  I,aen.i\.  and  Uobert  I.indcl. 
The  MTV  tlrst  propovd  of  the  new  eommiltei' 
was  thai  il  should  ap|"'int  time  representatives 
ffitlievirj  atiny  from  muh'Ii:;  the  deputies  of 
the  Ccaivnition,'  wilh  Midiu,:li-d  powers,  who 
were  I"  report  to  the  committee  itself.  This 
niulicm  «as  billowed  by  a  \ery  slatismanlikeoiie 
fMin  Diintoii  He  perccivid'  the  folly  of  ihe 
jeerei  111'  NouinlH'r  IH.  which  declared  univer- 
sal war  a;;iiMst  all  kings.  .  .  .  ( in  his  propo- 
siliuii  llie  fatal  ileene  .  .  .  «;:s  w  illidraw  n,  and 
Il  »;i»  iii:iile  possible  for  France  ai;aiutocnUr 
intothe  tiiuiity  of  Kurope.in  nations,  ll  is  very 
obvious  thai  it  was  Ihe  foreit;n  v%ar  which  h.id 
(ievfl,ii«il  the  profiri'ss  of  the  Uivolution  with 
lurh  a-tiiiii-hiiijr  rapidity  in  France.  Il  was 
Bninswiek's  manifesto  wliicli  mainly  caused  the 
•Itaik  on  the 'ruilerius  on  .\uKUst  10,  it  was  the 
•iimniliT  of  Verdun  which  directly  caiwd  the 
nias.NUTes  of  Septenilier.  Il  was  Ihe  battle  of 
Nnrwitidiu  which  established  the  Itevolutionary 
Trilmiial.  and  that  defeat  and  the  desersi.in  of 
lliimtMirie/.  wliieh  brought  about  the  istablish- 
mint  if  Ihe  (  iimniittee  of  I'ublii'  Safely,  The 
tiironjius  were  chiefly  res(Mmsible  for  tile  great 


war,  and  IM  ftrst  result  was  to  destroy  them  ai 
a   parly.  .  .  .  Their    early    inlluenei-   over  th(« 
deputies  of  the  I'lain  rested  <m  a  iM-lief  in  their 
statesmanlike  powers,  but  as  time  went  on  that 
iutliienee  steadily  diminished.      It  was  in  vain 
for  Danton  t<'  attempt  to  make  peace  in  the  Con- 
vention; bitter  woriU  ou  Ixitli  siiles  had  left  too 
strong  an  impreasion  ever  to  be  elTaeed.     The 
Jacobin    leaders   despised     the    Ctirondins;    the 
(iirondins  hated  the    .laeobins  for  having  won 
awav   powir  from  them.     Tiie  Jacobins  formed 
a  stiiall  but  very   united  Isnly,  of  which  every 
meiiilHT  knew  lis  own  mind:  they  wire  detc"- 
mined  to  carrv  on  Ihe  Itepublie  at  all  cost.s,  and 
to  destroy   tlie  (iirondins    as    quickly    as  Micy 
could     .    .  .    The  desertion  of  Dumouriez  had 
caused  strong  measures  to  be  taken  by  the  ('on- 
vcntiou.  .  .  .  and    all    [larties    had   concurred. 
.  .  .   Itut  as  s(«in  as  thesis   important  measures 
had  been  taken,  which  Ihe  majority  of  the  Con- 
vention iM'lieved  wouhl  enable  France  once  more 
to   free   liir    fronti.rs    from    the    invaders,  the 
(Mrondinsand  Jacobins  tuineil  ujion  each  other 
wilh  redoubled   ardour,  and  the  death  struggle 
between    them    recommenced.      The  (lirondini 
reopened  the    struggle    with    an    attack    upon 
.Manit.     Few  steps  could  have  been  more  fool- 
ish,  for   .Marat,   though   in   many   ways  a  real 
statesman,   had    from   the   exaggeration   of    his 
language  never   obl:iineii    the   inlluenec   in   the 
(  onveiition  to  which  his  abilities  entitled  him. 
.   liut  he  remained  the  idol  of  the  people  of 
Paris,    and    in  attacking    him     the    (iirondins 
exasperated  the  peo|de  of  Paris  in  Ihe  pi  rnin  of 
their  lieloveil   journalist.     Ou  April    11  (Juadet 
rc;iil  a  placard   in  the  Convention,  whicli  M.arat 
li:id  posted   on  the   walls  of    Paris,   full  of  his 
u^ual  libellous  abuse  of  the  (iirondins.     It  vvas 
referred    lo   the  Committee  of  I.egisl:itiou  with 
oiiier     writings     of     Marat."    and     two     days 
l.iler.  on   the   report  of   Ihe  Committee,  il   was 
Voted  by  the   ConveTitioii  (h;ilf  of  in    members 
being  aiiseiit I,  thai   Marit   sbould  be  sent  before 
lheTribun;il  fortri:il.    This  c:dlid  out  immediate 
ill  inonstr:ilion-(  from   Manit's  P;iri^ian  admirers. 
••On    .\pril   l.'i.  in    the    ri;ime  ol    il.l   sections  of 
P;iris.  P:ieljeand  llcbert  ileneiiided  the  expulsion 
from    the    ConviMlioii    of    ','■,'    of    the    leading 
(iiioiidisis  as  ■ilivlurliers  of  ibe  ,iulilic  peace," 
iniluding    Hrisvil.     (iu:iilrl.    Vi  rgniaud,    (ien- 
sonrie.  Hu/.ol.    I(:irliariiux.    I.ouvet,    Pelinn.  and 
l.:injuinais.  .   .   .   Uti  April  ','■,'  tin' trial  of  .M;irat 
look    pl:ici-.      lie    w:is    un:iiiimously  aniuillcd. 
although  miwl  of  tin- juilgesof  the  liivolutionary 
Triliun:il  syMip:iihi/.iil  wilh  the  (iirondins.  .  .   . 
The  aci|ianal  of  Mar:it  was  a  fi  :irful  blow  tothe 
(iironilin  p:irty  ;  they  li:id  in  no  way  discredited 
the   .laeobins,' and    h;id    only    made    themselves 
unpopular  in  Paris.   .  .  .  Tlie  Commune  of  Paris 
I   sle;idilv  orgiinized  the  more  advanced  republicans 
of  the  iilv  for  an  open  attack  upon  the  (iirondins. 
.  .  .  Throughout  the  mouth  of  May,  preparations 
forlhctinal  struggle  went  on;  il  was  recognized 
by  boih  p:irlies  that   they  must  niipe.il  to  force, 
niid  arrangeiiieuts  for  appealing  to  force  were 
nuiile  as  openlv   for   the   coup  d'etat  of  May  ill 
as  they  had  bei"n  for  that  of  Aul'UsI  1".     On  the 
one  side,  the  Commune  of  Parissteadily  concen- 
trated its  armed  strength  anil  formed  lis  plan  of 
action;  on  the  other,  the  leading  (iirondins  met 
ilaily    at    the  house  of  Valaze.   and   preparcil 
to  liiove  decrees  in  the  Convention."     But   tlie 
(iirondins  were  still  divided  amoog  themsclvef. 


132 


-^'^m^'Mt 


i1IT 


11 


i'4 


1 


It'i^  . 


FKANC'E.   ITWi. 


Kuropeam 

VOuiiitOH. 


FltANL'E,  ITIttl. 


Some  wished  to  appeal  to  the  proTinrea,  against 
l'arl»,  which  nicaut  civil  war;  othrnt  opiMmnI 
this  IIS  unpatriotic.  On  I  lie  iiUt  of  May,  ami  on 
the  two  (lays  following,  the  Cominunc  of  J'uria 
cuHihI  out  ila  mob  to  execute  tlie  determined 
coup  d'i'tut.  On  the  lout  of  iheao  three  days 
(June  2),  the  Courentiou  surrounded,  imprisoned 
and  tcrrorizeil  liy  armed  rutlluus,  led  by  Ilenriot, 
lately  ttpiKiinl<>d  Cummauder  of  the  National 
vjuani,  submis-sivtly  decreed  that  llie  priwerilK-d 
Uirondiu  deputies,  with  others,  to  the  numlHT 
allonether  of  31,  should  l«^  placeil  under  arrest 
in  their  own  houses.  This  "  left  thi'  menibersof 
the  Mouulain  predominant  in  tlict'onvention.  Tho 
deputies  of  the  .Marsh  or  I'lain  were  now  dcxilr 
lo  the  voice  of  the  Jacobin  leaders,"  who.so 
supremacy  was  now  without  dispute.  On  tho 
pnceiling  day,  an  attempt  had  Uen  niude,  on 
lliiMirderof  the  fonunune,  to  arrest  M.  liolaud 
ujid  two  othirs  of  the  ministers.  Uoland 
evapeil,  but  Madame  Uuland.  Ihe  more  impor- 
tant tiirondi.^l  leader,  was  takei;  and  consigned 
!•'  Ihe  Abbave.  — II.  M.  .Stephens,  Ilift.  of  the 
Fr.  li.i-..  r.  -J,  ch.--^. 

Also  IN  II.  A.  Taine,  77rf  fr.  li,r  .l.k.  A.  eh.  13. 
\V.  Siiiylh,  J^ch.  i,ii  il„-  Hint,  vf  llu  /■V,  Ji,,:, 
Urt.  37  ^^.  2).  — I',  Vuu  Sybel,  llM.  uf  the  fr. 
ikr.,  bk.  7,  eh.  1-3  (-■,  3). 

A.  D.  1793  (March  — September).— Forma- 
tjon  of  the  great  European  Coalition  against 
Revolutionary  France.— The  aeeda  of  dis- 
sension and  wealcness  in  it. —  "  Tlie  impression 
made  at  St.  IVtirsburg  by  the  execution  of 
Louis  was  fuMy  its  vivid  as  at  London:  already 
it  was  evident  lliat  these  two  capitals  were  the 
cciilresof  the  great  contest  which  was  approach- 
nit.'.  .  ,  .  An  inlimate  and  conlldential  corre- 
»|iuiMlcnce  iniuiediatt'ly  commenced  between 
Count  WurouzoiT.  the  Uiissian  amliassjidor  at 
London,  and  Lord  (Jrenville,  the  British  sec- 
retary of  slate  for  foreign  ullairs.  which  termi- 
tmted  in  a  Inaly  between  the  powers,  signed  in 
'.ondon  on  tbi  :.'."ith  of  March.  Hv  tliis  convin- 
lion,  wliiih  laid  the  basis  of  the  grand  alli- 
ance which  afterwards  Imiught  the  war  to  a 
glorious  terminalion,  it  was  proviiled  that  the 
two  p.iivers  .shoulil  '  employ  their  respeclivu 
forces,  as  far  as  eireuinstances  shall  permit,  in 
carrjing  en  tiie  j.istand  necessi.rv  war  in  wliii  h 
they  lindtllem^elvl■sellgagl•da!.'aiilst  France;  and 
th(y  reripr.xally  eng.igi-'nn!  to  lav  ilown  their 
arms  without  rc-litiiij,,n  uf  ail  tiie  cunquests 
wliidi  may  have  luen  mad.-  upon  i  ilhirof  the  re- 
spiel  ive  powers,  or  upimsucliolhiTslates  or  allies 
to  wii.im,  by  coMiini.n  <  undent,  ihev  sli.ill  txleiiil 
the  briielil  (if  Ibis  treaty.'  .  .  .  '.shurtly  after 
[April  :.'.">].  a  similar  coiiventl.iu  was  c-ntered  iolo 
bt'tween  (ir.  .It  Hrilaiii  and  Sanliiiia,  by  w loch 
the  latter  |..,uir»as  lo  receive  an  annual  sub- 
sidy , if  1-Jmiimo  diiriiii;  the  ivliole  ■■onlimn.nce 
of  Ihe  war.  ami  the  furiner  t.i  keep  nn  fi,ul  an 
army  .if  ."m.iKKi  men.  aii.l  the  Kiu'li-h  govirii- 
iiietit  (ii.'aijed  to  pr..eiirii  f..r  it  eiiiiri'  restitution 
ofil-i  d..niiiii.iiis  as  they  »li..id  at  the  iummeiic.'- 
ment  of  tlie  war  liv  anollii  r  coTivnition,  with 
the  cabin.  I  ..f  .M.eirid.  .M-ne.l  at  Araiij.ie/.  on 
the  :j.-,ili  ,if  Mi.i.  thev  eimat'.-.l  n.il  l.i  make 
peace  till  III.  y  b;el  .,biain..l  foil  n^liHiti.ai  for 
the  .Spaiiiar.U  '.if  all  pla.t-.,  Iowih.  anil  terri- 
toriis  «  huh  I..  |,,n^'.il  i.,  Uieiii  at  Ihe  commence- 
ment ,,f  Ihe  «ar.  mill  whicli  the  <niiiiv  may  have 
taken  durin;;  in  c.nitinuahci  '  .\  siiiiilar"treaty 
was  entered  into   with   tin     luiirtuf    the   Two 


Sicilies,  and  with  Prussia  [July  1.'  an.l  14]  |. 
which  the  clauses,  prohibiting  all  c\|...rt«ti.!i'itu 
France,  and  preveuiiug  the  trade  of  niuinj. 
with  It,  were  the  same  as  in  the  Hussian  ire»ty 
Trratiesof  the  same  tenor  were  couclinled  in  thi 
course  of  the  summer  with  tho  Eniiiiror  of 
Oemuiny  [August  801,  and  the  Kin;;  ..f  portn 
gal  [Septemlwr  26],  Thus  was  all  Lurniip  „. 
rayed  in  u  great  league  against  H.  |iNl,li,;,„ 
Krancf,  and  thus  did  tho  regicides  of  iliii  (||„„. 
try,  as  the  first  fruiU  of  their  cm.  I  iriiiiui.ii 
tind  themselves  cxcludeil  from  the  |i:il,  ,i(  ^\.f[\. 
i/.ed  natioiis.  .  .  .  Hut  wliilo  all  Liir.  |i,  ti,,,, 
ri'souiided  with  the  note  of  military  pr.  inriii.in 
against  France.  Itussiuhad  other  and  in.r.  1111,7. 
estid  designs  in  view.  Amidst  the  geiieriii,,iiM,.r. 
nation  at  tlie  triumphs  of  the  French  n  inlli,  :ii„ 
t'tttliarine  conceived  that  she  would  b,  p.  rmiiii.i 
to  juirsiie.  without  molestation,  h.  r  iiiiiliiiiouj 
designs  against  l>olaiid  [See  I'oi wo  .\.  D. 
171*3-1790).  She  coiistuntly  riproi  ui. .1  ilie  Ji* 
turbances  in  thai  kingdom  us  the  friiii  .f  in.ilu. 
thmary  propttgandism,  which  it  was  iiiili.|„iKilile 
to  crush  in  the  tlrst  instance,  .  ,  .  Hi,  ainliiiinus 
V lews  of  I'russiu  were  also  .  ,  .  slr..iji;i\  turiuj 
in  the  same  direction.  .  .  .  Nor  was  it 'imlj  tlie 
umbitiims  projects  of  Hussia  and  I'nis.M  ,  u;;aiiist 
the  independence  of  I'oland  which  aln  LlTLTue 
ground  for  gloomy  augury  as  to  the  i^Mn'et  the 
war.  Its  issue  was  more  imnie.lial.  ly  air.iiiJ 
by  the  jealousy  of  Austria  ami  I'rii.Nsii,  wliiih 
now  broke  out  in  the  most  iindisgniM  .1  iiiaiiuir. 
and (M(a.sioned such  adivision  of  tin  allinl  Inraj 
as  elliitually  prevented  any  (ordial  or  1  Ihrtivc 
cooperation  continuing  to 'exi.st  bitwmi  ilmii, 
Thel'ruasian  culiinet,  inorlilie.lat  tli,'  l.a.l  iil.i.li 

the  Imperial  generals  took  in  the  c.uii n  .i|.rra. 

turns,  insi.sted  upon  the  format i.. 11  of  i«,i  in.lc 
pendent  Uerman  armies;  one  eonipoM  .1  .,f  I'rib 
sians,  the  other  of  Austrians,  to  on,,  or  ollnriif 
which  the  forces  of  all  the  miiioi  slab  s^li, 
joined;  those  of  Saxony,  Hanover,  an.l 
being  groiipMl  an>uiid  the  slaiiilar.ls  ot  I' 
those  of  Ihivaria,  Wirtcmbiirg,  Sw  ibi.i.  ih 
tinatc,  and  Franconia,  follow intr  tli.'  .i,.iil,|,> 
he.iileil  I'agles  of  Austria,  liv  thi^  m.  .m-.  all 
unity  of  action  U'tween  the 'two  ;:r,,ii,l  :illi,-,l 
armies  was  broken  up.  .  .  .  I'riiK  e(  ..Linr:;  ,\a3 
appointed  generalissimo  of  Ihe  allieii  .\riiU'  -  fr.  m 
tho  Hhine  to  Ihe  (Jermaii  oiiaii."  in  .\iril,  s 
corps  of  iO.IHK)  Knglish  bail  been  lai.i.a  iu 
lliillan.l,  "under  the  commaii.l  of  ti,.'  l);ikiMi[ 
Vork.  and  iH-ing  uiiiled  to  Io.ihhi  Ibu  .mrians 
and  llessian.s,  formed  a  t.ilal  of  :!(Hi).i  m,  n  in 
Hrilisii  pay."  Holland,  u.s  an  ally  ..I  i;..jl,iii.l. 
w  !:■  already  in  the  Coaliiion,  the  Ff  i"  '.  Iiii'i,- 
.!. cared  war,  in  February,  agai:i»l  II,.-  t  .v.  1  i:.r 
itiine  powers,  siiimltaneously.- >ir  .V  .\:i-.Hi, 
Hint.  I'f  h'lin'jie,  eh.  13  (r.  4). 

A...-X)  IN  F.  C.  Schl.i-.;iT.  ///..<.  ■■/ 1:.  \>'\  f.u- 
liiry,  r.  «,  (/(>.  'J,  eh.  i,  lu.-l.  3. 

A.  D.  1793  (April— August^  Minister  Genet 
in  America.—  Washingfton's  proclamation  of 
neutrality.  See  I'MTiti  .Stati  s  10  \m  \  I' 
1 7i);l 


ll,s« 

"i"ia, 
I'i.la 


A.  D.  1793  (June).— Flight  of  ^K■.^.•  < 
Girondists.— Their  appeal  to  the  i.  n 
Insurrection  in  the  provinces.  Thi-  10. 
Lyons,  Marseilles,  Bordeaux,  Tou:.>.. 

ress  of  the  Vendean  revolt,—     .\! 

if   the  event.?   which  iiilniinat.d    1. 

line,  but  which  are  commonly  ri;iri    I 


if  the 

try.- 

iiig  at 

Hro- 

■   l.lV 
,'  I  .'f 


i;)24 


FUANCE,   1798. 


(.'nmmillrr  tlf 


FUANCE,   1703. 


Moiof  'theSUI  of  May.'  when  they  bepin  . 
wban  the  peopli-  made  no  other  use  of  their 
power  than  to  diaplay  and  to  exerciie  the  |)ri'»- 
jarc  of  Pari*  orer  the  representation,  they  sepa- 
nteil  without  committiou  any  excem.  .   .   .    Ij« 
Montaigne  cauied  the  committees  to  lie  reinstated 
M  the  morrow,  with   the  exception  of  that  of 
public  safetv.      They  threw  into  the  majority 
llieir  rnnst  dt-clded  memlM-rs.      .  .  Tliey  dcp««<Mi 
those  ministers  sii«iMTted  of  attachment  to  tlie 
ccnquereil;  sent  rommisaioners  into  tlie  doubt- 
fui  (iepartments ;    anniilleil  I  lie    project  of   the 
coMlilution   proposed    liy   the  Girondists:    and 
cliargnl  the  committee  of  Siifety  to  draw  up  in 
elilitciays  a  protect  for  the  constitution  entirely 
(iemocnitical       They  pres.s<Ml    forward   the  re 
cruitinit   and    armament  of   the    revolutioimry 
,nny  —  that  levy  of  patriotism  en  masse.     Tlicy 
decreed  a  force<l  loan  of  a  million  upon  tin-  rich 
They  «ent  one  after  the  other,  accusi'd    upon 
•ccuseil.   to  the  revolationary  trlbumil.     Their 
littinp  were  no  longer  delilMTalion,  but  cursiiry 
moliims.  (Iecree<l  on  the  instant  by  acclamation, 
iiidwnl  imme<iUtely  to  the  different  comtnittees 
(or  esecution.      Thev   strippcil    the    executive 
piiwf  r  of  the  little  Indepemieiice  and  responsibil- 
ity it  heretofore  retained   Continually  called  into 
the  bosom  of  their  committees,  ministers  liecame 
no  more  than  the  passive  exei'ulors  of  the  meas- 
ures they  decreed.      From   tliis  day,  also,  dls- 
cunion  was  at  an  end ;  action  was  all.     The  dis- 
•ppesmnce  of  the  (lirondists  deprived  the  Kevo- 
luliiin  of  its  voice.     Elo<|tiiMiic  was  jirosorilHHl 
Willi  Virifniaud,  with  the  exception  of  thos<>  few 
lints  when  the  eri'at  party  chiefs,   Daiitiin  anil 
Rcibespierre.  spoke,  not  to' refute  opinions,  but 
to  intimate  tlicir  will,  and    proniulKUte   their 
oniers.     The   AHSembties  liecame  aIniiHt  mute. 
Adeail  silence  reigned  henceforth  in  theCimven 
tiiin.     In  the  meanwhile  the  2','  Oironilists  [ex 
ccptinit  Verifiiiaud,  Oi'iisoune,  Pucos.  Tonfi.de. 
•mis  few  others,  who  remaineil  under  the  de 
ciw  of  arrest,  facin({  ail  consi'qiiences),  tlie  mcin- 
bennf  the  Commi.H.sion  of  Twelve,  and  a  certain 
number  of  their  friends,  warned  of  their  danger 
by  this  arst  blow  of  ostracism,  tied  into   llicir 
departments,  and  hurried  to  protest  airaiiist  the 
mutilation  of  the  countrv.  .  .  .  Robespierre.  Dan 
tnu,  tiie  Committee  of  I'utilic  Safi'ty.  and  even 
the  people  themselves,  si'eneil  to  sliiit  tlieir  eyes 
til  these  cvHsioiis.  lis   if  desirous  to  be   rid  of 
liclim*  whom    it    woulil    pain   them   to  strike 
Bu/cit      llirliuriiux,     Ouadet.      Louvet,    Salles. 
l'cli"ii.   iliruiiinit.    Lesatfe,   Crusy,    Kervelejrun 
411(1  l..'injuiii;tis,  tlirew  tlicmseh  -^  into  Normanily  : 
ami  afiir  huvinR  traversed  it,   iiicilintf   all  tiie 
liepartniiiits  iH'twei  n    I'aris  and  the  Ocean,  es 
taWi^h•■li  lit  Caen  the  fiM'iH  and  cent  re  of  insurrcc 
linn  aL'aiii'.t   the  tyranny  of  I'.iris.     Tin  y  tfavc 
Ihi'iiwlvi*  the  name  of  the  Centriil  .Vssciubly  nf 
Hoi-itaiK  (■  In  Oppn'ssion.     Biroli-aii  unil  Chas- 
»I  lia'l  arrived  iit  Lyons.     The  armed  si-clions 
"f  this  Inwn  wen'  agitated   with  contrary    and 
alnaily  Mc«  sly  commotion  (the  Jacobin  inuniii 
jwliiv  liavinif  iK'en  overthrown,  after  hard  liirht 
ini;  and  its  chief,  Chillier,  p.uttodeathl     llris.sot 
ti"l  !.i  M.iiiliiis,  llohaut  St.    Ktienne  to  Nismcs 
iJrinL'ineuve,  sent  by  Verifniaud,  TonfrtVIe,  and 
lliii-.w.  t.t  liiirdeaux.  rai-seil  troojis  ready  to  march 
ii|"'n  the  (  ipital      Toulouse  followed  the  same 
impulse  i.f  resistance  to  Paris.    The  I'partments 
of  ihc  west  were  on  fire,  aiul  rejoiced  to  see  the 
rfp  lilic.  torn    Into  contending    factions,   offer 


them  the  aid  of  one  of  the  two  parties  for  the 
restoration  of  royalty.  The  mountainous  centre 
of  France  .  .  .  was  agitated.  .  .  .  Marseilles 
enrolled  lO.iXHI  men  at  the  voice  of  |{elii'ci|iiiand 
the  young  friends  of  ihtrlmroux.  Ttn'V  iinpris 
oneil  tlieconimissioiiers  of  the  Convention.  Iloux 
and  AiililMPUl.  Hoyalty,  always  broisiing  in  the 
south,  insensibly  tr'ansforiued  this  movement  of 
patriotism  into  a  monarchical  insurrection  Ke- 
beei|ui.  in  despair  ...  at  seeing'  loyalty  avail 
itself  of  the  rising  in  the  south,  i  -i vipcd  remorse 
by  suiciiie.  throwing  himself  into  thcscii.  Lyons 
and  Uordcaiix  liltewise  imprisoned  the  envoys  of 
tiie  Convention  as  Maralists.  Tlie  first  coluinns 
of  tlie  coiubined  army  of  the  departments  Ix'gan 
t.i  move  in  all  liin'cli'oiis;  fl.iHXl  Marseillais  were 
already  at  .\vigiion.  ready  toreasceiid  the  Khone, 
and  form  a  iumtion  witii  tlie  insurgents  of  Xia- 
iiics  and  of  Lyons  Hrittaiiy  and  Noriiiandy 
uniting,  concentrated  tlicir  first  forces  at 
i'.vreux." — .\  de  Lamurtine.  Ifint  of  th,'  Gimn- 
.'/.»/».  Ilk.  4:1  ^r.  ;t)_Tlie  royalists  of  the  west. 
■  (luring  this  iilmost  g'neral  rising  of  th"depart- 
inents,  coiiiinui'd  to  extend  tlieir  enterprises. 
.XfliT  their  first  victnrics.  I  lie  Veiideans  seized  on 
Hressure,  Argenton.  and  Thouars.  Entirely 
masters  of  their  own  country,  tliey  pniposed  get- 
ting possession  "f  file  frontirTs,  and  opening  the 
way  to  rcvoliiiinriary  Frame,  as  well  as  commu- 
nications with  England.  On  the  flth  of  .June, 
the  Vcndcan  army,  composed  of  40,OltO  men, 
iiridiT  Catlielineau,  Lesciire,  Stotflet,  and  La 
l{i«liejac(iuelin,  marclied  on  Saumur.  which  it 
tisik  by  storm.  It  then  prepared  to  attack  and 
capture  Nantes,  to  secure  tlie  pos.session  of  its 
own  country,  and  iM'come  masters  of  the  course 
of  the  Loire  Catlielineau.  at  the  head  of  the 
Venilean  tnsips.  left  a  garrison  in  Saumur,  took 
.\ngera.  crossici  the  Loire,  pretended  to  advance 
upon  Tours  and  Lenians,  and  then  rapidly  threw 
himself  upon  Nantes,  which  he  atfackeil  on  the 
right  bank,  while  Charette  w.as  to  attack  It  on 
the  left. ■•— F.  A.  Mignet,  Hint  of  the.  Fr.  Tlfr., 
eh    H. 

A.  D.  1793  (June— October).— The  new 
Jacobin  Constitution  postponed.  —  Concentra- 
tion of  power  in  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety.  —The  irresistible  machine  of  rewolu- 
tionary  government.^' ■  It  was  while  affairs 
wire  ill  I  Ins  iritical  cnndilion  that  the  .Mountain 
lUiiliTI'iok  the  sole  cuiiduct  of  the  government 
ill  I'Vaiice.  Thiy  had  hillierlo  resisted  all  at- 
tt'iiipts  of  the  Ifiroiiilists  t'l  cst.-ililisli  a  new  con- 
siituti.in  ill  place  "f  that  of  IT'JI,  They  now 
uiiderto.  iktlie  Wfirk  tlr-niselvcs,  and  in  four  days 
drew  up  a  cniisiiiuii'Hi.  as  simple  as  it  was 
d'-mncratic.  whicli  was  issue  I  im  the  Ollb  of 
June.  Everyciri/.  II  nf  tin- age  of  il  1  .nil, 1  vote 
dir.itly  in  the  el,,ii..n  nf  deiiutii's.  who  were 
ih"sin  for  a  year  al  a  time  and  were  lo  sit  in  a 
siii.'I.  assembly.  Tie-  assembly  li  id  the  sole 
pmver  of  making  lau      I  ut  a  jieriod  was  fixed 

iliiriiii;    wliiili   the    1 stitiients    euulil    ]irotc8t 

aj.iiiisi  lis  iiiactmeiits.  The  ex:a'Ulive  power 
was  eiiirusi.'l  t.>  H  men.  who  were  chosen  by 
the  asseinM\  from  candidates  nominated  by 
elect. .rs  cle.-cn  l.y  the  original  voters.  Twelve 
out  of  ttie  -,'4  were  to  be  renewed  every  six 
months  But  this  constitution  was  intended 
nierelyto  satisfyliie  .li'partmcnis,  ami  was  ni'ver 
put  ii'ii  >  pnu  lice,  Tlie  cm.liti.in  of  France  re- 
quired a  greati'r  concentrati'm  of  |i.iwi.r,  ami 
this  was  supplied  by  the  Committ.-i-  of  I'lil'lic 


1325 


'M?.^. 


m 


:i:- 


■       •; 

''''  * . 

' 

^t' 

>K 

A  ^'l  ■ 

'j;:i 

FKANCE,  I19a 


Amnaatiutlion 
of  Uant 


PRANCE.  17U;l. 


Skfetj.  Ever  itnre  thi'  6llii>f  April  the  original 
nieiiiiM'™  iif  till!  t'imimlitif  Imcl  U-cn  ri'  olcolcil, 
but  on  till-  lOtli  of  July  its  ciiiii|nMltiiiii  wu-i 
chunK'tl.  Diinton  ivitwil  tn  Ih'  ji  iiii'iiiIht.  anil 
Ban'ro  was  Jolniil  by  liolH'xpii'rn',  St  .Ill^t, 
C'oiitlii>n,Hillauil\'uroniii'<i,l'iill(it(l'llc'rlM>lH.  iiml. 
in  a  uliort  tinii'.  Ciirncit.  Tlicso  men  U'laiiu' 
the  aliHuliite  rulers  iif  i-Viim-r.  The  CiHiiniittri' 
liaci  ni>  ciilllnilly  in  iiirr^iiig  tlipir  nicaxurcs  in 
tlicCiinvintiiin,  (nmi  whuli  the  (ippoMitioii  p;irty 
h.'iil  (iiaappcarcil.  All  ilii-  xlnli'  <>lilii;utii>ns  with 
ri'mtcnHlunirnrmanil  iiiwrilN'il  in  'theRri'at  Ixxik 
of  till'  national  ililit.'  Tlir  treasury  waa  tlllnl 
liy  a  roinpulsory  li«iii  from  llie  rlrli.  Kvery  in 
ronii'  iK'twiHMi  l.tRHI  anil  10,(100  fraiiis  liuil  to'  pay 
tin  iwr  rent.,  ami  every  excesH  over  10,000  framvt 
hail  to  U' contriliuteil  in  ilsenlirety  for  one  ye.ir 
To  recruit  the  army  a  leviv  en  niasw  was  ile 
creeil.  "The  youn^  men  Hhall  go  to  war;  the 
niarrieil  nun  sliall  for^'e  arms  ami  transport  sup 
plies;  the  wive*  ahall  make  tents  anil  elolliis 
ami  serve  in  the  hospitals;  the  ehililren  shall 
tear  oM  linen  into  lint;  the  axeii  sliall  resort  to 
the  pulilie  places  to  exeite  the  eoursKe  of  the 
warriors  ami  hatreil  against  kin;;*.'  Nor  were 
measures  uejrIiHteii  nKainst  ilomeatle  enemies. 
On  the  6th  of  Septcmlier  a  revolulionary  army, 
consisting  of  6,(KK)  men  and  1,200  artillery  men, 
was  pl.icetl  at  the  disposal  of  the  Committee  to 
carry  out  its  orih-rs  throughout  France.  On  the 
ITlh  the  famous  'law  of  the  suspects'  was 
carrii-il.  I'nder  the  term  'suspect'  were  in- 
clulcii  all  thosi'  who  Iiy  wonis.  acta  or  writiUKs 
had  sliown  themwives  in  favour  of  monarchy  or 
of  fiihralism,  the  relatives  of  the  emikcrants.  etc., 
and  they  were  to  la-  imprisimeil  until  the  peace 
As  the  peoiile  were  in  danger  of  famine,  a  inaxi 
mum  price,  already  estahlislied  for  corn,  was 
decree*!  for  all  iiece«.saries ;  if  a  merchant  jtavo 
up  his  trade  he  larame  a  suspeit,  and  the  hoard 
ing  of  provisions  was  punished  by  death.  On 
the  10th  of  OctolMT  the  Convention  definitely 
transferred  its  powers  to  the  Committee,  by  suli- 
jecting  all  otih  lals  tu  its  authority  and  by  post- 
poning the  trial  of  the  new  constitution  until 
the  peace."— R  Uslge,  llitl.  of  Mmlfrn  Biin>\>e. 
eh.  23,  mrr  11.— The  Committee  of  Public 
Safety  — the  "Revolutionary  Government,"  as 
Danton  had  named  it.  on  the  '2il  of  August, 
w'len  he  demanded  the  fearful  powers  that  were 
t     en  to  it  — "dispostiii  f  all  the  national  forces; 

appointed    ami     dismissed     the    ministers, 
nils,  liepresi'ntalivi's  im  Mission,  the  judges 

jiiriisof  the  Hevoliilionary  Tribunal.  The 
-,;>  r  instrument  la'came  its  strong  arm;  it  was, 
111  lit,  a  court  martial  worked  by  civil  inagis- 
!r:i,.s.  By  its  agents  it  direetiil  the  ilcpurtmenta 
and  armies,  the  political  siliiniion  without  and 
within,  striking  down  at  tli'  same  time  the 
relH-ls  within  and  the  enemies  .vilhoiil :  for, 
togeilier  with  tie'  constitution  win-,  of  lourse. 
suspi'ii.U'il  the  niiiiiieipal  liws  ami  the  political 
maiiiiniTV  of  the  r.ininiuiies.  ami  thus  cities 
anil  villages  hiMiiTin  imlilTireril  or  opposed  to 
\ljr  Itevoliitiun  \V!  P'  republiiani/i'il  Ry  the 
Tribunal  it  <lispo>.-,l  of  lie-  persons  of  in. 
diviiliial-;  liy  requisition  and  llie  law  of  max! 
mu:u  luiih  whi' ii  we  are  i.^ojiin-  to  lie  lieiti-r 
acr,uaiiii-i|i  ii  .i!-.|...si  ,1  ,,f  ilii'ir  f..rnim's.  It 
can.  i:ii;i.i|.  hr  -..lid  that  lie-  whole  of  France 
was  p'ace.l  ill  a  stale  of  sieg.-.  but  that  was  the 
pnreof  its  ivdvatioii.  .  ,  Hut  Danton  has  com- 
mitteil    a    great     misUke,  —  one     that    he    and 


especially  Fr«nce.  will  come  to  rue  lb  \a%  j,. 
dined  to  become  •  nu'mbi'r  of  the  Ki'Vi'luii„ii,fy 
tlovernment.  which  has  la'en  estabbsh.  ,|  ,,„  j,^ 
motion.  '  It  Is  my  linn  resolve  not  1..  Iw  »  i|,|.„,. 
iM'r  of  such  a  government.'  he  had  said  In  nthfr 
words,  he  has  declined  reelection  as  a  iiwmN'r 
of  the  Committee  de  Halut  Hiiblie.  ri.w  |i  i,.^ 
iM-en  erected  Into  a  dh'tatorship  lb'  iMif.Ttii 
nately  iackiil  ail  ambition.  .  .  \\  hm  aft,  r 
wards,  on  Sept.  H.  one  (laston  tells  1 1,,,  inn,,,,, 

tion,  'Danton  has  >  mighty  revolitij.aiarv  I | 

No  one  understands  so  well  as  U,-  \,,  ejf,  iit 
what  he  himself  proposes.  I  thrrefnri'  niii\i 
that  he  lie  added  to  the  Revolution, rv  (;,.i,ri; 
nnnt.  In  spile  of  his  protest,  mid  it  |,  1,, 
unanimously  ordered,  he  again  pen  iii|.i,,rilr  '1, 
dines  'No,  I  will  not  Ik' a  inenilj.  i  ,  bui  „,  a 
spy  on  it  I  intend  to  work.'  A  ninst  fnii-ful 
resignallon!  for  while  he  still  fMrasli.ri  time 
I'inlinues  to  exercise  his  old  inlliiiiiu-  nn  tlu- 
government,  Inith  frimi  the  oitsi  |e.  in  hii  ,,»n 
person,  and  inside  the  Coniinltlee  in  the  |nrv.D 
of  llerault  de  .Secliclles.  selected  in  his  [.liin-,  he 
very  siHin loses  ground  more  and  more  —  somiuli 
so  even  that  llerault,  his  frieml.  is  ■  imi  ,„ 
ipianintine.'as  was  said  in  theCoiniiLiiiii'  Sni 
iiry  natural.  A  statesman  cannot  have  |i.i»,.r 
when  he  shirks  responsibility,  and  withmit  |i..»rr 
he  siHin  loses  all  influence  with  the  miiltitnilf 
Those  who  now  succeed  him  in  power  an  It.liei 
picrre,  Bari^re,  BillaudVarennes.  and  (  arii.il  - 
the  two  last  very  gissl  working  nieniii.  r<  cioil 
men  of  the  second  rank,  but  after  l>aiit.nn"ti 
single  man  ii  left  fit  to  lie  leader  I,  iJron- 
liind.  Ca  Tra .'  or  Diinlon  in  the  Frmrh  Ii,  ylntum 
rh.  4. 

Ai.w)  IS  C.  A.  Fvlle,  Wnt  of  ff„,l,r.,  A'/r../* 
V  1.  M  3—11  M"  Stephens."  //iV  ..;/*,  Av' 
Uir..  r.  2.  eh.  0  — H.  C.  LrnkwoiHl.  r,„„til'iiu,iittl 
llitt.  of  h\.,  rh.  1,  iimlnpiK  2. 

A.  D.  1793  (July I.— The  asussination  of 
M*rat. — "Amongst  those  who  hal  plan. I  fniih 
in  the  Oirondists  and  their  ideals  was  a  yuuii|; 
woman  of  Normandv.  Charlotte  Conlay. 
When  the  mob  of  Paris  rose  and  ilr.vi'  wilh 
insult  from  theConTention  thosi'  who  in  lurevi's 
were  the  hemic  defenders  of  the  niiivi  rsal  prin 
ciples  of  truth  and  iustlcc.  she  bitii  rl\  n  sintnl 
the  wrong  that  had  la-en  done,  not  inly  tu  thr 
men  themjelves.  but  to  that  Frame  of  niiiihslie 
reganleii  them  as  the  true  repriMiiitiiiti's. 
Owing  to  Marat's  persistent  cry  f"r  aiiiitntir 
ship  and  for  shedding  of  bliHsl,  it  'v.n  li,.  who, 
in  the  departments,  waa  accoiintid  i-|uii.illr 
responsilile  iMith  for  the  expulsi'ii  .f  thi  liip  n 
liisis  and  for  the  tyranny  which  ii'W  h.iriii  ;  ■ 
weigh  as  heavily  upon  the  wlmlr  c  'iMiv:!-  ;: 
had  long  weighed  upon  the  i'a|>:tal  lii'  i|:>!  li- 
as all  then  were  of  loinpreheiidiiij  'I 
which  had  brought  almiit  the  fall  if  '.' 
dists,  Charlotte  Corda,\  iinagim-d  that  li\ 
an  end  to  this  man's  life,  she  loiild  al- 
end  to  the  system  of  gio'ernimnt  win-  K 
cated  Informing  her  friends  lliai  -li 
to  visit  Knirland,  she  left  (  len  aifl  ir. 
the  diligence  to  Paris.  On  her  arriv  r 
chased  a  knife,  and  afterwards  obiin  I 
iiilo  .Marat's  boiise  on  the  pniiA' 
brought  news  which  she  desired  '>'  -  m 
to  him.  She  knew  that  he  wm;!  I  '. 
obtain    intelligence    of    tin-     lieottn-i'- 

(iironlisl   deputies  still    in    Nuniini'i 
was  ill  at  the  time,  and  in  a  bath  ^^  ii<  :i  ( 


i;-i  i 
r  'II 


M.tiii 

iiriiitti' 


\:yn\ 


FllANCE,  KM 


Cii'.l  Itiii  in 


KKAXCE,  1798. 


She  gurp  him  the  nuiiii'S 
»pro  at  Ciii'n.     'In  a  few 


(XKitaj  wu  ulmittcil 
of  thr  cle|>iitl«'»  *•'" 
^ra  ■  hf  will,  iw  ho  wrote  thiMii  hiwtily  iliiwri, 
■I'will  h»r«  them  all  giilllirtiiinl  in  I'uris."  At 
ilw  hP»nl  thfiKT  woriU  slio  plunged  tlio  knifi- 
int<i  111"  h<«ly  and  killed  him  on  t  he  »|)<it.  The  cry 
ullrrHl  by  the  iiiunlered  niiin  wii»  heard,  and 
Cliarlirtte,  wim  did  n<.t  atleMi|>t  to  enciipe,  w:in 
ruiiliiri'd  »nd  eonvcyed  to  priton  iimld  III"'  nmr 
mum  lit  an  anijry  I  riiwd.  It  had  l)een  fmni  (In- 
llrst  hiT  Intention  to  aiierillie  her  life  for  the 
,-,ii«.(>(  hereountry.  and,  Klorvlnif  in  herdei'd. 
,ln'  nut  death  with  Bt<iieal  iniiilTirenee.  '  I 
tilliilone  man,' »lie  hjiIiI,  when  liniinjht  liefore 
lb,,  n'viilutionarv  ei>iirl,  'in  ordir  to  Hjive  the 
liv.sHt  lil'l.""<''i"'''r'i.'  .  .  .  Hit  1  Marat's)  miir- 
(Ur  hnmitht  iilxnit  eoiiirary  result*  to  those 
wbiihtlie  •nmiin  who  i^jnoriiiitlyand  nishlv  lunl 
6ung  away  hi  r  life  hoped  liy  the  itacriilie  to 
fITfCt.  .  .  .  He  was  reifardi'd  iis  a  martyr  liy  no 
Mimll  portion  of  the  workinit  populalion  of  Paris. 
His  mnnler  excited  indii;nalion  liivoiid  the 
comparatively  narrow  circle  of  tliosi!  who  ti»ik 
inactive  part  in  politieul  life,  while  at  the  Hunie 
time  it  added  a  new  iminili«!  to  the  ({rowiiiK  cry 
forbKuKl'— ».  M.  (Jardlner,  T'A/'  /•>.  li-r.,  eh.  7. 
Au»)  ir«C  Mai'  Karlane,  Thf  Fr.  lie.,  r.  3,  rh. 
13.— ,1  Miilii'li't,  n'liiun  iif  thf  Fr.  Her.,  rh. 
|lj_19_Mr«.  U.  K.  Van  Alstiiie.  Chnrl-llr  r,>r- 
iti»— A.  Dolwon,  Fi'ir  Fnnrh   Womn,  rfi.  1. 

A.  D.  1793  (July— Decemberi.  The  civil 
war.  -Sieni  of  Lroai  and  Toulon,—  Submia- 
lion  of  Caen,  Marieillea  and  Bordeaux,  - 
Cnnhinjof theVendeani.— "The  iiisurL'irils  in 
Cal>:i'l'«  [Normuudyl  were  easily  siipprcsscl; 
at  tile  very  first  akirminh  at  Vernon  l,luiy  l;l|. 
tile  insurgent  troops  lli'd.  W'inipfcn  ciideavonn  d 
to  rally  them  in  vain  Tlie  iniKli'rale  class. 
those  Willi  had  taken  up  tlii' defence  of  the  Oi 
romlists.  (lisplayefl  littli'  .irduiir  or  activity 
VVbeti  llie  constitution  wu.s  accepted  by  the 
othiT  depart nients,  it  saw  the  opportunity  for 
ailmillini,'  that  it  had  iM^en  in  err t.  when  it 
iliiiiii(lit  il  was  takinif  arms  HRainsi  a  nnri'  f.u 
tiiiM*  minority.  This  retractation  wis  niidc  at 
Caen,  which  had  Iwn  the  hcadiiuart.TS  of  tin' 
revolt.  The  Mountain  coniinissioncrs  did  not 
sully  this  lirst  victory  with  executions  (Scierd 
Ciriianx  on  the  other  hand,  niarchisl  at  the  heel 
of  .*cnii-  troops  against  the  seclioiiary  army  of 
till' south,  lie  ilcfeati'd  its  force,  pursued  it  to 
Miirsiill.s.  i-iilered  tin-  town  f Aui;ii»t  '2H1  after 
il.  «iiil  I'roviiice  would  have  l)i'en  hroii^ht  into 
ssihjiiiiiiii  like  Calvados,  if  the  royalists,  who 
lia.l  t;iliiu  rifui;e  at  Toulon,  after  their  defeat. 
Iiail  iMt  I  illeil  in  the  Knulisli  to  their  aid,  and 
plai'f'i  ill  tlieir  hands  this  key  to  France,  .Vd- 
minil  W.kA  entered  tlie  town  in  the  name  of 
U«iU  XVII  .  whom  he  priKlaimed  king,  ilis;irini'il 
tlirll. .!,  -.'Ill  for  H.iKW  Spaniards  liy  sea,  oi-cupied 
tlir -iirniiiiiilini;  forts,  and  f'lrced't'aiti'aiix.  wlio 
w:i>  ;iiv:ini  iiitf  ai^altist  Toulon,  to  fall  back  011 
Miirxill.--  S'ol withstanding  this  clicck,  the 
r"iiv!iiii(. 11, lists  siii'eceded  ill  isolatiiik;  the  insur- 
r'ni'i;!.  ml  Ihis  was  a  j;reat  point  The  Moun- 
tain ('■■mIuis^iorle^s  hail  made  tluir  entry  into  the 
nl'il  ,i|iitals.  lltilH'rl  f.indit  iiiloCaen;  Tallieu 
iiil"  lii.nli'aiix;  liarras  and  Frcron  into  .Mar- 
8i-i!!rs  1  Mily  two  towns  remained  to  Im' taken 
- Tn'j!nii  :inil  Lyons.  A  simultaneous  attack 
f^lm  -M.    south,  west,  and  centre  was  ii"  Ioiil'it 

«ppr.  ;„ii(|rc|,  and  in  the  interior  tl iiciny  w.is 

fiiij  "II  the  defensive.     Lyons  was  lM'sicj.'eil  liy 

1; 


Kellermiinn,   general   of  the  army    of  the  Alps; 

thr orps  presacil  the  town  on  all  sides.     The 

veteran  sohlhrs  of  the   Alps,  the  revolutionary 
liattalions  and  the  newly  levhsltnsips,  reiiiforced 
the  lusicKers  every  day.     The  peoplo  of  Lyons 
defeiidisl    themselves   with   all   the  cnuraeu  of 
despair,      .Vt  first,  they  relied  on  the  assistance  of 
the   liisiirKcnts  of  the  Houtli:liiit  these  havini; 
till  n  npulsi'd  tiy  Cartenux,  the  l.yonnese  placed 
till  ir  last  hope  in  the  army  of  I'iidinoiit,  ulilih 
attempted  a  diversion  in  their  favour,   hut  was 
iH'aten  hy    Kelhrmaiin.     I're-sed  still  more  iiur 
Ifeticaily,  they  saw  their  llrst    posiiicm  carried. 
Famine  lie^'an  to  lie  felt,  and  eourane  forsook 
them      The  royalist  leaders,    eonvinced   of   the 
inutiilly  of  loniiir  reslst.ince,  left  the  town,  and 
the  npulilii'in  army  eiilircd  the  walls  |()clolier 
'.l|,  where  till  y  awaited  tlie  orders  uT  the  conven- 
tion.    .V  fiw  months  afirr.  Toulon   itsilf  |inthe 
Hie;;e  of  which  N  ipolion  ISoiiaiiarte  eommandeil 
the  artilleryl.  di'lended  hy  viteran   troops   and 
forniidalile  fortitleatioiis.    fill   into  the  power  of 
the  repulilicans.     The  liattalions  of  the  army  of 
It.ily,   riinforced  hy  those  wliicli  lie'  taking  of 
Lyons  h'ft  disposjihle,  pres.si'd  the  place  closi'ly. 
.Vl'tir  ri'p<'ati'il  attacks  and  prmliiiics  ot  -kill  and 
valour,  Ihi'V  nimli'  theinselvi  -  masters  of  it,  and 
the   eaplure   of   Toulon    iiiii  .lied    wlul    that   of 
Lyons  had  1m'i;uii  |1)ci  •  iiiIh  r  |i.l|      Kvery where 
llie  convintioii  was   victorious      The  Vendeans 
had  failed   in  tluir  atti-nipt   'ipon  Nantes,  afler 
liaviiii;  lost  many  men. and  tlicir  i;cneral-in-chirf. 
Cathi'liiii-au      This   attack    put  an   end    to   the 
aj^irri-ssive  and  previously  proniisiiifr  movement 
of  the  Vendean  insurrection.     The  royalists  re- 
pa.s.si'il     the     Ijoire,    aliandoned     Saumur,    and 
resumed  their  former  cantonments.     They  were, 
however,  still  formidalile;  and   the  republicans, 
who  pursued  them,   were  uirain   IH'aten   in   La 
Vendee.      (leneral    Binai,    wlio   had    aucceeded 
(11  iieral  Herruyer.  unsuccessfully  contiiiueil  the 
war  with  small  Isslies  of  trisips;  his  miHleration 
and  defective  system  of  attai  k  caused  him  to  be 
replaced  by  t'anclaux  and   Hossiifiioi,  who  were 
11  it  more  fortunate   than  he     There  were  two 
leaders,  two  armies,  and  twocentresof  opcratioe. 
.   .   .  The  coinmittee  of  imlilie  ^ulfl'ty  soon  reme- 
died this,  by  appointini:  one  sole  general  iiicliief, 
Li'chelle,  and  hy  intriMluciii^  war  on  a  lari^e  scale 
into  Iji  Vendee.     This  new  inethiHl.  aided  hy  the 
garrison  of  Mayenee.  consisting  of  17, (KK)  veter- 
ans,  who.    relieved  from  operations  against  the 
coalesced    [Miwers    after   the   capitulation,   were 
employed  in  the  interior,  entirely  changed  the 
face  of  the  war      The  royalists  iindcrwint  four 
eoiiseculive    defeats,    two    at  i'liatillon,  two  at 
Cliolet    |lhe   last    being   October    17].  Lescure, 
lionehamps,  and  d'Klbiv  were  mortally  wounded: 
and  the  insurgents,  completely  beaten  in  Upper 
Vendee,  and  fearing  iliat  they  should  he  exter- 
minated if  they  tiKik  refuge  in  l.,ower  Veiidi's', 
ileteriiiincd  to  leave  their  country  to  the  number 
of   ><il,IHX)  persons.       This  emi'.'ration    tlirough 
Hiittany,   wliicli  they  lio|ii'd  to  arouse  to  iiisur- 
neiion.  Iiecaiiie  faial  to  them.     Kepulsed  la'fore 
tiraiiville.     uiierly    routed  at   Mons   [Le   Mans, 
Deeerither  l",'j.   tiiey  Were  destroyed  at  Savcii-iy 
|l)eeeinhcr  'Jltj.  and  barely  a  few  thousand  men, 
the   wreck  ot   this   vast  emigration,  retiiriied  to 
Vendee      These    i|is:isters,    irreparable    for   the 
royalist  cause   Ilie  taking  of  their  land  of  Noir- 
iiioutiers  from  (  hirette,   the  dispersion   of   the 
triMjps  of  that  leader,  the  death  of  Ijiroche  jac- 


p.. 

I 


Ji    -  J- 


■11  V 


7 

i 


KKAN(  K.   1793  H'lr 

f'uu 

qiinltn.  rfinlor*")!  the  rt  jMihlirana  mafttcrn  ..f  thr 
cmiiilry.  The  romiiiif  li>i>  r.f  |Mil>lir  t;ifi  |\ 
tlithkuic.  TH'I  v^itlmiit  rii«Miu,  th;il  Ua  > m-ini.  , 
w»*n'  Ikfufrn  liiit  Mi>i  itiliniifjii"!!.  )til'ipii->i  n  t-  r 
rihtr  NVsti-nt  <(  i>xti-rniiiiuti<>n  t<>  |iri-vt  nl  IIm  ;m 
frmii  n^iii^ftiiTHin.  (tt-tiintl  'I'ttiirrfHii  niirroiiixii  i 
Vt'iiiitt'  uiih -^ixlftti  cfilrcin  tirii  raiiipH,  t«i  !\«- 
itiovhUIc  I  "luiniitt.  raili'^i  tin*  JhftTiutI  i-nliiiiiii-. 
•niTrmi  Ttt.-  toniilrv  in  rviTV  ilim'tion.  sw-r-i 
aritl  tire  ni  h:iM«l.  -.it"irr<l  ihc  mm-nN.  *lisp«-rNc.| 
the  ii>4>tt'mt)li<'»,  iifiil  iltlTii^'it  it'rror  ihriMiifhotit 
thi-*  iinlmpiv  roimtrv  K    A    Mitfti*  f,  //mf.  .  r 

thf  hr.  i{rr  '  eh    H        ' 

II. -t    ..r  Oi,      t'r     /,\r       ,!.,< 

I/,  m,„rj»,~A.    '!'■'»    Kilit-r 


AijMi  i>   A.  Thiers 

*/.  \  /•  •,'.  i-f.  ;i',»H-;[;r.. 
ill'  l,nrtMhcJni|U)-lain 
oUtM,  fl-trtt  l.ij> ,  :     I,  vi,    ."»   ;. 

A.  D.  I79J  «JuJy— December.-  Pro^ntt  of 
the  WAr  of  the  Coalition.  — Dimtensioat  amoag^ 
the  Allies. -Unsuccessful  sic||re  oi  Dunkirk. 
French  Victories  of  Hondschotten  and 
Wattignies. — Operations  on  the  Rhine  and 
elsewhere.— -"rhi-  »  nil  war  in  wliu  li  KniKr 
Tt  I  numiml  ujUH-art'ii  i  niruifi'it  \\!is  -(mui  «'-n 
litiiil  ii.afi'w  niirrowinir  i-intrt-^  \Vh:it.  in  tiif 
mcHhumc  tia.i  ►"■rn  tli'  liihii'Vt-nK'nlH  (»f  tti-- 
riiiAflitv  Cimlirinii  nf  haii'ic*!  Kiin.p.  ?  SiiriT«»s. 
ttial  cnixhl  tta\<  tM-cti  ijn'at.  wan  attatrii-<I  on  ih'- 
AlptsM;  atiil  l*vrfiii-an  frnntirr*.  ami  hail  IIm- 
l*ifii^ionli-«i- atiil  stmiiianls  lii-«n  \mII  |r.|  tin-. 
I  oiii.a  ti:i\f  "MTfuti  I'ruvmir  :tni|  UiHiHillwri, 
iiixi  ma'ic  the  iii-.iirrt-t!i<'n  nf  ihc  Sttuth  talal, 
Uui  ticrr.  at  ■  IhcwIht-  th-'  Allir-^  iliil  Hlrli';  ait-l. 
thouirh  <ii'ft*ai.-*l  in  uiiiHH^i  every  ciii'inintiT  tin* 
n'i'uhliriin  i-  vit--  hrlil  their  i^rimiid  aL'.'itn^t 
rnt'mleH  wli..  nowhere  ailvumt'd  It  ww*.,  h-'W- 
e\*  r.  ill  the  N'orTli  junl  Uie  North  cast  Itiat  the 
n-;*l  prt/e  .,f  vn  tory  wu-^  fOaeMi;  tinit  ii"  ■l-.iilil 
'-III  exiHt  tliat  ha'i  nnuniniity  in  tin- 'iiuimm-  of 
t:R'  (•Kiiitinu  pri  vaiinl.  or  had  a  L'reat  <  "m 
nmiiilcr  lieen  in  iN  ramp.  I'.-irix  intirhi  have  be.  n 
.-aptiintl  without  tlillit-nltv.  iimt  the  Uevohitton 
'Ot'n  Miiiituarilv  piit  tiown  lint  (he  An*<irian<<, 
i\w  I'mjiitiaiiH  and  ihi-  Kntrh-h.  wer<- iii\  ided  in 
mind,  'tiey  had  no  •MMiera!  lapattlr-  ol  ri-i;:L' 
ubitV)-  file  iiiii-.t  onllimry  routine  id  war;  aiitl  iiu- 
result  WI14  tint  the  alUi'd  nrnm-*  advanri-il  laniilv 
<  n  an  nnineiBM*  front.  e;u  it  i'-ader  thinkiiii:  of  hi-i 
own  plans  -nly,  ana  no  one  venturlnir  'o  pre^^ 
forward  Iwit-lly  or  ro  pa>"i  tin-  fo^l^e•^^*■^  on  the 
hoHtiie  fronuern  r  huuirii  ohstacie-.  like  thi  -. 
fi.ul.j  he  of  Ijtth-  tw  without  the  aid  of  ]...«.  r 
fnl  loreeN  111  ih'-  field.       In  llti-*  nmiiner  half  tti. 

>UInnier  wu^  lo-l  :u  Im"*ii  _-niu'  MaVi'Ine.  \,it.  I 
i  i.-niie-  and  <  lOio  ,  and  \\hen.  after  ilie  tad  .1 
thf-te   plaiT-s    l-lui     ~-.\iit.'UHi  I.    an    aiieinpl    -Aa^ 

nmile  to  llnaife   i'(eard\ ,  ■ht^en^ton^  helwi-en   the 

Allies  broke  ■■■it  itid  ni<-  ltriti<oh  contin-jiMi  wa^* 
d-  (ached  ■oU-i.-.  l>unKirk,  «hi!ethi-  Au^iiian?* 
iuiiT*  red  in  Frei!-  n  Klan.iers  iittf-iii  on  .nlaikMnL^ 
\\  lonuie-!  leknuHi  -ii  u.il  j'<rM«l  .m 
\uslrifih  IVovirit  »■  Tiine  wa-  tlm^  -lin..!  tii 
•fie  Kren' h  ariines  w  nuh.  "nHiL:i:  Un  *  hail 
nmde  an  '(..h..r  itih-  p — .tanee  iiiil  '■•-.it --hht'ed 
o  full  'i;4.  K  ii  ill  tioir.is,  an*i  wer*-  m  n-  ■  ..tnii 
;ion  to  .■poo-  thiir  ■  ncfu\  and  ilie  ren.  li 
irinv  in  ti,  N^rtl)  ttuHiL'^h  dnven  nearl\  t-  Me- 
^oninie  -'.iihr.  i  !•  A  tuinh'-s  ..f  the  . -n-iiui. 
w.a^     iilo\M-.i      ,:!     .  >i.o.,rtinin  \-     ■■•<     rerrMjr      ;ih 

streliLMh,      Ui'l     '.v;ts     -      I  -    i'     lumhl      hlvf    o..,.ri 

eji>lU      .le-.Iro\.-.l  V     ,rir'     ,1     !h,.    tia^iii        nised 

levn—  Wat  no  i;ieMr--.,rr:'.-  I  \\\  i(*  rank-  M'i.i  as 
thes*     Wert-    nrL'ei\      -mt:..^*.  .|  .,(    -.ea.xMiir.|    men 


'■   l-fi.- 
I  '^  il„. 


/"•-  FUANC'K.    179a 

I  from    The   "Id  anuv  nf  the    liourh'^n    \\ 

\  :i  (i|    fnun    the    vofunteiTH  of   \  nun 

I  luape*.    Ji     n  VI m  table     lope     w  .,     t  , 

I  TMuxiired,      At  the   (M-nniptorv  <"niii       ,| 

.t.ieohin    (  iiiVi  rUMli  ril.    Ihtt    W-m    ;i(     .-I  .         iiniNtl 

a:;ain-if  thr  invader'*.  v\hndidii<-i  ki      v  u  imi  ni 
inva>ion    nie.inl.      The    Duke   ■!    \-'-.    i;«;ii|,.t 
«ilh  viL'oraiid  Nkill,  wa-*  i  onipe||..i  ^  .  r.n,.- u,, 
-ii/f    ..I     huiiklrk    \\'\     the    I'r.-n.  h    \i.  i..r\ 
llon,K»  hott-  n.      ?H't.t.  intM  r    n|  .       o    |       -  ,     , 
;i-ioui-hniei.t  of    Kuropi,ilie   divio.  t    t   r. .  > 
the  h  liiiiiid  and  irn  -olutf  ro.tliih'!'  h.  .•  m  >  >  ■ 
e.  de  iMfon-  I  he  etii  nde^.  who  -.a«   ■  m  Intv  ■-     l.i...| 
i    t  'thein.HMd   who.  f.ehli'  i^oldif  rs   ,,-  !!„^     ■-,,, 

were,    weo     neverlin  ioi^M    find    h\      ,r.|.t|l   |,^,'r.,,t 
,     i  -til  .\  -      111!        Mill  Untn      t  i'.H4'il       '  'le      ireliihilllj 

\    I  dan.  i<  I  i   fortniit   um  lineii  ihrio'  .)U  ..n  ni>  .njr 
of  the  Uepnl'lie,      The   Fr.  iifh   i-.rini-    i.Krt.ii 
to    the    ironluT    in     nta"i  ».    Ii»<  hm'     iZTjciiiijU 
hitter  fMildiern,  ntider  the  nillm  -i..  ..(  u)ere,-i,iiic 
-.ui  re,^-«.       (  arito!,  a  ntaii  i.f  j.'r<   il  hu!   >a.rr,!.., 
p"Wir-    lo*.k    the   ;:ener.il  dir< .  lun  .  !   r.iiiiir^ 
■  iil.iii--,  and  iliouirh  Id-^  -tnilejv  u  i*  t:  .;  vniinu 
ii   w.t-  inu*  h    I"  Mer  than  the   iin'x.dr,  .,i   1,1.. 
I"e-       At   the   -aine    time,    th-     t..tiii.;>  .A   \^f 
t  ilhn  .^lonarch'.  huvitiLT  disjijpean  il   .i    |,,r  th. 
Mio^;     pail,    t.'ided.     hrdliiiiit     ntnit-    >>>>.mii 
'  nnTire  from  th'- rank-   and  ni  h  ad  '1^'   -;'!!'■ 
iio.d   armies,    and    iiioul'Ii    worihl'  •     •  <■ .  ■ 
\\\\r   not    seldiitii  inaile.  iiion'  itiati   ■         >'  - 
ana  Herireaiil  «avf  proof  ol   i-apa.  n  ■      t   ?   ,, 
nr-ii  order.      Terror  irrlaitdv  addii       r   ■_^ 
I't' litiiiMii,    for    thou-<(ndN    \\<  ri'    .1       w=    » 

:   <    flip  hy  fori  e.  and  -Uiilh  «a^  inf   ■     1  il  |»in){v 

•    X     a  defeated    thief,    hilt     il     W:o.     '  M-     <. -.    t 

i'reat    national     movrniem.    ;ind    '■       t  i-> 

!    i-llv  due  to  II  peo|.jt.    Wfiifh.    HI    I      .!';  ,;,t' 

lid^hl  h.i'.e  •»)trne<i  hop- N^^,  in.  ~^- i.  '  •■  >i. 
and  nohi'  etf.irtv.  even  th"U  "■  it  'ruMr  !>liol 
throuLdi    ;tn-    weaktiess   of   iw    !  n»viji.    :.    1 

happ\  in^iunilion  of  (  ariioi.  .1  eiai  hm«  11  wi- 
rapidly  marehed  from  the  Ifhun  uliin-  tl, 
l*ru?*>ian-.   reniaui*  il    in   eonipl-        in  ,   '  n:,  l 

w  iih  ihi"  remlort  emenr  Joiinhi:       m  '   r, 

at    W  ittlLMUf^   H  Moht  r   li;j   ..  i  .       '^        o  ,■.-, 

and  tM'-ned  the  \\a\  into  ilr  i- 
At  th.  .  lifs*'  id"  the  -ear  lie  -u' 
oiii f  M  .  orporai.  hui     >    man  • 

L'M  "  tl       '■tildloIlM      llOli'S     to      I  :  I|.. 

diviii'd  I'.runswiek  Tom  tii.  ^n 
!i\  a  . ;  ii  Mi_'  a  III  I  ahl,-  mrireh  1  o  1 
aiid  ine  halHed  Alh  ■-  were  0     ^ 

the      -.Mfdelt     of     Uineh     Ihe;       ^,.  . 

\\\   luesf  .>t'.eratiiin-.  He'  •:te        N  .r'! 
tin    It  ,dl\    vnhier.iMe  pal  !   ■        Kf  \\n  ' 
in-  >i   troin   the   inv;nl<r-    \      -■  •  . 
!■  --  uas  .il  hievt  -1   !-ii   tht     -  .ni  1,  , 
I  t-  line-,  o!    Ih-'  I;,  piihlie  ».=  -  ,;■ 

vV.  (fr.   M.ri!.-    77,,    /       A' 
I'rM>.-%Jani  had   i    'ii;iine,|      i,.  i. 
iriilh-    -ifl.  X    ■         fall    ■        M 
' '     iiihejve-*    \\  it  ■      w  .iteln;        n 

■'■s  a!  \Vei-*-,i  ■■ur::        '■    >  o  ■ 

i,.oi-   ^■^    his      ,.pon-i!         '■<    ■■ 
■  ii  iali\  e.    and      ittaek'  ■       '  '■■      '  ' 
'■  'w  in.is.-n-.        i  'tis    !i..i'  ". 

^ept      111  Wili^  Till     los^ 

:!■'!  !,ll    a    inoi..  n    latei        ^  • 
'-Ulind     th'       -ifensn^       Ali.n 
.iUfs   wire  s|,  ;  :!i.d   h\  nix-  o 

and  !'rn*"i.ii:  and  il  I't-it. 
ahn.-t  I-  "-'r  -l.m-  Im'  ih' 
lai;'    le.l  fo    '.  ■     re^ull-       ir-i.. 


11- 


lr.-i;!itr 


\-\-i- 


It. 


Ljfeita! 


.>f 


FHA.Ni  t.  irw 


J[|.j,lll.|iC«ll    IIHiVrllH'llI    "l-    hrlllnl     In    !1   I..v:ill«l 

„i niHit  in  Aluan-.     Tl"'  Au^in.in^  lMiiii..val.l.- 

1,1  ii„ir  plHiii  of  c.miiur.l.  r.fii-.,!  |.  ....ii|.i 
(«tm»Mir<  i" ''"'  I'll""' "'  l.i'iiitXMI  in.l  111.' 
utif.irMiimlt-  rii>ali»lii.  ulininl.iiicil  !•■  !(■  (.'ililii  .111 
ri.ni[i«iH''.  wiTriiiihwriiiiiimii'lvi  ••n-.icii'  •!  lothr 
jiiillotinc  hv  «  ilrini' 1.1  ih.'  ('.•riv.'iiii..ii,  while 
ilii- 1 oiifi'ilf ml'' »■■"'>■"'»»  """I'''''  i"  ""'  'i' -'' 
,il  Ijindiiu  lliit  III''  1  ikcwinnii.  ^-  ..f  llii' 
I'niwiii""  ''»•'  ""*  i"<'>iiii-  ^.•  .iil.iil,  tint  il 
„,,  ,.iil>  hv  ihi-  iim-t  vilirmi  ni  niM.Mi«lMiu  .  ■< 
r,i  liii' A>i«irjiiii  ciilpiii' 1  tliil  till-.  «'ri'  |.riMMli.| 
fn,ni  ...iHliiii;  nltim^  tlnr  Iniiu  lln' I.  .ilmi.  .  iiiil 
th.'  Ui'hiilili.-aiii-.  liikinir  u.h.-uii.i.T  i.f  iln-  ili> 
union  -t  tlitir  ftM'iiin-.,  it  r.iiii  altin  kr.l  III-'  Allir-* 
(IK:  Jilt,  w  hu  v\i-ri- riMiii-il  tih'l  »!ri\(ti  o\»r  iln- 
Uliiiir  ni'iiniliinirn;  llif  Mri.-.^  ..i'  l.iiii.laii  | .  hImI'' 
ill,  iui..r»    f.vll.miin;   iii>  tlii'ir  siii<r— ,  p  1  ...', 

Sliin-.  ilM.I  nilVHIli  i-.l  111  till'   LMti  1  of    M:imillrilll 

Thi' "pir.iiiiiiiH  ill  ilii'  I'vriMiirs  Mini  mi  iIh'  ^\■\^■ 
of  Siv"i .  iliiriii'.'    ilii-  runipiiiuii.  ]•■']   In  :i"  iiii     | 

inriaiu    ri-llll!-        "11    llir    ur^lmi    i\lrrlnlt\    nf 

till  S'vniiri-  til"  S|MiiiiMril-  |lriii|  iriiriil  liuiin' 
it,  iiii    iiiiiMIr  ii    A|>ril.   ri.iiii  I   ilnir  .'iiii."..  nl<   1 
il:  «:vi'riil  PliC'iiilIiTx,  anil   ilnnr   111.  :n   in':     -I 
liHii  IVil  ill'  l''i<'l.      An  inm^ii.n  111   l!..i.  -il!   11, 
1!  Ihi'  sii'Tir   iiiiir.  WHS  viiimll\  Mini-  '  ;!.    iliil 
•!»■    -^iinniiinl-    i.iaintaiiii'ii    tlirni^ilvi-    m    tin'   ! 
ir.uniT   till    ilif   I'liil  iif  '111'    vi'ii,    lakiiiL'  III'' 
i,.r!rii-j'».  iif  ISi'llrtfanli' nnil  Ciili'iiiri',  ami  rmil 
inL'   I""  »riiiirH    wliiili    iitti'iii|ili'l    !■•  iIjvI.mIl'"- 
Ih.  Ill,  at  TriH'lla9(9<'i)t.  '.'■.'lan  I  jlniiliiii  lOr.     7. 
\'     iiili'm|il   <if    tilt'    Sanlinhitu    In    1  x|m'I     iln- 
Knriili  fnmi  llieir  (■imi(iii'>l«  in  >imiv   wu  Ii'" 
(.nimati'.    ami.  at    Iln-   il..~i-.'l   llii'  i  anipai'.'ii. 
^►i!li  paring  rrmniiii'il  in  ilnir  rnriiiir  pn-illun 
-A   Ali-'u.  Fpit"m,  uf  /l„i  .,fh:„r,.i^,i,p.  .V*-.V.t 
ith    M.  '     I  ■•!  I'liil, jjilr  iriirk\. 

Alwl  IV.  II  Vlin  Svliol.  //(1^  III' till-  h'r  lt.r. 
M  <  .■/,  ■;  I:',  111— K'  Uailli'",  Ili'i  ifthr  W.irt 
i.fihi  I  ■    Hi  I  ,  >•    I,  rli.  It'll. 

A.  D.  1793  I Auguit I.  "Emancipation  in  San 
Domingo  proclaimed,  ■••i'  lUiii  A  |i 
liti.'  I--'!:) 

A.   D.    1793  (September     December  .     The 
'■Reign  of  Terror  "  becomes   the    "Order  of 
the    Day."— Trial   and    execution    of    Marie 
Antoinette,  Madame  Roland,  and  the  Giron 
dins.      •  On     Iln-      Ifilli     ..f     >i'piiiiiliir.     tin'   ■ 
FiiiiU'iir^T  Saini-Aiitoiiit'  >iirriiiiii'li'ii  tin-    lloli'l 
di'  \illi',  ilain.irini;    fur     ISr.a.l,'      llrUTt  ami 
Cli-iuaiftt*'  apiifasoil    tin'    111. 'I'    by     viMifirmi'* 
harnnirni">  aL'ainst    rirh  nu'ii   ami  innnnpnlist';, 
an. I  liy  pr.mii'iiiiK  t«  raiw  n  ri'Viihitimiarv  iiriiiy    I 
Kiili  lifiliT-.  M  M'oiir    the    riiiintry.    1  ir.pt y  tin- 
fTT^iiarii'S.  ami  pui  thv  ^raiii  nilliin  ri-ai  li  nf  tin- 
pr.i[i!i'      'Till'  nrxl  tliiiiu  will  Im'   h  ^iiillutinr 
f.ir  III!'  tii.iriiip<ili4tH,'  liilili'tl   llT'taTt.     Tliis  liail    ' 
lurii  ili-niariilril  by    im'miirial.K    fmni   tin'    must    | 
ultra  pr..\iiit'ial  .larohinn.     Tin'    ni-\t    ilay   tlir   | 
('.iiivt-mi'in   wilin'Ms«'il    the   Icrrilili'    ri-artion   uf   ' 
tlii.  -ii'iii .     Al  the  iipcniiit;  of  tliv  .■«'s.»iiin  Mi'rlin 
(If  l>."i:ii  pr.ipiisoil  anil  carriril  u  vnti'  for  tlir  , 
ilivi.i"!!  of  ihi' ri'voliitiousry   triliiinal  into  four   • 
wi'ti"!!'.,    in  onli-r   to   rcmiily    tlic    liilatoriin-si 
i.'mplajnt'il  of  liy  ItotH'ipicrri' ami  thv  .lacoliins. 
Till'  iniiniripalit\    siMin  arrivi'ii.    follow. il  liy  a   ' 
fri'at  iT'.wil;  Cliaiimettc.  in  a  furious  haran^iir. 
ili'iiiaii'li'ila  ri'voliitionaryarniy  with  a  travpllinLT 
L'lit'.'tini.     The  fiTiwious  HiHaiiil-N'ari'tiivs  ilr 
■  liri'il  tlial    this   uas  not  i'IumikIi.   ami  that  all 
"iwpected  pcraons  mu«l  bearreoteil  imme(liat<'h 

vv 


KUANCE.   ITWa 

l>:inloti  liiiiriHianl  with  the  powerful  i'lo<|iii  iin> 
it  hill  pahin  lavs;  In  approvi'il  nf  an  inimeili 
:it.  ili'i  ri'i- li.r  tlir  fnninition  of  a  rcvoliilloinirjr 
limy,  hut  iiiaili'  no  inontion  of  the  KulIIotini'. 
Dnnti'iii  Honls  «•■«•  lnip<'t»oii«.  but  hl« 
iil.as  wire  poliiic  bihI  il.-llln  ral«'  Ilia  luotlona 
win'  iiirrii'ii.  ainiil  litni-ml  iinlamalton  Hut 
till'  violint  |iropo«itliins  of  IIDlninl  Variiiin'S  anil 
iithirs  wiri'  iilso  I  irrlril  I'lii' ilisri-e  forhiililinK 
'I'.iiii' il,  ir  vi-it..,  .iihI  aliclil  arri'sti,  which  hai) 
111  111  ilii'loihi  i;;ii, 11. lists,  was  ri'vokpft  .\  ili'pii- 
liHiiii'        'I  .iai  ihins  ami   Ih''  acclioin   ilc 

run  ntiiK'itnf  till'  '  monster  '  llrlssot 

\\ '  mipli  IS.    Verirniauil.    flensnnne, 

1  nisi  riant-  Lawsrlvers.'  salil  Ihe 

s|,  f   the    ill'pllta'iiin,      lettlM'    Heilfll    of 

1'.  rr  I riler  of  the  ilav  '       llan're,   in  Ihe 

liillli'  I'f  Iln-  I'l'inniilti'i'  of  I'nhlie  .Safely,  oh 
i'.iiii'il  the  |i;issai:i.  "f  a  iliini  .ir>[ani/iii)f  an 
iinneil     fnrre    lo   reitr;iiTi    1 1 'iiiler  revii|iitiniii«t!i 

ami  prnteil  ■.Upplie-.  Kear  Inl  llHIl  tii  Unite 
with  the  liinsi  xinlelil,  anil  In  ailnpl  the  )("'»< 
iiH.Mo.if  Ihe  I'arii  (  ..iiiniiuie,  'Let  the  Heiffu 
I'f  r.rror  In-  the  nnler  of  iln-  ilaV  '  The  royal- 
i«u  ;ire  I  iiii-piriiii.' '  he  »ii'l,  ibey  want  blisx). 
\V.  II  liny  »h.ill  lia\e  that  of  tlw  I'onspiratnrs,  of 
Ihe  l!ri--otsaml  Marie  .Vni'tiiieir.'s' '  The  asso- 
eiali'Ui  "f  Iln  -    two  name-   -In  »«  what    fnii^jr 

pr''i:iili'it  ill  He   ininils  "f  till   I I'le      The  rwxt 

liav  .S'ptemls'r  li,  two  of  lie-  iik-^iI  fnrniiiiahle 
.Iai  "Mil-,  the  mill,  iiiiplai  ,ilil'  liilU.nl  \'.in  hiie.<) 
ami  ilie  liery  Culliit  irilerln.i-  w-re  aililed  In 
the  I  iitlirnillee  nf  I'llMie  Sali.!\  i»;intiill  per 
-i-teil  ill  hi-  refusal  In  reluni  I"  Il  This  pnnes 
how  inislakeii  Ihe  liiriimji-t-  hail  Isen  in  ai  1  iis- 
lir.'  him  111  a-|iirinL'  in  ihe  ill,  I.ii'irsliip  Me 
k  |il  aloof  frmii  the  1  .'1111111111.'  .hietly  Im-i  aiise 
h'.  knew  that  lliev  w.re  li!.-!.  ami  'liil  tint  wish  In 
ii.iilriliiile  to  their  fall  Ili'f..-  h-aviuj?^  the 
ministry  liaral  hail  trieil  to  previrnt  the  lliroii 
'lists  from  liewiL' liriiii;:lit  to  trial;  .ifuui  inakiiiK 
known  his  wish  to  Kolie-piirre  ami  liiint'iii,  he 
l.'Unil  Kiilii'spii  rre  iniplarahte,  while  llaiiton, 
with  tears  iniirsinir  ilnwii  his  ru^firPil  1  heekx 
r-plieil.     'I    laniiiit     save    ilietii''  l>n 

the  loth  of  OetolliT  Sailll  .lu-t.  ill  tie  name 
of  Ih.'  lolliniitlee  of    T'lhlii-    S:lf.'ly.     re:l.l     I"    the 

,\sseiiihly  .111  iin{iortant  report  upon  ihe  -mm 
lion  of  Ihe  Uepuhlii'.  Il  was  violint  ami  iiieuae 
ioir  to  others  Is-iile  Iheinemiesiif  the  M,'iini.i«in; 
IIi'lM'rt  ami  his  L'ani.'  inivrht  well  tremhli  Ho 
iiiveii.'hi'il  not  only  uu'ainst  tliosi'  who  were  piun 
'hriiii;  the  novertiinent,  hut  airaiiist  the  w  IioIb 
a.Iininistration         .   .    Sjiint  .lusl-    report      liail 

lieell  preeeileil  on  the  :lil    i.fOeloller   hy  a    ri'|i.>rt 

from  the  new  I 'oniiiiittee  of  I'uhlii    SafeU  ,  'on 

ilii.lini:  wilh  the  imlielnient   "f    HI  .hpulii-,  ;t9 

were  lliromlisls  or  frienils  of  the  (iiroiiile;  the 

I'.irlii  111  was  the  e\  huke  of  Orleans.     Tweiily- 

I   one  of  the-e  :t!t  Were  How    ill  the  hamls  of  their 

I   eneiiiie-,  anil  of  thi-e -M  only   ii  iMhiiiireil  to  the 

'   lirst  ilepuiies   in.liiteil  on   the  '-'.I  of  .lum';  the 

niiiaimier  hail  leli  Paris  hopiiiL'  to  iiri:ani/e  out 

,   siile  re^isiam  e.  unil  hail  Is'en  ilei  lareil  oullaweil. 

•    The  ilepmiis  siihseipiently  ailileil  totliis  miniher 

were    iminlier-  "f  the   liiirht    who    Innl    -iirneil 

.    protests  a'_'aiii-t    the    violation   of   the    national 

representation  I'll  that  fatal  ilay.   ...    It   wasile- 

li'leil  al  the  sani'.  session  tntiriii'^  the  In  ili'|)iities. 

Ii'i:ethi  r  Willi    Marie  .\iit.'inette.    t..  trial      The 

.hii.'Iiin-  anil   Ih'-   ('011111111111'  hail  loiii;  heeii  ile 

niiiiiliiiL'    the  trial  of   the  unhappy  nueen.  atiil 

W'  r.   raising  louit  elaninrs  over  the  plots  for  her 

>0 


1 


,1 


U 


FRANCE,   im. 


HrllvrfiMirr  %r  mlitlil  |H'rhii|>t  h**!"  phthim-iI 
fniiti  lilt-  Tinipli'  tf  •lif  »..iili|  lnvp  I'onM'iiti'il  In 
li'iitc  liir  I  hililnii  liiiriiitf  July  »  wirmw  i'i|iiiil 
lo  tlinl  "f  (III'  -iUr  kI  .Innuitn  li»i|  lin-n  Intlli'liil 
iHi  liir.  ahi'  liiiil  Iki'Ii  M'|u>r>ii<il  frmii  liir  yiiitiig 
wii  iiiiiirr  till'  iirrtrnri'  lliul  «li<'  trmtiil  lilni  liki' 
H  kliiii.  hihI  wan  lirliiKiiiK  liiiii  up  In  iimki'  n 
tvritni  of  him  '  Tlii'ililhl  wwi iiUiiil  In  hiiiKIiit 
|iiirl  of  Ihc  Ti'ni|>U'.  hiwI  Mh  I'lhiivtlnti  wiw  in 
triiiiliil  M  n  viilifir  hii'I  liriitiil  nliiH-niHki'r, 
iiiiiii'il  Siiniiii  Si'mtIIm  li'w  the  full' of  Mnrlr 
Aiiloliii'lti'    nl   llii*  I'liiH  li    t>!t>    iitlll    iliiilitfiil. 

Ill  iiliiT till' I' iiillii'i  oF  I'tihllr  Nafi'iv  nnr  ihi- 

iiiiiiKlry  ilr«irii|  liir  tliulli  Wlilli'  l^'liriiii.  Il»i' 
frii ml  iif  Ihr  (iirniiitiai'i,  n  it  miiilHtir  nf  fori'liru 
iilTiiirH,  H  |>riiji'rt  liml  Ihi  ii  fnrnii'il  wliii  h  wniilil 
hini'  wivi'il  lirr  lift'  Diintnu  kiii'W  nf  it  hihI 
uiili'il  it  .  Till*  |>l«n  wait  n  iii  i;nliiili<  ii  with 
Vrniri',  Tuw'iitiy,  iiml  Niipli  "  llii'  llirii'  Iliillaii 
Sliili'«  yi't  iii'uiriil.  Willi  wn.  In  plriliii'  lliiiii- 
M'lvi'K  111  iniiinhiin  llii'ir  wnv'-nne  iiriilrnlity.  In 
rniiNiilrrnliiin  nf  n  iruuniiii^  ni  tlii'  sufriy  nf 
>l  irii'  Aninliii'ili'  iiml  liiT  fiinily  Tnn  ili|iln 
inilir  titfcnlH  wlin  nfti-rwnriU  lirlil  liiirli  pn*iU  in 
Kriimi'  Murm  ttml  Si'iinmvllli'.  wip  intriivliil 
Willi  tlii»  nITnir.  Ai  llir?  wiri>  rri».«lrnt  fmni 
HwltziTlunil  Into  Iialy,  llii'y  wiri'  «rri'»tiil.  in 
Tinlatinn  nf  lli<>  law  nf  iiallnnH.  U|Min  Ilir  m  iilral 
terr'.tnry  nf  the  OriMina  by  *n  AiHtrian  ililai  li- 

mrnt    (July  '.!.t) Vt'tlilinK*  nf  llii'  urn^t 

(if  the  Krinrh  cnvnyii.  Marie  Antnliii  lit'  wa» 
■u'pnrslril  frnin  hiT  ilniiKliti'r  biiiI  kIhIit  in  law 
Kliznlirtli,  anil  Iransfrrnil  In  ilir  (  nm  iir^rrrli' 

On  Ihr   Nlll  nf  llrlnlM'r  Bill'  a|i|il'Hrr'!    iH'fnri'    till' 

ri'vnliiliiiiiary  trilninal.  Tn  llii'  ii  iisiilinii  'f 
thi'  imlillr  prnwriiinr.  Kniii|uii'r 'I'liuilli',  nimii' 
up  nf  caluniiiirH  aitaiiist  hiT  privali'  lifi',  anil  fnr 
till'  iniMt  part  wi'll  fniiiiiliil  iiii|iulatiiiim  airaln^t 
lii'r  pnlitiial  inmlurl.  xlii-  nppiisiil  a  pla>  lilr 
itifriiiT.  wliirh  I'lTaiiHl  as  fur  an  pnxKilili'  hir  |i.irt 
in  the  lair  ^rnvcrnnirnl.  .  ,  .  Tin*  fnl!-  \\inu 
•  lUiHliniiswcri'put  Inlhr  jurnm:  '  llim  iMarn  An 
tninrllraiili'il  In  liiiiri'nirnHih'«ii.'nril  Inuiwisl  Ilir 
fnniK'ii  riiiniii'!!  of  tin"  Ki'ptililir  In  n|iin  Krrnrli 
trrrilnry  In  llniii  ami  In  farllilali'  Iho  prnitri".* 
nf  Ihi'ir  ariiiHf  Huh  hIii'  lakrn  part  in  a  run 
spirary  liiiilinir  In  Imiti'  livll  war?"     The  an 

■  WIT  was  in  tlii'  atllrinalivi',  ami  the  wnliiii f 

llealh  wai  p;i*iHi*il  nil  hiT.  I'lie  iln-JHivi'  pnr- 
tiniiH  wiiirh  wi>  imw  pn^si'SS  nf  llie  qui'l'll  ■•  rnr- 
ri'spniLli  nee  with  Austria  hail  iint  thin  Imiu 
niaili'  piiMir:  liiit  I'liniiL'h  was  knnnn  tn  leave  iin 
ilnutil  nf  liiT  t'liilt.  whiih  liail  the  siinie  ninr:il 
exiiwH  a*  that  nf  hir  husliaiul  .  .  .  She  im  I 
liialli  lUii.ilH'r  l(l|  with  eniiraiie  anil  nsifcna 
linn         Till-     pnpulare   whn    hail     llallll    her     sn 

mm  li  iliil   mil    insult  her  last   innnienls \ 

»ii  k  after  the  qiii  en's  clinlli  lie'  tiirnmlisls  were 
huiiiinniii'ii  liefnre  the  ii\nluli  'larv  Iriliiiieil 
Hri>snt  and  Lasniiree  almje  lia<l  tried  t"  esiape 
Ihi-  IiIiikIv  nrileal,  ami  tn  stir  U|i  r.  sislat;ee 
a;;aiiisl  it  in  the  Sniilh  ViTjniuiirl,  (iinsnnne. 
anil  Vulaite  reniaineil  unshaken  in  their  n-snUr 

tn  a«,lit    trial.        (Jerisntllle,   wlin  h.'lil  Iwen  plai  r  rl 

in  the  keepinir  of  a  Swi.s  wti.-.  lif,  he  li.el 
Kave.l  nil  the  inilmf  Auu'iist.  .1.1  Hi,  i,a,|  Ih-- 
(■nine  a  i;,  leianiie.  iiiij;hl  h.iv,  ,  -lapeil,  Imi  he 
rifiis,,i  I,,  pn.tit  liy  this  in  m  -  critituile.  . 
The  all  ,,f  inilletinent  ilrawii  ii|i  liy  the  e\ 
Keiiillant  Aniar  was  nnly  a  repetition  nf  tli, 
innnstmus  ealuniiiies  whieh  hail  lirriilaleil 
thrniiiih  the  iliilis  all, I  iIh'  jniirnals  Hris»nt 
was  aeeusiil  nf  huviiii;  riiineil   the   rnlnnies  hy 


FKAKCK.  I7M. 


■HTiM'Atiiif  the  liN-rnlliinnf  ■Inyen  m,.! .  ri,,,!,,, 
ilrawii  fori'Wii  iirnia  u|Min  KrNine  hi  .|. .  ,11,^ 
war  on  khik'*  The  whole  trial  inrn-i,.,  .j, 
Ihi.  Uk-innlnif  .  .  (In  the  3Mh  il„  .l„'..i„„. 
apfHareil  at  the  Iwr  of  the  ('iinvtiiii..||  ^,,,1 
I  alleil  fnr  II  ilieri'*  |tl«lnK  the  jiirnrs  ,,|  11,,  ,,  \„ 
liili.ii.irj  trihunal  Ihr  rliihl  In  I,  in;  ii,.  ,  r„ 
eeMlliids  lu  »  iliair  ni>  wmn  mi  Kiev  I™  h,  i,i| 
lhem«'l>e»  miAleientlt  enllghleneil'  |j..i„, 
luerre  nihl  lUri're  «iip|K,rtiil  lite  Jamhin  ,|,  „  ,,,,1 
limn  KnlM'uplerr  1  nintion  it  was  iliir,,,!  n,,,) 
Hfler  thn-e  ihiys  j  riM>etilln|cii.  ^he  jurnr,  ii,i,.'|i( 
ilei  hire  thenisi  Ivi »  reaily  In  ren.lir  tl„  ir  v.  r.lui 
The  ne«l  ilay  Ike  jiriif*  nvuileil  tie  ii,v,  h, .  „f 
iheir  tirivili'ifr,  mul  ili'^liinil  Ih.nisili.s  .,11 
III  lenlly  iiifnrineil.  Hliliiiiiirli  Ihi  v  ha,!  imi  1.,  ,rii 
Ihe  rvlileiiee  for  ai,|nlllnl.  nellliir  Ih,  ,i,,i,v.,| 
nnr  their  eixiniM-l  Imvinic  U-en  nlinui,!  1,,  |.|,„| 
Iheir  em.si'  llrlwkit,  VerKiiininl.  Il>  iH.niip 
Valaze.  HUliop  Kaurhet,  Oiiem.  lI'VirKi'H 
freile.  I.a»niiree.  anil  their  frlemls  wi  r,  ihiliirisl 
KUilly  of  haiinir  eimsplriil  airaiiul  lln  uniu 
anil  iiiilit  isiliility  nfthe  lleptiltli, .  .iinl  ii|;iijn<i 
Ihe  liUrty  anil  safely  nf  the  Freiii  h  p,  ..p|, 
Ihiiitnii.  whn  haii  lint  lu  i  n  an  hi  ,  ,>ii>p||,,  in 
their  llealh,  hail  reiiriil  i<>  hisinnlhir-  l,<>Mi,tit 

Areis  slir  AuIh'.  Ihat  h,     luil-hl    lli'l  Is    j,    «ili„« 

Iherenf.  The  roml,  iin.iil  were  lir,iiii.-lii  i..,,  k  1., 
hear  Iheir  Mlilene,  The  jtrealer  piii  ..(  ti„ni 
rose  lip  with  »  I ne  ninn  Impulse.  iiii,|,rii,|  \\r 
Hre  Innoeent!  I''  |le  they  are  il, . ,  i\  mir  y,,,!' 
The  irowil  rrinHiniil  iiiiiii  iiless  ui,il  sil,  mi  ' 
At  inhlnli;lil  they  pari.s,k  nf  a  hl^l  r,  p„<i 
panainf;  the  rent  (if  Ihe  ntirlit  in  i<>ii\,i-,  |i'<  tit 
their  native  html,  their  remnani  ,4  In.  i.,),^ 
(heertil  liy  ncwiidf  vhimy  ami  pl,iis.,ii  ,,111,^ 
frnin  yinuiK  Kuenit,  wle,  n>ii;ht  Imiv  ,.,  :,|.i.|. 
hill  preferred  to  nhiire  his  friinil  Kinlr,'.!.  -  '  >, 
VerKnIauil  liail  licen  jrivee  a  siiliil,  p,.i.  .  i.y 
(oiKhireet.  but  threw  it  away,   1  Ii,k..iiii:  i.  .Ii 

with  hiK  eniiipunlona.     (Im-  nf  In I!,   mi' 

ame*   (fives   lis   Ihe  key    In   his    lif,        iiili,r« 
hnUKht  tn  riinruinniHte  the  He\  ..iininii  l,i  t,  trr 
I    wnuhl    ncconiplish    it    by    I'Vi  '     N,  xi  ,l:i\ 
OetnlHT   ;il.    m     iiiKiii     Ihe    prisniii  r~   w.ri    l-il 

fnrlli.  ami  n«  the  live  i  arlii  tainini;  lli'iii  l>fi 

the  Cnneierirerle.  they  sir  .  k  up  tie  i.  I'j.nal 
hymn  .  .  .  ami  slinuts  nf  l.niii:  livr  ili.  |(,.|,iili 
lie,'  The  sniimls  ilicil  away  as  their  h'.ii,  r  ilf 
1  reasiil  but  iliil  mil  eease  nnlil  ti.e  l.,-i  .(  Mir 
SI  inniinliil  III,    fatal   philforiii  I  h'   iiiiir 

ilerer.s  nf  Ihe  (lirnihtists  were  not  iJkiK  ;  -  sfiari* 
Ihe  illUHlrinus  wniitati  whn  wa-  ;ti  nn,  r  tlif 
iiispiralinn  ami  Ihe  linmr  nf  that  parlv  :m\  tlie 
M  ry  same  ilay  .Mailanii  Ihlanil  wli.  Ii ,  I  Ihid 
f'T  live  mnnlhs  a  prisnni  r  at  St  I'l  l.i_i.  ml  the 
.Miliaye,  was  Ininsferreil  to  the  (  '  'i'rii' 
llelurt  anil    his  fnlhiwers  hail  ImiL' 1  ;  i|  f-T 

III  r  lieail.      During;  her  eaptlvily    »iii  1.    Inr 

Mi'innirs.    wiiieh   iiiifnriuiiali'l>    liaii        '   In'-ti 

presi-rvill  cntniil'-le;  no  hIIm  r  snmir,  1.1  111' 
Hi'Milillinn  ei|Ua'  this.  nItlii.iiL'ti  1'  ■  '  1!^^  -^  ^ 
nliable,  fnr  Minlalnr  Knlalei  i.i.l  I  n  n  .11.' 
\v,:iknesses  nf  Inlellni.  ile^pi'.  hit  li,.-. ',!l»' 
StrellL'tll  nf  snlil  ,    sIli-  Was  pri       iilii  fil    :ii- :i!i-'  hII 

vilin  ilisairreeil  with  ler.  aiHl  n  ir^iril.  i  .  iMimi 
uml  enint'inmise  with  a  imhlf  ImiI  iinp'-'ri'  -  ■rn 
.   .       Th,    IMIh  HruniaireiNiivi mill  r  III      :     «u 

suinninneil    before   Ihe    revnluli rv      •ill: 

when  she  1,  ft  her  1,11.  ilail   in   wliit^  r  .bih 

hair  llnah'i.-  hsisrly  nver  her  shmil.'  .    -inilc 

on  her  lips  .mil  her  faei-  sparkiiiiL'  "  ■  ■  ''  «"'' 
aninmtinn  .  She  watt  (omleniiM'i  inilviiiii''. 


1330 


'M. 


FKANCE.  I7W 


Uft  m  KtrU 


KUANCE,   ITW 


^  Mm  •llow«l  ■  "onl  In  »><•'  o*"  Mrtirr. 
!«| "m'imIhwI  guilty  ..f  »»<n«  »••  •"•I'-f  "f 

rtl,   .-"-.llvUIWIUy   ..r    .1..  fir,.u...l. 
1.  hioni  b"  •rBlfii<«'  •nlmly.   wylnn   In  llw 
^.mT  •  V..U  'Iwin  nw  worthy  tlir  f»i'-  "'  tl... 
CTiiiM  y""  I""  niiir.l.n.1      I  will  iry  i.. 

3ueii.llr«tly  t<.  thr  l'l»..-  .le  U  Kivolul  ..ii. 
.  mn  ..wlrronf.!  for  irt-a-m  l»ii>K  |.l»i..l  Iji 
L  «rar  <»rt,  who  *M  ov.rwl»lm.'.l  with 
Lmii  She  P*"""'  '•''•  """""'"I  Joiin-v  II 
..<liiii«  him.  »i«l  "II  r.».liliii[  lh«w«IIi.l.nilil 
himromnt  rtn.1,  lh«l  hU  .uff.riiijT.  m  ghl  not 
I.  |.t.*H.K"l  A»  lUir  t.H>k  hiT  |.l»<«  In  turn. 
1  ,  ,,f  MX  on  «  iol.»i«»l  »t.itui'  of  (.llHrtv. 
n,t«l  AiiRU-t  1».  ITM  ■<•  l.ll»rty,'  «ho 
,n^\     wh»lcrlmii»r<  roinnillt.-.|  inlhyiittnu-' 

^iw'wr  ll»t  »li<'  mI'I.  '"  l'""-rty.  I'"*  'I"'.*' 
ba>r  UwUnl  tlw..''  Thu.  .I1.-.I  Ih.'  iioIiI.hI 
•  .manln  hUtorv  «la<i' III'-  in>oin|mrBl(U-  .limn. 
.Ihimh"!  Krmiii''  ,  .  rii«  lil.»«ly  irilHiiml 
» m  |i»u»e<l .  fiimoiK  mm  .if  .very  |mrly  wir 
,«,li-lii«h<>th.r»lth<- f.ilnl  hiir.  tli.'  ex  l>uk.> 
otOrlrani  »moni{  llwin,  hut  four  ilnyn  rarlur 
tinii  >l«iliim«'    Itolmiil     .  Tlir    rUy    «tl<  r 

)krui»m  KoIkimIh  trUl  l)cK«n  that  of  the  venrr 
.hl«  Biillli.  "  iiwyi"  "'  I''"'"  '""'  <■«  l'ri"l'l'"t 
,itlli«('im»lllui'nt\>»t'inlily.  :i  ninii  who  pliiyiil 
»re»t  |™rtr«rlv  in  llif  l''»oliilii'n.  hut  faiittl 
uut  of  ulubt  with  the  <on»lihifnt  |>oWfr  "— 
Ilmry  .Martin.  h>p»Uir  lli'l.  "/  Francf,  17W»- 
1077,  r  1  fh.  IH 

Aij..  IV  \  '!'■  Uiimrtlni-.  Ili>l  oflhethr-n 
dull  fk  4tl-.VJi<-  !1).-C.  I).  Yon«r.  /.!/'•'/ 
Ifm.  Aiilmrullr.  fh  ;i«  -Mm"'  ('»ni|iiin. 
Urifir,  ■•(  Ihr  I'rinilf  l.i/'  ('/ M'lrir  .\nl.,iiulli, 
t  i  ft./irf'i»i'"i  — S.  MurriHU.  lit miiiiM-, nrm  nf 
i  HmH'lr  rh  11.-  I'ouiit  IWuKiiol.  /</',  r  1. 
rf   «     |,.nl    11    tiowi'r,    hff    Doy  "/    H'liit 

A  D.  1793  (October).-Lif«  in  Pari*  during 
the  R<in  ot  Terror. -Gaittjr  in  tb«  Priioni. 
-Th«  Tricoteuiei,  or  knitting  women.— 
Rrrelutionarr  cottumei  and  modet  of  ipeech. 
-The  fuillotine  ai  plajrthing  and  ornament. 

-"By  tlltMMllof   ((llnlur.    nilll.   tlH'CiMllllillir 

of  GeDiml  Sfrurilv  had  niii!.liTnl  I'lirK  unci 
(.UWUhnl  till'  H<  iin  of  Tirror  tlicri-  liy  niniiis 
c(  'hr  Himlulloimrv  Triliuiml,  niiil  roiild  aiwwir 
tiiiiif  (ifpiil  Coiiinil'lliH'  of  I'ulilic  Sifily  for  Ilif 
tmn.iuillilv  of  tlif  i'a|iitul.  Tliirc  wire  no  more 
riciiH.  mm  w<  rt-  iifraiil  fvcn  to  lApriw  lliiir 
opini  M-  iiiu(h  li'Mi  to  (nmrn  1  iiliout  lln-ni:  tlir 
iTsiiii,  f  iliTiundation  macic  Paris  into  a  liivr 
(r(  un|i.ii.l  •.pics,  ami  onliiiarv  iriini-^.  piM  kri 
piiliiiu'  and  thv  likf.  vBnl«hr.l  a<  if  hy  inairli 
Vrt  it  miHt  not  Im-  KuppoKcd  1 1ml  I'uris  was 
(rl  iiviTdidl;  ontli<Monlrarv,llicv:i<l  niajorily 
<(  iiiViii*  Mi'inid  (il'i'l  '"  l">*''  ""  '"<'"^'  '" 
•viiid  p.liiica,  of  whiih  Ihi'y  had  had  a  Mirfcil 
ilurinic  llii'  laxl  fonr  yiars.  and  to  turn  thiir 
Ihllln.■lll^  lo  till-  liU'-ary  sidi'  of  lliiir  favouriif 
juu'   i|.   lo  the  thcatri's.  and  to  art.   .  Tin- 

dull  pl.ii.r  of  Paris  were  the  Ucvolutionary 
rummitiif-.  Il».  .lacohin  Clul).  tin-  Convintion, 
the  11,1.1  di-  Hricnni'.  whirr  Ihi'  Comniiltiii  of 
lljnrril  Siiiiritv  sat.  ami  Ihr  I'aviUon  dr 
lEitiilit.  friiiiTlv  till'  Pavilion  ch-  Klori',  in  tin' 
Tallin.  V  will  ri' tho  (Jrrat  ( '01101111  lee  of  I'uldii- 
Safiiv  lilmiirid  .  Klsiwhirr  inon  wcri' 
lit'hllii.iri.-.l  and  )!ay.  followini;  llirir  iispmI  uvu 
utioua  and  liu>y  in  their  pursuit  of  pli  iisiirr  or 


of  (Kin      It  M  nioul  eimrnllal  lo  «r»»p  thr  farf 
thai  ilwrt-  was  no  |i«rtli  iiUr  dilti'riMM  p.  for  il». 
va«i  Miajorllv  of  lh<- J"i|>iiUthHi.  In  livlnn  in  Purls 
diiruiK  lliii  IHnn  of  Terror  kihI  Hi  oihiT  tlno  « 
The  linaicliwtlon  of  iHnHvrtlv,  «tei'p...l  In  i«le«  ..i 
the  tuMihrlls  lirarlnK  their  burden  lo  the  Kulllo 
till,    and  ot  similar  stories  of  liorMr,  baa  eo« 
eeiv.d  •  irhastlv  idetiin'  of  life  at  that  i-itra 
ordinary  inrlisl    ami  it   l»  only  after  livlnif  for 
nii.tillH  anionifs!  thi    Joiiriiuls    memoir^,  slid  let 
ii  r..  lit  the  time  that  one  ean  n-all/e  the  fail  that 
I     ihe  averaife  Paiislan  the  n..<«Hu.lty  of  gvttinir 
hi- dinner  or  his  evening  s  amuwnH'nt  rptnalncd 
the   piirainotinl    lie  iii/lil   of  hln  dally  life       .   . 
.■sirunire  lo  say.  mmiiere  was  life  more  lutpnjr 
and  (fav  than  "in  the  prisons  of  I'urls,  wher.    I>»e 
Inmates  lived   in  Ihe  eoiistant  e\peil>ll(in  llwt 
the  hapha/urd  <  liani  e  of  Is  Inn  hpiiii;hl  liefore 
Ihe  Iteviili.  I  Hiarv  Triliunal  ami  eondemned  to 

ihath   miijhi   Isfitll  tin  in  at  any  letil. 

A  lilile  more  must  Im-  said  alHiul  the  market- 
wonieii,  the  trieoteiiws.  or  knitting  women  of 
infamous  nieinory.  Tiles.,  nmrk.t  women  had 
Is  en  treatinl  as  herolniiievi  r  -■,..•  their  marrh  to 
Versailles  in  n.ii.lsr.   nHH  They  formed 

their  wsielies  afi.r  the  fashion  of  the  Jaeohin 
t'liih.    presiileil   over   liy    ItencV    Au.lu.    KunH 
l..fevre.  Marie  l..iuis.'  lioujii.  anil  Itsie  Ijie.iinbe, 
mid  w.nl  alk.iii   the  streets  of  Pari*  InsultlnK 
n  spe<'tahly  dresse.1  |H'ople.  and  li.niiiilinK  on  llie 
sans  <  iilott.stoil.i.ilsof  atnslty.     Tli.-s<'  MiniB.I» 
were    eneouro«<sl    liv     Miirat.    anil    idaytsl    an 
1   Imp.irtant  part  in  lli.i  street  hist.iry  of  Paris,  up 
I    to  llie  KeiKii  of  Tirror.  .vhen  their  (siwer  was 
suddenlv  taken  from  th.-m      On  -May  21.  IT»3, 
;    tliev  we're  exeluded   liy   a  ile.  ri'C  from  the  (jal- 
1.  ries  of  till' loiiMiillon.  on   May  '.'«  they  were 
I    fi.rlii.lden  to  foriii  purl  nf  aiiv  politieal  assi'mlily  ; 
:   and  when  liny  a|ip.  aled  fro'in  the  (■iinv..ntlon  lo 
i    the  Commuiie  of  I'aris.  Chuiiinette  ahruplly  told 
I    lliini  '  that  the  Itipulilie  hail  no  nee.l  of  .louna  of 
Are  ■     Thus  deprivtsi  of  a.tive  partieipatlon  in 
p.ililiis,  Ihe  market-women  iM-rame  the  trh'oteu- 
SI  >.  or  knittin)!«omen.  who  iis<.l  to  take  their 
siats  in  the  I'lace  d.'  la  Hevuliilion,  and  watrh  the 
t-uillotim'Bslh.v  knitl.d.    Tliiirai  live  iMiw.rfor 
K.sslorharm  wasKone.  .  .  .  l.if.-durinK  IlirTer. 
'   ri.r  in  I'aris  .   .   .  illlTer.'.l  in  little  things,  in  little 
!   all.Tlations  of  lilaTty  and  iiiualitv.    wliiili  a.-e 
ainiisiiiK  to  study,     i'lie  fashions  of  iln-ss  every- 
wh.r.' Islraved  ihe  new  order  of  thinits.     A  few 
nun.  surli  as  HolM'spierr.'.  miK'lit  slill  tfo  alsiut 
with  powdere.1   hair  and  In  knie  breeehes.  but 
i    the   ordinary    male    loslunn-    of    the   time  was 
disijjned  to  lontrast  in  ev.rv  wiiy  with  tlie  eoa- 

mm.-  ..f  a  dandy  of  tin'  •aini.ii  reiji .'    Instead 

:   .if  lireiclies.  the   fiishinn  was  lo  wiar  trousera; 
instead  of  «liiss.  inp  bisii>:  and  instead  of  shur- 
!    iiii:,  til.,  viiiiiu:  Parisian  prid.d  himself  on  letting 
his  moustaihe  Kro»       In  fiiiiah'  eostuine  a  dif- 
■    fi  rent  motive  wiis  at  work.     Only   Havid's  art 
disciples  villi iired  111  imitate  the  nude  apparel 
of  anrienl  lirieie  and  Ifcane.  but  sueh  imitation 
bieaiiie    the    fashion    anionir    women.       Waista 
disippearid  .  and  instead  of  utiHeneil  skirts  and 
iiirri.w  liisliies.  women  wore  short  lisis..  robes, 
uliiili  Ihev    f.iniied    resembled    (ireek   ihitons; 
:    »and:iN  lisik  the  place  of  hiitli  heeled  sh.a-s;  and 
I   till-  hair,  in..lea.l  of  la-ini;  worke.l  upinloelatiomte 
edillies,  was  allowed  to  How  down  freely.     For 
I   ornaments,  nun  metal  and  steel  tisik  thi'  o'  .ee  of 
Hold.silverandpreeioussloneu.   .   .   .  The  favour- 
ite .iesigu  was  the  (fuillotine      l.ittie  guillutinea 


l.i;!l 


MICROCOPY    *IS01UTK>N    TBI   CHART 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART  No    2 


1.0 


^  "^     12.2 


I.I 


1:25   i  u 


2.0 


1.8 


1.6 


^     APPLIED  IfVMGE     Inc 


r 


I   5 


«    -  ■  J 


*r 


■1' 

*, 

I' 

K 


FlUNtK,   17U3. 


KfOfUll. 


KlUNfE,  1703. 


ij'  il 


were  wiirn  iis  linxxlirs,  as  carrinjfs  and  as  clasps, 
and  till'  Hiiincii  of  tlii'  tiiiii'  siiiiplv  followed  tlie 
fuKhinn  wilhoiil  riali/.in4r  w  hat  it  tnVaiit.  Indeed, 
till-  worship  of  the  ):iiillotiiie  wa«  one  of  th,' 
most  lurioii'i  fiatiires  of  the  epoeli.  Childr.  „ 
had  toy  iruillotines  jriven  them;  niiHlels  were 
ni'ide  to  (lit  oir  imitation  heads,  when  nine  or 
sweit  synipljmvdl  in  pl.iceof  liiood  ;  and  hymns 
W(  re  written  to  l..i  Sainti-  (iuillotine,  and  jokes 
inadr  iiponii..i,the  •national  razor.' .  .  .  Itiswell 
known  lli.it  the  ile>ire  to  emphasize  the  aholition 
of  lilies  was  followed  liy  the  aliolitifm  of  the 
terms  -.Monsieur' anil  ■  M-idame.' and  that  their 
pl:iics  were  taken  liy  'Citizen  '  and  'Citizeness;' 
and  also  huu  the  use  of  the  seeond  person  plural 
was  droppe.l,  and  it  was  eonsidered  u  siiin  of  a 
1,'nod  n  puliliean  ;o  ttitover  everv  one.  that  is  to 
rail  them  'llioirand  'thee.'  .  .' .  Tlie  Hei;;,,  „f 
Terr,  ir  in  Paris  .seems  to  us  an  a:;e  of  uniipie 
experi.nies.  a  time  unparalleled  in  the  history 
of  the  w..rlil;  yet  to  the  L'reat  niajurity  of  eoii- 
teniponries  it  did  not  appear  .so;  they  lived 
their  ordinary  lives,  and  it  was  onlv  in  excep- 
tional eases  that  the  serenitv  of  their  days  was 
interrupted,  or  tli.it  their  in'inds  were  i  \i'-rei.«i-d 
liy  anythini;  more  than  the  neeexsitv  of  earnins; 
their  daily  bread."— H.  M.  Stephens  IHnt  'f 
th,  Fr    i;.r..  r.  -i.  ,-/,.  10. 

Ai.sii  IX  J.  .Michelet.    ir«;/e  h  ff  th,    Fr   II,' 
ch.  'Jd-.'to. 

A.  D.  1793  (October).—  The  new  republican 
calendar.—  •  Heforet he  vear  ended  the  h-;.'islators 
of  Paris  Voted  that  there  was  no  Cml.  and  de- 
stroyed or  altered  ne.irly  evervtiiiii),'  that  had 
any  reference  to  Christi.-inity.  l{oliespierre,  who 
w-o-ld  have  stop|ieil  short'  at  deism,  and  who 
would  have  preserved  the  e.\tcn  d  deeeiieies. 
was  overruled  and  intimidated  liv  Ilel.ert  and 
his  frowsy  crew,  who  had  either'crcpt  into  tlie 
l-'ovemini;  eonimittees  or  had  otlierwise  made 
themselves  a  power  in  the  st.-ite \11  popu- 
lar journalists,  patriots,  and  imlilie  liiKlies,  li,id  ' 
liet'im  datinff  •  First  Vearof  l.ihertv,' or  'First 
Year  of  the  UepuMic; '  and  tlieold  calendar  had 
come  to  he  considered  as  superstitions  and  slav- 
ish, as  an  alioniination  in  the  hiirhi  >t  de!,'rec  dis- 

^rnicefiil    to   free  and   enlinhte I    Frenchmen. 

Various  petitions  for  a  chanije  had  lieen  pre- 
sented; and  at  leiiirth  the  Convention  had  em- 
ploye.l  the  matheniatic  ians  Homme  and  .Monu'e. 
and  tlie  astronomer  l.aiilace,  to  make  a  new  re 
puliliean  calend.-ir  for  tlieneHcra,  These  three 
phih.sophers,  aided  liy  Falire  ilKulantine.  who. 
as  a  jioit,  furnished  the  names,  soon  finished 
their  Work,  whii  h  was  sanctioned  liv  the  Con- 
vention and  deereiil  into  niiiversal  useasearh 
as  the  ."ith  of  Octolier.  It  divi.led  the  vear  in!" 
four e.pial  seasons,  and  twelve  eipial  innnllis  of 
:iii  di>  s  eai  II.  The  ti\e  odd  .|;ivs  w  hieli  r,  niaiiied 
were  t..  he  fe~ti\als.  and  toliear  the  name  i,f 
SaiiMuI. Glides'  .  .  .  (Ine.if  theselivedavswas 
to  he  cMseerated  to  (iellius,  one  to  Indllstrv,  the 

third  t..  Fine  Aci.ins.  the  fourth  to  liewards. 
the  lifth  to  (Ipiiii.iii.  ...  In  leap-vears,  wheil 
there  would  he  >ix  ,lays  to  dispose  of.  the  last 
of  those  days  or  Sanseulottides  was  to  he  conse- 
crated to  the  Kevoluii  111,  and  to  1 hserved  in 

all  times  with  all  possible  solenmitv.  The  | 
months  wen- divide.]  into  three  decades"  or  por-  i 
tions  of  ten  days  eaeh,  and.  instead  of  the  Chris-  I 
tian  sahti.ith.  once  in  seven  davs,  the  diieadi  or 
tenth  d-iy.  was  to  he  the  day  of  rest.  .  .  .  The  ! 
decimal  method  of  calculation  .   .  .   was  to  pre-    | 


mil.  il„. 


-III'U 


id  III 


li>  h|i!lli- 
rd  till  lliP 
.   /■/„   Fr 

|i-ii(i,-irli.r 
■-'   ITIt!- 


'  side  oyer  all   divisions:    thus,    in^t.  id  ,it 
twenty  four  hours  to  the  dav,  ami  sivu  ,i,in,i;", 
to  the  hour,  the  day  was  divided  ii,i„  i,„  „,', 
and  the  tenth  wa.i  to  be  .suhdivide.l  |,v  i|.,iV,,„'; 
again  by  tens  to  the  minutest  divi.i,,;,  ,,|  .,  " 
New  dials  were  ordered  to  mark  tin  lim,.  i,,  ,1,:, 
:   new  way,  but,  before  they  were  lirii.1,,,1   ji  „,! 
found  that  the   people    were    puzzled    ri,]  t,,, 
i    plexed  liy  this  last  altenition.  and  tin  n  li,r,. '1,:. 
part  of  the  calendar  was  adjourne,!  |,,r;i  v,.',,' 
and  the  hours,  minutes  and  seconds  mn  |,'.ft . ' 
they  were.     As  the  repuhlic  conn.:,  i„  ,  ,|  ,,„  ,('" 
ilst  of  September  close  on  the  |aii.  iiiiii;d|  ,.,,,,j' 

nox,  th'-repuhlican  year  was  niaih   ■ iiii„.,ve 

al_  that  season,  Tiie  lirst  nionlh  m  ih,-  i,-,, 
(Fahre  irKjilantine  heiiii,'  ..'od  father  1..  lii,  iii-i'n, 
was  called  Vendemiaire,  or  the  vini,.^.,.  ,|„„,|, 
I  the  second  Ilniniaire,  or  the  fo:.'i; 
third  Frimaire.  or  the  frosty  nionih  1 1„ 
the  three  autumn  months.  Ni\,'K,  p 
.  and  Veiitose,  or  the  snowy,  raiiiv  ,i..l 
w-erethe  three  winter  inon'ths.  ('ierinin 
real,  and  I'rairial.  or  the  hud  111. mih.  il.. 

inoiith,    and    the    meailow    moiiih,    f,,n ,„ 

spring  season,      .Me.ssidor,  Tlicrnii.Ior  :iii.l  I'rm- 
tidor,  or  reaping  month,  heat   nioiith.  nmi  fmit 
month,  made  the  summer,  and  ccnipliii  .|  dun- 
publican  year.      In  more  wavs  than  ,,ii,.  :,ll  i|,j, 
;   was  calculated   for   the  nieriilian  ..f  |':,ris   :iti,i 
coidd  suit  no  other  physical  or   n...i:.l  .  Iiii.;,i„ 
...    Hut  the  sti-anirest'thiicL' alu.iii   il 
lican  calendar  was  its  duration     11  l:isi 
1st  of  .laniiarv.  isud.  "_c.  Ma,-  Farh  m 
l!ir..  1:  4.  .-/,.■  3.  — The  Hepuhlieaii  C.i 
the  Year  Two  of  the  Hepuhlic  (S.  |.t    -j: 
Sept.   31,  1794)  is  synchronized  with  ih.dr..-. 
rian  Calendar  as  follows;   1    Vendeini.iir. -Sqt 
'-•'•';  1  Hrumaire  =  ()et.  -.">;   1    Frimaiie- N.,v  ;.'] 
1  Nivose-|>ec    il  ,  1  I'luviosc-.Iaa   -.'o    1  V. ,, 
tose  =  Feb.    IH;  1    «;erniiiiiil  =  Man  h   -.M     I    Fl.. 
real  =  A|iril  -it);  1  l'rairial  =  Mav  '.'0.  |  \|,  -i.!,,,- 
.lune  111;  1  Tlierniiilor=.lulv   III;  I   Fni.ii,l..r= 
\ng.  I.M;  1st  to.lth  Sansculi'ittides  .-s.  ..I    i:--.i| 
—  H.  M.   Stephens,    l/M.  „f  Ih,    /-',-   /,'.       ,   -> 
.//V>.  12. 

Also  in  A.  Thiers,   Ilht.  ../'  Ih.  /■',    /,', ,   .  |.„ 
i,l.\.  r.  2.  pp.  364-:i«.-.. 

A.  D.  1793  (Noveraben.-  Abandoamcnt  0! 
Christianity,—  The  Worship  of  Reason  insti- 
tuted.— "The  earliest  st|.|  s  t..u:,i.l,  „  |  il.li,- 
abandonment  of  Cliri*tianit v  a|.i..:,r  ',,  li:,\o 
been  taken  by  Fouclie.  the"  fill. in 
Police,  and  Duki- of  Olranto  ...  II 
at  -Vevers  (October  111,  17!i:l|  a  dirn.- 
that  "no  forms  of  reliirioiis  worship  I 
except  within  their  respictiie  1.1111.1.'-  Hi:.; 
"ministers  of  reliL'iou  are  fc.rhi.l.l.  n.  '.in.l,  r  |.:iiii 
of  imprisonment,  to  wear  tliiir  ollii  i:d  .  ..-iniiif- 
in  any  other  places  besi.h.s  their  t.  ii,|  1  ,,  ninl 
that  the  inscription.  "Death  is  an  el.  1;,  ,1 -i. .  j. ' 
should  be  |)laccd  over  the  enlrane.-  t  .  li..  ,,\\\i- 
tery.      "  This  decree  was  report  if    1  ';i;i.i 

pality  of  Par; ;  by  Chanmette.  :  ,1  .h.  il  |  r.^ 
<  ureiir    of    the    'Coniiiiiine.    mil    u,i-    «  ir    !-. 

applauded.    .    .    .    The  a;ll.i-tii:il  i:il,:il  .  1    v.i.iii 

he  was  the  leader  (his  1 M,  f  a  -.oci:!!.  -  I..  ■  :  11, .■ 
infamous  llibeit.  the  I'rus-i.ui  lim.  n  ,\ :  .i.r-i- 
Clootz.  and  Chain. t,  a  re-ii-u'a.li-  |i.  '  l. .» 
judped    that     public     feelilii;     was     li|         i    :     :... 

avowed  and  combined  oiislaiiirlit  .-i;  il..  pr.. 
fessiiin  of  Christ ianilv.  .  .  .  Th.  v  .!•  '  I  lii;.' 
on  the  10th  of  November  the'  ■  w  --I1  ;.  .1 
lienson  '  should  be  inaugurateil  al  N     :■    liiiiii 


ii.i-t,  r  i.f 
■..Midi..l 

i.r-i.  iF.d 


FRANCE,  1798. 


FRANCE,  17»a-17"J4. 


On  that  day  the  veneraWo  cathedral  was  pro- 
tancd  by  a  series  of  sacrilegious  imtrugcs  uiipar- 
ilKleJ  in  the  history  of  I'liristcndom.     A  t(iii|ile 
dfdlialed  to   'Philo»oi)liv'   was  croctid   on    a 
platform  in  the  middle  of  the  choir.     A  inotli  y 
nrncessiim  of  citizens  of  Im)IIi  sexes,  hcadeil  liy 
tlic  cnnslituled  aullioritics.  advanced  towards  il ; 
,m  their  iipproaih,  IlieOoddcssof  Reason,  imper- 
s,>nalril  by  .Mademoiselle  Maillard,  a  well  known 
flraraiitf  of  the  opera,    took  her  seat   upon  a 
mssv  throne  in  front  of  the  temple;    a  hymn. 
composed  in  her  honour  liy  the  poet  Clienier,  was 
sung  liv  a  IxHly  of  youiiR  girls  dressed  in  white 
and  twdickcd  with  flowers;  and   the  multitude 
bowf  J  'he  knee  before  her  in  profound  adoration. 
It  was  till'  'abomination  of  desolation  silting  in 
the  holf  place.'     At  the  close  of  this  Krolesipie 
iprrnioiiv  the   whole   cortege   proiecded  to  the 
hallof  tiie  Convention,  carrying  with  thi'in  their 
'i;i«l.lr5S,'   who   was   borne   aloft   in  a  ch.'iir  of 
stale  on  the  shoulders   of   four  men.      Ilavinir 
iu.p.isited  her  in  front  of  the  president,  {'hau- 
mrtte  haranirurd    the    .\ssembly.   .   .   .   lie  prn- 
i-erdi'd  to  demand  that  the  ci-devant  inelropnliii- 
ral  church  shouM  henceforth  be  the  temple  of 
Reason  and    I.ibertv;    which    proposition    was 
immediately  adopted.     The  'goddess'  was  thi'n 
conducted  to  the   president,  and  he  and  ■■Iber 
officers  of  the  House  saluted  her  with  the  'frati  r- 
nal  kiss.'  amid  thunders  of  applause.     Afterthis, 
upon  the  motion  of  Thuriot,  the  Convention  in  a 
bixly  joined  the  massof  the  people,  ami  manhed 
in  thiir  company  to  the  temple  of  Iteaion,  to 
witness    a    repetition    of    the    impietiis  above 
(les<rilied,    These  demonstrations  were  zealously 
imitated  in  the  other churclns of  thecapital.  .  .  . 
Tlic   interior   of  8t.  Eustachc  was  transf(jrme<l 
into  8  'giiinguette,'  or  place  of  low  public  enter- 
tainment. ...  At  St.  Gervais  a  ball  was  given 
in  the  ( hapel  of  the  Virgin,     in  other  churches 
theatriial  spectacles  took  idaee.   .   .  .   Represm- 
tatives  of  the  people  thought  it  no  shame  to  quit 
their  ciirule  chairs  in  order  to  dance  the  'carmag- 
nole'with  abandoned  women  in  thestreelsattired 
in  sacerdotal  garments.     On  Sunday,  the  17th  of 
Xovcml'er,  all  the  parish  cliurehes  of  Paris  were 
dosed  hy  authority,  with  three  except i(m.s.  .  .  . 
rhaumette,  at  a  sitting  of  the  Commune  on  the 
Mth  "f  November,  called  for  further  measures 
for  the  extermination  of  every  vestige  of  Chris- 
tian wor-.hip ; "  and  the  Council  of  the  Commune. 
en  his  demand,  ordered  the  closing  of  all  churches 
and  tiinples.  of  every    religious  denomination; 
made  priests  and  ministers  of  religion  responsible 
for  any  troubles  that  might  arise  from  religious 
opinion^,    and    commanded     the     arrest     as    a 
"suspect  "  of  any  person  who  shoidd  a-k  fcrr  the 
reopening  of  a  church.      "The   examph'  set    by 
I'aris.  at  this  melaneholv  period,  was  faitlifidly 
repeated,  if  not  surpas-sed  in  atrocity,  throughout 
the    provinces.         litdigion     W'as      proscriltcd, 
churehev  i  losed.  Christian  ordinanci's  interdicted  ; 
the  dnnry  gloom  of  atheistical  despotism  over- 
spread  liie   land.   .   .   .   Tliese  infjimies  were  too 
mon.slrniis  to  lie  ttdenited  for  any  length  of  time. 
Itotii'spiiTre,  who  hail  marked  the  symptoms 
of  a  eoiiiing  reaction,   boldly  seizeil   tile  oppor- 
lunity,  and  denounced  withimt  mercy  the  hypo- 
rritieal  t.u  tion  which  ilisputed   his  own   march 
towards  alisidnte  dictatorship."— \V.   II    .Icrvis, 
Th(  i;.ii!i,;ih  C/iiirr/i  mid  Ihf  Rfroliiliim.  r/,   7. 

,\i«i  rx   A.  de  Lamtirtine,  Uifl.  i.f  th,  (iinm- 
d'ltt.  M     .VJ  (r.   3).— T.    Carlyle,   7%    /-V.  lltD., 


bk.  5.  eh.  4  (r.  3).— E.  de  I"res.sense,  Jiitigion  and 
the  litign  of  Terror,  bk.  'J,  eh.  i. 

A.    D.    1793-1794    (October  — April). —  The 
Terror  in  the  Provincei.—  Republican  ven- 

feance  at   Lyons,   Marieilles,   Toulon,  Bor- 
eaux,  Nantes.—  Fusillades  and  Noyades.— 
••  The insurgentaof  Lyons,  Marstille9,Toulon,and 
Bordeaux,  were  punished  with  pitiless  6(  verily. 
Lvons  had  revolted,  and  the  cimvention  decreed 
[()ctober    Vi]   the   destruction  of    the   city,  the 
lontiscalicm  of  the  property  of  the  rich,  for  th<' 
benelil  of  ihe  patriots,  ami  the  punishment  of 
tlie  insurgi  iits  by  marliul  law.     Coulhon,  a  com- 
mis«ioiiir    well    tried   in   cnielty,    hesitated    to 
carry  into  executiim  this  monstrous  decree,  and 
wa-'superseihd  by  C(dlot  d'  IIerlH)is  and  Konche. 
riiousands  of    workmen  were  employed  in  the 
wurk  of   destruction;    wlnde  streets  fell  under 
their  pi(kaxc3:    the    prisons   were  gorged;    the 
guillotine  was   tio  .slow  for  revolutionary  ven- 
geance,  and  irowds  of  prisoners  were  shot,  in 
nmrdcrous  '  nulraillades.'  .    .    .    At   .Marseilles. 
I'.'.iiiK)  of    the    ricliest    citizens    fled    from   Ihe 
vengeance    of    the    revidntionists,     and     their 
property  was  confiscated,  and  plundered.     When 
Toiilim    fell   before   the  strategy  of  Bonaparte, 
the  savage  vengeance  and  cruelty  of  the  con- 
(juerors   were  indidgeil  without  restraint.  .  .  . 
The  (hukyard  labourers  were  put  to  the  sword: 
gangs  of  prisoners  were  brought  out  and  cxe- 
i  uteil  by  fusillades:  the  giullotine  also  claimed 
its  vidilns:   the  sans-cidoties  rioted  in  conflsca- 
lion  and  plunder.      At  Bordeaux,  Tallicn  threw 
15,000  citizens  into  prison.     Hundreds  fell  under 
llie  L'liilloliue;  and  the  possessions  and  property 
of    tlie  rich   were   offered   up  to  outrage  and 
robbery.     But  all  these  atrocities  were  far  sur- 
passed in  La  Vendee.  .  .  .  The  barbarities  of 
warfare  were  yet  surpassed  by  the  vengeance  of 
the  (onquerors,  when  the  insurrection  was,  at 
last,  overcome.     At  Nantes,  the  monster  Carriei 
outstripped  his  rivals  in  cruelty  and  insiitiable 
thirst  for  blood.      Not  contented  with  wholesale 
nntniillades,  he  designed   that   masterpiece   of 
crucllv,  Ihe  noyades;   ami  thousands  of  men, 
women  and  children  who  escaped  the  muskets 
of  the  t,;bble8<ddiery  were  deliberately  drowned 
in  tlie  waters  of  the  Loire.     In  four  months,  his 
victims  reached  15.000.     At  Angers,  and  other 
towns  in  La  Vendee,  these  hideous  noyades  were 
added  to  the  terrors  of  the  guillotine  and  the 
fusilla.lea."— Sir    T.     E.     May,    Dtmocraty    in 
K'ir,'i«\   eh.    14.— "One  begins    to  be  sick    of 
'death  vomited  in  great  floods.'     Nevertheless. 
bean  -t  tln'U  not,  O  Header(for  the  sound  reaches 
thro.uh  centuries),  in  the  de    1  Ueccmbcr  and 
January  nights,  over  Nantes  Town, —  contused 
noises,  as  of  musketrr  and  tumult,  as  of  rage 
and  laiiKiilation  ;  mingling  with  the  everlasting 
moan  id  tlie  Loire  waters  there  t     Nantes  Town 
is  sunk  in  hleep;  but  Hepre-scritant  Carrier  is  not 
sleeping,  the  woid-capped  Ciunpany  of  Marat  is 
not  sleeping.     Wbv  unmoors  that  flatbottomed 
1   craft,   lliiit    'gab:irfo' ;  about  eleven   at   night; 
with  NiiHtv  Priests  imder  halclics  ?    Tliev  ate 
going  to  lie'lle  Isle  t    In  the  middle  of  the  Loire 
stream,  on  signal  given,  the  gabarre  is  scuttled; 
she    sinks   with    all    her    cargo.      'Sentence  of 
Deportation,'    writes    Carrier,     'was    executed 
verticallv.'      The    Ninety    Priests,    with    llieir 
gabarre  "collln,    lie  deep!     It  is  the  first  of  the 
Noyades    INovember    18],   what   we   may  lak 
•Ui-ownages'  of   Carrier;  which  have  become 


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VUAM'E,   17U3-171M. 


Triunii>li  of 
HubtMinrrrr, 


FUANCE,  1793-17W. 


fHiiious  forever.  GuillotininK  there  w«.h  at 
Nsnii's.  till  tlio  llcailitiiiiiii  sank  worei  out ;  thru 
fiisillailiiitf  '  Ml  tlic  Plain  of  Siiiiit  Maiivi  .'  littli' 
I'liildrcii  fiisillaih'd.  and  woiniii  nitli  cliildnii  at 
the  lirrast;  children  and  women,  hv  tlir  liiiii(lru<l 
and  twenty;  anil  liy  the  Hvc  hundred,  so  hot  ia 
La  Vi'ndcf:  till  the  viry  Jacobins  jjrew  sick, 
and  all  hut  the  Conipany  of  .Marat  cried.  Ilohl! 
Wherefore  now  we  have  >;'>'  Noyading;  and  on 
the  '.Mth  niijht  of  Kroslarious  year  2,  which  is 
Mill  of  December  17U3,  we  have  a  si'cond 
Noyade.  consisting  of  '  i;J8  persons.'  Or  why 
waste  a  gaharrc.  sinking  it  with  Ihem  1  Kling 
Ihcin  out;  lling  Ihem  out.  with  their  hanils  tied, 
(lour  a  continual  hail  of  lead  over  all  the  space, 
till  the  last  sirugglcrof  Ihem  be  sunk!  I'nsound 
sleepers  of  Nantes,  and  the  Sea A'illages  there 
alHiuls.  hear  the  musketry  amid  the  night  winds, 
wonder  what  the  meaning  of  it  is  And  wimien 
were  in  thai  gabarre;  whom  the  Hed  Nightcaps 
were  stripping  naked;  who  begged,  in  tlnir 
agony,  that  their  smocks  might  not  be  strijit 
from  Ihem.  And  young  children  were  thrown 
in,  their  mothers  vainly  pleading:  'WolHings.' 
answered  the  t'ompany  of  .Marat,  '  who  would 
grow  lo  be  wolves.'  U"y  degrees,  daylight  itself 
witnesses  Ni>yades:  women  and  men  are  tied 
together,  feet  and  feet,  hands  and  hands;  and 
Hung  in:  this  they  call  .Mariage  Kepublicain. 
Uepublican  .M:irriage.  Cruel  is  the  panther  of 
the  wo(kIs.  the  she  lK>ar  bereaved  of  her  whelps: 
hut  there  is  in  man  a  hatred  cruder  than  thai. 
Dund),  out  of  .sulTering  now.  as  pale  swoln 
corpses,  the  victims  tumble  confusedly  seaward 
along  the  Loire  stream;  the  tide  rolling  them 
back:  clouds  of  ravens  ilarkcu  the  Hiver; 
wolves  prowl  oil  the  shoal-places:  Carrier  writes, 
'Quel  torrent  revoliitionnaire.  Wliat  a  torrent  of 
Uevoliitionl'  For  the  iiiau  is  rabid;  and  the 
Tiineisrabid.  These  are  the  Noyades of  Carrier; 
twenty  live  by  the  laie.  for  what  is  done  in  dark- 
ness comes  to  be  investigated  in  sunlight;  not  to 
b<'  forgotten  for  centuries.  .  .  .  Men  are  all 
rabid;  as  the  Time  is.  Kepresentativc  L-bim. 
at  Arra.s.  dashes  his  sword  into  the  blood  flowing 
from  the  (iuilloline;  exclaims.  'How  I  like  it!' 
Mothers,  they  say.  by  his  orders,  have  to  stand 
by  while  theljiiillotiiie  devours  their  children:  a 
band  of  music  is  stationed  near;  and,  at  the  fall 
of  everv  head,  strikes  up  its  'Ca  ira.  "— T. 
Carlyle,  Th,  hV.  11,  r.  r.  3.  /./t  r,,  ,■/,.  .i. 

Ai.so  IN  11  M.  Stephens,  //Ar  I'f  Hie  Fi:  Her  , 
r.  ','.  e/i.  11.  — H.  A.  Taine.  T/ie  Fr.  Iler.,  hk.  ',. 
ch  \,  Meet  y  (r,  •A)—ll„rinr»  .</  the  l'ri.i"i,  nf 
JiT.M  ('■ '/■/«  Il,i,;)i  ,if  I'lrror:  .1  ('■illerli.,n  ,''/' 
Anthiiilie  XnrmlietK."  r.  lij.— Uuchesse  de  Duras, 
J'rix,,,,  ,/,,i,nii(l.y  ilniiiig  the  fV.  A',  r.  — A.  ilr-, 
Kilierolles,  Kiiii/  l.if,,  r.  1,  rh.  T-lli.  inuli:  ;.',  eli. 
1  — Sie.  also,  below:   17114  JiNH—Jri.vi 

A.  D.  1793-1794  1  November- Junei.— The 
factions  of  the  Mountain  devour  one  another. 
-  Destruction  of  the  Hebertists.— Dantonand 
his  followers  brought  to  the  Itnife.—  Robes- 
pierre and  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.— 
The  Feast  of  the  Supreme  Being.—  "  Kobes 
pi. II,.  w.i-i  iiniitliTalily  oulraged  bv  the  jirn- 
i.cUiiii:^  ,,f  the  atheists.  They  perjilexed  him 
av  a  pi.liiieiaTi  inleiit  upon  order,  and  iliev 
alllieted  him  sorely  as  an  ardent  disciple  of  Ihe 
Savoyard  Vicar,  llcberl,  however,  was  so 
stroiii;  that  it  needed  some  coiiriiL'e  to  alt.ick 
him.  nor  did  lioliispierrc  dare  lo  withstand  him 
to  the  face.      Hut  he  did  not  lliiich  from  making 


an    energetic    nssnult    upon    atheism    ;iMf|    t|„. 
excesses  of  its  partisans.      His  admirer^  iisii:i||v 
<ounthisspeechof  the'JIstof  Novemlii  Tin,  ,,f  II,',, 
most  admirable  of  his  oratorical  sun  i-^m  . 
'  Atheism  [he  said]  is  aristiMratic.       Tli,'  i,|  ,  ,,( 
a  great  Ix'ing  who  watches  over  oppiiMH.il  iiin.i 
cence  and   punishes  triumphant  criiiu  i>  1  ,v„, 
tiallv    Ihe    idea    of    the    people.     This    i,  ii„ 
sentiment  of  Europe  and  the  Inivers.  ,   ii  j,  i|„. 
sentiment  of  Ihe  French  nation,     TImu  |ii',|>|i.  j, 
altai'hed  neither  to  priests,  nor  to  sii|.,  rstiiinn. 
nor  to  ceremonies;  it  is  atlailied  onI\  in  \\insi,,n 
in  itself,  or  in  other  words  lo  the  id'  1   .,1   an 
incompreliensible   Power,   Ihe  termr  m   wKin,- 
diK'rs,  the  stay  and  comfort  of  viriur,  tn  »|iirii 
it  delights  to  render  wordsof  hom;ii;i'  tli:it;ir.  all 
so  many  anathemas  against  injiistire  ami  iriiim 
pliant   crime,'      This  is  Uobespierre  s  fa\iiuritf 
attitude,   the    priest    posing'  as  stalesiii:ui 
Danlon    followed     practically    the    s;,iiii.    Iju,. 
Ihiiugh  saying  much  hss  about  il       '  It  (oi,  1, 
he  said  in    tlie  Couvention,  'had  its  <>l\iii|iuii 
.L'ame.s,    France   too    shall    soleinni/i    InV   s;iih 
culottid  days.  ...   If   we   have   11. ii    linnniiml 
the  priest  of  error  and  fanaticism,  m  iiii.  r  du  wt 
wish  to   honour  the   priest  of  iiunsliiliu     w,. 
wish  to  serve  the  people.      I  dem:iiiil  tliat  tli,  ri- 
shall    be    an   end   of    these    antiieliL:inus  mus 
(lueradcs  in  the  Conventiim.'     Thire  w:is  an  1  ml 
of    Ihe  mas(|uei      ing.    but   the    lirinriisis  shll 
kept  their  ground.      Danton.    Ui.liispii  rre,  mil 
the  Coiimiitlee  were  all  equally  impnliiii  air;iiii-i 
them  for  some  months  longer.   The  n  volutionarv 
force  had  If^-eii  too  strong  to  be  resisird  In  any 
governnient  since  the  Paris  iiisurniiits  li:ifi  ear 
ried  botli  king  and  assembly  in  triuiii{ili  finMi 
Versailles  in  the  October  of  IT'*'.)    It  was  imw  Ik, 
strong  for  those  who  had  begun  to  stii\,-  witit 
nil  their  might  to  build  a  new  govi  riiiiiiiit  uul 
of   the  agencies  that  had   shattered  tlir  >M  ;,> 
pieces.      For  some  months  the  battle  wliii  h  liail 
l«-en    opened     by     Hobcspierrcs     n Miiiistrinie 
a.gainst  atheistic" intolerance,  degeinrili.l  iiit.ia 
series  ;)f  masked  skirmishes.   .  .   .   (cIlutDlliT 
bois  had  come  back  in  hot  haste  fnnii  l.vnu.v 
.  .  .  Carrier   was    recalled    from    Naiiii . 
The  presence  of  these  men  of  blood  L.':ive  m* 
courage     and     resolution     !i>     the     lli'l»TtisIs, 
Though  the  allictncc  was  informal,  vi  t  :is  :ii:aiii.st 
Danton,  Camille   l)csmoulins,    ami   ilir  r -t  •>( 
the  ludulgents,  as  well  as  against   li.ili' sj,i,  rn  , 
Ihcy  made  commoii  cause.     Camille  lii-iu.  ■.miis 
attacked    llebcrt    in    siu-cessive    iiiiiuIk  i>  ..1   a 
journal  (•  Lc  Vieiix  Cordelier '1  lh:il   i-  |"ili:i|is 
the  one  truly  literary  monument  of  Ihi-  -' i.r   t' 
the  rcvolulion.     Ileliert  retaliated  b>  iihihi.'i.iiii; 
tile  patriotism  of  Dcsniouliiis  in  the  »  :i:ii,  i::! 
the  unfortunate  wit.  nolwitli.standin^'  tin   ill  r:- 
of  Uobespierre  on  his  behalf   w:is  j.  r  :i  «!,:!. 
Iiiriied  out  of  the  .sacred   preciniis    .      ,  r.\.]i 
D:inlon  himself  was  attacked  iHic.  11,1.  r    iTii-!' 
and  Ihe  integrity  of  his  patrii^tisui  Ir  ■  ijl.i  i;::  > 
question.     Uobesiiierre  made  an  eiuTiT'  Mi  ■''  h  ':"' 
of  liis  great  rival  in  the  liieranhy  "f  n  .i'i'iii")! 
.   .   .   Uobespierre.  in  whom  sp;isiiiiMlii  ,il  ■    'ir:ij:f 
and     timidity     ruled    by    rapid    tii::is,    Ihlmii 
to  suspect   liial  be  had  been   preinri  ii-     m  i  ■ 
convenient  illness,  which  some  siippM^,  ;  '.iln\. 
been  feigned,  excused  his  withdiviu  il  i  >r  -  .mi' 
weeks  from  a  scene  where  he  felt  th  ii  h^  .  "  iM 
no  longer  see  clear.     We  caiiiiol  di.iih:  ili.i:  1^ 'ill 
he  and  Danton  were  perfectly  assure!  ilni  tin' 
anarchic  party  must  unavoidably  r.ll  1.   iihmi 


1334 


FHASt'E,  170:»-17W 


Mi;ih:il  In 
the  tiutitutint. 


FHANCE,  1793-1704. 


inin  the   «bTM.     But    the    hour    of  doom  w«s 
^OTrt»W..    to  m«kr    a    mi8t«ke    in  the   ri«ht 

I'l.npiom'  was" a  mori'  iiilroil  ciili^uliitor  tliiui 


I'l' 


1,..  ,„„  lliM  ahscnci'  iluriiiK  the  Hnal  crisis 

c(  th.-  onarrhlc  party  nllowc.l  cvvnts  to  rip.'ii, 
wilh.iut  commitliiiK   him   to  that  initiative   in 
dinL-croua  action  wlii(  h  lir  I  id  dreaded  on  llie 
lotli  of  AuBUSt.  as  lie  dreiui.  d  it  on  every  oilier 
jriiMVf  ilav  of  lliis  biirniii^'  time.     'I  lie  parly 
„f  the  Coniinune  heeaiiie  more  and  more  dariiii! 
in  their  invectives  against  the  t'onvenlicm  and 
t|„.  Committees.     At    lenKtli    they    proclaime. 
,,n  iiiaiirrection.     Hut    I'aris    was    cold,    and 
„l,iniim  was  divided.     In  llie  nlitht  of  the  i;!lli  of 
Mirdi  lIclMTt,  Chaumi'tle,  CIikiI/.,  wereairested. 
Tlie  nisi  dav  Koliespierre  ri'Covered  sufflciently 
l„  apiHMr  at'  the  Jacobin  Club,     lie  joined  hi^ 
cnll™i.Mies  (if  tlie  Committee  of   Public   Safc'ty 
in  striliinL'  tlie  blow.     On  the  a4th  of   Man  li 
tlif  I'lira  Ucvohitionist    leaders  were  beheaded. 
Till'  first  liloodv  breach  in  the  Jacobin   ranks 
» IS  swedily  followed  by  the  second.    The  Hi),'ht 
Kins  i>f  the  opposition  to  the  Committee  soon 
fnlloKt'cl  the  liC'l  down  the  ways  to  ilusty  death. 
ml  the  execution  of  the  Anarchists  only  pre 
cMet  by  a  week  the  arrest  of  the  Moderates. 
When  the  seizure  of  Dauton  had  once  before 
l,,n  discussed  in   the   Cominiltee,  Robespierre 
n^islcd  the  proposal  violently.     We  have  already 
8trn  liow  he  defendeil  Danton  at  the  Jacobin  Club. 
What  iiriKluced  this  sudden  tack?  .   .   .   His 
smuiescince  in  the  ruin  of  Danton  is  intelligible 
tnoiish  on  the  urounds  of  sell'ish  policy.     The 
(■  immiltee  tof  1  ublic  Safety]  hated  Danton  for 
tlie  good  reason  that  he  had  openly  attacked  them. 
anil  ills  erv  tnrclemency  wasan  inflammatory  and 
dangerous  protest  ag'iinst  their  system.     Now 
Kulxspiern'.  riglitlv  or  wrongly,  had  made  ii|i  his 
mind  that  the  Committee  %vas  the  instrument  by 
which,  and  which  only,  he  could  work  out  his 
own  vague  schemes  (if   power  and  reconstruc- 
tion.   And.  ■'     iny  ease,  how  could  he  resist  the 
Committee?      .  .   All  goes  to  show  that  RoIm'S- 
piirre  was  reallv  moved  by  nothing  more  than 
his  i;iv:irialile  dread   of  being   left    behind,   of 
finilini,'  hinisclf  on  the  weaker  side,  of  not  seeming 
praitical  and    |K)litical   enough.      And    having 
niaili'  up  his  mind  that  the  stronger  party  was 
knt  on  the  destruction  of   llie    Dantonista,   he 
btiamc  tiereer  than  Hillaud  himself.  .   .   .   Daii- 
tnn  hud   gone,  as  he  often   did.  to   his  native 
village  of  .\reissur..\ube,  to  seek  repose  and  a 
li;tle\liMriu-ss  of  siu'lit  in  Ihe  iii^lit  tliat  wrappeil 
liim  aboil!.     He  was  devoid  of  personal  ambi 
lion;  he  never  had  any  humour  for  mere  factious 
slriiL'irles.  .  .  .   It  is  not  clear  that  he  could  have 
ilune  anything.     The  lialani'e  of  force,  after  the 
siipim-vsion  of  the  Hebertists,  was  irretrievably 
:i!;;iiii-l  liiiii.  :is  calculation  had  already  revealc'ii 

1 1  li  ■tnspiirre Vft' r  the  arp'si,   and    on 

Hii' pnHeedinirs  to  obtain  the  assent  of  the  Con- 
v.-iiiioii  lo  the  trial  of  Danton  and  others  of  its 
iiii-nitiers.  cMie  only  of  ilieir  frii-nd^  bad  the 
("uria-e  In  riM-  ;iMd  deiiiaiiil  that  they  slumld  be 
iiranl  :ii  the  itir.  Rubespierre  liiirst  out  in  cidd 
ra-'c.  he  :isked  whether  tlicy  had  umlergone  so 
tiiiiiv  li< tmIi  s;ieritices,  coiinliiux  among  them 
lln>.'  iut~  ■■f  'painful  severity,'  only  to  fall 
liiilcr  th'  yoke  of  ft  banil  of  doinini'er- 
i'.iK  iutriiriiers;  and  he  cried  out  iiiipatiently 
that  they  would  brook  no  claim  of  privilege. 
aiiilsulhr  no  rotten  idol.     The  word  was  felici- 


tously chosen,   for  the  CotiTentlon  dreaded   to 
liave"its  independence  suspected,  and  it  dreaded 
this  all  the  more  liecause  at  this  time  its  inde 
pendence  ilid  not  really  exist.     The  vole  againat 
Danlon  was  unanimous,  and  the  fact  that  it  was 
so  is  the  deepest  stain  on  the  fame  of  this  assem 
lily.     On   the  afternoon  of   the   I8th  Germinal 
(April  .I,   171)4).  I'aris  in  amazement  and  some 
stupefaction  saw  the  once  dreaded  Titan  of  the 
Mountain  fast  bound  in  the  tumbril,  and  faring 
towards  Ihe  sharp-clanging  knife  [with  Camille 
Desnioulins   and   others],     'I   leave  it   all  in  a 
frightful  welter,'  Danton  la  reported  to  have  said. 
'Not  a  man  of  them  has  an  idea  of  government. 
UobespicrrcwillfoUownie;  heisdraggeildownby 
me     .\li,  better  be  a  poor  fisherman  than  meddle 
witlifhegoverningofnien!'  .   .  .  After  the  fall  of 
llieanan  hisis  and  the  death  of  Danton,  the  rela- 
tions between  Robespierre  and  Ihe  ('..mmittees 
underwent   a   change.     He,    who   had    hitherto 
been  on  the  side  of  government,  became  in  turn 
an  au'ency  of  opposition.     He  did   this  in   the 
interest  of  ultimate  staliility,  but  the  difference 
lietween  the  new  position  and  the  old  is  that  he 
now  distinctly  associated  the  idea  of  a  stable 
republic  with  the  ascendency  of  his  own  religious 
conceptions    .  .   .  The    base    of    Robespierre's 
sdieme  of  .social  reconstruction  now  came  cleaily 
into  view;  and  what  a  base!    An  offlcial  Supreme 
Being  and  a  regulated  Terror.   .   .   .   How  can  we 
speak    with    decent    patience    of    a    man  who 
s  rionslv  thought  that  he  should  conciliate  the 
conservative   and   theological   elements    of    the 
society  at  his  feet,  by  such  an  odious  opera-piece 
as  the  Feast  of  the"  Supreme  Being.     This  wai 
designed  as  a  triumphant  ripost  to  the  Feast  of 
Reason,  which  Cliauinettc  and  his  friends  had 
celebrated  in  tlie  winter.   .  .   .   Hobcspicrre  per- 
suaded the  Convention  to  decree  an  otflcialrecog 
nition  of  the  Supreme  Being,  and  to  attend  a 
commemorative  festival  in  honour  of  their  mystic 
patron.     He  contrived  to  be  chosen  president  for 
tlie  decade   in   which  the  festival   would   fall 
When  the  dav  canieC.'Oth  Prairial,  June  8,  1T!»4). 
he  clothed   himself  with   more   than  even    his 
usual  care.     As  he  looked  out  from  the  windows 
of  the  Tuilcr'cs  upon  the  jubilant  crowd  in  the 
gardens,  he  was  intoxicated   with  cntliusiasm 
•1)  Nature,'  he  cried,  'how  sublime  thy  power, 
how  full  »t  delight!     How  tyrants  must  grow 
pale  at  the  idea  of  such  a  festival  as  this!'     In 
pontilical  pride  he  walked  at  the  head   of  the 
proci'ssion,  with  flowers  and  wheat-ears  in   his 
hand,  to  Ihe  sound  <d'  chants  and  symphonies 
and  choruses  of  maidens.     On  the  first  of  the 
great  btisins  in  the  gardens.   David,  the  artist, 
had  ill-vised  an  alleiioriial  structure  for  which 

an  inauspicious  d u  was  prepared.     Atheism, 

a  statue  of  life  size,  was  throned  in  the  midst  of 

an  amiable  groiii)  of  human  Vices,  with  .Madness 

bv  her  side,  and   Wisdom  menacing  tliciii  with 

ii'ifty  wrath      (ireat  are  the  perils  of  .syiiib.ilisin 

1    Rolii'spierre   applied   a   tordi   to   Atlieisrn.    hut 

'   alas,  the  wind  w.-i^  hostile,  or  else  Atbei.sm  and 

.Madnev^  were  damp      They  obstinately  resisted 

the  torch,  and  it  was  liapless  Wisdom  wlio  took 

lire    ,  The    whole    mummery    was    pagan. 

It  stands  as  the  most  disgusting  and  con 

teniptibie  anachronism  in  history." — I,    Morley, 

IliiKniiiirri  [t'rilirnl  \fiiu-rUiiuieK,  Seeomt  Srim). 

.Vi.so  IN  T,  Carlvle,  T/,,-  /■>.  «fr..  r.  3.  M-  6 
— U  II.  I.i'wes.  I.i'fe  "/  Jiiibaipierre,  eh.  19-20.— 
L.  (ironluud,  Co  ii-'i  :'"r  Danton  in  the  tV.  Her., 


l:)3£ 


I 


I'll'' 
1:1 -ii 

Ml*"' 

I'*  *■  •' 


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i  '^:- 


U\- 


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5 


r- 


?!»•'. 


KKANC.'E.   ITO-l.  n. 

<■/!.  «  _J.   riarptio,   CiimilU  Ikmuniliif  mid  hit 

It ,;/;.  M  n-o. 

A.  D.  1794  (Mai   h— July).- Withdrawal  of 
Pruisia   from   the  European  Coalition  as  an 
ally,  to  become  a  mercenary. —  Succettei  of 
the    Republic  — Conquest    of    the    Austrian 
Netherlands.— Advance  to  the  Rhine.— Loss 
of    Corsica.— Naval     defeat    off    Ushant.— 
"  While  tlic  nllliiDcc  iif  till'  (irrat  rowers  was  on 
tlie    point   of   <lissoliition    from   »clllslmfs.s   iiriil 
Jialoiisy.    the    French,  with  an  durL'V  ami  de- 
teniiiniition,  whi<h,consi(leriii!;tlii>irnuparullele(l 
(lilllenliies,    were    truly    hen.ie,    hail   assiM-ihled 
armies  iiunilierini;  nearly  ii  million  of  men.     The 
airijreK  lie  of  the  allii'il'forees  did  not  inni  li  ex- 
reed  miO.tXK).     The  lampai/n  (m  tlie  Dnlch  ami 
Flemish   fronliirs  of    France    was   planned    at 
\  ienna,  but  had  nearly  been  disinnrerted  at  lln' 
ouls.t   hy  the  refusal"  of  tlio  Duke  of  York  to 
serve  under  (JeneralClairfait.   .   .  .  Tlw  Kmperor 
settled  the  (lillicully  by  si^'nifyintr  his  intention 
to  lake  llie  eonunaiid  in  person.     Thus  one  in- 
i-.inipiient   jirinee  who   knew    little,   was   to  he 
coniirianded  by  another  incompetent  prince  who 
knew  nothinu'.  about  war;  anil  the  success  of  a 
irreat  enterprise  was   mailc  subservient  to  con- 
siderations of    punctilio    and    cthinette.       The 
main  object  of  the  Austrian  pli'n  was  to  com- 
plete the  reduction  of  the  frontier  fortresses  bv 
the   capture  of    Landrwy  on   the   Sambrc    anil 
then  to  advance  throujili  the  jilains  of  I'iianlv 
on    Paris;  — a    plan    which    mij:ht  have    been 
feasible    the    year    bef..re    .  .  .  The    Kms    of 
I  russia   formally    witlidrew    from   the    alliance 
[.March    i;i|;    but    condescended   to  assume  the 
character  of  a  mercenary.      In  the  sprin;,'  of  the 
year,  by  a  treaty  with  the  Eni,'lisli  Government, 
his    PriLssian    .Majesty    unilcrtook     to     furnish 
«2,(K)0  men  for  a  year,  in  consideration  of  the 
sum  of    il,W)0,(MK).    of    whidi    Holland,    by  n 
separate  convention,  en;.'aL'ed  to  supply  .sonu'- 
«_hat  less  than  a  fourtli  part.     The  orL'a'nisation 
of    the    French   army    was   elTicted    tinder    the 
direction  of    Carnot.' .  ,   .   TW  policy  of  terror 
w_as  nevertlndess  ap|ilied  to  the  adn'iinistration 
of  the  army,     (■istine  and  Houchanl,  who  bad 
commanded  thi'  last  campaign,  .   .   .   weri'  sent 
to  the  scalTold,  bei-aiise  the  arms  of  thi  republic 
had  failed  to  achieve  a  comi>lcte  triumph  imdcr 
their  diri'Ction.   .   .   .   Piche;;ru    the  olhcer  now 
selected  to  lead  tin' hosts  of  France,  wi-nt  forth 
to  assume  his  command    with  the  ;<>iife  of  the 
executioner  suspended  i>vi-r  his  head.   His  orflers 
were  to  expel   the  invailers   frian    tin    soil  and 
strongholds  of    the  repulilic,  and  to  rcc,,i„,uer 
Belt;ium.     The  first  .step  towanisthi  fullilmcnl 
of  this  conimissiin  was  the  recovery  of  the  tliree 
(.Tiat   frontier  towns.  Comle.  Valenciennes   an<l 
Quesnoy.       The    sie^-e    of     Qucsnoy    w.-is    im 
mediately  formed;    and   I'ichcL'ru.  informed  of 
or  anticipating'  the  jilans  of  the  Allies,  dispo.sed 
a  l;ir(;e  force  in  front  of  Canilprav,  to  intercept 
ilic    operations   of  .    ,   ,   ih,.    .dlied   army    upon 
l,andre<y    .  .   .   On  ih,    17th  |,.f  April]  a  frreat 
action  was  fouRht  in  which  tin-  allies  obtained  a 
siKcess.  siiHicieiit   to  enaiile  them  to  press  the 
sci.-e  of  I,andrecy.   .   .   .   I'iche»rru.  a  few  days 
afiT  [April   26.   ;it  the  redoubts  of   Troisvilfel 
su-:,uiii'd  a  sifrnal  rejiulse  from  the   liritLsli    in 
an  ali.rnpl  to  raise  the  sicfre  of  Ijinilrecy;    but 
i.y  a  rapid  and  darinj;  moxement.  he  improved 
his    defeat,    and    seized   the    important    po.st  of 
.>Ioiicro„,     The  results  were,  that  Cluirfait  was 


'•"  FHANCE.   I71M 

forced  to  fall  bnek  on  Tmirnnv;  Coiirtrn  ii 
.Menin  mirrendereil  to  the  Krenc'h;  .uiltlnHil 
riarht  Hanks  of  the  Allies  were  exp.iM.I  |' 
drciy.  which,  almut  the  same  time  fill  j,,,,,'') 
hanilsof  the  Allies,  was  but  a  poor  ,..ii,,,p,„ 
lion  for  the  reveraj'S  in  West  Flan.lirs  Tl 
Ibikc  of  York,  at  the  urgent  instan,,.  ,,f  o 
Kmperor,  nmrchcd  to  thi-  nlief  ,,f  (  |.i,r(j| 
but.  in  the  meantime,  the  Aiisiriiin  j.  n.ml  i, 
iiiK  hard  pressed,  was  compelled  to  f,|i  i,.,, 
upon  a  posilion  which  woiihl  enable  hini  (,,r 
time  to  cover  Hruges.  (ihent,  and  (Kiii„l  ii, 
Knitlisli  hail  ul.so  to  sustain  a  yik'oriiii.  ultic 
near  Tournay;  but  the  eiiemv  win-  d,  f,  ,i( 
with  the  loss  of  4,(KH»  men.  "it  now  i,,.,^,, 
necesmry  to  risk  a  general  actidii  tn  sn 
Flanders,  by  cutting  olT  that  divi^im,  ,,f  n, 
French  army  widch  had  oulllaiiked  tl,,-  ww,.^ 
By  bad  mannreincnt  and  w.i.it  of  i.iin.r!  ilr 
movement,  wh.ih  had  iM'cn  coiiliiMcl  In  (  ,,|,,„,', 
.Mack,  the  chief  military  adviser  of  the  kiuiiir-r 
wiw  wholly  defeated  [at  Toiir(..i::M,  .M;,y  i-i 
.  .  .  The  Fn'ncli  tinik  1,.5IM)  pri-omrs  ii'ml  i|i 
pieces  of  cannon.  A  thousand  IJiirlisii  s,,|.|i,r 
lay  dead  on  the  Held,  and  the  Duke  l.f  Vurk 
him.self  escaped  with  dilticiiltv.  Fiir  ii:n 
after.  Pichenrii  havinjj  collected'  a  u-r,  :i!  fun'e 

amountin.i;.  it  has  been  stated,  to  loo, i  .m-a 

made  a  iirand  attack  upon  the  allied  arim  lai 
PontAchin|.  .  .  ,  The  battle  raired  frein  iinii 
the  mornini;  until  nine  at  iii;;ht,  and  wis  ,i! 
h'tifrth  determined  by  the  bayoml.  ,  ,  ,  In  ivj,. 
,se,|uence  of  this  chei"-k.  Pich|.i;ru  fril  bark  ii|„,t 
I.isle."  It  was  after  this  repuKe  ilii.t  "ilu 
French  executive,  on  the  llinisy  prel. mo  ef  a 
supposed  attempt  to  assassin.ate|{ohes|,i,  rre.  in- 
stiiiated  by  the  Hrilish  Coyerniiieni,  pmc  up ,1  i 
ilecree  from  the  t'oiivcniion.  that  no  IJiL-li-li  .ir 
Hanoverian  prisoners  should  be  iii.ule.  la  r.iilv 
to  this  atro<.-i(ms  edict,  the  Duke  of  York  iss'ii-^l 
a  general  order,  enjoining  forbearaiiiT  t»  tin- 
IriKips  under  bis  command.     Most  ,,f  ili,-  Frcmh 

jlcnerals  .  ,   ,  refused  to  beci as^assiiK, 

The  decree  was  carried  into  execution  in  a  fi« 
instances  only,  ,  ,  ,  The  Allies  ^-nnr.l  m, 
military  advantage  by  the  action  of  I',  m  .VW.ii 
on  the  22nd  of  .May,  ,  ,  .  The  Kiiii- n.r 
abandoned  the  army'and  retired  to  \ 
left  some  orders  and  proclamaiioiis  I 
to  which  nobiHly  Ihouirht  it  woriii  m 
any  attentiim.  "On  tlie  .llh  of  .Iuik 
invested  Ypres.  which  Chiirfiir  ini 
tempts  to  retain,  but  witliout  su. 
place    surrendered    on   the    ITlh  ;    ( 

ireated  to  Ghent ;  Walmodeii  ali.ind d  lirii.T. 

i:nd  the  Duke  of  York,  forced  to  ipiii  hi-  |)..-i 
tion  at  Tournay,  encamped  near  Oii.i- 1;  irlr  I 
was  now  determined  by  the  I'riiire  .i  Cinir.- 
who  resumed  the  chief' command  uf'.  r  ili.  ■{ 
partiire  of  the  Fiiiperor,  to  risk  ili-  liiii  : 
Uel!;iuni  on  a  p'lienil  action,  wliii  li  u  ,-  Unv-W 
at  Fleuriis  on  tin'  2lltli  of  .Iiine.  Tii.  \ii-tri;iiK 
after  a  despcate  .stru);;.'le.  were  del,  i;,,l  „!  all 
points  by  the  French  army  of  the  .-.mii^ri'  iiii.li-i 
tloiirdan.  C'harleroi  liavini;  surreiid 
French  .  ,  ,  and  the  Duke  of  Vorl^  I 
to  retreat,  any  further  attempt  i 
Netherlands  was  hopeless.  O^i.nI 
(ihent.  Tournay,  and  Oiidenarle.  w 
sively  eyacuate"d  ;  and  the  Freni  li  ' 
lislied  at  lirussels.  When  it  was  '. 
F.njriish  army  was  reinforced.  .1 
remained  for  the  French  to  reciiiiiii 


■n.     II- 
A  hin: 


liil.'  Ill  I 

I'irlie; 


The 


lirl.iil 


.1    In   1,. 


:  i   .M  •; 


.■  !,il 

I;   iU 

■  ll.e 


-•:,li 
till- 

MlllV 

fort- 


l^.'ii; 


FRANfE.  1794. 


I'itmax  of 
Iht  Terror. 


KHANtK,   17»4. 


rrvm  on  tlioir  own  fninticr  which  had  treen 
uktD  from  them  In  (he  hint  oiniimiK'i'  .  .  . 
UndrecT  .  frll  withmit »  struKKhv  Quesnoy 
mails  «  pill'int  [hut  vain)  ri'sistanco.  ,  .  , 
Vtleni  itnnes  iinil  C'onilr  .  .  .  opened  their 
ptes,  .  .  The  virtori(m«  armies  of  the  He- 
public  were  thus  prepared  for  the  eonquest  of 
Hnlltnil  .  •  ■  The  l'rin<i'  of  C)ninKe  made  an 
apnenl  t'l  the  pHlriotinni  of  hlH  roiintrymen:  hut 
llip  ri*|mltli<'Hns  preferri'd  the  aMcendancy  of  their 
hition  to  the  lil«'rtie»  of  their  cduntry.  .  ,  . 
ihc  citlicr  military  operations  of  the  year,  In 
Khich  England  whs  engaRed,  do  not  require  pro- 
lonjsed  notice.  The  Corsicana,  under  the  guid- 
iince  of  their  veteran  chief,  I'aoll,  .  .  .  sought 
the  aid  of  England  to  throw  olT  the  French 
vote,  and  offered  in  return  allegiance  of  his 
(iiunlrvinen  to  the  Hritish  Crown.  ...  A  small 
forte  »a»  despatched,  and,  after  a  sericsof  petty 
operations,  Corsica  was  occupied  by  British 
troops,  and  prtKlaimed  a  part  of  the  British 
dominions  An  expedition  on  a  greater  scale 
was  sent  to  the  West  Indies.  Martini(|ue,  8t 
Lucie  and  Guadaloupe  were  easily  talten ;  but 
the  large  island  of  St.  Domingo,  relieved  by  s 
timely  arrival  of  succours  from  France,  offered 
i  formidable  [and  successful]  resistance.  .  .  . 
The  campaign  on  the  Hhine  was  undertaken  by 
the  Allies  under  auspices  ill  calculated  to  inspire 
conlldence,  or  even  hope.  The  King  of  Prussia, 
not  content  with  abandoning  the  cause,  had  done 
everything  in  his  power  to  thwart  and  defeat  the 
operations  of  the  Allies.  ...  On  the  23d  of 
May,  the  Austrians  crossed  the  Rhine  and  at- 
tacked the  French  in  their  intreochmenta  with- 
out success.  On  the  same  day,  the  Prussians 
(leteatcd  a  division  of  the  Repuldicaii  army  [at 
Kaiserslautern],  andadvance<l  theirhead-quarters 
to  lieux  Ponta  Content  with  this  achievement, 
the  German  armies  remained  inactive  for  several 
weeks,  when  the  French,  having  obtained  rein- 
forcements, attacked  the  whole  line  of  the 
German  posts.  .  .  .  Before  the  end  of  the  year 
the  Allies  were  In  full  retreat,  and  the  Kepubli- 
cans  in  their  turn  had  be<on>e  the  invaders 
of  Germany.  They  occupied  the  Electorate  of 
Trevii,  and  they  captured  the  Important  fort  of 
Manohi'im  Mentz  also  was  placed  under  a 
close  blockade.  ...  At  sea,  Eiigland  maintained 
her  ancient  reputation.  The  French  had  made 
great  exertions  to  tit  out  a  fleet,  and  26  shi|)s  of 
the  line  were  assembled  in  the  port  of  Brest." 
for  the  protecting  of  a  merchant  fleet,  laden 
with  much  needed  food-supplies,  expected  from 
America.  Lord  Howe,  with  an  Knirlish  fleet  of 
23  ships  "f  the  line,  was  on  the  watch  for  the 
Brest  tliit  when  It  p>it  to  sea.  On  the  1st  of 
June  he  sighted  and  attacked  it  off  I'shant,  pcr- 
formini!  '1""  celebrated  manceuvre  of  breaking 
the  enemy's  line.  8even  of  the  French  ships 
were  takin.  iitie  was  sunk  during  the  battle,  and 
18.  mu(  h  I  ripple<l,  escaped.  The  victory  caused 
peat  exultation  In  England,  but  it  was  fruitless, 
for  the  .American  convoy  was  brought  safely 
intoBn'sl.  — \V.  .Mas-sey,  Ilitt,  of  /•'ni/lnud  ilnrin^ 
tyrriiju  iif  (liiirrif  III.,  eh.  »,")((■.  ;i). 

Als.1  i.s  Sir  A.  Alison.  }li»l  nf  Kiiroix.  178H- 
IVi.'i.  cA.  lliir.  4|.— F.  C.   Schlos.scr.   IHkI.  of  thr 
btt  Ltutury.  r.  fl,  (fir.  2,  e.h.  2.  »'-•.  3,— Capt.  A 
T    Mahiin,    Injlufnc/-    of    St-ti    I'oirer   uiMut    the 
FrKn'h  tlr.  ,iiid  Eminre,  eh.  M  (c.  1), 

A.  D.  1794  (June  — July).  -  The  monstrous 

Law  nf  the  22d  Prairial.— The  -climaK  of  the 


Reigfii  of  Terror.—  A  lummary  of  iti  horrors. 

—  "On  the  day  of  the  Fca.st  of  the  Supreme 
Being,  the  ginllotine  was  concealed  in  the  folds  of 
ri'di  hangings.  It  was  the  20th  of  Prair'al. 
Two  days  later  Couthon  proposed  to  the  Con- 
vention the  memorable  I,aw  of  the  22d  Prai- 
rial  [,Iune  10].  Robespierre  was  the  draft.tnian, 
and  the  text  of  it  still  remains  in  his  own  writing. 
This  monstrous  law  Is  siinplv  the  complete  abro- 
gation of  all  law.  Of  all  faws  evi'r  passed  in 
t'le  worhl  It  is  the  most  nakedly  lnlc|uitous.  .  .  . 
After  the  probity  and  giMxl  judgment  of  the 
tribunal,  the  two  cardiual  guarantees  in  state 
trials  are  accurate  deflnition,  and  prmif.  The 
olTence  must  be  capable  of  precise  description, 
and  the  pnMif  against  an  offender  must  conform 
to  strict  rule.  The  Law  of  Prairial  violently  In- 
fringed all  three  of  these  essential  conditioiis  of 
judicial  cqidty.  First,  the  number  of  the  jury 
who  had  power  to  convict  was  reduced.  SeconcI, 
treason  was  maile  to  consist  in  such  vague  and 
infinitely  elastic  kinds  of  action  as  inspiring  dis- 
couragement, misleading  opinion,  depraving 
maniu'rs,  corrupting  patriots,  abusing  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Revidution  by  perfidious  applica- 
tions. Third.  pr(M)f  was  to'  lie  in  the  conscience 
of  the  jury;  there  was  an  end  of  preliminary 
Inquiry,  of  witnesses  in  defence,  and  of  counsel 
for  the  accu8r<l.  Any  kind  of  testimony  was 
evidence,  whether  material  or  moral,  verbal  or 
written.  If  it  was  of  a  kind  '  likely  to  gain  the 
assent  of  a  man  of  reasonable  mind.'  Now,  what 
WHS  RolH'spierre's  motive  in  devising  this  Infernal 
Instrument  ?  ...  To  us  the  answer  seems 
clear.  We  know  what  was  the  general  aim  in 
Itobespierre's  mind  at  this  point  in  the  history 
of  the  Revolution.  Ills  brother  Augustin  was 
then  the  representative  of  the  Convention  with  the 
army  of  Italy,  and  General  Bonaparte  was  on 
terms  of  close  intimacy  with  him.  Bonaparte 
said  long  afterwards  .  ".  .  that  he  saw  long  let- 
ters from  Maximilian  to  Augustin  RoKspTerre, 
all  blaming  the  Conventional  Commissioners 
[sent  to  the  provinces] — Tallien.  Fouche.  Barras, 
CoUot.  and  the  rest — for  the  horrors  they  per- 
petrated, and  accusing  them  of  ruining  the  Revo- 
lution by  their  atrocities.  Again,  there  Is  abund- 
ant testimony  that  Robespierre  did  his  best  to 
induce  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety  to  bring 
those  (mIIous  malefactors  to  justice.  Tlie  text  of 
till  I,iw.  .  .  discloses  the  same  object.  Thevague 
pill  IS  of  depraving  manners  and  applying  rev- 
olutionarv  principles  perfidiously,  were  exactly 
calculated  to  smite  the  band  of  viident  men 
whose  conduct  was  to  Uobespierre  the  scandal  of 
the  l<evi>lmi<in.  And  there  was  a  curious  clause 
In  the  law  as  originally  presented,  which  de- 
prived tli(^  Convention  of  the  right  of  preventing 
measures  against  its  own  members.  Robespierre's 
g<nernl  design  in  short  was  to  effe<t  a  further 
purgation  of  the  Convention.  ...  If  Robes- 
pierre's ilesign  was  what  we  believe  it  to  have 
bein.  till'  result  was  a  ghastly  failure  The  Com- 
mittee of  Public  .Safety  wnidd  not  consent  to 
apply  his  law  against  the  men  for  whom  he  had 
specially  designed  It  The  frightful  weapon 
which  lie  had  forged  was  .seized  iiy  the  Commit- 
tee of  General  Security,  and  Paris  was  plunged 
into  the  fearful  days  (if  the  Great  Terror.  The 
number  of  persons  put  to  death  by  the  Revolu- 
tioimry  Tribiinu!  before  the  Iiaw  of  Prairial  had 
been  comparatively  moderate.  From  the  crea 
tion  of  the  Tribuiiiil  in  April  1793.  down  to  the 


laa* 


.*&■ 


f  ^1 


3d 

w 

.  ■  n  <  ■ 

>• 

i 

.' 

m 

.     ,       Si* 

,   I  • 


i'l: 


i;r: 


3:.;! 


KUANt  K,   1704. 

cxpoutlon  of  Ihr   Ili'lxrtisls  in  Miirili   \~<M.  Ilu- 
numlioriif  pcrs..!!*  iiiniil  t.i  ilinlli  wms  50.5. 

Kmmi  the  iliMili  (if  tlic  lli-liiTti>l»  iloHii  til  till- 
ilrulli  of  |{i>l>i  spirrrc.  tlii'  iiuiiiIht  of  tlio  con- 
cli'iiiiii'il  was  i.  !."►"<.  One  li:ilf  of  tlie  rntiro  niim- 
IjiT  of  vuliiii^.  iiiknii  ly.  l.;t.5fl.  wrru  Kuillotinoi 
lifter  till'  l.iiw  of  I'r.iiiiiil.  .  .  .  A  miin  was  in- 
fiirini'il  u:;.iiiisl :  lir  t^it  Kcizcil  in  his  lied  at  flvo 
in  tile  niiiriiiii:;;  itt  hi-vi-ii  lie  wuh  talien  to  tlie 
t'nm  ii-rjjerie;  .'It  nine  lie  rr'eelveil  infiirniiitiuii  of 
tlie  eli.'ir^'e  a^f.-iin.st  him;  ,-it  ten  he  went  into  the 
(ioiU;  liy  two  in  the  nt'iernoon  he  w.is  eon- 
lienineii;  liy  foMrhislie:ell.iy  in  thee.xeenliiimr's 
liiiskit."— .1.  M..rli\.  A'.A  "(.;■(■.  c/v  [Critir.il  }fiK- 
rilliviiin:  >t4-'i>,il  SriiMt.  —  "Single  iniiietments 
(oinprehenileil  'JO  it  :I0  people  taken  proniis- 
eiioiisly  —  L'reat  nnhleim  n  from  I'arii.  day  la- 
Imiirers  from  Marseilles,  Hailnrs  from  Ilresi. 
peusiint.s  from  .\lsaee  — who  weri'  uei  used  of 
lonspirill)ttci;;ether  to  destroy  the  Kepllhlie.  All 
examination.  diseiis>ion.  and  eviilenee  were  ilis 
pens^'d  with;  the  names  of  the  vii-tintM  were 
hurdly  read  out  to  the  jury,  and  It  li.ippened. 
more  than  imee.  that  the  son  w;is  mistaken  for 
the  father  —  an  entirely  inixK'ent  person  for  the 
one  really  iliarired  — and  sent  to  the  guillotine. 
The  jiidt'es  iirireil  the  jnry  to  pass  sentences  of 
death,  with  loud  thre.ils;  niemliers  of  the  (gov- 
ernment eoinniittees  attended  daily,  and  ap- 
plauileil  the  MiMiily  verdicts  with  riliald  jesls. 
On  this  spot  at  least  the  strife  of  parties  was 
hushed."— II.  v,,n  S>'.,l,  Il,„t.  of  !/„■  I'r.  Her  . 
hk.  10,  ch.  1  (I'.  -41 — "  riie  tirst  murders  eominit- 
"ed  in  17!*:i  prK-eeiied  from  a  real  irritation 
ausedby  danger.  Sueh  perils  had  now  eiased; 
.ho  repiililie  was  virtorious;  people  now 
slauL'htered  not  from  indimiation,  but  from  the 
atriK'ioiH  lialiit  whii  h  they  li.id  eontraded.  .  .  . 
According:  to  the  law.  the  testimony  of  witnesses 
was  to  In-dispensed  with  only  when  there  existi'd 
material  or  moral  proofs;  neverthidess  no  wit- 
nesses were  called,  as  it  was  alleired  that  proofs 
of  this  kind  existed  in  every  case.  The  jurors 
did  not  take  the  troulile  to  retire  to  the  consnlla- 
ti<in  riHim.  They  (fave  their  opinions  before  the 
audience,  .mil  .sentence  was  immediately  pro- 
nounced. The  accused  had  scarcely  time  to  rise 
and  tomention  their  names.  One  day.  there  was  a 
prisoner  whose  natne  was  not  upon  the  list  of  the 
accused,  .mil  who  said  to  the  Court.  'I  am  not 
accused;  my  name  is  not  on  your  list.'  'What 
signitles  that  '/'  s.aid  Kouquier,  '  jrive  it  quick! ' 
He  (tave  it,  niid  was  sent  to  tlie  malTold  like  the 
others.  .  .  .  The  most  extraordinary  blunders 
were  committed.  .  .  .  More  than  once  victims 
were  called  lonir  after  they  had  perisheil.  There 
were  hundreds  of  ads  of  accusation  quite  rouly. 
to  which  there  was  noihini;  to  add  lint  the 
ilesi^rnation  of  the  indiviiliials  .  .  .  The  printins;- 
ollic  <■  was  <-ontii.'iioiis  to  the  hall  of  the  irilnmal : 
the  forms  were  kept  standiuL'.  the  title,  the  mo- 
lives,  were  really  composed;  there  was  nothim: 
hut  the  names  to  be  added.  These  wi  re  handed 
through  a  small  loop  hole  to  the  overseer. 
Thousands -if  copies  were  iminedi.itily  worked 
olT  and  pI'niL'ed  families  into  moiirnini;  ami 
struck  tenor  into  the  prisons.  The  hawkers 
came  to  sell  the  bulletin  of  the  tribunal  under 
the  prisoners' windows,  cryinsj  ,  'Here  are  the 
iinniea  of  those  who  have  piined  prizes  in  the 
lottery  of  St.  (liiillotine  '  The  accused  were  exe- 
riited  on  the  breaking  up  of  the  court,  or  at 
latest  on  the  morrow,  if  the  ibiv  was  too  far  ad 


iiKilry  f>/ 
/"trnil-. 


FKANCK    nw. 


vanceil.  Kver  since  the  passiu^  .  i  i]„.  [.,„  ,f 
the 'J'Jd  of  prairlal,  victims  perish,  ,|  ,1  ji,,  ,  ,„ 
of  .50  or  fit)  a  day.  'That  goes  «,  ||  ,;ii,i  p,, , 
t|uicr-Tinvllle;  'heads  fall  like  tili~  |,„{  |„. 
added,  '  It  must  go  better  still  next  di.  uli  | 
must  have  4.50atle»st.'"— A,  Thi.  rs,  //,,-  , ,  ,i,, 
AV  /frr.  (.Im.  «/.),  r  3,  /./i.tW-tltl  _•■((,„, !„„„|p,,| 
and  seventy  eight  tribunals,  of  whi,  h  iii;,r,  im 
bulatory,  pronounce  In  every  part  of  tin  i,  rri',  r, 
si'ntences  of  death  which  are  iinnn  ili  it.  I\  n. 
ciiteil  on  the  spot,  netween  .\pril  li  IT'.i.;,  ,.,1 
Thermidor  It.  ye..r  If.  (July  ','7.  IT'.il)  lim  .  f 
Paris  has  2.tl'J5  persons  giiilloiini  cl,  »|iil,.  ii,.. 
provincial  judges  do  ail  much  i\iirk  as  il,,  |i,rj, 
jiidgi's.  In  thesmall  town  of  Oraii^M-  ,,|,,i:,.  ii,, , 
guillotine  IlSl   persons.      In  the  siii:;l,    \.,v.h  ,,( 

Arras  they  have  2(Mt  men  and  ilil  w n  L-'iill.. 

tined.  At  Nantes,  tlie  revolnliun  irv  triliiiink 
and  military  committees  have,  on  ih,.  avcrir'. 
100  persons  n  day  guillotined,  or  sii.4.  in  jli 
1071.  In  the  city  of  Lyons  the  r,  v.i|iiti.,iiirt 
committee  admit  iO!*4  executions,  while  (  nlill'it, 
one  of  Uobespierre's  corresponileiiis  :ulvi..><liir~. 
of  fl,tK)0.  — The  statement  of  thi'se   iiinnl.riij 

not  complete,  but  17,000  have  beiii  mu r.\\n\, 

.  .  .  Evenexce|iting  those  who  h.ul  iliil  ii;li|. 
ing  or  who.  taken  with  arms  in  tlnirhainU,  vnrj 
shot  down  or  sabred  on  the  spnt.  tin  n'  wire 
lO.tKK)  persons  slaughtered  withmit  trial  in  tin- 
province  of  Anjini  alone.  ...  It  is  c-!itii:itwl 
that,  in  the  eleven  western  diparlim  iits.  t!i.> 
dead  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  aL's  i\ht.|pi| 
4IK),000.  —  Considering  tin-  pro;;raiiiiiie  .iml  prin- 
ciples of  the  Jacobin  sect,  this  is  no  crrnt  ntira- 
iH-r;  they  might  have  killed  a  goml  nmny  more. 
Hut  time  was  wanting;  during  llnir  sli..rt  ni.'n 
they  did  what  they  could  with  the  iii.strinni  iit  in 
their  hands.     Lo<ik   at  their  machiin'  Or 

ganised  March  iiOand  April  fl.  17!l:t,  the  liiv  .lu 
tionary  Committees  and  the  Hevoluiioniry  Tri- 
bunal had  but  seventeen  months  in  whiili  t.ilo 
their  work.  They  did  not  drive  ale  a  I  «iili  all 
theirmlght  until  after  the  fall  of  the  (iir"i«ii-!s, 
and  especially  after  September.  17II:!.  thai  isln 
say  for  a  periiKl  of  eleven  mon'hi  Its  I."* 
wheels  were  not  screwed  up  ami  tl..  wlinli>  wis 
not  In  running  order  under  the  iiu|iul-' i.f  tlic 
central  motor  imtil  after  Deceniliir  ITlii,  that 
is  to  say  during  eight  months.  IVrfirtil  hy  llie 
Law  of  Prairial  22,  it  works  ferili.  pist'tm 
months  faster  and  better  th.-in  befnn  .  .  Ilfiii- 
dot  and  Jean  Bon  St.  Andre,  Carrii  r.  .Vnlnnrlle 
and  Guff roy  had  already  estimated  the  livnto 
be  taken  at  .several  millions,  and.  air.inlinL'ti) 
Collot  d'lTerbois.  who  hail  a  lively  iiii;i:.'ii!ati"n. 
'the  political  perspiration  should  l'"  '  ii  fnilv. 
and  not  stop  until  from  twelve  to  lil'l'  ■  n  niilli -n 
Frenchmen  had  been  destnofd  '  *  -II  .V 
Taine.  T/if  Fr.  Her.,  hk.  8,  <•//-  1  (r  :<■' 

Also  i.n  Vf.  Smvth.  Iji-I^.  m  ih,  Il,,f  -fl'./ 
Fr.  Her.,  lerU.  ;ii>-43  (r.  'A— AM-  \)wwi- 
nil,  Hrrnllertiitm  of  the  Heiqn  of  '/;  ;■■  .  • —('mint 
Heugnot,  Ufr,  r.  \.  rh.  7  ■'<.  —  . I  WiKnn.  7'.'- 
Hei'/nof  Terror  ami  Hi  S^rnt  !'■•';■■■  ■  s/ ,,,;„,<  i-i 
yfoilern  .Vinil.  etr).  rh.  7.--  rh.i;,-,  ■■'  V."-' 
.1  rnUertitttt  ofonthintir  tiort-otir,^  ■,' 

A.  D.  I7Q4(Julyl— The  Fall  of  Rolx-spirrre. 
—End  of  the  Reign  of  Terror.-l;  l  i-pi'^ '■ 
"  was  already  feeling  hiinsrlf  uiie<|ini '"  ilH-Ii-ii 
laid  upon  him.  He  said  himself  cm  ,  n.  ,.ir.i>i  :i: 
'  I  was  not  made  to  rule.  I  «as  ny.vV  lo  renilmt 
the  enemies  of  the  Hevolution:'  iii,.l  -■  tin- |»'s- 
srs;-,i.in  of    supreme    power    pr;;;:;^-.  !   ;::    '■■'■^ 


1338 


f^ 


FKANCK,  1T»4 


Hahfaptrrr9. 


ruANCE.  i:b». 


m 

rf  1 


no  fMllriR  "*  exnllMlon.     on   ilir  .■.piitriin,  il 

Irll  tht'  >'l>ic'('t  «f  uiilvcrwil  Imlrt'il.  A  Kiiiinl 
now  ilcpt  nlglilly  »t  Ills  li(iiisi>,  ami  followed  liiiii 
In  ill  hit  WHlks.  Two  |ii"lo|pi  lay  i-vrr  at  Ills 
llilc.  ill' woiilil  not  pat  foml  till  sunii' oni^  lUc 
lull  tiutril  from  the  dlsli  Mis  jialoiiH  friirs 
were  a*»l«"i'<l  I'y  oviry  My.n  of  |)u|iiilarily  in 
inollii''  Even  the  (iuiicssch  of  liit  jiiiiiraN 
mifd  him  with  anxiety,  li'st  they  slioiild  raise  up 
Jansirou"  rivals.  Ileliad.  indi'ed  .  .  (.'louiids 
fnoupli  f"r  anxiety.  In  the  ('mnniiltee  of  I'lili 
lie  Safety  every  member,  except  St.  .lust  and 
(outhon.  viewe<l  him  with  hatred  and  suspi 
cii.n  Ciirnot  resi'nte<l  his  interferemes.  The 
TirniriMH  weri'  ronteniptiious  of  his  relitrioiis 
frsliviil',  anil  disliked  his  ilei  iiled  supremai  y. 
The  (riinils  of  Merry  saw  with  indignation  th;it 
the  nninher  of  vietiins  was  iniTiasing.  The 
(rii'iiilsef  Disorder  foiuid  theinsiKes  restrained, 
jnil  wire  tioredliy  his  loncspeeehes  almut  virtue 
mil  simplicity  of  life,  lie  was  hated  for  what 
was  gissi  and  for  what  was  I'vil  in  his  jjoveni 
mcnt;  and  nipanwhllc  thn  national  distress  was 
griiwin>.',  and  the  cry  of  atarvation  was  heanl 
louilrr  than  ever.  Fortunately  there  was  a 
splcnilld  harvest  in  1794;  but  before  it  was 
gatlienil  in  Uoliesplcrre  had  fallen.  A  some- 
uliat  friviilnus  ineident  lUd  mueh  to  discredit 
him.  A  certain  old  woni.in  named  Catherine 
Th^t,  living  in  an  obscure  part  of  Paris,  had 
Ukcn  to  sis'inR  visions,  ."^onie  of  tin'  Terrorists 
produied  a  paper,  purporting  to  be  written  by 
her.  anil  iIi'ilarinR  Uiat  liolwspierre  was  the 
Messiah.  The  paper  was  a  forgery,  but  it 
wmil  to  cover  KolM'spierre  with  ridiciilp,  and  to 
rouse  in  him  a  fierce  determination  to  suppress 
thiae  wliom  he  considered  his  enemies  in  the 
Committie  and  the  ('.  "vention.  For  some  time 
he  haii  taken  little  p.ui  in  the  proceedin(rs  of 
either  of  these  bodies.  His  reliance  was  chielly 
an  the  Jacobin  C'luli,  tlie  reoriranized  Commune, 
ond  the  National  Guards,  glill  under  the  com- 
manil  of  llcnriot.  But  on  July  '.Jlitii  [Mth  Ther- 
miilor]  U()l)espierTe  came  to  the  Convention  and 
ileliTeriii  one  of  his  most  elaborate  speeches, 
maintaining  that  the  affairs  of  France  bad  Ih'cii 
raismanaKi'il :  that  the  army  had  been  allnwed  tu 
become  diincerously  independent;  that  the  Oov- 
emment  must  be  strengthened  and  siniplitied; 
uid  that  traitors  must  be  punislied.  He  made 
no  (letlnite  proposals,  and  did  not  name  Ids 
intended  victims.  Tlic  real  meaning  of  the 
stwcrh  was  evidently  that  he  ouRht  to  be  made 
Dietatiir,  but  that  in  order  to  obtain  his  end,  it 
was  neiessjiry  to  conceal  the  use  he  meant  to 
make  of  his  power.  The  members  of  the  Con- 
vention naturally  felt  that  some  of  themselves 
were  aimed  at.  Few  fc't  themselves  safe;  but 
Riibospierre's  dominance  had  become  so  estab- 
lished that  no  one  ventured  at  lirst  to  criticize. 
It  »as  proposed,  and  carried  unanimously,  that 
the  speecli  should  be  printed  and  circulaled 
IhriiUL-liinit  Knince.  Then  at  leniith  a  deputy 
named  Canilion  row  to  answer  |{olH's]iierre's 
attiii'ksciii  till' recent  management  of  the  finances. 
Finilini;  liiniself  favoimddy  listened  to.  be  went 
ont.iiiuaik  Uobespicrrc  himself.  OtbiT  nieni- 
liers  lit  till' liiiherlo  docile  Convention  now  took 
ioiirai;e:  and  it  was  ilecided  that  the  speech 
slioiihl  111'  riferrcd  to  the  Committees  before  it 
waspriiiied.  The  crisis  was  now  at  hand.  Uoties- 
pierre  went  d'lwn  aa  usual  to  the  .lacobin  Club. 


wliere  be  was  received  with  the  usual  enthu- 
siasm The  meudiers  swore  to  iHe  with  their 
leader,  or  to  suppress  his  enemies.  t>n  the  fo|. 
lowing'  day  llMli  Therndihirl  St.  .lust  attioked 
Ilillaud  and  CoHot.  Ilillaud  |fonowed  ,'iTid  sup 
ported  liy  Tallienj  replied  by  assertinir  that  on 
the  previous  ni^'lit  the  .lacobins  had  pled).'eil 
themselves  to  luiissacre  the  deputies  Tlieri  the 
Rtorii  burst  A  crv  of  horror  and  iiidl|.'nalion 
aroM',  aiiilasKillauil  pris'ceded  to  i,'lve  ilet.iils  of 
the  allei;i  I  I'otispiraiy,  shouts  of 'Down  willi 
the  tyrint!'  be^'an  to  rise  from  tin  bem  hi  s. 
Uobe^pierre  vainly  strove  to  obtain  a  hearing, 
lie  rushed  about  the  chandsr,  appealini;  to  lUe 
several  groups.  As  he  went  up  to  the  hither 
iiim  lies  on  the  Left,  he  was  met  with  the  cry, 
'  Hack,  tyrant  the  shade  of  Danton  repels  you  I ' 
aii'l  when  he -oufrli' shelter  amoni;  the  deputies  on 
the  Hi^ht,  and  actually  sat  down  in  their  midst, 
tliey  indignantly  c\claini(il.  '  Wretch,  tliat  was 
Vcriiniaud  s  seat!'  Haited  on  all  sides,  his 
alternpis  to  sp"ak  became  shrieks,  which  were 
scarcely  audible,  however,  amid  the  shouts  and 
interrii'ptioiw  that  rose  from  all  the  Kroups.  Ills 
voice  grew  hoarsrr  .  ,  ,  till  at  length  it  failed  him 
altogether.  Then  one  of  the  Mou;itain  cried, 
'The  Idoisl  of  Danton  chokes  him!'  Amid  a 
scene  of  indescribable  excitement  and  uproar,  a 
decree  was  passed  that  Hobespierre  and  some  of 
his  leading  foUowers  shimid  be  arrested.  They 
were  seized  by  the  ofllcers  of  the  Convention. 
and  hurried  oir  to  dilTcrent  prisons:  so  that,  in 
case  of  a  rescue,  only  one  of  them  might  be 
released.  There  was  room  enough  for  fear. 
The  Communeorganizcd  an  insurrection,  as  soon 
as  they  beard  what  the  Convention  had  done;  ami 
by  a  sudden  attack  the  prisoners  were  all  deliv- 
ered from  the  hands  of  their  guards  Both  par- 
ties now  hastily  gathered  armed  forces.  Those 
of  the  municipality  n  ere  by  far  the  most  numer- 
ous, and  llcnriot  contidenlly  ordered  them  to 
advance.  But  the  men  rcfusi'd  to  obey.  The 
Sections  mostly  declared  for  the  Convention,  and 
thus  by  an  unexpected  reaction  the  Kobespierlan 
leaders  found  themselves  almost  dcserteil.  A 
detachment  of  soldiers  forced  their  way  into  the 
room  where  the  small  band  of  fanatus  were 
drawing  up  a  I'riKlamation.  A  pistol  was  fired; 
and  no  one  knows  with  certainty  wli<tlier 
Robespierre  attempted  suicide,  or  was  shot  by 
one  of  his  opponents.  At  any  rate  his  jaw  was 
fractured,  and  he  was  laid  out.  a  ghastly  spec- 
tacle, on  an  ad.iacent  table.  The  room  was  soon 
crowded.  .Some  spat  at  the  prostrate  form. 
Others  stabbed  him  with  their  knives.  .Soon  be 
was  draL'ged|alon(;  with  Couthon.  St.  Just,  lien- 
riot,  and  others]  before  the  Tribunal  which  be 
himself  had  instituted.  The  necessary  formali 
ties  were  hurried  through,  and  the  manulcd 
body  was  borne  to  the  guillotine,  where  what 
rcniaincdtobini  of  lifewasiiiiickly  extingui>hcd. 
Then,  from  the  crowd,  a  man  stepped  ipiii  kly  up 
to  the  bhiisl  stained  corpse,  and  uttered  over  him 
the  words,  '  Yes,  Hobespierre,  there  is  a  God ' '  " 
— I.  F,  Symes.  T/if  Fi:  lUr.  c/i.  i;t—"  Sam- 
son's work  done,  there  bursts  forth  shout  on 
shout  of  applause.  Shout,  which  prolonirs  itself 
not  only  over  Paris,  but  over  France,  but  over 
Europe,  and  down  to  this  generation.  Deser 
veilly.  and  also  undeservedly.  ()  unbnppicst 
Advocate  of  Arras,  wcrt  thou  worse  than  other 
Advocates?  Stricter  man,  according  to  his 
Formula,  to  his  Credo  and  his  Cant,  of  prcbilits. 


!:. : 


mJ 


1339 


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3-'  !         '  i 


)  ' 


til 


t,  ■ 

rlM,' 

J   1    ^  I 


KHA.N(  K,   17W 


JiutihtH  I  lub 


KHANt'E,  171M-lTtf:, 


,fc 


^r 


ln-iii-viili-nri>4.  pli'(iHiir»'4  nf-t  Irliic.  'iinl  titchlikf. 
livi'il  iiol  III  iliiil  iiv'<  t  HUM  mini.  Ill  Hoiiir 
lllilliir  wllli'il  iiL'c.  I"  ll:iM  111  I. mil'  mil'  nf  llimi' 
Imorriiptilili'  h;irrrii  I'lti.iTi  h'lL'iiri'),  unit  liiin' 
liiiit  iiiiirhic  (;i)ili'ts  iin<l  liiMi-i:il  srrinoiiM  IIU 
piMir  liiii'llorit.  till'  Ciitiini't  nrikiT  In  tin*  Kiif 
Sriint  lliMi.irr.  l.mil  liiiii.  hi-  llr..ilM'r  illi'il  fur 
liiiii  >l:i\  <i'>.l  III'  iiii'ii  iliil  to  him  tinil  ti)  im' 
'I'lii'i  i<  liii'  rihl  'if  III!'  Iliiiiri  111  'I'l'mir.  ni'W 
yliiriu;i'<  Ki'v.iliiliiiii  iiiiniril  ol  't'liirnililiir '.  nf 
Till  rnii'lnr  !ilh,  M'lr  ,',  «liiili  liiiint  liiirr 
priti'il  iiitii  iilil  x|a\f  >i\  li'  inr.'iii'i  '.*7tli  uf  .liilv. 
i;ill  -T  (\irl\l.  I'n  IV  !!■■•.  H-  tl,  M  '  7 
o,  ;ii,  "III'  lllulii  ^I'liTri'l  Iml  nimlilli'i,  it  N 
trill',  wliirii  \\i'  iMii-t  rispi'il .  hr  w.'ii  hiMii'st, 
niiiriTc.  M'lf  i|rn\  iiii;  iinil  n  ii-^iHti'iit  Hut  lii> 
\vji'«  rowariiiy.  n  Ii-iitli-s'*.  prilaniii'.  tinliiv  iiiir. 
Inti'iiM'ly  vain  ami  iiinrliiilly  ituioii*  .  .  Ili> 
has  iiiii  It't't  till-  li-uMi  y  111  inankinil  nf  nni'  L;riiiil 

IIiiiiIlMiI,    Ilnr    till-    i'\:lllljili-  iif    iinr   ui'lli'riillH  lUI'l 

I'Xiiliiil  ai'Iiiin  ■— (J  ll  l.i'wi's.  I.ii'r  .,f  Hiihtn 
imii-f  t'uirni'iii  —"'rill'  ninth  iif  ThiTnililiir 
is  mil'  111  ihi'  n.iiit  I'liiK'hs  in  tlir  lilstiiry  nf 
Kiinipi'  ll  i-i  Inii'  that  tlu'  thru'  ini'inlx'rn  nf 
till'  I'miiinilti')'  nf  I'liMir  Siifity  |  Ililliiiiit,  ('nl- 
lilt,  nii'l  Kan'ri'l.  wlin  lriiimplii><l  wi're  >>r  nn 
ini-ans  lirllrr  mm  tliuii  thi'  tlirrr  [KnlM'spuTri'. 
Cmilhiin.  anil  St  .lii>t|.  wlin  fill.  Iniliiil,  wi< 
Hri'  iiirlini'il  In  think  that  nf  Ihi'xi'  A\  nliiti'snii'ii 
thi'  hast  hail  wiri'  Uohr«piiTri'  anil  St  .hi»t. 
wliii-ii'  I  rill  liy  was  ilii'  iiTirt  nf  sini'irc  fnnntl- 
(ism  npiralinir  mi  iiarmiv  iinili-rstanilini;ii  anil 
m  rinimiimis  li'iiipirs  The  wnrst  nf  the  hIx  was, 
iH'.Minilall  ilniiht.  Ilarrri'.  whn  hail  nn  fttltli  In 
liny  part  n|  llii'  svstiiii  whirli  hr  iiphi'lil  liy  per- 
Hiinlimi." — l.nrii     .Muraiilay.    liinfr't    .Veiii<>ir$ 

(A'miI.I/JI,    /'.    '~l|. 

Al.so  IN  IJ.  Kvi'Hlt.  tlnilhiHiif  the  Ornil.  eh. 
i—  .1.  \V,  CmkiT.  llJ^aiuii-rr  {IJiuirUrln  H''''  ■ 
Hrjit.,  IHIl'l.  r  :ili  -\V  I'haiiilirrs,  liihriiiiUrre 
{(ViiimUrit   hlin.  .h,"n,.il,  IVi-.M 

A.  D.  1794-1795  iluly  -April'.  Reaction 
■gainst  the  Reign  of  Terror.  — The  Thermi- 
dorians  and  the  Jeunesse  Doree.  -  End  of  the 
Jacobin  Club.  —  Insurrection  of  Germinal  la.— 
Fall  of  the  Montagnards.  —  The  White  Terror 
in  the  Provinces.  — "tin  iln'iii.iriiiii:;nf  \\w  imh 
nf  Tlii-rmiilnr  all  till'  pi-ijili'  «lin  |i\i.||  ni'ar  tlir 
prismisiif    I'aii-  imw.liil  ,.n  iIh-  rn.ifsnf  thi'ir 

limisis    allil    llinl,    '.Ml     i-iU'T'       linlll'SpilTH'    is 

ili'ail"     Till-  lliiiiis.iM'ls  nf   prismiirs.    whii  h'Ul 

lirlii'Vl'il  thrlllsilM  s   ilinmii"!    toilrulll,   illLlirilU'il 

thi'iiiMlvi'S  ri'si'iiiil  frmn  the  tmiili.  Maiiv  «rri' 
si't  frri' till- saiiir  il.iy.  anil  all  tin'  rist  ri';;aiiii'il 
liiipraiiili'inli'lriiii'.  Tli  ir  T  iliiii,'iif  ili'Iivirann' 
vvasvhaiiil  ttirniiL'hniit  I'Vui'i'.  Thi'  l{ii:.'n  of 
Tminr  hail  li"i  nnn'  .-i  -.iri  nf  ni','liliii.iri'  that 
siilli'il  llii-nali  '11.  ami  t!i"  Uii^n  nf  T. mir  ami 
Unlii-piirn  Win-  iiliiitii-il  in  thn  siirlit  nf  thi' 
trri'at  iiia.jmity  .  .  .  Thr  ( 'mivuilinn  prismtnl  11 
straiiL'i-  M'p  rl.  I'ariy  rnnnanls  wi-ri'  niiiti'il  In 
III"  I'.aliii  111  parly  .  ill- 1  ilm  •  Tliirmiiliirians.' 
Many  nf  thi'  .Mmiiriiiiiirs  ami  nf  liinsn  whn  h:'il 
hi'i  n  ll' T' 1  si  in  lli'ir  nii~-i.'iH  pri-^intly  tnnk 
srals  Willi  ihi'  IJi^'-lit  r  Ci'nlri';  ami  llu'  piTimlii' 
rlian','i'  nf  CmiiP.itici's.  sn  lone;  rnnti-sti  il,  wa.s 
ililiriiiiniil  upon.  I,"ls\viri'  ilr.iwii.  an  1  lian'ri-, 
l.imlii.aml  I'riiiir  wi  nt  nut;  Carnuf.  inlispi'n- 
salilr  in  Ihi-  «:ir.  was  rr  1  liili'il  until  thi'  rmnini 
^prinL';  liillaml  ami  Cillnt,  fi'i'linir  nut  nf  placr 
in  till' ni'W  nriliTiif  tliiiiL's,  ri'sii;ni'il.  Dantnn's 
frii'nils  now  prrvaili'il;  tint,  alas!  tin-  Dantnnists 
rtclf  iiol  Uautuu. " — II.  Jlariiu,  Pminhtr  Uitt.  oj 


Fr,li,frf)r«m  thf  FinI  Itrr  ,  rh  J->|,  |,  -^^^^ 
IHkii  nf  IVrriir  wiw  nrartlritlly  .n,r  hut  ti,, 
Kriiiinil  KMi'll  whhli  fnlliiWH  II  miriii  '  iiiinuni 
for  Miiiii- llnio  liin;:i>r.  Twi-nty  mu  u.  iiiu,  v|f 
fi'ri'il  nn  thi-  miiin'  iliiy  with  HhIh  spi,  rri .  ;ii  ,,[ 
till'  nciit,  HitiiKi'lhcr  114  wire  1  mnli  mukI  ,11,1 
I'xvriilcil  In  the  thri>i>  ititys  wlmli  r  ||'.«,.,{ 
his  ili'nth  ...  A  utmni!  rrariimi  ,.:niiit  i|„ 
*  I'l'rri'iir  ■  nnwr  "M't  In  I'liwar'ls  nf  lu  ihhi  ,„., 
pi  Tin  '  wi'ri-  «rt  frfi'.  iiinI  UnU -pn  rr.  -  In  ,1 
llii'  '•'•'  I'riiiriitl  wan  iilmlislnil  Kn  r  .ii  1  li  i,|iii|i 
Thiriniitnrh'n.  iir;!»iil/.isl  a  haiiil  of  \"iiin:  11,1;, 
who  mlli'il  Ihrinitclvi's  thr  .|i  im,',,,'  [i,,,,,, 
(L'ilili'il  yniith].  or  Miisi  lulins,  ami  1  hiiilv  !>,. 
iiui'iitiil  Uii>  I'lilitin  Unyal.  Tln'V  wri'  a  rilim 
Inns  ilri'M.  '4  lii  VIctiine'  |liiit'i  ir;i\iii.  l-'irk 
nr  irri'i'n  mlhir.  nml  rriipi' Hnniinl  iln-  arm  s|.. 
nifylnii  ri'liitiniisliip  tn  snmi'  nf  ilir  Mitini.  ,1 
till'  ri'viiliitinniiry  trihiiniil  —  Thii  1- j  un  1  ,if 
vnlrit  IhrmiM'lvi's  tn  piinishini.'  tin  .I,i,  ,l,i,|j 
Tlii'y  hail  thiir  livniii,  'l,cri'\ril  .li  l'iii|,|,. 
wliirh  tlit-y  Mini;  aiiniil  thi'  utrisl.  nfi.  n  niiiiiuj 
into  colllshin  with  tlii>  wins  inlnlli  s  sli'iiitin;;  ly 
.Miirscillaisi'.  On  tlm  11th  nf  N.ni  lain  r"  the 
Miisciiilins  broke  open  the  hall  nf  Ihi  ■  1  lilinitisl 
clut).  turni'it  nut  thi'  nii>nv)H'rs,  ami  shut  It  up  ( ,r 
I'vrr.  .  .  .  The  committi'i's  nf  .Halm  I'liMii  ati'l 

Snri'ti'    Oi'ncrali-   were  entirrly  n  1 idlnl  ani 

tlii'ir  piiwirs  much  ri'Htmini'il;"  aKn  ih'  lii'vulii 
tinnary  Tribunal  wan  ri'nrnani/iil  nn  tin  lima 
iiilviM'aleii  by  ('nintllc    llrsmmilins   in   liis  [im 

tiosal  foratNimltuili'Cli'mi'nri'  —  whii  h  n  .iliiin 
lis  life.  Ciirricr  anil  l.ibon  snllin  I  li  iili  (  r 
their  atriK'lous  ronilint  in  l.a  Vi  n  liV  unl 
(.VrrasJ:  7.'J  memlwM  who  hail  pn  ti'«i..|  :ii;ainsl 
the  arrest  of  the  (iironilin»  were  m  alliil.  iiii.l  tlie 
survivonof  theleiiilinir  (lironilisu,  Lmni'i  [.an 
Jiilmiis,  Isnard.  I^revilliere  Lepi'iu't  .iinl  ..ilim. 
'-"■i  iu  number,  were  restored  to  tin  ir  si  ais  in  tin 
Convention." — Serpent  Marreau.  /.'■  ./"ii..'-.;ic,«  1 
II  IhyMilt.  pt.'i.  rh.  12.— ■■Hillau.i.  (  'lint,  sni 
other  marked  Terrorists,  alreaily  ili  Mniiiiiil  in 
the  ('onventlon  by  Diinton's  friemls.  fi  li  ih  ii  iliin 
mer  was  every  day  driiwlng  nean  r  tniln  mmIvis. 
Their  fate  was  to  all  appearaiiri-  m  il  I  li>  tlip 
ri'ailmis,sion  to  the  ronvention  il)i  1  ■  iii!»t  si  nf 
the  73 deputies  of  the  rlitht,  impris.  ii'  1  in  1T9:I 
fiirsiBnin!;  protests  af^iiinst  the  e.vpiiUi"P  "f  the 
(iirondists.  By  the  return  of  tlu'-i'  .1'  pnti'sihe 
I'omplexlnn  of  the  AsmrnMy  was  riiiirily 
altered.  .  .  .  They  now  8nii!;'ht  li  uinln  lli'e 
work  of  the  Convention  since  the  in-nrri'  tmiiby 
which  their  party  had  been  nvi  rwln  liim!  rinv 
demanded  that  conliscali'd  pmpi  riy  -h.ml.l  be 
restored  to  the  relatives  of  p.rs.uis  1  .■liiiiinni'J 
liy  the  revolutionary  courts;  Ji.it  rmi_'r.ini'iivl;i) 
li.id  tied  in  ennscquencenf  Terri-ri-r  ]■<  r-*'-  ^'i'ln,' 
shniild  Ih-  allowed  to  ri'tnrn;  that  th  -■  i!''p  i!i'i 
proscrilii'il  on  .lune  2.  17It;i.  who  \'[  -  irvivnl, 
should  lie  recalled  tn  their  si'ats  Tin  M  iiMi.aii, 
as  8  iHnly,  vinli'iitly  opposed  cvi'ii  llu-  lii.-.  u<-i'in 
nf  siii-h  iiueslinns.  The  Tlii'riiii'!"ri ms  split 
into  two  divisions.  Some  in  alana  r- ; 
Mountain;  while  olhcrs,  liiailiil  I'y  1 
Kruron,  soiii^'lit  their  safety  hyi  il' - 
till' returned  meniliirs  of  the  ri.'lii  .\ 
tee  was  appointed  to  repiTt  .'ii  -v 
broimht  ciiainst  Collnl.  Uillaul. 
Vailii'r( December 27.  17!Hi  Inil'  > 
survivors  of  the  firosi'rilM'd  depu'i'  ^  > 
C'ouvention  amidst  applause  i\Iii'l 
.  .  .  There  was  at  this  time  ^Te; 
liini  inPari.-t,  and  imniiiiuu'i  pirll 


ii"l  the 

;'  ii  an'i 

!_'  ui:b 

"inrail 

i-a*i<'n< 

■•'.  anJ 

■>,'  lisilie 

,i.r,.iihe 

s.    1793' 

I  Hi:-.  I\   prt'Vl' 


I'"! 


1340 


FRANCE.  ITM-t79S. 


FRANCE,  I7»»-17»8 


Afltr  Rnh«tpl«fTe'i  f»II,  m»»lmtim  price*  w«T« 
01.  lonifer  obierTed.  »iiil  «Mi|{niila  mm  only 
trtvptml  in  payment  o(  g»<xl>  H  ll"'lr  real  »»lii» 
mnptnil  with  coin.  The  rrmilt  waa  a  rapid 
Hk  In  prlrei,  •<>  that  In  IHN^rnilx-r  prici't  wire 
double  what  thejr  had  bi-eu  In  July,  ami  wrre 
coolinulng  to  riic  In  proportion  »»  analKnaM 
ilnrnued  In  ralue.  .  .  .  The  maxiniiim  liiwa, 
ilrMilv  a  drail  letter,  were  repealed  (Di'ceiiiN'r 
■U\.  the  alMilitlon  of  niaxliiium  prio'K  ami 
rriiui»lliiioii  Inereaneil  the  already  lavl»h  ex 
wDiliture  of  the  Oosemment,  which,  to  iniit 
tbe  drUrlt  In  Iti  reTeniien.  hiid  no  reaoiirce  Imt 
to  create  more  aiwlKnutii.  a'lcl  the  funler  tliex' 
were  itxurd  the  fasdr  they  fill  In  value  and 
llif  blghir  prirea  rone  In  .Iiily  17111.  they  had 
\,tn  »orth  34  piT  cent,  of  their  noniiual  valui' 
lu  Decemlier  they  wen-  worth  22  per  cent,  and 
inSiay  17W  they  were  worth  only  7  IHT  cent.  .  .  . 
.^t  this  time  a  pound  of  bread  coat  eight  >hil 
linei.  of  riie  thirtei'n,  of  aiiKar  seventeen,  and 
otlicr  artii  lia  were  l11  proportionately  dear.  It 
i«liirrally  true  that  more  than  Imlf  the  popula 
liiinof  I'uria  wua  only  kept  alive  liy  iHiaaloriiil 
Jlslrihutiona  of  meat  and  olhir  artliie^  at  low 
prirrs,  and  the  daily  dlHtrlliution  of  hread  at 
three  half  pence  a  pound  In  Keliruiiry,  how- 
fviT.  this  .source  of  nllef'hreiitenid  to  fail.  .  .  . 
|)D  April  1,  ortierniiiml  13.  bread  rioia,  Wpun 
by  woiniii.  broke  out  in  every  aeclion.  Uunilt 
(I'jieiliil  lUid  forced  their  way  Into  the  C'oi;vcn 
linn,  shuuiiiiir  for  bread,  but  ofTiTlng  noviidenie 
111  tbe  ill  puties.  .  .  .  Tlic  crowd  was  already 
ill>persini{  whin  forces  arrived  from  tlie  wctions 
jDilileari'il  the  llm  e.  Tbe  Insiirriclion  vim 
t ipiintaniou!!  risini;  for  bread,  without  method 
orroraliinalioti.  The  Tirroristsi  had  wniL'ht.  but 
Hinly.  to  "lituin  dinction  of  it.  Had  they  sue 
(inli'il.  the  Mountain  wouhl  have  had  an  oppor- 
lunity  ii(  proM  rilling  the  rifilit.  Tlieir  failure 
lovf  ilic  ri'.'lit  tiie  opportunity  of  ppi'Criliiiii; 
'lie  left.  The  transportation  to  Cuyiiuie  of 
BilUul.  Coildt,  Bun"  re.  and  Vadiir  was  decreed. 
and  the  arrest  of  tifteeii  otlier  .Monta^'tmriN, 
Accused  wittiout  priHif,  in  several  cases  witliout 
prnbaliility.  of  having  been  arcotnplices  of  the 
in-surt'i Ills.  .  .  .  The  iiisiirrcciion  of  (tirniinal 
12  gavt'  increased  strcntiili  to  tlie  Jiarty  of  re- 
•ctii'i  Tlie  Convention,  in  ilnad  of  tlie  Tcr- 
roriits,  w.as  compelled  to  loi'li  to  il  for  support. 
,  .  .  lu  the  departments  famine,  di.simler.  and 
crime  pre! ;iiled.  as  well  as  in  Paris.  .  .  .  From 
the  lirst  liie  reaction  priM-eeded  in  the  depart- 
mints  witli  a  more  rapid  step  nrnl  in  boliler 
fiirm tli.in  in  Paris.  .  .  .  In  tin*  ile|i;irtmerits  of 
the  siiulli  ia.sl.  where  the  Hi  ;  alisls  had  always 
fiiis.^sM'it  a  strong  following,  einii;rants  of  uU 
Jiscriptiiins  readily  made  their  way  b.ick;  »".d 
hire  till-  (ippnnents  of  tiie  Ucpublic,  Instigated 
by  a  (i(-ire  for  vengeanie.  or  merely  by  party 
Sfiiril.  1  iininincttl  u  reaction  stained  by  Times  us 
alrm  iiius  as  any  committed  during  the  course  of 
the  ri'vi.luliiin.  Young  men  belonging  to  the 
upjKT  upi-l  mi.lille  cla&scs  were  organised  in 
b;ind.s  lieiirini;  tiie  names  of  companies  of  .lesus 
and  ciinipaiiiis  of  the  Sun,  and  tirst  nt  Lyons. 
tlic.ii!  Aiv.  TcMilon.  .Marseilles,  and  other  towns. 
thiy  brii'Ki-  into  the  prisons  and  murdered  their 
imnatis  without  distinction  of  age  or  sex.  He- 
sdl^  tlie  Tc  rrorist  and  the  Jacobin,  neither  the 
Hipiililican  nor  the  purchaser  of  State  lands  w as 
safe  triim  tlieir  knives:  and  in  the  country 
5Uffifr--i3    ;3utatcd  murders    were  comniif.ud. 


Thia  hwleaa  and  brutal  moTement,  ulM  the 
White  Terror  In  illatlnctlon  to  the  Red  Terror 
preceding  Thermldor  tt,  w»«  auffered  for  weeks 
to  run  its  courie  umbecked,  and  counted  its 
vh'lima  by  many  huodredi,  apreading  over  the 
whole  of  I'ruvence,  beaidea  the  departmenti  of 
KhAne.  Uard,  Loire,  AIn,  and  Jura.  "— U.  .M 
(Jardiner.  Tht  AV.  «rr  .  rh.  10. 

Albo  I.N  A   Thien.  Hint  >>f  Ihr  AV  llrr  {Am 

r<l  I    r.   :i.  pi>.    1U9-1H«;  14K-I75;    l»;J-2'«  —  H 

ion  SvImI.  ///./.  „f  iKf  l-y   Hrr,  ft*    14.  M.  t-3 

-J    Mallet   du    iTin.    .Vmunrt  anil  Vur  ,    e    8, 

M    !i  —A.  lies  Kcherollcs.  Kirly  I.ifr,  r.  3,  eh  M 

A.  O.  1 794- 1 795  (October -May). -Sub- 
jugation of  Holland.  Overthrow  of  the 
Stadtholderihip.  -  Eitabliihment  of  the  Bata- 
vian  Republic.  Peace  of  Baile  with  Pruiiia 
-  Succeatea  on  the  Spanish  and  Italian 
frontiers.— CrumblinE  of  the  Coalition. 
"  I'iciicgru  having  taken  Hois  le  Due,  Ori.ibir 
Itth.  the  Duke  of  York  retnalid  to  the  Ar.  anil 
tlienee  lieyond  the  Waal  Venloo  fell  OctolK'i 
'.'7tli.  .Maestrieht  November  -(tli.  ami  the  capture 
of  NinieguenontlieUtli.  nlili  h  the  Kiiglish  abnn 
iloned  after  the  fall  of  .Maestrieht,  opened  to  the 
Preiieh  the  roiul  into  Holland.  The  Duke  of 
York  resigned  the  command  to  General  Walnio 
lien,  Deeetiiber  2nd,  and  returned  Into  ■\nglaiid 
Ills  departure  showed  that  the  English  govern 
ment  had  abandoned  all  hope  of  saving  Holland 
It  had,  indeed,  consented  that  t!.e  States  Ucneral 
should  propose  terms  of  uccomniodatlon  to  the 
Freiiih;  and  two  Dutch  envoy;  had  lieen  lies 
palelie  I  to  Paris  to  olTer  to  the  Committee  of 
rulilie  Welfare  the  recognition  by  their  govern 
ineiit  of  the  Kreneh  Uepiibllc.  and  the  puvnient 
of  '.>iiO,iMN).lliHl  tlorins  within  a  year.  Hilt  tlie 
Comniittce.  suspecting  tliut  these  offers  were 
Iiiaile  only  witli  tiie  vdew  of  gaining  time,  puid 
no  attenthiii  to  them.  The  French  were  repulsed 
in  their  tlrst  attempt  to  cross  the  Wuul  by 
Oencral  Duncan  with  H.OOO  Knglish;  but  u 
si'vi-re  frost  enabled  them  to  pass  over  on  the 
ice,  Janiiury  Ilth.  179.').  Nothing  but  a  victory 
could  now  stive  Holland.  Hut  WulmiMlen,  In- 
steud  of  conccntrutinghistriMips  for  the  puipose 
of  gi\ing  battle,  retreated  over  the  Yssel.  and 
linally  over  the  Ems  into  Westphalia,  whence 
the  tfiHips  were  carried  to  I.tiglund  by  seu  from 
Hninen.  .  .  .  (ieiieral  .\h  n/.i,  who  held  the 
Hliine  iK'twcen  Knimerieh  and  Arnbeim.  having 
retired  upon  WescI,  Pieliegru  bud  only  to  uil 
vance.  (Jn  entering  Ilollaiid,  he  tailed  upon 
the  patriots  to  rise,  and  his  oceupatiuii  of  the 
Dutch  towns  was  iminediately  followed  by  a 
revolution.  The  Prince  of  Orange,  the  heredi 
tary  Stailtholiler,  cmliarked  for  England. 
January  lUtli,  on  which  day  Pichegru's  advanced 
eidiinns  entered  .\msterilani.  Next  day  the 
Dutch  licet,  frozen  up  in  theTexel,  was  captured 
by  the  French  hussars  Before  the  end  of 
January  the  reduction  of  Holland  bad  been  com 
pleteil,  and  a  provincial  [provisional  V]  govern- 
ment established  at  the  Hague.  The  States- 
(Jeneral.  assembled  February  'J4tli,  17B,"i,  having 
received,  through  I"'rench  infiuence,  a  new  in 
fu.sion  of  the  patriot  party,  pronounced  the 
abolition  of  the  Stadtholderute.  proclaimed  the 
sovereignty  of  the  people  and  the  establishment 
o'  tlie  llutavinn  Kepublic.  A  treaty  of  Peace 
with  France  followed.  May  18th,  and  an  offen- 
sive alliance  against  all  enemies  whatsoever  till 
the  end  of   the   war,  and   against  England   tor 


4    W: 


if 

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1341 


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ir       ■  :    ■  ,  - 

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If       I'''.!   1 


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,:i: 


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r 


KHANlK,   ITW  i;W 


I  'h"U«lHHrri> 


rKANiK,  i:iM-i:w 


rviT  Till  w  ri  mill  liiiiil  (iirtf.  In  !>>■  |irii\  iilcil 
liy  (In  lliitili  »i  ri' III  M  ri"  miili  r  Fri  in  h  nun 
flliiniliTi  'I'llllHllif  iii-w  ri'IMllilir  liiriilnr  <i  liii Tr 
ililMinliiirv  iif  KraiMi'  lliiti  li  Kliinli  r'<  llii' 
ili^lrlrl  nil  till'  lifi  liiink  iif  III!'  Il'iinll.  Muix 
irlilii,  ViiiliKi.  »rrr  niuliiiil  hv  iIh  Fnm  Ii  iik  ii 
JiMI   inili-iiitiity  fur  Itir  i-Kiiin^i"*  i>f  tin-  uiir.  i>n 

nllii  ll  iin  iiUlll   llli'   lllltill    nrri'   al>ii  In  |iiiv    IIHI 
INMIIHIII   lliirlllH,    lull    llii  \    Hi  li'  til  riri'Ui'.'ill    llli' 

trrii.  r.il  priiri-,  :iii  ii|iiu.iliiii  fur  till'  1  iihil  tun 
tiirii"..      Ilv    Mint   artiilii.    tin'    Diitrli   Hirr  In 
linilllii'   Krriirli  >r\i'ii  -hiiis  iif  v>AT,  to  Hii|i|inrt 
»   Fii  111  li   iiriiiy  nf  '.'"i.iHKI  nil  11,   At       Ovir  .iiiil    ' 
iiliiiM    ilii'   rriiiiKiiimiH  III   Mil'  triiilv.  llii'V  wrrr    ' 

aUllllIliij     llpnil   In  fi  I  Inlln      l|ii'     Kn  III  ll     trnn|i4. 

mill  In  tiiriiUli  ilii'iii   Willi   |irn\  i-iiniK      In  ^linrt.  j 
tlinii,-li    ilii'    jliiiih    ii;iiii,,u    liail    ■  fnilirniMil ' 

tviiiiilii'   I'n  Ml  li.  iiinl  riiiiM'il  lln'in   Kiiliiiprii  I 

linn-.  tlii'V  »i  rt' iriiiliil   liiili- IhIIi  r  llinii  ii  cnn  ' 

l|'lirii|    |nn|i|l',         .Hunt     III  -nliiilinn*     ||:„|     1,,.,'n 

fnr  -nini'  linii'  u'ninjj  mi  IhIhuii  Kr.iiui'  iiinl 
l'rii.«i:i  fnr  11  |ii;iii'        ,   .    FmliTiik  William  II  , 

.     kali-lii'il     »itll      his    >IM{i|i'.ilin|IS     III      I'niallil, 

liiHliiili  llii'  Kii^'li'-li  ami  Hull  :>  Mili-iiliiH  liail 
Inll'i'il  liiiii.  ,  .  .  aliaiiiliiiiiil  liiiiKi  If  In  his 
\nlii|.|iinin  lialilti."alii|  liiaili'  ni  irliini  In  lln' 
Fr.iii  li  ••|'iilia|n  lint  till'  li  a«l  liillm  nlial  , 
ani'Mi;  rn'.lirirk  \Villiaiii'<  iimiiM..  uai  llii' p'- 
fii-il  nf  ilii'  ni.'iriiinii'  I'nwirs  any  Imiu'ir  In  khIi 
-iili-i' liiiii  fnr  lining  imiliin::,  .  .'.  'i'lu' I'larr  nf  ' 
Iti^li'.  liilwiin  till'  Fn mil  Ui'imlilir  ami  tin' 
Kiiu-  nf  I'rii.sia.  waH  '.ii.'iii'il  April  "iili  IT'.i'i. 
Till'  Fn  mil  tmnpit  wrri'  allin\ii|  i iiiiiiii'  i|ii>    I 

ni'lllpalinll  nf    till'    l{lli'lli'.||    pn  i\  illll'S  nil  I  III'  li  f  t 

liiiik.      Anaiiiili'.  thai  milliiT  parly  >liniilit  p,.r     j 

mil  Ir.Hipi  nf   thi' rllrlllii  4  nf   rilhi'r   tn   p.l-iiivrr    I 

il«  tirrilnriis,  «a»  i  ah  iililiil   tn  i-niliarraiH  thi'    I 

Aii'^triuiis.     FraiH'i' imnr.l  t I'fpi  thr  iiinlia     j 

linnnf  I'ru'i-ia  fnr  priinrsnf  tin-  Kinpiri',   .       ,    [ 
I'm-i-ia  -hniijil  iii!;a!.'i'  in  mi   linstih'  inlirpri-r 
au'ainst  llnllaml.  or  any  oIIiit  I'niiiilry  mi  iipinl 
hy  Kniii  li  tmnpi*:  whih'  tin'  Fn mli  imri'iil  not 
to  pii»h  iliiir  I'lilirpriM'H  in  liiriiiany  lirymnl  ii 

rirlaiii  lii f  i|i'iii:in  alinii,  inilinlini,'  tlii'  (in  lr?t 

nf     \Vr«iphalla,     llii;hrr    nnil     Lowir    Saxoiiv. 

Fraiirniiia,  ami  thai    part    '  llu'   two  Cinlrs  i.f 

the  Uliim-  siliiali'  mi  tin-  riiriil  liaiik  of  tlii'  Main. 

.   Tliii'*  till'   Kiiu' of  I'rii'.sia,   orii;iiiallv   tin' 

ini^t  anil  lit  pr n  r  of  tin' ('nalillmi,  »«'<  iini> 

nf  till'  lir-l  to  ill  ..rt  it.  Ity  sinniiiK  tlir  IN  .nv 
of  Hash',  he  sairiliii-il  Iinl'land.  farililali'd  Ihr 
liivasinii  nf  thi'  Kinpirc  liy  tlu'  ••'n'nrli.  ami  Huh 
pnpanil  llic  ruin  of  thr  iiiniint  (Icrnian  i mi 
stiliitimi."  In  till'  iiicaiitinic  the  Fninh  hail 
lii'cn  pii.'.hinL.'  war  with  siiiii->s  on  Micir  Spanish 
fnmlicr,  ninvi  rini;  the  );niiiiiil  wi.ii  li  tin  v  hail 
Inst  in  th.'  laily  pari  of  I7!>4.  In  llic  i  astern 
ryn'Mi'i-,  Iiiu'iiiiiiniiT  '■ntnnk  Hillii;anle  in 
Siptiiiili.  r,  ihi'  l.isl  pi.Mtinn  Inlil  liy  the 
SjiaiiianU  in  Frunn-.  anil  liy  the  liallle  "nf  the 
Mniilairnc  Nnin-,  whiili  lasllil  fniin  Nnviinlar 
Kill  tn  ihe  ■Jiiih.  openi'ii  the  way  into  Calalniiia. 
Il;it  at  Ihe  iML'iniiini;  of  this  liaiile  l)ii;.'miiniier 
was  kille-l.  FiuMiii'ns  siirreinien  il  Nnveinlar 
v'lth.  Ihn.iii;li  tin;  inlliieine  of  t.ie  Fnuili  ili  im;- 
eraiie  pn.pa^janilii.  (In  tlip  west,  .Mniie.v 
capiiin-i|  SI.  Seliasllan  anil  Kuenlaniliia  in 
Aii:;ii~I,  anil  was  pnpariii);  to  nttaek  I'ainpe- 
liina,  win  II  terrilile  stnriiis  .  .  .  emipelleil  him 
to  ntn  at  on  the  Iliiliissoa,  ami  eloseij  Ihe  enni- 
paiirn  in  liiat  ipiarter.  On  the  siile  of  I'iril- 
inolit,  the  I'n  mil.  after  some  reverses,  iiiieeeeiled 
ill    iTiai.:::-    ::::;.     '■.:    ?,    ma^IiTi  of    JInlil  IViiii    | 


nlnl  the  pnnKen  of    Ihe    Miirililln      M|,.    ilnul,,], 

liii;  the  keys  of  Italy  ,  hiil  llii'  le.viMiiiHiir  ,,,, 
tiiil  with  this  sinii'ss.  vintiinl  hi  :,i  j,,,^ 
to  iiinlertiike  III.'  Iiiviislnii  ,1  11,.,,  1,,'ini,, 
'I'lie  KInif  of  Siinlliiia,  \iiinr  An  mIi,,,  ',, 
niaineii  faillifnl  to  his  eiiifa«enn  ni.  «  ii),  .\,|,|f|' 
allhiniKh  the  Fn'in  11  liiiipini  him  «ii|,  ,„  ,,|f.'' 
nf  the  Mil'.inse.  ami  iln  .  \i  l.ai.^ji  ,f  I) 
Islainl  of  .Sanliiiiii  fnr  ternlnri  iiinn  , ,  "\.i,i,  „■' 
sihiaii'il  Willi  the  Oraml  lliiki  ..|  |i,„,,» 
liny    well'   iimre   siiiiissfiil  III,   f',  i.,,„, 

Itlh    i;«.1,    a    Iriatv    was    ^ii;m.l    l,i    ulu,  |, ', 
(liami   Knke  n'vnkeil  Ills  ailln -i..ii  !  .  ij,,  i    ,;', 
linn    .  'I'liiis     Fi-nllmiinl     w,i>    i|„     i ,.,   , 

ill  seri  the  Finpemr.  his  Imiilnr  I  i,.  .>,„,,,] 
nf  I'li^aliv  was  follnwiil  !,(  i|„  |i,  ^., ,,.' 
Sweilell  -T  l|.  Kver,  lli.l  ,'■!  M  .1,,,,  ^.  , 
'.'■   7,  .-A.  7(r  4i        ■ 

AimiinC  .M  DavU'i  Ih-i  ■■!  II  ■■.:■!  ./  , 
'■'•    a  I/'   ;ti  -I.    |>.   NKiir     II. ,1    •'   /'.    /;.  .'.., 

i;.,i.,,.-k  \y,ii„,ni  II  ..f  /',.,,.„,.  ,  :i 

A.  ,D.  1794-1796.  Bri^aiidaKi-  in  L 
Vendee.  Chouannerie  in  Brittany.  ThtDii 
attroua    Quiberon   expedition.      End  of  th< 

Vendean  war      '  Mini  ihr  ii.  1,  ,1  ,1  s:,i,,.,i 

Iln    \iinlee    was    no    Imit'i  1    lli 1    ^r.i^ 

npiniliiills,     lint     of      lilii.'aliilai.i       iTj.l     ,il|,.,i'i. 

wiiliniii  n'siili.      The  (leiiviiii-.    Ill  ii.il  ill  ti. III!, 

the  Kevniiilinii.  wen'  linxiiills  111  |.,  1,1  1.1,1  , 
llnle  wen'  si  ill  twn  I  liiels.  Cliali  lli  ,ii;,|  St,  I!!,  ■ 
111  Ihe  llelil.  whn  lialiil  1  11  h  nlli,  1  iln.  i.:.| 
iniilil  seanily  he  unilitieil  (ii  in  1  il  lliiirmi 
SI  lit  hy  the  inriiier  lliMilniii  liiiri  1  niimtin 
li.iil  hilt  ineri'aseil  this  ili  li  viiir  1,  l.^  ill  ».•. 
pill,ll.'e  anil  ineelnlialisni  All' I  ill.  ill  I'l 
Itnlnspierre  he  was  replaml  In  (.iii-ril 
eail\.  who  hail  urilils  In  itnplnv  ii,..t.  iin;|]., 
Inry  iiieasnn  s  The  ilefial  1  I  il.i  iil.il  ti.,.| 
III  Siivenay.  and  their  siihseipn  ni  ili.;iit.i  n  I  1 
led  111  II  kind  of  t'lierilla  wiiilan  ilih  u.li.iii  lii 
whnle  of  llrittaiiy.  kimwii  li\  il,i  1,111.1  \ 
('hnii.'innerle.  |'.\  ponr  piasani  niiiinl  .Ii.i' 
('nttenaii.  had  ili^lniL'iiished  hiiii-i  II  in  il,' 
InnVeinelit  liliii\  e  all  his  eninpanjiiii..  .iiiii  K'- 
family  Imre  the  iiuine  of  Chiiiiiii.  i|  li;ii  I'm.. 
or  iiiL'hl  owls.  .  .  .  The  naiin- nf  I  111  !i  in  I  i  —  il 
fniiii  him  to  nil  the  iii«iii'i'i  hn  el  riiii:i;ii. 
allhoiii.'li  he  liiiiiself  iieMr  1.  il  nil  n  ili;iii:i  iiiv 
liiindn  d  peasants,  who  oIicmiI  him  a.  \\u\  -m\ 
out  nf  friendship  —11.  Vnii  >\liil  ll't  ^■iii- 
/•v.  /A  f  .  r  4./..'.':tH).  .  .  .  Till  iln  II 11-  i"  11  kill 
the  plihlie  eoiiveyiinees,  iiih-lnl  Iln  liiji  p  nlv 
niiinlen'il  isolated  liaiids  nt  -..liiiii.  :ini|  fuiin 
timiaries.     Their   1  hii  Is   Win    Sii|i.  ri\    lliiiir- 

liimil,     Cadnlldal,     Iml      espniilh      I'ui.iy 
fiirillerly    u-emral    nf     the   Himmlni-      iln!    «!i' 
Wanted   III  raise  a  iiion'  fiiniiiil.il.n    in-iiiin'M 
than    had    liillierlo    liemi    iiri.'niii-i  il       .\;i:!-; 

Ihein    Was    sent     llnelle    |Sip!illil.i  I      IT'.ill,  "llii 

III  I  iistmneil  his  snldiers  In  paiil\  inlnr  ilian 
di'»liny.  and  laiiirhl  llieiii  to  ii-iiht  iIh  IihMi.s 
lint  aiinve  all  the  n'lii;inn.  nf  tin  iin  iliii.iiil». 
.\fli  r  some  ilillii  lilt  III  i:iilialii'ii- «iiii  ilimiW 
peaee  was  ennelnded  i|."illi  Filiru.n  Iml  lli* 
snppn'ssiiin  of  the  (hnii.iii^  u  1-  n  1  liiiliult 
still,  and  lliHhe  .  ,  ,  displaml  11.  lli.>  i.ii-ri!i-; 
fill  lllis^ion  all  the  lalellls  .uni  i,iii:.n.l'>  I'f; 
wllieli  he  was  ever  eelehralii!  1' i-.n  liilii-ilf 
w.i.sin  Kn>;land,  liavini;  nhiaiin'l  I'l'i  -  irmiii'*; 
of  1  lleet  and  an  army,  lull  liisanli  ■!•  1  riinpi  iii- 
eluded  ill  his  alisene"  11  In-alv  simil  ii  :..  ihii  "f 
Charetle.  .  .  .  Stotflet  snrni'idiTui  iln  l.ei  >'"*. 
much  depenilenee  eoiild  he  plan  1  "ii  1  iilnr  if; 


1342 


rRANCK    1794  1 7im 


Klul  <i/  Ik' 


KIIANCK    i:«.% 


iteir  ixwll'*' '<">''  I'lmD'tli'  hlniwir  ImvliiK  icm 
frtinl  lii  «  I''""'' '" 'h''  '"""'  ''•'  l*f'iv''n<c  tliiil 
ll„,  win'  I'lil  *  trap  l«r  llw  Hi'|miI(1Iiiiii'>.  Iiiit 
liir*  pfivwl  lurful.  iii'virthi'li'M,  liy  rMiii»iiimliiit 
ilirniiinlry  t'>  |M'»ri' "     Tlii"  ilr.i'plln 


Tlli"  ilr.l'pllvr  utilli'  i.f 
lr»iT  inMii-  toiinfMili'Hrlv  I'l  I  111'  •iinitniTiif  I7M 
Thi'ii>n«P'™"'Vi'fHi>"'"'""  Ia"IiiI"|iIh  I'lil'tiiyi', 

.^•irii  itnii  oirNiiiiio'ii  I'y  rill         liii.-.i  •■111  11 

Itwl  wlilrh  hnruMPil  llif  Kruuli  imvul  iu|iiiulr<>ii, 
jniHlniiiK'tMll  (iir  Hriltitiiv.  wliir.-  Ilii'  .  ii|w.|i 
ivm  Mi*li' il"'"  "'i»»'"  "'  ""■  P'iilii''iilii  'if  <lii' 
Irrm  iiii'l  tin'  flirt  I'l'iitliii'vTr  r.'7lli  .liiini  Tlii' 
BrillHiiv  |«ii«4nlii,  Kiinplcliiiiiicif  ilic  Vi'IkImiiih  iiml 
hiliniilii'  Kiinlinh,  iliil  mil  nKiMiml  Im  llif  i:ill 
(»r  frvoli.  mill  I'liiiiiinril  ii  Imu  uf  lliiir  III  Ihi'  in 
TsliT*.  <i'  wlili'li  IIik'Ik'  liKili  mlviiiiliitfr  111  lirliiu 
I  .(rlliir  M-  InmliH  ttiiil  111  iiiiirrh  mi  (jiiilHrnii, 
nhiTi' III' ilifrntiil  till- vitiitfiiitril  nf  llii'  i°'>iil;!rtM, 
.ailiiirriiiiiiiliil  Ihiiii  In  llic  |M'nliiMil  i  I'lii-iyi' 
|whiih»il.  It  l»  Mill.  uIhiui  IiI.inki  nun  t'liii^ri's 
amlCh'iiiu""!  iillimptfil  tii  iriiili  Mm  hi'  liy  un 
ii'imk  In  ilii'  ri'iir.  Imt  *»"  I'vi'niiiiillv  mil  iim 
mnivnil,  Kurt  IViitliM'vn'  wim  iiilnl  iliirintf  llii' 
iukIiI.  will  llii'  i'ini(?r('i«  wirr  nuiliil.  wlilUl  llir 
Kn^lMi  <>|iiiiilriin  witH  iiiiikclil  in  it  liiirriniiii'  uml 
ntutil  iii't  riiini'  111  tlii'lr  nMNtMlani'i'.  wim-  uilli  mii' 
.lilp.  Willi li  tiri'il  inilUrlnilnitli'ly  mi  rrliiiil  uml 
fdrnlikr  MiMtiif  till'  itiiyullHU' rilHllnl  ililii  llli' 
*»,  wliiri'  miirlv  nil  of  lliiiii  liirUliril  Si  arnly 
■  lliiiii'uiiiil  iiK'ii  niimliHil.  Hiiil  llii'M'  fmiixlit  lir 
miiitlly  II  I"  ""III  til"'  i»  priiml'*'  wiis  nlviii  tn 
tbiiulliiil  if  llii'y  nurri'iiilcri'd  llitir  livis  hIiumIiI 
lir>|«ri'il.  »iiil.  mronlinKlv.  711  liilil  iliiwn  lluir 
»niiii  C.'l-I  .lulyi  Hy  imliT  nf  llii'  Cnnvinlliin 
Ihiiic  711  t'liiltfrtot  were  uliiit  Kroiii  lilt 

rtmpal  IHIi'Villr.  (  liurrll<'.  muuf  llir  in'<iiru'i'iil 
Ki'wm]^.  n'it|>iiiii|i-il  III  IliUi'Xrt'iiliiin  liy  Ilir  ihhm 
win'iif 'J.INKI  l(('|iulilli'iiii  prUiiirr''        In  llnfnl 
liiwItiK  Ocliiliir  iinotliir  rxiMilltimi  uf  UuviiIIhIk, 
ItlKiliitit  ill  Kn^loiiil  iiuiliT  till'  iiii^piii's  lir  I'itl. 
Ismliil  :it   till'  lie  DliMi  ....  II  Mimll  inhiiul 
ilxiiit  i'i)!lit  inili'H  fnmi  IIk'  nuiinltiinl  of  I'liitmi, 
«nil  w.iii  i'iini|K)H('(l  of  ^.'VJI)  iiirn,  who  wen-  ilci 
timil  to  Im*  the  nuclcilH  of  M'Vi'nil  ri'^inifnln;  it 
tlsii  lull  on  iMiiiril  H  liirKc  Atorr  of  iirnH.  iiniinii 
niiioD.  iinil  till' Count  <rArtiiin      ('liiinltc.  niuiicil 
^'i'IU'mI  ciiiiiiiiuniliT  of  the  Catliolli-  furn'H.   wii.h 
awaliini;  liiin  with  tO.UDil  inrn.     TIk'  wlmli'  of 
till'  Vi'iiiii'i'  wuH  ri'iiity  to  Hm'  thr  inmni'iit  tlu- 
primr  tiiurlii'il  Kri'iich  Hoil,  hut  frivolonA  anil  un 
dtticleil.  Ill'   wiiiti'il     ix    wi't'kx   In    iillrni'S.s.   m 
linivouriiih'  to  iihtitln  from  £ni;laiiil  his  n  rail 
Hoi-tic.  to  wlioni  till'  I'liiniiianil  of  tlir  lii'puliliran 
^ln1'«  tmil  iH'fn  I'litniHlcil.  look  ailvaiita^rnf  this 
lii'lav  til  rut  iilT  Clmnttr  frmn  his  rommiiiiira 
tiiiiis.  wliili'  hi'  hild  Stortli't  and  Ilir  ri'-it  of  Ihi' 
BnlUiny  iliii-fs  in  rlirck.  and  (Miiiplrd  Ihr  niasl 
Willi  itd.iHMi  inin.     The  Count  ilArloir*.   whoni 
Btt  wuiild  not  ri'call,  I'lilrrati'd  thr  KiikIhIi  ''mil 
manilir  to  sit  sail  for  England  (I )i'i'    17tli.  I7U.")1. 
mill  till!  liiItiT.  unalili'  to  iimim^'r  his  llnl  on  a 
"<W  withmil  sli'ltiT,  (oinpUi'd  with  his  ri'iiui'st. 
li'Hvini;  the  prinri'  on  his  arrival  to  tlu'  di'si'rvi'd 
riinii'iii|it  uf  I'vi'ii  his  own  partisans.     Charrtti' 
iiiili''|i.iiralti'mptril  iinothcr  risiii):.  hoping  to  1m' 
«min.l.'i|  i,y  StutHi't.  but  lii'  was  iK'ati'ii  on  all 
li'lcsliv  Ilmhi'.     ThisKi'ncm'.  whocomliincd  thr 
wiuu-ni'ss  of  thi'  Ktnti'sman  with  thi'  valour  of 
liirmiHii  r,  sui'ii'i' led  In  »  short  tiini'  in  parify 
ioilllie  country  liy  nis  generous  hut  tirm  iK'haviuur 
I'lwiinU  tlu  iiiliabitant*.     ('hari'lli',  trarkid  from 
•litlUr  111  ,hi'lti'r,  waa  finally  loiniM'Ui'd  to  siir 
"Kcr,  •oruuiiiit  lo  Nttuiei,  uuU  shot  (March  iUU) 


','    I  fill 

/.'.  I- 
.'til. 


Till'  mimi  Im  had  iNfalliii  Moilli  I  ii  i.i   nth  iMrorr- 
al    Aiiiiirs       .\(irr  tlir-«'  runts    ll"i  Im     1<i|  hi- 
lri"i|is  Into  llrlll.iiiv    wlnri'  In-  siini'i'drd  In  pill 
thiK  an  1  ml  III  Mil      '  lioiianni  rh-       Tlu'  »isi   ri' 
liirmd  I"  lis  normal  mndilimi         II    \  in   L-iiin 

I'fir  f-nn.-l,   U,  r„l  .tl.niulll,  h)'--/!    'ill     ■-' 

u  ;i,  ,->,   I  1.    1 1 

Ai~iiN     A    Thlirs    //'■'     'f  t.i„    h;,„.l, 

i.li/i   •'!  I,  1-  ;i.  /!/.    Ill  1 1 , ,  isM  r.i ;    ".o 
••'HI  :iii.'i,  ;i»;t-;ii'i,  ;i,w  ;m;i,  it«i4  .w» 

A.D.  l79SiAprili.  -The  qutition  ofthe  Con- 
stitution. Iniurrection  of  the  lit  Prainai  and 
Its  failure.  Ditarming  of  the  Faubuiir|{t. 
End  of  Santculottitm.  Bourvcoiiie  dominant 
afain.  TIh  I'tniis  of  thr  r.'th  of  Oirniinal 
diridid  iintliln;;  Till'  f:inlnMiri;s  had  Ik  in  n- 
piilsi  il.  lint  iimI  1  oiii|iirri'il  .Vfiir  so  many 

ipii'stimis  .li'iidi'd  au'ainst  thr  di'miMTalisIs,  thrri' 
still   ri'maiiii'd  oni-  of  thi'  utmost   linportamr 
till'  roiistitulioii.     On  this  drpi'tidi'd  llii'  asii'ii 
daiii-y  of  thr  niiiltihi'li'on  f  Ihr  Iwiurszi'iilsii'     Tlir 
siipporliTs  of  till- rr\oliitimijiry  uovrrnmi'iil  tlii-n 
fi'll   hark  on  thi'di'iiUHratir  i'"ii,iiiiilion   of  ICI, 
wliii  h  prisiiiii'd  111  Ihi'in  tin'  iin'ins  of  ri  sinning 
till'  aniiinrilv  liny  had   lost      Thrir  opponi'iits. 
on  thi'  olliiT  liaiid.  I'lidiaMinri'd  to  n  |ilai'i'  II  liy  it 
ron^tltiitii'ti  whii'h  woiilil  Hi'inrr  all  Ihr  adxan 
la^r  to  tlii'in.  Ii\  loni'i'iitratini;  tin-  tfovi-rninrni  a 
Hull'   iiiorr.  and    u'lvini;   it  to  thr  niiddli'  il  iss 
For  a  month,  hotli  partiis  wirr   prrpariiiL'  for 
■  his  hist  ronti'it      Till' roust  it  III  ion  of  ITDM.  hav 

illi:    Ihi'II    NUlrtimii'd    hy   thr    proplr.    illjoji'd    a 

gri'at  prrsti^i'  It  was  arrordiimly  altai-ki-d 
wilh  inllniti'  priraiition  At  lirst  its  assail  ints 
int'airrd  to  rarry  il  inlu  I'Xrrniion  wilhout  rr 
strirtion;  iii'Xt  thi'y  appoinlril  a  I'mnmission  of 
rlrvrii  mi'iiiU'rs  to  pri'pari'  llii'  '  lois  orL'aiiiijni-s* 
whii'h  wrri' |.  rriidir  it  praillrahh';  hy  and  In  . 
Ihiy  vintnrril  to  suggist  iiiijiitions  to  it  on  Ihr 
ground  that  it  ilislriliulrd  pouir  too  loosi  ly.  and 
oidy  n't'iignist'd  mii'  as.si'inlily  di'priidi'nt  on  thr 
pi'opli.  I'Vi'ii  III  its  mi'asnri'S  of  li'dslaiimi  Al 
last,  a  MTtimiary  drputation  wnit  so  far  as  to 
tirm  the  ('onstitiition  of  IKI  a  liii'i'tiiviral  loiistl 
liiliim.  ilirtali'd  by  tirmr  .Ml  its  partisans,  al 
onri'  iiidignant  and  llllid  with  fiars.  organi/rd  an 
iiisurnrlloii    to   inalnlain   il  Tiio   rmispir 

ators,  ..arni'd  by  Ihr  failurr  of  tlir  risiiiiis  of  ihr 
1st  and  I'.tli  Itrrminal.  omillrd  nothing  to  iiiakr 
u|i  for  thrir  want  of  dim  t  ohjrit  and  of  orgaiii 
/.atioii  On  Ihr  1st  I'rairial  vMxh  of  Mayi  in  thr 
nainr  of  thr  jHopIr,  insurgrnt  for  thr  purpiisi'  of 
obtaining  hnad  and  llirir  rights,  tiny  lirirri'il 
Ihr  ulMilition  of  thr  rrvolnlionary  govrrnininl. 
thr  rstalilishmrnt  of  Ihr  driiiiH'ralii'  ronstitiilimi 
of  '11:1,  thr  dismissal  and  airrst  of  llir  mnnbrrA 
of  thr  rxisting  govrrnmrnt.  Ihr  lilirration  of  tlii- 
patriots,  till-  t-onvoi'alion  of  tin-  primary  assi'in 
lilirs  on  Ihr  'J."ilh  I'rairial,  thr  rmivoi-ation  of  th« 
Irgislativr  assrmhly,  ilrstlllrd  lo  nplair  thr  i-on 
vrntioii.  on  tin-  -.i-'ith  .Mrssidor.  ami  thr  susprii 
siiin  of  all  authority  not  rnmnating  from  thr 
proplr  Tliry  di'trrininrd  on  foriniii!'  a  nrw 
miinii'ipality.  lo  .siTvr  as  a  roinmon  ri-ntrr,  to 
si-i/r  on  till'  barrii-rs,  Irlrgraph,  caiiniui,  torsins, 
driiins,  and  not  to  rrsi  till  tliry  had  srriirrd  ri' 
posr,  lia|tpiin  s.^,  lilHTty,  and  nuans  of  suhsis 
Irnir  for  all  Ihr  Kri'iirli  nation.  Thi-y  invitrd  llir 
artiilrry,  griidarmrs,  liorsr  and  fistt  soldii-rs,  in 
join  thr  hannirs  of  Ihr  pcoplr,  and  nianhrd  on 
thr  I'onvrntion.  .Moanlimr,  the  hittrr  was  driib 
rrating  on  thi'tnrans  of  prevrnling  llir  insurrer 
lion.   .   ,   .   Till-  romiuiitues  c-aiuc  in  aii  itaair   to 


i'       *1 


,-     '  /     ,    "'  l| 


13-13 


T' 


HI 


<i 


1''' 

1!: 


I 


!• 


!  ! 

i     i 

Sri 

i       ' 

i  .;  ■ 
i>  > " 

'{     a     ■ 

1  i 


PRANCE,  nos 


SuitprrMaiim  of  the 
Sansculottta. 


FRANCE.   1795 


apprijio  it  nf  its  (lunger:  It  Immediately  de- 
clurcd  it«  sittitiK  pcrnmiient.  voted  I'liriH  resixin- 
siblc  f(ir  till'  siifetv  of  the  representativeH  (if 
the  rep(il>li(',  fl(ise(f  its  diMirs,  outlawed  all  the 
lenders  of  the  mob.  Hiimiiioned  'li"  citizens  of 
the  seelions  to  arms,  and  appointed  as  their 
leaders  eight  commissioners,  amon);  whom  were 
U'liendre.  Henri  la  Riviere.  Kervelejran.  i&c. 
These  deputies  had  scarcely  gone,  when  a  loud 
noise  was  heard  without.  An  outer  (l(K)r  had 
Iteen  forced,  iiiid  n(nntM'rs  of  women  rushed  into 
the  galleries,  crying  '  Bread  and  the  constitution 
of  !•:!!'.  .  .  The  galleries  were  .  .  .  cleared: 
hut  the  insurgents  of  the  faubourgs  soon  ri'ached 
the  inner  doors,  and.  finding  them  closed,  forced 
them  with  hatchets  and  hammers,  and  then 
rushed  in  amidst  the  convention.  The  Hall  now 
1m  came  a  field  of  battle.  The  \eterans  and  gen- 
darmes, to  whom  the  guard  of  the  assembly  was 
conlidcd.  cried  '  To  arms! '  The  deputy  A(iguis. 
sword  in  hand,  hewh'd  them,  and  succeeded  in 
repelling  the  a.ssailants.  and  even  made  a  few  of 
them  prisoners.  Hut  the  insurgents,  more  lui- 
merous.  returned  to  the  charge,  and  again  rushed 
into  the  house.  The  deputy  Feraud  entered 
precipitately,  pursued  by  the  insurgents,  who 
tired  some  shots  in  the  house.  They  took  aim 
at  Hoissy  d'Anglas.  who  was  (Kcu'pying  the 
presidents  chair.  .  Keraud  ran  to'  the  tri- 
bune, to  shield  him  with  his  b(Hly:  he  was 
.str"(  k  at  with  pikes  and  s;ibres.  anil  fell  dan 
gi.ously  wounded.  The  insurgents  dragged 
hini  into  the  lobby.  ..'d.  mistaking  hini  f(jr 
Kri'Toii.  cut  olT  his  head  and  placed  it  on  a 
pike.  After  this  skirmish  they  lacamc  masters 
of  the   Hal;.      .Most  of  the  deputies  had    iiken 

tlighl.     Tin  r ly  remained  the  inend)eni  of  the 

t'rOle  [the  "  Crest'  —  a  name  now  given  t(t  the 
rc:(inant  of  the  [larty  of  'The  Mountain')  and 
lioissy  d'Anglas.  who.  calm,  his  hat  on.  heedless 
of  threat  and  insidt.  protested  in  the  name  of  the 
convention  against  this  popular  violence.  They 
held  out  to  him  the  bleeding  head  of  Keraud:  he 
bowed  respcctfullv  iM'fore  it.  They  tried  to  1 
force  him.  Iiy  placing  pikes  at  his  bn'iist.  to  put  ! 
the  |ir(>posi;(<ms  of  the  insurgents  to  the  vote: 
he  steadily  and  courageously  refused.  But  the 
Cretois.  who  approved  of  tlie  insiureetion.  t(M)k 
possession  of  the  bureau.\  and  of  the  tribinie,  I 
and  de(r('ed.  amidst  the  applause  of  the  multi- 
tude, all  the  articles  contained  in  the  mu  lit'esto  ■ 
of  the  insurrection."  Meantime  -the  conmns- 
,sioners  (h'spatched  to  the  .sections  had  (piickly 
gathered  them  together.  .  .  .  The  aspect  of  af-  * 
fairs  tlien  undi  rwent  a  change:  Legendre.  Ker- 
velagaii.  and  Aiiguis  besiegeil  the  insurgents,  in 
their  turn,  at  tlie  head  of  the  secthjnarics."  and  : 
drove  them  at  last  from  the  hall  of  the  conven- 
tion. 'The  a.s.senibly  again  became  complete; 
the  sections  nceived  a  vote  of  thanks,  and  the 
deliberations  weie  resumed.  All  the  measures 
adopted  in  the  interim  were  annulled,  and  four- 
teen representatives,  to  whom  were  afterwards 
joined  fourteen  others,  were  arrested,  for  oruan- 
i/.ing  the  insurrection  or  ipiiroving  it  in  their 
speeches.  It  w.is  then  midnight;  at  live  in  tlie 
morning  the  priv.uiers  were  already  si.\  leagues 
fi;oiii  I'iiris.  Despite  tins  defeat,  the  Faiibriurgs 
(lid  nut  consider  themselves  bealeii;  and  tlie  ne.Kt 
day  tliey  advanced  en  masse  with  their  eaimon 
against  the  convention.  TIk^  sections,  on  their 
Hide,  marched  f(jr  its  defence. "  But  a  collision  | 
«as  avcrtud  by  ucgutiation.s.  .md  tiic   iu-iurgmti   , 


withdrew,  '-nftcr  having  O'ceived  o.  (•(«iirHn(»| 
that  the  Convention  would  as.sicbii.ii,]»  iii|,.J| 
to  the  question  of  provisions,  and  «,,ii|il  «,„|,; 
publish  the  organic  laws  of  the  (i.ii-tiiiiii„„  „f! 
'IW.  .  .  .  Six  democratic  M(miitaincers,  (i,,n|„„  . 
UourlKitte.  Romme.  Duroy,  Du(|Uesri..\.aii(ls.iii  ! 
brany,  were  brought  befon'  a  miliiui-v  (..nmii^.i 
sion  .  .  .  and  .  .  .  condemned  l.i  dii'il,  yi,,.',.! 
all  stablM'd  them.i»'i.es  with  the  saiiu-  knili  «iii,'|,; 
was  tmnsferred  fnmi  one  to  the  otln  t,  iMlain,,  ■ 
ing.  'Vive  la  Republiqiie!'  Ronmn  (l„u|,,|, 
and  Duquesnoy  were  fortunate  enouL'li  I.Mi.imj, 
themselves  fatally:  the  other  llirii-  h,.-,.  ,.,.„.; 
ducli'd  to  the  scaffohl  in  a  dyin:;  ^laii,  l.m  f;„.,.ji 
death  with  serene  countenances  Meiniiiiic  the' 
Faubourgs,  though  n'peUed  on  Hi.-  l-i,  aii,|i 
diverted  from  their  object  on  the  '.'iii|  ,.f  I'mirinl  i 
still  had  the  means  of  rising."  and  iIm- .  .iin.nti.in' 
ordered  them  to  Ik' disjirmed.  '  Thi  \  \m  n- m-' 
compassed  by  all  the  interior  seciicn-. '  .Vfiirat  '. 
tempting  to  resist,  they  yielded,  gi\  in^- ii|.v,iii,.i,f  | 
their  leaders,  their  arins.  and  ariiiirn  Hi,.! 

inferior  cliLss  was  enlirclyexeliidi'd  tn.m  ilii.  -nv 

crnment  of  tlie  stal";  the  revoluti in  (..iiani! 

tecs  which  formed  its  asst'iublies  wire  I'loirmv,! 
the  cannoneers  forming  its  armed  Ion  e  win'cii-. , 
armed;  the   constitution   of   '!t;i.   wjiiih   was  its  ■ 
code,  was  almlished:   and   here  ilie  rule  ,4  i|ie 
multitude   tertninated.   .   .   .    Knuii    ili:;i   inrinl, 
the  middle  class  resumed  the  iiuiiia.'rini  ut  nl  tlif  . 
revolution    without,    and    tlie   as*i  iiiliU    «a,^;l.^l 
united  under  the  tiiniiK'ists  as  it  Imd  l«in,  afi,., 
tlie  ".'nil  of  June,  unde    the  Moiiiii:iiii.,  r-  '— F 
A.  .Mignd.  Jlint.  </  the  Fi;  mii  I!,  i  ,  .,',.  |ii 

Also  in:  Dnchesse  d'Abrantes     lA   .  //»     '. 
\i-\i  (r.  li.— T.  Cnrlyle.   n,    Fr,  „■■/,   /,',,■,,  V,  :i  I 
hk:  7,  r/i.  4-6.— O.  Long,  Fniif-,   .//../  ,i,  /,•,,„',' I 
tiniiM,  rh,  Ti'A. 

A.  D.    1795  ,  June- September'.  -Framinj 
and  adoption  of  the  (    nstitution  of  the  Ye»r 
in.— Self-renewing  decrees  of  the  Convention.  ■ 
—Hostility  in  Paristothem.— Intrigues  of  the  > 
Royalists.— "The  royalist  party.  Iieiiui  nn  the  j 
frontiers,  and  deserteif  by  tlie  court  nf  S|iaiji.  nn  ; 
which  it  placed  most  reliance,  was  wkw  u\<\kn\  ! 
to  contine  its^df  to  intrii.'Ues  in  the  iiiii  ricr.  ami 
it  must  bo  cc  ifessed  that,  at  tills  mniiit  iii,  Paris  ' 
offered  a  wide  lield  for  such  intrii:ui  ^      I'll'  w..rli  , 
of  the  constitution  was  advancing:  i lie  linn  nliin 
the  Convention  was  to  resign  its  p.iivir^.  \\\\m 
France  should  meettoeh'ct  fresh  n  pn  Miilathis. 
when  a  new  Assembly  should  sue((  1  d  lliat  wlikli 
had  so  long  reigned,  was  more  t.iviiiirilifi  llian  ■ 
any  other  for  eounter-revoliilioiiary  in.iiiu  iivns.  ; 
The  most  vidiement  passions  \v>  ir  in  acliati"i!  , 
in  the  sections  of  Paris.     The  im ml"  r- nl  latiii  , 
were  not  royali.sts.  but  theyservid  tin  ii»>i  of  , 
royalty  without  being  aw;ire  of  It      'i"ii*y  iiad  . 
made  a  point  of  opposing  the  Tiriiii-t-.  liny 
had  animated  themstdves  by  tlie  mniliii    ilirv  1 
wished  to  persecute  also:  and  llie>    \\"Tr  <  \;i.* 
perilled   against    tlie   Conveniion.    ulji,  h  kuiiH  , 
not  permit  this  persceuliim  in  lie  larriiil  ii"' t.ir. 


Tliey  Were  always  ready  tn 
had  sprung  from  its  bosom;  ilny  ili 
it  a  constitution  and  laws,  and  (lit 
long  diclatorsliip  which  it  had  1  \" : 
Behind  this  ina.ss  tli(>  roy;ili>N  i.tn-' 
selves.  .  .  .  The  constitution  h:td ''■ ' 
by  the  commission  of  ele\('ii  ii  ^  ; 
during  the  three  months  of  .Me^^i  !  • 
and  tructidor  [.lune  —  .\ui:usii,  i:;i 
eciKiivei*     lUcri-ei!    with    nu     i.'ui 


i.lcl  of 
pf  the 
.1 
iliom 

'  MUrni 
-n.-ol 


1344 


FRANCE.  1795. 


Conatitution 
nf  the  year  III. 


PRANCE.  1785, 


TV  principal  features  of  tlic  conHtit\itlon  «<> 
fnmed,  known  as  the  (;onatitiillon  of  the  Year 
in  were  the  following:  "A  Cimmil.  iiilliii 
The  Couneil  of  ttie  Five  lliimired.'  i-onipoHcil  of 
500  mcMihers.  of.  iil  least,  thirty  years  of  ii);e. 
laTing  exclusively  the  right  of  proposing  laws. 
ODCthinI  I"  Ih'  riMieniil  every  year.  A  Council 
ffllleii 'The  Couneil  of  the  Ancients.' composed 
(i(  IW  mcmlicrs,  of,  at  least,  forty  years  of  age. 
all  either  widowers  or  married,  havmg  thi'  !-anc- 
lion  nf  the  laws,  to  be  renewed  also  1)V  one  thinl. 
.In executive  Directory,  composed  of  five  mem- 
km.  (Iw'iding  h.v  a  majoritv.  to  he  renewed  an- 
nuallv  hy  one  fifth,  having  responsililc  ministers. 
The  mode  of  nominating  these  powers  was 
the  following;  All  the  citiz.i-ns  of  the  age  (jf 
twentynne  nut  of  riglit  in  primary  assembly  on 
every  lii^t  'lay  "f  •!"'  month  of  I'niirial.  and 
nominatwl  electoral  as.seirtlilies.  These  electoral 
jsserablies  nii't  every  '2uth  of  I'niirial.  and  mini- 
inaliKi  the  two  Councils;  ;md  the  two  CounciLs 
nominntwl  the  Directory.  .  The  judicial  au- 

thority wiiH  committed  to  elective  judges.  .  .  . 
There  were  to  U-  no  eotumunal  assemblies,  but 
municipal  and  departmental  administrations,  com- 
posed i)f  three,  five,  or  more  memlwrs.  accord- 
ing to  the  popnlati(m:  tliev  were  to  be  formed 
by  wav  nf  election.  .  .  .  'file  pnss  was  entirely 
free.  The  emigrants  were  banished  for  ever 
from  the  territory  of  the  republic;  the  national 
domains  were  irrevocably  secure<l  to  the  pur- 
rhaseis;  all  religions  were  declared  fri'C.  but 
wi-re  neither  ai:knowlc<Iged  nor  paid  by  the  state. 
.  .  .  One  important  question  was  started.  The 
Constituent  Assi'mbly.  from  a  parade  of  disin- 
terestwhiess.  hail  excluded  itself  from  the  new 
lejrialative  body  [the  i„ ..jislative  As.sembly  of 
ITitlJ;  would  the  Conventiim  do  the  sim'ie  T' 
The  menilMTS  of  the  Convention  deciileil  this 
question  in  the  negative,  and  "decreed,  <m  the 
.5th  of  Fructidor  (August  2'id),  that  the  new  leg- 
islative body  should  be  composed  of  two  thirds 
of  the  Convention,  and  that  one  new  third  only 
should  l)e  elected.  The  question  to  bv  decided 
was.  whether  the  Convention  should  itself  desig- 
nate the  two-thinls  to  Iw  retained,  or  whether  it 
should  leave  that  duty  to  the  electoral  assi'in- 
bliei  After  a  tremendous  dispute,  it  was  agreed 
on  the  13th  of  Kructidor  (August  30).  that  this 
choice  shiHild  \m  left  to  the  electoral  as.s<'mblies. 
hwaadreiileii  that  the  primary  assemblii's  should 
meet  on  the  20th  of  Fructidor  (September  6th). 
to  accept  the  constitution  and  the  two  ilecrces  of 
the  5tli  and  the  13th  of  Fructidor.  It  was  like- 
wise itecidid  that,  after  giving  their  votes  upon 
the  mn<litution  and  the  decrees,  the  primary 
Ksemblies  shoulii  again  meet  and  proceed  forth- 
with, that  is  to  say.  in  the  year  III.  (179.5),  to 
llie  elections  for  the  1st  of  Pniirial  in  the  follow- 
injyeiir"  The  riglit  of  voting  upon  the  consti- 
tulion  was  extended,  by  another  decree,  to  the 
armies  in  tlie  field.  "  No  siKiner  were  these  reso- 
lutions adoiitcil.  than  the  enemies  of  the  Con- 
vrntiou.  so  numerous  and  so  diverse,  wi're  deeply 
raortilied  by  them.  .  .  .  The  Convention,  they 
saiil.  was  determined  to  cling  to  |)Ower;  ...  it 
wishcii  E.I  rt-tiiin  by  forc^'  a  majority  comp()sed 
<i!  men  ivIki  hul  covenni  France  with  scaffolds. 
.  .Ml  llir  actions  of  Paris,  excepting  that  of 
the  Qiiiiizi'  Vingts,  accepted  the  Constitution 
and  .jiot.-d  the  decrees.  The  result  was  not  the 
wmc  in  ilii-  rist  of  Fmnce  On  t\\v  \<t  of 

VinUcmuire,  year  IV.  (Septembi'r  'J:!.  179.JI.  the 


S5 


general  result  of  the  vot«8  was  proclaimed.  The 
constitution  was  accepted  almost  unanimously, 
and  the  decrees  by  an  immensi!  majority  of  the 
voters."  The  Convention  now  decreed  that  the 
new  legislative  iKxIy  should  be  ilected  in  Octo- 
biT  and  meet  November  8. — A.  Thiers.  IIM.  of 
th,  Freitfh  Iter.  (Am.  e<l.).  r.  3.  /i/i.  3(l."i-31.'). 

Also  in;  II.  Von  Svlnd.  Jfint.  nf  the  French 
lir.,  hk.  12,  rh.  4  ('•.  4),— H.  C.  Lo<-kw,«;il.  <'■„,- 
ittil'ifional  Hint.  <;f  Friiitr^',  rh.  1.  iiiuf  ii/i/i.  3. — .1. 
Mallet  du  Pan.  .Vimiim  aiul  drr.,  r.  2,  rh.  H. 

A.  D.  1795  (June— December).— Death  of  the 
late  King's  son  (Louis  XVII.)  — Treaty  of 
Basle  with  Spain. —  Acquisition  of  Spanish 
San  Domingo.— Ineffectual  campaign  on  the 
Rhine. — Victory  at  Loano.— "The  Committies 
bad  formed  great  plans  for  the  campaign  of  179.'); 
mcatiin'j'  to  invade  the  territories  of  the  allies, 
take  Miyence.  and  enter  .Southern  (Jirmany.  go 
down  into  Italy,  and  n-ach  the  very  heart  of 
Spain.  Hut  Carnot.  l.iiKUt.  and  Pricur  were  no 
hmger  on  thi'  Committee,  ami  their  successors 
wen>  not  their  equals;  army  ili-i  ipline  was  re 
la.ved;  a  vulh'-r  reactiimist  had  icpl.-iced  Carnot 
in  the  wa.  department  and  w:is  working  ruin. 
.  .  .  The  attack  in  Spain  was  to  begin  with  the 
Ijower  Pyrenei's.  by  the  capture  of  Pampeluna 
and  a  march  upon  Castile,  but  famine  and  fever 
decimated  the  army  of  the  Western  Pyrenees, 
and  (lenenil  .Moncey  was  forced  to  postpone  all 
w-rious  action  till  the  stimmer.  At  tlie  other  end 
of  the  Pyrenees,  the  French  and  Spaniards  were 
lighting  aimles,sly  at  the  entry  to  Catalonia.  The 
war  w.as  at  a  standstill ;  but  the  negotiations  went 
un  between  tlii^  two  countries.  The  king  of 
Spaiu.  as  in  honor  Iwund.  made  the  liltemtion  of 
his  voung  kinsman,  the  s(m  of  fx)uis  XVI.,  a 
<'on<lition  of  peaie.  This  the  Republic  would 
not  grant,  but  the  prisoner's  death  (.lune  8.  179.5) 
removed  the  obstacle.  The  counter  revoluticm- 
ists  accused  the  Committees  of  poisiuiini;  the 
child  styled  by  the  myalist  party  I.ouisXVII. 
This  charge  w-as  false;  the  porlitth' prisoner 
died  of  scrofula,  develope<l  l)y  inaction,  eimui. 
and  the  sufferings  of  a  pitiless  imprisimment.  in- 
crca-secl  by  the  cruel  treatmiiit  of  his  jailers,  a 
cobbler  named  Simon  and  his  wife.  .V  rumor 
was  also  spreati  th;it  the  child  was  not  dead,  but 
had  been  taken  away  and  an  impostor  substi- 
tut<'d.  who  had  died.  Only  one  of  the  roval 
family  now  remained  in  thi^  Temple.  I..ouis  X  Vl.  's 
daughter,  afterwanis  the  Duchesse  d'Angoulflme. 
Spain  interceded  for  her.  and  she  was  exchanged. 
.  .  .  Peace  with  Spain  was  also  hasti'iied  by 
French  successes  beyond  the  Pyrenees;  (}eiieral 
Marceau.  Ixdng  reinforced,  took  Vittoria  and 
Billjoa.  and  pushed  (m  to  the  Ebro,  (>u  the  •22d 
of  .July.  Harthelemi,  the  able  French  diplomatist, 
signed  a  treaty  of  peace  with  Spain  at  Basle,  re- 
storing her  Biscayan  and  Catali>nian  jirovinccs. 
and  accepting  Spanish  mediation  in  favor  of  the 
king  of  Naples.  Duke  of  Parma,  king  of  Portu- 
gal, and  'the  other  Italian  powers.'  including, 
though  not  mentioning,  the  Pope;  anil  Spain 
yielded  her  share  of  San  Domingo,  which  put  a 
brighter  face  im  French  alTairs  in  America.  .  .  . 
Ouadeloupe,  Santa  Lucia,  and  St.  Kustache  were 
rt'stori'il  to  the  French.  .  .  .  Spain  soon  made 
overtures  for  an  alliance  with  France,  wishing  to 
put  down  the  Knirlishdesin'  to  rule  the  si'as;  and. 
liefore  the  new  tri'aty  was  signed,  the  army  of 
the  F-asti.'rn  PvTi'nees  was  si'tit  to  reinforce  the 
armies  of  the  .\.lps  and  Italy,  who  had  only  held 


1345 


•n 


i  i- 


It 'J*  ■ 


t  lir};':,,:,- 


ii 


l4l 


■J'    • 


FH.VNCK,   1T9.V 


Trenmni 
of  Pichrgru. 


FRANTK,   179.T 


their  poHitions  in  tlir  Api'iinini's  mid  on  the  T.iKw- 
riun  coast  :ii;:tii)st  tlir  AtiKtriiiim  ttiul  I'ittlniontrm' 
liy  slii'cr  forci'  of  will ;  liiit  in  the  aiilumn  of  ITir) 
Ihi-  fiu'c  »if  alTiiirs  was  clianifcil.  Now  thai  Prus- 
sia liaci  left  llir  coalilioii.  war  on  tlii'  Itliini'  wint 
«n  lictwiin  Kninii'  and  Austria,  suslaini'd  Iiy  tin- 
Sontit  ttiTtnan  Stiitcs:  Fniiirc  liad  t()  roniplcte 
licr  mastery  of  tite  left  Itank  l>y  takiiii:  Mayeneo 
and  l.iixeinlMiiiri;;  and  Austria's  aim  was  to  dis- 
pute tlicin  with  tier  The  Kreneli  ;.'overnment 
rhartred  Mareeau  t<)  iK'siei^e  Mayenee  durinir  tlie 
winter  of  ITHl-O.-i.  tnit  did  not  furnish  him  the 
neeess;iry  resmirces.  and.  Kraiiee  not  holttin^  the 
riKlit  l)ank.  Klelnr  could  only  parti. illy  invest 
the  town,  anil  hotli  his  soldiers  and  those  lili«k 
iidini;  I.iixcmhour!;  sulfereil  yreatly  from  cold 
and  privation.  K.irly  in  .Man  h.  ITtf"),  I'iche^'ru 
was  put  in  coininanil  of  the  armies  of  the  Uhine 
nnd  Slos<'lle.  anil  Jourdan  was  ordered  to  sujiport 
liim  (m  the  left  (the  Lower  Uhine)  with  the  army 
iif  Samlire-et  Meusi'.  Austria  took  no  ailvanla::e 
of  the  feeble  state  of  the  French  troops,  and  f.u\- 
c'lnhour^.  one  of  the  stroni;cst  posts  in  Europe, 
reoeivinj;  no  help,  siirreiiclereil  (.June  i*)  with  HIMI 
rannon  and  liuj-e  store  of  provisions.  The  French 
now  had  the  upper  hand.  I'ichegru  and  .loiirdan 
commaniliii!;  l(ilM)()(»  men  on  the  l{liiiie.  One  of 
these  men  was  upright  and  bmve.  hut  the  other 
had  treason  in  hi.-  soul;  tlioui;li  everylHxiy  ad- 
mired l'iclie;.'ru.  the  conipiiTor  of  Holland.'.  .  . 
In  August.  ITil.").  an  ai;ent  of  the  I'rinreof  C'onde. 
who  was  then  at  lirisirau.  in  the  Hhu  k  Forest, 
with  his  corps  of  emigrants,  ollireil  I'ichegru. 
who  was  in  Alsace,  the  title  rf  .Marshal  of  France 
and  (iovernorof  Alsace,  tlii>  royal  castle  of  Cham- 
lionl,  a  million  down,  an  annuity  of  2(KI,(KK)livres. 
and  a  house  in  Paris,  in  the  ■  kiim's'  name,  thus 
flattering  at  once  his  vanity  and  his  grei'd.  .  .  , 
He  Wiis  clieeki'd  h,v  no  scruples;  utti-rly  di-voiil 
of  moral  sense,  he  hoped  to  gain  his  army  by 
money  and  wine,  ami  had  no  discus.sion  with  the 
Prince  of  Conde  save  as  to  the  niaiuicr  of  his 
trca.son."  In  the  end.  Pichegru  was  not  able  to 
make  his  treason  as  ellective  as  he  hail  b.'in.Mincd 
to  do;  but  he  succeeded  in  spoiling  the  campaign 
>if  ITDIon  the  lihine  Joiirdan  crossed  the  river 
and  took  Dusseldorf.  with  IliM  cannon,  on  the  fith 
of  Scptemlter.  expecting  a  siniultaneiius  move- 
ment   on    the    part  of    Picheirni.    to    occupy     the 

enemy  in  thclatter's  front.  Hut  Pichegru.  though 
he  look  Mannheim,  on  the  IHili  of  Sc'ptemlier. 
threw  a  corps  of  lO.iliKI  men  into  the  handsof  tlii' 
.Vustri.-in-;.  by  placini:  it  where  it  could  be  easi- 
ly overwhelmed,  and  permitted  his  opponent. 
Wurmser.  tosend  reinforeenieiitstoClairfait.  who 
forced  Jourdaii.  in  October,  to  retreat  across  the 
Khini'.  ■■  I'iiliiL'ru's  perllily  had  thw:irted  a  cam- 
paign whiili  must  have  1 n  decisive,  and  .lour- 

dan's  retreat  was  followed  by  the  enemy's  olTen- 
sive  reliirn  to  ilii>  left  bank  | retaking'  MaTuihciiu 
.ind  raisiiej  the  sie^'e  of  Mayence|.  and  liy  re- 
verses which  would  have  bciii  fatal  had  Iliey 
niiniided  with  the  outburst  of  royalist  and  reac- 
tion;iry  plots  and  insiirn  ction>  in  the  West,  and  in 
Paris 'itself :  but  they  had  luckily  been  stilled 
some  time  -inee,  and  as  the  Convention  concluded 
its  career,  the  direction  of  the  war  returned  to 
the  h;inds  which  iruided  it  so  well  in  ITOli  and 
ITltl  "— II.  Martin.  /•"//'(/.//• //i'«/.  ;f  Fi-^i i,r,- fi;,i,i 
fhr  First  Il,r,  i-li.  U  (r  1).—  ■  TJle  peaei  'willl 
Spain  .  .  .  enabled  the  goveniment  to  detach  the 
whole  Pyri  !iea;i  army  to  the  sujipor!  of  (lenera! 
Sclierer.who  had  suceeeded  Kellcnnaim  in  the 


.\,  lie 


eomiiiiuid  of  the  army  of  Italy.  On  the  m  of 
N'oyemlxT.  the  French  attacked  the  Aiistriiiii<  iij 
their  position  at  Loano,  and,  after  a  ininHn  i,f 
two  days,  the  enemy's  centre  was  fnrieil  l.v  \|,y.! 
sonaand  Augercau.  and  lie-  Imperialists lli'.|  «ii|^ 
thelossof  7.(«H)men,  HOguns.  and  all  tluirNtnris  ! 
Hut  the  season  was  tiK>  far  advanced  loprn^idits 
this  siiccesii,  and  the  victors  tiHik  u|>  wiiiii  r  iiiurJ 
tors  <ni  the  gnnind  they  had  oceupied  ii,^ 

capture  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  is.|,i,  p;,  i,, 
the  Hritish  under  Sir  James  Craig,  w  i,  n,,.  ,,1,1', 
other  important  event  of  this  year  "  /-.'/./V..;/,,  :,f 
Afitniii'M  IflMt.  nf  Kitrnl»\  Hirt.  I.~i4  >n,il  I.'pT  i,-',  j'lj 
"f  tlti- fitiiiiif4'tf  trnrk).  < 

Also  in:  A.  OrilHths.  h'n  i„-li  /,',;../.,/, 
(Iritifiih.  eh.  111.  — E.  Baines,  llht  ■'ft!..  W 
tlu-  F,-ii,ch  Urr.,  Ilk.  1.  fh.  lll-'.'n'o  |  _ 
Biauchesne,  h'nis  X\'[[  :  /li.^  I.:r,.  I,i\  - 
iiifit,  /ii'h  Ihiith. 

A.  D.  179s  (October— December!. -The  In-i 
surrection  of  the  13th  Vend^miare,  put  downl 
by  Napoleon  Bonaparte.— Dissolution  of  thej 
^iationaI  Convention.— Organization  of  the; 
gOTernment  of  the  Directory.— Licentiousnen: 
of  the  time. — "The  Parisians  .  .  .  |.i,.i  Ijiiimill 
their  hostilitv  to  the  Convention  :iii<l  it-,  ilr-i^riu. 
The  National  Guard,  consisting  of  armed  lilizcos.! 
almost  unanimously  sided  with  the  1  ni  inies  of; 
the  Convention;  and  it  was  openly  propnseil  tai 
march  to  the  Tiiilleries.  and  compel  a  ili:iii;i-  of' 
measures  by  force  of  arms.  Tin-  lohvnitinn; 
peni'iving  their  unpopularity  and  dam.',  r  l»-i:;ui: 
to  look  alKmt  them  an.xiously  for  tie,-  nir;iiis  ..fi 
defence.  There  wen'  in  and  near  I*:iris  ."1  iMNti 
regul.ir  triKips.  on  whom  they  thoiiirlii  tin  y  iiiii.'lit^ 
rely,  and  who  of  course  contcMuieil  llie  .Natimal 
Guard  as  only  half  soldiers.  They  l):i't  U'-i'lcsj 
some  hundn'ds  of  artillery  men;  and  iliiv  noir| 
organised  what  they  called  '  the  Saircd  liaml.  1 
body  of  I..-1IMI  rutllaiis.  the  most  part  of  ili, m  ,.|,|j 
and  tried  iiistrumentsof  Uubespii  rr  .  \Vitliiiii-«i 
means  they  prepared  to  arraiiire  a  plan  nf  If- 
fence;  and  it  was  otiviousthat  th'-\  did  !i"t  w.mt. 
materials,  provided  thev  could  lind  a  ~kiif:il  ;Hiili 
determined  head.  The  itisurgent  sriii..ii-  iihind; 
tliemsidvcs  under  the  command  "f  liiiiiriii.  ua| 
old  geiHTiil  of  no  gn'iit  skill  or  repiiimi  .11  Tlu'; 
Convention  opposed  to  him  M.ii.ni  ;iii'i  lm| 
marched  at  the  licail  of  .1  column  iiii"  lln-  scrtinii: 
I,e  Pellelier  to  disiirm  the  Natioii.il  liii.irdef  ili:it' 
district  -one  of  the  wealllii>  -1  of  tie-  iipiLil. 
The  National  Guard  were  found 
reailincss  to  receive  him  at  tie-  e 
Vivieiuic;  and  Meiiou.  iH-coiuiriu 
hampered  by  the  presence  of  some 
seiitalives  o'f  the  Peopli.' cnlerei! 
:ind  retired  without  IrtviiiL'  siriek 
Convention  judged  that  Meiiou 
of  nerves  for  such  a  crisis;  .-iml  i 


r.vn  111'  in, 
■lid  nf  Ilii-  Hiiei 

'■  ;l!  ir'nni.  limi ' 
..:  \nr  •  l!'|in-' 
!  i'l!  .,1  |i,irii-y. ; 
V  :i  !.!.!»■  TilP 
,1  IS  iiui  iiiiisti'ri 
■  -  i!'..li-:i;;irlv: 


about  a  successor  to  his  comm:i:.,l 
of  their  number,  had  h.ippi-m'l  i" '" 
Toulon  and  to  have  ap|ireciatid  ihi-  ' 
liuonaparle.      He  had,  probalily   !'■  •  1 
by  .N'apoleoM   in  his  recent    piir-ni' 
ment.      Deliberating    with  Talli' n    i 
his   coMeagues.  he   suddenly  sail. 
man  whom  you  w;int ;  it  is  ;i  liitl--  1 
cer,  who  iviil  ii.it  stand  upon  1 '  p  h  " 
words    decided    the    fate   of    N  i]"!' 
France.       Hiionaparte   had    birn    .1. 
Theatre  when  the  affair  of  I,e  I'  II  li' 

had  n;;,  out     and  W'!nes-:rd  the  ■:■-'.'■■ 

happened  to  be  in  the  irallery,  an  I  i. 


11,1m-  "ill'. 

I'ir-.llt   lit  ' 

'j  ire  t'  r  iif 

lipi'liidW; 

I   i;ii|il.'i-- 

il  ('iili'it, 

iiiv  nil' 

.r-ini'i  "ili- 

V    ■      TIl'S,'  , 

n  ,iii'i  "i: 

'llr    iMo'll, 


iirri'ii 


Hi-  I 

-llil' 


iw 


1340 


FnANTE.  179.-) 


Bonaparte  and 
the  ISM   I'endemiaire. 


FRAN":E.  179«. 


fiiision  conrcrning  the  romluct  of  Mcnoii.  Up 
was  presi'ntiv  «cnt  for,  ami  anketl  Ms  opinion  as 
irt  tliat  ollii .       -'--*      " '■' •■■■•'•»■' 


retreat.     He  explaine<l  wliut  liad 


liappened,  iiml  liow  tlie  evil  minlit  Iiavc  lK>en 

avoiiW.  i°  ft  inunner  wliicli  f^nw  satisfaction. 

lie  WHS  desired  to  assume  tlie  ronmiiinil.  and  ar- 

ringcd  liis  plan  of  defence  iis  well  as  tlie  circiim- 

stances  niiftht  permit;  for  it  was  alrcaiU-  lute  at 

niglit.  aiKl  the  dccLsive  assjiiilt  on  the  Tuilleries 

KMCXlH'Cled  to  take  place  next  morning.    IJuoiia- 

iiarte  stateil  that  the  failuri-  of  the  march  of 

Minoii  hud  Ix'en  chielly  owini;  to  thi'  presence  of 

ilie'Hi'presentativesof  the  I'eoph','  and  refused 

to  accept  the  c-ommand  unless  he  reccivi'd  it  free 

from  all  snch  interference.    They  viehh'd :  Harms 

viasnaimHlconimanderin  chief ;  and  Huoiiapurte 

sccoikI.  with  the  virtual  control.     His  tirst  care 

wastotlespateh  Murat,  then  a  inajorof  eliusseurs. 

10  Sablons,  five  miles  oil,  where  tifty  ureal  guns 

weie  [KMted.     The  Sectionaries  sent  a  stnaiger 

(ietaclinicnt  for  thes<!  cannon  immediately  after 

wanls:  and  Munit,  who  pas.sed  them  in  thi'dark, 

wouki  have  gone  in  vain  had  hi'  received  his  orders 

Iput  a  few  minutes  later.     On  the  4th  of  Octolwr 

nailed  in  the  ri'voliitionary  almanac   the   i:ttli 

Vendeniiain')  the  affray  accordingly  occurred. 

Thirty  Ihiaisand  National  (iuurds  advanced  about 

IKO  P.  M.,  by  different  streets,  to  the  siege  of  the 

palace:  hut  "its  defence  was  now  in  far  other 

hands  than  those  of  Louis  XVI.     Buonaparte, 

having  planttnl  artillery  on  all  the  bridges,  had 

pUcctimlly  securj<l  the  command  of  the  river,  and 

the  safety  of  thi'  Tuilleries  on  one  side.     He  hail 

placed  cannon  also  at  all  the  cros.sings  of   tlie 

street.s  by  which  the  National  (Juard  could  ad 

vance  towanls  the  other  front ;  and  having  posted 

his  Imttalions  in  the  ganliii  of  the  Tuilleries  and 

I'huc  ilu  Canmsel,  he  awaited  the  attack.     The 

iDsurinnts  had  no  cannon;  and  they  came  along 

the  narrow  strei'ts  of  Paris  in  close  and  heavy 

(-olunins.     Wlieii  one  party  reached  the  church 

of  St.  Itixlie,  in  the  Hue  si.  Houore.  they  found 

alKxiyof  IJnonaparte's  troops  drawn  up  then'. 

with  two  cannon.s.     It  is  disputed  on  which  side 

the  tiring  began;   but  in  an  instant  the  artilhry 

swept  the  streets  and  lanes,  scattering  gripe-shot 

aiimig  till'  .National  (tuards,  and  pro<liieiiig  such 

mntiisioii  that  they  were  compelled  to  give  way. 

Tlie  tirst  shot  was  a  signal   for  all  the  batteries 

which  lluoiiaparti'  had  established;  the  (piays  of 

the  Seine,  opposite  to  the  Tuilleries,  were  com 

maniletl  by  his  guns  Ik'Iow  the  palace  and  on  the 

bri(ii;'s.     In  less  than  :\n   hour  the  action   was 

nvcr.     The  insurgents  lied  in  all  ilirectioii-.,  leav- 

insT  the  sinets  covered  with  dead  and  wounded; 

ilii'lrcie|is  of  the  Convention  marched  into  the 

various  sections,   disarmed   the  terrified  inliabi- 

tams,  :iii<i  before  nightfall  everything  was  quiet. 

Tliiv  iMiinent  service  soeureil  the  triumph  of  the 

foiiviiitioiialists.   .   .   .   Within  livedays  from  the 

Ikiy  of    tlie   iSeitions    Buonaparte    was    iiaiiied 

S4'i'<>inl  ill  command  of  the  army  of  the  interior; 

iiii'l  slmrlly  afterwards.  Harras  tindiiii;  his  duties 

ii*  Diri'itrir.sullicient  to  <K'Cupv  his  time,  gave  up 

III!'  I'liMiiiiand'incliief  of  the  same  army  to  his 

little  I'orsiitan  olllccr.'" — .1.  (i.  l-ockhart,  J. iff 
■4  SdjKdHiii  liiniNii/mrli',  rli.  ;t. —  The  victory  of 
tlH'  i:ith  V'endemiiiire  "enabled  tlie  Convention 
immiiliiitely  to  de. ote  its  attention  to  the  foriua- 
lioti  of  the  Councils  proposed  by  it.  two  tliinls 

if  which  were  to  cunsLst  of  its  own  members 
Ttie  tirst  third,  which  was  freely  elected,  had  iil 

n-miy  iiiiii  nominated  liy  the  Iteai-tionary  parly. 


The  memliers  of  the  Din'ctorj-  wen'  chosen,  and 
the  deputies  of  the  Convention.  N'Meving  that 
for  their  own  interests  the  regiciih'S  slioukl  hv  at 
tin'  head  of  the  Government,  nominated  l-a  Ke- 
veillere-I.epeaux,  Sit^yes,  Hewliel.  \x  Tourneur, 
and  IJarras.  Sii'yes  refus<Hl  to  act.  and  Camot 
w  as  elected  in  his"  place.  Immediately  after  this, 
the  Convention  declared  its  session  at  an  end. 
after  it  had  had  three  vears  of  existence,  fnim 
the  21st  SeplemlM'r,  1T)«.  to  the  2Sth  October, 
1711.")  (4lli  linimaire.  Year  IV.)  .  .  .  The  Direc- 
tors were  all.  with  tlu'  exception  of  Camot,  of 
miHhrali'  capacitv,  and  concurred  in  rendering 
their  own  position  the  nion'  ditllciilt.  .Vt  this 
period  tlure  was  no  element  of  onler  or  g(S)<l 
govermiienl  in  tlii'  Uepiiblic;  anarchy  and  un- 
easiness evei-ywliere  prevailed,  famine  hiwl  1m'- 
conie  eliriiiiii'',  the  IriHips  were  without  clothes, 
provisiiii.s  or  horses;  the  Convention  had  spent 
an  immeiise  i  apital  ri'presetite<l  bv  assignats,  and 
had  sold  almost  half  of  the  Uepublicau  terriUiry, 
iH'longing  to  the  proscrilied  classi's  ,  .  ,  ;  the 
excessive  ileirree  of  diseredil  to  wliieli  paper 
money  had  fallen,  after  tbi'  issue  of  thiriy-eight 
thousand  millions,  had  destroyed  all  contidenee 
and  all  legitimate  c<miiiierce  .  .  .  Such  was  the 
general  poverty,  that  when  the  Directors  entered 
the  palace  which  had  been  as.signe<l  to  them  as  a 
dwelling,  they  found  no  furniture  there,  and 
were  compelled  to  Isirrow  of  the  porlir  a  few 
straw  chairs  ar,d  a  wiHshn  table,  on  the  latter  of 
whhh  they  drew  up  the  di  iree  by  wliicli  they 
were  appointed  to  otlice  Their  lirst  care  was  to 
establish  their  power,  and  they  succeeded  in  do- 
ing this  by  fninkly  following  .it  tirst  the  rules 
laid  down  "by  tin'  C'onslitiition.  In  a  short  time 
industry  and  <oiiimerce  began  to  raise  their  heads, 
the  supply  of  provisions  became  tohrably  abun- 
dant, and  the  clubs  were  abandoned  for  the  work- 
shops and  the  fields  The  Directory  exerted  il 
si'lf  to  revive  agriculture,  industry,  and  the  arts, 
I'e  established  the  pulilicexliibilions,  an.lfouiided 
primary,  central,  and  normal  schools.  This 

pericHl"was  distinguislieil  by  a  great  licentious- 
ness ill  manners.  Tlie  wealthy  classes,  who  had 
Ueii  so  huig  forei-il  into  retirement  by  the  Heign 
of  Terror,  now  irave  llieniselves  up  lo  the  pursuit 
of  pU'asiire  wilboiil  slim,  and  indulged  in  u 
course  of  iiiiliridled  luxury,  wliicli  was  outwardly 
displayid  in  lulls,  feslivi'ties.  rich  costumes  and 
suiiipliioiis  eciuipagis.  Harras.  who  was  a  man 
of  pleasiiii',  favoured  this  ilangeroiis  siirn  of  the 
reaction,  and  his  palace  soon  liieame  the  ren- 
(h'/.vous  of  the  most  f. ivolous  and  corrupt  so- 
cietv.  In  spile  of  this,  however,  the  wi'althy 
cla.sses  were  still  the  vietiiii>.  under  the  govern- 
iiiciit  of  the  Directory,  of  violent  a.id  spoliative 
measures,  -I-;  ,W  liii'ineeliosi'.  Ili^t.  <■/  h'nihee, 
r.  '.'.  /v,  ■j:o-,>7:'. 

A.  D.  1796  lApril  -October).— Triple  attack 
on  Austria.-  Bonaparte's  first  campaign  in 
Italy.—  Submission  of  Sardinia.—  Armistice 
■with  Naples  and  the  Pope.— Pillage  of  art 
treasures.— Hostile  designs  upon  Venice. — 
Expulsion  of  the  Austrians  from  Lombardy.— 
Failure  of  the  campaign  beyond  the  Rhine.— 
■  Willi  the  opining  of  the  year  ITiXi  tin  ;•  adiiiir 
interest  of  Kiiropean  history  passi'S  to  a  new 
scene.  .  -  The  Directory  was  now  able  .  . 
to  throw  its  wlioh'  force  into  the  struggh'  witu 
.\ustria  By  the  advice  of  Bonaparte  a  threefold 
iiioveini  nt  was  undertaken  against  Vienna,  by 
Hiiv  of  I.oniliariiv.  In  llie  valley  of  Ihe  Diiiulu. 


134t 


■%    ,; 


%-•  1?*  ,'■ 

"V       »'-  •  <-il 

.?        1'  •'  i  1 


^'■i,    .       r    '  m  1 


I 


Ji.;' 


t    • 

:  t 


•  f 


I  \. 


IV. 


i.'\ 


-i 


mi 


PRANCE,  179«. 


Bfmaparte  in 
Italy. 


FRANCE.   1796. 


«n(l  by  the  v»IIoy  of  the  Main,  Oonoral  Joimlun, 
in  ronuniind  of  tin-  iirniy  timt  liiul  i'(iiic|iii'ri'il  the 
NotlicrliindB.  wiis  tinlered  to  enter  Uennany  liy 
Frankfort;  Moreiiu.  ii  Breton  l»wiitu<lent  in 
179*,'.  now  one  of  Itie  most  skilful  soldiers  in 
Europe,  orossied  the  Khine  iit  StrashurK;  Uonii 
parte  himself,  dniwini;  Ids  scanty  supplies  alon^ 
the  eoHst- road  fmni  Nice,  faeed  "the  allied  forces 
of  Austria  and  Sardinia  upon  the  slopes  of  the 
Maritime  Apennines,  forty  miles  to  tin'  west  of 
(Jenoa.  .  IJonaparte  entered  Italy  proelaim- 

iritf  himself  the  re>torer  of  Italian  freedom,  but 
with  the  deliberate  purpose  of  uslni;  Italy  as  a 
nieans  of  rciruilinu'  the  exhaustid  treasury  of 
Fnuice.     His  correspondence  xvilli  the  Dirii'tory 
exposes    with    brazen    fnuikness   this    well  idu- 
sidereil  system  of  plunder  and  deciit.  in  which 
thc' jreneral  and  the  (ioycriiment  wcri-  cordially 
atone.   .      .   The  campaiitn  of  ITiHl  .ommenced 
in  April,   in  the  mountains  aboye  the  coast  roail 
ionneitini;  Nice  and  Uinoa.   .   .   .   IJonaparte  .  . 
forfourduys.  .  .  reitirated  his  attacks  at  Mont<' 
notte  and  at   Milicsimo.  until  he  had  forceil  his 
own  army  into  a  position  in  the  lentre  of  the 
Allies  I  Austrians  and  I'ieilmontesc] ;  then,  leay 
ing  a  small  forir  lo   watch  the  Austrians,    he 
threw    the   ma.ss  of  his  tnMips  upon  the   lied- 
montese,  and  dniye  them  back  to  within  thirty 
milesof  Turin.    The  terror  stricken  (joye>-nment. 
anticipatine  an  outbreak  in  the  capital  it.self.  ac- 
eeplc'd  an  armistice  from  Honaparte  ,it  Chcnisco 
(April  aS).   ,   .   .  The  anni.stice.  which  was  sism 
followed  b^y  a  treaty  of  peace  between  Franci> 
and  Sanlinia.  ceding  Sayoy  to  the  U.public.  left 
him  free  to  follow  the  Austrians.  untroubled  by 
the  existence  of  .soni<'  of  the  strongest  fortri's.ses 
of  Europe  ln'hind  liim.     In  the  negotiations  with 
fSaniinia.  Hona|>arte  demanded  the  surrender  of 
the  town  of  Valenza.  as  necessary  to  secure  his 
passage  over  the  riyer  Po.    Maying  thus  artfully 
led  tile  Austri.in  Hcaulieu  to  ciaieentrate  liis  forces 
at  this  point.  Iiesmhlcnly  moved  eastward  along 
the  .southern  liank  of  the  river,  and  crossi'd  at 
Piacenza.  .">(!  miies  Itelow  the  spot  where  Hcaulieu 
was  awaiting  him.   .   .   .   The  Austrian  geneml. 
taken   in   the   rear,    had    no  alternative   but  lo 
abandon  .Milan  and  all  the  country  west  of  it, 
anil    to  fall  back    upon    the  'ine  of  the    Adda. 
Uimaparte  followed,  and  on  the  Kith  of  May  at 
tacked  the  Austrians  at  Lodi.    He  himself  stormed 
the  bridge  of  L<«li  at  the  head  of  his  (Jrenailiirs. 
The  battle  was  so  ilisastmus  to  the   Austrians 
that  they  could  risk  no  .second  engagi'inent.  and    1 
n-tireil  upon  .Mantua  and  the  line  of  the  .Mincio. 
Honaparte  now    made  his  triumphal  entry  into 
Milan  I.May   l.'o    ...   In  return  for  the  yift  of 
lilarty.  tin-  Milanese  were  invited  looirer  to  their 
(U'liven  rs  ■,'o.ihm).(kk»  fnincs.  and  a  .selection  from 
the   p.iiulings   in   their   ihurciiis  and  gaUeries. 
The  Dukes  of  Parma  anil  .Modina,  in  return  for 
an  armistice,  s.in-  rec|uirii|  lo  hand  over  forty 
of  their  1  ■iitiiris.  and  a  sum  of  mimcy  prii- 

I'ortli  ir  riA-enui-s.    The  Dukes  and  the 

'""  ns,.  111  their  coiiiriliulions  with  a  good 

graie:  ilic  ,,easanlry  of  l.ombardy.  whose  cattle 
were  .seized  in  order  lo  supply  "an  army  that 
marcliiil  wilhout  any  stores  i.l'its  own.  rose  in 
arms,  and  threw  th'em.selvcs  into  Pavia.  afler 
killing  all  the  Krench  soldiers  who  fell  iii  ihiir 
way.  The  n  voli  was  instantly  suppressed,  and 
the  town  of  Pavia  given  up  to' pillai:e.  .  .  .  In- 
sti'ad  of  crossing  the  .\peniiine«.  Honapane  'u! 
vanceil  against  the  Austrian  positions  upon  tlie 


Minrio.  ...   A  Iwtlh'  was  fought  :ii„|  i,,,,  i,, 

the   Austrians  at    Borghetto.    .    .       |{,  mij, „■ 

stri'ngth  was  exhausted;  he  could  iiieii  ih.  ,i„.,„, 

noinon^  in  the  Held,  and  led  his  army  mii  ,,f  |,  j; 

Into  the  Tyrol,  leaving  Mantua  to  Ih"  iiiM,i,,ji; 

the  French.     TLo  first  can>  of  the  coni.n,  i„r  «  ;, 

to  make  Venire  pay  for  the  crime  of  pov-.s>in, 

U'rritory    intervening  between   the  la-iirn    u, 

western  extremesof  the  Austrian  disirii  i    K,,,,.. 

parte  aireeled  to  lalieve  that  the  Viiiiiiui.  lii,i 

IHrmitteil  neaulieu  to  (Hciipy  Pesdii,  m  M,  p 

he   seized    u[Min    Hn'scia  hiin'siir    .  |   |,.,i, 

iiurposely  devised  this  ruptun-.'  he  hiui,.  i./ii,,. 

IHrectory  (.lune  7th).  '  in  ca,se   you  ,~li,,ii:,|  «j,|, 

to  obtain  live  or  six  millions  of  iranis  in,,;,  v.n 

ice.     If    you    have   more   decided    int,  i,ii,,iis    | 

think  it  wouli"  lie  well  to  keep  up  ih,  ,|ii;,iivr 

The    intention    refern-d   lo  was  li.e  ili~^r-„,|!,| 

project  of  sacriticing  Venice  to  Austria  iii  iviuni 

for  the   cession   of    the    Netherland-.  n,,. 

Austrians  were  fairly  driven  out  of  l.cimiiar'lv 

and  Honaparte  was  iiow  free  to  deal  will,  siniiji' 

em  Italy.     He  advanced  into  the  Siah  -  nl  t|i,. 

Church,    and  ex|H'lled    the    Papal    l.i xaii    Irm 

Hologna.     Ferdinand  of  Naples  .   .      a-ki.j  fur 

a  suspension  of  hostilities  against  his  ium,  iji,,,., 

doni  .   .   .  and  Honaparte   gnmleil  Ihi    \sm-:   'm 

armistice  on  easy  terms.     The  Pope,  in  ..rilir  in 

gain  a  few  months' truce,  had  lo  permit  ilie,« 

ciipalion  of  Ferrani,  Havenna,  and  .Xnr.ina.  ami 

to   n'laignise    the  necessities,    the   harniu!;,  tin- 

taste,  and  the  virtue  of  his  conqiii-rors  li\  a  L-ifl 

of  ;2H,I»(KI.(HM)  francs.  .".iMl  manuscri|ii...   I'liii  jii,. 

tures.  and  the  busts  of  M.ircus  and  l.in  iiis  lini- 

Ills.   .   .  .   Tus<'aiiy  had  inih'cd  madi'  pi  .ne  wiili 

the    French    Hepul]lic   a  year  1m  fori ,    hm 

while  Honaparte   paid  a  respectful  vi-ii  i.>  iln- 

Grand  Duke  at  Fhirence,  .Mural  desi  i  m,|,.,|  i;|„,n 

Leghorn,  and  seized  up(m  everything'  iliai  «a.s 

not  removed  iH'fori'  his  ap|)roach.     (inn   i-tali 

lisheil  ill  Leghorn,  the  French deelineil  lo  ,^m\  it 

.  .  .  Mantua  was  meanwhile  invesieil.  ami  liiiiliir 

Honaparte  returned.     Towards  the  i  i.il  ,,l  .InK 

an  Austrian  ndieving  army,   nearly  iloiilile  tlic 

strength  of    Honaparte's,    descenileil    tnaii   tlip 

Tyrol,      It    was   divided  into  lime  eor|i~,  eiip, 

under  Qua,sdaiiovich,  advanced  by  the  ma.!  mi 

the   west   of    Ijike    Carila;    the    olliit^,    ui.il.r 

WurmsiT.  the  commander-in-chiet.  In  tlir  r-aik 

belwccn  the    lake    and    the    river    .\.li-. 

Honaparte  .   .   .   instantly  broke  up  tin    -i,  ^-i  of 

.Manilla,  and  withdrt'w  from  e.er'    p.t^iti,.ii  ubt 

of  the  ri\er.     On  the  :iil|h  .Iiil.v  ,'i^iii  r~.laiMviili 

was  allacked  andcheckedat  Loi'iat".  Wiiriu 

ser.  unawan' of  his  colleague's  rr|iHl-i ,  int. ml 


.,,..  J..,, 

.Mantua  in  triumph,  and  thin  si  I 
to  envelop  Honaparte  between   I\m' 
the  French  were  ready  for  liisap|ii-.i a. 
ser   was   stopped  and   defealeil    .at    i 
(Aug,    I)),  while  the  western  .Viisiriii 
were  still  held  in  check  at   l.oiniln 
i   days   the   skill    of   Honaparte   ami    t! 
ing  e.vertions  of  his  soldiery  had  iii.>i 
Irieveil  all  that  appeared  loliave  111  ell 
j    Austrians  nlireil  into  the  Tyrol,  l.a\ 
prisoners  in  the  hands  of  theeneiin 
now  prejiared  to  force  his  way  hit.,  li 
the  Adige.  in  fiiHilrneiil  of  tlie  i.njin 
I   the  campaign.     In  the  tiist  da.v  -  .1 
j   he  again  roiiti-d  the  Austrians.  ami   _ 
I   session  of  liovereih)  and  Trent,      \\  lii 
!   •.iu::::   at!it!iii!ed   to  -liiit  lie    Fr.:^.  :. 
I   muuutaius   by   a    movement   .souUiu 


I  till; 


n  -      Hill. 
U'limi- 

,-!iJl.-ll,- 
Ill    liM' 

■    'Mi>i'ar- 


111 


I    Tlic 

|.-,,I«KI 

,a|iarl,. 


il    |.iau  I't 


lo48 


FRANCE,  1796. 


prncf  nf-goliationt. 


KUANCE,  179«-1797 


while  he  operated  with  Inaufflclpnl  forofs  brt  wwn 
the  Brenta  ami  the  A(lit?e,  with  ft  view  <if  out- 
tinit  Bonsparte  olT  from  Italy,  lie  was  liimnelf 
(defeated  at  Baanano,  HeptemlMT  H,  and]  rut  oft 
fnim  (Jemiany,  and  only  cscapeil  captiire  by 
tbrowini;  lilmsilf  into  Mantua  with  the  Hliatt«'red 
n-ranantof  IiIh  array.  The  road  into  (Jinnany 
llirouL'h  the  Tyrol  now  l«y  open;  hnt  in  the 
iniilst  of  Ids  vietories  Bonaparte  learnt  that  tlie 
nortliirn  armies  of  Mori'aii  and  .loiinlan,  with 
Kliiih  he  had  intended  to  eo  (ipcrale  in  an  attack 
upim  Vienna,  were  in  full  ntreat.  Moreau's 
luiviince  into  the  valley  of  the  l)anul)e  ha<l,  dur- 
In?  Ilie  mi>nllis  of  July  and  Auuu.st,  been  at- 
IfDili'd  Willi  unbroken  ndlitary  and  politieal  .sue- 
citis.  The  .\rehduke  ("harles.who  was  entrusted 
«itli  the  defence  of  the  Kmpire,"  fell  back  iH'fore 
Morcnii.  in  onler  to  unite  his  furies  with  those 
of  Wiirtinslelnn,  who  eoinnianded  ati  army 
wliiili  confnmU'd  .lourdan.  "  The  (hsii;n  of  the 
Ardiiliike  succeeded  in  the  end,  but  it  opened 
Girnwnv  to  the  French  for  six  weeks,  and  re- 
vealed liow  worthh'ss  was  the  military  constitu- 
tion iif  the  Kin|iire,  and  how  little  the  Germans 
hiul  to  expect  f'-oni  one  another.  .  .  .  At  length 
tluntrcalin;;  movement  of  thi'  Auslriansstop[H'd 
[anil  the  Archduke  fimght  an  indecisive  battle 
witli  .Monau  at  Nereshiim,  Aufiust  1 1 1.  Leaviuf: 
SMIOO  men  on  the  l-ech  to  liisfruise  hi.4  motions 
fnmi  Moreau,  Charles  turned  sudihnly  north- 
wiinls  from  Xeubertf  on  lli<>  17th  .Xu^tust,  mi't 
Wiirtensleben  at  Ainlwri;,  and  attacked  .lounlan 
with  ({reatly  supirior  nundiers.  .Tourda-. 
was  defeated  IS'ptcmber  ;t,  at  Wlirt/.bur;:]  and 
driten  back  m  confusion  toiv,irds  the  Ithine. 
The  issiu'  of  the  campai):n  was  ih'(  ided  l«fore 
Momm  heanl  of  his  colleague's  danjier.  It  only 
remained  for  him  to  save  his  (  wn  army  by  a 
skiltid  retreat,"  in  the  course  of  which  he  dc 
feated  the  .Viistiian  general  Katour  at  UHhtu  h, 
(MoIht  i.  and  fought  twoindccisivi-  liattles  with 
the  Archduke,  at  Emmendinjrcu,  Octolar  111, 
and  lit  llunintienim  the  24th.— ('.  .\  KylTi',  JIM. 
of  M'Hkni  KiircjK;  r.  1,  eh.  il. 

Also  in;  A.  tiHIliths,  Fn  m-Zi  Iti  ruliiliniuirii 
Genfrnlt.  rli.  14-l,"i. —  (lencral  .lomini.  Life  nf 
y.iinl<"ii.  r.  1,  ch.  3.— E.  Baines,  Jfint.  of  tit,- 
\\;,r,  ,.f  ly  f>e>u-h  Il>r..  hk.  t,  ch.  2->(r."l).— 
C  Ailatns,  (Innt  Cim/Mii/iNn.  171»«-187tl,  efi.  I. 

A.  D.  1796 iSeptemben,— Evacuation  of  Cor- 
llc*  by  the  English.— Us  reoccupation  by  the 
French.—'  t'orsica.  w  hicli  liad  Immh  delivircd  to 
the  Eniclish  by  I'aoli,  and  wcupied  by  them  as  a 
fmirtli  kingilom  annexed  to  the  crow  11  of  the  Kini; 
otOnat  Bril;kin,  had  just  been  evaciialeil  by  its 
new  [a.isters.  They  had  nevi  r  succirdeil  in  sub- 
iluiair  the  interior  of  the  i.sland,  frei|uent  insur 
fictions  liad  kept  them  in  cimtinual  alarm,  and 
free  cunimunication  iH'tween  the  various  towns 
cimlil  niily  lie  clTected  by  sea.  The  victories  of 
the  French  iinny  in  Italy,  imder  the  command  of 
otie  of  thrir  countrymen,  had  redoubled  this  in 
ttm:il  firnient  in  Corsica,  and  the  Kniilisli  had 
ili-ii'l.'il  nil  rntirely  ubandonim;  their  ciini|ucst. 
In  Sr|.iiiiiliir  17iM)  they  withdrew  their  troops, 
and  :i1mi  n-iiioveii  from  Corsica  their  chief  par- 
ti^illl^.  siK  h  as  (lenend  i*;ioli.  l*o/./.o  di  Hori;o, 
Hi-riliii  iiul  nthrrs,  who  sought  aiuusvlum  in  Kng- 
laml.  iinihetirst  Intelligenceof  the  knglisli  pri'ii- 
ar;iti.in>  fur  iviicuatini;  the  inland,  liuonapartc 
iii'<paliiir.i  iii'iieral  (icntili  thither  at  the  head  of 
t'.vii  iir  Hir..,.  huniired  l.vmished  Corsicans.  and 
Kith  llii»  little  band  Gentili  took  possession  of  the 


prineipBl  strongholds.  ...  On  the  .Ith  Frimairo, 
year  V.  (November  3.1.  1796).  I  receiied  a  decree 
iif  the  Executive  Directory  .  .  .  appointing  me 
Commis.sioner-Extnwmliaary  of  the  Government 
in  Corsica,  and  ordering  me  to  proceed  thither  at 
once.  '  -Coimt  Miot  lie  .M<'lito.  Mfmnim.  eh.  4. 

A.  D.  1796  (October).— Failure  of  peace  ne- 
gotiations with  England.— Treaties  with  Na- 
ples and  Genoa.— "  It  was  France  itself,  more 
even  than  Italy,  which  was  succumbing  under 
the  victorii's  in  Italy,  and  was  f;illlng  rajiiilly 
under  the  military  despotism  of  lionaparle;  while 
what  bad  Ihu'UU  "as  a  mere  war  of  defence  wiia 
already  liccominL'  a  war  of  aggres.sion  against 
everylKidy.  .  .  .  The  more  patriotic  members  of 
the  fegisliitive  bodies  wiri'  o|ipiised  to  what  they 
coiisiilercd  only  a  war  of  personal  ambitions,  and 
were  desirous  of  peace,  and  a  considerable  peace 
party  was  forming  throughout  the  country.  The 
opportunity  w;is  taken  by  the  English  govern- 
ment for  making  proposi'ls  for  peace,  and  a  p.iss 
port  was  olitaiiicd  from  the  directory  for  lord 
Slalmcsbury.  who  was  sent  to  I';iris  as  the  Eng- 
lish phnipotcntiarv.  I.oril  Malmesburv  arrived 
in  Paris  ontheSnd'of  Itrumaire  (the  3:ird  of  Octo- 
ber, 17!t(ii,  and  next  day  had  his  first  interview 
with  the  French  minister  l)elaeroi.\,  who  was 
ehosi'n  by  the  directory  loact  as  their  repn'senta- 
tive.  Tiicre  was  from  the  first  im  evident  want 
of  cordiality  and  sincerity  on  the  part  of  the 
French  government  in  this  negotiation;  and  the 
demands  they  made,  and  the  political  views  en 
tertained  bv"  them,  weri'  so  unreasonable,  that, 
after  it  hairdraggeil  on  slowly  for  about  a  month, 
it  enih'd  without  a  result.  The  directory  were  se 
crctlv  making  great  prepar.it ions  for  the  invasion 
of  Ireland,  and  they  had  hopes  of  making  a  scp 
arate  and  very  advantageous  peace  with  .\iistria. 
Bonaparte  had,  during  this  time,  become  uneasy 
on  account  of  his  position  in  Italy,"  and  "  ur;.n'd 
the  directory  to  enter  into  negotiations  with  the 
ililTercnt  Italian  states  in  his  rear,  such  as  -Naples. 
Home,  and  (h-noa,  and  to  form  an  olTcnsive  and 
defensive  alliance  with  the  king  of  Sardinia,  so 
that  he  might  lie  able  to  raise  reinforcements  in 
Iialv.  For  this  purpose  he  asked  for  authority 
to  pViH'laira  the  independence  of  I.ombarily  and 
of  the  statesof  M'slena;  so  that,  by  foniiingboth 
into  republics,  he  might  create  a  powerful  French 
party,  through  which  he  might  obtain  both  men 
and  "provisions.  The  direitory  w  iis  not  unwilling 
to  second  the  wishes  of  Honaparte.  and  on  the 
liithof  Vendi-miairc  (the  Ibtb  of  (htobcr)  a  peace 
was  signed  with  Naples,  which  was  followed  by 
a  treaty  with  Genoa.  This  latter  state  paid  two 
million's  of  francs  as  an  indemnity  for  the  acts 
of  hostility  formerly  committed  aL'aiust  France, 
and  added"  two  niiirion<  more  as  a  loan."  The  ne- 
gotiation for  an  oircnsivo  alliance  with  Sardinia 
failed,  because  the  king  demanded  Lombardy.— 
T.  Wriudil.  Ili'l.  nf  Fr.iw..  1:   >.  j:  7."iH. 

.Vl.so  in:  W  E.  II.  1.1  ky.  //l'.«^  'f  h'lif/.  in  the 
\xtli  Ctifiiri/,  fii.  37  (r  7l.— E.  Burke,  httcm  nn 
„  l!,i:iri,l,-  i\.u;. 

A.  D.  1796-1797  (October— April).— B 
parte's  continued  victories  in  Italy.— Hi. 
vance  into  Carinthia  and  the  Tyrol.— P 

freliminaries  of  Leoben.— "The  failure  of  ti.e 
'rencb  invasion  of  (icrmany  .  .  .  en  liilcd  the 
.Vustrians  to  make  a  fresh  elfort  for  the  relief  of 
[Wilrniserlin  Mantua  4(i.(KK)  men  under  .\lvinzi 
imil  IS  IHMI  under  navidowich  entereil  Italy  from 
the  Tyrol  and  marched  by  different   routes  to- 


;• ; :  m 


iwiii 


1349 


KHANCK.   179(H7»7 


(flirt  0/ 
H(tnaparU  in  Italy 


FRANCE.   1797 


.1':, 

m 


wards  Verona  Ilnimpurto  liml  iiiiplnydl  llii'  rf 
cent  iiitcrluili-  in  I'onwiliiliitlnir  Krincli  InlliicniT 
In  Itiily  .\i;ain»t  tl'i'  wUhfM  (if  the  IHri'it^irs  hi' 
ili'llinmcd  the  (Inkr  tif  MiHlinu,  unci  fnrnnil  his 
Icrritiirifs  intd  Ihi-  <  'is|iu(lani'  Uipulilir.  Thin  hi' 
triril  lo  inilui'i'  I'iiiliiKint  ami  Vniici'  in  Jnin 
(■"raiicr,  Iml  Imth  Klatcs  prclrrrcd  In  rrtain  liiiir 
niMitral  piiHiiinn,  This  was  anulhiTiif  tli<'i'l:ar;.'('S 
wliirli  Ihi' p'licral  was  preparing  airainst  Vrniciv 
Oil  ilii'  news  iif  ilii'  Austrian  ailvanic.  Il<inai>arli' 
nianlii'd  airaiiisl  Alviii/.i,  and  clicckcd  liiin  at 
rMriiiiL'iianii  iH  Nnviniliir)  Hut  nicaiuvliilc 
Daviiliinicli  liad  takiii  Tri'tit  ami  was  apprnaili 
iiiL'  Kiviili.  Iliinaparti'.  in  daiitcr  of  lii'lni;  siir 
roiindi'd.  was  <'iirii|)i'lli'il  to  j;ivc  way.  and  re- 
Inulid  to  \  iTona.  wliilc  Alvin/i  followi'd  him. 
.\i  V(  r  was  the  Kriiic  h  position  inorcrritiial,  ami 
iiiilliinf,'  lint  a  viry  liold  movi-  loiild  save  tliciii. 
With  rcikli'sH  coy'irairi'  Iloiiapartc  attacki'd  .\1 
V  iiizi  at  Areola,  and  aflir  thric  ilays'  hard  tiu'lit 
ini;  INovcnilHT  1.")-1T.  on  the  llvk'l■^  and  caiisi' 
w.iys  (if  a  marshy  rii;ion|  won  a  i  mnplcli' vie 
tory  He  then  forced  Davidow  i(  li  to  retreat  to 
the  Tyrol  The  danger  was  averted,  and  the 
hloekadeof  Mantua  was  eontiniied.  Hut  Austria. 
as  if  its  re-oiirees  were  inexhaustihle,  deterniineil 
on  a  fourth  elTort  in  .laniiary.  ITUT.  .Vlvin/.i  wa.s 
attain  entrusted  with  theeoiiinianil,  while  another 
detaehnient  under  I'rovera  advanced  from  Kriiili 
Bonaparte  collected  all  his  forces,  inarched 
against  Alvin/i.  and  (rushed  him  at  Kivoli  (l.T 
.Ian.)  lint  iiieanwhili  I'rovera  had  reached 
M:yitiia.  w  in  n  lioiiaparte.  liy  a  forced  march, 
overtook  him.  and  won  another  mmplete  vielorv 
in  the  hattle  of  i.a  Kavorita.  I'lie  fate  of  Mantua 
was  at  last  decided,  and  the  ( ity  surrendered  on 
the'Jnd  of  K(  liruary.  Witli  a  f;enen)sily  worthy 
of  the  glory  which  ho  had  ohtained,  Honaparte 
allowed  Waiinser  and  the  garrison  to  inarch  out 
with  the  honours  of  war.  He  now  turned  to 
Uomagna.  occu|iied  Hologna  and  terrilied  the 
Pope  into  signing  the  treaty  of  Tolentino.  The 
temporal  jiowcr  was  allowed  to  exist,  hut  within 
very  ciirlaikil  limits,  N(,t  only  Avignon,  liut 
the  whole  of  Hoiiiagiia.  with  Aiicona.  wa.s  sur- 
remhred  to  Kninc c  Kveii  these  terms,  h.irsh  as 
they  were,  were  not  so  s(  vire  as  the  Directors 
lia(l  wished  liut  lioiiaparte  was  iK'ginning  to 
play  his  own  game;  hi  siw  thai  t'atholicism  was 
regaining  L'round  in  H'ranie.  and  he  wislied  to 
make  frieiid>  on  what  might  prove  afte;  all  the 
winning  side.      AITairs  in  llaly  were  now  fairly 

st'ttled:     two    repuhlics,    the    (  i>:itpiiie    ill     Lolll- 

liardy.  audi  he  (isp.idaiie.wliieh  included  .Mmleiia. 
Ferrara.  and  Bologna,  had  Im-i-ii  created  to  viure 
French  inllueme  in  Italy.  .  .  ,  The  Fniieh  had 
(K'cupiedihe  Venetian  territory  from  liergamo  to 
Verona,  and  had  i-iahlisiM  d  clov  nl.itioiis  with 
tho-e  classes  who  Were  di^satislied  with  tlieir  e\- 

clu.     .11  fron.  ilolitii  :il  |io»(  r.      When  tlle  repulllic 

armed  ::  iii>t  tin  daiiirer  of  a  revolt,  lion:ip.-irte 
treated  it  a-  aiiotlur  v'round  for  that  ipiarrel 
which  he  artfully  lomi uteri  fur  his  own  pur- 
poMs.      iiut  at  pr'esi  III  li,.  had  other otijeeis  more 

it diali  ly    pre^-iiig    than    the   oppression    of 

Vi  nice  .lourdan  s  army  on  the  Uhine  hail  liecn 
intrn^ied  to  IPiihe,  whose  amhilion  had  long 
cli.il.  ■!  at  the  want  of  an  opportunity,  and  wlin 
was  huriiin::  lo  acquire  glory  hy  retriexing  llie 
disaslers  of  the  last  campaign.  Honaparte.  on 
ilie  oilier  hand,  was  eager  to  anticipate  a  possililc 
ri'.al.  and  deiermined  to  hurry  ;.n  fiis  ..wn  invri 
'i f  Austria,  in  order  to  keep  tlie  war  and  the 


nef^ntlatinnii  In  his  own  Ininds  The  task  „ 
meetinR  hini  was  enlrusled  to  tin.  in  lull, i,, 
Chnrh's.  who  Inid  won  such  alirilliaiil  n  |iiii,iti„r 
In  17WI.  but  who  wiw  placed  at  u  gri  ai  di-i.lvin, 
tage  lo  his  opp(ment  lir  having  tuohiy  inMrin 
tions  from  Vienna.  Tile  French  (.irriM!  uj  i, 
fore  them,  .lonlierf  occupied  T\rnl  ^l:l^^,.|Kl 
forced  the  route  to(  ■arintiiia.  and  rioM,,|>  ,ri.  liii,,' 
self,  after  defealing  Hie  .irehdiike  mi  ili.  i,,!, 
aniento,  iH'cupied  Trieste  and  ('arni,.!,  fi,, 
French  now  marched  over  tlie  All-.  >liiiiii|. 
the  Austrian.s  iK'fore  Iheiii,  .\|  l.,c,U,i  «  , ,,  | 
they  reached  on  7tli  .\pril.  they  w.  ri  |. -,  li,,. 
eighty  miles  from  Vienna.  Hire  Au-iii,ii,,i 
voys  arrived  to  oiieii  negotiations  1 1„  .,  ,,,„ 
sented  111  siirn'nder  HelL'iiini.  I.oinliaoK  in.l  i|„ 
Uhine  frontier,  luit  they  diiuamiid  i  oi,i|„  ii-nj,,,, 
in  Havaria.  Tlnsdemiind  lionaiiarlereliis.,|  hm 
olTered  to  compensate  .\usiria  al  ili.>  .\|„i,.,,,,| 
a  neutral  state.  Venice,  The  pri  iiinmiri,  s  ,,( 
Leolien.  signed  on  llie  IHih  .\pril,  ga\i' i..  Aiistri.i 
Istria.  Dalmulia.  and  the  Venetian  pi.tiiiuslr 
Iween  the  Oglio.  the  I'o,  and  the  A.lriiii.  Al 
this  moment,  IliK'he  and  .Moreaii.  alii  r  ..v,  rein 
ing  the  ohstaeles  interposed  hy  a  sln.'ji-li  ^.,,v. 
ernnient.  were  cros.sing  the  liiiine  n.  Inin..  iliiir 
armiesto  iM'aragaiiist  Austria.  Tin  y  li;ic!,,ln  ;ii|v 
gained  several  successes  wlien  tin'  iin  >,  1,  n,i,V 
news  reached  them  from  Leolien,  an  1  lii.v  Irul 
to  retreat.  Honaparte  may  have  l.iile.i  i.M'\i,,n 
the  most  extreme  terms  from  .\iisiria.  hui  In  Imil 
at  any  rate  kept  both  power  and  lanii'  In  liini 
.self." — i{.  Lislge. //(V.  <:/  M'kIi  ni  AVr./i..  .•/.. -.i;!. 
.\i.soin:  F.  I.anfrey. '///«(  ../'  .\.i;,../..,.,  l\, 
I,  (•//.  .'i-7.  —  MiiiK'irn  of  .\iii>"/t"ii  ,lt,-i.ii,,i  ,,i  sf 
llflimi.  r.  4.  !■//.  l-I. 

A.  D.  1796-1797  (December  Januaryi.- 
Hoche's  expedition  to  Ireland.  Sn  1km  wn 
A.  I>.  17111   IT'.is. 

A.  D.  1797  (February  -October..  British 
naval  victories  of  Cape  St.  Vincent  and  Cam- 
perdown.     See  Knoi.ami:  .\    I)    i;ii; 

A.  D.  1707  (April— Mayi.— The  overthrow 
of  Venice  by  Bonaparte.— Win  n  N  qn  I  -n  m 
March,  entered  upon  his  campaiL'ii  ii.". 
Archduke  Charles,  ■■the  aiiiinosiry  1  \l^i 
tween  France  and  Venice  li.id  .  .  .  ,■; 
height  that  Ihrealeiied  an  open  nipiun  1 
the  two  repniilies.  and  wd-..  ihirelir.'.  ■ 
advantage  to  .Vu.stria.  The  Sigin.ri  1  ^  i'.\ 
what  its  late  would  he  should  ili.   l-'i,  i,,  i 

victorious;  lint  though  they  hail  r.'in i 

Slavonian  tronps  ready  at  hand,  anl  m 
senihled   in  the  caiiii;il,  they   iii\<r  \  ■  m' 
use  them   till   the  monient   for  ai  ilnu^  w 
(In  the  Terra  Firnia,  the  ( iii/eiis  .,|   \',\;  ^, 
lieriraino    had    openly   renouiieid   iim     ■ 
of  Si,  ,M;irk,  and  ispoused  the  c  lu...' (.!  I 
Ihecoiiiiiry  people,  on  the  oilier  li  lh  I    " 
terly  hosiiie  to  the  new  liipiililii  nils      1 1;. 
liy  reipii-iiions,   pliindiTeii  and  iiivii];,.! 
tr.  "I's.  the    peasanls    had    si;iiii    si[i_..;ii 
m.irauding  Freinli  soldiers;  the  eoini  i-:.- 
siilferers  had  retaliated,  and  an  up.  ii  li  v 
more  th:in  oneeexpecled.      (Jelielal  li.iMrj 
Venetian    Iirovidature,    retlioiistrali  <!     1    r 
open  violence  praciiscd  on  tlicsuiii.  1 1- . 
Huonaparle  re|ili,il  liy  ac(  usiiiir  ih.   _ 
of  parti.-ility  for  .\nstria.  and   went  - 
employ  (teneml  .\ndrieux  to  insii^' !'■  ; 
to  ris|.  auainsl  the  seiiiite.     The  IHi'  ■  ■ 

ever,    •!--s:lr"l    him    to    pau^r,    :::;  !    :: 

the  Venetians  lo  extremilv,  till  llw  ■'; 


;,-l  :l 
■wi.  11 
-'■iiii 
I  liiiiy 

piMll' 

l,"i  IIINI 


I  III 


i  1    .l!|.i 

;:iiMri:y 

l-'r.etri'; 

in   i.il- 

pn-nl 

III   till' 

!_'    allii 

-1.1   !lic 

■  ','  W.Ui 

;i'i,  'ill' 

r.-i   Hid 

\  I'liiri"; 

rNiMint 

ir  as  ID 

pinple 

I  \ 


i.riuiiiiy 


1.350 


FRANCE.  1797 


Fnll  .)/  IViii™ 


FRANCE,  17n7 


ihniilil  have  arrlvpd  fnrrnrryini  into  rfTcrt  llir 
(uturc  pnijci'ti  I'litiTtiiiiii'il  iiL'uiii'it  tlml  mute  ' 
Biith  fwrlii'i  wcri'  wiililiini.'  thi'ir  lime  Init  tlir 
rmvcn  walclu  s  in  vain,  fur  l\i-  U  itrnrli  il.iwii 
lone  iH'fiirc  lii-"  tin"'  I"  strikr  iirrivcs  "  .\  nmnlli 
Inter,  wlu'ti  Xapnlci.n  wa«  licliivcil  t.i  lie  invnlv.il 
inilirllriillif^  i"  I'lirintliia  .•iiid  tlif  Tyrol.  ViMiicr 
"liail  tlimwn  nlT  tin'  nia^l>  of  ncnlnlily :  tlii' 
tiHiin  haiisonmli'il  tlironi;!!  tlu' riinininni-iof  tin' 
Terra  Kirni.a.  ami  a  lioily  of  troops  liaM  joiniil 
111.'  in*iirn''nts  in  tlic  attack  on  tlic  litaiicl  of 
Vrriin;i.  Not  only  wcr"  lln'  Kn  iicli  .■i''*aili'il 
wliin'vrr  tlifv  wcrv  found  in  arms,  but  tlif  vrry 
iiii'k  wrri'  inhumanly  -lain  in  llic  lio'-pilals  liv 
till' iiifari.itiil  icasaiitry;  the  priniipal  mast.arri' 
t,v,k  pliic  at  Verona  on  Ka»liT  Monday  |.\|iril 
i;|,  .iiid  last  a  deep  slain  on  tho  Vnnlian  ranse 
«ni|  cliarai-trr. "  Hut  I'V.-n  whiii'  tliisf  sinislir 
events  were  in  prou-nss,  |ii>naparli'  liad  made 
peuee  Willi  llie   liumiliatiil    .Xiistrians.   and   had 

sii'ned  llie  preliminary  tri'.ity  nf  1 hen.  » liieli 

premiseil  to  i.'ivi'  Venice  to  them  inexclianu'e  for 
llie  Neihi'rlands.  And  now.  with  nil  his  forces 
set  fn-e.  lie  was  prepared  to  crush  lhi>  venerahli' 
Itcpalplii'.  and  make  it  suhservienl  to  his  amhi 
liens  schemes,  lie  " rcfiiseil  [i<  hear  of  any  ac 
(iiiMino'laliori:  and.  unfortunately.  Ilii'  hase  mas- 
siiere  of  Viroiia  lil.ickiMieil  llie'\'eni-lian  cause 
»>  raucli  as  almost  lo  irloss  over  the  unprincipled 
viiilence  of  their  ailversarics.  'If  you  coulil 
i.ffer  ine  the  treasures  of  Teru.'  said  Napoh^on  to 
the  terrilii'd  depiitii's  who  came  to  s\ie  for  panlon 
iinil  olTiT  reparation,  'if  you  could  cover  your 
wlielcilciminions  with  Hold',  llie  aloiiement  would 
lie  insullicient  Krencli  lihiod  has  liicn  tre.acher- 
iiuslv  shed,  and  the  I.ion  of  St.  Mark  must  liite 
tliedusi-'  On  tlic  ;id  of  May  he  dc  <lared  war 
asiiiiist  till'  npulilic.  and  French  troops  immedi 
;ltelv  iiilvallccd  lo  till'  shores  of  tile  laL'Unes. 
lier'e,  linwi  ver.  the  waves  of  the  Aflrialic  ar- 
nsied  their  proirress.  for  lliey  had  not  asini.de 
iNiat  at  <onimand.  whereas  tlie  Vcneii.ins  had  a 
P(hm1  titer  in  the  harlmur.  and  an  army  of  lo.oiiti 
f.fl.Vn'HIsoldiiTs  in  tlie  capital:  lliev  laily  wanted 
the  coiirairi'  lo  use  them.  Insie.acI  of  liirlilint'. 
liiiweVtT.  they  dclilMT.iteil ;  aii'l  tried  to  purchase 
s'lfeiy  liy  irolil.  instead  of  mnintainiiiu'  it  hy  arms. 
KiiidmLr' llie  emniy  releiitlr  ..s,  the  (Ire.at  roiincil 
pri.piiMcl  1.1  mi"lify  their  u'oiernmi-nt.  — to  render 
i!  amn-  ilrMiocratie.  in  order  to  pleasi'the  French 
lemiiiini.lir.  —  to  lay  Iheir  very  institutions  at 
tile  feet  of  tile  Conqueror:  :iiid.  slranL'e  to  say. 
•nly  Jl  p.itiicians  out  of  illHi  dissented  from  lliis 
ait  ef  iiiitional  deiiradatiiai.  Tlie  democratic 
party,  supported  liy  tin  intrifues  of  Viltelan. 
liie  Kn  nc  li  vcretiry  of  IcL'alion.  exerted  them 
siivi  sii,  thrntmost.'  The  Slavonian  troops  witc 
.ii-lirnilid.  .ir  emharked  for  Oilmalia:  the  lleei 
\\as  liivmatitleil.  and  the  Senate  were  rapidly 
divestiiiu'  themselves  of  every  pri\  ili-L'e.  w  hen.  on 
thi  ill-' nf   .May.  a  popular  luiiiiili    hroke  oiii   in 

'he  i:ipit:il.      Tliedreal  Conneil   Hire    in  deliher 

atiiMi  wli'-n  slio'.s  were  tired  l)cne:itli  the  windows 
lit  tie-  lineal    palace.     The    iremliliiiir    senators 

tllnii::!)!     tlcit    tlie    risillij    \v;is    dileelcd     auMinst 

''i"ii,  ■eel  tieit  their  lives  were  in  d:t!ii;er.  :ind 
ii.t-ieit.  I  to  divest  iliemselves  of  every  remnant 

■f  piiiM  r-ind  .lulliorily  at  the  very  Tnomcnt  wlien 
i!ii    piipiil  lee  were  lakini;  arn.s  in  Iheir  favour. 

l.'in:.'  hve  SI.  Mark,  and  down  with  foreiirn 
il'imiiiiunl' w;is  the  cry  of  the  iiisurirenN.  hut 
;:■•::;::;_-  e:ir.;d  c.imiiiuilie.lti  oil.  .^p.irk  .it'  _-:iIi:i:o 
Sre  lo  Ilie  Venetian  arisiocracv.      In  the  midst  of 


the  Kcncral  ronfiislnn.  while  the  advorsc  parties 
were  flrintf  on  oiicli  oilier,  and  the  dislimided  Hhi 
vonliins  threateniuit  to  plunder  the  city,  these 
unhappy  h'lfishitors  couhl  only  delcmto  their 
power  lo  a  Imstily  iiswiinhled  provisional  (.'oveni 
mint,  and  then  sepiimte  in  siianie  and  for  ever, 
'llie  democniiir  government  commenced  their 
career  in  n  miinner  i>s  dishoiiourahle  lis  that  of 
the  iiristiM'nicv  liiid  tM'cn  chis«M|.  "  They  "  inline 
dialely  dcHpiitched  the  llotiUii  to  lirliii;  over  the 
Fn  mil  trmips.  A  liriL'ade  under  Uarau'uai  dllil- 
Hers  soon  lamled  |  Mav  I'l)  lit  the  place  of  St. 
Mark:  and  Vinicc-.  wliich  liail  liraved  the  thiiii 
ill  Is  of  the  Vatican,  the  power  of  the  eniper 
ors.   and   the   arms   of   the    Otliniims,   .  now 

Slink  for  ever,  and  without  strikini;  one  manly 
li'ow  or  tiring'  one  .sinpU'  shot  for  honour  and 
fame'  Venice  counted  1:!<HI  years  of  iiidepen 
deuce,  centuries  of  power  and  renown  and  many 
also  of  ^'n'atness  and  ulory.  liut  ended  in  a  man- 
ner niori' dislionourahle  than  any  slate  of  which 
history  makes  mention.  The  French  went 
tliroiiih  the  form  of  acknowled^fiui;  the  new 
demiHratic  >rovernnicnt.  Iml  retaini'd  the  power 
in  their  own  liands  Heavy  contriliutions  were 
levied,  all  the  naval  and  inllitiiry  stori'S  were 
taken  possession  of.  and  the  fleet,  huviiiir  <'on- 
veved  French  troops  to  the  Ionian  islands,  was 
sent  lo  Toulon.  "—T.  Mitchell,  friiififoil  Cam- 
jhii'iifi  in  t/if  liine  I'f  .S'liji'iU'iii,  di.  6  (AViMcr'« 
\r''Hziiif.  Aiiril,  \HW\. 

.\ ISO  IX:    K.    FlaiTK.    r«/i(ec.-    The  <'il!i  ,>f  the 
S"i.   I'f.    I,   i-fi    1-4  (.e.  1).— .l/eMii/(r«  -1/  XiijmUon 

ili,-t,lt,,t  ,lt  St.    Ihh'inl.   r.   4.  <•/(.   .J. 

A.  D.  1797  (M«y  — October).— Napoleon's 
political  work  in  Italy.— Creation  of  the  Ligu- 
rianandCisatpine Republics,  Dismemberment 
of  the  Graubunden,— The  Peace  of  Campo- 
Formio.— Venice  given  over  to  Austria,  and 
Lombardjrand  the  Netherlands  taken  away.— 
■'The  revolution  in  Veiii  e  was  soon  followed 
liy  another  in  (leiioa.  also  oriianised  by  the 
plots  of  the  French  minisler  tliere.  Fnypoiilt. 
rile  lieiiocse  had  111  irenenil  shown  themselves 
l:i\our:ilile  to  Fnnce:  hut  there  existed  anions; 
tlie  nol'les  an  anti  French  parly  :  the  Senate,  like 
lh:it  of  Venice.  w:is  loo  aristiMTatie  to  suit  Bonn- 
partes  or  the  Din  clnry's  iiolions;  and  it  wiis 
con-idered  tiiat  (leiioa.  under  11  democratic  con- 
sliiulion,  woiihl  he  more  suliservienl  to  ?'renpli 
iiileresis  .\n  insnrreelion.  prepared  liy  Fay- 
poult,  of  sonicTiMlor  sou  of  ihe  lowest  class  of 
ifcMoesc.  aided  l»y  Frenchmen  and  Ijonibards, 
on  May  '.'inii.  Iml  was  put  ilown  by 
mass  of  Ihe  real  (ieiiiM'se  people, 
however.  w;is  detiTinined  to  eltect 
lledirc:leil  a  force  of  l-.MMKI  men 
Uld  despatched  L;ivalelle  tt  itii  a  h'tter 
re  .   Hon;iparle's  threats  were  al- 


out 


liroki 

Ihe  LTrat 
lloieiparle 
hi-  olijecl 

on  lielllKl. 

lo  the   Do 

tended  liv  Ihe  same  nui:rii"il  ctTccis  a!  (ieiioa 
hid  followed  llieiii  at  Venice.  Tile  Senate  im- 
mediately despalched  three  nobles  lo  IriMt  with 
liiin.  ami  on  .lime  Pith  was  concluded  the  Treaty 
of  \|onli'liello.  Tlielioverniuentof  (ieuoa  recoi^- 
iii-id  li\  this  treaty  the  sovereiirnty  of  the  peo- 
pli  ,  e.Miiided  the  li  irislative  power  to  two  Conn- 
1  ils.  one  of  :loo.  the  other  of  "i(H)  mcmhers.  the 
exeelllive  power  to  a  Seii:ite  of  twelve,  presided 
over  liy  111"  l>oi;e.  Meanwhile  a  provisional 
irovernment  wa-;  lo  be  established.  By  a  secret 
article  a  contribution  of   four  millions,  disLTuised 


li 


13 


51 


•'t    :i    !i':tli,    W:t3    iini*'---'!    'ip*>H 

HtT  obt'dii'iice  whh  rtHompt'iisetl  with  :i 


^ 


1(1* 


.^y-'r 


y:: 


1,1 


■:-)■■ 


■. 


FRANCE.  1T97 


Priur  nf 


PKANt'E,   1797. 


con«i(|prabl<-  miKmcnfallun  of  territory.  nn<l  the 
iDc'orixiraiicin  of  ihr  diitlrict^  known  jw  I  lie  '  Im- 
wrirtl  Hefs.'     Sue  li  wim  the  origin  of  the  l.icurian 
R'piihlir.       Aiialrlim    r,oiiiliiinlv,   after  Its   con 
iiiieiit.  land  iiImi  lM<n  fortiieil  into  the  '  txiinharit 
Keiiulinc',  Iml  the  Dinitorv  hiul  not  ni-OKnlwil 
le.  iiwiilthiff  H  ttniil  miil.rnciit  of  Itjilv  llinrntrh  ii 
p<we    with    AuKtriii.      Ili>im|mrt.'.    ti'ftir   liiklnj; 
jxnweitKlon   of    the    Dueliv   of    M'Hirn.'t   nml    the 
btfutloii*.    hiel.    lit    llrst.    thought   of    enc  tlnn 
them  into  uii  iiiihiM'mhnt  »t'He  under  the  niinie 
of  the  ■(•i»|iiii|,ine  Uepiihlic':  liiit  he  afterwards 
elmn;;ed   his  uiind  and   iiijili'd  the.se  stales  with 
l/oniharily  under  the  titli'  of  thi'Cisalpine  Uepuli 
He      He  declared,  in  ili.   name  of  the  llireetory. 
the    independence   of   tliis   ni'W    re|>uhlie.    .luiie 
2Uth    17117;    resirviiiL'.    however,    thi'    riirht    of 
noniiimtinc.  for  tlie  llrst  time,  the  inemlMm  of 
the   (Jovernmcnt    and    of    ilie   le^'islativi'   Ixxly. 
The  ilistrielM  of   the   Valtelino.   Chiavenna,   and 
IJormio.  sulijecl  to  Die  Orison  I.eau'Me.  in  which 
discontent  an<l  (list urlianci'  had  Imcu  excited  liv 
Krench  anents.    were   united   in   October  to   the 
new   stale;  whose  constitution  was  mochlhd  on 
that  of   the   Krench    Iti-puhlic.      Honaparle    was 
commissioned  by  the    Directorv  to  ncKociatc  a 
(htlnitive   peiu'e'with   Austria,   anil    eonfereiK-es 
were  opened    for   that    purpose   at    Montel»llo. 
Bonaparte's  residence  near  .Milan.     Tin'  netfoiia 
tiims  wen'  chiellv  manapil  bv  himself,  and  on 
the  part  of  Austria  by  tlic  Manpiis  di  (iallo,  the 
Nea|iolitan    ambassiid'or   at    Viiiina,   and   Count 
Micrfeld.  .      .  The neitociations  were  protmeled 
M.\  months,  partly  throuirh  Ifcinapartcs  enirajfe- 
incnts  in  arrani;inj;  tlic  alfairs  of  the  new  Italian 
npublics,  but   more  especiallv  bv  divisions  and 
feuds  in  the  Krencli   I)irc<'torv."  "  Tlie   Peace  of 
Cainpo  Korniio  was  ccmciuchd  Octobir  17       "  It 
derived   this  name  from  its  liavin^   Ihm  ii  sijrneil 
in  a  ruined  ciislle  situatcil  in  a  small  village  of 
that    name    near   Udine;    a    place   selected    on 
trounds  of  cticpiettc'  in   preference  to  the  nsi 
<lence   of    either   of   the   neiioiialors.       liv    this 
treaty  the  Emperor  ccch-d  the  Austrian   N'ethcr- 
lands   to    Knincc;    abandom-d    to   the   Cisalpine 
Republic,  wliich  he  recoi;nised,  l!er)tamo,  Hn>s 
cia,  Crema,  I'eschiera,  the  town  and   fortress  of 
-Mantua  with  their  territories,  and  all  that   part 
of  the  former  Venetian  jiossessions  to  the  south 
and   west  of   a   line  which,   commcniini;  in  the 
Tvrol,  traversid  th.'  l,a>.'o  di  (iania,  tin'  hft  hank 
of  the  Adiiie,  but   IniludinK   I'orto  Let'nago  on 
the  right  bank,  and  llieni'e  aloiu;  the  h  ft  bank  of 
the  I'll  to  its  mouth.     Kiance  w.is  to  poswss  the 
Ionian  Islands,  and  all  the  Venetian  sctllements 
in   Albania    liclow   the    Oulf    of    Lodrino;    the 
Fri'nch   Republic  airrceinj,'  on  its  side  that  the 
Emperor  should  have  Istria.  Dalniatia.  the  Vene 
Man   isles   in    the    Adriatic,   liie   moullis   of   the 
Cattaro.  the  city  of  Venice,  the  Ijiosms,  and  all 
the  former  Venetian  terra  lirma  to  the  line  before 
described.     The  Kmpiror  ceded  the  Hreisjjau  to 
the  Duke  of  .Modeiia.  to  be  lield  on  the  same  con- 
ditions as  he  h.iil  held  the  Modiiiese.      .V  coimress   i 
composed  of  tlie  pleiiipoi.nliaiies  of  the  (icr'man   I 
Ki'diTriti^n  was  lo  asMuible  inumdialclv.  to  treat   ' 
of  a  peace  between  France  and  till-   Km'pire.     To   j 
Iliis  paliiil  Irealv  was  added  another  secret  one,    ' 
liy  the  luiniipal  article  of  which   the   Emperor   ! 
■.on.Miited  that   Fnincc  should   h.ive  the   frontier   I 
of  the    Rhine,  ixcept   thi'   I'rus.sian   possessions.    I 
and  s:ipiii;i:(d   ih.il   the  Iiuptrial   innips  sliouid   i 
enter   Venice  on   the  same  day  that  the  French   | 

13; 


enleri'il  Mcntz,  He  alun  pmrnlwl  to  u,,  hi.  i,, 
Huence  to  obtain  the  aceeiwinn  of  the  Kiiir.,ri  tii 
thlmirranifement ;  anil  If  that  lio.lv  win, |„|,i  i„ 
eonwnf.  lo  Klvelt  no  more  assistance  tlnu,  I,,,,,  i, 
tinifent.  The  navigation  of  the  Rhini  i,,  |„.,|,, 
clansl  free.  If.  at  the  peace  with  the  I  i,i|,ir,. 
the  Krench  It-public  should  make  .uiv  „,.',i,| 
tlons  In  Oermany,  the  Einp<Tor  was  In  ,,l,i  i'„  .„, 
eiiulvalcnt  there,  and  vice  versa,  ji,,  |),„i|| 
Stadtholder  to  have  a  territorial  indeiiirniv  T,. 
the  Kinir  of  Prussia  were  to  !«■  n'st,,r..|  In,  |,.„. 
si'ssions  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhin. .  ,,,,,1  )„, 
was  consequently  to  have  no  new  aii|ui.!ii,„„  h, 
(lennany.  rrinces  and  Slates  of  ih,-  jjiu.jr,. 
damnllleil  by  this  tn-atv.  to  obtain  a  -nil  iM,   j,, 

ih'mnily.  Hy  tlie'Trealv  of  c p.  Kriiii.. 

was  lerminaleil  not  only  the  Il.ilian  ..uiipu'i, 
but  also  the  llrst  lontineiilal  war  of  ili,  \{,  v.iiii 
tion.  The  establishment  of  Honapiiit  ,  |,ri -lii'c 
and  power  by  the  former  was  a  n  -nil  -nil  miri- 
momentous  in  its  conseiiiienees  fur  KiirMp.  ij,;,., 
the  fall  of  Venice  and  the  revnluliniii-in,.  ,,| 
Xorthern  Italv.'— T.  H.  Dyer.  l/,\i  ,.f  \i'i,n, 
A'im</».  M-,  7,  rli.  H  (r.  4). 

Al.Mi  IN:  A.  ThIiTS,  l/i»t.  nf  Hi,  I',,,,,),  n,, 
{Am.  ,,/.).  r.  4.  ;-/-.  il4-2n— Sir  \V.  S,,,it  /„> 
"/  .\, I/I'll,, lit  /tii"ii4i/i,irli\  rh.  is — .\fe,ii,,ir,  ,,i-  \,, 
IHilriiit  ilirtiiliil  III  Sf,   llrtriin.  rli.  tl  M 

A.  D.  1797  (Septemberi.  — Conflict  of  the 
Directory  and  the  two  Council!.— The  Revo- 
lutionary Coup  d'Etat  of  the  i8th  of  Fructidor, 
— Suppretiion  of  the  Royalists  and  Moderates, 
—Practical  overthrow  of  the  Constitution.- 
"Tlie  inevitable  dlsHenshin  lietwem  tin  iahu 
live  [Miwer  anil  the  eh'ctoral  power  had  alnailv 
displayed  itsidf  at  the  conclusion  of  I  h(  el.  Ili, msn'f 
the  Year  V,  The  elect  ions  Were  made  for  l!,..ni,,s! 
part  under  the  inlluence  of  the  reaiiioii,ir\  |i,rtv, 
which,  whilst  it  refrained  from  con-piriiiir  lurliic 
overthrow  of  the  new  Consiitiition,  sau  \iiih 
terror  that  the  cxectitive  imwer  was  in  ihe  hands 
of  men  who  Imil  taken  part  in  Ih,'  exei  -*.-  ;iii,l 
crimes  of  the  Convention,  I'ich,  jtu,  «1i,..i  in- 
triKuea  with  the  princes  of  the  ll.,iisi'..f  n,.iir. 
iMin  were  not  yet  known,  was  inihn-i  ,-ii,allv 
made  President  of  the  Council  of  Kiv  lliiii.ln.i' 
and  Barlic-.Marbois  was  made  I'r. -i  I,  iit  ..!  ilic 
.Vnch'nts.  Ia:  Tourneur  liavini;  bii.ir.i. ,  l,v  1 'I. 
then'tirinKiiiemlierof  the  Directorv,  laMli,  I.  mv, 
an  upright  and  moderate  man,  wa- .  li  -,  i,  in  h'i- 
place.  He,  as  well  as  his  coll.-.i:;ii, .  I  iii.l, 
were  opposed  to  violent  measure-,  hui  !l„  v  .,iil\ 
formed  in  the  Dinaiorate  a  miiioriiv  »  lii,  I,  «.i- 
powerles-s  against  the  Triumvirs  liarri-  I!,  .vl«l. 
and  La  Reveilli're,  who  soon  cmer.l  u|i.  n  a 
struggle  with  the  two  Councils,  .  .  ri„!.«.n 
doublles,s,  among,st  [their  opponeni-j  in  ilntwi. 
Councils,  wmie  Royalists,  and  ard.iil  n  m  r;,,;ii.|. 
who  desired  with  all  their  hearts  ih,'  n  ■  .r.itinii 
of  the  BourlK)us;  but,  acconlini:  to  Ue 
testimony,  the  majority  of  the  name-  «  i 
drawn  from  the  electoral  urn  sine-  lii,  ,  >•■ 
gallon  of  the  Con,stitution  of  the  V.ar  III 
-traUL'crs  to  the  Royalist  party.  '  Tli.y  •!! 
desire,'  to  use  the  vi-onls  of  an  cininnii  ,i. 
partial  historian  of  our  own  ilav  (li,  I:,! 
■  Life  of  Rover Collard  ■ ),  ■  a  coiiiiicr  r.A>  In 
but  the  abolition  of  the  revolulioii.iry  I,  >>  • 
were  still  in  force.  They  wishi'.l  fi'r  |" 
tru."  liberty,  and  the  succ.ssiv,-  piirili,  ,'' 
Dir.'ctorate  which  was  Ilii'  dir.'.  I  h.ir  •■'.  ': 
vention.  .  ,  .  Itiit  the  Directoraii-  w  i-  , 
opposed  to  the  Moderates  as  to  the  Royait- 


1.1-' 
.\  ili.  I,  \i.  r<- 


.vhi.h 
,■  :,n.| 


ll 


KHANCE,  n»7 


n»  rii(»  AViuffcior. 


KRANCK.  170:-17W 


BTPKiidnl  tn  rrgmni  tlimo  twii  pnrtlra  »»  imc,  aiul   I 
fiUi'lv  reprHK'tittil   tliciii  a*  cimMiilriiiit  In  foni     | 
moo  <i>r  the  nvi-rtlirow  of  tlii-  Ik'pulilii'  an<l  thr   l 
rtctul)li«lim«'nt"f  niDimrchv.  .  .  .  If  tlicru  wen-   i 
ftm  lli)yaliiiU  In  tlin  twd  ('(iiiiiclls.   tlicrp  wi'n' 
.lio  few  men  iliUTinini'il  to  prnvoki' on  tlii'  pnrt    | 
(if the  Direotors  h  ri'coiirm'  to  violinn-  iiKiiln«t   ■ 
tbrir  colU'itKO''*'     lint  UK  n  K>^»t  <>"<<>lx'i°<'' ">■'''' 
iiwniN'iii  liiul  wit  in  the  Convrntiiui,  tlii'V  miln 
rslly  fmriil  ii  ti»>  cimipU'lr  riMictinn,  iiml,  iilTi-ct 
iQL'm?n'«t/.""il  for  till' ConHlltutlon.  tliiT  foumli'il 
atlln'  Hotel  ^'l»l"l.  undir  tlir  ininic  of  tlif  Con- 
slituliiMuil  Club,  iiniuuuKltttlon  wliicli  was  widely 
(m|K»«'<l  in  ilH  spirit  unil  tendency  to  tliiit  of  tin' 
lliitel  Clieliy.  In  wliiili  were  ii.-vHeinl)led  the  most 
ntilpiit  uienilK'rH  of  tlie  reiictlonary   piirty   liiiid 
licnw  eiilleil    Clleliyuns]    .   .   .   The   Council   of 
Five  Hiuiilred,  on  the  motion  of  ii  ineinlier  of  the 
Clicliy   Clnh.  energetliiilly   deiniinded  timt    the 
LeKl'lHlive   power  Hhonid    havi'  ii  aliare  In  de- 
IcrniininK  (inexlloiiH  of  peaee  or  wiir.      No  Ren 
(•nil  iwd  e,\erei>«cl,  In  this  respiTt,  li  rn<  >Tf  urliitriiry 
pi)Wfr  than  hiid   IJoimpiirte,  who  h:id  niirotliited 
of  hw  own  inert^  iiiilliorlty  sevenil  treiitles.  iind 
the  prrliinlniiries  of  the  pence  of  Ciinipo  Konnio. 
He  wii.4  ollenchd  iit  these  preteiisloiH  on  the  part 
of  the  Council  of  Kivc>  lliindnd.  and  entreated 
the  (iovernment  to  liMik  to  the  army  for  «ii|ip"rl 
jpiliist  the  CoiiuelU  and  the  reuidoiiary  press. 
Heivin  HiMit  to  I'arln.  an  a  support   to  the  polii  y 
of  the  Dinctors,  (lenerul  Amrereau,  one  of  thi' 
bravest  men  of  his  army,  but  by  no  means  seru 
puleus  as  to  the  employment  of  violini  means, 
and  disposed  to  n^ard  the  sword  as  the  supreme 
argument  In  politlei,  whether  at  home  or  abroad. 
The  IHreetorv  j;av<'  him  the  command  of  the 
military  division  of  Paris.  .  .  .   llcnciforlhaeoiip 
lielat  appeared  Inevltabli'.      The  Dirc-clors  now 
nurchid  some  regiments  upon  the  capilal,  in  de 
tlanre  of  a  clause  of  the  Conslltuiion  which  pro 
hlhited  the  presence  of  troops  wit  hiu  a  dislanee  of 
twelve  hMk'Uesof  I'aris.  unless  in  accordance  with 
tspc'iial  law  pass<'d  in  or  near  Paris  itself.     The 
Councils  burst  forth  Into  reproaches  and  threats 
against  tin-  Directors,  to  which  the  latter  re|)lied 
bvliiry  addresses  to  the  anuies.  and  totheCoun 
ciU  Ilieniselves.     It  was  in  vain  that  the  Direc 
torsCamot  and  Bartheleiny  endeavoured  to  ipnll 
the  risiu.i;  storm;  their  three  colleairues  refused 
to  listen  to  them,  and   tixeil  the   lH|h  Fruelidor 
[SeplemIxT  4 1  for  the  execution  of  their  criminal 
pnijecty      During  the  nlirht   pnceiluiK  that  day, 
.\ii);(n'au  inanhed  12,I)IH(  men  ieto  Paris,  and  in 
III!'  niuniintf  these  triH>ps,  uniler  his  own  com- 
ni:ui(i,  supportcil  by  4t)  |)leces  of  cannon,    sur- 
riiunded  thcTuilerles,  in  which  tbeCouncih  held 
thi'ir  sittings.     The  grenadiers  of  the  Councils' 
guanl  joined  .Vugereau,  who  arrested   with  bis 
own  liaiid  the  brave  Riiuel,  who  commanded  that 
ruanl.  and  Oenenil   Pichegrw,   the  President  of 
IheCoiuicil  of  Five   Hundn'd.   .   .   ,  The  Direi-- 
ion     .   ,  published  a  letter  written   by  Moreau, 
which  revealed   Pichegru's  treason;   and  at  the 
siime  limi-  nominated  a  Committee  for  the  pur- 
pose of  Watching  over  the   publii'  safety.   .  .  . 
K'lrty  uvo    members    of    tin-    Council    of    Five 
lltiuilred,  eleven  mi'mbcrs   of   that  of   the   An- 
eii'iit^.  and   two  of  the   Directors,  C;irnot    [who 
csiapeil,  however,   into  Swltzerla!id|    and    Bar 
llirliiiiy,  weri'  condemned  to  be  tmnsported  to 
iliefai:iMistrictof  8innaiuarl.   .   .   .  The  Directors 
ai-"' 111, i.ic  the  editors  of  :)•">  Journals  the   victims 
"fth'ir  resi'ntment.     They  hud  the  laws  passid 


In  favour  of  the  priests  and  emlgmnts  ri'treiwd, 
and  annulled  the  elections  of  in  ihpnrtments 
Merlin  ih'  DoUttl  and  Fninvols  ih-  XeufihAleau 
were  chosen  us  siiccess<irs  bi  Carnot  and  Uar 
thelemv,  who  hivl  iM-en  liaidshisl  anil  proserilKcl 
by  Ihefr  colleagues.  That  which  tiH>k  place  on 
the  IHih  Fruetldor  rulnisl  the  Constitutional  and 
.Mishrale  parte,  whilst  ll  resuscitated  that  of  thi) 
Itivolulh.n  — E,  de  IJimneehose,  IIM.  ■■/  h'nin.-f, 
il/>  i«ri';l.  Ilk.  2,  fh.  \  (e.  •.>),  —  ■■  During  this<'  two 
d.iys,  Paris  eimtlnueil  perfectly  <|iilet  The 
patriots  of  the  fauxlHiurgs  deemeil  the  punish 
ment    of    truns|K>rtnlion    tis)    nuld.   .  These 

groiijis,  however,  whiili  were  far  from  numerous, 
ilisliirlMil  not  In  the  hast  the  peace  of  I'arls. 
The  sedionaries  of  Viiidemiaire  .  .  had  no 
l.i'iiier  siillldent  eneru'V  to  take  up  arms  spon 
laneously  They  sulTi-red  the  stroke  of  policy 
tolx!  curried  inio  elleet  without  opposithm.  For 
the  rest,  public  opinion  continued  uncertain.  The 
sincere  republicans  dearly  p4  rceivid  that  the 
rovalisi  faction  had  rendered  an  energetic  meas 
ore  inevitable,  but  tiny  ileplored  the  violathm 
of  the  laws  and  the  inl'ervenliori  of  the  milllary 
power  They  idinosl  doiibticl  the  culpability  of 
Ihi'  conspiraliirs  on  si'cing  such  a  man  as  Carnot 
mini.'lc  d  In  iheir  niiiks  They  apprehended  that 
hatred  had  tisi  slrcini;lv  intluenced  the  (Utermina- 
tious  of  the  Direitory.  Lastly,  e.eii,  though 
conshlering  its  (hterminatlons  as  nciessarv,  they 
were  sad,  and  not  without  reason;  for  It  iM'came 
evident  that  that  loiistitulion,  (m  which  they  had 
placed  all  their  ho|M',  was  not  the  termination  of 
our  troubles  and  our  ilisconl.  The  mass  of  the 
populiition  submitted  and  ihlachi'<l  itself  much 
on  Ihal  dav  from  poiitiial  events.  .  .  .  Irom 
that  day,  i)olillcal  /.eal  Isgan  to  cool.  Such 
were  the  lonx'ipiences  of  the  stroke  of  policy  ai' 
eomplished  on  Ilie  IMth  of  Fruclidor.  It  has 
bein  asserted  that  it  had  U'come  useless  at  the 
moment  when  it  was  executed;  that  the  DIrec 
lory,  in  frightening  the  royalist  faction,  hail 
already  succeeded  in  overawing  it;  that,  by  per 
sistlnir  in  this  stri'Ich  of  iiower,  it  paved  the  wav 
to  militarv  usurpation,    .  Hut  .   .   .   the  royal- 

ist faction.  .  .  .  on  the  .iunctlonof  the  new  third 
.  .  .  would  inf;dlibly  have  overturned  every 
thing,  atid  mastered"  the  Directory.  Civil  war 
would  then  have  ensued  between  it  and  the 
armies.  The  Directory,  in  foreseeing  this  move 
ment  and  timelv  repressing  it,  prevented  a  civil 
war;  and,  if  it  placed  itself  tmder  the  protection 
of  the  military,  it  submitted  to  a  melancholy  but 
inevit;ible  ncces.sitv.  "— .V.  Thiers,  Hint  '■/  llir 
Fr,ii,-I,  i;,r.  (.1,,,.  ,',t.),  r.  4,  ;-;..  'JiL^-iOtl. 

A.  D.  1797-1798  (December— May).— Revo- 
lutionary intrigues  in  Rome.— French  troops 
in  possession  of  the  city.— Formation  of  the 
Roman  Republic— Removal  of  the  Pope.— ■■.\t 
|{ome  a  pertnancnt  conspiracy  was  establishecl  at 
the  Kii  inU  F.mbassy,  where  .losepli  IJimaparte,  ;LS 
the  ambassador  of  the  Kepublic,  was  the  centre  of 
a  knot  of  conspirators.  Uu  the  a8th  of  DccemlH-r, 
1707,  came  the  lirst  open  attempt  at  Insurreclioti. 
(iciieral  Duphot,  a  hot  headed  young  man,  one 
of  the  military  attaches  of  the  Preiich  Kmbassy, 
put  himself  at  the  head  of  a  handful  of  the  dis 
alTceted.  and  led  them  to  the  attack  of  one  of  the 
posts  of  the  pontitical  troops.  In  the  ensuing 
skirmish  a  chance  shot  struck  clown  the  French 
genenil,  and  the  rabble  which  followed  him  dis 
persed  in  ail  directions,  it  v\as  jusl  liie  "ipp<»i 
tuidty  for  which  the  Directory  had  been  waiting 


1353 


•J       ' 
I     I 


n: 


•  i    ■•  .     J.Sl 


1  ' 

11 

ll^ 

¥W 

r  J  Ix    i 

'Jl  .1 


t 


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1 


Jill 
./ill 

If!;!' 
'  i  i ;  ■ 

S  4  !  ,  ■ 


?  3 


,1 


if: 
41-  '.'■  ■ 


KHA.NCK,    1707  I :«« 


KUAN(  K,    ITltx 


In  iinlrr  in  linnk  ll»'  Iniilv  of  T<iliriliMi>  unit 
m'hv  ii|iiiii  l^>|||)^  .lii«<'|iiril.,iiu|iurli'  lift  ihi' 
<  Itj  lilt  iiiiiriiiiiu  rifiir  llic  f  111!  nil,  mill  »  iiiliiiiin 
•  if  InmiM  Hii«  liiiiiii'illalrlv  ill  tiicliiil  friiiii  liU 
liriilliir It  Mrnis  In  iltr  imriirMf  liiiJv  iiimI  unliriil 
111  iiiiin  h  Mil  ItiiiiH'  ll  iKii.iaiiil  iif  lii'iiiTHi  III  r 
lliliri.  ilivMiMiiiiiil  II  INK)  |',,|i,  iimlrr  lliiiiiiinivN 

nkl.   mill  il   rni'hl'll    lllr  nlllillnlK.    mil'    iif    riirilll'l' 

niiUiriH>u  ■-- Ihi'  HniiL'iiiif  iiriiiv  \n  ilii\  ml 
vmiiiil  ilini'iitli  ilir  |>ii|iiij  iirVllnrv  lliiv  im  i 
Willi  11. >  Miii|iiiiliv.  rill  ii»«i«iiiiiir,  fr..iii  tin'  in 
Imhil.mti  «li.i  liHiknl  ii|ii.n  lliiiii  m  iiit.uliro 
riilhir  ilijiii  ilillvinri  jlii'  iirni\/    llirililir 

wruli'iii  ll.iihi(p;ini'.  Iiiis  mil  wiih  nutliini.' Inn 
till'  iiiH^I  |iriif.iiinil  niiiiliriialli'ii  In  t  liU  mniilrv, 
williiiiil  wiini,'  iirii'  i;liiii|i»,',,f  III,.  Njilrli  nf  inijV 
IHiiilinii'.  i.nly  nni'  ,in;rli'  pulrinl  niini'  In  iiir 
anil  iilfi  rill  l.i  ml  ;il  lilKrly  •.'.immi  i,.n\liii.  ■  Thin 
lllK'rul  iitTi  r  cif  .1  ri  infnriinirn!  nf  ^'.ikhi  niiiiiii 
ilri'ls  Ihi'  Kn  -I  |,  umi  ml  lli.niiilil   il  ln'tlir  In  ilr 

'li'"' Vl  liriitlli.  on  Ihi'  liMli  of  Kilirnarv. 

IJirlliiiT  ap|M'»riil   I'lforr   Uorni'  .    Wislilii)^ 

It!  iivoiil   II   iiM  II  «  1  ifii^i r  liloi«l.  I'iiH  VI 

oriliriil  ilii'  tMtn  111  111'  iliro»ii  i.|.,ii.  i  ontintini? 
lilniM'lf  will,  iiililri'stiiiii:.  iliruu:rli  iIh'  ronnniiii 
iliint  of  ;M  Anu'ilo.  ii  |iroii',i  loilir  Kniii-li  irin 
criil.  In  »  liii  ll  III'  ilci  hiri'il  ilial  lir  \  iililiil  only  to 
oviTwIiilniiii);  foni'.  A  fi'Wil:i\s  aflir,  ii  w'lf 
I'li'ili'il  ili-|iiilalliin  of  llommis  wailiil  ii|ion  Hi  r 
lliiir.  Ill  n  univ,!  Iiim  i,,  priH  lnim  Itomi'  a  n-imh 
lie,  unilir  llii'  proli'  lion  of  Kriimi'  As  Ilirlliii  i 
liinl  Ih'1'11  oiii'  of  till'  niosl  ill  Hm'  at'inls  in  (.'I'llini,' 

III)  Iliis  ili'piilaiion.   h,',    of  imirv,    im iliatilv 

yiililiil  III  iliiir  riiiiii^i  Tin'  Krimli  jriiimil 
Ilnn  ilrmanili'il  of  tin'  |>,ipi'  ilnii  hr  kIumiIiI  for 
iiially  ri'sii;n  liis  lini|ioral  powi  r,  ami  iii  npt  ilir 
ni'W  ordir  of  lliini;v  Ills  nplv  was  llii'  sami'  as 
that  of  I'Viry  Popr  of  wlioin  -m  h  a  iliniaml  lias 
iK'in  niaili':  '  Wr  lannot  —  »!■  «  ill  ii.it  "  In  llii' 
niiilst  of  a  violint  llimiilir  ^lorl]l  In'  was  torn 
from  Ills  jialaii'.  forinl  into  ararriaiii'.  ami  i  arrii'il 

away  to  Vilirlio,  ami  tli.i to  Siina.  wlnri'  lir 

was  kipl  a  pri    ,n,r   for   llirii'  monilis.     Homi' 

was  rule  ll  liy  tin'  iron  lianil  of  a  mililarv  iiovi'rnor. 

Mianwiiili',  alariniil  al  llii'  risiiiii  in  Ilalv, 

till-   Din-rtory    wirr   lonviyini;   tlir    I'opi'    t,,',l 

Frini  ll   prison Vfli  r' a  short  stay  at  (in 

III  ilili'  hi'  wa-.  I  ransfrrn-i  1  to  i  lir  f,  ,rt  riss  of  Valimi-. 
wlnri'.  Iiroki  n  ilowii  liy  tin'  fati>rui  s  of  liis  jour 
my.  hi'  ili'il  on  Aniiiisl  Iltih,  ITHll.  pravinif  for 
his  I'mniics  willi  his  lasi  lirralli  '— c'hi'Valii'r 
«»'Clirv.  //iV.  .,f  t/i,  lliili.ui  It, lul.il it'll  r/i  ■> 
xi-l.   I.  '  '  ' 

Ai.siiiN:    (■     A     Kvlfi',    llifl     ■■!'  }fiKl,ni    Hu 

l-'if.    '■.    1.    '•/(,    4.— .1.     Miliv,     IIUI     .if  thr    I'.liHil    i 

St.U.,.  U:  X,  i-h.  :!(,-.  :ti.— .1.  K,   Darras,    lli>t.  ..f  ' 
Ih,   Cif/i.ili,-  Clmn-li,  Klh  /i.  ri.„l,  ,■/,     IS  ir   4).— '!'. 
Hosi'oi',  .Vimiiira  .1/'  S,ijii„  ,/,    /,',>,'!    /•,'.'    ,'/,    4 

A.  D.  1797-1798  I  December— September!.— 
Invasion  and  subjugation  of  Switzerland.— 
Creation  of  the  Helvetic  Republic.  Sic  Swirz 
KHIAM)     .\    I)    IT!l-,'-I7!IH 

A.  D.  1797-1799.— Hostile  attitude  toward 
the  United  States.-The  X,  Y,  Z  correspon- 
dence.—Nearness  of  war.  Sii-  ('mti  11  .s<r\rKs 
UK  Am      A    I)    IT!I7-IT!I!» 

A.  D.  1798  (May— August). —  Bonaparte's 
expedition  to  Egypt. -His  seizure  of  Malta. 
-Pursuit  by  the  English  fleet  under  Nelson. 
-The  Battle  of  the  Nile.-  The  tnalv  of 
lampo  Korniio,  liy  whiili  Austria  olitaiiiod  t'i'rms 
iiru!!i,i  aslv.i.-ii.i-roii..;  I.,  h,  r  oili  i,->u.  iii,»,,ivi'ii 
till'  oirinsivi-  ami  lii/feusivi'  alliauie  of  thi- om- 


■f 


.'I,  ,,f 


tiiiintiil  |Hi»(r».  iml  h  fi  Knitlaml  a|,,,„  j  ,  ,,, 
Till'  liiiiiiillutioii  1.1  this  roiinlrv    »,,  |..  1,,    ',]' 
liMt  iiiiit  till'  L'liaii'sl   It!  lili'Vi  nil  ill  ,,|  |i,i„|,     " 
Mllim.   .   .         'nriiiu  ihr  autumn  .,„,|   ,>,      "" 
Ihinyi'iir  |i;a;  >t|.  jinpaniioMs  |,,r-  ,     ,,  , 

mint  wi'ri'  prisi'i'ilini,'  al  Toiil..!!,   ,1,,.  

ls.iir«  III  poasi'.siiin  of  Ihr  I'm  11.  Ii       1 1„ 
Italy,    I'hiiiioMim    f,,r   a    pr.,iiii^,|    ,|,,,,  , 
I.IKNI.ItiNl.iKlii  franiH,  whii  h   i|,|.   |i„,,:.  , 
iinalili'  III  pay,  hail  In  1 11  Haiti  n.l  I.,  i|, 
III!' army  of  Knulaml,  and  ap|H  .,-,  ,|  i,;  ,1 
{HI  I  of  Ihi'  pliimhr  of  thi.  rnimin       I;   i 
I'M-r  iiiliihl  Ih'  iiii'  \h  «  ol  1 1,,    nil, ,  '  ,, , 
I'Xpi'rlalloii  of  till'  ariiiv,  lloiri|.iiri,    i, ,  1 
iiiilloii  of  iindi  rtakitii;  an  int.  i|,M-<      .| 
di'Hi'iiit    upon   till'   i'oa,i   ,,r   |:ii„|,,,|.|     ,,  i| 

tli'i'ls  of    l-aiirlatid   kipl    p..»«H,i I    ,\'„ 

Thiri'  was  aiiolhrr  ipiarti  r  from  win,  !,  ,: 
l«li    Kmpiri'   mlK-hl    lu'    iiii'ii;i,.,|    ,ui!,    , 

I'hanri' of  siii'i'i'^.,.      India Id  mv.ri.. 

whili'  Ki.'.\pt  and  Ihr  nivat  .  ,1,1.  ni  |i'ii 
.Mi'ilitrrranran  wrn-  in  tin  pi,v,i  .,j  n  .! 
Ihi' Krral  niarititni' [Hiwir^       i;:ri|.i   l,,.|i. 


I   il.i 


oliji'il  of  Krrnili  amiiitiiiii  >iiiii.  tin  im  . 
.\IV.   .  Il  was  for  Kiript,  tin  1, 1  ,,, 

jtrrai  arinaini'til  of  Toulon  »:■>  d.  siii,, 
proji'i  I  was  not  iiidii'd  coii»id,  i,,|  ,,  v, 
fill  OIII-  HI  Paris,  lint  kiiiIi  h.i-  i|„  ,Ii 
halndof  thi'  riilim;  faition  fr.rtin  -u.,) 
piiiiis  whirh  hinl  spiiint:  mit  of  li,,.  ,,., 
Kranii',  and  of  Ihi'  ;iil,IHHI  iii,|ii.,i,  (,  1, 


I  I ' 


.11  III, 
Tl,. 
I,.,,„ 
1  iii'l 
ili',,rv 
la  .'4 
111.  I 


I    «iri'  mialilr  to  Milisfv.  that   tin    i-.ir,,|  ,|„  ,  ^ 

,    pidilion    whlih  thi'v"  iiio-l   di -in  d   ii  1-    il,,'  i' 

;    init'ht  ncvir  n'tnrn  "fnnii  tlii-  I,miiI>,..|  i|„  \,i,' 

I    .   .   .   Tlii'lli'i'l,  riin«i-tiniri.f  thii't,,  I,  ^iii,,,  ,,f  ,|„ 

I    line,  with   scvrral   frinati-.,   -.maiii  r  m  v„  i,    ,,1 

j    tninsports  I'onvi'yinir '.'M.iMKi  piiki.l  iii„.|,-\,jt|, 

■    Ihi-   full   cipiipnii'iii   for  i-v,  r\    kind  ..1   M,,|ii;,rv 

wrvii'i'.  si't  sail  on  tin-   Mlln'if  M,i\.      An,,,!,,.! 

Ill  this  Blnj.nilar  ixpi'dilion,  disliii.  d   I.  r  i|„   i„ 

vasion  of  It  frii'iiilly  loiiniry,  and  thr  .].  ,111,  ii,,„ 

of   an   tiiiolTrniiini.,'   pi'oph''   was  a  -iiiT  •!   i.m 

frssors,   furiiislnil  with  Issiks,  mapv  ai..]  |.|iil,, 

sopliinil    iiistriinii'iits   for   pni.siiiiiiii-   -.  ludiii, 

ri'siafi'hi's  in  a  land   .vhirli,  in  a  Cliii-li.ui   ui.l  i 

philiisopliiT,  was  Ihr  iiiiwt  iiilin -tini:  p.iii.'ii.f 

till' hIoIm'.      Thi'  K'O'at  arinatni  lit  I'.in ,,..1  i;, 

ran'ir  of  nipini'   hy  si'izim.-  mi    ii |, n.,;,! 

ishunl  of  Malta.  T'lidrr  Ihr  shallow  |.|.  m„,  ,.f 
lakinu  ill  walnr  for  a  si(iiadniii  uhi'li  li  i.|  I.  ft 
its  aiirhoniirc  only  two  davs,  a  p..i!i..ii  ..f  tli,. 
insips  wiTi'  lamli'd.  ami.  ailrr  a  sli,,«  ,1  ,,  ,i, 
tani'i',  the  ili'Ki'ni'nili'  knights,  wh,.  h  ,d  ili-iiiy 
iK'i'nciirriipti'il.Kiirri'nili'ri'd  .Malta,  1  Jo/..  m.H  li 
mimi,  to  till-  Kn'mh  Urpulilic,  A  .1,  ii  :iiii,.;ii;^ 
of  treasure  and  of  munitions  of  w:ir  l„  .1!.  -  ili- 
pi)s.sessioii  of  the  sironiri'st  plan-  in  ih.    M.'iii.r 

raiiean.  were  tliiisaiipiind  will t  i.-. .[  ,h  ].,y 

\  eompie.st  of  siiih  im|iort,ini  I-  \\^^■■,^] 
amply  repaid  and  jusiilled  Hie  i-xpe.|in.' 
ulterior  olijeet  had  lu'in  piirvn.d  lli;i 
parte  siillereil  himself  to  lie  il.tinir..!  im  imr. 
than  twenty  four  hours  liv  this  ^i,  hi,  i,  ei.  1,1  iii.l 
having  lefl"ii  j;arrisoii  of  4.UIMI  iiini  m  il,.  i-lunl 
ami  eslalili-sheil  a  form  of  ('i\  il  :.i,,v,  iiiii).  m    ifiu 

the  Klelieli    pallern.   lie   shaped    lli~   I,. I,'.,    .iif't 

for  Ahxanilria,  On  the  1st  of  .Iiih  ih.  'ir-t 
ilivision  of  the  Kn-m-h  tmops  w.  n  1;^  i.d  A 
MumlHii..  a  few  niih's  from  the  iii\  A'-nkir 
and  Kusettii,  whiehcoininanded  tin  tiin;iili. :  t  il.c 
Nile,  were  iMTupieil  wilhonl  iliiliiulu  M.  x- 
aniiria  iisell  was  ineapalde  of  an.\  .11.'  mi  ilf 
fenee,  and,  after  a  few  skirmishes  » it li  !li,  lijnd 


1  ll.lVr 
,  It  IM 
I!. 11:. 


1354 


rHANCE,  17*4 


rhr  Hnlllr 


rKANC  K.   ITlm  itM 


(uinf  .InnliNiurlfii  whirli  niiinllliili'il  ilir  i(»rTl!u>ii, 
iln-  Kri'nrli  irili-nil  tlii'  |ilui<-.  hikI  (iir  wvi'nil 
hiMM  ilw  Inlml'lliiiilK  *<ri'  (livcn  up  to  «n  InilU 
rrimiimti'  iii»wuirrf.  lltiiiiiiHirtr  piixliiil  furwiinl 
«lih  lii«  imiml  rii|ililll,v.  iiiMhicrnil  liy  Ihi'  lii.rnirt 
„(  ihi'  «nMily  ill""*'!!,  mill   till'   piiiITi  rlriif-i  nf 


in«'|i" 


U 
Aftir  Iwii  Nirtiirirniixr  llif  Miiimhikia, 
„f  nlilih  win  I'litiiliicil  wlihlri  olijlil  nf  tin- 
pjmiiihl*  [ii'i'l  'iillnl  ilii'  ItHilIf  i.r  ihi'  I'yr.i 
ini<U|,  till-  Vriiirli  iiihiiMiiil  III  C.ilr".  iinil  hiiiIi 
WM  iIk' trrmr  whiili  llii  v  IihI  lii-pinil.  iIliI  llii' 
nipitii'  lit'  Ku'>  pt  HUH  Hurrriiili-rt-il  m  IiIimii!  it  blow, 
Tliiii  in  til. II'  wri'k«  till'  miiiilry  liml  l«rii  mm  r 
run  rill'  liiviiiliTH  Imil  nulliinr  In  fnir  rniin  lliv 
himiililv  iif  I  111'  |M'iipli';  II  rlih  ami  firiilr  iiniiilrv. 
Ihr  (mill  lit  I  if  .V«iil.  «ii»lll  llii'lr  pii«i«H»liiii;  lull, 
ioiinlirlii  III  III  llii'  pii-M-'-Inn  -ii  iirr,  II  «iii<  iht 
mwry  inriiiiiii  Hi''  rniiiiiiiiiiil  "f  llii'  *>■«  'I'll'' 
Knilli-li  (ii'M  riiiiii  III,  nil  lliilr  xiili-  nmHliliri  il 
till' i:i|iliiri'iif  llii' 'rmiliiii  uiiiiuini  111  iiii  "lijii  t  iif 
pnriiiioiiiil  liiipiirlaini',  uml  Kiirl  SI  Viiinnt, 
wli.iwiiK  Kllll  li|iK'kui|lii){  llii' SpHiiisli  piirN,  wim 
cniirnl  111  li'iivi'  ('mil/..  If  iirrr>.>iiiry.  with  IiIh 
whiili'  tiri't,  iiiMunliiif  tlii<  Kniirli:  liiil  iit  nil 
rvinl-.  111  ill  tui  II  11  s<|iMilriiii.  iimlir  Sir  llnnitiii 
.NrUm,  iin  111  It  wrvlrr,  .  .  .  Nl'liiill  Irfl  tlili 
tulliirmi  llic  "til  iif  .May,  wllli  llihi'  »liip«  "1  llm 
liiti',  (I'lir  friiriilr",  luiil  11  "limp  .   Ili'wasn 

int'iri'i'il,  nil  till'  .'itli  iif  ■liiiK'.  Willi  II  II  Mill  iif  till' 
llnr  \\\*  friiriiti'"  liml  parliil  intiipiiiiy  with  liini 
im  till'  '.'"111  III  .Miiy,  ami  iirvrr  n  niriinl  "  Suh 
IK'ilIni;  lliiit  Kk'vpt  «iin  Iliiiiaparti's  ili-liiiatinii, 
III'  miiili'  mill  I'lir  .Mcxaiiilrla,  lull  pa-wil  lln- 
Frwirli  i'«lM'iliii"n.  at  iili:lit,  mi  IIh'  way,  arrlvnl 
in  mlvittii'i'  III'  it,  anil,  tliinkiiiir  lii '  HiiriiilKi'  iiii^ 
takiii,  Kill  Till  away  fur  tin'  Mnria  ami  tlii'iici'  tn 
Na|ili.».  It  v.i*  iii'it  until  Hi-  lit  nf  AiitfiiHt  that 
he  niii  lii'il  till'  Kiryplian  i.ia»t  a  mrnml  tiiiir, 
iinil  fiiiinil  till'  Kri'iii'h  llrrl.  nf  «i.xti'<'n  will,  "at 
aiirlmr  ill  lirir  nf  liattli'.  in  tlir  Hay  i if  .Mmiikir 
Ni'lum.  Iiavinj;  ilrlrrniiiiiil  In  tlirlit  wliinrvir  lii' 
I'Him'  lip  with  till'  I'lirniv.  wliilliir  liy  ilay  iir  liy 
ni|[lil,  ininii'iliati'ly  iiiaiii'  tlir  M).'nal  fur  ai  tlnri 
Allliiiii),'li  till'  Kniirh  lli'i't  lay  in  an  npiii  mail 
<ti'iiil.  tliiy  liail  laki'n  up  a  piwilinn  wi  j-trniii;  as 
to  jii«tlfy'tlii'ir  iK'lii'f  tliiit  tliiy  imilil  imt  Ih'  kui' 
(Wifully  iiltarki'd  liy  a  fnrii''  li'«  tliaii  ilmilili' 
their imn.  Tliry  lay  rliiw  in  ilinri',  with  ii  lariri' 
«lii«l  in  tlii'lr  n'ar;  in  tlii'  ailvami'  nf  tliiir  lini' 
wa*  1111  islaml,  nn  wliiili  a  furiiiiilalilr  liattiry 
hail  ln'in  iri'iti'il ;  anil  tlii'lr  tlankn  wiri'  lovinil 
liy niiiiurnU!*  i^iin-lMitil.-i.  .  .  .  Thi' ^rncralui'timi 
(imimi  iiii'il  at  siinsi  I,  anil  rnnliniiiil  thriiiiirhniit 
thi'  nk'lit  until  six  n'rlmk  the  follnwinK  ninrniiiir. 
a  pt'riml  nf  ni'ttrly  twelve  hours.  Hut  in  less 
than  two  hours,  Ave  of  the  enemy's  ships  hail 
strurlv:  aiiii.  WMni  after  nine  o'eliK-k,  the  sea  ami 
•hnri',  for  mill's  Hriiiinil.  were  illuiiiinateil  hy  a 
tirt' wliich  Imrst  from  the  decks  of  the  'Orient,' 
ilip  Kri'iiili  llai;  ship,  nf  \M  (tuns.  In  iiIkiui 
Ifilf  iiii  lioiir  she  blew  up,  with  an  explnsion  so 
appnllini;  thai  for  SMiiie  minutes  the  aelioii  was 
su9pt'iiili..l,  aa  if  hy  tiit'lt  consent.  At  this  time 
ihcKriiiih.VilmiralBrueys wasileaii,  .  .  .  killeil 
liv  a  I  !i.i!ii-shnt  Iwfore  the  ship  timk  lire.  Nel.snn 
aUi  liiiii  iMi'Q  earrieil  belnw.  with  a  wounil  which 
»as,  al  tirst.  supp<>«il  to  lie  mortal.  lie  hail 
bein  Mniek  in  the  head  with  a  fraKiiient  of  Ian 
ffiiWv  shot,  which  tore  away  a  part  of  the  scalp. 
.  .  At  ihri'e  o'clock  ill  the  nioriiini;  four  more 
uf  the  Fn'iieh  shipH  wen*  deslniyed  or  taken. 
Ibirc  Was  then  an  interval  of  two  hours,  diiriiii; 
which  liurdlv  a  shot  was  fired  on  either  side.     At 


ten   inlniiles  to  wven  annlher  -liip  nf  the   lliii 
after  a  fei  hie  attempt  at  reslstam  i ,  Imiileil  down 
liirinlnurs      The  ai  linn  was  linw  nil  r       uf  llie 
lliirleen   Fri'iicli  ships  of  the  line,  iiliie  had   Im  iii 
lakiii.  and  twn  had  Im'cu  liuriil  Two  ships  of 

Ihi   line  and  twn  frlitales escaped       '    I'lie  llriiish 

killed  and  wiiUlliied  were   MU.-l         Til.     loss  of    111.' 

Kniiili.   im  ludliiir   prlsimem,    was  "i  .".''i       Sm  h 
Was  the  itreat   liatlh'of  the   NUe.'— W    Miissii. 

Ih'l    ■•!•  Kn./.  ihirhnllh,'  /{•i>li<  ■■f" /'   /"  .   "'' 

;iiti.-  4i. 

AisiiiN;  K  ,1  111  l.a  (iravl.'^re,  s/.i  ,,„i  II,. 
I.itl  A.ir.,/  ir.ii.  r  1.  ,,i  ;|  ^It  Southiy.  I.I',- 
,.(■  ,\,/»,«,  ,'*,  .•.  Ik'l-llrhiii  ii'ul  l.,lti,...t  I  ■  -I 
\,l..,„,  r.:\  -It.,iiaparti',  \l,  n,„ii>  l>,,l.it,,l  „'  <i 
ll.li'.i.    r     ','  -A      I".    Mahali.     /'.tt'i,,,,;     'I    .>.i 

l^.rr.r  .i;»..   "..    /■■,.., M    /U'-'-'li ""'   /■•."/./''. 

.'/(    ltd'    I) 

A.  D.  1798-1799  Augutt -April.  -  Arming 
•gainst  the  Second  European  Coalition.  The 
conicription.  Overthrow  of  the  Neapolitan 
kingdom.  Sciturc  of  Piedmont.  Campaignu 
in  Switierland,  italjr,  and  on  the  upper  Dan- 
ube.    Early   tucceates  and   Anal  reversei.- 

■  The  I'lirle  del  land  «  if  a.-ilill-l  tile  hVelli  li.  and 

eiiti  red  liiln  all  allianii-  »iili  Itussl.iand  Kiiudaiiii 
il'.'tli  Auuust).  A  Itu.si  111  lliil  saihil  frnm  Se 
liastn|i.>l.  and  lilnckadid  Hie  loiii.m  Islands:  the 
Knt'lish  vissils  fnuiideMry  Tiirkisli  port  open 'n 
thein.  and  L'liinid  possession  of  ihr  Levant  Iraile, 
to  ilie  detriininl  of  Kraiiee  Thus  tin.  failure  of 
the  KL'Vpli.iIl  evpedilion  deli  vend  Hie  Ottoman 
Kiiipin   liiio  111!'  hands  of  two  i'owcrs,  the  one  In 

tent  iijiori  lis  disiiienilH.rim  111,  ll llnr  eai.'i  r  to 

make  ilsilf  niasiirnf  its  eoiiimene;  It  lmh-  Kni.' 
land  the  sii|in'iiiai  y  ill  the  Mediti mini  an :  ll  in 
iiiiL'iinited  the  apisarai.i  e  of  Ifiissla  in  soiilln  rii 
iJiroiM' .  it  was  the  si;:nal  t'nra  seeoml  coalitinu 
lliissia.  "  under  <  atherine.  Iiitd  Imt  taken  a  nnni 
Inal  part  in  the  lirsl  cnalit'  luiiu;  ti«i  iiiinli 
iH'cuplcd  with  the  aiinil  .if  I'niand. 

Hut   how   ('atherine   was 

llllll   suecessnr.   t'sik    the  eh 

fen  1  the  rn'Iciiili  r  an  asyli. 

Isell  his    pnitectinll    to   the   ( '< 
aillllitleilolll    |lll|,IKIIIIn>np^ 

irnal  ferment  sliii  e  the  1  nalioii  of  the  Itiimaii  He 
piililic  The  noliles  and  iiiidille  classes,  inihued 
with  Fn mil  ideas,  deiested  a  Court  snlil  tn  the 
Knu'lisli.  and  presided  over  hy  the  iinlieclle  Fer 
illnand.  who  h'ft  the  cans  of  his  (.'overnincnt  In 
his  diss.ilute  (Jiieeii.  She  hated  llie  Fn'inh.  and 
nowsiilli  iicd'l  uscanv  and  I'iedmnnl  to  unite  with 
In  r  to  deliver  Italv  fr<m\  the  sway  nf  iliese  Ke 
pulilicans.  The  .Vusiriaii  Cnurt,  nf  which  Hniia- 
parte  had  Is'iri  tlici  oiiseious  or  unciiiiscious  iluiH', 
instead  of  disariiiin'_-  after  the  Tnaly  of  Cainpo- 
I'oriniii.  cnnlinued  ii.s  armaments  with  redouhlcl 
'  ii»oiir,  and  now  deiiiandeii  linleiniiiiics,  on  the 
pn'te.vt  that  it  had  suif.  nd  fnini  the  Hepiililican 
system  w  hicli  the  French  intriMliii  eil  into  Switz  'r 
land  and  Italy.  The  IMn'ctnry  very  natunilly  Tf 
fused  to  accede  to  tiiis;  and  thenupon  Austria 
prepared  for  war,  and  eiidciivniind  Indrai;  I'rus 
sia  and  the  (icrman  F.inpire  iiiln  it  .  .  .  lliil 
Frederick  Willianrs  successor  and  the  piinccssof 
the  empin'  ilecliind  to  ni  oiiimeiicc  hosiiliiies 
with  France,  of  which  they  had  nasoii  to  fear  tin 
enmitv,  though  at  pnsent  she  was  scarcely  alilc 
to  resist  a  seLoiid  coalition.  The  Fnnch  nation. 
in  fact,  was  sineen'ly  eairer  for  peace.  .  .  . 
Neverthehss,  and  though  there  was  little  uiiiiy 
aiuougst  Iheiii,   the  Councils  and  the   Dircclory 


I'atil  1  ,   her  son 

•s  in  his  pay,  of 

,,,  at   Millau.   pnim 

oiiun'Hs  at    Uastadi, 

Naples  had  iMcnina 


,s»SI 


't 

mi 


9-' 


1355 


"^Mm 


!     4     I 


r^ 


., 


v; 


it: 


it 


if!  '^ 


KHANCK    I7»i  I7t» 


KIIAN'CK,  l7«i.|TW) 


prrpBrril  iliiir  iiii  iimin ■  of  ilrri'tict' .  iIk'V  In 
I  nuwil  till'  ri  ».iMH'.  Iiy  rnmliiif  «  l«<  "ii  ilmir* 
■ml  »lii<lim».  III!  y  niillii>rl«'it  llir  aiil>  of  niitliiiiul 
(■riiiH  riy  IhIIm' iiiikmiiiI  of  IXVlNloiiiiiirnitii  •.  itml 
himlly.  nil  llii<  ri|mrt  nf  .loiirilaii.  tlirv  |iiii.«i|  llii- 
fmii.Mw  litw  of  <iiniMrii>tl..n  iMli  M.|il.tiil»ri, 
«lili  li  iiiiii|mI|i.|  iurt  hniii  hiiMiii  Ilmth'  In  ti'f 
uriiiy  fnnii  Itir  iiitr  .if;'i>  i.i  itiiil  of  •.>.%,  tin  |lr<' 
liiiiiMilliiti'li  ty  iiMMii»|>iiir'.>iNl.iliii)tr>H>|m  Whi'ii 
111.  \lrt,.ry  ..fill.  Ml..  iNitiiiir  kiM.wn  iit  Nupln 
llir  i..iirl  «iiH  II  |.r.y  (..  fn  ii/l.-.l  cirltrin.  lit 
T.ixi  "  liii.l  .ilriii.ly   Uiii  ili.iililnl.   ,i  tlfih  i.f  lUi- 

|>l>|llll;lliull  r:|M.  .I'l..  Iirill...    till'  Il..l>l<>  mill  Itii.l.llr 

I  hiaiu  4  »i  nt..iiiirr.|  ltii.i»iiliiiii».i.iii  All,!  n  h.  u 
III.  n  |i..rl  »|iriii.|  tlmt  tli.  Kii.nlniH  «iri'  ninnli 
Inn  tliniuiili  r.. hill. I,  It  »,i»  r.  »..l\i.l  i.ir..iiiiii.'iiii' 
li.»liliti.  s  l.>  mill,  knit;  llir  l<..|iimi  It.  (.iihll.    mi.l 

1..  I..IIM'  l'l.'.|iii..iit  an. I  'riiMiinv  In  ri  U  lli..ii 
K.irty  II1..11S1111.I  \.ii|H.I|iai|..,  .uiir.ilv  |>r..\i.l..l 
with  iinii-..  h.  a.li.l  liyihr  AiiHiri.iii  l'.  ii.riil  >lii.  k. 
iiiii.l.' ili.ir  uiiv  int..  til.'  I(..i>iiiii  ^tatrn  ituar.l.  .| 
..Illy  l.>  |H  iHM)  Kr.  11.  h  tr.-.pH,  .li»pi.r«.il  Ih  im.  n 
till'  tnn  ni'iiK  il'.'tli  Ni.\.'iiilMri  l'liaiiipi..iiii.'t, 
lli.ir  ■..iiiiiian.l.  r.   al.aii.l.iii.  .1    Itmiii'.  t.n.k   up  11 

I"'-''!'" ll»-'ril"r,  ii.ar  (  i\ilii  t'ii»iil|iiim.  mi.} 

(..ii..'titriil.  .1  all  liU  f.,r..»  ..11  tlmt  p..iiii  Tin 
Kiiiv' I.f  Ni.plis  .iiliriij  l(..iiii'.  »lilli.  Ma.  k  wnil 

1.1 .  IK. .lint  r  ('lmiiipi..iiii.  t  lli.' lallir  Ik  at  liliii. 
Mulnl  .ir  lapiiinil  tlii'  I1.-.1  ..f  lilt  ir.».p«.  ami 
r..iiip.  Il.-.l  him  I.,  ri'ilrc  in  ili-i.r.lirti.tlii'  Ni-upnll 
tan  Irrriii.ry  (■|iainpi..iin.t,  11..H  at  tin-  liia.l  i.f 
■J.'i.iKKhii.  II  r.  turn.  .1 1..  H.nii.  .  pr.  vi..ii.  1..  inanli 
iiu'.'ii  Napli's,  Hli.ri'  til.'  L'r.at.st  illwirilir  pn' 
vail..|  At  III.'  n.'«H..f  hi^  a|.pri.arli  ilii'  ('..uri 
iiriiiiil  111.'  la//ar..iii,  aii.l  lli.l  \Mt|i  iistri'usiir.'-.t.i 

111.'    Kllirli^ll   III',  t,  i|l..il|rl,,|iil|ir   111).   li.WM   III   .lillairi' 

iiii.l  miari'hy  r.'iith  l>..   ,  ITllHi,      Maik,  wi'liii;  hi, 

iirtiiy  .li'Mriitii;  him.  ami  liii  ..lIlii'iN  makinir  r • 

im.ii  .an-.'  with  ih.'  It.'i.iililii'un..,  ...m  |ii.|i'.|  an 
iirmi-ii..' niih  (  liaiii|ii.iniii'l.  Inn  IiIh  vm.IiII.'In  ri      i 

^"ll.'l 'in.l  I p.  II.. I  liim  t.i  n.'i'k  Mif.'iv  in  tin' 

Kr.  n.  li  .amp  I  In  ( 'liiiinpi..inii't's  apina.ani'i'  l»' 
f..rr  Napl.',  ulililitlii-  la//ur..iil  ilifin.'  I  uitli 
fury,  a  vi.ilmt  liatth'  .'nsni  .1,  lailini.'  1  lliri'i'  ' 
ilays.  liiiHi  V.  r,  s.iin.'..r  tli.' i  ill/inHdilivircd  tlii' 
f..rt  ..f  St.  KIiii..  I..  III.-  Kr.nrli.  ami  tliin  tin'  im.li 
lai.l  .l.iivn  iis  arms  r,':lr.|  .lunnary.  ITWD  The 
I'lrlh.'ii.ipiiaii  ItipnI.lii  |im>  lall.il  fr..ni  ..ni'  iif 
II;  '  am  ii'iil  n  imi'H  ..f  tin'  lily  i.f  Napli"s|  wa.s  liii 
iiii'.liat.ly  pr.iilaiin.'.l.  a  pr.i\  isii.nal  (.'.iMTiinniit 
..I.;  iiii-..|.  111.'  .'iii/iii»  r..riii.'il  thiin-ilvi'H  ini..  a 
Naii.u.il  liiiaij.l.  an.l  the  kini;.l..in  ai'rrpti'.l  th.' 
It.'S.  I'T!"]!,  Till' .l.'iniiml  "f  Cliaini.ii.innl  f..r  a 
«ur  ..'i.rilmiii.ii  I.f  u'T.iHNI.mm  iiaiiiH  nniscl  lln- 
('alal.riaii'.  i"  ri'Vi.lt;  iiiiarriiy  pri'vaili.l  i-vrry- 
wlirri'.  ii.iinin->i..m'rs  wiTr  wnl  l.v  Ih.'  Iliri'i't.ifv  . 
I.,  ri- .  stiililisli  ..nl.r.     Tlir  Knin'li   ir.'niTal  hail 

Ih.'Mi  am  st.'il,  liiii  hi-  wat.  .l.pi.M'il  ami  sue Inj 

l.y  .N!a..|..iial.|.  In  .'..miniinini;  iu  ajri.'rrssii.n 
llii'  i..iirl  ..f  Napli--  h.i.l  ...nnliil  .>n  tin- ai.l  ..f  the 
Kiiiir  ..f  .Sanlinia  ami  th.'  (iraml  llnki-  .if  Tiis 
laiiy  Itiit  l'i..lni.int.  plari.l  Ii.ihi-.ii  tlirir  r.'- 
pnl.lii  -,  Was  h'-rwir  sli.iriii-.'  th.'  Il.-v..liiiii.mirv 
firm.  Ill;  th.'  Kim.',  wh..  ha.l  c.ini'ln.i.il  an  alll- 
aii. .  H  iih  Aii,tria,  pr..N.  ril..'.|  Ih.'.li  m.Krats.  win., 
in  th.  ir  turn,  .I.',  lanil  «.ir  air-iiiist  him  liv  mi'ans 
I.f  Ih.  l.iL'iirian  liipiihlii  '.vhiilH'r  tlirv  liail  lli-il. 
Uli.ii  (■|iampi..iim't  H.I,  I  ..inpi'lli'.l  t.'.  .'variiati' 
It'. inc.  Ihi'  l)ir.i't.,ry.  afrai.l  thai  Sanlliiia  winilil 
h;ir;i-*s  th.'  Kr.TK  h  r.  ar.  ha.l  nrilircl  .[..iiliirt.  ciitii- 
niamiiii;.'  ih.'  army  i.f  Italy.  I.i  ...■.  iipv  I'i.'.lim.iil. 

Th.    !'i...!i,,.., ,.  ;r-,.i|,:i  'ipiiii,!  .v:ry   i.ta..-  (., 

till'  hri'iuh,  .iitiri'ilintiitlii'irrunk.H.  ami  tin-  King 


l.l'bi 


.k,  II,,.: 


I  If' .11,. 


v. 


[l»«wnl»T  H.  17BN1  »».  f„r,'„|  i„  j,i,,.  , 
I'liiliiM  I..  IMi'.lnionl.  ami  t.i  Ink.'  r.fni;,  i,/.^,, , 
illnlit  .  I rrlaliilnir  Ihi'  luli.r,  l.nt  uMi,  .1,,,,' 
III.'  ii..Vi'r<'li:ni>  nf  f*I.Mlmoiii |  Tn^.m  |,|„: 
iil"i  .Hi'iipliHl  tiv  Ih.'  I(i.piil,||iiui  ir,,,p,  ||„.  ||„, 
in.iii  war  w»m|wl«r.'ili»i{iiln»t  .\ii,iri  1  li  ,li  » 
virtually  uml.T  Kr.  in  li  . I., iiiliiliiii  1 1,. 
lull  In.  niuM'il  tin'  .iiinllv  i.f  lln  (  ,.a|ii, 
liiirrl.-.!  liK  iir.pnmiiiiiiH.  hIiII..  ih.  | 
rliDTi'il    liy    lln   Dill  loncH,   r.'»iih..|   1  , 

..tr.'lliiliri' .III  nil  |i.,|ti|a  Illlh.'pr 

Itl.'.  Inivi.'V.r.  till'  ■i>ii.|iii..ii.  .,|  Mirfi,, 
.  lianKi'il  Th.'  Ilm-a  ,<l  liiva<|..ii  »,  r.  i„.  I 
a"  f..rini'rly,  ■.Imrlaml  li...|.i'i  .j.  Inn  -n,  1,  |„ 

th.' Ziiy.l.'r /...' 1.1   III.'  (inir  .,r  Tmi,. 

I..  Ik' altiii  k.'.l  in  iliillami  fnim  ih.    r.  n 
Napl.'«  hy  tin    Kni.'li,li  ll.'.'i  >.u!,!v 

Miml  Ir.K.p...  iiml.r  Ihr   Arihiliik.-  Ihirl, . 
pl.'.l  ItaMiria.  (..inral   II..I/.' .« .iipi,  |  n, 
arllH'rir   with   ■.'.•iiNiii  imn     |l,l|ii. ,,,(,.  „  ,, 
l.l.iNmiii  ihi'Tvn.l;  ami  7u.n.Mi  ;;,i.ii,|,  ,|  .i,, "||,",! 
..f  Ih.'  A. liK-',  Inml.ij  l.y  Manliil  Krn       li '(,,, 
th.iil'.aml    KliHiialiK.  In   l».)  iipial  ,|iM-i,,i,.   u,r'„ 
i.n  llnlr  way  I.i  l.ilii  th.'  An»lrliiiH       1 1„  ,\,n,i,.,^ 
nml.  r  Siiwarpill  Mils  I..  ..p.ral..  Mill.   Kin    n,,, 

..n.'  mill.  rK.ipMili.ilTwIllith.'  .\r.  Inhil,,     |'i,,,|h 
lil.iiod  Knv'li'>li  ami  tdixHians  «.  r..  I,.  I,,ii.|  m  |i,  1' 
l;iml,  ami  '.'II.IMKI  Knulisli  ami  .»i.  lll.i,.  ,1,  \  ,,,|,, 
Th..  Illr.i't..ry,  in^l.'ail  ..f  (..m.  iiir.iiin^-  ji.  [..„,, 
1.11  the  .V. Hi;.' ami  m-ar  III.' w  ir. .  ..  .,1  11,,   limii,. 

.Ihi.l.'il    'hitii.       Kin. 'in  tln.iiHiin.l   u,,,|„  .,,,r, 
pi  .still  ill  l|..llaii.l,nml.'r  llrnni'.  N"ii.i,,r  M  h.ih  , 
iiij.l.r    lt<rninl..ii.';    In.ixwi    rr..m    ,»ii,i, !,,,,_.  .,, 
lUI.'.  nmlir.l.iiir.hin.  :Iii,imhiIii  .>s«ii/,  rl;,i„|  ',,m,|,  , 
M'is.s.''iia  ;  .VI.IH¥I   .in  ilii'  A. lit'.'    iiii,|,  r    s,  1 , ,, , 
;ill.iHi(lal   Napl.s.  iimhr  .Mm',|i.mil,|      Th. -i   vi 
rl..iH  .llv|si,.iis  H.ri'  in  rialily  111, mi  1.,  |.,riii  I.  ,1 
iini'  army,  uf  wlnih  .Massi'mi  'wiisili..  1.  n'l,    ,l,,.,r 
ilan  ami  Silirn-rtli.' »iiii;s.  limn.,  an.l  M  „  ,|,  niM 
till'  .'Mr.'initl.'s.     T.>  Mass.'na  »a,  ..mrii.,!  il,., 
l.riinipal  ..piralhui,  naiinly,  t..  p.......  Im,,-.  il  .r 

'if  i-i'iitral  .\lps,  in  ..nli'r  ill  is..|;ii.    i| 


li.ii 

111' 

111'. 

1'  rr..r 

I  ill" 


;    p.  rial  arinii's  nf  lln'   .Vilit-i'  ini.l   Dinul,.  ;,,„|  1,, 

ni'iilnili-i'   th.'ir  I'lr.irts      Th..  i '.laliii,.!,  In.ii,; 

lill  n[i..ti  iIh'  »a plan  as  ih..  Din  .  i"r\,  .r  I'  1..I 

111.'   .Vnstriaiis   nml.r    Ik  M.'^rar.l.'    t..   ini  .,|.   tl,,. 

(irisnlis,   whili'  nil  thi'  l.tlll'r  si'll-  a  illMM,  11  v>,i,t., 

ili'sciml  Intl. Ihi' Valli'lini'."  .\I;i,-riM  ,ii.  Iii  nu,.- 
iinilir  I.i'i'niirlM',  ilrfialnl  Kill,  l- n.l. ,  ,r„„,i 
Ihi'  upp<r  llliltii'  ami  nunli'  its  wav  ■■,  ili, 
•S  hiTi'r  also  ailvani'.'il  liy  th.'  Vali.  liii.  1  11 
|M'r  A. lii;.' anil  jnimil  ni'iiralii'iis  Willi  I  . 
'  Wliih'  Ihi'M'  tHiip  M.rals  «i  rr  spi. 
ill  till-  Tyrnl.  .Mussi'mi  nui.l.'  hiins.  II  1 
Kliiiic  fmiii  ilH  Kouri'cs  In  III.'  Ink.'  ,1  1  ,.n~t  ni,, 
r(^-i'.'ivinir  liiit  ..111' ilii'i'k  in  tin' fruiil. -.  -n..  ,1 
Ki'lilklrrli,  a  pnsitinn  hccivrt.,!  in, '1,1. 1  :..  h,  ill 
to  siipp.irl  «illi  lii»  rli:lit  wim:  Ih,  h-.a  .  t  Hi, 
DiiniilM',  nrHilh  hisli'fi  thai  i.f  liilv  I  i  i-.i,"lv 
cnmiH'lli'il  I.|.(.iiirli.'  ami  |liss,,|,.s  i,,sl,,,  i>.  n  i|.,:r 
pr.itfr.'S.s,  ami  tin'  varimis  rvi  nts  nn  ll..  hiinil. 
iind  till'  I'll  iii|.|'ssiiatr.l  lli.ir  n.  ill  .  .  -!;,,rt 
time.  .Iniir.lan  ha.l  <'r..s.s...l  th.  l!l,ii  •  '  Ivl.l 
HAIc,  an.l  S.  Iiairiiiiiisin  (Ni  M.n,  h,  ■.:,  i:,i,.i 
iiitn  Ihi'  ihtih'  nf  the  uppi  r  D.inuli, ,  .!,!  "  „l,,,l 
till'  villai;.' .>f  <>,tr;i<li,  «h.'l.-l.,'  w:,.  •  '  '  ',."1 
liy  Ih.'  Arch.lnkr  Cliarhs,  h  I...  h  ,.|  1  —  I  i!i, 
Illi'r,  ami  «lin,  aft..- :i  s;inL'niii:ir\  I  ,i'  ^1  ,r,  li 
21 1,  <'nnipi'll.'.l  liiiii  In  ri-lri-at  ii|"  ■,  I  'ii..''! 
The  tidings  nf  MaW-na's  sui.|.,.,s  I,  n  1  .  "In 'I 
.l.nirdiiM,  111'  »i.sln-<l  I..  siiii|i..rt  it  in  i'  r..  I.:ru  n, 

SUHkai-il,  ill.'  kl-y  In  til.'  rnaiisnl   >\.  n  -.  (    iii.i  ,,;i,i 

Ouniiaay ;  but  hi'  was  uucu  im.rr  .J,  1    ,     1    -'■.'li 


13.5G 


rKANC'K.   l7W-»t»» 


Kgtfl  (Iff  .^irfM 


riiASCK.    ITW  I79B 


jlirrhi  iiii't  ri-in«l«l.  n>il  Iriln  H»Ii>itIiiiii|, 
alahii'  Iw  ii'iilil  I'''*''  ji'iinil  MiiWiiii  lull  In  llir 
Kl,ii„.  itlili  li  •»■  liiiiiuliuil  t.i  !»■  ihriiili'iiiil 
III  li,iiv  llif  IHm  lory  liii'l  iii>'  ii  nnlirn  in  H<  Ihtit 
i.,f,,M'  111"'  Ailiiji, 'iiii'l  I"  'lii»''  111"-  Aii-trlniH 
,„,rilu  l'iii>"Miii"l  llii  lift  nil  II"  iilliii  kill  uri'l 
,,rrl"l  ill'  Aii«irliiii  i  .iiii|i  .if  I'l-iri  iii.'".  H' ur 
ftviili,  "II  tl"'  ••■'•''  "'  M'kIi.  I'I«'.  iiillii  iiii.t  1 
tan  .if  Kl"*'  "I'  ll"'  •11'  l'l>  ;  I'll'  ""  ""'  •'"''  "' 
Vnril  »li'ii  iii'iviii*  I"  f'lf"  III''  I'lwir  A'lli-' 
(».  viii«ilifi»t''Hi\  Krii>  111  Miiiinii""  *  In  n  r 
1,1.1  lii»  li'-i'l.  Ili'l  |iri.  ifiiliili  l>.  mill  "ll'l  ii"l  »i"|' 

Ujlil  li.    IiikI  |1UI  II  l«.lf''  ili«lilll"'  h.  I«..  II  Ililll'U'll 

^,,1  III.  .  ii'iiiy.  .  .  .  riii.iiriii>  '.t  >«li/' rl.iii.t, 
un.l.r  Ml— "'nil.  'Il»|ii  r«i'l  In  llw  iii.niiil.iiii-.  will. 
Ik.iIi  iu  ll.iiik*  llirnil"  iiiil.  Iiri.l  ii"  ..ill"  r  mm  uii-.  ..f 
iiiiiiiii..ii  ili.iii  1.1  '■ill  I'"  k  I"  liiii'l  111.  Itliiii.  - 
11  Vih  Ijiitll.  Thr  A'"" '"■■'"  l;.i,U'ilint„ni/  A'/..."-/., 
M  a.  .•*  1.  ""'  -!'■  1> 
A1.I-HN    It.  S1111I1.V.  /.i/-./ A. /».<"../"  111.    ■.'. 

^i  lirlltllll".  AV.  ii./i  ll,nJ'ill"n:ir//  (.'.  II.  i.l/.,  7. 
1<'_A  (iiilli  llifil.  Ili'l  ."A /'„.'/....-.(.  r  ;l,  .A  -, 
-1>    (.illillu.    //"•'    !■!  l/ii    Al  <.../"/.'/."  "f  .\, 1 1,1,  a.  14 

;;  .•*.  ■>.'>!.    I.  •■/'■  \{r    \t 

A.  D.  I79*-I799  lAugutl  -Aucuiti.  Bon>- 
p4rtt'i  orK«nUatlan  of  coTcrnment  in  E^TPt- 
^11  advance  into  Sfria  and  rcpulic  at  Acre. 
-HiiTictory  at  Aboukir  and  return  to  France. 
-  Oil  luiiriiitf 'if  till' luilll'  ..f  Al">iikir  |lKliir 
kiiiioii  11."  till'  liiillli'  "if  til"-  Nil.-  |,  iii>.illliirv  -.mil 
,»<ii|K-.l  fr.iin  .Nii|Mili..iii      -'I'..  Kriiii"-,' Niil.l  In, 

ilir  fuli'H  liav  ill-'  n  111  III"-  iiii|ilri-  ..t  tlii-  Ijiii.I 
ui  Eu(rliiii.l  lli.il  •><  III'-  Mi'  ■  II'-  '  ii'luri-.l  ilii^ 
)!n'ut  I  iiliiiiiil.v  u  nil  till' ri|U>iiiiiiiiiy  <.r  11  iii.im  11 
lim-  »|iiril  111-  ijiivi-  or.i-n.  Ili.il  llii-  Miiniin 
l«u.l.-.l  111  Al.-\.iii.lriii  '■  1  I.-  r.inii'il  iiii..  1 
iimriiii- liriji-l'-.  .lii.l  iliii'<  .■  "I  11  Mil'ialili-  .-i.l 
iliii..ii  1"  I.U  .iriiii  ,  iiii'l  pn  I'-il  liiiiivlf  1.1  ..r 
piii^i-  .1  »>»t"  111  "(  i:.ivrriiii.'-iii,  iiii'li  r  wliii  li  Hi.- 
jiri-st  iLininil  r.  ».iiiri-'-»  "I  Hi'-  1  ".iiiitr>  111'  hi  In- 
luru..l  1.1  111'- I" -t  iiilvaiilii<.-  .  .  II"- nil."  1  :ii.- 
(ill  to  H.lviiin-"-  II. 1  rl.iiiii  I't  111.-  M.iin-iiriity  .»f 
t>;)|.l,  li.il  a»~  rl'-.l.  Iliiil  Ikh  iiii,'  ri-.i-ii"il  it  fmiii 
lb'-  Miiiiii  Ink'-  ii'.iiriialiiiii,  il  ri'iiiiiinril  f..r  liini 
li.  ii.liniiii^l'-r  l.iw  iin.l  jii-»tiir,  iinlil  tin-  linn- 
<liiiiil.l  .nini'  fur  ri>l.irini.'  tin'  iinivin..-  |..  ih.' 
il.iiiiiiiii.il. .f  ill.' (iniii.l.''i'iiriiii.r.  II"  lli.ii  I'siuli 
lislir.l  liM.  niiHlrils.  1  iiiiii^liii:;  i.f  11  iliM^.  |i|-ilii  I 
(.all)  .if  Ariili  iliiifs  mill  Mi.~l.iii  ..f  U..' '  liui.li 
.ilnlllii'  I;ivv,  liy  wIhim'  ii.lvi.r  ;ill  iniji^Mr.-*  «. Ti-, 
iioMiiiiuUy  .t.ilii'ri'Kiiliiliil.  Tin  y  f..rim-'l  ..f  1  ..lll^.■ 
J  iiry  >iil.i<r\'l'iil  iM'iiat"-  Tin-  virliiu'.i  mill 
artisU  in  lii>  truin,  iiii-niiwliilr.  |iiir-.iii'.l  willi  in 
.Kfali).Mlil.  "iirri.'y  tliiir  siiiniilli'  n-n  Mri  liri. 
Ihi-v  r:iii-ii.-U.il  111.'  iniiniinii-nN  "f  KL'yiil.  an.l 
i.ii.i  till.-  f..iin.liitl.in.  ill  I'-iiNl.  'if  all  lli.-  .Mni.l.rfiil 

'liaiilNl Til  s  wllicll  luiVC  sill""-  ln-"'ll  lllil.ll'  utmrm- 

iu|C  111.'  kn.iHli'.l);!',  iirt'".  iHilitv  i:in.|  i-Mii  Ian 
jiu;^.  I.  ..f  111.'  aiii'i'  tit  iiali.iii,  N.ir  wcri'  tlnir  ..Ii 
j.i  U  iii.T.  Iv  tli..M' of  ciii'ii.^ily  Tli'V,  iin.li  r  tin- 
(i.iirr.il  i.ltri'  ti"..  I' \  a  mi  III  "1  iiili.  tlicl.  .lu'  sin.itli- 
.Tiil  tr.i..>  .if  mil.  y  all  am  ii  ni  .livi..-  f..r  ini 
lir.i\iji.' ilii' aitrii'ulliii.  nf  tin'  r.iiinlry.  I'aiiaU 
Ili:ii  li:i't  l»'.n  shut  ii|i  f..r  rinliiiiis  wir.'  n- 
"IKiu.l,  i!n'  wali-rs  nf  llii'  Nil.'  Il.iwcil  mni'  iimn' 
v.ii.  r-' iii._\  liii.i  Ui-n  ;;iii.li'l  liy  ili.'  skill  ..f  jln' 
riiaii.ilis  ur  llii"  i'liili'ini.'s.  ('iilti\aiii.ii  «as 
t AS.ii.j.  .1 ;  i.r..|M'rty  si'i'iiri'ii;  ami  it  '■aiin"t  lit- 
ili'uliic  1  Iliat  til.'  siiriKil  iinpruvrnu'iits  siin-i-  intr..- 
.lui.il  ill  K;;y|it,  ari'  altrilnitalili'  mainly  I.,  llii' 
»ix  iXiMipl."  .if  th..  Kriiirh  ii.liiiiiiistrali"in 
111  Miih  l.ilj.,iiri  .Nap.ili'iin  |ia^v.|  Ih.'  auliliiili  nf 
'"""  (ji-ui-ral  l)i.->.sai\,  iiii'unwiiili'.  Iiail  piir- 


K'js 


■.iitnl  M"iiiriMl  Ih  I  Iniii  I  |i|i<r  Kiry|it.  winrf  llw 
Mnini'liiki-a  liuhlly  niiuli'  11  nintfli'  »l.iiii|  iik.iIii>i 
liliii  liiit  i.iiitrlvi'il  III  Ihi'  "  tri'lliii""  nf  llnir 
li.ir"«K.  mill  III' Ir  faiiilllitrlly  with  lli>'  il""url»,  i.. 
iiv"ilil  liny  I'ltiil  i|lirii|itl"'n  nf  ilMir  f..ti>« 
rill'  (ii'inriil,  ilurtiiif  IliU  Inli  rial  ..f  n  |...-'.  r.' 

r.  Ivi.l      .1  r.ilnlnilllii  lltlnll  frnlli    llli'    I'miiIi   It.. I 

iiniiiiii  ,  lull  rtini'iiirn  imw  Im  Kan  t.i  miili  lii- 
.|iii.ri"r»  will.  Il  inlitlil  will  ({Im'  liini  m  «  am 
1.  III..  rill'  ri  |i"iri  nf  itiiiitliir  rii|itiiri  with  .\ii» 
iria  ura.liially  nut  »llli  iiinri'  in'.liii"' .  ami  H 
«  i>  I..  Inn  l.iiii;  |ilai"l  iMyimil  »  'Iniitil.  Iliat  Hi"- 
iiiir.iiiaii  I'.. It.-.  liKliiiil  ..f  lu'inn  ti'iiipl.'.l  Int." 
am  ri .  .it'iiitinii  111  till'  Kn  II"  Il  i'«talill»liiii"  lit  In 
K'ivpt.  hi.l  .|"i  liirril  >»ar  iiif.'.liwt  Ilii-  Ifc'imlilli-, 
ami  »iiiiiiii..m.|  all  III.  ntniirflli  nf  Inr  i'ni|ilri'  In 
p.i'ir  In  "I'fii  InlinliiK  ii'inilM-rH  ..11  III*'  l^nlati'il 
iiriiiy    nf    lliinii  iparl"'  Tin-    (imi'ml   ilin 

{.all  hill  a  Iriiily  iiii'aM'iiKir  liil.i  Imlla.  Iiivillni( 

I  l|"|i"i<i  Halli  In  lllfnrin  llilll  I  Xiutly  nf   till'   nilKli 

linn  nf  till'  KnirlMi  uriiiy  In  that  nulnii.  ami  kIk 
iiifyinx  that  Kifyiit  wan  nnly  llir  llr<t  pii«l  Ina 
nianli  ili'Hlini'il  In  »iirpii«n  llial  nf  .\li'»anilir' 
111'  -iMiit  wlinli'  .lii\».'  wrilii  lii»  wrri-tary,  'In 
hiiiir  Hat  nil  tin-  ifrminil  ■.Iriti  Inil  iip..n  iimpn  nf 
.\«ii  At  liiiKlli  till-  tliiii-  fnr  luilnn  rami' 
l.iavlni;  I'llMNi  in  ami  ulmnt  Calm,  ilii'  iliviiinii 
nf  |>i..nalx  ill  rp|H'r  Ki;ypt,  ami  carriHiin*  in  tlw 

llli"  f  t..wil«,  —  llllnliaplirti'    nil    till'    mil    nf    Kill 

riiary  IT'Jtt  nmn  Inil  fnr  Syria  at  tlii'  liiail  nf 
III  ih'ni  pirki'l  nil  n.  wltlltlli'  Intrntlnll  nf  rrilxll 
iiitf  thr  Turkish  armainriit  in  Ihal  .(iiarlir,  Im- 
f.iri'  llii'lr  i-lili-f  f..rn'  (wlilrli  he  imw  km-w  wiw 
as-Miiililini!  at  UIiimIi  a|  kIhiiiIiI  liavi'  tiiiii'  tn  nai-li 
Kirvpt  liy  >"-a.  Travir'.iiii^  llii'  ili'M'rt  whirli 
"lu'l.li's  .UrI'  a  fr.iiii  .\»la.  hi-  tiHik  pimiii'iiiiiim  nf 
111.'  fi.rtr.-i'<  Kl  ArUli  iKiti  l.^i,  wlni»"'  (tarrlwiii. 
afli  r  a  i  l'(..rnu!i  iimniiiIi,  raplliilali'l  nil  rninlitl'in 
that  thi-y  sh.iiilil  li"'  |ii  rinlll"''l  to  rrtriat  Intii 
Syria,  piiilitinir  Ihiir  pan.li'  mit  In  >i  rvr  aKiiin 
iliirintr  till'  war.  I'lirMiini;  lii~  marrli.  In'  tiKik 
(ia/ah  itliat  ainiiiit  1  ily  nf  tin-  I'liilisliiirsi  uitli 
nut  i.pinisitinll;  lint  at' .lalTa  Itlll'  .Inppa  nf  hilly 
uriti.  till'  .Mii»lrni  mail''  a  ri's'ilnli-  ih'fi  in.'  Tin- 
wall*  wrri'  larrii'.l  liy  •.inrin,  ;I,IHHI  Turks  iliiil 
with  ariiii  in  tlnir  liamli.  ami  llii'  tnwii  was 
uiM  n  lip  iliiriiic  llin-i' hniirs  1.1  thr  fury  nf  thii 
I'lini'h  Hnhliiry  —  wli.i  iii'V.r.  as  Napnlriui  cnii 
f.-s"il.  avail"  if  lli.in-ilvi-s  ..f  thr  linns"' nf  war 
nii.r.'  saviiL'i'ly  tli.iii  mi  this  .Hra^inii.  A  party 
nf  llii'  irarrisnn  —  amnunliiii;.  in  rnnliiiL;  In  liuniia 
part!'.  Ill  I.'.'IW  iiiin,  Iml  staliil  hy  i.llnr;"  im 
ii.arly  :i.tMHIlii  numliir  —  lii-M  mil  fnr  smin'  liniirs 
l.iiu'.'r  ill  till'  iiinsipirs  ami  1  ilailil;  hut  at  lrni;th. 
striiiLT  111.  i-liain-.-  nf  ri-siin-,  irmiiniU-it  Iln-ir  iiriiiH 
nil  Ihi'  Till  nf  Manh  On  th.-  loth  — t lint 

ilaysafiir  111  ir  Miiri'ii.lir  —  thr  |iris<inrrs  wi'ni 
iiiaii-h.il  mil  i.f  .lalTa.  in  tin'  ii-ntri'  nf  a  liattiiliim 
uii.liT  (iiinral  linn.  Whin  tlu'y  ha.l  rrarhi-il 
Ih.'  Nan.l  hills,  at  s..nii'  ili.s.aiiii'  from  thr  Inwii. 
111.  y  Win-  iliii.li'il  inin  small  parths.  ami  .slint  nr 
liayniiitiil  1.1  a  man.  Tiny,  like  triii' fiitalisls.  siili 
nii'ltiil  ill  ^ilini-i-;  ami  thi'ir  IkkUi'.s  wirr  i.'allii'H'il 
l..:;.-Ih.'r  int..  a  pyraniiil.  wlirri-.  iiflir  thr  lapsr 
I.f  thirly  yiars.  iln'ir  linnisari' still  vlsihli' w  hitiii 

ini:  111.-  -^lll.l.      .sillrll  was    thr    llias-sairi'   nf  .I.llTa. 

«  Ili.il  will  I'vir  fnriii  mil'  nf  thr  ilarkrst  stains 
nil  111.'  iiami'  I.f  Napnli'iiii.  lli'  ailmittiil  tin'  fart 
liiliiM'lf ;  —ami  juslilii-il  it  nil  the  iliiulili'  plia. 
that  111-  I'liiilil  m.t  ullnril  siililiiTS  to  ;;uar.l  .so 
many  prisnniTs.  ami  that  lie  louUl  tint  u'rant  them 
the  lii'in  Iitnl  their  parnle.  iK'cause  they  were  the 
very  men  who  Imil  ulniidy  beeu  set  fni'  mi  -iieli 


4 


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130 


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H Ji.  1     il :  ^ 

'S' 

FRANCK,   17»M-1?»9. 


Bimttptirte  in 
Syria  and  Egypt. 


FRANCE,  1798-1799. 


terms  at  Kl-Arisli.  .  .  .  HiKmaimrtc  liiiii  now 
ttM(crl«iiip(l  lliat  till'  I'ucliH  nf  Syriii,  Adiiiut 
I)j<zzur,  Mils  at  St.  Jem  I)' Aim  (so  renowned  in 
Ilic  liisliiry  iif  the  criisiuiesl.  and  determined  to 
definil  lliut  place  to  e.xtreniilv,  willi  llie  fori-es 
wliicli  liuil  already  lieen  as.se'mlil  ■<!  for  tlie  in 
vasion  ..f  Kirypl.'  He  in  vain  endeavonnd  to 
wduee  tilis  I'eroeions  <liief  from  liis  alle>;ian(c  lo 
the  I'orte,  liy  licldiiiir  out  ilii.  hope  of  a  separate 
inde|>endenl  frovernnu  iil.  iindi  rllie  proti'clinn  of 
Friiiee.  The  lirst  of  Napoleon  s  nieswnirers  re- 
Iwriied  wiilidiit  an  answer,  the  seeond  was  pnt 
to  death;  an<l  the  .•inriy  moved  on  Aeri'  in  all  the 
zeal  of  reven^-e.  while  the  neee^^irv  apparatus 
of  a  sieire  w.is  ordered  to  lie  sent  roiind  bv  .sea 
from  Alexandria,  Sir  Sidney  Smith  was 'then 
erniMn!;  m  the  Levant  with  two  llritish  ships  of 
the  line,  llie  Tii;re  ami  the  Theseus;  and.  Ii<ini; 
informed  hy  thi^  I'.ieha  of  the  approaehinu' storm 
hastiMied  tosuppcal  him  in  the  defiance  of  Acre. 

•'^•'11'"'' '^   ve~M  IS.    eonvevim;  iinm  and  stores 

from  Ku-ypt.  fell  into  his  hanils,  and  he  ajipeared 
otr  the  town  two  days  lief.ire  the  Krem  li  a;tnv 
eaine  in  view  of  it.  He  had  on  hoard  his  slii'p 
t'olon.l  I'hilippi.an.v.  a  French  rovali.st  of  j^reat 
talents  (formerly    Bnonapart<''s  se'lunil-fillow    at 

'i'i''' i;  "till  the  I'aeha  willini.'lv  permitted  the 

Kn:;lish  connniKlore  and  this  skilful  allv  lo  rei;n- 
late  for  him,  as  far  as  was  possible,  the  plan  of 
his  defence.    Tlie  loss  of  jiis  own  heavv  artillery, 
and  till'  p-'sence  of  two  Kiifrlisli  ship's,  were  i'n- 
aiispicioiis  omens.  y,t   Huonaparle  doiilited  not 
th:il   (he  Turkish   irarris.m   would  shrink   before 
hisoiisit.  :ind  he  inst.inlly  eominenced  the  sie^'e. 
He  opened   his   treiichis"on   the   iNtb  of  March 
Mill  thai  little  town'  said  lie  lo  one  of   his   yen- 
erals.  :is  they  were  standiinr  toi-'i'tlier  on  an  l-nii- 
nence.  which  .slill  bears  the  mime  of  liichard  ( 'our 
<ie-I.ion— -on  yonder  little  town  ih'pends  llii' fate 
of  llii-  K;ist.      Itehold  the  Kev  of  (  oustantinoph', 
or  of  India.'.   .   .    .Me.-inwiiile  avast  .Mussiiliiiai'i 
army  had  been  irathered  aiiionj.'  the  mountain.sof 
Samaria,  and    w;is   pri'parinj;   to   descend    upon 
Acre,  and  altai  k  the  besiegers  in   concert  with 
the  irarrison  of  Djezzar.     .lunot,  with  his  divis- 
ion,   niareheil    to   eneonnter    them,    and    would 
have  been  overwlielmed  bv  iheir  numbers,  had 
not  Napoleon  himself  followed  ami  rescneil  liim 
(April  N)  at  Nazareth. where  the  splendid  cavalry 
of  the  Orientals  weri'.  as  usii.il,  iinahle  to  resist 
th.'   solid  squares  and  welldireeled  miisketrv  of 
the  French.      Kleber  with  another  division. 'w;is 
in  like  manner  endani;ered.  and  in  like  manner 
rescued  by  the  general  in  chief  at  Mount  Talior 
(April    l.-|).     Tile    .Miissulnians  dispersed  on   all 
hands;   and   Napoleon,    returniii!;   to   his   sieue.    ; 
pressed  it   on  with  des|«.r:ite  ass:iults.  dav  after 
day.  ill  whiili  his  best  .soldiers  were  thinned    be 
fore  till'  united  elfortsof  Djezzar's  iralhintrv  and    \ 
the  skill  of  his  allies.  ■    (111  the  -Jlst  of  .Mavlwheii 
the  sieire  had  been  pro^eciiteil  for  more  tli':in  tuo 
months.   Napoleon    conim;iiii|ed    a   liiial   a.ssaiill.    i 
"The  |ilai.'tle  h;ld  some  liiji,.  before  tin- ;ippe.ir.ii    j 
in  the  eaiiip.  every  il:iy  the  ranks  of  his  le:;ioi;s   ! 
Were  thinned  by  this  pestilence,  as  well  as  by  the    I 
»_eaiii.iisof  the  defenders  of  Acre.     The   h'l'arts 
of  all  nun  were  ipiii  kly  sinkiii'.'.     Tlii' Tiirki-h 
Heel  Was  at  li.inil  to  niiilor.  e  Djczzar;  and  upon 
the  ntli  r  failure  of  ihe  :ill;ick  of  the  21s|  of  .\|;iv 
Napoleiin   virlil.d  i,,  Mern  necessity,  and  iK'-ai'i 
Ins  retreat  upon  .liiiLi.   .   .   .   The  ii'aine  of  .latla 
wasalready  snillciently  stained  ;  but  fame  speed, 
ily  represented  Naiioleon  us  havinir  now  made  it 


vi-n 

:ir.li 


t.T.i. 


IllSI  If 


Ihe  scone  of  another  alrocllv,  not  less  s|i.,ekini? 
th.m  that  of  the  miiHsaere  of  the  Turkish  nri„,ii,.r. 
The  aciiisiition,  which  for  many  ve;iis  n,,,!,  „, 
much  noise  throUKhout  Europe. 'amoiini,  li,  n,;"" 
that  on  Ihe27lliof  .May.  when  it  was  ii,,i^,,n 
for  Napoleon  to  pursue  IiIh  march  from  .liuli  !,> 
Ki-'ypl,  a  certain  niimlxT  of  tin  pi.i^ui  iMii,.,,,, 
in  the  liospital  were  foniiil  to  be  in  a  si,ui.  i|„t 
held  out  no  hope  whaleverof  their  in  ovi  r\  li,  i 
the  p'tieral,  being  unwilliii),'  to  hvn,  i|„  ,,;  |',,,|'. 
leiiiliriiierciesof  the  Turks,  coneeivi.l  i|„. j,',, 

ofadmini.slerinijopium.andsoproii.riML'l  'rili,i|. 
at  le;ist  a  speeiiy  and  an  easy  di  iili;  MHililm., 
numlier  of  men  were  nccordiiiirlv  t:ii,i  n  ,,;r  j„ 
thi- methiKl  liy  hiscomniand.  .  .  '.  Ul,,  ii,,  r  ,|„. 
opium  wiLs  really  admiiiislered  or  ii.ii  -il,,,!  ,||,. 
audacious  proposid  to  that  eirect  w;is  iii.,!i,.  i,,- 
Napoh'on.we  have  his  own  admission;  ;uii| 
reader  must  form  his  opinion  —  iis  to  il,,  , 
of  irnilt  which  attaches  to  tlii'  Ian  ,,1  | 
mediialed  and  (h'siirned  the  deed  .  ,  ji,,. 
onwards  was  a  continued  scene  of  mi-,  r\  (nr 
the  wounded  and  Ihe  sick  wen-  main  li,,'  In  ,- 
oppressive,  the  thirst  intoleralile .  ;,iid 
cious  Djczzar  was  hard  Uliinil.  .iiid 
Anbs  of  Ihe  desert  hovered  roiiml  ilu  ii.  „  . 
side,  so  tliiit  he  who  fell  behind  Ids  (  oiiip:iiiv 
sure  lo  he  slain.  .  .  .  Haviiij;  at  Im-iii  ,,;, 
plislied  this  perilous  ioiirnev  |.luiie  U|,  IJu, 
p.irle  repaired  to  his  oil!  head  (piarii  r-  ;,;  r, 
and  re fiitereil  on  his  i.'re:it  funcliuii-  :i,  il,,. 
tiiblisherof  a  new  fiiivcrninenl  in  the  sim 
Kiryjit.  Hut  he  had  not  lonj:  oi-ciipi,,|  |, 
thus,  ere  new  rumours  eoiiceriiiii:r  iln  In 
the  Upper  Nile,  w lio  si-eined  lo  h;i\e  .scmi- 
and  uri;enl  motive  for  endeavonriiii;  lo  1, 
lia.ssaj;e  (hiwnwards,  bejran  lo  be  miii^I,'] 
and  by  degrees  e.xplaincil  by.  ticiiii;:-  il.i; 
|ie.iled  of  .some  grand  di.senib.irkMiiiHi 
(Ottomans,  designed  to  have  jilace  in  ili,  i 
biiu-'ii»Kl  of  Ah'Xiinilria.  l.eaviiii.'  I  ),■--,, i\,i 
fore,  once  iiiori'  in  coinniand  at  (  ;iiro.  In  lii 
deseended  the  Nile,  and  Inivclled  with  :ill  ,. 

lo  Alexandria,  where  he  found  his  pn  -iim-  i i 

neee.s.s;iry.  For,  in  elTeel,  the  i;nMi  I'liiki^li  i!,.i 
had  already  run  into  llie  liiv  of  Ahoiikir,  ;i:i,l 
:iiiariiiy  o^  W,{MM),  having  gaiiiid  the  |..iir.s>, 
were  there  strengthening  themselves.  w'vA,  tin- 
view  of  awaiting  the  pruniised  desceiii  un.l  jun, 
lion  of  the  Mamelukes,  and  llini.  «iili,.i.r 
whelming  su|)eriority  of  numbers.  :iiI\,jih  in.-  t.i 
.Alexandria,  and  coniplelini;  liir  niiii  nf  ii,,- 
French  invaders.  i!uoii;iii;irle.  iv.e  i,n._'  .\1.  \ 
aiidria  on  the  evening  of  the  ■,'ltii  of  .1 
his  army  already  posted  in  the  in  iglib 
-Vboiikir,  and  pre|>ari'il  to  anticipai. 
of  the  Turks  on  the  morrow,   ,   ,   .    Ti 

OUlposts  Here  ass;inlled  e;olv   ni\l   lln 

driven  in  witli  gri-atslaimhier;  b  .1   li 
when  Ihey  aih ancid,  c;ime  wii lii;i  liii 
the  baltiries  and  also  of  the  sliippiii. 
close  by  the  sle    ■•    and  were  i  lire'    il 
treat  nii;.'lii  li;ive  i  iideil  in  a  roiii,  .  i. 
undisciplined  eaiierness  \i  ith  wliii  h  tlj. 
gaged  ill  Ihe  tii-k  of  spoiling  and  10,111 
thai  fell  before  I  hem  —  tliii-.  iriviiiir  i  > 
opportunity  of  cluiririmr  their  111:1111  I'n.;.  ::,  lie, 
with  his  cavalry,  at  the  momeni  ulimi  ;;:    Vr.iv 
inf;inlry.  |irolit'iiig  by  their  disoidi  n.|    ,::  I  -m 
leretl  condition,  and   rallyiiii;  umlt  i-  i!,-    i\'   1 
Napoleon,  forced  a  pass;ige  lotheililrM),  !i  m  Ii' 
From  1  hat  moment   the  battle   was  .1  iin-san 
Six  tliousaih!   stirf^^jjjnr;..^!    y.     ,1;-.  ?.-:..; 


nf     III,: 


■rlf 


■  '■A 

.     fnil!!,! 

i. Inf 

n.i 

:ill,i.k 

'iirki^ji 

■ 

!-■   :m1i1 

'  1 

ii'i  l;o 
u  ir  If 

It  til,. 

ii 

rk~ci]. 

M.' 

;    ,;     ,j|,. 

1358 


PRANCE,  1798-1799. 


auu*nrro;P^  and  the 
RuMuiiu  in  tkr  field. 


PRANCE,  1799. 


12  000  peris'ictl  on  tlic  Arid  or  in  Iho  wii.  . 
Xipoleiin  oncT  more  rcturniHl  to  Ciiiro  on  tlu- 
jth  of  Align.'*! ;  but  it  w»s  only  to  iimkc  winu' 
purlins  armngenients  a»  to  tlii'  administration. 
civil  an'l  military ;  for,  from  tlir  imniii'iit  of  his 
victorv  ill  Atxmkir,  he  hml  rc.'iolv<(l  to  entrust 
Esrvpt  I"  "tlier  Imnds,  and  Admiral  tJantlmmnn' 
„j„lnady  preparing  in  •wcret  tin-  means  <if  his 
rfiiioviil  to  France. "--J.  O.  Lockliart,  I.ifi  <;f  • 
Xilfifiii  f}'i'>"« I'll !''''■  <■''•  •-■  I 

Also  is:  Duke  of  Koviito,  Vniwim.  r.  1  i-li. 
i^W— SI, iiuiitK  iif  S'iii>oli'oniUrt(itiil itl  St.  Ilflm^i, 
\  •I.-IjIIiix f roll,  the aniiii <if  liitiiit jHirli- ill  /iV/.i//''. 
-M  de  lioiirricnnc,  I'ririite  Mtiiuiim  I'f  .Vi(/«/(."/i. 
r  1  rli    |.")-i;i. 

A.  D.  1799  (April— September).— Murder  of 
the  French  envoys  at  Rastadt.— Disasters  in 
North  Italy.— SuwarrofTs  victories.— Anglo- 
Russian  invasion  of  Holland  and  capture  of  the 
Dutch  fleet.  —  "  Wliile  the  Knnch  armies  weri' 
thiH  Imniiliiited  in  the  tield.  the  represeniativcs 
ctllien'puhlie  at  the  eoniiressof  Uastadt  (where 
peace  iieifotial  ions  with  tiie  states  of  the  <inpire 
had  lii-eii  in  progress  for  montlis]  In-eame  the 
viilinis  of  a  sanguinary  trageily.  As  Prance 
h:ul  declared  wiir  against  the  emperor  [as  uover- 
eitnof  .iiistria].  and  not  against  the  empire,  the 
orngres.,  liad  not  necessarily  iM'en  broken  off; 
Imtthe  representatives  r)f  the  German  states  were 
vfithdniwn  i>iie  after  another,  until  the  success<s 
of  'lie  .VustriaiiS  rendere<l  the  position  of  the 
F'.'nch  ministers  no  longer  secure.  At  lenjjth 
tiny  rcii iv<(l  notice,  from  the  nearest  Austrian 
ciimraander.  to  depart  within  twenty-four  hours; 
tad  till'  Fnneli  ministers  —  .lean  Deliry,  Honnier, 
and  liolierjeot  —  left  IttsUull  with  their  families 
and  atlemlants  late  in  the  evening  of  the'  Hth  of 
Floreal  (the  2Sth  of  April).  The  night  was  very 
dirk,  and  Ihey  i.ppeartohavclicen  apprehensive 
c'  danger.  A'  a  very  short  distance  from  I{ils- 
tadt  thty  were  surrounded  by  a  triH>p  of  Austrian 
hussars,  who  stopped  the  carriages,  dragged  the 
three  iiiiuisters  out,  and  massacred  thcni  in  the 
presence  of  their  wives  and  children.  The  hus- 
i.r9  then  jylundered  the  carriages,  and  tiK>k  away, 
especially,  al!  the  papers.  Fortunattdy  for  .lean 
Debry,  lie  had  been  stunned,  but  not  inortiilly 
wounded:  and  aftt'r  the  murderers  were  gone 
tik  odd  air  of  the  night  restored  him  to  life. 
This  crime  was  supposed  to  have  been  perpe 
traled  at  the  instigatiim  of  the  imperial  court, 
for  reasdns  which  have  not  been  very  < dearly  ex- 
plained; hut  the  representhlives  of  the  Uerman 
states  proclaimed  haully  their  imiignation.  The 
reverses  of  the  n publican  arms,  anil  the  tragedy 
of  l{astadt,  were  eagerly  embmced  by  the  op|io 
litiou  iu  France  as  (K'casions  for  raising  a  violent 
(lulcry  affiinst  the  directory.  .  .  .  It  was  in  the 
midst  iif  this  general  unpopularity  of  the  direc- 
tors that  the  elections  of  the  year  VII.  of  the 
repulilic  tcn'k  place,  and  a  gri'al  majority  of  the 
palriiiLs  iihlained  iulniis.sion  to  the  councils,  anil 
thus  increased  the  numerical  force  of  tile  opposi- 
tion, .  .  .  The  directory  had  made  great  ellorts 
to  rep;ur  the  reverses  which  hatl  marked  the 
opiiiiug  iif  the  ciimpaign.  .lourdain  had  been 
ileprivrii  of  tlie  commanil  of  the  army  of  tlie 
l);ii\iilie.  which  had  lieen  placed,  along  witli  tlnit 
of  Switzerland,  under  the  onlcrs  of  .Massena. 
The  command  of  the  army  of  Ituly  had  been 
iransfernil  from  Seherer  to  Moreau ;  and  Mae- 
'lonald  li:ol  received  orders  to  witlidraw  Ids  forces 
:n;u;  .NajMLa  aiiU  tUc  pupal  stat^-s.  in   urdvr  to 


unite  them  with  the  army  in  Upper  Itnl^-.  The 
Uussians  under  Suwarrow  had  now  joined  the 
Austrian  army  In  Ituly;  and  this  (hief.  who  was 
in  the  height  of  his  reputation  as  ;i  military 
leader,  was  mmleeommander-in-ehiefof  the  com 
liineil  .Vustro-Hussian  forces,  .\lelas  command- 
ing the  Austrians  under  him.  Suwarrow  ad 
vanied  rapidly  upon  the  Adda,  which  prot<ited 
the  French  lilies;  and.  on  the  Hth  of  Floreal  (the 
iTlh  (•'  iril),  forced  tin'  passau'e  of  that  river 
in  t  -o  CIS,  at  IJrivio  and  Tnzzo,  above  and 
below  the  position  occupi<'d  by  the  division  of 
Scrrurier.  which  formed  the  French  left,  and 
wliieh  was  thus  cut  oft  from  the  rest  of  the  army 
Moreau,  who  took  the  cnmmand  of  tin;  French 

forces  on  tl vening  of  the  same  day.  made  a 

vain  attempt  to  drive  the  enemy  back  over  the 
Adda  at  Trczzo,  anil  thus  recover  his  eomniuni- 
ciition  with  Scrrurier;  and  that  division  was  sur- 
rounded, and.  after  a  desperate  resistance, 
obliged  to  lay  down  its  arms,  with  theexeeption 
of  a  s. nail  nunilHr  of  men  who  made  their  way 
acriiss  the  mountains  iiiln  rinlniont.  Victor's 
ilivisiiin  cITceted  its  retreat  without  much  lo.ss, 
and  Moreau  concentrated  his  forces  in  tlu;  iii-igh- 
bourlioiHlof  Milan.  This  disastrous  engagi'inent, 
which  t(«>k  place  on  the  9tli  of  Floreal,  was 
known  as  till'  battle  of  C'assano.  Moreau  re- 
mained at  Milan  two  days  to  give  the  members 
of  tlie  government  of  IlieC'isalpine  republic,  and 
all  the  Milanisc  families  who  were  politically 
compromisid.  lime  to  make  their  escape  in  his 
rear;  after  wliieh  he  I  ontinued  his  retreat.  .  .  . 
lie  was  allowed  to  make  tliis  retreat  without  any 
si'rioiis  interruption;  for  Suwarrow,  instead  of 
pursuing  him  actively,  lost  his  time  at  Milan  in 
celebrating  the  triumph  of  the  anti-revidutionary 
|i;,.ty.  "  Moreau  first  "established  his  army  in 
a  strong  position  at  the  continence  of  the  Taiiaro 
and  the  l*o.  <'overed  by  both  rivers,  and  com- 
manding all  the  roads  to  flenoa;  so  that  he  could 
there,  without  great  danger,  wait  the  arrival  of 
Maedonald."  But  sihiii.  tinding  his  position  made; 
critical  by  a  general  insiirreclioii  in  Piedmont, 
he  retired  towanlsthe  mountains  of  (Jenoa.  "  On 
till'  tllh  of  I'rairial  (the  ■.'."ith  of  May),  Maedonald 
was  at  Florence;  but  hi;  lost  much  time  there; 
and  it  was  only  towards  the  end  of  the  republican 
month  (the  middle  of  .luiic).  that  he  at  length  ad- 
vanced into  the  plains  of  I'iie  ■  nza  to  form  his 
junction  with  .Moreau.  "  On  the  Trelibia  he  en- 
countered Suwarrow's  advance,  under  General 
Ott,  and  ra-slily  attacked  it.  Having  forced  back 
Ott's  advanced  guard,  the  French  suddenly 
found  themselves  confronti'd  by  Suwarrow  him- 
self and  the  main  bisly  ot  his  army  "  .Macilonald 
now  ri'solveil  to  unite  all  his  forces  iH'hind  the 
Treldda,  and  there  risk  a  battle;  but  he  was  an- 
ticipalcil  by  .Suwarrow.  who  attacked  him  next 
moniiiiL'.  and,  after  a  very  severe  and  sanguinary 
engagiiniiit,  the  French  were  driven  over  the 
Trelibia.  Tlie  combat  was  couliiiued  next  day. 
and  ended  again  to  the  disadvantage  of  liiu 
French;  and  iheir  position  had  beeonie  so  critical, 
that  Macilonald  fioiiid  it  necessary  to  retreat 
upon  tlie  river  Niir.i,  and  to  make  his  way  rinind 
the  .Vpeniiines  to  ijciioa.  The  Frencli,  i  l.iscly 
l)ursued.  experie;  ed  considerable  loss  in  their 
retreat,  until  Suwarrow.  hearing  Moreau's  can- 
non in  his  rear,  discontinued  the  pursuit,  inordi  r 
to  meet  him.  "  .Moreau  routed  IJelhgarde.  in 
Suwarrow's  rear,  and  tmik  !!,0(X)  prisoners;  but 
no  liinhtT  coiiisiuii  uf  iruponuncc  occurred  dur 


i  i^m 


■  li 


V>o9 


■  f  ' 

'    I"!      -   ■ 


•-  ii  •      ■ 

■  i-l-  ■. 

:    1  i  1 


jsri 


■J    ' 


PRANCE,   1799 


Ititty  antt  Switzerland. 


FUANCE,   1799 


Inc  the  next  two  months  of  the  sumnicr.  •'  Sii- 
wiirrow  hail  Imi  ii  prcvintrd  l)y  thi'  onhrs  of  tlii' 
Aiilir  Coiinoil  from  foMowinjf  up  with  viifour 
his  victory  ontlir  Trcliliiii,  nml  hiid  Ih'iii  oliligid 
to  occiijiy  liiniscif  with  nirjjcs  wliioh  iniiiloycd 
with  li'ilc  iiclvuntiiiri'  viiluul)lr  tiin.-.  Hccrinls 
wiri'  rciichins  tlic  i'rcnch  iirmicA  in  Italy,  ami 
thr  y  wcri'  ri'slorcilto  astutoof  greater  I'lfli'icncy. 
It  was  alreaily  the  month  of  Tliermiiliir  (the 
miclille  of  July),  anil  .Monau  saw  the  necessity 
of  assuming  the  olTensive  anil  attacking  the 
Auslro  l{us>ians  while  they  were  oeeupieir with 
tile  sieges;  hut  he  was  ns'traineil  liy  the  onlers 
of  the  (lirei  tory  to  wait  the  arrival  of  .iDtilK'rt. 
The  latter,  who  hail  just  rontniet"il  an  advan- 
tageous marriage,  liy  which  the  miKlerate  party 
had  hoped  to  attach  him  to  their  causi',  lost  ail 
entire  luoiuli  in  the  celebration  of  his  nuptial 
festivities,  and  only  n'ached  the  army  of  Italy 
in  the  middle  of"  Therniidor  (the  "heginning 
of  .VuL'Ustl.  where  he  iniiiicdiately  succeedeil 
Moreau  in  the  command;  lint  he  prevailed  upon 
that  alile  giiienil  to  remain  with  him.  at  least 
until  alter  his  tlrst  battle.  The  Krencli  army  li.id 
taken  a  good  iiosition  in  advance  of  Nnvi",  and 
were  preparing'  to  act  against  the  enemy  while 
he  w;is  still  occuph'il  in  the  .sieges,  when  news 
arrived  tli;it  .Vlessandria  and  .Mantua  had  sur- 
nnilered.  and  that  Suwarrow  was  preparing  to 
unite  a;.'ainst  them  t'.i  whole  strength  of  his 
furies.  .louhert  iiniiiciliately  resolved  to  fall 
back  upon  the  .Apennines,  and  there  act  upon 
the  defensive;  but  it  w;is  ;ilre,ady  too  late,  for 
.sluwarrow  h.id  adv;iiiced  wilh  such  rapidity  that 
he  was  forced  to  aciipt  b;itlle  in  the  position  he 
oecupiid.  which  was  a  very  strong  one.  The 
battle  be;,-an  early  in  the  morning  of  the  'Mh  of 
Thirniidor  (tlie  b"iih  of  Auiiust);  and  very  early 
ill  tlie;iciinn  .loubert  received  a  mortal  "woiinil 
from  a  ball  which  struck  him  near  the  heart. 
The  eiig;i;.'eiiient  continiieil  with  great  furv  dur- 
iiig  the  mi -Iter  part  of  ,lie  day,  but  ended'in  the 
entire  drl'eat  of  the  French,  wiio  retreated  from 
the  111  1.1  of  battle  in  griMl  confusion.    The  Krencli 

hot   iiboiit    lil.U nil  in  killed  and  wounded. 

anil  a  gnat  number  of  prisoners.  The  news  of 
this  reverse  was  soon  followed  by  disastrous  in- 
tilligi  nee  from  .inotlier  ipiarter  The  Kii;;lish 
hail  prip:ir;d  an  expedition  against  llollaiid, 
which  w;is  to  lie  assisted  by  a  detachment  of 
Kiis^ian  troops.  The  Knglish  forces,  under  Aber- 
croiiiliv,  laiuli  d  near  the  mouth  of  the  Helder  in 
Xorlli  llolli,:i,l,iin  the  PMhof  l''ruciidor(tlie-J7tli 
of  .Vu^'Usi  t.aiiddifealeilllie  Krenchanil  I  )iitcii  re- 
publican army,  coinmamleil  by  llnine,  in  a  deci 
siveen;;ageiiiriii  (at  the  Knglish  camp,  establi.shed 
oil  a  Well  drained  niora>s,  called  the  ZypJ  on  the 
■-'•Jnd  of  Kructidor(the  ,><tliof  Septemben.  lirunc 
ri  lre:ited  upon  Aiiisierd.iin;  and  the  |{ussi;in  con- 
lin_"  lit  .vas  thus  enabled  to  elTect  its  junction 
w  I'll  the  KiiL'iisJt  without  op|n)si|ioii.  As  one  cf 
lie  lirst  con-eipieiices  of  this  inva.sion.  the  Kng- 
li-li  olilained  possessionof  the  wlliile  l>utch  licet, 
U|i'in  the  ,issi~iancc  of  which  the  French  goverii- 
iiiriii  Icid  I  outiled  ill  its  dc>i!:in:ii;ainst  Kngland. 
This  succi  s-ioii  of  ill  news  e\ciied  the  revolu- 
iioiiary  piriv  ;o  a  newt  iinu.-.u,il  deiirce  of  vio- 
1.  lice  —  T.  'U'ri-lii.  l/i\t.  !•)'  Fntnr,.  hk.  8.  (■/< 
■:i  ■.';(  ,.,  -Ji 

.\l,-ii    IN:    11.     Spalding.     S:li;,r.iff,     rli .     '->*.— 

I,.  .M.  I',  lie  l.avcrnc,  l.ijr  „f  h'i,Ut  M.inh^il  S„ii. 
/■cfl'.  <■),.  Ii._lv  Vchse.  'Sli'iifiirx  i,f  III,  C.iiirl  '4' 
-l.,...'/cc  .7,    I.-,,  .v,r  J  11.  Ji.— ,1.  Adolphus,  lli„i. 


-C-n 

II  ir.c 


rill 


iifKiill.:  neignofOeo.  IIL,  rh.  lOS 
Sir  II.  Bunlmry,  Snrratiren  nf  tli, 
with  Frniir,',  /iji,  1-,W. 

A.  D.  i799(August— Decemberi.-Campaiini 
m  Switzerland.— Battle  of  Zurich.  -Defeat  of 
the  Russians.— SuwarroCTs  retreat  across  the 
Alps.— Reverses  in  Italy,  and  on  the  Rhine  - 
Fall  of  the  Parthenopean  and  Roman  Repub- 
lies.— Since  the  retreat  of  .MasseiM  in  .bn,.  ii,,. 
Archduke  Charles  had  been  walchiii;;  ilj,  Kn  urli 
on  the  Liminat  and  c.xpciiing  the  arn'vil  ,,|  jji,, 
.shin  rcinforcement.s  under  KorvikolT:  ■  liin  ii,,. 
Aulic  Council,  with  unaccouiitahlc  inf  ,ii|.,ii,„| 
onh-red  him  at  this  important  jiiiieiiirr  i.,  i..i,ur 
wilh  the  bulk  of  his  army  to  the  liliin.,  1,  .oii,.. 
Switzerland  toKorsiikoir  and  the  |{u,vi  ,1,^  ij,."' 
fore  these  Injudicious  orders,  how.vi  i,  i  n!ij,|  i,. 
carried  into  effect.  Massena  had  boMlv  ;i.-iiMiri| 
the  otfensive  (Aug.  14)  by  a  false  att:e  k  ...i  Zu- 
rich, intended  to  mask  the  o|)eratic;i<,,f  liivrijlil 
wing,  which  ineanwhilc.  under  I.i  i  ..iirln , 
directed  against  the  SI.  (iothard.  in  onln-  i, 
olT  the  eommunii'ation  lietwceii  the  allini  f, 
in  Switzerland  and  in  Italy.  Tin v  ;iti;„ii, 
Iirovcd  completely  .successful,  ,  ,  ,i  Kniirli 
detachment  .  .  .  seizing  the  Si  (J.iilcinl,  ;in.l 
establishing  itself  at  Airolo,  on  the  soiith.-rn  ili - 
clivity,  Lecourbe's  left  had  meaiiwliil.-  i  l.-md 
the  banks  of  the  lake  of  Zurich  of  ih,.  i  ,i,  iiiy, 
who  were  driven  back  into  (Jlarus.  To  nijiriiii 
these  brilliant  snccessi-s  on  the  riL'ht.  M,i.,i  n.i 
had  been  obliged  to  weaken  his  lifi  win-;  ;m.l 
the  .Vrchdiike.  now  reinforced  liy,>ii,iiiiii  |!!i,-i;iii,, 
atteinpted  to  avail  himself  of  I'liis  i  in  iirii~i,ui(. 
to  force  the  passage  of  the  l.iniiicu  l,r|.,«  y.i 
rich  (.Vug.  Hi  and  17i;  but  this  i  in.  i  pn,,.,  i|„. 
success  of  which  might  havcalliT..!  i!..  i.i.  .,f 
the  war,  failed  fniin  the  defective  ...u-ini,  li,;,  .,f 
the  pontiHins;  and  the  posilive  ..r  |.  r-  ,  f  il., 
.\iilic  Council  fiirliaile  his  rciiuiiiiiii;:  !.ii^,r  \u 

Swilzcrhind.     Accordin-lv.   liaviin:  -.'Vn' .u 

under  llot/.e  to  support   Kors.-iki.ir.   l..-  iii,irili.-.l 

for  the  I'ppcr  Hhine,  where  the  Fn  niii.  it  liii 

appniacli.  abandoned  the  siege  of  l'liili|.s!.iiri: 

and    mired  to  .Mannheim;    tint    this  iiijpi.rt.nii 

post,    the   ill  fences    of    whicli    were   iiti;..  M-.!lv 

restored,  was  c;irrieil  by  a  coup  dc 

l^).  and  the  French  driven  wiili  v\. 

the  Ithinc.     lint  this  success  w;is  .1. 

by  the  disasters  in  Swiizcrlaii.l.  wlii, 

the  .Vrchduke's  dcpartun-.      Il  li.id  I.. 

IliatSuwarroirwasioiiiovcfn.iu  Ii.  Hi 

■Jll,  and  after  retaking  the  St.  iJ-.ili. 

with   K.irsakolT  in  a    fmnt    alimk   . 

while  ilotzea.ssailed  him  in  llink      II 

who  was   now  the   superior   in  iiupi 

mined  to  anticipate  the  arrival  .if  > 

striking  a    blow,    for  which   tii.-    pt 

conHdence  of  Korsiikolf  gave  him  i. 

cilily.     On  the  eveuiiii:  of  ijtlli  Sr] 

pass;iire  of  the  ri\cr  was  surpriscl  1.. 

and  the  heighlsof  Clost,  r  Falir  c:irr  ■ 

and.  in  the  course  of  II,.-  iie\i    .I.i;. 

with  his  main  a;"iiiy,  was  ci.niplcii  t\ 

at    Zurich   by    the   superior   geii.r.il- 

French  cominander,  wliosiimniom  .1  ; 

to  suirciider.      Ilul  the  bravcrv  >ii-.^ 

kotr   in  these  desperate  circiiiiisi  i.. 

his  former  arnigaiice:  on  the  '.'s;!.  : 

columns,    i.ssuing    fnim   the  town.    ' 

way   with  the   courage  of  d.-p.iir  ' 

surnmnding  masses  of  Fnin  li.  »iii 

rear-gua rilde tended t he rainp;ins.:  /. 


t.| 


s.|.i 
..V.  r 
.11 -'111 


.>.|.l 

III!. in ' 

M.isvii, 

•  Mi-vi.i 

!-    .1. 1,  r 

viin.tri.y 

■.IJlpt'l.'U- 

1.MS.-.1  f;i 
;.;l..  r.  III.; 
'vZ.iri.li, 
;..  -'..nil. 

lv:-,,k..ir 

.  11 i  ill 

;).  .  r  Ik 

lili-ilM 
l!'>-i;lll 


1300 


m^u 


FRANCE,   17»9 


Frrtiih  rei-ffMH 


FHANCE,   17M. 


remaindoT  hart  fxtrirntcd  thrmscl  vrs  Thr  lowii 
«a»  at  l(ii>rtli  entprcd,  and  n  friirlittid  ciiniiicc 
insucil  ill  tlie  striTtn,  in  tlic  niiiisi  nf  wliiili  the 
illustrious  Liiviitcr  wiis  liiirlmnmsly  slint  liy  ii 
f^iuh  soUliiT:  while  KorsjikiilT.  uflcr  losing 
noon  killed  and  wnundcil.  ."(.(MXt  prisnncr-'.  UHl 
pit'CTSiif  cannnn,  ami  all  liis  aniniui>itii>n.  .iircs. 
luid  inilitarv  chest,  sueeecilc'd  in  ri  Hehiiiir  SelialT 
liausi-ii.  '1"h('  atlai'k  i)f  Soiilt  ahove  the  Iak<' 
(S'pt.  -">l  "as  e(|nally  triumphant.  The  gallant 
Hoizc.  "h"  ciimrianded  in  thai  i|\iaHer,  was 
klllcil  i"  the  first  encounter;  and  llie  Austrians, 
pvins«ay  in  ( (instcrniitidii.  weredrivin  over  the 
Tburrand'  at  leUL'th  over  the  Khine.  willi  the 
lossnf  -JO  iruns  and  3.IKM)  prisoners.  SuwarrolT 
in  llie  meant inie  was  pillantly  pi-rfonnini;  his 
partiif  llie  plan.  On  the  •.i;id  .if  .Sepiiniher.  tlii' 
FnTieh  posts  at  Airolo  and  St.  (iothard  were 
carried,  after  a  desper.-ile  re.--islanee,  liy  the  lius- 
sian  main  force,  whih-  their  llaiik  was  turiii'd  liy 
RiMcnlierL';  and  I,i-courlM',  hastily  relreilin;:. 
broki'down  the  Devil's  Iirid.i;i'  lo  (  heek  lie-  ad 
vanci'of  thei'iu'niy.  Asi'eneof  usili>s  hulc  hery 
followeil,  the  two"  jiartiis  lirini;  on  eaih  oilier 
from  the  (>ppo>ite  brinks  of  the  itnpa>sil>le  ahy^; 
but  the  Hank  of  the  French  was  at  hn^Mli  lurne.l, 
the  bridge  repaired,  and  the  Russians,  pressini; 
iin  ill  triumph,  joined  the  Ausiriau  ilivi^iou  of 
Autlenhera,  at  Wascu,  and  n  pulsed  tln'  French 
iievcind  Altdorf.  Hut  tliiswas  the  limit  of  the 
i.lil  iimrshal's  sucees,s.  After  elTec  liii^'  with  «e 
'■pre  loss  the  p,as,sji^e  of  tlii'  Ireiiuiidous  dcliles 
and  ridires  of  the  Schai  henthal.  iietweeii  Alt 
Jorf  and  .Mutten,  he  found  that  I.ink'ii  and 
.ii'llaebieli.  who  were  to  htive  moicd  from  Coin- 
ti)  eii  .iperate  with  him,  had  again  retreated  on 
li'arnini;  the  di.siister  at  Zurich;  .iiid  SuwarrolV 
fiiutifl  himself  in  tlii'  inid>t  of  the  itiemy,  with 
M;i.s.s<'tiu  on  (me  side  and  Molilor  on  the  other. 
With  tlie  utmost  dilllciilty  the  veteniu  comiueror 
was  prevailed  iipim,  for  ihe  first  time  in  his  life, 
tooriier  a  retriMt,  which  had  iM'come  iuili.-.pens:i- 
ble.  and  the  heails  of  his  c(duiuiis  were  turned 
towards  (rlariis  and  the  (!ris.ms.  liut  thoui;h 
the  alt.uk  of  Mas.sena  on  their  rear  in  the  Milt 
tftillHil  was  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  'J.UOii 
nii't).  their  onward  route  was  barred  at  Naefid^ 
by  Molilor.  whodelied  all  the  elforts  of  Prince 
ftijiriithion  to  dislodge  him;  and  in  the  midst 
ef  a  heavy  fall  of  snow,  whiih  obliterated  the 
mountain "  paths,  the  Russian  army  wound  its 
wav  (Oct,  ."»  in  single  tile  over  the  rugged 
and  sterile  peaks  of  the  Al|is  of  (llarus. 
.N'mnlM-rs  p<rished  of  cold,  or  fell  over  the 
pn'cipires;  but  nothing  could  overcome  the 
UQCiiiKpierahle  spirit  of  the  soldiers:  without 
fire  or  stores,  and  cimipeUcd  to  bivomu'  on  the 
snow,  they  still  struggled  on  through  incredible 
liardsliips,  till  the  dreailful  inarch  leriiiinated 
|llet.  I0|  at  Haul/..  Such  was  the  famous  p;is- 
«aire  of  the  A'ps  by  SuwarridT.  KorsakolT  in 
the  iiieanwhile  (Oct.  17)  had  mainlained  a  de< 
perale ronlliet  near  Constance,  till  the  return  of 
the  An  hdiike  eheckeil  the  t  ITorls  of  the  Frenc  h  ; 
andtlie  Allies,  abandoning  the  St.  (loluard,  and 
all  the  other  posts  they  still  Indd  in  Switzerland. 
rii!:reii;iuied  their  forces  on  Ihe  Uliinc,  which 
bi'iaiiii- till- boundary  of  the  two  armies.  ...  In 
haly.  ;i(li-r  the  ilisiVstrou^  battle  of  Xovi,  the 
I'inViory  had  given  the  leadership  of  the  armie-i. 
iKitb  of  Italy  and  Savoy,  to  the  gallant  '.'hani- 
pkmuet,  but  he  couhl  muster  imly  .54, (MM)  IriMips 
ou.;  o,:H"i  raw  ioiiM-ripls  tu  oppitsc  Mela.'-,  wliu 


hail  succeeded  SiiwnrrofT  in  the  command,  and 
who  had  l>.H,(K)0.  iH'sides  his  garri.sons  and  de 
taihineiits.  The  pro|>o.sition  of  Clniinpionnet 
h:id  been  to  f:ill  back,  with  his  army  still  entire, 
to  the  oiber  side  of  the  Alps:  biit  his  or.hxs 
were  po-itivc  to  attempt  Ihe  ndief  of  Coni,  thi'ii 
be>iegeil  by  the  Austrians;  and  after  a  (h  sullory 
w:irf:ire  for  several  weeks,  he  commenced  a  de- 
( isive  movement  for  that  purposi-  al  Ihe  end  of 
Oct.iber.  with  :i."). IKK)  men.  Itul  bi-forc  the  dif 
brent  Freni  h  columns  could  i  Ifi-i  I  a  juncth.n, 
Ihey  were  m  p.irtitcdy  as.-udled  by  .Melas:  the  di 
virions  of  (Jntiicr  ,ind  Victor  were  ovcrwlndmed 
ill  (ienol:i  (\..v.  l!,  and  def..i.ted  Willi  Ihe  loss  of 
T,l)iKI  men  ;  anil  though  St.  t'yr  ri'piil.sed  the  '-u- 
periali^Is  1  Niiv.  Ill)  on  the  phiteaii  of  N'ovi.  Coni 
w;is  left  to  its  tale,  and  sunei.ilered  with  all  it~ 
irarrisiin  (l)rc.  .1).  .Vn  epiileniic  disonler  broke 
out  in  llie  French  army,  to  which  Championnet 
him-clf,  and  numerous  Mililier>,  b  II  viitiins:  Ihe 
troiips  giving.'  w;iy  to  dcs|iiiir,  abandomd  their 
slanilarils  by  loinifreds  and  returned  to  Fniiice; 
and  it  was  with  dillieully  that  the  i  loqueiit  ex- 
hoitiitinns  iif  Si.  (''.r  sin  cecded  in  kec|iiiig  lo- 
gelhera  sulllcii  III  nunilier  to  defend  the  lioidielta 
p.i^-,  in  fniiit  id'  (Jeiioa,  Ibe  lo>s  ..f  which  would 
ha\e  eiitjiiled  destruction  on  the  whole  army. 
The  iliMoinlited  Iti  publicans  weri'  driven  back 
on  their  o«n  frontiers;  and.  cxci'pling  (Jenoa, 
the  tricolor  tho;  w;is  everywiiere  cxpelbd  from 
Ibily.  At  the  same  time"  the  catnp;iigu  mi  Ihe 
lihiiie  was  dniwinir  to  a  (lose.  The  army  of 
Ma.ssiiui  w.is  not  strong  enough  to  follow  up  Ihe 
lu'illiant  suia-ess  ;it  Ztiiirh.  and  the  jealousies  of 
the  Aiistriiuis  ami  l!us>iiins,  who  mutually  laid 
i.n  eai  hntber  thilibimeof  Ibe  hite  disasters,  pre- 
vented their  .11  ling  cordially  in  concert  against 
him.      Suwarmir  at  hiigth.in  .'  lit  of  ex;isperii- 


li.iii.  drew   olT  hi- 
l»;iv;iri;i.  anil  took 
!inil  a  fruitless 
PliilijisburL^.  by  i 
brredioihecotnni  1 


as  to  winter  (lUarters  in 
■  lurtber  sh.ire  in  the  war; 
|il  in  November  against 
irbe,  who  hiid  been  trans- 
I'l  on  Ihe  liover  Khine,  closed 
I'le  operations  in  liuit  nuarter." — Kfit'^iitc  "f  AU^ 
„.„■..  //,'.,/.  „f  h:;n;H\  K.rt,.  iVt-iriX  {rh.  '.iS,  ,-.  7 
■  •f  l■•/«l/A^  //■"/■/).  — Sleantune,  Ihe  French  had 
bien  entiri  ly  expi  lied  from  southern  Italy.  On 
tile  witlidniwal  of  Madlonald,  with  most  of  his 
army,  from  Naples,  'Cardiual  UiilTo,  a  soldier, 
chufelinian,  and  [ndilhian,  put  himself  at  the 
head  of  a  numerous  body  of  insurgents,  and 
commenced  w;ir  against  such  French  tro()ps  as 
had  iKcn  left  in  the  south  and  in  the  middle  of 
Italy.  This  movemcnl  w;is  actively  supported 
bv  the  lirilish  llcel.  I.ord  Nelson  recovered 
N'aph's;  Home  surrendered  to  Comniodore  Trow- 
bridge. Thus  the  l'arthenopc:in  and  Uonian  re- 
publics  were  cxtiiu;iiished  forever.  The  royal 
family  relurm  .1  to  Naples,  and  tliat  tine  ( ity  and 
I  iiunlry  were  once  moii  .  kingdom.  Koine,  Ihe 
eapibil  (if  the  world,  was  oc(  upied  by  Neapiditan 

tlOlips."  — Sir    W.     Scott,     I. if,-   of    SlIIHll,:,!,,    cl, .    JW. 

Also  IN:  I..  .M.  I',  de  I.averne,  IMV  <4'  S„ii- 
niri'f.  i-li.  I),  — II.  S|i;ilding,  >'i/ e.</v,j/; — p.  t'olletta, 
lli.ii.  ,'f  t!ii  Kimj'l'iM  ■■/  .\,ijitiii.  I'k.  4,  -h.  i  mul 
hk.  it.  '>■/'.  1-2  (I'.'ll.— 'l'.  .1.  Petliffrcw,  Mininirx '■!' 
I.,„;l  .\,I.-,„,   ..   I.  -.'..  «-». 

A.  D.  1799  (September  —  Octoberi.— Disas- 
trous ending  of  the  Anglo-Russian  invasion  of 
Holland,— Capitulation  of  the  Duke  of  York. 
—Dissolution  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Com- 
pany.—  "It  is  very  obvious   th.it  the    Duke  of 

Volk  «a.s  sl-leited  "ill  .lU  UUlUCkv    liuiir  to  bt    tlic 


-I  I  '1 


13C1 


it. 


\:!4 


n  V, 


I1..1 


I.  k: 


ni 


FRANCE.  17W 


Anglo- RuMMian  fUu 
in  Hoilantt. 


FRANCE,  1799 


commanilor  in-chief  of  this  AugloRuasian  cxne- 
ditioii.    when   we  compure  tlie  time  in   wliifli 
AliiTcriinibif  wii»  iiiDue  on  the  miirsliy  |)n>ni()n- 
tory   of  llic   llelder  .  .  .   with   tlic   subsequent 
IMTiixl.     On  tlie    lOtli  of  SeptemlKT   Alierci^im- 
bie  .sucoessfiilly  repulwd  llie  attack  of  General 
Bruue,  wlio  Imd  come  for  the  piirpow'  fnim  Haar- 
lem to  Alkmar;  im  the  lUth  the  Duke  of  York 
lanili  il.  and  soon  ruined  everything.     The  lirst 
division  of  the  liusaians  hail  at  length  arrived  on 
the  l.")lli,  under  the  conmiand  of  General  Ilerr 
niann.  for  whom  it  was  originally  destined,  al- 
tliouj.'h  unhappily  it  afterwards  came  into  the 
hands  of  General'  KorsukolT.     The  duke  there 
fore   tliou>;ht    he    nujtht    venture   on   a   general 
attack  on  tlie  lOth      In  this  attack  Herrmann  leil 
the  riiiht  win;;,  which  was  formed  by  the  lius 
sians,    and    Abercrnmbie,    with  whom  was   the 
Trince  of  Oranire,  the  hit,  whilst  the  centre  was 
left    to   the    Duke  of    York,  the  commander  in 
i'hief.     This  decisive  battle  was  fouiiht  at  Ber- 
j;en.  a   place  situated  to  the  north  of  Alkmar. 
The   c(jnd>ined    army    was   viitorious   on    both 
wiuKs,  and  lloni,  en"  the  Zuydcr  Zee.  was  occu- 
pied ;  the  Duke  oi  York,  w ho  was  imlv  a  trenerd 
for  parades  and    reviews,  merely   indulged   the 
centre  with  a  few  mameuvres  hither  and  thither. 
.   .   The    Uussians,    therefore,    who   were    left 
alone  in  itnpassible  marshes,  traversed  by  ilitehes, 
and  unknown  to  their  otflcers,  lost  many  men, 
and  wiri'  at  length  surroumled,  and  even  tin ir 
general   taken   prisoner.      The   duke   concerned 
himself  very  little  about  the  Itussians,  and  had 
long  before  prudently  retiriii  into  histri'nches; 
and,  as  the  Uussians  were  lost,  At)ercnmdiie  and 
the   Crown   Prince   were   obliged   to   relinquish 
lloni."     The   ineapai  ity  of  the  ccmimander-in- 
cbi(  f  held  the  army  paralyzed  during  the  fort- 
night   following,    suttering   from    sickness  anil 
want,  wlule  il  would  still  have  l«'en  iiracticable 
to  push  forward  to  .South  Holland.      "A  siTies 
of  liloody  engageniints  t(M)k  place  from  the  2nd 
till   the  tith  of~()ctober,   and  the  object  of  the 
attack  upon  the  whole  line  of  the  French  and 
Batavian   army  would  have  Imtu  attained  had 
Abercromliie  idone  eonunanded.      The  English 
and  Hus,sians,  who  call  this  the  battle  of  Alkmar, 
were  indisputably  victorious  in  the  engagements 
of  the  ind  and  :!rd  of  October.     They  even  drove 
the  I  neniy  before  them  to  the  neighiionrlKKsl  of 
Ha.irleni.  after  having  taken  pos.session  of  .Vlk- 
niar;  but  on  the  fllli.  lirune,  wlii>  owes  his  othi-r-    i 
wise  very  moilerate  nulitary  renown  to  this  en-    I 
gagement  alone,  having  received  a  reinforcement 
of  some  thou.sands  on  the  4th  and  ,1111,  renewed    j 
the  battle.     The  lighting  on  this  (lay  tcsik  piaee    i 
at  t'astriiuni,  on  a  narrow  strip  of  land  between    i 
tlie  sea  and  the  lake  of  Haarlem,  a  position  fa-    | 
vourabli  !o  thr  Kren.  h.     The  F'reneh  report  is,  as   I 
usual,  full  of  the  1hi,'isI,s  iif  a  splendid  victory;    i 
the    Knglisli,   however,    remainol    in    pos.session   ' 
of  the  tield.  and  did  not  retire  to  ilieir  trenches    ! 
behind  .\lkniar  and  to  tin-  marshes  of  Z)  p  till 
the  Till.   .   .   .   In  not  nion- than  eiirht  days' aftiT- 
wanls,    the   w.mt  in  the  army  and  the'anxielv 
of  its  incapable  commander  i'n-ehii-f  became  so    ' 
!;riat,  the  iiunibiTof  the  sick  incrcasi'd  so  rapidly,    j 
and  the  fear  o'  tin-  dillieulties  of  embarkation  in 
winter  so   grew  loid  spread,  that   the  duke   ac- 
lepled  till'  most  Miameful  capitulation  that  had 
evi  r  iH'cn  otlered  to  an  English  general,  except  at 
,"^ar:^t'-g:t.     This  eapilululiuu,  concluded  on  the   j 
l«th  of  October,  was  only  granted  bccauat  the 


English,  liy  destroying  the  dykes,  had  it  in  i||,.i, 
power  to  ruin  the  country.  —K.  <'  Sihl.i^sjr 
/lint,  iifthe  hAi/hteenth  Venliini,  r.  7.  ^,y,  l|!ui.-,| 
—  "  For  the  failure  in  accomplishing  the  i;ri  ai  ili 
jects  of  emancipating  Holland  and  n  storiiii;  it, 
legitinmte  ruler;  for  the  clamorous  j.n  «|i|, 
which  herenendes,  foreign  and  doim  siii-'hailnl 
the  event;  the  government  of  Great  liriiiin  Itul 
manv  consolations.  .  .  .  The  Dutch  lli .  t.  « iii,|, 
in  the  hands  of  an  enterprising  em nn  rni.-lil 
Imve  be'cn  so  injuriously  employid.  H;is  a  lan 
tureof  immense  niiportjinei' ;  if  Holland  w  i^.nr 
to  become  a  friend  and  ally,  we  h.id  ;iliiiiic|aiit 
nu'ansof  promoting  her  iiriwperitv  and  n  i  ,t;ili 
lishing  her  ,greatnes.s ;  if  an  enemy.  In  r  niraii« 
of  injury  and  hopes  of  rivalship  wi  i.  i  iTn  tii:i||v 
supi)res.sed.    HerEast  ludiaComp.inv,  |,,|,':; 

the  rival  of  our  own  in  power  and  pnispi.rin" 
whose  dividemls  in  simie  years  had  li-m  i,i  tl'it 
amount  of  40  per  cent.,  I'low  linallv  i  Invil  in 
career,  nuiking  a  paltry  linal  pavnu  in  in  part  .if 
the  arrears  of  dividends  for  the  present  and  tlirtr 
preceding  years."-  .1.  Adolphiis.  ///..f  ,.f  Kir; 
lidgiiiifOforijiIII.,  eh.  WM.r.  '). 

Also  is:  G.  K.  Gleig,  /,/;;■  „r  i„„.  >,r  It 
AtDTcmmhy  {Eminent  liritiuli'  Milii,ti;i  ',,,„„„,,,, 
ih'i-H,  r.  3). 

A.  D.  1799  (NoTember).— Return  of  Bona- 
parte from  Egrirpt.  —  The  first  Napoleonic 
Coup  d'Etat.— Revolution  of  the  i8th  Brii- 
maire.— End  of  the  First  Republic.  -Creation 
of  the  Consulate.—"  When  Uonapartiv  hv  muni 
of  the  bundle  of  papers  whir'  s,i,i,|,,v  ;sniii|i 
I'auscHl  to  find  their  way  th.o  .  tin'  I'renih 
lines,  learned  the  eimdition  of  al'nrs  in  Kiinipc, 
there  was  but  one  course  con.-i'  I'lit  willi  liu 
I'haracter  for  him  to  pursue  Tiiere  was  iiiitliiiii; 
more  to  be  done  in  Egypt ;  there  was  ivir\  thing 
to  Ik'  done  in  France.'  If  he  were  lo  l.a.l  his 
army  back,  even  in  case  he  should.  l>y  sr.iiie 
miracle,  elude  the  eager  eyes  of  Lord  .Nelson,  the 
act  wotdd  be  generally  regarch'd  as  a  iniitVssiun 
of  disaster.  If  he  were  to  remain  »  illi  th'  rirniy, 
he  could,  at  iK'St,  do  niwhing  but  puisur  .i  pun  ly 
defensive  i>olicy ;  and  if  the  ;iriin  u.n  1h  It 
overwl  I  Inied,  it  was  no  part  of  Napnl,  piu-iii  in 
be  involved  in  the  ili.sa.ster.  ...  It  hmhI.I  h,  far 
slm'wder  to  throw  the  responsibility  . if  iln  tn'iin- 
of  Egypt  on  another,  and  to  tninM-T  hini-.lf  in 
the  tield  that  was  fa.st  ripeiiiii;.' lor  iln' i  'V- i,il 
harvest.  Of  course  Bonaparte.  uii4ii  -m  li  rir- 
ciiiuslances,  did  not  hesitate  astowiiii 
to  pursue.  Hobliing  the  i -niy  ol'  -; 
olHcers  as  survived,  he  h'ft  il  in  eoniin  n 
only  one  w  ho  had  dared  toriise  his  vni'  i  ; 
linn  to  the  work  of  the  IMlli  Kruiiiili.i- 
heroic  but  indignant  Kleb.r,  Was  iln 
more  exquisite  revenire  V  .  .  .  On  tln.i 
Bonaparte  in  Paris  everythiiiL'  Miinul 
his  hand.  .  .  .  The  policy  wliirli.  in  ili 
of  Switzerland  and  the  Papal  Siai  -. 
taken  pains  to  inaugurate  bef.Te  lns  .| 
for  Egypt  had  borne  its  natural  froii. 
before  in  the  history  of  Europe.  Kml'I  . 
land,  liussia,  Austria,  Naples,  aiil  •  I'l. 
Imd  joined  hands  in  a  comnmii  .a.- 
naluml  consequence  the  Direitnry  li.,! 
feated  at  every  point.  Nor  was  ii  nnmiural  f.ir 
the  people  to  attribute  all  these  dUisii  r- ti  ilie 
inelHcieney  of  the  governineii'  I'li-  lUPriiTy 
had  really  fallen  into  general  cunt' hii'  .nil  ;ii 
the  new  eicftion  on  tii.  ,'Ani\  i'r.iir;..;  ::  ; : ;  ';■  • ;: 
practically  overthrown.     I{ewbell.   wlii  ly  lii-i 


curse 

.-..Hi 

■  ■flhe 

ppiisi 

tin- 

iv.-ra 

val  if 

ilv    M 

IkI'I 


ni.  ll"l 

TarkiH' 

ini   ,sa 

hiinili- 


1362 


FRANCE,   1799 


Ot-rrthrttU' 
of  thf  Directory. 


PRANCE,  1799. 


lojuenoc  had  sto<xl  nt  the  lifiul  of  affairs,  li;nl   | 
btrn  obliKwl  to  K"''  wav."  mid  Sieyi's  liud  lulu 
put  in  liis  I'ltt"'-     "  Hy  i'"'  >*''''■  "'  "''"  '""tii'*'"' 
Jlati'Siimn  •  •  ■   Hurras  Imil   l>iiri  nluiued,  pmb- 
,blv  for  no  otliiT  rciison  tliiiii  timt  lie  wiis  sure 
to  iV  found  Willi  till-  miijorily,  while  the  other 
memlH'rs,    Oohier,    Moiiliii.i.   and    Uoi;er-I)ueo8 
wrri'  men  from  whose  suppoMil  inedliKrilv  no  very 
dniiled  opposition  eoulil  lie  auticiputed.     Thus 
the  popular  purty  was  no;  only  revenued  for  the 
outrages  of  Fruetldor,  but  it  hail  also  iiiaile  up 
the  new  Directory  of  men  who  seemed  likely  to 
bonotliini;  hut  elav  in  the  hands  ot  Iloiiaparte. 
Tile  manner  !n  which  llie  (ieiieral   was  re- 
ceivccl  can  have  left  no  |pos,Hlhle  doulit  remaining 
in  lii*  mind  as  to  the  streiiu'lli  of  his  hold  on  the 
hearts  of  tlie  people.     It  must  have  heeu  apparent 
toalltUut  he  needed  hut  to  declare  hiniself.  in  order 
Uiscturea  wcll-niuh  iinaninious  support  and  t 
jowing  of  the  masses,    lint  with  the  political  le^nl 
erstbecase,  for  obvious  reasons,  was  far  dillerciit. 
His  popularity  was  so  overwhelmiii);,  that 
in  his  enmity  the  leiuli'rs  could  anticipate  nothini: 
liut  auiiiliilation,  in  his  friendship  nothini;  but 
m>i^nilieance.   .  ,   .  The  member  of  the  (jcvcrn- 
miiit  who.  at  the  time,  wielded  most    inllueiice. 
wiisSieyi^s.  a  man  to  whom   personally  the  (ieu- 
eralhttil'so  uneonquenibh'  un  aversion,  that  Jose- 
pliine  was  accustomeil    to  refer  to   him  as  her 
husbamrs  bete  iioir.     It  was  evident  that  JSicyes 
wjs  the  most  formidaldc  ob.stacle  to  the  (jenenil's 
ailvance."     As  a  tii-st  inovement.  Bonaparte  cn- 
(kavored  to  brini;  uIkiuI  the  removal  of  .Sicyis 
from  the  Directory  and  his  own  ileetion  to  the 
plaa-,     Failini;  tliis.  his  party  attempteil  the  iiu- 
mriliate  creation  of  a  dictatorship.      When  that, 
ten),  was  found  impracticable.   J<ieyi^s  was  per- 
sjailid  to  a  reconciliation  and  alliance  with  the 
ambitious  soldier,  and    the   two.  at   a  meeting, 
lilanmd  the  proceedin.gs  •'which  led  to  that  dark 
lUv  iu  tVncli  history  known  as  the  IHih  Uru- 
miire  [N.neinlMT  9.  ITltU].      It  remained  only  to 
gft  absolute  control  of  the  inilit«iry  forces,  a  task 
at  that  time  in  no  way  dillicull!     The  olUcers 
who  bad  returned  with"  Honaparte  from  Kgy|il 
were  impatient  to  follow  wherever  their  master 
might  Iciil.     Moreau,   who.   since   the  death  of 
Hocbe,  w:is  regarded  as  standing  ne-\t  to  Bona- 
parte ill  military   ability,  was  not  reluctant  to 
cast  in  liis  lot  with  the  others,  and  Macdouald  as 
well  as  Serurier    stMin    followed    his   example, 
lieriiailotle  abme  would  yield  to  ni'it her  Mattery 
uuriiitimiilatioii.  ,  .  .  While  Bonaparte  was  thus 
mar>balliug  his  forces  in  the  Uue  de  la  Victoire, 
till'  way  was  opening  in  the  (.'onncils,     .V  com 
mission  of  the  Ancients,  made  up  of  the  leading 
onspirators.  had  ^vorked  all   night   drawiiiL'  up 
the  prn[iosed  articles,  in  order  that  in  tin-  niorniiii: 
thi-C'oMi'.  ii  .night  have  nothing  tcido  but  tii  v.ile 
them,     riic  milling  was  called  for  si-vcn  o'clmk. 
aiiil  cure  was  laUeii  not  to  notify  tlinse  nieinlier.s 
wliitM- .ippn-,iiiiin  there  was  n  asnn  to  fear.   .   .   . 
Tile  ariiilis  Were  adopted    wiilimit    diseus.simi. 
Tlios«  prcM  nt  Voted.  lirst.  to  n-iuove  the  si'ssions 
of  thet'oiiiiiiisfroin  Paris  to  Saint  Cloud  l^a  privi- 
!»g"  which  tlie  constitution  conferred  upon  tie 
-Viirii  111-,  il.me).  tliusputtinir  tiicm  at  once  beyond 
the  |inwi  r  of  iutlucnciiig  the  populace  and  of 
staiiiliug  ill  the  way  of   Bonaparte.     They  then 
pasvil  a  decree  giving  to  Bonaparte  the  coin- 
maiiil  of  the  military   fon'cs.  at  the  same  time 
wVltiuti   huii   to  Lome   lo   the   A.sMliibi>    Ii.,    tlii- 

pur[M)si-  of  taking  the  oatli  of  allegiuiice  to  the 


Constitution."  Bonaparte apponreil.  acrordlnRly, 
iM'fore  the  Council ;  hilt  instead  of  taking  an  oath 
of  allegiance  to  the  constittithin.  he  made  a 
speech  which  he  closed  by  declaring:  "  We  want 
a  Kepublie  founded  on  true  liberty  and  national 
repnsenlalion.  We  will  have  it,  i  swear;  I 
swear  it  in  niv  own  name  and  that  of  my  com 
panions  in  arms."  "Thus  the  inw-kery  of  the 
oath-taking  in  the  Council  of  .Vncients  was  ae 

( ipli,hcd.     The  General  had  now  a  more  dif- 

ticiilt    part  to  perforin    in  the  Council  of  Five 
lliindn'd.     As  the  meeting'  of  the  .Vssiiiibly  was 
not  to  occur  until  twelve  oidiK-k  of  the  following 
ihiy.  Boi!.i|)arte  made  use  of  the  intervening  time 
in"  iHislini.'    his   forces  and    in  ilisposing  of  the 
Diricioiy.   .   .   .  There   was   one   locality   in  the 
city  wliiTiit  was  probable  aggressive  force  wouhl 
be"rei|uiied.    The  Luxembourg  wiLS  the  M'at  of  the 
Dircctorv.  and  the  Directory  must  at  all  ha/arils 
be  cruslied.   .   .  .   Bonaparte  knew  well  how  to 
turn    all    such    ignoniinious  service  to  account. 
In  dose  imitation  of  that  poWcy  which  had  lefl 
Klcber  ill  Kirvpt,  he  placed  the  Luxembourg  in 
chame  of  the  onlv  man  in  the  nation  who  coulil 
now  be  reu'arded  iis  his  rival  for  popular  favor. 
.Moreau  fell  into  the  snare,  and  by  so  doing  lost 
apo|iulariIy  which  he  was  never  afterwards  able 
to   regain.  "    Having    thus   placed    his   military 
forces.    Bimapirte    turned    his   attention   to   the 
Directors.     The   resignations  of   ffievi's   and   of 
Hoger-Diicos  he  already  had  upon  his  table.     It 
remained  only  to  procure   the   others.     Barras. 
witlioiit  warning,  was  lonfronted  by  TaUcyrand 
and  Hruix,  who  asked  him  without  eircumliM'u- 
tion  to  resign   his  ollice,"   which    he   did,    after 
slight  hesitation.     (Jollier  and   .Moiilins  were  ad- 
i   dressed  by  Bonaparte  in   person,  hut  flrmlv  re- 
sisted  his"iiiiporiiiiiilh's  and  his  threats.     They 
were  then   made    p^isone^.^   liy   Moreau.      "  The 
night   of   the   18th   passed  in  "comparative  tnin- 
iiuillity.     The  fact  that 'here  was  no  organized 
resistance  is  aicounteil  bir   by    Lanfrey   with  a 
single  mournful  statement,  that  'nothing  of  the 
kind  I  oidd  be  exiiected  of  a  nation  that  had  Ihcu 
'   dci-apitated      All  the  men  of  rank  in  France  for 
the  previous   ten  years,  either  by  eharacti  r  or 
i   genius  or  virtue,  had  been  mown  down,  lirst  by 
j    the  scalfoliis  and  prosiTiptions.   next  by  war.'" 
On  the  morrow,  the  I'Jth  of  Brumaire  i  Novem- 
ber  101  the  sitting  of   the  two  councils   'iRgau 
at  two  o'clock.     In  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred 
the   panisiins  of   Bonaparte  were  less  numerous 
than  ill  that  of  the  Aneh-nt-s.  and  a  powerful  in- 
ili:;natioiiat  the  doings  of  tlic  previous  day  bciran 
iiuicklv  to  show  ilscif.     In  the  mid.st  of  a  warm 
ilibati"  upon   tlie   resignation  of    Barras.   which 
had  just  been  received,  "the  door  was  opiiied. 
and   Bonaparte,   surrounded    by  his   grenadiers, 
ml.  red    the    hall.     A   burst    of    indiiination    at 
once  arose.     Everv  member  sprang  to  his  feet. 
■  What  is  this-;'  tliey  cried,  'swords  licri'!  armed 
iinnl     .\way:    we  "will   have  no  dictator  here.' 
Then  sonic  of  the  deputies,  bolih'r  than  the  otiiers. 
surroundid    Bonaparte   and    overwhi  lined    him 
with  invectives.    '  'i'ou  are  violating'  tin'  sanctity 
of  the   iaws-  wli.it   are  vou  doini;.  rash   man'.'' 
exclaimed    Bigonnet.      '"is  it    for  this  that   you 
lia\ei-i>iiiiiiered':'  di'inandcd  lii-ircm,  advancing 
;    tow, lids  him.     1  Ithers  si-i/.cd  him  by  thecoUarof 
his  coat,  and,  shaking  him  violently,  reproached 
him   with  treason.     This  reception,  though  the 
Oin.  r;;i  iiad  come  wiiii  t:e-  piup-'se  of  iiitinit'l  iT- 
inglht  Assembly,  fairly  overwhelmed  Uiiu,   Eye- 


■     '%\ 


^Ti#ipiif^ 


1333 


11  m 

if         (•  *  ,  t  * 


_  t  *  i  J 


,f 


v..        1 


il    Hi' 

'  ■  > 

t   '■  I  *' ' 

■  i) ; 


*  f  ■ 


•hi" 


lt.^ 


j  mil 


'  1 

1 


KHANIE,   170». 


Bimapnrtr 
l-Hrtt  tu„„il. 


FItANC'E,   1TB9 


witmsM's  ilccluri'  llml  lie  liirind  pale,  ami  fill 
riiritinu'  iiii..  iIk  urnis  nf  his  mpMIits.  wIki  ilri'W 
him  (Mil  of  ilir   hnll    ■     hi,  l.rc.lli.T  l.uri,  n.  «  hu 

WilS     I'risilicllt     of      t|„.     CplMicil,     shlHKil     UltlT 

luTvf.     Hy  r.fiisiiif:  I"  pill   inciti.uis  tlmi    win- 
maih-  Ici  Mitc,  ami  liiiallv  liv  rcsi^-nin:;  his  dlllic 
ami  (|[iiliiii«  Ilir  ihiir,  hV  liinw  Ilii'  Cniimil  irilci 
(■diifcisii.n.     Thill.  a|Piii;.riiiL'  In  Ilii-  Ircmps  (nii 
siilr.  who  MipiiMsril  liini  .  .  II,.  still  I'risidint  ..I' 

lllr  ('111111111.   Ih-  har.lllLMlnl    lIlrlllMllil    .slllmiiiimd 

Ihiiii  111  iNar  ihr  rliaiiilwr.  ■I'lii.  j;rrnaili(  rs 
liniiri.l  int. I  th,.  hail.  A  last  rrv  of  ■  Vivf  la 
Urpiililii|iii-'  was  raisiil,  ami  a  iiioiiii'iit  latiT  Ihr 
hall  was  empty.  Thus  ilir  iriiiir  .if  tlir  cm 
spiral. It's  wasdiiiMiiiiiii.iii.l.  .iii.l  th,.  I'iist  Knii.h 
l(i|iiililir  was  al  ,111  cii.l  .\fi,T  this  aclinii  il 
rnnaimil  only  to  piit  iaio  tlir  haii'ls  of  lioiiaparl.- 
the    sinihlaiiir    of    rfirular    aiithorilv  \ 

pliaiuimi.if  thfConnril  of  Kiv,.  Iliin.lr.'il  — C.ir- 
iicl.  iiiii'of  thini,  says  :iii  iiiiinlnrs  — imt  in  tin- 
ivi-niii;,' ami  voii-il  thi'  niiasiircs  whirh  Im.l  iiiiii 
pr(\ioiisl\  iiLTi-iil  iip.iii  liv  till-  con-iiirators. 
IJonaparlc.  Siivrs.  ami  lt..iir  l>mos  wiiv  ap 
poiiiliil  provisi.iiial  iniisuK;  ."iT  im-iiilii  i-s  of  tin' 
Coiiiicii  who  hail  lii'fii  most  pmniimiit  in  tlnir 
iipposiiion  Hi-i-c  cxilniliil  from  tlnir  si-ats;  a  list 
of  pri.siripiioiis  was  pri  pari'il;  two  (•.iinmis.-ion- 
crs  ili..s,n  fr.nn  lln-  as-iinhiiis  win-  .ippointiil 
to  assist  111,,  niiisiils  in  tlnir  work  of  or:.'ani/.a 
lion;  ami.  111. ally,  .  .  .  thrv  ail i.nirmil  tlir  I.  .  i, 
lati\|.  Iioily  until  thr  ■.'nili  of  Kiliriiarv  ."-.-r    K, 

Allams.     /l,, i;„y    ,i,,,l     M„„.trrl,il    i„     rr.iif,. 

ffi.   ■!. 

Al.soi.v:  p.  |.anfr,.v,  Ill.,t  ../' .\,n„/,„„  /_\ 
Thiers,  llisl.  nf  ih,  /•/../,.■/,  /.•;,.,  (.1,,,  ,,/,  ,.  4 
;«;..  .liiT-i:!iU-M.  .1..  |S,.iirri,.nn,..  I'in-.it,  .I/,,,,,,/,., 
of  \.ii„l,.,„,r.  l..-/..-Jl-'.'r.— CmiitMioi.li.Nh.lit,., 
.lA,  ,/,..,/■...  ,•/,.  II 

A.  D.  1799  .November  — December).  — The 
constitution  of  the  consulate.— Bonaparte  as 
First  Consul,—  ■  Hiiriii;.' th,.  thnc  moniliswlii,  h 
loll.uM.,1  th,.  ixih  liriimairc,  approliati.ni  ami  i.x- 
pi'i-t.-ilion  Wire  i,',.ni.ral.  A  jinnisional  t'ovirn- 
111,111  hail  hiin  appointiil.  <.omposi.||  of  thni. 
consuls,  l!onai..irti.,  .'sii'y,.s,  ami  liopr  Diicns. 
with  two  li.^'i^lativc  lomniissiom.rs.  rntriist,.|J  to 
priipar,.  tlm  ,. institution  ami  a  ilitinitivi'  onhr  ,if 

thinirs.     Th,-  ronsnls  ami  th,.  tw.i  commissi rs 

wir,.  install,.,!  ,.11  tli,. 'ilst  liriimairc.  This  pro- 
visional irovi.rnim.ntaholish.il  th,.  law  rcsp|.,tiiiir 
h,istai.'i.s  ami  iiimpnlsory  loans;  it  pi.rmitti'il  the 
r,.|iirii  of  111,-  priists  pros,.rilii.,l  simc  th,'  I'^th 
Pniitiilor:  it  rcli  asiil  from  prison  ami  s<.nt  out  of 
till-  rcpiililii.  th,.  i.iniL'rants  who  hail  lici.n  sliip- 
wrc-k,,!  on  the  i.iast  of  Calais,  ami  who  for  f.mr 
years  mitc  <aptiv,.s  in  Kr.im,..  .iml  wer,.  ,.xpo.s,.il 
to  the  li,.avy  pimishiiKnt  of  tli,.  i.nii:;riiit  iinny. 
All  this,,  meiisiins  wire  verv  favoiiralily  r'e- 
(live.l.  Hut  piilili,.  .,|,ini.,n  ri'voll,.,!  al  a"pr.i- 
si'ripti.iii  put  in  force  ^iirainst  tli|.  ,.xtr,.nie  r,.piili- 
licaiis.  Thirty-six  of  tln'iii  were  s,.nl|.nc,.,l  to 
transportalioii  to  (Jniana,  ami  twenty-oni.  wi-r,. 
I>iit  iimltr  s..rv,.illaii,<.  in  the  ili.piirliii,.|it  of 
t'liarint,.  lnfL.ri,.iire,  imnlv  liv  a  ilicrii'  ,if  th,. 
consuls  on  n,,.  re|iorl  ,if 'K,ii"iihe.  minister  of 
polie,..  Th.  puhlic  vii.wcil  iinfav.nirahlv  all 
«lio  aiiaeki.i  III.,  irovcniini'iit,  Imt  at  the  same 
tini,.  it  ,..\i  laimiil  ai:ainst  an  act.  so  arliitrary  anil 
iiiijusi.  I'll,,  i.insnls.  aiciriiiugly,  r<.coil(."il  bc- 
for,.  their  own  ait;  they  first  commuti.,!  tmns- 
portatioii  into  surveillance,  ami  wmii  withdrew 
siirv(.illauc,.  its,.lf  (t  w.is  p.of  loriir  iM.for,' a  rni- 
ture  hrukc  out   between  the  authors  of  the  IHt'h 


"I 


]:!G4 


Hriiiiiair,.,      During    their    pr..vi,ional    nitlinriiv 

II  ,li,l  lint  ,.r,.ali.  iiimh  nois...  In,,,,,,,  ,,  ,,.  , 
place  iu  th,.   Ii.jrislativi iiiinisvi,.||,      n,,   ,'"'* 

■    iiillslillitioil    was    th,.    ,ause    of    il        Sin,,    „  1 
I    llonapari,.  ,  oiil.l  not  aL'n'C  on  ihi,  ~.',|,|,,,"    ,, 
former  wish.. il   lo  institute   Krim,     tl,.    |,„,r," 
i:ov,.rii  it  a.s  a  inastiT   .   .   .   Ii..nap,,ri.  i,.,.k  ,,,,,' 

III  the  ilililuralioiisof  the  ,  ,instiiii,iii  i,,,,,,,,,',, 

wilh  his  iiisiimi  of  pow,  r,  he  -.  i/.  ,|  i,,  , ,, !'' 

llimi;  ill  the  i.li.as.if  Si.'.\,.s  whi.  Ii  i>  ,,.  ,|,  i||,,,.,i 
lo  serv,.  his  projt.,  ts.  aii',1  ,;iii>..,l   m.    1.  ,1   ,    '. 

rej,.<.>ell.    .    .     .    (Ill    th<.    -.Mill    of     |),,,,„i„,     |-,,,', 

(Ni\os,..  yiar  VIM).  f.irl\  liv.  ,|ii,  ,!i,  r  i'|,r 
\^\\\  liriimairc.  was  piihli'sh,,!  lii,',  .1  J..,,., ,' 
of  the  y,.ar\'l||.;  i|  was,  ,iiiipo„  ,|  ,,|  i|,,  ,(r',,||, 

of   tll;it  ,  •    Sii'vis,   now    Ul.om,.  a    ,  .i|i-liii|i|,„|  ,f 

KiTvitui'c.  ■— K.  .\.  .Mi-net,  lli.t.  ,.(■  ,',,  /■,,,/. 
/i'" .'.,  .•/(.    II.  ■"■■Th|.  new  ciinstiiiiij,,a   «  .,  ,,j!| 

rcpiililic  in  nam,,  ami  appiaranie.  Imi  ,r,  hj. 

lal  in  fa(.|.  th,- latter  coii|.,.al,  .|.  |.\  i| .i.n,. 

niiiil   iK.iiii.'  committiil,  not  lolli.'li 

imiiviiliial.  I.iit  of  tlir..,..     Th,-  llin,.  , ,  .,, 

Iix,.,l  upon   w,.r,.  ilenoiiiiiial|.,l  (.ni-iiU    ,,, 

pointeil  for  ten  yiars;— , f  til,  ,1,    h.u.'v.'r 

was  really  ruler,  iiltlioutrli  hi U  ..l.tiiii..!  ii,,. 

mo.list  name  of  First  Cmsul.     Tli,.  ri;;lit.  «  i.:,  i, 
Honaparte(.aii,sc.,l  lo  li<.f:iv,.n  to  liinis. It  i,i:i,i,.;,i| 
the  r,.st  iiolhiii:;  nior,.  than  mire  ,1,, .  |,ii.,ii      xii,. 
Kirst  Consul  w..|s  1.1  invii,.  the  oih,  r^  imn  K  t., 
consultation  on  alTairs  of  .stal,..  w  hiKt  I,,,  iiin,,,  |f 
lillier  immeiliat,  ly  or  tlir.iii;:li  th..  s,  n.i'..,  «.i,  t,, 
aj. point   to  all  pla(.esof  trust  ;.n,l  anilioriu,  1,, 
ili-ciil,.  alisdlut.ly    upon   nuestions  of   p. :,,',, .r 
war.  ami   to  li<. 'assisteil   l.y  a  c.nim  il    .1  .t;it. 
.   .   .    In  onliT  to  (.over  ami',  iinc.al  111..  p,.u,r,,f 
the  Kirst  Consul,  i.spe(.iallv  in  r.l.  r.  n.  r  i,.  il,,. 
appoiiitiiii.nl   of   p(.rsoiis  t.i  olli.is  ..f  ini.t  ;i,;,| 
aiithority,    a  si.nate  was  creale.l,  whi.  I,  ii,ii|„r 
li(.loni:e(l  to  the   p(.ople  iiiir  lo  the   i:..v..niiii.n: 
Iml  iiiimedialely  from  the  very  ln.irinniiiL'  wa^xi 
assemlily  of  (.('lurtiers  and    p'laeeim  n.   nii.l  ;ir  1, 
later  period  became  the  mire  tool  of  ,  >,  ry  kinl 
of  ,l,.sp,risni,   by  rcndcrin.ir  it  easv  i.i  .li'.ii.n-.. 
with  the  IcKislat.ve  IkmIv.     The  siiial..  liin-i-i,.! 
of  (.i.irlity  iiioniliers,  a  part  of  m  Imm  w.  r,.  ;,.  1,. 
imni(.(liat(.ly  nominated  from  the  lisi,  .,1  n,,i,il,il 
ily,  and  the  senate  to  till   up  lis  .iwn  I....!',  Ir,™ 
persons  sulimitt|.(l  to  th,.m  bv  ih,.  Kir-t  (■.mii: 
the  tribunate,   and  the   leirisiative  Im.|v,     K,.  N 
s..nat.ir  was  to  have  a  salarv  of  J.'i.ihiii  f. ;  tlnir 
meetinjrsweri.  not  piilili(..  and  I  heir  Ihimm.  -  \.  rv 
small.     Fnmi  the  national   li.-is  ih,.  ,|..,:,|..  u;i~ 
also  to  select   consuls,    lef,'is|a|..r-.    Iril'l^|.^   :;i:.| 
,jii(li;es  iif  the  I'ourt  of  C;iss;ition,     Lir.-e  .;.:. 
H|.re  lirst  pres(.iilc(l  to  the  ,.iiniiinim~.  ..11  »lii.l:. 
aiconlini:  lo  l{,M.,l|.r,.r,  llii.re -toml  s,,iij,.  .-nitiunii 
names,    out    of   which    th,.    , ..11111111111.  -    -.|.,ii.l 
,")0,II(MI   for  tli(.  (hpartuicntal  li^is,    i,  .,»    ivi.i.h 
a.iiaia  ,'i,IHMI  were  10  be  (.hosiii   |..r  tin    iiiii,.ii;il 
Ii.*!.     From  tli(.se  ."i.lMKI  names,  s..l...  i..,i  Iriiai  :ii. 
departmental  list,  .a   from  wlial  wast.rin.il  ih.. 
national  list,  the  s,.nate  w-is  afurwiipN  i-.  , !. ,  1 
the  nii.mlM.rs  of  llie  lei;islatiirc  an.l  !l..    liijh  ■! 
ticers  of  ^,)V(.rnm,'nt.      The  l,.i:isl:ii,.i.    m  ,-  to 
consist   of  tw,i  cliaiiili,.rs.  the  triliuii:,!..  .I'.'l  ih.. 
leirislativc  boily  —  111,.  f.iriiKr  c.inip,i-..|     f  l'«i. 
and  till,  latter  of  lilHI  nicmlKrs.     Tin    .liimli.r- 
liad  no  power  of  taking  the  initialiv..  'iii  i-, 
they    «(.re   olilii,'|.,l   to  wait  till  bills  imt.    miIi- 
initted  to  tlieiiii  anil  could  of  tlienis,  h,,  ..riL-i- 
nate  nothing;:  they  were,  however,  pirii.iinl  in 

rvpr(«=  wish-s  ..{  xW  kin.ii  !■•  •!:■■  _■ ■■'  •^.• 

Each  bill  (projct  di-  loi)  was  uitruUuLiJ  luiu  tbe 


FRANC'K,  179fl 


Khiirr  114   Kaw' 


KHANCK,  IBOO-lWll. 


Ifjiiiimtc  by  three  inemliirs  (if  llie  cimmil  of 
jW"'.  ii"''  "'ere  ilefeiicliil  liy  Iluiii,  beniiiw  llic 
iribiiii.ile  iiloiie  Imd  tlif  riitlit  of  discii^'.idii, 
«liiUt  till'  "'en'  power  of  s.-iyiiii;  Yfii  or  Nav  wii< 
(iinfi'rri'd  upon  Ilic  iiurnliirs  of  tlie  IcLMstiilivi' 
1,1,1c  The  Irilmimle.  lui  iiiL'  iiecrpliil  the  liill. 
«'nt  three  (if  its  iiieiiilMr-i.  iieeoiiipHiiiiil  liy  lie- 
mt'inliin  from  tlie  i-oiiiieil  of  state.  In  ilefriul  the 
imasiire  hi  llie  aswiiilily  of  the  lecislative  liody. 
Every  year oiie-ll ft hnfl hi'  tneiiilierMof  the  li  v'i^la 
livf  bi«lv  was  to  retire  from  ollii-e,  l.eiii^'.  Iioh - 
fvpr,  always  re-eliL'ilile  ii~  lonir  as  tlieir  nanus 
rfiiiiiliieil  oil  tin'  iialional  list.     The  -itliiiL's  nf  the 

kiflMlative  lioily  al •  yyere  pulilie.  liicaiisf  (hi  y 

iriTt  only  |»riiiitleil  to  tie  sihnt  li~i.  iiers  to  the 
wldrt'ssi-s  of  the  tritiuiies  or  eouiieilhirs  of  state, 
ami  111  assent  to.  or  dissent  from,  tie'  |irn;  ...,  d 
law.  Not  ahoye  1(K)  peisons  were.  liinMyer.  al- 
](i«i'il  til  Ih'  present  iisaiiditnrs;  the  sillini;s  u.  ri- 
iKit  allo»i'd  tociintimie  loiiL-ertliaii  four  innnlhs; 
bcilh  cliamlMTs.  lioxycA-er,  iiiii;ht  lie  Miiiiinotied  to 
aaestraiirdinary  siltiiii,'.  .  .  .  When  the  (unsti- 
lutiiin  was  ready  to  lie  liroimht  iiilo  operation. 
Sicyi'S  terminated  merely  as  he  liail  Imu'ihi.  and 
Beiiiparle  siny  witli  pleasure  that  he  showed 
himself  I'oth  eonteiMptilile  and  Miial.  lie  he- 
i-ami-  a  dunili  senator,  \yitli  a  yearly  ineome  of 
2.i.iHKI  f;  and  olitained  MiMt.liiHi  r  from  the 
dirfCtorinl   tn-asury.    \yhilsl    I{o);it    lliieos   \y.is 

ohliued  to  fro   away  i teiitid  willi  a  doneeur 

ot  I'.'O.ilWt  f . :  and'  last  of  all,  Sieyes  lotiile- 
Sfenilcd  tn  aeeept  from  Honaparte  a  presint  of 
tlic  nati'inal  domain  of  Crosne,  whieli  he  after 
wanis  (■\ihani;ed  for  another  estate.  For  eol- 
Ifajriiis  in  his  new  diuMiity  Honaparte  silccinl 
very  alile  and  skilful  men.  lint  wholly  desiiiiite 
of  iill  niiliilily  of  mind,  and  to  \ylioni  it  neyer 
utife  iK-eiirred  to  offer  him  any  opposition;  thrs,- 
wiTi'  C.inihaeeriis  and  Leiinin.  The  fornu  r.  a 
lelebriited  layyyer.  alllion>rh  formerly  a  yehe- 
raent  .laeoliin.  impatiently  -.yaited  till  I!ona|iarte 
iTimi-'lil  forth  aKain  all  "the  old  plunder;  and 
then.  I'oyired  yyitli  onlers.  he  stniltid  up  and 
down  llie  I'alais  Uoyal  like  a  peacock,  and  ik- 
hiliiled  himself  as  a  sliovy.  I.eliniii.  \yho  was 
afterwanls  cn'ated  a  duke,  at  a  later  periiKJ  dis- 
tingiiLsheil  himself  by  iMdn;^  the  first  to  reeiyc 
the  use  of  hair  poyyiler:  in  fact,  lie  was  com- 
pletely a  child  and  partisan  of  the  olden  times, 
althoiidi  for  a  time  he  liu.l  playcil  tin'  part  of  a 
Giron(ii.st.  .  .  .  As  early  as  the 'Jotli  and  '.'tit h  of 
Ikiinilier  the  First  Consul  took  up  his  aliode  in 
till-  Taileries.  There  the  name  of  i  iti/cn  alto- 
(.Mbcr  ilis:ip|K'ared.  for  the  cimsul's  wife  caused 
ht-rself  a>;ain  tobeaddres.sed  as  Madame.  Kyery- 
thing  which  coneenied  the  jroyernment  no\y  beiran 
111 iissume  full  activity,  and  the  adjourned  Iciris 
liitivi'  councils  were  summoned  for  the  Isl  of 
Jauii:'.ry.  in  orih'r  that  they  mii;ht  lie  di.s.solyed." 
-F.  V.  Schlosscr,  //('«(.  if  th,  Krihticiilli  Cn- 
hni.  r.  7.  /./..  ISK-HI-J. 

Also  in:  I'.  Lanfrcv.  Ilitl.  nf  \'iii-iUi>ii  I .  r. 
1,  cA.  i;t-14.— A.  Thiers.  Ili't.' nf  il„  (■„„„il,il, 
aiul  FMpirr,  hk.  l-i  (/■.  1).  — M.  V.  Lockw-ood. 
Von»l.  //.'■.'.  i,f  Fmiiiv,  ih.  i  mul  njtji.  4, 

A.  D.  i8ob.— Convention  with  the  United 
States.  .Se  U.mtkd  ST.yTKs  ok  Am  :  .\.  I», 
I8U0. 

A.  D.  i8oo  (January — June).—  Affairs  in 
Enpt.-The  repudiated  Treaty  of  El  Arish. 
-Kltter's  victory  at  Heliopolis.— His  assas- 
sinaiiori.-'  Affairs  in  Egvpi  had  liceii  on  riic 
"l.ole  uufi.youniblc  to  the  French,    siiice    that 


army  had  lost  the  prmenceof  the  cnminander  in- 
(  hief  Kleiier.  on  »  hoin  thi'  command  dcyohid. 
was  discontented  both  at  the  uncerenionioiis  aii.l 
sudihn  manner  in  which  the  duty  had  In  in  im- 
posed upon  him.  and  yylth  the  scarcity  of  meaiis 
i.fl  1.1  support  Ids  defence  Pcn'eiyiiiL'  himself 
threalcncd  li.\  -i  larL'c  Turkish  force,  wldcli  was 
I  olli  1  lin'_'  for  ilic  purpose  of  ;iycni;inir  the  di- 
fcat  of  llie  yi/ier  al  Almiikir.  he  liec;inie  desirous 
of  i.'iyitiL'  uji  a  s,  iilcnieiit  which  he  despaired  of 
iiiaiiilainini;.  llesiLrni'd  aceordin^'iy  ai  oiiyi-iilion 
with  lie-  Turkisli  picnipoli  ntiaries.  and  Sir  >id 
•'  .  Smith  on  the  p.irt  of  th.-  Ilritisii  |at  Kl 
Ai-isli.  .lanuary  -Js.  1hiio|.  by  which  it  was  pio- 
yided  that  lie-  French  sho'uld  cyaeu.ite  K^rypl, 
and  thai  Khln  r  and  his  army  slmuld  be  trans- 
porit-d  to  Fraiiei  in  s:if)-iy.  without  bciiii:  mo- 
lest, d  by  the  llriiisli  llei't.  When  the  Itritisli 
irou-rnnii-nl  n-iiivi-d  aihice  of  this  conyenlion 
they  n-fusi-il  to  rilify  it.  on  tlie  urounil  llnit  Sir 
Sidney  Smith  had  i-yi  1 1  di  il  his  powers  in  i-nter- 
ini;  into  ii.  Tlie  Karl  of  Kl^'in  haying'  Ih-cii  M-nt 
out  as  pli  nipoti-ntiary  to  tlie  I'orie.  it  yyas  as 
scried  Ih.il  sir  Sidney's  ministerial  powers  wi-ri- 
siipersi-dcd  by  his  appoinlrm  nl.  .  ,  .  The  truth 
yyas  thai  the  arriyal  of  Klelier  and  his  army  in 
the  soiiih  of  France,  at  tin-  yery  inoinc-nl  \yhcii 
the  succi  ss<  s  ,if  suwarro\y  ;:aye  stroni.'  hopes  of 
niakini;  some  iinprcssi.ai  nn  hi-r  fronlier.  mi^'ht 
have  iiad  a  most  mati-rial  elb-it  upon  the  cyi-nls 
of  ihewar.  .  .  .  The  trr;iiy  of  |-.l  Arish  \yas  in 
consei)uciici-  broken  oiV.  klebcr.  disappointed 
of  this  mod-  of  cxiriealini.'  himself,  had  rccoursi' 
to  arms.  The  Vi/.ii  r  .lousselT  I'acha.  hayin,:; 
elossed  the  Desert  and  entered  KL'ypl.  received 
.1  bloody  ;uiil  deeisive  ill-bat  from  the  Freiieh 
_'eiieral.  near  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  i-iiv  of 
lliliopolis.  on  the  '..'Olli  of  March,  isoii  |f,dlow 
iiiL'  which  Kleber  crushed  with  irreat  slau^'htera 
revolt  thai  had  brol;cn  out  in('airo|.  The  meas- 
ures whiih  Kleber  ailopted  after  this  yiitory 
were  Weil  ciileulated  to  maintain  the  possession 
of  111.- eounlr\ .  .-iiid  r.  coneile  the  inhabitants  to 
the  French  iroyi-rnmciii.  .  .  .  While  busied  in 
these  measures,  he  was  e;it  short  by  the  blow  of 
.111  assii.ssin.  A  fanatic  Turk,  (ailed  SoMin.-in 
llalcliy.  a  native  of  Aleppo,  imairined  hi-  was 
inspin-d  by  llcayen  to  sj.iy  the  enemy  of  the 
I'rophet  and  the  (Irand  S.  iiinior,  lie  coik cah-d 
himself  in  a  (istcrn.  aii.l  spriiiLrinir  out  on  Kh'-ber 
when  there  was  only  one  man  in  company  with 
him.  slablK-d  him  'dead  |.liine  141.  -  -"•  '"he 
IJaron  .^Ienou.  on  \ylioiii  the  command  now*  de- 
yolved,  was  an  inferior  person  to  Kleber.  .  .  . 
Meiiou  alteri-d  for  the  yyorse  si-yenil  of  the  reiru- 
lations  of  Kli-ber.  and.  carryiiiL^  int.i  liti-ral  c\e- 
'  cution  yyliat  Huonapartc  h'l.l  only  written  and 
spoken  of.  he  bei-amc  an  actual  .Niahommedan, " 
■    '    ■■/  A'.'/i"/."i,    li"':n,iiiiirl,. 


Scott,    /.if'- 


—Sir  W. 
r/i.  40. 

Al.Sd  IN;    A,  Thiers.   Hint,  "/ ffn    f '■>!,. tiihifi'  am/ 
A'//'/'/'> .  f'f>'.  ."i  1'-.  1 1. 

A.  D.  1800-1801  (May— February).— Bona- 
parte's second  Italian  campaign. — The  cross- 
ing of  the  Alps.— The  Battle  of  Marengo.— 
Moreau  in  Germany.— Hohenlinden. — Austrian 
siege  of  Genoa. —  •Preparations  for  the  new  cam 
paiirn  in  sprinir  yvere  completed.  -^Io^eau  yvas 
made  coinmandcr-in-chief  of  the  army  of  the 
Khine.  l.TO.OOO  strong.  The  plan  of  the  campaiirn 
yyas  conccled  iHtween  the  F     .  t'onsid  and  Car- 

liot,   wlio  had  sup(-lst-ded  lierthiel   us  .Mihksli-r  .(I 

War.     The  opcnitious  wtru  conducted  with  the 


-.V^  ■'('.-  J 


•  I  ii 


1365 


f 


*-lf'>f 


i  Mr- 

1  ;^^:  • 


jl    ^ 


•  ?»' ■ 


1     5 


f    i  ^ 


FIIAXCE.   IMOO-INOl 


IhmttfMirtf'il  Serttntt 


FltANCE,    1800-lHOl. 


If- 


lllnioMt    winsy.      Nupiilnui    Imil   (li'lcrtniniil  In 
Mirikr  Ihi'  (Id  Itivo  I  low  iiKuliiitt  Aualriu  in  lliilv, 
mill  In  <iimiiiiiiiil  tlMTf  in  imtwmi.      Hv  an  arllrlr 
in  iIh- Cipnutitiilidii  llif  Kir»t  Ciinsiil  was  f.irliiil- 
ill  n  111  l»l>r  roininiind  nf  an  army.     Tn  lliis  iiittr 
ilictinn  111'  cliiirfiilly  a»«ntiil ;  I'lul  lir  i  vailiil  It, 
us  siMin  as  till' (Hca^liin  was  ri|M'.  liv  uivini;  tin- 
muninal  rnin-ianil  uf  llii-  army  nf  Italy  to  llir 
tliiir    111'  Lrpintnciillii  t  trni".|isat  IHjnn.  wliiili 
wiri',    111'    iMililicly   aminiiiici'il.    inii'iidnl  tn  ail- 
vanci'  ii|inii  Italy  ■    'I'luy  cnnsistiil  iliii'llv  nf  inn- 
wriiits  ami  iiiviiliils,  with  u  iiiinicrniis  stall,  .inil 
vitv  calliil  'till'  iirmy  nf  ri'scrn.'      Miantimi'. 
while   rariiaturis   nf   sniiic    am  lent    nun     with 
wiHxIin  h'lfs  ami  liltlc  Uiys  nf  twi'lvr  years  nlil, 
entilleil    ■  ltnna|iarles   .Vrinv    nf  Hiserve,'  were 
ainiisin;.'  the  Aiistrl.in  imlilie.   the  real  army  nf 
Italy  was  fnrmi  il  in  the  heart  nf  Kraiiee.  aiiilwas 
inareliiii^  liy  varinus  rnails  Inw arils  Swit/erlanil. 
.   .  .  The  artillery  was  sent   |iii'iemeal  frnni  ilif- 
fereiit  ars«nals.  ihe  pmvisinns  iii'e.'s.sarv    tn  an 
army  .iliniit  In  erns.s  liarren  niniintains  w'ere  Inr- 
war.leil  In  (ienevii.  einliarked  nn  the  lake,  ami 
laii.lil  at    Villi  iieiive.    ne.ir  the  eiitrinee  tn  the 
va!!n    nf   the   Simplnii       The   sitiiatinn   nf  ihe 
K'-eneh  army  in  Italy  hail  heenme  eritieal.      .Mas- 
si^na  hail  thrnwii  hiiiiself  iriln  (ieiina  with   I2,(KH) 
men,  ami  was  emliirinir  all  the  rii;niirsnf  a  sicKe, 
pressed  hy  ;|II.(MKP  Aiistrians  under  (leneral  Ott, 
seennded  hy  the  liritish  lleet.      Sllellet,  with   the 
remainder  nf   the    French    aiiny,    abnut    Ul.lltX) 
Mrnnjr.  <'nmpletely  (  ut  nlT  fr mi  ininiiiuniealinn 
with  Massina.  had  eniieentraled  his  fnreesnn  the 
Var.    was  inaiiitaininL'  un  iini'i{iial  enniest   with 
Melas,    the    Austrian    eninmaiidir  in  chief,    and 
Htreiiiiniisly  defciidiii'.,'  the  French  frniitii  r      Nil- 
pnlean's  plan  was  in  trarispnrt  his  armv   acmss 
the  .VIps.  plant  himself  in  the  rear  nf  the  Aiis- 
trians. intercept  their  <'ninm':nicaiinn.s.  then  ma- 
iiu'in  re  sn  as  tn  ;dace  his  nw  n  armv  and  that  nf 
-Massena  nn  the  Austrian  iifjiit  and  left  Hanks  -c- 
.spei'tively.  cut  nlT  their  retreat,  and  llnallv  i;i\v 
them  hatlle  at  the  decisive  monienl.      While  all 
Kumpe  iniaj.'ined  that  the  miiltifarinus  eniieerns 
nf  the  (iiivernment  held  the  First  Coiisiilat  I'aris, 
he  was  travelliiifr  at  a  rapid  rate  Inwards  Geneva! 
accnmpanied   niily    hv    his   secretarv.       lie    h'ft 
I'aris  nn  th.'  f.lh  Tif  .May.  at  Iwn  in  t'lie  ninriiiiii:. 
leaviiijr  Camhai  eres  tn  presile  until  his  return, 
and  nrderini;  Fnuche  In  .iniiniince  that  he  was 
ahnut  In  review  the  army  at   Dijnn.   and  niiiiht 
pnssihly  L'n  as  far  as  (iiiieva.   hut  wnuld  return 
in  ..   f.  rliiii;h!.      '.'shnuld  anvthiii;:  happen.'  he 
si,!;nilicaiilly  added,  '  1  shall  I'pc  hack  like  a  thun- 
derlinll  '.   .   .  On  the   |;ith  the  First  Cnnsul  re- 
vieHeilthe  vaiijruardnf  his  army,  cnmmaiided  liv 
tieiieral  I.annes,  at  I,.insan-ie.    "The  whnle  armv 
cnnsisled  nf  marly  7(1  IMHI  men.     Twn  cnlunin.s. 
each  nf  aliniit  li.lKio  men,  were  put  in  mntinii.  mie 
iiiiili  r  Tureaii,  the  niher  iiiiili  I-  Clialiran.  tn  take 
llle   rnuti'S  nf   .Mniit  Cenisaml  till'  l.itileSt.  lier- 
ii.ird.     A  divisinnennsistiii:.'nf  I").!!!!!)  men.  under   ■ 
Mnnecy,  detacheil  frniii  the  armv  nf  Ihe  Hhine 
was  In  iiiarcii  hy  St.  (inihanl.     .Mnreau  kept  the 
.Vuslriiin  army  nf  ,lie  IJIiine,  umhr  (Jeiieral  Kniv. 
nn  till-  ilili-n-ivi'  Infnre  llm  |tii  wliicli  he  had 
forced  liis  wav  in  a  series  of  important  en>,'a,i.'i'- 
iiienis.  at  Kiiiren.  .May  J.  at  .MiH'skircli.  .M.iy  4.  .'it 
liilierai  h.  May  !(,  .iiid  at  llochstadt,  .lime  1!!].  and 
held  him.si'lf  in  readiness  to  cover  tl      nperaiions   : 
nf  the  First  Cnnsul  in  Itiily.     The  main  luxly  of 
!!;•■  F.Tiich  army,  in  numiH  i..,„I<nuUi).()()0,  numi-    i 
nally  coiiuuanded  by  Ifcrthier,  but  in  fact  hy  the  j 


i'  JMlli, 

iiiiriii' 


Flmt  CoiMul  himm'lf,  mnrrlied  on  tin  nth  fn.n 
l.aiiwiniie  tn  Ihe  villa^fe  nf  St.  IMerr.  mi  li,,.  f,," 
of  the  Great  .St  Ilenmnl,  ut  whii  h  ill  irm  .!f 
pruclicuhle  road  entirely  ei'iimd  lii  n,  r-,!  M,,,." 
Hcot,  the  eniiiiieer  who  had  heeii  s.  ni  l,ir»',r, 
from  (K'licvn  to  recniinoltre.  repnrii.l  ih, 
to  he  '  harcly  piiiwiihle.'  'Set  h.rw.ir,! 
dialely  !'  wrol"   Najmleon,       Fii  Id  l-.r,,  «,,- 

estahlishiil  at  St.  I'icrn'  tn  ilisniiMini  if, ,„ 

Ihe  carriai;e.s  and   wheels   were  ,|uiil:  .>ii  i",,!,., 

and  Ihe  ammiinitinn-lMiM's  carried  IivihiJ.  1.      \ 

numlH'r  nf  trecH  were  felled,  Ihi  i,  I,''  l!..«,.l  ,,„■, 

and  Ihe  pieces,  liein,i,'  Janimeil   into  ih,,,.  r..i|..|| 

ca.scs,  IIKI  Boldieni  were  uttaclied  t,,  eai  h  :iti.|  '.,. 

ileo'd  to   drair   them    up   the  si,, p.  'I'l^^ 

whole  army  elTected  the  pas-sau'e  nf  thr  (in  u  s, 

Hernard  In  three  days"— 1{     |(    ||,,rMi     ll,\i  ,, 

.V.(/»A../.  ItiifijHtrlr.  rh.  |M,_"  Frniii  >i,,v  |i;  li, 

May  111,  Ihe  snliiudes  nf  the  vast  niniiiit,,i,i  ir,,,  It 

echiH'iltnthedinaiidliimiiltnf  uar.  :i>  iln  Kninl, 

soldiery  swept  over  its  heijihls  1',  n  m  h  Un    v,). 

ley  nf  the  I'll  and  Ihe  plains  of  l."iiil,:ir.|v      V 

hill  fort,  for  a  time,  stopped  the  ilnin- iiu:„i,.^ 

hut    the   ohstacle    was   passed  In    ;iii  iiF^'.inuiu 

strataifcm;  und  iK'fore  Innir  Itnieipiirti.  .-Miliin,; 

in  hope.  Was  inarchin.i;  from  the  vi  r^'e  "f  I'i.i!'. 

mont  on   .Milan,    having;  made  .i  ili'niMj|,tr;iti„ni 

iiKaiiist  Turin,  in  order  to  hide  Ids  ri;il  |.iir|.M<c 

Hy  .lune  'J  Ihe  whole  French  armv.  I'liiml  In  \\i 

reinfon'cmeiit  sent  hy  Mnreau.  was  in  |,i,>M'v,iMa 

nf  the  l.ninliard  <'upl'tal.  and  thnaliii.d  ilj,.  \\„ 

of  its  enemy's  O't real,  liavin!.'siicce„fiil!v  .-ni-nMi; 

plished  the  tirst  part  of  the  hrilliaiii  ,\,~ii:\\  nf  iu' 

tireat  lemh'r.    While  Iloiiaparle  wa^  lhiis,l,-,ii  i,i|^ 

inir  from  the  Alps,  the  .\uslrian  i  "iiiiiiunilir  h:i,^ 

heeii  pressing'  forward  the  sieL'e  nf  (irii.iajTi.llii* 

openilions  on  the  Var.     Massena.  lenvivir.  >tiil,.' 

I'ornly  held  nut  iuClenoa;  aiidSueli.  i  liiidiiifnul.itJ 

th"  iletlh'8  of  Provence  with  a  «.,ik  f..rif  i\iihi 

SUCH  marked  skill  that  his  advii-,arv  lii-l  iineln. 

Mtile  progress.     When  llrst  infi.riiie.l  ..f  ihe  hr-, 

rihic  apparition  of  a  liostile  army  uMllnrinL'  iipim, 

his  rear.  .Mehis  ilislH'licved  what  he  tlimi.'lit  im-' 

possible;  and  when  he  could  no  loniri  r  ili'-emliti 

what  he  heani,  the  movements  hv   Mmit  (  ■  r.is! 

and  airainst  Turin,  intended  In  p, tjiIia  liiin.  Iml, 

made  him  liesitate.     As.simiii.  hmvi-M-r.  asiln  nalj 

ilesii;u  nf  the  First  Consul  wasfiilh  n-\.-:,l..|.  ilii. 

brave  Austrian  cidcf  resolved  tn  fnnv  lii^  vi,i\  tai 

the  Adi.ije  at  any  cost ;  and.  dim  tiiii;  (lit  i..r!i;«>! 

the  sie^re  of  (leiioa.  and  having  a  ~ulii.nli:i:it.  lo. 

hold  Suchit  in  cheek    he  Ixijan  t..  draw  hi-,  diii-] 

ded  anny  together,  in  order  tn  iiuik.'  a  i|.  ~]iir:iie| 

attack  nn  the  audaiinus  fne  upnn  lii«  lin.   nl  r.- 

treat.      Oil,  Imwever,  delaved  somr  ll:.^^  ti  n - 

ceive  lh<'  keys  nf  (ienoa,  which  li  II  |.lir'.   1]  .ifiir 

a  defence  memnrable  in  the  aiinaK  '■'   .v  ir.  .iil, 

as  the  .\ustrian  fnrces  had  l»eii  w  id.  Iv  -  .I'li  rnl,  , 

it  Was  .lune  Vl  (after  a  severe  d.-fi  .it'  :ii  MiM'-; 

hello,  on  Ihe  Stlh.  by  Laniiesj  l.rf,.n    .■," 

Were  as.sembli'd  for  an  nlfeii^ivi  iii.i\'  ii,' 

the  well-kllnHll  fnrtressesnf  .Me-s.nnlr! 

whili-,    the   First    Cnnsul    had    hp.k'ii 

Milan;  and,  whether  ill-infnrmed  of  liU 

nperatinns,  nr  apprehi  iisive  Ihal,  alii  r  i 

(illlna,   -Melas    Would    escape    In    a    lii.ili 

wards,  he  had  advanced  fmni  a  sii"i;j 

he  had  taken  between  the  T    ill",  tin-  \ 

the  I'll,  and  had  crossed  tlie>    rivi:!  i:i:..  ihi- iilaiiH 

of    .Marengo,   with    forces      ..sseiiiiiuiid   tar  Iki 

widely.     Melas  Nildly  .sei/ed  Ihe  i.piiorluiiiiy  tii 

escape  from   the    weakened    mesiie<  .1   iin   m' 

thrown  rouml  him;  ami  attacked  liw,i|i.irii  .u 


"III  iii(  11 : 

t  liiUliil  '■ 

WvMX- 
;|i  IMIU 

1  liilliv'i  . 

I,-  f..l[-.f  I 

I'.- iiinn  I 

'1,1,  ;inil  ■ 


1360 


FRANCE,  l»(X.-1801 


atui  HuhmtimUn. 


FRANCE,  1801 


tie  mornlnit  n(  Jiim-  U  with  ii  viirnr  iiml  rniTxy  I 
whli'h  illil  him  himiir.  Thr  Imltlr  m)i«il  cum  \ 
(usedly  forMvcml  hmir>i;  Imt  the  Fri'iich  liml  !«■ 

j,,|,l„|  iliviHion  nil  the  tlcld  (that  i>f  Di'shIx.  who 
hail  lirtn  wnt  wnithwiinl  liy  Ui)iui|iiirti',  and  who 
lumiil '""'k.  'Ill  hinnwii  rl■^<|Ml^■,illiliIy.  when  he  : 
lic«ril  Ihr  wiiiiiiU  iif  hsiiil.  1  ,uiil  the  iinexiMTtnl  j 
rliiirci'  I'f  »  ^iii'il'  t«"ly  <ii  honcmi'ii.  smlih'iily 
ihiiii-'i'l  'lifiat  iiiiii  II  lirilliiiiit  vhtory.  Tlii'  Ini 
i)<irl;it>i  <'  w:i-«  then  lu-cii  nf  tlie  riiiiiiiiiiiiilint^  {loHi- 
tiiiaiif  ll"ii'i|>arUMiu  the  rciirof  hir<  fi>i':  Ihi' Aiis 
trimiiriiiv.  ill  nlrcui  <iii  nff.  wusnlillKed  to  come 
Id  iiTins  lifter  II  siiiu'le  revert"' .  iiiiil  within  u  few 
4ill•^.  :iii  ;iriiii»li'e  wii»  »ii;iieil  liv  wliiih  Italy  to 
the  Miiiiiii  "11"  fct'iireii  In  the  i-'rcneh.  uiid  tlie 
,|;^,li.ry  .)t  trim  wen- .  il  Wliile  Italy 

lm>l  III  I'll  rei;:iiniil  ut  i  irol(e.  the  canipaik'n 

ill  (icriiiiiiiv  hail  pnitfresieil  slowly;  iiiiil  llioiitfh 
MoP'iH  was  lamely  itiiperior  in  force,  lie  hail  met 
iiion- 1  hill  "lie  elie'ek  near  I'lin.  on  the  Daniihe 
Tlir  ^Miiil.  however,  iiitule  alily  liy  Kray,  eoulil 
nol  li'S'ii  the  elTeils  of  Maniitro ;  ami  Austria, 
ji'hrthil  tirrilile  reverse,  eiiileiivoreil  to  netfoti- 
m.. «itli  iliiMlreaileilconi|iieror.  Hoiiaparte.  Iiow- 
rTiT,  liiilovviiii;  out  a  purpose  which  lie  hiiii 
almiily  iiiaile  a  niaxiin  of  policy,  anil  resolvcil  if 
pimilile  loiliviile  the  Coalition'  refused  to  treat 
with  Austria  jointly  wiili  Hnjilttnil,  except  onion 
iliiiuii.s  Kii.om  to  Im' futile;  and  after  a  piiiisi'  of 
1  fiiv  weeks  hostilities  weri'  resinned  with  iii- 
rnaseil  energy.  By  this  time,  however,  the 
Frimh  armies  had  ueiinired  largely  preponderai- 
ingslniiirlli;  and  while  Hrune  advanced  victori- 
uusly  111  the  AiUki — the  First  Consul  had  re- 
tumiil  til  the  seat  of  (.'overiiment  —  Moreau  in 
Bavaria  marched  on  the  rivers  which,  ilesct'iiilin>r 
(nira  the  Alp»  to  the  Dunubo.  form  one  of  the 
bulwarks  of  the  Austrian  Mimarcliy.  lie  was  at 
ucki'il  iiicantioiisly  1)V  I  lie  Archduke  .John  —  I  he 
Arciiiiiike  Charles,  who  oU)tl't  to  have  Ikcii  in 
comniaiiil.  was  in  temporary  disunice  at  the  Conn 
—ami  soon  afterwards  llieccinher  ll)  he  won  a 
(treat  liatlle  at  Ilohenlinden,  tHtweeii  the  Isir  and 
lliiliiii.  the  successor  the  Ficiuli  IhIiih  coniph'le 
anil  ilei  v-ive,  though  the  conduit  if  their  chief 
liiu  ii.it  escap<'il  criticism.  This  last  disaster 
pniveJii'  rwhelming,  and  Austria  and  the  Stales 
uf  tilt'  1  .pire  were  forced  to  suliiiiit  to  the 
tfmisnf  liiMiaparte.  After  a  lirief  iielay  peace 
•  anniuiliat  I.uncville  in  Kcliruary  IWIl"." — \V. 
O'C.  .Miirris,  77m;  Frfurh  litp.  iind  tHrnt  Kinjurt', 
th.  10. 

AiAiis;  C.  Botta,  Iliil!/  tturinij  the  Ctnutulate 
ami  Eiitj'irt'  i>f  Xiif^tleiiii,  ch.  \~2.  —  Harou  Joniini. 
Life"/  Xa/Htlt'on,  rh.  0  (»•.  1). — C.  Adams,  ilnat 
('iinixti'i'i.<  in.  K'iri>i>f  from  179(1  to  ISTO.  '7i.  '2. — 
Dukf  il,'  lii.viiio.  .Veiic'irs.  r.  1.  rh.  l«--,'i). 

A.  D.  1800-1801  Ijune  — February;.— The 
King  of  Naples  spaicd  at  the  intercession  of 
the  Russian  Czar.— The  Czar  won  away 
from  the  Coalition.— The  Pope  befriended.— 
■  Ifcpliin  il  in  his  richest  territories  liy  the  allies, 
till'  Kiiii  uf  Naples  was  hound  liy  every  tie  to 
jssist  tliein  in  tlie  cainpaiifii  of  1^*00.  lie  accord- 
iii;!y  *iit  an  army  into  the  inarch  of  Ancoiiu, 
under  the  command  of  Count  l{o!;er  de  I)amas 
.  I'mleterred  by  the  batti"  of  Maren,i,'i>.  the 
tiiuDt  lie  Damas  "marched  against  the  Krcncli 
geac.iil  Mi.illis,  who  commanded  in  Tuscany. 
and  siLstaii;  d  a  defeat  by  him  near  Sienna.  Ke- 
;ttai  iN-i  iiih'  now  neucsiiary,  the  morv  especially 
uMlii'  ariiii-.tici'  which  was  entcnil  into  bv  Ocn- 


enil  Ml  laa  dppiivcd  the  Neap<illt«nii  of  uny  luui* 
titiiee  from  the  Aiistriiins,  and  n'nilend  their 
whole  esiKitithm  utterly  lio|H'h'?w.  They  wen- 
not  even  Ineludeil  by  name  In  the  armistice,  and 
wire  thus  left  expowil  to  the  whole  venKctineeor 

the  KDiich \t   this  desiH'rate   crisis,  the 

({men  of  tlie  Two  .Sicilies  took  a  re<«ilutlon  wlilih 
si'cmed  almost  as  des|H'rate,  and  could  only  liavo 
iH'ei)  ai|optc>il  by  a  woiniin  of  a  IhiIcI  and  de- 
cisive ihanuler.  .Shu  fi'solved.  notwlthslaniliiiK 
the  MVerily  of  the  wimon,  li  repair  In  imtsou  to 
the  court  o"r  the  Kmperor  Paul,  and  implore  his 
iiiiin  lesion  Willi  the  First  Consul,  in  iH-half  of 
her  liiisliand  and  his  territories"  The  Hiissian 
aiitorrat  was  more  iliaii  ready  to  aeei-de  to  her 
reipiesi  DisiTUsted  ami  enrnL'iil  at  the  disioin 
tlliire  of  Siiwarrow  in  Sw  it/.erland.  ilissalistied 
with  ilie  londint  of  .\iistria  in  llial  iinfortunale 
'aiiipaiirti.  anil  ei|icilly  dissitistled  with  KiiLdaiid 
ill  the  jiiiiii  invasion  of  the  llalaviaii  npiililii'.  lie 
iiiade  pi'niiipi  iireparalioiis  to  ipiii  iln-  loalilloii 
iiml  to  ally  liiiiiself  with  the  First  Consul  of 
France  ijonaparh-  uilioiiied  his  overtures  and 
>j.ive  them  every  Ilattiriiii^  eneourai;eiiient.  eon- 
reiliii;:  instantly  the  L'raie  wliii  h  he  asked  on  be- 
half of  the  Kiiii;  ami  limeii  of  Naphs.  ■■The 
respect  paid  by  the  First  Consul  to  the  wishes  of 
Paul  sa\eii  for  the  presi-nt  the  roval  family  of 
Naples;  but  Miinit  |«lio  ronimanded  the  army 
sent  to  centra,  and  soiitlnrn  Italy],  nc^vc'rtlieless, 
made  them  experiinie  a  full  |iortion  of  the  bitter 
cup  which  the  \aiii|uislieil  arc  ireiierally  diMiined 
to  swallow,  (tcneral  l)aiuas  was  cominanded  in 
till'  iiaui;litiest  terms  to  evacuate  the  Roman 
Staters,  and  nut  to  presume  to  claim  any  licnetit 
from  the  arm' it  he  which  had  been  extended  to 
the  Austriaiis.  At  the  same  time,  while  the  Ni  ■ 
apolitans  were  thus  com|H-lle'l  liiuitily  to  evacuate 
the  Koman  territories,  general  surprise  was  ex- 
hibited whin,  iiisleud  of  marching  to  Itume,  and 
re  I'slablishiii);  llie  authority  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public, Miirat,  ac  I  ordinir  to  the  orders  which  he 
iiad  nieived  from  the  First  Consul,  carefully  re- 
spected the  territorv  of  the  Church,  and  rein- 
stalled the  olllc'  rs  of  the  Pope  in  what  had  Ihcu 
long  termed  the  patrimony  of  St.  Peter's.  This 
iinexpi^c^ic^'l  turn  of  circiin  stances  originated  in 
high  policy  on  the  part  of  lliionapartc.  .  .  .  Ik- 
sides  evacuating  the  Kcch^siaslic^al  States,  the 
N  apolitans  were  compelled  bv  -Miirut  to  restore 
variou;  paintings,  statues,  uiiil  other  objects  of 
a.t,  wlilch  tliiV  nail,  in  iiiiilation  of  lluonaparte, 
taken  furiibly  from  the  Uoi.i.ins,  —  so  captivating 
is  the  iiilluence  of  bad  example^.  A  Fieni^harmy 
of  about  I'^.iWMI  mi^n  was  to  1m'  iiiiartercd  ill 
Ci.labria.  .  .  .  The  harbours  of  the  Neapolitan 
dominions  were  of  c^oii'se  to  be  c^losed  against  the 
Knglish.  A  cession  of  p;irt  of  the  isle  of  Elba, 
and  the  rclinnuisliment  of  all  |iretensions  upon 
Tuscany,  suminc^d  up  the  sicritices  of  the  King 
of  Naples  [slipulatc^il  in  the  truce  of  Foliiriio, 
signed  in  February,  isillj.  who,  considering  how 
often  he  had  braved  Napoleon,  had  great  reason 
to  1!.  ;i  the  Kinperor  of  Russia  for  his  '■ilec^tual 
nuiiiai-  ;ii.  " — Sir  \V.  Scott,  Life  of  Xfijkjltoit,  rh. 

A.  D.  1801  I  February ).— The  Peace  of  Lune- 
ville. — The  Rhine  boundary  confirmed.  See 
Okhmanv;  a.  1).  IHOI-IHIW. 

A.  D.  1801  iMarchl.-RecOTeryof  Louisiana 
from  Spain.     See  Loitisi.v.na:   A.  1).  1T9H-180;!. 

A.  D.  i8oi.—Expedit>oa  against  the  Blacks 
of  Hayti.     Sec  lUm;  A.  D.  1832-1803. 


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KIIAN'CK.   1S«1-1»MC.> 


rs.- 


Sifrthrrn 


KHANlK,   IMOI-lHirj 


A.  D.  i8oi-i8oj.  The  import  of  th«  Peace  of 
LuneTillr.  Bnnapartc'i  prcparationi  for  con- 
flict with  EngUiid. -The  Northern  Maritime 
League.     Engliih    bombardment    of    Copen- 

fc*"  •'"*  »"""n«ry  cruihing  of  the  League. 
—Murder  of  the  Rutiian  Ciar.  EnKliihcs- 
pedition  to  Euypt.  Surrender  of  the  French 
army.  Peace  of  Amiens.  I'hr  nvm  ,,; 
l.iiiHvilli'  \\:i-,,,(  I  ,,■  .rrr.it.r  iiiip..rt  llj;ih'  II,.' 
tn.iiiiH  whi  U  Ii.'mI  I  iiiIi'iI  tin  Mni-i;!. nf  ihi-  llr-l 
■  'Wliti.in.  .  .  .  ■rilr.lullill.Mn.vtlHM..f  lllrl',,1,,- 
ft    l,lllli\il|.'   li,y  III  lllii.   11"!  ..lih    th.ll   il   HU-  llh- 

iliitc  <if  till'  iMrli.  r  n-v.liiii.iii  in  slum:;!,.  f,,r 
"iiliri'iimi  V  ill  i:iirn|,,-,  ili.'alMii.li.niiM m  h^  Krim  i 

of  llIT  ilf.irl  t..  liliilil,.  III,.  |„,,|, I,, ,■'!,,  fnriv 
new  ill-lllllli,,ris  ,111  III,'  llali,,li«  .,l„,ul  hrr  In 
tllMT  ijillt  i.r  .•irill>;    llllt  tll:ll    il     lllirki-.i    III,'    ,,,|i 

ri'iitiuii.Mi  ,.r  ,i||  liir  ,  ii,ri;i,  < i  »li',ii.';tl<' \\  iih 

liiliiiii  l..r  III,'  Mi|ir,'iiiai'v  ,.r  th,'  w,.rl.l,  l'',,r 
l'.n;.'hiiMl  hir^ilf  ih,.  ,\,u\  »lii,li  u,,  .,iii|,iiiil,',l 
il    Ilir  ..ii,M,'ii  Hilli,|ritt:i|  ,,f  William   I'ilt   fMiii 

iillli,',   wliicli   t,«ik   pl.ii'i-   ill  III,,   v.ry  llh  nl' 

111,' Ir.'iin.  wan  |i,ir.ll\  l,',s  r,ii;hi|li!ilit.  .  .  Tlif 
liiilk  ..f  III,'  ,,|,|    \|iiii,ir\   nliiriM',!  In  a  U\\  ilavs 

til    ..Itli'r     Hilll      .Mr.      V.lilillL'l.'ll     ,ll      Ih,  il'    li,,i,l, 

ami  his  a,liiiiiii.iraii,iii  nnlMil  Hi,'  >ii|i|i,,rl  i.f 
till'  wliiil,'  'rMiy  |,.iriy  ill  r.irliaiiii'iil,  ...  It 
«a,^  Willi  iin\i,iy  ihn  i:iii;|aiii|  f,.iiiiil  ir^ir 
iriMiinl  l.y  111,11  lik,'  ili,«,'.  .  .  .  Till'  I'l.iiiiirv 
>l","l  1111,'l'ly  iiliui,  :  Hhilillii'  piari'iir  l.iiiii'V  illr 
M',iir,'il  Kraiii,'  In.iii  .ill  lii„ii|iiv  .hi  Hi,'  C.nii. 
iii'iil'   '  T.i  siril,.'   al    r.iii.'laii'.rs  wiallli    lia.l 

lurii  aiiiiHi!;  Ilii'  pn.j,',  u  .if  Hi,'  Dinrlnrv.  il 
was  II.. «  till'  ilr.ain  ,.f  Hi.'  First  f..iisiil.  It  was 
ill  \  aiii  fi.r  l-JmlaiLl  I.,  |.r,Kliiii',  it  h.'  kIiiiI  Ii,  r 
•  lilt  .)f  I'Viry  mark.  1.  Ilir  carrviiii;  ira.l.'  iiiust 
111'  iiniiihilali'.l  if  III'  ili.M.I  I'.i'l'v  ii.irl  against, 
hiT  shijis.  It  »,',,,  tlii-  t'ii-Miili.''  |in.|,'i't  ..f  a 
■C.iiliiH'iilal  .Syst.'iir  Hull  r,'V,'ali'il  ilsi'lf  us  .s.,..ii 
as  llii,.iia|i,iiii'  iKiaiiii'  lliiallv  iiiastiT  iif  Kiami'. 
Frum  Fr.iiii'i'  itsilf  ami  its  i'|,'|.,'ii,|,  n,  i,.,  („  |i,,|. 
I.iii'l  aii,|  till'  N, tint  Ian. Is  Ktiirlisli  ira.k'  Has 
alriaily    i'\ilii,|i'(|.       Hut     Italv    als,i    was    shut 

iii.'ainsl  liir  aflir  Hi,'  1',': ,f  j'.im,  vill,'  |an.l  Hi,' 

Tri'ily  ,if  F..lii;ii.i  wiili  ilir  Kin;;  ..f  .\a|il,'s|.  utul 
.s|iaiii  m.l  .iiily  I'l.isi'il  li.riiwii   |...rts  lint  luncl 
[•..rlni;al  t.i  l.riak  with  her  Kniilislially.      In  tlif 
Haliir.  Hii.iiia|ia,-t,'  was  iimri'  ariiv,'  tliiiii  cvi'ii  in 
til.'  Mi'.liiirramaii.     In  a  trialv  with  Aimriia, 
whiili  was  ili'stini',1  i.i  lirini;  tliis  piiwiT  also  iii    i 
Hi.'  I'tiil   int. I  hi,  i;riat  altai  k,  hi'  liail  forni-illv    j 
ri'1'.ii.'ni/i'.l   111.'   riirhls  ..f  ni-iitral    vis.scls  whicli   | 
i-.n«l.'iiiil   was  h.iiirly  ili-piilini.'.   .   .   .   The  imlv   j 
piiwiTs    w'liirh    iii.w    piissi'ssiil    naval    rcsniircrs   i 
Wen'  tlic  p..w,'rs  i.f  till-    X.irth.   .  .  .   Huth  th,' 
Si'iiiilinavian   statis   rcsinlcl   the  severity   with 
whii'li  Ilrilaini'iiliiri'i'il  Hint  ri;.'lit,  of  si'iirch  whiih    i 
ha.l  lir..iii.'ht  almnl  Huir  armi.l  neiitralily  at  tlii'   i 
el.iM'  of  the  Aniirii'.'in  war;  while  Denmark  wiis   | 
h.  siili's  iin  ol.l  ally  .if  Fraiii.'.  ami  her  HvmpaHiies   | 
wire  still  iM'lieve.l  t„  I,,'  Kniiili.     The  "First  Con-    ! 
sill  Hierefore  ha.l  liiile  ironlil..  In  enli.slinj;  Hieni    ' 
in  .1   l.airiie  of   Neutral,-,  wliieh  was  in  etreet  u   ■ 
(l..'larali.iii  of  war  lu-aiiist   Kimlaml.  anil  wliieh 
I  riis,-.i:i  as  lii'l'.ire  sh.nveii  herself  reailv  to  j.iin. 
Uussi.i    imleeil   Ml  1111,1    hanlir   In    iralii  "      lint 
I'aiil.  the  Czar,  afrai.l  of  the  op|iosilioii  ,,f  Ijijr,    ' 
laii.l    1'.   his   ili'sijrns   upon   Turkey.  ilis.saiisiie.l 
Willi  111,'  opiratinns  of  the  coalition,  iinil  tlallenil 
l.y  lioiiaparte,  ;,'avu  himself  up  to  the  intliieni  e   | 
ol   Hie  latter.       "U   was  to  eheck  the  aetion  of   : 
i.rii.i.ii  111  tile   Kasi  Hiul  th'  I  zar  now  tiirneil  to 
the  l-reneh  fniisnl,  ami  seeoiiile.l   his  etforts  f.,r 


Hie  f'.rni.illon  ..f  a  nuviil  eoiif.,|, 
N.irlh.  whil''  his  minister  U,..|.,|.,  | 
a  ilivlsi.iii  of  Hie  Turkish  F.iiipii'.  -,,, 
Iwi'.n  Uiissia  ami  lier  allies 
over  Malta  whli  li  hail  lieeii  lil.i,  k  ,. 
eapiiire  hy  Itii.iiiaparle.  ami  Hlii.l, 
at  la-t  ISi'pt.'iiilier,  |WM1|  to  ii  II, r 
whos.' p.,— . ,.l,.,i  H.i' C/ar  I'liiiii,  I  , 
Hie  Kroiiml  of  itn  ".lleifeil  elvi  lion  ,i-  dr. 
Iir  of  Hie  Onler  of  M,  .loliii,  „'n.,|  ,.  I 
lor  a  iiiiarrel  with  Fiiirlan.l;  an.l  ii  ii,. 
INiHl  l*ini|  openly   prepiin-l   for  li"-iili.i( 

'I'll.'  Ilaiies.  will,  throiiiil I   III,    i,  II   I, 

.slriiiTttliiiif  to  evaile  till    llriij.li  riji.i  ,,! 
al  i.iiee  J..ini'.|  this  iii  iilral  l.acn.  ,   iiM  „ 


I, 


I'.   I. 


1.1    M;|, 

I'lil'V 

■  I"-.    „| 

I'l    I'..  I, 

-  .nl, 
t.  f.l 


ll^ii  'I. 


;iri'l  II,;, 

II,.  i:,„ 
,l.',.l  th" 
.  I"..,lt', 

.lal-li. 


'Hll    |,,l|. 

.  .'f  11,.' 

<     ttl,,!^ 

Ul'lh-i 

I'-l'l.  ,1 

as  ll,.'i 
liinitv 


,     l.iHi'il  hy  .S'.le.li  II  in  their  I, .III 

tiroii.s  us  Hie  I'., ml. in, III. .11  «:,,  ,, 
III  a  hlow.  On  the  1,1  i.f  Apiil,  i-i.|  ,"ii,i,'',l' 
tliel  of  IH  men  of  War  Inmli  r  .".ii  1I>,|,  p.irkir 
with  Nelson  seeoinl  In  ■  oniiiini'l ,  I..,. ,  .|  ii,,  ,,„ 
saire  of  the  Ihlt,  appeareil  l„  I  ,,,'  I'l,.  1,11,1,;,,' II 
j  ami  111  iinee  attaekeil  Hie  liiv  aii'l  ii,  i!,  .,i  ji, 
!  spite  of  a  hriive  resisian, ,'  fi..ni  ih.  iLn,,.!,  |,,, 
lerli'sanil  cunlioius  si\  Kanisli  s|,i|,,  u.i.  iiLn 

ami  till'  Crown  I'riiiee  was  foiii-.l  i m  lii,|,.  in 

{    lUlliistiee    whieh    ellalili.l    the    Iji-ii-l,    .|,i,„  ,  , 
!   eiiier  the  liallie.   .   .   ,   lliil  tin  ir  w ,,tU  i',.i,  r.  ilU 

;   over.      The  s<'i/iiri'  of    Kii-li,h    ir I 

ileelaration  of  war  ha.l  liilleilv  iriii  ii. , 

,    sian  iiolih's.  whos,' s,.|e  iiiitlerf.'i'  t|„  . 

I    proiliiie  of   their  vast    eslates  was  tl,,,, 

llieiiK  ami  on  the  -.'till  of  Man  li,  uii, 

I'ole    Hie    haltle    of   C.i|ienll;i:.'i'ii.    i',i,,|    !,  |f 

iiii.liiii;lii  allaek  liv  eoiispiralors  in  l,i, 

i    ae,'.       Will,    I'aiil'f.'ll    the    (  oiit,  ,1,  m,  . 

!    .Norlli \t  the   very   iiii.iii.iii  i.f  ij, 

on   Cop.  nliaein    a  stroke   as  eifiiiu, 
his  proje.  Is  ill  the  Kasi,   ...    In   Mn,  |, 
foree  of   l.'i.lKN)  men  iimlir  liiii.  ral  .\l„i' 
anehoreil    in    Almiikir   lta\.      Il,  miii.I 
Here    hy    Hiionaparle.    Hie    Fr.  iieli    I,  el 
niainliiineil  their  liolil  on   Ki;vpi    ,  li.iitli.ir 

army  was  fiKili.shly  .sniiterei'l,  and  .M. ,.  Piiul.ii 
was  iilile  to  foree'ii  lamliiii;  lii.-  ,l:i\  -  ,,|i.  r  l,i. 
arrival  on  the  eoasi.  Th,'  Fr,  ii.  i,  hmi,  v.t 
raplilly  eoni'i'iitrati'il;  aii,|  mi  Hi,'  Jl-t  ,ii  ,\|  ,ri  h 
their  L'eiieral  iillaike.l  the  Fii^rli-h  ,n,,i  ,„,  i|„. 
jTroiiml  it  hail  Won,  with  a  lone  i. pi  ,1  i  .  r.i.Mi 
The  tiallle  |kniiwn  as  th,'  haul,'  of  .\I. 
was  II  stiililHini  one,  ami  .Vln-n  roiul'ii  I 
tally  woiimleil  eri' its  I'losi';  I. in  ,,!i.r  -is  Ini.r, 
lllthtinir  the  French  iIh'H  off  h  ill,  h,  iw  i.,-., 
anil  their  ntn'iit  was  followe.l  !.v  ih,  iiiv.'-iiiinit 
of  Ale,\amlria  ami  Caini.  .  .  '  \<  ih,  ,1,,,,  ,,t 
.Iiine  the  capitulalion  of  Hie  |:!.iioii  .,,|,!„  r.  »l„, 
reinaineil  closeil  the   French  riil.    "I'l    l._\|.i, 

Tln-eatenini;  prepanilions  foraiiim  i t  K,,.-- 

lunil  were   kept   up,  .iml   i;iimI..i,i1s  an.l   i!,,il.,';its 

collected   at    Iioiiloi.'iie.  wliiih    N.  1 in,,.!,.'.! 

iiiisiiccessfully  in  .Vnirnst.  Isiip  1 1,,  Pirvt 
Consul  opened  iiei.'otinli.iiis  for  j,.;..,,,'  i|„  .!,,>,' 

of  l.Mlll.      IlisolTerswena! ■  i„,  i  I., 

lish   (iovernnu'iil.   .   .   .   Th.'   n. -,.ii  iP  .i,~  « 
went  on   tliniiiirh   Hie   winter  li.tii,'!!   i:i:_- 

anil   the   three  allied   I'owers  of   Fr, »i',iii. 

ami  the  Diili'h,  liniiifTlit  alioiir  iiiMi.'i:  I-".'. 
Hie  Peace  of  .Viniens."  The  In  ii\  -'  ii"!  .i 
pledge  on  the  pan  of  Fnmcel.i  Hiilii'i  m  i■,f.ir.■'^ 
fnim  Soulhern  Italy,  and  lo  l.ai.  ''■  il,.  m„  h.> 
Hie  repuhlicsithadset  upaloiiir  ilsl„.ri|,  r  in  ll'.l- 
laiul.  .Switzerlau.!.  and  I'letlne::!!  !:;  .  v  !ia!!i."' 
f.ir  this  ph'dp',  I  jii;laml  reeoi.'ni/.'.|  il,"  Fninh 
government,  nsiored  all  Hie  c..|,iii!,  -  i' in,  h  tlii'V 


I'i'lrlil 
11  11,11 


■Ki, 


liiib 

l:il>,l 


i.-;68 


[I,, 


li-: 


KHANl'K,  im)l-li*« 


Jar  /<(/•' 


KI'.AMK    IWI   liii;t 


bwt  bat.  Mrii  Crrlon  miil  TriDhlwl,  to  Kriinri' 
ml  it*  tllirit  llmliiiliiiK  till'  ntitoruliiiii  In 
HiilUnd  "f  llif  <  «|><'  "'  "'""I  ll"!"'  »'"'  !'"<'  Ii 
liuUiw.  »'"'  "'  Mliixnii  mill  till'  I'llnilrl  i>f  l'i<rt 
)l»h"iiliiS|)iiin.wlilli'l'iirkiyri|iiiliii'il  |mii«i'««Iipii 
,,f  |.;yt|il|.  wkliiiwliiliti'il  llii'  liihlaii  NlniiiU  iiH 
,  (n-i>  npiililli-.  will  iinfiiKi'il  111  riilirrr  Miillii 
irllliin  llmi'  iiiiintlin  In  \\*  nlil  iiiiiMirii,  thr 
Kuiiilili  "f  >*'■  Jiilin  "— •'  It.  «lrii'ii.  Hint.  </  ih, 
f,;,li.l<  /%./<■,  trt.  U.rh    !Hr.  4). 

AiJuilN;  ItSinilliiy.  hfinf.\,l»>„.r>,.7(r.»y 
_J.()IITl.^l.  lUilir.il  l.ifevflSll.rh  4T('-.  Ill  -C. 
Jovnivilli'.  l-ifi  '""'  Timrt,:fMifiihilirl ,  r  1,<A. 
4  '-A  ItHinluiiiil.  //<«'■  I'J' It'iiui,!,  r  i,  rh  11-12. 
_(!  It  Oliiit.  I.if'  •'/  In  II.  Sir  U.  All, n'riiiiiliy 
,t:mln'tl  lllilmh  M:lilill!l  ) 'iiiiiimiiuIi  rn,  r.  Ill 

A.  D.  1801-1803.— Domettic  meaturet  of 
Boupartc— Hit  Leeion  of  Honor.  Hit 
wretched  educational  tchem*.— He  ii  made 
Frit  Contul  for  life  — Hi»  whittling  away  of 
tke  Conititutioo.— RcTOlutioni  iDitintcd  and 
lictited  in  the  Dutch,  Switi,  and  CitAlpine 
Rtpublici.— Bonaparte  preaident  of  the  Italian 
Republic— " Till-  riinriinliil  wiw  siktimiU'iI  by 
Uir  I'mljjmnr' ricall.  whirli  n.*iliitli>ii  wiis  pri'. 
jfnlnl  «iiil  |iii*Mil  .\liril  2tt.  Tlw  Irri'viKiiliillly 
111  (hi' «iiU' <if  imtiimiil  iini|MTty  wiwiiKiiiiit'uhili- 
lishiil.  mill  Hmiirsty  (fruiiti'il  tn  nil  cmiKraiilH  liiil 
ttw  li'Uili-rs  of  unr'.'il  fiirrrn.  iiuil  wniir  frw  wIiiimi* 
.iJinivH  wrru  npidiilly  univr.  The  |irii|irrly  i>f 
iiiiinriintiircnmlnii.x  miwiM  wiiiiriHiiinil,  rxiTpl- 
iD^r  fcin'Stt,  wlilcli  li<mii|iurli-  nmrvnl  to  Ih' 
jn-'limlly  Miiriu'd  iw  brllHit  to  (.'mil  fiiiiiilii^*. 

.  Twii  impiirtaiit  pnijirtu  wi'rr  prist. iiti'il  'n 
ibc Trilmiml  iiiiil  Lftfiilativi'  C'orph,  tlii'  Uiriuii 
of  Miiiinr,  uiiil  fri'r  m'IioiiIji.  Tin'  Ciiiivi-ntiim 
iwtinii'il  prizes  to  thr  triKipi*  for  H|H'ri;il  iirt.s  of 
ilarinK,  uml  tln'  I'Mrnt  t'otiKul  iiicrriiwil  luul  iir- 
rui)!i-ltlii'ilistribiitioii.  but  Hint  whs  not  1.11011^11: 
lip  wanli'il  u  Mint  nysti'in  of  ri'Miinlii.  iiilii|ilril  to 
fidti'  iiniiiiir  pnipfc,  n'lmy  wrvlrr.  ami  j;ivr  liini 
a  Dt'W  iiud  |ioti'Mt  iiu'iiim  of  intliii-iii-irii;  rivillaiiM 
nil  will  118  wiMli-rt.  lie  tlii-nlnn'  loiiri  iviil  tlir 
idea  i<r  till'  lA'Klotiof  Honor,  riiilirariii;;  all  kiiiils 
"f  mrvin-  ami  titli'  to  public  ilislinriioii.  ,  .  . 
But  ilii^  plan  for  forming;  an  onlrr  of  1  liiv:ilry 
wan  rimti'stiil  i-vi'U  by  tlii'  Coiinril  of  Stati-  as 
ufffUHivi'  to  that  niuality  Nvbiiti  its  luriulirrs 
weri'  to  (li'ft'ml  [uiiili'r  tlir  oath  pri-sirihcil  to  tin- 
l/i-ifiiiii).  anil  a.s  11  rriii'wal  of  iiri-loiraiy.  It 
nnly  passiil  till' Tribunal  aii'l  l,i'u'islativi'  Corps 
bv  a  virv  small  niajority,  ami  this  altir  tin'  iv- 
iiiiival  of  so  many  of  tin*  opi'M^itioii  p:irty.  Thr 
iutiiiiliiin  of  till'  I,i'j.'ion  if  Honor  «as  spi'i  i.ius. 
and,  ilt-spitc  tin*  opposition  it  inrl  with  In  iu 
early  (lays,  suits  ii  pi'iijilr  who  lovr  ili^tinttioii. 
df»pit<'  thi'ir  pusniim  for  I'quality,  proviili'd  it  In- 
mil  k'rrilili.ry,  .\s  for  tin'  rilurational  srlnin.'. 
it  was  wri'trlii'il,  ilointi  ab.soluti'ly  mithiiii:  for 
till"  primary  schools  The  state  bail  ini  share  in 
it.  Tlif  Ciiminun'  is  to  proviiii-  tin-  buil'liiiL's 
whi-ii  till'  pupils  i.  I  pay  a  tcarbrr,  thus  f.ir- 
lakiii^i  tin-  plans  ol  tin*  irrrat  asst'inblii'S.  Tin- 
wisest  stalisini'ii  tlcsiriil  to  sustain  in  an  ini- 
prorod  form  till' ci'ntrHl  siliools  foumli'.l  by  the 
('imvi'niiun;  hut  lionaparti'  meant  In  Mubsiiiiite 
Uirnii'ks  to  eiluoate  younn  men  for  bis  si  rviee, 

.  He  <limini.shtHl  Bciontilie  stuily  :  suppressed 
liisliiry  ami  philosophy,  wliii  h  wereincompatibh' 
with  dispotisin;  and  complitetl  bia  system  of 
^^•"•'■'rr'rtt.,  instruction  by  en-.-itin:;  o.iHH;  srhoiar 
iiiiips,  til  1k'  uscti  ag  means  of  intl  jenee,  like  the 
riliboa  uf  the  Lc-giou  of    Honor.  ,  .  .  All   his 


nieasun's  surreeileil,  iinil  yet  be  was  not  loitli  nl 
be  wanteil  to  exti'itil  bis  iHiut  r.   .  I 'ainbiii'in'iw 

.   .   .  when  the  .\iiil' lis  treaty  wa^  presenteil  10 
the   Trlhiiiiil    ami    l.eir|..laliire,  .    proposiil, 

throiiL'h  the  pri  "lileiii  of  the  fiirnnr,  that  the 
N'liatr  shiiiihl  U'  ini  iteil  to  ifive  the  First  Consul 

some  Ink t  nilii'ii.il   L'ratiliiile  iM.iy  tl.  IhiI'.'i. 

,  .  .  Till  >i  nil.  only  villi  il  to  pr.il'. 111;  the  Kirxt 
Coii'iils  p.e.i.r  for  ten  yi  .us  1  M  n  xi.  wiih  but 
one  iiii'li  -liiu'  V  ..ji  1 ,  that  of  I,  iiM  lin.iis.  nhu  ile 
iioiiniiil  ilie  llii;:r:ii  t  ii-iirpailoii  that  llin'ateneil 

the    llipublie  Tills    was    tile    last    (iho    of   tile 

tiirotiile  riiiL'ini:  tliinULrh  the  l.tme  iism mlili  s  of 
the  Ciin..iilaie  Hon  ipirie  wan  very  aiiu'rv.  liav- 
iiii;  I  \|iei  ted  moll  .  hut  Cainliai  lies  ealim  il  liim 
and  r'iu);isti'd  a  iiuhIi.  uf  evadiUL'  lie-  i|Uisiion. 
namely,  to  reply  tliat  an  e.Meiision  ol  power 
eoiild  onlv  1h'  iirjinteil  bv  the  in'ople.  and  tie  11  to 
iiiiike  tbe'Coiimil    .f  .si|  ite  dii  tale  the  formula  In 

In'  submitted    to   111'     |«ople,  siili.l  |l  111  ill'-   .1    lib 

eonsiilale  fur  ten    Mars,      This  »,is  ai  eordlncly 

llone     .    .    .    The  t  oull    il  uf   Slat     I  M'll  added  the 

First  Cuiisuls  riL'liI  tu  name  bU  sui  lessor.     Tlii* 

be  tliiiui;lit  prein  itiire  ^nd  likely  to  make  trouble, 

ami   Iherebire   era^'d   It,    .    .    .    Idiiisters    were 

opened  111  the  riturd  ulUees  and  m.i\oralties  to 

reeehe  votes,  and  there  were  three  iiiillion  uml 

a  half  Votes  in  the  aHirmalivi  ,  a  few  thousand 

only  ilarini;  to  nfiM'.  and  niaiiv  alislainiti);  fmin 

vuiiiiL',      l.iK.iyelte    rei.'i»len  il  a   '  rm' .   .    .   iind 

sint    the    Fir-i    Cull-Ill    ii  nulile    letter    .   ,   .    I,a 

K.'iyelle  Iheii  i  <  ased  the  relations  he  had  hiiherio 

maintaimd  wiih  ilie  First  CummiI  .-ime  his  return 

to  Franee.   .   .   .   The  Senate  lountid  the  iiupiihir 

Mite  on    the    pru|MPsal  they   did   nut   make,  and 

earned  the  n  «iilt    t.i   the    Tuilerii  s   in   a   bu.ly, 

.\iii;ust  :l.  IHo'.i;  aii'l  the  re-ult  was  |iruilaiini'il 

in   the  furm   of    a  Seiiatus Con-ultum,  in  these 

terms;   'The  Freiieh  ptoph'  it.,;ne  and  the  Senate 

pris'laiin   Na|ioleuii  llunap.irle   First  Cuii«ul   lor 

life.'     This  was  the  tirst  uiiic  i,il  ii-e  uf  the   pre- 

noiiien  .N'apiili  uii.  whieh  was  s.s)ii.  In  I  uiifurmity 

with  royal   eii-lum.    tu   In-    >ub-tiiuied    bT   tii'e 

family  name  uf  Huii-tparie.   .   ,   .  Tlie  niAt   day 

various  imslilii  .itiuns  ..t   the   C(ai-.tiluIion  wire 

ulfi  red  to  the  Couiu  il  of  Sltile,    .   .   .   The  Si  nale 

I    Were  L'ivi-ti  the  riitlit  to  interpret  and  i-uniplete 

I   the  Coiistituiiuii.  to  ili-.sul\e  the  I.eiiisl.itiire  and 

■   Tribunal,  aiel,  what  wasev-n  niur*-,  to  break  tlie 

i    judirmi-Ml  of  tii^'iinaU.  thus  suliuMliii.ilin^  jii>- 

i    tiee  to  puliev  ,       Hut    tili-e   I'M ra vai;alll    preroira. 

I    lives  e. mill  only  be  iisi-d  .at   the  rii|uesl  of  the 

!    eoM-rnment.       Tim-   Sen.ite   w.is  liiir'ieil  to    rJO 

'    member-.,  In  of  w  lium  the  Fir-t   Cuns.dwas  to 

I  lel-l.      The  Triliim.d  \\as  reduei'd  to.Vl  llleinbers, 

and  i-umleinmd  tu  di-eu.ss  with  ilused  duurs, 
duided  into  seeti.'ii-,  ,  .  .  I>i-puii-in  eonei-ii- 
:  trated  mule  and  iii-Te,  IJoiiaparte  took  baek  his 
'  refu-.:il  to  i-huuNi-  hi-,  sueeessor,  and  now  rlaimed 
'  tliat  liL'ht.  He  also  foriiii  d  a  i-ivil  list  of  six 
millions,  .  .  The  S-iiale  a^'reed  to  everylbiii,!; 
and  the  .'seiialiis  Coiisuiiiim  \\as  iiuhli-lied  .Vu- 
u'li-t  ."i  ...  The  Uepiililie  was  now  but  a  n.-tme. 
.  .  .  Farly  in  l'*ut!  ihiiiL's  i^iew  dark  on  the  Km;. 
li-h  shore."  and  "the  lu-s  of  San  Dumiiien  |to 
\\hieh  Itonaparte  had  sent  an  e.vpedition  at  the 
beuMiinini.'  of  l-^iM]  seemed  inevitable  |-ee  II  wri; 
A.  1).  1IW.'-1sii:j|.  Whih'  niakiuL'  this  e.vpedi- 
tion,  liooined  to  so  fatal  an  end.  Ilotiaparte  ion- 
tinned  his  haiii;bty  policy  on  the  Kiiropi  ,in  con- 
tiniTii.  H;."  :iri;;-:e.Nt-c;:rui  -u  the  i.:::a'vi!:e  tnaty 
Frince  and  Austria  mutually  i;uaranteeil  the  in- 
deiieuilvDcu  uf  the  Dutch,  tiwiss.  C'isulpiue,  and 


«;i 


1:509 


t 


1  ^ '  ■ 


1^ 

-it 


PKANCK.   IHfll   twta 


Ar^MiiJiruMjklliy 


FltANCK,   Iwil   IM»| 


I.iKurUn  rrpiilillin,  unil  ihi'lr  fnTilimi  In  the 
Mliiptliin  iif  whati-vrr  fnriii  i.f  icovi'rnniiiil  ilicy 
WW  (It  Id  iliiKMr  lliiiiiiiiirlr  Intrrpn'itl  ilifa 
•  null'  1))  miliotiliitlnic  fr>r  liiili|n'n<lim'i'  lilit  nwii 
inon'  or  h  u  ilini  i  riili'  In  iIuim'  ^'|ll|ll|il'<t 
lliirinir  III!'  iK'itiiiiiiiiona  |iriri<lliiK  tin-  Anilinn 
tniily  (»•  Kllrnd  iiii  u  n  v..liiiluii  In  llollnriil 
Tliiil  Kiuntry  had  ii  lUrn  turv  uml  I  wc  ChnihlHTa. 
n»  In  111.-  Kriiiili  (■iiM»liliili..n  of  \.,ir  III  ,  nml 
111  »I-vIm.|  III  InipoM'  II  m  »  riiiKtiliitlnn  mi  llir 
t  li riiiilii  ri,  |Miiilii(i  lliini  iiiiiri  Inin  hi*  imwrr, 
llnv  rifiwil,  uiiil  111' i\pi  llr.l  ilii'iii  liv  m.uiH.if 
the  Dim  iiir>  »liiini  lio  liail  »iiii  hm  r  fn  lii.  olilr 
Tlir  Hull  h  I'lirii  Inry.  In  Ihli  linliMii.ni  uf  Nunii 
I"  r  It.  Will  >ii»liiiniilliy  Knrii  li  lrii<i|i«,  mi  iitnliiir 
llnlhiiiil  mull  r  Aiii:i  n  iii.  imw  n niiii  liiil  in  linim 
piirt.MS.|ii.  iiiU  r  l-iiih  Tlir  in  »  ( 'iiii^iiiiiiinii 
w.i«  pill  III  |m|iiil;ir  Milr  A  (crliin  iiiiiiiUr 
vniiil  uk'iiin.l  ll  'I'liv  iimjiirili-  iliil  imi  vnii', 
Hill  nil-  »ii»  lakiii  fur  riiiw  III.  iiri'il  Ilir  iii»  ('on 
siiiiiiiiiii  «ii,  |,r.H  hiliiinl  UiIiiImt  17.  |wi| 
Till'  r.nnli'li  i-'iniTtii:;-!!'  prnlixli-il,  Inil  iliil  not 
rr«is|  Al  llir  Miiiiliiiii-  111'  lllonapurli'l  iinpoxil 
on  thr  (  ivilpiiii'  riMMililir,  hill  ulihoiil  mnlliil  or 
oppi.»iiiuri,  ii  I  <  imtldilion  I'Mn  iimrf  aiili  liU  nil 
Ihiiiillii  Fri  mil  oncof  yiiir  VIII  .  tin-  pn^iilini 
wliollirri  n  plimil  llii'"  Kirnt  Consul  liiivlni.'  >u 
pri  llir  |io«ir  iliit  «li.i»iis  to  !«■  thai  |>rr«i 
111111?  rill-  Cisalplni-s  fl  r  an  innlant  wrn-  siiii|ili- 
i-niiiifh  III  Ihink  Ihal  Ihrv  i  oiilil  ( liiiitw>  an  lla'i:iii 
liny  iliiiili-il  mi  ('niiiii  .Sli  I/I.  will  known  in  ilii- 
MiliiniM-  'llnv  wi-rr  snmi  iinih'i'i-ivi-il,  whin 
Il<iiiaparli'  ralh-il  ('iiuilpim-  il.  Ii-umIi-k  io  l.yoim  in 
.niilwiiilir  Thrst'  ili  li-:rali-s  wi-n-  laiii|ouiirr«. 
M-holar*.  anil  nun  Imnl-t,  wmii-  liuiiilriiK  in  mini 
Ix-r  ami  hit  airrnlK  I'Xplaiiii.l  III  ilii  111  Ihal  iimii- 
In  I  Itonapartr  '  waH  w-iirihy  to  L'oM'rii  llu-ir  i-r 
piihlii  or  ahh'  Io  niainlalii  it  Tlii  y  i-aifrrly 
iifTrn-il  liiiii  111!'  pri-»iili-ii(-y,  uliii  li  h<>  iK-ci-pii  il  in 
lofly  li-rins.  iiiiil  look  S\<\/i  r  viri'  priHlilcnl 
(.laimary    jri,    IHIIi).      Iialian   i         iln  wir-  con 

Kolril  for  Ihis  hiihjrrlion  hy  Ih an^r  of  imiiif 

from  Cisalpinilo  llalian  U'l-piililii-,  wliirli  wini'il 
to  proinist-  Ihi-  iinily  of  Iijily.  llonaparli-  llm-w- 
oiit  ihi»  hope,  ncvir  ini-unini;  to  (.'ratify  It.  .  .  . 
lie  111  till  a«  iniiMli-r  in  Switzi-rlaml  as  well  an 
Italy  anil  llollaml.  Sim-f  rtwil/crlaml  hail 
ciuw-il  to  I»'  till'  wcnc  of  war,  hhi'  hail  Im-iii 
>;ivi-n   o- ir    to    aKilatioii.     lliictiialinK    iH-twirn 

n-voliiti iry  ili-inui-rai-y  anil  thr  old  aristocrarv 

joinid  to  till-  nlrnjfraih-"  ili-niiK  racy  of  the  Hniail 
Catliolii-  laiilmis.  .Mmh-rn  dciniH-rai-v  wiw  at 
Ktrifi- wilhii,!  If.  .  .  .  llmiaparti-.-iKiiii'raKiil  ihf 
Ktriff,  that  Switzirland  iiiii.'hl  rail  him  in  a»  ar- 
hit<-r.  Siiddi-nly,  lali-  in  .Inly,  |xo-J.  hi-  withdn-w 
hilt  IriKips.  whiih  had  in-riipiid  Swit/i-rland  i-vi-r 
Klni-i-  I71IS,  civil  war  limki-  out  at  onn-;  the 
Biiialli-r  Calholii-  (-anions  and  thi-  ari^Ioi-rats  of 
Ihrni-  and  Ziirii  h  ovcrtlmw  thr  Kovcrnimnt  is- 
tahli.shi-d  al  Ili-rni-  hy  the  miKhnilc  diinni-rats. 
Tin-  );ovi-niini-iil  ri-'iri-d  to  l.aiisaniu-.  and  tin' 
ii'Unlry  was  thus  ilivi.li-d.  Hoiiaparli-  then  an- 
III  iiinrcd  that  In-  woiililnol  sulli  fa  Swiss  t-ountcr- 
rrvoliilimi.  anil  that  if  tin-  pariii-sroiild  not  airrii- 
III-  mu-t  inciliati- iH'lwci-n  ihciii,  lli- sumnimii-i| 
llii-  insiirn-ctional  powi  rs  of  Hi-rin-  to  ilis.vilvi-, 
and  iinilnl  all  i  iliziiis  who  h.id  hi-ld  i.llirc  in  tin- 
ii-iitnil  S«i»,  u'livi-riinn-nt  within  tliri-i- yi-ars,  to 
nu-i  I  al  I'lrisanil  loiifir  with  him.  iinnouniini; 
that  ;io.ii(«)  mill  umlrr  tji'iicral  Niy  win-  rciuly 
til  niippiiri  his  mi-ilialiiin.  The  dciiiiKratic  fjov- 
rrr.n-.i-n:  ;i;  i.aii.^ii.i,,  -.v.iv  .villi,, m  i,,  h,  i-ji,.  Uii; 
Kri-uth;   the-  aristoi  ratic  uovi-nnni-ut  ut  Bcruc,    , 


ill. I  <t 


Wilhiiu  U>  rrntiirr  thr  AumiiiiH  ipp, 
Kurii|Niin  ixiwrni.  who  nplinl  ht  .,l,i„,  (, 
land  only  pnilr>lln«  aKnllut  Krni.  h  mi,  tl-niu* 
lionupnrtr  rra|Hiiii|i-i|  i,i  n,,.  Kii.-li.l,  ,,,,, 
Imt  hv  no  mtruonllniiry  a  hitir  ihn  l,i,  it,,,.; 
d'nlTiilnn  lit  l^iiidon  diin-il   iini  riiiiiiii,,,!,  ,t,  "„ 

vrrhatlin      It  nald  that.  If  Kiik-lund i  ,„ 

druwlnif  thr  i-milinrnlal  (mwirs  ini.i  l„  r  ,  i„» 

till-  ri-siill  woiiM  Ik-  Io  forn-  Kraiii  •-  i ,„.;,,, 

Kiirop.-'  WhoknoHHhow  loii^' il  »..i,l  ;  i  ,|„ H,, 
Kirsi  I  iiii-iil  1,1  ri  vIm- iIm- Kmpin  iif  ii,r  u,,.- 
lilitolM-r  U.  IHir.'i,  Tii.p,  ,>,„  .i|_,|,,  ^,_^_ 

land-  to  N,-y  ,  troops  In  Swil/i  rl.ni.l       VII  il,.. 

|M>liliiiaiiH  of   Ihi-   iii-w  di-nioi  rii  1  i,i,.|  „„ ( 

thr  arii-tiK-rals  Hint  to  Paris  nl  iln-  Kir-i  I  .,ii„,i. 


l„ 


I'l 

ui  I:,  r, 


l-'l 


M.i 

is^',  i; 


•uinmmis      ||i-  i|i,|  not  tnal  t 
had  lliilland   ami   Italy,  hut    |.mm- h,  t 
Milii  show  of  iiiKlii  111  ions,  a  roll-Ill  111  K 
oil  till- ililTi  n  Ml   iiariiis  a  spiiinii,  , 

.    >»  il/iilaml    was    iIi'|h  n.|.  m    ,,,, 
n-Hiiiil  to  (-1-11-  -d  |>oliiy.  and  was  I,mi 
nisli  hi  r  wl''         ops;  hut.  at  lia-t.  -I,.    „ 
tirrdhiro  ■Iiiirs  i.lanuary,  lso:li        | 

till,  /*-/.'</.ir  l„iit    ■■f  h'nii,,;  'I'l;,,,,  f. 
r.  '.',  .■/.    H-1) 

AIS.1IN     K  ( ■  S(  hliMM-r. //iW   ..ff- 
I'l'-ji-  '■    '■  ;•/'■  '.'Miv  :iir.'.  — Mrs,  I.'  iii,.-  ii„i  k 
.Sirad.  .'■^I"!'!!  ■■!'  Sirit:,  rl,ii,il,  :li   Wn  :l|      i     li.ti,, 

llill^  lllirintj  III!      <':ill"ll:lt,    ,lli:l     A'ra,-l/-r      -/      \tj.,. 

Ii:'ii,  rh.  ;i  — M.  Itoiirrii'imr,  I'nfti,  If,,,,,,,.  .,( 
.V.(;».i..;i,  r  :•,  ,•/,.  •,'l».-."-  --|l,i,l„„  Hai.mi.i.; 
\fimiHri  ■•f  .Vi/i-i/i.fi,,  r  I,  I-,',  so  I  ,,i,i,-  M 
Diinius,  .ifrwirii.  ,7i.  B  (c.  -Ji  1 1  \  T,;,,  /•/, 
.l/.»/.r/i  /tun'm  .  r.  1,  U:  ;i,  ,•/,    :i 

A.  D.  1801-1804.— The  Civil  Code  and  the 
Concordat.— "  Four  yi-ars  of  p,,,,,  -.  |,,r,i,,| 
thr  Tniily  of  I.iinrvilli-  from  tin-  m  \i  .,i,ii.r,,ii 
of  war  Ix-twrrii  Kranir  and  aii\  r-.iiiiin  mil 
I'owrr.  Thry  wi-n-  yi-ars  of  ih,:  . a',  ri,i,,„  ,,1 
Kn-nch  inlliirni-c  In  rn  ry  m  it'lilHiiinii.'  ,si,ii,  . 
in  Kranrr  its<-.f,  ji-ars  of  tin-  r.iii«,h.|,iij,iii  if 
Iloimpartr'a  |)ow(-r.  and  of  thr  ili  1  Inn-  of  1  n-n 
thinfrtliati-hrrkrd  his  II  rsoiial  Mill  .  .Vmnn^' 
thr  institiitions  wlihh  ilatr  from  tins  piM<,r|  lu.? 
ripially  asmM-iutril  with  thr  n.-iim-  ul  N.,i..il,,in! 
Iiavr  takrn  11  proni'iiint  plan-  in  hi> 
Civil  C:  ,1  ,  ■  ttirCoiiii-r  li-  ,^ii,ii  II 
of  the  IHtli  i.'iiry  thr  civinhMnMn  ,•! 
lufn  pursued  with  iiiim-  or  less  sin  1 1  —  I 
every  Government  In  the  wi  sii  rn  ,  ,11111111 
Constituent  Assemhiy  of   ITsil  ha,|  orl 


ri-.i-^ 


statuteH  by  which  it  supi-rsi  ,1,  d   il 
liH-al  custonia  in  Frame  to  Ik-  iliii-  ii-i 
systematic    form.   .   .   .    lioiiaparir   iii-!iii 
tiirrw  himsi'lf  into  a  task  .so  i-mim  Iliil  i<>l 
syHtrmati/.lnj;  spirit,  and  sliniiilai,  ,1  lli- 
of  the  l«st  iurlsU  in  Fnini-r  hy  Iii-  ..un  |- 
interest  and  pridi-  in  the  work  of  1'  ji-i  1" 
Comniission  of  hiwyers,  nppi,iiiii'il   l,v  ili 
Consul.   pres<-nti-d  ilie  siiccrs-iv.-  ,1,  i|ii. 
Civil  CiMie  to  the  Coiim-il  of  Si.ili       h,  i 
eussimis  in  the  Couin-il  of  Slali-  ll.-ni|iii 
s<-lf  tiHiK  an  iiclivc,  thoiii;h  m,l  :ilu  i\- 
ti(-ial.  part.  .   ,   ,    In  M.in  h,  Imi),  I'lm, ,  1, 
the  Cislr  which,  with  few  alli-r:iti- 
from  that  time  to  the  pri-si  ul  lli-     '- 
civil  rivdils.   .   .   .    It  is  jirohalili-  tliil 
of  till    inhahitants   of  Western    Kur-- 
that  Napoleon  ju-ttially  inveiiii-il  tin-  1 
la-ar  his  name.      .\s  a   malti-r  of  Ini 
staner  of  lli(-sr  laws  w,-is  lixrd  hy  liu 
As.seiiiiilii-s  of  lilt-    i{i-volulimi;  ;init.  ii 
revision  which  produced  the  Liwl  (■ 


.,n  ll„- 
,-  n-i.|,lli- 
\i\  liaii 
\  .ilm.i-t 
111  TIk- 
.  n.|  111,- 


"f 


IlVily 
i-.iiin 
I  Until 

r-nrjul 
■11     .V 

Firs! 
~  of  1 
.,-  ih- 
,  liim- 

U  Ul- 

.iv.il 
I  ,-  t-rihol 

,   III  ii-inlv 

,|  ,-     1.1  111  o- 

l..«-  -.eliliii 

I.,-  -;,!i 
.  I  --i\i- 


137U 


«'^'(.V 


nUNCE.   t MM  I  NO! 


piiANCE,  iMn-iwn 


iKittpimn  In  Imvp  nriflna'.-d  rH'ltlM'r  mon-  imr 
jfM  tKftn  wvi'm)  of  thr  tfi4-inlM*ni  I'f  liU  rmiri 
111  abiw  rmmi'O  h»vr  Ioiik  Ihi'Ii  forK<>lt<'ti  lli' 
\t  uiHiiinlliiniilil^   rnlllli'il   In  tin-   liniiiiiir  nf  it 

{ml  H'irl'lol"''  »<>'.  IxiWt'VIT.    M Mho,  llkl' 

i)„|i)ii  iir  lllii<  Mklionw't,  hiriiw'lf  crt'iiti'il  h  ihw 
hiiilr  lit  litw  .   K'Mir  iiilirr  I'ikIih,  iip|iiiirliiif 

il  lolirvil*  friini  llw  niir  1H04  In  Ihc  ><.ir  l»*|ii 
eml«>li"l.  In  »  <i'rr<«|Miiulln(t  fiiriii,  llif  I.**  i.f 
InminrriT.  IIh'  Criiiiiiiiil  l,ii«.  iiiiil  |i  i  Kiiliniir 
I  ivll  mill  i>f  I'rliiiliml   rnHi'm  ;'ar  iimn' 

.Iwltmiivih  Ihi'  wnrk  nf  Nupiilciiii  liliiiw  IT  *iim 

iluniii'ii'llli'lo'i  ^l">  ''■■'  I'liiirihnf   Km I 

(ntril  liv  llii' <'i>iiriiriliil  |.liily.  I>«i|]  p  wu«  ii 
n'Mnntlliiiiiif  r>  lik'tiin  -Itiilliir  In  tlmt  ri'Kliiriillni 
(if  |Kitllii'iil  iinti''*  witii'h  iHiiiit'  llir  imhlic  MTvirc 
tbr  rlllCllli'  of  It  mIiikI''  ^ill  I'lli'  l)l'<hn|iM  hihI 
tirtnilii.  wliiw  iil>|Hiiiilin>  III  llii'  I'luinnlut  Iraim 
If'ml  friHii  III!  If  ■iiMKrik'uliiitm  III  llic  (liivirii 
nirnl.  oin  i|»  llllllll  illalrillllrllUnr  till'  Klml  ('hm 

iiil«»  lil«  jirifirU  mill  IiIh  ifi  iiMliiriiiiK \ii 

llluivr  Willi  IIk'  I'<i|h' iiITi  ii'iI  Id  Itdllllplirli'  llli- 
mrsnii  !>'  >iii|i|>litnlliiK  "o'  l»>P>iliir  iiri;iiniiuil|iiii 
nf  tlif  rnnsttliilloimi  I  liiiri  II  liy  iiii  irii|iti<«ihtf 
liknriliy.  HkIiI  in  Uh  orllnnliity  nnil  iini|iii'siiiin 
laj  In  iimliviilliin  to  liiiiiM  If.  In  rcliirii  f.ir  llii' 
iiiimHrHliiin  nf  liknwii  riili'.  Ilmiiipiirt)' iliM  iini 
•lirink  fniiii  liivlllnit  111"'  r.iiw  in  mi  rxm  l-x' nf 
lulliiirily  niiili  ii«  iIh"  lliily  S<i'  luul  iirirr  in  ii 
diiimil  in  Kniiur  Tlii'  Ulmli'  nf  llii'  r<i«lliii,' 
Firml)  Bii<liii|m,  Imlli  111"'  "'Xiliil  iioii  Jumrn  iiml 
lltiW  of  III)'  ('nnsllliillniiiil  Cliiiri  h  Kiri  himii 
miinnl  III  n'ulKii  llii'ir  w'i'H  iiiln  iln-  IiiiihIh  nf  llii' 
Piipr.  HuiiiiiHl  nil  who  ri-fiiM'il  In  iln  so  sinli-nt-r 
ofjcpinlliiin  wiiKprniioumi'il  by  llii- I'liiililT.  .  . 
TV  Kin  »iri'  nnrjfiiiijwil.  niiit  lllliil  up  liv  nonii 
um  of  the  First  Cniiaiil.  Tlic  iHwilinir  of  llii' 
mil  lii«ly  "if  tliiclrritv  wii««iilMtiiiilliilly  iiltiri  .1 
Inlunlitiion  III  the  Hislmps  KfilMnpal  imuir 
wu  iimilr  iliniMilli',  lik"'  all  nlliir  jxiwin"  In 
Frenrf  .In  llic  printer  cyili'  of  nllulnim 
clunife.  Ihi'  ('o'H'orilat  nf  linimiuirtt'  iipiHari*  In 
uoihirliKht  .  .  .  It  rnnvcrtiil  tin' CittlinliclMni 
nf  KraDCT  from  n  fiiitli  utniiily  fur  more  IiuIi'Imii 
iji'nt  than  that  of  Kini'lnn  ami  liosmii't  into  thr 
CutbiiliiUm  wliiili  in  our  "lay  hiuioutstripiH'il  the 
bi«iitry  uf  Spain  nnil  Aimlriii  In  wchominK  tlii' 
temmif  I'apttlinfiilliliility.'— ('  A.  t\(lv,  llmt. 
rfXMu:-:  I'liri'iH-,  I.  1.  I'/i.". '•---"  Il  i»  ,  .  .  i-a«y. 
(rom  the  iitllcial  nports  uhiih  h.iic  !«  i  n  r.r'i 
Mml.  Ill  <'i'  what  part  thr  Kirst  Coiwiil  took  in 
the  framing'  of  the  Civil  CikIi'.  Wliilc  w,'  ri<n)r 
nlmtliat  hU  inti rvcntlon  wiw  iulv»nui){<'<iii"  nn 
nw  miniir  |Hiint9.  .  .  .  wr  must  SHV  that  hl« 
vir*«iiM  Uic  KUhjectsof  U'jfisliition  in  which  thin 
intiTvmliiiii  was  most  cnn.spiriioii.i,  were  must 
often iiHpinil  hy  miK^textiniisof  pcrwinal  iutcrvst. 
or  by  ix.litii.il  consiili'rations  which  ouirlit  to 
bjvi' nil  «iij;ht  with  tlii'  IcKislator.  .  .  .  Ilona 
furte  (iime  liy  ih'Kn'is  to  imisiilir  hiiiiMlf  the 
rriDcip«l  iTi'iitorof  a  i  nllrciivc  work  In  which 
br  (vnlril.iiiiil  little  nmn'  than  his  iiiiinc.  anil 
»bi(h  pMliiilily  woulil  have  licen  iniicli  lictler 
Ifiiu' siiCL-i-iimw  nf  a  man  of  aclimi  nnil  e\ecii 
liv  aiithniiiy  hail  nnt  iieen  lilemlcil  with  the 
vii'w*.  jiiecvsirily  more  ('isiiiten'steil,  larger  ami 


ittin'hunuiiie.  of  llieeminent  iiiriscniisults  whose 
flnrv  lie  iri,.,l 

yjlrjiiiii,  f,  ■,>,  ,•/,. 


usurp. 


Luufrev.  l/i't 


AixiiN;  A.  Thiers.  Ifut.  of  the  CoiiKuiit,  .ihd 
'ypmnrf.  c  \.hk.  ia-14.— W.  ll.  Jervis.  //,V. 
'■'~:''--h:frriV,Ci,  r.  ;;,  ,vi.  II.— .i.  E.  Uur- 
w.  (r,i„r,i(  llitt.  „f  i)u  Cathiili,-  i'hureh,  r.  4. 


Hi.l,.,nl. 

A.  D.  iloa.— Faarcroy't  tducstieflUiw,  Mrr 

Kiiii«ri">N.  Mniir.HN  KiHofKiN  ("ii  ntmi»:>, 
KiiANii..    A   l»   1-ifl.VINlia 

A.  D.  iSojiAufuit— Scpttmlxri.  Anntu- 
*'on  of  Pitdmonl,  Parma,  and  tht  ttit  of  Elba. 

.\  '  llaijriiiil  III  I  nl  the  Klisi  I  iinsiils  nt  iliin 
time  waitthe  Mi/iiri'  aiiilaiiiu  tullmi  nf  riiilmnnt. 
.Miliiiiii;li  thai  "iiiiniry  »,i«  n i iiiii|iier<<l  hv  the 
Aiisirn  Itiissiiin  army  In  KINI.  the  Kiii;r  nf  Sar 
llllllll  hull  iml  Ihmi  nslnnil  when,  liy  the  Imttii' 
nf  Man  urn.  it  i  ;iine  iiL'iiin  iiiln  the  imsM'ssinn  nf 

the  I'relli  II        llnli  ipurle   III"  II  lllliil  il  part  nf  il  til 

Hie  risalpitie  III  imlilic.  ami  prmiiiseii  In  i  rii  t 
Hie  rest  liiin  a  siparaie  Snue.  hut  he  afterwiiriln 

1  llallKiil  his  llllllll  ,  iiiiil  II,'  II  ilecrei'  nf  April  ■.'Dill 
|M0|,  nnil  nil  Ihul  I'ieill.inlil  shnlilij  rnnii  a  mill 
liiry  liivUinn  nf  Pniiiie  I'liarli  s  Kmaiiiiel. 

illsuusliil  Willi  111..  Ill  J  us,  ir,.  :,ii,|  Insult,  In  Hliirh 
he  was  cxpiiHeii.  havlii).'  iiliilii  iii  i|  his  thniiie  In 
timiiirnf  his  linillier  Vhlnr  IJiianiiel,  Duke  nf 
Ansia,  .lune  till  Ixii'.'.  Ilnnaparie  .  .  .  caiiseil 
that  part  nf  I'll  ilinniil  «  llii  h  hail  nnt  Ik'cii  iinileil 
In  111"'  Italiu'i  Hep'llilic  In  Ik'  iinneleil  In  Knilice. 
as  the  -.'Till  Mill  ary  |)i  parlnieiil,  liy  a  fnrinal 
S<  liatlls  Cnnslllte  nf  .Si  pienils  r  lllh  Iwi'.'  .V 
liltle  after.  Ill  tills  r  lllh,  'i  llie  iliath  nf  Ki  nli 
iiiiml  ill  llniirluui.  I>iike  nf  rariiia.  father  nf  the 
Kin^nf  Ktriiria.  Ihal  iliiehy  was  alsnsei/ii|  hy 
III"'  mpneiniis  Knin  h  l{e|'iiililic  The  Isle  lif 
Klliii  hailnlKnlMin  luiileij  in  Krineeliv  aSnaluii' 
Cnlisulte  nf  AllltUsI  tiilih"— T  II.  Dvir,  Hill. 
„r  M.Klrin  Hun.ir,  U,  7.  ,•/,     11  (i-,  4|, 

AI.S.IIN;  A  Oallenira,  //iV  ••ll'iidmonl.  r.  3, 
rh.  ,1, 

A.  D.  1803-1803.  Complainti  acainit  the 
F.ncliih  preii.  -The  Peltier  trial,  -The  First 
Coniul'i  rage. —War  declared  bjr  Great  Brit- 
ain.—Detention  of  all  the  Engliih  in  France, 
Italy,  Switzerland  and  the  Netherlands.— 
Occupation  of  Hanover.  -"  Mr.  .Vilili  Ktnn  nnH 
»nnl  In  say  in  after  years  thai  the  ink  was 
scanely  ilry,  after  the  sliriialiin'  of  llii'  tnatv  nf 
Anihiis.  when  ilisi'iinleiits  amse  wliieli  periUeil 
the  new  peace  On  the  a4tli  nf  Mav  |1NII-,'|  .M. 
ttttn  liilil  I,iinl  (iNnlsrvie  that  if  the  Knirlish 
press  were  nnt  conlmllcil  fnini  ceiisiirini;  Niipn- 
ienn  Hii"-"  must  lie  a  war  to  the  ilialli:  ami  In 
Hie  ...in.s.  nf  the  suninier.  six  nnuisitions  wen- 
fnrmiilly  iiiaili'  to  the  Hritish  unvernmcnt.  the 
purport  nf  which  w::<  that  the  iin  s.s  must  lie 
inntrnlleil.  the  niyal  einiL'raiils  wiil  to  Warsaw; 
the  Islaml  of  .Icrsiy  ilcanil  nf  pi  rsnns  ilisalTcctcd 
to  the  Freiii'h  >;nverniiieiil ;  ami  all  Frenchmen 
ilismissi'il  from  (inal  llriiaiii  whnwnn'  the  ihco 
mtions  nf  the  nbl  iiinnarcliy  The  nply  »ii». 
that  the  press  was  fne  in  K-nnlaml;  ami  that  if 
any  of  the  emlL'rants  broke  the  laws,  theyshnulil 
Ih' punishcil;  but  that  otherwise  they  cnulil  nnt 
be  m  ilesii'l.  Tile  jrovi  rnment,  Imwcver.  usi'tl 
its  iiittiicnce  iu  nniniistrance  with  the  eilitors  of 
newspaiHTs  which  were  abusive  of  the  Fnnch. 
( 'llllllll  «as  pniiiieil  nut  by  name  by  Napoleon, 
as  a  libeller  who  must  be  punishcil:  anil  I'cltier, 
a  riiyali.^l  emi',-raiil.  who  hail  jiublislu  .1  souie  iii- 
ceiiiives  In  the  assassinatinu  of  the  Fn  'irh  ruler, 
or  pniphecies  which  miKht  at  such  a  crisis  be 
fairly  n'pmleil  as  ineeiiiives,  M.  I'eltii  r's  nbjeet 
was  to  use  his  kiiouleilire  of  the  tisils  nf  Napn- 
lenu.  anil  his  ;;reat  pnlilii.il  ami  literary  cxperi 
ciice.  ill  laying  iuiie  liie  1  iianicter  ami  piiiiey  nf 
Xajioleuu;  and  lie  Wgun.  iu  the  ';aiu:iitr  "f  IttOJ, 


1371 


if 


m 


I 


■  45- 


r 


<  I  ; 


,  > 


1  «i. 

i  r 

J  ir  .: 

4  .,;■ 


J    ■:'.  ■ 


M  •      . 


KKANCK,    ISO'.*   1M(K!. 


Utn    iiith   y.nul I 


KKANCK,   1^02-lso;: 


!i  jouni.il,  llii-  lirst  nunilHT  of  wtiich  o(c;i>iiiiH'il 
tlic  tit  iiiiiini  lor  \\U  puni>linu  lit.  \\y  w:is  prcs*' 
rutcd  l>y  llif  Auorricv  (Jriirral.  :iih1  ih'fcn.ifil  by 
Sir  .liinu-i  Mackinlnsh.  in  ii  ^ihccIi  whicii  \\:is 
tr;iii>^l;itnl  into  nc:irly  nil  the  I.-iii^runircs  nt"  Km 
ni)ic,  ;inil  uni\iT>aily  cunsiili  nd  niir  nt  lln-  n\u>\ 
pnnli^iniis  ilTi'tts  ni'  oritnry  rvcr  listcruil  In  in 
any  ai:r.  Tin-  Atlorni  y  <friii  nil,  Mr.  rtnivnl, 
ilcllari'il  in  Court.  th:tl  In-  cciuM  lirinlly  Ik. p.-  fur 
an  imparl i;i I  ili  ( JNioii  tri>ni  a  jury  \vh<.sf  fai  ultics 
had  hccn  s'»  pMi-td.  )ia//li  il  and  iharnit-d.  .  -  . 
M.  IMti)Twa>  found  LTuilty  ;  but  the  Att<triity 
(!•  ntral  did  imi  rait  for  judmnt-nt  on  the  insiMiiI 
\Var\vasih)ai  at  the  "ilnx- ol'  Fcliruary  |  1M0:{] 
—  iinniincnt  ;  and  liir  niatlrr  wjs  dropped  ^l. 
rritit-r  \v;iv  n  iriirdcd  a-^  a  luarlyr.  and,  as  f;ir  as 
pulijir  opinion  went,  was  ralln-r  ri\\:irdi-d  Than 
purd>li(d  in  Knudand  il--  was  wont  to  say  tliat  ■ 
li.'  was  Irinl  in  Kn;.'landand  puni-'hrd  in  Francr. 
His  proTM'fty  \\as  contisralrd  I'V  the  nmsular 
ai'iiits.  and  his  only  iii'ar  fflalions.  Ins  aired 
father  and  his  sister,  died  !it  Nantes.  ihrouL'h 
terror  at  his  trial.  I!y  this  time  the  men  haiits 
of  (treat  Britain  wire  IhoroiiLdily  ilisL'usted 
with  Kranee.  Not  otdy  had  Napoleon  prevented  , 
all  <'omniereial  iiilen-ours*'  hrfween  the  nations 
throiiuh. .11  the  year,  hut  he  had  he^'un  to  eon 
tiwale  Kli,i:!ish  inenhant  vessels,  driven  liy  stress 
of  weather  into  his  ports.  \\\  tins  time,  too.  the 
Miiuster's  mind  was  made  up  as  to  the  impossi 
I'ilitv  of  av(»idinL'  war.  .  .  Napoleon  hail  puh- 
lished  |.Tan.  'MK  l>**':i|  a  IleiM.rt  of  jm  olli*  i:d  at'ent 
of  his.  Sthasliani.  who  ha<l  e-Xjilond  the  Levant, 
strivinir  as  he  went  to  ntusc  tin-  Mediterranean 
States  to  a  desertion  of  Kturlaii'l  and  an  alliance 
with  Kranee.  ile  reporodo!  the  IJritish  lone 
at  Alexandria,  and  of  tin  means  of  attnek  and 
di-*i  lice  there;  .iml  his  eniplnyer  put  forth  this 
statement  in  the  '  .Mnniteur, '  his  own  paper,  while 
coinplaiiuni:  of  the  intuits  of  the  Kni-dish  press 
towanls  himself  (  hir  andias>af'or  at  Pari--.  Lord 
AVhitworth.  de>ired  an  explan.arion ;  .and  there 
ception  of  his  demand  by  the  First  Consul 
was  ciiaracferiaie  .  .  .  lie  sent  for  I.ord  Win' 
worth  t't  wait  on  him  at  nine  in  the  inonnnL'of  the 
IHth:  made  hitn  sit  down:  anil  then  [Mmnd  out 
Ids  wrath  'in  the  style  of  an  Italian  bully,' as 
the  record  ha^  it ;  and  the  term  is  not  trm  sironL'; 
for  he  would  Jiol  allow  Lord  Whitworth  to  sju-ak. 
The  first  impression  was,  th.-it  it  was  his  i|i  -.ii:ii 
to  terrify  KnL'iand:  Imt  TallcN  rand's  anxiciy  to 
smooth  matters  afterwards,  and  to  explain  away 
what  his  master  had  said,  shows  that  the  elmlli- 
tion  was  one  of  mere  temper.  And  this  was 
presently  <ontirmed  by  his  behaviour  t  i  Lord 
Whitworth  at  a  hvee,  when  the  sahM>n  was 
cro'.vded  with  l"reii:n  and'assadors  and  their 
suites,  as  well  as  with  Fnnch  courtiers.  The 
wholr  scene  was  set  fi'rth  in  the  tuwspapers  of 
every  country.  Napole-.n  waikefl  .abiiut,  trans 
pitrted  with  passion:  a^ked  Lord  Whilwtn-th  If 
he  did  not  know  that  a  Iirrible  stumi   h.ad  arisi^n 

ItetWeen     tile     tWo     iro\  <  niniellts ;      dei-laTed     that 

KuL'taiid  was  a  violatui  of  trealie-;  in.ik  to  wil 
n(s>  the  foreiLMMTs  present  that  if  Ktularul  did  ■ 
not  immediately  surreinler  Malta,  war  was  de 
riared :  and  condescended  To  ap(M'al  to  tliem 
whcth' T  the  riidit  w  as  not  on  his  side;  and.  w  h.ii 
Lord  Wbilu-.rili  would  have  replii'd.  silenced 
him  I'y  a  LM-siure.  and  observed  that,  Lady  Whit- 
wort  li  beiiii:  out  of  heallli.  her  native  air  woidd  be 
of  service  t(f  her.  and  shi'  should  havi'  it,  .sooner 
than  ?■!;:■  i\!!t;ted        Af'.iTthi-;  there  c;i;;',d  be  lit  :!:■ 

13TL 


liopc  i)f  pi'iici'  iti  Ihr  most  »iin;.'iiiiii  ,  ,,  | 
Lord  Wliiiwcirlli  Irft  I'liris  on  llir  IJiii  ,.f  M;n 
iiiul  at  Dover  met  (iriiiTuI  .\iiclnn>M  ,1,  l,;,  „',,: 
lo  l':iris.  On  tlii>  Kith,  it  biMMnii-  imlrij.  h  kimwii 
lh.it  wiir  «iis  ilci'hirc'il:  and  on  ih,  -li,,,.  .^j 
Adniinl  Cornwallis  rc(<'ivcd  t(liu'r;i|ihir  i,ril,^ 
which  laiiM'd  liiiii  to  appiar  IhIoh  |!n  vi  ,,n  ili,. 
I^ih.  (In  tlic-  17th.  an  Order  in  (nini.il,  ,|irH! 
injr  ri-pri^als,  was  i^snl•d  ;  and  wiili  ii  ih,  \j.,\\ 
ination  of  an  cinliar^'o  In  iiii:  l.iid  •  ii  .ill  I'r.mli 
and   Duti'li  ships  in   llrilisli   priri>  1 1,,  ||„. 

next  day.  May  IStli,  l.sn:!,  i|„'  ji,  i  :.,r:iiinii  .,f 
War  was  laid  licforr  parliaineni,  mi. I  iN,.  f,  vi  ri-li 
state,  called  peace,  which  had  Ia>lrd  l.ir  r.tir  \r;ir 
and  sixt4'en  day>.,  passed  into  one  nt  .pMi  iin> 
tility.      Till'  reason  why  the  vessel-, if  th,   liiiiiL 

were  to  !«■  sei/.cli  with    those  of  tin     Klin,  !i   «.n 

that  Napoleon  had  Idled  llolliiii.i  with  Vrniy], 
troops,  and  ,vas  virtually  master,, I  the  ,  ,,iiii!rv 
.  .  In -July,  the  militia  force  aniouiii  ■,!  t,,  K;: . 
IMHI  men;  and  the  delieiciu'V  V,,.  ill  ,,!lie,rsi,i 
(ommand  them.  Tlnvministt  j,r,>[,t>-i -j,  in  ,1,1 
dition  to  all  the  forces  jictually  in  e\i-!,  nee,  i],,. 
fortnatifni  of  an  army  of  reser\e,  aniountin^r  to 
."m.iKUt  men:  anil  tl  is  was  pie-inlly  a:.Tre,l  t" 
There  was  little  that  the  parlialneiil'  .uiil  pii.pl,. 
i,f  Mnirland  would  not  havi'  aLrr',,!  i,,  ;it  ijiig 
inonn-nt.  iiialer  tin-  provo»aiioii  ,.t  N:i[„,i,nii« 
trcatini'iit  of  the  Kn;;lis|i  in  l-'nun  ,  lli~  liisi 
act  was  lo  onler  the  detiiiiioii,  11-  ;,ri-"nirs,il 
war.  of  all  the  Kn,udish  then  in  iIh' ,  ,'initry.  In- 
tween  the  aires  of  is  and  tilt.  Tlie  e\:i^|»r;iti.,n 
caused  hy  this  cruel  measure  was  all  ilmt  ]i,. 
could  have  expected  or  d(  sireil.  M:iii\  w,  r,  lli, 
younir  men  thus  doi»med  to  I,,s, ,  hi  urariin-.x 
pectation  or  despair,  twel-e  of  ih,-  h.-t  vi  :ir-  nf 
their  lives,  cut  olT  f'-om  t.,miiy.  pr,,fi --i:,n.  nur 
riaL'c.  cili/eiiship  —  everytliiuL'  liiii  yvA-z  iiuji 
most  value  Many  were  the  par. m'-  -.  |i;ir:iii.| 
for  twelve  Ion?.'  yiai's  from  the  >.  imu' ,  |,  ,;  in- 
at  home,  whom  'hey  had  hfl  f,,r  ,i  ni,  re  |il.  .- irr 
trip:  and  many  were  the  L^rey  hair,  d  !  iMe  r>  mil 
mothers  at  home  who  went  liown  i,-  !lie  .'r;\,- 
diirin!;  those  twelve  yi-ars  withoiii  ,ii;,>ihi  r -i;li' 
of  the  son  or  d!LnL:lit'er  w  ho  wa-  piniiiL' in -nine 
small  provincial  lown  in  Kr:mee.  \\i'!i,'in  natiinl 
o4cui>ation.  attil  well  nii:li  wiile,ut  li>  [,e  In 
.IniH'.  the  Knirlish  in  lioucn  w,  n  n  iii'M  1 1,,  ilir 
neiirhlMiurlioo,!  ,,f  AtTuens;  tie'-,  ni  (^ii.ii-  '.' 
I, isle;  thosi- at  Itrussels  to  \'ali  n,  iei;ni  -  !{' lert^ 
thi-  month  was  out,  .all  the  l;ru:!i-li  in  I:.ii\  .■tful 
Switzerland,  in  addition  i"  tie -e  in  HniluM 
were  made  prisoners.  Ihiw  111, in  ihr  aIii!' 
■onounleil  to  diM's  not  appear  i,,  ii  i\,'  I-  -  ii  iivi 
taineil:  hut  it  was  lielieved  at  ilie  •■:■  ■  ih  it  tlr  n 
win'  ll.ttiKI  in  France,  and  \:.','»  :::  !lilhi;l 
The  hrst  preten.ce  was  that  the-  n  , .  ■  II,  r- u.  rr 
detained  as  hoslat'es  for  tin*  pri/,  -  v  in,  ii  N  ii  ■ 
Icon  accused  us  of  takimr  hil,;,  •',,  r.jilir 
declanition  of  war;  hut  when  |,[.,j,.,.iK  >,\,  r, 
made  for  an  e\cliatu:e.  he  sent  a  -iv  i-,    :iii>»,t 

that   lie  would  keep  his  pri-oll,  Is   111]    !ii,    ,11,1  ,f 

tin-   war.      It   is  dillieuli    l.i  e u-    li '"   tlur,' 

could    he    two   opinions   alHinl    th,     111-  ,re  .if  lllr 

tnan  after  this  ai  I.  The  naval  eapiii'  -1  "!ii'li 
Napoleon  complained,  as  inade  pii  r  •  ■  :i  il,  i  ::ir:i 
tion  of  war.  were  of  two  men  jian'  -hip*^  tiikiii 
hy  KiiLdish  fri^'ate:  :  and  we  lind  i;.iim-"1  -uili 
heim;  iir-'UL'ht  into  port  on  the  '.'Vii  "I  ^I'.v 
Whether  they  -vere  captured  h,  i-o  lia  |sili 
there  is  no  record  that  we  can  111"!  hiiiIn 
wa,  our  successes  seeiued  a  tnattei  .,!  ,  'ir>'  f'H 
4 Kl,....    .....;   .,< L    ..;    1...    I    Knf.iill, 


FRANCK.  1H02-1803 


Kxfnititni  of  thf 
irtif  d' Enyhien. 


FRANCE,   I804-180.V 


ind  pspcHally  nt  liiT  vncrciKii,  wliioli  provid 
tliat  till'  natioiml  c-.\i»spir:itioiiuj;ainst  Kriinci'  «iis 
evpu  vi't  fii|'Hl>I*' **f  incn-asi'.  On  llit*  lunikiii!; 
out  "f  ll'i'  *''■''■  f'<'"''t'i'  111.  issui'd  II  pr<H'lani:i- 
tion.  it^  EU'Ctor  of  llannvcr,  )U*c!uriii^  to  UiT- 
niHtiv  tliiit  till'  <5rrmiiiii('  stittrs  had  iiotliiiii^  to 
f,.;ir "in  rfuanl  to  tin*  new  hostilities,  as  hi-  was 
(iitiTiiii;  into  warns  Kiii>;  of  (ircat  itritaiii.  ami 
liiil  ;is  KIcctor  of  Ilaiiovcr.  iVIiiili'Vcr  military 
|m'p.irati"iis  wiTr  tfoini.'  forward  in  llar.ovir 
tten'iiH'f'ly  of  Ji  di'f<iisi\('  chnract'T.  Napoh-.m. 
liDWfvcr.  set  siK'li  dt  fciH'c  at  dctiani'c.  On  the 
llltli  of  .iiiiii',  news  arri'ci'  *'  'lii'  total  siirriiiilcr 
of  liuuovi'r  to  the  Fr-' ■  .1    .   .       ■  I  ■.cniinriit  ri'- 


■:;ii.. 


I.I 


>v, 


I  ll  \:A  • 


Win 
in  liiv  1 


ir.  and 
'     (■  i,1 


silvnl  ti>  di'iliirc  t 
all  the  ports  of  \\> 
lilcK'kinlc ;  as  the  Fr 
all  Ibf  iiitrniicdlat      'r.  i'    ua'  i      ■  diili'd 

tiiat  liii^  would  IV.:-,  ..iiii  I'jri'  .'  ;»olcon 
effectually,  as  it  woi  i-  i ,  -.si  (he  r;iin  ';,  forei^'ii 
raei'lw'it'*  triidinj;  from  tin'  wlion  -.  rii-  of  porls. 
Eiii;lisli  Micriliants  would  sulfir  dii'pl,  :  hut  ii 
wa^  calrulatt-d  that  Kiiu:lish  (-a[)ital  and  slot  k 
woulil  hold  out  lonmr  than  thosi-of  foriiirn  inrr 
fhanls.  Thus  was  Ihr  ,si(k(nini.'  process  of  pri 
vate  ruin.  IIS  a  check  to  public  iiirirression,  entered 
ujMto.  iH'forc  war  hud  hecn  declared  a  month." — 
II.  Marliueaii,  lli't.  -t'  A'/-/.,  1WMI-I,sl."i,  M:  1. 
d.l. 

Also  IN;  M.  de  Hourrienne,  l*riniti'  Minmir:* 
of  yafhi'ii.  r.  i.  rh.  •:1'*-:'M.^>\t  .1.  Mackintosh, 
i^littfh  ill  HifiiiKi-  iif  .Iiiiii  I'lllur  (Miii'illiiiii'iiii 
HW/tdl.  — .1 .  Asliton,  Kii'i/ii/i  "iiri'-ilhin  ,iiiil 
Siitirt 'III  \'lji'ifi"/i  /..  r.  1,  '■/(.  '.'J-ltT. 

A.  D.  1803  (April — May  I,  -Sale  of  Louisiana 
to  the  United  States  of  America.     .Si'  l.onsi 
isi:  A.  1)   l7!IH-lWi:i,    and   Cmtiii  Statksuk 
Am  :  A.  D   l^n;). 

A.  D.  1803.  -Loss  of  San  Domingo,  or 
H«yti.    See  Hmii:  A.  1).  ll'.:t--'  l.-*!):!. 

A.  0,1804-1805.— Royalist  plots  and  Bona-   ' 
partes  use  of  them. — The  abduction  and  exe- 
cution of  the  Due  d'Enghien.  —The  First  Con- 
sul becomes  Emperor. — His  coronation  by  the 
Pope,— His  acceptance  of  the  crown  of  Italy.   I 
—Annexation  ofGenca  to  France,— The  nip 
nire  with  Kiiijland  fiiniished   lionaparle  "  with 
ilie  iieeasion  of  throwinir  otf  the  lasi  dis^niiseand    ' 
.ijniily  resiorini;  monarchy.    It  was  a  sleii  which 
m|iiire.|  nil  his  audacity  ami  ciinninu'.      lie  had 
rni^lii.l  ,laeoliinism.   hut  two  iireal    parties    re 
niiiiie.l.     Tliire  was  lirst  llie  more  nioderale  re 
I'liiiliiaiiiMii.  which  niiirlil  he  called  (iirondism,    i 
ii.l  »;l^  widely  spread  amoii!;  all  classes  and    , 
parlidilarly  in  the  army.     Secondly,  there  was    , 
ilceMreyaliMii.whiih  alter  many  years  of  help     i 
less  Weakness  had  revived  siiici'  Hnimairc.   These    ■ 
t«o  ].:irti..>,  ihou.L'h  hostile  lo  each  other,  wire    j 
fiTini  in:,,  a  sort  of  alliance  liy  tin-  m w  aliinide    ' 
"f  li'iii:(|.,irte.  who  was  hurrying'  France  ai  once    ! 
itilc,a;,.i\  revolution  at  Iniii'ie  and  iiilo  an  alivss    I 
"f  war.iliroad.     Kn.i;land,  too.  after  the  riipln're. 
faveiind  ihe  elTorts  of  these   parlies.      lioyalisln    \ 
fr'm  KiiL'laiid   liesran  to   op'.n   coininiiuications 
Willi  iiK.I,  rate  repulilicanism  in  Fran.  e.      Fi.lie 
CTUa.i.  1 1:  I  the  former,  and  the  irreat  repiesiiit.a 
till  ..fi!     h.iier  was  .Monai,      ho  had  helped  lo   \ 
inakr  P.!- ,in:iire  in  the  la<-it  expcctalion  prohalily    ; 
1  ri-iii.'  iM  liie  consulate  in  due  course  when    ' 
B<ma|.aiie\ieriii  should  have  cxpircil,  and   was    ■ 
url  in  his  personal  claims  as  well  as 
I'liean  principles.     Honaparte  watchi'd    j 
■:::  inriiiii^h  his  u^itjuiluUs  poiit  e,  aitil   j 

13' 


with  chararteristic strategy  dctcrinim'd  not  mero 
ly  to  defeat  il  hut  lo  make  it  his  stepping  stone  to 
monarchy  lie  would  ruin  Moreau  hy  fa-''  ning 
on  him  the  sti.gma  of  royalisni;  he  would  per 
siiade  France  to  make  him  emperor  in  ordir  to 
keepoiil  the  HourlMms.  He  achlevi'd  this  with 
the  peculiar  mastery  which  he  always  showed  in 
villainous  inl-ii:iie.  .  .  .  I'ichegru  [who  hud  re- 
turned secretly  to  France  from  Kiigland  some 
time  In  .lanuary,  1H(I4)  hroiiL'hl  with  him  wihler 
pari  isans.  sin  h  as  (ice  iriies  |(  'adoudal  ]  the  ( 'hoiiun. 
No  doiilit  Moreau  would  gladly  have  seen  and 
gladly  have  helped  an  iiisiirreition  against  Hona 
parte.  .  ,  .  liiil  Honaparte  suci'ceded  in  assoeial 
iiii;  him  with  royalist  scheines  and  with  schemes 
of  assassin  ion.  Controlling  the  Senate,  he  was 
aide  to  suppress  the  .jiirv;  (ontrolling  every 
avenue  of  pulilicity.  he  was  aide  to  suppress 
opinion;  and  the  iirni\-.    Moreau's  fortress,  was 


[1  this  w;iy 
renioveii. 


lioiiaparte's    last    personal    rival    w:is 

There    remained    the    royalisis.    ,iiiil    Honaparti: 

llopi-d  to  sci/e  their  I.  ad'er,  the  ( 'onite  d'.Xrtois, 

who  wiis    evpelted,  as    I  he    police    knew,  soon  to 

join  I'll  Ingru  and  (Jei  irises  at  I'aris.    Wiiat  Hona- 
parte would  have  done  w  ilh  him  we  nii'.y  judge 

'  from  the  course  he  took  when  the  Comte  did  not 
come.  On  .March  l."i,  l-<il(.  ilie  Due  d'Knghien, 
grandson  of  the   I'rince  de  Conde,    resiilJiiL'    at 

I  Ktteiihcim  in  H;iden, was sei/.ecl  at  midnight  hy  a 
party  of  dra^'oons.  lironglu  to  Paris,  where  "he 
arrived  on  the  u'liili.  coniined  in  the  castle  of  Vin 
I'l  lines.  hr.pUL'ht  heforc  a  miliiarv  oininission  at 
two  o'(. lock  the  next  inorniin:.  asked  whether  he 
Inid  iioi  borne  arms  against  tlie  ri'public.  which 
he  acknowledgeil  himsidf  to  liave  done,  con 
ducted  to  a  stairciise  above  the  moat,  and  there 
shot  and  buried  in  the  moat.  .  .  .  That  the  Due 
dKnt'liien  w:is  innocent  of  the  conspiracy,  was 
nothing  to  the  purpose ;  the  act  was  poliiic'al.  not 
judicial;  accordiuL'ly  lie  wis  not  even  charged 
with  coinpl'eily  Tli'at  the  cxi  cut  ion  wi.iild  strike 
horror  into  the  cabinels,  and  perha|is  bring  about 
a  new  (  iialition.  belomreil  lo  a  class  of  considera 
lions  which  al  this  time  lioii;iparle  .systemalically 
disreg:irded  This  alfair  hd  iiiinieiiiatily  to  the 
IhoULdit  of  gi\ing  herediiy  to  Honapartes  power. 

The   thought    seiins    to     have    columellded     itself 

irresistibly  (ven  to  strong'  rcpiiblic:ins  and  lo 
those  who  were  most  shocked  by  the  murder.  To 
make  Honap;iries  posilion  more  secure  seemed 
the  only  way  of  averlini:  a  new  Ihign  of  Terror 
or  new conviiMons,  He  hiiiis,  If  felt  .some  em 
barrassinenl.  Like  riomwell.  hi.  was  afraid  of 
the  repiiblieanisni  of  ihe  ai my.  and  heredity  pure 
.iiid  sini|de  broii-hi  him  tare  lo  lace  wi"th  tin' 
iiuestion  of  divorcing  ,li.>epliiiie.  To  propiti;ite 
the  army,  he  chos..  from  tie  titles  sin:::i.sted  lo 
him  -  -1  oiisiil.  stadiholder.  A:e.  —  ilnii  of  einpeior. 
undoubti  dly  the  most  accurate,  and  h.avinir  a 
sullicicnlly  military  sound.  The  other  ilillicnlty 
afOT  nun  h  t'lrioiis  dissension  between  the  two 
families    of    l!o"aparte    and    Heaiiharn;iis.    was 

cvrlded  b\    LTivillL'  .Na|ioleon  himself  (but  none  of 

his  siicii  s^or^i  a  power  of  adoption.  ;ind  li\ing 
the  siiccssinii.  in  def.iult  of  a  direct  heir,  natural 
oradopii\c.  lirst  in  .loseph  and  his  descend.ints. 
then  in  l,.iiiis  and  his  descend;inls.  F.xicpt  ;di 
staining  from  the  regal  lille,  no  alli  in|it  w;is 
made  to  eonceid  the  alioliiirin  of  republicanism 
The  change  was  made  by  the  loiisiitueiil 
power  of  the  Senate,  and  the  Senatus  lonsidie  is 
daied  .Ma_\    IS.  lSo4.     Tile  liiie  of  Enipiior  iiail 

^o 
10 


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m 


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t  i 

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I'!' 


FnANCE.   1H04-I»<»r> 


Kinperur. 


KKANCE,   1804-1805. 


Ml  iillrrior  mcniiiiii:      Acloptcd  at  the  iiioniint 
when    Napolion    Ixjtiui   in   Ui\   liiiiiscif  niiislcr 
liiitli  in  Italy  anil  (iiTnmnv.  it  nviviil  tlir  niiin- 
nry  <if  ('liarlcs  the  (irnil. "  To  liimsilf  it  was  tlii> 
niorc  satisfactory  on  that  acmunl.  anil,  stran^'i- 
to  say,  it  l'ivc  s-ilisfai  lion  ratlicr  than  iilliiici'  In 
till'  Iliail  it  liir  iliiiv  Human  Kinpiri',  Kranris  II. 
Hincr  Josi-ph.  ihr  llalisl.iir;,'  Knipirurs  had  li.'cn 
tiriil  iif  lluir  lillr,  which.    iK'int'  clcclivc.   was 
precarious.     Thi-y    wi-rc   ilcsirons   of   licconiini; 
hircilitary  iinpcrors  in   .\nsiria.  anil   tlicv   now 
took  this  title  itlioiii.'h  wilhoiit  as  vet  civi'njr  up 
the  other)    Frani  is  II.  liartereil  liisacknnwleilire- 
nient  of  Napoleons  new  title  against  Napoleon's 
ackno\vle(l):enient  of  his  own.     It  recpiireil  some 
inipuilence  to  condemn  Moreau  for  royalism  at 
the  very  moment  that  his  rival  was  re'eslalilish 
ins  monarihy.    Yet  his  trial  iMpin  on  Mav  l.lth 
The  death  of  I'liheurn,  nondnallv  liy  suic'ide,  on 
April  0th,  hadalreadv  furnished"  the  risin.c  sul 
tanisni  with  its  first  dark  mystery.     Moreau  was 
condemned  to  two  years'  imprisonment,  hut  was 
allowed  to  retire  to  the  Iruted  Slates  "—.I    K 
Seeley,    Sli„rt  llijit   .■f  \,ii,.,l,..n    I .  ,■!,.  ;i,  „rl.  4. 
— ('.  ('.  Kauriel,  The  l.,i»t  Ihtim  „f  tU  r„i„„l,,t,. 
—  Chancellor  Pasipiier.  in  his' .Memoirs,  narrali'> 
the  cireiiiustanees  of  the  sii/.ure  of  the  Due  d' 
Kn.L'hieii  at  eonsideralile  leiij;lh,  and  sivs:  ■'This 
is  what  really  occurred,  accrdini;  to  wlial  I  have 
heen   told  hy  those  lielti  r  siliiaied  to  know .      A 
council  was  held  onthe  !M  h  of  March,    It  is  almost 
certain  that  previous  ioilii>  council,  which   was 
a  kind  of  oiticial  allair,  a   more  secret  oiu'  had 
heen  held  at  the  house  of  .loscph  Honapartiv    At 
the  lirsi  council,  to  which  were  convened  only  a 
few  persons,  all  on  a  fooling  of  familv  intima'cv, 
it   was  discussi'il   hy  onler  of  the  KirsI  Consul, 
what  would  he  proper  to  do  with  a  prince  of  the 
House  of  Itourl.on,  in  case  one  should  have  him 
in  one's  power,  and  the  deci>ion  nacheil  was  that 
if  he  was  captured  on  French  territory,  one  haci 
the  rii:ht  to  take  his  life,  Imi  im;  oiherwisi'.     At 
the  council  held  on  the  !llh,  ,iJid  which  was  com- 
pos<-il  of  llie  Ihree  Consuls,  the  Chief  .lusliee    the 
Minister  of  K.ireif;n  Alfir       and  M.  Kouche,  al- 
thoiiirh  the  l:itter  had  nol    iien  resumed  tin'  jiovi 
of  Minister  of  roliee,  the  two  men  who  expressed 
contrary  opinions  were  .M,  de  Tall,  v rand  and  M 
lie  Camliaceri''s.      M,  de  Tallevranirdeclared  that 
the  prince  should  he  sint  to  his  death.      M.  I,c- 
hrun,  the  Third   Consul,  contented  himself  with 
sayiiiL'  that  such  an  event  woul.l  have  it  terrihie 
11  ho  thronL'honl  the  world.     M.  dc  Camhacercs 
contended  earnestly  that  it   would   he   sullicient 
to  hold  the  jirincc  as  hostau'e  for  the  safety  of  the 
First  Consul.   The  latter  sided  with  .M.  ileTallcy- 
rand,  whose  counsels  then  prevailed.     The  ili's 
1  ussiou  was  a  heated  one,  and  when  the  meelini: 
of    the    council    wa>   over,    .M.    de   Camlmcen's 
Ihoufjlil  it  his  duty  to  make  a  last  attempt,  so  he 
follo,ved  Honaparle  into  his  studv,  and  laid  he- 
fore  him  with  perhaps  more  strength  than  misht 

he  evpeiteil  from  his  character,  tin se.iuences 

of  the  deed  he  wa.s  aliout  lo  perpetnite,  and  the 
universid  horror  it  would  e.vcite,  .  .  ,  lie  spoke 
in  vain  In  the  privacy  of  his  .study.  Konaparto 
e\|iressed  himsi'lf  even  with  >rrea"ler  violence 
than  he  had  done  lit  tile  council.  He  answered 
that  the  deaih  of  the  iluke  would  seem  to  the 
world  liut  a  just  reprisal  for  what  was  iH'inR  at- 
tempted a^'iiiiist  him  personally;  that  it  was 
necessary  to  teach  the   House  o"f  IkiurlKiu  that 


the  !i!.- 


•  -'TVtin  with  it^  sanctit;n  were  Hah'c 


■  l\ 


recoil  on  ita  own  head;  that  this  w-is  ti„.  ,,„] 
way  of  eompelliuK  it  to  ahstain  from  i!^  .litstnnji 
sihenifs,  uiid  hi.stly,  that  iimtlers  hud  i;,,ii,.  t, 
far  to  retrace  one's  steps.  M.  dr  T,,|l, 
supplied  this  last  argument  -Chaii,,l|,, 
ipiier,  .l/,»i,ii'r»,  i:  1,  /i/i.  IWI-ltil.  -  '  ii..iiap,rt. 
aeees,sion  to  the  Kmpire  was  proeKiimc  ,|  widnl, 
greatest  pomp,  without  wailini:  to  inijiiir,M|„.t|,^ 
the  people  approved  of  his  pronioii,,,,  ,,r  ,„||,,, 
wisi-.  The  priH'lamation  was  eoMl\  nnio, 
even  hy  the  populace,  and  excited  liiil,  i  lUln,. 
a.sni.  .  .  .  The  Kiii|HTor  was  recofii-i  .|  hv  n, 
soldiery  with  more  warnilli.  He  \i,i!,,l  th',.  ,,' 
eampnients  at  Houloi;iie,"  and  aflcncm!.*  ■  „ 
compinied  with  his  Kinpre  wle,  |„,ri.  i,, 
honours  liotli  u'raccfully  am!  nieeklv.\i.ii,  ,1  \i, 
la Chapelle  and  the  frontiers  of  Ih  rin  iii\  fii.' 
re'cived  the  eonsratiilalions  of  all  Hi.  |,',iim  r,  , 
Knrope.  exeeplin(;Kn,L'lai'd,  I!us>i,i,  :,iii|  s„,,|,.| 
U|ion  their  new  exaltation.  .  ,  .  Ilui  tin  rii.~ 
splendid  and  pnhlic  reeodnitiiin  of  hi,  „,.«  r.iil 
was  yet  to  he  made,  hy  the  formal  a.  t  nf  mp. 
nation,  which,  therefore,  Napole..,,  ,1,1,  rinin,, 
should  take  place  with  circnmslaii.  .s  ,,f  „,  ],.„, 
niiy  which  had  heen  heyond  the  n  ,11  Imf  nn  i.n; 
poral  prince,  however 'powerful,  fir  ni.ii!\' ult- 
Thoufrli  Cliarlema,i.'ne  had  ie|p,iiri  i|  lo  linni 

to  receive  inan,i;uration  fr the  liind,  ..f  tij 

I'ontiirof  that  day.  Napoleon  riM,|i..|  ilat  1„ 
who  now  owned   ilie  proud,  and    in    I'mt.-ini 
eyes    profane,    title   of  Vicar   of   chii-i,   ,li,,iil, 
travel  lo  France  to  perform  the  cnii: 
The  I'ope,  and  the  cardinals  whom  I 
implored  the  illumination  of  Hi  aM  i 
councils;  hut  it  was  the  stern   voice 
which  assured  them  that,  execpi   at 
dividinu'  the  Church  hy  a  schism,  ili 
refii-e  to  comply  with'  Ituonaparir  , 
The  I'ope  left  Konie  on  the  ."nil  N..\ 
Onthe-Jd  Deceniher  (lsn4|  the  c..nrh.,ii,,„  ;.. 
jilaee  in  the  ancient   cathedral  of  N.  i      Hun 
.   .   .  The  crown  havinir  heen  hlcNscI  !.\  III,  l\.|. 
Napoleon  took  it    from   the  all;iruiiii  I 
hands,  and  plaied  it  on  his  lirov\~      Ih   1 
the  diadem  on  the  head  of  his  limpii .-. 
lennined    to   show    that    hi-    auiiimiii 
child  of  his  own  actions.   .   .      Thcnmil 
of   Italy    had    foMowed    the    ■\aiii|ilr  , 
lliroui;h   all    her   ehaiiL'e  of   modi  1- 
authorities  of  ihc  Italian  (late  Ci-.ilpii;, 
lie,  had  a  prescient  i;uess  of  what   u:i- 
of  them,     .V  deputation  appeared  a;  I'l 
elarc  the  ahsoluie  necessity  which  iL.  1 
their  L'oyermiient  should  'as,suiiic  ,1  i,', 
and  heredit:iry  form.    On  uie  ITih  Men 
they   ohiained  an  audience  of  tin    l.;ii 
whom  they   intimated  Ihe   uiianiiii"n~ 
their  coun'trymeii  that  ,Napnli  .,11,  l,,iii;. 
Italian    Hepulilic,  shoidil  Ih-  monan  h 
iaii  Kinsilom    .   .   ,   liuonaparle  lthii 
tition  of  the   Italian  .Slates,   and      .  . 
mil  April,   .   .   .    with  his  Kmpres-.  -. 
throujrh  till'  form  of  coronation  as  Kii 
,  ,   ,   The    new    kingdom    was,    in   ..1 
modeled  on  the  stnie  plan  wiih  He    F 
pire.     An  order,  called  'of  the  Imii  1 
established  on  tlie  footini,'  of  ih,ii  .  f 
of  Honour.     A  lari;c  French  force  \>  i~ 
Italian  pay.  and  Eugene  Heauharn.u- 
.losephine  liy  her  former  inarriai:c,  "' 
and  iiK'rited  the  c'lintideiiee  of  his  fi'l 
was  cn-ated  viceroy,  and  appointe.i  t. 
ill  that  ilmracter,  lli'edi»!iiily  of  Na|...;. 


l:il 

■...|i-:ill,.,i 
upon   lllii 

'1  iiiTi-^in 
til.'  ri-k  V 
y  ciilil  11.. 
r.  .jiii^itii.ii 


A I 


Ihell  ]i:ll 
1-  if  .1- 
«  1-  Ih. 
ri|.l:ili- 
Frinii 
rill 
l!.|.ali 
vp.rl.,1 

!,|..    ,1, 

■  ll.  Ilul 


ip.  n.r.  l.i 
.l.-irr  ..' 
.i.r.ifili.- 
I  Ihe  In,! 
,1  il...  i»- 
ii|ii.ii  till- 
..trie  i;.. 
r..f  hull 

I,-i..rl., 
■..|i  Km 

ik'II  ilil" 

i..  >..a  "f 


.  |.r._- 


1374 


FUANCE,   1804-180,-., 


Thf  Third  f'lmlitinn. 


KRANCE,   180r, 


jfon  liiil  ii"t  l™""  Italy  without  further  fxten 
siiin  cif  lii^  impiri'.  OtMina.  nncc  the  proud  ami 
tlic  pimcrful.  rcsiKmil  In  r  iudi'pcmhiKr.  and  lirr 
Diit'e  pri«'»ti'd  to  the  Knipcror  a  rciiucst  tliat 
tin  UtiTian  Kppublic  .  .  .  shoulil  Ih' consichrcd 
ill  fiituri'  US  a  part  of  the  French  nation.  "—Sir 
V;  Snif  l.ife  nfy,i}xJe-n.  rA.  48 (/',-, •,'»,./..  IXiM). 
—"(till  :ind  the  i,it{urian  Ki'pulilic-  were  in 
nir|Hinii  ;  with  Frame.  June  :)d  I8(l."i.  .  ,  .  The 
Piidiiis 'f  I'arma  and  I'iaceiiza,  which,  toj;cllier 
with  (iiwstaUa.  had  heeii  already  .sei/.id,  were 
(Irtlarid  (IcpeiKlencies  of  the  French  Kinpire  liy 
»n  imperial  decree  of  July  -MM.  The  principality 
nf  PiiMiihino  was  ta'Stowi'd  on  Na|ioleon's  sister 
Eliz:i.  "ifc  "f  the  Senator  liaccicK-chi,  liul  on 
ciinihti'iiis  which  retained  it  under  the  Kinpirors 
nuzrriinly:  and  the  little  state  was  incrciiseil  liv 
tbc  aiMition  of  the  Kepulilii-  of  hucca.  "— T.  it. 
Dyer.  ///«'-  'if  SMtrii  K'in,j„;  H:  7. '7i.  II  {,:  4). 
'Ai-soin:  t'.  Botla.  /I'lli/  ihin'ii;/  tin-  Cniiniiliilr 
and  Emiiire  if  Aiijuilioi,.  di.  3-4.  —  Vnn-iiri  ilif 
litfd  f>tj  \<i/>'*lt"ii  t" liln  ftiiurulji lit  SI.  //,/* iitj,  r.  (t. 
pp.  21i)-J'J5.— J.  Fouclu'.  .Viiiiiiirn,  iiji.  2liil-i7t. 
-Count   .Miot  de  Mclito.    Mimoirn.  i-h.    10-17.— 

W,  Ha/.liit.  /.'/<'  '/  y'li/u'lniii.  r/i.  ;!:i-:u  (/■.  ii.— 

Mmeile  Kemu'sat,  Memnirn.  M:  1.  M.  4-10  (c.  1). 
-P.  Ijiiifn'V  JIM.  ofSiiiU'Imii.  r.  'i.  rh.  ll-lil  — 
M  lie  Boiirrienne,  Prirale  Miminm  nf  SufKilinn. 
r  3,  rh    1-13, 

A.  D.  i8os  (January  — April).— The  Third 
European  Coalition. — "In  Kni;lanil  I'iit  re 
turmil  to  olHce  in  Mav,  18IH.  and  this  in  it.self 
was  iia  evil  omen  for  i'nince.  lie  enjoyed  the 
mnliileair,  not  only  of  his  own  nation  hut  of 
Eunipe.  and  he  at  once  s<'t  to  work  to  resume  the 
threads  of  that  coalition  of  which  Kn!.'lanil  had 
liirniirly  directed  the  resources.  .Vle.\andcr  I.  of 
Ruisia  had  beiiun  to  see  throui,'h  the  desii;ns  of 
Niipoteon;  he  found  that  he  had  hceii  duped  in 
till- joint  inediiition  in  Crcrmaiiy.  he  resented  the 
iKCupatioii  of  llanov  nil  he  oi.li  n-d  hi-  iurt 
to  put  on  luoiirnini;  the  duke  of   Kii:;iiien. 

Before  Inn);  he  hroke  ott  diplomatic  relations  with 
Frime  (.Sept,  18(14),  anil  a  Russian  war  was  now 
only  a  tpitstion  of  time.  Austria  was  the  power 
moat  eliisely  affectwl  hy  Napoleon's  assumption 
lit  tile  imperial  title.  .  .  .  While  hastenini;  to 
ick.iouleiitre  Xapoleon.  .\ustria  was  husicil  in 
military  preparations  and  iH'^an  to  resume  its  old 
mnni'ctinn  with  Knsiland.  Prussia  was  the  |Miwer 
iiu  wliirli  France  was  accustomed  to  rely  with 
implirit  eoii(id(nce.  But  the  occupation  of  ilan- 
oviT anil  the  interference  with  the  commerce  of 
the  Kiln- had  weakened  Frederick  William  Ill.'s 
belief  in  the  advantages  of  a  neutnd  policy,  and, 
thouiih  he  eoiild  not  make  up  his  mind  toiletinitc 
action,  lie  lieiran  tooiXMi  nc);otiations  with  Russia 
in  view  of  a  rupture  with  Fmnce.  The  tluctua- 
tiomof  I'riHsian  policy  may  he  followed  in  the 
allernatins;  intluence  of  the  two  ministers  of  for- 
t\%a  alliirs,  llaugwitz  and  llardenlHTg.  Mean- 
while N'a|)iileon.  ignomnt  or  reckless  of  the  );row- 
ini!  Iiifttility  of  the  gR'at  powers,  continued  his 
aeen-'-ions  at  the  i'xpens<'  of  the  lesser  states. 
Tluse  acts  gave  the  final  .mpulse  to  the  hos- 
tile p)wirs.  and  before  Napoleon  quitted  Italy 
the  (Vilition  had  U'cn  foniicd.  On  the  11th  of 
April,  1H(|.-|,  a  final  treaty  yuan  signed  iHtwein 
Russia  iinil  England.  Tlie  two  powers  pledged 
theiniielves  to  form  an  European  league  against 
FniDce,  to  conclude  no  peace  without  nuitual  cou- 
»nt,  to  settle  disputed  points  in  a  congress  at 
'.lie  cii.i  ^r  (tie  war,  and  to  form  a  feUeral  tribunal 


for  the  maintenance  of  the  .system  which  should 
then  lie  established.  The  immediate  objeiis  of 
tlie  allies  were  the  abolition  of  Frcncii  rule  in 
Italy,  Holland,  .Switzerland,  and  Hanover:  the 
restoration  of  I'iedinoiit  to  the  king  of  .Sardinia; 
the  protection  of  Naples;  and  the  erection  of  a 
|ienn;ini'nt  barrier  against  France  by  the  union 
of  Hollaiiil  and  llilgiiim  under  the  llmise  of 
Orange,  Thecoalition  was  at  once  joined  by  (ius- 
tavus  IV.  of  Sweden,  who  inherited  his  fatlnrs 
lie  vol  ion  to  the  eausi*  of  legitimate  monarchy,  and 
who  hiipiil  to  recover  power  in  I'oincrania,  .\us 
Iria,  (irrilied  for  its  Italian  possessions  by  Bona 
partes  evident  inlenion  to  suIhIuc  the  whole 
peninsula.  »,!>  driven  into  the  league,  I'ni-sia, 
in  spite  of  the  altraetion  of  recuvcring  honour 
and  indeju-nilinec,  refusi-d  to  listen  to  tlie  solici 
tatiiins  of  |-)ni;Ianil  and  Russia,  and  adhered  1o  its 
feeble  iieiitcility.  Of  the  other  (ierniau  states 
Bavaria.  Baden,  and  Wurtcmberg  were  allies  of 
Fraiire.  .\s  far  as  ellective  openitions  wereeon 
ceriied.  the  coalilioii  consisted  only  of  .\iistri!; 
and  Rus>ia,  .Sweden  and  Naples,  which  had 
joined  siiretly.  could  not  make  clforts  on  a  great 
scale,  .'ind  Kngland  was  as  yet,  content  witli  pro- 
viding subsidies  and  the  iinaluable  services  of  ita 
licet.  It  wa^  arranged  that  one  Austrian  army 
under  tile  anlu.  xe  Charles  should  invade  l.oni- 
banly.  while  Mack,  with  a  second  army  and  the 
aid  of  Russia,  should  occupv  Bavaria  and  advance 
upon  the  Rhine, '—R,  Lo'du'c,  //^«^  "f  .Vmli-ru 
Enr.ilH.  i-h.  -'4,  mi-l.  i:i-l.-|, 

Ai.si)  IN:  Sir  A.  .Vlison,  llint   i,f  F.urnpi,  17S9- 
lMl.->,  ,-h.  :)9(e.  !»'. 

A.  D.  18051  March— December). — Napol.^on's 

tlans  and  preparations  for  the  invasion  of 
England.- Nelson's  long  pursuit  c{  the  French 
fleets. — His  victory  and  death  at  Trafalgar. — 
Napoleon's  rapid  march  to  th?  Danube. — Ca- 
pitulation of  ^iaclc  at  Ulm.  —The  French  in 
Vienna.— The  great  battle  of  Austerlitz.— 
"While  the  coaTition  was  l<o-iiiiiiu',  and  Napo 
Icon  seemed  wmitonly  to  b,  -iiliiiig  Kurope 
and  ignoring  the  danger  of  exi  fresji  enemies, 

lie  was  ill  fail  urging  on  wit..  ..tl  rapidity  his 
sclieiiifs  for  the  invasion  of  !-',n,i;lanil.  which  he 
|irob.ibly  hoped  might  Is-  so  Micce^sfiil  as  to 
pai;ilysi'  all  action  on  the  p:irt  of  the  ICuropean 
powers.  Till'  const, :iitly  repeated  reiires.'iita- 
tionsof  his  naval  olhcers  h  forced  him,  much 
against  his  will,  to  bel'  ve  that  his  iloMcnt  upon 
Kn<:land  would  Im-  imp.  .  -ticahlc  unless  .secured 
by  the  pri'wncc  of  his  lleet.  In  spite  of  the  gen 
eral  voire  of  those  who  knciv  the  condition  of 
the  Freiieli  navy,  he  determined  to  act  with  his 
lleet  on  the  s;ime  principles  as  he  would  have 
aeled  with  his  army;  a  gigantic  1  oinbination  of 
various  sipiadrons  was  to  be  elfeeled,  and  a  thi't 
great  enough  to  destroy  all  hope  of  opposition  to 
sweep  the  t'hannel.  For  this  purpose  the  18 
ships  of  the  line  at  Bri'st  under  Admiral  (!an 
theaiime,  liie  sijuadron  at  RiK'hefort  under  Ville- 
neuve,  and  the  Toulon  tleet  under  Latouche- 
Treville,  wen*  to  unite.  The  last  mentioned 
admind  was  intrusted  with  the  chief  (ommand. 
Sailing  up  the  coast  of  France,  he  was  to  liberate 
from  theii  blockade  the  squadrons  of  Rim  hefort 
and  Brest,  and  w  ith  their  combined  tleets  appear 
lafore  Bouhigne,  But  Latouche  Treville  died, 
and  Napoleon  intrusted  his  plans  to  Villem  uve. 
Those  plans,  all  of  them  arranged  without  re 
gard  to  the  bad  condition  of  the  French  shiiis, 
or  to  the  uncertainty  of  llie  weather,  were  Ire- 


1375 


* 

"  '^''A 

t 

■r-'i  i 

<    '1 


lii/. 


i-i 


•4  . 


'*        ; »   ■ 

>lLy:,. 

k  ■.:.-:/^' 


FHAXC'E.   ISO.-, 


Cttpitnlatum  »/ 
Mack 


FRANCE,  imr. 


quiiitiy  clmnenl;  at  tnw  time  Villi'ncuvr  fnmi 
TouUin.  an<l  Missiissv,  liiit  smrcssor.  iil  Uch  lir 
f(irt.  Hire  111  prill (•<ii  lo  thr  West  Iiiilics,  ilmw- 
iiig  ;hi  KiikMsIi  llt'i't  tliillicr;  then  (jiuitliiaiiin " 
Wiis  to  iipiH-ur  friiiu  llrt'st.  tiintw  trtKjps  into  Irt-- 
liiiul.  anil  tliiis  rinir  tlii'  llotillu.  Al  anulliiT 
timr,  all  tlir  lli'ils  wrrr  to  as'.irnlik'  at  the  Wr-t 
Inilics.  anil,  juinini;  »itli  tlir  Spanish  ticrt  at 
Kirriil.  apprar  in  thr  .Straits  of  ('alain.  Ti)  com 
pli'ii-  this  last  nirasiirc  VillcniuM'  srt  sail  •"nini 
'rnuliin  on  the  ;iiMli  of  March  1mii.-|,  jnincl  Cra- 
vina  at  Caili/,  ami  rcaihctl  .Martiniiinc  on  thc 
liith  of  .May  with  '.'I)  ships  of  tin-  line,  ami  7 
friiratfs.  His  vuyaL'c  was  so  slow  that  Missiissy 
hail  riturncil  from  Ihc  West  Imlics  to  France, 
uml  the  junction  I'aili  d.  In  hot  pursuit  of  Ville 
neiive.  NeUon.  who  hail  atleiiiith  fnimil  out  his 
(leslinatioM.  hail  hnrrieil.  Al  .Martiniipie  (ian- 
theanme.  with  Ihc  l!rc-t  tieet.  shoiilil  have  joineil 
Villemnvc;  yinfnrtiinalely  lorliim,  AilniiralCorn- 
wallis  hloekaih  il  his  licet',  Villeneine  thererore 
hail  lo  relnrn  to  Kiiropc  alone,  sailini;  for  Kirrol 
to  pick  npa  si|iiailriin  of  l.^i  ships.  He  v\  as  then, 
at  Ihc  heail  of  ;{."i  ships,  onlereii  to  appear  lufore 
Jirest,  lilierate  lianlheanine.  ami  ap|M'ar  in  the 
't'lianncl.  liai  k  a^'ain  in  pnrsuit  of  him  Nelson 
saihil,  lint  siippoMil  that  he  wonM  retnrn  to  the 
Mcililcrranean  ami  not  to  Fcrnil;  he  therefore 
a^uin  misseil  him;  hut  as  he  hail  foiinil  means  In 
inform  the  Knj.'lish  (jovernmcnt  that  Villenciive 
was  reliirniiii,'  to  Knropc.  Cal'lcr,  « illi  a  ticet  of 
!.■>  ships,  w,is  sent  to  intercept  him  The  Heels 
cniounlereil  olf  Cape  Finisterre.  The  French 
hail  'JT  vessels,  C'alihr  Init  IM,  ami  after  an  inilc- 
eisive  lialtic,  in  which  two  Spanish  shi|is  were 
taken,  he  was  afraid  to  renew  the  eiijjatfemcnt, 
anil  Villenciive  was  thus  enalileil  to  reacli  Ferrol 
in  safety.  Jliiwcver,  all  the  operal ions  towards 
concentration  hail  leil  to  ali.snlntely  nnthinj;,  anil 
the  Kn);lish  lliels,  which  the  niovemciils  towards 
the  West  Indies  were  lo  have  decoyil  from  the 
Chaiuiel.  Were  cither  still  olt  the  coast  of  France 
nrin  immediate  pursuit  of  the  licet  of  Villeneuve. 
Nelson  retnrneil  lo  (iiliraller.  and  as  soon  as  he 
fonnil  out  where  Villenciive  was.  he  joined  his 
Heel  III  ihal  of  t'lirinvallis  befiirc  lircst,  and  him- 
self n  lurmd  to  Knglaiiil.  .  .  .  .Meanwhile  ViUe 
nciivc  had  not  liecn  alilc  to  get  ready  for  sea  till 
the  11th  of  .\iiL'u.st.  .  .  .  lie  was  afraid  to  ven- 
ture iiiirtliwanls,  and  with  the  full  approhatiiin 
of  his  Spanish  e.i||e;ii.'iic  (iravina.  detcrmineil  to 
avail  himself  nf  a  last  allcrnalivc  which  .Napo- 
leon had  sui.':,'esleil,  and  sailed  to  Cadi/.  This 
was  a  fatal  lil.nv  tu  the  ,i;i;;.-inlic  si  liemes  of  Na- 
poleon, rp  till  the  ■.'■,'nil  of  Au-usi  he  still  he 
licved  that  Villeneuve  wiudd  make  Ids  appear- 
ance, and  in  fact  wrote  to  him  that  day  at  linst. 
ilosiii!;  his  leiier  with  the  wnids.  ■  Knirlaml  is 
ours."  .Vs  the  time  for  his  i:reat  stroke  drew 
near  he  irrew  nervously  an.viniis,  constantly 
walchinf.' I  he  Channel  for  the  approach  of  the  lleel, 
and  at  iasl,  when  his  .Minister  of  .Marine,  Decres, 
told  him  lliat  the  licet  had  L'one  to  Cadiz,  he 
hroki  lirlh  in  liilter  wralh  airainst  lioth  his  .Minis- 
ter and  \'illencuvc,  w  hum  he  accused  of  the  most 
shanieful  Heakness  Hut  Napoleon  was  not  a 
man  who  Id  his  sneccss  he  staked  upon  one  plan 
alone.  Thouirh  siudiously  hidiiij;  from  his  peo- 
ple the  existence  of  the  coalition,  and  not  scrup- 
ling to  have  reeoiirse  to  forged  letters  and  faliri- 
catcd  ne»,s  for  the  |iurpo-e,  he  w.as  fully  aware 
of  iN  i-,\i-!c:uT.  .  .  .  Wiiiiiuu  ir.-.ich  .iitiii  uiiy, 
therefore,    he  at  ouce   resigned  his  great  plaiu 


upon  Englimil,  and  directed  his  arnu  imvnnli 
the  ea.sterii  frontier."--.!,  F  lin;;hi!  //,«•., 
Kiiilliiiiil.  lun.,,/  ;t,  /,/;.  i'.'tll-I'.'(i-».  — ■■  111  i|„.  iir^, 
days  of  .S'plemlM-r,  isiri.  Napiilei.ij>  nr.ai  ninn 
wa:i  in  full  n  '■  htoss  Frame  and  liiiinam' 
to  attain  the  ....   The  Alii.  ^     .  ,  |,;„i 

projeci.'d  fi  rate  and  ill  lomi, ill,  i|  ;i||.||^, 

the  first  on  ..r  and  Holland  lo  ,,  liiK.ii,,, 

and  lirilish  I  ,.  .■.  the  m coiid.  on  I.ohi  r  lt;||^  i.y 
a  similar  ln.dy;  the  ildrd.  hy  a  -ri.ii  AiKtriaii 
army  on  I'piu-r  haly;  aml'thc  i,,i,rili,  l^  ^ 
I'nited  .\nstrian  and  liussian  arii!\  iii,,,iii; 
across  .Southern  (lerinany  to  the  lihiii. .  |jy 

this  lime,  the  .\iisirian  .Slack  had  druMi  i  L,,,.  t;, 
the  Inn.  in  order  to  compel  lia\:ii  i  i  .  |..iiii||,, 
.\llies.  and  was  even  making  his  wr,  i  ,ii,,  i]],^ 
lint  his  army  was  far  distant  froiii  li.ii  ,,|  ii„. 
Hussian  chief.  Kutu.solf.  and  still  limli,  r  lr..iii 
that  of  Ilii.\h<"iwili  n.  the  one  in  (ialiria,  ih,  ,,i|„.r 
in  I'oland,  .  .  .  Napoleon  had  sii/id  iliis|„„i 
lion  of  allairs.  with  the  compn  h.  ii-i\,  kunw 
ledge  of  the  theatre  of  war.  and  tin  >ki!l  n|  ^ 
ranging  armies  upon  it,  in  which  he  ha«  imi  iju.il., 
umong  miKlern  captains.  He  upp,.-,  ,|  .VPi,,,,,;, 
to  the  Archdukes,  with  a  nun  h  \\.,ikir  funi, 
ciintident  that  his  great  lienlinani  K.iiid  |i,,|,i 
them  'n  cheek.  He  negleclcd  the  atinks  fr..|ii 
the  North  Sea,  and  the  Suniji;  |,iii  In  ri.nK,i|t„ 
strike  down  .Mack,  in  overw  h.-linii;.;  ^Ii.ii::tli, 
should  he  advance  without  his  liiis-i.ni  ^ll|l|l,,rl« 
.  .  .  The  great  mass  of  tin.  (iraii.l  Aniu  Im,! 
reached  the  .Main  and  Hliine  hy  the  last  «iik  „f 
Se|itemher.  The  h-ft  win;;,  ji'.im  d  hy  tin-  lia 
variaii  forces,  and  comniamled  liy  lii  ni'iil..iii  im.i 
.Mannont,  had  marched  from  Hamoiraml  il>.| 
land,  and  was  aroniid  Wurt/.liiir_';  ilie  n mn-. 
the  corpsof  Soiilt,  and  Itavoiisi,  hk.vi.I  ji.iiii  iLi' 
channel,  was  at  S|iire  and  Maniiln  im.  ami  Ihe 
right  wing,  formed  oi  the  corps  of  Niv  uml 
I.annes.  with  the  Impcrhil  (inard,  ai:d  iln'liiiM- 
of  .Mural,  filled  the  region  lictwcent  .irlsrahi  ami 
SIrashiirg,  the  extreme  right  uiuli  r  .\io;(Tiaii, 
which  had  advanced  from  Hriilatu,  In  iii:;  siill 
l«-hinil  hut  drawiiiu'  towards  lIuninL'i  n.  Ilv  ihis 
time  Mack  was  upon  the  lllcr,  hoMiiig  ili,"  f,,r 
tress  of  rim  on  the  upper  Dannlie.  and  i  viiiiiliin; 
liisforcesthenceto  .Mcminingcn.  .  . 
days  of  (tctoher  the  great  Fniii  I 
were  in  full  march  from  the  lihiiie 
across  Wilrtemlierg  ami  the  Fram.  iiici  |li:i:- 
and  cavalry  tilled  the  approaches  i.iii.  Di  i. ; 
Forest,  in  order  to  deceive  and  p.i|'l'\  Ma.,. 
.  .  .  'I'he  Dalllltie  ere  long  w.i>  i.  ..  ii.  i  .n; 
crossed,   al    Oonauwiirth.   Ini^olsladi,    ii.'i  .ihii 

points;  and  Napoleun  already  si I  .  ii  ili.  n.ii 

of  his  enemy,  interposing  lietwiiii  iiiui  i:.! 
VicM.a,  and  cut  him  olt  from  the  Idi-.i  iii»,  i  ■,. :, 
now  distant.  The  net  wasipiieklv  dia.Mi  imihhI 
the  ill  fated  Mack.  .  ,  liv  lie'ili  ro  "..l^  ..| 
Octoher,  thetirand  Army  i'lid  .  iim.iuj.  i— .i  iln 
.\uslrians  on  every  side,  and  .N.i|'.'l'  :i  ii' M  iii- 
ipiarry  in  his  irrasp.  Mack  .  .  .  Ii  il  i.'i  lii. 
heart  III  strike  ;i  lesperalc  sirok.  .  aii.l  ;■'  ii-k  ii 
liattlc;  and  he  c.ipilulalcd  al  I  Im  ..a 'I,-  ll"ii"l 
Octoher.  Two  divisions  of  his  ariit}  .ifl  '"ii 
trived  In  hrcak  out;   hut  o.'ie  »  :-  pi'-.'  i   ei'i 

nearly  destroyed   hy    .Mural,  aii'l   i! lai'A.e 

eoinpelled  liy  .^ugcrcau  to  lay  i|""ii  r- 
it  was  on  its  way  to  the  hills  "f  lie     li 
army  of  H.l,(KHrnicn  had  lhu>.  -"  I 
well'-nigli  cllaeed;   and  not   -,'0  ooo 
ihcir   e.siape.       Fiaun    hii  ..ii.vhi;.     ;. . :    :: 
crusUiuj;  disaster  ou  the  element  w  In.  I,  1.1.^' 


Il.vilulir-I 
Mam 


l!. 


\n 


„1    ,!l"l"l 


137G 


FHAN(  K,  m»r> 


TnifnUfitr 
a»d  Ausiertitz. 


FRANCE,  ISOS. 


bail  muili'  h(T  own  \Vc  Imvc  wen  linw  Villi  • 
iiruvi'  liii'l  P'lt '"'"  ''i"li'-  :ifr:iiit  li>  fi"i>  llie  Im^ 
lilf  lli'cis  i>tT  Brest,  iinil  liow  this  liail  liiittlwl  llic 
proii-cl  cif  the  di'scciit.     N:ipiilinii  was  iri(li).'iiui]t 

witlihU  ill-fiil"l  a'lniiral Vt  ii  liint  of  (li<- 

jncr  till'  »iHi'c|iiiMc  Kri'tiiliniaii  luailc  up  lii< 
min'l  111  aiiv  ri-U.  to  liulit.  l!y  iliis  tiiiiu  NrNoii 
|]:,(l  left  KnL'lahd.  ami  was  nil  ('ailiz  with  a  pnw  ■ 
irful  lli't ;  ""'I  lit' aitiially  wrakcii'il  liis  I'nnr 
liv  fiiar  <ail(if-tlic  liiir,  in  nnlir  to  line  liis  ail 
vfrsiry  .mt.  <>n  thr  -•nil,  ,,f  Ortoli.T.  I-^D"),  tin- 
allifil  llict  was  ill  till' o|ii  II  Ma;  it  hail  luc-ii  ilr 
i'lan-il  at  anmliiil  of  war.  that  a  lo~t   haltlc  w  a^ 

■il'ni.i>t  iiTlaiii.  so  hail  was  the  i lilioii  of  'iiaiiy 

f  till'  (Ti'Ws;  hut  Villiiuini'  was  hint  onchai- 
hiirini;  Kate ;  ami  almost  eoiirli'il  dehat,  in  his 
(li'spair.  .  .  ■  "II  the  inoriiini.'  of  the  Ulsl.  the 
aiiicil  tieet,  It-I  war  ships,  ami  a  niiinher  of  friir- 
ites.  win  off  Cape  'I'rafalL'ar.  inakiiiir  for  the 
Straits,  .  .  •  Nelson  ailv.iiieiil  slowly  aL'ainsi  his 
ilikimnl  enemy,  with  '-'7  sliipsaml  their  allemlaiit 
frisiiles;  the  fanimissiirnal  lloateil  from  his  mast. 
'Eiiitliiml  expects  everv  man  to  ilo  hisiliity'; 
rniii,  al  iihoiit  iiiHin.  ('olliiifjwooil  phTceil  Ville- 
inuu'seeiitre.  nearly  ile.slroy  in:;  the  Santa  Anna 
Hitha  siiiL'le  hroailsiile.  Ere  loni;  Nelson  hail 
hnikin  Villeiieuve's  lini'.  with  the  Vietory.  caus- 
inf  tri:;lilfnl  ilestrii.tion;  ami  as  other  ISritish 
.ships  eaiiie  up  hy  degrees  they  relieved  the  h^id- 
inii  ships  from  the  pressure  of  their  foes,  and 
roiiipleted  the  ruin  already  heu'iiii.  At  alioiit 
line.  Nelson  met  his  deatii  wound,  struck  by 
a  shut  from  the  to|is  of  the  Itedoiitahle.  .  .  . 
Pierced  throuvdi  and  lhroiii;li.  the  shattered  allied 
(enlrc  was  soon  a  collection  of  captiired  wrecks. 
Oiilv  U  ships  out  of  ;J;I  escaped;  and  the 
liumiiiir  ".\ehille,  like  the  Orient  at  the  Nile, 
adiliil  to  I  he  j;raudeur  and  horrors  of  an  apjial 
liujr  s(  riie.  Villeneuvc.  who  had  fouiiht  most 
honoiirahly  in  the  IJiU'cntaiire,  wxs  coiiipelled  to 
strike  his  Hag  hrfore  the  di'atli  of  Nelson.  The 
van  of  the  allies  that  had  lied  at  Trafalgar,  was 
niKitt  afterwards  captured  hy  ii  Hritisli  sipiudron. 
Thounh  dearly  iKiiight  hy  "the  death  of  Nelson, 
the  vietory  may  lie  compared  to  I.epauto;  and  it 
blotted  Kraueeoutusa  great  I'oweniii  the  ocean. 
Xspoleon  .  .  .  never  tried  afterwards  to  meet 
Enjianil  at  sea.  .  .  .  His  success,  at  this  mo- 
ment, had  t)een  so  wcmderful,  that  what  he 
railed  the  loss  of  a  few  ships  at  sea,'  seemed  a 
iriflintf  and  passing  ridiull  of  fortune.  .  .  .  He 
liaj  Jiseomlitled  the  whole  pl.an  of  the  Allies; 
•mi  liie  failure  of  the  attack  on  the  main  scene 
nf  the  theatre  had  caused  all  the  secondary  at - 
lacks  to  fail  .  .  .  Napoleon,  throwing  out  dc- 
taetimriits  to  pnitet^t  his  tianks,  had  entered 
Vienna  mi  the  Utii  of  November.  .  .  .  The 
lliiuse  lit  Ilapshurg  and  its  chief  had  fled.  .  .  . 
Extraoriiiuary  as  his  success  had  been,  the  posi- 
tion of  the  Linperor  had,  in  a  few  days,  become 
linive.  .  .  Napoleon  had  not  one  hundred 
Ihoiisiind  men  in  !wnd  —  apart  from  the  bixlies 
lh;il  edvervl  his  tianks  —  to  make  head  against 
his  loiivcrjing  enemies.  Always  daring,  how- 
ever, he  resolved  to  attack  the  .Ulies  before  they 
mulil  n'ci'ive  aid  from  Prussia;  uiid  he  marched 
from  Vienna  towards  the  close  of  Novemlier, 
havin:;  taken  careful  precautions  to  guard  his 
rear.  ,  Hy  this  lime  the  .Vllies  were  around 
'llniQi/,  the  Archdukes  were  not  many  ni.arclies 
i'*ay.  and  a  I'russian  army  was  nearlv  ready  to 
^"■■"  H;;;:  tiic  Uussi.m.^  ;irid  .V::,>:ri.iri,s  i.iilcn 
baik  fniui  OliiiQlz  and  ellcctea  their  juuctiou 

''  13 


with  the  Archdukes,  they  could,  therefore,  h&ve 
opposed  the  French  with  a  force  more  than  two- 
fold in  numlMTs.  .  .  .  Hut  the  folly  and  prr- 
suniption  which  nigned  among  the  young  nobles 
siirroumliiig  the  ( Var— .Vlexanihr  was  now  at 
the  head  of  his  iiriiiy  —  hroiight  on  the  Coalitiim 
deserved  punishineiit,  and  pedantry  had  lis  part 
in  an  immense  disaster.  Tlie  force  of  Napoleon 
appeared  small,  his  ii.itural  line  of  retreat  w:is 
evpu^d,  and  a  llieorist  in  the  .\u~tri,iu  <  amp 
piT-uadid  the  ('/:;raiid  the  .Vustrian  Kiiiiicror, 
who  was  at  the  head  of  his  troops  at  lllnilil/,,  lo 
coiiMiit  to  a  inaL'nilicent  jiliii  of  •■I'-sailing  Napo 
Kon  by  the  well-known  inelhod  of  Kredi  rick 
the  (Jriat.  in  the  Seven  Vears'  War.  of  turning 
his  ri.'ht  winir.  by  an  attack  made,  in  the  olilii|ue 
ordc  r.  in  gnat  force,  and  of  culling  him  olT  from 
his  base  at  Vienna,  ami  driving  him.  routed,  into 
linheinia.  This  grand  project  on  paper,  which 
involved  a  inarch  across  till'  front  of  the  hostile 
army  within  reach  of  the  greatest  of  masters  of 
war.  was  letiled  with  exultation,  ,  .  .  The  Allies 
Were  soiin  in  full  march  from  (Unililz,  ami  l>rep- 
araiions  were  made  for  the  decisive  movement 
in  the  niiilit  of  Ihe  1st  December,  IWi,  Napo- 
leon had  watched  the  reckless  false  step  being 
made  by  his  fms  wilh  uiifei;;ni'il  delight;  'that 
army  is  mine,'  he  proudly  exclaimed,  ,  ,  .  The 
sun'of  Aiislerlit/.  rose  oil  the  'Jiid.  the  light  of 
victory  often  invoked  by  Napoleon.  .  .  .  The 
dawn  "of  the  winter's  day  revealed  three  large 
columns,  succeeded  by  a  fourth  at  no  great  dis- 
tance, toiling  thrinmii  a  tract  of  marshes  and 
frozen  lakes,  to  outflank  Napoleon's  right  on  the 
(Jiildbach,  the  allied  centre,  on  the  taldeland  of 
Priltzen,  immediately  before  the  French  front, 
having  been  dangerously  weakened  by  this  gn'at 
turning  movement.  The  assailants  wereopposiKl 
by  a  small  force  only,  under  Davoiist,  one  of  the 
bi'St  of  the  marshals.  .  .  .  Kre  long  Na|ioleon, 
who,  like  a  beast  of  prey,  had  reserved  his  strength 
until  it  was  time  to  spring,  launched  Soult  in 
force  against  the  Itu.ssian  and  Austrian  oentre, 
enfeebleii  by  the  detachment  against  the  Freneli 
right  and  exposed  to  the  whole  weight  of  Napo- 
leon's attacks;  and  I'riltzen  was  stormed  after  a 
tierce  struggle,  in  which  lleriiadotte  gave  the  n'- 
quired  aid  to  Soult.  The  allied  centre  was  Ihua 
rent  asunder.  I,,aunes  meanwhile  had  defeated  the 
allied  right.  .  .  .  Napoleon  now  turned  with 
terrible  energy  and  in  overwhelming  strength 
against  the  four  <olumns,  that  had  assailed  Ilia 
right,  but  had  begun  to  retreat.  His  victorious 
centre  was  aided  liy  his  right,  now  set  free;  the 
Uiissians  and  Austrians  were  struck  with  iiapic, 
a  horrible  scene  of  destruction  followed,  the  fly- 
ing troops  were  slain  orcapturi'd  in  tliousands, 
ar;l  multitudes  perished,  engulfed  in  the  lakes, 
the  French  artilhry  shattering  their  icy  surface. 
The  rout  was  ih'cisivc,  eomplcte.  and  appalling; 
about  8i),i>00  of  the  .VUics  were  engaged;  they 
Install  their  guns  and  marly  half  their  numbers, 
and  the  remains  of  their  army  were  a  worlhleaa 
wreck.  Xapoleon  had  only  (lil.iKX)  men  in  the 
light.  .  .  .  The  nu'iiiorable'campaign  of  INi,")  is, 
perhaps,  the  griiidi'st  of  Napolion's  exploits  in 
war,"  — \V,  (>■(',  Morris,  .V.(/«.^"n.  ■//.  7. 

.\i,s<>in:  A.  Thiers.  Ili^t.  uf  the  t'oiiKulit,-  <ind 
KiKpir,,  l,k.  il  (e.  i)  — U.  Southev.  I.ifi  ■'!'  Sd- 
H.,ii,rh.  S-!l  (c.  ■21,— W,  (',  Hussell,  S'fh..n  ,md 
t/h  .Viriil  S'liiniihii-i/  ,,t'  fCiiji.,  cli.  \~i-H\.  —  I^ord 
N,  i-;,i:i,  Dixpntrrux  .::.:t  Inciters,  v.  6  7,  (':ipi,  K. 
,1,  de  la  Gravifrc,  Sketehe»  of  the  hut  Xaeal  H'jr, 


H 


u 


■js.  i  -i 


,  *     '  •<  -     ,  li  i 


1'- 


f;  >      ■  ' 


,5  > : 


III 

■4'. 


I  -.1 .. 

it' 

'  ilii; 


1  I 


ri 


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Ill  -"■ 

'I-'. 

Inlii^i  ,    , 

M' 

HHmf "'     ^ 

%  , 

KRANt'E.   l*r. 


King-twikiitij 


FRANCE.   1H(W 


pi.  8  (p.  2) — f"  Ailnnia,  Orait  ('iiiiimiynt  in  Eu- 
rope, from  ITIW/'i  1S7(».  eh,  :)  —  Hiinm  de  Marlxit, 
.Wemiiirii.  r.  I,  <•/;.  IMI-JIt  — A.  T.  Miilmti,  /«/'"■ 
*•/«•«  of  Sii  t'n'nr  Ilium  thf  Frt-itrh  Ilrr.,  rh.  l-V 
I«  (r.  i). 

A.  D.  1805-1806  (December— August).— The 
Peace  of  Preaburg.— Humiliation  of  Austria. 
— Formation  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine. 
—Extinction  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire.— The 
eoading  of  Prussia  to  war.     .Sc  <!kumanv: 

A     I).  IMd.VISlHi;    iillil    lNmi(.lAMAUV— AriilMT}. 

A.  D.  1805-1806  (December— September).— 
Dethronement  of  the  dynasty  of  Naples.— Be- 
stowal of  the  crown  upon  Joseph  Bonaparte. 

— Till'  treaty  of  I'n  sliuri;  was  "  irnnii'iliattly  fnl 
lowfii  liy  It  nicttsiirc  liitlicrto  \iii|in'('i'ili'iili'il  in 
Eiiropi'an  history  —  the  proiioiiiicini;  11  .s^iili'mf 
of  (Ic'lhroni'niciit  airainst  an  Indcpciiilint  .sovcr- 
'•\gn.  for  :io  otlur  laiist'  than  his  having  con 
tciiiplatcd  liostilitii's  aL'ainst  thi'  French  Emperor. 
On  the 'JUtli  Deecnibir  [IHiri]  a  meniieing  proc- 
lamation proci'cileil  from  I'nslmrK  .  .  .  which 
evidently  (lore  marks  of  .Napoleon's  composition, 
ajjainst  the  house  of  .Naples.  The  <dni[iiercir  an 
iiouncei!  that  Marshal  St.  Cyr  wonld  ailvance  by 
rapiil  strides  to  Naples,  to  punish  t hi' treason 
of  a  crin.ina.  iiueen,  anil  precipitate  her  from  the 
throne.  We  have  panloned  that  infatuated  kin;;, 
who  thrice  has  done  everylhini:  to  ruin  himself. 
Slmli  we  |)ardon  him  a  fourth  time?  .  .  .  No! 
The  dyna-sty  of  Niiples  liiis  ceased  to  reign  —  its 
e.xisti'Uce  is  incompatitile  with  the  reposi'  of 
Europe  and  the  honour  of  my  crown. '.  .  .  The 
ominous  announcement,  made  from  the  depths  of 
.Moravia,  that  the  dynasty  of  .Na|iles  liail  ceased 
to  reit-n.  was  not  lonir  allowed  to  remain  a  dead 
letter.  .Massi'iia  was  husily  employed,  in  .lanu- 
ary,  in  collectini:  his  forces  in  the  centre  of  Italy, 
and  before  the  end  of  that  month  ."i().(HM)  nicii, 
under  the  command  of  .losi-ph  IJuonaparle,  had 
crossi'd  the  I'ontitical  States  and  entered  the 
Neapolitan  tcrrit  iry  in  three  columns,  which 
marched  on  (Jaeta,  Capua,  and  Itri.  Ui'sist:ince 
waj  impossible;  the  feeble  Kus.sian  ami  Euulish 
forces  which  Inid  disendiarked  to  support  the 
Italian  levies,  linding  the  whole  weii;ht  of  the 
war  likely  to  Im'  directed  iipiinst  them,  withdrew 
to  Sicily;  the  court,  thunch'rstruck  liy  the  men 
acini;  proclamation  of  'JTih  December,  sp'edily 
followed  theirexample.  ,  .  tn  vain  the  iiilrepid 
tjueen  Caroline,  who  still  remained  at  Na|ile«. 
armed  the  I;iz/.aroni,  and  sou.trlit  to  infuse  into 
the  triK)ps  a  portion  0/  her  own  indomitalile 
couraire;  she  was  seconded  by  none;  C.apua 
openi  d  its  gates;  (laeta  was  invested;  the  Ciini- 
paL'na  tilleil  with  the  invaders;  she,  vani|ui.shed 
but  not  slllillued.  comi>elled  to  yield  to  neces-ity. 
followed  her  tii]iid  consort  to  Sicily;  and,  on  the 
l.'th  February,  .Naples Iwlield  its  future  sovereign, 
Josi'ph  Huona|iarte,  enter  its  walls.  .  .  .  Durinir 
the  tirst  tumult  of  invasion,  the  peas;intry  of 
Cal:  '  .i.i  .  .  .  submitted  totbeenemy.  .  .  .Hut 
the  protniclion  of  the  siege  of  (laeta,  which  oc' 
cupied  .Masseiia  with  the  principal  amy  of  the 
French,  g;ive  them  time  to  recover  from   their 

coiisteniati'in V  general   iiisurredion  tiMik 

place  in  the  bcgiiui-  ig  of  March,  and  the  peas 
ants  stood  lirm  in  more  tlnm  one  position;  hut 
they  were  unable  to  withstand  the  shm  k  of  the 
veterans  of  France,  and  in  a  decisive  action  in 
the  [ilain  of  Canipo  Teiiese  their  tumultuary 
levies,  though  l.i.iKHi  strong,  were  entirely  dis- 
persed.    The  victorious  ReynitT  penetraleJ  even 


to  Rpgglo,  and  the  »t«nd»rds  of  N'ap,,|riin  \v.iv,.,| 
on  its  towers,  in  sight  of  the  Eni:li-li  lid.  !t,.„ 
on  the  shores  of  Sicily.  When  li.,«Mliii,,  |,.„| 
subshled,  .losepli  repaired  in  i«'r«on  to  ili.  iii.iJr,. 
of  war.  .  .  .  lie  received  at  Savlgliari...  iliiiirin 
elpal  town  of  the  province,  the  di  1  n.  |.>  «|,j|.|| 
.Napoleon  rreiiteil  him  king  of  tin-  r«,.  sjijii,, 
Ily  so  doing,  however,  he  was  dn  l.inl  umi  i„ 
lose  his  contingent  right  of  suece-simi  t,i  il,,. 
throne  of  France;  but  the  two  crowns  m  n  ni  vir 
to  In-  united."— Sir  A.  Alison,  lli»l  ..f  h\ir,i, 
ITW-lHI.'l,  .'A.  40.  met.  \M.  „,„l  C.'..,  ,r  -.'i'.-.m'; 
I'l—"  Joseph's  tenure  of  his  new  doeiiiii.iis  ww 
yet  incomplete.  The  fortress  of  dm  1,1  >ni|  |„.|,'| 
out,  .  ,  .  and  the  British  in  Sic  iU  (wli.,  ii:^! 
already  taken  the  Isle  of  Capri,  cIom'  i,.  'i,,.  ,.;,pi 
tal)  sent  ."),(HK)  men  to  their  aid  uiidi  r  ^ir  ,l..lin 
Stinirl,  who  encountered  at  Mai.l.i  i.l.ilv  i\\  j 
French  corps  of  7,500,  under  Keviiirr'  Th,. 
bat  I  le  presented  one  of  the  rare  insl.i  m  1  ■,  in  « ||j,  i, 
French  and  Hrilish  triKips  have  ai  tuallv  .  rn<v.l 
bayonets;  but  French  enthusiasm  s:i!ik  !» fun- 
Uritish  intrepidity,  and  the  eneniv  »c  n  ,lri\.u 
from  the  Held  with  the  loss  of  halfti,.  ir  iniiiii.  r 
The  victory  of  .MaiJa  had  a  prodL-imi^  niMnl 
effect  in  raising  the  spirits  and  self  1  iniiuri:,  !■  nl 
the  British  soldiery;  but  its  ininiedi.iii'  r.  ^i.'u 
were  less  considerable.  The  French  ».  rr  iTiLeil 
driven  from  Calabria,  but  the  fill  of  (1 1,1.1  .Inly 
IHth),  after  the  loss  of  its  brave  :;.,!,  runr  thi' 
I'rince  of  IIess<'-I'liilipsth:il,  plia.vi|  il„  nam 
army  under  Ma.s.s<'na:  the  Biiiish.  1  \,,,i-,,l  i,,i,. 
attacked  by  overwhelming  nuinl"  r^.  r.' .  luh.irk.'il 
(Sept.  .■))for  Palermo,  anil  the  C.iliiliri.ni  iii.urr.i 
tiou  was  suppres.sed  with  great  blood-liid.  liiii 
an  ainnesly  was  at  leiiglli  .  .  .  piiMi-lnd  hv 
.losepli.  who  devoted  himself  wiih  irn  it  /i  iluiul 


adniiniblc  judgment  to  heal   ; 
distracted   kingdom." — A'//(■^.«.,  ■■/  .1', 
'/  KiimiH',  iieet~'A9><. 

.\r,si)iN:  I>.  Colletta.   IUkI.  ..f  i'„    I 
SiililiK,  H:  r>.  eh.  4.  iiinl  H:  (i.  .-A.  I  ;; 


Hotiii, 

/■  .\;i;.,- 


Ililllt  iliin'iiq   thf  ('•inmlliit,    ,niil    E:i.i.' 
(i"„,  rh.  4.  ' 

A.  D.  i8o6(January— October'.— Napoleon's 
triumphant  return  to  Paris.— Death  of  Pitt.  - 
Peace  negotiations  with  England.  -King- 
making  and  prince-making  by  the  Corsicu 
CsBsar.— On  the  ^'Tth  of  December,  tiir  cin  ,i!i.r 
the  signing  of  the  Treaty  of  I'rcshiirL'  Nijiulifiii 
h'ft  Vienna  for  I'aris.  "  En  route  f.n-  I'lris  l«' 
remained  n  week  at  .Munich  to  be  pn  -. u'  :i'  tliv 
inarriiige  of  Eugene  Beauliarn;iis  |..  th-  I'm.  .i 
.\iigiisla.  daughter  of  the  Kingof  |;,i\  ir  1,  .1  -.  . 
pliine  joined  him,  and  the  whole  liiii''  vi  1-  |ki..,,1 
in  fCtes  and  reji. icings.     On  this  occ  1  -i.  11  Ik  prn- 

cl.'iiined  Eugene  his  adopted  son.  I    i'l  <i<  i  uilt 

of  i.s.sue  of  his  own,  his  successi'r  in  i).-  kinjlnni 
of  Italy.  Accompanied  bv  .losi  pliiii-v  Ni[''!ron 
re-entered  I'aris  on  the  26tli  of  .Iiinmry.  Isiit). 
amidst  the  most  enthusiastic  acel;iiii:i!i'>!i',  'I'lif 
national  vanity  was  raised  to  the  IiIl'Ii'  -t  I'ic  li  ly 
the  glory  and  extent  of  territory  lie  ii,,l  1.  inirrii. 
The  Senate  at  a  solemn  ardiciice  |.. ..  u.-iit  liim 
to  accept  the  title  of  'the  (ireat  ';  an.l  \'i'.nl>-  ri' 
joiciugs  lasting  many  diiy  sat  tested  lii-  ;■.  jiiii.irilv. 
An  important  political  event  in  Kiuiuiii  i  |»iiinl 
nev  views  of  security  and  piinr  t..  '.'■.'■  1  iii|iirc. 
William  Pitt,  the  implticable  eiieiiiv  .  iilir  lli-m- 
lution,  had  died  on  the  •2:tril  of  .bimhirv.  at  tlic 
early  age  of  4i ;  and  the  (ioveiiiin.  m  «as  I'li- 
trusted  to  the  handsof  his  great  opi'nn.  :;■ .  c  liarl's 
.Tames  Fo.x.     The  disastrous  resul'^'  I  •  le  'iir  ,1 


1378 


FRANCE.   ISOfl 


Hriluh 

ih-flem  in  CoUHCtl. 


PRANCK,  1W8-1810 


whlfh  Pitt  hail  been  tin-  mainstay  nrolialily  liiis 
ipi.eti  liis  (Ifatli.  After  tlie  cnpituliitidn  of  I'lni 
he  never  nillieil.  Tlie  well  known  frienil»lii|>  of 
Fox  fur  Siipoleiin,  actdiHl  to  his  avowed  |irin 
cipli ■«.  iillonieil  the  strongest  hopes  tlmt  Knclaml 
nod  Franee  were  ut  lenirtll  <!:  stined  to  (cmeiitthi' 
peace  of  the  world  liv  enterini;  into  friendly  relii- 
linns.  Allied  by  Tulfeyrand.  who  eiiriiestly  emui 
selli'ii  [leiioe.  Napoleon  nmile  overturis  to  the 
Env'li^l'  (iovernmeni  throujfh  I,oril  Yarnionth, 
ivliii  was  anioiiK  the  detenus  He  offered  to  yield 
Ik  lun2  eimtested  jHiinl  of  Malta  —  eonsentint!  to 
therontinueil  possession  of  that  island,  the  Cape 
of  0»(h1  IJ.ppe,  and  other  lonijuests  in  the  East 
«nJ  West  Indies  by  (Jreat  Urilaiii,  and  proposing 
geninilly  that  the  treaty  should  !«■  londueted  on 
theuti  I'losgidetispriniiple:  that  is.  allowindeaeh 
Mrty  to  retain  whatever  it  had  arqiiired  in  the 
courWof  111'  ^ar.  T'lr'-ey  aiknowledKid  Nil 
poUiin  as  EmiMTor  and  enlenil  into  aniiealile  re 
UlidDS  with  the  Freiiih  nation;  and  what  was 
slill  more  i'niiortant,  I{us.sia  signed  a  tnatv  of 
peai'e  iuJiilv,  inHueneed  by  the  paritio  inclina 
tionsiif  the  finxlish  Minister  Napoleon  resolved 
iHSurniiindhisthroue  with  an  order  of  nobles,  and 
to  plaie  inenilKTS  of  his  family  on  the  thrones  of 
tlie  cuncpiered  eountries  adjoining  Kraneeiii  order 
tlut  till  y  mitflit  beeome  parts  of  his  system  and 
en ojienili'  in  his  plans.  Two  deirees  of  the  .'list 
of  Slarih  ileihireil  Joseph  Bonaparte  KiniJ  of  Na 
nli~.  ami  Murat  Oraiid  Diike  of  Berjianil  Clevis. 
Louis  Bonaparte  was  made  Kiiiff  of  Holland  a 
few  nionlhs  afterwanls,  and  .leronie  King  of 
Westphalia  in  the  followiudyear.  The  Princess 
Pauline  received  the  pnneipality  of  Onastalla. 
anil  Talleyrand,  Bernadotte.  and"  Berthier  those 
of  Benevento,  I'onte-Corvo,  and  Neufehatil.  Kif 
Urn  liiikedonis  were  created  and  bestowed  on  the 
most  distinguished  statesmen  and  generals  of  the 
impire,  each  with  an  income  amounting  to  a  flf 
teeuth  part  of  the  revenue  of  the  province  at 
laebeil  to  it.  Thesi>  became  grand  liefs  of  the 
inipinv  ('ambiucrt>s  and  Lelirun  were  miule 
Dukes  of  I'arma  and  I'laieiiza;  Savary,  Kiikeof 
Iljvii;o;  .Tunot,  of  Abrantes;  Lannes,  of  >buite- 
IkIIo,  ii .  The  manners  of  sonic  of  these  Uepub- 
lieaii  soldiers  were  ill  adapted  to  courtly  forms, 
and  affcrded  amusement  to  the  members  of  the 
aiiiient  and  legitimate  onler.  .  .  .  Napoleon's 
dtairr  to  conciliate  end  form  alliances  with  the 
isti»bli.-.liid  dyuastii's  and  aristiK'raciesof  Europe 
kipt  iiaiewifh  his  daring  encroachments  on  their 
hitliirto  exclusive  dignity.  Besides  the  uiarriage 
of  Eugii'.i-  lii-auliarnais  to  a  IMnecss  of  Bavaria, 
an  allium  e  was  concluded  Ik'tweeu  the  hereditary 
rriiuo  of  Baden  and  Mademoiselle  Sleplutni. 
Ikiiiiluruais,  a  niece  of  the  Empress.  The  old 
Kri'iidi  niiblesse  were  ahso  i-ncouraged  to  appear 
at  till'  Tnilcries.  During  the  Emperor's  visit  at 
M'.iiii  li  tlic  Itepublican  calendar  was  abolished 
and  tlio  usual  misle  of  computing  time  restored 
in  FraniT.  .  .  .  The  negotiations  with  England 
«t'Ul  nil  i.irdily,  and  the  news  of  Fox's  alarming 
blato  of  liialth  excited  the  gravest  fears  in  the 
Freiuli  (iinernment.  Lord  Lauderdale  arrived 
ill  l':lri,^,  <;n  the  part  of  England,  in  the  month  of 
.Vuiiu^l ;  liut  diltlculties  were  continually  started, 
and  1,1  lore  anything  was  decided  the  death  of  Fox 
gave  till  tinishing  blow  to  all  hope  of  peace. 
Liinl  l.auilerdale  demanded  his  passports  and  left 
I'aris  in  Uctolier.     Napoleon  wished  to  add  Sicily 

•■'    u.,1    Irloliier'a    new     kiugdolli   of    >iapic>.    Iiul 

BritisU  jhips  were  able  to  protect  the  King  and 


Queen  of  Naples  in  that  insular  position,  and  the 
English  Government  rcfusiil  to  iicsiTt  their  allies 
on  this  oeeasion  or  to  consi'nt  to  any  compensa- 
tion or  adjustment  olTcred.  On  this  iioint  prin- 
cipally turned  the  failure  of  theatti'nipt  at  peace 
as  far  as  can  be  diseovered  from  the  account  of 
the  negotiations   " — 1{.  II.  Home,  ffint.  nf  Xn/ui- 

/."/.,   r-/(.    211. 

Al.soi.N:  M'me  de  Uemusat,  .\fnn<>irn,  ch.  lft-21 
(r  i»— I)ukeof  Uovigo.  Ml iiii:i m.  r.  \.  jit.  i.rh, 
1H-,'1.  — I'.  Eanfrey,  nitt.  nf  \,iji„lf.„i.  r. '.',  cA.  l.'i. 

A.  D.  1806  lOctoberl.— The  subjugation  of 
Prussia  at  Jena.  See  Okiim.\nv:  A.  I>.  1806 
((•cronKKi 

A.  D.  i8o6-i8o7.  —  Napoleon's  campaign 
against  the  Russians.— Eytau  and  triedland. 
SeetiKUMvNV;   A    I>    1H(M1-1M()7;  anil  1807  (FEB- 

111    \KV— .IfXKl 

A.  D.  1806-1810.— Commercial  warfare  with 
England.— British  Orders  in  Council  and  Na- 
poleon's Berlin  and  Milan  Decrees.— The 
"Continental    System."—  '  As    the    war    ad 

vaneed,  after  the  Peace  of  Amiens,  the  neutrals 
liecamc  boliler  and  more  itggn'ssive.  American 
ships  were  constantly  arriving  at  Dutch  and 
French  ports  with  sugar,  colTee.  and  other  pro 
iluctions  of  the  French  and  Spanish  West  Indies. 
.\nd  East  India  goiMls  were  imported  bv  lliem 
into  Spain.  Holland,  and  France.  .  .  .  hy  the 
rivers  and  canals  of  (fcrmany  and  Flanders  gmsls 
were  Moated  into  the  warehouses  of  the  enemy,  or 
circulated  for  the  supply  of  his  customers  in 
ncutnil  countries.  .  .  li  was  a  general  com 
plaint,  therefore,  that  the  eiieniv  carried  on 
eoloniiil  commerce  under  the  neutral  flag,  cheaply 
as  well  assifely;  that  he  was  enabled  not  only 
to  elude  British  hostilities,  but  to  rival  British 
merchants  and  )ilan1ers  in  the  European  markets; 
that  by  the  same  means  the  hostile  treiLsuries 
were  tilled  with  a  copious  stream  of  revenue;  and 
that  by  this  licentious  use  of  the  neutral  ting,  the 
enemy  was  enabled  to  employ  his  whole  military 
marine  for  purjioses  of  ollensive  war,  without 
being  obliged  to  maintaiii  a  sipiadron  or  a  ship 
for  the  defence  of  his  colonial  ports.  .  .  .  Sueli 
coniplaints  made  against  neutral  states  found  a 
powerful  cxjiosition  in  a  work  entitled  '  War  in 
Disguise  ami  the  Frauds  of  the  Neutral  Flag,' 
suppo>eil  to  have  been  written  by  .Mr.  .lames 
Stcplie.i.  the  real  author  of  the  orders  in  Coun- 
cil. The  Briii.-h  (Jovcrnment  did  not  see  its 
way  at  once  to  proceed  in  the  direction  of 
prohibiting  to  neutral  .ships  the  cidonial  trade, 
whic  h  they  had  enjoyed  fir  a  considerable  time; 
ut  the  llrst  step  was  taken  to  paralyse  the  re 
-urces  of  the  enemy,  and  to  restrict  the  traile  of 
neutrals,  by  the  issue  of  an  onler  in  Council  in 
Mav  IsiH'i.' declaring  that  all  the  eoa.sts,  ports, 
anif  rivers  from  the  Elbe  to  Brest  shouhl  lie  I'on- 
sidend  Idoekaded,  though  the  only  portion  of 
those  coasts  rigorously  bliakaded  was  that  in- 
cluded Is-tween  the  Osiend  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Seine,  in  the  ports  of  wiiiidi  preparations  wen' 
made  for  the  invasion  of  England.  The  northern 
ports  of  (iermany  and  Holland  were  left  partly 
open,  and  the  navigation  of  the  BaItU'  altogether 
free.  Napoleon,  then  in  the  zenith  of  his  powiT, 
saw,  in  this  order  in  I'ouncil,  a  fn'sh  act  of  wan 
tonness,  and  he  met  it  by  the  is.sue  of  the  Berlin 
decree  of  November 'Jl,  1806.  In  that  document, 
remarkable  for  its  bohlness  and  vigour.  Napoleon 
<  Ii.iiged  Eiigiaud  with  having  .sft  at  nought  the 
ilii  tates  of  interualiuual  law.  with  having  made 


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KHANt'K.    IWW-imo 


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Mitan  lu-crrti 


FRANCE,  180«-lHin 


iiriwmf  rs  of  war  nf  priviitc  iiidiviilimls,  und  with 
liavirii;  lakiii  llir  .nws  mjl  .if  mcrcliarit  -lilps. 
He  (liarL'iil  tliW  iniinlry  Hiili  liaviiii:  caplu.-cii 
privati'  [iropcrty  al  s,  a.  iMi  ii.lc.l  In  lotiwnir.ial 
pMrlH  ihc  rcstricli.iiiH  nf  til.u  kail.'  apiilicahli  niily 
t"  lorliliid  plaii's.  dii  lari'il  a<  lilm-kailc-.l  pla.  s 
«liiili  Hire  nut  iiivrvinl  l,v  naval  fum-.,  and 
aliiKr.l  llir  rii;ht  .if  lilnckail,' in  .inl.r  t.i  liiaiilil 

111  r  .i»  II  Irailr  al  II xpcii^..  i.f  ih,.  c.nin.irrr  .if 

Ciinlin.  iiial  .-lalr^  jli-  a-v  ricil  ili.'  riijlil  .if 
rnnilialiMi:  Ihi'  iniin.v  williilu'  sani.'  arms  wm-.I 
a!.'aiii-t  himself,  .  ,|i.-iiallv  wh.n  sii.li  .n.-my 
ii;ii'ir..|  all  i.l.as  .if  jiisil.v  ami  iv.tv  MIhtiII 
Miitim.Ml  will,  h  .  iviliviti.in  imp.is.  <.  "  ||,.  an- 
il.mmiil  his  ivs.iluii.m  I.I  apply  I.I  Knt'laml  the 
,samr  iisa;;.'s  wlii.li  slir  ha.l  v'slalilisluil  in  liiT 
inarilimr  liijisiili.ni,  lie  lai.l  .l.i«ntli.'  prin.i 
pl.s»lii.h  Frami' was  rrs.ilvi-.l  i.i  a.  i  iip.m  until 
Kn.^'laiiil  sli.iiilil  ii-iiit:nis<.  thai  thr  ri^'hls  .,f  war 

»r.' III.- saim- .m  lan.l  as.m  sea \n.l   iip.m 

this.'  pr.inis.'s  III.'  ili'cri-.-cir.li'riiI.  1st,  Thai  Ihc 
Urilish  isl.in.ls  shmilil  lie  iliilari-.l  In  ii  .state  ,if 
liliMkade.  'Jml,  That  all  nimnnrce  and  e.irre 
Kpiin.l.n.  !■  n  ilh  Ih.'  Ilritish  islan.ls  slioiild  lie  prn 
Idliiied;  and  that  letters  adilress.'.!  I..  Kn^'lanil  or 
Kn«lishni.  n.  wrillen  in  the  Knfjlisli  lannua.L'e 
(ih.inl.l  lie  d.iaine.l  and  taken.  ;ir.l.  Thai  every 
Hritish  siilijeei  fnnn.l  in  u  c.inntrv  i)e(  npic-.l  liy 
Krench  lr.i.ips.  nr  liy  Ihiise  .if  their  allies,  Hhuulil 
be  ma.li'  a  pris.in.r  nf  war.  4tli.  That  all  nii  r 
ehan.lis|.  aii.l  pr.iperty  liiliini.'in!;  In  Hritish  sub- 
jects sh.mld  be  di-enn'.l  a  )i I  prize      ."illi,  TImt 

III!  e.iimncrce  in  Knglisli  ininhan.list'  sli.iiild   he 

tmihiliitiil,  anil  that  all  inerchan.lisc  l«l(mj;iu>j  to 
in^rlan.l  nr  her  rnl.iiiies,  anil  .if  British  manufac- 
ture, sli.iiilil  be  deemed  ii  jrimil  prizi'.  And  Btli, 
That  n.)  vessel  c.miini;  ilircct  fr.im  Knjilan.l  or  her 
cnl.ii.ies  be  all.iwc.l  l<>  enter  any  Krench  port,  or 
any  purl  subje.l  to  Krench  authority ;  anil  that 
every  ves.sel  which,  by  means  of  ii  false  dedara- 
tion,  should  eva.h'  such  ri7.'uhitions,  should  at 
ome  l«.  (aptured.  The  Hritish  (ioveniment  lost 
nil  'ime  in  retaliatinfj  a^aiiLsi  Krance  for  so  liold 
a  cours<',  an.l,  on  .laimary  7.  IMOT,  an  oriler  in 
Council  w.is  issued,  which;  after  referenie  to  the 
onlers  issuid  by  France,  enjoiniil  that  no  ves,sel 
Rhould  be  allowed  to  trade  froni  one  enemy's 
I>ort  to  another,  or  from  one  port  to  anntheriif 
a  Kreii.h  ally's  coast  shut  a.u'ainst  Enu'lish  ves- 
Bels;  and  onlered  the  coinmanders  of  the  ships 
of  war  and  privateers  to  warn  cviry  neutral 
vesial  comini;  from  any  su.h  port,  ami  destined 
to  an.ither  such  port,  'to  disconlinue  li.r  voy. 
ajre,  anil  that  any  vessel,  after  beinn  so  warned, 
v^■llicll  sli.iiild  1)1-  found  proceeilint,'  <o  another 
such  pori  should  lie  captured  and  i-oiisidireit  as 
lawful  prize.  This  order  in  Coum  il  havini; 
reached  Napoleon  at  Warsaw,  he  immediately 
ordered  the  contiscali.in  of  all  Knulish  nierchaii- 
disi-  anil  i.ilonial  pr.iduce  f.iund  in  the  Ilanseatic 
Towns.  .  .  Hut  Hritain,  ill  return,  went  a  step 
further,  an.l,  by  nnlir  in  Council  of  November 
11,  l'<li7,  (h-elari-d  ad  the  purls  and  jilaces  of 
Frame,  and  those  of  In  r  alli.-s.  and  of  all  eoiiii- 
tri.  s  «|i.  re  the  Knirlish  lla;;  was  exclu.'rd.  even 
thouL'li  they  wiTc  mil  at  warwiih  Hrilii  i,  sli.iuld 
Ik-  pla.ed  iinlerthi'  sami'  reslrielions  bir  com- 
nnrce  and  naviiralimi  as  if  they  wen-  blockaded, 
and  ciiMsc.iui  ally  that  ships '.lestined  to  those 
ports  shoul.l  111'  liable  to  tli,-  visit  of  British 
cruiser;:  at  a  Hritish  station,  and  then'  subjected 
«:>  a  t;i\  t..  1-  ii:ij...sr.!  by  the  Hriti.iii  i',iriiament. 
Napoluuu  was  al  Milan  when  this  order  iu  Coun- 


■i.ImiIiI,,- 

.  "Iitirilnd 
ill.l     llnl 

Ami  ii„ii 
l.ii.'l.ii.l, 
\MLru.i  ."i. 


iKr;ii„,., 


(11  wiui  i.saiied,  and  forthwith,  on  lln.  nil.,,  p 
tlie  famous  diarec  appeari'il,  hy  win,  i,  |„,  |^' 
posid  on  neutrals  just  the  conirary  ..|  »!,,,  „" 
presirils-d  to  them  by  Kn^land.  aii.l  fiiM;,,  r ,'.'" 
elari-d  that  I'vcrv  vess<.|.  nf  whal.-\.  r  n.ii,,,,  ii' 
siiliinittid  to  ihi-onlcrin  Cmiia  il  nf  \  iii,al' 
11,  should  by  that  vcTy  act  beconie  .|.  n  .n,.in| 
iseil,  consi.lerc'd  as  British  prop.rn  ,i„i  ,,. 
demned  as  a  hoihI  prizi'.  The  .leini  'pi  „  ,,|  i|'. 
Brilish  islaiiils  in  a  slate  of  block.ul. ,  iiii.l  ,.r.i,  r,,| 
thai  every  ship,  of  whati'M-r  naii.m  ;,,,|  „"|, 
whai.MTcari:..,  procee.lini;  ■..ni  la,  -i,  ,,  „ 
or  Knirlish  enlonh's  to  e.iuniriis  .,. ,  ,,,„,|  , 
Knirlish  inicps,  or  iroini;  t.i  Knirl.m.l,  s„,.,,|,|  |„ ',, 
ir.i.Hl  prize.  ThisKnirlan.lansH.r..l  In  iii,  ,,r,|,, 
inCnumilof  April  v'll,  IMim.  whi.lii, 
orihrnf  |M|I7  as  rcKards  Ameri.  ,i,  Imi 
the  lilocka.le  of  all  the  |iorts  of  Kraa,, 
lan.l,  their  (nlonies  andilepemleni  ii^ 
Krance,  still  fiirlher  iiKciisi..!  a^'ainsi 
issue.l  the  larilT  of  Trianon,  date.l 
IHIO,  completed  by  tin'  decre.-  ..f  si  (  l.iiiil  ,,f 
September  Ii,  and  "of  Ko.itaim-lili  an  ..f  ii.tHli.r 
1!»,  whii-h  went  the  lenpthof  onleriii  ■  il 
aiidbiiniiintof  all  Hritish  f;.i.,.|s  f.iuii"|  ii 
(iermany,  llnllaml,  Italy,  .Spain,  .iml 
lilacc   oc<upieil    by    Krench    trii..|is  -ii,', 

princi's  of  the  Uhenish  Ciinfederaii.ia  Im-i,  n,,!  i,, 
execute  it,  s.)me  for  the  jiurpos,.  ,,|  mn,  lijn- 
Ihianselves   by   the  Hi.ke.I   di'id.    s.,mii    .nn  .,f 

hatri'd  towan'ls  the   Knv'lish.  an.l  s. |,,  ,|„,,v 

theinh'Voti.in  towar.ls  theirmasier  Ki..iii  Carl- 
ruhe  1.1  .Munich,  from  Cassi'l  l.i  Dr. -.1.  n  i.iul 
IJaniburt;,  everywhere.  iMinlir.s  w.-r.-  in.i.l.  .,f 
Knirlish  irisxls.  .\n.l  s.i  eva.iiin;  n.  r.  Hi,. 
French  that  when  Frankfort  e.xliihi!.,!  ih,  l.;,,i 
hesitation  in  carryini;  out  the  ilnr.  i  I'r.iiili 
triMips  were  sent  to"e.\eeute  the  or.l.r  Hi  m,.:,,,, 
such  as  these  [known  as  the  C.ailiti.  iiial 'Sv-mh 
of  Napoleon]  the  rommerce  of  lli.-  \i,,rli'|  «:,s 
.L'reatly  ilcnuiKed,  if  not  deslrnvnl  altni-.  ili.r 
and  nnne  suflc'red  more  from  them  llun  Kir'l.iu.i 
herself."— I,.  |,evi,  IHhI.  ,.f  Itrili^h  r,„„ ,,„,,,  ^.t 
2,  !■/(.  -J  iirith  iijiiHnilfd  tixt  ,./  Oril.  r«,n,,l  ll,,-i,.„, 
—  •'The  objc'ct  of  the  Orilirs  in  CiiMiiiil  «;m 
.  .  .  twofolil:  tnenibarrass  Fran.,  aa.l  N.ip.il.. Ill 
by  the  prohibition  of  ilircat  imp.ai  an.l  i  \|i,,rt 
traile,  nf  all  external  commerce,  whirl,  ir.r  tli.m 
could  only  lie  carried  on  by  iieulrals.  and  :it  ilw 
winie  time  to  force  into  the  Coaiim  nt  all  the 
Hriti.sli  pnMluet.s  or  inanufactun  s  ih:,'  ii  ...mM 
take.  .  .  .  The  whoh' system  was  111,  !i  in, 1  lii.i 
since  Ihtii,  roundly  uliiised  as  biiiij;  i'l  i,.,  s,  ii-,- 
a  inililary  measure,  bit  mi-nly  a  iri^-..:iii,  ,  \lii- 
biii.ai  nf  commercial  t'recd;  I., 'it  this  siiii|.;i  i„_, 
the  (picstion.  To  win  her  liL'ht  llri.ii  binnn 
was  olili);eil  not  only  lo  weaken  Nan-i.  ri,  luit 
to  increa.se  her  own' stnaiirth,  Tl..'  li.'il,  I,. 
tween  the  .sea  ami  tin-  lan.l  was  l.i  h.  I  -  i-l,i  ,.;jt 
on  Commerce,  Enjrland  h,id  no  army  \\\i 
to  meet  Napoleon;  Napoleon  ha.l  ra,  nan 
with  that  of  his  enemy  As  in  lli.'  ..i- 
impregnaldc  fortr.ss.  'the  only  altinn; 
cilh.-r  of  then'  i-oiitestanls  was  i,.  i,.| 
.ilher  by  starvation.  (In  the  i-oiiiia.ii,  i 
the  coast  line,  they  met  in  a  di.iili.,  - 
which  no  weapon  was  driwn.  The  iiJii' 
diiTs  wi-re  Inrneil  inio  cnasi  iruar.l- in- 
out  (Jreat  Hritain  from  ii.r  mark.N,  u, 
ships  iH'came  revenue  i  nil.  rs  I  i  |,p  ,'  '  li,.- 
trade  of  France.  The  neutral  carri.  i  i  -  ,,  liia; 
liis  pride,  .iITered  iiis  service  i.i  eiiii, ,  :  -  j':i\, 
and  tliv  other  thcD  regarded  him  a^  i,.,>ii,,   ]  an 


,  "ith 
""I"' 


I.-i 
111,' 


i:i;;-l. 


13SU 


FKANrE.  1806-lHlo 


KUAN'CK,    WIT 


m bmtlli'lps.  Tin-  iiilniHlry.  in  the  cxiKi'nriis  nf 
JetNttf.  iH'trHycd  m>mi<>  lack  uf  ilt'litiitr  loiivictiun 
in  III  thi'ir  pn-riM'  itiiii.  Soiiu-tiinrH  tlir  Urili-rs 
wen'  justitlnl  lut  ti  military  niriiMiiri*  nf  ri'tiilia- 
lion;  minirlinii'H  llir  iii'iil  nf  Mip|iarliii;r  Krilitli 
nimmcrc"'  a«  i'»«'iitial  tn  lirr  liff  ami  In  licr  iiumiI 

sircimlli   "an  iilli'^iil:    ami   lliiir  npi nis    in 

tillHT  raM'  taunU'd  tlit'in  with  iiif.iiisiHlcnry 
Sapnlnin.  wilh  (ti'sputic  Hiniplii  ity,  aiititiunrril 
I'li'-irlv  lii^  piir[K>H«' t>f  niinini;  KuL^iaiul  IIiriMi;;li 
hit  Iriiili',  and  the  iiiinislry  rrally  nrcdnl  iii> 
[illur  iirninncnts  than  liHavi>»als.  'Saliii  civi 
tali-*  ^iipri'tiia  li-x.'  Tn  call  llic  rncasiirrs  uf 
I'liliiT  '"I  niililary.  Im  as  inarriiralr  as  il  vvniild 
k-  to  rail  111''  aticicnt  prarlirr  nf  rirciinivallatinii 
lllllllilit.ir)  ,  lifi-aliTM-  till'  nrily  wrapnn  uhi'iI  fnr  it 
MiH  ilir  -pailiv  .  ,  .  'I'lii'  llrd'TMin  Cniiinil  iv 
riivn!  \ariiMis  iniHlilii-ations.  dm-  lar^^cly  tn  tin- 
iniimriaiirt'  In  (irt'iit  Ilritaiii  nf  tin-  .Vmi-riran 
iiwrkri,  wliiclialisnrlMilanrral  part  nf  liirinanii- 
farturrs;  Imt  llit-i'  nUHlitlialinns,  tliniii;li  Mii^i 
Illy  liililcninir  llir  lmrd<ii  iiimn  in'iitrali  and  in- 
tHHlacinir  sntnc  clian^rH  nf  fnrtn,  in  iin  scii-m' 
dipaHcil  fmni  tlif  npiril  nf  llii'  iiii:;inals.  Tlir 
fiiliri-  wriiswas  linally  Hillidrawn  in  .lunr,  Ih]'.'. 
Imt  Inn  lati'  In  avirt  tlic  war  willi  tin-  I'nilc-d 
Sl:lt^^,  wliirli  was  drclari'd  in  tin'  »aini'  iiinnlh. 
Xii|iiilinii  111  viT  rrvniii'd  his  llcrliii  and  Milan 
iltiTirs,  allliiMi).di  liy  a  triik  In'  indiirid  an  nviT- 
irniiT  I'risidi'iil  nf  till' I'nilrd  Stales  tn  iM'lii'vi' 
that  lie  had  dniic  sn.  .  .  .  'I'lii'  triii' fiinrlinn  nf 
liri'iit  Ilritaiii  in  Mils  Ininj  slnii.'ijli'  can  scarcely 
lie  n'iiii,'iii/''d  unless  there  1h'  u  ilear  appre- 
riatioii  nf  the  fact  that  a  really  (freat  nalinnal 
mnviiiii'iit,  like  the  Kreiicli  Ki'vniiitinn.  nr  a 
really  irreal  military  pnwer  under  an  iiicnnipar- 
ahle  L'emral,  like  the  French  Knipiri'  under 
Sapiilfnii.  is  tint  to  be  brnnv:lii  tn  terms  hy  nr- 
dinar)'  military  successes,  which  simply  di'strny 
Uie ofiaiii/.ed  force  iipposed.  ...  If  tlu' cniirsi' 
(it  inr.'rissinn  which  Iloiiaparte  h.'d  iiiheriieil 
fnim  llie  Hevnlutiiiii  wiis  tn  cnntiniie.  there  were 
Deiiliil.  lint  the  resnurces  nf  the  tniilinenl  only. 
Iiut  iif  the  world.  There  wiis  needed  also' a 
liiminutiiin  nf  ultinmte  resistance  lielnw  the 
stored  lip  ac);res.sivc  atrenK'th  nf  France;  other- 
wise, however  procrastinated,  the  time  must 
I'litnewiii'n  the  latter  shnnid  fail,  l)n  lintli  these 
points  (irial  Britain  withstiXKl  N.'ipnleon.  She 
ihut  liini  niT  from  the  world,  and  In  the  same 
net  pmliiaL'ed  her  own  powers  nf  endurance  lie- 
yonillii.s  pnHi'rnf  apKrcs-siiin.  This  in  the  reim- 
spi'rtiif  liistnry  was  the  function  of  Cireat  Britain 
intlic  Itevnliilionar.\  I  Napoleonic  periisl.  and 
that  the  sucees.sive  iiiii.i^tries  of  I'iit  and  his  fnl- 
lowers  pursued  the  cnursi'  iH'st  tilted,  iipnn  the 
whole.  t.iiiiseharKe  that  fiinctinn.  is  their  justili- 
utiim  til  posterity."— Capt.  A.  T.  .Malian.  T/i,- 
hiflmvr  "fS,;i  I\,irer  up^n,  the  Fniicfi  Ittr.  und 
Einpir,.  ,-li.  H-19(r.  2). 

Aixi  in:  11.  Adams,  JIihI.  nf  tlu-  !'  S.,  r.  J 
'M  ■lu.l  Iti.  ,iii<l  r.  4,  M.  4.— I.ord  Brniii;liani! 
Lifi  ,iu.l  fill,,,,  l„j  hiiMulf,  cU.  II)  (/-,  i).  Se<' 
«I»i:  I'mtkii  St.\tf.s  of  Am.  :  A  I)  isiu- 
1*1!) 

A.  p.  1807  (February  — September).— The 
Turkish  alliance.— Ineffective  attempts  of 
England  against  Constantinople  and  in  Egypt. 
-!N'e  i'ncKs;  A.  I).  1M(W-1HU7. 

A.D.  1807  (June-July).— The  Treaties  of  I 
lilsit  with  Russia  and  Prusaia.— Th*  Utt»r 
ilioiuof  naif  her  territory.-Forraation  of  the 
kiajdom  of  Weitphalia.- Secret  understand-  I 


ingt  between  Napoleon  and  the  Cxar.    See 

liKKMtv^       A     ;»     IHOT  I.IfNK-   .Il  IVI 

A.  D.  1807  (July— December!.  -The  seeming 
power  and  real  weakness  of  Napoleon's  em- 
pire. ■  riic  dancers  .  .  .  ih.it  lay  hid  mid' r 
the  iii'w  arranucni'iit  nf  tin' map  nf  F.iirnpe  |liv 
111.'  Treaty  nf  Tilsit),  and  in  the  n-siilisnf  Friiicii 
I  niii|iiist«    Here  as  yet  w  ithili'aH  11    frnm  aliiinsi 

'■\iry  eVi   .    .-Illd   the  power  nf    Napnlentl   was  Ilnrt 

at  iN  liii::hi,  tlii.iiijh  his  cinpire  w.is  afi'TW;iii|s 

snmc'A  hat  iiilariied.   .   ,   .    If  KiiL-land  still  »l 1 

in  arms  a^itirisl  it.  she  was  witlimit  .-m  avnwed 
ally  nil  the  Cnnliiiiiil ;  ami.  'Irawiii;;  In  it -elf  the 
LTial  I'invernf  the  Nnrth.  il  appiand  In  ilinaleti 
the  I  ivili/ed  world  wilhtli;il   universal  ami  >ii - 

tliil  'lnniili;ilinn  w  hieh  hail  tint  lleell  seen  sill'  '■  till' 

fill  nf  linme.  Till'  SnveniL'ii  of  France  'mm 
till'  Scheldt    In  ilie  I'vr'iie's.  ami  nf  It  ilv  fimii 

the  Alps   In   the    Tiller.  Na|inlenll    lli'ld  lllo'ii T   Ills 

iiiiini''li;ite  sviay  the  f;iircsl  and  ninst  lavmed 
part  nf  the  ('iin'timnt ;  ami  yt  this  was  nnlv  the 
si'iit  and  centri'  nf  that  far  spie.idiiii:  ami  im- 
ni'iisi'  aiithnrily.  Oiii'  nf  his  lirnihers.  I.miis. 
t'nvi  rued  the  liaiavian  Uepiililic,  (nnverlid  iiiln 
the  kinL.'dnin  nf  llnllaiid;  annlla-r.  .Insepli.  wire 
the  nid  Cmwu  nf  Naples,  ami  a  third.  .Iirnme, 
sal  nil  till'  new  Ihrniie  nf  Wistphalia;  and  hi'  hail 
reiliiced  Spain  tn  a  sinipli'  dependency,  while, 
with  Austria  hiimlilid  and  l'rii>si;i  criishcd.  he 
w.'is  siipreiTie  in  (Jermanv  frniii  the  Uliinc  In  tlie 
Vistula,  thmiiu'li  his  I'nnredi'rate.  sniiject.  or 
alli'd  Si:itcs,  This  cunnnniis  Kiiipire.  willi  its 
vassal  a|)pemlai.'cs,  rested  nti  ^'nal  and  victnrinus 
armies  in  posses.sinii  nf  every  pnint  if  vantaiii! 
frnm  the  Nicmeii  tn  the  .Vdi^e  and  the  (;:irnntie, 
and  prnved  as  vet  tn  lie  irresistilile;  ami  as  (Jer- 
many.  Ilnllaml.  I'niaud.  and  Italy  swelled  the 
fnrces  nf  France  willi  larire  cni'itini;ents.  the 
vvhnic  faliricnf  cniii|iiest  sieined  tirmly  ccmenteil. 
Nnr  w;is  the  Km|iii'i'  the  imre  creatinn  nf  liriite 
fnrce  and  the  spml  of  the  swnrd ;  its  aiithnr  en- 
ileavniireil,  in  snine  nieasiire.  tn  cnnsoliilate  it 
thrniidh  lieltir  and  mnre  lastini;  inlliiences.  Na- 
linlenn.  indeed,  suppressed  the  ideas  nf  1TS9 
everywhire.  but  he  intrndiiced  his  Cnde  and 
laru'e  siaial  refnrms  intn  innst  of  the  v.issil  or 
allied  States;  he  cnnipleted  the  wnrk  of  de.strov- 
ini;  Feiiilalism  which  tile  Uevolulion  had  ilaringiy 
lii'Kun;  and  he  left  a  permanent  mark  on  the  face 
nf  Kiirnpe.  far  lnynm|  the  limit  nf  IJepiililican 
France,  in  inniimeralile  mnniiineiits  nf  material 
splendniir.  ,  .  .  .Nonlid  the  Kmpire  at  this  time 
appear  mnre  lirmly  eslalilishc'l  ahniail  than  within 
the  limits  nf  tlii'  dniiiinaiit  Statu  which  had  be- 
cnme  luisinssiif  Cnnlinentiil  Kiirnpe.  The  pros- 
perity nf  the  1,'rc.itcr  part  nf  France  was  im- 
iiii'ns<':  the  tinances.  fed  liy  the  cnnlributinns  of 
war.  seemed  nverllnw iiii;  "and  nn  the  increase; 
and  if  sounds  of  discnntciit  were  occasinnally 
heard,  they  were  Inst  in  the  universiil  acclaim 
which  L'neted  the  autlmr  of  the  national  jtfcat- 
ness.  and  the  restorer  nf  siaiial  order  and  welfare. 
.  .  .  In  the  spli'iidniir  and  siii'cess  of  the  Imperial 
'•ra.  the  aniinnsities  and  divisions  nf  tlie  past  dis- 
appeared, ami  Franci'  scemeil  to  form  a  unitc'l 
p'-nple.  If.  Inn.  tin'  cnsl  nf  conquest  was  iireat, 
and  exacted  a  Irilnitc  nf  French  lilissl.  the  mili- 
tary power  of  the  Kmpire  shone  with  tli"  lirisht- 
est  radiance  of  martial  renown;  .Marenijo.  Aus- 
tcrlitz.  .lena.  and  F'riedland  cniild  in  part  cnnsnlc 

even  thin!!...,!    houst'lflds.    .    .    .    Tllc    l!'.ai'll!ticent 

public  works  with  which  Napoleou  adorned  this 
part  of  his    reign    increased   this  sentiiueiil  of 


1381 


fn 


m 

%      ml      .( 

.    ,1  4  '  ' 


I 
1 

I    I 


I' 


Iti 


e; 


Hi 


A. 
•l:- 


KIlANfK,    1*(7 


Thr  rrit 
Sal- 


rUAXCK.   |H<)MH(iM 


natinnnl  trrnmlciir.  II  witanow  tlmi  ilw  Miul:'lrlDr 
raiMHl  i'H  frmit,  uiid  tlir  Cnliiiiin,  moiildiil  rnmi 
mptiiri'it  <iiiin>>ii.  .  nml  I'uriii.  ili-ikril  out 
Willi  triiiiii|iliiil  HD  lii'!i,  Willi  ii'iii|ili'!«  <if  Kliirv, 
iinil  Willi  sliili'ly  Miri'i'lii,  |iiit  mi  llii'  itsiiirl  iif 
^iiitirnl  Kiiiiii'.  )!iiihi'rinK  iiiln  lur  la|i  liii'  gnr 
triiMii  «|KiilH  (if  wiiliJiiKiiK'il  mill  (li'iM'iiili'iil  niriH 
Yrl.  niil»itli<it»niliii)(  liH»p|mrrnt Hln'iiKlli, 
iliix  xinii'liirr  I'f  roniiiicKl  iiiiil  (iiimiiiiilii>n  wim 
iHJMiiIi.iliy  Willis,  ami  lliililr  In  ilmiy  Tlir  wcirli 
of  III!'  swiirii.  uikI  iif  iiiw  niiiili'  |mvMr,  il  wiih  in 
ii|i|i<niil<iii  III  llii' imiiirriir  iliiiiKs  Till' Mill 

Uriiil  uiiil  iMii  miriiil  iM'iii'tllH  riiiifcrri'il  liy  llir 
CihIi',  ami  nrnrni  uf  iiIiiims.  miilil  nut  ninipi'ii 
mil'  viimiuisliiil  Inn  niarlial  rarin  fur  llii'  nilw 
rv  ami  illsuraci'  of  siiliJiMtiiui:  anil,  apart  from 
till'  ciininii  rial  npiirrwinn  (nf  llii'  ('•mliniiilul 
SyBliiii,  wliirliili'struyril  rimiinrrt'c  innrilir  tiii|i> 
injury  111  KiiKlami I,  [  liii' i'xii»|)i'riillnt  nri's 
MuriMif  Kri'iiiii  oIIIiIuIh.  IIh' rxaiiliinnnf  tlir  vir 
iDrimis  Krincli  arinii  n,  ami  llir  m'VirilirK  uf  llir 
I'linmriptiiiii  inlriMtiici'il  aiiinii);  llnin,  pnivnki'il 
ilimiinli'nt  in  tlie  vasnal  Stali'snn  wliirli  llir  yoki' 
iif  till'  Kni|iiri'  wiiijhiil.  .  Tlii'  priwlruiiuii, 
iiHi.  iif  Auslria  ami  I'mssia  .  Iiail  a  iliri'it 
Iciiili'IKy  to  inaki-  tlii'si'  pnwi'ni  for^rt  tlii'ir  olil 
illsionls  in  coniinon  milTiriiiK.  ami  In  tiring  to  iiii 
iml  till'  intiriial  ilivlitionii  liinmjtli  wliirli  Krami' 
had  Im'I'oiiii'  siipnnii'  in  (Iirnianv,  ,  .  Tlio  In 
iinipliant  jniliiy  of  Tilsil  I'ontaliicd  tlir  (firnis  of 
nCoalilion  iiKaliist  Franir  niorr  forniidalilr  Hum 
»lir  had  yet  rxprririiK'il.  At  llir  xaiiir  liinr.  Ihr 
n'»l  ntnnKtli  of  llir  inslrumint  liy  wlili  li  Napo- 
k'lin  niiiintainrd  hU  powrr  was  liriti};  i^radiiallv 
hut  siirrly  ini]iairril;  Ihr  iniprrial  arniirs  wirr 
morrand  iiiorr  lllird  wilh  raw  ronsiTipts  ami  ill 
iilTrilrd  allirs,  iii  llirir  ••i/v  inrrrusril  with  tlir 
rxlrnsioii  of  hin  ru!i';  niid  Ihr  Krrnili  rkmrnt  in 
lliriii.  <i|i  Willi  h  aliiiir  rilianir  could  U-  placrd  in 
IMissili.:  1,  frat,  was  liiiiiK  dissipalrd.  rxlmiislrd, 
and  wi-t.  i  .  .  .  Nor  was  Ihr  Kinpirr,  williin 
Franii  -If.  fnr  from  rlrmrnis  of  inslaliilily 
and  ilrrlinr.  Tlir  tiiianirs,  will  administrrrd  as 
fliry  wrrr,  wrrr  so  liunlrnrd  liy  Ihr  i  liarijis  of 
war  that  Ilii  y  wrrr  only  siislainrd  by  i'i>ni|Ui'sl ; 
unil.  Hourisliiii^  as  llirir  londili'in  srrnird,  lliry 
had  Is'in  ollni  rnirllv  slrainrd  of  lair,  and  wrrr 
unahlr  to  Ixar  llir  siioi  k  of  disjistrr.  Tlir  sia- 
ports  wrrr  iM-u'inninj;  to  sulTrr  from  tlir  polirv 
adopird  to  siilidiir  Knulaml.  .  .  .  Mranwhilr, 
Ihr  ronlimial  drmaiids  on  Ihr  youthof  Ihr  iiulion 
for  nrvrr  rru-iiiL'  wars  wrrr  i;railiiallv  IrllinL'  on 
lis  military  powrr,  Napolroii,  aflir 'F;yliiii,  had 
had  rrroiirsc  lo  Ihr  riiiiioiis  rxpnliriil  of  lakini; 
lirforrhand  llir  Irvirs  wliirh  Ihr  roiisrri|illon 
riisid;  and  llioiiirh  roniplainls  wrrr  as  yrl  larr, 
till'  anticipalion  of  Ihr  rrsourirs  of'Franir, 
wliiih  lillril  Ihr  armirs  with  frchir  hoys.  iiiiri|iial 
to  llir  lianlships  of  a  ruilr  rampaiirn.  had  lirrn 
notiiril  at  hoinras  will  as  aliroad  Nor  wrrr  Ihr 
moral  ills  of  lliis  splrndid  drspniism  Irss  rrrtain 
than  its  had  nialrrial  rrsiills.  .  .  Thr  iiirvitahlr 
trndrnry  of  Ihr  Knipirr,  rvrn  at  llir  timr  of  lis 
hiirlirsl  (.'lory,  waslo  lrs.srn  manlinrss  and  si'lf 
nliamr.  lo  fritrr  and  drmorali/.r  tlir  human 
mind,  and  to  wrakrn  wliatrvrr  piililic  virlur  and 
mrnlal  indrpindrncr  Fninii'  pos,srasril ;  and  lis 
autliorily  had  alrrady  iM'jrun  to  di-sclusr  some  of 
thr  liarshrr  fraliirrs'  of  Ca'sarian  drspotism."— 
\V.  0'(,'.  .Morris.  77i.- AV»'Hi-/i  Iter,  unit  h\nit  Em- 
/•f-'.  c*.  Vi.  —  '-  NolwiihsUmilingsfimuny  brilliant 
and  sprt'iiiua  apprarancrs,  Fniucrdid  not  pos.srss 
cither  truf   prospurity  or  true  grtataess.     She  | 


wiui  not  rrally  pMnp'mus,  for  n<ii  ,.|il,  «  „  ,|,„, 
no  frrlhiK  "'  ••■rurlly,  a  mirssary  i    i,  !iii,,„  t,, 


III  |..|.i. 


ill    llH 

|.i|l     !. 

'  ■  llH 

Hl,|.  I, 

"III    llii 

iIliI   "I 


thr  wrlfan'  of  nalions.  hut  all  tin  i  1 1  .  |  r.i,,, 
liy  XI  many  vrars  of  war  still  wi  l^-h,  ,|  i„  ,i||j 
lirr  .  .  .Shr  was  not  nillv  irn  ii  i 
Itri'Hl  nii'ii  had  rithrr  Ihtii  liMiiUlml 
ullrnif  Shr  roiild  sii||  point  wji 
Krnrrals  and  soldirrs.  allhoUL'h  II 
If  hruvr  as  rur.  had  itrailiiMllv  ,iirik  i 
worship  of  thr  riiiintry  iind  iihir!\  i  ■ 
Klory,  and  from  thr  wor><lii|i  of  i;|.',r\  i.,'i|;,i,,| 
rli  lies,  was  rorriipl  and  diirrni  rati  .  lui  ii|„p 
wrn'  hrr  itri'iit  ritlzrns  1  Win  rr  « .  r.  |„  r  -r,  ,| 
oralors,  hrr  jrrrat  polilirians,  lur  i;ri  m  |.|,i"n,. 
phrrx,  hrr  (jri'at  wrilrrs  of  rvi  rv  kiii<l  '  \\  i,,  r, 
al  h-asi,  wrrr  thrlr  ilrsi-rnilanis  '     All  ul,,.  |n,| 

shown  a  spark  of  (rrniiis  or  piidr  li;i<|  ,  ^,„. 

rl'l 1  for  Ihr  ln'iirlll  of  aslnirlr  muTi      Tin  h:,,] 

ilisapiirarcd  ;  sonir  iriishnl  iinilirlln  «|„,'|y  ,.( 
his  riiariol,  olhrrs  fonrd  to  livr  ..1..,  ur,  ly  j„ 
siimr  unknown  rrtrrat,  and,  what  «  i.  i-rlur 
still,  llirir  racr  srrmril  rxtinit.  Irn,,,  iiu 

imprisoned,  a«  il  wrrr,  in  an  iron  i 
liwiirs  wrrr  clowd  In  all  thr  Hrnirnii- 
yiiutli  that  had  rithrr  intrlln  tii;, 
arllvlty. "  — I'.  l.anfn'V.  Hint  -t  \, 
fh.  5. 

Al.«<i  IN:  H.  A.  Tainr,  Th,  )/../,.„  /,',,,.,„ 
'•*.  1,  rh.  •,',  iimlhk-   :i.  ,■/..  Hie    I) 

A.  D.  1807  (September— November  -For- 
cible aeizure  of  the  Danish  fleet  by  the  Eng- 
lish.—Frustration  of  Napoleon's  plans  Al- 
liance with  Denmark.  War  with  Sweden. 
Sir  S(  xNiiiswuN  Si  \rf>     A    li    i'-n;   I~|', 

A.  D.  1807  (October— November  French 
invasion  and  occupation  of  Portugal  Flight 
of  the  ro^al  family  to  Braxil,— Delusive  treaty 
of  partition  with  Spain,  Srrl'oKi,,  u  \  |i 
IH117. 

A.  D.  1807-1808.— Napoleon's  alienation  of 
Talleyrand  and  others.— (Iiarlis  ^I,II^,  {  ,: 
Iryrind  dr   I'rriL'ord,  nuulr  ltislic>|,  ,1  \-.<n\.,  i.v 


ml  III,' 
ir-lihl 
moral 


Kin^    l.oiiis  .\V1  ,  in  ITSK.  unil  I'rii 

vrnlii  liy  .Napolron.  in    IMOtl.  Ii.rl  j 

appraninir  in  piililir  lilr  as  onr  ,1  1 
drputirs  in  tlir  Stairs  (irnrmi  iif  \>'. 
takrn  Ihr  |iopiilar  sidr      llo  wiis  Iiu  .,, 

havinif  a  lirmlirr  in  Framr  wiio  t 

oath  ri'ipiirrd  of  tlir  ilir-.-\ ,  iinii  In 
thr  appropriiilioii  of  ilmri'li  |,i  ,|  .  1 
wants  of  thr  piililir  triiisiir\  il'-,,i! 
ronsrcnitrd  llir  lirsi  Fnriili  l,i  ■:,- 
under  tlir  iirw  lonsiitiiiii.n.  ami  u.i-,  \ 
eatril  thrrrfor  liy  thr  rojir.     1  i|i  lU,  .,| 

thr   Trrror    lir   rseapni   frimi    Ki 

rrfiiitr  lirst  in  Knu'land.  iiftir  v  ir.l-  \u  1 
Slalrs.      In    ITU.")  Iir  was  prniiii'i'l   ■■  • 
I'aris,  and  lir  took  an  imporlaiii  piiri  m 
lulion  of  tlir  INth  liriiniairr  wlm  h  <~\,  1 
Direilory  and  madr  .Napolmn   Kir^i  1 
llir   nrw    ixovrrnnirnt    In-    rrniM-l    iii 
.Minisirr  of   Forrimi   .UIair>,  wTiii  h  l,' 
unilrrtlir  Knipirr,  until   IHii;.  wli,  11  1,' 
permission  lo  rrtirr.  with  tlir  till,-  ,.|      . 
eirctrur."     '■  M.  dr  Talliyraml.  lii^    Kn 
rslalilisheil  and  forlunair'.  iiinl  iiiih  i/ 
to  il  with  a  sort  of  rnlliiisia-m.      1  li 
vietory.  and  llir  rloipirnre  ol  an  i-\al:'  ; 
tion,  stiliduril   for  a  timr  thr  u-iiiil  i 
and    miHlrralioii   of   his  iTiariuiir      II 

int-v   fill    N-ij-'l-'li'^    j'i.i::?-    f--l     i - 

rnipirr  of  thr  Francs,  anil  rr\iviiiL'  :i 
uf  fiefn  and  feudal  ilii;aitarirs 


11,1 


|.|."iiii,'i 


III,' 
III 


.lIlHll 


llll,i;ll,.l- 

,  hiillllil' 

f  lll,Tl'J 

-\ -trill 
m'-iIuT 


13>^2 


rilASCK    ".'MIT  iwtH 


Snpat»nn  rentl 
Talleifnaiul 


KHANCK,   IW7  \<»m 


ili'iir ' 


A  U.iMTIl 

ill  <lim<  nil 


Rratrin.'  Ii<'  wtlil.  '  tmi  :i  inlllltiry  im*\  \%  in 
ii'iir i'irr*iMi<ttitiii-r<*  tit  prc^t-iir  liii[M>H.ilttlt'  I  iiin, 
iht*[i.  f"r  Miftkliit;  tititt  t\  ■.tt'iii  H|ilt'iM)i>l.  mill  roni 
liiiif  f'riiiici'  for  111  r  lilnrty  liy  lur  (.'run 
riii<    prim  i|iiililv   III    rnjnyril.  tliiiiiL'li   It 

hv  ')!>    IIII'.'IIIS    Mtti^ttfl     lliltl.    W  !•«    li     Hllk     iM'tWi'l'll 

liSm  iikI  till' pi'lliy  mull  r  wliiih  lir  ImM  it 
Hut  liv  lliiil  II  "IriHlvf  lllslliirt  fnrtlir  prill  linil  ;  nil 
ir(,viriiMiriit«.  iiri'iinlliiir  III  IiIh  lli'"ry.  init'lil  I 
tiiji.if  iT'ii*!.  *'^<'''Pt  Hii  iinpiiH^ililc 
mt-nt  il'^pi'ii'll'i-  '"1  i''in'«tiiiit  «iii 
imilrrtiiliin^'4.  nt  Imini*  miil  tihriiinl.  was,  tirinril 
imlii  liiH  iiiiliiiiK.  iiiiii'HHilili',  Tills  iiliu,  iifiir 
tin'  I'.Mii'  iif  Tilsit,  iiiori'  or  liss  Imiininl  him 
|l  m:i'li'  liim.  ill  spi'"'  of  himself,  liitirr  iii:iiinst 
lli«rliirf  —  liilirr  lit  llrsi,  morr  In  riilisc  hi'  lilinl 
him  tliii"  Ixriiiisi'  hi'  ilisliknl  him  Id'  wmilil 
illll  li.iM'  aiili'il  |os,ni'  till'  Kmpiri',  liiil  hf  wiis 
IrritHffil  Is-i';uisi'  hi-  ihoii'^rht  hi*  sjiw  Ihr  Kinpirr 
ilriftinir  iiilo  11  sysiiiii  «lilrli  Hiiiilil  not  ii<lmlt  of 
itiln'iiii,' si'*''''l  A  sinlhiiiht  of  tills  kitiil.  how 
priT.  is  lis  lltlli'  likily  to  1k'  piinliiiiiil  liy  oiii' 
(rliii  isiiriiislimiiil  to  coiisiilir  that  his  will  must 
Iw  i;i\v.  us  u  scntimi'Mt  of  n  mori'  liostilr  natiiri'. 
N:i;»il<'nii  li<'i;an  litlli'  liy  liltli'  to  hair  tin' man 
f>ir  wlii'M)  111'  liii'l  fi-lt  at  otii'  timi'  a  prnliii  rlion. 
:iii.|  if  III'  liisliki'il  any  onr,  hi'  ili>i  tlial  whiih  it  is 
niiMt  il:tin:i*riins  to  ilo,  ami  most  usrii'ss;  tliat  is. 
Ill-  u'oiiikIi'iI  his  priili'  without  ilimiiiisiiliiL'  his 
imimrtiiiii'i'  It  is  triir  tliiit  .M.  ili'  Taili-y  rami 
mur  L'livi'  any  visihlr  siL'ii  of  In-iiit'  irritalril 
Illll  fi  «'.  whaii'ViT  llii'  pliilosopliy  witli  whirli 
ili'V  f"rL'i\r  an  injury,  panlon  an  liiimiltation : 
iiii'l  tiiu^,  sirniiu''r  anil  strotiiriT  crrw  hy  ilrirrri's 
!lmt  iiiiiliial  ilissatisfarli'tn  whirii  tin'  mii'  vrnli'il 
at  timi  s  in  furious  nproailii's,  nml  ilir  otlnr  ilis 
Lniisi''i  uniif  ra  stinlioiish  ri-spirtfiil  iii'lilTiTrii 
TliiM.inli's.ni'ssa--,  to  III'.' fi'i'llh 
It  Miiiilil  iiavi'  Ik'i'Ii  w'sit  not  I 
.'(till' most  fatal  rrrors  of  lln-  roni|iiiior 
ili'iiiiil  Is'ionii'  at  this  timi' ri|ii:illy  inililTiri  nl  to 
'ill-  liatrni  anil  utTiTtion  of  his  aillirri'iits ,  anil 
f.iiuii-il  that  rvi-ryliiiiiL'  ilipi-mli-il  on  liis 
'Wii  mt-rits,  iiiiii  nothinir  on  tiir  nii-rils  of  hi- 
■liii'iilH  Till' victory  of  WaLrnni,  ainl  tlir  in  ir 
ria.'i-  witli  Marir  I.oiiisi'.  i-'inimrnii-il.  imli-i-il.  a 
rii-iv  i-r-i  in  Ills  history,  l-'oiirin'-  was  liismissi-cl, 
t!iiiti'„'Ii  iioi  without  mi-ritiii'^  a  ri'priinaii'i  for  lii^ 
iiitriiriirs,  ati'l  Tallryriinil  fill  iiit<i  iiiii'i|iii\"i'ai 
ili-iLTai  -.  ill  sotin-  ilt-f^ri-i'  jirovoki-ii  li\  his  wn 
iiii-.nis.  »liiist  roiinil  iln-si-  two  nn-ii  L'atiirn  li  i 
iiuii-t  .111-1  otisirvant  opposition,  itrsri-niliitir  ^\iili 
till- i-I'-M  r  a'lvi-ntiircr  to  tin-  lowi-st  i-las^rs  alhl 
aTi-niliiii'  wiili  till-  ili-satislii-il  iiohii-  to  liii- 
liijlirst  ,    M  ill'  Tailiyranils  hoiisi'  tln-ii -tin- 

'iiily  ji!  II  r  pi  rliaps.  opi-n  to  ail  prrsons.  w  fun- 
till' iriiM-ninirnt  of  tin-  ilay  wastri-atni  witiioiit 
rc-s-rvi)  lii-i.-imi*  a  sort  of  '  ri'ttili-zvoiis '  for  a 
lin-li  wlii.  li  ri-plii-il  to  a  virtory  hy  a  lion  inol, 
■intii-niitn.iiti-.l  till'  liorrowi'il  ri-n-nmnii's  of  atn-w 
iiiiirt  liy  lln-  natural  u'rai-i-s  anil  aiknon  ii-il^-nl 
fiililnuM.f  an  ohi  imi'.  — Sir  11.  I.,  iiiilwi-r.  ///.< 
Ii:rii;,l  c/uinirlem,  r.  [:  '/',illr  i/niii'l  i:t  I  -ur-r 
9-111. 

VisoiN;  ('.  Iv.  Mi-Ilar-.  /.if,  ■■f  Pri,,-,  T<lh  ,i 
r.ii„,i, ,-/,.  l-!:l.— l/,„i.„<-»..f  7;(/',"i/r..;,./.    -    1. 

A.  D.  1807-1808.— Napoleon's  over-ingenious 
plottings  in  Spain  for  the  theft  of  the  crown. 
-The  popular  risine.  Si-.Sr\iM  A  1).  \»i)',- 
Isiis 

A.  D.  :5o7-i8o8  i November  —  February >.— 
Napoleon  in  Italy.— His  arbitrary  changes  in 
the  Italian  conttitution.— His  annexation  of 


of  thosi-  will 
iilTi-nil.  was  I 


Tuscany  to  Francs.—  His  quarrti  with  tht 
Pop*  and  stisur*  of  ths  Papal  Statts.        \a 

ixihsiii  M-t  out  for  Italy,  w  In-n  (jri-al  poiiii 

nil  i'hun);i'it  wi-n'  In  proKrfwi.  Dinllin-il.  likr  all 
thi'  niilHirilliiHIi'  throm'S  whhli  siirriiiiiiihil  tin' 
irri-nt  niitliiR.  to  nhuri'  in  Ihr  rvplil  miiiiiiions 
whhli  its  noviriiiiii'iit  iinihrwcnt,  tlii'  kint'ilotii 
of  Italy  WHS  mkhi  riiUcil  ii{ion  to  iii-n'pt  a  rhii  si- 
ill  llM  ri.ristiliillon.  Nii|ioh-on,  in  riiii-ti>i{iii-nri'. 
siijipri'iMi'il  III!'  h'ltWiitlvf  liisly.  mill  siiiistiiiiti  i| 
in  its  room  it  Si-nati'.  which  was  c\cliisiv-i-ly  in 
triistcil  with  till-  powi-r  of  siilnnitliiiK  oltsi-rvii 
lions  to  ;jovi-iiiiiici  •  on  the  piililic  wants,  ami  of 
iiiipcrinti'iiillni.'  the  huiU'ct  hiiiI  |iiilille  i-\|N-nili 
tiire  .\s  till-  iiiemlH-rsof  thisS<-naii-  «i  n-  iiomi 
nateil  unit  paiil  liy  uoveriiniciit,  this  hist  shiuliiw 
of  repri'seiitative  institutions  lieciime  a  perfect 
nii«-ki-ry.  .Ni-verthel -ss  Niiiiiihoii  was  nceivetl 
with  iiiilioiiiiileil  ailiiliition  liy  nil  the  towns  iif 
Italy:  thiir  licpiities,  who  w'ltileil  ii|Kin  him  iit 
Milnii,  villi  Willi  each  ntlicr  in  eh-Kiiiit  lliittery. 
Ill'  was  tile  Kcijeemcr  of  France,  hut  llie  Creator 
of  Italy:  they  Imil  siippliealeil  heaven  for  his 
safely.'for  his  victories:  they  iilTereii  liim  tlie  trih 
lite  of  their  elcrmil  Inve  iiiiil  tlilelity.  XaiMj- 
li  >n  receiveit  tln-ir  uiiiiliitioi)  in  llie  most  ifracimiH 
maiiiiir:  hut  lie  was  earefiil  not  to  liisi>  si^ht  of 
the  niiiln  iihject  of  his  iMilicy,  tlie  <-iinsotiihitliin  of 
his  iloiuiuioiis.  tlie  renilerin)!  them  iill  ilepemieut 
on  his  im|»rial  crown,  uinl  the  fimicrinn  of  a 
miliiary  siiirll  aiiioui;  his  siilijects  .  .  .  Kroiii 
.Milan  the  Kinperor  travelleii  liy  Verniia  ami  I'a 
iliia  to  Venice,  lie  tiiere  iiiliiiireil  the  luurlile  pal 
iici's.  varieil  scenery,  iinil  ijor.ircous  iin-hilet-ture 
of  lln-  (hieeii  of  the  Ailriath  .  which  upiu'iireil  to 

I  vtraorilinary  ailvantaKe  amiiist  illuniimitions. 
ilreworks.  anil  rejoieim;s.  ami  rctiirnini;  to  .Mi 
Ian  arr:tni;i'ii,  w  ith  iin  autlniritalive  liiinil.  a!l  the 
allalrsof  the  iMiilnsula.  The  liisconient  of  Mel/,1. 
who  still  ri'taineil  a  liiii;eriu).'  partiality  for  the 
ihinocrath' institutions  which  heliail  viii'niy  hiipeil 
to  SCI- e»taliiisiieil  in  his  couniry.  was  stilleil  liy 
till'  title  of  Duke  of  l.oiii,  Tu'.scany  was  taken 
from  till-  Kiiii;  of  Ktriiria.  on  wlioin  Napoleon 
li:"l  settleilii.  iiiiil  iinili-'l  In  Krauci'  liy  the  title 
of  till-  licpMrhni-nt  of  Tarn:  wliih-  maL'iiiticcnt 
piiliiic  works  «i  re  set  on  fool  at  .Milan  to  ilaz/.h' 
the  anient  im.-iv'ination  of  the  Italians,  anil  con 
sole  ihi-m  for  till- i-nlire  I0S.S  of  their  national  in 
ih-pi-nili-iici-  ami  civil  lilicrty.  Tlie  cathcilral  was 
ilaiiy  ailorni'il  wilii  frcsii  works  of  stulplure:  its 
evti-rior  .iiiorate-l  :inil  n-storcil  to  its  orii;inal 
purity,  whih-  iiiou,anils  of  piniiacli-s  uinl  statues 
rose  on  ;ill  siilcs.  irlit'eniu'  in  spotii-ss  hrilliaiicy 
in  till-  liiiii-  v:iuii  of  111  ;ivi-n.  The  Korum  of  llin'i 
naparlc  -vas  rapiilly  iiilvanciii};.  the  licautiful 
liasso  rclii-vos  of  the  arch  of  the  Sitnplon  alreaily 
enlranci-il  the  :iiiniirin^'  i;a/e  of  thoiisiimls:  tlie 
roails  of  the  Simplon  ami  .Mount  Ceui.s  were  kept 
in  till-  liiiest  oi'ili-r.  ami  ilaily  allracted  fresh 
crowils  of  stratiu'i-rs  I0  the  Italian  piaiiLs.  Hut  in 
llie  miiist  of  ;ill  ihi>  c.Meriial  splenilour.  the 
ri mains  of  wliicii  still  llmiw  11  halo  routnl   the 

II  c.vllcctioii  of  the  Kn-m-h  iloiuination  in  Italy,  the 
lin:u!ces  of  :ill  tin-  states  were  involvi-il  in  hopelcsA 
ctnlitirrassineiit.  ami  sullcriui;  of  the  must  i,'riiiil 
in::  kinil  pervaileil  all  cla.sses  of  the  peoph'.  . 
The  encroachnunts  thus  miiiie  on  the  Italian 
peninsula  were  not  the  only  ones  which  Xapolion 
clTccteil.  in  consi'iiueiice  of  the  liberty  to  dispose* 
.-I  WisUlli  iil.lope  anjilired  bv  hilli  al  liie  lli-.ill 
of  Tilsit.  The  territory  of  tliu  great  nation  wa"s 
Muujfil  also  ou  the  aide  of  Uenuauy  and  Holland. 


13S^ 


ly 


ffilfH 


fPfs:' 


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;!i 


!   » 
I   ' 

i  1 

■li 

i  > 

t 
i 


Ml 


^r| 


IK 
•■|j 


i/«i;  I  MM 


/%r    .4  Mi  mA^I0r 

•If  Kf/nrf 


KUAN( >;,   iwm 


•..;» 


'»ti  Itii'  mil  "f  NiivimlMT.  lilt'  liii|uirlaiil  lown 
aiiil  I.  rrlt.iri  i.r  Klu.liliiit  »•  n  (i.lnl  hi  Kniiii  r 
liy  llir  Kliik'  "f  llnlliiii'l  »hi>  oliiiiiniil.  in  n  lurii 
iiiirrix  nil  I  liixirv  I  i|iii\iili  III  in  K:i«l  Krirsliiiil 
(In  till'  '.M-t  iif  .1  iiiiiiirt  fnll.iKltiir.  I  <l<'<  rir  'if  tin 
■H'li.iii'  iiniii  .1  I.I  till'  VtnH  li  i'iii|ilri  U  >lili  1  tlii'iu' 
iilun  1.  till  iiii|i..riiiMt  t.iiiiniif  Ki  hi  (■ii»->il,  mill 
«i'«i  I.  II  II,,'  richt  liiiiik  i.f  till'  r.liiiii  Sli..rih 
nftir.  ilii    Kn  ti.  Ii  ir.-.i-.  »  Im  liml  alii  mh    liiki  ii 

iM~«<'.,i.iii  ,,f  ii„.  »i„,|,' ,.r  i-ii.i.iin  1,1  iifiiH'  I.f 

Ilir  r.  ■.iv'ii.iii..n  fiirii'il  ii|Hin   II,.    i^iii.  n  ..f   Kirn 

rill.  lin;i.li'.|  ihi  |( an  I,  rrit.irii'H  uii.l  iiii.li  lln  in 

H'lvi  .1  miinii  r*  iif  till'  mil  li  ni  i  ii|.il.il  ..f  iln'  m.rlil 
'I'll!  V  iinnii'.liiii.'lv  i.iiii|i,i.l  Mil'  la.il,'  ,,r  M 
Aiii'il.i.  III,. I  till'  C'liri  ..I  llii.  iin  mill  I  iiliri'U 
ili,|,.,...  ,.,.1  i|„.  |,ii|i;,|  lr..,,|„  1^1' l«»,.v,  s  A  |> 
INIH   |S|||  Krmii,'  iHiw,  «iili..iit   .|i,-iii«', 

"""n .1  till'  riuhl  ..f  iiiiiii-xitii.'  lunlril  mi. I  Imli' 

iH'iiilinl  vi.iir,  I.I  iisiiiri  .iilv  I  \t.  ii»in'  il.iiiiliili.il-.. 
fiy  II.  I  ..lln  r  a,iili..rln  llimi  tin'  ili .  ni'  nf  Its  hwii 
ll■^'i■.hll,lr.  ><ir  .\'  .\li..iii.  ///./  ..f  H" 
ITXH   IX I.-,,  ,/,    .-,1    „,.i   :,\   .VI  (,■    111 

.\l.*il>:  (■  lliillll.  Il.lln  ili,n,i:l  li„  r,n,.,il,ltr 
,in:l  h:„i.ir,  ■  f  S.ifi-I,. .11,  i-h    T\ 

A.  D.  i807-i809.  -The  American  enibarfo 
and  non-intcrcourtc  lawi.  s.  I  MiiuMiitn 
UK  .\M   :   .\    l>    1X01    ls(K)    ,1,1,1  i.,ii, 

V  D.  i8o8  (May -September).  Beitowal  of 
the  Spanish  crown  on  joteph  Bonaparte.  The 
national  revolt.  -French  reveriet.  Flieht  of 
Joieph  Bonaparte  from  Madrid.  Landing  of 
British  forces  in  the  Peninsula.  Sir  >r»i.\ 
.\    I)    I'XiiM  (M\v  -MrrKMHUi' 

A.  D.  l8o8  (September  -Octoberi.  -Imperial 
conference  and  Treaty  of  Erfurt.— The   as- 
semblage of  kings.—  '  Nii|i.ili.'n  s  n  lalimi^  »illi 
ilir  t'.inrt  .if  Uiijinia.  at  utir  tlnii'  viry  furtii    '   !» 
rmiii'   far  iiinri'  ainiralilr,   ari'.'niini;  as  >       ii»li 
iitTiiirs  uri'W  iiiiii|.lii'ali'il.     ..Iiirthr  capiii,    iilmi 
iif   llavlin   tiny    iK.ainr    |iii-.ilUi'ly  alTritinimli' 
Till' Oar  «as  t.Ki  cli'ar  si;tlili'il  ii.ii'l.i  iinili-rxtaiiil 
till-    tinaniiiir   ..f    this    urailati.iii.       ||i'    unlrkly 
iiii.li  rst.Kiil  thill  till'  iii.irr  (lillli  iiliii's   Naiiiiliiiii 
iiiit;lil  rnalr  fur  liiiii-ulf  in  .Spain.  thi.  in.m'  wmilil 
111' Ih' f.ini'il  til  niaki  riiiii'rv.«|iiiis  1.1  |{ll^■.ia.       .   . 
Thr   Uilssiatl   alliallri'.    whii'li   al   Tilsit   hail   .inly 
IHI  11  an  arraiii.'1'iiii'nl   ti>  llatti  r  Naimlnin  s  alii 
liitiiiii.  Iiail  iii.is  Ini'iiini'  a  in'n'»>iiy  tii  liiiii.     Kacli 
i-iilr   frit    this.    hi'iKT  till'  Ivvii   Mivrrrii;iis   \vrri' 
r.liially    iinpalii'iil    In    iiii-it    a>.'aiii;    thr   mii'    tn 
i>lrriii.'ilii'ii  all  allianri'  >..  iiiilis|ii'iiHalili'  tn  Ihi'  sni' 
I'l'SHiif  his  plans,  tlii' ntlnr  tn  ilrrivi'  fmiii  it  nil 
till'  pniniisi.t  ,'i.l\aiilai;i'S      It  nas  .hcIiIiiI,  ihiri" 
fnri'.  that  till'  ili'siriil  iiitiTvii-w  slunilil  tukf  pliici' 
at   Krfiirt   tnwanls  tlii'  mil  nf  Si'pti'iiil»'r.  IHilx 
Thr  Iwii  Kniprrnrs  ni.t  nn  till' 'JTtli  i)f  Sip 
ti'iiilMT.  nil  llii'  r.i.'i.l  lii'tMi  I'll  W'liniar  anil  Krfiirt. 
Tiny  I'lnlirai'i-.l  lai  h  nllii'rwilli  thai  air  nf  pir 

fii'i  i.iriliality  nf  whirh  kiiit's  al. piwscsK  tlii' 

Miri't.  rspi'i'ially  whin  tlnir  iiitiiiiinn  is  rallnr 
In  stilli'  than  tn  I'liilirari'.  Tiny  iiiaili'  tin  ir  riilry 
int. I  Ihi'  tnwii  nil  hnrsi'liai'k  t.'iL'i'lhi'r,  amidst  aii 

ilninrllsi-  rnncniirM'  nf  p.npli'.  N'apnlii.n  hail 
wishi'il  liy  its  Illairtlitiri'llri'    In    r.'ll.lir  lln'    riri'P 

tinii  wnrlhy  .if  till'  illiisiri..iis  u'liistji  wli.i  ha.l 
.'i:.'lvi.l  !..  mr.  1  al  Krflirl.  II.  li.i.l  ^M  Ihilh.  I 
tr.  III!  ti,,'  Nl.,r.'hnllsi'snf  IhrcrnW  II.  iirnll/l'S.  pnrcr 

lain,  til,'  li.'h.'^t  li.'iimiiii:s.  an. I  tlii'  iii..^t  siiiiiiiHi 
nils  fiirnitiiri'  II.'  .Iisirnl  that  llu'  rmnwlii'- 
Krmi'.ai-.'  shniil.l  liii^'hii  n  lli.'  Iirilli.int  iirnts  ..f 
tlii's.'  f.-'t.  ,  l.y  iiirfnrniin,.'  thi'  iliiif  mastiriiii  rrs 

"I  -1  i;;.'.  rinin    <  iiiiia    linn  II  In  '  Ut  .Miirt  ilr 

CiJMi.'.    Iiiliii.'  ihis  royal  audit-aci'.  .  .  .  All  iIh' 


iiiiliiritliutlH'nnlMof  N'a|mlinn  hisi.  n.  I  , 
hin  npiMiil  In  IliK  kinu  in  Krfiirt    I,,  i,, 

I.HM'  itltfhl  I.f    hi..,  prllK'Ipill   iiliprl      III. I    In, 

»iw  tn  apiH'iir  iK'fnri'  KiirniK'  snrr.'i.'i  i, 
niiirl  I  ■iinpi.H.'il  .if  kiiik's  In  ilii.,,,,i,, 
I.I  Im' orii  ih.KM'.if  llinaria,  ..f  \\i,ri.  ...i. 

S.nnm    i.r   Wi'.'pliilia.   mill   I'r U  „' 

rrii~.i,i ,  anil  In  >ii|i  ihi  m  si,irs..|  in  ,i  ,,, , 


•i'-ir. 
I  I'l  , 


"I    II"     l:i,.!,„„ 


ti' 


II  I.,-.,, 


tHinkli'.l   III.'  ..lis.  iiri'    I'll  ia.f 

('.iiili'ili  rall.iii       Thi'  ri'iininn.  aln 

It.rniiin    \\.'is  im  ant  In  pmvi   i..  i;.  tm 

till'  laiilivnr  Ihi  ii  ilriaiim      Wii.  ,i..i 

»lin    ha.l    any     'm  ixhl    In    tiirii 

piiHi T.  rank,  nr  rii  lii'«  r     \\  is  ii  n,,,  .  , ,  ,,  i,,,,!,,! 

th.it   ihi'  Kniiur.ir  nf  .Viisiria  li.nl  iiii|.|.|..|  n,, 

favniir.    vtlth.iilt    U  inu  alili'   I..  ..In,,,,   r    ,,|  ,„| 

tlil->|n|i   I.I  Ihi' niiifi  ri'iiii  s  .if   jjiiui         II,,,  r. 

|iiiri    wax  iit.isi    ttiiprnlialili'  I  h,    l,iti/«  ,,] 

I'lti'lli'i  I  I  anil' in  thi'lr  turn  t..  !...«  ,,.,„,,  i",  f, ,, 

(axar,     tin.  iIm'  aii.l  \\  I.  laii.l  » 

NiijKili'i.n,    ihiy  appian  .1  at    l,i- 


I" 


1" 


'  It  i„.i 


tlii'ir  L'l.iry  ailnrni.l  his  triiiiniili      '•>< 
Irintisin  «a.H  wvi-nly  Irinl  al  Kifnii  ,  l.i 

111-  saiil  Unit  nf  all  il's  liiiiiiili,iii.,i,s  ij,.  ..| ,„  „ 

till'  lirrinaiiH  nn'sl  ihiplv  iisini,,!  «  ,,  i|,,t  .,( 
lu'linLliiii;  Ihi'ir  L'riali'st  liiirarv  t,  ni,i.  .I,,  km., 
Iiinisi'll  ,,111  Aiih  .\a|inlciiii  s  |a\,,iii^  |il.,  ,l,,.,r," 

til  II  I, f  111,'  Ij'iji.ill  .if  llllllnlir.  Mill,  h  il,„  ll„  I, 
n'pliill.        .    .    Thi'  Ihi'atriial  ilTi  ,  I  nl.i.li  \:,|,. 

li'.iii  hail  in  \ii'«  in  iliii.  snli  I !„,«    .i   l.ri„rt 

luniiiu  nnrr  Ik'iii  pi'n.liii'i',1.  hi,  |,ri,  .  i|,,|  ,.|,|,,| 
was  attainiil,  Inr  tin-  pnliii.al  ip,  -ii,.,,-  «i,i,li 
ri-inaini'il  fnr  .s.'tlli'ini'iil  with  .Vli  \  m.l,  r  ,,iii|.| 
iinl  raisi'  any  wriniix  ililtlniliy  In  vji  u  ,,f  ||„ 
iniini'illalr  ami  irrlain  w  ssim'i  ,,f  i«,,  »,„  h  i,,, 

Imrlant      prnvinns    h.h    Ihn-i'    .,f     W  .ill.i,  l.la    ,ii|.| 

Mnlilavia,   till'  (Var.  willimit   iiiii,  h   i,,i,,i,l,    t, 

nnlllli'i'.l     Ihal    ilisisinn   nf    lllr    I  Ml. .,11.11,    I 

with  whiili  hi'  hail  lii'i'ii  tanialisr.l  f,'r  iii.,r 
II  yi'iir.  .  .  .  Ill'  liniiiiit  hiiiisi  If  .        In  til.  Tr.  ,i 
I  if  Krfiirt  tocniiiiiiuc  his  in  n|i.'raii.,ii  .viih  .\  i|. 


,,pi 


;il„l, 
\rii,l.' 


'1 1,.' 


linn  ill  till'  warairiiinxt   Kn^laiiil  ,.\rii. 
xliniilil  it  sii  iH'fall.  also  aiiuiiisi    .\ii-irii 
nil;  lint  tin' alTairx  in  Spain  ilir.  «  .i.r 
iipnn  KiiKlaiiil  into  tin'   liackk'r.'Uii'l 
nnly  vrry  ill»lini't  I'liiiaifi'iiii'iit  win.  h  il„    ir,:,i, 

iinpiiM'il   nil   AlrxaiiiliT  wa.H  lln    ri...;i,iii ,( 

•Ihr  iii'W  nnlirnf  Ihitiirx  rMalili-h..|  li  Kriiiii' 
in  Spain.'"— I'.  Ijiiifri'V.  Ilifl  -I  S.i:-!'.  .  .  .1, 
rh.  10. 

Ai.MiIN:  I'riini' Tiilliyran.l.    \l.   .  ■   .   .    j 
A.  D.   l8o8-l8o9.  — ReTerses  m   Portugal. 
Napoleon   in  the  field.  -French  vn  tones  re- 
sumed.—The  check  at  Corunna.     >. ,   s,  ,|\ 
A.  I).  lHOH-l.X(iHiAii,i  sr-.lvM  vin 

A.  D.  1809  (January  Septembf  i  Re- 
opened war  with  Austria.  ~  Napoleons  ad- 
Tance  to  Vienna.  -His  defeat  at  Aspirn  and 
victory  at  Wagram.  -The  Peare  ol  bthon- 
bninn.— Fresh  acquisitions  of  tcrntnry  >. , 
(iKUM.tNV:    .\.  1»     ixil'.t    (.l\M\in      I,   .1       1' i 

(.Ii  I.V — .SKIT-KMnKIU. 

A.  D.  1809  (February— July       Wellingtons 
check  to  the  French  in  Spain  and  Po:iLi^al 
His  passage  of  the  Douro.     Battle  of  Tala- 
vera.      .Sei'   Si-mn,    .\     I)     |x.iii   iiii,,  n., 

.III. VI 

A.  D,  1809 (May I.  -  Annexation.if ' 
of  the  Church.  -Removal  of  the  P 

VOna.      Si'il'MHiV:    \     1'     l^.is    is;, 

A.  D.  1809  (Decemberi.     Withjr.i 
English  Irom  Spam  into  Portugal 

A.   T)     IHIWlAllilST- DhlKMIlHi 


•  Stairs 
:■  to  Sa- 


il of  thf 


1-384 


\.?\.i 


-J,;  " 


rKANCK,   Itiu 


The    l*itnrcr  u/ 


FRANCE.   tHl»-l8IJ 


A.  D.  <ll4  (Ftbrnary  D«ctmb*ri.  Ao- 
HMtiaai  of  ttrrltery  to  th*  tmptrt.  Hal- 
K(4,  iht  H«aM  Towm,  and  Ih*  VkUii  in 
}«imrltnd.   -Other    rtconilructioni  of   th* 

[jlX  l^lil  \»tU't  till'  HlKltnition  of  Kliiu   l.oiii" 

thai  lliillunil  Hn<  iiiilliil  In  KmiM  i'  l>v  ^i  forinul 
»n»lii»  «'"'<"'•''  "'  llii' llr»l  nrlli  licif  iliiniiiii" 
Uw  ll.  Iiiiiw 'r<H\ii«  I  Mnintiiiri;.  Itritm  ii,  iiinl 
|,iil»ik|  till'  Uuiliy  "f  I.1UI1  iitmrc,  iiml  lln 
ci>iiiilrii%  •lluiil>'il   Iniwiin  llif   N'Mrili  Siu  mill  11 

llii-  lihiiir  111  lliill"  rill,  friiiii  llitl'i  rill  tii  tiif  Kin» 
iNivi  Ti  U'l"'.  frnin  tin-  Km-  !'i  tin-  rfnirtui  lit  r  nf 
ilif  Wrrrii  «iili  till'  \V> ».  r.  uiul  from  Sti'l/riiiiu 
.10  llml  riirr  In  llir  Kllii'.  ul»ni  tin-  iiiiitliiiim 
.)(  Ilir  Hliikiiil/.  win  III  llii'  Miiiii'  linir  imorpii 
nir.1  *llli  II"'  Krr'irli  Km|iiri'  Tliiliniili 

olilxl  Hoilhl  lllrlllilr  lllr  IliirllliTII  purl  iif  Wi  "I 
I'lulU  ami  lliin"vi'r,  jiiiiI  IIh'  iIih  lit  nf  ohliii 
liiirj  Till-  l>iiki'"(  Olili  iiliiirn  luivliik'  up 

[rflll^l  t"  IIk'  I'.llllHTiir  iif  l{lls<<iil,  llli'  lli'ilil  iif  lli'< 

hiiiiw'.  iiifuliiot  till'*  !<)Hilialiiiii.  Nii[H»li-wii  (ilTiTi-<l 
Uii<ini|Kii«iil«'  liim  Willi  11"'  liiwii  iiml  Irrrilnrj 
ofKrdirl  niiil  ilic  InriNliip  uf  Illiiuki'iilMiiii.  wliii  li 
Inil  ri'itiiiiiit'tl  iiiiiliT  Kri-nrli  iii|iiiini>itriiti<*ii  •^iiiri' 
Ihr  i'lnii'iif  Til»il  lliil  tlili  iilTrr  wimil  mm' 
ri-jiitrii.  imtl    Ali'XiiiiiIrr  n-'wrvnl,   hv  u  ftiniuil 

pri'lr-l.  'Iir  rllllll"  iif   lllnnhllln-         This  Hill"  \:t 

iJ.iiiM'H  "tilj  tin iiipliiiMiil  iif  iiiliir  iiir.ir|Mi 

rsihpu*  mill  tl"'  Kni"  Il  Kiiipin- iliiriiu;  ihr  nur 
hill  Kiirly  111  llir  .Vi'»r,  llir  Kli  rliirulr  nf  lliiii 
"iirhiul  In  ill  Miiiii'Xi'il  111  till'  Kiiii;iliim  nf  \V< -.1 
pliiilia  I'll  Kiliniury  Itllli  Niipolinii  Iiml  crii  liil 
Ihr  limii'l  lliuliy  iif  Kriiiikfiiri,  hihI  pri'wntcil  it 
111  hir  rriiK'i'  I'rimuli'of  llii<  Ciiiifi'ilrriiliuii  nf  tl"' 
Kliiiii  ^tiili  ArrM'rHitl  ill  favniiriif  Kuurt"'  Iti'iiii 
lianiii-*  till  Nnvi'iiilii'r  r^'lli  till' Viiluii*  ill  Sw  iu 
Hiauil  was  ;il,ii  iiiiiii'xi'il  111  Kruiirr,  Willi  llir 
vifwiif  wrtiriiitf  till'  rnai)  iivi  r  llir  Siiiipliiii  t  >f 
ullllim-  iiiiniviiliiini.  lli:il  nf  II"'  lluii«'  rii\vn>< 
mlilir  ili^lriiN  nil  till-  Niirili  Siu  »«»  Iln-  iimsi 
imimri.iiil.  mill  nm  nl  ilii'  prim  ip;il  caiiM'Hiif  tin- 
»:tr  llial  i-ni*m'tl  Ih*I\\itii  Frai"  i'  iiml  Hiin^iiii. 
Ttii-M- aiiMi-xttiiniiM  wrri'  iiiaili'  vtjthiiiit  till' slii.i|ii 
«!  niiiiKJaiii'ii  with  any  l-jimiH'aii  culiinrl.  uml 

llnlls   In  ililll.   willlnll 


it  »-rulil 

pri'li'si 
fmin  111 

Mlnlivi 

'J'  :  ■• 


npirll 
i^'ht.  thiiiiKli  III' 
i.ar  »illi   Kiii;laiiil 
r    II    Itvir.    III'!  ..' 
■',    ITi,   irilli    t,,..l  »..?,■  11-    |i 
liil    Napnliiui.     ■  liuvi'    111 
ti;:!iii  nf  Kurnpi- ;   a  iit'W 


lilt 


llirc^jiily    nf   Ihilll 
\\ a^  alli'i^fil  at  tlir 

..('    Mall  I  I,    Kilf'/ii , 

■  |i  "  'Till'  Km.' 
II  aHiiiiiti-r  till- 
iiulilii  ti;:!iii  nf  Kurnpi-;  a  iit'W  nnli-r  nf  lliiiiL.'s 
iliiicnii  ilti-  iiiiiviTH*',  Kri^li  i:iiaruiili  t's  liavini; 
iHti'iiii'  iinf».H;iry  til  III!',  llir  anm-xalinii  nf  llir 
militli-  "f  Ihr  Sriirlill,  nf  Ihr  Mrllsr.  nf  llir 
Kliilnv  ■  f  Ihr  Kills,  nf  tllr  WiM  r.  anil  nf  till  Kllir 
!ii'li.  Kiitpirr  apiH'iirs  In  inr  In  Ik*  tin' ttr^i  ami 
'h-  iii'-t  irnpnrlant-   .   .       Tlir  annrxatinii  nf  Ihr 

Vuliiil   is    thr    aniirlpiltril    rrsllll  nf    Ihr    iliunrtlsr 

\^'irks!l;at   I  |i;i\r  I n   lll.'lkini;  fnrllir    pa>I    till 

viars  ill  th  ii  part  nf  thr  \\\>^       And  Iliii*  «;ii  all 

1"  Jll-Illy  Mllll    viiilrmr    hr    iliil    mil  mmlr^rrllil 

■  I  allia:.  in,  prrtrxl--tn  uru'r  fnrwanl  nppiir- 
■'initiv  !h,d  wrrr  tun  Inn:;  in  ilrvrlnpiiii;.  nr  In 
iii;ikr  Irii  krry  siilisirvr  Ihr  iiM-nf  fnrtr  —  hr  i  nn 
^liitcil  ni'thiri;^  Iml  lii>  policy  ;  in  nlhrr  wnnl-..  his 
,'.11.1  [li.  :isurr.  To  lakr  possriwioii  nf  a  rniiiury  . 
u  was  -liMiiirnt  that  llir  rouiilrv  suited  liiin:  hr 

^i.U,.     .......1.^.      ...^   .l.j.   .^jj...;Ij..,;.    Jl;";;;^-    j[j   tj;..    '.vr.r'.d 

all  llM...;hl  proiKr  to  add  that  tlirsr  nrw  usiir- 
piitii.L.i  Hctt  but  a  iM'giuniug,  the  tirst,  arrnrd- 


Inx  III  hU  own  ripniuloii,  of  tliiw  wliicli nmni-il 
In  liiiii  ..illl  iiiii'Mary  Ami  il  wa^  Kurii|H'  iIIk 
I  niilrhii-d.  Iiiiitililrd.  ilrlvrii  ultd  liy  llir  liarliar 
nils  ti.llir      f  thr  rniiilniiilal  aysli  Ml.  that  I"'  tliMs 

ilrHid,  II       '.iiiitfli  hr  wisln-d  at  any  rnsi  I n 

vlnir  rvi  II  our  lli.il  no  ainiralilr  armiitfrinriii  nr 
rolii'iliiilinii  Ha.«  pnnHihlc,  iiliit  tlial  llirrr  Hat  lillt 
niir  iiiiirsr  fnr  uo\ rriiiiiriil s  or  mm  nf  spoil   to 

ailiipl.  Ill  II  nf  Hilhllliif  illilii  dralli  r    l..lllfrr\  . 

A.  D.  iSio-itii.  Continued  hottile  atti- 
tude toward!  the  United  States  of  America. 

Sir  IMrm  SrvTKsiih  Am      A    l»    IHluisi.- 

A.  D.   iSlo-iSil.  — The  War  in  the  Penin- 
sula.    Wellington'!  Line!  of  Torrei  Vcdrai. 
-French  retreat  from  Portugal.     Englith  ad- 
vance into  Spain.     SrSl'MS     A    II    fO'.l   !•(•  I 
llli  Inlim      SM'll  MIlMll.   anil   l»lil    I-*!'.' 

A.  D.  iSio  iSiJ.  -Napoleon'!  divorce  from 
Josephine  and  marriage  to  Maric-Louise  of 
Austria.  His  rupture  with  the  Csar  and  prep- 
arations for  war  with  Russia.  '  Napnli  nil  niiw 
rrvivnl  Ihr  ii|i  a  »hli  II  III'  had  ofini  rnlrrlaiiu'd 
Ufnri,  nf  allying  hini-ilf  «illi  onr  of  ihr  nrrat 
riilini:  faniilirs     .\  i  nmpliaiil  snialr  and  a  parkt  d 

rrrlrsiasliral  I  nlllli  il    prnliounrril    his   si'tiaral  inll 

from  .liiHi'pliiiir  111  auliariiais.  who  nllrni  niili  i\ 

lliauMlillirnl  prllsinll  In  Malniai-nii,  uhrrr  sllr 
diril  .Vs  prrvinUs  lliarri;iu'r  prnpnsjijs  In  lllr 
Itussiali  I'lilllt  had  linl  hrrll  rnrdi.llly  ri'rii\rit 
Napnli  nil  nii«  luriKil  m  Aii-lria.  'i'lir  inallrr 
was  sprrdily  arraiu'ril  w  i.h  Mrllrriiirli,  and  In 
Marrh  |-<l<i.  llir  an  hdurhr^>  Maria  l.niiisii  ar 
ilvrd  in  Krani  r  as  ihr  rniprmr  -  wifr  Thi' 
L'rial  iinpnrtanrr  nf  ihr  iiiarri.'ii:r  »a<  that  il 
lirnkr  Ihr  last  links  whirh  liniiml  l!ii"ialiiKr;iiicr, 
Mill  thus  mrrlhrrw  Ihr  alhanrr  nf  Til-il  Alr»- 
aildrr  had  liirll  rxa-prraird  liy  Ihr  addilinn  nf 
Wrslrrn  (talii  ia  In  ilir  trrand  diirliy  of  Warsaw, 
wlilrh  III'  rrtfardrd  as  a  sii  p  Inwards  Ihr  rrstoru 
linn  nf  I'olanil.  and  Ihrirfnrr  I's  a  lirrarli  of  Ihr 
riiiiak'niiriit  iiiailr  at  Tilsii  Thr  aiinrxalinii  of 
oldrnhuri;.  «  hn-r  dilkr  Mas  a  rrlalilr  nf  Ihr 
t/ar.  wasadi-iinri  prr^-niial  iii-ull  Mrxandrr 
sliiiHrd  his  irrilaliiiii  In  fnnnally  drsi  rliiiir  II"' 
rniiliiirntal  sysirni,  whirhwas  ninrr  riiiiinus  lo 
Uiissia  than  In  ahimst  any  nlhrr  miinlry,  and  liy 
Ihrowiiii;  hi.i    purls   nprn    111    liriii-h    r iinrrr 

(l>rr     IsHli  Thiihirf    ^'^il■^allrr   In  |{ii-.,in 

was  Ihr    apparrlll    ililrlllinn    nf     Napnlrnn    lo   do 

soiniihini;  fnr  Ihr  I'nlrs.  Tl"'  inrrrasr  of  llir 
L'raiid  diirhy  of  Warsaw  liy  llir  Inaty  nf  Virnim 
wa.i  so  aimnvini.:  tn  .\lt  xaiidi  r  that  hr  iHiniii  to 
inrdiiair  ini  Ihr  pns-iliilily  nf  n-inrini;  I'nland 
hinisi'lf.  and  niakiiiL:  it  a  drpriidrnl  kinL'dniii  fnr 
Ihr  C/.ar.  ill  Ihr  ^ainr  w.'iy  as  Napnlrnn  hid 
trralril   llalv       llrrvm  wriit  so  far  as  In  sniiiid 

Ihr  I'nlrs  mi  Ihr  sulijri  I  ;    lull   hr  fnliml  Ihal   Ihry 

had  111.1  liirv'nniii  Ihr  Ihrir  parliiiniis  of  ihrir 
rnlinlrv.  and  lll.lt  lilt  ■  sVllipalhirs  wrrr  rallirr 
wiih  Kraiirrihaii  Willi  1.  :i~ia  Al  Ihr  sainr  liiiii! 
Napnlrnn  Was  rnlivilii.ti  Ihal  until  Hils^iawas 
suhdurit  hi-  t-iiipirr  Was  iiiisafr.  and  all  linprs  nf 
aMiiLiiiiL'  hiiii-fir  upon  Kni,'laml  wrrr  at  an  rnd 
.Ml  thrniiirli  ihr  yrar  1^11  it  was  kiinwn  that  war 
was  inrviialili  .  hut  nrithrr  powr r  was  in  a  hurry 
lo  lakr  Ihr  inilialivr.  Mraiiwhilr  thr  \arinus 
pnurrs  i)iat  rrl  -inrtl  iinniinal  indrpriiilrni  r  had 
to  inakr  up  Ihrir  ininds  as  In  Ihr  pnliry  Ihry 
wnuld  pursiir.  Fnr  111)  rtninlrv  was  Ihr  drrisimi 
1. .;>.!...  ,1.....  f,.-  I'ruwia  Xrutralitv  was  nut  t'f 
Ihr  i|iu'Slioii.  as  Ihr  Prii.sMiiiu  ttrriloriis,  jyini; 
bclwiTU  thr  two  coiiiliutautit.  must  br  urrupird 


1385 


%■ 


as 

I 


t 

r 

i 

1 


m 


?t> 


■  .  '■ 

'1 


.'1  • 

*  :•  -■ 


i 


• 

r^ 

'  * 

«. 

i  «  : 

r.- 

;l: 


:ti: 


'H 


FRANCE,  1810-1813. 


7^  KuMtian 
Exprdition. 


KRANIE.  mi 


l>y  one  or  the  otlicr.     The   fricndH  and    former 
I  "IhaciH's  of  SU'in  wfrc  unanimous forn  Kiiiwiau 
alliiiniT  anil  a  ili'spt  rate  struKple  for  lilHTty.    But 
llinlenlKT^r,  who  hud  lieeome  chanieHor  in  1810, 
H:is  liH>  prudent  to  embark  in  u  eontest  which  at 
llie  time  was  liopeless.     Tlie  Czar  liad   not  l)een 
so  I'onsisteut  in  liis  policy  as  to  he  a  very  dcsira- 
lile  ally  ;  and,   even  with   Hus.'iian  assistance,  it 
was  certain  that  tlie  I'ri-sian  frontiers  couhl  not 
!«•  <lefeii(h'<l  a);ainst  lie   I'rench,  who  had  already 
).'.irrisons   in  tlie  chief    lortres.ses.      llardenlHri.' 
fully  sympathised  with  tlie  patriots,  hut  he  siicri- 
tiled   fiitlnisiasm   to    prudence,  and  offered  the 
8upporI  {i(  I'russia  to  Kranee.     The  treatv  was 
arian^red  on  the  '^4111  of  February,  1812.    "Fn-d- 
eriik  William  pive  the    French  ii   free    passaire 
throuiih  his  territories,  and  iiiiderto(.U  to  furnish 
IMI.lHXl  men  for  service  in  the  Held,  am!  as  many 
more  for  garrison  duly.     In  return  for  this  Na- 
poleon nuariinteeil  the  security  of  the  Frus,sian 
kini;dom  as  it  sKkmI,  anil  lield  out  the  prosjiect  of 
additions  to  It.     It  wa.s  an  unnatunil  and  holli>w 
alliance,  ami    was   underslwHl  to  1h'   so   by  the 
Czar.     Scharnhorst.  (Jneisenau.  and  other  friends 
of  Stein  resifrned  their  posts,  and  many  Prussian 
ollUers  enlereil  the  sirviceof  theCzar."    Austria. 
actuated   by  similar  motives,  adopted  the  same 
policy,  liutwith  less  reluctance.     After  this  e.v 
ample  had  Imch  set   by  the  two   tireat    powers, 
none  of  the  les.ser  states  of  (iermany  dared    to 
disobey    the   penniptory    orders    of    Napoleon. 
But  Turkey  and  Sweden,  both  of  them  old  allies 
of  France,  were  at  this  crisis  in  the  opposition. 
.  .   .    The  Swedes  were  threatened  with  starv.i- 
lion  by  Napoleon's  stern  command  to  close  their 
ports  not  only  against  Kni,'lisli.  but  again.st  all 
German  vessils      Heniadolle.  who  had  just  iH'en 
adopted  as  the  heir  of  the  childless  Charles  XIII  , 
determined  tothrow  in  his  lot  with  his  new  coun- 
try, rather  than  with   his  oM  commander,     lie 
had  also  hopi-s  of  coinpensatini;  Sweden  for  the 
loss  of  Finland   by  wrestini.'  Norway   fnim  the 
Danes,  and   this  woulii  never  be  anVeed   to  by 
France.      AccordinL'ly  Sweden  ineparid  to  au|) 
port  the  cau-e  of  Ahxandcr.  "— U.  I.mljje,  JUkI. 
of  MHUri,  KumiH.  cli    ','4.  ».7.  IW  „;„<4l._"  Na- 
poleons   lius.sian  c.xpiililion  sliouhl  not   lie  re- 
jrarded  as  an  isolated  freak  of  insane  pride,      lie 
himself  reuMriled  it  as  the  unfortunate  effect  of 
a  fatality,  and  he  bilrayed  throiifrliout   an  un- 
wiintcd    reliutance   and    perplexity.      'The  war 
must  take  place.'  he  .said,  '  il  His  in  the  nature  of 
thinirs.'     That   is,    it   arose    naturally.    like   the 
other  Napn':eonie  wars,  out  of  the  ipiarrel  with 
Knirland.      CpiPii  the  Continental  system  he  had 
slaked  everythini;.      lie  had  unileil  all  Kiirope  in 
the  crusade  airainsi   Kni;lanil.  and  no  state,  least 
of  all  such   a   slate   as    Uiissia,  could  withdraw 
from  the  sysieni  wiihoul  jirai  lii  ally  joining  Kni;- 
land       .Nevertheless,  we  may  wonder  thai,  if  he 
fell  obliL'ed  to  maki'  war  on   Uussia,  he  should 
have  ehosi'ii  to  wajre  it  in  the  inanrar  he  lUd,  by 
an   overwhelming,'    invasion.      For    an   ordinary 
war  his  resources  were  greatly  superior  to  those 
of  Hu>sia.     A  campaiirn  on  \\w  Lithuanian  fron- 
tier would  no  doubt  have  been  uiifavoiimble  to 
.\lexaniier.  and  inij.'ht  have  furcid  him  to  con- 
cede the  points  at  i.ssue.     Napoleon  had  alrcaily 
expi  rieiiced  in  Spain  the  danjier  of  rousing  na-   \ 
lional  spirit.     It  seems,  however,  that  this  lesson 
had  been  hist  on  him.  "—J.  |{.  Seeley,  Shirt  Hint,  of  i 
Xijudeon.c/i.  Tt,  url.  Ii.  —  "  Warnings  and  cauthms 
were  not  .       .    nauling  lu  hiiu.     He  had  beta  at   , 


piTUe 
v>.|  ii, 


<  several  different  limes  informed  of  ih.  il, 

plans  uf  Kiissinand  her.savage  riMih,  I,,, 

.  all  around  him,  provided  he  could  h,  im  , 

;   the  destruction  of  the   Kmpire.      lb    « 

j   tioned,  with  even  more  eariiestni>-      '     lir dif 

I   man  conspiracies,     Ahpiier  IraiiMni.i,  i  i,  iii,,, 

from  .Stiwkholm  a  signitlcant  ieriiiik..|  .Mixau 

der's:  '  If  the  Emperor  Napoleon  -i,  .ii|,| .  v,,,.,, 

ence  a  reverse,  the  whole  of  (ii  riu  t.ijy  will  ri* 

to  oppose  his  retreat,  or  to  preveiii  ili,  ariivalnf 

his   ri'inforcenient.s.'     His  brothir  .h  r  iii.r   »i,„ 

was  still  Ih'IUt  situated  for  knovvii,^  ui,,!  „.,|" 

going  on   in   Germany,    infornii.l    Iniu,    in  iIk" 

monlli  of  January,  181 1,  of  the  pM|i,,sil  ili.u  i,;,,) 

U'cn  made  to  him  to  enter  into  a  mi  n  i  li;ii;.j,. 

against  France,  but  the  only  thanks  hr  i,i,iv|.,| 

from  Napoleon  was  njiroach  for  li,i\ii,-  .nii.iir. 

aged  such  overtun-s  by  his  e.|MivMi,,|  ,.,ii,|i|,.t 

.   .  .   Marshal  Davoiit  and  (inn  r,!   l!;,|i|i  ir.|„^| 

initted   him    hlentically    the    same    iiili,iiii:iij,,u 

from  Hamburg  and  Dantzig.     11. i!  far  f. ,„ 

couraging  such  confidential  coinminii.  •iiicn,  X, 
poleon  was  irritaleil  by  them  .1  ,|,,  „„| 
know  why  Hupp  meddles  in  wh.it  d..,  s  ii,i|  n,,,. 
cern  him  [he  wn>te|.  ...  I  beg  n.u  uill  ii,,t 
place  such  rhapsiKlies  under  my  i  \is  \|y  tiim 
is  tiK)  pri'cious  to  waste  on  suili  Iwadilli'  . 
In  preseni^'  of  such  hallniinatiun.  laii-iil  in- 
pride  and  infatuation,  we  seem  to  hear  .Mai  Iniji 
in  his  delirium  insulting  the  messin-,  rs  wlm 
announced  to  him  tlie  ajiproai  h  i.f  tin-  i  iiinu  * 
arnnes."— I',  l.anfrey,  JlihI.  ,/ .V,y,„/,„.,.  ,  4  ',.;, 
«.— "That  periiHl  ouglit  to  have  bii  n  1  ~i|.|-iii,ii 
the  happiest  of  Na|Kdeon's  life,  U  li.u  mnie 
could    the   wildest    ambition  di  sire  '.'  .   .Ml 

oU-yeil  him.  Nothing  was  w  aiitimr  lu  la.ikr  iiim 
happy  !  Nothing,  if  he  coidd  hi-  happv  «li.i 
pos.ses.sed  not  a  love  of  justice.  .  .  .    I'ln'l,,  in,- 

never  existed  who  possi'ssid  am|iler  iin i.n 

promoting  the  happiness  of  mankind  NmiIiuii; 
was  reipiired  hut  jusMce  and  pnnl.  inc'  Tl.i- 
nation  expected  these  from  hiiu.  and  maiiinl  liim 
that  unlimited  cimlidence  whiih  lie  .ilierw  inKsii 
cruelly  abused.  .  .  .  Instead  of  eiiiiM.l.riii;:  uith 
calmness  and  iniHleration  how  he  iui_-lit  U-i  1  la- 
phiy  his  vast  resimrces.  he  rumiiiatid  mi  |.rojirts 
beyond  the  power  of  man  toexeiiiir.  (..r.-iiiinc 
what  innumerable  victims  musi  he  si,  jiii.nl  in 
the  vain  attempt.  .  .  .  He  aspiml  al  iiiiii.rsal 
despotism,  for  110  other  reason  lli.iii  I'naiiM  a 
nation,  isolated  from  the  contiiie:ii  and  piiiliiin.' 
by  its  happy  situation,  hail  refused  |.i  siihinii  fi 
Ins  intolerable  yoke.  ...  In  the  li.qn  nf  ,,,11. 
quering  that  invincible  enemy,  he  \aiiil\  iinliin 
oured  to  gnisp  the  exln'inities  of  Ivimp.-.  . 
.Misled  by  his  rash  and  hasty  temper,  in  aJiipiiM 
a  false  lineof  politics,  and  eonveried  in  ili'  iiirili. 
as  he  had  done  before  in  the  soiiili.  Iin-  ni'-t  um  ■ 
ful  and  powerful  of  his  allies  iiilo  a  il  ui,'.  rou» 
enemy.  "—E.  Lahaume.  ''//ri(«M^/;,.'' r  _\  iri'ilirf 
of  thf  ('/tiujNiiyn  in  H'ttmia,  i>t.  1,  l)k\  I, 

Also  IN:  C,  Joyneville,  /.if,- m.rl  I'nu.s'f  X 
tjiiNiler  I.,  r.  'i.  eh.  A. — IiuIhtI  ile  .'siiiit  .Vniaml. 
Mrinoii'H  of  the  KtntirtM  Marii   /.o'lt^. 

A.  D.   "t8ia    (June),  —  The    captive    Popi 
brought  to  Fontainebleau.    .Se  I'mm  t 
18«8-1«14. 

A.  D.  1813  (June— August!. -Defeat  by  the 
English  in  Spain  at  Salamanca.  A  bandon- 
mentof  Madrid  by  King  Joseph.  -'  >  M'ai>< 
A.  I)    181'-' (Jink— AiiHsTi, 

A,  D.  1813  (June— Decemben.  Napoleons 
Russian  campaign.— The  advaut.c  lu  Muicow. 


Pope 


l.'iSO 


Ih 


■M* 


l/f--.-4 


FRANCE,   1813. 


7^  rtturn  from 
RuMia. 


FUANCE,  1814. 


-The  burning  of  the  city.— The  retreat  and 
itihorrori.     See  Uhwiia:  A.  D.  1813. 
A.  D.  i8ia-i8i3  (December— March).— Na- 

Edeoo'i  return  from  Russia.— Hi*  measures 
r  creating  a  new  army. — "Wliilut  Eur<)|K', 
agitatiil  ut  iiiur  by  liopr,  by  fear,  ami  b^  Imtreil, 
«is  imiuiriii)?  wlitit  bml  IxHoinu  of  Niipoleon, 
wlietlar  lie  bail  |H.-ri8lii'il  ur  bad  U-eti  suvihI,  be 
was iTussiuK  in  a  sledge — accompanied  by  Ibe 
Duke  of  Vicenza,  tbc  Grand  Marshal  I)uri)C, 
Count  Lobaii,  General  Lefevre-Desnimettes.  and 
ihe  Miinieluke  Kustan  —  tbe  vast  plains  of  I.itli- 
uania.  of  Poland,  and  of  Saxony,  concealed  by 
thick  furs;  for  if  bis  name  bad  been  imprudently 
utleml,  or  bis  countenance  recognised,  a  tragical 
cataslroplie  would  liave  instantly  ensued.  The 
man  who  bad  ho  greatly  ••.xciUMl  tbe  udniini 
tion  of  nations,  wlio  was  the  object  of  their  .  .  . 
superstition,  would  not  at  tliat  moment  have  es 
caped  their  fury.  In  two  places  only  did  be 
allow  himself  to  be  known,  Warsaw  and  Dri's- 
den.  .  .  .  That  he  might  not  occasion  tin)  great 
surprisi',  he  caused  himself  to  be  preceiled  by  an 
oltiirr  with  a  few  lines  for  the  '  Moniteur.'  saying 
that  on  Ikcemlwr  .'5  be  bad  ivsst'Uibled  bis  gen- 
erals al  Smorgoiii,  bad  delegated  tbe  i-ommand 
trt  King  .Murat.  only  so  long  as  military  opera- 
tions were  interrupted  by  tbc  cold,  that  be  bad 
trarer8e<l  Warsaw  and  Drescb'n,  and  that  bi'  was 
about  toarrivc  in  Paris  to  lake  in  band  tbealTairs 
of  the  Empire.  .  .  .  Napoleim  followed  close  on 
the  steps  of  tbe  officer  who  was  to  announce  his 
arrival.  On  December  18,  at  balf-past  11  P.  M., 
he  entered  tbc  Tuileries.  .  .  .  On  the  ne.\t  morn 
ing  the  19tb,  be  received  tbe  ministers  and 
((randees of  tbe  court  .  .  .  with  extreme  bautcur. 
maintainiug  a  tranquil  but  severe  aspect,  apjM'ar- 
iDg  to  ex|>ect  explanations  instead  of  alfording 
them  himself,  treating  foreign  affairs  as  of 
minor  consiniuence,  aiitl  tbost*  of  a  di>mestic 
nature  as  of  principal  import,  di'uianding  some 
light  upon  these  last,  —  in  short,  i|uestioning 
others  in  onler  to  avoid  being  iiuestioncd  himself. 
.  .  .  Ou  Sunday,  tbe  20tb  of  l)ccemlMr,  tbe  sec- 
ond day  after  bis  arrival.  Napoleon  received  tbc 
Senate,  the  Council  of  State,  and  tbi'  principal 
branches  of  the  administration,"  which  scvenilly 
addressed  to  him  the  most  fulsome  tlattcries  and 
issunuices  of  support.  "After  an  infiiriatcil 
populace  ltas4'ly  outraging  vaii<|uisbcd  princes, 
nothing  c:in  be  s<-<'n  mort^  melancholy  than  these 
great  iHxlies  prostmting  themselves  at  the  feet 
of  a  power,  b<\stowing  upon  it  a  ih'gree  of  ail 
rairatii>n  which  incn-asi'S  with  ilscrrors,  sjx'aking 
with  ardour  of  their  fidelity,  ain'ady  almut  to 
expin-,  and  swearing  to  die  in  its  cause'  when 
they  are  on  the  eve  of  bailing  tbe  accession  of 
another,  llappv  are  those  countries  whosi>  es 
tablishecl  Constituti(ms  spare  them  these  hu- 
miliating spcctach's! "  As  speedily  as  possible. 
Sapoliipu  applied  himself  to  the  recrcati(m  of 
his  lost  army,  by  anticipating  the  conscription 
for  isu,  nnd  by  making  new  culls  upon  tbe 
classis  wliieb  hiid  ain'ady  furnished  their  con- 
tingents All  his  measuri's  were  sulimis.sively 
lancliiiued  by  the  obsequious  Senate ;  but  many 
muniiurs  of  discuutenl  were  heard  among  tbe 
people,  and  some  movements  of  resistance  needeil 
to  be  put  do<  1.  "However,  when  tbe  en- 
lightened classes  of  a  country  approve  a  nii'asure, 
their  support  is  extremely  elncacious.  In  France. 
»H  tliiisi  (lasses  perceiving  that  it  was  necessary 
toergeticaily  to  aefead  the  country  against  a  lor- 


lign  inemy,  though  the  Uovernment  had  been 
still  more  in  the  wrong  than  they  were,  Ihe 
levies  were  cITected,  and  the  high  functionaries, 
sustained  by  a  moral  acquies<:ence  which  they 
hail  not  always  obtaineil,  fulfilled  their  duty, 
tlumgh  in  heart  full  of  sad  and  .sinister  forelHKl 
ings."— .\.  Thiers,  Hint,  of  the  Onuiuiite  and  Iht 
Kmpiri,  hk.  47  (r.  4). 

.\t.s<ji.N:  Duchess  d'Abrantes,  Mtmoirt  nf  Sit 
jtott'tn.  r.  2,  r/(.  iiV 

A.  D.  1812-1813.— Germanic  risine  against 
Napoleon.—  War  of  Liberation. —  Cutzen.  — 
Bautzen.—  Dresden.— Leipsic— The  retreat 
of  the  French  from  beyond  the   Rhine.    See 

Gkiim.vnv:    a.  1).   IHIJ-IHIS,  tol813(0(T<)llKK— 
DKCKMnKUI. 

A.  D.  1813  (February  — March).— The  new 
Concordat  signed  and  retracted  by  the  Pope. 

.Sc,.  I'M-.VI  v;    A.   I).    1M(IH— 1S14. 

A.  D,  1813  (June— November).— Defeat  at 
Vittoria  and  in  the  Pyrenees.— Retreat  from 
Spain.     SeeSl'AIN:  .V.  I).  lsi-,'-1814. 

A.  D.  1813  (November  —  December)— Dutch 
independence  regained.  See  NivTiiEiti.vNu» 
(ll()i.i..\.Ni»:  A.  D.  IMllt. 

A.  D.  i8t4  (January).— The  Pope  set  free,  to 
return  to  Rome.  SeeP.tp.MV;  A.  1).  18(J8-1814. 
A.  D.  1814  (January— March).— The  allied 
invasion. — Napoleon's  campaign  of  defense. — 
His  cause  lost.— Surrender  of  Paris.— "Tbe 
battle  of  Leipzig  was  the  overthrow  of  the  French 
rule  in  Germany:  there  only  remained,  as  evi- 
chnee  of  what  they  bad  h>st",  l.'iO.OOO  men,  gar 
risoiis  of  the  fortresses  of  the  Vistula,  tbe  Oder, 
and  the  i;ibe.  Each  succiss  of  tlw  allies  had  been 
marked  by  tbe  ilesirtion  of  i>ni'  of  the  peoples 
that  had  furnished  its  contingent  to  the  (Jrand 
.Vrmyof  1813;  after  Prussia.  .\ustri:i;  at  Leipzig 
tbe  Sa.vons:  tbe  French  had  not  been  able  to  re 
gain  the  Khine  except  by  passing  over  tbe  IkmUcs 
of  the  Havarians  at  llanau,  Haden,  Wurteui 
birg,  lles.se,  and  Darmstadt  deilarcd  theirdefec- 
tion  at  nearly  the  same  lime;  the  sovereigns  were 
slill  hesitating  wlntlu'r  to  sepamte  themselvi-s 
from  Xapoleon.  when  their  people  and  regimiuits, 
worked  up<aiby  lliitnTmau  patriots,  hail  already 
passed  into  the  allied  camp.  Jerome  lionaparttt 
imil  again  <|Uitteil  ('as.sel;  Denmark  found  itself 
forced  to  adhere  to  the  Coalithm.  Napoleon  bad 
retired  to  the  left  bank  of  tbe  Hhine.  Would 
.-Vlexander  cross  this  natumi  frontier  of  revolu- 
tionary Frau{'e  ?  'Convinced.' says  .M.  Uogdauo- 
vitcb,  'by  tli<'  experiince  of  many  years,  that 
neither  hisses  intlicled  on  Napoh'ou,  nor  treaties 
(luii'iuded  with  him.  coulil  check  his  iusiitialde 
aml)iti(U).  .Vlexander  would  not  stop  at  setting 
fn'C  tile  involuntary  allicsof  Fniui'c.  and  ri'sidvcil 
to  pursui'  the  war  till  he  bad  overthrown  bis 
enemy.'  Thi-  allii'd  sovereigns  found  themselves 
,  reunited  al  Frankfort,  and  an  immediate  marcb 
to  Paris  was  discussed.  Alexander,  Stein.  lilU 
'  Cher,  (iueisenau,  and  all  the  Prussians  wire  on 
:  the  side  of  decisive  actii>n.  Tbe  Emperor  Fmncis 
and  Melternich  only  desired  Napoh'cm  to  1h'  weak 
I  ened,  as  his  downfall  would  expose  .Vustria  to 
!  another  ilanger,  the  pre[)oudcrauce  uf  Kussia  ou 
the  Conliuent.  15<rnadotte  iusisteil  on  Napoleon  s 
;  dethronement,  with  the  ridiculous  design  of  ap 
■  propriating  the  crown  of  France',  traitor  as  be  was 
to  her  cause.  England  would  have  preferred  a 
solid  and  immeiiiatc  peace  to  a  war  wliieh  would 
exhaust  her  in  subsidies,  and  augment  her  already 
,   enormous  debt.     These  divergencies,  these  hesi 


'    '^i 


-.'       -il 


ly  at^PiSi 


1387 


WP-'  \i 


,i  ''I 


-i- 


I'UU^ 


:l 


■tj 


\  ■ 


FRANCE.   1S14. 


Thr  AUin  in 


FRANC,   18U. 


tations.  gavi>  Napoleon  tinu'  ti)  stronjrtlii'ii  Iiis 
posiliiiii  After  Hunan,  in  tlie  (ipinion  of  Nev, 
'the  allies  niiu'lit  have  eimnted  their  staees  to 
I'aris.'  Napoleon  hail  re  opened  the  neu'otiat ions. 
'I'lie  relinipiishrnent  of  Italy  (when  Mni^it  on  his 
siile  neirotiated  the  preservation  of  liis  kint'doin 
of  Naples),  of  Holland,  of  (Jemuiny,  and  of  Spain, 
and  the  eonlininient  of  Kranee  In-lween  her 
natural  Ixmndaries  of  the  lihi.ie  and  the  Alps; 
siieli  were  the  •  ( 'oiidilions  of  Frankfort.'  Napo 
1 1  siiit  an  answer  to  Melternieh,  'that  he  con- 
sented to  theopenini;of  .i  eon).'ress at  Mannheim: 
that  the  eoniliision  of  .i  peace  which  would  in- 
sure the  independence-  of  all  the  nations  of  the 
c.-irth  had  always  heeii  the  aim  of  his  policv.' 
This  reply  seems  evasive,  liut  could  the  propos.als 
of  the  allies  have  lieeri  .serii>us';  KncouniKed  liy 
ilislov.-il  Kreiuhmen.  they  pulilished  the  deilari 
tionof  Krankfort.  liy  which  they  alllriued  'thiit 
they  dill  not  make  war  with  Kraiice.  hut  auainst 
the  |inponderance  which  Nai>oleon  hail  loni;  e.v- 
erci.sid  lieyoud  the  limilsof  hisein[iire.'     Deceil 

ful   a.-surance.  ti livious  snare,   which  could 

only  take  in  a  nation  wi-ary  of  war.  enervated  liv 
twenty  two  years  of  sterile  victories,  and  at  the 
end  of  its  resources  !  Durinjr  this  time  Alexan- 
der, with  the  deputiesof  the  Helvetian  Diet  sum- 
moned at  Fninkfort,  iliseus.sed  the  basis  of  a  new 
.■^wiss  Confederation.  Holland  wasalreadv  raisi-d 
by  the  partisins  of  the  house  of  Orange,  and  en- 
tered liy  the  I'russians.  Thecanipaii;n  of  France 
iM-gan,  Alexander  issued  at  Freilnirg  a  procla- 
nialion  to  his  troops.  .  .  .  He  refus<'il  to  receive 
t'anlaincimrtat  Fniliurg.  deelariuir  that  he  would 
only  treat  in  France.  ■  l,et  us  spare  the  Fn'neh 
iieiroiiator  the  troulile  of  the  journey.'  he  said  to 
.Met  rnicli.  ■  It  does  not  seem  to  me  a  matter  of 
inililferenee  to  the  allied  .sovereiiins.  whether  the 
peace  with  Knince  is  signed  on  this  side  of  the 
Khine.  orontheother.  in  tile  very  heart  of  Friince. 
Such  an  historical  event  is  well  worth  a  <hange 
of  ipiurlcrs.'  Without  countin!;  the  armies  of 
Italy  and  the  Pyrenees.  Na|H)leon  had  now  a  mere 
handful  of  troops.  Nd.iXKhnen.  spread  from  Nime 
giien  to  Hale,  to  resist  .'mtl.lMMI  allies.  The  arinv 
of  the  North  (Winlzingeroili  )  invaded  Holland, 
liilLMum,  and  the  Khenish  provinces;  the  army 
of  .Silesia  iniiichen  crossed  the  Khine  iM'tweeii 
Manuhi  im  and  CohUnt/  and  entered  N.incy ;  the 
army  of  Holnuiia  (Schwarlzenlierg)  jiassed 
through  Switzerlarid.  and  advanced  on  Troyes. 
where  the  Uoyalists  (h-niandi-d  the  restoration  of 
the  liourlmns  N;ipiileiin  was  siill  alile  to  li.ir 
for  sunn-  lime  the  wav  to  his  i:i|iital.  He  lirst 
allai  kid  the  army  of  S'ilesia;  hedclealed  the  van 
guard,  the  lius^ijus  of  Sacken.  at  St.  Didier. 
and  Hliicliir  at  Itrii-iim  :  Inil  at  i,a  lioihiere  he 
enciuiii,  nil  Ihc  furniidalile  ma-sesof  iheSilesian 
and  liohemi;in  :iriMies.  and  alter  a  tierce  h.iitle 
list  Kihruary.  l.slli  l,;,d  to  fall  hack  on  Troves. 
After  this  victory  luid  secured  llnir  junction.'the 
luo  .irmiis  Mparatiil  a-ain.  'he  one  to  no  down 
llic  Manie.  ihe  ollnr  the  Siiiie,  «  iili  the  intention 
of  riiniiiiii;:  at  I'aris.  N;i|.oleon  |ir.iliteil  hv  this 
niislaki  .  He  threw  himself  on  Ihe  lift  llaiik  of 
the  army  of  Sili -ia,  mar  (h.impeaulierl,  where 
he  lll-perseil  1  he  troops  of  (ll^mfjef  and  I'olta 
ratski.  i:illiciiii:;  on  ihem  a  los,  of  ■J.'iiKi  luen.  .-md 
took  the  L'.  nerals  prisoners.  At  .Monlmirail.  in 
spile  of  II, e  lieroisin  of  Ziurote  and  l.apoiikhine. 
he  dilealed  Sacken:  the  Uiissiaiis  alone  lost  •J..S1111 
men  and  live  L'unsdiih  Keliruarvi  At  ('hale-e.! 
Thierry,  he  delealed  Sacken  ;iiid  York  VeuniteiV 


and  again  the  Russians  liwl  L.'-iOn  nii  n  a.iil  flv,. 
guns.  At  Vauchanip  it  was  the  turn  .,f  Mlu,  1,,., 
who  hist  2,00<)  Russians,  4,(100  I'russiiu,,  .„„|  ^ 
teen  guns.  The  army  of  Silesia  wa^  ia'  1,  rril,!,. 
disor.ler,  'The  peasants,  e.xas|ieralicl  hi  lluiji,' 
order  ins<'parahle  from  a  retreat,  anil  1  \i  iii.,|  |,v 
exaggerated  rumours  of  French  siiii,^„s  i,,,i, 
up  arms,  and  refused  supplies.  Tie  suldi,  r,,„| 
fered  lioth  from  cold  and  hunger.  ( 'liaiiip:e',ii  .,f 
fonling  no  wikhI  for  liivoiiae  lip  ^  wi,",,  ,'|„, 
weather  hecaine  milder,  their  sIhks  «.„,  <,i,i  .„„| 
the  men,  ohiiged  to  make  forced  ni;ir.  I,, ,  «j,'|, 
h.-ire  feet,  were  e;irried  liv  liniidieds  im,,  n,,,  |„„ 
pitals  of  the  country'  (Bogdanov  iiil,.  Wiiji., 
the  army  of  Silesia  retreated  in  di^.inlir  .m  n,,. 
army  of  the  North,  Na|ioleon.  with  ."jii  iioii„,|.|j,.|., 
full  of  entliusiasni,  turned  on  thai  of  I!,,!,,  ,iiii 
crushed  the  Ilav.irians  and  Russians .11  \|Mriii,iiV 
the  Wurtemliergers  at  Montereaii.  tin  l'ri;s,i,ii- 
at  .Mery :  thesi-  I'russians  made  p;irl  ..f  ih..  .,rnu 
of  Bliichcr.  who  had  detached  a  eor|.s  tnlKiier,',, 
the  rear  of  Napoleon.  This  camp:ii::n  niaj,-  ■! 
profound  impression  on  the  allies.  (',,si|,.r,...,^,i, 
exprcssial,  in  Alexander's  jiresi-nee.  ih,  npininn 
that  peace  should  1h'  made  liefor-e  ili,.v  H.-n- 
driven  across  the  Rhine.  The  niililarv  1  hiifsh,. 
gan  to  feel  iini'asy.  .Ses,slavine  seal  news  fr..m 
Joigny  that  Napoleon  had  IMO.INH)  mi  n  ;ii  Tn.vis 
A  general  insurrection  of  the  easiern  pnnii'i,,., 
was  expected  in  thenar  of  the  allies.  ||  iv;i.  ihi 
tirmness  of  Alexander  which  maiiilaini-.|  Ihe  Cmli 
tion.  it  was  the  military  energy  of  liiiu  h,  1  wlii,  I, 
saved  it.  Soon  after  liis  disa.siers  he  ni  livi  d  n- 
iiiforoemcnis  from  the  army  of  Ihe  NCnli,  aii.l 
took  the  oHensive  against  "the  marshals;  ilmi 
hearing  of  the  arrival  of  Napoleon  at  I.ii  K.  nt 
(iaiicher,  he  ri-trcated  in  great  hasir  liniliii,-  ai; 
unex|H-cted  refuge  at  Soi.ssons.  which  liail  jii-t 
lieen  taken  by  the  army  of  the  North  .\i  ('laeiiiii- 
(.March  7)  and  at  Ijimi  (lOtli  lo  IJih  M;irilii  »iili 
liKl.lMHt  men  against  yo.lHKI.  and  with  sinm-  i".si 
tion.s.  he  managed  to  repiils,.  all  the  :itt,i(  ks  i.f 
Napoleon.  At  Cnionne,  however,  th.-  Kus-iaii 
hiss  amounted  to  ,'i,IKKI  men.  Iln-  tliir.l  ..f  tli.ir 
I'tTeetive  force.  The  liallle  of  Lami  i.-i  ili.iu 
4,0110  men.  .Meanwhile.  I)e  Saint  I'lii -i,  a  i-i  11 
eral  in  Alexander's  .service,  had  l.iki  11  liln  iiash,- 
ass.iiill,  hut  was  disliNlged  hy  \ap,il,,ai  al'trr 
a  tierce  struggle,  where  the  eiiiii;re  riiiiiii:aii.|ir 
was  liiiillv  wounih'd.  and  4.1100  of  his  rnni  \i.n- 
killed  (l:itli  Man-Ill.  The  Conirr. -s  ,,f  (  liiti!!  .„. 
sur-Seine  was  opened  on  the  'Js;!,  ,.f  F.  i,ni.ir\ 
Hiis.sia  wasrepn-sented  by  Razoimen -ki  in  ;  N. . 
selrode.  N.-ipoleiill  by  Caillaim mirt.  .\ii-iiii  Iv 
Sladion   and    .Melteriiich.      'I'ln-   i,.ii.|: 

posed  to  Napoleon  Wen-  the  te.llli  li  .11 

to  its  fnintiers  of  IT!)i.  and  the  ri.'lii  ■• 


"■  \" 


to  dispose,  without  nferenceiohiiu  .1 
i|ucn'il  countries,  (icrmany  w:is  1,1 1,.  , 
tion  of  independent  Stale-.  Itiih  1  ■  ' 
into  fn-c Slates.  Spain  lobe  rr-ti.i.  ■!  :  ■  I 
and  Holland  to  the  hnuse  of  1  in:  ' 
I'ninic  smaller  than  I  f.iunij  liirv     N- 

.N:ipol 1.      .Mcxatidir  and  the  I'ru-- 

not  hear  of  a  peace  which  lift  .\:i|i  h 
throne.  Still,  however,  they  ih-mHi 
tria  and  KnL'hiiul  wen-  both  "airri'd  ii 
him  to  extn-niilies.  ami  iiianv  linn-  ;  : 
in'at.  After  Napolemj's  i;'reat  si.. 
Itlin-her.  Casth-n-agh  deilaivd  !■  1  | 
would  not  be  a  peace.'  cried  thi-  1  jii|  . 
s:a:  'it  wiittld  lu-  a  triee  whi;  h  w.  :. 
us  to  disarm  one  moment.     1  i  iinii.  ' 


■.|.r..| 
li'l..! 


,dl!-I 
It 


1388 


m  r 


FRANCE,  18U. 


Th9  AUiet  in 

Parit. 


FRANCE,  1814. 


leagues  every  day  to  your  assistance.  No  peace, 
w  loDg  as  Napoleon  is  on  the  throne. '  Nap<>leon, 
ia  liii  turn.  Intoxicated  l>y  his  success,  enjolm^ 
C«uUuioourt  only  to  treat  on  the  basis  of  Frauk- 
[ort— natural  frontiers.  .  .  .  As  fortune  naiimcd 
to  the  allies,  the  congres.s  was  dissolved  (10th  of 
Jtorcb).  The  Bourbon  princes  were  alrt'ady  in 
France;  I-ouis  XVIII.  was  on  the  point  of  lieinf; 
procWmed.  Alexander,  tired  of  st-eing  the  iimiles 
of  Bohemia  and  Silesia  Hy  in  turn  Ix'fore  thirty 
or  forty  thousand  French,  caused  the  allies  to 
idopt  the  fatal  plan  of  a  march  on  Paris,  which 
TU  executed  in  eight  days.  RIQcher  an<l 
Schwart^enherg  united,  with"  200,000  men,  were 
10  liear  <lown  all  opposition  on  their  passage. 
The  first  act  in  the  <lrama  was  the  battle  of  Arcis- 
lurAubc,  where  the  liussiaus  took  six  guns  from 
Xjpoleon.  The  latter  conceived  a  bold  scheme, 
irhich  perhaps  might  have  saved  him  if  Paris 
could  have  resisted,  but  which  was  his  ruin.  lie 
threw  himself  on  the  rear  of  the  allied  armv, 
ibandoning  to  them  the  route  to  Paris,  but  reck- 
oning cm  niising  Eastern  France,  and  cutting  off 
their  retreat  to  the  Rhine.  The  allies,  uneasy  for 
one  moment,  were  reassure<l  by  an  intercepted  let- 
ter of  Napoleon's,  and  by  the  letters  of  the  Parisian 
royilists,  which  revealed  to  them  the  weakness 
oltlie  capital.  '  Dare  all  I '  writes  Talleyrand  to 
them.  Tlity,  in  their  turn,  deceive<l  Napoleon,  by 
miuing  him  to  be  followed  by  a  troop  of  cavalry, 
continunl  their  march,  defeated  Murmont  and 
Mortier.  cru9he<l  the  National  Guards  of  Pactliod 
(battle  of  La  Fire-Champenoise),  and  arrived  in 
sijiht  of  Paris.  Barclay  de  Tolly,  forming  the 
centre,  fintt  attacked  the  plateau  of  liomuinville, 
defended  by  Marmont;  on  his  left,  thi^  Prince  of 
Wurtembirg  threatened  Vincennes;  and  on  his 
right,  Blftcherdcploye<l  Iwfore  -Montmartre,  which 
was  defemU'd  by  .Mortier.  The  heights  of  Chau- 
mont  ami  those  of  .Montmartre  were  taken ;  Mar- 
mont and  .Mortier  with  Moncey  were  thrown  back 
on  the  ramparts.  Marmont  obbiincd  an  annis- 
tice  from  Colonel  Orlof,  to  treat  for  the  capitula- 
liiju  »f  Paris.  King  Joseph,  the  Empress  .Marie- 
Umn;  and  all  the  Ini|H'rial  Uovemmtiit  hail 
already  lli'it  to  the  Loire.  Paris  wa.s  recom- 
mended '  to  the  generosity  of  the  allied  munarchs' ; 
the  army  ((luld  retire  on  the  road  to  Orleans. 
Such  was  Iliv  battleof  Paris ;  it  had  cost,  according 
10  M.  Bniidanovitch,  8,400  men  to  the  allies,  and 
4,1100  to  the  French  (30th  March).  .  .  .  The  allied 
iMopsmainlaineil  a  strict  discipline,  and  were  not 
i|iiarterecl  un  the  inlniliitanto.  Alexander  had  not 
ctimeas  a  friind  nf  the  Bourbons  —  the  flercest 
enemy  (if  N.i|Hilc"n  was  least  bitter  against  the 
FmiHi;  li.  inlinde<l  leaving  tlii'm  the  cliidie  of 
their piv.rnment.  He  had  not  favoured  any  of 
•heiniriL'uis  of  the  emigres,  and  had  iM'ornfully 
remarked  lo  .Joniini,  '  What  are  the  Bourlxuis  to 
mr;' '— .\   IJiimbaud,  //i»(.  of  Hiiiwia,  c.  2,  eh.  12. 

Vl.so  IS:  C.  Joyncville,  t.ifi  itnil  Tiiiuit  of 
.{'^M:,il,r  I.,  r.  3,  cA.  1.— .M.  de  IJeauchamp,  .Var 
'ilire  t,f  t!,e  Inrttiinm  of  Fninee.  1814-1.5.— Duke 
'le  !i(,vii;i.,  Meinoirt,  n.  3.  \tt.  2,  eh.  20-32. — .1. 
I'hilippari,  CiimiMiigu  in  Oeniniiiji  aiitl  Frmoy, 
'.•^IJ,  r.  !,  ;i.  279  uiut  after,  iiioi  r.  2. 

A.  D.  1814  (January— May).— Desertion  of 
Napoleon  by  Murat.— Murat's  treaty  with  the 
»l!ie».  -French  evacuation  of  Italy.   iSee  It.\i.v  ; 

A.  D.  1814  (February— April).— Reverses  in 
the  south  -Wellington's  invasion.    See  Spain  . 

A,  U.  i-i;.|^i4. 


A.  D.  1814  (March— April),— Friendly  recep- 
tion of  the  Alliei  in  Paris,— Collapse  of  the 
empire.— Abdication  of  Napoleon.— Treaty  of 
Fontainebleau. —  "At  an  early  hour  in  the  morn- 
ing [of  the  3  I.St  of  March],  the  Allied  troops  had 
taken  possession  of  tlie  barriers,  and  occupied  the 
principal  avenues  leading  to  the  city.  Picquets 
of  the  Cossacks  of  the  (iuard  were  stationed  at 
the  comers  of  the  principal  streets.  Vast  mul- 
titudes thronged  the  Boulevards,  in  anxious  and 
silent  expectation  of  pending  events.  The  royal- 
ists alone  were  active.  The  leaders,  a  small  band 
indeed,  had  early  assembled  in  the  Place  I^uis 
XV.,  whence,  with  Bourbon  banners  displayed, 
tliiy  proceeded  along  the  jirincipal  streets,  ha- 
ranguing the  people  and  National  Guard;  but 
thoiiL'li  not  interfered  with  by  the  police, —  for  all 
seemed  to  feel  that  the  Imperial  government  was 
at  an  end. — they  were  listeneil  to  with  such  per- 
fect indilTerenie,  that  many  began  to  think  their 
cause  absolutely  hopeless.  It  was  between  ten 
and  eleven  o'elock  when  the  procession  began  to 
enter  the  city.  Light  horsemen  of  the  Russian 
Guard  opened  the  march;  at  the  head  of  the 
main  column  rode  the  Emperor  of  Russia  and 
the  King  of  Prussia.  .  .  .  Then  followed  3o,000 
men,  cavalrj',  infantry,  and  artillery,  the  elite  of 
the  annies,  m  all  the  pride  and  circumstance  of 
war  ami  conquest.  At  first  the  multitude  looked 
on  in  silent  amazement;  but  the  affability  of  the 
idlicers,  above  all,  the  conilescending  manner  of 
the  Czar,  dispelled  any  fear  they  might  still  enter- 
tain; and  shouts  of  'Vive  Alexander  I 'began  to  be 
heard ;  criusof  '  Vive  le  Itoi  de  Prusse! '  were  soon 
lidded.  .  .  .  The  shouts  of  welcome  increased  at 
every  step,  "he  conquerors  wen;  now  haile'l  as 
lilierators;  '  \'ivent  les  Allies!'  '  V^ivent  nos  llbc- 
rateurs!'  soumled  through  the  air,  mingled  at 
last  with  the  long  forgotten  crv  of  '  Vive  le  Koi!" 
'  Vi vent  les  Bourbons!' .  .  .  'the  Emperor  Alex- 
ander had  no  sooner  seen  the  troops  tile  past  on 
the  Place  Louis  XV.,  than  he  repaired  to  the 
hotel  of  Talleyrand,  wliere  in  the  evening,  a  coun- 
cil was  assembled  to  deliberate  on  the  important 
step  next  to  'oe  taken,  and  on  the  best  mode 
of  turning  the  glorious  victories  achieved  to 
an  honourable  and  bi'iieticial  account.  .  .  .  The 
points  discusseii  were:  I.  The  possibility,  on 
siiHicient  guarantees,  of  a  peace  with  Napoleon ; 
II.  The  plan  of  regency  under  Marie  Louise; 
and.  III.  The  restoration  of  the  Bourbons.  The 
choice  was  not  without  difliculties.  'The  first 
plan  was  easily  dismisseil;  as  the  reception  of 
the  .Vllies  proved  clearly'  that  the  power  of  Na- 
poleon was  broken.  "The  second  seemed  more 
likely  to  Mud  favour,  as  promising  to  please  the 
Emperor  of  Austria;  but  was  tiually  rejected,  as 
Ih  ing,  in  fact,  nothing  more  than  a  continuance 
of  the  Impirial  riign  uiidir  a  different  title. 
Au'ainst  the  ri'storation  of  the  Bourbons,  it  was 
urged  that  the  nation  at  large  had  evinced  no 
desire  for  their  recall,  and  seemed  to  have  almost 
forj;oitin  tliem.  Tliis,  Talleyrand  said,  was  ow- 
ing entirely  to  the  Congress  of  Cliatillon,  anil  the 
negotiations  carried  on  witli  NajMileon;  intrixluc- 
iiig  at  tlic  .same  time,  the  Abbe  de  Pradt  and  Baron 
Louis,  who  fully  continued  the  assertion.  On 
liiinir  asked  how  he  expected  to  obtain  a  declara- 
tion in  favour  of  the  exiled  family,  Talleyrand 
riplied,  that  he  was  certain  of  the  Senate ;  and  that 
tluirvote  would  intlucnce  Paris,  the  example  of 
whiidi  would  Ih;  followed  by  all  France.  .Vli'xan. 
der  having  on  this  assurance  taken  the  opinion 


■  ^t| 


f  b?'  '1 

?*-".."■*  1:11 


i;j89 


(     I 


:  i 


PRAXCE,   1814. 


AMication  of 
yapoieon. 


PRANCE,   18  H 


11' 


'  if' 


S  k\ 


of  till'  Kin^of  Pniiwii*  and  I'rinrc  ScliwarzpnbcrB, 
ai{;ni'il  it  (li'diiratiim  to  tlii'  cITirt  that  'the  Allk'i* 
would  treat  no  niorf  with  Niipoleon  Bonaparte, 
or  with  any  mcmlwr  of  hia  family. '  A  priK'Ianm- 
tiou  was  issiK'd  at  tliv  !ianic  time,  calling  on  the 
Conservative  Senate'  to  aswmlile  and  form  a  pni- 
visional  Rovernment,  for  the  purpose  of  drawing 
up  a  ronstitutioD  suitable  to  the  wishes  of  the 
French  people.  This  tlie  Allies  promised  to 
guarantee;  as  it  was  their  wisli,  they  said,  to  see 
France  'powerful,  happy,  and  prosi)erous. '  A 
printer  was  n'ady  in  attendance;  and  (wforedark, 
this  niemonilile  cleeree  was  seen  placarded  in  all 
t^e  streets  of  Paris.  The  inconstant  |H)pulace  had 
Dot  even  waiU'il  for  such  a  signal,  and  had  t>een 
already  engaged  in  destroying  the  emblems  of 
the  Im|ierial  government ;  an  attempt  had  even 
been  made  to  pull  down  the  statue  of  Napoleon 
from  the  summit  of  the  column  of  Austerlitz,  in  the 
Place  Veiidome !  The  decisive  impulse  tlius  given, 
events  moved  rapidly  forward.  C'aulaincourt's 
zealousefforts  in  favour  of  his  master  could  effect 
nothing  after  the  declaration  already  noticed. 
On  the  2<l.  he  took  his  departure  for  Fontaln- 
bleau;  having,  however,  receiveil  the  a.ssuraiice 
that  Napoleon  would  be  suitably  provided  for. 
.  .  .  The  funils  rose  live  per  cent.,  and  all  othir 
public  .st'curities  in  proportion,  on  the  very  day 
after  the  occu|)atioii  of  the  capital ;  and  wherever 
the  Allied  Sovereigns  appeared  in  public,  they 
were  loudly  cheered  and  hailed  as  lilierators. 
From  the  lirst,  olHcers  of  the  Allied  armies  tilled 
the  public  walks,  theatres,  and  coffeehouses, 
anil  mixed  with  the  people  as  welcome  guests 
rather  than  as  conciuering  invaders.  The  press, 
so  long  enslaved  by  Napoleon,  t(M)k  the  most 
deeiited  part  against  its  oppr(>s.sor;  and  frot]i 
every  (piartcr  injurious  pamphlets,  •■pigrains, 
and  satires,  now  poured  upon  the  fallen  ruler. 
Hailame  de  Stafl  had  characterised  him  as  '  I{ol«s- 
pierre  on  horseback';  De  Prailt  had  more  wit- 
tily termed  him  'Jupiter  Scapiu';  ami  these  say- 
ings were  not  forgotten.  But  liy  far  the  most 
vivid  seusatiim  was  priHluced  by  C'hateaubriuml's 
tract  of  '  lionaparte  and  the  Bourlions';  30. (WW 
copiesof  which  are  said  to  have  bei'U  sold  in  two 
ilays.  In  proportion  as  the  popular  liatred  of 
the  F^uiH'ror  evinced  itself,  grew  I  lie  lK>lilness 
of  his  mlversaries.  On  the  tirst  of  April,  the 
Municipal  Council  of  Paris  met  and  already  de- 
clared the  throne  vacant ;  on  the  next  day,  the 
Conservative  Senate  formed  a  Pn>visioiial  Govern- 
ment, and  issuwl  a  ilecree.  declaring,  lirst,  '  That 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  had  forfeited  the  throne 
and  the  riglit  of  inberitJince  esUililished  in  liis 
family ;  'id,  That  the  people  anil  anny  of  Fniiice 
were  diseugiged  and  freed  from  the  oath  of 
fidelity  which  they  hiul  taken  to  him  an<i  his 
constitution.'  .  .  .  The  ineml«TS  of  the  F-egisla- 
tive  Assembly  who  ha|i[  'iied  to  be  in  Paris,  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  the  SenalA'.  The  As«>mbly 
had  been  dis.solved  in  .January,  and  could  not 
meet  constitutionally  unless  summoned  by  the 
Sovereign ;  this  objection  was,  however,  set  aside, 
and  the  Assembly  having  met.  ratitled  the  act  of 
deposiliiin  passed  by  the  Senate.  All  the  public 
functionaries,  authorities  and  constituted  Ixsliis 
in  and  near  Paris,  hastened  to  send  in  their  sub- 
TUi.ssiontiitlienew  powers:  it  wasa  general  race  in 
whic  h  lionour  was  not  always  the  prize  of  speed; 
forevery  address,  every  act  of  submissiim  sent  in 
to  the  new  government,  teemed  with  invectives 
against  the  deposed   ruler.      .   .   It    was   in  the 


night  between  the  2d  and  3d.  that  faiiluinm  i 

returned  from  his  mission,  ami  informiil  N,i|„,|,, 

of  the  events  which  had  pas.sed.  ,  ..  li,  „|, 

manner  the  Emperor  received  tlicM-  |at;il  li.lji, 

we  are  not  told.  .  .  .  At  lirst  it  wuiil,| -mm  lii 

he  em     "ained,  or  affecteil  to  enterl.iin   iii,,ii  -|| 

of  resoiiing  to  arms;  for  in  the  ni.iniiii;  i,,", 

view'.'d  his  Ouanl,  and  addressed  tin m  inllu-  f. 

lowing  terms: — '  Ollicers  and  sohlii  l^  ,,f  nu  0 

Ouanl,  the  enemy  has  gained  thn^  nmn in , , 

us,  and  outstrippi'd  us  at  Paris,     .s.ni,  i:iiti„ 

men,   emigrants  whom   I   had   panli.irnl,   h,, 

surroundcil  the  Emperor  Ahxiimlir:  llnvhii 

mounted  the  white  cockade,  and  hhuM  f.'ini 

to  do  tlie  same.     In  a  few  days  I  sUM  ;ni;ii  k  tl 

enemy,  and  force  them  to  unit  tlieciiiiiil    |  r, 

on  you:  am    I    right?'     The   tr(Mi|is  r.  :iail\  r 

plied   with   loud  cheers  to  this  aililn  >s.  i.i'llii 

out  'To  I'aris!  to  Paris!'  l)ut  the  .MHr~ii.il,  :ii 

senior  officers  were  by  no  means  so  /(.ilous  iutl 

cause.   .  .  .  Tlie Onerals and  Marsliuls  .  .     f, 

lowed  the   Emperor  to  his  apartnuiits  aft.rt! 

n'view;  and  having  advised  him  to  ni-i;i,ii:iitwr 

the  Allies,  on  the  iirinciplc  of  a  pciv.n il  iilHlir 

ti<in,  ended  by  informing  him,  that  iluv  w(ni 

not  accompany  him  if  he  persisted  in  ili,.  pr 

p(j8ed  attack  on  Paris.     Tliewene  whii  li  fiillii«( 

.seems  to  have  been  of  a  very  undiiriiilii  d  il,  mtI 

tion.    Napoleon  w.is almost  coiiviilsid  w  itii  r:ii; 

he  tore  and  trampled  under  foot  tin'  diinci 

i   the  Senate;  vowed  vengeance  ai;Miii>i  llie  wlin 

j   botiy,  who  should  yet,  he  said,  !»■  iiiidi-  lu  pav  f 

i   their  deed  of  'felony';  but  i-ndi,l,  mvc  rtlit'l.^ 

'■  Ijj- ignobly  signing  tlie  abdication  dcinaii'N.h 

htm.     We  say  ignobly ;  for  nothing' r.Lri  hr  nil. 

debasing  in  character,  tlian  to  sink  d.ivMi  freni 

[   very  temiH'st  of  pa.ssion  totamesulpiiii->i.,ii   ,, 

The  act  of  abdieati<m  was  worded  in  lln- fulldv 

ing   terms:    'The   Allieil    powers    liavin^'    pr 

j  claimed  that  the  Em|K'ror  Napolion  is  the  so 

j  ol)stacle   to    the    re-establishnuiit    nf   |.n,i< 

\   Euro|K>,  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  laiihful  i..  h 

I  oath,  deelares  that  he  is  ri>aily  to  ilrsi  iml  frn 

j   the  throne,  to  quit  France,  a:id  ivin  to  n  liiii|,ii- 

life,  for  the  gmnl  of  the  counlrv .  wlii.li  is  ii 

:  separable  from  the  rights  of  his  son,  fr  ni  :li,,i 

I   of  the  regency  in  the  pers<m  of  the  Kmin »«, ;. 

I   from  the  maintenance  of  tlie  laws  of  ili.  i  rii|iir 

Done  at  our  Palace  of  Foni.iinMeau.  4ili  .ipi 

1S14.     Napoleon.'     Caulainiiiuri.    Mafsliuls  N. 

I   and  M'Donahl,  were  a|>point(d  lo  .arn  tlrisnn 

I  ditiimal  ab>lication  to  Paris    .   .       I'ln   inmim 

sioners  on  returning  to  Koiilainl'liuii  t 'Uii'l  il 

Emperor  in  his  cabinet,  impalii  nlly  auailini:  tl 

result  of  their  mis.sion.     .Marsli  il  .Ni  v  wa-  t' 

!    tirst  to  speak;  and  in  that  abrupt,  harsji  an<l  ii' 

j   very  respectful  tonewhieh  he  luii  l.i'i  1\  :i--:mr 

towanls  his  falling  sovereign,  toM  liiiu  ,ii  i>ii" 

that  '  France,  the  army  and  the  (  auso  of  piaii 

demanded    his  unconditional   :ilidi<  :iiiii:i  '    (at 

laiucoiirt  tiihled.  that  t'lc  full  sovciri-nty  r.f  il; 

Isle  of   F.lba.  with  a  suitalde  i  st.cMi-litin  nt.  Iia 

Is'en   olTered    by   the    Emperor  .M^  a.ui'K  r,  ati 

'   Marshal    .M'Doi'iald,  who  had   so   /.  il.  i-lv    li 

feuded  the  cause  of  his  ma,-.!!  r,  i-iitinniil  tli 

statement, — declaring  also  that,    in  hi- o|>iitii'i 

tlie    lm|H>rial    cause    was    coiii|'i' '■  ly    io-t.  :: 

they  had  all  three' — the  coinniis-i  ii'  is—  faili- 

against  a  resolution  irrevocably  li\o.i        W  h..: 

exclaimed  Napoleon.  '  not  ocly    iriv  ..nn  ilulk; 

tion,  but  that  of  Marie  Louise    iii'l  "i  i",'-  -<'!i 

This  is  rather  too  muc'l  at  onc-c        .\i;l  \%itlitlic^ 

words    he    delayed   the  aii."(r   t  ':    i\i    tii 


1390 


FRANCE.  1814 


The  H'nirthn 


KKANCE.   1814 


Btemiin)!,  te  Baid.  to  consider  the  subject,  iukI 
fljoiult  the  army.  .  .  .  Wonla  ran  HIkIi  Ix'twecii 
Ibr  fallen  chieftain  and  Ids  former  xumrdinates . 
Ihere  were  altercAtioDs,  recrlminntinnH,  ami  pain 
fnlicenes.  and  It  wait  only  wlien  Niipoli'on  hud 
■giie<l  the  followini;  iirconditlonal  alxiication 
Jiat  perfect  calm  wiu  restored: — 'Tlie  Allied 
Hofereigns  havini;  declared  that  the  Empt^ror 
S«polpon  id  the  only  obstacle  to  tlic  rc-estjiblisli- 
mentof  a  general  peace,  the  Emperor  Nuiwloon. 
faithful  to  his  oath,  <leclarcs.  that  he  renounces, 
(or  himsi'lf  and  his  heirs,  the  throne  of  France 
■ni  Italy ;  and  that  there  is  no  personal  sacritlci', 
notevcn  that  of  life  itsi'If.  which  he  is  not  will 
ing  to  miilie  for  the  interest  of  France'.  Napo 
leon.  Fiintalnblcau.  titli  April  1814.'  This  de 
[ilnnhli'  (liH'ument  is  written  in  so  agitated  and 
ftlt«rini;  a  lunil  as  to  \w  almost  illegible,  ,  , 
According  to  the  treaty  signed  at  I'aris  on  the 
loili,  ami  usually  called  the  Treaty  of  Fontain 
blcau,  Na|M)leon.  from  iM'iug  Emperor  of  Fnince 
lul  King  of  Italy,  l«'came  Emperor  of  Ellial 
He  was  to  have  a  guard  and  a  navy  suited  ti> 
tlifext<nt  i>f  his  dominions,  and  to  receive  from 
Frsnce  ii  pension  of  six  milliims  of  fniiies  annu- 
ally. The  Ducliics  of  Parma,  I'lacentia  and 
GuaMala.  were  to  be  conferri-d  in  sovereignly  cm 
Marie  Louise  and  hci  heirs.  Two  millions  and  u 
iuKof  francs  were  further  to  1m' paiil  annually 
bt the  Kriiich  government  to  the  Empress  .loso- 
-iiiiie  ami  other  mcmlM'rs  of  the  U<>na[)arte  fam- 
'  '  Splendid  as  these  terms  were  for  a  dethroned 
liid  defenceless  monarch.  Napoleon  ratified  the 
ticalywith  reluctance,  and  delayeil  the  signature 
itloDg  as  possible;  still  clinging,  it  wouhl  seem, 
to  some  vague  hoiw  of  rt'turniug  fi)rtunc.  It  is 
even nliiteil  by  Fain,  N'orvins.  Constiint,  and  in 
the  prrtendecl  Memoirs  of  Caulaincourt,  that  he 
atlrmpted  to  commit  suicide  by  taking  poison, 
and  was  only  saved  by  the  weakness  of  thi'  dose, 
ami  the  remedies  administered  by  his  attendants, 
who.  hearing  Ids  groans,  hastened  to  his  Iwdside 
It  U  tertiiin  that  he  was  very  unwell  on  the 
following  miiming,  the  I3tli  April,  a  circum- 
•lance  easily  accounted  fur  by  the  anxiety  he 
had  undergone ;  but  there  can  Ik- little  dilllculty 
inrfjeeting  the  tale  of  poison,  for  it  is  mentioned 
in  none  of  the  St.  Helena  Memoirs.  "—Ueut.  Col, 
J  .Mitchell,  The  fhll  of  .V,«/).A,.«,  W.  ;).  rh  3 
(f.  2l. 

Also  i.N:  M,  lie  Bourrienne,  I'rivute  MenuHru 
dXapilfan.  r.  4,  eh.  20-23.— Duke  of  Kovigo, 
Mirmn,  r.  4,  pi.  1,  eh.  4-10.— Prince  Tallevmnd, 
Utmoin.  jit.  7  (r,  2), 

A.D,  1814  (April— June).— Departure  of  Na- 
poleon for  Elba.— Louis  XVIII.  called  to  the 
throne,  —  Settlement  of  the  constitution. — 
EfKuatioa  of  France  by  the  Alliea,- The 
Trttty  of  Paris.— Determination  of  the  new 
boondaries  of  the  kingdom.—"  .Vpril  20,  every- 
Itung  lieing  ready  for  Napoleon's  jnurnev,  and 
ilio  coniniissiuners  of  the  four  great  powi'rs  who 
"tore  t<i  iiccori.pany  him  having  arrived.  tli<- 
(omierdrciv  up  the  imp<>rial  guani  in  the  grand 
fourtyanl  ut  Funtaineliteau  to  take  leave  of  tliem 
.'"'''■ifi's.' ^liil  he,  'I  have  one  mission  left  1.1 
lullil  in  lif,.._t(>  recount  to  |K)stcrity  the  glori- 
mudixls  we  liHVe  done  together.'  Would  to 
i  rav™  h..  had  kept  his  worn  and  done?  notliinir 
<•!»'  II,  ki^se,!  tlie  flag,  and  his  bnive  soldiers. 
»liu(inlv  siw  tlie  man  who  so  often  led  them  on 
!'■  '■»::,,;,  i„„^i  i„(,|  ,,.ars.  .Seven  or  eight 
iiundml  it  them  were  to  form  the  army  left  to 


I  him  wild  hail  had  »  million  soldiers  at  his  com 
Miand.  anil  they  were  8»mt  in  lulvance.  Napoleon 
gidng  by  atiothiT  road,  unescorted  save  by  (Jen- 
,  end  Drouot.  Ilertrand,  and  the  four  foreign  com- 
!  missioners  witli  their  people.  In  the  first  de 
I  partmcnts  through  which  they  passed  .  .  .  the 
I  people  who  bad  been  eye-witnesses  of  tlie  inva- 
[  sion  forgot  the  evil  wrought  by  Napoleon,  and 
j  only  saw  the  defender  of  his  country.  'Thcv 
.shouted  •  IxHig  live  the  Emperorl  Down  with 
fonigners!'  Hut  lieyoud  Lyons,  where  the  foe 
never  penetrated,  the  population  bccam  hostile: 
old  royalist  and  Catholic  passions  were  revlveil 
ill  proportion  as  tlii'y  went  farther  south;  the 
moll  cried  'Long  live  the  KingI  down  with  the 
tyrant ! '  and  others  liowlc<l  '  Ijong  live  the  allicol ' 
At  Avignon  and  Orgoii  a  furious  rebble  attackifl 
the  carriages,  demanding  that  the  tyrant  sboiilil 
be  handed  over  to  them  to  lie  hung  or  thrown 
into  tile  Uhonc.  The  man  who  braveil  the  storm 
of  shot  and  shell  with  utt<T  indifference  gave 
way  before  these  ignoble  perils,  and  disguised 
himstlf;  otherwise  the  coinmissioncrs  couhl 
scaricly  have  saved  his  life  at  t)rgon.  The  sad 
journey  closed  at  the  Oiilf  of  8t.  Itaphnel,  on 
the  coast  of  Proveni'c.  .  .  An  English  frigate 
awaited  him  and  bore  him  to  Elba,  where  he 
landed  at  Porto- Ferraio,  May  4.  While  the  Em- 
pire was  crumbling  to  dust  .  .  .  and  the  fallen 
Emperor  went  int^>  exile,  the  new  government 
was  working  lianl  to  bold  its  own  ot  Paris.  The 
royalists  were  at  sword's  points  with  the  national 
sovereignty  party  in  the  commission  chosen  liy 
tlie  se-iate  to  draw  up  a  constitution.  The  pre 
tender's  agent.  Abbe  de  Mont«s(iui<)u,  failed  to 
win  acceptance  of  the  principle  that  royal  right 
is  superior  to  the  nation's  will;  and  the  formula 
adopted  was  as  follows:  'The  French  people 
fo'cly  call  to  the  throne  of  France,  I-ouis  Stanis- 
las Xavier  de  France,  brother  of  the  late  king, 
and,  after  him,  the  other  memliers  of  the  house 
of  Ikiurbou, '  Thus  they  did  not  recognize  in  the 
king  whom  they  cicctwi  the  title  of  LonisXVIil., 
and  did  not  ailmit  that  iK'tween  him  and  his 
bmiher,  I/iuis  XVI.,  there'  had  b<-en  a  rightful 
king,  the  piwr  child  who  died  in  the  Temple  and 
wlKim  niyalisLs  called  I/iuis  XVII,  The  reign 
of  Liouis  Stanislas  Xavier  was  to  dat4?  from  the 
day  when  he  swore  allegiance  to  the  Constitution : 
the  executive  power  was  vested  in  the  king,  who 
shared  tli('  legislative  power  with  the  Senate  and 
oCliambcr  of  Deputies,  The  Constitution  sane 
tiontnl  individual  liberty,  freedom  of  worship 
and  the  p.  the  sale  of  national  goods,  the 
public  debt,  pnx'lainicd  obliviou  of  all  acts 

committed  sill  .  tlie  lieginningof  the  Kcvolution. 
The  principles  of  178!»  were  maintained,  and  in 
the  sad  state  of  France  there  was  nothing  lKit*r 
to  Ik-  done  than  to  rally  round  this  Conslitutiou. 
which  was  vote<l  by  tlie  Senate,  .\pril  f(,  and  iw 
ceptcd  by  the  Ix'gislature.  ,  .  .  The  St'nalc's 
lack  of  popularity  gave  the  royalist  party  hope 
tli;it  I  he  act  of  April  0  might  be  retracted,  and  at 
lliis  lime  that  party  won  a  faint  success  in  a 
nialtir  on  whic  li  they  laid  great  stress.  Count 
d'.Vriois  was  on  liis  way  to  Paris,  and  declarnl 
that  he  would  not  lay  aside  the  white  cockade  on 
entering.  The  tcmiiorary  government  onlercd 
the  nation:il  guard  to  assume  the  wliite  ciH'kade. 
and  let  Count  d'.Vrtois  in  without  conditions 
(.\pril  12V  lie  was  received  in  soleoin  «late,  the 
niarslials  inarching  before  him.  still  wearing  their 
tricolore'd  cockades  and  plumes,  which  the  gov- 


m 


130J 


"  ill 


ji  1  i 


:ih':^: 


{  i 


it 


i-J  i: 


■).* 


%r 


4't 


^..|.ir 


*■■;  . 


J 


FRANCE,  1814. 


TV  Psrtca  o/ 
Pari.. 


FRANCE.  1814-1815 


ernmpnt  (l»ml  not  ntlAck.  Tlio  mliblo  was  cold, 
but  the  middle  rliwwos  n'<fiv«Hl  the  prince  favor- 
alilv.  and  lie  provwl  Kracloiin  to  every  one.  .  .  . 
D'ArtoiD  .  .  .  Iiuiiitt'ii  on  Ix'inK  reeoKniz^l,  un- 
conditionally, as  lieutenant  eenemi  of  tlie  king- 
dom, as  he  had  entcnil  Parix  without  making 
terms:  but  this  time  the  Sj'natc  and  temiMirary 
government  did  not  yield.  They  intenilcd  that 
the  prince  shouhl  make  a  solemn  pnimiw,  in  his 
brother's  name,  in  reganl  to  the  ('onstitution. 
The  czar  Interfered  and  explained  to  D'Artois 
that  the  allies  were  pIciIkimI  to  the  Senate  and  the 
nation,  and  he  was  forced  to  submit  and  receive 
the  lieutenant-i^eneraley  of  the  kbiKdom  from 
tlie  Senate,  '  until  l»ul.<  Stanislas  Xavier  of 
Prance  should  accept  the  (,'onstitutional  Charter  ' 
.  .  The  day  after  his  proclamation  as  lieu 
tenant-general,  the  white  cockade  was  Anally 
adopte<l,  and  .  .  .  impose<l  u|)on  the  srmy  anil 
various  public  buildin)^,  though  the  national 
cociiade  was  still  worn  bv  many  French  soldiers 
fn)m  the  llaronne  to  the  felbe,  ami  many  warlike 
deeds  still  siKnulized  the  tinal  elTorts  of  their 
arms,  even  alter  Napoleon  had  laid  aside  his 
■word.  ...  By  degrees  the  truce  Ix-eame  uni- 
versal, and  the  next  i|uestion  was  to  fix  the  terms 
of  peace.  .  .  .  The  enemy  held  notliinR  but  Paris 
and  the  unfortified  towns.  French  f^arrisons  still 
occupying  all  the  strongholds  of  France,  old  and 
new,  and  several  im|H>rtant  places  far  iH-yond  the 
Khine.  .  .  .  This  was  u  powerful  means  of  gain- 
ing, not  the  pn-scrvHtion  of  the  natural  frontiers, 
which  could  no  longer  Ik;  hoped  for,  but  at  least 
an  im|Hirtant  advance  on  the  limits  of  the  ancient 
monan^hy.  Unluckily  a  movement,  natural  but 
hasty,  broke  out  all  over  F'rance,  to  claim  the 
immediate!  evacuati(m  of  her  soil  by  foreign 
armies:'— -iin  inipalience  which  allowed  no  time 
for  bargaining  in  the  matter,  and  which  precipi- 
tated an  agreement  (April  23)  with  tlie  allied 
powers  "to  leave  the  French  dominion  as  it  had 
been  on  the  tst  of  Jaiiiiary.  1792,  in  proportion 
as  the  p!'iccs  still  occupied  Iwyond  those  limits 
by  Fnaich  tnsjps  should  be  evacuated  and  re- 
store<t  to  the  allies.  .  .  .  This  compact  siirreii- 
dereil  to  th(^  allies,  without  any  compensation, 
53  strongholds,  12.0<)()  piect-s  of  onlnance,  arse- 
nals and  magazines  flileil  with  vast  supplies." 
The  new  king,  calling  himself  Louis  XVIII. ,  ar 
rived  in  Paris  on  the  i)<l  of  May,  fn>m  Kngland, 
where  he  had  latterly  resided.  He  had  offended 
the  </..ir,  nitllcd  jiublic  feeling  in  France,  even 
before  he  arrived,  by  saying  publicly  to  the  Eng- 
lish pi'i>|)le  tliut  he  owi^l  his  restomtion,  under 
Providiiue,  to  them.  Negotiations  for  a  definiti! 
treaty  of  peace  were  ojiened  al  once.  "  At  Met- 
ti'rniili's  suggestion,  the  allies  deciileil  to  con- 
clude their  arrangements  with  France  in  Paris, 
and  to  reserve  general  arrangements  with  Kiirope 
for  a  congress  at  Vienna  [see  ViESN.v :  TiiK  Cos 
OKKSS  okJ.  Talleyrand  did  not  object,  although 
this  plan  was  evidently  iinfavoralile  to  France. 
,  .  .  Tin.' royal  council  direi'ted  Talleyrand  to  try 
to  win  for  tile  northern  inmtier  those  million 
pio|iie  promiseil  iK'yond theold  limits;  but  l/ouis 
XV'HI.,  by  angering  the  czar,  complcle<l  the  sail 
work  of  April  2it.  Alexander  thought  of  renew- 
ing with  the  Hourlmiis  the  alliance  that  he  had 
planiieil  witii  Napoleon,  and  marrying  In  ilii- 
Duke  dc  lierri,  Louis's  nephew,  that  one  of  his 
sifters  to  whom  Napoleon  preferred  Marie  [^ouiae. 
liouis  .  .  .  responihti  churlishly  to  tiie  i /.ar's 
advances.     Accordingly,  when  France  demanded 


•  solid  frontier.  Including  the  Souili  <if  llili^iiin 
.  .  .  LonI  Castlcreagh  alwoliitelv  f  instd  ,„ 
was  sup|Hirted  by  Prunla,  hostile'  i..  Knunr.  an 
by  Austria,  IndlfTerent  on  that  sr.in.  Imt  ill 
p<«cd  to  follow  England  in  ever?  iliiii::  Uusji 
did  not  aide  with  France.  .  ,  .  Tin  nili,., »,., 
willing  to  g!ant,  In  place  of  the  old  ci..niiui,)ii  i 
the  monarchy,  on  the  Rhine  Hide,  iIk  lini- 1>[  ^ 
Qiicich.  which  opencil  commuiiicaiion  wiih  Ij,, 
dail,  and  to  the  southeast  thedeparliin  nt  ..f  \„| 
cliise  (once  County  Venaissin)  givi  n  up  in  ii 
Pope,  besides  Chambery  and  a  pun  i>l  nIv,,, 
llnally,  in  the  Jura  region,  Monti.  ILinl  ni 
made  nearly  fl(Kt,000  people.  As  fur  ili.  i  ,,|,,nii, 
England  nductantly  n'tiirned  .Miirtiiji,|iii,  i;,,, 
deh>u|x',  and  the  Isle  of  liourlmn.  hut  nfii.siili 
restore  the  Islcde  France  [or  Maiiriiiu-  nnnnn 
in  18101,  tliat  great  mllitjiry  jswl  «  hii  h  i:.  td  i| 
Indian  Ocean  what  Malta  is  to  llie  M.  .li'i  rriiiif»i 
This  island  was  bravely  defendid  fur  wmii  veai 
by  Its  governor.  .  .  .  The  E^gli^h  .1.  i  l;ir..[tlii 
thev  would  also  keep  Malta,  talviii  frnm  Kmno 
ami  the  Cape  of  Oo(xl  Hope,  wn-sii.l  frcuu  ||,j 
land,  saying  that  all  these  Ih'Ioii<;,,|  \„  thm 
iK'ing  on  the  road  to  India.  .  .  .  S. .  r.t  mtidi 
provided  that  Holland,  under  tin-  ml.'  (if  i| 
House  of  Orange,  should  !«•  iiiiruvil  liv  il 
countries  ceiled  by  France,  iMtw.-in  ili.-wa.  tl 
French  frontier  of  1790,  and  tlie  >b  u-.<  i,\iiMria 
Netherlands  and  Liege).  The  louhincs  cnli 
by  France  on  tlie  left  bank  of  llie  Uliiiii-  win  i 
be  divided  as  'com|M'iisution  '  ammiL'  tin-  Ci 
man  states.  Austria  was  to  havi  ilii-  ('oimti 
bounded  by  the  Po,  Ticino.  and  I.iIm-  Masjiior 
that  is,  the  old  Venetian  states.  Mihui.  ntnl  .Mai 
tua.  The  territory  of  the  foriiur  U.  piii.lii  i 
OenoB  was  to  be  given  to  the  Kiiiu'  "t  ^miinii 
Such  was  the  em!  of  the  wais  ,if  ih.  Kiiniin 
liepublican  France  reached  the  piil  ..I  tin- nl 
monarchy,  the  natural  limits  of  urn  ii  iit  dm. 
the  Empire  lost  them." — II.  Miirlin,  /'•.;,',ii 
Uitt.  of  Krnnef,  r.  3,  rh.  17. —  Tli''  I'can-  i 
Paris  [signed  May  30]  was  fnllnw..!  In  smi 
subsidiary  treaties.  .  .  .  By  a  (  (Miviniiim  c 
.lune  3nl  between  Austria  and  Itivarin,  .Mai 
milian  .losi'ph  restored  to  Austria  Hi.  r>rii|  »il 
the  Vorarlberg,  the  principulily  uf  S  il/lmri;,  ili 
district  of  the  Inn  and  the  llausriirk  liiiriii 
the  visit  of  the  Empcnir  Alixamliriiil  th>  Kin 
of  Prussia  to  London  in  .Iiiiii',  it  was  .cmwI  ilu 
the  Article  of  the  Peace  of  Paris  stiimi  iiiiif  tli 
aggrandisement  of  Holland.  slmuM   I'"  larrii 

tli.ii  I  "111 
I1..I  li\  th 


out  by  the  annexation  of  Beliriujii  i" 
try,  an  arrangement  which  was  an.  | 
.Sovereign  of  the  NetherlaiiiN.  .lulv 
— T.  H.  Over.  Hint,  of  Mmkn,  /■.'  •  ■ 
16. 

AijS4)  IN:  A.  de  I.tniartiiie.  ///>' 
ration,   hk.  Vi-U  iimMO  (c.  l-.'i    -V. 
lli»t.  nf  the  lieigruinf  hiHia  XVIII 
X..  V.  1,  rh.  3. 

A.  D.  I8i4-t8i5.— Ten  month-;  of  Bourbo 
rule  and  its  follies.— Return  of  Nipoleon  fron 


.'.'.,    11-4. 
V.  ( >"«. 


Elba.— Flight   of  the   King. 
Days.—  Preparations  for  war. 

Paris   did  not  endure  a  vi-ar 
liourlmn  rule,  vengeful,  iiiiplai  ul 
violent  in  act  and  in  languau'i  :  - 
France  once   more  to  the  liriiil 
Two  acts  alone  are  sutHcient  t'l 
f'.'Uy  of   the   royalists  —  the   ns 
white  Hag.  and  the  cliangini;  I'l 
the   a'giments.      A   prudent   ki 


Tht 

■  r 
I-. I 


Hundrei 

,    |«a..   " 

lll-'Mlil^   '1 

.pi.lialik 


■I  1 


hriii, 

VMlUtil'll 

irair  ill 
I,  .,{  ll, 
nilnTS  0 
all  liat 


1392 


FRANCE,  18U-181.V 


ffapoUon'B  return 


FRANCE,  1814-1815. 


gloplwl  tliP  tricolour  wlifn  lir  aKrrnI  to  a  con- 
ililutioniil  chHrltT.  niiii  would  liavo  n'fmincil  from 
tuunilioK  luilitury  fU'Dsiliilitv  liy  (U'sIroyiiiK  the 
mmlxr"  of  the  n'ttimciitii.  Hut  more  stupid  than 
tboe  aciA  was  the  political  (loliry  pursui'd,  a 
policy  whicli  arouseil  on  all  sides  sunpicioiin  of 
what  was  woreo  tliaii  the  grindini;  but  gilded 
iespotlsm  of  Napoleon  —  namely,  that  the  (Jov- 
cmmcnt  favoured  a  fon'ilile  rcxiiinption  of  the 
cnnAicated  landH,  the  rextoratiiin  of  lithes,  and  of 
tbr abulisiied  exaetiona  anil  inipoxt^  of  feuilalisin. 
It  laa  Ixrn  Kurmiaed,  and  wiili  nuieh  n'aaon, 
tint  had  Napoleon  not  reapiH'ared  a  popular 
movfment  would  have  extr>rted  from  the  king  a 
mlly  oonslitutional  government.  In  that  case 
France  mi);ht  have  taken  some  real  Hteps  towards 
ifree  j;overnment,  and  the  haws  of  lilMTty  rather 
Uun  of  (Miiiality  might  have  U'en  laid.  But 
wliile  tlie  I'owers  were  wninglin);  at  Vii'nna,  and 
Uk  BoiirlKins  were  irritating  France,  Napoleon 
«u  watcliing  from  Elba  for  the  op|)ortunity  of 
icsumiDg  empire.  It  was  not  in  the  nature  of 
Uk  nun  to  yield  pa.'tsively  to  anything,  even  to 
tlie  iaevitahie.  Ho  long  as  a  chance  remained  be 
looked  out  keenly  for  the  propitious  hour.  lie 
Klwteil  Elba  as  a  residence  liecausc  thence  '  he 
wuM  keep  an  eye  upon  France  and  upon  the 
Buurlx>na.  It  was  his  duty,  he  said,  to  guard 
tk  thmiie  of  France  for  his  family  and  for  his 
mo.  Thus,  in  making  peace  at  FontainebUau, 
he  only  iKiwed  to  a  storm  be  could  not  then  re 
ml.  anil  cherished  in  his  mind  the  pMject  of  an 
imperial  n'storation.  The  hour  for  which  be 
waited  came  at  length.  Id  February,  181.5,  he 
had  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  with  the  aid 
of  the  army  he  could  overthrow  the  Rourlions, 
wboae  government,  he  said,  was  gixxl  for  priests, 
nobles,  and  countesst's  of  the  old  time,  but  worth 
Dothiog  to  the  living  generation.  The  army,  he 
knew,  was  still,  and  would  lie  always,  devoted 
li<'im.  .  .  .  He  bad  weighed  all  the  chances  for 
>1  agaiast  the  success  of  his  entcrpris(\  and  he 
M  arriveil  at  the  conclusion  that  he  should  suc- 
ceed: for,  'Fortune  had  never  deserted  him  on 
ireat  occa.^ions. '  It  has  been  said  that  Ills  de- 
parture was  precipitate<l  by  a  report  of  the  disso- 
lution of  the  Congress  of  Vienna.  ...  It  is 
possible,  inileed,  that  the  rumour  of  an  intention 
to  confine  Iiim  uiion  an  i.sland  in  the  Atlantic 
nay  have  exercised  some  inHuence  over  him ;  but 
the  real  rcwons  for  the  selection  of  the  28tli  of 
February  were  that  he  was  tired  of  Inactivity, 
■od  convincwl  that  the  favourable  moment  liiul 
irrived.  Therefore,  instructing  Murat  to  second 
him  by  atsuming  a  strong  piMition  in  front  of 
Ancima,  he  embarked  his  faithful  Thousiind.  and 
m  aail  for  France.  On  the  1st  of  March  he 
koiled  on  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Juan,  and  on 
the  -Ml  lie  entered  the  Tiiileries.  As  he  had 
piwlicuil.  till' army  rallied  to  the  tricolour;  the 

P-ni;rals  lid  neither  restrain  nor  guide  their 

lolilicrs;  ih.'  liourlKin  dukes  and  princes,  and  the 
brave  [)iiilii.s.H  of  AngoulOnie — 'ihe  only  man  of 
the  family  —  were  ulteriy  poweriiss  before  the 
imiveriil  military  disairectioii;  and  one  after  tlie 
oUiiT  tlkv  .M-re  cha.vd  out  of  France.  The  army 
kiiln^lori'.l  .\a|ioleon.  I,ouis  Will,  drove  out 
of  Piris  In  !h|.  road  to  St.  Denis  on  the  l»lh.  a 
few  hnur,  i„.f„ri.  Napoleon,  on  the  aotli.  dn)ve 
mtv  till  li^irriiT  of  Italy;  and  on  the  'janl.  after 
*.$""  "'•''•'  "'  •'•"«■  "'>•  KiUL'  was  sjifi-  in  (Jlienl 
Tuetniii  .(iirstion  is.' wrote  l.,onl  Castli-reaiih 
tothe  Llukinf  Wellington  three  dsvsafterwanls. 


while  yet  in  ignomncc  of  the  event, '  can  the  Bour- 
iHins  get  Frenchmen  tn  Hght  for  them  against 
Frenchmen?'  The  result  showed  that  they  could 
not.  In  the  then  stateof  Prance  the  army  was  mas- 
ter of  Fnnce.  I.,ouis  and  bis  ministers  had  done 
nothing  to  conciliate,  and  almost  everything  to 
irritate,  the  p<'oplc;  and  even  so  early  as  Novem- 
Ixr,  1H14.  tVelliiigton  did  not  sec  what  means  the 
King  liad  of  resisting  the  attack  of  a  few  hunilred 
ollliers  deteriiiined  to  risk  everything.  During 
the  perioil  occupied  by  Napoleon  in  passing  from 
KIba  to  Paris,  the  cundiict  of  the  sovereigns  and 
diphiinalists  assemliled  at  Vienna  offered  a  strik- 
ing ciinlra.4t  to  the  weakness  and  inaptitude  of 
thcUourlHins.  .  .  .  That  there  was  fear  in  Vienna 
is  manifest,  but  the  acts  of  the  Alliol  Powers 
sliow  that  fear  speedily  gave  place  to  resolution. 
For,  as  early  as  the  I'Jth  of  March,  before  the 
Allies  knew  where  Napoleon  was,  or  anything 
about  him,  except  that  he  was  somewaere  at 
large  in  France,  they  drew  up  that  famous  de- 
claration, and  signed  it  the  next  day,  in  which 
they  iledared  that  he  had  broken  the  sole  legal 
tie  to  which  bis  extst4'ncc  was  atbiched,  and  that 
it  was  possible  to  keep  with  him  '  neither  peace 
nor  truce. '  '  The  Powers,  in  consequence, '  so  runs 
this  document,  'declan;  tl.at  Napoleon  Buona- 
parte is  placeil  beyond  the  pale  of  civil  and  social 
relations,  and  that,  as  a  common  enemy  and  dis- 
turber of  the  |>eace  of  the  world,  be  baa  delivered 
himself  over  to  public  justice.'  This  declaration, 
which  has  been  the  subject  of  vehement  criti 
cism,  was  the  natural  consequence  of  the  pre- 
vailing and  correct  appreciation  of  Napoleon's 
character.  There  was  not  a  nation  in  Europe 
wliich  felt  the  slightest  particle  of  confldence  or 
trust  in  him.  Hence  this  declaration,  made  so 
pn>inptly,  was  drawn  up  in  ignorance  of  anr 
professions  he  might  make,  because,  beforehand, 
Europe  felt  that  no  professions  of  his  could  be 
relied  on.  The  news  of  his  success  was  followed 
by  a  tn'aty,  adopted  on  the  25tb  of  March,  re- 
newing the  alliance  of  Chaumont, whereby  Oreat 
Britjiin.  liussia.  Austria,  and  Prussia  bound  them- 
selves to  provide  each  150,000  men;  to  employ, 
in  addition,  all  their  resources,  and  to  work  to- 
gether for  the  common  end  —  the  maintenance  of 
the  Treaty  of  Paris,  and  of  the  stipulations  deter 
mined  on  and  signed  at  the  Congress  of  Vienna. 
Further,  they  engaged  not  to  lay  down  their 
arms  but  by  common  consent;  nor  before  the 
object  of  the  war  should  have  Iwen  attained ;  nor, 
continues  tlic  document,  '  until  Buonaparte  shall 
have  been  rendered  absolutely  unable  to  create 
disturbance,  and  to  renew  attempts  for  possess- 
ing himself  of  supreme  power  in  France."  All  the 
Powers  of  Europe  generally,  and  Louis  XVIII. 
specially,  were  invited  to  accede  to  the  treaty; 
but,  at  the  instance  of  Lord  Castlereagh.  the 
Four  Great  Powers  declared  in  the  most  solemn 
niiiniiir  that,  although  they  dcsinnl  to  see  his 
Jlost  Christian  Majesty  restored  to  the  throne, 
and  also  to  contribute  to  tliat  'auspicious result,' 
yet  that  their  ' priiidpUs '  would  not  permit  tliem 
to  pnwciite  till'  war  '  with  a  view  of  imposing 
any  particular  Ooviriimeiit  on  France.'  With 
Napoleon  they  refused  to  hold  any  communica- 
tion whatever:  and  wiien  he  sent  couriers  to  an 
iioiinci'  that  he  intended  to  observe  existing 
tnaties.  they  were  stopped  on  the  frontiers.  .  .  . 
Wi'llintjion,  on  his  own  responsibilitir.  acted  for 
KiiKlaiid.  signed  treaties.  undert(K)k  heavy  en- 
giigenunts  in  lier  name,  and  agreed  to  command 


13'J3 


FUANCK.   IHM-IHir. 


Campaiffn 


FltANCK,   IMi.i 


cS* 


Km- 


!  J  1.1 


'  c; 


I' 


'  *  .1 


s|; 


-I'l 


.'III  uriiiy  til  Im'  umciiililtil  in  lit'lKiuiii;  iiuii  Imv 
iiii;  tutlinlli'il,  UH  wi'K  IM  he  I'liiilil,  tliu  clainoiir 
of  liir  for  Kiilialilii^K  fmii)  KiikIiiiiiI.  Ih'  tmik  liin 
iliipurtun'  friim  VIcnim  im  tlm  ^'Utli  i.f  Mimli.  iiiiil 
arrived  in  Hriiiwclu  on  llic  4lli  uf  April  Tli<- 
llriliuli  I'ailliimcnt  unil  nution  I'liiirlriniil  ri'iiililv 
llie  |)ri)Ci'<'(lin(f«  of  tliu  (liivcrniiii'nt  Hnit  <if  llir 
l»iikc  iif  Wi'llintfton  at  Vii-niia.  .  .  .  Napiileoii 
liail  forimtl  n  Ministry  on  tlic  very  I'vtnlns  of 
lii.H  R'tiirn  to  till'  TuiliTli'S  .  .  Ili"  filt  (■•■rtaiii 
tliat  war  woiilil  ennui'.  KiiowiiiK'  timt  at  tin' 
iiioinriil  wlu'n  Iip  n'ltiriiiil  from  Kllia  a  lurj;i' 
|mrt  of  the  iM'st  tn«)|i.s  uf  KiiKlanil  wi'rc  in 
Anu'rIt'U.  thai  tlio  (iiTiimn  forrr  on  Ilic  Itliinc 
w».s  weak,  anil  that  thi'  Hiisjilan  iiriiiii-n  witi-  in 
Polanil.  he  lalnilati'il  lliat  tlii'  Alliid  Towfrs 
would  not  1h'  in  a  [visilionto  ii|«'n  tlicniiuiiaiKn. 
at  the  earliest,  until  the  inidille  of  July;  anil, 
for  a  niomenl,  he  liopeil  that,  liy  workinj;  on  the 
fii'linjtn  of  liis  father  in  law,  "the  Kinperor  of 
Atigtria,  ami  liy  ruisinir  tlie  ani;er  of  the  Km 
peror  Ale.xander  ai;aiiist  hisi  alMcs,  he  would  lie 
alile,  if  not  to  ri  iliice  his  tin  Mlie^<  to  two.  Kn){- 
land  and  Pruswia.  at  le.'ist  io  defer  the  |)eriod  of 
hostili'  ^  until  the  autumn.  .  .  Uefore  lli^tKn■at 
wlieni  if  military  preparation  were  half  eoni 
lilete  li.  found  hiiiisilf  compelled  liy  events  to 
liefiin  the  war.  What  he  actually  did  aeeompll.sh 
lietween  .March  and  June  ha.i  U'ln  theaulijeit 
of  lleree  eontniversy.  Ilin  friends  i'.\ai,').'enite. 
lii.s  enemies  uinhrvaliie,  his  e.vertions  and  their 
iisulls  Hut  no  candid  inipiirer  can  fail  to  see. 
Ihat  if  his  energetic  activity  diirinj;  this  periml  is 
farlK'hiw  thatof  the  Convention  when  threatened 
liy  Kurope.  it  is  far  alKivc  the  standard  lixed  liv 
hia  piisaionate  critics.  The  real  reason  why  he 
failed  to  raise  a  larger  military  foni'  diiriiij;'  the 
hundred  days  was  that  his  ^'enius  worked  upon 
I'XJiaiisted  materials.  The  nation,  to  use  an  e.\ 
prcvsive    vulgarism,    was    'u.sid    up'.  The 

pniper  conscript  ion  for  ISl.",  hail  been  levied  in 
the  autumn  of  1813.  The  drafts  on  the-  rising' 
generation  had  been  aniiciiiatid,  and  hence  there 
n'mained  little  uvailalile  eJicept  the  old  soldiers. 
.  Tlie  result  of  \a|>oleon's  prodigious  e.'«er- 
lions  to  aiijiment  the  military  force  of  France 
.ippean*  to  be  this:  Napoleon  "found  ri'iulv  to  his 
hand  a  force  of  aiU.BTJ  men  of  all  arms,"olllcers 
included,  giving  a  disposable  elTeciive  of  I.m.iHM) 
men  ready  lo  take  the  Held.  Ity  the  llith  of  June 
he  hail  raised  this  force  to  27<t".9S->  men,  olIlcTrs 
included:  that  is  i47.609  of  the  line.  an. I  '->9,;t73 
of  the  Imperial  (iiiaril  The  niinilKT  dispo.^ible 
for  war  was  lOH.IHIl;  and  it  therefore  follows 
that  Na|ioleon  had  increased  the  (;enenil  elfcctive 
iiy  .hl.OlO  men.  and  that  fiarl  of  it  disposable  for 
War  bv  i:i,l:tii  "— (}  Hooper.  U'I^/*«>  hk  1 
f/i    1     ■ 

Also  in;  Iinbert  du  Saint-.Vmand,  /7i<  IJno'i- 
<  «i  "f.\  iiii'Hiteme  ilnil  the  dm  liiKtuniti''iui,  /il.  I ,  — 

1-'   I',  liuizot,  Memoim  uf  Slq  Tim,,  r.  1.  ,■//.  ;1, 

.1.  (.'.  I{opes.  7'/tc   t'irnt  '.Wi/W,,-/,.  Let.  ti.— K    K 
Crowe.  Ilht   of  the  Itiii'M  „f  l..„ii..,  XVI 1 1,  .ind 
t:h„rln  X ,  t.  1.  r/i.  4-«.  — I!    II    llnnie.    I.if,    „f 
X,ii,<,l,.,»i,  rh.  41-4'.>,— tJeii.  .-iir  .\.  CamplM-ll"  .V.i- 

l>"h-m  ,tt  Fniit'lim'.:'   !'■  hihI  h'Jh,i, 

A.  D.  1814-1815.    -The  Congress  of  Vienna 

and  the  fruits  of  us  labors.     Se.    Vienna.  Tin; 
CoNmii;s'*  OK 

A.  D.  1815  iJune).--Napoleon's  last  cam- 
paign.—His  final  defeat  and  OTerthrow  »* 
Waterloo.—  ■  llie  nearest  trcKips  of  tlie  allies 
were   I  lie   I'ms-^ian   army   in  the    Ulii-iiish   prov. 


ineis,  and  the  amiy  of  nrltlah.  Dm  1,  it,.],,, 
BrunHwickcnt,  and  Ilanoverlana.  .«.  ipur,..  ^ 
Blum.  NaiMileon'd  wlu-nie.  the  Ih  m  jr',  i,;", , 
perate  circumstances,  was  to  e\p.  1  Ui.  iiri 
and  I'rusHians,  who  were  inovlriL-  u.M  f, 
IJi'Icliim,  win  the  Uhlnc  frontier  1.,  ,r,,ii» 
enthusiasm  of  all  France  —  liefor..  li..  .\ii,irj 
were  naily,  and  carry  the  war  ..it  .  f  Pr„ 
The  Duke  of  Wellinitton  priHiid.il  1. 1),  1  .j, 
for  the  llrst  and  last  liiiie  lo  iiii  i^in.    lij,  , 

,  witli  Napoleon's,  and  .Marshal  lllli,  I,,  r  i.„k , 
from  Khlst  the  command  of  the  I'm'^im,  ' 
two  armies,  the  I'russian  and  lie  liiiii-l,  t 
up  a  line  extendinjj  fnim  I.iegi.  in  ii,,.  „  ., 

1   country  on  this  line  was  open  aloiii;  iln   « 

j  alTordini;  by  nature  little  means  nf  r  ,i.ii:i.. 
Invasion,  but  most  of  the  fortre,,. , ,  .niniiiMri 

the  roads  had  Ih'co  put  in  a  sl;iti  r.l  1 |,.ra!,. 

pair.  The  Prussians  held  the  line  ,,|  ti„.M,. 
and  Sambre  to  beyond  CharliToi,  il„.  I„.;„l ,,, 
ters  lieiiit;  at  Namur.  Thev  iiiiiiih.ir,|  ,1, 
UT.DtWmen  .  .  ,  withai'J  guns.  I'l,,  :„  .1 

mass  of  the  British  and   their  alli.>  iiu'iiIh 

I    lUfl.,K)0  men  .   .  .   with   llMl  v'nns  s,. 

lirely  ignorant  were  the  allies  ..|  N"i,|,„|,., 
movements,  that  on  the  very  dav  on  nhirli 
burst  acniss  the  fronth'r.  WeiliriL'lon  wff.ic  i.> 
Czar,  who  was  at  Vieima.  respei  ling  n,,.  r,.,,, 
inv.ision  of  France.  M  that  linif  ih,.  fr.-ni 
of  France  approached  wilhiii  .si\  riiili  s  nf  ci, 
leroi  (which  is  itself  but  :tj  iiiil.s  In  llu.  m 
road  from  Ilrii.s.sels).  The  Cliarli  r..'i  ra.l  1 
not  only  the  most  direct  to  Uruss,  I-,  hm  «.i, 
protected  by  forIri'».ses;  and  the  lin.',.f  ili,  ,.,11 
armies  was  weakest  here  at  the  pniii!  ..f  jumi 
iK'tween  them.  ...  It  was  asain-l  ih.'  i.ni 
Weak  p<iiiit  Ihat  Napoleon  resolvid  In  in,,., ,  J.i 
Ilie  basins  of  the  Sumlire  ami  Ihc  \I.  us, 
The  mass  of  the  triKijis  was  In  ini:  ;i.,i mli 
wilhin  a  h'ague  of  the  fronlier.  1ml  l«  liiii.l  v. 
siiKill  hills  which  coniplrlely  siieeii.  .1  li,,  m  h 
111.'  enemy's  outposts.  To  conceal  liis  i|.>i::u- 
the  last  monieni,  the  line  of  siiilriis  .iImm; 
fronlier  was  tripled,  and  any  allern|i'  |.>  pa^s 
line  was  forbidden  under  "pain  of  ,|..,i|i  1 
arrangcmenls  were  iK'ing  carriid  ..111  In  .Sdi 
who  on  the  iad  June  had  been  appoini;..!  ,.|i 
of  the  stair.  .  .  .  The  army  coiieiiiiral.il  no  1 
fronlier  consisted  (accordini  to  ('..Inn.  1 1  insm 
of  IHI.(MK)  infantry  and  ■,'.',(mio  ,:,v;,lrv  — in 
U'J.OOO  men  — with  314  guns  .  N.p.ln 
accompanh'd  by  his  brolher  Jiti'Mh  ,  iirrivcil 
the  camp,  and  in  the  evening  of  ili'  Dili 
soldiers,  already  elated  by  his  pn -1  m  .  uin  1 
cited  to  the  highest  pitch  of  enilm-iisiii  liy 

address   frxiin   Na|Hileon \    ^.  m nl  en 

li.xed  the  attack  upon  the  allies'  |i,isiii,.ii  inriiii 
o'clock  in  the  following  mi'mim;  (l.'i;lii." 
the  appointcsl  time  "the  P'reii.  h  Irfi  u  n  in  n 
lion,  Keille  priM'eeding  from  Solf"  ti'-un  ili.. rij 
bank  of  the  Sambre.  He  was  .so-m  l.r-ii.'lii  ii 
eollision  wilh  the  I'russian  oiil|.'-i-  n.  ir  lliui 
he  drove  them  back  and  sieun-i  1'  n  n  "lii 
the  bridge  of  Marehieniies,  "  Tli.  1.;.  ..  ni.ni^ 
olher  corps  were  delayed  In  \:.'t.'is  r:iusi 
.N'evertheless.  "of  the  l'russi:iiis  .'ril\  /i.lh.i 
1  nrps,  and  of  Wellington's  arm;.  ■■\:l\  I'lTp 
ehi'r's  Diilih  Helgians,  were  .-i-  >  '  n.ir  1 
inen.'ieed  position  ;  while .10, 1100  Tin  .  \,  h  ,  ;  i':i" 
tlie  S;iiubre  at  -M.'irchiennes  ami  7".'"'.' :!i  .rt  \m 
,.,,i,.rin-  I'h.irl.'r.'i.  When  !M!I'  .i.  : '.'.-I 
front  of  Uosselies.  the  Prussian-  ■  1.  i  f.)  Mm 
detachments  and  retired  from  i    ■.;    i.  i'ii ':ri 


13U4 


FKANCE.  IHI.% 


Campaign 


KHANCK,   IHin. 


% 


leaving  open  tlic  rinul  thmufih  Quiitn-  Ifm* 
iiiBruKwU.  Nov,  will)  liwl  jiiiit  comr  up,  then 
i,.ik  ti)mni«nj  of  tin-  left,  .  ,  .  which  wuit  niiw 
ilirw'ttKi  u|>un  Qimtre  nrtw:  unil  Nuixilcoii  gM 
lopi'd  ofT  to  thii  riHwl  lictwccn  ('hiirk'rnl  unil 
Klriira*.  where  the  nalrlnif  l'riir«liin!i  were  eon 
(Tolral'ng  ...  At  cliirk  Zlethen  [with  the  First 
Pruulan  corps]  utill  held  KleiirUH  with  IiIk  n<l- 
»»nce(l  jtuurd,  unil  the  wotxl  on  its  south,  the 
bulk  of  his  troops  lay  for  the  nii;lit  upon  the  hill 
of  LIk'iV,  ttlmve  the  villiiire  of  Bry.  His  Io»h 
durlDK tiic liny's niHiKruvriiig  hiis  Inn  estlninteil 
,1  ■•,mn).  On  the  Kremh  hft,  Ney  .  .  .  Imii 
come  in  contact  with  the  advance  jtuard  of  Wcl- 
llogtnn'^  army,  a  liuttallon  of  Niissauers  and  a 
iifla  Imllerv,  In  front  of  the  vlllB);e  of  Fra.snes, 
IW(i  niili'H  /n>ni  Qualru  Urus,  the  name  applied 
to  tlie  fiirmlmlldlnds  at  the  intersection  of  the 
(nur  niiiin  roads,  —  Ilrusscis,  Nivelles,  Charleroi, 
Niraur  .  .  .  After  a  few  cannon-shots  the  out- 
st  fell  Imck  from  Krasnes  to  Qiiatre  Urns." 
.NfV.  afUT  a  reconnoissimce,  postponed  altiicli 
until  niorning.  "  It  had  Ihtb  intended  hy  Nupo- 
Ifon  that  the  whole  army  Hhouht  have  eross<'il  the 
ittmbie  Ixrfore  n<M)n :  hut  fn)m  thesevend  di'hiys 
whin  niRlit  fell  on  the  ITith,  half  of  the 
ctTiilry  of  the  K"""'.  'W"  "f  lirouchy's  rewrve 
dlvMiiiis,  lioliau's  corps,  and  one  half  of  Qerard'H 
corps  were  still  on  the  south  of  the  river.  Ap- 
purently  relying  on  si'cret  information  from  Paris 
—  wliich  contradicted  the  rumours  that  Napoleon 
«u  alH>ut  to  join  the  army — Welliiiftton  hud 
been  lulled  into  n  falsi'  security,  and  the  reporls 
utdtheconcentmtion  hail  iH-en  netfleilid.  News 
of  tlw eniniy's advance acn)8s  the Samlire did  not 
rmcli  liim  till  Ihn-c  o'clmk  in  tlie  aflerniKm  of 
the  l.Vh,  when  the  Prince  of  Onintfe  in  person 
n'liiirtiil  the  skirmish  at  Thuln.  As  he  did  not 
yrl  know  tlie  point  of  concentration,  the  Uriti.sh 
(eneral.  'never  precipitate  or  nervous '(IIihiimt), 
merely  issued  orders  for  all  the  triMips  to  lie  in 
reiidine<i8.  ...  At  night  intelligence  was  re- 
ceiveil  from  Mons  that  tlie  French  concentration 
xu  at  C'hiirleroi,  and  onlers  were  issued  for  the 
immeiliate  movement  of  the  troops.  .  .  .  Wel- 
lington and  the  Prince  of  Orange,  with  several 
of  ilie  stuff  officers,  went  —  It  Is  said,  to  prevent 
•  panic  ill  ISrusscIs  —  to  the  I)uclies.s  of  Ilicli- 
mond's  hull,  where  '  nelgium's  eapilul  hud  gutli- 
eml  till  11  her  iM'auty  and  her  chivalry,'  and. 
'wliile  ull  went  merry  as  a  marriage  ImII,' the 
Half  ciltli  ITS  stole  away  one  liy  one  The  Duke 
tiinisi-ir,  'throwing  away  golden  minutes '(Hiiin- 
leyi,  :is  if  to  show  his  confidence  in  his  fortunes, 
renuiiiit-d  to  u lute  hour  to  n.'tiirn  thanks  after  sup- 
IH-r  fi.r  the  heullh  of  the  Prince  Uegeiit  of  Great 
Briluin.  which  the  Prince  of  Orange  proposed. 
lillKlier  had  received,  at  his  lieuit  quurlers 
at  N'umur.  news  on  the  morning  of  the  1-ttli  of 
thi'  Frincli  concentration,  and  he  hud  ordered 
fiirwanl  the  corps  of  I'irch  and  Thielemann.  .  .  . 
.Niipiiliini  did  not  fore.'iee  BllUlier's  pnimptitude. 
aoil  iiDihing  was  done  in  the  curly  morning  of 
tlic  lUtli  to  prixeed  with  the  execution  of  the  in 
li'n.lril  surprise.  ...  No  orders  were  issued  by 
the  Empii'or  till  eight,  when  Napoleon's  resolii- 
tiori  was  tuken,  — to  strike  at  the  Prussinns,  who 
wmiM.  lie  Ulieved,  if  defeiited,  ri'lire  upon  their 
natural  Imsi'  of  cominunicutioiis,  throiigli  Namur 
ami  Lii'ire,  and  he  would  thus  Ix;  left  to  deal 
K-tarit.-ly  u--,;)!  t!i.-.  ]!ri!i-fii,  w!i"  . "iiM  i-"t  ni.w.- 
from  tliiir  lutse,  the  si'a.  The  French  army  w^is 
toaiivauee  in  two  wings,  the  left  under  Ney,  the 


right  under  (irouchy.  with  the  nserve  under  tb* 
Kni|ieror  himself.  Ney  was  to  capture  (jimtr« 
llrus,  reeonnollre  the  Hriissi'ls  roiwl.  and  hold 
hlinsi'lf  In  reaillneas  to  nmreh  to  Ilrusscis.  which 
Nu[H>leon  hoped  to  Ix'  ahle  to  enter  the  following 
morning  ,  .  .  Naixileon  had  M,I)UU  men  to  at- 
tack ihe  posithin  at  LIgnv:  Ney  on  the  left  wing 
had  -i.\(MN)  forQuatn^  lin'is:  LoIhiu  had  to, (MX)  to 
siip|Mirt  either  wing  of  tlie  Orand  Army;  5,000 
troops  were  In  the  rear;  and  the  victorious  wing, 
w  hether  Ney's  or  (Jrouchv's,  was  to  wheel  round 
and  maiiii'uvn'  In  the  ilireetion  of  the  other. 
Thielemann  having  eoinr  up  Ix-fore  the  Fri'nch 
delivered  their  attack,  llllliher  had  H."..IKJ<)  men 
on  Ihe  Held.  \Vi'llln;:tiiii  arriveil  at  Qiiulre  liras 
(w  liich  is  30  miles  from  liriissils)  at  It  o'clix-k  in 
the  foreiiisin.  As  .Marshal  Ney  gave  no  sign  of 
an  ininiinent  uttuck,  Wclliiigtoii  guHoixd  over, 
iihoiit  seven  miles,  to  confer  with  Hllicher.  .  .  . 
WelliiiL^toii.  after  some  discussion,  in  which  liu 
i.vpressiil  his  disapprovul  of  Illiicher's  position, 
ugreeil  to  move  to  the  reur  of  the  Priissiuus.  to 
act  as  H  reserve.  If  his  own  position  at  ijuatrc 
Bras  were  not  aliucked.  .  .  .  He  reuched  (Jiiatre 
Bras  when  his  own  position  was  lieing  assuileil, 
and  nohelpiiiiiM  Ix'  sent  to  BUleher.  ...  At 
about  thri'C  o'l  lock,  when  the  heavy  cannonade 
a  few  miles  to  the  west  intimated  that  a  desperate 
liattle  was  in  progress  at  Quatre  Bras,  the  signal 
forattuck  |on  tlie  Prussians,  at  I,igny|  «;is  given. 
The  FriTicli  left  sped  forwanl  with  impetuosity; 
the  ri  sistuiiie  was  vigorous  but  futile,  and  tiic 
eiieiiiy  streamed  throut'li  the  villaire.  BllUlier 
Immediately  moved  forward  fri'sli  troops  and  re- 
took the  village,  but  was  unable  to  retain  it.  .  .  . 
Thrice  the  (irenailiers  forced  their  way  into  and 
through  the  villau'e,  but  only  to  Ix!  driven  back 
again.  '  But  "  Blllclier  gradually  cvhau.sted  his 
resirves.  and  when,  in  the  dusk.  Napoleon  saw 
the  last  battalion  moved  forward  and  the  ground 
behind  Iji:ny  vacant,  he  exclainied.  'they  arc 
lost '. '  The  Guards  and  tlie  Cuirassiers  Wert? 
immediately  onlered  to  attack,"  and  the  wearied 
Prussian  infantry  were  broken  by  their  onset. 
■'  The  fugitives  lied  precipitately  over  the  tlehls 
and  along  the  roads  to  the  e:ist,  and  the  order  for 
the  whole  to  retire  was  immediately  given.  .  .  . 
Blllelier  hinisi'lt  gathered  a  few  of  his  sipiadrons 
to  check  the  hot  pursuit  near  Sombretle,  and 
thrice  led  them  to  the  charge.  Ilis  squadroiLS 
were  broken,  and  after  the  last  cliargi'  his  liorsu 
fell  dead,  and  the  veteran  marshal  lay  under  it. 
Ilis  aid-lie  camp.  Nostit/.,  stixid  by  him.  and 
covered  him  with  a  cloak;  the  Cuinissiers  gal- 
loped p;ist  williniit  iioticini;  liiui  .  .  .  Gneiseiiau, 
wlio  took  ti'iiiporary  (<imiuaiiil  from  the  accident 
to  lililcher.  Olden  d  a  retreat  upon  Wavre,  with 
the  view  of  joiiiiiiL'  Billow's  corps  and  keeping 
o|>eii  the  eomiuunic.-ttions  with  Wellington.  .  .  . 
The  loss  on  each  side  has  been  very  variously 
estimated.  Napoleon  put  his  own  loss  at  7,U(ib 
men.  Charras  puts  it  at  II. (KK),  and  the  loss  of 
the  Prussians  at  I^<.(HI0.  Thcrelri'at  upon  Wavru 
abandoned  the  i-oinniunications  with  Naitiur  and 
I.ieL'c.  tlinaiL-li  whiih  the  Prussian  supplies  came 
from  the  lower  Kliiiie.  for  a  new  liiu-  by  Louvuin, 
but  it  kept  the  Prussians  on  a  line  parallel  to  the 
road  on  which  Wellington  uiust  retreat,  and  thus 
still  enabled  the  two  armies  to  aid  eui'li  other. 
'This  nolile  daring  at  once  snatched  from  Napo- 

1      ..  .1.      1.  ...     ir,-«'-,.:.-.fi.;-. .:..*.- i.i.. 

.....,(   ,,,,.    ,,..j....[.; . .,    ir't!,-  ••:     iti-'  M'  •••r«  ,     trr-!    tfi-- 

ilanger  Liiiny  hud  for  ;i  few  hours  averted  was 
left   impending   over   him'  lt,'liesney). " — II.    K. 


1395 


if 


1 


If- 


,j«5i<   : 


'ill 


'.'HI 


■»  > 


.1-i 


.     ;      f  () 


iii' M'" 


.til  I 


■'■g-X 


■W'-'-i-' 


*1 


r 


FRANCE,   181.1 


1\f   WatfrttHt 


PRANCE,   INi.-, 


CHaton,  TA*  IT.ir  in  l/ir  l'enintul<t  unit  W'rIUng- 
ton't  Ciiminignt  in  AV-nnw  iiiul  Iklf/iiim,  rh  \'i. 
—  On  Wclliutcton'ii  ri'iura  to  (jimtre  Hnw  fnpiii 
bli  Interview  wllh  iilQi'bi'r,  lie  fdiiiiil.  wi  atiiti'il 
•bore,  that  the  I'rinc-r  of  Oranirv  Imil  nlnwly 
broomc  (Ifapt'nili'lv  I'nKuKPil  wllli  llii'  iiii|H-rlor 
fon^'niif  Ncv.  "1'lic  l)iiki''ii  pnwnri'  triivc  ni'W 
llf«  to  tlw  liiiltlc.  hikI  when  Itdon'!!  (livinion. 
followt^il  by  Ilif  HriinnwicktTn  ;4iiil  Van  MitI< ■« 
Ilt-lKlan  liorw.   iirrlvni.    lie   lm)k   Ilii-  oltt'npiivi', 

fmiililii/j  f<irwiinl  rlclil  up  to  iln'  ccltrc  of  ibi' 
arm  of  (Jcmioncoiirt.  Ncy,  niiiforccd  by  thi- 
ml  of  Itt'ljlc'it  lorpa  mill  "|mrt  of  Ki'llinimiiB 
ruvalry.  viokiitly  ritoni,l,  and  In  Ilic  rliartji', 
whirli  partially  bn)ki'  into  spray  liefori'  tbc 
•luarr*.  Wrlllnirton  ran  tlii'  risk  of  di'atli  or 
captiirr.  But  lie  IcaiM'il  hU  liorm-  ovrr  tlif 
»*l  lIlKhlanibTa  lining  the  illlcb  on  tlic  Namur 
Mad,  wbllr  Ilia  gallant  purnurrs,  cut  up  by 
the  infantry  lirr,  were  killeil  or  driven  off.  Ney 
wai  further  n'inforeiKl  by  niort!  gunii  and  rav- 
•try,  and  Wellingion'ii  briKadet  continued  to 
•rrivc  in  pari'els.  Tlic  Manlial  wan  always 
•U|Mrlor  iu  Imraemen  and  rannon,  but  after  5 
o'clock  Ills  upiKinent  bad  larger  nunilwrs  of  fi«)t. 
Holding  (Irmly  to  the  cnxurnads  ami  the  high- 
way to  Naniur,  Wellington  became  the  stronger 
as  the  day  wanc<l;  and  when  the  Uuards  emerged 
from  the  Xlvelles  roa<l  and  the  Allies  pressecl 
forward,  Ney,  who  liad  no  fresh  troops,  was 
ilriveu  back,  and  his  antagonist  reniainiNl  at  sun- 
down master  of  the  whole  tield  of  liattle.  Tiie 
position  was  malntaincil.  but  the  cost  was  great, 
for  there  were  no  fewer  than  4.fltX)  killed  and 
wounded,  more  than  Imlf  l)eing  British  soldiers. 
The  thunder  of  cannon  to  the  eastwani  had  also 
dliKl  away,  but  none  knew  as  yet  at  (juatre  Bras 
how  Blucher  liad  fart^l  at  the  hands  of  his  re- 
doubtable foe.  WellingU)n,  wlio  slept  at  his 
head-quarters  in  Oenap|H-,  was  on  the  Held  and 
icrutinising  his  outposts  at  day  lircak  on  the  17th. 
Boon  after  came  a  report,  contlrmeil  a  little  later, 
that  the  Prussians  had  nareated  on  Wavre.  .  .  . 
Napolwn  liad  a  belief  that  Blucher  would  retreat 
upon  Lli>gc.  wlilcli  caused  him  at  a  late  hour  In 
the  day  U>  despatch  Grouchy  to  that  side,  and 
thus  touch  was  lost.  While  the  Frencli  were 
cooking  and  Napoleon  was  pondering,  definite 
Intelligence  was  brought  to  Wellington,  who, 
learning  for  certain  that  Blucher  was  at  Wavre, 
promist^d  to  stand  fast  himself  at  Mont  St.  Jean 
and  tight,  if  Bluclier  would  support  him  willi 
two  corps.  Tiie  intrepid  .Marslml  replii^l  that  he 
would  come  Willi  his  whole  army,  and  Welling- 
ton got  the  faiiiiMu  answiT  iM'forc  night.  Thus 
was  iiKiile.  between  geiicnls  wlio  thoroughly 
tni.sted  (lull  oilier,  that  combinalion  which  h'd 
to  the  Battle  of  WaUrlcKi.  It  was  no  chance 
combat,  but  the  rcsull  of  a  dclilKnite  design, 
nndered  capableof  execution,  even  »  lieu  Blucher 
was  wounded,  by  his  resolve  to  retreat  up<iii 
Wavri'.  and  by  .Vapoleon,  who  acteil  on  coii- 
jiciuri'  lliat  the  I'rus.sians  would  liurry  towards 
tliiir  liii.-^'  at  l.icge.  The  morning  at  (Jualn- 
liraswas  peaceful;  the  Allies  cooke<i  tiieir  fcH)d 
iHliire  Marling  rearward.  Wellington,  it  is  said. 
lay  diiwu  fur  a  inoiiienl.  and  snatched  perhaps  a 
little  sleep.  Tliire  was  no  slir  in  front  or  on  llie 
e.X|>os<'d  left  tlaiik;  ami.  covered  by  a  strong  (lis 
pl-iy  of  liorscmeii,  ilir-  .Mlied  divisions  trainpci 
«I.-Mi|i|y  ti'^ard-^  .Mc-ntSt.  .!-.-:i!i.   .  T!u-  ntn-it 

continued  all  day.     A  tliundirstorni,  .so  often  a 
pri'cursor  of  Wellingtous  battles,  deluged  tlie 


'I  liin 


Heids  with  rain,  and  pursuer  and  yw^, 
gling  through  tlie  inin',  wereilnm  hi.i  i  ,,|„., 
by  nightfall  .  .  The  results  of  i»,, ,[,,,  „ 
fare  may  \n-  thus  summed  up  Nii|..  .r,  | 
Inllicted  a  defeat,  yet  not  a  de(  Ih1\c  i|,  |,  ,i  i,. 
the  I'ruBsians,  who  escaia^d  from  In-  l>,  ii 
Wavre,  lie  had  then,  at  a  late  hi>iiri>N  tl„  i: 
detached  lirouehy  with  ilJI.mM)  ni.  n  i..  f.,|i 
them,  and  (Jroueliy  at  iiiifiit  fnnii  (ii  ii,l.l.,iu 
Iiorted  that  they  liad  retired  in  thn.  ,limii,, 
Moving  himwlf  in  the  afli moon  \  m,.  I,., 
uniting  wiih  Ney.  had  pursued  W.  Il,ii;i,,„ 
.Mont  Ht.  Jean,  and  slept  In  the  ...nii,,,,  "i,],. 
Mef  that  he  had  separated  the  \\\\,  ^  .\(  ,| 
very  time  Wellington,  wlio  had  .i-si  mi.i, ,| 
whole  force  except  IT.tHXl  men.  .  .  «i>ii,i|, 
eominunicalion  with  Klueher,  and  inini.i.il 
the  IHih  to  Slop  NaiKileon  by  d,  lin  rini:  l';ili 
and  to  hold  him  fast  until  Blui  heroiM  nit 
on  his  right  Hank  and  rear.  Tim-  it  »  i-  i 
Allies  who  weiv  united  practicillv,  mu\  i 
Kn-nch  army  which  was  sepamtcd  ini.i  I »,,  urmi 
unable  to  support  each  other  .  .  ,  Th.  iinii« 
which  burst  over  the  n'trealing  (■.ihiiiiii-,.n  i 
nth  followed  t Item  to  their  blvniiu,,  mil  riiu 
all  night,  anil  did  not  cease  until  laii  '  n  iIh-  fa 
ful  Sunday.  Wellingbm.  mountinir  hi-  hiiilil 
Copenhagen  at  break  of  day,  rodi  fmin  i|„.  , 
lage  of  Waterl(Ki  to  the  Held,  when  ihi  :irni 
on  both  sides,  protet'ted  by  watilifiil  -ijiirii 
were  still  contending  with  the  inlsi  hii  I-  intlin 
by  the  storm.  The  posithm  was  tin-  .  n-i  i.f 
gentle  slope  stretching  from  Sinoh^iii  in  t 
Nivclles  road,  having  upon  and  in  aih  unc  nf 
right  the  chilteau,  garden,  and  wi«h1  .if  llmn-i 
mont,  and  in  the  centre,  where  the  (  hurl,  rnl  r.i 
cut  through  llic  little  ridge,  the  lanii .  f  Li  ll:i 
Halnte.  Both  these  ixists  were  iK'iii|ii.  1.  Imt  t 
latter,  unfortunately,  not  so  solidU  i-  llmiir. 
mont.  .  .  .  The  position  was  will'  iill.,l  hy  i 
69,000  men  of  all  anus  and  l.lii  l-ih-  whi 
were  present  that  day.  Naixileon.  •.\hM-lipt 
the  farm  of  Caillou,  and  who  had  Imi  n  .mt 
f(«)t  to  the  front  during  the  night,  w.i-  ul- 1  lar 
In  the  field,  and  glad  of  the  gift  «  hie  h  h.  Ihmu. 
fortune  hod  placed  in  his  hands.  Wh.  ii  liil 
had  Joined  iiim  from  Ocnaii|K..  lie  hml  Ti.O 
men,  all  admirable  soldiers,  and  ','40  L-iiii-.  »; 
which  to  engage  in  combat,  and  hv  n  i  kmiil  ih 
the  chances  were  ninety  to  ten  in  hU  f  u.  nr  I 
mounted  his  charger,  reconiiniin  .1  hi-  .pp 
nent's  position,  and  then  gave  tlic  ur  1.  r-  wliii 
pnimptly  and  finely  obeyed,  ilisi  l.i-ni  il;.  I'riii. 
array.  ...  It  was  now  nearly  il.v.  n  nU 
and.  although  hisopponeut  knew  it  ii' 
ton  had  got  news  of  the  man  h  fpn 
Billow,  wliose  leading  troops  win  i 
that  lime,  close  lo  the  wishI  of  .-^l  I 
the  Frencli  right;  w  iiih- (iroiii  Iiy  \\  ^ 
Walhaiii.  iHtween  (ii'miiloiiv  iiinI  W 
not  pnictii  aide  lure  to  give  a  full  i. . 
battle  of  WaterliK).  wi'  can  onlv  i: 
broad  outlines.  Tlie  llr-t  gun  u:i-  : 
twenty  or  thirty  minuti's  past  iii\.i: 
liiili'd  a  dashing  ami  sustaiii'd  ii'ia. 
goiiinoiit,  whicii  failed  to  Curry  lli.'  ! 
den.  or  orchard,  but  did  gain  tin  u  •  I 
probably  intended  to  divert  all.iilii  f:. 
attack  on  the  h'ft  and  (eiitri'.  wlii.  !i  ^  > 
lug  lii.s  guns  ojipositc  the  Uriti-h  !•  '  i 
i-iring  ta  ,-v-' lit.-.  W..!liii^'!..i.  .^  .:  ! 
some  iiK'asure  controlled  the  liijh'  ill 
mont,  and  then  rode  oil  to  the  ccnin    '    >  i 


Willin 
Wavri' 

llll»ft 

1  >:irl  1 

■•      It 

.1,'  ,if  1 

III  |)r 
•n  II" 

-.  ,  i;:i 

ll « 


1" 


1390 


W\ 


FRANCK,  1818. 


1%§   Wattrtitn 
t'ampatgn. 


rRASCK.  181S. 


ii  t  antlury  tree  which  im-w  nmir  the  Clmrlpnil 
mwl  above  La  Umyr  Hainte.  Ner  at  hnir  paat 
lat  Milt  fiirwani  llii'  whole  o(  II  Erioo '•  i-nrp*. 
iml  altluiiigh  Minie  of  llwni  pimlMHl  iIiim'  up  ti> 
udiiVir  tlie  Wavre  mail,  utiirmtMl  the  or<'lla^l  of 
U  Ihye  Sninte  aiut  took  tlte  i'a|>peloUf  fann, 
ret  at  the  iiilii-al  moment  HIr  Wllliaiii  I'on- 
noby'a  UdIod  Briiraile  of  hone  rliHrKctl  luto  the 
PrcDcli  Infantry,  alrewly  ahattenHl  by  the  Are  of 
PIrton  II  tmopa,  ami  the  ni't  rcaiilt  of  the  roiii- 
bloeil  o|ieratloa  waa  that  twi  raglca  anil  !>,000 
prbniifn  weie  nipture<l.  while  nearly  lliut  num- 
ber of  kilUil  and  wounileil  remaincil  on  the 
mun  I.  On  the  oilier  alile  of  Ia  llitye  Sainte 
tbe  Mmiwholil  BriKiule.  Ini  by  Uinl  AiiKlrwa  in 
penim.  rharKe<t  In  u|><>n  anil  niiitcil  a  Inrite  UHly 
of  Fn'Och  eulrtaairm.  The  grand  utlatk  tliua 
oompli'U-ly  failed,  and  the  centre,  like  the  right, 
lemaira'il  Intact  It  woa  Juat  before  thia  combat 
began  tliat  Napoleun  aaw  aomething  like  tntopa 
towarU  Mt.  Lambert  and  drapat<'lieil  two  bri- 
ndea of  light  cavalry  to  ncoiinoitre.  A  I'nia- 
Sao  itaS  omcer  was  caught  iK'yonil  I'lnni-heniiit, 
■ad  from  him  came  the  unexpect<-d  and  unwil- 
COOK  information  tliat  the  whole  Pruwlan  army 
wia  appMAchlng.  .  .  .  The  algna  of  ilaiiger  on 
liii  right  dank,  the  puniahment  of  D'Krlon'a 
corpa,  the  Ineffectual  attempt  upon  the  nritlah 
Ouarinin  ami  about  Ilougoumont,  were  followed 
liy  a  kimi  of  pauae  an<l  the  comliut  reverted  to 
eaonuiuuiing  and  akirmiahing.  llut  towanla  four 
o'ckx-k  Napoie<m,  increaaing  the  fire  of  hia  artil- 
lery, threw  forward  a  maiw  of  cavalry,  forty 
aqiiaiimai,  and  then  began  that  icriea  of  ri'iter- 
>te<t  nnieta  of  hone  which  laated  for  two  Imura. 
.  .  .  Twice  they  were  driven  down  the  alo|H', 
uvi  the  third  time,  when  they  came  on,  they 
were  atrengthened  by  Kellerman  and  Ouyot  un- 
til they  reached  a  force  of  77  aquadrona,  or  12.(X)0 
men;  but  tbeae  alan  were  repulae<l,  the  Britiali 
borae,  what  remained  of  them,  charging  when 
the  French  were  entangled  among  the  aquarea 
and  iliDordered  by  the  muaketry  anir  guna.  Four 
timra  thcae  flno  troopers  charged,  yet  utterly 
faik<l  t<>  p<-netr»te  or  move  a  alngle  foot  but- 
talion.  But  aome  time  before  the  llnal  efTurt, 
Ney  by  a  fierce  attack  got  poaaesalon  of  La  1  .aye 
Bainu^.  and  thua,  Juat  as  the  cavalry  were  ex- 
hausted, the  French  infantry  were  eatabliahed 
within  sixty  yardi  of  the  Allied  centre.  And 
although  the  Emperor  waa  obliged  to  detach 
oni- half  of  hia  Guard  to  the  right,  because 
BliuhiT  liad  brought  Into  pluy  beynnil  Planclie- 
nuit  ai,'iiiust  Ixibau  nearly  HU.UOO  men,  still  the 
capturi'  i)f  La  llayc  Salnte  wits  justly  rcgank'd 
l>  a  uravi-  event.  Wellington  uuriug  tiie  tav- 
ahy  liilit  hml  moved  three  brigades  on  his  right 
neanr  tu  Ilougoumont,  and  hud  called  up 
Ciiassc'  ,'uid  hia  Belgians  to  support  them ;  anil  it 
was  a  little  lieforc  this  time  that  he  cried  out  to 
Briftaiiier  General  Adam,  'By  O— ,  Ailuin,  I 
think  we  sliall  beat  them  yet ! .  .  .  The  crisis  of 
the  iiaitle  liaii  come  for  Napoleon.  Unable  after 
elslil  linrirs"  couHict  to  do  more  than  capture  La 
Havi'  Siiiiie;  liardly  pressed  by  the  l*ru.s.siaiis, 
now  linrij;  and  aggre&sive;  owing  such  sueeess 
aslicliid  obtained  to  the  valour  and  diseipline 
ot  ills  iiililiera  —  the  £m|ienir  delivered  his  last 
•tniki-.  mit  for  victory  —  he  could  no  longer  hope 
t»  will  —  imt  for  safety.     He  sent  forward  tlie 

la.".!  •;■:•.  i-^fttsli.ins  .-.f  hi;  Gu:ir-!  t"rt-^-:tii  tir.-  firii 

isli  riilit.  and  directed  the  wimle  reiiiHining  in- 
laatrj  furee  available  to  attack  all  along  the  liue. 


The  Diiard  marcheil  onwani  In  two  rolumaa, 
whii'li  came  aurceaaively  in  contaet  with  their 
opponents.  NHpier'sgunsund  the  llrilinhUuanla, 
H  ho  rising  from  the  gMuiid  allowed  HcroM  tlie 
Ill-ad  iif  the  tint  column,  fired  heavily  ami  chars 
ing  drove  Ihem  In  confuahm  Imu  k  towanla  Lit 
Ih'lle  Aliianee;  and  the  aiiiind  column,  struck  Id 
Hank  by  the  muaketry  of  the  AJiid  ami  U.Mh  waa 
next  lirokin  by  a  bayonet  charge  and  piimiied  by 
('oioiH'l  CollHirne  to  and  lieyiinil  the  Cliarlerol 
road.  Aa  Zietlien'a  Pruaaiana  were  faiiiiig  upon 
the  Krench  near  Pappelotte,  and  I'ireh  and 
Billow  wreatling  with  the  Imperial  Uuard  in 
Planclienoit,  WHIIngton  onlered  the  whole  of  the 
British  line  to  udvanee.  The  cheera  arialnz  on 
tlie  right  where  he  was,  exti'nded  alonir  the  iMnt 
and  gave  new  strength  to  the  wearied  aohlii'ra. 
lie  led  the  way.  As  he  nearitl  the  Cliarlerol 
road,  tint  riHemen,  full  of  Peninsular  iiiemoriea, 
began  to  ehier  him  aa  he  galhi|M'd  up,  but  he 
called  out,  '  No  eliiiring,  niv  lads:  forward  and 
complete  your  victory.'  lie  found  that  good 
Mililfer,  CollHinie,  lialtnl  for  a  moment  before 
tlm'c  Biiuares  of  the  rallied  Imperial  (iuanl.  'Qo 
on,  CollHirne.'  he  sahl:  'iN'tter attack  them,  they 
wiin't  atand.'  Nor  did  they.  Weliinvton  then 
tumeil  to  the  right,  wiiere  Vivian's  Light  Cav- 
alry were  active  in  the  ghHiin,  and  we  next  find 
him  once  more  witii  the  Vind  near  lioasommc,  the 
fartheat  point  of  the  advance,  where  that  regi- 
ment halte<l  after  its  grand  march  over  the  bat- 
tiefleld.  Homewliere  on  tbe  highway  he  met 
Bluclier,  who  had  so  nobly  kept  his  word,  and  it 
was  then  that  Unelsenau  undertook  to  chaae  tlie 
fugitives  over  the  frontier.  The  French,  or  per- 
liapa  we  should  say  the  Na|ioieonic  army,  wai 
deHtroyeil,  and  the  power  which  Ita  mighty 
h'ader  had  built  up  on  the  liaals  of  ita  aatonialilni 
auccesaea  waa  gone  for  ever." — O.  Hooper,  WW- 
lingtoH,  fh.  9. 

Ai,ao  IN :  I).  Oardner,  Qualre  Dm;  Ligny,  and 
Waterloo.— \:t.  Col.  C.  C.  Clieaney,  WaUrloo 
Uef: — \V.  Sibome,  llitt.  of  the  War  in  Franee 
and  Belgium  in  1815. — Qen.  Sir  J.  8.  Kennedy, 
Xott$on  the  liatlU  of  Waterloo.— y; .  H.  Maxwell, 
Life  of  Wellington,  v.  3,  eh.  S»-32.— O.  R  Glelg, 
Ittory  of  the  Battle  of  Waterloo.  — W .  O'C.  Morrfi, 
Great  Commander!  of  Modern  Timet,  and  tk$ 
Caminign  of  1815. 

A.  D.  1815  (June— AuKUit),— Napoleon'i  re- 
turn to  Paria. — Hit  finalabdication. — Hia  sur- 
render of  himself  to  the  Eog;lith.— His  csp- 
tiwitT  at  St.  Helena. — "The  vani|uislied  army 
had  lost  iW  pieces  of  ordnance,  and  30.000  men 
hors  lie  combat  or  prisoners;  us  many  more  re- 
mained, inile|>endentiy  of  Uniuchy's  Ho.OOOmcn; 
liiit  the  dilflculty  was  to  rally  them  In  presence 
of  an  enemy,  that  hud  taken  lessons  in  audac- 
ity and  activity  from  Napoleon  liiniai'lf.  The 
loss  of  the  allies  was  not  lc>s  considemblc,  but 
there  remained  to  them  l.'iO.OOO  men.  tlic  confi- 
dence of  victory,  and  tiie  certainty  of  being 
sucondeii  !)V  HoO.OlK)  allies,  who  were  crossing 
thi-  Uhinc  from  .Mentz  to  llille.  Such  waa  the 
is^'iie  of  this  struirijie,  commenced  under  such 
happy  auspices,  and  wiiich  resulted  more  fatal 
to  Frunce  tlian  tiie  Imtlles  of  Poitiers  and  Azin 
court.  It  iiiu.st  be  aiiinitted,  that  this  di.'^Lster 
was  the  work  of  a  multituilc  of  unlieard-of  cir- 
ciiinstnnces:  if  Napoleon  can  be  reprouelied  for 

f:;:ii::    f.jrf'tr,  it    ih-i-t    ?*t-   «'!*•'>  f!    !!i::t    frft^iite 

dealt  (Tuelly  willi  him  in  the  les.ser  ili  lails,  and 
that  his  enemies,  in  return,  were  as  fortunate  as 


1397 


i 

i 


'  i'i 


■I  a 

. ;  ?!  1 


^l 


rKANtK.    \nv, 


4Uttrul*ur   «/  .VfijMtfroH 


KIIA.NCK,    1HI.1 


Ihry  abownl  lliiiiini'lvi'ii  nklllfiil  IIuwimt  un 
Jiint  In'  llif  »|ilrU  iif  purl).  *<■  nn>  funul  in 
niiilrr  lioiiiiiitr  ii>  llu'  iiiiriu  of  Iwn  t>'i'>i<  mU, 
hIio,  llll)'I|i<rU'lllv  nlliu  kill  ill  llli'Irritliliiliiiii'lilK 
>  xtriidliii;  frniii  (Miiiiiit  iiml  l.ii^iii'  In  Uiimii. 
iirtir  Tuiirrmv.  Imil  liikcn  mim  li  niw  mt'Miiiirf'H  lu 
III  N'  III  ('iiiiillHiiii  iirxt  iiiiiriiliiK  fur  kIvIiik  lutllli' 
l>ii'i|iiiil  fori'iH.  nnil  fur  urtirMiinU  coiiiiiiiriii); 
liy  Mil  nlili'Kiniriiimliiiii  of  llii' IwnnriiilrH 
III  llii-  nry  liiiillr  iif  VViilrrliiii.  Ilif  Kniicli  iiilulii 
Im'  ii'imiinil  fur  liiivliitt  iiiii'iii|iii'i|  ihi'llnt  ntttuk 
III  niiii-^iH  tiKi  ili-t'ii.  Till*  rvkIi'Iii  »««  iH-viT  mil 
useful  n^riiliiil  ilii-  iiiiiriliriiii^  tlrr  nf  KiikIMi 
infiiiilrv  mikI  iirlilli'r\  .  .  .  Tin  ri' »<ri' llkr«l-i' 
rxlniiinlliuiry  rliiir^fn  nf  iiOiilry,  wIiUli,   Im  Iti'^ 

lll'Vnjil     of     Ml[t|iort,     iH'Culhl'     lllTojr    tml     lIM'll"*^ 

<lriiiri;li'»  NolHilli<tiiiiillii)i  all  llilx.  II  •■  hIiiiokI 
tirtiilii  lliul  Nn|Hiliiiii  noiilil  liiivr  i  niiliH'l 
iiia»lir  of  Ihr  lltlcl  of  liiilll.'.  lint  for  tin-  iirrivul 
i.f  lUimil  rniHaianx  on  lil»  n.ir;  »  ilnliiivr  iiimI 
iliiiiilroiis  I  in  iiiiiKlamr,  llial  lo  |iriMiit  «a«  iiol 
"  nliri'lv  III  his  |io«<  r.  As  »<sin  as  ilir  ciiiiiiv  li  i| 
|:U).ii)HI  iiii'ii  on  the  liatlii'  lli  lil,  with  Miini  li 
.'iii.iHHI  to  o|ipiis<' tliiin.  all  wan  lost.  .  .  .  Na|io 
Iron  hail  htit  one  i-otirs4'  lift  him.  wtili-h  waM  to 
ilini't  (iniiirliv  lliroii^h  tlir  Anhniiis  on  laon 
In  lolh'i'l  al  tills  |ioinl  all  that  <  oiiM  Ih'  ilrann 
from  till'  inhtior,  fnuii  Mil/,  iiml  from  Itapiis 
,,........    I I...*  I    ..      ...I. 1 I   »i 


out  iiii-  iiiM-iior,  innii  .*ii'i/.  lum  irom  uapp  s 
>r|)!t,  haiiiij;  Imt  tarrlsoi,-  m  l.ormiiii'  ami  Al 
HI'.    Thr  linpirlal  ritii-K'  «:■,»  vir»  iiiiiih  shiikin. 


I  nrp 

Sill'l'.         llll'llllpliiitiiuii.H'n..,  n     lilt     11111111    miKK'll 

hill  not  I  iitin  ly  lost;  Hhoiiiil  all  Kri  iii  hiiirii  ilr 
liriiiiiic  on  opposing'  Kiiro|ii>  with  Ilif  tounijri' 
of  llir  Spartans  of  Lroniilas,  the  rmr^'V  of  thi' 
IfU'sians  In  \>*Vi.  or  nf  tlii'Spnnianls  of  I'alafox 
I  iiforliinatily  for  Ijii'in,  as  for  Na|Kiii  on,  opinion 
Has  M-ry  niiicli  iliviilnl  on  this  siihjirt,  anil  tlir 
inajorily  allll  IkIIi'vIiii;  thai  the  htriitftih'  Inti  r 
•'still  only  till'  poKir  of  the  ini|«  ror  nnil  his 
family,  tin' fati' of  tin'  roiintry  m< m.il  of  llttii' 
lonsdiuinii'.  1'rimr.Ii'riiiiii'lmilrollirtiil  ','.">  IHK) 
men  in  ri'ar  of  Avcsnis:  he  was  onlrnil  to  li-ail 
llicin  to  l.aon:  Ihirt-  ninaiiicil  i'H)  plrci  s  of  ar 
liilrry,  li.siih' those  of  (irourhy.  .  .  .  I!<  n  him; 
l.^mii'on  llic  lUth.  whiri'  hi'  hail  iit  first  r>  solvnl 
lo  anait  tlii'  jumiion  nf  Oroiii  iiy  iiiiil  .h  rninr. 
tliii  mipcror  liisiimsi'il,  with  thi'  small  ininilHr 
of  the  trusiworthy  who  hail  fnllnwiil  liiin.  tlif 
oiiirse  he  shoiilil  ailopl  aflir  this  frijrhtfiil  ilis 
iiatcr.  Shoiilil  ht  ri'pair  to  I'ariK,  anil  connrt 
with  till'  •  hamhiTs  anil  Ills  iiiinisnrs,  or  ilsi'  re- 
iimin  w  ith  tiii'  army,  ih  nianilinK  of  thr  i  hamlHra 
to  invest  him  «  illi  liielalorial  power  ami  an  iin 
iiniiteil  (oiitiileiire.  iiiiiiir  tile  ronvii  lion  iliat  he 
ivoiilil  ohi.iln  from  tlieni  the  mor.t  .  neriielii' 
miasiiri  s.  for  saviiiir  Krance  ami  ron|iiirini  her 
iiiilipemlenie.  m  heaps  of  ruins  !■  .\i  it  always 
liappms,  Ills  pnerals  wiri'  ilivlileil  in  opinion; 
some  uinheii  liini  to  prixeeil  to  I'aris.  uiiil  ilepnsit 
erown  into  tiie  li.inils  of  the  nalion's  ileli  - 
.,  .  s.  or  rereive  it  from  them  a  seenml  limi-. 
Willi  the  means  of  . I.  feiiiiiiii;  ii.     (Iihers.  wiilia 

U  Her  appreeialioh      f  the    views  of  the  cl.  inilies, 

allirniiii.  tlial  far  from  >.ympallii/.inj,'  Willi  Ni 
poleon.  ami  sei  nn.liiit;  him.  ihey  Moiild  ai  eiiv 
liim  of  liavini;  lost  Kninee.  ami  "wi.iilil  emiiavor 
lo  sa\e  Hie  eiMinlry  hy  lovin;.' Ihi' emperor.  .  .  , 
l..i~lly,  1  lie  most  nriel'iiil  tlioii!.'lil  Iliat  Napoleon 
>lio.ili|  not  ifo  to  r,iii«.  lull  remain  al  tlie  liea.l  of 
lie  army,  in  orili  r  to  trial  witli  the  sovireiirns 
liimsilf,  ),\  olTerihi;  to  ahilieale  in  favor  of  his 

>ioe        It   JJ  s;.i.!.  l!;:,!    V^.  r.,.!,.,,..  j.,,.ll.,,..!  ;,,  il,,.  ;.  I,.,^ 

of  n'niainiiiir  al  l.aoii  with  the  army;  Imm  the 
ail    iieof  III.-   LTiuti -I   niimln  r  iletern'iiiii  il   liim. 


the 

mil 


I  1. 


anil  lip  ih  |Hirte<l  for  ["BrU   ' -ll«Mn  ih'  I  inlnl 

I/imI    "/  thf    ('ttt»lttil/n  nf    H'li/cr/rii..    /y.     |s(    \^^^ 

'  Il  wiM  It  inonient  nf  iinnlieveil  .|.  .|.,ir  f ,, 
the  pnlille  men  wlin  frnlliernl  Miin.l  Imn  ,  „  |,|, 
return  In  I'ntU,   niul  mnnnK  lliese  win     ii.r,| 

wIliHM'    fame    Hut  nf    earlier  liale    l|i„ii    III,  ,,,,„ 

l.a  Kayette.  Hie  man  of  I'HIt,  Carnoi.  •■\j,ix\„, 
of  vietory  to  ihe  I  onvenllnn;  l.in  ii  n.  »|,  .  |„.| 

(leellleil    the    revolution  nf    llriiniairi  all   III,  «. 

niel    in    Hi  it    eomfortii'Kit   ihlilnrali  m       i 
was  for  a  ilietalorship  of  piililie  «al' u    i|, 
for  renewing  his  Kreat  ila,\s  of  lilci     f  i,,  i. 
Iikeil    the   Koinaii   soiniil 'of  the   wonl   ili.i,i,.r 
•  Kan''  '  he  saiil  to  hla  hrother   hut  tie   .|  hi,.'  ..f 
that  II  rrllih'  will   wan   liroken  al   li-i         I  i?,!,. 

ilanil  too  iiiiieli  alreaily.'  luiiil  Nap..i Nj,.,,, 

wliile.  in  Hie  i'hamlsrof  liepn -.  ni.nn  . .  i|„. 
word  was  not  liii  talori4hi|i  Imi  jih.  ri\  ||,r. 
l.a  Kayette  eaiiseil  the  rti»;^-inltly  to  v..ti  it„|f 
perniiiiient,  nnil  to  ih  •  lare  Kuilty'of  |i;;.ii  m  i^.i, 
wliiH'Ver    shoiilil    ntteiii|il    to   illmoU,     u       {|,. 

Iiliileil  that,  if  till' Word  alMllialion  «,,,.  ,„,,  „ 

prnnniineeil  nn  the  other  side,  lie  wimiI.I  liiM.vlf 
proiioiiiiee  the  word  'deeheanee.'  'lie  -11,, ml 
alHliealion  took  plai  e  on  .lime  '.".'d  |  ,.ir  ,  mv 
-•If  II  saeritlee  to  the  hatred  of  IIh'  m.  ihi,  ,i,f 
rmiiee.  .My  pnlille  life  i-i  finlsheil.  iiiHl  I  |,r,,. 
I  iaini  my  son.  under  the  tiile  ol  \i|.,,l, .  i,  i| 
Kmiierorof  the  Freiiih.'  On  the  ■.'.'iih  h,,  i,i|roi 
I  Malmaison.  where .lonepliiiie  had  ili,  ,|  il..-  \,,ir 
I"  lore.  He  had  liy  no  means  yet  1 1  ;is,  ,|  i,  ||i,|«. 
When  hisiuin  was  passed  over  In  1 1,,  i  linuUr 
of  Iteprest'iitalives.  who  iiamiii  mi  i\,,,iii\r 
eommi'mioli  of  live,  he  pmtesled  lleil  In  I,  i  1  ii,,l 
inleiiiled  In  make  wny  fur  ii  new  I  Iin,  i  ■> 
<  III  the  '.'Till  he  Willi  sn  far  as  lonlf,  r  lii-  -  riin* 
nnee  mnre  as  (feiu'ml,  '  ncardiiiK'  iii\-ill  Mill  a- 
the  tir>it  soldier  of  the  nation.'  lie  «  i>  m,  i  l,v 
H  refiisiil.  mill  left  Mnlniaison  nn  Hi,  .".el,  f  r 
Idshefoii.  well  furnished  with  Ih.,,'ks  .n  i|„ 
liiited  States.  Fmnee  witsliy  this  liin,  i  in,  rim; 
ii|ion  aiioHii  r  HiIkii  of  Terror  .Ma-i,  n  Iml 
iM'tfiin  at  .Marsi'illes  as  earlv  11  Ihe  '.'.'iili  Whii 
should  Nrtlmleoii  ilof  He  had  heen  foriii.  rh  lii,. 
enemy  nf  ever;  other  nalimi,  and  iiom  I,,  «  ,< 
Hie  worst  elielnv,  If  Hot  nf  Kr.inee,  \,l  .,f  III,' 
iinimphiint  faetion  In  Kraiiee     lie  Im,!,  ml  -,,iiii- 

days  lit  Uochefnrt,  when'  he  had  ariii,  ,1 Ii:l\ 

:iil.  and  liien.  tlmlinx  It  inipossiliie  i'iisia|.,,  ilu. 
vik'ilan  e  oi  the  Kni;lish  eriii.sers,  wiiu  on  iln' 
l,*ii!i  on  hoard  the  '  lii'llernphnn  'and  -urn  ii,l,  nl 
himself  In  Captain  Maithiiid,  It  w  1. 1  \pl  lii  ,1 
lo  him  that  nn  cnnditinim  eniihl  he  m  i ,  pt,  ,1  I  ul 
Hull  he  would  Ihi  'ennveyed  tn  I'.imliial  I,,  In' 
r,  iiiv.il  in  siieh  Hiaiini  r  as  the  I'riiu  ■  le.',nl 
-lioiil.i  deem  expedient,'  He  had  «riii, 
lie  d.Vix  the  fnllowiiii;  iliarai  li  ri-li, 
Ihe  rrime  Hetent:— '  Uoyal  lli;;hiii—  - 
1,1  the  faetions  wliieli  (li\ide  mvioimii 


Ml     lIlP 


A  |ir,'t 
,1-1 1'o 


Hie  I  nmily  of  the  [lowers  of  Kiirop,', 
ininaled  iny  piihlie  career,  aii'i  I 
'riiemistis-Ies,  to  M'at  inysi'lf  al  Hi,  i,. 
Hriti-li  peo|ile.  I  pliiee  iny-i  If  liiil. 
leilion  of  lis  laws,  w  liiell  1  eliiitii 
Itoyal  Ilii;linessas  the  mo-t   potterrn 

eon-lallt,  and  the  tllnst  generous  of  II; 

Il  was  iH'rliaps  the  only  i mirse  op,  n  i 
Fraiiee  his  life  eoiilil  seareel)  hav,' !■. 
and  lillleher  t,'llked  of  exeiul'ilii,'  him  • 
wliere  the  Due  il'KnL'lileii  Inid  fall,  n 

f;:ri-    .";■.::!. J    lie.    e...{h::-.;r     !■.::•     •.■,!;::!     (,, 

refen-nee  toTliemistiK  lis  -how- Ilia'  I 
wioiis  of  lieing  the  wor-v  em  my  ili. 


I  I 


liU' 

:    I  111' 


in 'I. 


I.uijlaml 


1398 


rHANl'K.   IX1.1 


KRANCE,    1815 


bail  rrrr  hwl  I'lrlmpa  In'  n'nwnilN'ml  tluit  ai 
llx'  rupturi'  nf  thr  Irralt  i>(  Aiiitcnx  111'  liiul 
iMiIIihI  Ui  rnvi-niini  llir  i  iiiiDit  liv  lU'tttlninx  tlin 
EiiiflUli  rmiti^nln  ill  KriUKi'.  Hiill  iiiIkIiI  rr 
gnl,  »n  tlir  otlur  lmn<l  tliHt  Kii^:  I  wiw  tlii' 
iioly  invat  cxiiiiilrr  whii  h  Inul  not  Ih  >  n  Irnmnlcil 
i|>i*ii  •ml  fOTpri'if  Willi  iiituuMun'  liy  hU  Mililli'tn. 
tl  wimki  luTf  In'i'Ii  liirxiiianlilc  If  llii'  KiikH'Ii 
lliitrrnnii'lil  lixl  irlvrii  khv  In  vliuliillvi'  fii  I 
llil(<.  oIH'i'liilly  na  llii'V  iiiiilil  will  tttforil  III  Ih' 
Duiiriuiiilmiiiiii,  ImvluK  Jiut  wmi  tlii*  k''*'*'"'  "' 
all  \litiirli'i>  lint  It  «iM  iii'i'iMiitrv  to  ili'prhr 
Urn  lit  till'  IHiiViT  of  I'irllliiK  iirw  wiin,  siiil  tin' 
rtiu'rlnu-ntiif  Kiln  Imil  hIhiwii  tliiit  llila  Invnlvnl 
ilrprivinx  liiiii  of  IiIh  lilxrly.  Tlii'  fniixv  whirli 
IwliiMt  tlir  llvi'*  nf  iiillliniiii  miiKt  Ik'  rlii'i'ki'il 
TliU  wttH  tile  |iriiiri|ili'  ItiMl  iliiwii  in  llii'  (liilam 
tio.i  (if  Mitri'li  I'lili.  Iiy  whii'li  III'  hail  linn  I'X 
fmiiiimtilr»liil  iw  tt  imlilli' I  111  my  ll  wiw  tliirr 
fun'  wri'HMtry  to  iiii|him*  miiiii-  ri-^lrtiliit  ii|niii 
liiiii  III'  tiiiiiit  In-  M'pariiti'il  friiiii  lili  (uirty  hihI 
frniB  nil  till'  rcvoliilliiimry  piirty  ill  Kiirii|M'.  Sii 
juniiaiilii'  ri'iiiitiiii'il  in  KurniH'liii'i  wmilil  luvolvo 
(miiitiri'  iniiirlwHiiiiint.  Tlii'  mily  iirninui'iiiint 
iliiTi'forv  wiiirli  wmilil  iilliiw  liini  tiilcriilili'  |irr 
«ontU  iiimfiirt  Aiiil  i-njnvinriil  nf  lifr.  wuh  In  m'ihI 
liiTii  nut  i)f  Kunijiiv  l-'riiiii  iIhim'  innnlilirulinii'i 
iirrw  IIh!  llrl'inliill  nf  llli'  Onurilllunl  111  Willi 
bim  Ui  St.  Ilili'im.  An  Ail  nf  I'lirli.iiniiil  »in 
pxiuiit  'fur  llif  lii'tlir  ili'litiiilMK  In  i mlnily  Nii 
IHiiinin  liniiapartt','  uiiil  unntlur  Ai  I  Inr  milijirt 
iitif  St.  Ili'Irnn  tnaH|ii'(-liilN\>ti'in  nf  irnvrrnini'nt. 
Ill'  was  ki-|it  nil  iHiuril  llii'  '  l)i'llim|ilinn '  till 
.XiiKU-st  4tli.  wlii'ii  111'  H.'iH  tranHfi'iTi'il  m  thr 
NiirthnnilM'riHnil  '  tin  UrinlMr  l'"ilh  hi' urrivi'd 
alHI  lli'li'iiii.  lUininpiinii'ilbyCniinta  .Mnnthnlnn. 
Uh  ('iwh.  anil  Ikrlrainl,  with  llirlr  fiiiiiillcii, 
Ui'in-nil  OniirKuiiil.  iinil  u  iiuinlirr  of  wrvaiitii. 
Ill  April,  im«,  arrlvml  Sir  lliiil«in  l.nwi',  un  nlH- 
irr  who  Inul  bvcn  knlKhtril  fur  lirinKini?  tlii- 
niwsnf  the  captun'of  I'lirin  In  I'lU,  an ifoviriinr. 
Till'  ri'Ht  nf  hlH  llfr,  wliii  h  cnntlniii'il  till  .May  n. 
IK.'I.  wag  ncciipicil  partly  in  qimrrils  with  thlt 
tiivirniir,  which  have  now  Inst  thi'ir  intirrat. 
imrtly  in  the  tank  hi>  Inul  unili'rtukin  at  tin'  tinii' 
iif  hin  Hnt  alHllnitiiin.  that  nf  ri'laiinj;  IiIh  past 
life,  lit-  iliil  mil  hIniM'lf  writ!'  tills  narnitivc. 
DiriliK'!!  It  apiM'iir  lliat  hi'  cvrn  ilirlatril  it  wnnl 
for  wiml.  It  in  u  rrpnrt  niaih' jiurlly  hy  Ociirnil 
UimriiAuil,  partly  liy  ('mint  .Mnntlmlnn.  nf  Na- 
pnksin'H  impiuuiiiniil  ri'tiliils:  lini  liny  aiwiirr 
imthiit  this  ri'pnrt.  as  pulilislnil,  has  liii'n  ri'ail 
anil  inrn^UHl  throii^fhiint  by  him.  It  i;ivi-s  a 
li'li'nilily  cimiph'li'  account  nf  the  pcriinl  iHtwccn 
till' »ii>^' of  liiiilnn  and  the  liattlc  nf  Mari'iign. 
(In  till-  later  iwriml  there  is  liltle.  except  a  niiinoir 
un  till'  ( anipalKn  nf  ISl.'i,  tn  wliuh  the  i  dilnrs  nf 
tlii'l'irrespnuiieiiee  have  Ixennlilc  tnaild  unnllier 
on  EMiaand  the  Itnudri'd  l)avs.  "— .1.  I{.  .S'elev. 
Sl,„.t  lli,l,  „f  S„,„U,m   I..  rliAS,  M-rt.  5. 

Ai.-sii  IN:  Count  lie  Ijis  Ciusi's,  /.iji;  Kj-iU  unit 
l'">ir,rt.iti„iit  of  A'il/»</i"/-  —(ten.  Cniint  Mnll- 
lli"l"ii.  Ilitt.  <if  thf  Ci/iliriti/  ,■!■  Aiijioltim.— W . 
Korsvili.  //,-,<.  ofl/ie  C.iiiliriUjof  .\iiii'>le"n.  —  \\.  W. 
"Mi'iini.  SafHWon  in  h'j-ile. — Sir  \V.  Senit  /.i>; 
ir'Ai/Wwn,  t.  3,  eh.  4it-.Vi  — A  Thiers,  llist.'of 
Iht  I'„unI,iI,-  anil  thr  Kmi.iiy.  .■),.  iW-^i  H',  "D. 

A.  D.  1815  (July— NoTcmberi.— Englith  and 
Prussian  armlet  in  Paris.— Return  of  Louis 
XVIII.— Restoration  of  the  art-spoils  of  Napo- 

!;=r.  Indemnities  demandeu.  Russian,  Aaa- 
tri»n  and  Spanish  armies  on  French  soil.— The 
•econd  Treaty  of  Paris.-    The  Tlli  nf  .lulv  wa.s 


I  he  prniiilenl  day  In  the  annals  nf  rnirhinil.     Oa 

iliat  day  her  vieli.rlniis ariii\ .  Iiiadid  liv  VVelling 
l"n.  inaile  llieir  piililie  1  iilr> .  ainni;  wllh  the  I'riia- 
iiiaiii-  iiiln  rarN  where  an  lii  L'lisli  ilniin  had  nut 
Is'i  II  leant  fnr  III  arlv  fntir  liundri-d  years 
The  hnnili  nitandd  Ihein  wllh  niehini  hnljr 
lieari«  and  anxiniis  I'siks      Few  persniis  were  to 

In'  Ml  II    III    llle   si  The    F.llKlish   eatall 

llsliid  theinsa  Ive  tills  de   ilnlllnKiie  in  a 

ri  tfiilar  I  amp    II.  ms  liltnnaeked   In  thr 

eliiiri  lies,  nn  Hie  i(iri>  V  and  In  the  iirlnelpal 
si  reels  On  I  he  fnlli  iW  in);  day  l/iiiis  XVllI  ,  who 
had  fi  Unwed  In  Itie  rearnf  the  KiiKlish  army  from 
•  lliiiit  made  his  pulilie  entrance,  esinrlid  lijr 
Hie  naliniial  Knanl.  Hut  liiseniry  was  alli'iidi'd 
liy  Hllll  iiinre  nielanchnly  1  i'eunislaiiees,  and  of 
slnlsler  aiiKury  In  the  fiiliin'  sliihiliiy  of  his  d;- 
nasty      Kveii  the  rnyallsis  weri' dnwniasl ;  tlwlr 

palrllille  reelings    Wl'lV   deeply    Unllllded    liy    the 

defeat  nf  Kranie.  ,  .  ,  Tlnie  was  kninethiiij;  iu 
tlierestnralinn  nf  the  mnnarih  liy  the  arms  nf  the 
nid  rivals  and  enemies  nf  Fmnce  which  ndditlln- 
npresiiilily  tn  Its  liliterni'ss  .  .  .  The  reality  uf 
siilijii^atlnii  wasls  fnre  their  eves  Illiiclier  krpt 
alinif  fmin  all  inteiciMirHi'  wdli  the  innrt.  and 
haiiKditlly  deniaiided  a  eniitrllnitlnn  nf  IIHI.INNI,. 
mHi  fmnes  .  f.ir  the  pay  nf  Ills  tnsips,  as  N'a- 
pnlenll  had  dnlie  frniii  llie  I'russlaiis  at  llerliu. 
.Mri'iuly  the  I'rnsslan  snidlers  liisisled  wilh  Iniid 
I  Ties  that  the  pillar  nf  Austerllt/slinuldlM'  pulled 
dnivn.  as  .Napnleiiii  had  destrnyed  the  pillar  of 
Itnshaih,  ami  llluelnr  was  sn  resnliile  tndestrny 
the  liriilt;e  nf  Jena,  that  he  had  actually  Ix'^uu 
niH'nitinns  liy  rilniilni;  mines  under  the  arches  for 
lilnwinit  It  up,  .  .  .  Welliuv'tnii  as  steadily  re- 
sisleil  till'  ruthlesN  act.  hut  he  had  cnat  dlllleulty 
In  maiiKuinliitc  his  pnint :  and  It  wasnnly  hy  his 
placlnt;  u  si'iiiim  Inn  the  liridce,  andri'inaled  and 
earnesi  reninnslraiii  is,  that  Ihe  destrueliminf  that 

luauiifiil  inimuineiit  was  pri'ventisl V  still 

iiiiirc  melanchnly  humilialinii  than  Ihey  hail  yet 
ex|ierlenceil  ere  1, unj  Ih  fell  the  Kreneli  iialino. 
The  Allied  wivereijrns  iinw  arrived  in  I'aris.  and 
insisted  iipnn  the  restnratinn  nf  the  nlijects  nf 
art  in  the  miiseiiin  nf  the  Ijiiuvre,  which  had  lieeo 
pilliiifcd  f rntii  their  res|H'etive  stales  hy  the  nrdert 
nf  Na|wili'nn.  The  justice  nf  this  di  I'naiid  inuld 
mil  U' enntesled  :  ll  w.isniily  wresliii^'  the  pri-y 
from  the  mlilsr  .  .  NnlliiiiK  wuunded  the 
French  sn  prnfniindly  as  this  lireakiii);  up  of  the 
trnphies  nf  the  war  '  ll  Inld  them,  in  language 
lint  to  lip  ini-umlirsl'inil.  ihat  cnmiuest  hail  now 
reached  their  ih  sirs:  the  inn  went  Into  the  soul 
nf  the  iiatinii.  .\  ineiiinrial  frnniall  the  artists  of 
Kiirn|H'  at  Home  cliiimd  fnr  the  Kternal  City  tlio 
entire  restnralinn  of  the  imnmrtal  wnrksof  art 
which  had  once  adnriied  it.  The  .Mlied.snvereii^ns 
acceiled  In  the  jusi  dein;tnd :  anil  Caiinva,  iinpaa- 
sinniil  for  I  lie  arts  and  Ihe  city  nf  hischnlce,  nan- 
lined  In  I'aris  tn  superintend  ihe  reiiinval.  It  wag 
must  ctTeetually  dnm*.  The  hrnnze  hnrses  .  .  . 
Ifrnni  N'eniei'l  were  restored  to  their  nId  station 
in  Irnnt  nf  the  Church  of  St.  Mark.  The  Trans- 
liiruration  and  the  Last  Cnininiinionof  St.  .Icmme 
lesiine  d  their  pl.'ice  in  the  halls  of  the  Vatican; 
till'  Apollo  and  Ihe  Laisisiu  ai;ain  adorned  the 
|ireciiictsof  Si,  I'eter's;  the  Venus  was  enshrined 
anew  amidst  lieauty  iu  the  Trihune  nf  Florence, 
ami  the  Descent  fmin  the  Crnss  hy  liuls'ns  was 
reslnred  to  Ihe  devout  worship  of  the   Fleininj^s 

i::    i\r'    •  -iihe-iri:    -tf    Aiit'Ti'fj'     ,    .    .    Tlie    c'nitiiS 

preferred  liy  the  dillerent  Allied  powers  for  restl. 
tutioQ  not  merely  of  celebrated  objects  of  art, 


1. ■;'.)!» 


,r- 


I 


?n; 


1. 1' 


•t  •!■''• 
I!   ' 


.«  }. 


1» 


'If 


0 


KRANCE,   1815. 


Second  Treaty 
of  Paria. 


FRANCE,  1815. 


but  i)f  curiosities  iinil  Viihmblo  articles  of  all  kinds, 
wliicli  liuil  Ih-cu  <:irric(i  oil liy  tlic  French  during; 
tlieir  iKcup.-iticin  of  llic  liillefeut  iDuntries  (vf  Eu- 
mpe,  especiiilly  uuilcr  Napdlcon,  wire  iniiuenae, 
and  (IcmonKtrttted  iit  once  tlic  nlniost  incredible 
lenirth  to  wliiih  tlie  system  of  spoliation  unit 
MblMry  hud  Inin  carried  liy  the  rcpuliliciiu  anil 
inipcri:il  aiitlioritics.  Their  amount  may  lie  esti- 
nialcd  tiy  one  instance  fnmi  an  otilciul  list,  pre- 
pared tiy  the  Prussian  authorities  in  181.5.  It 
uppears'llial.  during  the  years  1H06  and  IHOT, 
there  had  iK'in  violently  lalien  from  the  l'ni88ian 
Ktates.  on  tlie  rcipiisition  of  M.  Donorc,  and 
brought  to  I'aris, — statues,  paintings,  antiquities, 
cameos,  maiuiscripts,  maps,  gems,  anti<)uc8,  rari- 
ties, and  other  valuable  articles,  the  catalogue  of 
which  occupies  .l:!  closely  priuteil  pages  of  M. 
Schixlls  valuable  Uecueil.  Among  them  arc  127 
paintings,  many  of  them  of  the  very  highest 
value,  taken  from  llie  palacesof  IJerlin  and  I'ots- 
dani  alone;  187  statues,  chiefly  antiijue.  taken 
from  the  same  palaces  during  the  same  [wrioil; 
and  8(t  valuable  manuscripts  and  diKuments 
seized  in  the  city  of  Aixla  I'hapelle,  on  the  oc- 
cupation of  that  city,  then  a  neutral  power,  in 
ISOJi,  by  the  armies  of  the  First  t'onsid  on  the  in- 
vasion of  Hanover.  The  total  articles  ri'claimcd 
bv  the  Prus-sians  exceeded  two  thousand.  .  .  . 
The  claims  of  states  and  cities  for  indemnity  on 
acojuiit  of  the  enormous  exactions  made  fron> 
them  by  the  French  generals,  \mder  the  authority 
of  the  Convention  and  the  Empi'ror,  were  still 
more  exiraonlinary.  .  .  .  The  vast  amount  of 
these  claims  for  indemnities  in  money  or  terri- 
tories, and  the  angry  feeling*  with  w'hich  they 
wen-  urgeil,  wcreof  sinister  augury  to  the  French 
nation,  and  augmented,  in  a  most  serious  degree, 
the  dilHculties  experienced  by  those  who  were  iu- 
trustiil  with  the  conduct  of  the  negotiations. 
Hut.  Ik-  they  what  they  may,  the  Frcncli  had  no 
means  of  resisting  them;  all  tliey  could  trust  to 
was  the  mixleration  or  jealousies  of  their  cou- 
ijuin)r8.  The  force  which,  during  the  months  of 
July  and  August,  advanccHl  from  all  quarters  into 
their  devoted  territory,  was  immense,  and  such 
asilcmonstniteil  that, 'if  Napoleon  had  not  suc- 
ceeded in  dissolving  the  alliance  by  an  early  vic- 
tory in  tlie  Netherlands,  the  contest,  even  "with- 
out the  battle  of  WaterliK),  wotdil  have  been 
hopeless.  The  united  armies  of  Russians  and 
Austrians,  3.50,000  strong,  under  Schwartzenlierg 
and  Han:lay  de  Tolly,  crossed  the  Rhine  in  various 
places  from  Biilc  to  Coblentz,  and,  pressing  rap- 
Idly  forwanl.  soon  occupied  the  whole  eastern 
provinccsof  France.  The  Austrians  and  Hedmon- 
tesi'.  a  hundred  thousand  more,  passed  Mont 
Cenis,  or  ilescended  the  Rhone  fn>m  Oeneva  to 
Lynns.  The  S|iunianls  made  their  appearance  in 
BiMtn  or  Roiissillon  The  armies  of  llluchernnd 
Wellington,  now  reinforced  to  aOO.lKX)  eircctive 
men.  iKcupicd  I'aris.  itseiivirons,  Normandy,  and 
I'iianly.  Eiirlity  tliousaud  Prussians  .init  Ger- 
mans, ill  addition,  were  advancing  through  the 
Rill  nisli  pnivinces  and  Helgiiini.  liifor<>  the 
Alli.'d  sov.nigiisretiirnid  to  I'aris,  in  the  middle 
of  .luly.  Ihe  French  territory  was  isciipicd  by 
8(«),o<HI  null,  to  oppose  which  no  coiisideralile 
foric  reinaini'il  but  the  army  beyond  the  lioirc, 
which  iiiii>tcred  (M.IKMIcoinliatanis.  .  .  .  Austria 
insi.sti-d  iipciii  gctlini:  back  I,<irraine  and  Alsace; 
Spain  |iui  ill  a  claim  to  the  liasipie  provinces; 
Prussia  allcL'id  thai  liir  Mcurily  woulii  Ik'  incom- 
plete unless  Mayemc.  l.u.ti-mbourL',  usid  al!  the 


frouiier  provinces  of  France  ailjoining  In  r  ti  rri 
tory,  wen'  ceded  to  her;  and  the  kin-  if  iIk. 
Netherlands  claimed  the  whole  of  tin  Kn  mli 
fortrcssesof  Ihe  Flemish  barrier.  The  iiji.narc  |,v 
of  Louis  K«-emed  on  the  eve  of  dissolulinn  ;,iil| 
so  complete  was  the  prostration  of  tiievani|iii.lii,|, 
that  there  appeareil  no  power  capable  of  pn  nm. 
ing  it.  it  wiw  with  nosnmlldilllculty.  auil  min; 
from  the  mutual  jealousies  of  the  liilfin  nt  pnw. 
era  than  any  other  cause,  tliat  these  iiaiuricl  n- 

prisals  for  trench  rapacity  were  previni.  d  f , 

taking  place.  Tlie  negotiation  was  proim  i,,iiit 
Paris  till  late  in  autumn;  Russia,  whi.h  h.nl 
nothing  to  gain  by  the  proposed  parliiicwi.  i.mk 
part  with  France  throughout  its  whole  i  ..iiiinn. 
ance;  and  the  different  jmwcrs,  to  siippuri  ilidr 
pretensions  in  this  debate,  maintaimil  ilnir 
armies,  who  hiwl  entered  on  all  sides.  ,,ii  tlic 
French  soil;  so  that  above  800.000  forcii;M  lr.»i|.s 
were  quarteriil  on  Its  inhabitants  f.ir  s<\,r;il 
montlis.  At  length,  however,  by  the  pi tm  vcrim 
efforts  of  Lord  Castlercagh,  M.  Nc.H.silri«lc,  aii,| 
M.  Talleyrand,  all  diftteulties  were  adjusii d.  auj 
the  bcconil  tn-aty  of  I'aris  was  concliidid  in  .No- 
vcmbcr  1815,  between  France  and  tin-  »lirile 
Allieil  powers.  By  this  treaty,  and  the  n  laiive 
conventions  which  were  signed  the  .sainc  dny. 
conditions  of  a  very  onerous  kind  were  iinposiii 
upon  tlie  n-stonii  government.  The  Fnnili  frmi. 
tier  was  restoretl  t«  the  state  in  wliiili  it  sIikhI  in 
1790,  by  which  means  the  whole  of  tlie  li  rrit.irv. 
far  from  inconsiderable,  gained  by  the  tnaiy  iif 
1814,  was  re^umed  by  the  Allies.  IncoiiMiiuiiice 
of  this,  France  lost  the  fortresses  of  lamlaii. 
Sarrc-Louis,  Philipville,  and  Marieiilnir),',  will: 
the  adjacent  territory  of  each.  Versuix,  wiili  a 
small  district  round  It,  was  ceded  to  the  lantim 
of  Geneva;  the  fortress  of  Iluningeii  »as  to  be 
demolished;  but  the  little  country  of  tlie  Vtnsi 
sin,  the  first  conquest  of  the  Revolution,  was  pre. 
8<'rveU  to  France.  8c\'ea  hundred  milliuns  of 
francs  (£38,000,000  sterling)  were  to  W  |>ai<l  to 
the  Allied  powers  for  the  expenses  of  tin-  .var; 
in  addition  to  which  It  was  stipulated  ilmi  an 
army  of  150,000  men,  composeil  of  3i).(H)il  frum 
each  of  the  great  powers  of  England,  Hnssia. 
Austria,  and  Prussia,  and  the  lesser  powirs  of 
Germany,  was  to  occupy,  for  a  iHrind  nut  lisa 
than  three,  or  more  than  live  years.  Ihe  »lii>li' 
frontier  fortresses  of  France;  .  .  .  ami  iliislarije 
force  was  to  be  maintained  entirely  at  llui  vpiiiH' 
of  the  French  government.  In  addition  m  ilii,i, 
the  different  powers  obtained  iiidciiinitiis  f-r  iln 
spoliations  indictnl  on  them  bv  Fraiiir  iliiriinr 
the  Iti'volutlon,  which  amoiinleif  to  the  i  iiurnn'iis 
sum  of  735,000,000  of  francs  more  |  f.".! Ji"' i«J'l 
Bt<Tling).  A  hundn-d  milliuns  of  fraii  s  "ire 
also  provideil  to  tiie  smaller  powers  as  an  imic  in- 
nity  for  the  expensesof  the  war;  sotlial  ili'  l"i  li 
sums  which  Franci-  had  to  pay.  iM'sidi-  m 
ing  the  army  of  occupation.  linioiintKi  i' 
than  fifteen  hundred  and  Ihirtvtivi'  in; 
francs,  or  £01. 400, (HX)  sterling.".  .  .  lii' 
ain,  in  a  worthy  spirit,  surrindirid  il 
sum  falling  to  her  out  of  the  inilrinnin 
war,  aiuoiiutiiig  to  nearly  £.").(HMI,IHHi  -;. 
the  King  of  the  Xethirlands.  lo  n - 
famous  barrier  against  France  wliiih  .1 
hail  so  insanely  diniolislicd." — Sir  .V 
l/isi   'if  h'lir-iif.  178U-181.5.  rh.  U.5  k    J'i; 

.\l.s<>iN:  Prince  de  Tallivraiid.  .!/• 
(r  3).  — E.  llerUlet,  T/tt  Mu'pof  Europ, 

.V,-.-    4H(.-    \: 


l:..  Ir« 
:iM„^  ..f 
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III.. 
I  II 


■Hill. 


1400 


FRANCE,  1815. 


LouU  XV III. 


FRANCE,  1815-1880. 


A.  D.  i8iS(S«pteinber).— The  Holjr  Alliuice. 
gee  Holt  Alliance. 

A.  D.  1815-1830.— The  restored  monarchy. 
-Unit  XVIII.  and  Charles  X.— Career  of  the 
Reactionaries.— Conquest  of  Algiers.— Ordi- 
gances  of  JolT.—ReTolution.— Abdication  and 
txile  of  the  idnft. — "France  was  defeatol  but 
not  crushed.  Intlceil  elie  linil  gained  Aviinnii 
ind  some  distrirtii  of  Alwicc  since  1793,  and  slic 
hid  gained  social  and  political  stability  by  having 
millions  of  pcssantA  a.s  small  proprietors  in  the 
toil:  moreover,  as  Napoleon  always  waged  his 
wars  at  the  expense  of  liis  conquered  foes,  the 
French  national  debt  was  after  all  the  wars  only 
one  sixth  of  the  debt  of  Great  Britain.  So  France 
lOon  rose  to  n  position  of  strength  and  prosperity 
hsnllv  equalled  in  all  Eurone,  in  spite  of  bad 
lurvests,  political  unrest,  anu  the  foreign  occu- 
pgtiim  which  ended  in  1818.  The  n)vali8t9,  after 
s  quarter  of  a  century  of  repression,  now  re- 
venged themselves  with  truly  French  vehemence. 
In  France  a  victorious  party  genenillv  crushes 
Its  opponents ;  and  the  elections,  held  (furing  the 
full  swing  of  the  royalist  reaction,  sent  up  to 
PsrlH  a  Legislative  As-sembiy  '  nion-  rovaiist  than 
the  liing  himself.'  Before  it  assembled,  I,oiiis 
XVIII.,  in  spite  of  his  promise  only  to  punish 
those  who  were  declared  by  the  Assembly  to  lie 
traitors,  proscribed  llfty-seVen  persons  who  had 
deserted  to  NaiM)leou"in  the  'Hundred  Days' 
...  Of  tlie  proscrilH-d  men  thirty-eight  were 
banished  and  a  few  were  shot.  Among  tlic  latter 
the  most  illustrious  was  Marshal  Ney,  whose 
past  bravery  did  not  shield  him  from  the  extreme 
penalty  for  the  l)etrnyal  of  the  milite.ry  oath. 
.  .  .  "this  impolitic  execution  rankliKl  ileep  in 
the  bnwsts  -'  all  Na|>oleon's  old  soldiers,  but  for 
the  present  ppositiou  was  swept  away  in  the 

furious  tide  rt'action.  Brune,  one  of  Napo- 
leon's marshals,  was  killed  by  the  royalist  popu- 
lace of  Avignon;  and  the  Prntestants  of  the 
south,  who  were  suspected  w..  i^ivouring  Napo- 
leon's home  policy,  suffered  terrible  outrages 
>l  SImes  and  I'zis  in  this  'white  terror.'  'The 
restored  monarchy  had  far  stronger  executive 
powiTs  than  the  old  system  wiehlwi  before  1789, 
for  it  now  drew  into'  its  hands  tlie  centralised 
powers  which,  under  the  Directory  and  the  Em- 
pire, hiid  replaced  the  old  cumbrous  provincial 
srstini:  but  even  this  gain  of  power  did  not 
satisfy  the  hot-headed  royalists  of  the  Chamber. 
They  i»stitute<l  judicial  courts  under  a  provost 
(prevflt).  which  passed  severe  sentences  withotit 
ri);ht  of  ap|ical.  Dismissing  the  comparatively 
iJN'ral  ministers  Talleyrand  and  Fouche,  Louis 
in  September  1818  summoned  a  more  royalist 
ministry  under  the  Due  de  Kichelieu,  whicli  was 
itailf  hurrie<l  on  by  the  reactionaries  Chateau- 
briiind  fanned  the  flames  of  royalist  passion  by 
his  writings,  until  the  king  even  foimd  it  neces- 
rary  to  dissolve  this  mischievous  Chamber,  and 
the  new  deputies  who  assembled  (February  1817) 
sh.iwcil  a  more  moderate  spirit.  France  was 
sonii  ililivered  from  tlic  foreign  armies  of  occu 
pmiciri.  for  the  sovereigns  of  Uussis,  Austria. 
ami  Prussia,  meeting  at  AixlaClmpelle  (Sep- 
tenilur  1818),  in  order  to  combat  revolutionary 
sttciiipts,  dwiitol  that  an  early  evacuation  of 
Princh  territory  would  strengthen  the  Qourbon 
rule  in  France;  and  they  reiuwinl  the  Quadruple 
Alllanio,  which  nime(f  at  upholding  existing 
treaties.  The  discontent  in  (Germany  and  Itolv 
•wnk.nw]  a  sympsthetie  echo  in  Friince.  >^!iicli 


showed  itself  In  the  retirement  of  the  Due  da 
Kichelieu  and  the  accession  of  a  mon'  progressive 
minister,  Decazes  (Novemlwr  1819).  This  check 
to  the  royalist  reaction  was  soon  swept  away  by 
an  eventof  sinister  import.  The  Due  de  Berry, 
second  son  of  the  Comte  d'Artois,  was  assassi- 
nated (February  1820).  as  he  was  leaving  the  opera- 
house,  by  a  fanatic  who  aimed  at  cutting  oft  the 
diri'ct  Bourbon  line  (February  1820).  His  design 
utterly  failed,  for  a  posthumous  son,  the  cele- 
brated Comte  dr  Chambord,  was  born  in  Scp- 
temlnr  1H20;  and  the  only  result  was  a  new  out- 
burst of  royalist  fury.  Liberty  of  tlie  press  was 
suspended,  and  a  new  complicated  electoral  sys- 
tem restricted  tlie  franchise  to  those  who  paid  at 
least  1,000  friiics  a  year  in  direct  taxation:  the 
CliamlKTof  Deputies,  a  fifth  part  of  which  was 
renewed  every  year  by  an  electorate  now  repre- 
s«'nting  only  the  wealtliy,  b«'canic  every  year 
more  n^actionary.  wliile  the  Left  saw  its  numbers 
decline.  The  ultra-royalist  ministry  of  Villile 
soon  in  its  turn  amused  secret  conspiracies,  for 
the  diiitii  of  Napoleon  (May  5,  1821)  was  now 
awakening  a  feelingof  regret  for  the  comparative 
litHTty  enjoyed  in  France  during  the  Empire. 
Military  conspiracies  were  formed,  only  to  be 
discovered  and  crushed,  and  the  veteran  republi- 
can Lafayette  was  thought  to  Im!  concerned  in  a 
great  attempt  proje<'ted  in  tlie  eastern  depart- 
ments with  its  headquarters  ut  Belfort;  and  the 
terrible  siKdety  of  the  Carbonari  secretly  spread 
its  arms  through  the  south  of  France,  where  it 
found  soil  as  favourable  as  in  Italy  itself.  .  .  . 
A  revolution  in  Spain  held  Ferdinand  a  prisoner 
in  his  palace  at  Madrid.  Louis  determined  to 
uphold  the  throne  of  his  Bourbon  relative,  and 
sent  an  army  whicli  quickly  effected  its  object 
(1823).  'The  Pyrenees  no  longer  exist,'  ex- 
claimed Louis  XVlII.  In  fact,  everywhere  in 
Kuriipe  absolutism  seemed  to  be  tnumphunt, 
and  the  elections  of  December  1823  sent  up  a 
further  reinforcement  to  tlie  royalist  party ;  also 
the  approaching  end  of  the  sensible  old  king 
foreshadowed  a  pi>riod  of  still  more  violent  re- 
action under  his  hot-headed  brother  Charles. 
Louis  XVIII.  died  on  September  16,  1824.  At 
his  death  the  restoration  seemed  firmly  estab- 
lislied,  .  .  .  France  had  quickly  recovered  from 
twenty  years  of  warfare,  and  was  thought  to 
have  tlie  strongest  government  iu  Europe.  Al- 
ways the  chief  of  the  reactionary  nobles,  Charles 
hail  said,  '  It  is  only  I,afayette  and  I  who  have 
not  clmnged  since  1789.'  Honest,  sincere,  and 
affable  as  the  new  king  was,  yet  his  popularity 
8<Mm  vanished  when  it  was  seen  how  cntir<dy  he 
was  under  the  control  of  his  confes.sor;  and  the 
ceremonies  of  his  coronation  at  Kheinis  sliowed 
that  he  intended  to  revive  the  almost  forgotten 
past.  In  (iuizot's  words.  'Louis  XVIII.  was  a 
niiMlernte  of  the  old  system  and  a  lilHTal  minded 
inheritor  of  the  18th  century :  Charles  X.  was  a 
true  Emigre,  and  a  submissive  bigot.'  Among 
the  first  bills  which  Charles  proposed  to  the 
Chambers  was  one  to  iudemnify  those  who  had 
lost  their  lands  in  llii'  Itevolutio'n.  To  give  tliese 
lands  back  would  have  caus»'d  general  unsettle- 
ment  among  thousamis  of  small  cultivators:  but 
the  former  landowners  received  an  indemnity  of 
a  milliard  of  francs,  which  they  exclaime<l  against 
for  its  insutllciency  just  as  loudly  as  the  radicals 
did  for  its  extravagance:  bv  this  tardy  act  of 
justice  the  State  endeavoured  to  repair  some  of 
the  unjust  contiscations  of  the  rcvolutioaary  era. 


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FUANCE,   ISlS-lxao.  '■»< 

The  atU>mpt8  iimdi' by  llic  Jesuits  to  regain 
their  leijal  status  in  FniiK-o,  in  spite  of  the  pro- 
hibition (iiiliiiir  from   Iwfore  the  full  of  the  old 
regime,   aronsiil   furtlier  liostilily  to  tlie  Itinp, 
who  wiis   weli    known  to   favour  tlieir  <aiis<'. 
Notliing,  liowever,  so  strengthened  tlie  growing 
opposition  in  llie  ("liambers  and  in  the  country  at 
large  as  a  rigorous  measure  aimed  at  tlie  news- 
papers, pamphlets,  and  b(X)ks  which  combated 
the  elerical  reaction.     These  publications  were 
to  pay  »  stJiinp  duty  jn-r  |)age.  while  crushing 
flnes  were  devis<<l  to  ruin  the  olTending  critics. 
One  of   the  leaders  of  Ihe  opposition,   Casimir 
Perier.  exclaimed  against  tliis  meiisure  as  nun- 
oustotmde:  '  Printing  would  be  suppressed  in 
Fnuice  and  tnuisferred  to  lielgium.'    The  king 
persi'vered  in  his  mad  ent(!rprise:  he  refused  to 
receive  a  |>etition  from  Ihe  most  august  lilerarv 
society  in  Kurope.  the  Academic  Franvaise,  anil 
casliiered   its  promoters  as  if  they  were  clerks 
under  his  orders.     Strange  to  say,  the  {.'haml)er 
of  I)ei)Uties  pas.>ied  the  ineasure",  while  that  of 
the  I'eers  rejected  it  —  an  event  greeted  bv  illumi- 
nations all  over  Paris  (April  IsiT).     A  ("ew  days 
afterwards,  at  a  review  of  the  National  Ouarils 
in  I'aris,  tlie  Inxips  ruseil  cries  for  the  liberty  of 
the  press  and  for  the  charter  granted  in  1H1.5. 
The   ne.\t    day   they  were   disbanile<l    bv   royal 
commanil,  but  were  fcHilishly  allowed  to  retain 
their  arms,  which  were  sfxin'to  Ik-  useil  against 
the  government.     Charles  iie.\t  created  s<?venty- 
six  new   peers  to  outvote  his  opponents  in  the 
Upper  iIou.se.     He  al.so  dis,solved  tlie  Chamber 
of  Deputies,   but  found   the  new  members  less 
pliable.     Finally,  Charles  had  lo  give  way  for 
Ihe  lime,  and  accept  a  more  uKKlenite  ministrv 
uiider    .Marlignac  iu    place  of   the   reactionary 
Villeli'  Cabinet    .  .  .  Charles  was  so<in  able  lo 
dismiss  this  ministry,  the  last  hope  of  concili- 
ation, and  .'omied  (August  IsaS)  a  ministry  undi'r 
Count  i'nlignac,  one  of  whose  colleagues  was  the 
General  IJourniont  who  had  deserted  to  the  allies 
the  day  before  Waterloo.     The  king's  stH'ech  at 
the  opening  of  the  next  session  (.March  1S30)  was 
curt  and  threatening,  and  the  Clianiber  was  s<H)n 
prorogued.     Ueform  banquets,  a  custom  which 
the  Frencli  borrowed  from  Englisli  reformers, 
incnased  the  agitation,  which  tlie  Polignac  min- 
istry vainly  sought  to  divert  by  ambitious  proj- 
ects of    invasion  and  partition  of  some  neigh- 
bouring Millies.     The  only  practical  outcome  of 
tliese    projects  was  Ihe  coniiuest  of   the  pirate 
strongholil  of  Algiers.     Tills  jiowcrful  fortress 
had  iMen  iKimlmrcled  and   reduced  by  htmX  Ex- 
mouth  with  the  Hrilish  Hci|  in  1818,  and  tlie 
captives,    mostly    llalians.    were   releaseil    from 
thai  dell  of  slave-dealers;  but  the  I)ey  of  Algiers 
had  resumed  his  old  habils.  complaints  from  the 
Fn>nch   were  met  by  deliance,  and  at  last  the 
French  envoy  quilled  the  liarbouramid  ashower 
of   bullet,s.     A    powerful   exiH'<liliiiii  elTecled    a 
landing  near  the  strongly-fortified  harlwur,  and 
lasily    iK-at  back   the   native  attack;    and   then 
from  the  land  side  soon  battered  down  the  de 
fences  of  the  city  [si'c  Ha iiiwnv  .States:  A    I). 
lS:iO|.     Thus  th'i'  city  which  had  long  Ihtu  the 
terior  of  Mediterranean  sailors  liecame  the  nu 
cleus  of  the  important  French  colony  of  Algeria 
(July  4,  IWiO).     The  design  of  Charles  X.  and  of 
his  reactionary  Polignac  ministry  lo  divert  Ihe 
French  iM'ople  from  domeslic  grievances  to  for 
eit'n  coiuiucsl  iieided  the  gi  nius  anil  stnngtii  of 
a  Xapoliiin  ti.  eu«ure  ^ucce^-      The  mire  fail  .if 


'•  Jf  FKANCE,   1830-1840. 

the  expedition  Ix'ing  under  the  comnmiid  of  u,, 
hated  General  llouniiont  had  made  itun|i(i|iu|,r 
...  So,  although  Ihe  victory  was  triuni|iliii,ih 
announced  throughout  France,  yet  the  driii,,,;. 
sent  up  a  majority  hostile  to  the  king      N,  v,  r 
thelcss,  with  his  usual  blind  obstinacy.  (Ii:,r|,. 
on  the  25th  July  I8i«  issued  the  fiiiiK.iis  i,r,|, 
iian»'s  which  brought  matters  to  a  m>\t.    Tin 
first  suspended   the   lilierty  of  the   pres-.  arid 
phiced    iKwks  under  a    strict  censorslii|i     ii,, 
second  dissolved  the  newly-elected  Chanih.ripf 
Deputies;    the   third   excluded   licenseil  di  iili-r, 
(patentcs)  from  the  franchise;   the  fourth  sum 
moned  anew  Chamber  under  the  new  n.iiilitiun,, 
every  one  of  which  violateil  the  charti  r  -i:ini(ij 
by  the  late  king.     The  Parisians  ul  c.im   iUw 
to  arms,  and  raised  barricades  in  the  niaiiy  iiar 
WW  streets  which  then  favoured  sireii  li.f.i.i,. 
Marmont,  liat<'d  by  the  |Mople  as  Iniiig  th,  lirsi 
of  Napoleon's  marshalswho  had  treated  wjiji  ilie 
allies,  WHS  to  (luell  the  disturbances  with  s,,nif 
20,000  triK)ps  of  the  line;  buton  the.sec mul  ilavs 
fighting  (July  28)  the  insurgents,  ai.hd  l.y  flit 
disbanded  National  Guards,  .4nd  veterans  ,if  tlic 
empire,  beat  back  the  troops;  and  on  tlic  tliinl 
day  the  royal  tr<s)ps,  cut  off  from  food  in.l  .miii 
plies,  and  exhausteil  by  the  heat,  gave  way  ]» 
fore  the  tricolour  Hag; "the  defection  nf  iwn  n,,,. 
regiments  left  the  Louvre  unguarded:  a  pauic 
spread  among  other  regiments,  and  soon  ihi'  tri 
colour  flouted  alMive  the  Tuileries.     Chari.  silurf 
upon  s<a  the  undignified  example,  soon  i.i  !«■  fui 
IowihI  by  so  many  kings  an<l  princes,  of  f;ivjiig 
way  when  it  was  too  late.     He  offered  t,.  wiih 
draw  Ihe  li!ile<l  ordinances,  but  was  fcncil  ti. 
flee  from  St.  Cloud.     lie  then  tried  Ihe  histix 
pedienl.  also  doomwl  to  failure,  of  alidu  utiiiL'  in 
favour  of  his  liltle  grand.son  the  Ducii.'  liur 
deaiix.  since  iK'tter  known  as  the  Comic  del  Imm 
bord.     Heliring  slowly  with  his  family  to  (h.r 
Iwurg,  the  batlled  monarch  set  out  fur  :is,i..r:4 
and  last  exile,  siM>nt  first  at  IlolvnKxl  I'ahcv 
Edinburgh,  and  ended  at  GOritz"  in  li.  .hi-nii.i 
More  than  .'5,000  civilians  and  700  soldii  rs  Ken- 
killed  or  wounded  in  these  terrible  'liirn  days 
of  July  1830.  which  ended  all  atteni|ils  t.  ree> 
tablish  the  tyranny  of  the  old  regime     Tin-  vii 
tims  were  appropriately  buried  in  the  Place  lU' 
la  Bastille.     They  freed  not  Fraiici    al"iii.  hut 
dealt  a  tierce  blow  at  the  sy.sleni  of  .Meiii  riuili 
— J.  II.  liom;  (eiiliirj/  of  Contiiieiitiil  lli.il  ■III.  d 
S3. 

Also  in:  D.  TumbuU.  The  Fre,ii-I,  lt,r  ./ 
18H0. — A.  de  I>amarline,  The  lltiitoriitu"!  ■■tV^m 
arehyiii  /■V(i;mv,  bk.  32-.50(r.  3-4)  —K.  K  ('m\n 
tlitt.  of  thf  llfii/M  iif  hmif  XI  [II.  'IH'I  '''.ir/»» 
A'.— Prince  de  Talleyrand.  MniKiirn.  /il  in  (■  i- 
4).— G.  L.  Dickinson.  Hnynliilioi,  uml  Idiclf;  r, 
MiKteni  h^aurr,  rh.  3. 

A.  D.  i8a2.— The  Congres*  of  Verona.- 
French  interrention  in  Spain  approved,  nt 
V^;llo^.^ :  The  C^onhress  ok. 

A.  D.  1823-1827.— Interference  in  Spain,  to 
supprei*  the  revolution  and  reinstate  King 
Ferdinand.    SeeSp.\i.N:  .VI).  18I1-I--.'; 

A.  D.  1827-1829.— Intervention  on  behalf  of 
Greece.— Battle  of  Navarino.  Si  1  Cui.k 
A.  I).  1821-1820 

A.  D.  1830-18^0.— The  monarchy  renewed 
under  Louis  Philippe.— Its  steady  drift  from 
the  constitutional  course.— 'Till  CoiisM<  .'i  -nu', 
piirly  sel  their  hopes  <m  Louis  Philiiiu  I'lk.' 
■M  <ir!i:iiia      Tliiv  prince,  iu-ry,  m  ITT::    ^  ■-  •'■^■ 


1402 


FRANCE,  1830- 1H40 


lAtuiM  Philipp*. 


KKANCE,  1841-1S48. 


am  of  that  notorioiig  'Ej^HlittV  who  during  the 
rerolutioD  had  ended  liU  rliwkcri'd  career  umltr 
the  guillotine.     Hia  grumlmotlii-r  waa  tlie  iKibIc 
Elizabeth  Charlotte,  a  native  of  tlie  Piilatinuio, 
who  had  the  miafortune  to  be  the  wife  of  the 
effeininute   Duke  of   Orleans,  brother  of   l^mN 
XIV.     Louis  Philippe  was  a  IJourbon,  like  Kini; 
Charles;  but  the  opposition  of  several  nieiulMrs 
of  this  Orleans  branch  of  the  royal  house  hud 
caused  it  to  be  regiinled  as  a  separate  family. 
From  his  youth  up  he  had  displayed  a  great  deal 
of  popular  spirit  and  coniinon  sense.  .   .   .  Seem- 
ingly I  n'atcil  by  his  nature  and  career  to  Iw  a 
citizen  king,  hi^  had  long  since,  us  early  us  1S14. 
determined  to  accept  the  thnine  in  cam-  it  were 
offennl  him."      The  offer  came  in    1H3()   with 
the  revolution   of  July.     On   the  Slst  of  that 
month  he  accepted  the  otflif  of  lieutenuntgen- 
eraluf  the  kingdom,  conferred  by  the  vote  of  a 
meeting  of  tifty  delegates.     "The  ' (Society  of  the 
Friends  of  the  People'   [an  organization  of  the 
pronounced  republicans],  not  very  well  phaseil 
with  this  result  of  the  •  great  week '  [as  the  week 
of  the  revolulion  was  allied],  luid  before  Lufuy- 
ette,  on  the  following  day,"  their  programme, 
"and  comnii.>isioniHl  him  to  make  the  duke  guar- 
intee  the  popular  riirlits  therein  8<a  forth  by  his 
aignaturc.     With  this  document  in  his  pinket, 
Lafayette  made  his  .  .  .  visit  ;o  Louis  Philippe 
m  Ilic  Paluis  Itoyal.     In  the  course  :>f  conversa- 
tion he  said  to  him,  '  You  know  that  I  am  a  re- 
publican, and  consider  the  American  constitution 
the  most  perfect.  ■     'lam  of  the  same  opinion,' 
rcplieil  the  duke;  '  no  one  could  have  iH'cn  two 
years  in  America  uud  not  share  that  view.     But 
do  vou  think  that  that  constitution   could  l>e 
•dopted  in  France  in  its  presi'Dt  condition  —  » ith 
the  present   state   of  popular  opinion?'     'No.' 
■aid  Lafayette;  '  what  France  needs  is  a  popular 
monanhy  surrounded  by  republican— thoroughly 
republican  —  institutions. '     •  There  I  quite  agn* 
with  ymi,' rejoined  Louis  Philippe.     Enchanted 
with  this  political  harmony,  the  old  general  con- 
iidered  it  unnecessary  to  present  the  programme, 
>nd  went  security  to    the   republicans  for  the 
duke,  the  patriot  of   1780.  ...  On  the  'M  of 
August  the  Chamber  was  opened  by  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  and  the  alKlication  of  the  king  and 
dauphin  announced.  .  .  .  The  <iuestion  whetlier 
the  constitution  waa  to  be  changed,  and  how, 
J«»e  rise  to  au  animated  contest  betwin-n  nulicals  ! 
and  lilierals.     The  conUdcnce  in  Louis  Philip|>c   | 
was  SI  great,  that  they  were  content  with  a  few   j 
improvements.     The  throne  was  declared  vucant,    ; 
and    Louis    Philippe    pnicluimed    king  of   the 
Fttncli.  .  .  .  August  8th,    Ixjuis  Philippe  ap-   ! 
peaail  in  the  Palais  Bourbon,  took  the  oath  to  i 
the  constitution,  and  was  thereupon  proclainuHl   , 
king.        .  None  of  the  great  monarclis  had  so 
diltlcult  a  task  as  I.«uis  Philippe.     If  he  attached   | 
liiniself  to  the  majority  of  his  [H-ople  an<l  showed 
himself  ill  earnest  with  'the  republican  institu- 
lidLs  « liiili  ought  to  surround  the  throne.'  he 
lud  all  the  uintinental  powers  against  him;  if 
he  im lined  toward  the  absolute  system  of  the 
latler.  tliin  not  alone  the  extreme  parlies,  but 
also  till' men  of  the  constitutional  monarchy.  , 
ffw  iiLMinst  him.  .  .  .   His   svsiem,    which   he 
nirastlf  named  a  happy  medium  (jusle  milieu). 
»oul.|  have  been   a  happv  medium   if  he   hixl 
"ruck  tile  middle  and  kepi  it;  but  he  gruduallv 
swerved  so  much  toward  the  right  that  the  inid- 
1::r  ta  his  li^f!       Fr--i:i  ihc  ini'.scl  iic  iiad 


iM 


three  parties  against  him  —  Legitimists,  Bona- 
partists,  and  Itepiiblicuns."  At  intervals,  there 
were  demonstrations  and  insurrections  uiidi'r- 
taken  in  the  interest  of  each  of  tlies*-.     In  July, 

i    1835,  the  ii.ssa.ssi nation  of  the  king  wasattenipleil. 

'  by  the  explosion  of  au  infernal  maehiiie,  which 
killed  and  wounded  sixty  people.  "The  whole 
lii'piiblican  party  was  unjustly  made  responsible 
for  this  utieiiipt.  uiid  new  blows  were  struck  at 
the  juries  and  llie   Press.     Every  Press  offence 

;  involving  a  lilxd  of  the  kinc  or  the  adniinistra- 
ti(m  was  to  be  tried  from  this  time  on  before  the 
I'ourt  of  Peers,  and  the  composition  of  that  iKsly 
rendered  conviction  certain.  With  these  '8<'p- 
temlar  laws'  the  reaction  was  complete,  the 
power  of  ihc   Uepublicans  was  broken.     Their 

'   uclivity  did  not  cea.se,  however.    Their  numenius 

I  s(Hieties  continued  to  e.\i.st  in  secret,  and  to  the 
politicul  alllliated  llienis<'lves  the  sixial  sisMcties, 
which  .  demanded  among  other  impos-sibili 
lies,  the  al)oliii(m  of  private  property.  It  was 
these  baleful  excrescences  which  deprived  repub- 
licanism of  all  credit,  uiid  outbreaks  like  that  of 
May  rjth,  18;i9.  where  a  few  hundred  members 
of  the  •  (SiH'iety  of  the  Seasons.'  with  Barbisand 
BluiKjui  at  their  heail,  disarmeil  military  posts 
and  priHlaimed  tlii-  n^publlc,  found  not  the 
slightest  response.  Tlie  repeatetl  attempts  which 
w(  n'  made  on  the  king's  life  wen?  also  unsuccess- 
ful "  The  relati<msof  Ijouis  Philippe  "to  foreign 
powers  iK'came  Is'tter  the  more  he  approximated 
to  their  system,  putting  res^traints  upon  societies, 
the  Press,  ami  juries,  and  encrgeticallv  crushing 
popular  revolts.  Naturally  he  was  by  this  very 
means  constantly  further  estranging  the  mass  of 
the  people.  .  .  "  What  the  Legitimists  and  Rc- 
publiiana  had  not  effected  —  a  change  of  gov- 
ernment—the Napoleonids  now  took  in  hand." 
I<ouis  Napoh'on  Bcmaparte.  s<m  of  ex-king  l.<)uig 
of  Holland  and  Ilortense  li<>auhamais,  made  hia 
appearance  among  the  soldiers  of  the  garrison  at 
Strasburg.  Oetolicr  30. 183«.  with  the  expectation 
that  they  would  pnK-laim  him  emperor  and  set 
the  exani|>le  of  a  rising  in  his  favor.  But  the 
attempt  was  a  wretched  failure;  Louis  Napoleon 
was  am-sl<>d  and  contemptuously  st'nt  out  of  the 
country,  to  America,  without  punishment.  In 
1840  he  repealed  Ills  undertaking,  at  Boulogne, 
more  abortively  than  in  the  first  instance;  was 
again  made  prisoner,  and  was  consigned,  this 
time,  to  the  castle  of  Ham,  from  which  he  es- 
capcdsix  years  later.  "All  the  world  laughed  at 
his  folly;  but  without  Ihc  scenes  of  Strasburg 
and  Boulogne,  and  the  martyrdom  of  a  six  years' 
imprisonment,  his  name  certainly  wouhl  not  have 
prislueed  such  an  effect  in  the  year  1848."— W. 
Muller,  I'lAitieal  lUttory  of  llertnt  Time*,  teel.  7 
and  14. 

Also  IN:  L.  Blanc,  llinl.  „f  Ten  Year»,  18;10- 
184(1.— F.  P  (Jui/.ol.  Mrnini'ra  to  llluttnite  the 
JIlKt.  of  .Vt/  Oirn  Time.  r.  ;^-4. 

A.  b.  1831-1832.— Intervention  in  the  Neth- 
erlands.—Siege  of  Antwerp.  See  Nethkk- 
I.ASDs:  A.  1).  1H;!0-18IW. 

A.  D.  183^-1840.  —  The  Turko-Egyptian 
question  and  Its  settlement.  Si'eTtiHKB:  A  1> 
ls:ti-lH40. 

A.  D.  1833-1846.— The  subjugation  of  Al- 
geria.—War  with  Abd-el-Kader.  SeeBAKn.\KV 
St\TKS;  .».  1).  |K;tO-lK4« 

A.  D.  i84i-i848.— The  limited  electoral  body 
and  its  corruption.— Agitation  for  reform.— 
The   suppressed    banquet  at   Paris  and  the 


'     ,4*1 


1403 


^naK'TfrnsBV  ^  d^ 


i 


•> 


I 


» 


< 


i    i\ 


■M 


f' 


FRANCE,  1841-1848. 


of  1B4S. 


FRANCE.  1841-1848. 


rcTOlution  which  followed.— Abdication  and 
flicbt  of  the  king.— "The  munanhy  of  tiouis 
Pliilipiw  lasted  for  18  years.  But  the  ex|H-ri- 
mcnt  was  practicable  only  ao  long  aa  the  throne 
rested  on  a  small  iKxIy  of  obedient  electors.  The 
qualification  for  the  franchise  waa  so  high  that 
It  was  held  only  by  3U0.000  people.  So  small  a 
constituency  could  Ik-  '  managed '  by  the  skill  of 
M.  Ouizol  and  M.  Thiers  [who  were  the  chief 
rivals  of  the  time  in  political  leatlerslilpl.  It 
could  be  '  managed '  through  gifts  of  places, 
bribes,  the  influence  of  l(X'al  magnates,  and  the 
pressure  of  public  oHlcials.  There  was  nevtr 
perhaps  so  corrupt  an  electoral  iHxiy.  .  .  .  .M. 
Guizot.  ^-  ho  waa  an  austere  puritan  at  home,  and 
who  has  entered  into  a  competition  with  Saint 
Augustin  as  a  writer  of  religious  meditations, 
raised  many  sneers  to  th"  lips  of  worldlings,  not 
only  by  lending  his  I'  ..d  to  the  infamous  in- 
trigue of  the  Spanish  Marriages,  but  by  allowing 
his  subordinates  to  tratilc  in  places  for  the  sake 
of  getting  votes.  Ills  own  hands,  of  course, 
were  clear ;  n<i  one  spoke  a  whisper  against  his 
personal  purity.     But  he  seemed  to  have  much 

f)ractical  sympathy  with  the  advice  which  Pitt, 
n  one  of  I.,andors  'Imaginary  Conversations.' 
gives  to  his  young  disciple  Canning.  Pecuniary 
corruption  was  the  very  breath  of  life  to  the  con- 
stitutional monarchy.  'The  voters  were  bought  as 
freely  as  if  they  hail  stood  in  the  marketplace. 
The  system  admirably  suited  the  purpose  of  the 
little  family  party  of  princes  and  pat..anicntary 
chiefs  who  ruled  th:^  rountry.  But  it  was  as  artl- 
flcial  and  fleeting;  b.'^  the  sand  ras'.les  which  a 
child  buil<ls  on  the  t  Jge  of  the  advancing  tide. " — 
J.  Macdonell.  Frante  tinee  the  Pift  Empirf,  pp. 
173-174.— '"The  population  of  France  was  then 
84.000.000,  and  the  privilege  of  the  political  fran- 
chise was  vested  exclusively  in  those  who  paid 
in  direct  'azcs  a  sum  not  'less  than  )Si.  This 
class  mrnbered  little  more  than  200.000.  .  .  . 
The  government  had  130.000  places  at  its  dis- 
posal, and  the  use  which  was  made  of  these  dur- 
ing the  18  years  of  Louis  Philippe's  reign  was 
productive  of  oomiptiou  nu)re  widespread  and 
shameless  than  France  had  known  since  the  first 
revolution.  In  the  scarcely  exaggerated  lan- 
guage ast'd  by  M.  de  I,amartine.  the  government 
hiul  'suctTi'dcd  in  making  of  a  nation  of  citizens 
a  vile  band  of  beggars.'  It  was  obvious  to  all 
who  desiroil  the  rc-gcnerat -on  of  France  that  re- 
form must  Ix'gin  with  the  representation  of  the 
people.  To  this  end  tlic  lilxTals  directed  much 
etTort.  They  did  not  as  ^et  pro|X)se  universal 
suffrage,  anil  their  leaders  were  dividcil  between 
an  extension  of  the  franchise  to  all  who  paid  H'i 
of  direct  taxes  and  an  extension  which  went  no 
lower  than  £4.  The  demand  for  nform  was 
resisted  by  the  government.  .  .  .  Among  the 
leaders  of  the  libend  party  were  men  of  high 
ehariicter  and  commanding  influence.  Araj, ). 
Odillon  Barrot.  Iam  i  Blanc.  Thiers.  Lamartine. 
were  furinidable  as.Hiiilunts  for  the  stningest 
govi'mnient  to  encounter.  Under  their  guidance 
the  agitation  for  reform  a.>isumed  dlimnsiims  ex- 
ceedingly end)arrii8sing  and  even  ularining.  For 
once  Krani'c  lM)rn)Wccl  from  England  In  r  method 
of  political  agitation.  Iteform  iMniiuets.  at- 
tenile<l  by  thousanils  of  persons,  were  held  in 
all  the  clifef  towns,  and  the  pressure  of  a  peaceful 
pid>lic  opinion  wascmployed  tool)tain  the  remedy 
of  a  great  wrong.  Tlie  police  made  feeble  at- 
tempts to   iirc'Vcul  ^'ith   gulhcriugs,   but   were 


ordinarily  unsuccenful.  But  the  king  ^mil  > 
Ouizot,  strong  in  the  support  of  the  urinv  .m\ 
purchased  majority  of  the  deputies,  an  iMppai 
ently  little  aware  of  the  vehemence  of  ih.  p,,,,, 
lar  desire,  made  no  effort  to  satisfy  or  iir.i|,iii„i( 
Louis  Philippe  had  wisely  set  a  high  vkIiu  ,, 
the  maintenance  of  cordUl  relations  wiih  Km 
land.  .  .  .  The  Queen  of  EngUnd  gmliiinl  hii 
by  a  visit  [1843|.  *hich  he  returned  a  few  ninnili 
after.  .  .  .  During  these  visiu  thiri'  mis  liiuc 
ctrnversation  regarding  a  Spanish  niiiii(r  '\|ii( 
was  then  of  some  Interest.  The  Spanihh  t.m  n 
ment  was  looking  around  to  finn  Kiiitiiljli-  hw. 
bands  for  their  young  queen  and  her  si!,'i  r  Tli 
hands  of  the  priuceases  were  olTeriHl  ti.  nvo  s.,t 
of  Louis  Philippe.  But  .  .  .  Knglmul  Imikc 
with  disfavour  upon  a  close  alliance  Ihtwicn  tli 
crowns  of  France  and  Spain.  The  kiiiL' «uii| 
not  offend  England.  He  decline<l  llii'  \am\  r 
the  Spanish  queeu,  but  accepte<l  tijiii  of  ht 
sister  for  his  fourth  son,  the  Due  de  .Mniiip.nkiti 
Queen  Victoria  and  her  ministers  upprovifl  c 
that  marriage  on  the  condition  voluntarily  m|!(  re 
by  King  Louis,  that  it  should  not  bike  \,\mv  li 
the  Spanish  queen  wasmarritd  and  had  rhililrci 
But  in  a  few  years  the  king  violated  his  pli  ilci 
and  pressed  upon  Spain  an  arraiigcnunt  urult 
which  the  two  marriages  were  cililm.iMl  tf 
gether  [1846].  ...  To  Louis  Pliilippr  l.iniM'l 
the  transai'tion  was  calamitous,  lie  liml  hnikf 
his  kingly  wonl.  and  he  sIcmmI  iH-fcin  hnrup 
and  before  his  own  people  a  diahoiumn.l  nmt 
.  .  .  Cinumstances  made  it  easy  for  tin- <'p|>iisi 
tion  to  enhance  the  general  discontent.  Man 
evidences  of  shameless  corruption  were  nt  ilii 
time  brought  to  liglit.  .  .  .  The  cp>ps  failtil  t 
1845  and  1846,  and  prices  rose  to  a  faiiiim  puinl 
.  .  .  The  demand  for  parliamentary  nfunn  Iw 
came  constantly  more  urgent;  but  M  (iuiz.i 
heeded  it  not.  The  reformers  took  up  uL'.iin  iln  i 
work  of  agitation.  They  announced  :i  tria 
procession  and  reform  ban(iuet.  Tin  pilire 
somewhat  hesitatingly,  interdicted  x\\i-  (liincm 
stratiou,  and  its  promoters  resolved  to  Mihinlt 
but  the  people,  insufllciently  inforniiil  of  iIks 
movements,  gathered  for  the  iiriKcssioii  in  tli 
early  morning.  All  that  day  [Febniiiry  .".'.  l(««l 
the  streets  were  thronge<l,  and  the  imiic  nn  nt  o 
the  people  increased  from  hour  to  Ijour 
soldiers  were  seen,  and  consiiiuintlv 
occurred.  Next  morning  tlie  .stniti'i.'ii 
the  city  were  garrisoned  by  a  stmii; 
soldiers  and  national  giianls.  and  the  | 
that  the  government  k>ared  tlieni.  Hu-Hf 
suspended,  and  the  constantly  risiiii:  i^ 
foretold  irrepressible  tumults.  Tin-  im  n 
faulxmrgs  appearetl  once  more.  To«iiol 
ing  a  few  barricades  were  thrown  up  :m 
gunsimiths'  8ho|>s  were  pliindired.  Uursi 
the  national  guard  ap[H'areil  to  synip  iilii' 
the  iieople.  .  .  .  To  8p|)euse  the  an:;!  i 
iiiciusure  seemed  8ohop<'ful  us  the  sai  liiin 
ministry.  Guizot  resigneii.  Tliiirsm 
Barrot.  chiefs  of  the  lilK'ral  party,  vm  r 
into  tlic  cabinet.  Marshal  Hu!;<'.iii'l 
|>oiuted  tO  coiiiniand  the  tnmps.  Itui 
day  dc  d  a  disaster  had  occurred  win- ' 
conci^ssion  vain.  Before  one  if  tlu'  y-.'. 
there  was  stationed  a  Imttalioii  oi 
around  which  there  surged  an  ivi  it, 
A  shot  came  from  the  crowd,  ami  «  i- 
responded  to  by  a  volley  which  kilU-l  i 
50  persous.      The    Ijodita  of   the    \ ; 


liiit  ff> 
loiiHio 
"intso 
lone  1) 
•  |,lisa« 


v-.  Ha; 
laticil 

f  111! 

CVI'O 

a  a  U't 
1  ..fall 
.'.  witt 
u<\<.  m 
.  ..f  Ihi 

O.lill.JI 


.MIS  ap 
.  f..rr  iIh 

;„i,!.a! 
:i.-  ..tliit! 

i:il'.li!rv, 

i  ,r..»;i 

r..iliptlj 
v.'illl.W 


1404 


^'m 


FRANCK.  1841   1848. 


7^^  Proviaionat 
Oovrmment. 


FUANCE,   1848. 


placed  on  waggona  and  drawn  alnns  tlic  stiveU, 
Uwt  llie  fury  of  the  people  in!;;lit  bo  excited  to 
the  highest  pitch.  During  that  sleepless  night, 
JUnhal  Bugeaud,  Bkilfiillv  directing  the  forces 
whli-h  he  commanded,  hiid"  taken  the  barricades 
jrd  I'lli'ctively  checked  the  rioters.  But  in  early 
moniing  the  new  ministers  onlend  him  to  desist 
udnitbdraw  his  troops.  They  deemed  it  use- 
leii  to  resist.  Concession  was,  In  their  view, 
the  only  avenue  to  tranquillity.  The  soldiers 
retired;' the  crowds  pressed  on  to  the  Tuileries." 
The  king,  terrl6ed  by  their  approach,  was  per- 
suaded to  sign  an  abdication  in  favor  of  his 
{ranilson,  the  ('omte  de  Paris,  and  to  fly  in  haste, 
■ith  his  family,  from  the  palace  and  from  Paris. 
A  week  later  tlie  rojal  family  "reached  the  coast 
and  embarked  for  England,  .  .  .  their  majesties 
travelling  under  the  lowly  but  well-chosen  in- 
cognito of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bmith.  .  .  .  Immediately 
oD  the  departure  of  the  king,  a  provisional  gov- 
emmint  was  i  rgauized,  with  M.  Lamartinc  at  its 
head. "— U.  Mackenzie,  Tf>e  Sinetunth  Century, 
bk.  3,  ell.  1, 

XiM)  IN:  F.  P.   Guizot,   Franet   uiidtr  Loui» 
Philipjif. — M.  Caussidiire,  Memnirt,  r.  1. 

A.  D.  1848  (February— May).— The  three 
moathi  of  Provisional  GoTcmment. — Its  ex- 
traordinary measures. — Its  absolutism.— Crea- 
tion of  the  Ateliers  Nationaux. — The  conse- 
anences.— On  the  mornini;  of  Fitininry  24th  — 
tne  momiug  of  the  king's  iliglit  —  M.  de  I^inar- 
tine.  entering  the  Palais  Bourbon,  where  ;he 
Chamlicr  of  Deputies  held  its  meetings,  found  in 
Ibe  vestibule  seven  or  eight  persons  waiting  for 
him.  "Who  they  were  we  are  not  told  —  or 
»hat  they  were,  except  that  they  iHloiiged  to  the 
newspaper  press,  Kven  the  names  of  tlie  papers 
with  » liii  h  thev  were  connected  are  not  expnssly 
stated  —  though  the  'National'  and  '  Hefomie' 
are  indicated.  They  deniamled  a  si-ent  ((infer- 
ence. Lamartine  took  them  into  a  distant  apart- 
ment." There  they  "  proposed  to  him  to  substi- 
tute for  Louis-Philippe  tlie  Conite  de  Paris  as 
king,  and  the  Duchess  of  <)rle;ins  as  regent,  uml 
to  place  him  [Lamartine]  over  llieni  as  minister." 
"  Lamartine  does  not  apiieiir  to  have  been  sur- 
prised at  the  proposal,  lie  dois  not  appear  to 
havedoubted  the  power  of  seven  or  eight  journal- 
ists to  dethrone  a  king,  create  a  regent,  and  ap- 
point a  minister  I  Anil  be  was  right.  The  '  Na- 
tional '  anil  the  '  lieforine,'  whose  representatives 
stood  before  him,  did  morv  than  all  this,  a  couple 
of  hours  after.  .  .  .  He  objected  to  their  sclieme 
that  such  an  arrangement  would  not  last,  and 
deelanil  liimst'lf  in  favour  of  a  republic,  basi'd 
on  umvers;il  sullnige ;  .  .  .  they  expnssed  their 
conviciidn,  and  sepanited.  agrei'd,  apparently, 
on  the  i.iurse  of  action  to  be  pursued."  A  few 
hours  l.i'cr,  the  CliamlKT  was  invadi'd  bv  a  1k«1)- 
"1  riniiT'i.  fresh  from  the  s;ick  of  the  'I'uileries. 
The  Duiliiss  of  Orleans,  «lio  bad  presented  her 
silt  at  the  ClmnilHT  w  illi  her  two  cliildren,  tied 
litfiTi'  thim.  ".M.  S.iuzit.  the  Prisiileiit.  ilisa|i- 
["ari'il.  I.ainartiue[«hn  wasspeakinir]  n-iiiaiiied 
iiMlii' trihime.  and  ilciriil  Dupuiit  ile  lljire  to 
Ukf  till  v.icant  elmir.'  Tliereup-.m  a  Pnuisinnal 
(j  iiiiiniint  was  afpointed,  in  .some  fashion  not 
ili'irly 'litaileil.  It  underwent  eirlaiii  chiuii.'es, 
ii.v  uiif  .\i.|aini-i|  ailiiitions.  within  llie  f.>ll,>\\in" 
ibyiirt  \..,  hut  "in  the  •  .Moniteur' of  l-'iliriiarv 
-;  itlii  iliir.l  day  of  the  e\islenie  of  tlie  I'n'i- 
vtsiiiliil  CiuernnienlV  its  ini-MituTs  ;ir..  .irranT,.,] 
uius.-.M-M.  Arago,   bupont    de    llOure.   .Vlliert 


(ouvricr),  F.  Mamtst,  F.  Flocon,  Lamartine,  Marie, 
L.  Blanc,  Crcmieux,  Lcdru  Hollin,  Oamier  Pagia. 
.  .  .  Within  two  days  afl<'r  its  foniiation  It  waa 
on  the  brink  of  ruin  under  an  attack  from  the 
Terrorists  [or  Red  Republicans,  who  assumed 
the  red  tlag  as  their  standard].  .  .  .  The  contest 
had  left  the  meml>er8  of  the  government  in  a 
state  of  mind  which  M.  de  Lamartine  tbiuka 
peculiarly  favourable  to  wise  legislation.  .  ,  . 
'  Every  liieniber  of  the  ("ouncil  sought  [he  says], 
in  the  depths  of  his  heart  and  of  his  intellect,  for 
some  great  reform,  some  great  legislative,  politi- 
cal, or  tnonil  Improvement.  Home  pmposed  the 
instantaneous  abolition  of  negro  slavery.  Othcni, 
the  abolition  of  the  restrictions  imposf^d  by  the 
laws  of  .Septemlxr  upon  the  press.  Simic,  the 
proclnmation  of  fraternity  among  nations,  in 
order  to  abolish  war  by  alKilishing  conquest. 
Some,  the  abolition  of  the  <iualiticatiou  of  elec- 
tors. And  all,  the  principles  of  mutual  ebarity 
among  all  classes  of  citizens.  As  quickly  as 
these  great  demoemtic  truths,  rather  felt  than 
discussed,  were  converted  into  decrees,  they  were 
printed  in  a  press  set  up  at  the  door  of  the  coun- 
cil room,  thrown  from  the  windows  to  the  crowd, 
and  despatched  bv  couriers  through  the  de- 
partments.' .  .  .  The  important  decrees,  which 
actually  bear  date  February  i'l  or  'H\,  and  which 
may  therefnre  be  referred  to  this  evening  of  in- 
stinct, inspiiation,  and  enthusiasm,  are  these:— 
The  l.'>lli.  whiih  sets  at  lilferty  all  |)ersons  de- 
tained on  political  grounds.  The  I  th,  by  which 
tlie  giivirnnient  —  1.  Engages  to  secure  the  exis- 
tence iif  the  operative  (ouvrier)  by  employment: 
2,  Engages  to  secure  eiuploynieiit  (garantir  du 
travail)  to  all  citizens:  H,  Admits  that  operatives 
ought  to  combine  in  order  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of 
their  lalMiur:  4,  And  promises  to  return  to  the 
operatives,  whose  propcily  it  is.  the  million 
..iiich  will  fall  in  from  the  civil  list.  The  22ud. 
w  hicli  dissolves  the  V  .nicipal  Guards.  The  'iOth, 
which  declares  lliat  the  actual  govenunent  of 
France  Is  n'publiciin,  and  that  the  nation  will 
immeilialclv  be  called  on  to  ratify  by  its  votes 
this  resolution  of  the  government  uiid  of  the  peo- 
ple of  Paris.  The  2i»t!i,  which  lUclares  that 
Royalty,  under  any  name  whatever.  ...  is 
alMilished.  .  .  .  And  the  3()tli.  whicli  directs  the 
immediate  establisbmetit  of  national  worksbops 
(ateliers  nationaux).  We  confess  that  wc  agree 
with  Lamartine  in  thinking  that  they  la-ar  the 
stamp  of  instinct  much  more  tliim  that  of  reason. 
.  .  .  The  deelanitioti  that  the  actual  government 
of  Fninie  was  ri  piiblican  .  .  .  was  palpably  un- 
true. The  actual  government  of  France  at  that 
time  was  as  far  riuioved  from  republicaidsm  as 
it  was  piis.silile  fur  a  gnMTiimcntti  be.  It  was  a 
many  headed  Dii  tatorship  —  a  despotic  oligar- 
ehy  Eleven  iiien  —  .some  appointed  in  tbeolliccs 
of  a  iie\.spaper.  and  the  others  by  a  iniib  wliich 
had  liriikeii  into  the  I'harubenif  Deputies  —  ruled 
Fninci',  during  three  nionllis.  with  an  absolute- 
ness of  which  lliire  is  no  oriier  example  in  hi.s- 
tiiry.  ,  ,  Thev  ili-solved  the  Chandierof  Depu- 
lii-;  tliey  fnriiadi  the  piers  to  meet ;  they  added 
■J(HI,{K«)  nil  11  to  the  ri'L'iilar  anny,  and"  raised 
a  iiivv  UK 'nipolitan  army  of  '2(1, (XK)  more  at 
iliiulili-  Ihr  .inlinary  pay;  to  meet  this  expense 
lliiy  ail.liil  4."i  ci'iitiiiiis  til  till'  direct  taxes;  they 
ri'sirii  It'll  the  U,ink  from  cash  payments;  they 
niaile  its  paper  :i  Iriral  iiiidiT,  ami  tliir.  required 
\<  t-i  )"!«!  tilel-  Jiftv  niilHons:  .  ,  .  thi  y  ahired 
the  Imurs  of  lalmur  throughout  France,  and  sub- 


II  % 


m 


1405 


11 


FRANCE,  1848. 


Ateliera  Salionaujt. 


PRANCE,  1848. 


Jeetcd  to  heavy  tlnra  »ny  niiuitcr  who  iilioulil 
allow  his  oppmtivi'B  to  remain  at  work  for  the 
accustomed  period.  .  .  .  The  neresmiry  eoiine- 
qucnce  of  tliu  lOth  decree,  promising  emiih)y- 
mcnt  to  nil  applirants,  wiia  the  creation  of  the 
atelientnatioiiaiix  bytheUUth.  These  workBhopH 
were  iniimiliutely  opened  in  the  otitskirtB  of 
Paris.  A  person  who  wished  to  take  advaiita);e 
of  the  olTirs  of  the  Oovernment  tiKik  from  the 
pers<in  wjili  tthoni  he  lodjred  a  eertitieate  that  he 
was  an  inlialiitant  of  the  Departnieot  de  la  S<'iii<'. 
This  (eriiiiiale  Iw  larriid  to  the  niairie  of  his 
arromiis.scinrnt.  and  olitained  an  oriler  of  ailmis- 
Bion  to  an  alilirr.  If  he  was  reeeiveil  and  em- 
ployi'd  there,  he  obtained  an  order  on  his  inairie 
for  forty  sous.  If  he  was  not  received,  after 
havini;  applied  at  all  of  them,  and  found  them 
all  lull,  lie  reeiiveil  an  order  for  thirty  boiih. 
Thirty  sous  is  not  hi^'h  pay;  hut  it  was  to  lie 
had  for  loini; nothing;;  amiluipesof  lulvancenient 
were  held  out.  Kvery  ImwIv  of  eleven  persons 
fonneil  an  escouade;  and  Ihiir  hi'ad,  the  eseoua- 
(lier.  eleiled  by  his  companions,  pot  half  n  franc 
a  day  extni.  Vive  es<'ouades  fornietl  a  brigade ; 
and  the  brigadier,  also  elected  by  his  sulH>rdi- 
nates,  receivi'd  three  francs  a  day.  At)ove  these 
a^rain  wire  the  lieutenants,  the  chefs  de  eoni- 
pa>rnie,  the  chefs  de  wrvice,  and  the  chefs  d'ur- 
Mnilis.si'nient,  appointed  by  the  Oovernment,  and 
re<eivin>r  progressively  hi^fher  Balaries.  Besides 
this,  bread  was  clistributed  to  their  families  in 
proportion  to  the  uiimlKTof  children.  The  hours 
supposeil  to  Ih.'  employed  in  lalwur  were  nine 
and  a  half.  .  .  .  This  seniimilitary  organisation, 
regular  payment,  ami  nominal  work  pnKluceii 
results  which  we  cannot  suppose  to  have  been  im- 
expect<'d  by  the  Oovernment.  AI.  KmilcTliomns 
tells  us  that  in  <me  mairie,  tliat  containin);  the 
Kaubour)?  St.Antoine.  a  mere  supplemental 
bureau  enrolled,  from  -March  12  to  20,  more  than 
1,(HK)  new  applicants  I- try  ilay.  We  have  l)e- 
fore  us  a  list  of  thos<!  who  IkkI  Ih-cu  enrolled  on 
May  19,  and  it  amounts  to  H7,942.  A  month 
later  it  amounted  to  12,"i,(MH)  —  representing,  at 
4  to  a  family,  6(X»,tKK)  p<rsons  —  more  than  one 
half  of  the  population  of  Paris.  To  suppose  that 
such  an  anny  as  this  could  be  regtdarly  organ- 
ised, fed,  and  paiil,  for  months  in  idleness,  and 
then  quietly  <lisbanded,  was  a  folly  of  which  the 
Provisional  Oovernment  was  not  long  guilty. 
Tliey  soon  siiw  that  the  monster  which  tliev  had 
ereate<l  could  not  be  sulHlued,  if  it  could  be 
BUlxlued  at  all,  by  any  means  short  of  civil  war. 
.  .  ,  ■  .V  thunder  cloud  (sjiys  M.  de  I.amartine) 
was  alwavs  In-fore  our  eyes.  It  wiis  fomieil  by 
the  ateliers  nationaux.  '  This  army  of  120,(KM) 
workpeople,  the  great  part  of  whom  were  idhrs 
ami  agitators,  was  tlie  lieposit  of  the  misery,  the 
laziness,  tlie  vagrancy,  the  vice,  and  the  sedition 
whieh  the  tliHsl  of  the  revoluticm  had  cast  up 
Hn(i  .ft  on  its  .siiores.'.  .  .  As  they  were  man- 
aired,  the  ateliers  nationaux,  it  is  now  admitt<>d, 
pPKlueeii  or  aggravateil  the  very  I'vils  whieli 
lliey  professed  to  eure  i>r  to  palliate.  They  pro- 
iluteii  or  continued  the  stagnation  of  husines.s 
w  liieh  Ihey  were  lo  remedy,  and,  when  they  be- 
eanie  ;tttsoluI«-ly  inlnli-rabli'.  Ilie  altenipt  lo  put 
an  erjil  to  tliem  (S'fasione.l  the  ( ivil  war  which 
thev  weri'  to  prevent.'— N.  \V.  Senior,  Jwiniula 
kfjil  in  J-ninri  iihd  Ita'i/.  1S4!^-1S.V2,  r.  1,  ;./i. 
l-t-.V,t. 

Also  IN,   Maruuis  of   Normanby.    .'1    Yiiir  nf  . 
iUr^'CiU'iii.  (-/(.  a-11  (r.  I).  — I.,  lilanc,   llmUincnl   ; 


Ilmhition;  1848.— A.  dc  Lamartine,  //„(  „( 
7ilnv</«<inn«/1848.— J.  P.  Simpson,  l'i,-i„,,,j 
Reraliilioiuiiy  Ptiri: 

A.  D.  184S  (April— December),  The  C 
atituent  National  Aaaemblr,  and  the  Cor 
tution  of  the  Second  Republic— Savage 
terrible  inaurrection  of  the  worlcmen  of 
Ateliera  Nationaux. — Vigoroua  dictatorshi 
Cavaipiac— Appearance  of  Louis  Napoh 
I  — Hia  election  to  the  Preaidency  of  the 
public— Th(  eleethin  by  universal  -iii!rn;, 
a  ('onstitiient  Nalhmal  Assembly,  iwi,,  ,1,1,1 
on  aeeoimt  of  fears  of  popular  turlmlMiie  | 
place  on  the  2ad  of  April,  and  re^nlii.l  i,, 
return  of  a  very  Cimscrvalive  majnrii\.  Ian 
composed  of  Napoleonists,  I.egiliiiii.iC  ainl 
leanlsts.     The    meeting    of  Ilie    .\v>.  miMv 

o|M'nedon  tin' 7th  r)f  May.     "The l.riiiVv 

anxhius  to  invest  M.  dc"  Lamartine  wiili  ;i  ili 
torial  authority,"  which  he  deelinid  Kv. 
ually  an  executive  cimimisshtn  of  liviw;i, 
pointed.  .  .  .  Theeommissionconsi.sii.liif .\r;i 
Oarnier  Pagiy  Marie,  Ijimartine,  ami  I.,, 
lioilin.  ,  .  .  This  conciliatory  exediiivi  , 
mission  was  elected  by  the  Assendilv  "ii  tin- 1 
of  May.  On  the  l.'Sth,  the  •coneilialeil '  111.1,  l,r 
into  the  chamber,  insulted  the  depiiii.i,  mr 
them  out,  pnH'laimed  a  provisional  >:"vc  riitni 
and  then  marched  tothe  Ilfllel  deVille,  u  In  rr  1 
were  installed  with  due  revoluii.ihaiv  s^l 
nity;"  but  the  Nati<mal  OuanI  ralliid  ii,tlii> 
port  of  the  govenmient,  and  the  insurn  <  limi  1 
promptly  suppressed.  "Eleven  vaiaiK  i(s  in 
Assembly  had  to  be  tilled  in  tlie(hpartiii(  iit.if 
Seine,  on  account  of  double  returns.  TheM  i 
tions  pro<luced  fresh  uneosinesH  in  \'nrU  Kig 
on  the  list  stcsHl  I,ouis  Napoh'on  l!on;i|i;irli  .  1 
among  the  names  mentione<i  as  lUhliliiis  1 
that  of  Prince  de  Joinville,  the  mo>r  Mu|iiil.ir 
the  Orleans  princes.  The  e.\eeuliv,-  .nniMii» 
app<'ars  to  have  In'cn  more  afraid  "f  ilii' lai 
tlian  of  the  former;  and  to  prevent  ilje  di^ap 
able  circumstance  of  Frame  ntuniini:  Mm 
the  Assembly  as  one  of  her  npreseniiiilve«.  tl 
thought  themsilves  justitied  in  dr.  Lirini; 
whole  Orleans  family  incapable  of  servii.i;  Krai 
in  any  capacity.  .  .  .  Louis  Napi 
first  proclamation  of  the  I{epuiili( , 
offered  his  services;  but  was  by  I  In 
Oovernment  requested  to  withdraw 
name  ndglit  trouble  the  republic.  . 
napartes  liad  Iwen  elected  meiniK  r- 
and  three  sat  in  the  Assembly;  biii 
heir  of  the  Emperor,  Louis  .N.ip' 
them  mueh  uneasiness.  .  ,  .  Already 
gone  about  the  HoulevanI  crying  '  V 
pereur.'  The  name  of  Ilonaparti  «  i 
popular  with  the  lK)urgeoi.sie ;  it  wm^  1 
of  unitetl  and  strong  government  to  : 
election,  Louis  Napoleon  wrote  to  ili 
of  the  Assembly:  a  phra.se  in  his  li  ii' 
sidenible  ofTcnce.  Some  days  bel.ir 
had  proposetl  his  exclusion  from  li. 
and  the  country;  but,  as  it  app.  iinl 
no  way  implicated  in  tlie  »eilili"ii- 
voted  Ids  admission  by  u  large  ni:ij. 
plirasi'  which  gave  umlinige  w:(s.  1 
try  imposes  duties  ui>oii  me,  I  slt;iI1  k 
fulfil  them.' .  .  .  However,  by  .1  .-liN 
tcr,  dated  the  Mill,  he  rcMored  r  1 
saying  he  wtnild  resign  ratiier  lluin  ! ' 
tumult.  Kut  the  real  difiieulliis  'I  ' 
iiicnt  arose  Ironi  a  dillerent  cauw      1 


l.a.l  M  ,A 

I'tifvi-iu 

a>  lii^  gr 

.   .  T«..l 

r.r  CTvi 

:r>  tlif  III 

Irnli    ran: 

limlN  \, 

:v.    IE 

^  n.'I    1 

I  Li.:ir:ili 

II  nil 

.  lY.-i.l. 
r  J  . .'  M 
l.;iii-,iri 

.\w|lll 


MI\ 


T 


U   hdW 

■  jU'  nt  I' 


1400 


FHANCE,   1H4H 


Inaurrrctwn 
o/  Iht  Workmm 


FRANCE,  1848. 


AjiPiiibl^  bore  with  Imnntipncc  the  fxpenst!  of 
the  Att'licn  Niitionaiix :  It  was  cnMiigli  to  tuibmit 
10  tin'  fin'llouH  »pirit  of  thow-  l»Klin(;  Imt  it  wiis 
too  much  to  |uiy  them  for  kcoplnj;  on  fiHit  iin  or- 
pnlziil  insiirrcrlioii,  ever  rca<ly  to  hrt'itk  out 
ind  ilcliige  the  rupltal  In  IiUhmI.     The  executive 
commiwilon  hail  lieen  (lesln)iis  of  llnilin);  means 
inailudllyto  Icsaen  the  niimlKTsn'oelvIng wages; 
loil  on  the  IStli  of  May,  it  was  resolved  to  elosi! 
the  li«t».    The  eommlwiion  foresaw  that  if  tlie 
Alcliers  were  at  onee  aliolished.   It  would  pro 
dure  a  ri'lK'lllon  In  I'aris:  and  they  liopt'd.  Ilrst, 
by  prcventinn  any   more  iM'ing  Inserilwil,   ami 
Uun  by  W'tllnff  them  to   lasli  worl<,   that  tliey 
ihoulil  gnidually  get  the  niimlH'rs  ri'ilneed.  .   .  '. 
But tlie  Assembly  would  not  wait;  they  onlend 
ill  llie  worlimen  Ijetwwn   IH  ami  2^  years  old, 
»ihI  unmarried,  to  \k  drafted  into  the  army,  or 
tu be iliscliarged ;  and  they  wire  breaking  them 
up  m  rapidly,  tliat  if  the  workmen  wanted   to 
9;lit  it  was  evident  that  It  must  l>e  done  at  once 
or  lint  nt  all.  .   .   .  General  Cavaignac,  who  had 
bcfni«rit  for  from  Africa,  wiw  on  his  arrival  in 
P«ris  niiniiil  Minister  at  \V'ar,  and  h:ul  command 
of  the  troops.  .  .  .  Pn'panilions  for  the  conllh  t 
coraimnced  on  Thursday  the  32nd  of  June;  l)ut 
it  was  noon  of  the  following  day  ere  the  first 
ihot  was  tired.     It  is  suiil,  that  had  the  execu- 
tive roininission  known  what  they  were  about, 
Iht  liiails  of  the  insurrection  might  have  1m'«'Ii 
til  Hrnstiil    In   the   meantime,    for    they   were 
walking  ulMiut  all  day,  and  at  one  time  met  in 
the .liinlin  iles  l'lant<s.      The  ttghting  on  the  i'M 
nmtinuid  all   day,  wiili   miicli  slaughter,   and 
little  practical  result.  .   .  .   The  c'Xtent  of  l\u-  in- 
lurgent  lines  swallowed  up  the  triHips,  so  that, 
though  great  nuinlxrs  wen;  in  I'aris,  then;  ap- 
peared to  l)e  a  dellcieney  of  tin  in,  and  louil  com- 
pUint-s  were  maile  against  the  inefllcipncy  of  the 
fieeutive  commission.      During  the  night  the 
lighting  ceasi'd,  anil  Ixitli  parties  were  occupied 
in  strtngthening  their  [losltions.    The  Assembly 
•as Bitting  in  permanence;  they  were  highlv  iii- 
censeil  against  the  executive  commiaRion,'anil 
wished  tliein  to  send  in  their  ri'signations;  hut  the 
litter  nfuseil,  saying  it  was  cowanlly  to  do  so 
in  the  face  of  Insumction.     The  Assembly  then 
fotmully  deposed  the  i  nmniission,  and  ap|)i>iiiicd 
Cuvaigiiw  dictator:  to  which  nmmgeiiicnt   the 
eiecutive  commission  at  once  assented.   The  (ten- 
«.itl  inst.inlly  ordereil  the  National  Quanls  to  pre- 
vent i-«iMnlilage8  In  the  stri'ets,  and  that  no  one 
ibould  go  out  without  a  pass:  anv  one  going 
about,  out  of  uniform,  without  permission,  wius 
walked  linmc.      In  this  manner  many  jM-rsons 
niming  aininunition  to  the  insurgents  wen>  ar- 
restetl     .\.t  noon,  he  sent  a  Hag  of  tnice  with  a 
pMclain;ilion,  offering  an  amnesty  to  the  rebels. 
at  thi- suggestion  of  the  ex-prefect  Caussidifre- 
butilw:H  unhesitatingly  rejected.     This  lattei- 
persinui;.-,  though  he  was  not  among  the  barri 
iiui?*.  «;h  hy  nuinv  thought  to  be  the  head  of 
the  iiisiirnition.     The  troops  of  the  insurgents 
werv  imn^iged  with  gri'at  military  skill,  showing 
that  |i.r~.!w  of  military  knowledge  must  have 
h^ul  the  •iinmand;    though  no  one   knew   who 
wi-n-  ih,  ir  leaders.   .   .   .    During  the  early  part 
01  till-  'liv.  tlie  lighting  was  maiiilvon  the  .south- 
ern m,1i-  if  the  river.     The  ihunirof  .St.  (Jervais 
ami  tin- bridges  were  carried  with  gri'at  slaugh- 
ter, a-,  u,;i  iis  the  church  of  St.   Severin.  ami 
!»■■■•  ST-i!  m-:iii  liU.-incr.H  the  P.iiiliu..ii .  and  by 
lourool,«k,  the  troops  had  comiuered  the  whole 


of  the  louth  bank  of  the  «eino.     On  the  other 
side,  a  hot  engagement  woa  going  nn  in  the  Kau 
bourgs  I'oisaonnljro  and   8t.  Denis:  tlieiic  wcri' 
carriiil  with  great  lorn  M  a  Ute  hour,  whence 
the  Insurrection  wa«  forced  buck  to  Its  grmt 
stronghold,  the  Clos  St.  Lazarc;  which  defied 
every  effort  of  Qeneral  I.jimoricii>re  to  take  it  on 
Saturday.      An  untlnLshed  hospital  served  lui  a 
citjidil,  and  wveml  churches  and  public  build 
ings  as  out  [losts;  while  the  old  dty  wall,  which 
they  had  loop  holed,  enableil  them  to  Are  on  the 
troops  in  compamtlve  security ;  but  the  buildings 
wen:  breached  with  cannon,  and  the  insurgents 
by  four  o'cliHk  on  Sunday  were  dispersed.  .   .  . 
.V  ilespiTile  struggle  was  going  on  at  a  late  hour 
in  the  Fauliourg  dii Temple;  and  on  the  .Monday 
morning  the  insurgents  nimle  a  stand  behind  the 
Canal  St.  .Martin,  where  they  sent  to  treat  on  con- 
dition of  retaining  their  arms.     But  Cavalgniic 
would  hear  of  no  tJTins.     It   was  thought,  at 
one  lime,  that  they  had  surrenderul ;  when  some 
soldiers,  going  within  the  lines,  wen>  surprised 
and  miinlereil.     Ilostilities  at  once  Is'gan  again, 
and  the  Insurgents  were  finally  subdued  by  one 
o'clock  on  Monday  the  2«th.     The  victory  was 
ile;irly   liought:  8,000  wet«  ascertaineil  Ui  have 
been  killed  or  woiindiil;   and,  as  many  bixlies 
wen-  thrown  into  the  Seine  unrecogniseil,  this  is 
much  under  the  niimlxT.     Nearly  14,000  prison- 
ers were  liiken,  and  a,Ot)0  of  these  died  of  gaol 
fever.      .  .  The  exrellent  Archbishop  of  Paris. 
Denis  Auguste  jVffre,  fell  a  siwriflce  to  his  Chris- 
tian iK-nevolence.  Horrified  at  the  slaughter,  he, 
attended  by  two  of  his  vicars  carrying  the  olive- 
bmncli  of  peace,  passeil  bi-tween  the  combatants. 
The  firing  ceaseil  at  his  appearance;  but,  from 
the  discharge  of  a  single  musket,  it  began  again: 
he,  nevertheless,  mount4!il  the  barricade  and  de- 
scended into  the  midst  of  the  insurgents,  and  was 
in  the  act  of  addressing  them,  when  some  patriot, 
fearing  the  effect  of  his  exhortations,  shot  him 
fnim  a  window.  .  .  .  General  Cavalgnae,  iminc- 
diately  after  the  pacification  of  Paris,  laid  down 
the  t^'miKir.try  dictatorship  with  which  he  had 
Is-en  invested  by  tlie  Assembly ;  but  their  grati- 
tude for  the  salvation  of  siwiety  led  them  to  ap- 
point him  President  of  the  ('oiincil,  with  the 
power  to  name  his  own  .Ministry.     He  at  onee 
sent  adrift  all  the  reil  republican  party,  and  chose 
a  .Ministry  fnira  among  the  moderate  class  of  re- 
publicans; to  which  he  afterwards  oilded  some 
members  of  the  old  opposition.  .  .  .  Prince  Louis 
Napoleon  was  again  thrust  upon  the  Assembly, 
by  lieing  elected  for  Corsica;   but  he  wrote   a 
letter  on  the  8tli  of  July,  saying,  that  though  he 
did  not  n'liouiice  the  honour  of  one  day  sitting  as 
a  rcpre.siMitntive  of  the  |M'ople,  he  would  wait  till 
the  time  when  bis  return  to  France  could  not  in 
any  way  serve  as  a  iiritext  to  the  enemies  of  the 
republic       .  .  On  Tuesilay,  the  86th  of  SepU'in- 
Isr,  slmrily  after  the  president  had  taken  his 
seat,   l.ouis  Napoleon  appeannl   quietly  In  the 
ihamlM  r,  and  placed  hiiiLself  on  one  of  the  back 
iK'nches.  .  .  .  The  ili.scus.sion  of  the  constitution, 
which  li;id  Ixen  referred  to  a  committee,  was  the 
only  subject  of  interest,  except  the  important 
question  of  how  the  pn'.sident  should  be  elected. 
It  was  proposed  by  simie  that  the  assembly  itself 
should  elect  a  president,  a  proposition  which  was 
eventually  negatived  by  a  large  majority.     Tin- 
real  object  was  toexcliide  IxHiis  Napoleon. whosi- 
gri-iii  iKiinc  gave  him  every  iliancc  of  sucii'ss.  if 
an  apiiial  were  iimile  to  the  universal  suffrage  of 


1407 


FRANCE,  1H4H 


Ilrftdtnl. 


PRANCE.  1881 


the  nation,  which  thr  rrpubliranii  distriithtl. 
Another  iimendiui'iit  wun  iiKivitl  to  rxcliiiic  ull 
nrctemlrni  to  tho  thninc;  on  whioli,  allusion  l)o 
log  made  t«>  I^hiIh  Niipuli'on.  ho  moiinlwl  tlic 
roatrtiin.  and  denied  that  he  wiia  a  preti'ndcr. 
.  .  The  re<l  n'pulilleiinii  were  desiroiiH  of  hav- 
inft  no  president,  and  that  tlie  conatituent  amcin- 
Illy  Itself  shimlil  name  the  mlnistere.  It  was  not 
the  only  eonstltutiiiniil  |H)int  in  dispute;  for 
weckit  and  months  tlic  deb'itc  on  llie  constitution 
dragged  its  weary  length  along:  nmemlmcnts 
were  dlicussetl.  and  the  work  when  tuniwl  out 
was,  as  might  have  Urn  exiKTt<Ml,  a  Uitch  after 
all.  ...  It  wa«  eventually  ugnHnl,  that  to  give 
validity  to  tlic  election  of  a  president  it  should 
l>c  necessary  that  he  should  have  mon;  than  a 
half  of  all  the  votes  given;  that  is  to  say,  more 
vot(»  than  all  the  oUht  candidates  p\it  together; 
if  not,  thi^  aHscMiliiv  was  to  chixise  Ik'twecn  the 
liiglniit  candidate  on  tlie  list  and  his  comix-titors. 
by  wliich  means  tliev  lio|H>d  to  be  able  to  get  rid 
iif  IJonaparte.  .  .  .  Tlic  constitution  wa»  pro- 
(laiii.e<l  on  the  10th  of  NovemlHT.  .  .  .  Tlie 
legitimist  and  Orleanist  parlies  refuw-d  to  start  a 
candidate  for  fear  of  wcaliening  Bonaparte,  and 
thus  throwing  tlie  choice  into  llic  hands  of  the 
assembly,  who  would  clioosi^  Oeneral  Cavaignac. 
lloth  tlicse  parties  gave  the  former  at  least  a 
nei;illve  support;  ami  as  M.  Tliiers  declared  that 
nine  tenths  of  the  country  were  opposed  to  the 
(leniTal  as  loo  revoluticinary,  it  was  clear  that  in 
llie  country  itself  reaction  wa.s  going  on  fa.Hter 
than  in  the  asscmlily.  .  .  .  I/Oiiis  Nni>oleon's 
chief  support  was  from  the  iolialiitanU  of  tlic 
country  districts,  tlic  iM'a.Hantry.  .  .  .  On  the 
lOlh  of  IVicemlHT,  5.5:14. •'iJO  votes  wen;  ri'cordcd 
for  I^uis  Nap.ileon.  (Iciieral  Cavaignac  had 
l,44S,a03.  Then  came  IaiUw  Hollin;  then  Rus- 
pail.  Lamartiiie  got  li,l»14;  2:1.  "lU  were  dis- 
allowed, as  being  given  for  some  of  the  banlslicd 
royal  family.  The  total  number  of  voters  was 
7  449  471." — E.  S.  Cay  Icy,  The  Kitrnpean  Itentlii- 
(i'o»»/l»48,  ».  \.(h.  4-5. 

AiJio  IN ;  J.  P.  Corkran,  llitt.  of  the  CxuititiieiU 
Xalitiiuil  Aimemhly  friim  Miii).  1848.— Marquis  of 
Xormanby,  A  Year  of  l{rr<iliiliim,  eh.  li»-15(i!.  2). 
II.  C  Lockwood.  a>n»t.  JIM.  of  Fraiuv,  ch.  5, 
ind  ajip.  8. 

A.  D.  1840.— Interrention  at  Rome,  to  crush 
the  rerolutionary  republic  and  restore  the 
Pope.— French  capture  and  occupation  of  the 
citf.     S<c  Italy;  A.  I).  1848-184U. 

A.  D.  1849-1850.— Diiagreement  with  Eng- 
land in  Greece.— The  Don  Pacifico  affair.  See 
Okkkck;  a.  1).  1846-lH.m 

A.  D.  1851.— The  plot  of  the  Coup  d'Etat.— 
"Ill  the  iH'giiiiiiiig  of  the  winter  of  18.")1  Frame 
was  .still  a  republic;  but  the  ('oiislitulioii  of  1H48 
had  htnick  no  root.  Tliire  was  a  filling  thit 
the  cnuiitrv  liiul  Ihiu  surprisiil  ami  1 'sned  into 
the  art  of  "declaring  itself  a  repulilic.  ..I  that  a 
moii.irclilcal  system  of  government  \ii.s  the  only 
one  adaplisi  fiir  Kniiicc.  The  sense  of  instaliility 
wliiili  .sprang  from  this  iH'lief  wascoimected  willi 
an  ;iL;iinisiiii.' dread  of  iiisurrcclions.  .  .  More 
iiv.r.  to  llio.si'  nhowatclied  anil  fean'ii,  it  seemed 
th.ii  llie  shadow  on  the  liial  was  iiiovini.'  on  wiili 
.1  irrrililc  steadiness  to  the  hour  whin  a  nliirn  1m 
iiKir. 'iv  w;is.  as  it  were,    pre-urdaini-ii  by   l.ivv  ; 


onsiitiitiiin  n'i|iiin-.l  that  a  new  pre^ 

1 >..,. II...  ...r! f    ll...     I'.,ll, 


.i'leiit 


yc  li     ,    .        Ill    L'liii-nil,    Kr.iiii'i 
ihai.  niitvv'iihsUiii'tiiii^  the  link 


lli.Mi^'ht   it    liesl 
of  the  Constitu- 


tion, which  stno<l  in  the  way.  the  then  Priniilii) 

should  b<>  quietly  rc-electeil ;  and  a  lari."  iiiajf.riii 

of    the   Assembly,   faithfully   reprem min.-  [\,\, 

opinion,  had  come  to  a  vote  which  sim.'ht  hif\n 

It  effect;  but  their  desire  was  Imlllid  ly  :in  iin 

wise  provision  of  the  Uepubllcan  ('h:iiii  r  wlirt 

had  laid  it  down  that  no  conslltullonil  <\mi, 

nliould  titke  iilace  without  the  siuicllun  ,,1  iljn.. 

fourths  of  tlie  Assembly.      By  this  c  Inmiv  Im 

the  action  of  theHtate  system  waslniinptn.)  ,i|,{ 

many  whose  minds  generally  ineliii'l  iIjuh  1,1  d' 

spect  legality  were  forced  toacknowliil .-.  1  h  it  iln 

Constitution  wanted  a  wrench."   The  I'n  -il.  iii.il 

tlie  republic.  Prince  I/mis  Napolemi  ll.ii iiwnr 

"  had  always  wished  to  bring  aboui  a  1  hiiiji  ii 

the  coiistllutiiin.  but,  originally,  he  hul  lii.|«v 

tube  able  to  do  this  with  the  aid  ami   ip]iri.v;i 

of  some  at  least  of  the  statesmeii  an  I  iiiuiiiii 

gcnends  of  the  country."     Hut.  "aliliMU.-li  tli.n 

were  numliera  in  France  who  would  hn,'  ln,.| 

heartily  ghid  to  sec   the    Itepuhlii    1  ru-lii  i|  Iri 

some  able  dictator,  there  were  hardly  :iiiy  iml.li' 

men  who  iKlievcd  tliat  in  tlie  l'resi>|.  iit  <•!  ili 

Kepublic  they  would  tlud  tile  man  liny  wini.il 

Therefore"  his    overtures   to   the    ;;iiii 1. 111,11  n 

France  were  always  rejected.     Kn  ry  ^Uiir^iiu; 

to  whom  he  applied  nfused  to  eiiN  n  liii  hi^  |  m 

posals.     Kvery  general  whom  he  iir.c  I  ul»,i) 

said  that  for  whatever  he  did  he  iiiu-t  lii\'-    i 

order  from  the  .Ministemf  War'     Tin  I'li  m.Ii  11 

iH'ing  thus  rebulled,  his  plan  of  1  li  iiiiriiu'  lli 

form  of  government  with  the  assi-iit  it  ^>u\i-  ■ 

the  leading  statesmen  and  gem  nils  uf  ili.'  inn 

try  degenerated  into  scliemis  of  a  vi  ry  ililTc  fn 

kind;  and  at  length  he  fell    into  tin    luiiK  1 

piTsons  of  the  iiuality  of  I'lr^isny,  M 'rny,  1111 

rMciiry.  .  .  .  The  President  had  Ihiii  a  iriiiiiii 

of    the  law  of  the  Hist  of  .May.  n-iri,  tin,-  ll 

fniuchise.  but  he  now  iH^came  Ihi    1  !i  miii  11  ■ 

universal  suffrage.     To  minds  vir^il  in  |wliiji 

tliiseliange  might  have  siillliiil  M  .!i..  l.-'  li, 

nature  of  the  w-hcmes  upon  wliiili  liie  t'iiiif  1 

the  Slate  was  brooding;  but.  fnnii  lir-i  l»  las 

words  tending  to  allay  KUs|iiei"ii  h  nl  ln'ii  iw 

with  great  industry  iiiid  skill,      Ki'im  ;!ii'  lU' 

ment  of  his  coming  l»'fore  the  piiMi.    111  Film 

ary  1848,  the  Prince  laid  hold  of  aliiin,i  ev.i 

occa.sion  he  could  tlnd  for  viiwiiii,'.  a- liii  iii 

again,  that  he  harbored  no  siIh  im  s  ii.Miii»i  tl 

Constitution.   .   .  .   It  was  naliinl  lliil  in  l'"'l>ir 

at  the  operation  wliiili  clmiig"il  He  Uifuiilii  iii| 

an  Empire,  tlie  attention  of  the  nli^i  rn  r  slici 

Ik!  coneentmted  upon  tlie  pirsniiwli'.  iilruii 

the  C:hi  f  of  tlie  State,   was  .ilmul  t:.  n'laiii 

the  Jirone;  and  there  seems  tn  !»  im 

what  may  lie  called  the  lilerary  piri  . 

action  was  performed  by  the  I'n^i  li  i 

lie  was  the  lawyer  of  the  (imli.l.i 

doubt  wrote  the  Pnii  laniatii.iis.  tlu' 

and  the  t,'onstiliitions.  ami  all  siii  li 

but  it   seems  tliat   the  propilliiii:  i' 

lirouirht  the  plot  to  bear  was  iii.niiiv 

Cniiiit  dcMorny.  and  tiy  a  risuluie  M 

Kleury.     .M.  Nloniy  was  a  man  "!'  ; 

and   gifted  with  liiore  than  ciniiin  ; 

fascination.       lie    had    lueii  a   nn  ^ 

Clianiberof  nepiities  in  Hie  tini.' •  : 

rliy .  but  he  was  rallier  kinom  I"  1  ' 

speculator  than  as  a  iinliiiiiaii-     ll 

and  selliT.if  thi.se   fnietimial  :ri'  < 

i...ts  ill  tr;i(lin|T  julvetil  illes.  wilirll  J 

of  'Sllari's.  ■  ,    .    .    lie  knew  li'H  i     '■ 

pany,'  ami  lie  now  umlertiMik  f     ■ 


.1  -il.l  til 
■  I  thrtnn 
I  i:i|.'r^.i 

,1    11.1 

I';,  iiivit. 

!\i  ihiiic 
.■\.  r  wliii 
.,,l.p;i,.ll 
,  ■  r,  ni'lli 
.    •  iliriii 


,  hii> 
■  iltli 


1408 


FRANCE,  18.M 


r»»  lint  .  • 
IKt  t'uup  d  t:tal 


FRANCE,  18S1 


tiniiii  which  were  dedtlned  tn  be  more  lurnitivi- 
In  him  lli«n  nny  of  liiH  former  B<lvi'iilim'».  .  .  . 
It  HH'iiiii.  Iiowever,  tliiit  the  nmn  who  wiia  tlic 
BMt  utile  t<)  iimke  the  Preiildent  act,  to  ilrlvo  him 
deep  Into  hit  own  plot.  sn<l  llerecly  earrjr  lilin 
tfu6iiKh  It,  w»  Mnjor  Fleiiry.  "'■  "■"  ■'■" 


lie  was  <lnr- 


bift  inil  resolute,  itnil  liU  during  wiis  of  the  kind 
which  holds  gocNl  in  the  moment  of  danger.     If 
Pririw  liOiils  Bon«|mrtc  was  liold  and  ingenious 
ia  ilesiguing,  Fhnrv  was  the  man  to  execute. 
The  languiiifc'  iield  by  the  generals  who  dc- 
cisred  that  ihey  would  act  under  the  aulhorily 
of  the  MinlsU'r  of  War  and  not  without  It,  sug- 
mied  the  contrivance  which  was  resorted   to. 
ITfury  cletermlnwl  to  find  a  inllll«ry  man  capable 
of  coinnmnd,  capalilo  of  s«>cri-<-y,  and  capable  of 
sirt'it  vi'iitun-.     The  p<>nion  chiuM'n  was  to  Im 
nmiKTlv  sounded,  and  If  he  scemitl  willing,  was 
to  U'  ii()niitted  Into  the  |>lot.     He  was  then  to  Iw 
maile  Minister  of  War,  In  order  that  through  him 
the  wliolc  of  the  land  fori'es  slioulil  Iw  at  thcdls- 
ponal  of  the  plotters.     Fleury  went  to  Algeria  to 
Jml  the  instrument  reqiured,  and  ho  so  well  wr- 
(ormeil  his  task  that  he  hit  uimn  a  general  officer 
who  WM  christened,  it  seems.  Jacigues  Arnauil 
Le  llov,  but  was  known  at  this  time  as  Achillc 
bt.  ,\r'naud.  ...   lie  readily   entered   Into    the 
plot.     Fn)in  the  moment  that  Prince  I.,ouin  lloiia- 
psrie  and  his  assiMlateahad  entrusted  theirsecret 
10  the  man  of  Fleury 's  si'lection,  it  was  perhaps 
banlly  iMMslble  for  them  to  flinch,  for  tho  exi- 
pncies  of  St.  Aniaud,  formerly  l-e  Roy,  were 
not  likely  to  be  on  so  modest  a  si-ale  as  to  consLst 
with  the  financial  arrangements  of  a  Kepiiblic 
govemiil  by  law,  and  the  dlwontent  of  a  person 
of  hisipiality  with  a  secret  like  that  in  hisclutrgo 
woiilil  plainly  bring  the  ri'st  of  the  bri'thrcu  into 
danger.     He  was  made  Minister  of  War.     This 
was  on  the  27th  of  Octolier.     At  the  same  time 
M.  Maupas  or  de  Maupas  was  brought  into  the 
Ministry.  .  .  .  Perslgny,  pn)perly  Fialin,  was  in 
the  plot.     lie  was  ilescenile<l  on  one  side  of  an 
UK'itDt  family,  and  ilinliking  his  father's  name 
he  teems  to  have  calletl  himself  for  many  years 
tfter  the  name  of  his  maternal  gnindfathcr.   .   .  . 
It  was  necessary  to  take  measures  for  paralyzing 
the  National  Uuanl,  but  the  force  was  under  the 
enmmiind  of  General  Perrot,  a  man  whoi«!  hon- 
Bty  could  not  be  tamiH-red  with.     To  dLsmiss 
hiiii  audilenly  would  be  to  excite  suspicion.     The 
followliig  expc<lient  was  adi>pled :  the  I'resiilent 
spp(iiut»l  as  Chief  of  the  Staff  of  the  National 
uuanl,  a  person  nainetl  Vieyra.      Tlie  past  life 
uil  the  then  repute  of  this  person  were  of  such 
•  kind,  that  Oi-nenil  Perrot.  it  seems,  conceived 
biro<ii'lf  insulted  by  the  nomination,  and  instantly 
n-si^'ncd.     That  was  what  the  brethren  of  the 
Elvsce  wimted.      On  Sunday,  the  3l)th,  Oeneral 
Lawaitiiic  was  appointed  to  the  command.  .  .   . 
Hill  funi'tioii   was  —  not  to    leail   the    force  of 
wliidi  lie  took  the  ccmimand  but  —  to  prevent  it 
immui'iiiig.  .  .  .  Care  had  l)een  taken  to  bring 
into  rarii  and  its  nciglilMirhiHiil  tlie  niiinients 
most  liki'ly  to  serve  the  purpiwe  of  the  Klysi'e, 
ami  to  L'ive  the  command  to  generals  wlio  mii^Ut 
ticc\|H<ted  toact  without  scruples.     Tiic  forns 
io  \'.ir\^  uiul  its  neighlHirhood  win'  tiiidir  the 
onliTH  (if  Oeneral  Magnan.  .  .  .   From  time  to 
time  till'  common  soldiery  were  pralitied  with 
prwiiMt.<  (if  food  and  wine,  as  well  as  witii  an 
•bmiiiiuiicnf  Mattering  words,  andtheirexa-tpera 
iiua  u;:;iiu^t  civilians  was  so  well  kept  aiivf  ijiai 
men  u»d  to  African  warfare  were  brought  into 


till'  humor  for  Cklling  the  PsrisUns  'Bedouins 
There   was  muncrn  in   tho  very  sound.      The 
army  of  Pari*  was  tn  the  temper  required.     Il 
was  iKM'easary  for  the  pkitters  to  have  the  con- 
currence of  M.  Ht.  Ocorges.  the  illrc<*)r  of  the 
state  printingofflce.      M.  Bt.  Georges  was  sub- 
orned.    "Then  all  was  ri'iuly.     On  the  Monday 
night  iM'twei'n  the  1st  anil  2d  of  DecemU'r,  the 
Pri'sldent  had  his  usual  assi'mbly  at  the  Klysie 
Ministers   who  were   loyally   Ignorant  of  what 
was  going  on  were?  ndngled  with  those  who  were 
In  the  plot.  ...  At  the  usual  hour  the  assembly 
l«'gan  to  disperse,  ami  by  eleven  o'clock  tlicre 
were  only  thri'e  guests  who  remained.      These 
were  Momy  (who  had  previously  taken  care  to 
show  htmsi'lf  at  ime  of  the  theatres).  Maupu, 
and  St.  Amaud,  formerly  I»  Hoy.     There  was, 
iM'sides,  an  onlerly  officer  of  the  President,  called 
Colonel  Ueville,  who  was  initiated  in  the  secret. 
.  .  They  were  to  strike  the  blow  that  night 
.  .  .  I)y  and   by  they    were  apprised  that  an 
onler  which  ha<llieen  given  for  the  movement  of 
a  battalion  of  gendarmerie,  bad  duhr  taken  effect 
without  exciting   remark.  .  .  .  The    PrcsidcDt 
entrustinl  a  packet  of  manuscripts  to  Colonel 
Ueville,  and  desi>atchcd  him  to  the  state  prlnting- 
office.     It  was  in  the  streeU  which  surround  this 
building  that  the  battalion  of  gendarmerie  ha<l 
been    collected.      When    Paris  was  hushc<l    In 
sleep,  the  battalion  came  (|uictly  out,  and  folded 
round  tho  state  printing-offlcc.     From  that  mo 
ment  until  their  work  was  done  tlie  printers  were 
all  close  captives,  for  no  one  of  them  was  suf- 
fered to  go  out.  ...  It  is  said  that  there  was 
somelhiiig  like  reaistann-,  but  in  the  end.  If  not 
at  first,  the  printers  obi-yed.     Each  compositor 
stooti  whilst  lie  worked  between  two  policemen, 
and,  tho  manuscript  iM'ing  cut  into  many  pieces, 
no  one  could  make  out  the  sense  of  what  he  was 
printing.     By  these  proclamations  the  President 
aas(>rte<T  that  the   Assembly  was  a  hot-beil  of 
plots;  declared  it  dlss<ilve<l;  pronounced  for  uni- 
versal suffrage;   proposed  a  new  constitution; 
vowed  anew  that  his  duty  was  to  maintain  the 
Uepublle;  and  place<l  Paris  and  the  twelve  lur- 
rounding  departments  under  martial  Uw.      In 
one  of   the   proclamations  he  appealed  to  the 
army,   and  stmvc  to  whet  its  enmity  against 
( ivilians,  by  reminding  it  of  the  defeats  indicted 
upon  the  tnK>ps  in  1»;)0  and  1848.     The  Pretri- 
dent  wrote  letters  dismissing  the  members  of  the 
(fovemment  who  were  not  in  the  plot;  but  he 
did  not  cause  these  letters  to  be  delivered  until 
the  following  morning.     He  also  signed  a  paper 
appointing  Momv  to  the  Home  Office.  .  .  .  The 
oniir  from  the  Minister  of  War  was  probably 
siiriied  by  half-past  two  in  the  morning,  for  at 
tlirie  it  was  in  the  hands  of  Magnan.     At  the 
s.'tiiie  hour  Maupas  (assigning  for  pretext  the  ex 
peeted  arrival  of  foreign  refugees),   caused    a 
luimlMT  of  Commissaries  to  lie  summoned  in  all 
h;i.ste  totlie  lYefecture  of  Police.     At  half-past 
three  in  tlie  morning  these  men  were  in  atten 
dance.      .  .  It  wastlientlmt,  fortheflrsttime,  the 
main  Mcrct  of  the  confederates  pitssed  into  the 
liumls.  f  a  numliir  of  sutwrdinatc  agents.    Dur- 
ing: *oitie  hours  of  that  night  every  one  of  thos*- 
liiiMilili  ( 'ommi!<sarieH  had  the  destinies  of  France 
ill  h,>  haiiils;  for  he  might  either  otiey  the  Minis- 
li  r.  :uiil  so  place  his  country  in  the  power  of  the 
I'.ivsif,  or  he  might  oIm'V  the  law,  denounce  the 
piiM,  ami  bring  its  eoolrivers  to  trial.     Maupar 
gave  orders  for  the  seizure  at  the  same  minute  of 


rl' 


iJ 


w) 


1400 


KUANCE.   1851 


n»  THumpk  nf  Ikr 
tVnil*  ifttal 


FUANCE,  IMl 


tin-  forpmoat  H<-mt»I<i  of  Fr»ii<i'.  and  wvcral  »( 
her  IcwIInK  BUI«iiiicii      l*Krtl<«  of  thi'   |><>llr<', 
(»>oh  uixlrr  the  imlcra  of  a  ('nmmliiaarjr.  wi'rr  to 
\m  at  the  tidora  of  Ihf  iKTuon'^  in  Iw  arrmtiil  noiiic 
lime  iM'forrhand,  but  the  iirl/.iire«  were  not  lo 
Uke  place  until  a  quarter  niwl  nix.  ...   At  the 
appoinUil  mInuU'.  anil  whiliit  It  wna  atlll  iliirk. 
the  <k'RlKnat4'<l  liouwa  win<  enUnil.     The  inimt 
famouii Kenerala  of  Krnnir  wir«  iieUetl.     (Jenenil 
Cliangarnier.  Oenernl  ll<'<h>«».  (leneriil  Ijimorl- 
il*ro,    (Jeni-ml   CiivnlKnae,    and    (leniml    Ullrt 
wen-  taki'n  fnmi  tliilr  liedii,  and  rarricil  awiiy 
thniui^h  the  alitpliiK  i  lly  anil  thrown  into  prlwin. 
lu  the  name  niiniiU-  the  like  wim  done  with  aonie 
.if  the  chief  memlient  and  olllrim  of  the  Aswni- 
l.lv.  and  amongat  other*  wllhT1iiiT«.  Mint,  Ha/.e, 
Ciilonel  Chamu.  Kogerdu  N.  r.1,  and  nveriil  of 
ilie  demorratle  leailem      Honir  men  liellevid  to 
In-  the  ehli-fp4  of  mrn't  wirhlieii  were  bIm)  wl/id 
The  general  olijeit  of  thew  niKht  arreBta  wiut 
(hat,  when  morning  broke,  the  army  ahoulil  Iw 
wilhout  Ki  iHmU  liirlineil  liioluierve  the  law.  thiit 
the  Awu'inlily  »hiiiild  Ih-  without  the  nmiliiiirry 
for  eonvokinR  it,  mid  that  all  the  iHillllrid  imrtiia 
In  the  8l«te  hIiouIiI  Ih-  parulyMil  by  the  iliniip 
ixarani  I'  of  their  rhiefa.     Tlic  nunilHT  of  men 
thua    miwil    in    the    dark    waa    wventy  eight. 
Klghteen  of  these  were  memU'ni  of  the  Aaaeni- 
biy.     Whilst  it  wiw  still  dark,  Morny.  esiorU'il 
by   a   iKxIy   of  Infantry,  tisik  iH««»iion  of  the 
llonieOIHoe,  and  pri|iariil  to  tourh  the  springs 
of  that  wondrous  nmihinery  by  wliirh  a  clerk 
ean  dirUI«  U>  a  nalion.      Alreaily  he  U'gan  to 
till  40.(H)0  cimimunes  of  the  enthusiasiK  with 
which  the  slii'ping  ci'v   had   n'ceived   the  an- 
nouncement of  meaauri  •«  not  hitlierti)  disclosed. 
When  the  light  of  the  moniiiig  dawninl,  people 
saw  the  I'nK'lamatiima  on  the  walls,  and  slowly 
came  |J(  hear  that  numls'rsof  tiie  fon'miist  men 
of  France  hiul  U-en  wi/xd  in  the  night  time,  ami 
that  every  General  to  whom  the  friends  of  law 
and  order  <x>uld  li«>k  for  help  waa  lying  In  one 
or  other  of   Uie  prlstms.      The  news|>apirs,  to 
which  a  man  might  run  In  order  to  know  truly 
what    others  thought   and   InU'iidcil,    Hcn;  all 
ael/.eil and  stopiM'd.     The  gate*  of  the  As«nilily 
were  clostni  and  giianleil.  but  the  Deputies,  who 
began  to  flock  thither,  found  means  U>  enter  by 
paasing  tlirouKh  ono  of  the  olllilal   resiil'nces 
wliiih  formed  imrl  of  the  biiililing.     They  linil 
aiisi'inbleil  in  the  t^liamlsT  in  large  numlxm.  and 
gome  of  them  having  i  .night  Dupin.  their  reluc- 
tant I'n'sidenl,  were  forcing  him  to  come  and  Ukc 
the  chair,  wliin  a  Isslv  of  induitry  burst  In  and 
dnivc  tbem  out,  striking  some  of  Ihciii  w  ilh  the 
bull  ends  of   their   muskets.  .   .   .   Driven  from 
ilicir  ChiimlKT.  the  Deputies  asaembleil  at  tlie 
■Mayoralty  of  the  IDtU  arnindisaenient.     There, 
ii|ion  the  nioliiin  of  the  illustrious  IJerryer,  tliey 
resolved  that  the  act  of  l^uis  Uonaparte  was  a 
fiirfciture  of  tin-  Presidency,  and  they  directed 
the  jiiilues  of  tlie  Siipri'inc  ('ourt  to  meet  and 
priK-cid  to  tlie  judgment  of  the  President  and 
his   iKcompliccs.      These   resolutions   had    just 
b. ell  V  iiid.  vvliin  a  battalion  of  the Chtt.s.seur» de 
Vinci  lines  enlinnl  the  courtyard.  ...  An  aide- 
ilecampuf  (iineral  MuL'nnn  came  with  a  written 
order  din'Ctiiig  the  otlicer  in  command   of  the 
lialtalion  to  dear  the  hall,  to  do  this  if  necessary 
liy  force,  and  to  carry  olT  U)  the  prison  of  Mazas 
ativ  DeuiilifsoITeiinK  rf.".i"t**ii»  c.   .    .    .  iM"  num- 
ber of  I)eputies  present  at  this  moment  was  220. 
Tbf  whole  Assembly  deelarwl  that  they  resisted. 


and  would  yield  In  iM>thlhg  short  of  f  >ri'.' 
Tliey  were  carried  off,  some  to  the  Korl  i.f  M,,i,'nl 
Valerian,  some  lo  the  fortnTW  of  Viminnn  uni 
some  t4i  the  prison  of  Matas.  .  liy  ili>  Imi 
of  the  Krpuiilh'.  the  duty  of  lakliiit  rcitui/ai,,,. 
of  offenrra  against  the  Colialitulioii  u;'  lui 
upim  the  Supn'ine Court.  TheCourl  «a.-iiiiii<, 
when  an  arnuil  forii-  entereii  tin-  li.ill  ,iii,|  iiu 
Judges  weredrWen  fnim  tin  Is-m  h,  Imi  nm  mii'' 
lliey  had  iiiaile  a  Judicial  orilir  fur  tin  iiii|,c  i. 
nient  of  the  •'resident."— A.  W  Ki^^ltk..  /7,< 
hift%nim  of  the  Critiitn,  r.  I,  fh.  1 1 

\lMn\n:  E.  TCnot.Min»iii  /'.,■,,;./.,  I«  I  ,V 

1-4.— V.  Hug".  .v<(/.^<-«»  ihf  i.iiii,    \\  ,1,. 

M.iiipas.  T/ie  Slor//  -/  M«  fl.i/yi  i/AV.-    -|)  ,I,r 
rold,  l.irrof  Xii-Jfon  11/ .  M  Mi,    :i 

A.  D.  llisi.- Th*  bloody  Tritimph  of  tht 
Coup  d'Etat.- Dcttruction  of  the  Second  Re- 
public.— "The  second  part  ■  f  the  (  ruii .!  Kiai 
which  drenched  the  lioiilev  inis  Willi  Inri.Hini 
bliHsl,  has  cast  a  shade  of  horror  ovir  tin  uluk 
transaction  that  time  has  U'ln  iiiiiil>l<' t' itTm' 
I'liris  is  never  sti  reduced  in  a  crlHii,  \>  Ih  iIh  r  ilu 
cause  lie  Just  or  unjust,  tliat  she  is  In  n  ft  il 
hands  to  erect  and  defend  bnrriiailn  in  lin 
sirn'ts  In  the  Kaulsmrg  8t.  Antoinr  an  im  i|ii 
lilt  rising  on  the  2il  was  suppressed  iini.ii.liahlv 
bv  the  triMips.  The  voli  iiiiie  distrii  t  fimn  lix 
itiVilde  Ville  iiorthwanl  to  the  Ismh  vunl-.  al« 
showiit  signs  of  uneasiness,  and  tlirnuL'liniit  tin 
morning  of  llieiki  the  military  were  hii-\  pullin: 
down  parliaiiv  completed  Imrricadi  »  nii'l  ili-i  ■  r. 
Ing  small  IhsUcs  of  insurgenls  Tin  n- mums  ti 
Ik-  little  i|ue8tlon  that  the  army  was  nnliiltins 
against  the  populace.  If  this  win-  s",  thr  |>n«' 
lamation  circulated  by  the  prisiilint  Wiu-un) 
tiie  ranks  on  the  2il  was  not  i»liiiliii..l  i-  up 
(sase  It.  lie  styled  the  soMiers  iis  ihe  II  .«,ro 
the  nathin.'  He  pointed  out  to  tliiiii  lli  it  Ins  In 
terests  and  theirs  wen' the  ;iame.  iithI  lint  ilic; 
had  sulIeriMl  together  in  the  past  froin  tin  c mirv 
of  the  Assi'mhly.  He  reminded  tlmn  if  tli 
years  IB'MI  and  1848,  when  the  army  lim!  f  'iirli 

the  [leople  in  the  stnets  of  I'.iris.  ami  ( 1.1" 

by  an  allusion  to  the  miiitan  irminiiiir  nf  tli 
Utmapiirtes.  During  theafter'iuHiii  nf  ih.  M  am 
morning  of  the  4th  the  triHips  riin.iiin  1  inn  lh( 
(lending  onlers  from  the  mini.sti  r  if  k  ir.  mi 
in  this  interval  several  strong  ImrirMiln  «rr 
cricted  in  the  restless  ipmrters,  Hn  lli..  iflri 
noon  of  the  4th  the  Ixiuievurils.  frmn  iln-  Mnl' 
Icinetotlie  Kuedu  (Seiitier.  were  m  .  iipn  .1  I'.v 
great  Ixsly  of  troops  awaiting  orili  is  iii  in  v 
east  through  the  Koulevard  Umiiie  Nhim  ll.  "1"' 
the  barricaded  ilisiriet.  Tlie  solili.rs  ^I■.•-I  i 
ease,  and  the  i.tliceis  l..iiiij;i-il  alimi!.  >;ii'ikin 
their  cigars.  The  si.lewaiks.  win.lims  m 
balconies  were  crowded  witli  nwii.  w.iii 
ami  cliiidn.n,  thoughlhss  oiilookiTsif  ili.  ... 
military  display.  Sinhlenly  ii  siiul' 
heard.  It  was  find  from  a  winil.m 
Uuc  du  8entler.  The  troops  at  ilii'  h 
column  faciil  sharply  to  llie  smiili 
menced  a  dililMTate  fiisillaile  iipi'ii  'I 
walks  and  Imlconies.  The  lia'iali' 
west  caught  tlie  murdennis  ciiiiliii.'i. n 
line  of  tire  extended  into  tlie  li.  i 
Italiens.  In  a  lew  moments  tlie  Li  i  ii 
vanis  were  converted  intoa  bUsidy  p  .i. 
The  sidewalks  were  strewn  willi  . 
stiinetl  w'l'At  I'l..*-'  T,;."  a'-^  "  :■. 
siiricks  and  gmans  and  the  linal.i; 
while  the  steady,  incessant  niitlin.:  ■ 


il 


.,i  i.f 


far'l;. 
i!ll  II 
a-.l  .1 
lii.ul 
'iilill 


1410 


rRANCE,  IHSI 


rHANfK,  1MI-IM« 


kftrr   mu>    InMnlftwl    by    »n    iirr»«lon»l    »■»« 
„„o«li"l    timt   liroiittht  <limn   wUb  »  rm    >   the 
niKKHir)  from  winw  tllw  fiKiwl''      Thin  (ni.iiniiril 
(,.t  waVU  twenty  liiliiulm,  wIm'II  «  li"''  "f  I"'" 
„U.i,i  WM  «wm«  111  linvf  n'UlnliHfl  tin    mini  viil 
tvr  "f  ill  ■  I'»'>1>*-      "  *'>y  attfliipl  »i>»  nmill-  liy 
nlfcrf.  Ii>  ohirk  thHr  mVn,   it   *»•  wlmllv  uii 
«»«llinij.  unil  In  noine  .  uitcn   iiilwniliU'  (mtltlvrs 
„n'  f 'iliiwwl    Intii    buililliiitu    hikI   miWKiK  nil 
Uu-r  ill  llw  iliiv  the   iNirrliiiili*  wrre  alturkiil. 
ukI  till  ir  (IcfcmliTi  <'ai«lly  (iv.riiiiiw      By  iilulit 
(ill   lii-urifpnt     I'lirlii    wiw    tlioroiiKlily    ii.wikI 
Tin*  ulliKnlliinit.  lli'imrh  roiil1i(ilii«  witli  «wi>rii 
iWtfim'nlH  of   Hi'pulillranii  Biiil  Imix-riuli-tn,  iHii 
hinliv  !»•  "'fiiliiV     Till'  i-ITort»  of  tlii'  ^iii«'lr 
rmli- /aitiiiii  til  jMirlniy  ttic  tliuiialitU'M  ( rowil  "t 
llic  ImiiUvsnln  »»  ilc»|>rpiti' iinil   hl(«»ly  iiilmli'l 
nl»U  hill''  iicviT  Imi'II  Ki. -ci'iiiifiij.  »  liili'  |Imm>|i 
p.«ilion  XI  lirilltantly  n  ]  ■.■wiiltil  I'    'lie  nutliipr 
lit  ■  HIilolnMl  un  ("rliiw    li»vi'  Nrii  l     •  Urn  r  iiml 
imraoliTali'  in  their  mriiKiitiium  to  «ln  pulilic 
rnifenif      Tho  <ifpiitlims  »»  to  who  tin-il  thi'  Hrxt 
j|j.,l,  anil  whrtlw''  It  wiw  llnil  iw  i»  hIkhbI  for.  or 
1  nwiuiri'   «|fiilii«l  the  nillltiiry,    ari'    |K>lnt«  on 
wWci  Krrnrhnii'n  of  ilifTi-rrnt  poliliral  n«rtli» 
•lillilehBli-,     U  Uelmrltahlc  to  accvpl  M   IIii(to« 
insinuation  that  tin-  nohliery  wcnMlriink  with  thr 
|.~«lil™i'!t  wine,  .'vrn  tlmrigh  the  fiiit  Impllfn  ii 
litw  rtuli-  of  ilii«'IplliH'  i'     I'o  wrvlcc.     To  what 
Httnl  wan  the   prenliU'nt    rcii|M)n»ilile    for   the 
Imulfvanl  horror?     M.  Victor  Hiiiro  and  M   ili- 
M«iip««  do  D"t  asri'i'  ii|Km  thin  point,   ami  it 
Ktm iiin  liM  to  iIImiiiw  It.     Certain  fiiet.*  are  In 
diiputalile.     \V>-  know  the  sriiiy  Ihih'  small  love 
IiiWiTil  the  l'«rl»ian»   ami  we  know  It  was  in  the 
itlwtK  In  onler  of  the  presiilent.     We  know  tliiit 
tlip  lattir  wa»  In  bail  eonipaiiy.  anil  pliiyinjt  a 
ilaDiciTniiH  jianie.      We  nuiy  illseani    M    Victor 
lliifiis  "latemeut  as  to  Ihe'onler*  IhhiiiiI  by  llie 
pniiliut  from  tlw  Elysir  on  the  fatal  ihu    but 
we  cuniiiit  illMguiw  thi-  fact  that  the  Inmli  vani 
homir  RulHlutHl   Paris,  anil  erowneil  bin  cause 
with  aiiciess.     In  other  wonls.  l/uiis  Naiioh'on 
wa»the  piinerbTthe  slaughter  of  unolTenilinc; 
ara.  women,  anil   children,  and   In  after-years, 
whin  rifcrrlng  to  the  4th  of  IKieinlHT,  he  found 
it  (nr  his  Interest  to  illstort   facts,   and   make 
flltunslie,  .  .  .   U>ul»  Napoleon  bail  expnssly 
Maiiil  ill  the  protlamation  that  astonisheil  I'aris 
on  the  '.M  that  he  made  the  iieople  juiljfe  U'lweeii 
bioi  ami  the  Aasembly.     The  riti/.ens of  Frame 
were  railed  upon  to  vote  on  tlie  2(Mh  and  2tst  o' 
iMimlsT  'Yes' or  'No'  to  the  question  as  to 
whithrr  the  preaident  should  Im>  sustained  in  the 
mtusuri's  he  had  taken,  should  U'  emixiwered  to 
draw  up  a  new  constitution,  and  should  retain 
Uiipr.si.liniial  chair  for  a  |M'rio<i  of  ten  Tears.  " 
-II.  Murdcsk.    Ttie   JWnHttriiditin   /•/  Eiimiit, 
tk.  2. 

Al«i  I.N     V.  Hugo,  Ilittorii  iif  II  Crime. — K 
Tfnot.  I'arh  in  Jkreinher.  IMl.  c/>.    'Mi.  —  M.  de 
.Mauna.i.  Sloiy  of  the  V^miKV  Hint,  eh.  If*  ''4  (r  2) 
— loiinl  II.  de  Viel  I'astel.   Mriiuiim,  e.    1.  rh.  •!. 
A.  D.  1851-1852.— Transportation  and  exile 
of  tepublicant.— The  dictator's  constitution 
(ot  France. — Rapid  proEresa  of  despuiism. — 
The  Second  Empire  ordained.— Elevation  of 
Napoleon  III.  to  the  throne.— "The  struggle 
•MOMT    terrorof  the  victors  followed.    Thirty- 
two  depart  nients  were  in  a  state  of  siege.     Mon> 
i|i.in  llKi  (KM)  citizens  were  languishing  in  prison 
Trial  iiiUowciI  trial  in  rapid  succession,  liie  ca-vs 
biiiii:  (lussed  under  three   heads:  1st.    [leraons 


found  armed,  or  against  whom  ■rriniis  rhar(M 
e«l«teil.  2il,  iwnions eharieil  with  minor oBenrea. 
:i<l.  dangemus  |M'nii)tis  The  tint  ilasa  was  Jiidgnd 
at  once  bv  a  council  of  war.  the  wiond  aeiit  U> 
varhius  irlbunaU,  tlic  thini  tr«n»|airte<l  wllhoul 
!  'iid  Many  prlmoers  were  not  even  iiuestloned. 
.N  iiiidK'n  were  set  fn-e;  but  multitudes  weri'  still 
hill  I'liiliT  lliene  .ondltlons  the  date  of  the 
plelM.Hlte.  [iiiendsr  211  and  21.  appnmcheil. 
Siotices  wen  posted  to  the  effect  that  any  per 
wm  seeking  !.■  ilUliirb  the  ni>ll«  or  to  ipiestlon 
I  In-  n'sult  of  Ibe  Inillot  would  Ik'  tried  bv  a  eoun 
eil  of  war  ■  Ml  lilMrtvof  choice  was  taken  fmin 
llo  ehclors.  iiiauv  of  whom  were  arn'sleit  on 
sii»plclon  of  e\i  illiit'  "thim  to  vote  against  the 
pnshleni  ..f  the  npublic  When  the  iisU  were 
published  it  was  found  that  the  ■  ayes'  hud  car- 
ried the  dav.  althoiiLh  many  ""''  ""'  '"'"  "'  *"• 
Indubiliibrv  the  llguns  were  notably  swilh  d  by 
violence  and  fmuil.  IkMemlsT  ai.  (X  Mln- 

l»ter  lUns  111-  pn'seiited  the  nsult  of  the  ballots 
to   the    prime  preshlent.— a    stninire   title   now 
(iiveu  to  Louis  Napoleon,  for  the  Htiie  twlng,  in 
lliii  of  another.  .  .  .   Ne«t  day.  .lanuary  I   1*52, 
.\nhblHhopHllMiurcelebnited«Tel>eumin  Notre 
liiime.  the  prince  president  sitting  under  a  can- 
opy       .       Willie  the  man  of  Iheemlsr  2  halged 
In  the  palace  of  kings,  the  chief  repn'si'ntatlvea 
of  the  n'publii   wen'  cast  into  exile     The  execu- 
lors  of  the  plot  tnated  the  captive  npnscnta- 
tives   very  illllen'iilly   acconlinir  as  they  were 
conservative  or  repulilii  an      Wle  11  the  prisoners 
were  told    that  a  distinction  was  to  !»•   made 
among  them,  they  hononibly  refusi'dtogive  their 
iiiimcs,  but  tliev  were  lalfayed  by  an  usher  of 
liie  .Xssenibly     "The  n'publicaiis  wen-  then  sint 
to  Mazas.  and  tn  iiud  like  common  thievea,  .M. 
Thiers  alone  laiiig  allowed  a  Ik'iI  instead  of  the 
oriliiiarv  hammisk.     The  uiher  parly  were  soon 
set   free,   with  but  few  exivptlons.  and  on  the 
Mill  of  .lanuary  the  generals  Impriwiied  at  Ham. 
with  their  co'mpaiiion.  (jiiestor  Ha       were  sent 
to  Uelgluni.     Next  iluy  a  series  of  |  nisiripthms 
came  out.    All  |ierson»  'loiivieted  of  taking  part 
ill   the   recent  insurnTliMii,     were  to  be  trans- 
ported,   some   to  (luiana.   some  to   Algiers.     A 
MCond   decree  expelled    fnur    France,    Algiers, 
and  the  French  colonies.  '  as  a    iicasun'  of  public 
safety.'  sixtv  nprtwntatives  of  the  Ixfl.  includ- 
ing Victor  lliigo  and  n  riain  others,  for  whom 
It  was  resiTveil  toaid  In  the  foundation  of  a  third 
republic      .\  lliini  decree  commanded  the  tem- 
porary   alwiiiee    from    France   and    .Mglers    of 
ciirhleen  other  npresi  ntatives,  including  the  gen 
ends,  with  Thiers.  I>e  Uemii.sat.  and  si'veral  mem 
bin*  of  the  Left,  among  them  Edgar  Oulnet  and 
Kmile  dediranlin.   .   .  .  The  next  step  «ils  toes 
tablish  the  fiiinous  inlxcil  commiasiona'iii  every 
pnivince.      These  conunlssions  were  to     -v  the 
mini,  rolls  prisoners  still  held  captive.      .      The 
mixcilrommi— ioiisof  ls,"i2.  as  t he  historian  of  the 
coupdelati.M    KiigeneTenol)  declares,    decided, 
without    legal  proieiilings.   without   hearing  of 
witnewM's.  with   HI  public  trial,  the  fate  of  tliou- 
siiiuis  and  thou    iiuls  of  republic  ins.'    They  have 
left  the  iudelilili-  memory  of       ■•  of  the   most 
monsinms  events   ki  own   In       isUiry.     Xa  act 
ciiuallv  cxtraordinarv    in  anowier  way   was  the 
pnimii'lgation   of   the   new   eonstitution    framed 
bv   the  dictator  alone  (I    iiiary  14.   I8.V2). 
The  cimsiilulion  of  1>*52  lagan  by  a  '  recogiiiiion, 
coiiMi iiialii>ii,  and  tiu.irulitit   or   thi    great  prin 
ciples  prochilmed  in  IT"!*,  which  arc  the  fuunda- 


N' 

W 


...  o 


1411 


rnANCE,  IMMHM 


TV  MMiiwt  tminn 


MtANCK,  IMU 


Hon  of  the  public  rlghU  »nil  l»w«  of  Kmnr.- 
But  It  tllil  not  my  one  woni  hIhiuI  II"'  frttilom 
of  IIm'  lirt'iui.  nor  »l>i>ui  fr»*<loni  of  <lul«  «i>"l 
■utHlnlliin.  .  .  .  •  TliP  ifovrrDim'Ut  of  t  111- Kririi  li 
n-pubilr  U  lntru«t«'<l  to  I'rinci-  |jiul«  NuiH.liim 
BonHfwrte  for  llin  ti-mi  of  l<n  yi-»ni '  In  lln- 
pn'fHK'  IrfiuN  NulMili'on  llirrw  ««l<li'  Hi"-  llillon 
of  lrn'«|>on»ll)llilv  'wlilrli  .l.iilvcn  nulihc  «nli 
lIM'nt';  llip  I'onu'litutlon  tlun-fon'  tlo  Inn;*  tlic 
trailer  of  llic  «liilr  ri«i><miillili'  lo  Iho  Krrnrli 
neopli'.  tint  iMullii  lo  loiy  liow  tlil*  ri'niMiniillilllly 
ronv  U-  rnill^nl.  Ilw  Fri'nrh  IM'opli-  Imvr  no  n- 
■oum-wivcri'volullon  ..  Tlie  liKl»l«llvc'l><«ly 
wan  to  idUKliit  of  iMlJ  mi-mlirni  (one  for  i'imIi  il,.VKi 
fltiton).  cliiMcn  for  live  yeiir»  liy  unlvir»iil  mi' 
tngv.  Tlil»  Ixxly  would  vote  u|>on  lln-  lu«« 
BiHFtikXi'a.     Louis  Niipoli-on.  Imvlnif  proflli-il  »o 

hrKi'ly  I'y  ll"'  rr|M'«l  of  tin'  liiw  of  May  SI.  < 1<I 

»f«nfly  n(u«'lonliiinillrfilunlveni«l  »uirniitr, 
but  hf  <■•».  nliallv  iill<>n-illl«clmnnU-rliy  vnrloun 
DKxIltlnitii.nit.  Ill'  ulio  Ko  n-iluriKl  tin-  lm|ior- 
tancc  of  111!'  only  (imit  lunly  mill  i'IitIIvc.  tliiit 
ht'  liuci  Utile  or  nolliUiK  lo  fiur  from  It.  Anoilur 
HM'inlilv.  Ilie  S«-nule,  wiis  lo  Im'  comixMM-il  of 
tl^lity  ineinlM'm.  wliirli  nuniNr  ml){lit  Ih'  In 
cniiiK'il  lo  l.1<».  Tlie  iieniiti>r!i  were  Iro'inovuhle, 
■ml  weri'  lo  !»■  eliow'n  liv  the  pn>«lilent  of  the 
repuhllo,  with  the  exeepl'ion  of  i-Hnllnalu,  mar 
llialii,  anil  ailnilniln,  who  were  •rnitlom  hy  riKht 
The  pre«lilent  inlKliI  Klve  e«<'h  ntnator  an  Ineome 
of  .SlI.OOO  fmmii.  The  Sinate  w««  the  KuarilInn 
of  the  nmnlituHon  ami  of  'thcpulillc  lilK'riy.' 
.  .  .  Theexeiulivepowir  chow  all  inayom,  anil 
was  at  lllHTtv  to  wieil  them  ouUhle  the  town 
council.  In  fact,  the  <on«tltuthin  of  IH.VJ  mir 
piktm'il  the  coniilltution  of  the  year  VIII.  an  a 
piece  of  inonurchic  n'lullon.  It  cntalleil  no  con 
•ulute,  hut  an  empire.— iliclatornhlp  and  total 
conHiMiilion   of   public   lltnTly.  .  l»c«|>oliani 

ipn'ail  ilally  in  every  ilireclion.  On  the  17lh  of 
February  the  lilwrty  of  the  prcM  wan  notably 
niluceit.  ami  Revere  p«-naltic«  were  afflseil  to  any 
infraction.  In  fact,  the  presa  wan  maile  ilepen- 
dent  on  the  gooil  will  of  the  preHldent.  Kduca- 
Hon  waa  next  attmkeil.  a  decree  of  March  9. 
1853.  alrlppiiiB  the  protesimra  of  the  L'nlvemlty 
of  all  the  pleilRi'*  "nil  principles  (jnintcil  by  the 
First  Knipire.  .  .  .  The   new   power,  IH52. 

UlHiriil  to  turn  all  the  forces  of  the  country  to 
maU-riul  Interesla,  while  it  milleil  all  moral  Inter- 
eats.  It  liuppreswil  education  and  the  press,  and 
constantly  stimulaled  Ihc  tlnanclul  and  iniluslrial 
movement.  .  .  .  NumlH-rleaa  railroad  companies 
now  sprani?  lo  life,  and  roails  were  rapidly  built 
upon  a  jrraiid  wale.  The  (lovenrnjent  ailopled 
the  svsliiii  of  Knintson  a  long  term  of  years.— 
Buy  liimiy  nine.— plus  the  (tuaranlee  of  a  small 
rate  of  iniinst.  In  everything  tlie  cry  wiw  for 
instant  siuiess.  at  any  cost.  Oreat  tinancial 
iipclMtioiis  foUoweil  on  the  heels  of  th«  first 
grants  t>i  railroail  companies.  .  .  .  This  year's 
budget,  like  the  conslilution.  was  the  work  of  a 
single  man.  The  diitalor  scHl.d  it  by  a  decree ; 
then,  having  orilcnd  the  elections  for  Ids  ChamlKT 
of  Hiputiis.  juHl  Isforc  his  constitution  went 
into  ii|,irition.  he  ral-ail  the  universjd  stale  of 
siege  (.March  UH).  This  was  only  a  feinl.  for  his 
government  was  a  IMrnmnint  state  of  siege. 
Tlie  olllcial  candidates  presiiiled,  or  r.Ulier  ini 
poM'il,  were  genemllv  eleirted ,  the  republicans 
f^iiiw)  u.  \-;.u-  !!;nii!irii.-.!!t  a  vtfj.1  part  of  the 
country.  .  .  .Man  li  2»,  the'  prince  president 
proceeded  to  install  the  great  state  bodies  at  the 

1412 


Tullerlr*.  It  WH  thought  that  he  wonl.l  lilm  Ig 
his  speech  that  Iw  e«|iMtiillhe  liUe  111  i  rn|.4Mr, 
hut  he  left  that  point  vague,  and  still  i;Uk<<l  m| 
preserving  Ibe  republic.   .  Iluring  il,,  .i^h.r, 

a  rumor  was  curniit  that  Ixiuls  Napi.l.  .n  ».„  i„ 
Im-  priM-lalmiil  eniiii  roron  the  lOtli  i.f  M.iv  ifiir 
I  lie  distribution  of  eagles  to  tlie  anii\  tin  ihi> 
was  not  carried  out.  The  illiiiilnr  Imd  Ti.Ml,.in. 
lo  In' maile  emperor  In  this  fasliinn  lb  iH<itnt 
111  do  It  more  arlfully.  aiul  to  make  ll  -.  •  n  iIihI 
the  nation  forcisl  the  aceiinijill'linu  ni  .f  hU 
wishes  upon  him.  He  Iheri'iori'  unci,  rti-.k  , 
fresh  Journey  through  the  pnivinii*  Tin 

watchword  was  everywhere  given  li  tin  m 
thorilles  and  Inllueulliil  |M'r«<in«,  wh.-.' i  \iiii|,li 
waslmitatisl  by  llie  crowd,  imioiu  ilille  "p;!.. 
nenis  keeping  slleni  lie  returiii  i|  i  .  I'm. 

(KtolH'r  1«.  and  wa»  ncelved  In  kIuIi  iii  ili.'  iir 
bans  station.  The  ollbial  Isslii  s  urn  u  .1  liim 
with  shouts  of  'UmK  live  the  Kiniiir.r' 
Next  day.  the  foUowing  paragm|ili  iip|K  un.l  in 
the  '  Moiilteur'  The  tr«-mend"iii  ili«ir.  i.rilii- 
restoration  of  the  empin-  maiiifi  iImI  ilirniitl. 
out  France,  makes  It  Incumls'nl  upon  ili.  pn.i 
dent  lo  consult  the  »<'nale  upnn  llie  miI^jmI 
The  Henate  and  I/Cglslatun- were  (i.iivnnl  N.i 
vemlier  4;  the  latter  wa»  to  verify  the  ^"l^«, 
shouhl  the  (*i'naU?  deihle  that  the  im.i.Ii  iiiii>i 
Im!  consulted  In  regard  to  a  change  in  il"  T  rm 
of  governnu'nl,  which  no  one  doiiMi.l  «..,l,|l». 
the  casi'.  .   .  .  The  Henali'  .  .   ,   pii"*"  d   i  In  '•<• 

for  the  submission  of  the  restoruii f  ilu  !.■ 

ri'dllary  empire  for  |)opular  aeieptaiiie  iNnum 
IktT);  the  aj'oators  then  went  in  a  l«»ly  t.^  M 
Cloud  to  Inform  the  prince  president  i.f  llii.  'Ii 
cislon.  .  .  .  The  nt-ople  were  llu  n  i  ulli  I  np'n 
lo  vote  for  the  plebls<-lte  decreed  by  tin  Nii.n. 
(Xovemla'rSO  and  21».  Kepublican  nnl  li;:iti 
mist  protesU  were  circulated  In  ile«piie  ..f  tin' 
iMillce,  the  government  publlslilnu'  Hnni  in  \\w 
oindal  organ,  the  •  Monileur,'a»  if  in  a.  tiiu.f. 
thinking  that  the  excessive  vinleiiie  .f  tlji  rr 
piibllctin  proscrlpts  of  I-ondon  iind  liuirn-iv 
would  alarm  the  peace  loving  publii  Hi'  r.  -uli 
of  the  vole  wa»  even  greaterthiin  lliiil  ■  (  \>i"  m 
Ut  20,  IIWl ;  the  authenticity  of  tin  IIl-mp  •  irmy 
Indeed  lie  doubted,  but  then'  is  not  ii  il"""  ilin 
there  was  really  a  large  majority  In  f:n.  nf  tin 
pliblsrile.  Fmni'C  alaindoned  tin  Mm.  J' '  m 
the  evening  of  I»ecemb<r  1,  llie  tlm  e  lt.  it  -i;it. 
iHslies.  the  two  Chambers  and  ll"  Mali  (  ■ii.dl 
went  to  St.  (Mouil.  and  the  pnsi.li  iil  .f  llu  l.rBis 
lalure  prewntcl  the  result  "f  the  ball.  1  i"  Hn 
new  enipemr.  who  sat  enthniueii.  t"  ! 
uncle  Jeniine  and  his  cousin  Niip"l" 
Martin,  It-jiiilnr  IJM.  of  b'raMf.  17^11  l*.-  '  I 
eh.  1,1. 

AUJO   in:   II.    C.    Lockwooil.    <■■'•'!     !!•''    ; 
Fninee,  eh.  6.  anilapp.  9. 

A   D  1853-1856.— The  Crimean  war,     n-' 
UlssIA:      .\     1>    m.W-lM.M.  t..l-.l    I-' 

A.  D.   1855-1895.     Acquisitions   in   Africa 

See  Amu  a:     A    1).  I8.V).  IhT'!  1""    -  I   v' 

A.  D.  1857-1860.— Operations  with  hngum 

in  China.     See  China:  A.  D.  l-"pi.  !-  ' 

A   D    1858.— Oriini  attempt  to  asbassinit 

Napoleon  ni.   Sc.K.noi.asi)  .    A  !'  i->  l^^' 
A.  D.  1858-1886.  -Conqueit  of  fonkin  »n' 

Cochin  China.     Se  Tonkin 
A.  D.    1859.— Alliance  with    Ban'.aiia  an 

war  with  Austria.-  Acquisition  o(  bavoyai: 

Nice.     Sec   llAi.v     .\     I'    l-'O  1-    '    '  

IWl 


II 


nUMCE,  JMO 


Tk«  fMk*«>oibn« 
/Mtdml. 


nUMCC  tSTO 


A.  D.   il««.-TlM  Ch«^Ur-CoM«»  tom- 
Jrctei  IrMtT  with  Zmgl»a4.      ««•«•  Tamim- 

A.  D.  iM»-ll7e.-Mo41SMtioM  of  th*  im- 

J!ui    eoMllWttoa.  —   'OriglDnlly  .  tli« 

innt'tt  Uw  Lrgtatallve  Ifc.ly  *».  Ilmltnl  l.i  ».it_ 
b.  an.)  relectlnu  M  »  whole  tlw  Uwt  »iil.mUti-<l 
uH  •>»  llw  B»<wullvi';  tliere  wiw  no  «ii<  li  lliliiK 
Hcriik-ltm  Of  ciotrol  of  the  Kriwrol  poH'y  »' 
tWrrlKn;  but  the  ye»r  18<W  opennl  b  pirl.«l  of 
r„l,>pwnl  In  the  tllrwtlon  i>f  lll"rty ;  l.y  ■ 
i„iw (if  thx  Novrmhrr of  that yi-«r the Empin.r 
-nBlll,-.!  llie  IVpiili™  to  ilr«w  up  »n  ml.lriiM.  In 
n,wer  I..  hU  irxwh,  giving  lliim  tli.r.'l.y  llw- 
«,p.*t.iniiy  to  critlrlw  hU  ixillcy ;  by  Hint  of 
DiOTmli^r  IWIl  hf  »llowe<l  them  Ki  vol"  Hi" 
Ixidrrt  hy  urctlomi,  llmt  U  U)  ley,  to  iIImiim  anil. 
If  (Irtlmhle,  rrjwl  It*  Ifnu;  by  tlmt  of  J»iiiiiiry 
mi  lit-  milmtltiltwl  for  the  Ailim«  ll>«  rlifhl  of 
auMtionlnit  the  Mlnl»t«»,  who  nilifht  U-  (hie 
Itlwl  to  ttn>  ChHmlHT  by  Ihii  KiniKTor  to  liiki- 
nrt  111  ifruin  ik-flnlU'  illnciiwl  >n»;  liwtly,  by  f 
JTsfpU-nilHT  tSBU  he  Bnvi-  to  llic   IjCrIh 

B(>lr  llr  rlnht  of  InllUtrnx  lnwn,  ri'movnl i 

MrlctliiiiH  hlthc-rto  n-Ulnnl  on  the  right  of         <.•'. 
■entunil  of  nuotloii^  »i«l  nii«<l«  the  Mr      <    .  . 
nuKUulliliMo  the  ChnnilHT.     Thiielhc  .v 

llooWMilcUlK'nitrly  nnoclltteil.  by  th-  ■>       ' 

of  th«  ETn|M-n)r  hlmeelf,  from  thn  .      .        h      i 
wrial  ili'^polium  to  that  of  pnrlli'  >  >  > 

uchr    thU  mmllfl«l  Conntltutlou  >    ■    ■  1 

toiplelilolK'  In  May  IHTU.  anil  '      •• 

people  ndilliHl  the  Empire  by  ov n'll 

TotetagalnAt  a  million  anil  a  bal!        <■'..' 
Iwin,  H^>l»tio»  ami  tttoffion  in  >      ' 

A.  7,  ffl.  8. 

A  D.  iSAi-iU?.— iBttrrtntion  i.  M  ci. 
lad  its  humiliatiiiK  tkilnrt.    HecMcxii.     A   1 

A.  D.  iSAa.— Comnnrcial  traaty  with  ■■ 
■aar.  tk*  T*iurF  Lkuwlatios  (Gkkma.S' 
A.  1).  1W3-1«B. 

A.  D.  iS<6.— Withdrawal  of  troop*  from 
Rem*.    8ce  Italy:  A.  !•.  JMBIUHM. 

A.  D  iS66-il7e.— Territorial  conccsaiona 
iuuniti  from  Gormany  — The  ...uxcmburK 
tantioo.— WarttmperwUraTarttd.  HecOtK 
IaMT;  a.  1).  Il««-t870. 

A.  D.  1867— Laat  dcfcoaa  of  Papal  aov- 
wtintT  at  Romt.— Defeat  of  Garibaldi  at 
Meataaa.    See  Italy:  A.  I».  1HH7-IST0. 

AD.  i»T0  (Juno-July).-" The  Hohenxol- 
lem  iocidcBt."-  Uainatiftabla  declaration  of 
war  acainit  Pmaofa.— ' '  Towanls  the  liwt  of 
Jime.  ISTO.  there  aroiw  what  Is  known  an  the 
'  Hnhcnidllern  Incident,'  which  amumeil  to  much 
tapiirliince.  as  It  letl  up  to  the  Franco-tJennan 
War  In  June  1S88,  timen  laalHlla  Imil  liecn 
cln«-.|  from  8pain.  ami  hail  xiUKlit  nluge  In 
tnmv  The  Spanish  Cortes,  maintaining  the 
laoDsnliieii!  form,  offeretl  the  Crown  of  Sjiain  to 
Prince  llohenzollcrn,  a  relation  of  the  h.lns  of 
Prussia  Isec  Spain:  A.  D.  1H66-18:31.  The 
Frenili  Minister  at  Mailrid  U'lcLTaphed  tlmt 
Prina;  lAH>|H)l(t  Hohen».ollern  lia.1  iM-en  nonil- 
nat-l  1,1  the  throne  of  Spain,  ami  Imil  accepted 
Tliii  pr.Bliiccd  the  utmiwt  excitement  anil  Inilii;- 
Mliim  iimiing  the  Kr»iicli  |H'oplc.  The  I'aris 
pn*!  iifniwl  with  articles  more  or  less  violent, 
allini:  mi  the  government  to  pn'vent  this  out- 
nufi-,  iv.n  at  the  cost  of  war.  The  JuiiriiulH  of 
li:  .;::...;,»  were  unanimims  in  lie-  miitier.  '••"•- 
Wniliii;:  tliat  It   was  an   insult  and   a  inril   to 


France,  aiul  ••ould  not  he  lohrratiHl.     The  Oppo- 
■liloii  lo  the  ChamluT  niaile  llie  Inctileut  an  iki* 
.Ion  for  atujckhig  tlie  govrrnmrnt.  alleging  ll>»l 
It  wiw  owing  to  Its  weak  anil  VMlllallog  |H.llcy 
that  Frame  was  Indehlwl  to  her  fresh  humllla^ 
Hon.     The  government   Journal*,  however,  laid 
the  wlBile  blame  uixm  Hie  aiiililtlon  of  (  oiint  Ills- 
marck.  who  hail  U-come  U>  iJiem  »  Wle  no  re. 
Both  i«rtle»  vied  with  e»<  h  other  In  showint 
tlie  elteiil  of  their  dislike  to  tlie  great  l*rua«laa 
ChaiH'ellor      Miiih  presaure  was  s.ion  brought 
to  la'itr  In  IheproiM'r  ipiarters,  the  result  of  Ihls 
was  the  withdrawal  of  the  llohenioHern  landl 
diuv      EipUnatlons  were  niaile,  b<tter coiinsi'la 
s.emed   to   pnvall,    Hid   all   ImmeilUte   Iroulilfl 
apiieanil  avertwl.     It  seemed  milte  certain  thai 
ail  danger  of  a  war  Utwii-n  Franco  and  Oer 
iiiauv  was  at  an  end,  and  all  iM'ing  iiulet  on  the 
bank*  of  the  Wilne,   on   the  3il  of  July  I    left 
I'arls  In  pursuit  of  health  and  recn-atlon  at  the 
■iillii'*  waters  of  Carlilmd,  "f  far  off  Uohemla. 
1  In  excellint  relations  with  the  Kuke  de 
>.nt,  and  everything  appearnl  to  Ik,  »erene. 
1    lull   ha   '       ri'u.heil   Carlsbail,    when  scanty 
(if  a  somewhat  threatining 
,,  .,  •  irdly  believe  that  any  thing 

,.   y       ,     r«       .         .ly  to  result;    yet   1    waa 
>      ,  .,  1,  I  I    , ,  ling  to  drink  the  water  at 

..         '1,1     i|     11  'ng  springs,  «-arly  In  the 

,  ,r,      ,  •if  l.il'    '  V  \lsatlan  valet  liriiiight 

I  ,   ■  .  i  ,!.  that  a  private  telegram, 

,,,,;..  1     m   u  >  (jave  the  intelligence  that 

I-,,.,  1. 1,,'  in      .viir  against  Ocrmany.     The 

, ,  fi  II        ,1; 'I,'   I'.iiiisands  of  visitors  und  the 
I    :  .     ,  ,ii.,l        like  a  clap  of  thunder  In  a 
1  '!•    •  t''-  .  an  ■    .he  nn«t  Intense  excitement 
,1,  Tu.      arert  ruUroail  »t«tlon  toCarls- 

i  ..|    .t    .1  ■■,  wusK^er.  .  .  .  1  nxle  all  night 

f-  „■     I        1    I    o  Eirer.     Taking  the  railroad 
.  littv,  1  .1*1.  IS,  and  passing  through  Bavaria, 
M    Dii'.     •    It  and  the  valley  of  the  Kliine, 
r  .i  ;;^.m  iii.  was  something  ppidlglous,  refill- 
ing to  nic  the  days  at  homi-  of  the  Uring  upon 
Sumter,  in  1861.     The  triKips  were  rushing   to 
the  depoW:    the  trains   were  all   blocked,    and 
confusion  everywhere  reigned  supreme.     After 
great  delays,  and  much  discomfort,  and  a  Jour- 
ney of  fifty  two  hours.  I   reached  I'arls  at  ten 
ockxk  at  night,  July  18th.     The  great  masses  of 
iH'opie,  naturally  so  exciUible  and  turbulent,  ha.. 
U'en  maddenwl  bv  the  fal«i  news  so  skilfully 
dls»eminat«<l,  that 'King  WllUaiii,  at  Ems,  had  In- 
sulted the  French  nation  tlirmi^h  lis  Ambassa- 
dor. .  .  .  It  toon  turned  out  that  all  the  reports 
whieii  had  lieen  spn-od  over  I'liris.  that   King 
William   had  insulted  the   French  Amlmssador 
were  utterly   false,  and   had   not   the  sllirlitest 
fimndtttlon.     The  French  Ambasswlor,  M.  Bene 
dctti,  ilenic-d  tlmt  he  had  n^ccived  the  least  indig 
lutv  from  the  Kniper-r.  .  .  .  The  exa^'ireriitupii!. 
ill  I'liris  mill  Fmiiie  of  this  simple  itieiileni  Mir 
piissid  all    iMiiinds.  ami    they    were    apimreiHly 
mmle  to  iiillanie  Ilie  lanple  -till  more.     Il   rially 
appiiirnl  tlmt  the  tioveri       "l  of  Frame  huil  de 
tirniimd  to  have  war  » 
eoilte      The  iillesred  laii 
talk  tlint  (iemiiiin  wa*  t      , 
1,11  the  tlirone  nf  Spain  were  but  a  mere  pretext 
.\ftir  eiuliu  111  yeiirs  of  peace,  the  courtiers 
iinil  iiiiveiituriis  wlio  siirroiinileii    the   Emperor 
seemed  to  think  thill  it  v  as  iiboiit  time  to  have 
J    .„;..■•     VI    !!    Wu^^h'-Pirtie.     l!,rnlliriiiiiiH    nf  n 
MinMir  tn  Fiiiiii;.  1:  1.  rl'.  'i  — '   U  is  a  popular 


ieniiany.  eoflte  i|iie 

^rowing  out  of  the 

a  (il  rman  prim 


Hi 


I  i'1 


M 


141.5 


FUASCK,  1870 


Itrttinnintf  nf 
War  'v)\ih  fnutina. 


FRANCE.  1870. 


3. : 


■  t     '! 


flrliim  timt  thi'  kiiip  tnriiiil  lii-  Inn  k  on  lliiirdi'tti, 
or  tliHt  Ik'  niiswiri'd  tliiii  In'  '  Ii:mI  iiothhiK  niorr  to 
my  t"  liim.'  <ir  lliat  In-  (uil  iiiid  out  refused  bim 
nil  Hudiriin'  An  ixini  nf  Ihc  (iirniiui  papers  of 
Jnlv  Mlh  dill  iiidnil  n  iid  to  tlmt  cITiTt  :  Uls- 
iniiri'k  himwif  iniddruHn  up  tlif  iioticf- for  the 
pii|MT«  III'  liiid  niiidi'  no  fiilw  iiilditlon!).  Init 
lien'  iind  tlirrr  lie  luiil  imsiil  nnil  oinittiil  Romp 
of  llir  wonls  sprkin  at  Knis.  tliiis  nniliTlii); 
piwsililc  lit  liiist  tlirwholr  fiilsr  conrrption  of  till" 
niiittiT.  Hisnmrrk  vrnturtil  on  sinh  ii  ^tcp,  liav 
ini;  clrnrly  conntcil  tlirrosls:  tin'  ri'unlt  sliowcd 
lhi«  ilosi'lv  lit' liiiil  iniidi' lii«  cull  iiliition».  .  .  .It 
wa«  tlir  wiir  of  IMtd  iliiit  fiiniliinniitullv  clmnfritl 
the  n-liitions  of  ilir  rliiinrrllor  In  tlir  iiiiiS!i  of  tlic 
pi'opli'  .\flir  1H7I  111'  was  iiniiii'iisily  popular. 
I'lopic  lii'lii  vcd  thai  he  roiild  iliiiinytliinc. 
Ilial  111'  roiilil  niiikr  possible  what  was  iniiKwsililc 
for   oiliiT   men.    .  Hisniiirrk    was   viry    siKiii 

snrroiiiidi'd  with  an  almost  inytliiral  halo  " — W 
Maiirinliri'ilnT.  Ilniiiihniq  (Cm  itnitwhtn  Utirht 
ftf'tnit    fr")n  tin'  fwtriiuthi.  pp.  l:i-*i.*W. 

Al.«)  i.n;  W.  MUllor,  IWilinit  Hint,  vf  lirffnt 
Time,  lurt.  2.'i  — (i.  IJ.  MallfHoii.  The  Hrfoiiiiiling 
pflhf  llenii.in  Km/iirf,  eh.  11.  — W.  Ullstow.  The 
War  fur  the  llhine  Frontier.  IHTO.  eh.  6  (r.  1). 

A.  D.  1870  (July— Auguiti.—DiiMtrous  open- 
ing of  the  war.— Defeats  at  Wbrth,  Spichern 
and  Gravelotte.— Bazaine's  army  shut  up  in 
Metz.— "July  Slid  Na|>olion  intrusted  the  re- 
genry  to  the  empress  for  the  periml  of  his  nlis<'nee 
from  Paris.  .  .  .  Ontheiith.  .  .  .  aeeompiinied 
by  his  son.  jhe]  left  for  .Metz.  to  assume  com- 
inand  of  the  army.  .  .  .  The  army  fou.sisted  of 
eiiflit  corps.  Ofthesi'.  the  1st,  uniler  Marshal 
Mar.Mtthon,  was  slalioiieil  lit  Straslmrg;  the  2il. 
under  IJiiieral  Kros.sard,  lit  St.  Avoid;  the  3d. 
under  Marshal  Hazaine.  at  .Metz;  the  4th.  under 
(Jenenil  I.ailniirault.  at  I)iedeiihofen(Thiouville); 
the  nth.  under  Ceneral  Kailly .  at  Bitwh ;  the  lith, 
under  Marshal  t  'aiiroUrt.  inthe  eanip  at  Chiloiis ; 
the  7tli.  under  (Jeneral  Felix  Ihiuay,  at  Ilelfort ; 
the  Hth.— the  Imperial  Uiianl  —  under  (ieneral 
llourbaki.  at  Xanev  Aeeonlinirlv.  the  Freni  li 
forres  wen'  diviileil  into  two  (■roups,  the  larger 
stationed  on  the  Moselle,  and  the  smaller  in 
Alsiiee  To  the  latter  lielimiied  the  l.st  .-.nd  7th 
corps,  both  of  whieh  were  |iiaeed  under  the  coin- 
maiid  of  .Marshal  MaeMahon.  with  orders  to  pn' 
vent  the  eriAvn  prince's  army  from  entering  Al 
Slice.  The  larger  group  comprised  the  "il.  :)d. 
and  4tli  lorps  .  .  The  8th  and  Hth  were  to 
have  forineil  the  rcM-rve;  liiit  the  greatly  superior 
iiumlM'rs  of  rrince  Frederic  fharles  and  Stein 
nntz.  who  were  advancing  against  this  larger 
group,  necessitated  the  imniecliate  bringing  of 
those  corns  to  the  front  The  connection  Ihv 
tween  the  two  groups  was  to  U'  maintained  by 
the  .'iih  corps,  stationed  at  Uitsch.  Skirmishing 
of  the  iidvanecd  posts  and  collisions  In'tivecn  re- 

I  oniioilering  parties  iM'gan  on  the  10th  of  .Iiily. 
The  iiiosl  important  of  these  minor  engagements 
was  that  at  Saarhrtlcken,  on  the  2d  of  August 

I I  111'  French  I'laiming  a  victory]  .  .  .  August 
•llh  the  criiH  n  priim'  crossed  the  Fnnch  frontier 
and  atlackeil  the  town  of  \Veis.senliiirg.  on  the 
lititlc  river  I.auter  .  .  Weisscnbiirir  was  sue- 
ce^sfiilly  1  arried  by  Prussian  and  Bavarian  bat- 
talions Vomliini'd.  and  the  (ieislierg   by  si.xlceii 

bailalions  of  rniKsians  alone \ugiist  .'itli 

MaeMahon  with  his  corps  look  up  his  position 
at  Worth,  fortifying  llie  heights  westward  from 
SaiiirbiK  h    togi  ilier  with  the  villages  of  Frosch- 


weiler  and  EliauhauKn,  in  the  intention  of  mcrt 
Ing  at  that  place  the  advancing  coluiniiHof  ilx 
crown  prince,  whose  attack  he  ex|M'cted  on  i|k 
7th.  To  strengthen  his  army  suHlelently  f,.r  ihi 
task  reqiiiivil  of  It  ho  endeavored  to  firing  nf 
t'.eneral  Felix  Douay's  corfis  fnini  Hell.irt  :m\ 
Mhhlhauspii,  and  that  of  <}<>neral  Failly  fnini 
Uitsch:  but  only  one  division  of  the  formir  ar 
rivnl  In  time,  anil  »  division  of  the  lilo  r  ivliirt 
was  sent  to  his  sii.'.  -^rt  did  not  n'lu  h  iIm'  ii<  i!;h 
iKirhiMsl  of  the  liattle-fleld  until  the  eviMini;  „| 
the  6th,  in  time  to  afTonI  a  partial  |iroi,  1  ii..n  ,1 
the  retreat.  Consequently,  MacMahoii  hi,  |,fi 
with  not  more  than  45,000  men  to  face  ili.  1  ruui 
prince's  whole  army.  ...  On  the  inoniin:;  ,)| 
the  6th  the  ailvancc  guanl  of  the  .Mh  mrps  lie 
came  inviilvetl  in  a  sharp  acthm  with  llai  mniy.' 
and  "  from  a  mere  skirmish  of  the  advan. i-  gnlin 
resulted  the  decisive  battle  of  Worth.  .\fiw 

WiVrth  itself  had  tieen  carried,  the  llghiiin:  wui 
most  severe  around  the  fortified  villau'e  of  I'niM  h 
weiler.  This  was  finally  taken,  and  a  dt  s|.i-mi 
cliargcof  the  French euirassu'rs repulsed  Th,  ri' 
upon  MaeMahon 's  army  broke  and  llnl  in  uili 
confusion,  some  toward  the  passes  of  iln'  \  .vl-i  « 
others  to  Straslmrg  or  nitsch.  .  .  .  Tin  tn.]liii 
of  victory  were  numerous  and  valuable  Jminill 
cers  and  9,000  men  prisoners.  .  .  .  The  Ki-mu  I 
lost  fl.lKK)  dead  and  wounded;  the  (i(  rin:in  V<\ 
WHS  489  olliccrs  and  lO.l.W  men  ~  a  lo,<  L-mitr 
than  that  of  Sadowa.  .  .  .  Mac.Mali'ii.  will 
alMiut  l.'i.OOO  of  his  defeated  tPHips.  r.  luln-i 
ZalM-rn  on  the  mominir  of  the  7tli.  and  >■  t  I'li 
thence  for  Chilhuis.  whither  Ocnerals  llmiiy  -m 
Failly  were  also  directeil  to  U'liil  their  fun  r ,  J 
new  army  was  to  lie  formed  at  that  pnint.  :iiii 
northern  Alsace  was  abaniloned  in  iln  in'ui 
prince's  victorious  troops.  The  Badisli  .liM«iii 
received  onlers  to  march  against  Sira^i'ii-L'  im 
by  the  9th  the  whole  corps  was  asseiiiMi  d  I'l  fnr 
that  city,  Ilagenau  having  Is'cn  lakui  hy  111 
cavalry  on  the  way.  .  .  .  I'ri'parations  |..r:i-i(; 
were  made,  a  n'gular  siege  corps  Is  iiii;  f.rnio 
.  .  .  and  placed  under  the  command  I 'I  i;,mn 
Werdcr.  With  the  remainder  of  tin-  lliir  I  icrra; 
thecrown  prince  left  WOrthon  tlicHlh  of  .\ii;ii.-i 
inarched  through  the  ungiianled  pas,.,  ■(  ili 
Vosges,  and  entered  Nancy  on  the  H'lili 
Detachments  were  left  Ix'hiiid  to  blin  k:i.li  I'.itsi 
and  Ffalzburg.  At  Nancy  the  prime  n  -I.  il  f, 
a  few  days  and  waiteil  for  decisive  n' «>  fr'i 
the  Saar  and  Moselle.  A  second  vid.ry  «:i 
won  on  the  6th  of  August  at  Spichern  |  .r  F"i 
bach].  Like  the  battle  of  Wilrlli.  tin-  utin 
was  not  the  result  of  a  stralegl -al  101.  ' 
but  rather  of  a  misunderstanding  i 

I'     ose  corps  was  eneoiintercil  at  Spii! 
1       .  on  Metz  by  way  of  Saargeniaiiii      . 
who.   although' not   more    than   s.vi  1 
miles  fnmi  the  field  of  battle,  hail  mil' 
tempt  to  come  to  Frossard  s  assi.slaii.  i . 
corps  to  the  same  place.     In  this  liaiiN 
to   the   unfavoraldc  nature  of  the  lT'  i 
losses  of  the  conipierors  wen'  lieaiitr  I'l 
of  the  comiucnd.     The  Germans  Inel  -'.'" 
and   4,848   men   dead,    wounded     an  I    1 
while  the  Fnnch.  acconling  tolh.iri  ■.< 
lost  249  olliccrs  and  :t.N'J9  nun.  J  oimi 
were  taken  prisoners.     August  7ili  il 
continued  their  forwanl  iiianh.  capi  ir 
stores  of  provisions  in  Forbach.     Hii  !l 
Avoid  was  taken,  and  foraging  partii  ■ 
almost  to  Met/..     Marching  through  tli' 


re- 


i.ilioi: 
sir 

■ni  f. 
/.lilii 
ciili 

n"  :ll 

I'd  Ili 

'.win 
i'l'l.  Ih 
n  this 
;  r.iliivr 

iM^'iin; 

l,|...rt; 
I    hIi"! 


\\  inn' 
ii  111  nil 


1414 


.jtMi. 


FRANCE,  1870. 


BoMaint  in  Ueti. 


FRANCE.  1870. 


Pilitinate  part  of  Prince  Frolcric  Charlcan  army 
SrecUKl  lU  coursi  U)war(I  Metis  by  way  of  8aar- 
hrftcken,  and   i'*rt  tliroiigli  SaargeiiiOiKl.  .  .  . 
In  the  Imperial  Lcml  (luartereatMetxIhe  KreiiU'St 
^ternationi'.  Mlled.  .  .  .  It  wuh  [nnallyl  de- 
rided to  coDccntMti!  five  army  corps  on  tbc  right 
Uflk  of  the  Moselle,  at  Met/.,  and  to  form  » 
-cond  army,  congistUig  of  four  corps    under 
MscMahon's  command.  In  the  camp  at  Cliftlons. 
The  first  line  of  defence  on  the  lUilnc  and  Himr 
lud  been  abandoneil,  and  France  was  to  be  de- 
(raded  on  the  Moselle.      By  this  decision  Alsace 
ud  Lorraine  were  surrendered  to  the  foe  at  the 
Ten  outset."    On  the  9tli  of  August  the  French 
moeror  transferreil  the  chief  command  from 
himtclf  to  Marshal  Bazaine,  while  U\>a!ut  at 
the  »me  time  withdrew  from  the  direction  of  the 
,1,01     Simultaneously,  at  I'aria,  the  Grammont- 
OUlvier  ministry  resigned,  and  was  suiceetled  by 
«c«binet  formwi  under  the  presidency  of  Count 
Paliluo  (General  Montauban).    ' '  New  levies  were 
railed  into  the  field    conipriaiug  all  unmarried 
men  tielwcen  tlio  ages  of  2.5  and  30  not  alriudy 
enrolled  in  the  '  garde  mobile.'  ...  In  the  Ger- 
man liead-quarU'rs  ...  it  was  n-solvinl  in  some 
««y  to  make  Bazalne's  army  harndess.  eUher  liy 
diutting  him   up  in  Met/,  or  by   pushmg  liiiii 
northward  to  the  Belgian  frontier.  .  .  .  The  task 
wMsdirtlcultone.  .  .  .   All  denended  ui«m  what 
fouree  Uaiaine  might  conclude  to  pursue  and 
the  ciurgy  with  wbiih  he  executid  bis  plans. 
It  was  his  purpose  to  leave  Met?,  with  the  lielil 
annv  and  join  MacMahor  at  fbttlons.      There 
would  then  be  800,000  Frtni  h  at  that  place  to 
bjcwk  tlie  German  march  to  Taris.     In  that  event 
the  Of  mians  would  have  to  leave  60.000  men  Ik- 
(oreMi'tz  .  .  .  and  Diedenliofen.  and  would  not 
have  inough  left  to  venture  an  attack  on  the 
united  and  wellintrencbed  armies  at  Chalons. 
Acconlingly,  the  union  of  thos<>  two  arndes  must 
be  priviiited  at  any  prii-e,  anil  Bazaine  lie  at- 
tacked iH'fore  Metz.     The  execution  of  this  plan 
led  1(1  the  severe  fighting  near  that  city  —  the 
battle  of  ColomlK-y-Nouilly  (Bomy),  on  the  Hlb, 
Vionville  on    the    Kith,  and  Gravelotte  on  the 
13th.  '    The  Iwttlc  of  (!raveh)tte  was  "tbc  tirx 
battle  In  the  war  In  which  a  prearranged  plan 
[Mollkc's]  was  actually  carried  out.  ...  It  was 
a  lirilliant  victory,  and  followed  by  iniporl.int 
resuiis     Bazaine  s  army  was  sliut  up  in  the  f,>r- 
tresn  and   among  the  outlying  forts,   and   ren- 
dered unavailable  for  further  service  in  the  ficlil. 
The  h'sscs  of  the   Fri'nch   ainountctl  to  almut 
IS.iKtii   men.   Including  6(K)  olllccrs;    the    Ger- 
man l.ws  was  899  ottlcers  and  19,200   men,  of 
whom  ll'.'H  officers  and  4,IHH(  men  were  kilUnl  out 
right.    The  nundierof  coiubaUints  on  the  side  of 
the  l"n'ii(  b  was  alKiut  140.000,  on  the  siile  of  ti.e 
Gemiiiiis  I7N,818,  the  former  liaviug  .VjO.  and  the 
lallrr  CJJ  cannon.     It  must  be  rememtxTcd.  how  - 
ever.  Ihiit  the  French  occupied  a  position  viry 
mmliuf  tlie  nature  of  a  fortress,  wliicli  bad  to 
beiarii.il  by  storm."— W.  MUller,  I'vliticM  Hit 
U>r\t '■/  liiratt  Timcn,  titrl.  2.'>. 

Ais(  in:  Count  II.  von  Moltke.  Tlie  Fniuro- 
Grrm.ih  ll'.ir  of  1870-71.  mrt.  1.— Col.  A.  Borb- 
stai'll  and  Maj.  F.  Dwmt.  7Vic  Fniiiro-llt'nii.ui 
W.ir,  ,-,',    10-29. 

A.  D.  1870  (Augu.-t— September).— Invest- 
ment of  Metx  by  the  Germans.— Disastrous 
attempt  of  MacMahon  to  rescue  Bazaine.— 
The  catastrophe  at  Sedan.— ■The  bot'i'.  stub 
bom,  VI  ln'ment  and  bliKnly  conflict  waged  in  thi' 


rund  tract  lietween  the  northern  (Mlges  of  the 
Bois  do  Vaux  and  the  Forest  of  .laumont,  which 
the  French  Marshal  called  the  •Defence  of  the 
Lines  of  Anianvillers,"  the  French  Army,  'the 
Battle  of  St.  I'riviit,'  and  the  Germans  the  battle 
of  'Gravebittc  — 81.  I'rivat," established  the  mas- 
tery of  tbc  latter  over  "the  Army  of  the  Ubine." 
Marshal  Bazaine  had  not  proved  strong  enough 
to  extricate  the  Anny  he  was  suddenly  apixiintcd 
to  coininund  from  the  false  positl(m  in  which  it 
bad  lN-<'n  placed  by  the  errors  and  hesitations  of 
the   Emperor  and'  Marshal    LeUeuf.  .  .  .  The 
German  Icailers  forthwith  reaolve<l,  and  acted  on 
the  resolve,  to  take  the  largest  advantage  of  suc- 
cess.    When  the  broadening  day  showed  that  the 
French  were  encamped  under  the  guns  of  the 
fort,  and  that  they  tlld  not  lietray  the  faintest 
symptom  of  flgbtiiig  for  egress  on  any  side,  the 
place  was  ibliU-rately  invested.   .   .   .  Soon  the 
iilockade  was  so  far  compU'tcd  that  <inly  adven- 
turous scouts  wen-  able  at  rare  intervals  to  work 
tlHir  way  through  the  German  lines.     As  early 
as  llie  foremsm  of  the  lOth,  the  King  bad  de- 
cided to  form  what  came  to  be  calliil  the  'Army 
of  the  Mcusi''  out  of  the  Corps  whidi  were  not 
needed  to  uphoM  the  investment  of  Metz.  and 
thus  place  Idmself  in  a  cimdition  to  assail  the 
French  Army  collecting  at  CImlons.   .   .   .  This 
forniiilable  fnrce  was  put  iinibr  the  connnand  of 
till-  Crown   I'rime  of  Saxony,  who  bad  shown 
himself   to   lie  un   able   soUlier     Coiiseciucntly, 
Ibcri-  renuuned  bebinil  to  invest  Bazaine,  seven 
Corps  dArniec  and  a  Division  of  Reserve  under 
Gcnend  v<m  Kumrner   .   .      One  Army  had  l>een 
literally  imprisoned,  anotlier  remained  at  large, 
and  iK'binil  it  wcri'  the  vast  resources  of  Franci". 
Three  .Marshals  were  <'iK)ped  up  in  tlie  cage  on 
the  .Moselle;  erne,   .MacMahon,  and  the  Kni|aror 
were  still  in  tlie  tield;  and  upon  the  forces  witli 
thiiii  it  was  resolved  to  advance  at  once,  Ixrause 
prudence  required  that  they  should  l>e  shattered 
before  thev  could  be  coinpletely  organized,  and 
while  the  'moral  cITect  of  the  resounding  blows 
struck  in  .\lsace  and  Lorraine  bail  lost  none  of 
its  urrilde  pow.r.     Tbcicforethe  Ki:ig  an<l  Geii- 
ir:il  von  Molike  started  on  tin-  morrow  of  victory 
to  march  on  I'aris  tlirouirli  the   plains  of  Cliiini- 
pagne."— (i.    Hooper.    Tlie   Ciiiiiiniifin  nf  S-i!'>n. 

i-l,    10. ■•  While  the  Cicrnmn  invasion  liad  thus 

Ixen  rolling  from  Lorraine  into  the  Half  of  Cham 

p;i!;ne.  tl<>  shattered  riL'bt  wine  of  the  army  of 

the   Uliiiii     with   reinf<ir<cincnls   sent    ('IT    from 

i    I'aris,    liad    Isen   drawn    togetli' r   in   the    wcll- 

'    known  i>l;iins  made  mcinonitile  I'V  the  defeat  of 

i    .\tlila.     l!y  '20  Aug.   the  first  and  tiflli  Fnnch 

1   ciirps  iiiarclied  rapiillv  from  the   Ippir  Moselle 

I    to  the   Manie.  had  been  joined  by  Hie  seventh 

corps  from  ISilf.irt  ami  by  the  twelfth  formed  in 

I   anddespaldicil  from  I'aris;  and  this  force,  num- 

I    Isrini;   pcrliai)s  i;t0.lHH)  men,  with  from  400  to 

.'illO  guns,  had  Is'en  conientnited  round  the  gn'at 

<;imp   of  ClKilons.     .Macmalum    was   given    the 

supreme  <  (Munuind.  anil  the  first  operations  of 

the  expcrienccii  chief  showed  that  be  undcrstissl 

the  priMiil  slate  of  alTairs.  and  were  in  acconl 

with  the  rules  of  strategy.     Bazaine.  be  knew, 

w;is  in   peril  near  Met/.,  iind  certainly  bad   not 

Mtt;iinei!  the  Meuse;  and  lie  was  at  the  bead  of 

liie  last  ariuv  which  France  couhl  asscmlile  for 

llie   ilcfeiice"  of   her   iipilal      In   these  ciiciim 

slaneis.  inipressiil  jHrliaps  by  the  grand  iiicni 

oriesof  tliiiampaU'ii  of  IHlt.  he  most  pro|i,rly 

ri-solveil    to   fall    back    towards    I'aris;    but   as 


;*fi  I 


1415 


FRANCE,  1870. 


to  llu  Mmr 


FRANCE,  1870. 


Bazaine  was  pnasibly  not  far<li>ttanl,  ami  a  iKMition 
on  the  Hank  of  the  (lerman  ailvanre  miglit  ullonl 
a  favouraMe  oppdrl unity  In  strike,  lie  withdrew 
northwards  on  the  21»t  to  UheiniH,  in  the  (ioiil)h' 
hopi>  that  he  would  appmaeh  hU  rolleiigue  ami 
threaten  the  commuuleatlons  of  the  advaiieinK 
eni'iny.     ThU,  we  rriM'nt.  was  foUowiii);  the  art 
of  war,  and  hud  Maenmhon  flmily  uilheri'd  In  liia 
pur|Mise,  there  wouhl  have  Uen  no  .Sedan  and  no 
trxaty  of  Frankfort.     I'nhappily  the  niamhal,  a 
heroin  the  Held,  wan  iletlcient  in"  real  strength  <if 
charaeler,  and  at  iliis  erilieal  moment  evil  conn- 
■els  and    tn\>e  information  shcH>k,  and   at   last 
changtnl,  a  n^aolve  that  ouchl  to  liave  never  fal- 
tercil.     A  new  administration  hud  la^en  forme<l 
in  I'aria,  and  Palikao,  the  minister  of  war,  ile 
Totnt  to  tlic  Empire,  ami  esiM'ciully  l)ent  on  sat 
Isfyinp  the  demands  of  the  exeited  rapital.  whieh 
iwssionalely   insisted  on   the  nlief  of   Ua/.aine. 
had  eonceived  a  projeet  l>y  which  he  hoped  that 
this  prc'at  olijeet  would  he  effeited  and  the  'ily- 
nasty  '  la-  n>s;on>d  in  iMipular  opiiiiim.     The  army 
of  the  Meuse,  he  arjiued,  was  near  that  stream, 
round  Venlun;  the  tliinl  army  was  faraway  to 
the  south;  there  was  a  con.siderahle  interval  h<> 
tween  the  'wd  masses;  and  the  army  of  Chalons, 
then  at   Rlieims,  was  not  far  fmin  the  l"pper 
Meuse.      In  those  eireumstanees  it   was  ijuile 
prarlicablc,  should  .Miumahon  rapidly  advame 
to  the   MeuH',  to  overpower  with  his  largely 
BU|M'rior  force  the  army  of  thi'  Meuse  In^fore  sup- 
port cinild  l>e  sent  from  the  distant  third  army  ; 
ami  the  enemy  in  his  path  iM'injj  swept  aside, 
the  marshal   eiudd    then  descend  on  .Metz,    fall 
with  the  c<)lliTte<l  strength  of  the  army  of  Cha- 
lons on  the  (livided  fraiiments  of  the  investing 
force,  and  triumphantly  cfTect  his  junction  with 
Itiuaine,  having  routed,   p<rhaps,  the  tirst  anil 
gecond  armies  iK'fore  the  thinl  conlil  ap|)ear  on 
the  8e«  ne.     The  defiles  and  w(xh1s  of  the  Argonne 
and  the  Aniennes,  stretching  between  the  Fri'mli 
ami  the  Uennan  armies.  I'alikao  insisted,  would 
fonn  a  screen  to  corneal  the  advance  of  the  army 
of  Chalons,  and  would  gmitly  facilitate  the  pro- 
mised movement.     This  projeit  reached  Macma- 
lion  on  21  Aug.,  and  may  be  pronounced  one  of 
the  most  reckless  ever  designed  by  a  desperate 
gambler  in  war.  .  .  .  Maemahon  at  flrst  refused 
to  listen  t.)  what  he  condemned  as  a  ho|Kles8  proj- 
ei  I ;  but  bad  ailvisers  found  their  way  to  him, 
anil  bis  resolution  was  already  yielding  when  a 
cahiniilous  event  fixeil  his  shifting  iiurpose.     A 
despatch  from  IJazaiiie,  obwure  ami  untrue,  an- 
noiiricid   lliiit  he  was  on  his  way   northward. 
M:ii  malion    Infernal    that   bis  iK-leagneriil   eol- 
leugue  had  left  Mel/,  and  eluded  his  fiX's,  and, 
thinking  that  he  would  n'ach   Bazaine   iM'fori' 
long,  in  an  evil  hour  for  France  ai.d  for  himself, 
be  conM'ntiHl  toaltempt  the  march  to  the  Meuse. " 
W.  ()'('.  Morris,  T/n   ( .i////*i(V//i  of  S,il<iii  {Eng- 
Hull   IlintorinU  Uir..  Apiil,  lt«8).  — "  It  was  not 
until   the  aftemoon  of  August  SH  that  MacMa- 
hon  s  amiv  passed  tliniugh  Hheiins.     Anxious, 
ami  knowing  tluiteverylhingilipemlcil  oiispenl. 
Ill'  ;ii|dres.scd   miidc  cnlunins  as  Ihey  toiled   on- 
wtinls.  reininiling  tliiin  that  Kri-nih  soldiers  had 
ni;iri  lii'il   tliirly   miles  a  chiy    under   the  sun  of 
Aliiia      The  ilitTerenee,  however.  «iis  (.Teat  Ik'- 
tween  raids  inaile  by  a  few  !ii:lil  regiments  and 
the  ii.  I  V.I  me  of  .1  raw  onnieldy  mass;  iiml  though 
till-  ni.iiNliiil  I  iiiliinoiinil  to  hurry  them  forward. 
lie  was  lonfroiiled  wiili  almost    insurmountable 
obstacles,     ^lareeh  had  the  armv  iiuide  a  march 


towartls establishing  it«clf  at  n<-lhiuvill,  nn  i{ii> 
8uippe,  when  conimiuariat  dilllcullii^  hlii;n| 
him  to  n' appriau'h  the  line  of  the  niil.Mi\  ||,. 
inadea  movement  on  his  left,  and  rem  h<  M  liii||(.| 
on  the  24th.  in  onler  to  obtain  for  lii^  ii..,.|is  spv 
eral  days'  siilisistence.  This  distriliiiiiiii  mij 
pied  tlir  whole  of  the  2.%tli.  .  .  .  As  ilu  iliriiii.iu 
of  the  French  movement  could  not  i.  v  hi- mn 
eialeil,  at  this  point  MacMahon  maili  :irr;iiii;i- 
inents  for  marching  with  all  possible  r;i|iiiliiv 
It  may  be  doubted,  however,  whether  Nii|.ul,(,s 
himself,  at  the  head  of  the  grand  armv  imilil 
have  ina<le  the  haste  which  the  marslial  i!i'^i.-iii.i| 
with  his  raw  and  partly  demoralized  Ironps 
His  army  was  altogether  unequal  to  furr.l 
inarches,  and  moved  at  this  critical  moiiii  tit  vtiih 
the  sluggislmess  inherent  in  Its  di  fi  i  um-  nriiiin 
izalion.  Eneumljered  w'th  slraL'u'l'rs  liiulK 
piinieerwl,  and  checked  by  lilndrani i -  cf  i-nry 
kind,  it  made  hardly  ten  miles  a  day  .  mihI  ii  wiis 
the  27lh  of  August  iH'fon'  its  riglit  .  ■Iiiinii.  «iill 
far  fnmi  the  Meuse,  passed  through  V'm/iiT>, 
and  the  left  reached  I>e ChOne.  .  .  .  tin  thi  'JTih 
it  was  oiH'oly  lKiast4il  of  in  I'aiis  that  Mui  Mulinn 
had  gained  at  least  forty  eight  hours  siuri  nf  the 
Crown  I'rince,  and  his  coining  success  w  as  lirmly 
iiiunted  on  by  the  iin|M>riali.''t  eabiml.  Mhina- 
in  n-ality,  the  whole  scheme  was  foilnl  iK-fim 
hand  by  Von  Moltke's  and  (^  nenil  liliiim  rjtluil* 
jirompt  combination.  .  .  .  !'  inliglitin,-  in  tlif 
iKildnesg  of  their  cavalry.  '  r  acli\ln  .f  iluir 
staff,  the  cool  tiring  of  their  infantry,  anil  IIk 
skilful  tactical  usi'  of  their  guns,  tin-  supi  riimiy 
of  the  Germans  to  their  antugonisi-.  Iiul  Ipcm 
already  pMv«l;  it  only  required  the  icnilnist 
now  presented  b<>twcen  the  niovemi  nt>  of  tin 
two  armies  to  show,  that  in  no  point  li;>il  ilir 
ilifTerenee  of  training  and  moral  feelim:  inM  nion 
in  favour  of  the  invaders  than  in  th;ii  of  tli" 
marching,  on  which  the  elder  NaivoIiMii  ^"ofim 
relieil  for  his  advantage  over  these  very  le  rnimis 
.  .  .  Between  the  27lh  and  the  inoraiiifc'  of  the 
2tttli,  the  right  column  of  the  Frem  h  nnny  hail 
only  its  outposts  at  Bnzaney,  wliile  iln  lift. 
though  Its  out|K)8ts  touched  .Stenay.  HiiMtly  ii 
Stonneand  Ileaumont,  lK)th  colunuis  s|.i.  niii;^'  i 
long  way  Iwukward;  in  other  worll^.  liny  »iri' 
still  a  march  from  the  Meuse.  wliirh  lli 
to  have  puiwed  three  days  iHfore.  miiiI  i 
wanl  divisions  were  yet  disiiinl.  TIm 
armies,  fnan  the  26lh  to  the  2'.llh.  ni;i.|.' 
ing  exertions  to  close  on  MacMahon  ;i'  I 
towanls  the  Meuse,  and  sueeess  ».i- 
within  their  grasp.  Tlie  fone  li  ih 
I'rince  of  Saxony,  in  two  eobimiis,  im. 
the  Meuse  at  Dun  oii  the  27tb.  uiid  wis 
position  to  arrest  and  retard  ;lie  vioiL'uarl 
Fri'iich  whenever  it  atleiiipled  tmni"  ili.  rinr 
Meanwhile  the  army  of  the  Cro\ui  I'lm.i  ,.f 
l"russia,  hastening  forward  by  Vin  1 1'  ■  ;iiiil 
Grand  Pre,  and  to  the  left  by  Sum  i 
hail  arrived  chwM^  to  the  line  of  nmn  h 
bon's  right  eobimn,  and  by  Hie  i^'i 
28th  hiul  occupieil  it  alumt  Voii^u  i 
further,  and  this  iinmensi'  army  vwi 
the  positions  of  the  liiekhss  Fn  i  ■ 
sailid  in  Hunk  and  rear  by  supm 
eoiiUl  Hot  fail  to  be  involved  in  lirn! 
.  .  .  MacMahon  |oii  the  27ih|.  "' - 
the  enemy  so  eomplelely  surroiini- 
more  than  ever  satislieil  Ihul  il  wciil' 
silile  to  carry  oiil  the  plan  whiiii  hi 
seriU'd  to  him  at  Paris,  auil  to  sum  , 


"liirLt 
ir  n:ir 
ti  rman 

■  Miiisll. 

ir-s-il 
.Inaily 
;  'li'Wi! 

T:i.  Iir.| 


!llU- 


i:     i 


..fill. 


.sill|i|u 
\|;„  Ma 
,    rt    III. 

A  -lif 
I.  up..n 
«l,'..  a. 
iiiiiiil^irs, 
.;i.a>l.r 
,•  _•  lliai 
;  IMi     (.11 

iin|..r. 
..  .  ■■   ITH 

ns.>ibk' 


1416 


FRANCE.  1870 


the  sole  urmy  which  Franco  hmJ  at  hiT  ilUpoxiil. 
hTui-nrdlns'y  "-xolvctl  to  turn  buck  in  a  wcfiK'.-ly 
ijlnKtion.  .  .  .  The  snmo  cvpnini;  he  iifnt  . 
f.i  trlpirrsm  to  tlic  Count  Piililtiio,  at  Puri-i.  .  . 
in  reply  to  thin,  tlie  Rovernni.'nt  wnt  a  tflcerum 
L,  the  emperor  at  eleven  o (lock  the  same  meht, 
tollins  him  that  if  they  abamloneil  Bazaine  there 
woiiia  certainly  l>e  a  revolution  in  Paris,  and 
thev  woiil.1  themsi'lves  \h-  iitu.cke.l  by  all  the 
^mv»  forces.   .  .  .    The  <'iiiperor  adnriits  that 
hemulil  unquestional.lv  liav<' set tliMonler aside, 
■  ,t  'he  was  reBolved  not  to  oppose  the  decision 
if  the  regency,  and  ha<l  reHicned  himm'lf  to  sul)- 
mit  U>  the  consequences  of  tiie  fatality  which  at- 
tKhe<l  itself  to  all  the  resolutions  of  the  Rovem- 
ment'    As  for  Mac>iahon.  he  nifiiin  tM)Wcd  to 
the  decision  intimatwi  to  liini  froni  Paris,  and 
once  more  turn..!  towanis  M.tz,.     Tlu;se^or,lers 
ind  counter-ortlers  nat\inilly  oinvsioniil  further 
delav  and  the  Fremli  head.iuart.TH  had  reaciie.1 
BO  farther  than   Stonne  on   the  28tli.  ...  <  m 
Monday.    AuKust  28,    !><•    Failly  occupied   the 
country  between  B<-inimont  ami  Stonne.  on  tlie  i 
left  hank  of  the  Miiise;  while  tlie  main  Ixxly  of 
the  Frenih  army,  iiiiiler  MaiMabon  in  person,  had 
ciowed  the  river,  and  were  encanipc-d  nn  tlic  riiiht 
bank  at  Vaux,  iH'tween  .Mouzon  and  Cariunan.    1 
uid  on  the   mominK  of   tlie   :tiMli   the  empjTor   1 
IfUffraphtMi  to  Paris  that  a  brilliunt  victory  mii,'ht 
be  cxwcted.      MacMalums   position   was  in  a   j 
•harp  wwlKc  of  country  form,  d  by  the  conflu-   j 
reaM.f  the  rivers  Mciw  ami  Chirrs,  and  it  was   ] 
his  inlenlion  to    advance   towards    Montmi'dy. 
The  other  part  of  his  arniv  was  close  to  the  river 
on  its  left   bank.  .  .  .  the    l,Mllle-or   ralli.r 
series  of  battles,  for  the  tliihtini;  ext..nde<l  over 
three  (lavs  — which  was  to  chciili'  whether  or  not 
he  would  reach  Melzand  litHnile  Ha/.aine.  lH..Mn 
in  earnest  a  liItU'  iH'fore  mxm  on  Tiiesiiiiv.  An- 
jiust  mi'— 11.   M.   llozier,  Tlif  l-'r,in<;,-l'riim,in 
War  r  1  M,  i:i.— "The  rctreatinK  Freiuli  weri' 
concentnited.  or  rather  niaswd.  iin<ler  the  walls 
of  Sedan,  in  a  valley  commonly  calleii  the  Sink 
of  Oiviinne.     The  army   consisted  of    twenty- 
nine  lirieades.  fifteen  divisions,  and  four  corps 
(larmir.  numberinR  ninety  thousand  men,     '  It 
was  tlle^^'  says  Victor   IIuko,  'no  one  could 
tuesa  what  for.  without  onler.  without   disii- 
pline,  a  mere  crowd  of  men.  waitine.  as  it  seemed, 
to  lie  seized  by  an  immensely  powerful  hand 
It  seemed  to  be  under  no   particular   anxiety 
The  men  who  composed  it  knew,  i>rlhou2lit  they 
knew,  that  the  enemy  was  far  away.     Calculat- 
inc  four  leaj?ue8  as  a"  day's  niarih.  they  iM-lieveil 
the  Cirmans  to  lie  at  thnr  d.iys'  distance.     The 
oimnianders.  however,  t.. wards  nightfall,  made 
some  prepanitions  f.r  s.if.ty.     The  wliole  annv 
form., I  a  sort  of  horu-  sh.s>.  its  |)oint  tMrnini: 
towinls  Sedan.     This  dis|«.sitioM  proved  tli.it  its 
chiefs  iHlieved  themvlves  in  safety.     The  valley 
wa.s  , nil' of  those  which  the  Kmperor  N'apoli'.in 
usihI  in  call  a  ••lK)wl."and  wliiili  Ailmiral  Van 
Tniiii|i  di-slj,'nnted  liv  a  li'ss   polite  name.     No 
plaiici.iilil  liave  1m-i'U  Iwttir  caleiilaled  to  shut 
io  all  arnw      Its  verv  iiiiiiilHrs  were  ai;ainst  it. 
Onee  in,  if  the  way  out    were  bloi  k«l,  it  could 
nev,  r  l.ave  it  ajiain.     Some  of  III.'  ni'iierals.— 
Gdiiril  Wimpfen  amoiiL'  lliem— saw  this,  an.l 
wirv  iiii.'asy;  liiit  the  little  e.airt  ar..uiid  111.'  em 
penr   was"  contideni    of    saf.-ty.       '  .\i    worst." 
thi'v  s.ii.l.  "we  can  always  reach  llii'    Hi'k'iaii 

(nmiiir  '     The  eoiio lest   niililary  pn-iaiitioiis 

wen    II.  u'k'cteil      The   ariiiv   slepl    s..uii.lly    on 


FRANCE,  1870 

the  night  of  August  31.     At  the  worst  they  be- 
lieveii  thcraselveu  to  have  a  line  of  r.'treat  open 
to  Mezieres.  a  town  on  the  fronti.-r  of  Ueleiuin. 
No  cavalry  reconnoiasauce  was  made  that  night; 
the  guards  were  not  doulileil.     The  French  be- 
h.'ved  themselves  more  than  forty  miles  from  the 
;;ermanarmy.     They  behaved  as  if  they  lliouglit 
that  army  linconcentrateii  and   illinforme<l.  at- 
tempting vaeueiv  several  things  at  once,  and  in- 
capable of  converging  on   one  point,   nainely, 
Sedan.     They  thought  (hey  knew  that  I  he  column 
under  the  Prince  of  Saxony  was  marcliing  uptin 
Chalons,  and  that  the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia 
wa«  marching  upon  Metz.     But  tliat  night,  while 
tlic  French  army,  in  fancied  security,  was  sleep- 
ing at  Seilan.  this  is  what  was  passing  among 
the  enemy.     By  a  quarter  to  two  A.  M.  the  army 
of  the  Prince  of  Saxony  was  on  its  march  eaat- 
wanl  with  orders  not  to  ftn-  a  shot  till  live  o'clock, 
atiii  lom.ike  as  little  noise  as  possible.     They 
marched  witliout  baeeagc  of  any  kind.     At  the 
same  hour  another  division  of  the  Prussian  army 
marched,  with  cquai  iioisclessncss,  fn>m  another 
direction  on   Se.lan.  while  the  Wrtrtembiirge™ 
secured  the  road  to  Mezieres.  thinhy  cutting  off 
the  possibility  of  a  retreat  into  Bilgium,     At  tha 
same  moment,  namely,  five  o'el.Mk.  — on  all  the 
hills  iir.iuii.1  Sedan,  at  all  points  of  the  compass. 
ap|«'are.l  a  dense  dark  mass  of  (i.'rman  troops, 
with  their  coninianilirs  an.l  artillery.     N.it  one 
I   s.iuiid  had  Im'cu  liear.l  liv  the  French  annV.  not 
I   even  an  order      Two  liundnd  ami  fifty  tiiousand 
!    men  were  in   a  circle  on  the  heights  round  the 
I   Sink  of  (iivonne      They  had  come  as  stealthily 
;   an.l   as  .silent Iv  as  serp<'nts.     They  were   there 
wh.n  the  sun' rosi.  and  the  French  army  wrra 
pris.mers  '     IVict.ir   lingo.   ('A-w"    I'/e*).  — The 
batll.' wasoiie  ..f  nrtillerv.     The  German  .guiii 
c.miiiaii.l.'.l  .'V.'rv  part  of  the  crowde.1  valley. 
In.l.'c.l  the  liL'ht  was  simply  a  mas.s;icre.      Fhere 
was  no  hope  f..r  tli.'  Fnnch,  though  they  fought 
briv.lv      Their  bist  tr.sips,  the  (larch'  impenale. 
'    w.rewith  Bazain.atM.'tz.      Marshal  MacMalion 
'    was  w.iuiiihil  virv  early  in  the  day.     Tin'  com- 
m  m.i  passi'd  lirst  t.i  (ieneral  Oiierot.  who  wai 
al*>  disable.l.    an.l  afterwanls  t.i   Wimpfen.    a 
brave  African  general  wh.>  had  hiirrie.l  from  A. 
geriaiiist  in  time  l.i  take  part  in  tliis  disastrous 
liav      He  t..lil  the  cmis'ror  th  t  the  only  hope 
was  for  the  tr.s>ps  to  cut  their  way  out  of  the 
:    vall.'V    but  the  army  was  t.xi  cl.isely  crowiled, 
t.H>  (iiwirganizeil,  t.i  inak.'  tliis  practicalile.     One 
Z.iuave   reu'imeiit   acomplislieil    this   feat,    and 
r.aehe.l    Belu'ium.      That   nitrlit  — the   night  of 
,   Sipl.iiilH'r  1— an  ai.le  .le  camp  of  the  Emperor 
Nap..l.'.'n  carrieil  this  note  t.>  the  camp  of  tlie 
king  ..f  Prussia;  — Monsieur  -M.m  Frere.— Not 
hiviiii:  iH'cn  aM.'  t..  ili.'  in  midst  of  my  troops,  it 
..iilv  ri'iuaiiis  f,.r  lu.'  to  plac'  my  sw.ir.l  in  the 
hui.ls  of  your  Maj.'sty.     I  am  y.mr  Majesty's 
p,.i.l    brot'hir.    Napoleon.   .    .   .   With   Nainileon 
III    fill  n.it  .iiilv  his  own  reputation  as  a  ruler. 
but  th.'  irlorv  ..f  his  unch-  an.l  the  prestige  of  his 
nam. ,     The'f.ill.ii  emperor  an.l  liismarck  nii't  in 
a    lilll.'    bulls*'  upon  the    banks  of   the    M.'usc. 
(hairs  wire  broiiiilil  out,  ami  they  talked  in  the 
.i|..-ii  air.     It   was  a  glorious  autumn  nioniing. 
'I'he  cmperiir  l.xik.-.l  lare  w.irii,  as  well  li>'  iniL'ht. 
II.' wisl.e.i  t.i  s.'e  till'  kinir  of  Prussia  iMforeJIie 
arti.l.sof  capitul.-ition  weri' .iniwn  U|):  but  King 
William  d.'cliii.'.l  the  int.Tview.     W'h.n  tli.'i-.i- 
pitulatiim  was  siciieii.  h.iwever,  lie  .Irove  ov.r  to 
visit  the  captive  empiror  at  a  chateau  where  tha 


1417 


■^  H 


-ill 


>5i"«a-    r 


^&'4 


'^saaESBgg. 


e^^A^ 


•i 


1  w 


-1  t.i.  ■  - 


H 


til 


FKANCE,  1870. 


fUl  «/  Mr 
Afomd  Kmptrr. 


FRANCE.  1870 


Utter  bail  taken  rrfiiKc  Thi'lr  IiiUttU'W  was 
private;  only  tlw  Iwn  wiverolitns  were  pri'sont 
The  Fnncli  cniiMrnr  nftcrwimla  expressed  Ut  the 
Crown  Mnee  of  I'riissia  his  deep  senae  of  the 
eourtesy  sliown  lilm.  He  was  desirous  of  pass- 
ing as  iinnotieeil  as  possible  through  Kreneli  ter- 
ritory, where,  indeed,  exasperation  aj;ainst  him, 
as  the  tirst  eimse  of  the  misfortunes  of  France, 
was  so  KO'iit  that  liis  life  woulil  have  been  in 
p<'ril.  The  next  duy  lie  jirm'eiiled  ti>  the  lieau 
tiful  palaee  at  Casscl  ealleil  WilhelnishOhe.  or 
\N  illiain  •<  (lleichl]  It  iiad  been  built  at  ruinous 
exper.se  by  .Jerome  Honapnrte  while  kinp  of  West 
phalin.  ami  was  then  called  Napoli'on's  Kest 
...  Thus  eifflity  thousand  men  eapitulated  at 
Sedan,  and  were  marrheil  as  prisoners  into  Ger- 
many: one  hundre<l  and  seventy-live  thousand 
French  soldiers  reniaimHl  shut  up  in  Metz,  be- 
siiles  a  few  tliotisand  more  in  WtrasburK.  Plials- 
bourp,  Toul.  and  IJi-lfort.  Hut  the  road  was 
oiMMi  to  Paris,  and  thither  I'le  various  (lerman 
annies  marehed,  leaving  tlie  Lanilwehr,  which 
could  nut  Ik'  onlen'il  to  serve  1h  yond  the  limits 
of  (iermany,  to  liolil  Alsace  and  Ijirraine,  already 
considered  a  part  of  the  Fatherland." — E.  \V. 
Latimer,  AVn.  <•<■  in  l/if  \iiiilifiilh  ('entiirn,  eh. 
12— "The  (termim  army  had  lost  in  the  battle 
of  Siilan  about  Plo  otlieera  and  8..'i00  men  killed 
and  wounded.  Oii  the  French  side  the  loss  sus- 
tained in  the  b:ittle  and  at  the  capitulation 
amounteil  acconliiiK  to  their  returns  to  the  fol- 
lowing:  Killed  a,OIK)men;  woumlid  14,00(t;  pris- 
oners (In  the  battle)  21,0()((;  prisoners  (at  the 
capilul:ilion)H;),(HH);  disarmed  in  Hi'lgiiim  :i,n<)0; 
total  \iiM*)"—Ttif.  Friniro-Grrman  War:  (ler- 
tmin  Ofiritil  Ai'/^nint,  pi.  1,  f.  2,  p.  408. 

Also  in;  Capt.  (J.  Fit/,  tleorp',  /'/.in  of  the 
hiitth-  cf  f>iliin,  trilh  .Vfiiifiir. — A.  Fornes,  M'/ 
Krpirit  nrfK  <tf  the  Witr  M.  f^ytinre  and  Oernumt/, 
fit.  I,  i-h.  4  (r.  1)  —Col.  A.  Borbstaedt  and  Maj. 
F.  Uwyer.  The  Fritnrn-iii'njuin  Wnr,  rh.  30-40. 
— tl.  H.  .M;  Meson,  The  Jtifniiiulin;/  if  the  German 
Kiti/n'tr,  rh.  14. 

A.  D.  1870  (September).  —  RcTolution  at 
Paris.  —  Collapse  of  the  empire.  —  Self-con- 
stitution of  the  Government  of  National  De- 
fense,— .Vt  I'aris,  the  wiiole  truth  of  the  tre- 
meiiilous  disjister  at  S'dan  was  but  slowly 
learned  (»u  the  afternoon  of  Saturday,  Si'ptein- 
ber  8.  Count  ile  Palikao  intimated  a  little  part  of 
it,  only,  ■■  in  a  sliiteineiit  to  the  Corps  Legislatlf, 
annoiincinirtliiit  .Marshal  Hazaini',  afteraviiiorous 
sally,  h.id  Isen  oliliceil  to  retire'  again  under  the 
walls  of  .Mil/,,  anil  thai  Macniahon,  after  a  si'ries 
of  roinbats,  attended  by  revers<-san<l  sui'ees.si'S  — 
haviii;;  at  the  out.si-t  lirivcn  a  p:irt  of  thei-iu'iny': 
army  into  the  .Meusi — had  ln-en  compelled  to 
rilrcat  t<i  Sid;m  and  Mrzii'res,  a  portion  of  liis 
army  liiiviii;^  taken  refuire  in  iti'I<;iutn.  Tlie 
junction  of  ttic  two  armies  had  tlierefore  not  l>een 
m:ele.  The  situation  w;is  serious,  calmly  ob- 
Birvcd  the  .MiiiistiT  of  Wiir.  but  not  hopeless. 
Not  liopi'li'ss!  when  the  truth  was  that  one  a;'my 
w;is  tiiiK-kaded  and  the  other  prisoner,  and  th;U 
thtrt-  wi-rc  ijo  reserves,  ,  ,  .\t  a  inidnii^ht  sit- 
tiiiL' Coiiiit  ill' I'alikao.  still  di'termined  to  con- 
ci'iil  a  portion  of  the  iriilli,  hitiin;ited  that  p;irt  of 
Alarsh.'il  Maeiiiahiai's  army  had  )H-enilri\en  tiat  k 
into  Sedan,  that  the  reiu:iirtder  had  capituhited. 
and  that  the  Kni|M'rorhad  iK'cn  iiiiide  prisoner.  .M, 
Jules  F.ivre  inei  this  aniiouiiceriient  of  fri'sh  dis 
asters  liy  a  inotioii.  declarini;  th^  Knipi'n>r  and 
his  dvnastv  to  have  forfeited  all  ri,i;hts  couferred 


by  the  Constitution,  demanding  the  .ippi  immnt 
of  a  I'arliamentary  Committee  invesinl  um,  ,|„. 
governing  power,  and  having  for  its  sp. .  i  ,|  mi, 
sion  tlieexpulsion  of  the  enemy  from  Fn  m  I,  i,  rri 
tory,  and  further  maintaining  Ocik  ral  Inn  Imi  in 
his  post  as  Uovenior  of  Paris.  The(  liai]i'«ri|i,i, 
siljoumed  till  the  morrow.  Itut  Paris  ha  1 1  .111  hol 
one  of  those  crises  when,  as  Pascal  sa\  s,  i  jmin 
of  sand  will  giveatiini  to  hisli>ry  and  >  Ilhii.-.  iho 
life  of  nations,  and  the  morrow"  brouv'iii  wnliii 
the  downfall  of  the  Ministry,  of  the  ilui:i»iv.  df 
the  Empire,  and  of  tinit  bizarre  eoMsilMiiinnal 
nliflcp  which  had  lieen  kept  waitini;  s  >  Imf  (or 
its  cumplemental  crown.  ...  It  hiiil  li.,ii  in. 
timateil  that  the  Corps  Lijgishitif  \.oul.|  riu». 
scmbic  at  noon.  iK'fore  which  lime  tiuiinroiu 
gnmpscollcctiil  onthe  Place  de  hil'om  nic,  unl 
eventually  swclleil  to  a  I'onsiderable  ei  umI  The 
bridge  leiuling  to  the  Palais  Bourbon  u>s;:ii;irlol 
by  a  detachment  of  mounleil  gendariiiii,  ami 
numerous  sergents-de-ville.  .  .  .  Ii;iit;ilin|,s  ,if 
National  Guanis  having,  howevi  r,  arri\i.|,  tin 
gendarmes,  after  flourishing  their  swdnl-.  e|M  mij 
their  ranks  and  allowed  them  to  pass.  fuH.iuol 
by  a  considerable  portion  of  the  crowil,  sli  .iiiinj 
"Vive  la  llepublliiue! '  and  singint'  tlie  (  limi 
du  Depart.'  The  iron  gates  of  the  Paliii  li,iiir 
bon  having  lieim  op«'ned  to  admit  ;i  ili  piit;iii(  n 
of  National  Guards,  the  crowd  preeipiiaie.i  ii„lf 
forwanl,  and  in  a  few  minutes  tlie 
courtyard  were  alike  invaded.  Crii 
la  Ganlc  Nationale! '  '  Vive  la  Liiiiie 
liepubliquel'  resounded  on  all  side 
soldiers  who  occupied  the  court  of 
Bourlmn,  after  making  a  show  .if 
ended  by  hoisting  the  butt  ends  of  tli 
the  air  in  sign  of  sympathy,  joiniiii;  at  iln  same 
time  in  the  shouts  of  the  crowd,  while  tin  iiii.r, 
encountering  no  further  o|i|iositioii.  pnumldl 
to  invade  the  pas.sages  of  tlie  <'hainli.r.  ,it  the 
moment  Count  de  Keratry  was  :itt;ic  kii  ^'  ilie 
Ministry  for  surrounding  the  Corps  l.,\'i-lii!if 
with  troops  and  sergents  deville.  i  oiur.irv  ii  liie 
orders  of  General  Tnx'hu.  Count  de  l':ilik.w. 
having  explained  the  relative  posiiiniw  nf  tlie 
Governor  of  Paris  and  the  Minister  of  W.ir.  in. 
troduceil  a  bill  instituting  a  Council  of  (i.mrr, 
inent  and  National  Defence,  coinposcl  ,,f  live 
members  elei'tiil  by  the  Ix'gislatue  l!,«ly,  tlie 
ministers  to  be  api>ointed  with  the  appr.iil  if 
the  members  of  this  (.'ouncil.  aiei  he,  r.piiiit  .if 
Palikao,  to  iK-eupy  the  post  of   l.ieiiirii;,iii  leii 


1'  |i-l  allil 
1  "1  '  \'ive 

■  -Vivcl;! 

:  aii'l  ilie 
I  lie  l',il,iis 

re-i-l,lllo>, 

ir  rillo  ia 


eral.     M.  .Jules  Favre  having  chiim..! 
I   fi.r  the  motion  which  he  had  intPMiii  ■  I 
'   iH'fori',    M,    Thiers,    pleadini;   the    ii" . 
\     inion,  next  moved  that;  —  'In   view  .t 
circumstances,    the   Chamber  appoiin- 
mission  of  Uoveriunent   and   Nation  i'    ! 
A  Constituent  .Vssi'mbly  will  be  com -k' 
as  circumstances  perniil  '     The  Cii.iin'    ' 
dcclareil  in  favour  of  their  urnene\ ,  ii,  ■ 
propositions    wen'    eieuliiaily    ret.  10  i 
liureaii.  anil  the  silting  w;is  siispeii.i.  1 
during  this  periml  that  the  irowil  pei . 
thi'  Salles  des  i^imtre  Coloniu'S  .iiel    ' 
.   .   .   At  half-past   two.  when  thesi!;i,,. 
sumed.    the    galleries   were  i-rowil'l 
noisy.     The  ineinbers  of  (he   Left     "i!-. 
till  ir  placi'S.      It   was  in  v;iin  the   1'' 
tempted   to  obtain   silence,  in    v  li"   ' 
huissiers   commanded    it       MM     '.1 
Cremieux  appeared  toi^etlur  at    lii      li' 
the  fornier  begged  of  the  people  lo  !>  ::.  1 


fir 


I'   u  1^ 


MIS 


■■:.  kj. 


FRANCE,  1870. 


7^  Onvfrnment 
of  Sational  Or/tnse. 


FRANCE,  1870, 


i 


A    p»rti»I    sllcnrfl    havlnif    boon    awiiri'il. 
bount  lie  I'ulikao,  followwl  by  ii  few  mcinlHT* 
of  till-  majority,  entered  tlie  CliamlKT,  but  did  ni>t 
eMHv  to  »pe»ii.  ...   A   minute  or  two  after 
winis,   tlie   clamour  arose  again,   and  a  nolny 
mullituile  commenced  Invading  the  floor  of  tlie 
lull   .  .  .    NotliinK    was   left    to   tlic   President 
but  to  put  on  his  hat  and  retire,  which  he  did, 
tomther  with  Count  de  Palikao  and  the  mem- 
bets  bv  whom  the  latter  IhmI  bcvn  accompimieil. 
By  this  time  the  Chamlier  was  completely  in- 
filed  by  National  and   Mobili-  Ouarils.  in  com- 
panv  with  an  exclte<l  crowd,  whose  advance  it 
WM  ill  vain  now  U>  attempt  to  repel.     .M.  .luU's 
Fsvre,  having  mounted  the  tribune,  ol)tuined  a   i 
niomfiifs  Blleiice.     '  No  scenes  of  violiiue,' cried 
hf;  'let  uii  reserve  our  arms  for  our  eminies,' 
Finding;  it  utterly  Impossible  to  obtain  iinv  fur-   j 
ther  hcarintf  inside  the  ChamlKT,  .M.  OiiiiilK'tUi,    j 
iccompaiiied  by  tbo  memliers  of  the  Uft,  pro-   : 
BKiM  to  tbc  steps  of  the  peristyle,  and  there   | 
innoiiiuiil  the  dethronement  of  the  Kmperor  to 
the  piiiple  a.sscmble<l  outside.     Accompanied  by 
one  iKHtion  of  the  crowd,  tluy  now  hurried  to  the 
HiltiO  lie  Villc,  and  there  installed  themselves  as 
t  Provisional  Government,  whilst  another  section 
took  possession  ot   tlie  Tuileries  — whenci?  the 
Empress  had  that  morning  taken  flight— as  n:i 
lionsl  pnipiTty.     A  select  band  of  Kepublicaii-s, 
mindful  of  what  Count  — now  Citoyen— Henri 
Rjcliifort  hail  done  to  bring  Iinperiali.siii  into 
disn'piite,    proceeded    to   the   prison   of    .Saiiile 
Pelasie  and  conilucted  the  author  of  the  l.an- 
tenii'.  and  other  political  prisoners,  i.i  triumph 
to  the  llfttel  de  Villc.     The  deputies  who  quitled 
the  Cliamlier  when  it  was  invaded  by  the  mob. 
mft  that  same  afternixin  at  the  President's  resl- 
domr,  and  sent  a  deputation   to  the  Hotel  de 
Villi',  with  a  proposal  to  act  in  common  with  the 
new  (invernnient.     This  proposition  was.  how 
ever,   il.clined,   on   the   siore   of    the    llipiildii- 
having  Ut-n  already  proclaimed  ami  accepleil  by 
the  iHipulation  of  Paris.     At  an  evening  milling 
ofncarlvtwo  hundred  deputies,  held  under  the 
prcsid.  iky  of  M.  Thiers,  >!.\I.  Jules  Favre  and 
Simun  attended  on  the  part  of  the  Provisional 
Qovimment  to  explain  that  they  were  an.vioiis 
loKriiri'  the  support  of  the  deputies,  whom  they 
hinteil,  however,  could  best  serve  their  ountry 
iulheilepartments.     AfU-r  this  unequivocal  rc- 
bull,  till- deputies,  who  had  in  the  meantime  In-en 
tppriM-d  that  seals  had  been  placed  on  the  diKirs 
of  the  Corps  Legislatif,  saw  that  nothing  remained 
tothi'in  but  to  protest,  and  jirotest  thiv  accord- 
ingly ilid  against  the  events  of  the  afternoon. 
.  ."    Nut  one  of  the  two  hundnil  diputiis  pns 
entsi  much  as  dared  suggest  the  breaking  of  tin- 
ieaU,inil  the  iissembling  in  tlie  Ugislative Cham- 
ber. ..  .  The  Oovemnient  which  graspiMl  the 
reins  cif  power  on  the  utter  collapsi'  of   Imperial 
Instiliiiiiriis  waaa  mob-named  one  in  tlie  fullest 
ncDiiiMif  the  term,  the  names  having  lieen  chalked 
by  tlic  populace  on  the  pillars  of  the  portico  of  the 
Palais  Iloiirbon  during  that  invasion  of  IheCiiaiii- 
b"riiii  the  Sunday  aftimixm  which  resulinl  in 
ilio  nviTthrow  of  the  Imperial  regime.      The  li^t 
iippi  irs  1(1  have  been  accepted  by  the  primip.il 
mi'iiil.. Ts  of  the  U'ft.  who,  althoiiirh  lliey  would 
liavi-  priferri'd  ilisassiK'iatiiig  thiiiisi'lves  from  M. 
Rwlii  flirt,  nevertheless  fell  tliiit  it  w  ■  .Impossible 
tolf,vc' him  out  of  the  lonibiiiiitioii.  and  tlieri'- 
f'ln-  :ii|niiily  — and   not   iiiappnipri.itcly.  as  tlii' 
sat'iy  ,  t  |>;iris  was  es[H-eially  in  tluir  keeping  — 


nimle  It  embrace  all  the  deputies  for  Paris,  save, 
as  .M.  .lilies  Miinon  observed,  the  most  Illustrious 
—  meaning  M.  Thiers,  who  refused  to  join  it. 
.  .  .  The  Oovemment  of  National  I>efenie,  as  It 
elected  to  style  itself,  on  M.  Kocheforts  sugges- 
tion, was  comiMised  of  the  following  meinlH-rs:- 

(J nil   Trochu,   president;   Jules   Favre,  Vice 

President    and    Minister    for    Fondgn    Affairs; 
Knianiiel  Amgo;  Crcmieux,  MinisU^r  of  Justice; 
Jules  Ferry,  Secretary ;  I>;on  (iamlwtta,  MinisU-r 
of  the  Interior;  Oamier-Pag(>s ;  (ilals-Bizoln;  Eu- 
gene Pelletan ;  Ernest  Picanl,  Ministerof  Finance; 
Henri  Roi-befiirt ;  and  Jules  Simon.  MinisUT  of 
Public  Instruction.     Subsj'oucntly  it  associaUil 
with  it  General  I-e  Flfl.  Minister  of  War;  Ad- 
miral Fourlchon.  Minister  of  Marine ;  M.  Dorian, 
.Ministerof  Public  Works;  and  M.  Magnin,  Min- 
IsUTiif  Agriculture  and  Commerce.     Thisi',  with 
Count  de  Keratrv,  charged  with  the  Pnf.cture 
of  Police,  M.  Eli'enne  Arago,  aiiiwinted  .Mayor  of 
Paris,  composed  altogether  no  less  than  eight«en 
memliers.  upwanis  of  two-thirds  of  whom  were 
Uretons.  advocates,  or  journalists.  .  .  .  For  some 
days  the  new  (Jovirnment  was  prodigal  of  proc- 
laiiiation.s  and  decries.    Its  first  acts  were  to  close 
thediKirsof  the  Palais  IJourlsm  and  the  Palais 
du  l.uxenilioiirg.  and  dissidvc  the  Corps  l,egi»- 
liitif  and  abolish  the  Senate  as  Imuchea  inutiles 
poliiiques,  to  issue  priK-lainations  to  the  army, 
or  rather  the  debris  of  one.  justifying  the  Revo- 
lution and  appealing  to  the  trisips  to  continu* 
ihiir  lieroieclTortsfor  the  defence  of  the  country, 
and  to  the   Xaliimal  Ouaril.  thanking  them  for 
their  past,  and  asking  for  their  future  patriotism. 
It  released  all  funitinnaries  from  their  oaths,  dis- 
missed  the  ainliassadiirs  at  foreign  courts,  ap- 
pointed prifii ts  in  all  the  departments,  and  new 
mayors  in  the  twenty  arronilissementsof  the  capi- 
tal." pnKlaiiiied  the  complete  litierty  :if  tlie  press, 
onlend  all  (iermans  not  provided  with  siM'chkl 
pirmissiiin  to  remain,  toiiuit  the  departments  of 
the   Seine    and    Seine  et  ( tisc  within    four-and- 
twentv  hours.  ...   It  pressei!  forward  tlie  pro- 
visioning of  the  city  and  its  works  of  defence, 
increased  the  herds'  of  sliiip  and  oxen  and  the 
stores  of  com  and  Hour,  provisionally  alMilishedall 
lisal    customs   and   octroi   dues,    and   flxeil   the 
price  of  bulchiTS  meat,  armed  the  outer  forts 
and    the    enceinte,    blew    up  or    mined    all   the 
liriilgis  and  tired  all  the  wissls  in  the  environs, 
razed  thousands  of  hou.ses  to  the  gniunil,  felled 
Madsiile  trees,  and  constructed  huge  barricades 
with  thiiii;  laid  in  fact  all  the  lieautiful  subiirte 
inwa.stc;  listened  to  the  thousand  and  one  wild 
schetiies  put  forth  liy  patriotic  madmen  for  ex- 
j  lerniiiiatiiii.'  the  inviiilcrs.  and  hiiinched  a  huge 
'   captive  balloon,  whieli  leivend  daily  over  Pari.; 
\   to  give  timely  notice  of  their  dreaded  arrival.  "— 
'    II.  Vizetellv.'cA     J'ltrin  iu  I'trJ,  e/i.  \. 

Vi.^iilN  J  Kavri'.  Thr  H"e't  of  the  .VndVimi 
I  Ihu:.,;.  .hii,f~<>rti.'i—\\.  UUstow,  The  Witr 
'   for  il;   tthiii,  Frui.tn      .-li.  ti  (r.  it. 

A.  D.  1870  iSeptember— October).— Futile 
striving  for  allies  and  for  peace  without  ter- 
ritorial sacrifice'.—  Investment  of  Paris.— 
Gambetta  5  organization  of  defense  in  the 
:  provinces.—  Bazaine's  surrender  at  Met*.— 
•■The  <i"^'rnmriit  of  National  Difenie  .  .  .  iiii- 
aginiil  that  llie  lull  of  the  Kinpire  would  sini 
plifv  the  criii  1  pusiiiun  of  France  towards  tin- 
inemy  The  Dynasty  which  had  declared  wiir 
Iniiii;  reversed,  iinil  the  men  now  in  iimvir  liav 
iiiglH'enthrouL'lioiit  opposed  to  waraiid  in  favour 


::=», 


«.^ii 


i  - 1  .aj 

ill 


in;) 


'ill- 


^  --<' 


FUANCE,  1870 


Siri^  of  Atru. 


PBANCE.  1870-1871, 


of  German  unity,  iiml  now  ilomnniling  nothing 
but  (WiHi'.  what  niDtlvi'  cmiM  Ihu  King  of  I'rus- 
■ia  liavi'  ti>  tMiitiniic  tlir  invasion  of  Franc'i|?     It 
WHS   furlliiT  to  U-  I'onsidiriHl  tliat  free  Franco 
would  ili'fcnil  h.r  Inlfgrily  to  llie  lagtdropof  Ikt 
blotHi ;  Hint  kIic  would  volunturily  ifiyii  up  ni-itlier 
an  inili  of  liir  liTritory  nor  a  »tour  of  litT  for- 
trr»t<'9.     Such  wrrc  tlic  Idi'as  whii  li  tlm  ni-w  Min- 
iaUTof  Fon'lun  Affairs,  .M.  Jules  Favrc.cxpniwiil 
on  the  tllii  of  Sc'ptiMnlx'r.  in  a  lircular  addri'iwfil 
to  tlir  Fniiili  affi'ntK  in  foreign  louiitrii'a.     Tliu 
Cabinet  of  IJerlln   was  not  slow  in  disiibusin)? 
him  of  these  convietions.     Far  from  aireptintf 
the  view  tliut  the  KuiiHror  Napoleon  was  the  sole 
promoter  of  war,   fount  Ilisniarek,  in   two  de- 
spaHlies  of  the  lUlhaml  of  the  IGlh  of  Septeni- 
Iht  llinwtliercsjionsihilily  of  the  ronllielon  the 
Freiieh  nation,     lie  htnled'that  the  vast  majority 
of  the  ClmmlKTa  had  voted  for  war,  ami  tliat  the 
EmiMTor  was  justilied  in  ii>surini;  thi^  King  tliut 
h(^  liail  Ixen  forrc'd  into  a  Wiir  lo  which  he  was 
persoiiallv  averse.   ,  .  ,   In  orilcr  to  he  secure 
ajrainst  future  aKKri's.Hion,  (lirniany  would  ask 
for  (.'Uiirantecs  from  tlii>  French  nation  its«lf,  anil 
not  friun  a  transitory  Government.  .  ,  .   In  any 
casi.  (hrinanv  would  reciuiret*lrashurg  and  Met/.. 
Thus  llie  aiirssion  lo  iiower  of  the   lU'publican 
(Jovirnmcnt  diil  not  mislify  the  reeipriK-al  posi- 
tions of  the  two  lirlllKcrents.     Nevertheless,  hope 
wa.senterl:iiiud  in  I'aris  tliut  the  friendly  Inter- 
venlii'U  of  the   irreal  powers  might  induce  the 
victor  to  soften  liis  riiiour;"  hut  intervention  was 
declined  liv  the  Hirliii  Ciiliiiut  and  not  under- 
taken.      'Un  the  litlli  of  Sipteniber  the  invest- 
ment of  I'.iris  was  coinpleled.     At  the  desin,'  of 
the  Fnncli  (iovenuiieiii,  tin-  English  Cahinel  ap 
plied  lo  till-  (iirniiin  In  ;id  .("artcrs,  with  the  ob- 
ject of  olilainiiii  f.r  .M.  ,lidcs  Favre  an  iiilerview 
with  Count  Bisman  k      This  reijuest  having  Isiii 
Kranleil.  the  two  slaUsmcn  held  conferences,  on 
the  lUth  and  'JOtli  of  .Splemlsr,  at  Ferrii^res,  a 
castle  of  Haron  Kollisihild  m ar  Meau.x.     During 
these  interviews  I  lie  French  .Minister  wiw  senti- 
mental and  the  tii  rni.oi  .Minister  coldly  logical. 
Tliey  could  not  come  lo  an  agreement  on  any  sin- 
gle point.   ,      .  Till!  (lovcrninem,  of  I'aris  .   .  . 
aftaiii  proclaiiiK-d  that  France  would  not  cede  nn 
inch  of  lurtirrilory.     Meanwhile,  in  eonscciuence 
of  the  investment  of  Paris,  the  Government  of 
Nalional   Defence  w.is  divided  into  two  parts; 
some  of  its  Deleuales  wiilidrew  to  Tours,  form- 
au'  adelcLMlion  of  Un- ceiilral  Government  which 
cniuiiitirin  I'aris.     Tiie  (orman  armies  hml  civn- 
iniied  their  cin ward  niiin  li,  as  well  as  their  opera- 
Ions  a'.-ain-'  llie  f.irlres>es.     Tool  capitulated  on 
llie  ■.':!ni  ioel  Slraibur;:onlhe'JHihof  ^H'pleInlK•r. 
On  till-  ."illi  '>'  Odolier,  Ivin:,'  William  had  estab- 
lished liislie.-idi|uartersat  Versailles."     Meantime 
■llie  (ioverniiii-nt  of  Nalional   Itefeme  ma<le  a 
last  altini|il  lo  >icure  allies,  "r  :il    least  llie  help 
of    |iowerlul    iiieilialor^.       Willi   this  .ilijeei  .M, 
TliiiTs.  who  hu'l  I'laeed  himself  at  the  disposal  i>f 
the  AaMiihi-Tali.iii  '<r  the  I'h  "f  SeiilerulH-r,  was 
.sent  on  a  iiu>.-ion  M  llie  l-;ur..|»:iM  Courls.     From 
ilii-  IJth  of  Sei-lenilK-r  liil  lie-  -oih  of  Oi  inbcr, 
till    "1.1   -tate-ir  111  lisiliil   ill  ^ui  1  i-~i  ,11    London, 
Vm  :ri.i,  .->!,  I'l  in-vliuru',  -ohI   Klor.  lui-.      In  none 
.,i    111,  -,■  I  111'  >  «(  r.-  lii-  III.  i-iins   .lUeiicled  wilh 
liuip|i>  r.-.i;i-'      .\i   M    I'c  iir^l.nn,'  and  at  l.on 
dn:i  lie  ',\,i-  I  ■!.!   —and  lie  W.IS  himself  convitieed 
■Ihiil   111.-   Km.    .'f   l'rii-~-,ia    wis  eoni|H-iled   In 
■  ■■•ii-idir  llie  ••III, III  M|iiiii..ii  .r  <irrmany.  ariil  th.ii 
Kroi'i    «    iiM  ii  ivi   1.  r, -i;;ii  ill  r-i  If  lo  li-rrilcjiial 


sacriftrcs. "  He  returned  to  France  to  ,i,|ii,i,.|,| 
to  pnK'urc  authority  for,  a  coufereim  wiiii  i 
German  CImncellor.  But  events  liad  nln  mly  ■ 
rurnsl  which  aK^ravuttHl  the  forlorn  inhiliiion 
France.  '"The  vcmnKest  and  most  eiiii  riiri-li 
memlier  of  the  Government  of  I'arn  M  i;,i 
U'tta,  hiul  !cft  the  Capital  on  the  xi\\  .  I  iiii  ,1 
in  a  balUion  forToura.  It  was  his  iiiiiiitJMii 
orKiinise  national  defence  in  the  I'roviin , .  '(' 
day  after  his  arrival  at  Touni.  lie  Ismu.!  h  ij,. 
Proclamation  to  the  French  |Msiph-.  Unji 

energy  that  called  forth  universal  adinir  iti  ii  i 
Government  of  Tours,  over  which  < iamU iii ii 
sided  as  IMctator,  nrganisctl  resisiaiid  .  inriml 
new  army,  ami  Kathered  together  evi  ry  pi^sil 
resource  for  defence  both  in  men  and  in  inniirii 
All  these  efforts  could  not  nrrest  the  pr.;ri « 
the  invasion.  From  the  11th  lo  the  ;ll-i  if  lii 
Inr,  the  Germans  took  successively  Ork  mi,  Sn 
Ron.s.  Hchlestadt  and  Dijon.  Hound  I'.iris  ih 
repulseil  the  sallies  of  Malmaison,  ('liuin|ii!:r 
and  le  llourdet.  Hut  all  thes<'  debviN  ..(  li,  ri 
soldiers  waneil  when  compansi  to  the  ajiilii 
and  ilecisive  catastrophe  of  Mel/.  Afn  riln  li 
tie  of  Gravelotte,  Marshal  IlazainehatluiiMiMT 
fully  attempted  several  sallies.  .  .  .  Hiiili,.  ; 
ofOctolH-r,  after  an  unfortunate  bat  lie  n  U.mj.] 
lastini;  nine  hours.  liazaine  considen  I  lin  liii 
tion  desi>erate.  Ills  only  thoui,'ht  was  i  .  olii; 
the  most  favourable  conditions  he  eon!  1.  :ni'l  w 
this  object  he  sent  General  lioyer  I"  tin  In: 
(|uarlersat  V'ersidlles. "  After  i«o  wnk-nf  i 
filiation,  "on  the 'ilst  of  Ihlober.  tie  iiriiiy  i 
camped  within  the  walls  of  Mel/,  fnui.l  ii- 
wilholltprovi.■^iolls.  .  .  .  Nefiolialions  Willi  I'rii 
Frederick  Charles,  nepliewof  the  Kin;;  ami  (, 
inander  in-eliief  of  the  iM'sievin:;  .\iiiiy,  « 
o|H'ned  on  tin'  'i'lth.  and  tcrminaled  ■  ii  tin-  J 
of  OctolMT  Tlie  ccnnlitions  vere  id.  mi.  .1  « 
tliose  of  Sedan:  capitulalion  of  lie- t..«  ii  ii.  i 
forts  with  all  the  material  of  war,  al!  Ih. niiiiy 
the  Hhine  to  Im-  prisoners  and  the  oilii.i-.  in 
lilK'raled  on  parole." — K.  Simon,  T/u  A'./.;. 
Willi.lm  iinil  hit  lirlrin,  ch.  1:1  (c  J  —  1 
Fnnili  .\rmy  of  the  Rhine  at  thetiiii.-.  f  Ilii  ^ 
ri'iider  slill  niinihc'nsl  ITJi.lHK)  men.  imln-ii. 
6,I)IK)  ollieers  and  20,0IW  men  remainiiiL;  li  imi» 
rily  in  Met/.iissiekorconvah'scenI  —  /'.'•  A'.' 
(lermaii  War:  (Ifrman  Offinnl  .W,„in:.  i-i  ■: 
1,  ;..  201. 

.Vlsoi.n;  a.  Forbes,  .tfy  A>;»'n(  >(.'..<   r."„  I 
Mirfenh'ninrennitUfrmiDiy.iil   'Ji'    1 

A.  D.  1870-1871. — The  war  in  the  provinc 
—Unsuccessful  attempts  to  relieve  the  npii 
—Distress  in  Paris.— Capitulation  a  id  arn 
tice,— "The  surrender  of  .Mel/  .11  i  ':.. 
of  the  great  army  of  Prince  Fn-.l.  ii.  v 
by  which  it  was  U'sieijed  f:ii;iliy  .  11  0:1 
conditions  of  tlie  Fn'nch  war  of  n.iii."  .1  ''• 
Two  hundred  thousand  of  the  \  n  i..n  .j~ 
of  Gi-rmanv  under  .some  of  Un  ir  a'  '■ -1  - 
were  si-t  free  to  atlack  the  slill  unii  .' 
on  the  Loire  and  in  the  iiorlli  of  I'l  : 
Willi  more  lime  for or;.';oii-..ilioii.  tw . '  ■  ' 
fined  Ihe  (jerm.ins  lo  rai^..  11. >■  -i 
The  army  once  eiiinniiiiiilid  by  M  ■  ' 
n.iw  reeonslilllle.i,  nii.l  il.spal.ll.  I  ■ 
I  nil  Manli-iiirel  l.iwanls  .\niiiii-.  I'li-:  I  1 
Cliarlis  moved  willi  Ilie  n-iii.iini.  ■ 
tiiwur.ls  llii.  I...ire.  .Vware  Ih  il 
r.iiil.l  not  loll-.;  he  ill  laved,  (i:iiMl..  n  . 
.\urilie  ill-  I'alaiiilles  ^hoiiM  1'.  -  ■ 
I'aris.     The  ijeueral  aiiai  k.-d  I  '■ 


.1 


14120 


\ijL-:£'i 


FRANCE,  1870-1871. 


War  in 
Ik*  Ptovinet: 


PRANCE.  1870-1871. 


M  the  Vth  of   November,   defented   him,   uu\ 
"-eupleil  OrleaM.  the  Unit  real  »ucceM  that 
^nnch  had  galne.1  In  the  w«r.     There  was 
«Mt  ilann  at  tlir  (Icrman  hcwlquartcm  at  V  i  r 
ime.    the  poMlhlllly  of  a  failiire  of  the  ali'Ke 
,r;iWu«edT  and    4I>.000    troop,  were    seut 
MithwarcU  In  haute  to  the  support  of  the  Bava 
Sui  iteneral.     AunOle,  however,  did  not  move 
uMO  the  capital:  Ui»  ln»>\'»  w<'r«  »till  ""«'  '<" 
theenternriiie;  ami  he  renmlui-<l  Htatloniirv  im 
the  north  of  Orleans,  in  onler  to  Improve  his  or- 
Miwtion,  t"  »«»"  reinf.iro-ments,  and  to  me.l 
^uuk  of  Kn'.l.ri(  k  I'harhs  in  a  slnrnt?  ih.. 
lion     In  tlie  lhir.1  we.lt  of  Nov.n.lKT  the  l.ui- 
ai  illvisions  of  tlie  iirmv  of  Mil/,  iipproiuluil. 
aai  U«ik  I>»»t  K'tween  (Irleans  iiml  I'uris.    (jam 
s-tu  nnw  Insisted  tlial  tlie  effort  sliimld  be  nmde 
„„li,.>e  the  nipll.ll.     Aurille  r.»i»ted    hut  w.is 
fotwl    to    olwy.     The    Kiirrisoti   of    Tarn   hml 
.Iti-aciv  miide  si-vinil  uiism<(Hsfiil  utiiu ks  npon 
the  liiHS  of  their  besieprs.  Ilie  most  viitorous 
beinu  Hint  of  Le  »ouri;it  on  the  lloth  of  Oetolur 
mwhi.li  Imvonets  wen'  irox^d.    It  was  iirrank'i  d 
that  iatlifliist  iliivsof  NovemlHr  (iiniriil  Fr.. 
cliu«l>">ild  .■luliavonr  to  lircak  out  on  tlic>  nmlh- 
frnsule.  and  that  simultanioiisly  IIm'  army  of  ll..> 
Uiire should  fall  upon  the  .miiiy  ui  front  o!  it 
and  fudravoiir  to  force  its  way  to  llie  .a|Mtal 
(Id  the  '.'Hth  Hie  atturk  upon  llic-  tiirmans  on  the 
[...rthof  Orleans  In^an.     Kor  mm  ml  days  the 
sirUL'ule  was  renewed  bv  one  diviMou  after  an 
„th(Tnf  the  armies  of  Aurelle  and  rrmce  !•  rtd 
nick  Cliarhs.     Vielorv  remained  at  last  with  the 
(kniians;  the  eentre  lif  tlii>  Kreiich  position  was 
carrictl;  the  rii;lit  and  hit  winj.'s  of  the  army 
Kcrtsi'venil  from  one  anotlier  and  forecd  ton- 
treat  the  oni'  up  the  Loire,  the   other   towanis 
lln-  "est     <  )rleaiis  on  the  5th  of  Decenilii  r  pass. d 
Ittck  into  the  hands  of  the  (jinnans.     The  si.rtie 
from  I'uris.whieh  iM'^'au  willi  a  siueeasful  attac  k 
lirOiiienil  Dnenit  upon  CliamplKny  beyond  the 
>Urnr  iii.led  after  some  days  of  < omiiat  in  tin' 
nr.ivi'rv  liv  the  Germans  of  the  p.iMiions  wliicli 
tiivv  \im\  lost,  and  in  tlie  retreat  of  l>urn<t  into 
Paris.     In  the   same    week    MantmlTi  1.  moving 
SL'aiust  the  n-lieviiiK  army  of  the  norlli.  encoun- 
ttriil  ii   mar  .\mieiis,  defeated  it  afti  r  a  hanl 
strui;-'lr.  and  gained  pos.session  of  Amiius  itself. 
.VfKTtiie  fall  of  .Vmiens,  MantentTel  moved  upon 
ftni'ii      Thiseitv  fell  into  ois  haniis  without  n- 
-isl.uu  1     .  .   .   Hut  till-  Uepublii  an  armies,  unlike 
l!iMM' «liiili  the  tiirinaiis  had  Ilrst  eiieounten  il, 

wn 1  to  lie  rrusli'd  at  a  sint'le  lilov,-.     I'nder 

tWiiiiTL'itic  eommand  of  KaiiUerlie  the  army 
i,f  tliiii-.nh  advaneed  aK'ain  op""  -Vniieiis.  (oh- 
Un.  wIm  was  left  to  dcf.iid  the  line  (.f  tlic> 
S.immc ,  wriit  out  to  niei  t  him.  defeated  liini  on 
tlif  J-pI  of  i>e<eml«r,  and  drove  liim  liank  to 
.Vm^  Hut  a^'ain.  afli  r  a  work's  iiilirval.  Fai.l 
liir!»  ;>ii^lii-,l  forwanl.  On  the  ;Inl  of.lami.ary 
III'  fc  11  .;|i,.ii  (on-ls-n's  weak  divisiuu  al  li.-l]  alllne, 
irid  liiiullid  it  so  SI  vinlv  llial  the  (iirmaus 
n.riiM  .11  the  foliowini  day  have  aliaiidoiied 
tliiir  |..-iii..ii,  if  the  Freiuli  iiad  not  tin  nis<  Ives 
'v-n  lb.  tirst  to  lelin'.  Kaidhirlie.  however,  had 
mlv  1  ill,  11  haek  to  reeeive  ninfon'emeiits.  After 
m\iw  .\i\--'  nsi  he  onir  nion'  sounlit  to  i;aiii 
;licr.,irio  I'aris,  aiham  iiii.'  llii'  lime  by  the 
laslu  ,:  !  linr  ilinmuli  St.  (Jiieiilin.  In  front  of 
this ':  All  (li»'lieii  altaikid  him.  The  last  lia'lle 
of  l!,.  .irmv  of  the  North  was  fnu^rlit  on  the  lllth 
ff  lih  iiirv.  The  French  L'eneral  emleaMMin  tl 
lvjili.-.;aiM"  his  defeat,  but  the  German  eoiuman- 


dcr  had  won  all  that  he  detlred.     Faldherbei 
army  waa  eompelleil  to  retreat  northwards    In 
disorder;  Its   part  In   the  war   waa  at  an  end. 
DurinK  the  last  three  week*  of  I)«'eemUr  there 
was  a  pauiio  in  the  opciationa  of  the  Geniiani  on 
the  Ijiire.  .   .   .  Uainbctta  .  .  .  had      .      deter- 
mined to  thniw  the  army  of  Bourbakt,  strength- 
ened by    ndiiforeemenU  fnini   the  south,  upon 
Oermany  list  If     The  deHii^n  was  a  darinit  one, 
and  hml  the  .  .  .  Fn'neh  armies  U'ln  capable  of 
|M  rformhiK  the  work  wliieli  UamlH'tta  required 
of  them,  an  inniad  Into  lladen,  or  even  the  re- 
loiiipiest  of  Alsiiee,  wouM  most  si'rionsly  have 
aliened  the  position  of  the  Germans  Is'fon'  I'aris. 
Hut  GainlMtta  misealculated  the  power  of  vouiiK, 
untniined  tns.ps,  imperfectly  armed,  badly  fed, 
airainst  a  veteran  army.     In  a  series  of  hard- 
fought  struKtfles  the  army  of  the   I.oin'  uniler 
(ienenil  I'han/.v  was  drivin  back  at  the  lH(;in- 
niiif!  of  .lanuarv  fnmi  Vendonie  lo  I.e  Mans     On 
the  IJtli.  Clianzv  look  post  befon'  this  eity  and 
fomilit  his  last  battle.      While  he  was  making  a 
viuopiiis  n  -istanee  in  the  einin'  of  the  line,  the 
Hriton  niiimenls   stalioiied   on    his    rit'lit   pive 
way;  IheGerriians  pns.s.-d  nmnd  him,  and  gained 
pos'sessiipii  of  the  town.      Chaii/.y   ninated   to 
wanls  l.aval.  h  avins;  thousands  of  |.ris,.ii<rs  in 
the   hands  of  ihe  eheiii\      ifl   sniiii;  only  the 
debris  of  an  army       IJourliaki  in  the  meantime, 
with  a  nuMiiTous' but  misiralilv  enuipped  force, 
had  almost    narh.d    H.  Iforl  .    Werder   had 

evaeniiiid  Dijon  and  fallen  bai  k  nponVesonI, 
pari  ..f  his  aiiiiv  was  still  oieiipied  in  the  siefte 
of    Hi  Ifort.      As    Hoiirbakl   appniaelied   he    fell 
bai  k  with  the  ui.  ater  part  of  his  tnsips  in  onhr 
to  cover  the  lasieiiinK'  foni',  leaving  one  of  his 
liiutenants  to  make  a  Hank  attack  upon  Hour- 
baki  at  Vilhrsixel.  This  altai  k.  one  of  the  tlereest 
in  tin  war,  d.laved  the  Fnneh  for  two  days,  and 
irave  Wenhr  time  to  occ  uny  the  stnmj,'  positions 
that  he  had  choscu  alMiut  MontbOliard.     lien-,  on 
llie    l.'ith   of  .lanuarv,  bewail   a   slrn).'t;le  which 
lasted  for  time  ilavs.'     Tin-  French,  starviii),'  and 
perishing  witli  cold,  though  far  superior  in  nuin- 
liir  lo  their  enemy,  were  hd   with  little  effect 
against  the  German  entrenchments.     On  the  IHih 
Hoiirliaki  Is'K'aU  his  n mat.     Wenler  was  unable 
to  follow  him;  MantenlTcl  with  a  wi  ik  force  was 
still  at  some  distance,  and  for  a  moment  it  seemed 
possible   that  Hourbaki.  by  a  niiiid   movement 
wcstwanls    niinht  crush  this  isolated  fw.     Gam- 
hitla  ordc  red  Hourbaki  to  make  Iheuttempt;  the 
commaiiihr  nfiised  to  court  further  disaster  with 
tio,i|.s  who  were  not  lit  to  faie  an  enemy,  and 
ntnaled  towanls  I'ontarlii  r  in  the  hope  of  niak- 
iiiLT  his  way  lo  l.vons.     Hut   MantentTel  now  de- 
scrndid   iii  fnmt   of  liini ;  divisions  of  Wenler's 
arm\  pre-s.  d  down  fnim  the  north;  Ihe  retreat 
w.is'ciil  olT.  and  the  unfortunate  French  general, 
whom  a  tell  L;ram  fmiu  (iamlK'tla  nniovcd  fnim 
his  coniiuand.  alleinpted  to  take  his  own  life. 
On  Hie  1-t  of  rebruarv.  the  wreck  of  his  army. 
sliil  imiiiliirini.'  .H."i,i«»i  men.  but  reduced  to  the 
I   e\tniuilv  of  weakiu^sand  misery,  sought  refuge 
!    bcviind  the  Swiss  fninli-r.     The  war  was  now 
i   ov'i  r.       Two   da\s   aftei    Hourbaki's   repul.se   at 
:    Monllieliard  tin-  last  nn.suecessful  sort ie  was  made 
Irom  I'aris    Tin  n'  now  remained  pnivisions  only 
i    for  another  fortniirht ;  above  40.(MM)  of  the  inhab- 
itants !iad  sun  umUd  to  the  privations  of  the 
i   sieirc;  all  hope  of  assistance  fnnn  the  relieving 
■    irinics  Ik  fore  ai  lual  famine  should  begin  disap 
peared      On  the  J^rd  of  January  Favre  sought 


Miil 


i 


w: 


i  i 


■I 


i= 


KIIANCK.    1H70  1H71 


I  'npitiUnhifi 
../  Ihtru       /Vr... 


KHANCK.    IHTi 


Ihi^  (!. TMiiiii  I  liiiiHt  ll'^r  at  ViT»«illr«  in  imli  r  t" 
{|iiM'ii>.H  ilir  1  iMiiliiiiiiis  of  ,1  ii'iiiTal  iirinlallci'  iiinl 
i.r  111.- 1  iipiiiiliiti.Mi  I.I  I'lirt-.  Tlir  inif.iliulii.iir. 
liwl.a  lor  s4V(Tiil  ii:\\t.  ■Ill  111.- ^'Hih  an  armUliir 
»iii»-.iL'ii<«l  wllh  llic'iliilaivil  i.li(i-.t  lliutili'iiiiHm 
niislit  al  .Id'  !"■  tn-l)  h.  M  fi.r  ii  Nalimial  Ai 
w'liihlv.  «liirli  »lii>cil.r  ci.riili'  wliclh.  r  tlH'  war 
.ImiiiI.I  1..  ..H.liiiiii .!,  or  i.ii  «  hat  roii.liiii>iw  pcai  i- 
slioiilil  I'o  uimU-  'Vhv  loiiilitioiis  of  llii'  iirmliilH  •■ 
Win-  dial  IIh-  fori- of  Tarl-.  ari'l  all  tin  Ir  miilirlil 
of  war  >lioiil.l  Ih-  lian.li'd  im  r  to  ihr  UiTiiian 
arim     ilial  iIm'  Mitillrryof  tin-  inc.  into  kImhiIiI 

!«•  ili,i ini.il,  :in<l  tliat    llii'  n-irnlar  tn>.i|iM  In 

I'nri-.  -iioiild.  as  |iri-onrf.of  war,  -nrri-iulir  llirir 
arm-  Tin-  National  (iiiard  wiiv  |iinniltiil  to 
ri  lam  llnir  \na|Hin~  and  lln  ir  aridh  r\  lininc- 
diatih  upon  llio  fulldni.nl  of  tliolir^t  two  <-on 
iliiiou,  all  lai  dittos  n<rv  lo  !«■  ijii'n  for  XUv 
iiilr-.  of  Mijipli.'sof  fc»»l  into  I'lri-..  Tlir  artiidiH 
of  II, I-  amii-iii  o  wi  re  duly  ixi  i  uud.  and  on  Ha- 
oHih  of  .lafinarv  iln'  rrn»«iaii  lias  wavrd  omt 
ih.  f,,ris  of  111,'-  Fn  II.  ii  i-apiial  ■  -I'.  A  H'yir.-, 
//,.,•   ..,  M;.l,.  ,  H..,„r.  ■-   :i.  •  •    '« 

\i.M.  i\:  llMnnl...!..  '/'"  i:.r„uMln,.-li„„  ,■/ 
I'  r,,,,,  ,-,',.  'iM-m)  —Ihulit  A."--  '   .n\  ,■(  th,   W.ir. 

■■:■   i;i 'Ji  — I  a»«  lis //<»/  i,ii',\v.n\i\  I..-/.  ;ii>. 

,  'rh.  I -!>■  — (  onit.-  irHiTn-oii.  ,/,.iir„,il  -f  ,1 
-f,if  n/fl,;  :    III  /'ii)i.<.  — 11  11    Wasldairni'.  /.'■.-..' 

.■U,„..'.^l  ..  Mlui.r.,-  U,  Fl.l  .,.  '■  1.  -V  a  l'>. 
.  A.  OSIu'a,  la  /;v.i,  '.■.().''  'VV./— I-',  'i'Mar 
■laK,  /(/•  :!•  •I,iiii/i,tt.i.  •li.  '•  —\\  von  M..ltk. 
/■/„  '  rni  ,■;'■  i,,ni,.iii  11. ir  --/  1S7II-71.  »' .  f.«.  ■• 
7_T  (,  It.,»l,.-,  77„  I>,hn,;,.f  /•■III-  -W 
UUM..W  rii,  »■./.  /...•  f'u-  i:/nn,  l-'iymli.r.  [K-.K. 
r.  :'.. 

A.  D.  i87x  .January- Mayi.-  Preliminaries 
of  Peatf  signed  at  Versadfes.-  The  Treaty 
of  Franlcfoit.-  Cession  of  Alsace  and  one-fifth 
of  Lorraine.  Five  mdliards  of  indemnity.— 
■  iPri  iIm-  ,ill.rn.>..n  of  .lanuarv  ■.JM[ls;i|  thi- 
*a|)itni.ition  ..I   I';in-.  was  ^it;n^ll.  ami  an  arnus 

li..'  am'i.'ii   ni I.I  .  xpirc  on    I-'.  Iirnary    lit  at 

n.ioii.  Tho  provinces  .M.iipii'. I  I-v  Ihr  arinii-.  ..f 
l!..nrlKil.i  an.l  Manlinll.l  »i  i.'  al.in.  <\(  lii.l.il 
ir.ini  tin-  ai:ri-rni'-nl  i  m  .laniniry  '-".(  Ilii'  li.r 
man  iroi-iis  .|iii.ily  l."il»  p.is.-.i"ain  of  the  I'aris 
hiris  Th.-  i.-Loiiiirs  an.l  m.iliil.-s  lii'canio  pn~in 
,  r-  of  -xar  "ilh  111.'  .xiiption  of  l-',l"«<  inin 
.silo  «iri-  I. ft  luiiliT  arms  t.i  proscrvc  .inlir      \\ 

ll ar^i'st  rii|in-sl  ..I    I'avrr  tlic  National  (Jiiar.l 

Hire  allow..!  to  i.-tam  their  arms.  If  K.ivre 
nri.'1-d  this  .1-  .i  nieilMire  to  e.iiinlerait  till'  impe 
rialisn.  ill.  as  -iippo-..!  Li  I"-  slid  elnTisli.-.|  l.y 
thi.  pn-on.-r-  .■•■tiirniiii,'  from  lierniaiiy.  ii  was  a 
I>oiil|.  .d  eriMi'  as".li  a-  a  mditarv  l.ilh  The 
Natl..nal  (iuard  li.  ...m.  the  .arnie.l  <  ■oliiiiiime. 
Willi.-  :lie  arniii-'.  \\illnlre\v  to  liie  liius 
111.-  irnil^tie.  Ill"  il. •ell. ins  went 
anl  I'll'-  .■t.-.^'iiil'ly  ciinvi'iied  a. 
..i  inaliife-le.l  i  spirit  that  won  for 
It  iinn.isal  res|iee.,       Oil  K.liruary  17   M,  Thiers 

W;l.-.  a|i|.ollil.-.l  ehl.  f  of   the  I'Xeelilive  power,  an.! 

haviMi'  named  his  ininistrv,  h.-  npairi'd  t.i  Ver 
saille-    !o   arruuLo     the    imiimmarie-   .1    pea.'. 
Tie   ...iit'erenees  tinit   foll.iwe.l  »nlh  n.-  Cenn.t. 
ejune.  il.ir  were  p.  rhaps  the  nio^l  lryia;r  ordeals 
to  will-  ll  til.-  Fri'ii.-iinian  li.td  evi-r  iM-t-n  s.itijeel.-.l- 
v\as    p..-^iht.     sa\e   on   tin-   li;iSi-i   of   !..; 

iiiili-s.  1  terriiory  au.l  tin- str. -nirest  -i 
fortn---.  l-'ra)>  >■  mu-i  also  pay  a  war  iiidem- 
nitv  "I  -.  1!^-  ih.-iii  live  niiiliar.i^  .  t  friknes. 
fllsin.treK    1 1  i-tr-.;..  ,  Kiouililt  Thiers  -i.Mi-eiitlnH'M 


-■ll. 


"( 


-ill 

ijiiii  !  ly    I 

Itoriteaux 


lie. I    in 


N. 


p.  H-. 


Ni-tl  a  li.irM-. '  lull  no  diplomati-t.  h..  -.  v.  r  'i«tu! 
eoiil.l  have  iiiimIi'  Im'II.i  terms  f..r  -tii-  k.  a  Friii. 
S..  Iliounht  ihcaitsemhly  at  ILirili  h,  .  ,  .n.Ui, 
Thi.-rs  Hiiiioiiiiet-d  III.-  n-snll  ..f  In-  lui.-ii.-ttt, 
a  .piiverinu  lip.  In  had  its  symt  .'t..  ii,  I  ,1, 
p.irt      On  the'il  of  Mnreli  theaso  inl-l ,  I  .ii.,.,i 

ratitie.l  the  peiMI-    prelimill.'U  t.-s    I-.    a  \ .  !  "i 

1.1    l"7.  !»     Imil    I"-  n    -lipid  .l.-d     .        O   .      m;;-    -; 

that  the  liermun  tr.sips  Hln.ul.l  ti--.  ... .  u;  ^  Pm 

Th.' extt-imion   of   lime    >rranted    '->   l.;.     I..  rit-.i 

i-ntith-.l  thi-in  to  some  eoiii|M'nsal  1.111.  ..n  i  ih.  ,  m 
of  Pali-  was  the  e..iii|n  nsatloii  i  t  iin;-  i  1 
triMips  .letiiiled  for  this  p.irpo-^-  «.r.-i.  .||.„ 
III  raii.hiin.  To  the  Kri'iieiini  .a  u  in. -i.  li,..  ; 
day  .-i  Mareh  t.eiiel.l  them  |..-sal..n.,.  .  ..-  \. 
Ilia-  ll.  Malak.ilT  or  the  (  liampi  i;i\  -i .  -  -  u  ,. 
omiii.ais  imL'eant  ll  was  a  lii-nii.in  1  • 
rrii—ian  army  that  In-  liehel.l  I 

tin- lli--r.iaiisMiioki-iltli.ir  piiM-soii  III.    I     . 
ami    th.'    Ila\:irians    -l.iekeil    tin  ir    i.-. 
riaee  de  la    (■otliorde.  wllih-  the    ii^ii,  : 

from  the   palaie  of  tlie    Klysee   an   

lorinan   niiiitary   hendipmrter-       .       r 
ll  iV  of  the  moiilli.  111.'  ilonleaiix    \       n.i 
ill.' ralitieil  Hie  peai  e  preliiiiinan.  -  im    ll 
I  roups  niarehed  mil,  and  I'aris  w :i~  I-  :    i.- 
iirain.     The  war  w.is  om  r.     Ilevot  i  ii: 
'  ind.  in  Havana  ami  W-.rtemlMl.     i^  w .       ;. 
■in-   ll.irtll,  all  w-i-  joy  ao.l    enllnoi  .-m  fl 

r.-tiirn  of  the  army  that  had  iui-\^- r.  .1 1-      '.i 
world  the  quest  ion.   '  Whllt  is  tin'  i .. 
land?'     Dn  tlie  Mth  of  .May  tli     .1 
.if  pe.-iee  was    siLTiied    at     Fraio^n. 

France  eede. I  .\l-aceand   a  poi i 

incliidini;  tlie  fortn-ss.-H  of  Mi !  .o 
to  here.aiipiiTor  '— H  Miir.lo.  / 
I,. .11  -./•  /•,•.,»•..;«  ,-li.  3(1— Tin-  '  .!]. 
h.a.l-  of  the  I'reliminary  Ti  ,u 
Versailles,  to  which  the  till  .  Ti. 
fort  .  iiifornn-d  .  "1  Frim  -  ..iioii 
of  tin-  (ierniaii  Kinpire  the  i  -liown 
liflli  part  of  l,.irTaiiie  ini  linun;;  M. 
vill.-,  ami  Al-aee  h-ss  UeloTt  J 
pay  the  sum  of  live  milliai'i- .-f  li  - 
mil-  milliard  is  to  Iw  paid  i  .  1'<7I  m 

inir  four  milliard-  hy  in-ta ni-  - 

three  years  ;t,  riie  (it-rioaii  ir-- 
to  evaeiiale  the  French  u  rrilon  -~:i  i-  ' 
Tn-aiy  is  mlille.i  They  -rill  tli- ,i  e-.  ..  .lU.  i 
i.if.-rt.ir  of  I*ari- and  son..  .1.  par  m.-ir  -  I-.  i::-: 
111.-  we-lerii  rei'v.in-  Tin-  evai  lii.n.ni .  i  ihi'.-i! 
.!.-partlnents  w  .I  take  i  i  ice  !_'ra.i!i.i!lv  iK.  r  |i.i 
meiii  of  the  lir-t  iiiilliar  1.  ami  p'  - n' 
!  the  payment  of  tlieiitin  r  four  naili.ii 
est  at  the  rule  of  live  .-.-r  ..-n'  I"  r 
Im' punl  on  tlieammiiii    reinaii.HiL-' .;  .- 

.late     r  till-  nititieatii f  tin     In  . 

tiernian  tr."i!>s  will  1...1   lev-,  miy  i.-- 
the   d.-partiii.  ills  oeiiiliied    in   lln  In 
iniiinlailn-.l  al  the  CO-,   of   Fran..-       ^ 
he   crante.l  i.i  the  ii.aaliitain-  of  I'l 
anin-xed  to  .  hixisf  In  iween  In.    l.>o  1 
i'     I'risimei-  of  war  rvill  I.,    intni'    ^ 
iilierty.     7     N'eifotiauons  f.-f  a  .1 
of   I'e'acewill  1m'  (un-lled    al     Ihi.- 
ratitiraition  of  thi-    I'n-aiy 
tion  of  tin-  deptirlmenls  i« 
tr.Mips  wiii  Ih'  enifiisieil  t. 
un.l.r  ll iiitrol     f  the 


.  Ill 


r-i: 

if. I. 


.i|  Tl 


i  !  uii! 
■  r-iii.i 


,  W:  I    1" 


i.il. 


Ill 


t    1 


■|>.  :i 


:ai  lor  i.-isiae- 


iiaxdiv  tit  indeed 


.  huv 


1  orji- 
.  .ml.  r 
lie-    poriions 
This    Treaty 


Ki-upi 
n  the 


iipi.~l  I 
Fr.-i,. 
ill.  I-  -  1 
„„,       ■•     Til-    .  - 
..rmaii-  ii'i  ri-i 
I  rritorn-s    in-l 
ha\e    !o    '"■    r:.' 


T' 


I       I 


}rs2 


i  (/IN  I 

!(»ti«B«l  AMfmlily  (if  Krnncf    — ('.  Lowe.  I'mir, 
fkm'ir'll.  f    1    '*    I' 
Ai,M.  in:  K    llcrlsli't.  7''..     lAi;.  ■ /'  /•;./>.//.,•  Ii/ 

T'Mi'i.  r  ;y  w'M  cix  „iui  till 

A  D.  1871  (March  Mayi.  Iniurrection  of 
iht  Comrauniits  of  P»ri»,  Second  sieje  and 
redaction  of  thR  capital.        On  iln'  :l'l  "I  Manli 

;„,.  Ii,.' ,1    .iriny   .!'   m  1 -.ipatiiiii       wlmli    IliI 

!„.„  ill  111.-  iitiiiiiH'l  I'  >it  111  till'  1  ilv  ^iiiir  till'  l-l 
-iiwrrlu-iliilt  llirf.iii!li  iIh-  An  'Ir 'rriinnplir.  iiii'l 
.fO  IIh'  "III  111''  <!i'niiiiii  lii'iiiliiiiarirrH  »rri'  mcmil 
fnmi  ViTsaillis.  'I'll'  irrriit  hrmmi  l'ni»-iaii  War 
WKH  ciV"  r  .  .  .  iiill  liffiin-  ,  .  prai-i*  rotiM  In- 
atuini'il.  I'll'  r"iiiilr\  lia<l  yil  In  siilTi  r  fntiii  liii' 
-.(•iill.<l  i>alrl"l->c'l  llic  U'.-.l  It.  |.cil.li,aii»  "iifHi. 
niitni!."'  tliaii  II  liail  I'liiliirril  al   llii'  iiaiiil-iil'  llii' 

(nTlua'l    iliviuli  I-.  Whrll    111.'    nrKiiliuliulH    f   ' 

ilif  ra|illiilalliui  i.f  INiri-t  «i  ri'  in  iirnu'ii's-i.  Cuui  t 
Biiniarrk  liait  wiinii'il  M.  Fa^rc  c.f  iIh'  ilaiiiT'  r  i.f 
»llowilll!.  iw  I"'  pn'I'osc.l.  111.'   Nall.'nai  ti.i.ir.l  l.i 
relKia  llicir  iiriii-..  aii.l  Ihi'  iihiiiIkts  nf  tli.' <ii.v 
rrtmii-iil  ijf  Nali.nml   I)cf.  nii'  inii;lit  llii'iii*.  In  s 
hnicxi'H  till'  ri-k  lliry  wvrr  iiiciirriii;;,  liail  :hiy 
rtilailv  .■.nisi'liT.-'l  tin'  vari.iiH  i*iiifUli-H  that   I'.t.l 
l.iki-ii  I'lad'  ilunii);  tin'  ^ii'i;.',  iiii.l  in  vUii.  Ii  lia' 
N,ili..niil  tJuai.l   ha. I  alrtaVH  playi.l  Kii.  h  a  cii- 
■  miiiniK  pari  mi  Hi.'  si.l.'  .if  (li*iiricli.iii,      Nti"  , 
in  till'   full    .  iiniM'i.iiiMiciw   i>f    llii  ir   strcin;Ili- 
,)m,  Ahiri'  ab.iUt.  tiKl.iKKt— anil  in  tlirir  |ii>^si-, 
(imi  .f  a  poH.rfiil  iirlillrry. —  f.irdiiriiii;  tli.li.  r 
mm  iKi'iipati.iii  tliry  lia.l.  i.n  tlir  prrliM  "f  k. .  p 
Ini;  ili.'in  safe.  >:.il  11  lari:.'  niunlMrof  1  aniiim  iiiin 
lliiirhanils.  — tlii'y  MTiii.il  il.liriiiini'ill..  alli'ini'l 
tlip  n'livul  "f  lli<'"Urii:n  I'f  T.  rr..r    .   .   .    I'll.- ap- 
|viinlm(iil  I'f  (fcmral  irAniiMi'  il.-  Piila.lin.'i  ;.-• 
their  (■.iminaiKicr  j:a\r  j;tral  nlTrni  .■.  an. I  ..11  tin- 
Inh  Mirili  an  iillcnipl  l.i  plaii'  lln-  Iriiiil.ir  ..ii  III.' 
i-oliinin  in  liir  I'liicc  ilr  la  Itaslili.'  iii^Iia.l  of  llu' 
ml  Ibi;  I'f  ri'VdIiiii.iii    l.il  l"  an  .iiill'rcak,      A 
pmmii.' ill  llii' I'Vi'iii  (if  tlic  1  iinn"n  In  in:.'  niM'ii 
up,  .if  llic  ('.inlinuanci'df  pay  till  '  "nlinary  wmk 
wan  rcsiiinol.'  wan  (lisn'i;ar.li'.l,  and  lln-  iliMni>vil 
of  D'Auri'lIc  nnd  the  full  r.c.inniii"n  "f  Hn'  rit'lii 
of  tlic  Nali.iiial  (Jiiiird  1.1  cl.-.  I  iN  nw  n  i.llii  .rsdc 
man.li'l.     An  rlTnrf  ..f  llic  ;;..v.  rnimiit   1.1  mI/..' 
lliecanii.ui  ill  tlic  I'laci-  (lei  V.i^i,'i'S  faili'l.  aii.l  it 
wasii'iw  dear  ciiiniijli  lliat  ninrr  cncrL't  lie  a.ti.m 
than  ii.'^'.itialiiinminist  taki'  plate     On  llic  innrii- 
ing  .'f  llic   I'^tli  March  a  larir.'  f.ircc  «{  r.'i^iilar 
troops  iin.lcr  licutTiilii  Viiiny  and   Lcc.init.'  pr.i- 
L'feiit'tl  t.)  Moiitmartc  and  tonk  pnsscssi.in  .if  tlic 
gulls;  lint  the  want  of  horses  for  their  iiniii.-ilial.' 
rniii'ival  pivc  time  for  the  Ke.ln  to  assenilil.'  ami 
trii»lrate  the  elTort,  while,  worst  of  all,  11  laru-e 
numlicr  of  the  rexular  troops  fratcrni/cd  with 
tlic  iiisiirceuts.     Uenenil   Lcdnnle  and  (icncral 
Climi  lit  Thdiims  were  taken  prisoners  and  n'  nost 
immt'iliati  .y  shot.     The  oiitlircak,  thus  liciiiin. 
Bprt'ad  npidly:  for,  tliroii.i^li  s.niic  iina<'t''itint.i- 
blc  timidity  ut  the  Ko^crumcnt.  the  Koveniinent 
forces  wtru  witlidruwn  from  tliu  city,  and  the 
iiwurgcnls  left  free  to  act  as  they  pleased.     They 
«izcj  (ienenil   Clianzy  at   tlie'Orlcans  railway 
slatiiin.  t.Mik  nowu'ssioii  of  the  .Ministry  of  .lust ice 
anil  llie  lli'itel  du  Ville,  and  threw  up  liarricadcs 
rouml  all  the  n'volulioniiry  nuarlcrs.      The  Cen- 
tral Citiiniiltee  of  till!  National  Guard,  ilie  Ica.l- 
ing  niau  .if  wliieli  was  Assi,  .   .   .  suiiiniuncd  the 
people  of  Paris  to  niei't  '  in  their  eoniiiia  fir  the 
torainnniil  olcctiona,'  and  d('(  hired  their  intention 
of  resigning  their  power  into  the  lian.ls    if  the 
('.imniunc  thus  chosen.     The  National  .Vssemlily 
irmiivi'l  from  Bordeaux  and  held  its  sittings  ut 


f  Ik'  KIIA  NCK.   1H7I 

\  1  rsiiilles'  I. lit  hitler  an  wan  the  feelinK  of  ilio 
iiiilorlty  'f  111.'  Ikputl.-s  aitninst  the  new  liirliii 
I.  Ill  e,  the  |i.isiii.in  of  alTuirs  pn'ieiilcd  any  miioii 
fi'.iii  lieiiii.'  i.ikin  .igain-i  tlie  in«iir(teiil«.  The 
n  iii.ival  of  Ii.  hcnil  I.Vun'llc  and  the  ap|Miiht 
III.  Ill  of  .Vdiiiiial  Sii«>u'l  III  Ills  pla.i'  w  as  of  11.1 
in  lil  A  nuiiiUr  of  the  Ihhaliilaiits  ..f  I'liris, 
sis  !i.!_-  Ih.'iiis.lvc"  ■  Men  of  Or.l.T.'  i.iieiiipic.l  1.. 
inlln.ii..  air.'i's  In  a  di-play  of  moral  force.  Imt 
lie  y  »\.  ■  ilr.i'  •!  .!■  .1  ilisiH-rs<'d,  The  .\ssi  nilily 
V  '^  r  tpp. in  nils'  iiuiic  iiiialilt*  to  liriiii: 

lis  I    plin  Throiiiili    .\iliiilral 

s,i  .Ions  \\.r"  otTcre*!.  hut  the  d.niati.ls 

(1.  .iiiinisls  i.,1  ica-cd  "itll  tin'   prospi  1  I 

anvthiML'       i'lii  V  imw  nuKlesily  d. 


the  .Vssi'inlily 
of  collision  of 
ililrol   the    linanees. 
Hence  the  iiei;(ttia- 


.  rs...|.' 
-1 


..f  .    I 

niaii.i  .1  III..!  they  sli.nil.l  sii| 

wh.  rc\.  r  ih.'rc  was  aiiv  pr' 

p    .ur.  and  I"'  allow.. I  1.1  . 

a-i'l  us  a  Ml'.   iiatiii':il  c.ins*'  ^ 

I). .IIS  w.Ti'  :il.:.ii.i.iiici|       This  \\as  on  the  ".'■'itli  of 

M  in  li.aii.l  .111  I  111' ■-'Kill  IheCiiiiniiinc  nasi  licted. 

111.'  vi.  lory  .if  111.'  Itc.ls  Ulni.'  veryeasilv  piined. 

as  hardly  aiiv  of  those  ..pp.wd  i.i  them  voted. 

Tw.i  d.iys  afl.rw.inls  tli.'  ('..rnniune   was  pro- 

1  l,lilll..|  at  111.'  lli'ltil  .1"  Ville.  the    nieliil..  rs  who 

li.i'l   Is. 11  el.il.il  lieiii;;  N'liicd -in  a  plailiiriii  in 
l.'.l    iiriil  I  hails        Till'   li'i.liiiur  iwun  of  the  new 
svst.iiiwasthe  honest  Imi  hoi  li.':i.«.'.liiiid  ntoj  iaii 
ri.l.si  |ii/.';  Clii-cnl,  a  111:1.1 .1!  .  ..0-1.1.  ril.le  iiiili- 
lary  Renins,  who  had   Ic.l  a  lil.'  of    i   s.ry    wil.l 
iciliin'   ill  .\lll.  li.:i,  all. I  who  Uis  111*  soul  of  the 
r.'sisi.in. .-  when  the  a.iual  li'.'liiiii.,'  l»'i;an.  was 
llclc).Mt.' of  War:  (ir.iussct.  of  r.in'ij-n  AtTaIrs; 
:in.l   Itiu'ault.  of  I'lililic  Safety       The   iww  kov- 
iriiineiit    applicl    il-i  If    vigorously    to   c|iiin!;es; 
c.'iiscripli-iii  was  almtished.  and  llie  iiutliority  of 
111.'   Versaill.s    L'oMriiiiicnt    dcclan-.l    'null    1111. 1 
v..ii|  '     s...  in:;  ihiit  a  .l.s|i,  lilt. -sir... -'^le  must  in 
.-vitalilv  ensue,   a  \.ry  lir;;.'  niiiut'*  r  ..f  tlie  in 
lilliilalils  of   Paris  ipiiilcd   Ihccil).  .md  the  tier 
man  auihoriii.s  ullovvcl  tli.'  pris.iiuTs  fr.iin  .Met/, 
ami  Is. '.fill  t..  n'turii  S.I  as  to  swill  the  f.rec-i  at 
111.- dis|i.is;il  of  M.  Thiers.     They  also  iniiiiiated 
th.il.    in    vi.w  of   the  alien  d  i  iniinist.iii.-.-s.    it 
llilL'tit    ai^iin    Imcoiiii'   lie.  ssary  fur  them   to  .«' 
cupy  the  f.rts  they  had  aln-ady  iA:iciial..l      The 
lirst'sli'it  ill  the  si'i-oii.l  si.'gc  .if  Paris,  m  whii  h 
Kreneli' icn    wen-   arr;i\.-<l    air;iiiist    I-'ri-ncium-ii. 
uis  lin.l  on  til.-  ',M  .Vpril.  wh.n  a  stniiig.liv  usiou 
of  the  V.-rsiiilles  army  a.lvance.l  against  the  Na- 
ti.iicd  IJuards  postc.l  at  C.iurlii-voie,  and  drove 
Ih.-iii    into    I'aris  across   the    Pont   de    N.-uiily. 
During  the  ensuing  night  a  largi'   f.irce  of  in- 
surgcnls  gatliered,  and  wcr.' on  the  iiiorniiii:  of 
the  Jill  li.l  ill  time  eolunins  iigainst  Versailhs 
(ircat  h.ipi's  had  Imcu  place!  o.'i  the  .yiiipalhy  of 
the  H'guhir  troops.  I.ut  they  wi  re  doomed  to  dis 
appoinlincnt.   .   .   .  Thecxiie.lilion  .   .    .   nolouly 
f:iile.l.  hut  it  .   .   .  cost  the  t'oinniuiie  two  of  its 
leading  iiicii.  —  Duval,   and  that    Klourens  who 
iiad  aln'iidy  iiiade  himself  so  eonspicuoiis  in  coii- 
nectiou  wiih  n'volutioiiary  outlireaka  under  the 
Kmpin-an.l  ilieliovernineiitof  National  Defenee. 
—  li.ith  of  whom  were  taken  and  promptly  shot 
liy  the  Vcrsaincs  authorities.      The  failure  and 
the  e.vccutioiis  pnivcd  so  e.Kiis|H'niting  that  the 
t'ominune  of   I'aris '  issiu'd  11  proclaiiiali.m  de- 
nouneing  the  N.'rsailles  soldiers  as  lnuiditli.  .   .   . 
Tliey  had  anipl.'  means  of  gratifying  their  pas 
siou  f.ir  n'veiige    for  they  lia.1  in  their  hands  a 
nuinhcr.if  Ica.ling  men.  including  Darhoy,  .\rcli 
bishop  of   Paris,   and   .\I.  lioiijeun,    President  of 
the  Court  of  Ca-ssittion.  and  these  —  iw.i  hundred 


HI 


FBANCE.  1971. 


1%0  Onmmm^nl »/ 


riUNCE.  1871 


In  nil  — thry  pmcUlmnI  tMr  Intuition  of  liokl 
inx  M  lii»utK<'«.      M    Thli  ra  wu  utill  liraiWiiiiK, 
Mill  wniiinic  (or  ■  torrv  niiRli'li'ntly  |Miwrr(ul  to 
rrii>h  itll  oppocltion :  luiil  In  tliU  lie  wm  luxluiilit 
rljjlit,  for  Hoy  tiiwri*  of  tlw  Cmiimiiiiliiti,  run 
of  the  iniwl  ti'miMimrv  cliitnii'li'r,    would  Iihvb 
provnl   liiitlilv  'lanurr  in.      Tlw   <l<'rm»ii»  luxl 
Kmiitol  iMrmlMiirti  l<«  iln'((iivtrniiM'Mt  tulm  rowix' 
tiM'ir  oriiiiniil  :io  IMIII  trt»>|M  to  tVi.iNHi  uml  |>rli< 
iimm  i<i    Miir.   ntxl    rt<'<liin   liml    U-cn   |M>iiriiiK 
•tomlilv  t'lirk  (rum  («  riimnv  (i>r  llii'<  |iiir|H>iM-. 
On  till' Hill  April  Miir^'  il  >tHrMiili<'M  li"ik  i"i" 
iiuiimI  nf  llii'  fiircin  ill  Vinuillli'').      A  pniimliir. 
allmk  I'll  lhi>  f.iru  of  !■>»>.  Viinvi-    uml   Mniii- 
rmik-r  on   llir   lllli  failnl    I'lil  mi  i        ITtli  uml 
llMh  M  viriil  iif  tlif  liiMir«.  Ill  pimilii.ii-  m  rr  nir- 
rliil;  no  till-  '.''illi  till'  iH.i'ihiiriliiiiiit  .  f  limy  iiiiil 
ViinvrH  »ii«  liik'iiii,  mill  Irmii  llial  limi' nimiinN 
ii|Mnillim»  iiiTiiiiiil  till-  li'V  wiTi' iHrriiil  on  willi 
III!'  itnuli-l  iiiiii  llv.  111!    iiiHurtfiMitH  In  inir  oil  nil 
imakioiis  pill  III  till'  H»oril  ill  ii  iiioat  niiTi  ili  "H 
luaniii  r      N>y  wai  lakrii  on  I'lr  Nili  May.  ami 
Vaiivis  on  llii    nil.  ami  llir  i  rii  >  iiili'  lalil   liari' 
ln»lili'  Paris  all  tlilt  liiiir  Ilii  rr  »as  milliiii^  liiit 
Jiiilonsv.   .  .       First  onrliinlrr,  mill  111!  iittiiiitliir. 
wailriiil,  fiMinil  »aiillnL'.aiiilili«i.'rari.|.   .  .  .  <  In 
llic  ■.'lit  .May  till'  ilifrnilir^.  of  tlir  wallal  Ihitfuii' 

of  M    (  loiiil  «irr  ilriviii  fr Ilirir  pimilioiii  liv 

till'  liiiivy  artilliry  llrr.  uml  tlii'  Im  -nfiMif  urniy, 

Imvitiif  Ih'i II'  uwuri'  of  llii'  fart.  pii>liril  forwanl 

uml  mciiri-il  tliii  intniiHT  to  tin'  « ily  ;  ami  liy  llir 
fniiinit  of  till-  'J-.'il  lliin'  win'  -  i  ikn>  Vi'rMiillUtH 
wilhlii  ilii'  walls.  Ni  xt  ilay  1  r.  y  Kaim.)  frrsli 
(jroiiml.aml  win'  rrailv  ton-  .k<  iipy  tlir  I'uili  rir» 
mill  llii'  llolil  ill'  Villi';  liiii  U-fori'  this  wan  liiis- 
silili'  till'  ('oMiiimni.'»tii.  mail  willi  ilispair  i,h.1  n'- 
solvi'ilontliat  wriiHof  iMilrai,'i'S"i,'uliis\  iiiiaiiitv 
that  will  inakr  tlirir  naiiiis  ililistril  iiiil  tlinr 
cauw  ili-triisti'il  lilt  loHK  us  llir  st'  >  "f  tliiir 
crinii'S  stain  Is  niiirili'il  In  thi'  annals. i  history. 
Tliiy  hail  ulri'Uily  |Mrpi'truti'il  iiiori'  thuii  mii'  uit 
of  vuiulalism.  .  .  .  On  1  ho  I  itll  Mny,  hi  nrciiril- 
anrc  with  a  pnlilic  ilicni'.  tiny  huil  ih'stmyiil 
thf  private  risiiliniT  of  M.  Tliiirs  with  ull  Us 
pli'tiiris  uml  Issiks;  on  llii'  lOlh  Ihi'  niaKiiilUcnt 
column I'riTti'il  in  tin'  I'lai  r  Viniloiiii'  in  memory 
of  XuiHiUiMi  I..  Hiiil  iniwiiiil  liy  his  •.laluf.  was 
unchrmimtl  ut  oue  siili'  uml  tlnn  pulliil  to  the 
(rmniiil  liv  miuns  of  miMs  ami  irtti'rlv ih'stroyiil ; 
uml  now 'on  thr  'iltli.  in  tlir  lust  clforts  of  ilrs- 
puirini;  ruci',  liumlsof  nun  anil  womiM.siill  iiiori' 
fnmlir  uml  latiir  for  I1I00.I  than  win'  thosi'  of 
till'  lU'li-'n  of  Tirror,  rwsliril  thniiiBh  tlir  ilmimiil 
lilv.  Karlv  In  thi'  niiirniiiir  thr  'I'liilirii  -  the 
llotil  ill' Villi',  till'  Ministry  of  Kiiiann  ,  ihv  lalais 
li'tlrsav.  ami  ollnr  piihlii-"  aiul  privali'  linililinL's 
wiri'  si"'i  n  to  1k'  on  llri'.  Tin'  I.ouvri'.  Iik..  witli 
all  its  iiii'stiinulilr  trrasuris,  was  in  Hamcs.  ami 
was  Kivnl  with  Ihi'  iiriali'st  ililliMilly.  If  Ihr 
t'oniiniim'  was  to  jHTish,  it  hail  iliarly  ri—  iviil 
thai  till'  lilv  was  m  pirish  with  il.  .Mi  11  aiiil 
woniiii  niari'liiil  alH.iil  in  liamls  with  priri.li'iiiii, 
arnl  aiiliil  till'  sjm'Uil  of  tin  1  ..nil  1  Tilimi  liy  llr- 
ihi'  lilv  in  ililTrri'iil  liins.        1.  i.lli-ss  of  thi' 


\  i-^ini 
•^.i^'iir 

iri.l 
.1    I..1, 


r, 


inn 

llaiius.  till'  Vi'rsuillis  tr..,i|is 
possilili'.  t.)  suvi'  till  livis  . 
hut.  al.is.  in  vain  A  pa- 
wi/j-.i  on   till'  (.'oniiniiiii-.  ai 


pri'ssiil  on.  ra^i'r,  if 

f  till'  ilHi  liosi  i:rrs, 

si. in    for  hliHNl    Jiail 

1   its  last  r\|.iring 


t'tT.>rl  was  |o  niiirilrr  in  rolil  IiI.hhI.  nut  only  u 
larL'i'  niinilsrof  Ihi'  lnistuiji'S.  hut  also  hatihi'sof 
fnsh  viiiinis,  sii/.iil  imlisiriminati'ly  alMiiit  tlir 
slri'i  IS  hy  haiiils  of  men  ami  womrii.  ami  ilmgKiil 
off  to  ius'luut  ikalh.     On  tliu  26llj  Iklli'viUc  was 


ntpliimi,  unit  on  thp  37th  umI  Wth  ili.  1  <  mrtr 
of  I'^re  la  Chalw  wan  tlie  K»n«ii(  tin  t  inlstni 

?[li'. —  It  ntniKKl"  of  ■uch  •  •lnip<'riil.  iinii.rr 
or  lh*n>  »H»  no  iiiiartrr  —  that,  for  .ln<»fu 
tilt'  air  of  till'  illalrlil  iviw  lllii  illy  Ini.l.i  m 
pfnlllr'tH'^'.  Many  of  Ihi'  l«'»<lrniof  tin  i  .  ...nm 
Iiail  fall*  0  In  thi.  tli.ul  lonKut,  ami  all  il..  ..h. 
Willi  wiTc  lapuinsl  hy  thr  Virwilllis  ii...|..  <|i 
UiK  thf  rtKhli  ,•  wire  ul  iiiHi' •hot  iifiiii.:iiHj 
prUniiirs  wh.  Iiinl  fulUii  iiilu  llii'  li.in.Ui.ft 
Kiivi'niiiii  III,  I  l«r)ji'  niiiiilH'r.  IkiiIi  iihu  n 
women,  were  1  v-euteil  without  im  ri  1 .  mi. I  1 
risl  .listrthnteil  in  various  prisons  t.i  .i»  lii  irl 
usat.Mi  were  It.'s^el.  .VsMt.Uroiissi'i,  tin.l  ..il..  r-  \i 
wen-  rupturi  <l  afli  r  I  he  ri'Nlstum  e  «.ts  ,ii  uuti 
(■|us«'nt  sill  leeihsl  in  niuklnir  >,'o'"l  ln<  .•.  i| 
.  .  ilf  the  piUiiiers,  alsiul  lOlNHI  K,n  «,!  [ 
wllh.iil  trial,  .mil  the  ollnrs  win  -.  ni.ii.,.! 
variii'is  I'oiirts  inarlial  ilurini;  ll..-  I  II.. »i 
ni.iiiilis  anil  I'll  ttiroiiKli  the  e.iniiiiLr  \i  ii.  liil 
to  itfiith.  triinsportalioii  or  inipris..iin..  1,1  ~ 
Martin.  /V/di/.ir  llhl  e/'  Fnim:  jr,..,  t>.,  y, 
ltir.'l'iti'''i.  r   ;l.  <•/'    '.'I 

.\i.wmn:   K   H    ^\  i-lihurne.   /.■.."./,..», 
MiiiUhr  lo   h'r.ti,,,,    ,     i.  rh    :,  :      1' 

///.(    .,ftlirl'ii,'"i,tu,r,.fl',ni.i        I'   1'    I. 
Ilul.  '■/'  llie  (■     .1111/11.  ../■  |H7I     -  W 
!:,v,l',.,l  r.i"    f  tfi<-  V'tin  Ciin.nrn, 
I. Ill,  I'tirin  ti      ./  '''<■  ('  ntm>  'It 

A.  D.  1871  .April     Maj       The  govcrnmi 

of  the  Commune  in  Pari*.     '  I'.r  ii.   .   1.  i 

of  ulTuirs  tile  Comnmnal  <    .1.111  il  .1 

into  ten  'eoniinissions.'  of  liiiiin     > 

mifi'ty,    external    nlalioiis,    nluiiii.^ 

lalsiiir  anil  exi'liuni.'i'.  pi- .visions,  llu    | 

viie,  anil  the  Kimial  .\iruii\i       iif 

most  ellliieiil  appears  II   have  l..intli.i 

liy  ailvanees  from  the  haukaml  In  111.  r.  . 

the  post,  the  teleirmpli.  the  is.ri.is.  .\. 

were  fminil  to  pnivhie  for  tin-  iiiiniii  .  vj 

ture.     The  other  eiinimi>-ions  win-  .1  hini:r 

inellideiit,  ami  espeeially  Iheoiii'  whi.  Ii  nisii 

iniporlunl  for  the  inonniit.  thai  ..f  w.ir   -  ;i 

anenerul  plan.'  saysl.i-^sim'arav,  '  ili.  !•■  1,.  Mr 

one:  the  men  were  al.;. .i.loiHil  to  iln  11.-.  l>i-. 

ini{    iieilher  lan'il   1.1    nor  eoiiin.lli.l ; '  '  iil 

Ministry,' says  (ia-styne.  'no  one  i'l  .'  Iiis  I'l 

They  pass  their  linieinruniiiiiir  all.  r  .m  iiii..i 

The  inosi,  iiisi).'nitiiaiit  l.iiiitiiiaiii  »  ill  i.iki  ..n 

fnim  iioImkIv.  .iml  wants  In  (.'Im-  tin  in  1..  i-v 

i   iKsly.     They  .smoke.  1  hat  ami  I  hill      lli'.v 

I    piite  with  the  eoiilraiiors.     Tin  .v  l.uyitr.-j" 

I   hlv  rliihtaml  left  I.,  raiise  the  il.  .il.  rs  .L'lii  I 

'   missions  or  have  private  nlaiii.iis  vmiIi  ilir 

eials . ' '  in  the  army  of  Versaill.  >    -  .  i  a  '«<» 

of  the  ('ominune,  'they  iloni  i;.      :--^\\    ;im 

:    they    ure    never    soher;'    'the   a        ir.iliali'l 

!    war.'  siiiil  another,    'is  the  on;         1I1..11  .f 

iirnanisalioii.'  'I  feel  luvsilf, '  s  i-     K  ■  ■ '     1 

j    si;,'nini;  hi-  lommaml    'ima|>:.    1.     !  1  •: 

iH-ariii)?  thf  n's|Miiisiliiliiy  ni  a  ■    'i.:      .1  » 

!   every  one  lielilM'rates  -imI   mo  i.i..  >- 

'   eenlral  eoniniittee  of  a!     iii  r\  has .!- '.  ■  rii.  I 

pnsi  riheil  notiiini,'.     '1  h.' (  ..innnn,'   .  .-.l.  i 

all  I   ami  nsolveil  upon  noiiiiiiL'       1..   'ii 

;    Cinmitlee  ilelilM-ratesaml  liasii.il  \     :       >" 

to  ait.   .   .   .   My  preih'ees,si.r  e..'"i-  ' 

'■■   of  siruv'tllini;  aituinst  tliisulisiii 

'    tin     mil  liUM'  the  honour  to 

j   at    ,M.i/as.'    The  same  ineoni|    :. 

I    the  same  result  of  unarehy.  vvas  .|i- 

Kxei  iitive   t'ommisHhm: —   in    I'    - 

I  night,'  said  Orosdtt,  '  contlicts  of .  ^ 


jasl 
il'li.-  I 

Ills*. 

nil.. 


;.  ,i.lii 
.,11.; 

.n  a 
kiuil 


1424 


FRANCK.  1871. 


TV  f^mmlliKi  .1/  /»• 
7%lr4  ltrpubtl€. 


PRANCK,  llflt-ISW. 


Mtaa  111*  lt»cull»«  ("iimmliwlon  m-r  onlrri 
•Ucb'wffc  not  eioculol;  nub  iwrtlruliir  ciim 
aWoB  thinking  IUrlf»«»<"n'l»n  In  lu  turn,  guvi- 
— un  i,,).  >o  tlikt  tlw  E»iMUII»e  ("omiuliwl'm 


epuld  have  IK)  if»l  rrii|mnill>lllly.'     On  April  *) 
m  Eiw"''*'  *  '"mmlMliMi  WW  ri'pUrwl  liy  » ''«tii- 
^Ur  (iiiupo^nl  of  «  ili'kiWir  fn.m  rucli  i>f  the 
i^iitbrrc-unimluioiM;  •till  I'ffliU my  rnuM  oi>t 
btiM-iirMi,  awl  »t  tlHi  mil  of  tliu  month  It  wita 
HDixM-il  to  r«t«l>lliil>   »  Commlttcn  of    I'ulillc 
htrl«     Thli  pMIMxHIon  w«»  prompttil  liy  the 
indliloio of  ItWI,  mill  lirouKht  liilo  i>\ irt  niitntf 
oahin  the  two  iwinttlctlnit  li'mli'm-liii  of  llir  ( 'mil- 
BBW:  there  were  Kime  of  ll»  mrnilMTK  who  wirr 
n«Jy  til  •»»'  the  movement  hv  «  ili'«pi>lli'iii.  In 
Mcun'  at  every  rout  a  KtrunK  itilmliilatntllon,  anil 
lapiiw'  the  Commune,  If  nifil  la-  liv  terror,  ii|Min 
pjl»  anil  the  provlneea,   .   .   .  (In  the  other  Imnil 
litre  waa  a  itronn  minority  whhh  opiamiMl  the 
pnipiiiKil  on  tiMi  Kroiiml  Ihut  It  w««  tuiituinoiint 
loin  aUllmthin  on  the  |..irt  of  the  t'omniiiiiiil 
Cimniil.  .  .  .  The  a|i|Kilntment  of  the  I'ommil- 
IM  wa<  carTleil  liy  fnrtyllve  volea  to  twiiiiy 
ihrw,  many  of  thoM-  who  viiteil  for  It  re(fiiri|i-.l 
it  M  nien'ly   another  'Kneeiitive  Coii'mlanlon,' 
lubnrillnate  to,  anil  at  any  momeiil  auhjeit  to 
(UflniiHal  hy,  the  t'ommune;  ami  »o,  In  elliil,  it 
prowl,  It  waa  netlher  mori'  iirrllile  nor  inore 
rfflfii-iil  limn  the  Ixaly  to  whirh  It  aueeeeiliil ,  it 
eameliitinAialenro  on  the  Utof  May,  anil  on  llie 
Ml  tlie  roniplaliit    wiia  iilniuly   ailvaneed   that 
•your   (■■mmlllif    of    rulillr     Safely    haa    not 
uxweriil  iiiir  e\|H><'lalii>ns;  it  luta  U'en  an  oli 
ilarlf.  insleuil  of  a  allmulua: '  on  the  imh  a  new 
c..raniitlie  WiW  apiMiiuteil,  with  Klinllar  reaillti. 
ill  thai  liie  innovatiim  arhieveil  »;ia  to  lirinc  Inio 
tlwrnli'f  the  fact  that  lliin'e»lHtiil  in  the  Com- 
muw  a  .luiiililn  element  riMilv  ton'iiir  lolhetra 
dlliiitii  if  1T«:I,  anil  to  imike  I'arla  the  mlslnsa  of 
FrauiT  liv  the  guillotine  or  lla  iiiiahrn  eiiuiva 
iiiii    -d"  I..  DUkinwin,  lin-^'hilinn  miil  litm-lioi, 
in  V-lirn  h'riiiii-t,  lip.  L'IIT-,'TO. 

k.  D.  i87i-i»76.— The  Aiiembly  nt  Bor- 
4MBII.— Thiert  elected  Chief  of  the  ExecutiTe 
Power.— The  founding  of  the  Republic— The 
retotery  of  order  and  proaperiti.— ReiiBjna- 
tiiw  df  Thiers.— Election  of  Miarihal  Mac- 
Hahon.  -Plant  of  the  Monarchitti  defeated. 
-Adoption ofthe  Conititution  of  1875.— '■  The 
rliHti.irn  pawM'il  olT  more  nuiitly  llian  »«h  to  Ih- 
cx|KHtiil,  mill  (he  AsMinlily  whirh  eaine  to- 
grtliiT  lit  IJonlianx  on  the  i:ith  of  Filiniiiry  ix 
Kill  r  ri«>nletl  the  aintiment  of  the  nati'in  at 
tbii'i.,  ular  moment.  Krani-e  iK'inif  eaji'T  for 
111*1  111.  Asaenililv  wii.a  paiille.  It  was  aNn 
».m.»iiai  unreniibriiua.  for  the  llepulilie  h.nl 
l)«n  r.|iri»entiil  in  the  provinrea  only  liy  (iaiii 
hi' I  ilie  promoter  of  war  to  llie  knife,  who 
l»i  VI.  riliieil  the  inlen-»la  of  the  liepulilic  to 
what  he  iiiiieeiveil  to  !»•  the  iiilinsts  of  the 
mtiiinal  li.iiior.  roliliea  hail,  in  triilli.  Imth  little 
tlioiiBlit  iif,  iiiiil  Th:era  »a.s  eleeteil  in  27  ih' 
psriiii  iiH  upon  very  diverse  tickets,  nitliir 
iH)  L>. ..  lilt  of  Ilia  opiMisition  to  the  war  ami 
liH  ilV  .rti  in  favor  of  |M'iioe  than  on  ariounl 
"f  hi-  tune  as  n  HImtiI  onilor  anil  historian. 
Movcl  by  the  same  iinpiilse,  the  As.semlily 
•Imiist  unanimously  appoiiitiil  him  t'liiif  of  the 
Excriitiv.  I'ower  of  the  French  Iti'public,  anil 
inlnisti'.l  to  him  the  dimhle  tJisk  of  governing 
tlie  cuuulry  and  of  treating  with  the  (k'rman  Km- 
peror,  .  .  It  waaappan-nlly  In  the  name  of  the 
wpul'l  that  j>eacc  was  negotiated  and  theliov. 
91 


eager 


ernment  gradually  reconatructi'd.  The  Aa- 

ai-ml.ly.  howrTer,  whIrh  waa  all  (lowerfiil,  held 
llutt  Ui  eliange  the  form  of  Koverument  waa  mie 
of  lu  righla  It  might  have  la-en  urginl  that  tha 
elei  lora  had  amreely  eonteinphitnl  thia.  awl  that 
tin  Mo.wnhlata  we're  In  Ihn  liwlorlty  almply  lir. 
i»\\-t>  thev  npreaenlisl  la-are,  while  In  Ihe  prov 
Inria  the  l{i-pii''l|e  'ia.|  meant  nolhlii  /  liiil  war 
to   the    hilt        Hut    llieae    .liatlnctiona   wen.    not 

II  "Might  of  111  llw  pnaa  of  mi>re  urgent  liiialneaa, 
li  .rnelv,  the  treaty  whieh  waa  to  ehis  k  the  aheil 
iltng  of  IiI.kmI.  and  the  nidimenla  of  ailmlniatra. 
live  nronslrciiliou  No  moimrehy  wmild  have 
Ikiii  willing  to  aaaiinw  the  rea|Kiiiailiility  of  Ihia 
Treaty    .         The    Right  aeeonllngly  •  iin».-nle<l 

III  aiiept  the  name  of  Repuhllv  »^  a  make- 
ahlft  prov-  I.  .1  it  almiilil  lai  talkiil  alamt  aa  little 
aa  piiasilil.  Thiera  had  eome  to  think,  i-apeil 
ally  "Hill-  till-  la-ginning  of  the  war.  tliut  llie  He 
piilili.    was  the   natural    heir  of    Nalmlisin    III. 

Ill-  had,  however,  laen  strtirk  with  the 
I  ireuiiistanre  that  mi  iniiny  l.i-  ■limista  hail  la^n 
(III  led    to  the  A»>eiiilily.'  mi    he  waa  no  mure 

than  they  t..  ali'p  lodisi  usa  1 stitutiona. 

lie  was  t'hi'  iiion-  illa|M>a<il  to  wail.  Inaa- 
mui'h  as  he  »aw  in  the  Cliamla-r  the  vi  rv  niplil 
f.irmalion  and  urowth  of  a  group  Inwliiih  he 
had  gnat  loiilMiiii  e  Of  theni.  ilipiitiea  M- 
•lules  Simon  Ins  given  a  la'tter  dillnition  than 
thi'Viiiuld  llieiii.«lves  formulate.— f'T  lliia  pollt- 
lia(  pliilosopher  has  w  rittin  11  masterly  history  of 
thi-ae    villi'    .  llire  is  what  Simon  ».<ys  of 

this  party  111  the  Aswnihly  'There  wi-n>  in  tlila 
IhhIv  some  five  s<on-  llriii  spirits  who  wen  alike 
iiiiapalile  eiiler  of  forsaking  the  prineiplea 
wheriiui  all  sm  ii  ty  nsts,  or  of  giving  up  free 
iloiii  Of  all  f.inii-  of  government  thev  would 
have  iiri-firreii  i-,iii«uiiitloiml  inonarihy.  had  they 
fiiiinil  it  eslahli^liisl.  or  e.iuld  they  have  ristored 
It  l.\  a  vote  without  resort  to  forre  Hut  they 
ipiii  kly  lurieiveil  that  111  itlier  the  b-gilimista 
nor  till-  llonapartists  woul.i  loiisiiit  to  the  eon 
stitutioiial  form;  that  sm  li  a  monarehy  could 
iilitain  a  iiiiijnriiv  luitlnr  in  tlie  rarliament  nor 
among  tlie  people  ,   Some  of  llie-s- men  en- 

ti  rtaini-d  for  the  Itepillilie  a  ilLstnist  wliicli.  at 
tlrst.  nnioiiiiti-d  to  nversion.  Ileing  iH-riiiaded, 
however,  that  they  must  elusise  iKtwi-en  llie  Hi- 
pulilie  and  llie  f'.miiire  .  .  tiny  did  not  de 
spair  of  f.irniing  a  Itip'ililie  at  onie  lila-ral  and 
eonMTvalive.  In  a  word,  tiny  thrust  aside  the 
l,i..Mliinate  Mimarrhy  as  cliiniiriial,  Uepubliean 
and  Ciesarian  diitatorship  as  alike  hateful.  .  . 
Of  I  Ills  partv  M.  Thiers  was  nut  inenly  the  head, 
hut  the  IhhIv  also.' .  .  .  liul  thin' was  another 
partv.  whirh".  allhougli  the  least  numerous  in  the 
AsM-nililv  and  split  into  factions  al  that,  was  tliii 
most  nuiniroiis  in  the  <-ountry.— the  Hipuhllcan 
partv." -I',  lie  Ueiiiusat,  ThUrn.  rh.  ti-T— ^"  In 
the  wake  of  Tliiers  followed  such  nun  as  Ueinu- 
sat.  fa-iinir  I'erii  r.  Leon  Say.  und  Lafayette. 
'IMiis  added  slnii:;th  made  the  Ilepuhlieans  the 
almost  eipial  rivals  of  the  other  (mrties  combined. 
So  great  was  Thiers'  inllueiice  that,  despite  his 
1  .inversion  to  Itepublieanism.  he  was  still  able  to 
eoutrol  the  Monarchical  Assimbly.  A  threat  of 
resignation,  so  gri'iit  waa  the  dread  of  what 
might  foUow  It,  and  so  jeiUous  were  the  .Mon- 
archists of  two  shades  and  the  Imperialists  of 
each  other,  waa  enough  to  bring  the  majority  to 
the  President's  U'nns.  It  was  under  such  [lolit- 
leal  conditions  that  the  infant  Hepublic,  during 
its  first  year,  undertiwk  the  tasks  of  preservinj; 


!]-•  j 


»   »;j 


142 


MICtOCOfT    HSOIUTION    TiST   CHA*T 

sANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHABT  No    2 


1.0 


Ui|^     1 2.5 
!^  ■-     12.2 


I.I 


J:25    i  1.4 


2.0 


f.8 


1.6 


^     APPLIED  INA^IGE 


m 


MiiW 


FRAN'CE,  1971-1876. 


^■■ncff  of  Thiert 
I  Macllahon. 


FBANCE,   1871-1876. 


1   A 


1  (,  - . 


Vti 
•Tit 


u 


■H 


M 
1 

-     ll-' 

;  \]  I 

.     ',}  J; 


♦ 
J, 


pcaco,  of  mnintaininKinternnl  oriler,  of  rrtruviiiK 
ilisastiT,  of  tempting  buck  prosiHrity  «iiil  thrift 
ti)  llif  (Icsiiliilcd  land,  of  rilicviuic  it  of  the  Ijur- 
(Icna  iinpcisi'd  liy  war,  and,  at  tlio  same  time,  of 
acquiring'  fur  itself  (jnMler  security  and  perma- 
nencv.  Tlie  nuovery  of  France  was  wcmdcrfully 
rapid;  her  people  began  once  more  to  taste  sweet 
drainilits  of  lil>erty;  the  indemnity  was  almost 
half  diminished:  and  herindiLstrles,  at  the  end  of 
the  yc;ir.  were  once  more  in  fnll  can'cr.  Hut  the 
Ke|)ulilic  was  a  Ions;  way  from  complete  and  nn- 
(liiestiotied  reeoiinition.  "  The  second  year  of  the 
l{epiililic(lf*T'.'-T:i)  was  pas.sed  amid  C(inst.inl  con- 
lliits  between  the  rival  parlies.  Thiers  st  ill  main- 
tain"d  his  ascendency,  and  stoutly  adhered  to 
his  defenci'  <if  Ui^puhliean  institutions;  but  the 
Asscmlily  was  restive  under  him,  atid  cncr^'etic 
attempts  were  made  to  lirinf;  about  a  fusion  be- 
tween the  Legitimists  and  the  Orleanists.  Thi'se 
attempts  were  rcmlend  futile  by  the  obstinacy  of 
the  Count  of  Chambord,  wlio  would  yield  noihi'n;;, 
cither  of  prineiiile  or  even  of  symbol,  to  his 
cousin  of  Orleans.     The  want  of  harmony  amonj; 

the  .Monarchists  jiostponcd  the  i-onsiderali if 

what  should  be  the  iicrmaneut  political  constitu- 
tion of  France  until  November  of  the  year  WTi, 
when  a  committee  of  thirty  was  chosen  to  rcc- 
onuncuil  constitutional  articles.  Against  this 
the  Hepublieans  protested.  They  deelare<l  that 
the  Assembly  h.id  only  been  elected  to  make 
peace  with  (hrm.my;  .  .  .  that  dissolution  was 
the  only  .'..rllier  act  that  the  Assembly  was  com- 
petent to  ixrfoMU.  This  indicated  theconlldenee 
of  the  lie]>iib|icaus  iu  their  iuiTcasi-d  slr<'ni;th  in 
the  country;  and  the  fact  that  the  Monarchists 
refused  to  dissolve  sh.>ws  that  they  were  not  far 
fnmi  holdin,!,'  this  ojiiui'  u  of  their  opponents. 
Despite  llie  rivalries  an<l  bittenier.s  of  the  fac- 
tions, the  Hcpublie  met  with  no  sericuis  blow 
from  the  time  of  its  provisi(mal  establishment  in 
February,  IKTl,  until  .May,  ]8T:t.  Ip  to  the  latter 
pcriotl  two  thirds  of  the  enormciis  indeninitv  had 
been  ptiid.  and  the  German  force  of  <Kcu|)ation 
had  almost  entirely  retired  from  French  territory. 
.  ^  Hut  in  May,  1873,  a  grave  misfortune,  alike 
to  France  and  to  the  Uepubliean  institutions,  oe- 
<urred.  At  last  the  .Monarchical  reactionists  of 
the  As.sembly  had  gathered  courage  to  make  open 
war  iii>on  President  Thiers.  Perceiving  that  his 
policy  was  having  the  effect  of  nourishing  anil 
adding  ever  new  strength  to  the  Uepubliean  cause, 
and  that  every  month  drifted  them  further  from 
the  opportunity  and  hope  of  restoring  Mon- 
archy or  Empire  ,  .  .  they  now  forgot  their 
own  diircrcnies,  and  r,.solvi"d,  at  all  hazards,  to 
get  rid  of  the  Uepulilic's  most  powerfid  pro- 
tector  Thi'  Ducde  Hroglie,  the  leader  of 

the  reactionary  Monarchists,  olTered  a  n^solution 
in  the  Assembly  which  was  tantamount  to  a 
proposition  of  want  of  conlidence  in  I'resident 
Thiers.  After  nn  ncrimouions  debate,  in  which 
Thiers  himsilf  took  part,  Ue  Broglies  moticm 
was  passed  by  a  majority  of  fourteen.  The 
President  hail  no  alternative  but  to  resign;  and 
thus  the  executive  power,  at  a  critical  niomenl, 
passeil  out  of  Uipiibliean  into  .Monarchical  hands. 
.Marshal  MacMahon  was  at  imce  chosen  President. 
...  MacMahon  was  strongly  Catholic  in  re- 
ligion ;  and  so  far  as  he  was  known  to  have  any 
piilitieal  opinions,  they  wavered  between  Legiti- 
mism and  Impeiialisni  — thev  were  certainly  as 
far  as  possible  from  Uepublicanism  Now  was 
formed  and  matured  adelil)erate  i)roieet  to  over- 


liini 

lo 


throw  the  young  Republic,  and  to  set  up  M 

archy  in  its  place.     All  circumstances  i  iiil,| 

lo  favor  its  success.     The  new  I'resi.lmi 

found  lo  Ik.'  at  least  willing  that  the  thirii;  slim 

if  it  eouhl,  1h' done.     His  priiuipal  niii~istir 

Hroglie,    entered    warmly   into   the    ph.t.     • 

Orleanist  princes  agreeil  to  w:iive  tlnir  d^ij 

and  the  Count  of  Paris  was  pei-,uaili-.l  1..  p:, 

visit  to  the  Count  of  Chamboni  at   lli^  i.  mi 

Frohsdorf,  to  acknowledge  the  ililir  li.,iirl,, 

right  to  the  throne,  and  to  abandon  his .,«,] . 

tensions.      The    Assembly    was    carcliilK    ( 

va.ssed,  and  it  was  found'that  a  lUMJuriii  ,,, 

be  relied  upim  to  lu-oclaim.  at  the  ripi    rii-ini, 

Chamliord  as  king,  with  the  tith'  of  Ihurv 

The  Uipiiblic  was  now,  in  the  early  aiiiiimii 

187:!,    in    the   most    serious  and    real    prrij. 

neeiled  but  a  word  from  the  Hoiirlioii   inii,,, 

to  overthrow  it,  and  to  replace  it   bv  il,c  thr 

of  the  Capits  .-mil  the  Valois.     ilapiiilw  ihr 

leaven  of  Hourliou  bigotry  existed  in  -'lli  nrv 

He  conceded  the  |ioiiit  lif  reigning  will.  |i',r 

mentary institutions,  but  hewoulirie.t  ;i(i,|,i 

tricolor  as  the  flag  of  the  restored  mouanhy. 

insisted   upon   returning   to    France    iiiniir 

white    banner  of  his    ancestois       T, 

throne  was  not  worth  a  piece  of  c|(i:li 

obstinacy  in  clinging  to  this  trille  of  smuI,.,!; 

the  Hcpublie  owed  its  salvation.     Tin-  mIi. n}.. 

restore  the  monarchy  thus  fell  Ihroimh      T|„. 

suit  w.is  th.-it  the  two  wings  of  .Moii:urlii>i«  H 

apart  again,    tmd    the    Hepublieans.  I.,  in:;  „, 

united  and  patient  under  llie  splendid  1.  i.ii  isl 

of  Claml«'tla,  once  more  began  to  wax  in  slnii; 

It  only  renniined  totheCoiiservalivestn  iiiiiki- 1 

best  of  the  silmition  —  lo  proceed  to  ti,.-  f.iniii 

of  a  Constitution,  and  lo  at  lea.st  posi|>.iii,- to 

late  a  jieriiMl  as  possible  the  ix-rmani  i.i  .  ^l:lhli. 

meat  of  the  Hcpublie.     The  lirsl  slip  u:i>  im  ,. 

Ilrm  MacMahon  in  the  Presidency  l.n  a  il.liii 

periml;  and  'the  Septennate,' giving  him  ;i  Ir; 

of   power   for  seven   years— that   is,   uiiiil  i 

autumn   of  IHSO  — was  voted.  ...   It  wis  i 

until  late  in  the  year  187.')  that  the  CmiMiiuii 

which   is  noxv  the  organic   law  of   Ft  ime  » 

finally  adopted  [see  Co.nstitition  ok  Kru.Mi 

The  chief  cireuinstance  which  impclli  il  a  nay 

ily  of  the  Assembly  to  take  thisiheisivr  vt,  |nv 

the  alarming  revival  of  Imperialism  iii  ili.'i  lu 

try.     This  was  shown  in  the  success  nt  lt"ii.i|«i 

ists  in  isolated  elections  to  till  vacaririi  s     .Mm 

as    the    Hoyalists  distru.stcd    a   l!r|iul'lii-,   tin 

(Ireaileil  yet  more  the  restoration  of  tli.'  Kmnir 

and  the  ri|)id  progress  made  by  the  |..ir!isa!'« 

the  Empire  forced  them  to  adopt  h  hat  w.is  rriil 

a  mislerale  HepubHcan  Constitiiliun      This  t" 

stitution  provided  that  the  I'r'sidiiit  i-\  liii'  li 

public  should  lio  elected  b\       .  .int  ichm  iiiinn 

the  Senate  and  the  Chainli.  r  of  Drpuiiis;  ili, 

the  Senate   should  consist   of  ;)0(l   iii.  ;;il»  rs,  , 

whom  7.)  Were  to  be  elected   for  hlV  i;.  ilp  A 

sembly,  and  the  remaining  '.)i"i  Ijy  ■ !.,  :  ,i,il  k 

leges,  composed  of  the  deputies,  tin- .  ■■■•:!'■'  ill't 

geueml,  the   mend«Ts  :if  the  idum  iK  .hirrui 

di.ssement,  and  delegales  chosen  frum  ir.iiiici|i 

councils;  that  the  vacancies  in  the  I:'     ■-  iiit- 

ships  should  be  filled  by  the  Sen  ii.-  i:-  ';.  wlii 

the  term  of  the  Senators  eleitiil  iu  lif    •    i^' .'i 

should   be  nine   years,  one  third  nn;:  :_  mr 

three    years;    that    Ihe    Chainlm    .1 

shoidd   consist  of  5;);!   members,   an 

deputies  should  be  chosen  by  sing!''  li 

stead  of,  as  formerly    in  groups  hv  .!. 


1 1,  piilii 
I  III  til 


142G 


FRANCE.  1871-lHTfi. 


Julf8  ftrevy. 
J'retiiUnt. 


FHAXCE,  1875-1889. 


(hit  the  President  ronlil  only  dissolve  the  flmm- 
hff  of  Deputies  witli  tlie  e(.ns.iit  of  tlic  .Semite; 
It  moaev  bills  sl.<ml<l  oriwinnte  in  the  Lower 
rhimber,  und  tlmt  tlie  President  should  liuve 
11, ■  rinlit  of  veto.  Tlie  •  Seplennate '  organized 
and  the  Constitution  u<loi.ted,  the  Assi'ndily, 
wbiclihiid  elungto  power  for  iiluiut  five  years, 
k.Jnoriiison  foreontinued  existence,  and  at  last 
aL,lvc<l  early  in  1870,  having  provided  that  the 
flrst  eiiaral  election  under  tlie  new  order  of 
ihincssliouldtalie  place  in  Fdiruarv.  .  .  .  The 
rtsult  of  the  elections  proved  three  tliin.cs  — tlii' 
Tfniarliable  growth  of  Uepirolicaiis,  nlinient;  the 
mat  progress  made,  in  spiti-  of  the  memory  of 
Sitlan  livllie  Bonapartist  prr)i)au'anda;  anil  tl.i' 
mtir  lieiiiles.sness  of  any  I'ttempt  at  a  Hoyale<t 
'Lnli'ii  ■•-«.  M.  Towle.  .1/..-/.  in  h\<,nr. .  rh.  4. 
\xM<  i\:  J.  Simon,  A.  '/"iV  -f  M.  Thkvt, 
p'U'CetT.  lifr  "f  Thiin.  rh.  H-i). 

A  D  1872-1889.— Reform  of  Public  instruc- 
t{Dn  Se  Emc.xTioN.  Modkhn:  Eihopkan 
"oiiTKiKs-FnANcK:  A.I).  1h:W-1HS.». 

A.  D.  1875-1 880.— Stable  settlements  of  the 
Republic  — Presidencies  of  MacMahon  and   ^ 
C^ —Military  operations  in  Tunis,  Mada-  ^ 
nscar  and  Tonquin.— Revision  of  the  consti- 
tntioa— Expulsion  of  the  princes.— Boulan- 
reism.— Election  of  M.  Sadi  Carnot  to  the  ^ 
oresidency.— " The  la.st  day  of  the   year  187.".   1 
siw  a  final  proropiition  of   this  monarchist  as- 
smbly  which  had  eslablislicd  the  Hepuhlie.     It   . 
hail  been  in  existence  nearly  five   years.     The 
flections  to  the  Senate  gavc>  a  small  majority  to  | 
the  Repiihlieans.    Those  to  the  Chamber  of  Depii- 
ties(Feliruary.  1878)  naveiiboiit  twothinls  of  its 
.WJ  scats  to  Uepulilicans.  inosily  inoilerate  He- 
publicans.   The  ministry  to  wiiicli  the  leuilersliip 
of  this  assembly  wassiKin  confided,  was  therefore 
naturallv  a  ministry  of  moderate  Hepu'ilicajis. 
M.  Dufiiurc  was  prime  minister,  and  )I.  I.eon 
Say  minister  of  finance.  .  .  .  The  Diifaure  min- 
istry was  not  long-lived,  being  succeeded  before 
the' year  1876  closi'd,  bv  a  ministry  led  by  M. 
Jules  Simon,  a  distinguished  orator  and  writer. 
The  tiimre  of  French  cabinets  in  general  lias  been 
so  little  permanent  under  the  Third   Ki'publie, 
that  in  the  nineteen  years  which  have  elapsi'd 
since  the  fall  of  the  Empire,  twenty-five  cabinets 
have  had  charge  of  the  executive  government. 
.  .  .  Few  events  had  marked  the  history  of  tlic 
Simon  ministry  when,  suddenly,  in  May,  1877, 
the  President  o"f  the  Republic  demanded  its  resig- 
nation.   Much  inrtuenced  of  late  by  Monarchist 
mlvisers.  he  had  concluded   that  the  miKlerale 
Itepuliliean  cabinets  did  not  possess  the  conti- 
ileuce  of  the  chambers,   and,   feeling  that  the 
responsibility  of  maintaining  the  repose  and  se- 
curitv  of  Fr.ince  ri'sted  upon  him.  had  resolved, 
rather  than  allow  the  management  of  the  allairs 
of  theoinintry  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  M.  Gam- 
bettaand  the  Radicals,  to  appoint  a  ministry  of 
constri atives,  trusting  that  the  country  would 
ratifv  the  step.    A  ministry  was  organized  under 
tlie  f)uke  lit  IJroglie.  and  the  Clianiber  of  Deim- 
tiw  was  first  prorogued,  and  then,  with  the  coii- 
wtit  of  tlie  Senate,  dissolved.     The  death  of  il. 
Thiers  in  Septemlier    caused  a  great    national 
deraonsimiidii  in  honor  of  that  patriotic  states- 
man, ■  the  llherator  of  the  territory. '     The  result 
of  the  ensuing  elections  was  a  complete  victory 
for  the  Kepublicans,  who  secured  nearly  tlirec- 
foiirtlis  of  the  seats  in  the  new  Chamber.     The 
Marshal,  appointing  a  ministry  composed  of  ad- 


herents of  his  policy  who  were  not  members  of 
the  Assembly,  attempted  to  make  head  against 
the  majoritv,   but  was  forced  in  December  to 
yiehl  to  the  will  of  the  people  and  of  tiieir  repre- 
sentatives, and   to  recall   M.   Dufaure  and   the 
moderate  Republicans  to  ofllcc.     The  year  1878 
therefore  passed  off  (luietly.  being  especially  dis- 
tiniruished  by  the  great  success  of  the  universal 
exhibition  held  at  Paris.  ...  At  the  beginning 
of  187!t  elections  were  held  in  pursuance  of  the 
provisions  of  the  constitution,  for  the  renewal  of 
a  portion  of  the  Senate.  .  .  .  Elections  were  held 
for  the  filling  of  S','  seats.     Of  these  the  Hepubli- 
ivms  won  (!<!,  the  Monarchist  groups  10.     This 
was  a  loss  of  4i  seats  on  the  jiart  of  tiie  latter, 
and  assured  to  the  Republicans  a  full  control  of 
the  Senate.     It  had  ,ilso  the  effect  of  definitively 
csiahli.shinL'  the  Republic  as  tiie  permanent  gov- 
ernment of    FrMUce.      The   Republican   leaders 
therefore    rexdved    to    insist     uiioii     extensive 
changes  in  the  personnel  of  the  Council  of  State 
and  the  judiciary  ImkIv.   .  .  .   When  they  also 
proposed  to  make  extensive  changes  in  other  de- 
partments. >larshal  MacMahon.  who  foresaw  the 
impessiliililv  of  maintaining  harinoiiioua  rela- 
tions with  the  cabinets  which   the    Republican 
majority   wouhl    now  demand,    took  these  new 
measures  as  a  pretext,  anil,  on  .lanuary  JiO,  1870, 
resinned  tlie  oflice  of  President  of  the  Ri'public. 
( )n  t  he  siiiiic  da  v  the  Senate  and  Chamber,  united 
in  National  .Vssembly.  elected  as  his  sucecs-sor, 
for  the  constitutional  term  of  seven  years.  .M. 
Jules  Crew,  president  of  the  Chamber  of  Depu- 
ties a  moderate  Republican  who  enjoyed  general 
respect.     >I.  Orevy  was  71  years  old.     M.  Uam- 
iKtta  was  chosen  to  succeed  him  as  president  of 
the  Chamber.     The  cabinet  was  reiniHlelled,  M. 
Dufaure  resigning  his  oftice  and  being  succeedi>(l 
by  .M.  Waddington.    In  the  reorganized  ministry 
one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  new  niemlKTS 
was  51.  .lules  Ferrv,  its  minister  of  education. 
He  smm  brought  forward  two  measures  which 
excited  violent  discussion:  the  one  dealing  with 
the  regulation  of  superior  education,  the  other 
with  tlie  constitution  of  the  Supreme  Council 
(if  Public  Instruction.  ...  In  >Iarcli.  1880.  the 
Senate  rejected  the  bill  respecting  universities. 
The  ininistrv.  now  conipos<>il  of  members  of  the 
'pure  lAft' (instead  of  a  mixture  of  these  and 
the  U'ft  Centre)  under  M.  deFreycinet,  resolved 
to  enforce  the  existing  laws  aL'aiust  nonaiithor- 
ized  congregations.     The  .b     lits  were  warned 
to  closi' tiieir  establishments;  tlic  others,  to  apply 
i   for  authorization.     Failing  to  carry  out  tliese 
i  decrees,  M.  de  Frevcinet  was  forced  to  resign, 
and   was  succeeded  as  prime   minister  by    M. 
Ferry,  under  whose  orders  the  decrees  were  exe- 
cuted in  October  and  November,  establishments 
of  the  .lesuits  and  others,  to  the  number  of  nearly 
300.  being  forciblv  dosed  and  their  inmates  dis- 
persed    I.aws  we're  also  passed  in  the  same  year 
and  in  1881  for  the  extension  of  public  education, 
and  a  general  amne.stv  proclaimed  for  persons  en- 
gaged in  the  insurn'ction  of  the  commune.     In 
April  and  Mav,  1881,  on  pretext  of  diaslis'ng 
tribes  on  the  Tunisian  frontier  of  Algeria,  who 
had  committed  depredations  on  the  FriMicli  terri- 
tories in  Northein  Africa,  a  military  force  from 
Algeria  entered  Tunis,  wcupied  the  capital,  and 
forced  the  Bcv  to  sign  a  treaty  by  wliieli  he  put 
himself  and  his  country  under  the  protectorate 
of  France.  .   .  .  Tlie  elections,  in  Augu.t.   re- 
sulted in  a  Chamber  composed  of  46"  Republi- 

1427 


t-- 


-5* 


FRANCE,  1875-1889. 


Military 
Operationa. 


FRANCE,  1875-1889. 


■5 


rang,  47  Bonaparti8t8,  anil  43  Hoyallsts,  whereas 
Its  prcHleccssor  had  consisted  of  SW7  Hepubliciins, 
81  IJonapartista,  and  61  lioyalists.  In  response 
to  a  peneral  ilcmaiid.  SI.  Oanibetta  became  prime 
minister  on  tlie  meeting  of  tlic  new  Assembly  in 
tlie  autumn.  .  .  .  Hut  Ids  measures  failed  to  re- 
ciive  tlie  support  of  tlie  Chamlier,  and  lie  was 
forced  to  resign  after  liaviiig  held  the  ollice  of 
prime  minister  but  two  months  and  a  half  (.lanii 
ary,  IHHJ).  Oji  the  lust  day  of  tliat  year  II. 
OiiinlHlta,  still  the  most  emiiient  French  states- 
man of  the  time,  dii'd  at  I'aris,  aped  forty-four. 
,  .  .  The  death  of  OamlM'tta  aroused  the  Mon- 
archists to  renewed  activity.  Prince  Napoleon 
i.ssued  a  vinKnt  manifesto,  and  was  arrested, 
liills  were  hroiiplit  in  which  were  designed  to 
exclude  from  the  soil  of  Fnnce  and  of  French 
possessions  all  memlK'rs  of  families  formerly 
reigning  in  France.  Finally,  however,  after  a 
prolonged  contest,  a  decree  suspending  the  dukes 
of  Auniale,  Chartres,  and  Alen^on  from  their 
functions  in  the  aniiy  was  signed  liy  the  Presi- 
dent. Some  nionlh.s'  later,  August,  1H8H,  the 
Count  of  C'lianilHird  ('  Henry  V.')  died  at  Frohs- 
dorf ;  by  this  event  the  elder  brunch  of  the  house 
of  IJourbon  Ixcame  extinct  and  tlic  claims  urged 
by  both  Legitimists  and  Orlcanists  wen'  united 
in  the  ixrsoii  of  the  Count  of  Paris.  During  the 
year  1883  alleged  encroachments  upon  French 
privileges  and  interests  in  the  northwestern  por- 
tion of  .Madagascar  had  embroiled  France  in  con- 
flict with  tlie  Ilovas,  the  leading  tribe  of  that 
Islanil.  The  French  admiral  commanding  tlie 
sipiadron  in  the  Indian  Ocean  demanded  in  188H 
the  placing  of  the  northwestern  part  of  the  island 
under  a  French  protectorate,  and  the  payment 
of  a  large  indemnity.  Tliese  terms  lieing  rcfus<'d 
by  the  ([Uceii  of  tlii'  Ilovas,  Tamatave  was  Isim- 
banlcd  and  oeciipii'd,  and  desultory  operations 
continued  until  the  summer  of  188;i,  when  an  ex- 
pedition of  tlie  Ilovas  resulted  in  a  signal  defeat 
of  tlie  French.  A  tnaty  was  then  negotiated, 
in  accordance  with  which  the  fonign  relations 
of  the  island  were  put  under  tlic  control  of 
France,  while  the  queen  of  Madagascar  retained 
the  control  of  internal  alTairs  anil  i>aiil  certain 
claims.  A  tnaty  executed  in  1874  between  the 
emperor  of  Annum  ami  the  French  hail  conceded 
to  the  latter  a  protci  loralc  over  that  country. 
His  failure  completely  tocarry  out  hisagn-ement, 
and  the  presence  of  Chinese  troops  in  Tonrjuin, 
were  reganied  lus  threutening  the  security  of  the 
French  colony  of  Cochin  China.  A  small  expe- 
dition sent  out  [I88-1]  under  Commundcr  Hivii^re 
to  enforce  the  provision  of  the  treaty  was  de- 
stroyed at  Hanoi.  Keinforccments  were  sent 
out."  liiit  the  situation  was  coinplicatid  by  the 
pnsi'nce  of  bands  of  'Black  Flags,'  brigands 
said  to  be  unauthorized  by  the  Annam  govern- 
ment, and  by  claims  on  the  part  of  China  to  a 
suzerainty  over  Tomiuin,  A  treaty  was  made 
with  .\nn'ani  in  Augii.st,  I8,><:!,  pnividiiig  fur  the 
(c.ssioii  of  a  province  to  France,  and  the  estali- 
li.'-hnii'nt  of  a  French  pnileetorate  over  Annam 
and  Toni|uin.  Tliis,  however,  did  not  by  any 
me.'ins  wholly  conclude  hostilities  in  that  province. 
Sontuy  was  taken  from  the  Hlack  Flags  in  I)e- 
cenilier.  and  IJacninh  occupied  in  March,  1884. 
The  advance  of  the  French  into  ngioiis  over 
which  Cliina  claimed  suzerainty,  and  which  were 
occupied  by  Chinese  troops,  brought  on  hostili- 
ties with  tliat  empire.  In  August.  1884,  Admiral 
Cuurbel  destroyed  the  Chinese  ficvt  and  arstna! 


at  Foo-chow;  in  October  he  leized  poii  i  nn  ilu 
northern  end  of  the  island  of  Formosa,  nu:\  pM 
claimed  a  blixkade  of  that  portion  of  the  i.]  ml 
On  the  frontier  Ix'twcen  Tomiuin  and  Cliii,,  u,, 
French  gained  some  8ucce9.se.s,  partii  ulnrlv  in 
the  capture  of  I.ang-SOn;  yet  the  elirnii  .'and 
the  uuniliers  and  determination  of  the  I  liimv 
troops,  rendered  it  impossible  for  them  Im  m  ,  nn 
substantial  n'sults  from  victories.  Kiiiilli .  .ift,  i 
a  desultory  and  destructive  war,  a  tn  i'v  w.i, 
signed  in  .Iiine,  188.'),  which  arranged  thit  F.r 
mosa  shouhl  Ix'  evacuated,  that  Aiiimii  sli,,iil,| 
in  future  have  no  diplomatic  relali.ms  .  \(,],| 
through  France,  and  tli.at  France  slii.ull  Ijiui 
virtually  complete  contnil  over  Isith  it  aiid  Ten 
quin,  though  the  question  of  Chinese  sii/.rtMiiu 
was  left  unsotth'd.  .  .  .  It  was  not  fill  ilmtili'. 
expeditions  again.st  Madagas<'ar,  Anii:iMi,  mA 
China  had  achieved  brilliant  success.  T  li'  v  liail, 
moreover,  lM>en  a  simrce  of  much  <  \|'mi.i'  t. 
France;  at  first  popular,  they  finally  eaii-..|  ik 
downfall  of  the  ministry  wliUli  onlircii  iluiii 
That  ministry  tlie  ministry  of  M.  ,lulrs  lirrj. 
.  .  .  remained  in  power  an  unusual  li  ii;:t[i  il 
time, —  a  litlh'  Miorc  than  two  years  In  |ini«i 
pal  aehievemnit  in  domestic  affairs  cnii-ivinlic 
liringing  almut  the  revision  of  the  cini-iiiiiiinn, 
which,  framed  by  the  Versailles  Asm  niWy  in 
187.';,  was  felt  by  many  to  contain  an  i  \((-«ivi 
n.imbcr  of  Monarchical  elements.  ...  In  Issy 
after  the  fall  of  the  Ferry  cabinet,  a  l.iw  was 
passed  providing  for  serutin  de  lisii':  ii.ii  ile 
partinent  being  entitled  to  a  nundier  el  d.  |.iiiii- 
proportioned  to  the  number  of  its  liii/.n^.  ilu 
di'iiuties  for  each  were  to  be  clio.sen  nn  a  l"  lural 
or  departmental  ticket.  In  tlie  same  yi  :ir  ;i  Ian 
was  passed  declaring  ineligible  to  the  otlici'  il 
Presulcnt  of  the  Republic,  senator  nr  il'  puty, 
any  prince  of  families  formerlv  niLMiiii.'  in 
Friince.  .  .  .  In  Dccemlier  theXatioiiil  A^-i  niWy 
re-elected  M.  (irevy  President  of  tlie  l!i  imhiii 
In  the  ministry  liil  by  M.  de  Fn'yriiwi,  whiili 
liehl  oHice  during  th"  year  188(i,  "jrri:it  pmini 
nence  was  attained  by  the  minister  of  w;ir,  (ini 
eral  Boulanger,  whose  managenienl  el  liis  ili 
partment  and  political  conduct  wnn  liiiii  ltiui 
popularity.  .  .  .  The  increa.sing  aitiiin  .f  ilu 
agents  of  the  Monarchist  party,  ili,-  -ireiigili 
wliich  that  parly  had  sliown  in  the  (Iriiieiisil 
the  precedingyear,  and  theiU'monstraneFi^niii'li 
attended  the  marriage  of  the  liauirliter  ef  tin 
Count  of  Paris  to  tlie  cmwn  prime  of  I'.riu.'al, 
incited  the  Republican  leaders  lo  more  s!iiiiL.'ii!i 
measures  against  the  princes  of  linuvis  lnriiiir]\ 
reigning  in  Fniiiee.  Tlie  governiiir 
trusted  by  law  with  dis<Tetionary  pou 
them  all  from  France,  and  definitely 
I'xpel  actual  claimants  of  the  thr.ne 
dinet  heirs.    The  Count  of  Paris  an. 


lit     ■.VaS  m 

1  r  !••  i.xpil 

l!.'..l|. 

,1  ili.il 
.  -.in  till 


Duke  of  Orleans,  Prince  Xapiilemi  iin  I  lii- 
Priiice  Victor,    were    accordingly   li.ii-li 
presiilentiul  decne  in  June,  1881).     i;.  n.  r; 
lunger  struck  oil  from  the  armypill  tin 
of  all  princes  of  the   Uonapuite   unl    II 
fumilies.      The    Duke   of   Aumule,    i  nii.: 
protesting,  was  also  banished;  in  Uu 
1889  he  was  permitted  to  return.     .M. 
within  the   Republican    ranks,    disM  n 
creased.     The  popularity  •'  (Jenenil  I 
became  more  and  more  thn'UteninL'  i  ■ 
nets  of  which  he  was  a  member     .Vii 
in  his  favor,  conducted  with  niueh  ^r' 
feir  lest  he  were  aspiring  t-T  a  v.;\V\'  ■■■:■ 


,1  ll\ 

lieu 


ii.:]iaml; 
-!•""? ," 

aliwlllli- 

-i.ms  i!i 
l.iiiliinL'i" 
liieraU 
:i-;!ali..) 
'!    rausfi 


1428 


FRANCE,  1875-1889. 

ship  of  FVancp.  ...  In  the  autumn  of  1887,  an 
inquiry  into  Ih"  condurt  of  Oeneral  CalTarel, 
di'piity  to  tlio  roniuriiiderin-cliiof,  iioruscii  of 
a'lliiijt  decorations  ini|ilic'Hted  M.  Dunii'l  Wilson, 
son  ill  law  of  M.  Orevy.  wlio  wan  alleged  to  have 
iimlertaken  tu  obtain  appointniciils  to  ofllpe  anil 
liurative  contracts  in  rclurn  for  money.  .M. 
(Jnvy's  unwise  attempts  to  shield  Ids  son-in  law 
bwiiiilit  al)out  his  own  fall.  The  cliamlMrs,  de- 
ternmied  to  for<*  Ids  resignation,  refused  to 
accept  any  ndnistry  proposi'<l  lij  him.  After 
mii(h  n'sistanee  and  irritating  delays  lie  sulinist 
tpil.  niid  resigned  the  presiileiiey  of  tlie  Kepuhlie 
on  Deciinher  2.  1HH7.  On  |l"ii.  next  day  the 
lioiisis  met  in  National  Assemlily  at  Versailles  to 
cliiKisethe  sue(Ts.s<>rof  M.  (irevv.  .  .  .  The  most 
imimiiiinl  eandidutes  fur  the  id'pidilieans  \vere 
M.  Firry  and  .M  de  Kreyeinet  ;  tlie  fnrmer,  linw - 
I'Vir.  was  unpo|<ular  witii  the  eciuntrv.  The 
followers  of  1)1  ith,  ttndine  their  election  impossi- 
ble, re«:lvcd  to  cast  their  votes  for  M.  S^idi  Car 
not,  a  Kepuhliean  of  the  higlii'st  integrity  and 
universally  respi'eted.  M.  Carnot,  a  distinguished 
t'ni:iueer,  grandson  of  the  (.'arnot  who  haii.  as 
niiiiisier  of  war.  organized  the  victories  of  the 
armies  of  the  Uevolution,  wasaecorilinglv  elected 
Pri'sidentof  the  French  llepuhlic.  .  .  .  Thediief 
dirtirulties  I'lieimntered  by  the  cabinet  arost'  out 
of  the  activ<'  propagandisni  exercised  in  behalf 
of  tiencral  Houlanger.  .  .  .  His  name  .  .  .  be- 
came the  rallying-point  of  those  w  ho  were  hostile 
to  the  parliamentary  system,  or  to  the  Hepubli- 
(iiu  government  in  its  present  form.  Alarmeil 
liotli  liy  his  singular  popularity  and  by  his  po- 
litii'al  in'rigues,  the  government  insiitu'ed  a 
prosecution  of  him  before  the  High  Court  of 
Justire;  upon  this  he  Hed  from  the  country,  and 
theiian  Ts  of  the  agitation  in  his  favor  svere, 
for  the  .ne  at  lea.st,  (|uiete<l.  On  .May  .">.  IHNit, 
till'  one  hundriHlth  anniversary  of  the  'is.sembly 
of  die  States  General  was  held  at  Versidlles.  On 
llie  next  day,  President  Carnot  formally  opened 


FKANCI8. 

the  Universal  Exhibition  at  Paris." — V.  Duruy, 
lliitt.  of  f  hi  lire.  pp.  6««-«77, 

Also  i.n  :  H.  C.  Lockwood.  Cimiit.  Hint  nf 
frnnre,  rk.  7,  anti  app,  10. — F.  T.  Marziais,  Life 
I'f  OiimlifUa. — Antidln  of  the  Aiiier.  Armhmy 
of  J'ii/itirnl  and  Harial  .Science,  March,  1811!'  '\ip- 
ptttm  of. 

A.  D.  i877-i883.— Anglo-French  control  of 
Egyptian  finances.  8ce  Kovi'i :  A.  I>.  18*5- 
1W2;  and  lNH2-18H:t. 

A.  D.  1881-1895,— Territorial  claims  and 
acquisitions  in  Africa,  i^ee  Akhii  A  :  A.  I>. 
IKHl-lMST.  and  aftiT 

A.  D.  1892.— New  Protective  Tariff.  See 
Tahifk  Lkoisi.ation  :  A.  1).  lN71-|M!e,>. 

A.  D.  1893-1893. — The  Panama  Canal  scan- 
dal.    See  I'anama  Canal, 

A.  D.  1894-1895.-  Assassination  of  Presi- 
dent Carnot.— Election  and  resignation  of  M. 
Casimir-Pirier.— Election  of  M.  Faure  to  the 
Presidency.— The  most  startling  of  all  the  deeds 
in  tlie  recent  revival  of  anarchistic  activity  was 
till'  as.sassination  of  M,  Carnot.  I'n'sideut  of  the 
French  Ilepublic,  on  the  i4tli  of  .lune.  'While 
driving  through  the  streets  of  Lyons,  he  was 
mortally  stabbed  by  an  Italian  Anarchist  name<l 
Santo  Caserio,  A  joint  convenlion  of  the  two 
chamlM-rs  of  the  leg'slatiire  was  imniediately 
summoned  for  a  presidential  clictlon.  The  con- 
vention met  at  Versailles,  , nine 'i7.  and  un  the 
first  ballot  chose  M,  Casimir  I'erier  by  4.'")1  out  of 
a  total  of  Ml  voles.  On  the  l.llh  uf  .laniiary, 
lH!t.">,  M.  Ca.simir  Perier  astonishiil  the  wiirlil 
and  threw  France  into  consti'rnation,  almost,  bv 
suiiilenly  and  peremptorily  resigning  the  Presi- 
dency. Tlie  reason  given  was  tin  intolerable 
powerlessness  and  practical  inutility  of  the 
President  under  the  existing  cnnstitulion.  The 
exciting  crisis  whidi  this  resignation  prinluced 
was  passed  through  witlioiit  disorder,  and  on  the 
ITlh  the  National  .\ssi  mbly  elected  .M,  Francois 
Felix  F'lure  to  the  ollice  of  President, 


FRANCE,  BANK  OF.  See  Monkv  and 
Baskimi  :  ITth-IBtii  Ckntckiks. 

FRANCE,  ISLE  OF.  See  Mascmik.ne 
Im.asds. 

♦ 

FRANCHE  COMT^.— In  the  dissolution  of 
the  hisl  kingdom  of  Hurgunily  isee  UritorM>v, 
TliK  I  (ST  KiNoiMi.M  :  .\.  I).  ilW'-'),  its  northern 
p;irl  ni:iiiitaineil  a  <'onneelion  with  the  Empire, 
ivhirli  liiid  then  liecome  (Jermanic,  muili  longer 
than  the  southern.  It  became  divided  inio  two 
diii'f  states — the  County  Palatine  of  Burgundy. 
linovvu  afterwards  as  Fnnchc  Comte,  or  the 
"frt'u  county."  and  Lesser  Hurgunily.  whii'h  em 
limn  il  western  Switzerland  and  northern  Savoy. 
'Tlii'Cminty  Palatine  of  Hurgunily  often  p.'issed 
fMiii  one  dynasty  to  another,  and  it  is  remarkable 
for  till'  number  of  times  tliat  it  was  held  as  a 
Mpiirati'  state  by  several  of  the  great  princes  of 
Kiiropi',  .  .  .  Hut.  through  all  tliese  changes  of 
il.viiiisly.  it  rcnmin>  1  an  acknowleilgid  lief  of  the 
Kmiiiri',  till  its  annexation  to  France  under 
U'«  is  llie  Fourteenth.  The  capit.1l  of  this  comity, 
it  ni::st  be  remembered,  was  Pole.  The  ccelesi- 
istiial  nii'lroi>i)iis  of  Hesancon.  though  sur- 
rouii'l  il  by  the  county,  remained  a  free  city  of 
till'  Knipirc  from  the  days  of  FVederick  Biirba- 
ro-«:i  |.V.  n.  Il,"i2-lli>0]'to  those  of  Ferdinand 
till'  Thinl  [A.  I).  1887-1«.')T1.  It  was  then  merged 
ia  ilii.  louuly,    uud   along  with    the    touuly    il 


passed  to  Fnuice." — K.  A.  Freeman,  Jlhtoiiciil 
fifffniphi/  of  Kuropi ,  rh.  H.  wc^  ,*». 

A.  O.  1512.— Included  in  the  Circle  of  Bur- 
gundy.    .S'e  C.KiiMANV:  A    I).  14!Ki-l"il». 

A.  D.  1648.— Still  held  to  form  a  part  o.'the 
Empire.     .Se  (iKiiMASV:  .\.  I),  IG4H. 

A.  D.  1659.— Secured  to  Spain.  See  Fiia.nce: 
A    1)    Iti.V.I-Kilil. 

A.  D.  1674.— Final  conquest  by  Louis  XIV. 
and  incorporation  with  France.  See  Nk  1  iiKii 
LANDS  (Holland  :  A.  D.  1;)T4-1I1TH  ;  als<i,  Nimk 

01  KN,   PkAI  K  ok. 


FRANCHISE,  Elective,  in  England.    .See 

F.NOIANI):    A     I).    1SS4-1SN-,. 

FRANCIA,  Doctor,  The  Dictatorship  of. 

Sec  r'AimnAV  :  A.  D    ItilW-lHT;!, 

FRANCIA.  See  FuaniK:  !»tii  Centiuv: 
also,  (iKKMANV:  A.  !).  .><4:!-il(Vi, 

FRANCIS  (called  Phcebus),  King  of  Na- 
varre, A.  I).  14T!i-l."ii« Francis  1.  (of  Lor- 
raine),GermanicEmperor,lT4.">-17ti."p Fran- 
cis I.,  King  of  France,  l."il."i~l.')47 Francis 

I.,  King  ofNaples  or  the  Two  Sicilies,  INi.")- 

l^<:!o Francis  II.,  Germanic  Emperor,17!f.J- 

IxiHl ;  Emperor  of  Austria,  IHOfi-lWfi :  King  of 

Hungary  and  Bohemia,  1792-tHiri Francis 

II.,  King  of  France,  l.'Mfl-l.'itM) Francis  II., 

King  of  Naples  or  the  Two  Sicilies,  A.  I). 
IMM-lNOl Francis  Joseph  I.,  Emperor  of 


"hktM 

'  ii^iiSlL  I 
■f 


4.     .;■< 


1429 


m 


?i 


a'  <• 


ii 


i; 


Mi 

■  s . 

!  i 
•  !' 


y*.'' 


I' 


FUANt'lS. 

ADttri*,  1M8  :  King  of  Hungary  and  Bohemia, 

184N-. 

FRANCISCANS.  See  Mknoicant  Obdekk, 
also,  UwillNKM,  KTr. 

FRANCO- GERMAN,  OR  FRANCO- 
PRUSSIAN  WAR,  The.  S.<  Fi.am  k  ;  A.  1>. 
INTO  (.liNK— ,h  i.Y).  t(i  IN70-1H71. 

FRANCONIA:  The  Duchy  and  the  Circle. 
— "  Amiiiiir  IliP  K"'"'  iliicliiis  |iif  the  old  (,ir- 
iiiiiiiic  ki;'i:iliiin  or  ciiiiiiri'  i>f  tiii'  iiiiitli,  lintliiirid 
ili'Vrnlli  ci'iiniiiisl,  timt  of  KuMrrii  Kraiiciii, 
Kriiiikcri.  or  rr:iiiniiiiii  is  of  iniiili  li'ss  iiii|-.ir 
tuner  ill  Kuro|M-un  hi^^tory  llmii  tImt  of  Saxoi;y. 
It  gnvf  till'  (liiial  lilli'  to  till!  liinliopH  of  WUrz 
biiri;;  but  it  niunot  ln'  siiiil  to  lie  in  iiiiy  si'iisc 
t'ontiniK-d  in  any  incMlcrn  statr.  Us  name  ^railii- 
iilly  rrtreati'il.  ami  the  cirrlr  of  Kranl\i'n  orFran- 
eonia|see  (iKiiMASv:  A.  I)  l4SM-1.")Ut|  liwik  in 
only  tile  most  eastern  pari  of  the  ancient  iliiehy. 
The  wesic  rn  ami  norlliern  part  of  the  iliii  hy,  li>- 
Kether  with  a  ^ood  deal  of  territory  which  was 
Htrielly  Liitliariiiifiaii.  became  jmrt  of  the  two 
Itlieiii^li  circles.  Tims  Kiilda,  the  jireatest  of 
tJerman  abbeys,  passed  away  from  the  Krankish 
name.  In  n  irth  eastern  Kraiicia,  Ihi'  Hessian 
principalities  i;rew  up  to  the  north-west.  Wi.liin 
the  Franconiaii  lirele  lay  Wilr/bur!.'.  the  see  c! 
the  bishops  who  bore  tlie  ducal  title,  the  other 
L'reat  bisiioprie  of  iiainbeii,',  together  with  the 
free  city  of  Niirnlierj;.  and  various  smaller  prin- 
cipalities In  the  Uhenish  lands,  both  within  and 
without  theolil  Francia,  one  chief  characteristic 
is  the  priilominauce  of  the  eeclesiastieal  princi- 
palities. Mainz.  Kbin,  Worms,  ^>peyer,  and  .strass 
liiiri;.  The  chief  temporal  power  which  arose  in 
this  repion  was  the  I'alatinate  of  the  Hhine.  a 
power  which,  like  others,  went  throii>;h  many 
unions  and  divisions,  and  spread  into  four  circles, 
those  of  Upper  and  L»)wer  Uliiiie,\Vestfalitt,  and 
Huvaria.  This  last  distrht.  though  united  with 
the  Falatine  Klectorute,  was,  from  the  early  part 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  distinguisliitl  from  the 
I'ttlutiiiate  of  the  Ithiuc  its  the  Oberpfal/.  or  I'p 
per  I'alatinate,"— E.  A.  p'reenian.  Uintorinil 
(leof).  iif  K'lriijif.  rh.  8.  wrt.  I.-  h«,  also,  Ai.E- 
MA.NM  ;  A.  1).  49«-.'>(»4. 

FRANCONIA,  The  Electorate  of.  See  Gek 
M.\NV:  A.  1).  H2.l-ll.52. 

FRANCONIAN  OR  SALIC  IMPERIAL 
HOUSE.— The  emperors,  C'onnul  II.,  II 'iiry 
III..  Hinry  IV..  iind  Henry  V..  wlei  ri'Lrmii  from 
1024  until  112."),  over  the  (iermanic  Koman  or 
Holy  Homan  Kinpire,  were  of  the  iSalie  or  Fran- 
coniaii bous...     Si'c  GKinHNV  :     A.  I).  0711-1122. 

FRANKALMOIGN.  SeeFKi dai.Trni  kks. 

FRANKFORT,  Treaty  of.  Wee  FiiASt  k  : 
A    I).  1m;i  (.Ianuauv— .Mxv) 


FRANKFORT  ON   THE  MAIN,  Origin 
of.     See  Ai.KMAN.M  :  A.  I).  49t}-.'M)4 
A.  O.  1387.— Declared  an  imperial  city.    See 

C'lTII  s.    iMI'KKIAI.  AM>  FuKK.   OK  GKKMANV. 

A.  D.  1525.— Formal  establishment  of  the 
Reformed  Religion.  Seel'Ai'ACY:  A  l>.  l.')22- 
l.->2.-.. 

A.  D.  1744.— The  "Union  "formed  by  Fred- 
erick the  Great,  See  Ai  stuia  :  A.  I).  174:1- 
1744. 

A.  D.  1759.— Surprised  by  the  French.  See 
(JuitMANY  :  A.  1).  IT.'iO  (Al'Iill.— AfoisT). 

A.  D.  1801-1803- One  of  six  free  cities 
which  survived  the  Peace  oi  Luneville.  See 
Okilmany  :  A.  H.  l.-^ul-lsua. 


FUANKS. 

A.  D.  1S06.— Lois  of  municipal  freedom- 
Transfer,  as  a  grand  duchy,  to  the  ancicat 
Elector  of  Mayence.  See  Ukiimanv  \  |i 
mri-iHoe. 

A.  D.  iSic— Erected  into  a  grand  duchy  by 
Napoleon.    SccFuasik;  A.  I>.  Tw10(Kki.iii  \k¥ 

—  I)K(EMIIKH). 

A.  D.  iSio-iS:;.— Loss  and  recovery  of  au- 
tonomy as  a  "free  city."  SeeCiTiKs,  hill  i;ni. 
ami  |.|(KK,  (ikGkuma.ny  ;  and  Viknna,  Tin  (  .in^ 
<1UKSS  o|.'. 

A.  D.  1848-1849.— Meeting  of   the   German 
National  Assembly.-Its  work,  its  failure,  and 
its  end.— Riotou"  outbreak  in  the  city.    >f, 
(Jkumany:  A.    I)    1N4M  (.Maui  II— Si  iTi  Mi;i  I 
and  IH-tM-lH.'iO 

A.  D.  1866 — Absorption  by   Prussia,     n, 

(iKHMANV:    A.   I>.   IHtlO. 


FRANKLIN,    Benjamin, 
1*  ,*, 


the  Press 

See  I'lii.NTi.Mi  :  A.  I).  1T04-I721t Electrical 

A 


and 

See  El.KtTHKAI.   DisdiM 


Discovery 

I).  174.")-li47 Plan  of  Union  in  1754. 

IMtkd  Statks  ok  A.M.  :  A  I>.  I7."i4 Colo- 
nial Representative  in  England.— Examina- 
tion before  Parliament.     See  I'knsm  1  a  \ma 
A.  I).  1T,')7-17()2  ;  and  I'.MTKD  Staii:-  ok   .\m 
A.  I).  neS-lTHf-.  1700 Signing  of  the  Dec- 
laration.    See  L'.MTKi)  Statkb  ok  Am  :  A   li 

1770    (.Iii.Y) Mission    to    France.      >., 

rsiTEi)  Statk-  ok  Am.  :  A.  I).  177(1  ITTs  i;> 

(Fl  lllUAKYI.      17.'<2      (SkPIKMIIKH— NoVlMllI  It, 

....  Framing  of  the  Constitution.   See  I  .mih' 
Statks  (IK  Am  :  A.  I).  17n7. 

FRANKLIN,  Sir  John.     See Poi.aii Ksiin 
hation:  a.  I)    lKli)-lH22,  and  after 

FRANKLIN,  The  ephemeral  state  of.   .Sr 
Tknnikskk  ;  A.  I).  I7H,1 ;  anil  17K"i-171lii 

FRANKLIN,  Tenn,,  Battles  at  and  near. 
See  I'.MTKU  Statks  OF  Am.  ■  \,  ])  In;:!  iKuiki 
AHY— Arnii,:  Tennesski.XuikI  lWt4(X(i\KMiii;ii 
Tenm-csek). 

FRANKLIN,  OR  FRANKLEYN,  The.- 
"  'There  is  scarce  a  small  village,  says  f-ii  .Idlm 
Fortescue  jl,')th  century]  "in  which  yini  nmy  nui 
tind  a  knijflit,  an  esipiire,  or  Kime  sul^^tiiiitial 
householder  (paterfamilias)  conimnnly  ciili'il  a 
frankleyn,  possi-sised  of  consiili  rablc  cstiilc  ;  1« 
sides  others  w  ho  an'  called  freeholders,  aiid  imiin 
yeomen  of  (.state  suflii  lent  to  make  a  sub^ljitiiil 
jury.' .  .  .  Hy  a  fmnkleyn  in  this  pliue  »i  an 
to  understand  what  we  call  a  country  siiiiin  .  liki 
the  fmnkleyn  of  (hniicer ;  for  the  word  iM|uii. 
in  Forteseue's  time  was  only  i.sed  in  iis  I  ihii.il 
sense,  for  the  sons  of  peers  and  knifihl 


/•/" 


''II. 

.IlilT, 


had    obtained    the  title,'— H.    Ha 
MiiMle  A'/fK.  rli   W,  pt.  3,  vilh  jiute  tr.  ::> 

FRANKPLEDGE.— An  old  KiiL-li-li 
quired  all  men  to  combine  in  ns.soe;ltIi(l[,^ 
and  to  iH'come  staiidiiiji  sureties  for  one  a 
—  which  was  (ailed  "  frank pled),'e,' 


FRANKS:  Origin  and  earliest  history. - 
"  It  is  well  known  that  tbeiianieof  Fi. nk'i- 
not  to  lie  found  in  the  lonjr  list  of  (JerniMi  'rilM-; 
preserved  to  us  in  the  '  (ierniiiiiia'  or  r,,i  iiij. 
I.illle  or  nothing  is  heani  of  lie  in  li.  •,  r-  lin 
reign  of    (ionlian    III.     In  A    I)  2lii  A.pIih 

then  a  tribune  of  the  sixth  legion  vtai: i  o;. 

the  Uhinc,  eiicountereil  a  bixly  of  ii;ar ,  .ilirii' 
Franks  near  Mayence.  and  drove  tlieiii  !■  !■  1.  iiii" 
their  marshes.  The  word  '  Francia'is.i'v  ;  .uml 
at  a  still  earlier  date,    iu  the  old  Kon'an  1  hart 


1430 


FBANKS. 


KHASKS.  A.  1)    41(M2U 


<«tldl  111"'  'Charta  I'riitiiitreria,'  nnil  ixTiiplcH  mi 
ilic  limp  the  riKlit  Imiik  of  the  Illiiiir  frinii  i)|i- 
iwisilc  Colilentz  to  the  Mil.  Tlic  orlj-iii  nf  tin- 
FmiikH  lm»  hvm  the  Kiilpjcct  of  fri'i|iiiiit  ilclmt.', 
Ill  ivhicli  Frcncli  piitrlotlMiii  liiiit  (Hciwioimlly  lent 
siiiicuspiTity.  .  .  .  At  tlwpn'wiitiliiy.liowcvcr, 
lii.toriiins  iif'  cviry  imliciii,  inrluiliin!  tin'  Fniicli. 
uH'  uniini.iKiiiH  III  criiisidiriii);  the  Franks  as  a 
nmcrful  iiiiifnUTuc y  of  (Jirmnii  Irilxa,  who  in 
iliitimi'of  Tiicitiis  inhiiliitcd  thf  north- wi'slirii 
[wrts of  OiTiiiHiiy  iHiriUrinir  on  tlic  Khiiir.  And 
lliis  llii'orv  is  so  well  supported  by  inimy  sciitlinii 
iiotiiTS.  slii;lit  in  tliinisilvis,  biii  powerful  win  ii 
iiinhiiieil.  tlmt  we  ran  only  wonder  Ihut  it  should 
,  ver  have  Ik'cii  called  in  cfueslion.  Nor  was  llii>^ 
;ii;j,'ni.Mlion  of  Irilies  under  the  new  name  of 
Franks  a  singular  instance:  t lie  same  tisik  place 
in  ilie  eiisi'  of  the  Alenianni  and  Saxons.  .  . 
The  elyniolo/jy  of  the  name  adopted  by  tlie  new 
(ontederacy  is  also  uncertain.  Tlie  conjediire 
wliiili  has  most  probability  in  its  favour  is  that 
wlepted  hing  aijo  by  (Jibbiin,  anil  continued  in 
nivnt  tiiiii'S  bv  the  authority  of  (iriinm.  wliicli 
(cinneets  it  with  tlie  (Jermaii'woril  Frank  (free). 

.  Tacitiisspeaksofii<arlyalllhetril»s,  whose 
various  appillations  were  afterwards  merged  in 
that  of  Frank,  as  living  in  the  neighbourliood  of 
the  Kliine.  Of  tlieae  the  principal  wen'  the 
Sirainhri  (the  chief  people  of  the  old  Iscii'vonian 
trilx),  who,  as  there  is  rea.son  to  lielieve.  were 
identical  » itli  the  Haliaii  Franks.  The  confedera- 
tion further  comprised  the  Hriicteri,  the  Chamavi, 
Anai'.iiirii,  Tubantes,  Marsi,  and  t'liasuarii,  of 
whom  the  live  last  bad  formerly  U-longed  to  the 
wlcbrated  Cheruscan  league,  which,  under  the 
hero  Arminius,  destroyed  tlirei'  Uoinan  legions 
in  tlic  Teutoburglan  Forest.  The  strongest  evi- 
iliwe  of  the  identity  of  these  tribes  with  the 
Franks,  is  the  fact  that,  long  after  their  settle- 
ment in  Oaul,  the  distinctive  names  of  the  origi- 
nal fK'ople  were  still  occa.sionally  used  as  synony- 
mous with  that  of  the  confedenitiou.  .  .  .  The 
Franks  advanced  upon  Oaul  from  two  dillereut 
(lireclions,  and  under  the  dilTerent  names  of 
Salians,  and  Ilipuarians,  the  former  of  whom  we 
have  reason  to  connect  more  particularly  with 
the  Sicambrian  trilK-.  The  origin  of  the  words 
Salian  and  Hipuarian,  which  are  flrst  used  re- 
sptTlively  by  Ammianus  Marcelliniis  and  Jor- 
namUs,  is  very  obscure,  and  has  si.Tved  to  e.\- 
crcise  the  ingenuity  of  ethnographers.  There 
are,  however,  no  sutflcient  grounds  for  a  decided 
opinion.  At  the  same  time  it  is  bv  no  means  im- 
probable that  the  river  Ys.sel,  Isala  or  Sal  (for  it 
has  Imrnc  all  these  apiH'Uations).  may  liave  given 
its  name  to  tlmt  portion  of  the  Franks  who  lived 
along  its  course.  With  still  greater  probability 
may  the  name  Ripuarii.  or  Hiparii,  be  derived 
fnim  •  Hipa,'  a  term  usi'd  by  the  Romans  to  sig- 
nify the  Ithinc.  These  dwellers  on  •  the  Rank ' 
we're  those  that  remained  in  their  ancient  settle- 
ments while  their  Salian  kinsmen  were  advanc- 
ing into  the  heart  of  Oaul."— \V.  C.  Perry,  The 
f\,ii,k->.  eh.  2. 

.\i.soiN:  I'.  Godwin,  IlUt.  of  France:  Ami,  i,t 
(I'Vil.liL  a,  eh.  9  and  11.— T.  "Smith,  Arinini'iK. 
it.  i.  '•-'..  ;!. 

A.  D,  253. — First  appearance  in  the  Roman 
world.— ■•  When  in  the  year  2.W  the  different  gen- 
crakuf  Home  were  once  more  lighting  each  other 
for  the  imperial  dignity,  and  the  Rhine-legions 
raanliiil  to  Italy  to  flglit  out  the  cause  of  their 
i-iiiptror  Valerianus  against  .  .  .  Acmilianus  of 


the  Daiiulx'  arinv,  Ibis  seenu  to  have  Imtu  the 
signal  for  the  (iermans  pushing  forward,  es- 
pecially towards  the  lower  Rhine.  These  Oer- 
maiis  \Veri'  the  Franks,  wiio  appear  here  for  the 
first  lime,  perhaps  new  opponents  only  In  name; 
for.  altlioui.'li  the  iih^nlitication  of  them,  already 
to  be  1111 1  with  ill  later  antiipiitv,  with  Irilss  for- 
merly named  011  tin'  lower  Rdiiie  — partly,  the 
I'hamavi  settled  Isside  llie  llriicteri,  partly  *.ho 
Suganibri  formerly  inentioned  sulijct  tu  the 
Romans — is  iincirt'ain  and  at  least  inaihiiuale. 
then-  is  here  greater  probability  than  in  the  last; 
of  the  .\lamaimi  that  the  (Jcrmans  hitherto  de- 
pendent on  Rome,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
and  the  (ieirnaiiic  trilu'S  previously  dislodged 
from  the  Rhine.  ti«ik  at  that  time— under  the 
collective  name  of  the  -Free'- the  offensive  in 
concert  against  the  Romans. "--T.  .Mommsen, 
Jli't   "f  It,.,,,,,  hi:.  X.  ,-h.  -l. 

A.  b,  377.— Repulse  from  Gaul,  by  Probus. 
See  (iM  I.:  A.  It    -'TT 

A.  D.  279.— Escape  from  Pontus.  >ee  Svn\- 
<rsi  :  A   b,  ■-.'711 

A.  D.  295-297. —  In    Britain.      See    HiUT.HN: 

A      1>.    -'HM--J1IT. 

A.  D.  306.— Defeat  by  Conitantine.— Con- 
stantinetlicCircal.  A.  I).  :iuti.  fought  anil  defeated 
the  Salian  Franks  in  a  great  balth'  and  "carried 
off  a  large  niimbiT  of  captives  to  Treve-:.   the 

chief  resideiK f  the  ein|MTor.  and  a  rival  of 

Rome  itself  in  the-  splendour  of  its  public  build- 
ings. It  was  in  the  circus  of  this  city,  and  in 
the  inesi'nce  of  Constantine,  that  the  notorious 
'  I.uili  Franeici '  were  celebrated ;  ut  which  several 
thousand  Franks,  including  their  kings  Regaisus 
and  Ascarieus,weR-  eoniiK'lled  to  tight  with  wild 
iKitsts,  to  the  inexpressible  delight  of  the  Chris- 
tian spectators."— \V.  ('.  Perry,  The  Franks,  eh.  2. 

A.  D.  355.— Settlement  in  Toxandria.  See 
Oaii.:  a.  r>.  ;1.").">-:!(>I -,  also,  Toxandria. 

Sth-ioth  Centuries,— Barbarities  of  the  con- 
quest of  Gaul.— State  of  society  under  the 
rule  of  the  conquerors.— Evolution  of  Feudal- 
ism.    Sec  (jAri.:  ,'>TII-»T1I,  and  5Tit-10TII  C'EN- 

TfUlKS. 

A.  D.   406-409. — Defense  of   Roman   GauL 

'    -Gaii.:  a.  I).  4(K>-10«. 

A.  D.  410-420. — The  Franks  join  in  the  at- 
tack on  Gaul. — .Vftcr  vainly  opposing  tlie  en- 
trance of  Vandals.  Riirgiindians  and  Siieves  into 
Gaul,  A.  1).  -JbO,  "the  Franks,  the  valiant  and 
faithful  allies  of  the  Roman  republic,  were  soon 
[about  A.  I).  41l)-120J  tempted  to  imitate  the 
invaders  whom  they  had  so  bravely  resisted. 
Treves,  the  capital  of  Gaul, was  pillaged  by  their 
lawless  bands;  and  the  bumble  colony  which 
they  so  long  maintained  in  the  district  of  Tox- 
anilria,  in  iJnibant,  insinsibly  multiplied  along 
the  banks  of  the  .Meuse  and  Scheldt,  till  their 
inde|)endent  power  tilled  the  whole  extent  of  the 
Second,  or  I-ower,  Germany.  .  .  .  The  ruin  of 
the  opulent  provinces  of  Gaul  may  be  dated  from 
the  establishment  of  these  barbarians,  who,so  al- 
liance was  dangerous  and  oppressive,  and  who 
were  capriciously  impelled,  by  interest  or  passion, 
to  violate  the  public  iieace." — E.  OiblKin,  Derline 
and  Fitll  <if  the  Il"iiiaii  Empire,  eh.  31. — "They 
[the  Franks]  resisted  the  great  invasion  of  the 
Vandals  in  the  time  of  Stilicbo,  but  did  not 
scruple  to  take  part  in  the  subsequent  rava.^cs. 
Among  the  confusions  of  that  disastrous  period, 
indeed,  it  is  not  improbable  that  they  st'ized 
llie  cities  of  Spire»,  Slrasburg,   .\mieus.  Anas, 


1431 


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FRANKS.  A.  D.  4l(M20. 

Thcrouanc  and  Tmirnal.  and  l)y  tlioir  omniilu  on 
TK>vi'»  n>mi«'ll(il  llie  ri'inoval  <if  tlii-  prii'fcrtiiral 
goviTiinicnl  to  Arli's.  ('lininiclcrn  who  flourialieil 
two  ccntiirics  liitiT  ri'fiT  to  tin-  year  418  large 
and  pcriniini'nt  i(in(iiir»ts  In  Ouiil  l)y  a  visionary 
klni;  <'alliil  I'linntnmnil.  from  whom  the  Krinili 
monnrohv  It  iisimlly  diilid.  Iliit  history  wcks 
in  vain  for  imy  iiutlicntii' murks  of  Ids  piTform- 
anci'S." — I'.  (')(Hlwln.  llinl.  </  /■Vii «<•<■;  Anfuiit 
a.i'il.  Ilk:  11.  <■/,.  11,  mrt.  5. 

A.  D.  448-456.— Origin  of  the  Merovingiao 
dynasty. — Tin'  royul  dynasty  of  the  kin^'doiii  of 
the  Franks  as  fo'iindiit  liy  Clovis  is  railed  thi' 
M(rovini,'ian.  "  It  is  llioiii;ht  that  thr  kinjrs  of 
the  dilli'niit  Prankish  jMopli'  wcri'  nil  of  the  Bame 
fiiniily,  of  which  the  priniilivrunri'stor  was  Mvro- 
viMis  (Slicrwii;.  warrior  of  the  wa).  After  1dm 
those  princes  were  eaUed  Merovingians  (Meer- 
winu's);  they  were  distinguisheil  by  their  loni; 
liair.  whieh  they  never  cut.  A  Meroveiis,  grand- 
father  of  Clovis.  reigned.  It  is  Huiil,  over  the 
Franks  between  4-lH  and  4."ifl:  but  only  Ida  name 
riinains,  in  some  ant  lent  historians,  and  we  know 
absolutely  nothing  moi-e  either  of  Ida  family,  his 
power,  or  of  the  tribe'  whieh  olwyed  him :  so  that 
we  si'e  no  reason  why  his  descendants  had  (aken 
his  name.  .  .  .  The  Franks  apiM'ar  In  history  for 
the  first  time  in  the  year  HI.  Some  great  captain 
only  could,  at  this  iM'riiMl.  unite  twenty  different 
people  In  a  new  cimfederation;  this  chief  was, 
ajjparently.  the  Meniveus,  whose  nan«'  appean'il 
for  sueli  a  long  time  as  a  title  of  glory  for  his  de- 
scendants, although  tradition  lias  not  preserved 
any  trace  of  his  victories." — I.  C.  L.  8.  de  Sis- 
mondi.  Tfn'  Krenrh  untUrthe  .\ft  ntriiif/uinn,  eh.  3. 

A.  O.  451.— At  the  battle  of  Ch&lons.  Sec 
lIlNs:  A.  I)  4.51. 

A.  D.  481-^11.— The  kingdom  of  Clovit.— 
"The  .Salian  Franks  had  .  .  .  associated  a  Ko- 
man  or  a  liomani/ed  Oaul,  Aegiilius,  with  their 
native  chief  in  the  leiuli'rship  of  the  trilM'.  But, 
in  tin-  year4Sl,  the  native  leadership  pa.s.se.i  into 
the  hanils  of  a  chief  who  would  not  endure  a 
Roman  colleague,  or  the  narrow  limits  within 
whii  h.  in  the  genend  turmoil  of  the  world,  las 
trilM'  was  cramju'd.  lie  is  known  to  history  by 
the  name  of  Clovis.  or  ChlcHlvig.  which  thnmgli 
many  transformatio-is.  iMcanie  the  later  Ludwig 
and  Louis.  Clovis  so<m  made  himself  feared  us 
the  most  ambitious,  the  most  unscrupulous,  and 
the  most  energetic  of  the  new  Teutoidc  founders 
of  states.  Ten  years  after  tlie  fall  of  tlie  West- 
ern empire  [which  was  in  4T(i].  seven  ye.'irs  lK'fi>re 
the  rise  of  the  (Jot hie  kingdom  of  Thi'(Mleric, 
Clovis  challenged  the  Itoman  i>atrician.  Svagrius 
of  Soissons,  who  bad  succeecletl  to  Aegidius,  de- 
feated liim  in  u  pitched  field,  at  Nogent,  near 
Soissons  (4'<li).  and  finally  crushed  Latin  rivalry 
In  northern  Oaul.  Ten  years  later  (4!Mi).  in  another 
famous  battle,  Tolbiac  (Znlpich),  near  Cologne. 
he  also  crushed  Teutonic  rivalry,  ami  establislied 
his  supremacy  ovir  the  kindred  Alaminni  of  the 
I'liper  Uliiiie.  Then  he  turned  himself  with  bit- 
ter hostility  against  the  (Jothic  power  in  Gaid. 
The  Franks  hateil  the  Goths,  as  the  ruder  and 
fiercer  of  the  .same  stock  hate  those  who  are  a  de- 
gree above  theniin  the  arts  of  peace,  and  arc  sup- 
posed to  be  below  them  in  courage  and  the  pur- 
suits of  war.  Tiiere  was  another  cause  of  an- 
tipathy. The  Ooths  were  zealous  Arians;  and 
Clovis,  under  the  intliu'ncc  of  bis  wife  Clotildis, 
the  luecc  of  the  Hurgundian  Uundobad.  and  in 
consetiuence,  it  is  said,  of  a  vow  made  in  battle 


.<lhn. 


.'fll,r~ 

>.,' ./  a. 

1:   ■,'-.! 

tin    .M,,- 

FRANKS,  A.  D.  811-753 

at  Tolblao,  had  received  Catholic  bapti-m  hum 
St.  Hemigiusof  IUieims[seeCiiHiHT[\Mi\  ,\  |i 
4»e-HU<)J.  The  Frank  king  threw  his  svvmi  i„t„ 
the  scale  again.4t  the  Arian  cause,  and  lu  <  nuc  ih, 
champion  and  hope  of  the  Catholic  popul  iii m  ^||| 
over  Oaul.  Clovis  waa  victorioin.  lb  1  rii,|,|,,i 
the  Hurgundian  kingdom (."itNl),  whieh  »  I'-liimllt 
di'Htroyeil  by  Ids  sons  (.*>!I4).  In  a  IkiIiI.  iii;,r 
Poltiirs,  lieurokethe  power  of  tlu'  Wi^i  linil,, 
in  Oaul;  he  drove  thenioutof  AipniaiiM  ,  h  uii,^- 
them  but  a  narrow  slip  of  coast,  to  s<  1  k  Ih.  ir  1  i-i 
settlement an<l  resting-place  in  Spain.  ihhI  wiun 
he  die<l.  he  was  n'cogni/.ed  by  all  tin  w.iM  in 
Tbeoderic,  by  the  F^astern  emperor.  « lio  ImiiMuri'l 
him  with  the  title  of  theccmsulship.  as  tli<  iiii~i,r 
of  Oaid.  .Nor  was  his  a  temporary  ciiin,  m 
The  kingdom  of  the  West  Ooths  ar'nl  iln  llur 
giuidianshadlK'Ccmiethekingihim  o|  iIm  i'l  mk. 
The  invaders  had  at  h'ngtb  arrived  m  li"  u.  n  •  , 
remain.  It  was  decided  that  the  Franks 
the  Ooths,  were  to  direct  the  fulute  di  - 
Gaul  and  Germany,  and  that  the  CathnI 
and  not  Arianism,  was  to  be  the  nligion 
great  realms." — 11.  W.  Church,  lltijinui 
Miditle  Aflef,  eh.  2. 

Also  in:  W.  C.  Perry,  The  Friii,li».  <■ 
C  Ij.  a.  deSismondi.  7'hr  Freiieh  innl.r  1 
Tiii;/ian».  trail*,  hij  Heltinaham.  eh.  4-.'i  -  >■  1 ,  ;il>.i 
O0TII8  (VisKioTils):  A.  I).  .'iOT-.'iOlt 

A.  D.  481-768.— Supremacy  in  Germany,  be- 
fore Charlemagne.  See  Okii.m.\nv;  A  l>  4«l- 
T8«. 

A.  D.  496. — Conversion  to  Christianity.— Sr. 
above:   A.I).    481-.'>U;  also,  Ai.km\nm     All 

4m-rttn. 

A.  D.  496-504. — Overthrow  of  the  Alemanni. 
See  Al.KM.VNNI:  A.I).  49«-.">lll;  aN",  Sit.u. 
A.  n.  4tJl)-50(). 

A.  D.  511-753.— The  house  of  Clovis.— As- 
cendancy of  the  Austrasian  Mayors  of  the 
Palace. — On  the  death  of  Chivis.  lii>  u  iniiiiiu 
or,  speaking  more  strictly,  the  kin;li  I'ltin  in 
his  dominion,  was  divided  among  his  l"iir  wns. 
who  were  lads.  then,  ranging  inaire  fr"iii  ivnlvi 
to  eighteen.  Tlie  eldest  nigiieil  in  Ab  1/  tlii' 
second  at  Orleans,  the  third  in  I'a 
youngest  at  Soissons,  Tliese  priiu 
file  compiests  of  their  father,  subdni 
ringiaiis(A.  I).  .M.-i-.^^f*),  overlliroHiiii;  i 
dom  of  the  Hurgundians  (.V.  I)  .V.':'> -i 
ishing  the  pos.s4'ssioiis  of  the  Visiiroi 
(.V.  i).  .Wl-.IHi),  ac(iuiring  I'rovim. 
Ostrogoths  of  Italy  and  seciiriiiir  froi 
])<ror  Jiistini;m  a  clear  Koman  iinpi  r 
the  whole  of  Gaul,  The  last  survi 
four  brother-kings,  Clotairel..  reuiiit.,1 1 
Frank  empire  under  his  own  sic|ilri  1 
ileatli.  A.  I).  561.  it  was  a:.Miii  di^ill 
his  four  sons.  Six  years  later,  on  Iln- 
the  ehler,  it  was  red'iviiled  anniiig  ili  li 
vivors.  Neustriafell  toChilperie.  wh  ■-' 
was  at  Soissons,  Austnisia  to  .'sii^- t.. 
reigned  at  Metz,  and  Hurgundia  to  !■ 
who  had  bis  seat  of  goveriinieni  ;it  ' 
Each  of  the  kings  took  addition.illy  :: 
Aquitainc,  and  Provence  \v;is  shun! 
Sigeliert  and  Ountram.  "  It  w:is  :uii  ,■■', 
occasion  tliat  Paris,  which  was  risin.-  i:: 
importance,  should  be  held  in  eonun  . 
but  visited  by  none  of  the  tliree  kin- 
the  consent  of  thi' others,"  The  iii::!: 
three  brothers  and  their  sons,  from  1'  : 
was   one   long    rcvulling    iragedi    li    •  ■ 


,  al 

a  III' 

1  \ 

I'llilnl 

111. 

Tim 

II,. 

kill.; 

1 

liiiiiii- 

-  ir 

thn 

lln 

11  lli< 

Hi 

■  ijii 

A     1 

il,.  ii 

..!■ 

■!   Illi 

l!  . 

ulii.It 

•;il 

•11    Ills 

■1   ; 

llll'll.' 

,:. 

til     Mf 

lllll„ 


ini  ..| 
'  tuitli 
,  11  this 

.  LTIMt 
hv  :ill. 

.Ill I 

'  111.-' 
'I.  il|:l 


1432 


FKANKS.  A.  D.  5U-759. 


FRANKS,  A.  D.  539-598. 


murcler,  lu»t,  anil  treachery,  mml«  horribly  Inter 
eitinK  by  tlie  rival  earet-ni  of  the  i-vll    Frrtte- 
(iiDils  anil   the    great    unfortunate   Bruulillila, 
yueciH  of  Neuntria  ami  Auatnmla,  realHM'tively. 
In  »i;i  II  Bccorul  Clotiilre  iturvlvlnn  hi^t  royal  kin, 
unitwl  the  frank  monarchy  onco  more  under  a 
ilni(l>'  crown.     Hut  power  wan  fast  alippingrMm 
the  hiiniln  of  the  feeble  e.-eature  who  won'  the 
ipiwn,  and  paiwIUK  to  that  one  of  hU  niinlntem 
will)  siiceeeclecl  In  making  himself  the  rep.Twntii- 
tlvc  of  niyallv^numelv,  tlie  Mayor  of  the  I'al 
luv.    There  wan  a  litlle"stlr  of  imTtfy  In  lii«  non, 
OiipitNTt,   hut   from  gcniration  to   g"n(r«lion, 
:ifttr  hini,   the    .Merovingian   kingn   xank    lower 
into  llwt  ehariuter  whirh  gave  llicm  the  name  of 
till'  fiiiiii':iut  kings  ("mis  faineans")  — Ilie  slotli- 
ful  "r  liizv  kings  — while  till- miivort  of  the  l>ul 
:i(v  riilril  vigcirousiy  ill  their  niune  ami  tiiiiilplcil 
III.  111.  lU  liust,  from  I'hilliroiie.    "  While  the  Mero- 
vimiiiii  mie  in  ils  diiline  is  notorious  in  history 
:n  having  pnidiuiil  an  iinexamphil  niiinlKr  of 
[iiiIh'c  ile  moiiarilis,  llie   family  whi<li  »iis  di's- 
liiii'd  lo  supplant  them  was  no  less  wonchrfiilly 
iiriiiitli-  in  warriors  and  statesmen  of  the  highest 
rims.     It  is  not  often  that  gOMt  endownn'iits  are 
iriiisiiiilted  even  from  fallic'r  to  son,  liut  tlie  line 
fri)iii  which  Charlemagne  sprang  presents  to  our 
aiiiiiiriiig  gaze  an  almost  uninlcmiptcd  siieccs- 
»iijii  of  the  reniirkalile  men,  within  little  more 
thiui  a  single  century.     Of  these  the  tirst  three 
liild  tlie  mavondty  of  Austrasia  [I'epin  of  l,an 
fen.    I'lpin"  of  Ileristal.    and   Carl,    or   Charles 
.Martil.  the  Ilammerl;  and  it  was  they  who  pn'- 
vintid  the  pcrmaient  estahlishnieiit  of  alisolute 
power  on  the  Uoii,    i  iii'Klel,  and  secured  to  llie 
Oernun  population  "I   .Vustrasia  an  abiding  vie 
•jiry  over  that  anndgaiu  of  degnided  Ilomans  and 
idrVupted  Oauls  whiih  threatened  to  leaven  the 
Kuniiican  world.     To  tliem,   under  Providenie, 
wf  owe  It  that  the  centre  of  Europe  is  at  this 
iluy  (ierinan,  anil  not  OalloLatln."     Tepin  of 
Hi'ristal,  Mayor  in  Austrasia.  broke  the  power  of 
a  riviil    Neuslriau   faiaily  in  a  decisive   battle 
fought  near  the  village  of  Testri,  A.  I).  «H7.  and 
gathiriil  the  reins  of  the  three  kingdoms  (Bur- 
gundy ineludcii)  into  his  own  hands.     Ills  still 
raurc  vigorous  son.l'harles  Martel,  won  tlie  .same 
aavndaniy  for  himself  afresh,  after  a  struggle 
whiili  was  signalized  by  three  sanguinary  bat- 
tles ;i!  .Vmblivu  (A.  D.  *IC),  at  Vinci,  near  Cam- 
Imii  (717)  and  at  Soissiuis  (718).     When  tinn  in 
Iiowir  at  home,  he  turned  his  arms  against  tlie 
F^i^i;llH  and  the  Bavarians,  whom  he  siilMlued, 
ami  aiuinst  the  obstinate  Saxons,  whose  country 
lie  li.irrii'd  six  times  without  bringing  tlicm  to 
siil.iiii>sion.     Ills  great  exploit  in  war,  however, 
was  ilienpulseof  the  invading  Arabs  and  .Moors, 
on  ilic   inciiiorable  battle-tlehl  of  Tours  (.V.  !). 
TM'.   vliire  the  wave  of  Mahommedan  Invasion 
WIS  r.'lled  Ijaek  in  westeru  Kurope,  never  to  ad- 
vamc  Ib  yond  the  Pyrenees  again.     Karl  died  in 
711,  Ir  iving  three  sons,  among  whom  his  power 
w  IS.  ill  tlie  Frank  fashion,  divided.     But  one  of 
tli.iii  rcsigncsl,  in  a  few  years,  his  sovereignty. 
ti'  bii'iiie   a  monk;  another  was  deposi'd,  and 
till'  tliiid,    Hepin,  surnamed    "The   Little,"  or 
Till'  Sliort,"  liecamc  supreme.     He  conleiiled 
liim>>lf,  as  his  father,  his  grandfather,  and  his 
gnat   grandfather  had  done,  witli  the   title  of 
May.  r  of  the  Palace,  until  7,VJ,  when,  witli  the 
api  ■  vil  of  the  Pope  and  by  the  act  of  a  great 
Kft-si'iniily  of  leudes  and  bisliops  at  Soiasons,  he 
WU6  lilted  UQ  the  shield  and  crowned  and  an-   j 


nolnted  king  of  the  Frank*,  while  the  Uit  of 
the  Merovingians  wiw  thorn  of  bU  long  royal 
liK-ks  and  placed  In  a  mona»tcry.  The  Irienilll- 
nesa  of  tiie  Pope  Id  thU  matter  was  the  result 
and  the  ^mentation  of  an  alliance  which  bore 
important  fruits.  As  the  champion  of  the  church. 
Pepin  miule  war  on  the  lK)mbanl8  andconriiereil 
for  the  Papacy  the  llrst  of  its  temporal  dominhina 
In  Ilalv.  In  his  own  realm,  he  completed  the 
expulsion  of  the  .Mis)rs  from  *'ptlnianla,  crushed 
an  obstinate  revolt  in  Aipiitaine,  and  gave  allrm 
footing  to  the  two  thrones  which,  when  Ile  died 
in  7)lx.  he  :"ft  to  his  sons,  Carl  ami  CarUiman,  and 
whicli  iHiiiiiie  in  a  few  years  tlie  single  throne  of 
one  vast  empire,  under  Carl  — Carl  the  (ireat  — 
CharlemaL'iic  — W  C.  Perry,  '/A.  AVn/i/v.. .•//  ;)-«. 

.Vl.MolN;  I'.  ()i«lwin.  //iV.  .;' /■V.I/eV.-  Aiid'iiit 
il.inl.  f/i  '■.'-l.%. — 1.  C.  I,.  S.  de  .Sismoncli.  T/ie. 
h'rnii-h  Kiiilir  till'  Ml  run  Ill/ill  im,  ch.  tl-l:l.  — Sec, 
also,  .VrsruAsiA  .iso  Nklsthh,  and  .M.woii  luf 
TIIK  Pai.aik. 

A.  D.   5j8.— Conquest   of    Thuringia.      See 

TlintlNCMANS.  TlIK 

A.  D.  539-553.— Invasion  of  Italy. — Formal 
relinquishment  of  Gaul  to  them.— Kiiring  the 
(iotliic  war  ill   Italy. —wlieu   Itciisarius  was  re 
comiueriiig  the  irailli' of  the  Uoman  Knipire  for 
the    Kasterii    Knipire    wliicli    still    called    itself 
Uoman,  although  its  scat  was  at  Cuiistantiiiople, 
—  both  sides  solicited  the  help  of  the   Franks. 
TheudclMTI,  who  reigned  at  .Mctz.  promised  his 
aiil  to  liotli,  and  kept  his  word.      "  lie  advanicd 
|.V.  I),  .i:!!!.    with    liH),()iKt  men]  toward    Pavia, 
when'  the  (Jrecks  and  (Jotlis  .vere  met,  alwiut  to 
encounter,  ami,  witli  an  uncxiaeted  impartiality, 
attacked  the  astoiiislicd  Goths,  whom  he  drove  to 
Itaveiina,  and  then,  while  the  Greeks  were  yet  re- 
joicing over   his    performance,  fell   u|)on  them 
witli  iiicrciles.s  fury,  and  dispersed  them  through 
Tusc'any."     Theudelart  now  iRcaine  tired  with 
an  .imbitiou  to  conquer  all  Italy  ;  but  his  savage 
army  destroveil  everything  in"  its  path  so  reck- 
lessly, and  pursued  so  unbridled  a  eours<',  that 
famine  and  p'slilence  whiu  compelled  a  retreat 
aiidonlv  one  third   of   Its  original    number  re- 
crosscifthe  Alps.     Notwithstanding  this  treach- 
ery, the  emperor  .lusllnian  renewed  his  offers  of 
alliance  with  the  Fnuiks(  A.  I).  MO),  and  "  pledged 
to  tlici.i,  as  the  price  of  their  ffdelity  to  his  cause, 
besiiles  tlie  usual  subsidies,  the  relinquishment 
of    every   lingering    claim,    real    or   pretended, 
wliieii  the  empire  niiglit  a.ssert  to  the  sovereignty 
of  the  Gauls.     The  Fmuk.i  accipted  the  terms, 
and  •  from  tliat  time,'  say  the  Bvzantine  aulhori- 
lies,  ■  the  German  chiefs  presiiled  at  the  games 
of  the  circus,  and  struck  money  no  longer,  as 
Usual,  with  the  elllgy  of  the  emperors,  but  with 
their  own   image  and  superscription.     Tlieude- 
liert.  who  was  the  principal  agent  of  these  tnuis 
intions,  if  he  ratified  the  provisions  of  the  tnaty, 
dill  not  tullill  them  in  person,  but  satistied  him- 
si'lf  with  sending  a  few  tributaries  to  the  aid  of 
his  ally.     Hut  his  first  example  proved  to  be  more 
powerful  than   his   later,  and   large  swarms   of 
Germans  took  advantage  of  tlie  troubles  in  Italy 
to  overrun  the  country  and  plunder  and  slay  at 
will.      For  twelve  years,  under  various  leaders, 
but  chiefly  under  two  brothers  of  the  Alenians, 
Lutherr  and  Bukhelin.  they  continued  to  harass 
the  unhappy  object  of  all  barbaric  ri'sentmenls, 
till  the  sword  of    Narscs  finally  exterminated 
them  [A.  1).  .J.W]."— P.  Godwin,  Uiit.  vf  France: 
AMieht  yatit,  hk.  i,  ch.  13, 


-:t 


1-133 


1 


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■  :  j» 


! 


!!■ 


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■  f 


n- 


If 


i.r!     ■ 

I  ■-■<  r  •  • 


(    >. 


^f:f^{ 


KKANKH.   A    l>    .VI»-AA:l 


Al.M>  IN     K    .illilHiti.    /J»7i.i.   ,i>Hf   A'.i//  '7   M. 
Kimitri  K'lifitrt.  rh    41 

A.  D.  ^47.  -Subjugation  of  Bavarian*  and 

Alemanni.     Sii' IIav  mii  v     A.  h  .'>4> 

A.  O.  768-814.  -Charlemagne,   Emperor  of 
the  Romant.     At  i>  irnHiiiil  ilyiiiHly.  tlic  <'iir 
lovirmiiitiH    iir  (arotiii^iiitiH  or   riirlin^H    ttij:!!! 
thilr  lii«li>r.v  Willi  \'<\<\\\  Ihr  Sli.)rt.      At  iiii  i-<l.ili 

IWlr.l    M.viVrli.Ml    llc)ll»r,    llllV    tiriil    tllrlr    filTlllllcr 

III  KiiiK  l'i'|<ih'»  fiillii  r,  till' k'nal  piilaii' iiiiiMir, 
Cm  I,  cir  ( ■'iurli'<  M  irli  I.  if  nut  In  liU  Kfi'i'lf"''"  r. 
I'i'piii  lliH^iil       Hill   ilii'  iii|»'rl.'il  »|ili'iiil<ir  i>l 

till'  ll'lll-r  I  alllr  III  ll   frnlll  till'  Wlullll  of  im  klllftli, 

wliiuii  till'  Frriii  ll  rail  '  ('harli'iiia>;ii<',' liiit  wlmin 
KnixliHli  rtMiliTs  oiiijhl  to  kiii»\v  iii  Cliarli-H  tlir 
Urrat  Tin-  Frriiili  fni-rii  of  Ilit-  iiiiiiif  Im^  hriai 
iilway*  ti'iHliiiir  '  '  rrprrsriit  '  riiarlt'inairiit' '  a>  a 
kiiii  of  Praiiii'.  .ml  iiiodini  liiMloriaiH  ohlcil  to 
it  for  tlial  itatoii  "  rr.ahci-,  a-*  it  waj^  to  In-  ami 
us  wi-  know  il.  bail  not  (-oiiif  iulo  rxiotmn'  in 
Ills  [Cllirli  iiiat'lii' >|  ilaVH  What  was  to  Ih' the 
KraiH'i*  of  history  wan  tlirii  lint  itiif  provinri'  of 
till'  Krank  kiiit;iliini.  ami  oiii'  with  wliicli  Cliiirlrs 
wa'H  pi'iNonaliy  Ica-'t  i-oiincitctl.  .  .  .  Clmrii'f*. 
kiiii;  of  till'  Franks,  was.  hIkim'  nil  iliiii^H,  u  licr 
man.  .  .  .  Il  ii  rutin  ly  to  inlstakr  liin  plan' iiml 
liin  work  to  roiisiilrr  liini  in  tin'  litflit  of  11  spri  I 
ally  'Fri'nrli'  kinu'.  i»  priilici'sdor  of  the  klnns 
who  ri'itsni'il  at  I'arls  anil  liniiiKlil  f)>>ty  upon 
Frainr  .  .  .  Cli.irli'Hiliil  nolliini;  to  inaki' liiulcrn 
Francr.  Tlir  Frank  powir  on  which  iir  riwf  to 
the  t'nipiri'  was  in  Ihiisi'  ilays  still  iimiuly  Orr 
man.  anil  liis  iliarartcristir  Wfirk  was  to  lay  ihi' 
foiinilations  of  mislirn  uuil  civili/cil  (icrtnany. 
anil,  indirectly,  of  tlip  new  coninionwcalth  of 
nations,  which  was  to  aris*'  in  the  West  of  Kii- 
rope." — U.  W.  Cliiinli.  Tlo'  tinjinHiiiiii*  nf  tin- 
Miilill,'  Aijia.  rfi.  '.  —  ■■  At  Ihc  ilcaih  of  Klntf  I'ip 
pin  tile  kinploin  of  the  Franks  was  iliviileil  into 
two  parts,  or  rather  .  .  .  the  pivernnunt  ovi'r 
the  kin>;iloin  was  iliviileil.  for  some  lar^'e  purls 
of  the  territory  seem  to  have  U'cii  in  the  lianils 
of  the  two  hrotliirs  together.  The  fait  is.  thai 
we  know  next  to  nothini;  alHuit  this  ilivision. 
anil  harilly  more  about  the  joint  reii;n  of  the 
brothers.  The  only  thinir  nallv  clear  Is.  that 
they  iliil  not  get  aloni;  very  well  top'ther.  that 
Karl  was  ilistinetly  the  more  active  anil  capable 
of  the  two.  anil  that  aflcr  four  yean*  the  yonnRcr 
bnilber,  Karlmann.  ilieil.  leaving  two  sons.  Here 
was  li  eliance  for  the  olil  mis*>ries  of  ilivision  to 
iM'uin  ai,'ain:  bill  fortunately  the  Pranks  seem  by 
this  time  to  have  hail  enou^liof  that,  anil  to  have 
seen  that  their  (.'realist  hope  for  the  fiiliire  lay 
in  u  uniteil  government.  The  wiilow  and  chit 
ilreii  of  Karlniaim  went  to  the  court  of  the  Lom- 
bunl  kinn  Desideriiis  and  wen;  can'd  for  by 
him.  The  whole  Fnnkish  people  aeknowleilged 
Charhniairne  as  their  king.  Of  course  he  was 
nut  yet  called  t'harlemacm',  but  simply  Karl, 
and  he  was  yet  to  show  himself  worthy  of  the 
aildition  '  .Ma^iniis. ' .  .  .  The  .si'ttleniento^ Saxony 
went  on.  with  occasional  military  cpisiHh'S,  by 
I  he  .slower,  but  more  certain,  priM'es.sea  of  eiluca- 
lion  and  relii^ious  conversion.  It  appears  to  us 
to  !«'  anything;  but  wise  to  force  a  relisiim  upon 
a  jieople  at  the  point  of  the  sword;  but  the 
singular  fact  is.  that  in  two  generations  there 
was  no  U'ore  truly  devout  Christian  people,  ac 
cording  to  the  standards  of  the  time,  tliuu  just 
these  same  ISaxons.  A  little  more  than  a  hun 
dred  years  from  tlie  time  when  ('Imrlenitigne  liiul 
thrasJied  the  nation  into  unwilling  acceptuiice  of  | 


FKANKH,   A     l>    ',m  xi  I 

Fruiiklah  contnil,  the  imwii  of  tin-  Kin;  in. 
fouiidi'il  Was  M  t  upon  the  lieadof  a  >a\  .ii  |.rii, 
The   pMgnss  in  frhnilly  nlaliniis  iiiMim 

two   |H'opli'S  is  set  II   in   the   se d   ,1    l||,.   n, 

ordinauci's  by  which  Saxon  alTairs  \\.ti.  rii 
lated.  This  eilicl.  calli  d  the  'Capiluliiiu  ><iii 
cum.' Was  published  after  a  gnat  dii  I  .11  A.u  h 
In  7117.  al  which,  wc  ari'  told,  'hen'  liiiii'  i...'i  1 
not  only  Franks,  but  iiUo  Saxmi  liadi  r^  tonn 
parts  of  their  I  oiiiitry  ,  who  gave  ihi  ii  i|.|.h, 
III  the  new  leglslatloi;  The  ginir.il  diili  .  I  ili 
new  laws  is  In  the  direi  lion  ot  inoiii  r  iii>  n 
The  object  of  this  legislation  was.  how  iii,t 
arnied  n'sistancc  si'cmed  to  be  bioki  11  •.,  '^ 
the  Saxons  n  goveriiinent  w  liii  li  sliouhi  1,, 
nearly  as  possible  like  that  of  (hi.  Franks  | 
absolute  respect  and  siilijeclioii  lo  t|ii.  I  |,'j^| 
Chiinh  is  hen',  as  il  was  foniii  riy,  ki  pi  :iln. 
ill  night  The  cliurehes  and  inonasleru  <  in  ^ 
lo  Ih'  the  celltns  fmm  which  eniv  iirirl 
civili/.ation  is  to  go  out.  Then'  can  be  n,i  i|.,i 
that  the  nal  aiiency  In  this  whole  pi,,ii»  v 
the  organi/.ed  Chun  h.  The  fruit  if  ihe  t:r 
alliunce  between  Fninkish  kingdom  anl  Itnti 
papacy  was  iH'glnning  to  Iw  sci n  I  li,  |,;,|i 
was  ready  to  sanction  any  ad  of  h.  r  all>  I  >r 
fair  pmmisi'  of  winning  the  gn'at   I-  iriturx 

Nortii  fierniany  to  i's  spiritual  alle;;i,i 1 

niimt  solid  n'Siilt  of  the  eainpaii;iis  il  rjni 
iiiagne  was  the  founding  of  Hie  i.-n  at  li^lmpi 
of   Mlnden,   I'ailerlMirn.  Venhii,    Hn  im  n    11. 

lirOek,  and  Hallierstudt Xboiii  iln  ^.  hi 

opricH.  as,  on  the  whole,  the  sjifesl  plm.,  11 
canu'  to  setlh'.  Uoads  wen-  liiiilt  I"  niiin 
Iheni;  markets  spning  up  in  their  ni'i::i>liirli'« 
and  thus  gnidiially,  during  a  ileu  lopiiii  nt 
centuries,  great  cities  grew  up,  wliii  Ii  <■  mii'  i> 
the  homes  of  powerful  and  wealthy  Iriilirn  1 
gave  shape  lo  the  whole  |ioliii><.of  il:i'  Nor 
Saxony  was  iM-come  a  part  of  the  Fr:iiiki>li  K 
pire,  and  all  Ihe  mon-  thoniiighly  •...,  Imm 
there  was  no  niyal  or  ducal  line  then-  « lii<  li  1 
lo  be  kept  in  place.  " — K.  Kmcrlon,  /■'/''  (' 
Stuili/  .;/■  Ihr  Miildh  Af/m.  -■/(.  Hi.—  Id  twini  ' 
and  HIH)  Charlemagne  extinguished  tin'  l.oihli: 
kingdom  and  made  himself  master  of  ll  ily. 
the  ally  and  palroii  of  the  I'opi .  bi  iiiii.'  II"  ' 

Komaii  title  of  Patrician:  heir li  iln    I') 

nees,  drove  the  Sarai'eiis  si'iilliwanl  '■>  ili-'  Kti 
and  adih'il  a  "Spanish  >ian-li "  to  lii^  iiiiji 
(see  Sp.MN:  A.  I).  77H);  he  bmke  the  "li-iiii 
turbulence  of  the  Saxons,  in  a  .-.erin  of  liUi 
campaigns  which  (sec  Saxons:  .V  1>  T7,'-» 
consiimetl  a  generation  ;  lieextir|ialeil  llnlr  ml 
some  Avars,  .still  entreiiclieil  along  Ihe  li:iiiii! 
and  he  held  with  an  always  linn  liainl  iln  «li 
dominion  that  came  lo  lifm  by  inlurliiiii  1  m 
his  father.  "  lie  had  won  his  vii  I'ri'*  w 
Frankisli  anus,  uf.d  he  had  taken  po-«^-i .11 
the  conquered  countries  in  Uie  ii:imh  ..f  ' 
Frankish  people.  Kvery  step  whii  li  In  li  ultil 
had  iM'cn  witli  the  advice  and  coiiMiit  of  Hu'  1 
lion  a.s.sembl<sl  in  thegreat  meetings  of  tin  prii 
time,  mill  liis  public  documents  canlullv  .  \|.r 
the  sham  of  the  nation  in  his  gri  'i  .nhii 
menta.  Saxony,  Havana,  Loinbaniv.  .\'i"i'.ui 
the  Spani.sh  Mark,  all  these  gn':it  eouiii  1  n  -  h  i 
outside  the  territory  of  Frankland  pi  'p  r  li 
iM'cn  maile  a  part  of  its  piwsi'ssion  '.'\  ih  "li. 
of  his  arm  and  the  wisilom  of  lils  roiii-'  I  1 
when  this  had  all  tieen  done,  the  ipn^ii  11  if" 
tiy  what  riirht  he  should  hold  all  llii^  I"  ■\'  r,  1 
secure  il  so  that  it  should  not  lill  :ii':i!     .- - 


1434 


KHANKH.   A    I>    :*»  HU 

w  III'  »liniii<l  In'  Kline  A*  kliitf  nf  iht>  Frnnko  It 
WW  InilMIMlllIlt  Ihlll  III-  aillilllil  mil  mtiii  In  llir 
nini|Ui'ri-<l  |hmi|iIi'ii.  hiiui'Vrr  iiillil  uiiil  Ik'Hi'Dh'IiI 
|)i»ruli!  miKlit  Ih'.  II  funii;!!  prliiii';  itml  lliniiifli 
hr  mixlit  In'  iiIiIi'  In  fnrci'  tliiiii  In  rulliiw  his 
hnnmr  In  wiir.  iiiiil  miliiiill  In  lih  JihIkiik'hI  In 
iti>;iti*,  IImti'  wiih  hIIII  Hiinlintf  Hit*  oni-  ronnnon 
inliTinl  wlilrli  ihiiiilil  liiml  nil  IIiihi'  (hoiiIi^ 
ilniriiti'm  In  llir  Knuik<*  anil  In  nii  li  nllnr.  iiiin 
iiiK' iinll'il  imlliin.  Almiit  lln-  viurwit)  tliU  pmli 
l«n  "•'iniH  In  liavr  Ihtii  nry  inncli  liifuri'  lln 
i.iinil  of  Cliiirlrnmirni'  If  wi'  IikiU  ill  llir  Ikhiii 
lUrli  "*  III  liH  klnKiliiin,  rtm  lilni;  rnmi  llir  Kiilir 
in  tin'  niirlli  In  lln'  Klirn  itnil  lln'  Oiirlitllunn  In  ilir 
miilli.  unit  friini  llic  iKiitn  In  llir  wcoi  tmlii'  Kllir 
itnil  llic  Knnn  in  tlir  cuhI,  v,v  sliall  Miy  im  (lit* 
|i«ipl<' iif  lilt  nwii  linir  iliil.  'Ilils  |Miwir  li  Ini 
[NTiiil.'  Tliiil  wnnl  may  iiiran  lliilt<  in  wi.  Init 
in  fail  it  lian  nflrii  in  liitlnry  U'ln  iim'iI  to  dr 
xrilK'  JUHl  till'  kliiil  nf  pnwir  whlili  ('Imrlii'iaKiir 
inllii'yiar  HIK)  rially  hail  .  .  Tlii' liira  nf  ini- 
pin-  Ini'lnili's  iiikIit  lliix  niir  iirni.  klnifilnnix. 
iliiilili'H,  nr  wliali'Vir  |in«ir>i  iiiIkIiI  In'  in  ixl* 
icni'i';  all,  linwi'ViT,  »ulijrrl  In  miiiii'  nni'  liitfliir 
turn',  wliicli  llii'y  fi  •!  In  1m'  niii'.iMiry  fnr  iliilr 
«iip|mrt  .  .  .  Hnt  wlicri-  was  llic  inislcl  ii|m>ii 
wliii'li  Cliiirlcinavni'  niii;lit  liuilil  liis  iii  "v  ciniilri' '/ 
Siiri'ly  niiwIiiTi'  Inil  in  ihat  itriat  llnman  Kin|iin' 
wliosc  wi'slcrn  ri'iirt'Scntativi'  hail  linn  tliinlly 
hIIiiwi'iI  til  ilisitpiM'ur  liy  Oiliiacrr  Ihr  llirnlian 
in  llir  yi'«r -t'tl  .  .  .  Aftrr  (dlniuir  llic  KiiMlcni 
Kiriiilri',  with  its  nipilal  at.  ('nnslantinnplr,  still 
linil  on,  anil  claimiil  fnr  itself  all  the  rii'hls 
which  hail  lN'lnni;i'il  tn  IhiIIi  parts.  Tlial  Kasiirn 
Einpin'  was  stiii  aiive  at  the  lime  nf  Cliarle 
mai;ne  We  have  met  with  it  nnec  nr  twice  in 
our  sillily  <if  the  Kninks.  Kven  Chivis  hail  Im'cii 
ticlilcil  with  the  present  of  the  title  of  Consul. 
•  Ill  \u:n  liy  tlie  Kasiern  KmiM'nir;  ami  from 
time  to  time,  as  the  Franks  hail  meililleil  with 
till' ufTaln  of  Italy,  they  hail  been  n'lninileil  that 
lUilv  was  in  name  still  a  jmrl  nf  the  Imperial 
lands.  .  ,  .  Bill  now.  when  (liarlcmaKiie  hini- 
self  was  thlnkluK  of  laking  the  title  nf  Enipemr. 
he  found  hinmetf  forceil  to  meet  si|iiarely  the 
ijUfslinn,  whether  there  conld  !«■  twn  inilc|  en- 
ilenl  ('hristian  EmiM'rors  at  tlie  same  time.  . 
Oq  Cliristinas  Day.  in  the  year  SIM),  Charleniatfne 
wiw  at  Home.  I'o  had  gnne  thither  at  the  re- 
iiiu'sl  iif  the  I'ope  l,en.  wlio  had  iK'en  aceused  of 
lireuilfiil  crimes  liy  his  enemies  in  the  city,  and 
had  iHcn  for  n  time  deprived  of  his  otllce.  Char 
lemaviie  had  aetiil  as  judge  in  the  ciisi',  and  liad 
lieciilcii  in  favor  of  |,io.  According  I'l  ginxi 
Teutonic  custom,  the  pope  had  piirirted  himself  i 
of  his  cimrgeii  by  a  tremendous  oath  on  tlie  llnly  J 
Trinily,  and  had  again  assumed  the  duties  I'f 
the  papacy.  Tile  I'liristiniis  service  was  lield  in 
Itreiit  slate  at  St.  Peters.  While  Charlemagne 
wa--,  kneeling  In  prayer  at  the  grave  of  the 
Apostle,  the  pope-  suihlenly  approac'iied  him,  and, 
in  the  pres<'ncc  of  all  the  people,  placed  upon  his 
hiail  a  golden  crown.  As  he  did  so.  the  people 
iTii'd  nut  with  one  voice.  '  Long  life  and  victnrv 
to  ('lmrh'9  Augustus,  thi^  mighty  Kmpenir.  the 
Peace  bringer.  crowned  by  OihI  ! ''  Einhani.  whn 
night  to  have  known,  a.'wuris  ua  that  Charles  was 
uiially  surprised  l)y  the  coronation,  .uid  often 
«aicl  afterward  that  if  he  h.td  known  nf  the  plan 
he  wouhl  not  have  gone  into  the  church,  even 
i.|ion  so  high  a  feHlival.  It  is  altogether  proba 
hie  iliat  the  king  bad  not  meant  to  Ih'  crowned 
•Ijo-i  I iiat  moment  and  in  just  tliat  way;    but 


1 


KltANKS.   A    I>    7«»M»I4 


that  be  hiwt  never  thought  of  stii  h  a  powiibllily 
minis  utlirly  incndlble  Hy  tills  act  Cliarle- 
iiiagTie  was  prisiiiled  In  the  «nrli|  an  the  sue 
ces-^nr  nf  the  ancient  Itoniati  KitiiM'rnp*  of  the 
Wist,  and  sn  far  an  |Miwer  was  cniiccrned.  be  wn* 
iliat  Hut  hi'  was  inon*.  His  power  ri-slcd,  iint 
iipnii  jiiiy  inherited  ldca^ ,  but  ii|ioii  two  gre^it 
fails  llr-.t.  lie  was  the  head  nf  the  liirmanic 
K.iic:  and  secniid,  he  was  tile  temporal  licail  nf 
the  (  hristiun  Church.  The  new  •iiipire  wlihb 
he  fniinded  rested  nn  these  twn  fuiindaiiiins.  - 
y,  Kmertnii.  Ii.ln-I.  l„  Ih  si,i,l,/  ..f  il„  Mi.hll, 
.lv<».  fli.  14  -Tlie  great  empire  wliiili  ('iiarh'S 
lalinrid.  during  all  the  reinalnili  r  if  bis  life,  In 
uruMiil/e  ill  tills  Unman  inipi  rial  ilhir  icier,  was 
\it^t  in  its  extent  "  .\s  an  nrganl/cd  iiuish  nf 
(inn  inns,  regularly  gnveriH'd  by  iiii|ii  rial  nlli 
II  rs,  it  seems  In  have  Ikiii  marly  bniimled.  in 
(iirmany,  by  the  KIIh',  the  Maah,  tlie  Knliemluii 
iiiniinlaiiis.  ami  a  line  drawn  frniii  tlieiice  < ms-. 
iiig  the  I>aiiiilH'  alHive  \'ienna.  and  prnlniiged  tn 
Ibe  lliilf  nf  Istria  i'art  nf  Ihilmatia  was  com 
prlsid  In  the  duchy  of  Kriuli  In  Italy  tlie  em- 
pire cxleiided  not  iiiuch  lieynnd  the  miMlcrii  fron- 
tier of  Naples,  if  we  evcluilc,  as  was  the  fiul.  IIm' 
iliii  by  nf  Ihiieventn  fmiii  anything  inim'  tli^  n  a 
titular  siibjii  thin  The  Spanish  lioundary  .  .  . 
was  tlie  Kliro.  "— II.  Ilallam,  7V/ii  Miilillr  .!.'/<*, 
'■*.  1.  yiA  I  —  "Tlie  centre -if  his  realm  was  the 
i'hiiie;  liisia|iilals  .\aclien  (or  Aix  la Chaiii'llel 
and  Kiigih'iihcim  [or  Ingelheiin] ;  liis  army 
Krankish;  his  syinpatbicH  as  they  arc  shewn  in 
thegatheriiigof  the  old  licM  lays,  the  composition 
nf  a  (ierman  grammar.  .  .  .  were  all  for  the  race 
from  which  he  sprang,  .  .  .  There  were  in  IiIh 
Kmpire,  as  in  Ills  own  iiiiiid,  two  elementH;  llioMe 
twn  frniii  the  iininn  uiid  mutual  iictinn  and  re- 
actlnn  nf  which  ini>ilerii  civili/alinn  ban  arisen 
These  vast  domains,  reaching  from  the  Kbm  tn 
iheCarpathian  mountains,  from  the  Kydir  to  the 
I. iris,  wen'  all  the  coni|uesls  of  the  Frankiali 
swoni,  aiul  were  still  gii\eriied  almost c.xclusively 
liy  viceroys  and  olllcern  of  Krankish  bbMsl.  Hut 
the  enncejitinn  of  the  Kmpire,  that  wbleb  made 
It  a  State  and  not  a  iiiiTe  maiM  of  subject  trilH's, 
.  .  was  inherited  fr  u  an  older  and  a  grander 
system,  was  not  Teiilniiie  but  Koinan  —  Homun 
ill  its  ordered  rule,  in  its  uuiforniity  and  pre- 
cision, in  its  emhavour  In  subject  tlie  individual 
to  tlie  system  — Itoman  in  its  elTort  to  riali/.e  a 
lertain  limited  and  human  perfecthin,  wlios<> 
very  completeness  shall  exclude  the  liope  of 
further  progri'ss."  With  the  death  of  Charles  in 
NU  the  territorial  disruption  of  his  great  empiri; 
began.  "The  returning  wave  of  anarchy  and 
b.irbarism  swept  up  violent  as  ever,  yet  it  could 
not  wholly  obliterate  the  past:  tlic  Empire, 
niaiined  and  sliattered  though  it  was,  Imd  struck 
its  riHit  I  liKi  deep  to  Ix"  overthrown  by  force." 
The  Teutonic  part  and  the  Itomanizeil  or  Lutin- 
i/.ed  partnf  tlie  empire  were  broken  In  two,  never 
to  unite  again,  but,  in  anotlier  century,  it  was 
on  the  Uermaii  and  not  the  Qallo  Latin  side  of 
the  line  of  its  disruption  that  the  imperial  ideas 
and  tile  imperial  titles  nf  Cimrlemagne  came  to 
life  again,  and  his  Teutunie  lionian  Empire  — 
the  "Holy  Uonian  Empire,"  as  it  caine  to  Is' 
called  —  was  resurrected  by  Otto  the  Great,  and 
esiablisbed  for  eight  centuries  and  a  half  of 
enduring  influence  in  the  politics  of  the  world 
— I.  Bryce,  Tlu  Ihly  Hommi  Km/nre,  rh.  5. — 
"tfibbon  has  remarkiil,  tliat  nf  nil  toe  benx's  tn 
whom  the  title  of  'The  Orcat'  has  beeu  given. 


5    i 


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I . . 


rRANKH,  A.  I>.  T«MtU. 

Cbarlrmiiiriw  «l<>a«  bM  rrUlnnl  II  u  •  iwrniMmt 
mIiIIiIiiii  i<>  hla  timnr      Tlir  rrwHin  nuv  prrluip* 
bi',  that  in  ni>  nthiT  miin  wirr  rvrr  unilml,  In  w 
Uttif  »  nwnmiri'.  mhI  In  miih  |>«Tfwt  hunnnoy, 
tbr  ((iMlllkv  wbU'h,  In  tiM'lr  ittniblnatlon,  cua- 
•tltiilr  IIm*  iH-nilc  iharwUT,  wvh  m  rmTny.  i>r 
Ihf  liiviMif  M'tliin;  «mbltliin.(irChi'l<iviM>f  i)4H»rr: 
I'liliiwlly,  iir  till'  love  ii(  knowU-dKi'.  iinil  mnai 
lilHly,  i>r  till'  liivi>  of  plt'iwiiri'   -  mil,  IihIi-<-<I,  llif 
iiivi'  of  forlilililin.  of  iintiallowi'il,  or  of  riifrv«i 
\uit  pli'iuiiin',  but  till'  kwn  nlUli  forlliow  blumi- 
li'^i  ili'lltililii  bv  whirb  llii'  bimli'mil  nilnil  uml 
Jmlfd  niiiriln  rrrrwll  itml  niiomir  tliilr  iHmim 
.    ,    Kor  till'  rhiiriiia  of  ium  ml  Inlirioiirix*.  tlii' 
iilny  of  II   buojimt   fmicy,   ilii'  i\lilliiriitloii  of 
lioiiVnl  mirth,  mill iMU till' rifri»liniint of  iithlrtlc 
i'«inl«<ii,   rii|iilri'   for  lliilr  im  rfnt   iiijouiiiiit 
thill   niliiiii  <ih<l  iilmohiti'  hi'iillh  of  iHMly  niiil  of 
niliiil  whirh  iioni'  but  (It  iioIiIibI  niitiinit  imMciui, 
mill  in  itif  posMimliin  ot   wliiih  I  Imrl-niiiuiii'  i'\ 
iciiliii  I'll  oiliir  iiiin      lliilofiv.liilurr,  lil»o|Mn 
couiilrri.iiHo.  liit  liiri:i'  iiml  briiliiiiii  vy*.  miil  tlii' 
iloiiir  lilir  '.Iriirliiri'  of  liia  liriiil,  iiiiimrliil,  ii»  wi' 
Il  urn    from    Killiilmril.   lo   ail   liii   iilliluilrH   thi' 
(HuTiilv  «liirli  tKi-omi't  11  liiiiK,  rilirviil  by  Ihi- 
Kriiiil'iil   iHliviiy  of  11    |iniitiriil   «iirrli>r. 
\Viii  lliir  ill-  wiw'injriiiiiil  in  ii  fmlir  or  ii  i  liii«< — 
I  ompoMil  virmn  or  lisli'iinl  lo  liomliii'4  —  foiiuiit 
or  111  u'oiliiliil  —  riint  iliiwii  lliroiiiH  or  Iniill  lliini 
u|i-   '•liiiliiil.  lonviTMil,  or  IriiWiitiil,  il  miiihiI 
iiH  it  ill',  iinil  III'  111  iiir,  wrrr  llii'  mil'  «iiki'ful  iiiiil 
ri'iill.v  iivliiif  Html  ill  tin-  iiiiiUl  of  mi  iiiirl,  vIhIoii 
nrv.  iiiiil  wiiiinolinl  |{'i"'riil'""      Tl»'  f»nl'  'm'!*! 
bv  I  hiirli'niinrni'  mnoiiK  (jri'iit  lomiiiiiiiilirit  win 
iiiliiivcil  f»r  mori'  by  thin  ittriinKi'  uml  iilmiwt 
»u|>rrliiiiimn  mllvlly  limn  by  iiiiy   pn'  I'nilnent 
priitlili'my  In  llw  art  or  wlemi'  of  w  nr      lli'  »■«» 
iH'lilom  I'liVniii'il  in  itiiy  k<'I"'">I  u'lion,  ami  ni'vcr 
iinilirtiMik  any  loimlili'rabU'  uli'jti', cxirpllntt  that 
of  I'avia,  which,  In  fait,  wan  littU'  niiin-  than  a 
protnuUil  bliM-knk'.    Hut,  iliirlnx  forty  six  yearn 
of  almost  unlntfrinitli'il  warfrri',  he  awi'iit  over 
the  whole  aurfaie  of  Kiirii(«',  .foni  the  Kbro  to 
the  Oiler,  from  BretaKne  lo  Hungary,  from  Den- 
mark to  Capua,  with  miih  a  veliaity  of  move- 
ment,  anil  iiurb  a  iliiision  of  pun"'*',  that  no 
power,  I  ivillziil  or  barbaroun,  ever  provokeil  his 
reneniment  witbimt  rapidly  sinkirir  Ixneath  bin 
prompt  anil  IrrenUtible  blows.     Ann  tlioii)tli  It  Imi 
true,  as  (SiblMin  has  observeil,  thai  lit  selilom.  if 
ever,  eniountereil  in  the  lielil  a  really  fomililalile 
antagonist,  it  is  not  less  true  that,  but  l.ir  bis  mili- 
tary skill,  animateil  by  bis  i.liiplis«  euertry,  the 
lountli'Hsassailiiiilsby  whom  lie  waseueiimpass.il 
must  rapiillv  have  beeonie  Ic»i  foriniilalile  for  re- 
sintanee.    KorloCliarli  nia^'iieisdiiethe  inlnsluc- 
tion  into  mislern  warfari'  "f  tlie  art  by  wlihh  a 
gi  iieral  ioiii|Mn.Hale<  for  tin-  nwmiriial  inferiority 
of  his  own  forees  to  that  of  his  anlaKonints  —  the 
artof  iiioviniriletaeheillMsiiesofme  lalonir  nniole 
but  lonvirtfin);  lines  with  sin  li  niii  ual  eoniert  as 
to  throw  tiiiir  iinileil  fories  at  llie  wiine  moment 
on  aiiv  nieililati.l  point  of  atlark.       Xiilher  the 
Alpine  man  liesof  llaiinibal  nor  Ihosi-  of  Xa[K)liiin 
WI  nioiiiliiiieil  Willi  urealer  foresiifiit,  oi  exeeiitetl 
with  L'reatir  prei  Isioii,  I  limi  the  simultaneous  pas- 
Kii.'i"^  of  Cliiirli-iiiaKiie  anil  ('ouiit  IJer.ianl  luriiss 
the   !,anii'  iiMHiiitaiii    ranu'es,  anil  their  uitiiuate 
iiiiioiiin  llie  \iriiiiu  of  Ilii  ir  Lombard  enemies." — 
.Sir.I.  Slepheii,  Let'iioi,  tin-  Hit',  vf  h'riiure.  IitI.  3, 
Ai.Mi  IN:    K.  (JiblMin,   Ikeiine  iiwl  Full  "/the 
lliiimin    Kiiijnre.   cli.   49 —See.  also,    UeBMANY: 
A.  I).  SW. 


riiANKH,  A.   I)    Mtt-M» 

A.  D.  ■l4-9te.— DiMOlatiM  •(  the  Cirelli 
gUm  Eapir*.— Cliark'nMKnr,  at  bisilinii  » 
■ueneded  by  biamn  LuiImIk,  or  l^oiili  iIk  |'|i,i 
—  the  alngle  survUii'  of  Ibrer  Min>  aiiioiii!  hIhi 
lie  bail  Intrnilnl  that  his  Kri**!  enipin'  kli.  i,|,|  { 
sliarrtl.  MIkl  In  triu|M-r,  euniHleiiiioiK  m  ,|u, 
actrr,  I^mU  relKiieil  with  •iieeess  f.r  '.iKin 
yrant.  and  then  hmt  all  |kiwi  of  lonirol.  ihMut 
till!  turbul«nee  of  his  family  and  the  'li-'nlm 
hla  time*  lie  "tried  in  vain  lo 'Mtli^fi  lii-.  »« 
(Uitliar,  lii'wis,  and  I'liarhs)  by  liltiiliiu  mil  r 
ilivldinK:  Ibev  nlslled :  he  was  dip"-"!  iii 
fori'iil  liy  the  bishops  lo  do  In  ham  I  iciiiir 
•tored.  but  without  power,  a  loi'l  iii  lli<  Ii.umI" 
I'onletiillnK  faelions  On  lii«diiiili  ili<  «ll|[^  tl< 
to  arms,  and  Ihe  llrst  of  llie  ilMia>iii  <|'i  irn  i. 
niislern  Kuro|H'  was  fought  out  mi  iIm  ii,  !.| 
Konleiiav  In  the  partition  inaiv  "I  \ir.|i 
|A.  I>  >M:t|  whiih  folhiwid.  Hie  Ti  ui,  hi^  |,ri 
lipleof  I'liiial  division  amoii^  lirir'<  iniiiii|l.i 

over  the   idinian  one  of  llie  lraii>iiii»i I  ' 

iniliviiiilile  Klllpln':  Hie  lirilillral  >o\i  r<  iL'lily 
all  three  brolhera  was  lulmilteil  in  (li<irri<|i< 
live  territories,  a  liarrin  pni  i  ili  m  e  mili  n  «  m 
til  l.oHiar,  Willi  llie  Imisrliil  litle  uliiili  In 
the  eldest,  already  enjoyed.  .V  iiiori'  iiii|..  rti 
result  was  llie  separation  of  the  Uauii-li  iml  Iii 

man    nationalities.   .   .    .    ^Imierii   Urn \    )ir 

elalins  Ihe  era  of  .\.  D.  H4:t  Hie  Is  diiiiiiiij  "f  h 
national  exislenee  and  lelebrali  d  it-"  th"ii»iiiil 
anniversary  |in  l'*4:t|  To  Cliarlis  Hh'  IliM  » 
Hiven  Franela  Oei'idinlalis,  Hint  islo^iv  Nh 
tria  and  .\i|ullaiiii';  lo  Lolliar,  who  ai  l.iii|<:r 
must  posM'ss  the  Iwiiiapilals,  itoiiie  ami  An  l< 

a  loni;  and  narrow  kluKihun  sin  ii  liiiii;  Ir i 

Norlii  Sia  to  the  Meiliterraiieaii,  and  im  Im  ii 
the  northern  half  of  Italy  ;  l,ewisniiriiiiirii|.fri 
bis  kingdom,  Ihe  (iernian)  neeived  all  i  i-i  if  i 
Uhlne,  Kraiiks,  Maxims,  llnvarians,  .\ii~liia.  I 
rlntliia,  with  ihsmIIiIc  siipremaiiei  omt  I/m 
ami  .Moravians  Is'yond.  Tbroiinhoiit  iln^-i 
Kions  Herman  wiis  B|Hikeu;  throiiK'li  I  hirlr 
klnKdoin  a eiirnipl  lontfue,  ei|iiaily  niiniMil  fn 
LalTn  and  from  mislern  Kreneh.  'l.olliar-,  lui 
nilxisl  and  having  no  nationa.  iia.iii.  »,ii  i 
weakest  of  the  thrt'e,  anil  soon  ilisioiM  d  inii  t 
separate  sovereignties  of  Italy.  Iliiru'iin  iy  ii 
l/itharluKia,  or,  as  we  call  it.  Lorraiiu  iiii  I 
lanKlisI  history  of  the  periml  that  fnll.iv^  ii 
not  poHslble  lo  do  more  than  tomli  .\fii  r  |ui 
in(?  from  one  liraneli  of  Ihe  Caniliiii;!  iii  liiu 
another,  the  imperial  ai-,  pire  wai  at  li^l  pij>i- 
aiiil  dls){raeed  by  Charles  the  Fat,  «lio  iinili  I 
the  iloniinions  of  his  ureal  ttrainifitlui  riii<  i 
worthy  heir  eould  not  avail  hliiiM  If  "f  m  hi 
territory  b>  strentflben  or  ilifind  tli.'  ■  xpin 
moiianhv.  He  wiis  driven  out  if  11  il.*  in  A 
HH7  and  Ills  death  In  HMH  lia.s  Ihi  ii  ii-wiih  'it 
a»  till-  date  of  tlie  extiniiion  of  Ha'  u  liiiL'i 
Empire  of  tiie  West.  .  .  .  Fnaii  all  -i  I'l  ' 
torrent  of  barbarism  wiiiili  Cliarlis  ili'  '''■  ■<<  li 
blenimed  was  rushinit  down  iipmi  In-  ■  "i|'i 
.  .  .  L'niler  KUeh  strokes  tin-  aln  i.i.i  ■•"•-<ii 
faiirie  swiftly  dissolved.  No  mii  il,  .i:;!!! 
coniniiin  defenee  or  wide  or>;aiii/.ali"ii  'ii'  -Im 
built  castles,  tlie  weak  iHaaiiie  Hair  l..ii'l-ii« 
or  tiHik  shelter  uiider  the  cowl;  tin  --irimi 
count,  ablsit,  or   liLsliop  — tii(liti  in  I   hi^  uTa 

•    !l.a  |i 

I    liari 

lull 

1  al  I 


tunied  a  delegated  Into  an  iiiili  pi  n 
Bonal   into  a   territorial   aullmrilv, 
owniil  a  distant  and  feeble  Buzeniin 
many,  the  Kreatneas  of  the  evil  w; 
its   cure.     When   llie  umic   iiuc  "I 


143G 


lit 


1437 


55  Ij 


Wi 


i 


FRANKS,  A.  D.  814-W2. 

branch  of  the  Carolingians  had  ended  in  LewU 
(lurnamed  the  Child),  son  of  Arnulf  'A.  D.  911], 
the  chieftains  chose  and  the  people  accepted 
Connd  tlic  Franconian,  and  after  htm  Henry  the 
Saxon  duke,  both  reprcsentin/f  tlie  female  line  of 
Charles.  Henry  laid  the  foiindiUions  of  a  firm 
monarchy,  drivlnf?  Imck  the  MaRyiirsand  Wends, 
rccoverinar  I/'thariMKla,  foiin<liii/;  towns  to  be 
centres  o*  onliTly  lifi  and  stnmgholds  against 
Hungi'.mn  irriiplions.  He  had  meant  to  claim 
at  I{om(!  hU  kiiigilnm's  rii^hts.  rights  wliirli  Con- 
rad's wi'ttkiii'iw  hull  at  least  asserted  bv  tlie  d<'- 
miind  of  trilmte;  but  death  ()verl(H)k  iiim.  and 
the  plan  was  left  to  lie  fullilled  by  Otto  his  son," 
— .1.  Hrvec.  Till-  Ilnlj/Uoninn  Kmiiiri;  rh.  fl.  — "Tlic 
divisiim  of  HHS  was  really  tlie  beginning  of  tlic 
mmleni  states  nd  tlie"  modiTii  divisions  of 
Europe.  Tlie  Ciirolingian  Empire  was  broken  up 
into  four  separate  kingiloius:  the  Western  King- 
dom, answering  rniighlv  to  Fninee,  tlic  Eastern 
Kinu'diiin  or  Germany,  Italy,  and  Burgundy.  Of 
tliese,  the  tliree  ti^^t  remain  as  the  greatest  na- 
tions (if  tlie  Contiiiint:  llurgiindv,  by  that  name, 
has  vanished  ;  but  its  place  as  a  European  power 
is  occupied,  far  more  worthily  than  by  any  Kin;; 
or  I'a'siir,  by  tlic  nolilc  confedcratiim  of  Hwitzer 
land."— K.  A.  Freeman.  The  Fmnk»  and  the 
a,     h.     {Ilinl'irii-iil  /•Mii/K,  \ht  serieii,  nn.  7.) 

Ai.si>  IN  ;  1"..  F.  II,  "ilcrson.  Meet  ///«^  /)•«•». 
of  th.-  Miil.n,-  .I'/M,  hk.  :  >ii>.  ,1.-1'.  Oodwin, 
llixt.  t.f  hniii^r:  AiK-ii'iit  On'il.  eh.  18.— U.  W. 
Clmrcri,  Tlif  ISi'iiiiiiinii  iiftlie  Middle  Ago,  rh.  y. 
— F.  Ouizot,  liiil.  of  i'iriUz'iti"ii,  hct.  24.— (Sir 
F.  I'ali.'ravc,  llii-t.  of  Xorninndi/  mid  h'rniiee,  r. 
1-2— See,  also.  (Jk'umanv:  A.  I).  H4:{-9()2;  and 
Fuantk:  a.  1).  H4:!,  and  after. 

A.  D.  843-962.  —  Kingdom  of  the  East 
Franks.     See  tii;uMANV;  A.  I).  H4;!-9«2. 

FRATRES    MINORES.     See    Mkm)I(\nt 
Okhkus 
FRATRICELLI,  The.     S(  c  Uf.oiinks.  ek 

frazier's  farm,  or  GLENDALE. 

Battle  of.     Sec  Vmtkd  Statksok  Am.  ;  A.  I). 
IHGJ  (.II  M-.— .IlI.V:   ViniilNIA). 
♦- 
FREDERICIA,  Battle  of  (18491.    See  Scan 

IIINAVIAN   StaTKS  (DlNMAHKI:    A.    1).    l.t4i<-lS(i2. 

Siege  of  (1864).     Sc( C.KiiMANV:    A.  I).  INUl- 

iM(;(i, 

FREDERICK  I.  (called  Barbarossa),  Em- 
peror, .\.  1>.  ll.M-lliM);  King  of  Germany, 
ll.->-'  1  r.io;  King  of  Italy,  I  1"m-11!)0 Fred- 
erick I.,  King  of  Denmark  and  Norway,  l.'r^:!- 

l.W;! Frederick  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  17(11- 

17l;i;  III.,  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  HiS'^  171:! 
...Frederick  I.,  Elector  of  Brandenburg, 
HIT  1110  .  ..Frederick  II.,  Emperor,  \:M- 
12.-10;  Kingof Germany,  1212  12.'>()  SciItm.v; 
A.  I>.  llM;t-12-iO;  ;inil  (Jkkmanv:  A.  1).  li:iS- 
12iW.    . .  .Frederick  II.,  King  of  Denmark  and 

Norway,  l.-)VH-i.-,»s Frederick  II.,  King  of 

Naples,    ll'.Mi-l."i(W Frederick    II.    (called 

The  Greati,    King  of  Prussia,  1740-I7M(i,      . 

Frederick   I!.,  King  of  Sicily,   12!C)  i;i;!7 

Frederick  II.,  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  144U- 

147il Frederick  III.,  Emperor,  and  King  of 

Germany.  1440  14!i;i Frederick  III.,  Ger- 
man Emperor  and  King  of  Prussia,  1H88, 
March — liiiic Frederick  III.,  King  of  Den- 
mark   and    Norway,    104H-1(!7(I Frederick 

III.,  King  of  Sicily,  !:!.j->-i:t77      ..Frederick 


FREE  MASONS. 

IV.,  Kinr  of  Denmmrk  and  Norway,  IROtV-n.^ 

Frederick  V.,  King  of  Denmark  and  Noi 

way,  1748-1768 Frederick  V.,  Elector  i 

the  Palatinate  (and  Kinr-clect  of  Bohemia 
and  the  Thirty  Years' war.  Sec  (iKUMASi 
A.  D.  1618-1630,  1030.  1631-1633, 161)1 -KCfi,,,,, 

1648 Frederick  VI.,  Kine  of  Denmark  ta 

Norway,  1808-1M14:  King  of  Denmark,  ish 

1839 Frederick  VII.,  King  of  Denraarl 

1848-1863 Frederick  Augustus  I.,  Electc 

of  Saxony,  1694-1733:  King  of  Poland,  \m: 

1704  (deposed),   and    1709-1733 Frederic 

Augustus  II.,  Elector  of  Saxony  and  Kine  i 

Poland,  1733-1763 Frederick  Henry,  Stad 

holder  of  the  United  Provinces,  l(i2.'i  Ii;i7 
Frederick  William  (called  The  Great  Electoi 
Elector  of  Brandenburg,  164(1- KWm        Prei 
erick  William  I.,  Kingof  Prussia,  171:1  1:41 

Frederick  William  II.,  King  of  Prussia 

1786-1797 Frederick  William  III.,  Kin?  1 

Prussia,  1707-1840 Frederick  William  IV 

King  of  Prussia,  1840-1861. 


Battle    of.      s. 

I).  18(l2(ncr,)i;Kii 


FREDERICKSBURG, 

r.MTKi)  Statks  ok  Am.  :  A. 
Dkckmiikk:  Viiioima). 

Sedgwick's  demonstration  against.  $> 
I'mtki)  St.\tes  ok  Am.:  A    D    l^^'i:!  (.\riui. 

May:  Vikoinia). 

•■ 

FREDERICKSHALL.— Siege  by  tl 
Swedes.— Death  of  Charles  XII.  (17181.    n 

.SfANDlNAVIAS    STATES   (SWEDE.N):     .\     D    ITO^ 
1718. 

FREDERICKSHAMN,  Peace  of  iSo; 
Pee  ScAMUNAVHN  Staii- :  A.  I)    l^n:  i-iii 

FREDLINGEN.  Rattle  of  1703..  s 
Nktiieui.aniis:  .\.  II    .,02  1701 

FREE  CHURCH  OF  SCOTLAND.  Si 
ScoTi.AM):  A    I)    18^:i 

FREE  CITIES.  Sm'Ciiik-.  Imci  i::vhn 
KiiKE.  OK  Oi;k.manv  :  also,  Itaiv  .V  I).  I11.V 
1153,  and  aft  T:  and  IIaxka  Towns. 

FREE  COMPANIES,  The.  S.  r  Im, 
A.  1).  1313-l.iii:!:  ami  Fuaxci::  A.  D    i::!!"-!:}'* 

FREE  LANCES.     Sec  I.am  ks.  1i;i  i 

FREE  MASONS.— ••The  fall  of  ti.r  Kiii.-li 
Tcmiilars  lias  liccii  conncclcil  » itii  tin  "li-'iii 
the  Krcirnasons,  anil  the  iilca  li:i-,  pn  v.iili.l  tli 
■    ■     ■  liur 


r  li 


ili'ir.-ni 
ov  inif! 

l:,i:l|.pvll 


I  Hit- 


tlic  only  ,-ccrct  purpose  of  tlic  lalliT  w.i 
cstalilisliiiicnt  of  the  supprcsscil  i.r.hr 
tic  Miilai.  while  ;i  prisoni-r  in  Paris,  is^ii<I 
crcalcil  fiMir  new  IoiIl'cs,  iiml  Kic  il.iy  ; 
(  xirutinn,  ciirlit  kniL'hts,  lii^irui'i  il  ;is  ii;:i 
s:iiil  to  li;ivc  gone  to  i:atli<  r  up  (lie  ;i~li'  ^ 
late  (iianil  M:i.stcr.  To  cnnci;!!  tlirir  ■ 
new  Tcniplars  iissiiiucil  the  syin'mls  i- 
but  tiiiik.  it  is  s:iii|.  tlic  iianic'iif  Finn 
til  ilistiii:;iii«li  llicmsdvcs  from  nnin 
men,  anil  also  in  mcinory  of  tiic  gim 
lion  given  to  lliciii  in  I'ali-sliiic.  V.\ 
gorics  of  Frcciiiasonry,  Jind  tin-  i(r'iii'i;ii  "fi 
initialioiis,  li,ivc  been  cx|ilaincil  liv  :i  i.  I'  n  m v 
the  liistiirv  of  the  pcrsccntiiins  of  tin^ '1' in|>ni 
The  .\lilic  lt:irnicl  s.ays,  tlhit  -evirv  tiiiii.--i 
signs,  llic  laii.i;u:igc,  the  iiamcsof  lm 
kniglil,  of  temple  —  all,  in  a  wr  i,  ' 
Freemasons  as  descendants  of  tlii-  [ 
knights.'  Lessing,  in  (Jeniiany,  l'im 
thoritv  to  this  opinion,  liy  asscriiiiL' 
that  •!!«■  livlgcsof  thcTcniiilars  «i  n  1 
highest  repute  in  the  twelftli  anil  tliir! 
turies,  uiid  Ihul  out  of  »u*.U  .,  iiitij  .  ■> 


lie. 


.-lilVl' 
ihrVl' 


14:!8 


FREE  MASONS. 


FKEMONT. 


btni  coDiUntly  kept  up  Id  London,  was  cstab- 
lUiod  the  nciety  of  Frrcmaaong,  in  the  seven- 
lenitb  century,  by  Sir  C'liristoplivr  Wren. '  I>cb- 
liog  Uof  opinion  timt  tliv  mime  Mason  lias  notliiog 
todowitli  tlic  Englisli  meaning  of  tlic  word,  but 
(omea  from  Mussonney,  a  '  lo<lgc '  of  tlie  Kniglits 
Templars.  Tliis  idea  may  liave  cniise<l  tlie  Free- 
mtaons  to  amalgamate  the  extx'rnal  ritual  of  the 
Templnrs  with  their  own,  and  to  found  llie  higher 
French  degrees  which  have  given  colour  to  the 
very  lijiK)lliesis  which  gave  rise  to  their  introdiic- 
tioa.  But  the  whole  story  appears  to  tie  most 
improlHilile.  anil  only  rests  upon  the  slight  foun 
(tstlon  of  fancied  or  nccidcntiil  analogies.  At- 
tempts have  also  Ik-cu  miide  to  hhow  that  tlie 
fVcomnsons  are  only  a  continuation  of  the  fniter- 
nitii'S  of  architects  which  are  supposed  to  have 
iiriginnted  at  the  time  of  t  he  building  of  Solomon's 
Teniple.  The  Egyptian  priests  are  supposed  to 
have  taught  those  who  were  initiated  a  secret  and 
«cml  system  of  architeetun';  this  is  said  to  have 
been  transmitted  to  the  Dlonysiac  architects,  of 
wliom  the  first  historical  traces  arx'  to  Im'  found 
in  Asia  Minor,  where  tlicy  were  organized  into  a 
lecret  faternity.  .  .  .  It  is,  however,  a  mere  mat 
lerofspeeulatiou  whether  the  tjewisli  and  Dionys 
iac  architects  wen*  elosi-Iy  connected,  but  there 
is  some  analogy  lietween  the  latter  anil  the  lio 
man  eullils,  which  N'uniii  is  said  to  have  tirst  in- 
tn«luiTil.  and  which  were  prolmbly  the  priitu- 
types  I'f  the  Inter  as.siM'iatii)ns  of  masons  which 
liiiuri»hi'il  until  the  end  of  the  lioinan  Empire, 
Tlie  liiirilcs  of  liarliarians  which  then  ruthlessly 
swept  iiwiiy  whatev''  liore  the  seinblance  of 
luxury  ami  elegance,  iliii  not  spare  the  noblest 
s|ie<inuiis  of  art,  and  it  was  only  w hen  they  be 
i-ame  Clin  verted  to  Christianity,  that  the  guilds 
were  re  istablislied.  During  the  Li>ml)aril  rule 
they  Uianie  numerous  in  Italy.  ...  As  their 
numbiTS  iriereasiil,  I,iinibard>  no  longer  sulliicd 
for  till' exercise  of  their  art,  and  they  Iravi'llid 
into  all  the  cniinlriis  where  Chrislianity,  only  re 
ceutly  established,  rci|uiieil  religious  biiililings. 
.  .  .  Tlii'se  associations.  Iinwever.  became  nearly 
cnisltetl  by  the  power  of  the  monastic  institutions, 
»lli:it  in  the  early  part  of  the  Middle  Ages  the 
Korils  artist  and  priest  became  nearly  synony- 
moii.^:  but  in  the  twelfth  century  thev  emanci- 
paleil  Ihi'iiisi-lvcs,  and  sprang  into  new  life.  Tin- 
ii.imi'siif  tlie  authors  of  the  gnat  architectural 
eniilioiisiif  this  period  are  almost  all  unknown: 
fnr  tluM' were  not  the  wofk  of  iiiiliviiliials,  but 
offriliriiiiics.  .  .  .  In  Eiiu'laml  guilds  of  niason.-^ 
a^'  Kiu\  to  have  existed  in  tlie  year  Ji'2(t,  but  this 
truiiiluiii  isnotsupporteil  by  bislnry;  in  iscotlanil 
Bimihr  associations  were  estalilislii-ll  towards  llie 
end  cif  tlic  tirteenlli  century.  The  .Vbbe  (irainli 
ilicr  nii.irils  Freemasonry  as  notliing  inure  than 
asiivili- imitation  of  the  ancient  ami  u.scful  fra 
IcTiiity  lif  true  masons  established  durini;  llir 
liuililin; .if  ilio  Cathiilral  of  Strasliiirg.  one  of  tl.c 
m;Wrr|iir(is  of  tJotliie  arrhilieture.  .-iiiil  which 
rauv'l  ilii-  fame  of  its  builders  to  spread  tliroiiL'h 
out  Kill"] le.  In  many  towns  similar  frateriiilies 
«w  estahlishcd.  .  .  .  The  orU'iii  of  the  Free- 
masons c,f  ilie  present  ilay  is  iicil  to  lie  altributnl 
totlicso  fraterniti^'S,  but  "to  the  Hosicriiiians  [see 
HosK'iuTHNs]  who  first  ap|)iared  at  the  begin- 
ninsdf  till'  B<,'venteenth  <'entiirv." — .\.  I*.  Marraa, 
S«nl  Fmternitiea  i,f  til,'  .Viililic  A;/e.i.  fit.  T-8. 

Also  ix:  J.  G.  Fiiidel,   Ilint.  lif  Frtfiiwinmry. 
— ('  W.  Ileckethorn,  Seerct  Sicietie*  if  nil  Ai/es 


FREE-SOIL  PARTY,  Thi.    See  Unitci> 
States  op  Am.  :  A.  D.  1848. 
FREE   SPIRIT,   Brethren  and  Siiteri  of 

the.    See  DEOLiNEg. 

FREE  TRADE  IN  ENGLAND.  SccTah 
IKK  Leoihi.ation  (Enoi.and):  a.  I).  1836-1839; 
1842:  184V1846;  and  1846-1879. 

FREEDMEN  OF  THE  SOUTH.-Tlio 
cmancipateil  slaves  of  the  Inlted  Stjites. 

FREEDMEN-S  BUREAU,  The.  Si-o 
Unitkd  .'<T  m-.s  OK  Am.:  A.  I).  IHftl-lwMi 

FREEDOM    OF    CONSCIENCE.      See 

Tol-KUATION,  UeiIOIOIS. 


FREEDOM  OF  THE  PRESS:  A,  D.  1695. 
—Expiration  of  the  Censorship  taw  in  Eng- 
land.    See  I'liiNTiMi  :  A.  I).  ItW"). 

A.  D.  1734  —Zenker's  trial  at  New  York.— 
See  Nkw  Vouk  :  A.  I)   lT-.;o-lT:i4. 

A.  D.  1755.— Liberty  attained  in  Massachu- 
letts.    .Sic  T'ntNTtNO    A.  D.  blM-ITOfl. 

A.  D.  '762-1764.  —  Prosecution  of  John 
Wilkes.     See  Emii.ani):  A.  0.  17fi3-1704. 

A.  D.  1771,- Last  contest  of  the  British 
Parliament  with  the  Press,  See  E.noi.anh: 
A.I).  1771. 

A,  D.  1817.— The  trials  of  William  Hone. 
See  Esiii.AXD:  A.I).  lSlti-1820. 


■Se  Fkidai.  Tf.si  liEs. 
FARM,  Battle  of. 
V  Am  :    A.  1).    1777  (.If 


Se 


FREEHOLD. 
FREEMAN'S 

rxiTKi)  States  o 

()(TOIlEI(). 

FREGELLiC— Fregell.e.  a  Ijitiii  colony, 
founded  by  tin-  ISomans,  li.  ('.  ;)'>9.  in  the  Vol- 
SI  iaii  territory,  on  the  I.iiis,  revolted  in  I!.  (!.  X'iTi. 
and  was  totally  destroyed.  \  Itoman  colony, 
named  Fabrateiii,  was  founded  near  the  site.— 
G.  I.ung.  l)irlii„nflhf  I!''in:iii  HfimliUc.  r.  1,  ••h.  17. 

FREIBURG  (in  the  Brtisgau).- Freiburg 
became  a  free  city  in  ll'iO,  but  lost  its  freeiloin  a 
century  Liter,  and  passed,  in  IHtW,  under  the 
duininatiiin  of  the  llapsburcs. 

A.  D.    163S.— Capture   by   Duke   Bernhard. 

Sie(!i;iiM,\NY;  .V,  I)  ic;!4-icay, 

A.  D.  1644.— Siege  and  capture  by  the  Im- 
perialists.— Attempted  recovery  by  Cond<  and 
Turenne. — The  three  days  battle.  See  Oek- 
many:  a.  n.  lfi:i-lCt-l. 

A.  D.  1677.— Taken  by  the   French. 
N'KTIIEIILAMIS  lIloI.lANOI:    .\.  D.    U'>7t-l(178, 

A.  D.    1679.—  Retained    by    France. 
NiMKotKN,  'I'm:  I'km  1:  ok 

A.  D.  1697.— Restored  to  Germany,  ."sec 
FiiAMi::   .\.  1)    li;!)7. 

A.  D.  1713-1714.— Taken  and  given  up  by 
the  French.     S.  e  lini:!  iiT:  A.I).  171J-1714. 

A.  D.  1744-1748.— Taken  by  the  French  and 
restored  to  Germany.  See  Aisthia:  .\.  1),  1744- 
174"):  :inil  .Vi\  1  a  (  ini'i  i.i.K:   TiiK  (oMinEss. 


,See 


Sec 


Jrigii 
r,  Ge 


FREMONT,  General  John  C,  and  the  con- 
quest  of  California.      See   ('AI.lFi)ltMA :  A.  !• 

lH4ft-l,s47 Defeat  in  Presidential  election. 

Sec   1'mti;i)   St.\tes  ok  Am.:  .V.  1).    lM.-)t;    , . 
Command  in  the  west.— Proclamation  of  Free- 
dom.— Removal.     See  I'xited  St.xtks  ok  Am  ; 
A.  I).  lf<(il  (.h  i.v— Septemiieu:  .Missofm).  and 

(.ViuLsT  — OiToiiEU:    MissoLiii) Command 

in  West  Virginia.     See  United  States  of  .\m  : 
A  !)   )Hfia(MAv-.!i-NK    Yinr.rNni 


f-H 


m 


.   *'> 

i  1*'^ 

V-l 

•  .1 

t 

•  n 

' 

*4 

1430 


*2      if 


im 


I 


T',' 


! 


t  '. 


■*»        -,      *       4 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR 

FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.— The  four 
lnU-r('(>l<>iiial  wars  of  the  17th  ami  IHth  centuries, 
in  America,  commonly  known,  respectively,  as 
"Kinjf  Williiim's  War,"  "Queen  Anne's  War," 
"  Kini;  George's  War,  '  anil  the  Krencli  and  In- 
dian War,  were  all  of  them  conflicts  with  the 
French  and  Indians  of  Canada,  or  New  France; 
but  the  last  of  the  scries  (coincident  witli  the 
"  Seven  "Vcars  War  "  in  Eun)p()  l)ccame  es|K'cially 
characterized  in  the  colonies  by  that  designation, 
lis  causes  anil  chief  events  are  to  be  found  re- 
lated under  the   followinc  headings:   C'.vN.vnA: 

A.  i>.   i7.v)-i:.v),  iT:«r>.  i7.-)6,  i7r)ti-i7.')7.  n.w, 

17.W,  ntiO;  NovaScoth:  A.  1).  174i»-17r(.'),  17.').'); 
Onto  (Vai.i.kv);  a.  I).  1748-17.')4.  1754.  l")',; 
CwK  lliiKTON  Island;  A.  I).  175S-17<i();  also, 
for  an  account  of  the  accompanying  Cherokeu 
War,  Siiirii  (AitiiiiNA:  A.  1).  1709-1761. 

FRENCH  FURY,  The.  SeeNETiiKiii.ANi)s: 
A.  D.  l.-)M|-l.W4. 

FRENCH  SPOLIATION  CLAIMS.  See 
Unitki)  Statks  ok  .\m.  :  A.  1).  1H(M). 

FRENCHTOWN  (now  Monroe,  Mich.), 
Battle  at.     Sic  I'sitkd  States  ok  A.m.  :  A.  1). 

lS|J-lMl:i         lIvlUtlSDN's  CaMI'AION. 

FRENTANilNS,  The.  SceSAiiiNKs, 
FRIARS.— "Carmelite  Friars,"  "White 
Friars."  See  Cmimklitk  Fuiaks.— Austin 
Friars.  Sic  .\i  »tin  I'anuns —"  Preaching 
Friars,"  "  Begging  Friars,"  "  Minor  Friars,  ' 
"  Black  Friars,"  "  Grey  Friars."  See  .Mendi- 
cant (•UIH.Il'^. 

FRIEDLAND,    Battle  of.     See  Gehmanv: 

A.    I)     1S()7  (FkIIIHAUV ItNKI 

FRIEDLINCEN,  Battleof.  SeeGEiiMANT: 
A.  1).  17D-' 

FRIENDLY  ISLANDS.     See  Tonoa. 

FRIENDLY  SOCIETIES.  SccInsi  hani  e. 

FRIENDS,  The  Society  of.     See  IJiakehs 

FRIENDS  OF  THE  PEOPLE,  The  So- 
ciety of  the.     .See  France:  A    I).  1h:W-1840. 

FRIESLAND.— See  Xetiiehi.ands:  A.  D. 
U17-14:ii>. 

FRIGIDUS,  Battle  of  the  (A.  D.  3941.  See 
Home:  A.  1).  :t7ll-;!».'i. 

FRILING,  The.     See  L.«TI. 

FRIMAIRE,  The  month.  See  Prakce: 
A.  D.  17W;!  (Octobeh). 

FRISIANS,  The.—"  Beyond  the  Batavians, 
upon  the  north,  dwelt  the  gn'at  Frisian  family, 
occupying  the  regions  iK'twecn  the  lihine  and 
Ems.  The  Zuyder  Zee  and  the  Dollart,  iKith 
caused  by  the  terrific  inundations  of  the  13th 
centurv,  "and  not  existing  at  this  pcriml  [the 
early  Uonian  Empire],  did  not  then  interpose 
boundaries  between  kindred  trilies." — .1.  L.  Mot- 
lev.  /ii»''  ",t  the  JJiitrh  Hipublif,  inlrod.,  seet.  2. — 
"The  Frisians,  adjoining  [the  Batavi]  ...  in 
the  coast  district  that  is  sliii  named  after  them, 
as  far  as  the  lower  Ems.  submitted  to  Drususanil 
obtained  a  position  similar  to  that  of  the  Batavi. 
There  was  imposed  on  them  instead  of  tribute 
simply  the  delivery  of  a  iniml)er  of  bullocks' 
liiilis  fur  the  wants  nf  the  army;  on  the  other 
hand  they  liail  to  furnish  coui|)aratively  large 
luimbers  uf  niell  for  the  lioinan  siTvice.  They 
were  the  most  faithful  allies  of  Drusus  as  after- 
wards of  tiirmanicus." — 1'.  Mnmmsen,  llirt.  t>f 
liomt.  U    H.  r/i.  4. 

A.  D.  528-729.— Struggles  against  the  Frank 
dominion,  before  Charlemagne.  .See  Germany: 
A  U  4al-;i)9. 


PU0GER8 

FRITH-GUILDS.    See  Guilds.  Mei.i.ev 
FROEBEL   AND    THE    KINDERG/ 

TEN.     See   Education,    Modeun:    Ukfoi 

Ac:   1816-1892. 
FROG'S  POINT,  Battle  At.    S,e  Isi 

St.\te8  or  Am.;   A.  D.  1776  (Seitemiiku— 

VEMBER). 

FRONDE,     FRONDEURS,     The. 
Frante;  a.  I).  1647-1648,  1649,  Ifi.'id-lt;.-,!,  16 
16.")it;  and  BoHDEAix;  A.  I).  Ifl.Vi-lC;! 

FRONT  ROYAL,  Stonewall  Jackson's  c 
ture  of.  See  United  St.vteb OK  Am  :  .\  I)  1 
(Mav— .IfNE:  Vikuinia). 

FRONTENAC,  Count,  in  New  Frat 
See  Canada:  A.  I).  1669-1687,  to  ItWii 

FRONTENAC,  Fort.     See  Kinosion,  c 

ADA. 


KllA 


FRUCTIDOR,  The  Month.    Si, 

A.    1).    17iW(t><TI)HER). 

The  Coup  d'Etat  of  the  Eighteenth  of. 
Fr.ince:  a.  I).  1797  (Septemuer). 

FRUELA  I.,  King  of  Leon  and  the  A: 

rias,  or  Oviedo,  A.  1>.  7.')7-7li-'^ Fruela 

King  of  Leon  and  the  Asturias,  or  Ovie 
.V.  1).  923-92.5. 

FRUMENTARIAN  LAW,  The  First. 
Home:  B.  C.  133-121. 

FUEGIANS,  The.    Sie  Amehii  as  .Vnnu 

NES:    I'aTAOONIANS. 

FUENTES   D'ONORO,   Battle  of   18 
See  Spain;  A.  D.  181()-!m2. 
FUFIAN  LAW,  The.     See  .Eiian  »mi 

FIAN  I.AWS. 

FUGGERS,  The.— "Hans  Ful'iiit  wa.i 
founder  of  the  Fugger  family,  whose  nii  nil 
still  possess  extensive  estates  and  aiitlidrif 

frinces  and  counts  in  Bavaria  and  Wurti  lutii 
le  came  to  Augsburg  in  1365  as  a  pnnrburii 
getic  weaver's  apprentice,  acquireil  eiii/(n> 
by  marrying  a  burgher's  daughter.  :iiiil.  a 
completing  an  excellent  masterpleie.  iva< 
mitted  into  the  guild  of  weavers.  .11 
Fugger  died  in  1409,  leaving  beliiml  hirn  :i 
tune  of  3,000  florins,  which  lie  had  i:i:iile  tiy 
skill  anci  diligence.  This  was  a  ci>!i.»iil(n 
sum  in  those  days,  for  the  gold  mines  ■■(  the  > 
World  had  not  yet  been  opened  up.  ami  llie  1 
cssiiries  of  life  sold  for  very  low  prins 
sons  carried  on  their  father's  businis.^,  ;i!iil  v 
so  much  skill  and  success  that  they  wi  re  lUn 
called  the  rich  Fuggers.  The  inipnrtiiiee 
wealth  of  t'..e  family  increast'd  every  il:iy. 
the  year  1.5(Kl  it  was  not  easy  to  timl  a  fn  ijiui 
route  by  sea  or  land  where  Ful'l'its  wiirrs  m 
not  to  be  seen.  On  one  occa-inn  ilie  j'owe: 
Ilanseatic  league  seized  twenty  of  thirsli 
which  were  sailing  with  a  cargo  of  |[:u)l':ii 
copper,  down  the  Vistula  to  ("raeow  and  Hin: 
Below  ground  the  miner  worked  fur  I'ln;; 
above  it  the  artisan.  In  1448  they  I.  m 
florins  to  the  then  Archdukes  of  .\u- 
Emperor  Frederick  the  Third  (failn 
milian)  end  liis  brother  Albert.  In  1'" 
tiirv  had  pas.sed  since  the  we:ivir  ll.ii - 
liaij  died  leaving  his  fortune  nf  Ij.Ooo  i! 
quired  by  bis  laliorious  industry.  Hi 
children  were  now  the  rii  lust  men! 
Europe;  without  the  aid  of  their  in 
mightiest  princes  of  the  continent  nnii  I  1 
plete  any  import«nt  enterprisi'.  and  tii' 
was  connected  with  the  noblest  iioii>. 


I"p", 
sriii. 
..f  .M; 
i;>  ;i  I 


U-  i.in 


1440 


FUGOER8. 


OALATA. 


tin  of  relationship.  They  were  raised  to  the 
luk  of  noblemen  and  endowed  with  honourable 
privileges  by  the  Emperor  Maximiliun  the  First." 
—A.  W.  Orube,  Ileroa  of  llittory  and  Legend, 
M.  13. 

FUGITIVE  SLAVE  LAW,  AND  ITS 
REPEAL.  See  United  States  of  Am,  ,-  A.  D. 
IWt.  IRW.  nml  1M64  (.IfNK). 

FULAHS.The.    See  Africa  :  The  djiiabit- 

ISO  RACES. 

FULFORD,  Battle  of.    Sec  England  :  A.  D. 

106«  (JSeptbmbkk). 

FULTON'S  FIRST  STEAMBOAT.  See 
Ste.^m  Navigation:  The  HE<iiNMN<i«. 

FUNDAMENTAL  AGREEMENT  OF 
NEW  HAVEN.  Sec  Connecticit:  A.  D. 
1639. 

FUNDAMENTAL  ORDERS  OF  CON- 
NECTICUT. Sec  Connecticut:  A.  D.  163e- 
1639. 

FUORUSCITI.— In  Italy,  during  tho  Guelf 
(iid  GhilM>llinc  contests  of  the  t3th  and  Utli  cen- 
turies (see  Italy:  A.  D.  1215-1293),  "almost 
ever)'  city  had  its  body  of '  f uorusciti ' ;  —  literally, 

those  who  had  gone  out ' ; — prescripts  and  exiles, 
in  fact,  who  represented  the  minorities  ...  in 
the  different  communities;  —  Ohibelline  f uorus- 
citi from  Ouelph  cities,  and  Guclph  fuorusciti 
from  Ohibelline  cities." — T.  A.  Trollope, /ft»(.  »/ 
tU  Commonteeall/t,  of  Florence,  t.  1,  p.  880. 


FORST.  —  Prince;  the  equivalent  Oemuui 
title.     See  Germany:  A.  D.  112.1-1272. 

FURY,  The  French.  See  Netherlands. 
A.  D.  1.581-1584. 

FURY,  The  Spanish.  Sec  Xetiierlands: 
A.  I).  1.575-1577. 

FUSILLADES.  Sec  France:  A,  D,  1793- 
1794  (OcTOBEii— April), 

FUTTEH  ALI  SHAH,  Sh«h  of  Persia, 
A,  D,  1798-lM;t4. 

FUTTEHPORE,  Battle  of  (1857).  See  In- 
dia: A,  1),  1857-18.58  (JiLV—JCNE), 

FYLFOT-CROSS,  The.    See  Tni  Skelion. 

FYRD,  The. — "The  one  national  army  [in 
Saxon  England,  b-fore  the  Norman  Conquest]  was 
the  fyril,  11  force  which  bad  already  received  in 
the  Karolingian  legislation  the  name  of  landwehr 
by  which  the  Gemian  knows  it  still.  The  fyrd 
was  in  fact  composed  of  the  whole  mass  of  iree 
landowners  who  formed  the  folk:  and  to  the  last 
it  could  only  be  suininoneil  by  the  voice  of  the 
folk-moot.  In  theory  therefore  such  a  host  rep- 
resented the  whole  available  force  of  the  country. 
But  in  actual  warfare  its  attendance  at  the  king's 
war-call  was  limited  by  practical  difficulties. 
Arms  were  costly :  and  the  greater  part  of  the 
fyrd  came  equipped  with  bludgeons  and  hedge- 
stakes,  which  could  do  little  to  meet  the  spear 
and  battlcaxe  of  the  invaucr." — J.  R.  Green,  7^« 
Conqueit  of  England,  p.  133. 


'•f- 


G. 


GA,  The.    See  Gau. 

GABELLE,  The.—"  In  the  spring  of  the  year 
1M3,  the  king  [Philip  de  Valois.  king  of  France] 
published  an  ordinance  by  which  no  one  was 
allowed  to  sell  salt  in  France  unless  he  Imught  it 
from  the  store-housi'S  of  the  crown,  which  gave 
him  the  power  of  committing  any  degree  of  ex- 
tortion in  an  article  that  was  of  the  utmost  neces- 
sity  to  his  subjects.  This  obnoxious  tax,  which 
at  a  subsequent  period  became  one  of  the  chief 
sources  of  the  revenue  of  the  crown  of  France, 
was  termed  a  gabclle,  a  word  of  Prankish  or 
Teutonic  origin,  which  had  been  in  use  from  tho 
earliest  period  to  signify  a  tax  in  genertd,  but 
which  was  from  this  time  almost  restrictc<l  to  the 
fitniordinary  duty  on  salt,  .  .  .  This  word  ga- 
helle  is  the  same  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  word  '  gafol,' 
atax, "— T,  Wright,  Hint,  of  France,  t.  1,  p.  384, 
arid  fmt-mte. — See,  also,  Taille  and  Gabelle. 

GABINIAN  LAW,  The.  Sec  Home:  B.C. 
6»-«3, 

GACHUPINES  AND  GUADALUPES.— 
In  the  last  days  of  Spanish  rule  in  Mexico,  the 
Spanish  official  party  bore  the  name  of  Gacbu- 
pmes,  while  the  native  party,  which  prepared  for 
revolution. werecalledGuadalupes, — E.  J,  Payne, 
Hitt.  of  Euro}>ean  Colonies,  p.  303. — The  name  of 
the  Guadalupes  was  adopted  by  the  Mexicans 
"in  honour  of  'Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe,'  the 
tutelar  protectress  of  Mexico;"  while  that  of 
the  Gachupines  "  was  a  sobriquet  gratuitously 
bestowed  upon  the  Spanish  faction."— W.  H. 
Chynuttttli.  The  Fall  of  Manmilian,  p.  3. 

GADEBUSCH,  Battle  of  (171a).  See  Scan- 
oBAvi.^N  States  (Sweden)  :  A,  I).  1707-1718, 

GADENI,  The.  See  Britalm,  Celtic 
Tribes. 

GADES  (Modem  Cadiz^  Ancient  commerce 

•t— 


before  Christ]  Qades  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the 
most  important  emporiumsof  trade  in  the  world : 
her  citizens  having  absorbed  a  large  part  of  the 
commerce  that  baii  previously  belonged  to  Car- 
thage, In  the  time  of  Stralw  they  still  retained 
almost  the  whole  trade  with  the  Outer  Sea,  or  At- 
lantic coasts, '—E,  II,  Bunbury,  Hint,  of  Ancient 
(jeog.,  eh.  18,  sert.  8  'i-  2),— Sec,  also,  Utica. 

GADSDEN  PURCHASE,  The.  See  Ari- 
zona: A,  U,  1853, 

GAEL.    See  Celts, 


GAETA  :  A.  D.  1805-1806.- Siege  and  Cap- 
ture by  the  French.  Sec  France  :  A.  D.  1805- 
1806  (December— September). 

A.  D.  1848.— The  refuge  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 
See  Italy:  A.  D.  1848-1849, 


GAFOL. — A  payment  in  money,  or  kind,  or 
work,  rendered  in  the  way  of  rent  by  a  villein- 
tenant  to  his  lord,  an.ong  the  Saxons  and  early 
English.  The  word  signified  tribute. — F.  See- 
bohm,  Engliih  Village  Community,  eh.  3  and  5. 

GAG, The  Atherton.  See  United  Statesof 
Am,  :  A,  D.  1836, 

GAGE,  General  Thomas,  in  the  command 
and  gowemment  at  Boston.  Sec  United 
St.^tes  ov  Am,:  A,  D,  1774  (March— .Vpril); 
1775  (.\.pril),  (April— May),  and  (June). 

GAI  SABER,  El.  See  Provence:  A,  D, 
1179-1207, 

GAINAS,  The.  See  England:  A,  D,  547- 
633. 

GAINES'  MILL,  Battle  of.  See  United 
States  of  Am.  :  A.  D.  1862  (June — July:  Vir- 
ginia). 

GAL  AT  A,  The  Genoese  colony.  See  Genoa: 
A   0:  1281-1299;  also  Constantisople  :  A.  D. 


A, 

At  tins  period  [early  in  the  last  century  |   1261-1453,  and  1348-1355, 

1441 


hi 


H 


«      K' 


•i        "* 


i , 


'SI 


ir:  ,i- 


"^..:. 


OALATiB 


GALATiE,  The.    8tc  Oaclr. 
GALATIA.-GALATIANS.-In  280  H.  ('. 

a  iKxIy  of  Oiiiils,  or  CVItn.  invudcil  Orccco,  umlcr 
Brt'imuM,  unit  in  tlir  following  year  three  tribes  : 
of  tliecii  erossiMl  inli)  .Vsia  .Minor.  There,  an  in  j 
Greece,  tliev  eoininitted  terrilile  nivage»,  and  j 
were  a  disofatinj;  seoiirge  to  the  land,  soinelinieH 
employed  as  nien-enaries  by  one  and  anollier  of  j 
till'  priiiees  wlio  fouglit  over  tlie  fniuiiieiits  of 
.Mexari.lir's  Km|>ire,  and  Minielinn's  maiidnj;  for  | 
phiinler  on  iliiir  own  aicmiiit.  .VnlioeliiH,  son 
of  .Sileueus,  of  SyriM.  is  wii,!  to  have  won  a  (.'real  [ 
victorv  over  tluin;  bot  it  Hii~  nut  uiilil  'i'-i',)  li.  ('. 
tliat  tlii'V  Wire  m  riou>!y  ili.ike.l  by  .\tlaliix. 
Kills;  of  I'lruiiiiiis,  wlicii!.  fiiitiil  them  in  a  ureal 
batili'  and  foiTi-d  Ihiiu  to  .-.tile  in  tlie  pari  of 
aniii'iil  l'lir\  .:i:i  »liii  ii  aflirwanl<  lool»  il>  name 
from  llinii,  in  iii\'  eallid  (i.ilali.i.  or  Oallo  lira  i  ia, 
or  Ka>l.rii  II. ml.  Win  ii  the  iiuiiians  Mibjiiv'at:-il 
,\-i.i  MiMi.r  llirv  found  the  (iilala'  aiiioiii;  their 
nioNl  r..|lllil.l!'lr  ellelllies.  'I'lir  latter  were  per- 
iiiiM.d  l.ir  a  lime  to  retain  a  eerl.iiii  decree  of 
iiidepiiidiiii  e,  nadir  letrarchs,  and  afterwards 
under  kiii-s  uf  tlieir  own.  Hut  liiially  (Jalilia 
lieeame  a  Uoiiian  pnninee.  ■•  Wlim  St.  I'aiil 
preaclitd  amoiii'  tlaiii,  they  seemed  fused  into 
Ilie  Helli  iiislie  wnrld,  speaking'  Creek  like  the 
rest  of  .\«ia;  yet  the  Celtie  laiiuiiaije  loiii.'  liii- 
irereil  anion.;  tiiem  and  St.  .IiTome  says  he  loiiiid 
the  eoiiiitrviu'ople  still  iisiiii;  it  in  Ids  day  (fourth 
eellt  .V  I)\"— .1.  I*.  .MahalTv,.V";-,V';'' ■!'''■''■""'"■''' 
Kinj,ir,.  -■/,.  8.— See,  also,  G.vi  l.s:  IV  t'.  2sa--JT!l. 
Invasion  ok  (iiiKKi  k 

GALBA,  Roman  Emperor,  .\.  O.  68-69. 

GALEN,  and  Ancitnt  Medical  Science. 
See  .Miii)lr.\l.  S<  ii;m  k     'Jo  <Ksri  liv. 

GALERIUS,  Roman   Emperor,  \.  1).  SO.'i- 

311.  .   „ 

GALICIA  (Spain),  Settlement  of  Sue»es 
and  Vandals  in.     See  SrviN:  .V.  I).  409-114. 

GALILEE.— The  Hebrew  name  Oalil,  ap- 
plied originally  to  a  little  section  of  country,  be- 
came in  the  lionian  age,  m  Oalilira,  the  name  of 
the  whole  region  in  Palestine  north  of  Samaria 
ami  west  of  the  river  .Ionian  and  the  Sea  of 
Galilee.  Ewald  Interprets  the  name  as  meaiiing 
the  "march "or  frontier  land;  but  in  Smith's 
"  Dictionary  of  the  Bible"  it  is  said  to  tignify  a 
"circle"  or  "circuit,"  It  had  many  heathen  in- 
habitants and  was  called  Galilee  of  the  Gentiles. 
— H.  Kwald,  Hint,  of  hrael,  hk.  5,  «W.  1. 

GALLAS,  The.  See  .Vkkic.*:  The  Inh.vii- 
ITINC.  U.^fEs;  and  .Ybyssinu;  L-jth-lOth  Ten- 
TuniEs. 

GALLATIN,  Albert,  Negotiation  of  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent.     See  L'sitku  St.^tes  ok  .\m.  : 

A.   I>.    1H<4(I>K<KMBER). 

'""'.LDACHT.     See  P.m.e,  TnK   Enolish. 

*.  •  EON  OR  GALEON.— GALERA.— 

ZA.— GALEASSES.   SeeCAR.KVKi.s; 

aih..     ...dl.AND:   A.  1).  l.WS;  also,  I'ERf:   \.  I). 

l.'i.vUl81fl. 

GALLI,  The.     S<e  GAti.s. 

GALLIA.     SeetiAii, 

GALLIA  BRACCATA,  COMATA  AND 
TOGATA.—  '  The  antienl  historians  make  some 
allusion  to  anotlier  ilivi.siou  of  (Jaiil.  perhaps  intro- 
duced tiy  the  soldiers,  for  it  was  fouiiih'd  solely 
upon  thi'  costume  of  the  inhal)itaiits.  Gallia  To- 
gata,  near  the  Khone,  comprehended  the  Gauls 
who  had  adopted  the  toga  and  the  Koman  manners. 
In  Galli.i  t'nmata,  to  the  north  of  the  I.oirr,  tht- 
inhabitauts  wore  long  plaited  hair,  which  we  find 

1442 


GANGWAY 

to  this  (lay  amimg  the  Has  Britons.  Oullia  l)i 
cata.  to  the  south  of  the  U)ln',  wore,  fir  thi'  i; 
tlonal  costiiiae,  trousers  reaching  froni  the  hi 
to  the  ancles,  called  '  bracca-. ' "— .1 .  i  ,  I,.  S 
SisnioiKli,  The  Frenefi  nniler  the  .Vimrinijiiii 
lran».  lit)  lietliMi>i(im.  eh.  'i.  luite. 

GALLIA  CISALPINA.     See  Uomk:  H 
!!!K)-;f47- 


GALLICAN  CHURCH:  A.  D.  1268.-T 
Pragmatic  Sanction  of  St.  Louis.    Si  r  I'lusi 

.\    1).  lu'iw. 

A.  D.    1438.— The  Pragmatic   Sanction 
Charles  "II.,  affirming  some  of  the  dicre 
of    the    reforming    Council    of    Basel 
l'ii\Mr,:  .\.  I).  iriH. 

A.  D.  1515-1518. -Abrogation  of  the  Pra 
matic  Sanction.— The  Concordat  of  Bologi 

See  l-'iiANii;:    .\  .  I>.    Tl  1  ■"l    1 -"l  1 « . 

A.  D.  1653-1713.— The  conflict  of  Jesu 
and  Jansenists.— Persecution  of  the  Utte- 
The  Bull  Unigenitus  and  its  tyrannit.il  f 
forcement.     See  I'oiir  ItoVAi,  ash  riii  ,1  i\-i 

ISIS. 

A.  D.  1791-1792. — The  civil  constitution 
the  clergy.— The  oath  prescribed  by  the  ^ 
tional  Assembly.  See  KitAM  1  A  |i  IT' 
Kill;  I7'.li'-1TU1;  and  1T!I1-17'.»-V 

A.  D.  1793. — Suppression  of  Christian  wi 
ship  in  Paris  and  other  parts  of  France,-T 
worship  of  Reason.     Sei-  Khanc  1;:  A  li   i: 

(NoVKMIlKU) 

A.  D.  1802.— The  Concordat  of  Napoleon 


Its    Ultramontane    influence. 
.\..  I).  1H01-1H04. 

A.  D.     1833-1880.— The    Chu.ch 
Schools,     See  Edvc.vtion,    Mom kn 

\  I).  i»:ia-i889. 


Kiu 


and    I 

l"U\Ni 


GALLICIA,  The  kingdom  of.  S,,  Spa 
X.  n.  IVA-TAT. 

GALLIENUS,  Roman  Emperor,  A  P  'J 
268, 

GALLOGLASSES.— The  heavy  arniclf. 
sohliers  of  the  Irish   in  their   haltles  with 
English   during  the    14th   century.     .Sr,  n 

ItAPPAllEE. 

GALLS.  SeeluELANO:  OTii-lOTiiCEXTrui 

GALVANI.  See  Ei.kitkk  ai.  IIim.ai; 
A.  I).  1786-180(1. 

GAMA,  Voyage  of  Vasco  da.  S. .  I'.ii 
UAi.:  A.  1).  146:1-1498. 

GAMBETTA  AND  THE  DEFENSE 
FRANCE.  See  France:  A.  1».  InTooki-t 
BER— OCTOBKR),  and  187U-1H71. 

GAMMADION,  The.     See  Tui  sktims 

GAMORI.     See  Okomori. 

GANAWESE  OR  KANAWHAS,  T 
See  American  Aborioinks:  Ai.oomii  ian  I 

GANDARIANS,  The.    See  Ci  1.11.-1  vv* 

GANDASTOGUES,  OR  CONESTOC 

The.     See  .\MERicAN  AnoKioist>    .-i-.iU.ii 

.NAS, 

GANGANI,  The.     See  Iki;i.am 
Eaui.v  Celtic  Imiabitants 

GANGWAY,  The.— On  the  H.... 
lish  House  of  Commons,  "  the  Ion-' 
rise  gradually  on  each  side  of  iln- 
to  the  Speaker's  right  being  oerii|.i. 
holders  of  the  Government,  and  tli. 
a.:r.".mm™i!>ting  the  Oppositii.u.  " 
seating  runs  in  an  unbroken  line  htii.  alh  i 


TauiKS 


r.lllL'E 

li:,.-^..f- 

ij:iir  — I 

,|  l.vtli.' 

^,    M  till' 

...■  l.-nirt 

ti; 


f  ' 


GANGWAY 


OAl' 


of  the  side  gallerica.  ami  these  are  ktiowo  an  the 
■t)»ck  l)enche«.'  The  other  letiKthti  are  illvhUil 
into  two  nearly  equal  purls  by  an  iiuw  uteil  gap 
nf  iilK)iit  a  yanl  wide.  This  is 'the  )(aii),'wuy.' 
Though  nothing  more  than  a  convenient  nieiins 
o(  aiee».<for  niemlHrs.  this  space  has  come  to  lie 
remmleil  as  the  barrier  lljat  separates  the  tliiik 
mil  Ihin  supporters  of  the  rival  leailers  from 
their  less  feltereil  i-olle,it.'ues  — that  is  to  siiy,  llic 
jleiulv  men  from  the  Itadicals,  Nationalisls.  and 
tree  laui-es  gi  nerally.'— /'";«(/,ir  .I'vY  //  I'lirliii 
lutiil'ini  I'liH-rihiir.  I'.  (!. 
GAON.-THE  GAONATE.     Scc.Jkwh:   ,th 

C'FKn  nv.  .        .   ,    ,     I 

GARAMANTES,  The.— Ihi'  an(  u  nt  inliab  | 
itaiils  of  tlie  nurlli  .Vlriean  re;;ii'n  now  called  I 
Ff/./.:in.  were  Know  II  ;is  the  (iaramaiites.  —  !•'..  II.  i 
liiinburv.  Ili'l.  "/Wnn.nt  '/,..,./..  'V  f*.  »"'■  1  ! 

GARCIA,  King  of  Leon  and  the  Asturias,    : 

or  Oviedo,  A    l>.  IMii'.lll Garcia  I.,  King   ; 

of  Navarre,  nn.Vmui Garcia   II.,   King  of  ' 

Spain,  (liVKTO Garcia   III.,  King   of  Na-  I 

varre,  Mtri-liril Garcia  IV.,  King  of  Na-   \ 

varre,  Iblt-UIO. 

GARFIELD,  General  James  A.— Campaign 
in  Kentucky.  See  IMrKii  St.vtis  .if  .\m  : 
A.  1).  If«'-  (J.v.M  AKV— KiiiiUAiiv;  Kkntii  KV  — 
TcNSKssKK) Presidential  election.  —  Ad- 
ministration. —  Assassination.  See  I'mtiii 
STdKsoK  Am.  :  A.  II,  l><NO,  and  IHr^l. 

GARIBALD,  King  of  the  Lombards,  ..  1> 
6:i  t>T:!. 

GARIBALDI'S  ITALIAN  CAMPAIGNS. 
Sie  1t.\lv;  A.  1).  IS1M-IH41);  IS.Vi-lH.ia;  IH.'.O- 
ls61;  l««J-18tl8;  and  |HtiT-lKTO. 

GARIGLIANO,  Battle  of  the  (1503).  Sie 
lT.\I.V;  A.  I),  l.Wl-1504. 

GARITIES,  The.  See  Ai^mt.usk:  Tiik 
AxciKST  TniiiKs. 

GARRISON,  William  Lloyd,  and  the 
American  Abolitionists.  See  Slavkuv,  Neuho  ; 
A.  1).  182S-ls;i'>. 

GARTER,  Knights  of  the  Order  of  the.— 
"About  this  time  [.V.  P.  KWIt]  the  king  of  Eng- 
land [Edwunl  III.]  resolved  to  rebiiihl  and  em- 
bellish the  great  enstle  of  Windsor,  which  king 
Arthur  had  first  founded  in  time  past,  and  where 
lie  Imd  erected  ami  established  that  noble  round 
table  from  whence  so  many  gallant  knights  had 
issued  forth,  ami  displayed  the  valiant  prowess 
of  their  deeds  at  arms  over  the  world.  King 
Eilward.  thercf<irc.  determined  to  establish  an 
onlir  of  knighthooii.  consisting  of  himself,  his 
children,  and  the  most  gallant  knights  in  Chris- 
ttndoin,  to  the  number  of  forty,  lie  ordered  it 
to  Ik- (h  nominated  'knights  of  the  blue  garter.' 
and  that  the  feast  should  bo  celebnited  every 
year  at  Windsor,  upon  St.  George's  day.  lie 
suiiiiiioned,  therefore,  all  the  earls,  barons,  anil 
kiiii:lits  of  his  realm,  to  inform  them  of  his  inten- 
tiiiiis,  tiiey  heard  it  with  great  pleasure;  for  it 
uppc  areil  to  them  highly  honourable,  eml  capable 
of  iiu Teasing  love  and  friendship.  Forty  knights 
wen- then  elected,  acconling  to  report  and  e.sti 
nwtinn  the  brivest  in  ('liri>tcndom,  who  sealed, 
ami  >ttore  to  maintain  ami  keep  the  feast  and  the 
slalutis  which  had  been  made.  The  king  founded 
a  (ii.ipi'i  at  Winibor,  in  honour  of  St.  (leorge, 
and  oliiblished  canons,  there  to  serve  (lod.  with 
aliiiiKlsonie  endowment.  He  then  issued  his  nro< - 
lamaiiou  for  this  feast  by  his  hemlds,  whom  he 
sint  to  France,  Scotland',  Burgundy,  Haiiiault, 
F:.i, „;,!,,  lirabanl,  uiul  Uie  empire  of  iJermaay, 


and  ofTcrcil  to  all  knights  and  sriuircs,  that  might 
come  to  this  ceremony,  passports  to  last  for  llftecn 
days  after  it  was  over.     The  (elebratioii  if  this 
order  was  tixed  for  St.  (leorge's  day  ne\t  eiisu 
iiig,   to   be   held   lit  Windsor.    |:144   "— Frois-sart 
(.lohnes).  r/o-"/iiV/,»,  «■.  I,  rh.  IIKI.  — "The  popu 
hir   traclilioii,  ilerived   from   I'olydore  Veriril,  is 
lliiit,  having  a  festival  iit  Court,  a  lady  chaiireil 
to  ilrop  her  gartir,  when  il  was  picked  up  by  the 
King.     Observing  that  tlieirieiileiit  made  t hi'  bye 
slanders  smile  signilicMiitly,  Kdward   exclaimed 
in  a  tone  of  n  buUe,  '  llouiVoit  (|iii  ni:il  y  peiiM' ' 
—  ■  Disbonouri  d  be  In'  «  li.i  thinks  evil  of  il  ';  and 
I o  prevent  any  ill rt her  i mil  in io.;.  he  lied  I  lie  garter 
niiind  lii^  own  l,ii.  e.     'I'liis  aiieedole.  it    is  true, 

Iki-  bei  11  1  hanutiri/i'l  bv  >o; is  an  improbable 

fable:  w!iy.  we  Knn-.  iio't.  .  ,  .  lie  the  ori^'iii  of 
Ihr  'iwiiliiliiin.  ij..\M\  r.  what  it  may.  no  Order 
ill  l".iirii|ie  is  ^n  mil  il  ill,  none  so  ilIll^l^ious,  for 
it  (\ciiils  in  111:1  ii~l>,  honour  and  biiiie  all 
iliiiiilriiiK  fnil.iuiii.  s  ill  i!ie  wi.rlil.'.  .  .  liy  a 
Stal.Ue  ii;i>-iil  c;i  I'll-  ITili  .I.iiiuaiy.  1>'U5.  ihe 
Onhr  i-  In  iiMi^i^i  i.t  the-  SoMTiiL'ii  and  twi'iily 
live  Kiiiu'liis  (  .iiiip:iiiioiis.  toL-ellier  witli  such 
liiiiiil  il.-i,iid:iiiN  'if  (JeorL'e  III.  lis  may  be 
(111  led,  alwiiys  i'\eipliii'_'  lie-  J'riine  of  Wales, 
who  i-,  a  eou-litiiiiil  pall  of  llie  original  iiistitu- 
.ioii.  Spiiiiil  Sl.iliiUs  li.i\r  >iiiie.  at  ilillerent 
liiiii-^.  Ill  I  n  prnclaimi  d  frr  llic  adiiiiv^ioii  of  Sov 
en  iiiiis  and  extra  Kiiiudils.  "— Sir  1!.  liiirke.  /J/oA- 
„fOr.l,r.y..f  Km.it.lh /,  II.  !l,x. 

.\i.Mi  IN:  .1.  Uuswdl.  Ilift.  Air't  nfllie  linii/htu 
iif  t/if  ';.ir<. ;■.—(',  .M.  Yonge,  (.'.imfa  fnnn  Kmj. 
)li>l  ,  •->./.•..;■/.«.  ,:  ;!. 

GARUMNI,  The  Tribe  of  the.     .See  Aqli- 

TMNK  :   TllK  Am  IK.NT  'I'llIllKS. 
-♦- 
GASCONY.  —  GASCONS :     Origin.      See 

AyilTAiNi::   A.  1)    liMl-TliN. 

A.  D.  778.— The  ambuscade  at  Roncesvalles. 
SeeSi-AiN:  A.  1).  "K 

A.  D.  781.— Embraced  in  Aquitaine.  See 
A<iriT.^INK.;  A.  1).  7H1. 

nth  Century.— The  Founding  of  the  Duke- 
dom.    Sec  Blkoindy;  A.  II.  10;)2. 

•   GASIND,  The.     See  Comiiatus. 

GASPE,  The  burning^of  the.  See  United 
States  OK  Am.  :  A.  1>    liT'-i. 

GASTEIN,  Convention  of  (1865).  See  Geb- 
mant;  A,  I).  1801-lHim. 

GATES,  General  Horatio,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution.  See  I'nitei)  States  ok  Am.  : 
A.  1).  I'lo  (.May- AfdisTI;  1777  (.Iri.Y — Ocro- 
HEU);  1777-1778;  178tl  (Feiuii  AitY — August); 
17*1-178:. 

GATH.     See  Pmii.istines. 

GATHAS,  The.     .See  Zokoastrians. 

GAU,  OR  GA,  The.— "  Next  [after  the  Mark, 
in  the  se,  '  nients  01  the  tJermanic  peoples]  in 
order  of  constitution,  if  not  of  time,  is  th"  'inion 
of  two.  three,  or  more  .Marks  in  a  fe<li  ''ond 
for  purposes  of  a  religious,  judicial,  or  ,to- 

litieal  chanicter.     The  technical  name  1  li  a 

iiiiiou  is  in  Germany  a  (!au  or  Bant;  in  ..  ,land 
the  am  iei.t  name  tia  has  liecn  almost  universally 
superseded  by  that  of  Scir  or  Shire.  For  the 
miisi  part  the  natural  divisions  of  the  country 
arc  the  iliviNions  also  of  the  Ga;  ami  the  size  of 
this  (U'lH'nds  upon  su<h  accidental  limits  as  well 
as  upon  the  character  and  dispositions  of  the 
several  collective  bodies  which  we  have  called 
Mark.s.     Tlie  (ia  is  the  second  and  final  forvo  --f 


I         'i 


U43 


~i  mil 


i 


■3 


GAU. 


OACL,  n.  C.  58-,-)l 


M'l. 


! 


n: 


'<■'■ 


•    ! 

h    ■■  ' 
I 

I  I: 
i.  - . 


I4i' 


'■':•;.■ 


-i  f 


;ir 


i*  ■     I 


-  '  i  i 
■ 


i   ii."     . 


in  ■ 


1 

■'1; 


tt- 


|1 


r'^l 


.¥■■ 

M- 

?i:^   /■:• 

.1  •■ 

':■■■.:■ 

■  ■•  ■ :  t 

•.■:'■ 

4- 

llf- 

(  :*. 


!■'■ 


^ 


uMcvoml  possession;  forevory  l»rj»rrag)irrKftl«' 
is  bill  till'  rcHiilt  of  II  Krixloiil  rciliu'liiiii  of  siicli 
illiitricls.  iindtT  n  higher  political  or  udiiiinistm- 
tivi'  unity.  ililTiTciit  only  in  di'^tn'r  ami  nut  in 
kind  from  wliat  iircvailcd  individually  lu  eaili. 
Till'  kingdom  in  only  a  larpr  (!a  llian  ordinary  ; 
inilt't'il  till'  (ia  itsi'lf  was  tlir  orli;iiial  kinKdoni. 
.  .  .  Siiiiii' of  the  niodirn  Nliin'divisions  of  Kn>;- 
land  in  all  prolialiility  liavi'  riinaincd  uni'liaii),'t'd 
from  till'  rarlii'Kt  times:  so  that  lii'ri'  and  thiro  a 
now  I'xistcnt  Shire  may  Ih'  iduntieal  in  tirritory 
with  an  aiicirnt  (ja.  iliit  it  may  lie  iloiiliti'd 
wlu'thir  this  olisirvatioii  ran  be  very  extinsivily 
appliid." — .1.  M.  Kemhle,  T/ie  Simiia  in  Kiiy- 
I'inil.  U:  1,  <•/<.  It. 

GAUGAMELA,  OR  ARBELA,  Battle  of 
(B.  C.  331).    S.U  Ma.  1.110MA:  B.  V  :i;!4-;i;ti). 

GAUL:  described  by  Cciar.— "Gallia,  in 
till'  widi'st  w'liM'  of  the  tiriii,  is  diviiled  into 
three  parts,  one  part  oeeiipied  liv  the  Belsne,  a 
st'cond  liy  the  Aipiilani.  and  a  tliinl  by  a  people 
whom  the  Ituinans  name  Galli.  lint  in  their  own 
tongue  they  are  named  Celtae.  These  three 
[leople  didef  in  hini;na){e  anil  wKial  institutions. 
rile  Garumna  (Oaroiine)  is  the  boundary  U'tweeu 
the  Aipiitani  and  the  Celtae:  the  rivera  Matrona 
(Marue.  a  branch  of  t lie  Seine)  and  the  Sequaua 
(Seine)  separate  the  Celtae  from  the  Uelgac.  .  .  . 
That  part  of  Gallia  which  is  occupied  by  the 
Celtae  iH'fjins  at  the  river  lUione:  it  ia  bounded 
by  the  Garonne,  the  Ocean  and  the  territory  of 
the  Ikloie:  on  the  side  of  the  Seiiuani  and  the 
llelvelii  it  also  extends  to  the  Hliine.  It  IcKiks  to 
the  north.  The  territory  of  the  Helgae  liegina 
where  that  of  the  Celiac  ends:  it  extends  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  Uliiiu';  it  looks  towanis  the 
north  and  the  risini;  sun,  Aipiitiinia  extenils 
from  the  Garonne  to  the  I'yrenean  mountains  and 
that  part  of  the  Ocean  which  Imnlers  on  Spain. 
It  IcKiks  in  a  dinction  lietwecn  tlie  .sittiuj;  sun 
and  the  north." — Julius  Ca'sir.  (Iiillic  Wum,  hk. 
1.  rh.  1:  triiiiK.  hji  II.  I nwj  {Uirline  I'fthe  Itumtiii 
J{,'/i'ihlir,  1:  ;t,  <-/i.  22). 

B.  C.  125-121.  —  First  Roman  conquests. 
Sec  Sm.vks;  Al.uinKooKs:  and  -tjiiui. 

B.  C.  58-51.— C»'_.'s  conquest. — Ciesarwas 
consul  for  the  year  Oai  .\.  U.  (11.  C.  5S|.  Xt  tlie 
expiraliiiii  of  liis  consulship  he  secured,  by  vote 
of  the  iH'ople,  the  Rovernnient  of  the  two"Ciaiils 
(see  KoMt::  U.  C.  63-.W).  not  fur  one  year,  which 
was  the  ciisloiuary  term,  but  for  five  years  — 
afterwards  extended  to  ten.  Cisalpine  Gaul 
(northern  Italy)  had  Uen  fully  subjugated  and 
Wits  tranipiil:  Tmiisalpine  Gaul  (Gaul  west  and 
iiDrili  of  the  Alps,  or  modern  France.  Switzer- 
la  1  and  Helgium)  was  troubled  and  threatening. 
In  T;,  .  salpine  Gaul  the  Koinans  had  made  no 
comiuesLs  lieyond  the  Ulione.  as  yet.  except  along 
the  coast  at  tlic  south.  Tile  country  lietwecn  the 
Alps  and  the  Khone,  excepting  certain  territories 
of  -Massilia  (.Marseilles)  which  still  continued  to 
be  a  free  city,  in  alliance  with  Home,  hail  tK'en 
fully  appropriated  and  organizeil  as  a  province 
—  the  Provence  of  later  limes.  The  territory 
lietwecn  the  Rhone  and  the  Cevennes  mountains 
was  less  fully  occupied  and  controlled.  Cicsar's 
first  proceeding  as  proconsul  in  Gaul  was  to  ar- 
rest the  migration  of  the  llelvetii,  who  had 
determined  to  abandon  their  Swiss  valleys  and  to 
seize  some  new  territory  in  Gaul.  He  blocked 
their  passage  through  Kuniau  Guiil.  then  folhnvcii 
tbem  iu  tlieir  movement  eastward  of  the  lihone,   | 


Bttnrked  and  defeated  them  with  gnat  >\vfjh 
and  forciKi  the  small  remnant  to  n  turn  1  >  || 
des<'rted  mountain  homes.  Thesanie  u  irl! 
M)  he  drove  out -if  Gaul  a  fiirniiiliiiil',-  i„.,|v 
Suevic  Germans  who  hail  crossed  the  Itliiiir  s, 
years  liefore  umhr  their  king.  Ariiivi.stu^  T; 
wen' almost  annihilated.  The  next  vi^ir  H 
57)  lie  reduced  to  submission  the  powlrful  iri 
of  the  Belgian  region,  who  had  pnivuki  <|  :,n 
by  leaguing  themselves  again>t  the  I;  iii,,ii 
tfiision  in  Gaul.  The  most  olisiinair  .,1  i|, 
trilies  —  the  Nervii  —  were  deslroviil  In 
folhiwing  year  (B.C.  .16)  Ca'sar  iUlm  k,  il  ; 
nearly  externiinateil  the  Veneti.  n  ivinirk:, 
maritinie  people,  who  occupied  part  of  .Vriii.i 
(miKlern  IJriltany);  he  also  redund  ilif  11 
Irilies  iiorthwanls  to  submission.  wliiNcni'  <'f 
lii'iitenaiits.  Crassiis.  niade  a  conipit^i  of  .\( 
tania.  Tlieconc{iiestof  (iaul  wasiio«  .i|.|.;irc  1; 
complete,  and  next  year  (Ii.  C.  .I.'ii.  iifi.rr'iii 
and  cutting  to  pieces  another  horde  of  i;,  nn  1 
invaders  — the  L'sipetesand  Tencthi  ri  wliui 
ventured  across  the  hiwer  Khine.  C:esar  Imvi  r 
tlie  channel  and  invaded  Britain.  ThU  iin>t 
vosion,  which  had  been  little  more  tliui  a  ni 
noisstince,  was  npeated  the  year  follow  in;;  1 1) 
54).  with  a  larger  force.  It  wiia  an  1  Npilii 
having  small  results,  and  Ca'sar  reliiriK  i|  ir  .11 
in  the  early  autumn  to  tiiid  his  power  in  i', 
undermined  everywhere  by  relH'llioU'.  inii-]'i 
cies  The  first  outbri'iik  occurred  iininin' 
Bclgip,  and  found  its  vigorous  leader  hi  11  yw. 
chief  of  the  Kburones.  Ambiorix  by  iiiuii  T 
h'gions.  stationed  in  the  midst  of  I  hi'  i:iHir"ii 
were  cut  to  pieces  svhile  atteni|itiijg  1.1  nip 
But  the  elTect  of  this  „'reat  di.s,i.-.Ier  w^i,  Ijrul 
by  the  bohl  energy  of  (lesar.  who  led  Iwu  ii^ii. 
nuinliering  bari'ly  7.(H)0  men.  to  the  resi  ue  if 
lieutenant  Cicero  (brother  of  tlie  nnilnnwli 
single  legion,  camped  in  the  Nerviuj  ii  rrii.i 
was  surroiiniled  and  iH'sieged  by  Uo.iKiii  nf  1 
enemy.  Casar  and  his  7.000  veter;lll^  ^'lll;l 
to  rout  the  (iO.OOO  Ui'lgians.  Pmcenliii-  n 
similar  vigor  to  further  operations.  ;iiiii  misi 
new  h'gions  to  increase  his  force,  the  pniiiiU; 
had  stamped  the  rebellion  out  Inlnrr  iln-  >■[•'»■ 
the  year  .W  B.  ('..  and  the  Ebiiroin -,  wU^i  M 
it.  bad  ceased  to  exist.  Hut  the  iiexl  \.  ir  ili. 
5'J)  brought  upon  him  a  still  mure  -1  ri  u^  ri-ii 
of  the  Gallic  trilies  in  central  (i;iiil.  Ii  ;il'ii"1  h 
the  Ik'Igians.  Its  leaiU  r  was  Verciu:;' !..ri\ 
gallant  and  able  young  chief  of  tlie  .\rvi mi 
wxs  begun  by  the  Carnutes.  who  nlM-^.:l■  r.  ,1  1 
Hoiuan  settlers  in  their  town  of  GeiiiiliiiiN  i|in 
ably  modern  Orleans,  but  .some  say  (iii  n.  !  irll 
up  the  Loire).  Cx'sar  was  on  the  Ilaliiiu  jiili- 
the  Alps  when  the  news  reached  hiiii.  :i»'l  I 
G:iuls  expected  to  be  able  to  prevent  lii-  j  ^iii' 
'lie  scattered  lioman  forces  in  their  ("iiiili 
Hut  his  energy  battled  them,  as  it  iiiil  I'litll 
them  many  times  liefore.  lie  was  mr'x  t 
Alps,  across  the  Rhone,  over  the  CrMiini> 
through  six  feet  of  snow  in  the  pas.si; — -.wA 
their  midst,  with  such  troops  as  he  c::!  I  uul 
in  the  Province.  Ix'fore  they  dreaiiml .  f  Iviiii 
wait  for  liini.  Then,  leaving  most  nf  tin  -.  f.Ti 
with  Deeimus  Brutus,  in  a  strong  i>  '-i'i'n. 
stole  away  secretly,  recros.si'd  the  Cevniiii^.  i 
himself  at  the  heail  of  a  small  lusly  ot  1  ,i\  ulry 
Vienne  on  the  Rhone,  and  roih'  slniii:!];  ilirnii 
the  country  of  the  insurgents  to  join  In-  vdit 
legions,  iirst  at  Langrcs  and  afuf- ;i:  i  :'  ^i 
In  a  few  weeks  he  was  it  the  bead  of  i  ^if" 


:^i 


1444 


OAUL.  B.  C    58-51. 

inny.  bad  taken  the  guiltr  town  of  Ocnabiini 
umI  Imd  given  it  up  to  tiri'  and  tlic  sword.  A 
Httli'  Inter  till!  lapitiil  of  the  BitiiriKes.  Aviirinim 
(mixlern  Hoiirges),  siilTered  llie  miine  fate.  Next. 
iltcMiptlng  to  reduce  tliu  Arvernian  town  of  Uer- 
^viii.  lie  met  with  a  check  iinil  w.'iH  placed  in  a 
■rri'ms  slrait.  But  with  the  utile  help  of  his 
Heuti'iiant  Labienuii,  who  defeated  a  powi^rfiil 
coniliiimtion  of  tlic  Ouiila  near  l.utetia  (modern 
Pliri>i,  he  broke  thi-  toil.-..  O'united  his  arniv, 
wliich  he  had  diriilecl.  routed  VertinKetori.x  In 
t  yri  lit  battle  fought  in  the  valley  of  the  Vin- 
(eannr.  and  shut  him  up,  n  ith  ttO.lHM)  men,  in  the 
cilv  iif  Alesia.  The  hiege  of  Ale.sia  (modem 
AliV  Waintc  lliine,  west  of  Dijon)  which  fol- 
lowed, was  the  most  e.xttuonlin.ary  of  Ciesar's 
military  exploits  in  Quiil.  Hohling  his  circum- 
Ttllution  of  tile  town,  against  MO.IXM)  within  its 
walls  and  thrici'  as  many  swarming  outside  of  it, 
he  scaitcred  tlie  latter  and  forcinl  the  surrender 
of  the  former.  His  triumph  was  his  greatest 
tbame.  Like  a  very  savage,  he  dragged  the 
kailflitly  Vereingetorix  in  liis  captive  train,  ex- 
Ubite<l  him  at  a  sul)se(iuent  "triuinph"in  Home, 
isd  then  sent  liim  to  be  put  to  death  in  tlie 
ghastly  Tulllanuni.  The  fall  of  Alesia  practi- 
rally  ended  the  revolt;  although  even  the  next 
ymr  found  some  lighting  to  lie  done,  and  one 
itroDghold  of  the  Cadurcl,  Uxellodiinum  (mmleni 
Puy-(l'I»solu,  near  Vayrac),  held  out  with  great 
obstinacy.  It  was  taken  by  tapping  with  a  tun- 
nel the  spring  wliich  supplied  the  iM'slegeil  with 
Wiier,  and  Ca'sar  punished  the  obstinacy  of  tlu^ 
garrison  by  cutting  olT  their  hands.  Gaul  was 
then  deemed  to  be  conquered  and  pacitied,  and 
Cisar  was  prepared  for  the  flnal  contest  with  his 
rivals  and  enemies  at  Home. — t'lesur,  (laltic  War. 

Also  IN:  (>.  I.K)ng.  UiHiiie  of  the  liummi  He- 
fnUk.  r.  4. —  Napoleon  III..  Jlinluri/  <»/  (vi./<;r. — 
r  \.  HihIl'c,  Cirmr,  r/i.  4-'2."i. 

»d-3d  Century. — Introduction  of  Christiati- 
ity.    Sii' ('HKisriANirv  :  A.  I).  IIMMII'.' ((i.Mi.). 

2d-7th  Century.— Ancient  Commerce.    Si-c 

TlUOE. 

A.  D.  27^.— The  invaders  driven  back  by 

Probus. — "  The  most  impoitant  st'rvice  which 
Pnibiis  lHoman  Emperor,  A.  1).  37f»-2)<2]  ren- 
dfnil  to  the  republic  was  the  deliverance  of 
(Jaul.  ami  the  recovery  of  seventy  nourishing 
cities  iippres.sed  by  the  barbarians  of  Gennany. 
who,  since  the  death  of  Aurelian,  had  ravageil 
that  itrciit  province  with  impunity.  Among  the 
Tariiius  multitude  of  those  fierce  inviulers.  we 
may  distinguish,  with  some  degree  of  clearness, 
three  great  armies,  or  rather  nations,  successively 
vamiuished  by  the  valour  of  Probus.  Hi'  drove 
back  the  Franks  into  their  mora.ss('s;  a  descrip- 
tive circumstance  from  whence  we  may  infer  that 
the  confederacy  known  by  the  manly  appellation 
of  Frie'  already  occupieil  the  flat  maritime 
couiilry.  intersected  and  almost  overtiowu  bythe 
slaitnaling  waters  of  the  Uliiue.  and  that  several 
tribes  of  ihe  Frisians  and  liatavians  bad  acceded 
to  their  alliance,  lie  van(iui8he<l  the  Burgun- 
Jians  (and  the  Lygiaiis].  .  ,  .  The  deliverance 
of  Gaul  i,  reported  to  liavc  cosl  the  lives  of  4(X),- 
000  of  the  invaders  —  a  work  of  labour  to  the 
Komaiis,  and  of  expense  to  the  emperor,  who 
Ifave  a  piece  of  gold  for  the  head  of  every  bar- 
barian '—E.  Gibbon.  Deeline  and  Fall  of  the 
Itom.vi  Empire,  eh.  13. — Sec,  also,  Lyoians. 

A.  D.  287.— Insurrection  of  the  Bagaud*. 
See  I!.\u.4LUb;  also,  Ueuititii'b. 


GAIL,  A.    1).  40e-4()9 

A.  D.  355-361. — Julian's  recovery  of  the  prov- 
ince from  the  barbarians.— During  the  civil 
wars  and  religious  (piarrels  wliich  followed  the 
death  of  Coastaniiiie  tlietircat  —  more  cspt'cially 
in  the  three  years  of  the  usurpation  of  Maguen- 
tins,  in  the  west  (A.  1).  a.'ii(-:i.'>;i),  Gaul  was  not 
only  ali.indoncd,  for  the  most  part,  to  the  bar 
barians  of  (Jcrmany,  but  Fninks  and  Alemnnni 
were  iiiviti'd  liy  ('onst.'intiiis  to  enter  it.  "In  a 
little  while  a  large  part  of  the  north  and  east  of 
(•aiil  were  in  their  almost  iindispuleil  possission. 
The  Alanians  seized  upon  the  idiintries  which 
are  now  calle<l  Alsac<' anil  Liimiine;  the  Franks 
s  ■cured  for  Ihemselvis  Itatavia  anil  Toxandria: 
fiirty-llve  llniirishingcilies,  amongtlniii  Cologne, 
Treves.  Sjiires,  Worms,  and  .Stra^linrg,  were 
ravaged;  and,  in  short,  from  the  sources  of  the 
Khlne  to  its  ininitli.  forty  miles  iidaiid.  there  re- 
mained no  safety  for  the  [lopulalioii  but  in  the 
strongly  fortilicd  towns."  In  this  comlilion  of 
the  Gallic  iirovinccs.  .lulian.  the  young  ni'iihew 
of  the  emperor,  was  raisi'd  to  the  rank  of  Ciesar 
and  Mnt  thilher  willi  a  trilling  forrc  of  men  to 
take  tile  command.  "  During  an  administration 
of  six  vears  |A.  I).  ;i.").'>-:)01]  this  latest (  aisiir  re- 
vived in  Gaul  the  memory  of  the  indefatigable 
exploits  and  the  vigorous  rule  of  the  tirst  C'lesar. 
Insiilllcicnt  and  ill  disciplined  as  his  forces  were, 
and  batlled  and  betrayed  as  he  was  by  those  who 
should  have  b-en  his  aids,  be  drove  the  tierce  and 
powerful  trilKs  of  the  Alamans,  who  were  now 
the  hydra  of  the  western  provinces,  iH'yonil  the 
L'pper  Khine;  the  t'hamaves,  another  warlike 
trilH",  he  pursued  into  tlie  heart  of  their  native 
forests;  while  the  still  fiercer  and  more  warlike 
Franks  were  disliHlged  from  their  habitations  on 
ilie   .Meuse.    to  accept    of  conditions  from   bis 

hands V  part  of  these,  (.died  the  kalians. 

and  destined  to  figure  hereafter,  were  allowed  to 
settle  in  permanence  in  Toxandria.  between  the 
-Mens*'  and  the  .Slield.  near  the  modern  Tongres. 
.  .  .  Hy  three  successful  expeditions  lieyonil  the 
Uliiiic  I'lic]  restored  to  their  friends  a  multitude 
of  Uonian  captives,  rcciivered  the  broken  and 
dowii-triHliien  lines  of  the  empire,  humiliated 
many  of  tlie  proud  chiefs  of  the  Germans,  and 
iiiiiirissed  a  sjilutary  awe  and  respect  upon  their 
truculent  followers.  .  .  .  He  spent  the  intervals 
of  ])eace  which  his  valor  procured  in  recupirat- 
ing  tile  wasted  energies  of  the  inhabitants.  Their 
dilapidated  cities  were  repaired,  the  excesses  of 
taxation  retrenched,  the  deficient  harvests  com- 
pensated by  large  importations  of  corn  from 
liritain.  and  the  resources  of  suspended  indus- 
try stimulated  into  new  action.  Once  more,  says 
l.ibanius.  the  Gauls  ascended  from  the  tombs  to 
marry,  to  travel,  to  enjoy  the  festivals,  and  to 
celelirate  the  public  games." — P.  Goilwin,  Hi»>. 
of  France:  Aneient  (laul.  bk.  2,  eh.  7. 

Al.s<)  IN :  E.  Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  of  the, 
Uoniitn  Empire,  eh.  19. 

A.  D.  365-367.— Expulsion  of  the  Alemanni 
by  Valentinian.    SeeALKMANNi:  A.  1).  ;«!5-38?. 

A.  D.  378.— Invasion  of  the  Alemanni.— 
Their  destruction  by  Gratian.  See  Alemanni  : 
A.  D.  3:s. 

A.  D.  406-409.— The  breaking  of  the  Rhine 
barrier. — The  same  year  (A.  D.  406)  in  which 
Kadagaisus,  with  his  motley  barbaric  horde, 
invaded  Italy  and  was  destroyed  by  Stilicho,  a 
more  fatal  assault  was  made  upon  Gaul.  Two 
urmies,  iu  which  were  gathered  up  a  vast  multi- 
tude of  Suevi,  Vandals,  Alans  and  Burgundians, 


,49 


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I 


(lAL'L.  A    I)    4t»-40» 

fisiwd  tlw  Ulilni'.  Tlio  FrnnkH  opptiwil  tlirm  hh 
nithfiil  nlllt't  of  till'  Itinimii  power,  inclclefpitli'il 
It  Viiii.liil  iiriny  in  "iif  Breat  liiiltlc,  wheni  20,IXN) 
of  till'  iiivailt'M  wiiT  amiii;  liiit  the  Aliiiis  nunc 
o|>|iortiiin'lv  to  till-  ri-Miii'  of  tlnir  frii'inls  iiiul 
forricl  llii'  V'nink  ili'friidcrsof  <lii\il  to  give  wiiy 

"Till'     virloiioiH    I fi'iliriiivs     piirsiu'd     tliiir 

murcli,  :iii>l  on  (In-  lust  chiy  of  llie  ycur,  In  w  wii- 
mill  wlun  Ilii-  watcri  of  llii'  Hlilnn  wcri'  nio»t 
proli:ilily  fri.ziri,  llu  y  ciilrnii  vvillioiil  oppo-.ilion 
the  ili'fcnirliss  proviniiH  of  (iriiil,  'I'liis  nieni- 
oralile  p.i-^Mne  of  the  Siu  vl.  the  V'aniliil^,  liii.' 
Alani.   ar:'l   llie   llurL'umlians,    \\\\i<   mvir  after- 

w-ir.l-i  n-trr,iicil.  may  \»-  i i.li  n-.l  as  liie  fall  of 

llie   Itouiaii  f  in|iire  'in  llie  i..nrnri(-<  lievoiul  tin' 

Aljii:  I  lie-  liarriers  uliieli  lial  so  loiii;  w  para- 

leii  ilie  savaice  and  Ihi'  duli/i-d  natlian  of  llii' 
•  arlli  wen-,  Inni  llial  fat  il  inuineiii.  |c  V(  lli-d 
uilli  Ihi'  tnaniil.  .  ,  .  Tlir  l!"iirisliin:;  eity  of 
Meiil/.  was  -urpriM-d  and  ile»lriiyi',|.  and  many 
lliousand  Chii^liarn  \v(  i-i-  inliiimaiily  massai-n-d 
ill  lie'  elim-(  h.  Woi-m-*  perished  after  a  Imu'  and 
ohsliii  ate  >'.e.'i- ;  Straslinri;.  Spires,  Itheim-.  'roiii- 
nay.  Arras.  Amii-ns,  t  xperieiieid  the  enii-l  op- 
pression of  the  tierman  yitUe;  and  till'  (onsiim 
Ini;  llames  of   war  spread   from  the  hanks  of  Ihi' 

Itlline    over    the    L'realest     part    of   tin-    si-Vellteen 

provinies  of  Caul.  That  rii  h  and  eslensive 
c'Oiin'ry.  as  far  as  the  oeiMn.  Ihi-  Alps,  and  the 
I'yriiiees.  was  delivered  to  the  harharians.  who 
drove  liefore  Ihein  in  a  proniisenons  erowil  the 
hisho|i.  the  sinator.  and  the  viriiin.  lailen  with 
the  spoils  of  their  houses  and  altars."  — K.  (Jih- 
hoii.  l),,-hi„-,i„il  I'.ill '■!' Ill,  l!„m,iu  Kmpii;\ili.  ;ti». 

A.  D.  407-411.— Reign  of  the  usurper  Con- 
stantine.     .See  liiiirMN  :  A.  I).  HIT. 

A.  D.  410-419.— EttAbliihment  of  the  Visi- 
g;othsin  the  kinedom  of  Toulouse.  See  Oiitiis 
(VlHl(ioTHs):  A.  1).   IIIMIK. 

A.  D.  410-420.— The  Franks  join  in  the  at- 
tack on  Gaul.— Sei' Fu.vnks:  A.  1)  41l)-4-.'i). 

5th-8th  Centuries.— Barbarities  ofthe  Frank 
conquest. — Thei-ompiestsoi  tlii^  Fraiika  in  (Jaiil, 
iindi-r  Chivis,  liedun  in  -ISd  unil  endcil  with  his 
(leutli  in  .'.11  (.see  FlivNKa:  A.  D.  481-.'5in.  "In 
the  year  .")3'i,  TliccKlerik,  oni-  of  the  sons  und 
successors  of  Chlodowip.  stiid  to  those  Fniiikisli 
warriors  whom  he  eomniundeil :  '  Follow  me  «s 
far  as  .Vuvcrgne.  mid  I  will  iiitike  yon  enter  a 
country  where  yini  will  take  as  iiineh  gold  and 
.silver  as  yon  possibly  can  ilesire ;  wheie  yon  can 
carry  away  in  abundance  rt(«ks,  slaves,  and 
garments.'  The  Franks  took  np  arms  and  once 
more  crossing  the  Loire,  they  advanceil  on  the 
territory  of  the  Hituriges  and  .\rvernes.  These 
paiil  with  interest  for  the  resistance  they  had 
<lare<l  to  the  first  invasion.  Everything  amongst 
them  was  deva.stated  ;  the  churches  and  monas- 
teries were  ri/ed  to  their  foundations.  The 
young  men  and  women  were  dragged,  their 
hands  lionnd.  Jifler  the  luggage  to  be  sold  tis 
slaves.  Theinliahitantsof  this  unfortunate  coun- 
try perished  in  large  numbers  or  were  ruined  by 
the  pillage.  Nothing  was  left  them  of  what 
they  had  possessed,  says  an  ancient  ehronieh', 
except  the  laml,  which  the  b.irharians  could  not 
carry  away.  Such  were  the  neighbourly  rela- 
ticms  kept  up  by  the  Fmnks  with  the  (Jallic 
piipnlations  which  had  remained  beyond  their 
limits.  Their  cttndnct  with  respect  to  the  natives 
of  the  northern  provinces  was  lianlly  less  hostile. 
When  itilperik,  the  pton  of  C'ltlolber,  wiahed,  ill 
the  year  5Ji4,  to  send  his  daughter  in  marriage  to 


OAUL,  Snt-IOTU  (KNTUHIKS 

the  king  of  the  Went  (Jolhs,  or  Visigoths,  »,iil,,| 

In  Hpain,  liccamn  to  I'aris  and  carried  aw  ly  fr 

the  liouM'S  iK'longlng  to  the  '  iNc'  a  gnu'  niiin 
Iht  of  men  anil  women,  who  were  hiapi  1  iipin 
chariots  to  accompiiny  and  sirv.'  the  hri  I.  .1  1 1 
Tliosi'  who  refused  tii  ilepart,  a:i<l  wi  ;  !  \\,r. 
put  in  prison:  several  strangleil  lie  in  .  ui .  in 
despair.  Many  peoph'  of  the  li.-st  fiiMili.im 
listed  by  force  into  this  proeessidn.  nii.!,-  thrir 
will,  anil  gave  their  pnperty  to  the  il,ur,  lirs 
*  The  son.'  says  a  ciaitemp.irary.  '  »  is  s,  ;.  u  ii.| 
from  his  r.itli'er,  the  moth,  r  from  In  r  H  1  ul,:.  r 
they  departed  sohbing,  and  praeiuiH  1:  ;  .1  .  ;i 
curses;  so  many  pers.tiis  in  I'aii,  wi  r,  ;  1  I.  .rj 
that  it  might  be  eonipaied  to  the  di  .  I  -i  .1  . 1 
Kgvpi,'  III  till  ir  doiiiestie  mi-furiiiiM  ,  i:.  !.;■  .■, 
nf  the  Franks  .snmeiimes  fell  n  iii..r->-.  .1  ,  I  in  m 
bh-d  at  the  evil  liny  had  d-me  ,  .  II  ,1  li.i. 
momelilaiy  ri-pentain  e  soon  .Niild-i  '  .  1  ■  |,,i 
of  riehes,  theinosi  violent  passicii  ..f  Hi  I'l  ,!;;,, 
Their  ineiirsioiis  into  tiie  south  of  lie. I  r  ,  i 
mi  nee<l  a  I  soon  as  that  1  ouiiti'.\ ,  o  (..w  1  I  I-.  i. 
its  teiiurs  and  di  I'eals,  no  longer  .nlmii:,  I  i'.,ir 
giriisoiis  nor  t.i\  collei  tors.  ICarle.  lo  uii.iiit,. 
tear  of  Ills  arms  gave  the  siirtiann-  it  \lttn  m 
made  an  inroad  as  fir  as  Malsiilli-,  I,-  til, 
possession  of  l.\ons,  .\rles.  and  \'ii-niit-.  .,  ;  1 .  n 
ried  oif  an  immense  b<.oiy  to  llie  ti  tin.  r\  i  I'n- 
Franks.  Wlii-n  this  same  Karle,  i.i  in-.n-  I,;. 
frontiers,  went  to  light  the  Sarann.  in  .\|ii;'i 
nia.  he  put  the  whole  i  oiintry  to  tiri  an  I  >u.tI 
he  burnt  lteri:iers.  .\gile,  and  .Nilin-.;  i!ii-;iniii. 
of  the  latter  cily  still  bear  tracesof  tin-  iii-e  ,M 
deatli  of  Karle.  his  two  sons.  Karl'  in. inn  ;ii;  i 
I'eppin.  eontinued  the  great  enti  rpri-i-  of  n- 
placing  the  inhabitants  of  the  smiili.  1  .  nli.nii 
the  name  of  Unmans  was  still  l'Im  n.  an  li-r  III.- 
yoke  of  the  Franks.  .  .  .  South. rn  1)  oil  wh  ti 
the  sons  of  llie  Franks  what  entire  Haul  h  1 1  lio:i 
to  their  fathers;  ncmintry,  the  riehes  an  li  liiii  it' 
of  which  attracted  them  intes.santly.  an  I  s.i» 
them  return  as  enemies,  as  soon  as  il  diil  iml 
purchase  peace  of  them." — .\  Thierry.  .Virri 
lireA  iif  the  SliT'iiiiiiji'iH  Km.  Il':it"n>.il.  Ivm'ii 
etc.,  egmtf  24. 

Sth-idth  Centuries.— The  conquerors  and 
the  conquered.— State  of  society  under  the 
barbarian  rule.— The  evolution  of  Feudalism. 
— "After  tlie  cimclusion  of  the  greil  s;rai;;,'l« 
which  took  place  In  the  fourth  and  llflh  r  nluriis. 
whether  between  the  German  coinun  mrsanl  tlii' 
last  forces  of  the  empire,  or  iK'tweeii  th,'  niti.in» 
which  had  occupied  dillcrent  portions  of  (inil, 
until  the  Franks  remained  sole  tnaslers  nf  tlio 
country,  two  rices,  two  populations,  whnliliiul 
nothing  in  common  but  religion,  appe.ir  f.  riiM.v 
brought  together,  and,  as  it  were,  f.n  e  i.i  f  in- 
with  each  other,  in  one  political  (.•ininiiiiil; 
The  Oallo-l{oman  population  presents  niil' r  iln 
same  law  very  dilTerent  and  very  iiiiei|ii.vl  1  i.i'li 
tions;  the  barbarian  population  e.iin|iri-'-s.  '.'> 
getlier  with  its  own  peculiar  el■^s^ilil  iiiiiis  «( 
ranks  and  conditions,  ilistinct  laws  and  iiiii.mali- 
lies.  In  the  lirst  we  find  citizens  ahs..lii!,  ly  frir. 
coloni,  or  husbandmen  iK'longiiig  to  tin'  I111I-" 
a  proprietor,  and  domestic  slaves  dr|iii\i  1  ef  nil 
civil  rights:  in  the  si'conil.  we  see  tin-  l'r:inki>!i 
race  divided  into  two  tribes,  eaeli  li.ivin.'  iisnmi 
peculiar  law  [the  law  of  the  Salic  Kninki .  rMlu 
law,  and  the  law  of  the  Uipuariaii  Vr.wXi  "i 
Kipuarianlaw];  the  Biirgundians.  tin-  H  iih^.  mi" 

the  re.st  of  ilio  Toiitonir.  r.ucs.  w';::i  ' ■■-■■  -'•■' 

jected,  either  of  their  own  accord  or  hy  f'ro'.  i' 


1440 


OAUI..  Vril-lOTll  CESTIIUKS 


OAUh,  ITIl-tOTH  C'ENTL'KIES 


thi'  FninkUh  iniMlri'.  (JovitiiciI  by  other  hikI  I'li- 
llrely  dllTi'ivnt  liiw*.  luit  ttiiioiiK  tliini  nil.  iih 
m'll  ait  HiiioiiK  tlic  Kriinks.  wo  timl  «t  liiwt  llinr 
i«i<i»l  cimdltiiiiH  —  two  ili'Kn'cs  nf  IllMrty.  iiml 
JaviTy.  Aliiimj;  lliiw'  iriiiniirriiiiiis  kIuIim  of  ex 
uti'iin-.  till!  rrimlniil  law  of  tlif  doinlimnl,  rac. 
esliililliilicd,  by  liifaiis  of  tlio  »<ali-  of  cliiiiini.'i»  for 
crimi'or  iMr.oiial  injury,  ii  kind  of  Idemrcliy — 
Ihc  niarlihi,'  point  of  llial  inovcini'iit  toward.H  an 
ajwiniilalion  and  irradnal  IranHforniatlon,  wliicli, 
sfli-r  llic  liipw'  of  four  cinluriii.  from  tlie  liflli  to 
Ihr  lirith.  j:avo  ri^i'  to  IIm-  »o,  iciy  of  tlio  fiudal 
liniK.  'I'ia'  lir--t  runk  in  llii' civil  ordir  li.  lom;ril 
I,,  till' man  of  l''ranki«li  oiiL'in.  and  lo  llic  liar 
l.iiriin  ttlio  livrd  under  iIk'  law  of  tin' Frank-;  in 
III,.  M'lond  rank  was  plaicl  lli''  llarl.arian,  wh.i 

lived  uniirr  llii'   law  of  Ids  own    ntrv  ;    n<\t 

ranir   llii'    native    freiinan    and    |iro|iriilor,    llie 
liornaii  |io-.si'-sor.  and,  in  llie  same  ileuree,   the 
i.idiisi'r  (iernian  eoloniH;  aflc  r  Iheni.  the  llotnan 
irilmlarv  —  i.  e..  tin' n.itive  eolonus;  un.l,  la-I  of 
all,   llie'  slave,    willioul    dislinelion    of  oriirin. 
TliV-ie  v.iriou-i  ela-M -i.  >e|iaialed  on  llie  one  liand 
l.y  distanee  of  tank,  mi  llie  other  by  dilTerenee  of 
lu'wM,    manner^,    and    lanj:nai;e.    were    far    from 
iK'injt  eiiiially  ilisliiiniteil  between  the  eilie'tand 
the  rural  ilislriels.      .\ll  that  was  elevated  in  llic- 
Callo  lioiiian   population,  of  whatever  eharaeler 
it  iiii'jlit  be,  was  found  in  the  lities.  where  it- 
nnhle.  rieli,  and  industrious  families  dwelt,  sur 
rdiniiled  by  their  domestic:  slaves,   and,  amoni.' 
Ihe  |»'oplf  .if  that   rae.-,  the  only  constant  resi 
Jiiitsin  the  eoiintry  were  the  half-servile  c-oloid 
and  the  aKrieiiltural  slavi's.     On  the  niiitrary. 
the  superior  <  lam  of  the  llerinan  population  es- 
talilishfd  iUMdf  ill  the  eountry.  w  here  each  family, 
iiidcpemlent  and  proprietary,  was  inaintaiued  on 
iksowndoinaiii  bv  the  lalxmr  of  the  l.idiwhoiu 
it  had  brmiRht   thither,  or  of   the  <dd   race  of 
celdiii  who  b«  longed  to  the  soil.     The  otilv  Cicr- 
nianswho  rusiiled  in  the  oitieswero  .1  small  num- 
ber of  olllccrs  in  the  service  of  the  Crown,  nnil  of 
inilividuuls  without  family  mid  patrimony,  who. 
in  spite  of  their  original  liubits,  sought  u  liveli- 
hood  by    foHowin;!    some    employment.      The 
Sdoial  superiority  of  the  dominant  race  riMiteil  it- 
self lli-nily  ill  the  liK-alities  inhabited  by  them, 
and  passed,  as  has  lieen  already  renmrked,  from 
the  oidcs  to  the  rural  districts.     By  degrees,  also, 
it  came  to  pas.s  that  the  bitter  drew  oft  from  tJie 
former  the  upper  portion  of  their  population, 
who.  in  order  to  raise  themselves  still  higher. 
ami  to  mi.\  with  the  conciiierors,  imitjitcil,  a.s  far 
as  tliev  were  able,  their  mode  of  life.  .  ,  .   While 
Barbarism  was  thus  (K-eupv  ing  or  usurping  all  the 
vantage  points  of  the  social  slate,  and  civil  life 
in  tlie  intermediate  classes  was  arrested  in  its 
pnij;ress,  and   sinking   gradually  to  the  lowest 
ciiiulition,  even  to  that  of  personal  servitude,  an 
amiliorating  movement  already  eomnienced  lie 
fiire  the  fall  of  the  empire,  still  conlinued,  mid 
iltclaral  it.self    more  and    more    loiully.      Tlw 
,i"u'ni:iof  a  common  brotherhooil  in  the  eyes  of 
t;o,l.  anil  of  one  sole  redcmplioii  for  all  mankind, 
preached  liy  the  Church  to  the  failhful  of  every 
rice,  touched  the  heart  and  awakened  the  mind 
in  favour  of  the  slave,  and.   in  con.seiiuence,  en- 
tnmhisements  becaine  more  freciuent,  or  a  treat- 
ment more  humane  was  adopted  on  the  part  of 
the  niiLstcrs,  whether  Gauls  or  (Jermans  by  origin. 
The:  Litter.  Tjion'over.  had  imported    from  tlseir 
country,  where  the  inoih!  of  life  was  simple  and 
without  luxury,  usages  favourable  to  a  mcMlitied 


slavery.  The  rich  b»rt)iiri«n  wiw  wnlteil  upon 
by  free  pemoiis  —  by  the  ehihlrrn  of  his  ndatlveii. 
his  clients  and  his  friends;  the  tendency  of  hlit 
national  maiiiii  rs,  dilTen'nt  from  that  of  the 
Konian,  induced  him  to  send  tlie  slave  out  of  his 
house,  and  to  establish  him  as  11  lalRiurer  or  iir 
lisan  on  some  portion  of  hind  to  which  he  Ibeii 
became'  periiianentiv  atlached,  and  the-  deslina 
lion  of  which  hi'  f,',||oweel,  whether  it  were  in- 
heriteel  or  sold,  .  .  ,  |l,,iiiestie  slavery  made  the 
man  a  chat  lei.  a  mere  pice  e  of  moveable  jueipi  rty. 
The  slave.  Mllle,|  on  a  spot  of  land,  from  lliat 
lime  entercil  into  the  1  at,':iory  of  real  property. 
.\l  till  sani,'  time  that  this'  hist  class,  wldell 
pr.,|,erK  bore  the  ii:inie  of  serfs,  was  iiic  reused 

at     the   evpense    of    llie   first,    the    c  hisses   of    I  he 

I'oloiii  an,l   l.i'li  wniihl  natur.illy  niiilliply  siniiil 
taiii'oudy,  liv  the  Very  i:isuallies  of  ruin  iiiel  ad 
verse  1  if,  umsfiinces  vvliiih,  at  a  period  of  iiices 
sunt   ce.nimotions,  in|iir,',|   tlie  c",iieliti,.ii    of  the 
frieini'ii.   ,   .       In  llie  v,iy  heart  of  the-  Itarbariaii 
society,  th,' class  ,,!' siiiali  proprietors,  whiih  had 
eiri;,'iii:illv    lonui  d    its   strength   and    glory,    de 
e  iease-,1.  and  llnally   liiiiine  cMinet    by   sinking 
into  vassahiL'e.  or'a  st;et.-  of  still   more    i^'ii.ilih- 
d,'pc-ndenc-e.  vvhiih  parto,,k  more'  or  less  of  the 
charai'er  of  actual  servitmli'.    ,   .   .   Thetrceiniii 
ehpiesseel  towards  servilude  met  llie  slave  who 
had  reached  a  sort  of  half  lilierly.     Thus.  Ihrougli 
the  whole  cMeiil  of  (iaiil.  was  forined  a  vast  besly 
of  iiLTii  ultural  I  iliounrsaiid  riinil  artisans,  whose 
lot.  though  never  unifoini.  was  brought  more  and 
more  to  11  level  ot   ,'i|Uality;   and   the  .realive 
wants  of  society  proetueed  a  new  sphere  of  indus- 
try   in    the   coiinlry,  while   the   cities    remained 
station  irv.  or  s:ink   more  ami  more  into  decay. 
.   .      Oirevery  large  estate  vvhere  improvement 
rtourisheel.  the  ealilns  of   those  employed.    Mill, 
coloni  or  .slaves,  groiipcl  as  nc'ccssity  or  conveni- 
ence  suggeslecl,    were   multiplied    and    peopled 
more  niuiurously,  till  they  assumed  the  form  of 
11  hamlet.      When  these  hamlets  were  situated  In 
a  favourable  posiii,in  ,   .   .  they  ccmtiniied  to  in- 
crease till  they  iH'came  vilhiges.  .   .   .  The  liiiihl- 
ing  of  a  church  soon  raised  the  village  to  the 
rank  of  a  parish;  and.  as  a  ccmseiiiienee.  the  new 
parish   tcMik  its  place   among   the  rural  cireon- 
scriptions.  .  .  .  Theme  sprung,  altogether  spon- 
taneously, under  the  sanction  of  the  intendant, 
joined  to  that  of  the  priest,  rude  outlines  of  a 
municipal  organization,  in  which  the  church  be- 
came the  depository  of  the  .lets  which,  in  ttccor- 
dance  with  the  Uoman  law,  were  inseribed  on  the 
registers  of  the  city.     It  is  in  tliis  way  that  Ix!- 
yone!   the   towns,  the  cities,  and  the  boroughs, 
where  the  remains  of   the  old  social   condition 
lingered   in  an  increiusiug  state  of  degradation, 
elements  of  future  impr,,venicnt  wcrcr   fornitil. 
,  .  ,  This  mcHlilicition,  alri'ady  considerably  uel- 
vaneed  in  the  ninth  century,  "was  completed  in 
the  course  ot  the  tenth.      At  that  period,  the  lust 
cla.ss  of  the  (Jallo  Frankish  society  disappeared 
—  vi/...  that  of  persons  hehl  as  chattels,  bought, 
exchanged,  transferreil  from  one  place  to  another, 
like  any  other   kind   of   moveable    gocxls.     The 
slave  now  belonged  to  the  soil  rather  than  to 
the  person;    his  service,  hitherto  iirbitmry.  was 
changed  into  customary  dues  and  regulateil  em 
ployment:  he  had  a  settled  abode,  and.  in  conso 
ciuence,  a  right  of  jiossession  in  the  soil  on  which 
tee  was  dependent.     This  is  the  earliest  form  in 
which  we  e'listinctly  trace  the  nrst  impress  of  llie 
modern  world  upon  the  civil  state.     The  word 


'J 


• ;  •    .1* 


'  J! 


1447 


OAl'L.  STIMOTII  CENTUUIKR 


UAL'LH 


■rrf  liinnfiirwiiril  timk  UK  ilrDiiiti'  nimnlnK.  it 
lirrnmr  llii'  Kiiirrli' n»m<'  cif  h  iiiltril  i'<>n<lllinri  i>f 
MTviliiili'  unci  rri'i'iliirn,  in  wlilcli  we  tliiil  lilciiiliil 
tdjfi'thcr  IIm-  Mtjifi-N  of  llic  niliiiiiiM  iinil  Liiiiin  - 
two  niiiiH'M  hIiIcIi  occur  Icwt  uimI  Icmh  fn't|iit>ntly 
ill  llic  tciitli  icnuirv,  till  ilicy  ciillnlv  ill«np|«'iir. 
Tills  cciil.irv.  Ilic'  'piiiiit  lo  wliiili  nil  liic  wmIhI 
cffiirls   of   tlir   four   |iri ciilliiK   oius  wiiicli    liiid 

rllipM'li  nillCC  Ihc  I'VillliiisIl  tcllKjUIHt  llllll  Ihh'II 
ten. lint;.  '^'I^^    'ix'    illtcNtilH-    Htniu^ic  iH'tWCCII    tlic 

Koiiiiui  llllll  (iiriimii  iiiaiiiicn  liriiiii;ht  to  a  con 
rjiiKloii  liv  nil  iiii|>ortiint  rcvolmlon  Tiic  hitter 
ilclliilllvi  ly  iinviiilcil.  iinil  fniiti  tlidr  lriiini|>li 
■ro«'  till'  fi'iiiliil  sy<li'in:  tlittt  l»  to  miy.  n  new 
form  of  till'  stale,  ii  new  coiistitiiiion  of  proinrty 
■ml  iloiiicKtic  lifi'.  II  |iiirii'lliiiK'  out  of  llic  xovcr 
elKiity  Hii.l  iiirI'Mlli  tion.  nil  the  |iiili||e  |ioweM 
tmiiMfornicit  intoilcniefiiiinl  privile^eM,  the  iilen  of 
noliilitv  ilc%'otcil  to  the  profctitilon  of  nnim.  unil 
thnt  of  ik'iiohllity  to  iniliiHtry  nnii  InlHiiir.  liy  ii 
rciiiiirikniile  coiiiciileiH-e.  the  complete  estnlillMli- 
nii'iit  of  iIiIm  FtyNtein  in  the  epiH-h  when  the  iIIk- 
lliiclioii  of  rnciH  lermiiinti'H  In  FniiiklHli  tiniil  — 
when  nil  the  hpil  conHei|iienceH  of  diversity  of 
origin  lii'tween  linrlinrhinH  uikI  Hoiimnn.  couiiiier- 
om  anil  siilijectn.  illHapinnr.  The  law  cenws  to 
Ih'  personal,  anil  iKcoiiies  liMal;  the  Denniiu 
('(Htesand  the  Uoman  ciNie  lt.sclf  are  replaced  by 
custom;  it  is  the  territory  and  not  the  descent 
which  dlKtin>;uishes  the  iiilialiltunt  of  the  Oallic 
Roil;  tlnally,  instead  of  national  distinctions,  one 
mixeil  population  appears,  to  which  the  liisturinn 
is  able  hciiceforwanl  toKivc  the  imnieof  FrencU ." 
— A.  'fi''"  '■''>■■  /■'"'"'"'""»  '""'  Prtyrtu  of  the 
Tirrn  h'ttit  iit  Frilnrf,  r.  I,  fh.  1. 

A.  O.  412-^53.— The  mixed  admiaittration, 
Roman  and  barbarian. — "A  pmtoriun  prefe<'t 
•till  resided  at  Trives,  a  vicar  of  the  neveiitcen 
Uallic  provinces  at  Aries:  each  of  tlies*'  provinces 
hiut  its  Koiii.in  duke:  each  of  the  hundred  and 
Ufteen  cities  of  (laul  had  its  count:  each  city  its 
curia,  or  iiiiinicipalitv.  But,  colluterully  with 
this  Uoiiian  orpiiiisatlon.  the  Imrliarians,  asseiii' 
lilcd  in  their  '  mallum,'  of  which  their  kings  were 
presidents,  decidcil  on  peiu'e  and  war,  inatu-  laws, 
or  adiiiinistered  justice.  Kacli  division  of  the 
uriiiy  hall  its  (iraf  Jarl,  or  Count;  each  sulKlivi- 
liion  its  centenary,  or  hundred  man ;  and  all  these 
fnictions  of  the  free  population  had  the  same 
rijfht  of  deciiliiiK  by  Buflru»re  in  their  own  inal 
Inms,  or  |H'Culiar  courts,  all  their  coininon  alTairs 
In  casts  of  opposition  iH'tween  the  barbarian  and 
the  Uoinan  jurisdiction,  rlic  overbearinj?  arro- 
gaui'i'  of  the  one.  and  the  abject  basenesn  of  the 
other,  wsiii  ileclded  the  (|Uestiou  of  supremacy. 
In  some  provimes  the  two  powers  were  not  con- 
current: there  were  no  barbarians  lietween  the 
I.<)ire  and  the  Meuse,  nor  between  the  Alps  and 
the  Ithone ;  but  the  feebleness  of  the  I{oman  gov- 
<'rninent  was  only  the  more  conspicuous.  A  few 
preat  proprietors  cultivated  a  part  of  the  prov- 
ince with  the  aid  of  slaves:  the  rest  was  desert, 
or  only  inhabited  by  Bagaudic,  runaway  slavcj, 
who  lived  by  robliery.  Some  towns  still  main- 
tained II  show  of  opulence,  but  not  one  gave  the 
sliKlitest  sign  of  strength:  not  one  enrolled  its 
militia,  nor  repaired  its  fortitlcations.  .  .  .  Hono- 
rius  wished  to  confer  on  the  cities  of  southern 
Gaul  a  diet,  at  which  they  might  have  deliberated 
on  public  affairs :  he  did  not  even  find  public 
■pirit  enough  to  accept  the  offered  privilege." — 
J.  (J.  L.  de  ^3ismonUl.  fall  of  the  lioman  t'lnpire, 
th.  7  (c.  1). 


A.  D.  )5i.— Attila'i  ia*aiien.  >i<  lli  v, 
A   I)  4.M 

A.  O.  4S3-4*4-— Bstanaion  of  the  VinKothh 
kincdom.     Se  Oirriiii  (V'i»iiiii'iii«)     \    |i    |-,: 

A.  D.  4<7-4a6.  — The  lait  Roman  lovti 
eignty.— The  last  detlnlti^  siirvlvnl  of  lium m  „  , 
creignty  in  Oaiil  lingered  until  |xil  in  ;i  .li.irh 
north  of  the  Melnc.  Intweeii  the  Miinn  m,!  |(„ 
Olsi',  which  iiud  Soissons  for  its  lupitul  It  «  1 
niainlaineil  there.  In  the  ttrst  liisiiiiin  In  Ki:i 
illiis.  a  Oalllc  noble  whom  .Marjorlnii.  nm  <.r  tin 
Inst  of  the  emperors  at  Koiiic.  niiMlc  \l»~i<  r  tin; 
iralof  (iaiil  The  ris|Mct  comiiintnli  d  I.,  .Kti 
dills  among  the  siirrouinlliig  liarlKiriiiii^  »  1-,  « 
great  that  the  Salinii  Franks  invltnl  him  )■'  nili 
over  them,  in  pliii  e  of  a  liceiitjoiis  vnimL-  kin,' 
Childeric,  whom  they  had  driven  Inlm  \il>  ||, 
WHS  king  of  theM'  Franks,  acioriliiii.'  In  liriL'Ti 
of  Tours,  for  eight  years  (l.l7-4iU),  iinlil  In'  .li.'cf 
Childeric  then  ri'tunied,  was  reiiislaii  il  ji,  In, 
kingilom  and  iM'came  the  father  of  1  Iom,  ,,i| 
Chiistwlg),  the  founder  of  the  greut  Fr.itik  iiinn 
arcliy.  But  a  son  of  .Kgldliis.  iinmrd  >\,n.'ri;i. 
was  still  the  Inheritor  of  a  kingilom  kihKii  ,l 
the  '■  Kingdom  of  Syngriiis. "  embrai  iiii;  :is  ht 
>M>en  said,  the  country  around  .Solssoiis,  l»t«(ii 
the  Si'iiie,  the  Marne  and  the  Olse.  iinil  uNo  in 
eluding,  in  the  opinion  of  some  wrilirs,  I'mm' 
and  Au.xerre  The  tlrst  exploit  of  Clovi^-iln 
lieginning  of  his  career  of  coni|Uist--  wis  tin 
overthrow  of  this  "king  of  the  I{oniaii».  '  ;i^S\ . 
grills  was  called,  in  a  decisive  battle  fiiii;.'lil  ii 
Soissons,  A.  1).  4HH,  and  the  Incorponitioii  <.f  li,. 
kingdom  into  the  Fntuk  dominions  .'S^  lL■nll^>^, 
cnped  to  Touliiusi',  but  was  surrendered  loClnvi. 
and  put  to  death —I',  (lislwin,  I/itt  ./A'Ci. 
Ancient  (Imil,  bk.  it.  eh.  11. 

Also  in:  W.  C.  I'erry,   The  hy.ink^.  ,-l,    .' 

A.  O.  474.— Inraiion  of  Ostrogoths.  ni 
(joTIIM  (OsTliodoTilBl:  A.  1).  47;i-474 

A.  O.  507-^09.— Expulsion  of  the  Visigothi. 
See  CioTlls  {VisiiioTlIs);  .V.  1)   ."i07-"i01i 

A.  D.   540.— Formal   relinquishment  of  the 
country  to    the    Franks    by  Justiniat      s. 
Fhanks:  a.  1).  .WU-.V)ii. 
--  — ♦■- 

GAULS.— 'The  Oauls.  properlv  .,.,:il|,,i, 
the  OitlaUe  of  the  Oreeks,  the  (iaili  of )  h.  Ii.  .m  lur 
and  the  Gael  of  mmlern  history,  foriiuil  Tlif  van 
of  the  great  Celtic  migration  which  W.\<[  |M.iin.! 
westward  at  various  intervals  duriiiL'  iiniiiy  limi 
tired  years.  .  .  .  Having  overrun  the  -ii'li  "! 
Gaul  and  penetrated  into  Spain,  Hhv  liwi  i  \w 
of  the  territory  thus  acquinil,  and  the  n-t.irilii'n 
of  the  Iberian  fugitives  to  .Viiuitunin  p!  hkI  1 
barrier  Ix-'tween  the  Celts  in  Spain  and  tin  it  Intli 
ren  whom  they  had  left  beliinil  them  in  iln  turih 
In  the  time  of  the  Romans  the  (ialli  «■  n  f'unil 
established  in  the  centre  and  eiust  of  tin'  .  ii.iitry 
denominated  Gaul,  forming  for  the  nn-t  pan  < 
great  confeileration,  at  the  head  of  «  hii  li  -.tDud 
the  Arvemi.  It  was  the  policy  of  the  H.  111:1ns  to 
raise  the  ..Kdui  into  competition  with  tlii-  lomi 
nant  tribe.  .  .  .  The  Arvemi,  whose  niui.  U  n' 
tained  in  the  motlem  apiieilation  of  .Vim  r>:ii'', 
occupietl  tt  large  district  in  the  iniddli'  ni'l  >"iitli 
of  Gaul,  and  were  surrounded  by  frilnit  uv  cirile 
pendent  clans.  The  jEilui  lay  more  h>  tin-  iii>rtli 
and  cast,  and  the  centre  of  their  po>M-^i  iiis  a 
markeil  by  the  po«ition  of  their  capital  Ilil'rsclt'. 
the  modem  Aiitun,  situated  in  the  Inirl.tanns 
which  separate  the  waters  of  the  Loire,  tiic  :;i.'iue 


1448 


OAiru 


OEDR08UN8. 


tad  Uw  fWiw.  ,  .  OihrrO»11lftf)hMitrr»fhH 
bfyoml  tlin  Hwinr:  thr  N<'i|iiiiiil,  who  ■fti-rwunU 
luili'  *n  *lldn|>t  In  iMiirp  tlili  nivrtril  |iriCnil 
Bimi'  (till'  vulli-y  of  the  mml*  fornuHl  the  criiin' 
(if  (III'  Hriiiiiuii'M'  trrritiirv,  whlih  rt'srlit'il  lo  tlii' 
JiimAnil  tlic  lUiInc);  tliclli'lrctliKmlntlicrmiiun 
lain  nii'ii,  whimc  wknty  imaliiri'ii  cxtpnili'il  to  tlii' 
iiiurcriof  tlip  Uliinr:  tlH<  AlloliroKi'ii.  whoilwill 
iiwui  tho  Iwrp  »n<l  Klionr.  ntvi  who  wrrt'  thr  lln<t 
J tiH'i:  nwT  III  niril  nnil  thf  llrnt  lo  •uiiuiiili  1m' 
fnrr  Ihr  prowciw  of  Ihi'  Koiiiiili  hurliiim  Aci'oril 
inn  to  Ihr  c'Uiwilhnlloii  Ixilliof  Cit-mrnnil  Hlrnlni, 
thr  TiiriiiH'H,  I'lclontH  miil  Sunloma  mimt  U' com 
priMil  iinihr  Ihc  miiip  K<''"'r»l 'I'^no'x'nol''*"  ~ 
(•  MiTlviih',  Jlitl.  "f  Ihr  liomnn;  eh.  S  ir  1)  - 
S<i:  aluo,  t'Ki.TH. 

B.  C.  390-347'  —  tnvaaion*    of   Italjr.—  Dc- 
ilruction  of  Romt.     Sii'  Homk;  11  ('  '.V»\-M; 

B.  C.  395-191.— Roman  conqucit  of  th<  Cit- 
(Ipine  tribei.     SiUomk    II   <'. 'JII.%-1111 

B.  C.  180-379.  Invation  of  Greece. --In  tli<' 
Tear  '.IMO  II  ('.  ihr  UanU.  who  liiiil  Ioiik  Infori' 
pamil  from  iiorlhiTii  Italy  iiroiiiiil  tlir  .\i|rliitii' 
tn  it*  I'liMliTii  coHSI,  iimih'  Ihiir  tirsi  iip|H'iiruii<  r 
in  Maniloniii  mill  nortliirn  Oriirc.  Tlii'  Mine 
tiiinlHii  Ihroiii'  nil!)  iHiiiiiiiil  iil  thr  lime  hv  llii' 
iDfunU'iiH  iitiiirprr.  I'liihiny  (iTiiiiiiiiHtMc  .Mai  K 
dusia:  B.  C.  '.>«7-2H(I),  iihil  111!'  Iilllr  xiiviiki'8 
diiloni'  giKHl  strvlcr  lo  (Inrcf  liy  HJiivIn);  him. 
in  till'  aiuKli'  Imllh'  thai  nan  foiiK'il  I'"'  whnli' 
opi'ii  ii>iintry  \\i\n  ahaniloiii'il  to  Ihi-in,  for  n  tiini>, 
iml  lliiv  N»i  I'l  it,  a»  far  wmthv  aril  a*  Ihr  vallry 
"( till'  ^'I'lU'iis.  in  Thi'smilv ;  Iml  ihr  wnlli'il  1  itiiH 
win'  iiafi'.  .\flrr  riivaKlf  >;  Ihi'  roiinlry  for  wmir 
miinllis  lh(' OuiiU  iippi'iir  lo  liuvc  rt'tiri'il ;  hut  it 
WHHiiiily  to  ri'liirn  iiKuin  Ihi'  next  year  in  niori' 
forniitlahlo  iiiinilMTS  iiiiil  umli-r  11  chief,  lireniiiis. 
of  more  vigor  anil  cupahllllv.  On  thin  iMcahion 
till'  cminlry  siillereil  fearfiil'y  from  the  Inrliaric 
•warm,  hut  ilefeiiiliil  itiulf  with  Minietl'in).'  like 
tbi'>pirit  of  the  (in'cce  of  two  cculiirien  hef'Ti'. 
Till'  .Ktoliiinn  were  conaplciiouii  in  the  Blriiutjli' ; 
the  Pi'ln|)oniU'Hian  Ktules  ^avv  litllo  UMMlNliince. 
The  pulley  of  ihfcnsi' wiut  niiich  the  aaine  an  at 
the  time  of  the  I'erHiiin  iiiviuion.  anil  the  enemy 
was  cimfronli'il  in  force  at  the  yam  of  Tliermop 
ylif  Brennus  iiiailo  it  more  ilesperate  attempt 
to  fone  the  puns  than  Xerxes  hail  done  and  was 
bcatFD  back  with  a  tremi'mloim  Hlaiighter  of  his 
Oaulii.  But  he  found  truitoni,  as  Xerxes  had 
iluni',  III  Kolde  hini  over  the  nioiinlaiiis,  and  the 
On*k»  at  Tliermopylii',  surrounded  hy  the  enemy, 
roulii  iiiilv  eacaiH"  hy  sia.  The  flaiils  niariheil 
iin  1)<  Ijilii.  eager  for  the  plunder  of  the  great 
Ifniple.  and  there  they  met  with  some  fatal  dis- 
•stir.  Precisely  what  oeeurrod  is  not  known. 
.Vcciiriling  lo  the  Greeks,  the  gtsl  protcctcil  his 
■anctuary.  and  the  accounts  they  have  left  are 
full  of  miracles  and  pnxlieies  — of  earthquakes. 
lighlDiiigs,  tempcstit,  and  ilisicase.  The  only  clear 
t«t>i  seem  to  be  that  Delphi  was  suca'ssfully 
ili'fenilid ;  that  the  Uauls  n'treated  in  ilisonler 
and  wire  destroyed  in  vast  numlicrs  before  the 
remnant  of  lliein  got  awiiy  from  the  country. 
Brennus  iii  said  to  have  kiUetl  himself  to  escape 
the  wruth  of  his  ir'0|iIc  for  the  failure  of  the  ex- 
pedition. One  large  boily  of  the  great  army  hail 
separated  from  the  rest  and  gone  castwarij  into 
Thrace,  before  the  catastrophe  occurred.     Thcso 


CAULS,  Prafeci  of  tM.    i**t  rR«TnRuM 

I'M.*!' KITS 

CAUSARAPOS.  OR    CUUCHIES,  Tho. 

H<'e  AMK.NK  AN  .VlUlHIIIINKS.    I*  >  UI'AS  ThIHKH 

GAVELKIND,  Iriih.-'Tle  Irish  law  of 
Miircenlon  in  lariiled  prii|H'rty.  known  as  that  of 
Irish  gavelkind. was  a  higical  couseiiiience  of  lli« 
tlieory  of  trlbiil  ownemhlp.  If  n  enilHT  of  IIhi 
IrtlH'died.  Ills  pine  of  hiiiil  dill  noi  descend  by 
rlglil  to  his  elili  si  son.  or  even  to  all  his  1  hililren 
eipiallv  llrlu'inallv.  It  nverleil  lo  ||»  aoli  almo- 
lull'  oHiiir,  Ihi  irils'.  every  inemlKr  of  which 
hud  a  ritrlil  lu  iim'  pro|Hirt|ii|iali'  lo  his  trll«l 
statu.,  riiis  Will  undoublidlv  the  essential  prin 
il|ili'of  inherll  iiiie  liv  gavelkind."— 8  Ilrvanl, 
<;llir  Inl.iHil.  ,i,    II. 

Also  IN  Sir  II  MiiUw,  Kirli/  lliil  ,if  liinlilii- 
ti'iim,  If'-t    7 

GAVELKIND.  Kentiih.    .Se  Fki  dai.  i  kn 

IHKS 

GAVEREN,  Battle  of  II4S3).  .Se  iIiiknt: 
A   l>  lt.-il-l».-.:l 

GAZA:  Earljr  hietory.    S<-e  I'iiii.istinks. 
B.  C.  333.-  oiege    bjr    Alexander.  —  In    hie 

man  h  from  I'lmiiii  i  i  to  Kif.\  |it  i-i  c  .Mai  kii-ima, 
Ac;  II.  (•  :1;H-I1;I0i.  .Vlexaiiilir  the  (ireat  wa» 
compelled  to  pausi'  for  siveral  months  anil  lay 
siege  111  till  iiiicli  III  I'liilislini'  dty  of  (iaza.  It 
was  defi'iiili'il  for  the  i'erslan  king  by  a  bravo 
eunuch  nainid  Balis  In  the  course  of  the  siegi-, 
Ah'xaiiilir  received  a  severe  wound  in  the  shoul- 
der.  which  irritated  his  savage  temper.  When 
Hie  town  Was  at  leii'.'th  taken  by  storm,  he  gave 
no  ipiarter.  Its  male  iiiliabitanls  were  put  to 
the  sword  and  Hie  wotnin  and  cliildren  sold  to 
slavery.  Theeuiiuch  llali  iHlngcapliireil  alive, 
but  woiiiided.  was  dr 
of  a  chariot,  driven  . 
himself.  The  "greale. 
Iilmse'lf  often  enough, 
greatest  of  barbarians — in  his  age. — O.  Orote, 
lliit.  vf  ih-ffre.  pt,  *.*.  rh.  i»:t. 

B.  C.  313.— Battle  between  Ptolemy  and 
Demetriut.     See  Mackihlma:  H.  C.  ill.VJtlO. 

B.  C.  too.— Deitruction  by  Alexander  Jan 
naui.— Maza  having  sided  with  the  Kgyplian 
king,  in  a  war  iK'twecn  .\li'xaiiiler  .lannn'iis.  one 
of  the  Asmonean  kings  of  the  Jews,  and  I'tolemy 
I.athyrus  of  Egypt  and  Cyprus,  the  former  laid 
siege  to  the  city,  alsmt  1(H)  B.  ('. ,  and  acquired 
possession  of  it  after  several  months,  through 
Ireai'hery.  He  tisik  his  revenge  by  maa.sucriDj( 
the  inhabitants  and  reducing  the  city  to  ruins. 
II  was  n'huilt  no'  long  af tirwards  hy  the  Komans. 
— (1.  Ixing,  Ikdine  nf  the  Ruman  lii'iiuhlie,  r.  3, 
eh.  9. 

A.  D.  1516.— Defeat  of  the  Mameluk«t  by 
the  Turki,     See  TiiiKs:  .K.  I).  14H1-15'.>0. 


■the  feet  at  the  tail 
Hjieiil  by  .Vlcxander 
conquerors"  prov(*d 
this  way,  to   be  the 


GAZACA.     See  Eiiiatana. 
GAZARI,  The.    Si'e  Catiiauists. 
GAZNEVIDES,    OR     GHAZNEVIDES. 

See  Trims:  A.  D.  It99-ll«:l 

GEARY  ACT,  The.    .Sec  United  States  or 
Am.:  a.  I).  l«9'i. 

GEDDES,  Jenny,  and  her  stool.    See  Scot- 
land: A.  D.  1B37. 

^^,  .«.w,c  i...i  ..oi«oi.v.f,..c  ,.....».. t...     iuv.-n,  I      GEOROSIANS,  The. — " Close  to  the  Indus, 

subsequently  passed  over  to  Asia  and  pursiieil  and  beyojd  the  bare,  hot,  treeless  shores  of  the 
there  iin  adventurous  career,  leaving  a  Historic  I  iwean.  the  southern  part  of  the  plain  [of  eastern 
name  in  the  country — see  UALATlAr— C  Thirl-  i  Iran)  consists  of  sandy  Hats,  in  which  nothing 
wall.  Uitt.  of  Oreect.  eh.  60.  |  grows  but  prickly  herbs  and  a  few  palms.     The 

1449 


*  1- 


■s"! 


it 


I'^r 


iff 


t'- 


UEOKUtllANH 

•pHiiKt  «i»  •  lUjr't  Jounwy  from  «u-h  othOT,  »»il 
oftrn  more.  TfcU  reglim  WM  \»ymrmin\  by  • 
propU-  wlHMn  HrriHlolin  r«ll»  H«lU«y.li»  nn.!  Ilie 
itHnpuilont  <if  AU 'MiHUr  <■(  Mw  wlonU.  (k<«.n> 
liana.  .  .  NriKlilmura  of  tlw  (lamUriiinr..  wl.o, 
M  wr  kiinw,  ilwfll  on  tin-  rielil  Imnk  of  iIh-  Imliu 
■l.iwn  to  tin-  t'litiiil.  thr  (loln>iiUn«  l«l  »  whikIit 
Inc.  |.n><lm.iry  1H<' .  »nil.r  lli*  IVnUn  klnir>  llwj 
wire  umIukI  into  I'w  mlmpy  wIlli  Hit'  «l»nil»ri 
•Hi  ■•— M     Dumkir.   IlitI    'if  .1n(i</«i(jr,  l,k    7, 

CEIZA  U.,  Kinf  of  Huaguj,  A    D   lUI- 

llfl" 
GELA,  FouDdinc  of.    (*.  i  H«h*i  r«K,  Jorno 

""cELASIUS  11,  Popt,  .\   l>   IllH  lllH 

GELEONTES.     So   I'liYi.v. 

CELHEIM.  Bottle  of  (l»9«i-   I*'  "kkm «!»» 
A.  I>    \iH  i:liH 

CELONI,  The.— Animrlchl  colony  of  Oniku 
IntiTMilxiil  Willi  niillvi'H  wlilrli  «liiirnl  llin  coiin 
try  of  lie  ll'iillnl.  (in  the  utrppci  U'twii-n  lli« 
I'Vitl  MoiinlulnH  1111(1  the  Cioiiliiii  Sea— >.  (Irotc, 
Hill  ..f  ■h;,r,:  i>t  2.  r  :i,  rfi.  17 

GELVES,  Bottit  of  dSlot.  Hie  BAnnAHT 
Htatkh     .\.  I».  I.'hIVI.IIO 

GEMARA,  The.    S..T\i.Mrn 

GEMBLOURS,  Battle  of  (1578).    HicNktii 

KBI.*M"<      A     I'     1''"'    IVI 

GEMEINDE.-GEMEINDERATH.    Sec 

S»rr/>.ui.*si>:   A.  I)    1m|H-1nihi 

GEMOT. —  A  iii((  liiiL'.  iiiiM-nilily,  khhicII, 
iniHit       Sec  WiTl  N  M^KMOT, 

GENABUM,  OR  CENABUM.-Tlic  prin 
cipiil  town  of  ilM(liilllilril"(ull((l  tlicCiirnulis. 
Idcntitlcd  liv  nicmt  an  liii-oluKiMHwilli  till' inoilcrii 
<|ty  (if  Oiiriiii.  Kriuicc,   llioiitfli  Koinc  think  Its 

Kill'  WHS  at    llilll.       S<c  (lAll..  ('.KHAU'll  CONqUKBT 
OK, 

GENAUNI.  The.    S..  Hii.KitAN 
GENERAL  PRIVILEGE  OF  ..RAGON. 

8CC  t'lllllKH.    TlIK  KMCI.Y  SfAMl-ll 

GENERALS,  Execution  of  the  Athenian. 

«.•<•  (inKK<K;    II   (•     UNI 

GENET,   "Citizen,"  the  mission  of.    S<>p 
Unitkh  Statkk  (PK  Am      A    I)    Kllll 
•*■ 
GENEVAiBeginiiinKSofthecity.    S<  cIIei.- 

Vflll       I  UK  .\lll!h>rHI    Mli.llATKlN  (IKTIIK. 

A  D.   $00.— Under  the   Burgundiani.     Sec 
Hi  u.i  shuns:  .\.  I),  .'"id" 
loth  Century.— In  the  kingdom  of  Arlet.    Sec 

111  IKil  MIV       A     I)     ''l^l    '■>■■■ 

A.  D.  1401.  -Acquisition  of  theGeneTois,  or 
County,  by  the  House  of  Savoy.— The  city  lur- 
roundei).     S,  c  S\M(V      II  iii-I.Vrii    <'i:MriiiKs 

A.  D.  1504-1535.  The  emancipation  of  the 
city  from  the  Vidomme  and  the  Prince-Bishop. 
—Triumph  of  the  Reformation.— '(iciicva  was 
iKiiiiiiiiM.v  11  free  cii.v  d  tiic  Knipirc,  Imt  liail  in 
riiiliiv  liccn  KcYcrni'l  fnr  .sonic  (cnlurics  liy  lis 
ii-.vii  iiisliop.  iiss(Mial( 'I  w  nil  a  cdiiiiiiittcc  of  lay- 
assessors,  ami  controlled  liv  tin-  general  Ixwly  of 
the  .iii/.eiis.  in  wlmse  liands  llic  iilliniatc  power 
of  taxalioii.  anil  of  ( le( , ion  of  llic  iiiadistraKunml 
reiiiil.ilioii  of  lln'  police,  resicil.  Tlic  priiicc- 
liisiiop  (lid  not  cxcrcU-  Ids  temporal  jurisdiction 
diredly,  Imt  tliroiitfli  an  olliccr  called  the  Vi- 
iloinine  (vice  iloininiis),  \vlio«'  rights  had  in  thr 
l-ltli  century  licdunc  hereditary  in  the  dukes  of 
Savoy.  Tliesc  rights  appear  to  have  been  exer- 
eiscil  wiiiiooi  am  cotisidciHblc  atleiiipl  lit  t-o- 
tr.'(hnient  till  tl'.u  beginning  of  the  following 


UKNKVA 

eratury.  when  Charlri  III.  lureeeclnl  to  thi 
dural  rmwn  (IIHM)  To  hisambitinn  tlic  l>i«l>i.|, 
John,  a  weak  aiul  (Killing  tool  of  the  r>iit,r) 
family,  lo  which  lie  was  nearly  allied.  mUs 
every  tiling,  ami  the  rcMill  was  a  tyraiinioil  %\ 
tempt  lo  UeslBiy  Hie  lllirrllp*  of  llie  <i.  nn,.*- 
The  Anaembly  of  tlie  rlllwna  Tim-  In  ariii».  1 
bitter  Hnil  Mngiilnary  iiintrst  ciiaiied  liduiti 
the  KliigenoMcn  (('onfnlcrHte«l  or  I'alrl  .1  piirt^ 
on  the  one  iilib'.  and  the  Mnmelukcit  or  nei;  ,ri  ll 
ieal  party  on  the  other  side.  Uv  the  Ik  Ip  .  f  il» 
fri'e  Ilefvellan  slated,  iiartlciilarly  ll*  rm  nn. 
Kribitrg,  Hie  I'alrlols  triiini|ilie(|,  the  fri.  mU  i. 
Havoy  were  lnuilshcd,  the  Vidomniale  iiluili-hul 
and  Its  iiowem  tmnnferriMl  to  a  lioanl  of  iii;ii;i- 
IraliK  The  rondurt  of  the  blsho|m  liiihumn 
lllet  .  .  hel|M(l  grently,  an  may  In  linitini  I 
lokhukvllieold  hienirclilcnl  aiitlmriiy  lull.  n.  \!i 
and  when,  in  IVW,  Kartd  llr»l  made  Ins  jipiHiu 

mice  in  the  city,  he  found  tt  [inrty  ii'i  iiidi-|H 

to  Join  him  iii  hl«  eager  and  icalons  pr.|iiij, 
reform  lie  had  a  liard  tight  for  il.  Ie.>>.\,i 
and  wan  at  tlr«l  obliged  lo  vidd.  and  l.ive  ili 
city  for  II  time;  and  it  wan  not  till  AiiL"i-t  IVI 
thiil  he  and  VIret  und  Kroim  iil  sm.i.ilfrl  i 
alioli»hlng  the  niawi.  and  eDlablishini;  lie  I'm! 
extant  faith."—.!.  ThHikIi,  Umlrr,  ./  rW  /i; 
iirmn'   "I,  lip.  1(1I-I6'J. 

Ai-..  in:  .1.  I'lanla.  Nint  ,•/  tl„  ll.h.l,-  ('., 
feihiarji.  U.  'J.  <•/(.  fl  (r  i) —\  Spoil.  Ilct  . 
Ihf  aiy  iinil  >'.//,-  iif  (Inirrii.  U.  :.'  S. .  aKi 
SwtTJKni.ANIi:  A.  I>.  |.*^ll-ltM» 

A.  D.  1536.— The  coming;  of  Calvin,  n 
I'aI'aiv     a    I).  IVil-IVlV 

A.  D.   1536-1564.  —  Calvin's  Eccleiiaslici 
State.  -"TruinaiilvcpcaWinn.  Il  "n-  a  """  •>'• 
ilent  which  cuuseil  CaMii  to  yidl   I  '  tin    <: 
treaties  of  Ills  friends  to  rcniaiii  111  llied'j  »h.i 
lie  wasto  begin  bin  renowne  I  cIT.irls  in  lie  1  in- 
of  reform.     (Iciicvii  had  Ixi  n  fioin  iiC'  i'  "1  li"i' 
one  of  the  most  nourishing  iinpi  riit  1  ilnsif  tl 
Uiirgiindian   territory;   it    w.is  sitiiiiird  en  II 
froiiliiis  of   several   ciainlrii  s  win  re  He 
roads  of    various  iiiitionalilies   nut      'lie 
wlijcli  ill  itself  was  rcniarkalile.  In  I.hiltJ 
iiallv  to  til"  Herman  empire;  Hie  I  ui-'n c' 
inluiliitants  Wiis  Komanic;  it    w;i'    I'. .nil 
one  side  bv  Iliirgundy.  on  llie  oih  r  li\   0 
Swit/.erlaiid.   .   .   .     (IciicVii  was  iqiiur,  nilv 
slate  of  political,  ecclesiastical,  and  11.  :  .1  'li 
Willi  the  puritanical  strieliii  ss  of  (Jen  \  1. 
afterwards  bccainc.  before  llie  iiiiiid^  (  i'. 
(lilllciilt  tl  picture  the  (fcneva  of  tli  it  '1  >:■ 
iinliiidled  I'lve  of  pleasure,  a  rii Mi—  '■>  'i 

ness,  u  licciili.iiis  friNolily  li;iil  l;ikiii  I 

of  (ielicvail   life,  while   Hie  Slate   w;i-  Iii-  I 
tliinir  of  inlcsiinc  and    f.m  k'li   feiid- 
fonners  had  alnadv  appc;ireil  in  He'  '  H)     ^ 
Karcl,  'I'lieodorc   Itcza;    tlicv    wiri     I'l  i.iii 
Karela  near  iiiinliboiir  of  (ieinv  1.    'i'li'  -    1  i 
licfornicrs  are  of  (piilc  a  diiren  iil  -:  11  .|i 
our  (lerinans.  who,  ac((lnlill^'  as  l.ii';i'  r  ic 
unctlion   is  taUin  as  their   lypi ,   in*''  'i|l 
philx.'iiiii  popular,  or  lc:iriied  tliecl.i-'ii  il  ' - 
tcr.     Thcv  are  eillier  popul;ir  oiiitiii^  ■  ' 
power  and  lilllc  polish,  or  they   !»  I  •■  .'  !' 
learned  circh'S,  und  keep  strictly  lo  11, 1-    1; 
tcr.     In  Kniiice  they  were  mostly  ne  "  I ' 
not  to  the  lower,  Imt  to  the  miilill-    iil 
ranks  of  society,  refined  and  cnliiMii'l; 
this  fact  lay  the  weakness  of  C.il.  ■'!  'ii 
kncv!  '.vcii  ho'.v  io  rule  Uil-  hcis-  -   '■■■'■  ■ 
gain  their  ulTeetion,   .   .   .  Il'a  [t'alviii  ■ 


I  r  !■ 
1  Im 


■I  . 
nu.i 


'ii.-ir 

:ii,.| 
» lii( 

crcn 


14  "id 


m. 


fl' 


OBMEVA 


TV 


Oilmn 


UENKVA 


mm  ■  .  .  wu  thown  la  lU  (uutloil  imI  with 
•kkb  ha  MilmNi  iImi  rllj,  mwly  In  aUkc  liii  llfr 
for  bl»  r«UH<.  Il«  In>k*i>  to  ti'X'li.  to  fminil  » 
ackiinl.  to  liitmur  on  llii>  ■triirtiin'  wliUh  wu  tli>' 
Uniii(  lilt  life,  to  Intrmliiri'  rrfiirmt  In  ilixirlnr. 
•nnlilp,  Ihr  ron'tltiiti'in  iinil  illMlplliiii  of  tli>- 
Chiin  li,  iml  lir  imwlip))  wllli  Hint  (Hiwrrful  ilo 
qurnre  only  immn'MtiI  liy  Itiixr  In  wlimr.  .  Iwr 
irtir  "iwl  liTM-lilna  »rr  In  iiiil*in  Tlic  |iiirlft<Hl 
■iinlilp  wii*  t<i  liiki'  iilniT  witliln  iHiri',  iinaitorncil 
Willi  no  ploiurr  of  Olirint.  nor  pomp  of  nnr 
kiwi.  WM  to  illoliirli  (lie  iifiplnillona  of  ilir  wmiI 
Ufp  oiitnlilt!  till'  limplo  wan  iilwi  lo  lie  n  wr 
Thrnf  (ImI ,  (;'>'<■"■'  •Hinrlnic,  ilHrn  iiiK.  ulniriiii;. 
norMly  HmuM'rninli).  nnil  plrniiiri'  win'  rr 
pnli'il  liy  liim  ii"  ulnii.  iia  niiirli  im  real  vlir  iukI 
rrtnn-  (li'  iM'^iin  lo  form  llltir  <iiiitn')t»lloii«, 
IlkctlHuie  In  llir  liirlv  iiiti*  of  Ilii-  Clitinli.  iiinl  li 
arril  wariil^  I"'  unlil  timl  I'M'n  In  IliN  vxirlilly 
uul  plinmiri' lot  liiK  illy  llir  npi>iirill'>ii  i>f  tliis 
miiu.  in  till'  full  >  l)f"iir  of  \\ti\  nil  ronvliiion  iiml 
iktiTiiilimtlon,  Imlf  pnipliit  iiiid  liulf  Iriliciiii', 
pii«liii'i'il  u  powirfiil  lm|in'wiioii  Tlic  iiuinlHr 
of  jilKiiiilwnrilfollowi'niliirrriiwil.  Imt  liny  vitr 
imlnurcl  followrn  only  Mom  of  lliriii  tlioiiu'lit 
II  Kiiiilil  Ih!  mil  lo  iiiJiki'  ii»'  of  llii'  ImiIiI  I(c- 
liirimrto  up|ioM'  llii>  liislio|>,  iin<l  llial  lir  \.oiilil 
lliiiliiii'iiniiof  iiitalili>liini;a  iiiw  and  inilipiinli'iit 
Cliunli.  lint  III'  y  N'lliMil  lo  rik'anl  frriiloin  at 
lltxrliiiUm.  Calvin  tliirifiirr  rivanliil  llicnuirsi' 
IliinRi  »(  nlaUliii;  willi  piofimml  (liwiilUfaiiioii 
.  ,  .H.i  lu' ili'll\(riil  Ni'iic  ixirriiii'ly  wvirr  kt 
iiiim»,  ttliiili  li:ilf  frl'rli  i('  and  half  islraii^nl 
bU  lininrs,  an.!  at  ha  ihl**,  whin  the  roii 

KnKniloii  i  ami'  to  partal  f  llic  l.ordii  Siippir. 
Ill'  liHik  llii^  iiiilirani  I'f  .  ..  p  of  M'lidiiiu'  Ihrni  nil 
iBuk  friHiithc  iiltar.  Niviiii;.  '  Voii  ;;ri- noi  worthy 
U)|anuki' of  the  I.MnlHlKMlv  ;  jo"""' J""'  «  lial 
yuu  wiTc  iH'forr ;  your  si'iiliiiii-iili,  your  iiiorai-^, 
and  your  rondiirt  arr  iiiii'liani;rd.'  ThU  wan 
morclhan  could  !«•  Iia/ardid  Hilhoiil  peril  lo 
lii>  life.  The  ilTert  wai  iiideM-riliahle;  lii<  own 
friemli  illMiipproved  of  the  sli  |i.  Iliil  that  ili'l 
mil  iliMiiay  him.  lie  had  liaiely  time  lo  the  for 
llii  life,  and  he  liiid  lo  have  Oeiieva  in  a  Male  of 
lnin»iiiciii  — ft  ihao<  which  jiislilied  ii  saying;  of 

liisown.  that  ilefei  linn  from  Chiireh  Is  not 

rcDHVitiion  liy  annther,  lie  \va'<  now  oner  more 
ani\ile,  lie  wandered  alMiiil  mi  llii'  fmiiilersof 
liiirniMilry.  In  tlu'  (Jerinan  eiliis  of  ^Tra^lairi,'. 
Ilisl''.  Ac  .  and  we  MVeial  time  <  iiiei  I  v\iih  him 
in  till'  leliirioiiH  diseiiNsiiiiiH  helweeli  l.-il'i  and 
I.Vjii  ,  ,  .  Iliit  a  time  laine  when  tliey  wi>hed 
liiin  li.uU  at  (ieneva.  ...  In  Sepleiiilii  r.  l.'ill. 
k-  rrliiineil  and  lienaii  hi-,  celiliritid  lali. airs 
EnflcHMil  witli  kiipreine  power,  like  I.yeiir^'ns 
at  ^puta,  he  net  to  work  to  make  (ieiieva  »  lity 
ofllie  l.oril  — '  1  fiaind  an  eeel.'.iaslieal  slate  In 
wliiili  religion,  ,  'ililie  life,  irovernnieiil.  and  tin' 
wursliij.  of  (ohI  weie  to  he  all  of  a  pin  e.  and  an 
Mlrii  rdiriars  task  it  was.  (  ahini-lir  (leiieva 
U'liiae  IheMhool  of  refiirm  for  hi  ^lern  Kiimpe. 
anil  M  altered  far  and  w  idi' the  v'erms  of  siiiiilar 

ilMihilinnS.       Ill    times  when    Proleslalltism     !se- 

vliiTi'  had  iM-eome  eool,  this  school  (  arricd  on  the 
f(iiiii:<i  with  the  meiliaval  Cliiircli.  Cahin  W'.is 
im|i|;».ilile  In  his  ilelermination  to  purify  the 
»(irs|ij|i  of  (}(mI  of  all  needless  ndjiincts.  All 
that  was  ealciilitled  to  charm  and  alleet  the  senses 
was  ai'otislKsl ;  Hpiritual  worship  should  1h'  Inde 
piiili  lit  of  nil  earthly  Ihlnirs.  and  should  consist 
i)i  "iitKation  by  tin-  word,  and  Miiiole  spiritual 
Kings     All  till' traditional  externals  I  hut  I.uther 


hwl  rruiiu^l  —  aluni.  plrliirM,  rframfMiUI*,  and 
ili'iiintthmaof  evrry  kliul  —  wrrn illtp«n»nl  with 
.  I'HJvIn  neat  rMnhlitlieil  it  aytlrm  of  Cliureh 
■tlxlllni'    which    conlnillnl  the    InillTkliml   In 
ever     nlitllou  iif  life,  ami  riileil  him  fnini  tlui 
eraille  to  the  Rrave      lie  n-lalnnl  all  llie  meant 
liy  which  e< clealiiallcat  tnthorllr  enfofieil  olieill 
eiice  on  the  fiilthfnl  In  the  Mlilille  AKea  —  l>ap 
I'sn.    eiliicntion    up  to    coiillrmnlion.    iHtiance. 
penal   diM'lpline,    and  I'moinmnnlcnllon 
Calvin  iH'Kan  lil»  lalsinra  late  In  Hie  autumn  of 
I'UI.    ami   lie   HC'inlred   and    iiialntnlneil    more 
power  Ihiiii  wan  eu  r  e»en  Im-il  liy  Hie  mimt  pow 
erfill  popes       lie  wiiH  liiili'i'd  only  the  '  preili  her 
ofihenord.    lint  lliroiit.di  his  ureal  liitliieiii  e  he 
was  ihi'  lawKiier,  the  Hdmliiistrnt  >r.  the  ilh  tutor 
of  the  Male  of  (ieiiem      There  »a«  nothing  In 
the  commonweallh  that   had  not   Iseii  onlainisl 
liy  hliii.  mid  thin  iiidlialis  a  ri  niarkahli    a-|Mii 
of  his  character      The  oriranl/ ilioii  of  the  jitali- 
of  Ociievit  licKiin  with  the  ordinances  of  the  '.'nil 
j   of  .lanuiiry,    lol'.'      Then'  were    four  onhrs  of 
olllclaU    -  pasicirs,  teai  hers,  elders,  and  ih  aeons 
The  Consistory   was  formed  of  the  jiastont  and 
j   elders    .  li  wastlies|Mcialdiitv  of  IlieConsis 

I    lory,    which    wascomposid    of   tlic  chr|!y    and 
twelve  laymen,  to  see  that  the  orillnances  wen' 
duly  oli'^rvcd.  and  It   was  the  supreme  trilmiial 
I   of  morals      The  nnlve  I  lyiiien  were  eli  cicd  for 
[   a  year,  liy  the  coiiniil  of  Iwci  hundred,  mi  the 
r   noiniiialion  hy  the  eleru'y       The  Consistory  met 
i    every    Thursday     to  sie'that   everylhlilt;    ill   the 
<   cliureli    was    in    order       They    had    the    power 
i   of  exioinmuniealion.  lull   this  onlv  i  onslstcd  In 
I   exclusion  from  the  community  of  the   faithful. 
i   and  the  loss  of  the  privih'L'e  of'  partakiiiir  of  the 
'    Lord  s  Siip|K  r.     It  also  ihcided  ipiesiloiis  relat 
'   liii;  to  iiiarriii"-      The  deaeous  h.id  the  care  of 
I   the    pisir   and    of    aliiisniviui.'      Calvin    himself 
I    WHS  the  soul  of  tile  w'lole  on;ani/,alioii       Iln!  he 
was  II  cold,  siilf.  almo-l  >rl..iiiiiy   heiiiL-,  aiel  his 
charaeti  r  pioiluc.s  ii  very  dilTi  rent  impression 
friini  the  ^.'eiiial  warmth  of  l.iilhi  r.  who  could  lie 
cheerful  and  merry  with  his  family.     Half  OhI 
Tesiauieut  prophet'  half  Uepiililie.iudeiiiau'oirne. 
Cahin  could  do  aiiythini,'  in  his  Stale,  hut  it  vvas 
liy  nil  ans  of  his  personal  iiiMiii  nee.  the  aiilliority 
of  his  words.  'Ihe  majesly  of  his  charaeler.' as 
was  said   liv   a  inaL'i^trale   of  (iiucva  iiflcr  his 
death,      l|e"».isto  Hie  l.i-t  Ihe  simple  iiilnisler. 
whose  fnii-'.il  mode  of  life  appiand  lo  hi,  cue 
mil  s  like  nii-'irariilincs     After  a  leiirnof  twenty 
three  years,  hehft  liehind  him  the  possessions  of 
a  nieii'dii  lilt   iieaik.   .   .   .    \o  other  leformer  es 
lalilishcd  so  rijid  a  i  hurcli  discipline,   .   .   .   All 
iioi^y  piiiies,  tjaiiusi'f  chame.  ilini  inir.  siiifrlnir 
of  I'lrofane  .■mhii;-.  ciirsii  ;r   and  svnirin^'.   were 
forhiddeii,  and  ,   ,   .  chnreh  L'oini:  and  Saliliath 
kei  piiii;  were  siriillv  enjoined.     The  moral  po- 
lice tonk  aieounl  of"  cve'rylhinu',      KMry  eiii/,eii 
had  lo  he  at  home  hy  nine  o'clock,  under  heavy 
penalties,     Adulli  ry'.  which  had  pre\iously  lieen 
punished   hy  a   few   days'  impiisonuicnt  au.l    ii 

small  line,  was  now  punished  hy  death \t 

a  lime  when  Kiirope  liad  no  solid  results  of  re 
f..rm  to  show,  Ihis  little  State  of  (ieiieva  ctoisl 
lip  as  a  irrcai  powi'r;  year  hy  year  it  sent  forlli 
apostles  into  Hie  world,  who  iireiiclied  its  iIik- 
Irincsevervwheri'.  and  it  iH'canie  theiiiost  dreiuled 
counterpoise  to  Home,  when  Uome  no  loni;erlmil 
any  Imlwiirk  to  defend  her  ...  It  formed  a 
weiKiilv  couiiLerpoisc  lo  Uie  lieSpi  .".iti  *  ..r,n:> 
whicu  thcuncienl  Church  and  monarchical  power 


T 


111 


1451 


i 


h-l 


•J . 


GENEVA 

w»re  making  to  cnish  the  spirit  of  the  Reforma- 
tion. It  was  iinposaiblf  to  ()p]K)ScCarafI»,  Plillip 
II..  and  the  Stimrts,  with  I.iitlier's  passive  resis- 
tance; men  wtTewantedwlio  were  ready  to  wage 
war  to  tlie  Ijnife,  and  such  was  the  ('ulvinistic 
selu")!.  It  everywliere  accejited  tlie  rliallenpe; 
Ihrouiiliout  all  the  conflicts  for  political  and  re- 
ligious lilH-rty,  up  to  Ihe  time  of  the  first  emi- 
gration to  Anicrirn.  in  France,  the  Netlierlamls, 
England,  and  Sidtland.  we  recognise  the  Oeni'van 
seliool.  A  little  liit  of  the  worlds  history  was 
enacted  in  (iencva.  which  forms  the  pmudest 
piirti<m  of  Ihe  sixteenth  anil  scventecntli  Ci  n- 
tiirics." — I..  Hiiiisser,  T>if  I'l-riml  nf  tin-  llifnrinn- 
twn.  eh.  1«, 

Also  IN:  P.  Henry,  [.iff  ami  Tinim  nf  Vulriii, 
pt.  ■.•-;).— .1.  H.  Merle  I)'Aul)igne,  //i»V.  if  ',„' 
Ittfiiriiultioii  ill  t/if  time  I'f  Cillrili.  Ilk.  'Jmiilll.^ 
F.'l'.  (iuizot,  r.ilriii.  (•/,."  12-i2.  — I,,  von  IJiinke, 
Ciril  Wiim  ami  .Mniiairlii/  in  Fniiiee.  Wh-lllh 
Cent'iriix.  eh.  H, 

A.  D.  1570.— Treaty  with  the  Duke  of  Sa- 
voy.— Agreement  of  non-molestation.  See  Sa- 
vov;  A.  1).  ir..V.I-ir)S0. 

A.  D.  1602-1603.— The  escalade  of  the  Sa- 
voyards and  its  repulse.— Treaty  of  St.  Julien. 
—rinding  a  (irclcxt  in  some  liostile  manifesta- 
tions wl-'ch  had  appeared  among  the  (Jcnevese 
during  a  conflict  between  the  French  king  and 
himself,  CliarlcsKnianuel  I.,  duke  of  .Si  voy,  chose 
to  consider  himself  at  war  with  Geneva,  and 
"ileterniined  to  rtirht  out  his  ipiarrel  without 
further  nc.lice.  The  night  of  the  11th  tothel'.'th 
of  Deccmlicr.  IfiOi,  is  furever  memorahle  in  the 
annals  of  tieneva.  4,(KK)  Savoyards,  aided  by 
darkness,  attempted  the  cscalacU^  of  its  walls;  an 
unforeseen  accident  disconcerted  them;  tlie  citi- 
zens exhibited  the  most  heroic  presence  of  mind; 
the  laddrrs  by  which  the  aggressors  as<>endi'd 
were  shot  down  by  a  random  cannon-ball;  the 
troops  outside  fell  into  confusion ;  those  who  had 
already  entered  the  town  were  either  mowed 
down  in  flglit  or  hung  on  the  scaffold  on  the 
morrow;  thus  the  whole  enterprise  miscarried. 
It  was  in  vain  that  the  Duke  came  forwani  with 
bis  whole  host,  and  trieil  to  prevail  by  open  force 
where  stratagem  had  failed.  He  wiis  tliwart<il 
by  the  intervention  of  the  French  and  Swiss,  and 
compelled  by  their  threats  to  sign  the  Treaty  of 
St.  Julien  (July  2Ist,  ItKKi),  which  secureil'thc 
Independence  of  the  Ck'iievese.  Charles  never- 
theless did  not.  to  his  last  day,  give  up  his  de- 
signs upon  that  city." — A.  dalleuga,  lliat.  of 
Pieibii'int,  r.  11,  eh.  '2. 

A.  D.  1798. — Forcibly  united  to  the  French 
Republic.  See  Switzeiii.and:  A.  I).  1792- 
1708. 

A.  D.  1814. — United  with  the  Swiss  Con- 
federation. See  Switzerland:  A.  1).  1803- 
184H. 

A.  D.  iSts.— United  as  a  canton  to  the 
Swiss  Confederation,  by  the  CongreiiS  of 
Vienna.     See  Vienna,  The  Com.iiess  ok. 

GENEVA  CONVENTION,  The.  See  Ued 
Ckoss. 

GENEVA  TRIBUNAL  OF  ARBITRA- 
TION. See  ALAit.iMA  Claims:  A.  I>.  1«71.  and 
lH71~lH7->. 

GENEVOIS,  The.  See  Savov  and  Pied 
Mont    Htm   l.-iTii  Centiiues. 

GENGHIS  KHAN,  The  conquests  of.  See 
M"N^^"i.r    A   !>.  HVS  r.'JT. 


GENOA.  1261-1299 

GENOA:  Origia  and  rise  of  the  city.-  (;rn 
08,  anciently  Genua,  was  the  chief  niintinii' 
city  of  Liguria,  and  afterwards  a  Itcuiuin  miini 
eipium.  Under  the  Lombards  the  c(iM>iMiit  inva 
sions  of  the  Saracens  united  the  pr<irrv.i..||.i ,,( 
trade  and  war,  and  its  greatest  nun  ll:lllt^  u. 
came  also  its  greatest  generals,  while  it,  nival 
captains  were  al.io  merclmnts.  Tlic  (  lu-ulu 
were  of  grea*  advantage  to  Genoa  [sci  Ciii  ,  uij , 
A.  I).  1104-11111  in  enabling  it  to  1  st:il,|i-h  inul 
ing  settlements  as  far  as  the  lllack  Sm ,  Liu  tlic 
power  of  Pisa  in  the  East,  as  well  11,  it-,  [..i.:,,, 
sion  of  Corsica  and  Sardinia,  led  to  \v:ir~  l»  twii  n 
it  and  Genoa,  in  which  the  Gciir«'si'  iixik  fir-iia 
[see  CoiisirA:  Eaki.v  IIistoiiy)  tind  dr-x.-  ilic 
Pisnns  out  of  Sardinia.  liy  land  tiu'  i;rii(».M. 
territory  was  extended  to  Nice  on  cue  Mt-  ami  m 
Spcziaon  the  other."— A.  J.  C.  Ilair,  '  /„.  ,4 
y-irlherii  anil  Central  Italy,  r.  1.  /■.  :!o. 

A.  D.  1256-1257.— Battles  with  the  Vene- 
tiansatAcre.    fc  Venice:  A.  1).  l','",i;  i,>>. 

A.  D.  1361-1290, — The  supplanting  of  Venice 
at  Constantinople  and  in  the  Black  Sea  trade, 
— Colonies  in  the  Crimea. — Wars  with  Venice. 
— Victory  at  Curzola  and  favorable  treaty  oi 

peace. — "  During  the  Ijitin  dyiitis-ty  in  ( i:iii 

tinople  the  Genoese  never  irained  liic  lir^t  y\.ue 
in  the  commerce  of  the  lilaek  Sea.  ...  It  iv:i3 
Venice  who  held  the  key  of  all  thi?.  cmiiiii'  ni.  ;it 
Constantinople;  when,  after  diverting' tin  \\li"lo 
course  of  the  fourth  Crusade,  she  iiidiin  ■!  (  liriv 
tcndimi  to  waste  its  energies  on  siiN-l'iiir.'  Ilu' 
Greek  empire  for  her  benelit  [sia'  llN/wriNK 
Emimiie:  a.  I).  1J0I!-1204].  Wilhllici  \il,  I  i;r..  k 
dyuiisly,  however,  the  GenrK-sc  were  al\ 
the  best  of  terms,  at  Trebizoiiil.  Nin  1, 
Hoiimania;  and  recognizing  that  a--  ]<iu 
Latins  were  a,!powerfiil  in  Constantiii' 
would  have  to  relinquish  the  cream  of  11 
Sea  commerce  to  the  Queen  of  the  .\driaii'',  >li'' 
at  length  determined  to  strike  a  bold  ^lnlkl•anll 
replace  a  Greek  again  on  the  throne."  Tlii,  uii* 
accomplished  in  I'JBl,  when  Baldwin  II  lli  d  frnii 
the  Byzantine  capital  and  Michael  I'al-lnsiis 
tiKik  pos.session  of  his  throne  and  imwn  \-iv 
GitERK  KMriliK  OK  Nic.ka:  a.  I).  l.'llilJIlli 
For  the  a.ssistance  given  in  that  rcv.iliiii  ti  tin 
Genoese  obtained  the  treaty  of  Niiifri.,  •wjiiili 
firmly  cstaldished  their  inlliicnce  in  tif  HItik 
Sea.  .  .  .  Thiis  did  the  brave  nitiiiiu  r  t'>wii,if 
Genoa  turn  the  scale  of  the  vast.  Iml  mltiii. 
Eastern  Empire;  and  her  reward  w:is  miiiifulil. 
The  grateful  emperor  gave  her  street's  an  hitiays 
in  Constantinople,  immunity  from  Irilnitiv  aiia 
free  piLssage  for  her  conimer<'c.  .  .  .  In  :i'|i!itini; 
to  these  excellent  terms  in  the  treaty  .f  .Siiif.n, 
the  emperor  conceded  to  various  tJeiini  -.■  privaii' 
families  numerous  islands  in  the  .\ii  lii|»  lapi. 
.  .  .  But  the  great  nudeusof  this  piiuiru  n  till' 
streets,  churci.."',  ami  quays  1  (  iiii>t.iiiii!i''i ' 
which  were  allotted  to  the  Genoese.  ;i! 
a  vast  emporium  of  strength  and  1 
which  mu.st  have  eventuallv  led  to  1 
session  of  Constantinople,  hail  not  the  '  i 
ruler  of  the  Gcnm'se  eolonv  there,  tl 


H<  cill 

ati.l  ia 
a,  till' 
■.\r  Sll,' 
■  I  Shirk 


I'-'miC'l 

HillllTl'''. 

tin'  |»~- 

irsl.i.'ur 

.n::li!   lit. 


-  ,1k 


from  personal  motives,  or  from  lar^'c  oil  rv  ni  iili| 
him  by  the  Venetians,  to  attempt  a  rc^t.!,-] 
the  Latin  line.  .  .  .  His  eoiispirarv  « 
covered,  and  the  OeniMSe  were  sen:  -i  > 
boily  to  Emclea.  However,  on  n  pn  1 
from  home  that  it  was  none  of  their  d  1; 
that  Guercio  had  been  actini?  entirely  o:,  i 
aueuuut,  theemi>rror  yieidctl  in  j'erj'"  ■■■■■;■ 


1432 


GENOA,   1261-1299 


GENOA.  1878-1379. 


Genoeae  the  town  of  Pent,  on  the  sole  condition 
that  the  govrruors  shoii](i  do  him  homaee  [aee, 
also,  Constantinople:  A.  D.  1261-1453).  .  .  . 
Thus  were  the  Ocnovse  cstablislietl  in  this  com- 
msoiling  position ;  hurc  tliey  had  a  separate  gov- 
mraent  of  tlieir  own,  from  here  tliey  ruled  tlie 
roaii  of  commerce  fn)ni  China  to  Europe;  and, 
tiking  advantage  of  tlie  weakness  of  the  em- 
perora,  they  were  able  to  do  much  as  tliey  wished 
ibout  building  fortresses  ami  palaces,  with  gar- 
dens to  the  water's  edge;  and  thus  from  Pera. 
with  its  citadel  of  Oalata  behind  it,  they  were 
enabled  to  dictate  what  terms  they  pleasetl  to 
ships  passing  to  and  from  the  IJosphonis."  In 
the  Black  Sea,  "from  time  immemorial,  the  small 
tonRiie  of  land  now  known  as  the  Crimea,  tlien 
u  the  Tauric  Cliersoresc,  was  the  mart  towarils 
which  all  tlie  caravan  trade  of  Asia  was  directed 
by  this  northern  road,  and  upon  this  tongue  of 
land  sprang  up  a  group  of  noble  cities  which, 
until  finally  seized  by  the  Turks,  were  without 
exception  Genoese  property.  Of  these,  Caffa  was 
the  chief.  When  this  city  was  built  on  tlie 
ruins  of  Theo<losia,  and  by  whom,  is  somewhat 
shrouded  in  mystery.  Certain  it  is  that  Genoa 
bad  a  colony  here  soon  after  the  first  Crusade. 
.  .  Second  only  to  CaiTa  in  importance,  and  liet- 
ter  known  to  us  by  name,  was  the  town  of  Crini, 
which  gave  its  name  eventually  to  the  whole 
jeninsula,  which  originally  it  had  got  from  tlie 
Crim  Tatars.  .  .  .  Prior  to  its  cession  to  the 
Genoese,  it  had  been  tlie  residence  of  a  Tatar 
empero'.  .  .  .  Here,  then,  in  tliis  narrow  tongue 
of  liinil,  which  we  now  call  the  Crimea,  was  the 
kernel  of  Oenoesa  prosperity.  As  long  as  she 
flourished  here  she  flouriahed  at  home.  And 
wliiu  at  length  the  Turkish  scourge  swept  over 
tbis  pcuinsuU  and  swallowed  up  her  colonies,  the 
Ligurian  Uepublie,  by  a  process  of  slow  decay, 
withered  like  a  sapless  tree."  The  supplanting  | 
of  the  V'enetiansat  Coiistjintinople  by  the  Genoesi', 
and  the  great  advantages  gained  by  the  latter  in 
the  commerce  of  the  Black  Sea,  led  necessarily  ! 
lowur  between  the  rival  republics.  "To  main-  i 
tain  h;T  newly  acquired  intluencc  in  the  East, 
Genoa  sent  fortli  a  fleet  under  the  lointcomiiian<i 
ol  Pierino  Urimaldi,  a  noble,  and  I'erchelto  llal- 
lonc,  the  people's  representative.  They  encoun- 
tered ihe  Venetian  squadron  at  Malvasia  [1203] 
which  was  greatly  inferior  to  tlii'ir  own.  But 
astlif  combatants  were  just  warming  to  their 
work.  Mallone,  actuated  by  party  spirit,  with- 
drew his  ships  and  sailed  away.  The  Venetians 
coulil  scarcely  believe  what  tiiey  saw ;  they  an- 
ticipatc<l  some  deep  laid  stnitiigem,  and  withtirew 
tor  a  while  from  the  contest.  When  however 
they  iHheld  Mallone's  galleys  fairly  under  sail, 
tluy  wi.nderingly  attacked  Orinialdi  and  his  13 
ships  1111(1  obtained  an  easy  victory.  Griiiialdi 
fell  at  his  post.  .  .  .  This  fotal  day  of  Malvivsiu 
[soni.  liiuis  called  the  battle  of  Sette  Pozzi] 
nii?lit  cusily  have  secured  Venice  liir  lost  place 
intlic  Uliick  Sea  had  she  been  able  to  follow  up 
ber  victory,  but  with  inexplicable  want  of  vigour 
«he  remained  inactive."  (Jcnoa.  meantime,  re- 
TOvcml  from  the  disaster  aii<i  sent  out  another 
fleet  wliich  captun>d  a  rich  sijimdron  of  Venetian  i 
raerchaiit  ships  in  the  Adriatic,  taking  large 
wol.v  "It  surprist's  us  imniensilv  to  find  how 
forilu  next  thirty  years  Genoa  was  able  to  keep 
up  I  'l.sultory  warfare  with  Venice,  when  she 
»asai  Ihe  height  of  her  struggle  with  Pisa;  and 
*-"■!•'■■-■-  '■'''^  ^til!  more  that  Venice  raised  uui  a 


hand  to  assist  Pisa,  though  she  was  on  raoit 
friendly  terms  with  her,  and  when  by  so  doing 
she  could  have  ruined  Genoa.  .  .  .  After  the  faU 
of  Pisa  at  Meloria,  in  1296  [1284],  Genoa  could 
transfer  her  attention  with  all  the  greater  vigour 
to  her  contest  against  Venice.  Four  years  after 
tills  victory  men's  minds  were  again  bent  on  war. 
Ve  .'  cared  not  to  pay  a  ta.x  to  her  rival  on  all 
ships.  .,hicli  went  to  CalTa,  Genoa  resented  the 
tr-^atment  she  had  received  in  Cyprus,  and  thus 
the  rivals  prepared  for  another  and  more  deter- 
p-ined  confat  for  supremacy."  The  Venetians 
sent  a  tleet  to  operate  in  the  Black  Sea.  "Fire  was 
set  to  the  houses  of  Galata,  irreparable  damage 
was  done  to  CafTii,  and  in  the  Archipelago  every- 
thing Genoese  was  burnt,  and  then  off  they  sailed 
for  Cyprus,  whilst  tlie  Genoese  were  squabbling 
amongst  themselves.  With  much  trouble  the 
many  rulers  of  Genoa  succeeded  at  length  in  ad- 
justing their  dilTereuce,  and  a  goodly  array  of  78 
galleys  was  entrusted  to  the  care  of  Laniba  D'Oria 
to  punish  the  Venetians  for  their  depreiJations. 
.  .  .  Much  larger  was  the  force  Venice  produced 
for  the  contest,  and  w  hen  the  combatants  met  off 
Curzola,  amongst  the  Dalmatian  islands,  the 
Genoese  were  an.xiou8  to  come  to  terms,  and 
souglit  them,  but  the  Venetians  haughtily  re- 
fused. .  .  .  This  battle  of  Curzola  [September 
8,  129S1  was  a  sharp  and  vehement  struggle,  and 
resulted  in  terrible  loss  to  the  Venetians,  four  of 
whose  galleys  alone  escaped  to  tell  the  tale.  .  .  . 
Had  Lamba  D'Oria  but  driven  the  contest  home, 
Venice  was  ill-prepared  to  meet  him;  as  it  was, 
he  determined  to  sail  off  to  Genoa,  taking  with 
him  tlie  Venetian  admiral  .  .  .  Dandolo.  Chained 
to  tlie  mast  of  his  own  vessel,  and  unable  to  sus- 
tain the  effects  of  his  humiliation,  there,  as  he 
stoixl.  Dandolo  dashed  his  head  against  the  mast 
and  died.  .  .  .  Tlie  natural  result  of  such  a  vic- 
tory was  a  most  favourable  peace  for  Genoa, 
sij'ned  under  the  direction  of  Matteo  Viseonti, 
lord  of  Milan,  in  1299;  and  thus  the  century 
closed  on  Genoa  as  witliout  doubt  the  mosl 
powerful  state  in  Italy,  and  unquestionably  the 
mistress  of  the  Mediterranean.  .  .  .  The  next 
outbreak  of  war  between  the  two  Itepublics  had 
its  origin  in  the  occupation  of  the  island  of  Chios, 
in  1349," and  Genoa  in  that  struggle  encountered 
not  the  Venetians  alone,  but  the  Greeks  and 
Catalans  in  alliance  with  them  (see  Const\nti- 
noim.k:  A.  n.  134H-1,3.'..1V— .1  T.  Bent.  (leiKHi; 
ch.  H>iH(/8.     See,  also,  Thm>k. 

Also  in  :  W.  C.  Hazlitt,  //t»(.  of  tht  Veiutian 
Itepidilie,  ch.  11  (c  2). 

A.  D.  i38a-i2oo.— 'Wsr  with  Pisa.— The 
great  victory  of  Meloria.— Capture  of  the  chain 
of  the  Pisan  harbor.    See  Pi».\ :  A.  D.  1063-1293. 

A.  D.  1313.— Alliance  with  the  Emperor 
Henry  VII.  against  Naples.  Sec  Italy;  A.  D. 
1310-1313. 

A.  D.  1318-13 19.— Feuds  of  the  four  great 
families.— Siege  of  the  city  by  the  exiles  and 
the  Lombard  princes,  and  its  defense  by  the 
King  of  Naples.     See  Italy:  A.  D.  13i;i-1330. 

A.  p.  i348-i?rs._War  with  the  Greelis, 
Venetians  and  i\ragonese.  See  Constantino- 
TLK:  AD.  134tL13.1,-). 

A.  D.  1353.— Annexed  by  the  Viseonti  to 
their  Milanese  principality.  See  Milan:  A  D. 
1277-1447. 

A.  D.  1378-1379.— Renewed  war  with  Ven- 
ice.—The  victory  at  Pola.  See  Venice  :  A.  D. 
1373  1379. 


I  J 

i  t*] 


1453 


it; 


GENOA,  1879-1881. 

A.  D.  1370-1381.—  The  dismstroui  war  of 
Chioccia.— Venice  triumphant.  Stv  Venice: 
A.  D.  1879-1381. 

A.  D.    1381-1433.— A  lucceMion  of  foreign 
matters  :— The  King  of  France,  the  Marquis 
of  Monferrat  and  the  Duke  of  Milan.— The 
hlst"rv  of  Qvnoii  for  more  than  a  luntury  after 
the  (iUaatrous  War  of  Cliiogjjia   "  is  one  loiiff 
and  melanclioly   tissue  of  internal  and  external 
troubles,    eomini;   faster  and    faster   upon   one 
another  as  the  inherent  vitality  of  the  Itepubllc 
grew  weaker.  .  .  .   During  this  perioil  we  have 
a  constant  and   \inhealthy  eravin--  for  foreign 
masters,  be  they  Jlarquisesof  Monferrato,  Dukes 
of  Milan,  or  the  more  formidable  gubverters  of 
freedom,  the  kings  of  France.  ...  In  139fl  .  .  . 
Adorno  [then  doge  of  Genoa],  finding  himself  un- 
able to  tyrannize  as  he  wi.xhed.  decided  on  hand- 
ing overthegovernmenttoC'Imrles  VI.  of  France. 
In  this  he  was  ably  backed  up  by  many  memlwrs 
of  the  old  nobility,  as  the  signatures  to  the  treaty 
testify.     The  kiiig  was  to  I>e  entitled  '  Defender 
of  the  Commune  and  I'eopli'.'  and  was  to  respect 
in  cverv  way  the  existing  order  of  things.     80 
on  the  27tli  "of  November,  in  that  year,  the  great 
bell  in  the  tower  of  the  ducal  palace  was  rung, 
the  French  slaiidanl  was  raised  by  the  side  of  the 
red  cross  of  Genoa,  an('  i  ■.  the  great  council  hall, 
where  her  rulers  liad  sat  for  centuries,  now  sat 
enthroned  the  French  ambassadors,  whilst  Anto- 
niotto  Atlorno  liandeil  over  to  them  the  sceptre 
and  keys  of  the  city.     These  aymlxjls  of  govern- 
ment were  graciously  restored  to  him.  with  the 
admonition  that  he  should  no  longer  l>e  styled 
"doge."  but  'governor'  in  the  name  of  Fninc?. 
Thus  did  Adorno  si'll  his  country  for  the  love  of 
power,  preferring  to  be  the  heail  of  many  slaves, 
rather  than  to  live  as  a  sulwiniinate  in  a  free  com- 
munity.    The  first  two  govirnors  suit  by  France 
after  Adorno's  death  were  unaMe  to  cope  with 
the  seething  mass  of  corruption  thev  found  within 
the  city  walls,  until  the  .Marshal  fioucicault  was 
sent,  whose  name  was  far  famed  for  cruelly  in 
Spain  against  the  MiMirs.  in  Bulgaria  against  the 
Turks,  and  in  France  against  the  relK'ls. "    The 
government  of  Boueicault  was  harr!  and  cruel, 
and  "  his  name  is  handed  down  by  the  Genoese  as 
the  most  hateful  of  her  many  tyrants."     In  U09 
they  took  advantage  of  his  libsl'nce  from  the  city 
to  bring  in  the  Marquis  of  Monferrato.  whoes- 
tablislud  himself  in  his  place.      "  It  was  but  for 
a  brief  period  that  the  OencMse  submitted  to  the 
Manpiia  of  .Monferrato;  they  preferred  to  return 
to  their  doges  and  internal  nuarrels.  .  .  .  Thn>ugh- 
out  the  city  nothing  was  heard  but  the  ilin  of 
arms.     Brotlier  fought  against   brother,   father 
against  son,  and  for  tlie  whole  of  an  unusually 
chill  December,  in  1411,  there  was  not  a  by  path 
in  (Jiiioa  which  was  not  paved  with  lances,  bat- 
tle ,i\is  anil  dead  lK>dies.   .   .   .  Out  of  this  fiery 
tri:il   (Jenoa  at  lenglli  emerged   with  Tommaso 
('ainpofregoso  as  her  doire,  one  of  the  few  bright 
lights  which  illiimiiied  l.iguria  during  the  early 
piiil   (if   this   eeiHiiry.   .   .  .  Tlie   Genoese    arms 
durinir  this  lime  of  ((uiescence  again  shone  forth 
with  Minictliing  of  their  ancient  lirilliancy.     ('(ir- 
sica  \v;is  siibdiu'd.  and  a  substantial  h-ague  Wiis 
foi'Tnid  "illi  Henry  V.  of  Kngland.  .   .   .    14'21,  by 
whiili  pcriHiual    friendsliip  and  peace  by  laiiil 
and    se.i    was  sworn.     Short,   however,   was  the 
periiiil  iluring  which  Genoa  could  rest  conlenltd 
at   home.     Campofregoso   was   driven  fn>m  Ilie 
d.'.goship,  iuid  Fiiipp..  Maria.  Visconti  of  Milan, 


GENOA,  1500-1507. 

was  appointed  protector  of  the  Hepuhlic  [1422]. 
and  through  this  allegiance  the  Oen(K.se  were 
drawn  into  an  unprofitable  war  for  the  succession 
in  Naples,  in  which  the  Duke  of  Milat,  and  the 
Pope  supported  the  claims  of  Queen  .loaiina  and 
her  adopted  son,  Louis  of  Anjou.  against  Al 
phonso  of  Aragon."— J.  T.  Bent,  6'«;e»i.  rfi.  9  _ 
T/ie  UniKmnt  Hint.,  eh.  73.  feet.  3-4  (r  J.-.i 

A.  D,  1385-1386.— Residence  of  Pope  Urbtn 
VI.    See  Italy  (SouTiiEKS):  A.  D.  i;U;t-i:is!i 

A.  D.  1407-1448.— The  Bank  of  St.  George. 
— "The  Bank  of  St.  George  was  fouinlc.i  in 
Genoa  in  the  year  1407.  It  was  an  inumiis,.  sue 
cess  and  a  great  support  to  the  goveriuTuiit.  It 
gradually  liecame  u  republic  within  the  n  piitilir. 
more  peaceful  and  better  regulated  than  its  mis 
tress.'  In  1448  th  iadministratlonof  C'iirsii:ianil 
of  the  Genoese  colcmiea  in  the  Levant  w;is  irans 
ferred  to  the  Bunk,  which  theiKefurwanl  ap- 
pointed governors  and  conducted  coii>nial  affairs. 
— G.  B.  MuUeson,  Studies  from  Oenm^^  Ilintory, 
p.  75. 

Also  in:  J,  T.  Bent,  Gemm,  eh.  11  —Sec.  iilsn, 
Corsica:  Early  iiistohv. 

A.  D.  1431-1435. — Submission  to  the  Duke 
of  Milan,  and  recovery  of  the  freedom  of  the 
city.     See  Italy:  A.  I).    14r2-U4: 

A.  D.  14^8-1464.— Renewed  struggles  of  do- 
mestic faction  and  changes  of  foreign  masters. 
—Submission  to  the  Dukes  of  Milan.— "Cm 
oa,  wearied  with  internal  convulsicuis.  whidi 
followtnl  each  other  incessantly,  had  lust  nil  in- 
fluence over  the  rest  of  Italy;  continuiilly  op 
pre8se<l  by  faction,  it  no  longer  prescrviil  cvm 
the  recollection  of  lilwrty.  In  14.')8,  it  liml  sub 
initted  to  the  king  of  France,  then  Cliarlcs  VII  ; 
and  John  of  Anjou,  duke  of  Calabria,  \\m\  cunn; 
to  exercise  the  functions  of  govenwr  in  ilie 
king's  name.  He  made  'i.  at  the  simif  tiinr.  liis 
fortress,  from  whence  to  attack  the  liint'il'iniof 
Naples  [see  Italy:  A.  D.  1447-1480]  lint  tUis 
war  had  worn  out  the  patience  of  tlic  (Ji  iimse; 
they  rose  against  the  French ;  and.onlhi'  ITthof 
July,  1461,  ilestroved  the  army  sent  t"  viiinlue 
them  by  Kene  of  Anjou.  The  Gcnncv  hail  nn 
sooner  thrown  off  a  foreign  yoke  tlinn  thiv  be- 
came divided  into  two  factions,  —  the  .Vilnrni  iiml 
the  Fregosi  [severally  parti.sana  of  two  fimiliis 
of  that  name  which  contended  fortbc  cuntrilof 
the  republic]:  both  had  at  different  Ijims.  anil 
more  than  once,  given  them  a  doge.  Tiic  nurc 
violent  and  tyrannical  of  these  factimis  nia^'is 
trates  was  Paolo  Fregoso,  also  arcliliislmp  I'f 
Genoa,  who  had  returned  to  his  country,  in  14«. 
as  chief  of  banditti;  and  left  it  again.  !"<•  years 
afterwanis,  as  chief  of  a  band  of  pirairs.  Tbr 
Genoese,  disgusted  with  their  inili'piii.liMHc. 
which  was  disgraced  by  so  many  criim  s  an  1 
disturl)ances.  had.  on  the  13tli  of  .\|  : 
yielde<l  to  Francesco  Sfor/.a,  duke  i,f  Mi! 
afterwards  remained  subject  to  liis  son  1 ;  1 
—J.  C.  L.  de  Slimondi,  Hint  ■■/  l!f  /' ' 
pufiliet,  eh.  11. 

Also  IS:  B.  Duffv,  The  7'«.<ai;,  /.'./■ 
23. 

A.  D.    1475.- Loss  of   possessions 
Crimea.    SecTiitKs:   AD   ini   n-l 

A.  D.     1500-1507.— Capitulation    10 
XII.  of  France,  conqueror  of  Milan. 
and  subjugation.— Bv  the  <cpiii|iii  -1 
(see   Italy;    A.  D.    14»9-I.")<M)),    l.niii.. 
France  acquired  the  signoria  oftii^^' 
liad  been  licid   by  the  dt-port-!  •'■!'■■     ' 


ti(H. 
ami 


;,'. 


in    the 

Louis 
Revolt 

■     Vlilan 

whuli 


1454 


OENOA,  1500-1807. 


OEN8. 


Sfona.  "According  to  the  capitulation,  one 
balf  of  tlie  magistriitvs  of  Genoa  sliould  be  nol)le, 
the  other  lialf  plel>einn.  Tliey  were  to  lie  cliosen 
by  tlie  suffrages  of  tlieir  fellow-citijiens;  tliey 
were  to  retain  the  govemnicnt  of  the  whole  of 
Liguria,  and  the  adminisl ration  of  tlieir  own 
Inanres,  with  tlie  reservation  of  a  flxe<l  sum 
Mj-alile  yearly  to  the  king  of  Prance.  Hut  the 
heneh  could  never  comprehend  that  nobles  were 
on  an  eiiuality  with  villains;  that  a  king  was 
bound  by  conditions  Imposi'd  by  his  subjects;  or 
that  money  could  be  refiisj'd  to  him  who  had 
force.  All  the  capitulations  of  Genoa  were  succes- 
sively violated;  while  the  Genoese  nobles  ranged 
themselves  on  the  side  of  a  king  against  their 
country:  they  were  known  to  carry  insolently 
about  th?in  a  dagger,  on  which  was  inscribeil, 
'Chastise  villains';  so  impatient  were  tliey  to 
lepanitc  theniselv<'S  fniin  the  people,  even  by 
meanness  and  assassination.  That  people  could 
not  support  llie  doulile  yoke  of  ii  foreign  master 
anil  of  nobles  who  betrayed  their  country.  On 
the  "til  of  February,  I.IO",  they  revolted'  drove 
out  the  French,  proclaimed  the  republic,  and 
named  a  new  doge ;  but  time  failed  them  to  or- 
ganize their  defence.  On  the  3d  of  April,  I.A)uis 
advaiieed  from  Grenoble  with  a  powerful  army. 
He  soon  arrived  tx'forc  Genoa;  the  newly-raised 
militia,  unable  to  with.stand  veteran  troops,  were 
defeated.  Louis  entered  Genoa  on  the  20th  of 
April;  anil  immediately  sent  the  doge  and  the 
greater  number  of  the  generous  citizens,  who 
hail  siirnulized  themselves  in  the  defence  of  their 
country,  to  the  scaffold."—.!.  C.  L.  de  Sisinondi, 
Hilt,  of  the  Italiiin  Ilepuhtio.  eh.  14. 

Also  i.n:  L.  von  Ranke,  Hint,  ofthe  ImHii  and 
Ttiitunk  Nations  from  148-1  tn  ],')14,  /(.  200. 

A.  D.  1537-1528. — French  dominion  momen- 
Uriljr  restored  and  then  overthrown  by  An- 
drew Doria.— The  republic  revived.  Sec 
ITAIV:  A.  1).  l.')27-l.')20. 

A.  D.  1528-1550^ — The  conspiracy  of  Fiesco 
ud  its  failure.— Revolt  and  recovery  of  Cor- 
•ica.—" Sustained  by  the  ability  of  Doria.  and 
protected  by  the  arms  of  C!iarles  V..  the  Ue,)uh- 
lic,  during  near  nineteen  years  subsi'quent  to 
this  auspicious  rcvolutiim,  continued  in  the  en- 
joyment of  dignitied  independence  anil  repose. 
But,  llie  memorable  conspiracy  of  Louis  Fiesco, 
Count  iif  Lavagna,  the  t'atiliiie  of  Liguria,  had 
nearly  subverted  Genoa,  and  reduced  it  anew  to 
th>.'  olH  iliince  of  France,  or  exposed  it  once  more 
to  all  ih(!  misfortunes  of  an:irchv.  The  massacre 
ot  Doriu  and  his  family  constituted  one  of  the 
primary  olijects of  the  plot;  while  the  dissimu- 
l.itinn.  intrepidity,  and  capacity,  which  marked 
its liii.liT  .  .  .  hull' remh'red  the  attempt  (me of 
the  most  ixtraordiiiary  n  lated  in  miHlern  lii.story. 
It  »ii,s:Hiuinpanied  with  complete  success  till  the 
rnnmi'tii  nf  its  termination,  .leannetin  Doria,  tlic 
liiirif  thul  house,  having  perished  bv  the  ilas;- 
?er.  ami  .\iiilrew,  his  uncle,  iK'ing  with  dillli-ulty 
sivmI  liv  his  scrvant.s,  who  transported  him  oiit 
"I  the  cjiy.  the  Gcnix'sc  Senate  was  about  to 
sulimit  uiieimdilionallv  to  Fiesco.  when  that 
nolileman,  by  a  sudden"  and  occidental  ilcatli,  at 
nneorcnlirfd  abortive  his  own  hopes  and  tlio-,- 
'■I  Ins  fnlliiwers.  The  govtrnment.  re.sumiig 
murage.  ,.X|,elli.(l  the  surviving  conspirators;  :inil 
"'ina.  nil  Ills  return  to  the  city,  sullied  the  liisire 
»'  Ills  liiL-h  clinractiT,  bv  proceedimr  to  acts  of 
fnieliyaLMinst  the  brothers  ami  adherents  of  the 
•voi:  oi  ijiVHgim.     Noiwiilistaniiiiii;  this  cul- 


pable and  vindlctiv"  excess,  he  continued  invari- 
ably firm  to  the  political  principles  which  he  had 
inculcated,  for  maintaining  the  freedom  of  the 
Commonwealth.  Philip,  Prince  of  Spain,  son  of 
Charles  V.,  having  visited  Genoa  in  tlie  suc- 
ceeding year,  attempted  to  induce  the  senate, 
underspecious  pretences  of  securing  their  safety, 
to  consent  to  the  construction  of  a  citadel,  garri- 
soned by  Spaniards.  But  he  found  in  that  as- 
sembly, as  well  as  in  Doria,  an  insurmountaide 
opposition  to  the  measure,  which  was  rejected 
with  unanimous  indignation.  The  island  1  " 
Corsica,  which  had  been  subjected  for  ages  to 
Genoa,  and  which  was  oppressed  by  a  tyrannical 
administration,  took  up  arms  at  this  period  [ISBft- 
15,')9] ;  and  the  French  having  aided  the  insur- 
gents, they  maintained  a  long  and  successful 
struggle  against  their  oppressors.  But  the  peace 
concluded  at  Ciiteau  between  Philip,  King  of 
Spain,  and  Henry  11.,  in  which  the  Spanish  court 
dictated  terms  to  Fran  e,  obliged  that  nation  to 
evacuate  tlieir  Corsican  ac(|Uisitions,  and  to  re- 
store the  island  to  the  Genoese  [see  France- 
A.  D.  l.')47-I.V)9].  Soon  afterwards  [1539],  at 
the  very  advanced  age  of  ninety,  Andrew  Doria 
expired  in  his  own  palace,  surrounded  by  t^ 
people  on  whom  he  had  conferred  freedom  and 
trancjuillity :  li'aving  the  Commonwealtti  In  do- 
mestic repose'  and  undisturbed  by  foreign  war  " 
—Sir  N.  W.  Wraxall,  Iliit.  of  Prance,  1574- 
1610,  T.  2,  ;)/).  4.1-44. 

Also  in  ;  G.  B.  Malleson,  fHiuiietfrom  Oenoeu 
Ilittory,  eh.  1-3. 

A.  D.  1625-1636.— Unsuccessful  attack  by 
France  and  Savoy.  See  Fhanck:  A.  D.  1624- 
1620. 

A.  D.  1745.— The  public  sides  with  Spain 
and  France  in  the  -  of  the  Austrian  Suc- 
cession.    See  Itai,^  I).  1745. 

A.  D.  I74<S-I747.— Surrendered  to  the  Ans- 
trians.  —  Popular  rising:.  —  Expulsion  of  the 
Austrian  garrison.— Long  siege  and  deliver- 
ance of  the  city.  See  Italy:  A.  D.  1746-1747. 
A.  D.  1748.— Territory  secured  by  the  Treaty 
of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  See  Aix  la-Ciiapellk; 
A.  D.  1748. 

A.  D.  1768.— Cession  of  Corsica  to  France. 
See  Coiisica;  A.  D.  1729-1769. 

A.  D.  1796.— Treaty  of  peace  with  France. 
Sec  Fhanck:  A.  D.  1796  (October). 

A.  D.  1797.— Revolution  forced  by  Bona- 
parte.—Creation  of  the  Ligurian  Republic. 
SceFuAxcK:  A.  I).  1797  (May- October). 

A.  D.  1800.— Siege  by  the  Austrians.— Mas- 
s<na's  defense.— Surrender  of  the  city.  See 
Fua.nck:  a.  D.  lHOO-IW)t  (May— February). 

A.  D.  1805.— Surrendei  jf  independence.— 
Annexation  to  France.  Sec  France:  A.  D 
1S0I-18().-|. 

A.  D.  1814.— Reduction  ofthe  forts  by  Eng- 
lish troops.— Surrender  of  the  French  garri- 
son.    See  Italy:  A.  I).  1814. 

A.  D.  1814-1815.— Annexation  to  the  king- 
dom of  Sardinia.  See  France:  A.  D.  1814 
(.\pRii — Jink);  ami  Vienna,  The  Congress  of: 

GENOLA,  Battle  of  (1799).    See  France: 
A    1)    17!(9(.VniisT— Decemher). 
GENS,  GENTES,  GENTILES.-' When 

Hoiiiaii  history  begins,  there  were  within  the 
I  ily.  .iml  .siibi.nlinate  to  the  common  citv  gov- 
crninint.  a  liiruv  niimlu'r  of  smaller  bodies 


i  ot   which  preserved  its  individuality  and  some 


Ul 


I  ill 


i-^i 
<  11 


Im 


OEN8. 


OEOROE. 


;•. 


<>' 


ni 


j'5 


•cmblanro  nf  covprnmrnfal  murliinery.    These 
were  iliiim  ();<'"s|.  ""'1  '"  preliisliirir  llmo« oacli 
of  them  in  tiiken  to  liiivp  liiul  Hii  InilcfK'nilent  po- 
litical cxisttnic',  livliijt  iipart,  worsliiplnif  its  own 
gods,  Hiwl  ruled  over  l>y  Its  own  elileflaln,     Tliis 
dun  orgiinlziitioii  Is  not  siipi>oae<l  to  liavo  Ix'cii 
IKKMiliiir  lit  nil  to  Itome,  but  ancient  society  in 
Hencnil  was  comnoseil  of  an  indefinite  numbor  of 
suoli  iMxiies,  which,  at  the  outset,  treated  witli 
cacli  other  in  a  small  way  as  nations  miglit  tn^at 
with  each  other  today.     It  nee<i8  to  bo  note<l, 
liowever,  that,  at  any  rat*',  so  far  as  Home  is 
roncerncd,  this  is  a  matter  of  infen-nce,  not  of 
hiflorical  proof.     The  earliest  political  divisions 
in  Latiuni  of  which  we  have  any  trace  consiste<i  of 
such  dans  united  Into  conununities.    If  tln'y  ever 
existed,  separately,  therefore  their  union  must 
have  Ut^n  delilK'nite  and  artilicial.  and  the  liody 
thus  formed  w.is  tlieianton  ('civitas'or  "popu- 
lus').     Each  (canton  had  a  fixed  common  strong- 
hold ('  capitoliuni.' '  height,'  or '  arx ' — cf.  '  arceo' 
—'citadel')  si'.uated  01  some  central  elevation. 
The   clans  dwelt  around  in  hamlets  (vlei'or 
'  pagi')  8cattere<l  through  tlie  canton.     Original- 
ly, the  central   stronghold  was  not  a  place  of 
residence  like  the  'pagi,' but  a  place  of  refuge 
.  .  .  and  a  place  of  meeting.  ...   In  all  of  this, 
therefore,  the  clan  seems  to  lie  at  the  very  foun- 
dation. .  .  .  Any    clan    in    the    l)eginning,    of 
course;  must  have  Ikh'U  simply  a  family.     When 
it  grew  so  large  as  to  be  divided  into  sections, 
the  sections  were  known  as  f.unilies  ('faniiliie') 
and  their  union  was  the  clan.     In  this  view  the 
family,  as  we  fiud  it  existing  in  the  Koinan  state, 
was  a  .sulKlivision  of  the  elan.     In  other  words 
historically,  families  did  not  unite  to  for:n  clans, 
but  the  clan  was  the  primitive  thing,  and  the 
fumiliiM   were   its  l>ranehes.     Men   thus  recog- 
nized kinship  of  a  doublif  character.     They  were 
related  to  all  the  memlH-rs  of  their  clan  as  'gen- 
rtlcs,'  and  again  more  closely  to  all  the  memlKTS 
of  their  branch  of  the  clan  at  once  as  '  gentiles ' 
and  also  as  'agnati.'     As  already  stated,  men  be- 
longeii  to  the  same  family  ('agnati')  when  they 
could  tmre  their  descent  through  males  fn)m  a 
common   anceslor   who    gave  it.s   nahie  to  tlie 
family,  or.  what  is  the  same  tiling,  wasitsepo- 
nym.     IJetwecn  the  nieml)ers  of  a  clan  the  chief 
evidence  of  relationship  in  historical  times  was 
trnilition.  .  .  .  We  have  thus  o'ltllncd  what  is 
known  as  the  patriarchal  Iheo'y  of  society,  and 
hinted  at  its  application  to  certain  facts  in  liomau 
history.      It  should   be   renicmlK'red,   however, 
tliat  it  is  only  a  theory,  and  that  it  is  open  to 
some  apparent  and  to  some  real  criticism  " — A. 
Tiglie.  Drrtl'ipmfnl  of  the  Uoman  (,'oiuil.,  rh.'i  — 
T.  Miininisen,  //(*(.  of  Itumr,  hk.  1.  eh.  .').  — "Tlie 
patricians  were  divided  into  certJiin  private  as.so 
ciations.  called  Oentes.  wiiich  we  may  translate 
Houses  or  Chilis.     All  the  niemlK'rs  of  each  Gens 
were  called  gentiles;    and   they  Iwre   the  same 
name,  which  always  eiiilid  in  ins;  as  for  instiince, 
every  nieinlnr  of  the  .lulian  Uens  was  a  Julius; 
every    ;neiiilKr    of    the   (,'ornelian    Gens    was   a 
Coriii'liiis.  ;iiii|  so  on.      Now  in  every  Gens  there 
were  ;i   i.iiinlM'r  of   F.imilies  which  were  distin 
guished    l_    .1  name  lidded  to  the  name  of   the 
Gens      Thus  the  Scipios.  Siilhis.  Cinnas,  I'etliegi, 
Lentuli.  were  all  families  of  the  Cornelian  Gens. 
Lastly,  every  person  of  every  Family  was  denoleil 
by  a  name    prefi.\ed  to  the  name  of    Hie  Gens 
Til::  natiie  uf  liie  peraoti  wriri,  in  l.tttiri.  j-VremniK-ii . 
that  of  the  Gens  or  House,  nomen,  that  of  the 


Family,  cognomen.  Thus  Caius  .luli!,  r^rs,, 
was  a  person  of  the  Ca'sar  Family  in  Ihi  .lulu 
Gens;  Lucius  Comcllus  Scipio  was  u  prrviin 
the  Scipio  Family  in  the  Cornelian  Gin..:  ;ii„|  ^ 
forth."— H.  O.  Liddell,  /«»/.  of  It;,.,,  (  1  ,,, 
3. — " There  Is  no  wonl  In  the  English  luiirmn; 
which  satisfactorily  renders  the  Ijiiiii  «..nl  l-i  ns 
The  term  '  clan '  Is  apt  to  mislead  ;  f.ir  tli.  S(  ,,i( 
Highland  clans  were  very  dilTereiii  fmin  th 
Itoman  'gentes.'  The  word  'House' in  11. ii  i|„ii 
correct,  lor  it  always  implies  rcliilionslii|..  uliii 
was  not  essential  in  the  '  gens ' ;  but  f..r  Uinit  1 
a  iM'tter  word  we  shall  use  'House'  |..  ,  \prc! 
'gens,' except  where  the  spirit  of  the  iiiii;ii;iK 
rejects  the  term  and  reiiuires  '  family  '  iu-u-u 
The  German  language  has  in  tlie  «"nl  Gi 
schlwht ' an  almost conlvahnt  term  fnr  ihr  Uiii 
'gens'."— W.  Ihne,  JIM.  of  Jim,;  './    1.  ./,.  i: 

flHlt-HoU. 

Also  in:  Fustel  de  Coulanges,  TU,  lnrtV/ 
Ciltj.  hk.  2,  r/i.  Id.— On  the  Greek  gens  s,r  Pin 

'  GENSERIC  AND  THE  VANDALS.    S« 
Vandals;  A.  D.  429-439. 

GENTILES.     See  Gkns. 

GENUCIAN  LAW,  The.— A  liu  ,vl,ir 
prohibited  the  taking  of  interest  fnr  liiinsiswi 
to  have  iK'cn  adopteil  at  Itome.  B  ('  :il.'  nn  tli 
proposal  of  the  tribune  Genueiiis;  hut  nnvilir 
historians  are  skeptical  as  to  the  luiuil  inno 
ment  of  the  law.— W.  Ihne  "' •'.  ./  A'/..,  M  ; 
c*.  .'). 

GEOK  TEPE,  Siege  and  -apture  of 
Sec  KrssiA;  A.  I).  18««-1S.S! 

CEOMORI,  OR  GAMOrtI,  The. 
as  our  imperfect  information  enables  u-  in 
these  early  oligarchies  of  the  (liici  !i 
against  which  tlic  first  usurping  ilis|ii.i»  en 
tended,  contained  in  themselves  iii.>ri  ii].iilsii 
elements  of  ineijuality.  anil  mnn-  inivhicvH 
barriers  lictween  tlie  component  I'.irt-  if  tl 
population,  than  the  oligarchies  of  l^irr  ihv 
.  .  .  The  oligarcliy  was  not  (like  tin-  ^mi  niiiiii 
so  .'.enominated  in  subsciiuent  tiiiicsl  1! 
ment  of  a,  rich  few  over  the  less  iji  I 

IMHir.  but  that  of  a  peculiar  order.  -" 
'atrician  order,  over  all  the  reiiuiiiiin 
.  .  .  The  country-population,  or  vill 
tilled  the  land,  seem  in  tliesi>  larly  lim 
been  held  to  a  painful  depemleiK  e  mi  i!ii  grt 
proprietors  wlio  lived  ii  the  furtilinl  iinii.  iit 
to  have  lieen  distinguished  by  a  dress  a:u\  li:ilii 
of  their  own,  whicii  often  drew  ii|»  11  'ln'iii  1 
unfriendly  nickname.  .  .  .  The  g.m  iiiiiij.-  pr 
prictors  went  by  the  name  of  tin'  C  umii, 
(ieomoii,  according  as  the  Dnrie  or  I'liii  ili:ilf 
might  be  used  in  liescribing  tlniii. 
were  found  in  slates  belongiuL.'  i"  ,•: 
well  as  to  the  other.  They  api"  :ir  !.■ 
stituted  a  close  order,  transniilliii;;  t' 
leges  to  their  chihlren.  hut  ailniin;: 
members  to  a  participation.  Tlir  pii^ 
by  Greek  thinkers  a  TiiiiiKnuy  nli.  ; 
ment  of  political  rightsandprivilii:is. 
cnmparative  property)  seems  lo  hi.  ; 
if  at  all.  applied  In  the  earlier  tiiii'  - 
no  example  of  it  earlier  th;in  Si.l'n 
JIM.  of  (imn:  ],t.  i.  rl,.  'J. 
GEONIM,  The.  S/e.lKws  Tim 
GEORGE  1.,  King  of  EnglanJ  : 
Hanoverian  or  Brunswiclc  line',  ' 
IT'.'T  George    il..    King  of  E:i-  ; 

1700 George  III.,  King  of  Ei  g: 


ii88i 

.\s  fl 

1 1  no 

sl;lli. 


.'nvcn 

mil  II 
tiiius 
..irii'i; 
IS  «i 

IDJI.II 


llll 


-llll 


I  linl 
kilt' 

(iMl 

I  i;v 
ofti 


1456 


ImM'. 


^M 

l«lk     |.|,KV 

^H 

gnints.  II,  ij 

^H 

Kv.  biH  .f 

■ 

of  (!(,,]  -j;,^ 

%                 ^H 

OfW  8l:iu'. 

the       ^H 

"'!«■  M;in.U 

i>            ^B 

tiio  lin,.  ,.1 

■ 

"'!',!!!'.■  v.  i; 

^B 

l*rrtti'>lati;< 

92 

GEORGE. 

1820  ... .  George  IV.,  King  of  England,  1880- 
\m 

GEORGE,  HENRY,  and  the  Single  Tax 
MoTcment.  SitSuciM,  M(ivf.mknt«:  A.  I).  18«0. 

GEORGIA :  The  Aboriginal  Inhabitanta. 
See  Amkhk-an  ADi)ur<iiNKs:  .Vi-alaciiks,  Mubk- 
BOflKAS  Family,  Ciikiiokkks. 

A.  D.  1539-1542— Traversed  by  Hernando 
dcSoto.     Hoc  F1.0HIDA :  A.  I).  I.iax-IMJ. 

A.  D.  1639.  —  Embraced    in    the    Carolina 

rat  to  Sir  Robert   Heath.    Sfc  Amkiiica: 
I).  1(129. 

A.  D.  1663.  —  Embraced  in  the  Carolina 
rnnt  to  Monk,  Clarendon,  and  others.  Sec 
North  Caholina:  A.  I).  I8(l;i-l«7(l 

A.  D.  1733-1739.  — Oglethorpe's    colony.  - 
"Ainnii):  till-  member!!  of  I'Hrliameiit  iliirin);  tlic 
rule  (if  Mir  Uul)ert  Walpole  wiis  one  nlinost  iin- 
knowii  to  us  now,  but  ileservinB  of  honour  be- 
jomi  must  men  of  Ills  time.    Ills  name  wns  .Iiimes 
Otlelluirpe.     He  was  a  soldier,  and  litui  fought 
•gainst  the  Turks  and  in  the  great  Marlborough 
wars  agiilnat  Uiuis  XIV.     In  advanced  life  lie 
became  the  friend  of  Samuel  Johnson.    Dr.  .loliii- 
nn  urged  him  to  write  some  account  of  his  ad 
tentiircs.     •  I  know  uo  one,'  he  said,  '  whose  life 
would  lie  more  interesting:  if  I  were  furnished 
with  materials  I  should  lie  very  glad  to  write  it.' 
Blmund  Burke  eonsidercd  hlin  'n  more  extraor- 
ilinarv  person  than  any  he  had  ever  read  of.' 
John  Wesley  '  blessed  Ood  that  ever  he  was  iMirn.' 
Oglelli(ir|)c  attained  the  great  age  of  nlnetv-sLx 
Uil  died  In  the  year  1TH5.  ...   In  Oglethorpe's 
time  it  was  In  the  power  of  a  creditor  to  im- 
prison, according  to  his  pleasure,  the  man  who 
owwl  him  money  and  was  not  able  to  pay  it.     It 
was  a  common  circumstance  that  a  man  should 
be  imprisoned  during  a  long  scries  <if  years  for  a 
trillini;  debt.      Oglethorpe   had   a   friend   upon 
whom  this  hard  fate  hail  fallen.     Ills  attention 
was  thus  painfully  calleil  to  the  cruelties  which 
were  Intlictwl  upon  the  unfortunate  and  helpless. 
Heappealol  to  Parliament,  and  after  in(|uiry  a 
partial  remedy  was  obtained.     The  benevolent 
eiertioDsof  Oglethorpe  procured  lil)erlv  for  mill- 
Utudcs  who  but  for  hlin  might  have  elided  their 
lives  io  captivity.     This,  however,  did  not  con- 
lent  Lim.    Liberty  was  an  incomplete  gift  to  men 
who  lui.l  lost,  or  perhaps  had  scarcely  ever  pos- 
"es.*il,  llie  faculty  of  earning  their  own  mainlc- 
nsnce.    ()glethor|)e  devised  liow  he  might  carry 
llii-se  Miifottunates  to  a  new  world,  where,  under 
tappi.  r  mispiccs.  they  might  o|x.n  a  fresh  career. 
lleoliiam.d  [A.  I).  ITIii]  from  King  George  II. 
•  dmrti  r  hy  which  the  country  between  the  Sa- 
wnnali  and  ti.e  Alatamalia,  aiid  stretching  west- 
wiinl  ;i.  liie  Pacific. was  erected  into  the  province 
01  (."iru'ia.     h  was  to  be  a  refuge  for  the  de 
(orvni,-  poor,  and  next  to  them   for  I'mlcstants 
MmriiiLT  pi  rse(  iition.     I'arliaimnt  v.ilid  .tlo  IKK) 
maul  .if  til,.  Iiumane  enterpris,.,  and  many' be 
«vji!,iii   p,i-M,i,s  were  lilieral   with   th,ir  gifts 
In  .\iv,,iiiIkt  ihe  first  e.xodus  of  the  in.solvent 
Oglethorpe   s.dled    willi    120  emi 
iiily  selected  from  the  pris>iiis  — pcniii 
'  giHHl  repute,    lie  surveyed  the  coasts 
and  chose  a  site  fur  the  eapil.il  of  his 
lie  pitched  his  liiil  where  Savaniiali 
and  at  onci'   iiroceeded  to  niirk  oik 
I  sin-ets  and  si|iiai-es      .Next  year  llie 
i-'iiietl  by  ain;;;;  a  huiidr. .!"(;,  i in.ai 
wlio  Were   tiieu    under    penseculior 


1457 


GEOIIGIA,   1784 

for  their  iK-liefs.  .  .   .  The  fame  of  Oglethorpe's 
eiiterpris<>  spread  over  Kurope.     All  struggling 
men,  against  whom  the  battle  of  lire  went  hanl. 
hioked  to  Georgia  as  a  land  of  promise.     They 
were  th(>  men  who  most   urgently  required  to 
emignite;    but   they  were  not  always  the  men 
Ust  titled  to  <(in((iier  the  dltliculties  of  the  im- 
inigraiit  s  life.     'I  he  progress  of  the  colony  was 
slow.     The  |.(M)r  persons  of  whom  it  was  origi- 
nally composed  were  honest  liut  ineffective,  and 
could  not  111  Gcrgia  more  than  in  England  rtnd 
out  till'  way  to  become  self  supporting.    Encour- 
agements were  given  which  drew  from  Germany, 
from  Switzerland,  and  from   the  Highlands  of 
bcolland  men  of  firmer  texture  of  mind  —  lictler 
tltteil  to  subdue  the  wilderness  and  bring  forth 
its  treasures.     With  Oglethorpe  there  went  out. 
on  Ins  second  expedition  to  Georgia  [1736],  tlio 
two  brothers  .lolin  and  Charles  Wesley.    Charles 
went  as  secretary  to  the  Governor    John  was  even 
then,  allhoiigh  a  very  young  man,  a  preacher  of 
unusual   priiinise.   ...  He  spent  two  years  in 
Georgia,  and  these  were  unsuccessful  years     His 
character  was  unformed:  his  zeal  otit  of  propor- 
tion to  his  discretion.     The  |)eople  felt  that  he 
preached  '  fKTsonal  satires '  at  them.    He  Involved 
himself  in  iiuarrels,  and  at  last  had  to  leave  the 
colony  .secretly,  fearhig  arrest  at  the  instance  of 
some  whom  he  had  olTended.     lie  returned  to  be- 
gin his  great  career  In  England,  with  the  filling 
that  his  residence  In  Georgia  liad  been  of  mucS 
value  toliims<'lf.  but  of  very  little  to  the  people 
whom   he   sought  to  b<'neflt.     Just  as  Wesley 
reachid     Kngland,    his  fellow-lalmiirer    George 
Wliitefield  sailed  I'nr  Georgia.   ...   He  foundc<l 
an  Orphan  I lousi.  at  Savannah,  and  supported  it 
by  (ontnliuiions  — obtained  eiLsily  from  men  un- 
der the  power  of  his  uncij-alled  eloquence.     He 
visited  Georgia  very  frequently,  and  his  love  for 
that  colony  remaliiid  with  him  to  the  last      Sla- 
very was,  at  the  oulsca,  forbidden  in  Georgia. 
It  was  opposed  to  the  gospel.  Oglethorpe  said, 
and  therefore  not  to  lie  allowed.     He  fores-iw, 
besides,  what  has  In-en  so  bitterly  experienced 
since,  that  shivery  must  degrade  the  piMjr  white 
labourer.     Hut  soon  a  desire  sprung  up  among 
the  less  scrupulous  of  the  settlers  to  have  the  use 
of    slaves.     Within  seven  years  from  the  lirst 
landing,  slave  ships  were  discharging  their  car- 
giKS  at  Savannah. "—H.  Mackenzie,  Ameriai  .■  A 
Ihntoiii.  hk.  I.  ch.  10 

Also  i.\  :  T.  M.  Harris,  liiog.  Memoi-ialt  of 
JiViit*  OijltUwri^.  eh.  1-10.—  It  Wright,  Memoir 
iif  lltii.  ./«».  Oylft/iorjif,  rh.  1-9. 

For  text  of  charter,  etc.,  see  in  G.  White  Iliit 

Oilini'f  (linnii,(.  III,.    1-20. 

A.  D.  I734.-The  settlement  of  the   Salz- 

burgers.— ■  As  larly  as  October  the  12tli,  1732 
the  ■  Society  fm  the  Propagation  of  Christian 
knowhalge' expressed  to  the  Trustees  a  desire 
'that  Ihe  pirseeulial  Salzburgers  niiouKl  have 
nn  a-yliim  inniili'd  fur  them  In  Georgia.'. 
Thesitii  rniaiis  hil.iiii.'id  to  the  Archbishopric  of 
SalzlMir;.'.  ilicii  the  most  ea.s|ern  district  of  Ba- 
varia ;  but  now  forming  a  deta<  lied  district  in 
uppi  r  Aii>tri.i.  mid  lalh-d  Salzburg  from  the 
broad  valley  of  the  Sal/ir,  which  is  made  by  the 
approximating  of  the  N.iiiic  .md  Hhetlan  Alps 
Their  ancestors,  the  Vallciims  of  Piedmont,  had 
liiiii  (iinipclled  In  the  barbarities  of  Ihe  Oukes  of 
Savoy,  to  hiiil  a  shelter  Ironi  tlie  .storms of  on-sr 
>  "ion  in  the  .Upine  pa'-ses  and  vales  of' Salz 
burg  and  tlie  Tyrol  lielore  the  Keformation  .  and 


GEORGIA,  1734 


GEORGIA,  1738-17  la 


I    5 

i  ■ 


:!    I 


■1 


I: 


!!; 


,.  n 


11 


frequently  since  Iwil  they  been  hunted  out  by 
the  lilrellngfi  and  soldiery  of  the  Church  of  Home. 
.  .  .  The  ijuletneaa  which  they  had  enloyeil  for 
nearly  half  a  century  was  now  ruilely  broken  In 
upon'  by  liCopold,  Count  of  Flmilan  and  Arch- 
bishop of  Halzbu'ir.  who  deternilned  to  n-duce 
the.n  to  the  I'apal  faith  and  power,  lie  began 
In  the  year  1739,  and,  ere  he  ended  In  1732,  not 
far  from  ;10,000  hail  bi',?n  driven  from  their 
homes,  to  seek  amoiiK  the  Protestant  States  of 
Eun>|)e  that  charity  and  peace  which  wen.'  denied 
them  in  the  jilens  and  fastnesses  of  their  native 
Alps.  Mon-  than  two-thirds  settled  In  the  Prus- 
sian SMe»:  the  rest  spread  themselves  over  Eng- 
land, Holland,  anil  other  Protestant  countries. 
Thrilling  is  the  story  of  their  exile.  The  nuircli  of 
these  Salzhurgers  constitutes  an  epiH'h  in  the 
history  of  Oi'rmany.  .  .  .  Thesympiitbiesof  He- 
fiirmiil  C;hrlstenilotn  were  awakened  on  t>lieir  U.- 
half,  and  the  most  hospitiible  entertainment  and 
««.si8t,ince  were  everywhere  given  them. "  Forty- 
two  families,  nuniliering  78  persons,  aecepU'd  an 
Invitation  to  settle  in  '.leorgia,  n^ceiving  allot- 
ments of  land  and  provisions  until  they  could 
gather  a  harvest.  They  arrived  at  Savannah  In 
March.  1734,  and  were  settled  at  n  spot  wiiicli 
they  selecti'd  for  tliems<lves,  al)OUt  thirty  miles 
in  the  interior.  "Oglethorpe  marked  out  for 
them  a  town ;  ordered  workmen  to  assist  in  build- 
ing houses ;  and  soon  the  whole  boily  of  Germans 
went  up  to  their  new  home  at  Ebine/.er."— W. 
B.  Stevens,  Hint,  of  llmrgin,  bk.  '.'.  rh.  2  (r.  1). 

AlJW  IN:  K.  Sholx-rl,  PenvciilinM  iif  I'lijieri/, 
eh.  »(i'.  2).— K.  K.  Speirs,  Tfie  SiUI/ii n/m  (Kmj. 
nut.  litn..  Oct..  1H1»(»). 

A.  D.  1735-1749.— The  Slavery  question.— 
Original  exclusion  and  subsequent  admission 
of  negro  slaves.—  Annum  the  funilamental  regii- 
Utions  of  the  Trustees  wa.s  one  proliibiting  negm- 
slavery  in  the  coliuiy.  "  It  was  policy  and  nut 
philanlhropv  which  prohibited  slavery;  fur, 
though  one  of  the  Trustees,  iu  a  sermon  to  recipiu- 
niencf  charity,  declared,  '  Let  avarice  del'enil  it  as 
it  will,  there  is  an  honest  reluitame  in  humanity 
against  buying  and  selling,  and  regarding  those 
of  our  own  species  as  our  wealth  and  possis- 
sions ' ;  and  though  Oglethori>e  himself,  siM'aking 
of  slavery  as  against  '  the  gospel  as  well  as  the 
fundamental  law  of  England',  asserted,  'we  ri- 
fiiseil,  as  Trustees,  to  nuike  a  law  permittiiig 
sueli  a  horrid  crime';  yet  in  the  ollieial  piibliea- 
tious  of  that  IXKly  its  inhil)ition  is  based  only  nil 
political  and  prudential,  and  not  on  luimaiie  and 
lilieral  grounds;  and  even  ()glethor|H'  invneil  a 
plantation  and  negrois  near  Paraclmcla  in  .South 
('arolina,  about  forty  miles  above  Savannah.  .  .  . 
Their  [the  TriistiW)  design  was  to  provide  for 
poor  but  honest  persons,  to  erect  a  barrier  lie- 
tween  South  I'arulinii  and  the  Spanish  settle- 
ments, and  to  eslabli.sh  a  wiuo  and  .silk-gn)wing 
colony.  It  was  thought  by  the  Trustees  that 
neither  of  these  designs  could  lie  secured  if 
slavery  wisiutrmluceii.  .  .  .  Hut  while  the  Trus- 
tees disallowed  negriK'S,  they  instituted  a  system 
of  white  slavery  which  was  fraught  with  evil  to 
the  servants  und  to  tlm  colony.  Thesis  were 
ttliite  servants,  consisliiiu' i>f  Wi-lih.  Kuijlish,  or 
(ieniian.  males  and  females  —  faniiliis  and  in- 
iliviiliials— who  were  imiinted  to  iiiiliviiiuuls 
or  liii'  I'riistees,  fur  a  period  of  from  four  to 
foiirleeii  years  ...  On  arriving  in  (leorsiia. 
tbeir  servile  w.is  .sold  for  the  term  ot  luilen- 
ture,  or  iipportioiied  to  the  inhabitants  by  the 


magistrates,  as  their  necessities  r. ipiiriil 
Two  years  had  not  elapsed  vinn  ih,  limiini; 
of  Ogletliorpe  liefore  many  <  i>nL|.|  lint^  irij., 
nated  from  this  caum^:  am)  in  tin  -.iimiimt  of 
173.1  a  petition,  signed  by  sivenleen  ir.i  ii.,l,l,rs. 
setting  forth  the  unprolitableness  of  wliit.-  Mr 
vants.  and  the  necessity  for  negroes  »  us  1  .\m;\ 
by  Mr.  Hugh  Sterling  to  the  Trustees  wlm.  li,,w 
ever,  resenteil  the  appeal  as  an  iii^iilr  tu  iir.  ir 
lionour.  .  .  .  The  plan  forsiibstitiuiii,' wliiiifar 
black  labimr  failed  through  the  >piu>c m  -.^nf  ili|, 
supply  and  the  refractoriness  of  ili,'  s.  n.uin. 
As  a  'uDsequence  of  the  inaliiliiy  of  tin-  mi 
tiers  to  prwurc  ailequate  help,  tin-  iainl.  L'raiitnl 
them  remained  uncleared,  and  eieu  ilio>r  uiii,li 
the  temporary  industry  of  the  tirst  ■iiupinn 
prepareil     remaiiieil    uneultivateil  I  Iji  n' 

accumulated  on  the  Trustees'  liamls  a  li,»lynf 
Idle,  chimounms.  inisehlefniakinL'  lie  11,  wliiem 
ployed  their  time  in  deelaimiiig  air:iin-t  the  v.  ry 
government  who.-rt- charity  both  feil  aii'l  elutlinl 
them.  .  .  .  For  nearly  tifteen  years  fnuii  IT;!"!, 
the  date  of  the  first  petition  for  niirroe-.  an, I  ilic 
date  of  their  express  law  again-l  llieir  iiiipurra- 
tiim.  the  Trustees  refu-eil  to  li-leii  to  mii>  «jiiiilar 
represi'ntations.  except  to  eoiulinm  tin  111  anil 
they  were  supported  by  the  .Sal/.lmr;;'  1^  .iinl  llu; 
Higlilanders.  Iioth  of  whom  o|i|iomi1  lie  iuirn 
ductii.n  of  ne:;ro  slaves,  ll'it  tiiially.  in  ITIK, 
the  tirmness  of  llie  Trustees  gave  way  aii.l  ilny 
vielded  to  tlie  clamor  of  the  iliseeiueninl  1  .Inny. 
'riie  importation  of  black  slaves  «,i-  |i,iMiin,.l, 
under  certain  regulations  inlendiil  li,  diniiui-li 
the  evils  of  the  institution.  "The  eiiaiii;i-  in  lliu 
tenure  of  grants,  ai,il  the  perniis,inii  1..  hnl.i 
slaves,  had  an  iinmeiliate  elTeet  ni\  ilir  pM.|«riiy 
of  the  colony."— \V.  li,  Steven>..  //(.-r  •  f  '■,  ."ji.i, 
hk.  2,  i-h.  !l  ('/•.  1). 

A.  D.  1738-1743.— War  with  the  Spaniards 
of  Florida.— Discontents  in  the  colony.  Hi' 
assieiito  eujo^.ed  under  the  treaty  nt  I  1:1 .  \\'.  hy 
the  English  South  Sea  I'omiiMiiy  iln-  privii.'., 
tliat  is,  of  tninsporting  to  tlie  ^paiii^li  .'.l-nir,  a 
certain   number  of    slaves    annually.  iva< 

made  a  cover  for  an  extensive  smiul'-'Ihi.'  iraMi' 
on  the  part  of  the  English,  iiU.i  wlin  li  irivatf 
merchants  also  entered,  .  ,  ,  To  :;uari  a_-,hi>l 
tliese  systematic  infractions  of  tlieir  li 
Spaniiirds  maintained  a  liumeroii,  th  ,  1  <■■) 
iu  tlie  preventive  service,  knouii  a- 
costas,'by  which  .some  .severities  w,  n-  " 
ally  exercised  on  suspected  or  del.  ri.  I 
glers.  These  severities,  grossly  e\  1- - 
and  resoundcilthroiiirliouttlie  l!rili>li '1  :; 
.served  to  revive  in  Eiiglaml  ami  ilir  •  ' 
liatn.'d  ot  tlie  Spaniards,  wliii  li.  .-iim  il.' 
Philip  II.,  had  never  wholly  .lid  ..  :: 
was  the  temper  and  position  of  tin  ri  > 
when  the  colonizatiim  of  (ieoriria  «:i-  " 
which  one  avowed  object  was  to  .r. .  1  . 
against  the  Spaniards,  among  wh  ■"  ■ 
away  slaves  of  Soutli  Carolina  w.t.'  h 
to   lind  shelter,  receiving  in  Kl'.ri.l.i    i': 

incut  of  lauds,  ami  being  .111 i  ^I'i'l  ■  ■ 

in!. 1  companies,  as  a  means  ol  ~iii!i_''    ' 

fi-.hle  colony.     A  ni.ssa,'.' seiit  '■"  "■     ^ 

todemami  flic  surren.l.-r  .d  lie'  ^"■' 

runaways  met  with  a   ii.>inl    LI  ink    ■   ' 

the  feel'ing  against  the  Spaiiianh  i  r..  v 

:   in  eonseiiuence.   .  .   .   (!gl,  lln-ip.  ' 

from   ills  s.eond  visit  to  Eiil'Iim.I     ^' ;; 

i    Willi  a   in-uiy-elliisleii  re^j.io.  ;.i   •■: 

i    the  appointinent,    also,   .if  militar}        " 


.V-,     tilt 

l..,,.'li 

L'liarila 

,  ,1-ifU 

-iniisr 

iiiii.'tLS, 
;<.lli.-S:! 
tini.'el 
Sili'l 
I;  lli'in: 

:;i:i.  Ol 
i.,iiri.'i 
'.:■'  rail 

.-:.>Illt'i 


;  Ilia 
,-:in' 


1458 


m 


OEOROIA,   173»-1748. 


OEOROIA.  1748-1764. 


(or  Oeorgia  and  the  rnrolinns,  with  onlrrs  'to 
give  HO  offenst',  but  tn  rciM-I  force  t)y  force.' 
Both  in  Hpain  and  Kni^liUKi  tlie  admiDixtrators 
of  tlie  government  were  anxioiia  for  p<'»ce.  .  .  . 
1'lie  fenH'ioiiii  cluinora  of  the  mercliants  and  the 
mob  .  .  .  almolutelv  f"rc<'d  W'lilpole  into  a  war 
r«eeENoi.ANi>:  A.  1).  173U-t741.— TiiK  Wak  ok 
Jenkink'  Eai<|.  TrnvellinK  i^UU  milen  throiiKh 
the  forest*,  Oglctliorpc  lield  at  Coweta,  on  the 
ChiUtahoochee,  Just  Iwlow  tlie  present  site  of 
Columbus,  a  new  treaty  with  the  Creeks,  \} 
which  they  confirmed  their  former  ccfuious,  ac- 
knowledged themaelres  HUbje<t  to  the  King 
of  Ori'nt  Hritain,  and  promiseil  to  exclude  from 
their  territories  all  but  English  settlerit.  After 
finishing  the  treaty,  Ogletliorpc  returned  througli 
the  wckkIs  by  way  of  Augusta  to  (Savannah, 
where  he  found  onlers  from  England  to  mai<e  an 
attack  on  Florida.  He  called  at  once  on  South 
Carolina  and  the  Creeks  for  aid,  and  in  the  mean 
lime  made  an  e.xpi'dition,  in  which  hv  captured 
the  Fort  of  I'icolata,  over  against  St.  AiiLjustine, 
thus  securing  tlic  navigation  of  the  St.  John's, 
and  cutting  otT  the  Spaniards  from  their  forts  at 
St.  Mark's  and  Pensacola.  South  Carolina  en- 
tcivd  very  eagerly  into  the  enterprise,  llonev 
was  voted;  n  regiment,  ,')0<)  strong,  was  enlisted, 
partly  in  North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  This 
addition  raised  Oglethorpe's  force  to  1,200  men. 
The  Indians  that  joined  him  were  as  many  more. 
Having  marched  into  Florida,  he  took  "a  small 
fort  or  two,  and,  assisted  by  severd  sldpsof  war, 
laid  siege  to  St.  Au)justine.  But  the  garri.son 
was  1,000  strong,  ta'sides  militia.  The  fortillca- 
tiinis  proved  more  formidable  tliun  liad  Iwen  ex- 
lu'cteu.  A  considerable  loss  was  I'xperienced  by 
a  sortie  from  tlie  town,  failing  heavily  on  the 
Highland  Hangers.  Presently  the  Indians  de- 
serted, followed  by  part  of  the  ('arollna  n'giment, 
and  OglcthoriM,"  was  oliiiged  to  give  over  tlii^  en- 
terprise. ,  .  .  From  the  time  of  this  repulse,  the 
good  feeling  of  tlie  Carolinians  toward  Ogle- 
tliiirpc  came  to  an  end.  Jlany  of  the  dLsappoint- 
fd  (Jeorgia  emigrants  had  removed  to  Charleston, 
and  many  calumnies  against  Uglethorpe  were 
propagated,  and  '.^^i.dKMiied  in  a  pamphlet  pub- 
li«lied  there.  'I  he  M  ira'ians  also  left  Georgia, 
iiiiwiliing  to  viciatc  tli<'ir  consciences  by  iK'aring 
arms.  Most  'anfortunately  for  the  new  colony, 
the  Spanisl.  war  withdrew  tlie  Ilighlauders  and 
otliirs  of  the  liest  settlers  from  their  farms  to 
cenvert  them  into  soldiers."— H.  Hililn'tli,  I[i.it. 
nfty  U.  S..  ch.  2.)  (r.  2).  —  "  After  the  late  incur- 
sion into  Flori<lu,  I  lie  Oeneral  kept  possession 
of  a  southern  regi(m  wiiidi  the  Spaniards  had 
ilaimed  as  tiicir  own;  and,  as  thev  had  taken 
(111 ourageinent  from  tlie  suecessf  ul  defence  of  St. 
Aiisiistiue,  and  tiie  well-known  dissensions  on 
tile  Kngiish  side,  it  was  to  lie  expected  tliat  tlicy 
«inil(i  embrace  tile  earliest  opportunity  of  taking 
till  ir  n'vcn^e.  .  .  ,  Tlie  storm,  wliii-h  liad  liceu 
*>  I'liig  antieipatetl,  burst  ujion  tlie  colony  in  tlie 
yi;,r  1T4'2.  'Fhe  Spaniards  liad  .  .  .  titled  out. 
:U  iluvana.  a  licet  saiil  to  consist  of  .'it J  sail  and 
7  000  or  S,000  men.  The  force  was  pn.liabiy  not 
'I'lili- Ml  great;  if  it  was,  it  did  not  all  reach  its 
(It'.sntialion,"  being  dispersed  by  a  storm,  "so 
lliat  only  a  part  of  the  wiiole  nunilicr  succeeded 
in  roacliing  St.  Augustine.  Tlie  force  was  there 
placid  under  the  command  of  Don  JIanuel  de 
Mniiteano,  the  Governor  of  that  plac,.  .  ,  .  Tlie 
::"  :  m.-ido  it.s  ap|Xiirain,e  on  tin-  i>.,isi  of  Gcoi'ghi 
"Utile  2l8tof  June";  but  all  its  attempts,  first  to 


take  poMcssion  of  the  Island  of  Amelia,  and 
afterwanis  to  reduce  the  forts  at  Frederiea,  were 
defeated  by  the  vigor  and  skill  of  Oi'iienil  Ogle- 
thorpe. After  losing  heavily  in  a  tight  called 
the  Battle  of  the  BIikhIv  .Marsh,  the  Spaniards 
retreated  nlmut  the  middle  of  July.  The  follow- 
ing year  they  prepand  another  at iempt;  but 
Oglethorpe  anticipated  it  by  a  second  demonstra- 
tion on  hisown  part  against  St.  Aiigusiine.  which 
liail  no  other  result  than  to  dlHconcert  tlie  plans 
of  the  enemy.  — W.  B.  O.  Pealxsly,  Life  of  (Jffle- 
thtir/ie  {i.iht'itt'fi  of  Am.  !ii<"j.,  'Zd  nci'ieM,  r,  2),  rh. 
U-12. — "While  Oglethorpe  was  engaged  in  re- 
pelling the  Spaniards,  the  trustees  of  Georgia 
liad  been  fiercely  assidled  by  their  discontenteil 
colonists.  Tliey  sent  Thomas  Stevens  to  England 
with  a  petition  containing  many  charges  of  mis- 
management, extravagance,  and  pecuhition,  to 
which  file  trustees  put  in  an  answer.  After  a 
tliorough  examination  of  dixuinents  and  wit- 
nesses in  committee  of  the  wlioli',  and  hiaring 
counsel,  the  House  of  Commons  resolvi'd  that '  the 
petition  of  Thomas  Stevens  contains  fals*',  scan- 
dalous, and  malicious  cliarges';  in  conse(|uence 
of  which  Stevens,  the  next  day,  was  brought  to 
the  bar,  and  reprimanded  on  bis  knees.  .  .  . 
Ogletliorpe  himself  had  been  n  special  mark  of 
the  malice  ^nid  obloiiiiy  of  the  discontenteil  set- 
tlers. .  .  .  Presently  his  lieutenant  colonel,  a 
man  whoowed  everything  toOgletlioriie's  favor, 
re  echoing  tlie  shinders  of  the  colonists,  liMlged 
formal  charges  against  him.  OgJetliorpe  pro- 
ceeded to  England  to  vindicate  liis  character, 
and  the  accuser,  convicted  by  a  court  of  inquiry 
of  faiselKMxl,  was  disgraced  and  deprived  of  Ins 
commission.  A|)pointed  a  major  general,  or- 
ilered  to  join  the  army  assembled  to  oppose' tlie 
landing  of  tlie  I'ri'tender,  marrying  also  about 
tills  time.  Oglethorpe  did  not  again  return  to 
Georgia.  The  former  scheme  of  administration 
liaving  given  rise  to  innumerable  complaints,  tlie 
government  of  that  colony  was  intrusted  to  u 
president  and  four  counselors." — U.  Hildreth, 
JIM.  of  the  U.  8.,  eh.  i'Uf.  21. 

Also  IN:  C.  C.  ,Iones,  Ili.it.  of  Gtorgit,  ch.  17- 
22  (r  1). 

A.  D.  1743-1764.— Surrender  to  the  Crown. 
— Government  as  a  royal  province. — "  On  Ogle- 
thorpe's lieparture  11TII1|.  William  Sleplieus,  the 
secretary,  was  made  President,  and  continued  in 
olflce  until  17.51,  when  he  was  succeeded  by 
Henry  Parker.  'The  colony,  whin  Stephens  came 
into  office,  comprised  about  L.^iOO  persons.  It 
wius  almost  at  a  stand-still.  Tlie  brilliant  pros- 
pects of  the  early  days  were  dissipated,  and  im- 
migration had  ccaseil,  thanks  to  the  narrow  policy 
and  feeble  government  of  the  Trustees.  An  In- 
dian rising,  in  1741).  luadid  by  Mary  .Musgrove, 
Ogletliorpc's  Indian  interpreter,  and  iiir  liusband, 
one  IJosoiinvorlh,  who  laid  claim  to  tlie  whole 
country,  came  near  c.iusing  tlie  destruction  of 
tile  colony,  ami  was  tiiiiy  repressed  by  much  ne- 
golialinii  and  lavish  bribes.  The  colony,  thus 
fcdile  and  threaiined.  struggled  on,  until  it  was 
relieved  from  li.inger  from  tlie  Intiians  and  from' 
till'  restrictive  laws,  and  encouraged  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  Parker,  and  the  esta'olisliiiient  of  a 
representative    govcrnmei  This    proiiuced   a 

turn  ill  the  alTairs  of  treurgia.  Trade  revived, 
immignition  was  renewed,  and  everything  began 
to  wear  again  a  more  liopeful  look. '  Just  at  this 
liliie.  however.  Ilie  iiri^iu.il  llUsl  iwis  ou  llie  piiiul 
of  expiring  by  limitation.     Tliere  was  a  party  in 


1 


I  =1 


1459 


-w 


:  ]\-: 


r  ■  i «: 


IN; 


[I     :    ^ 


OEOKOIA,  1743-17S4. 

the  colonr  who  desirrd  n  rrnpwal  of  the  i'hnrt«r: 
but  the  Truatvc'S  felt  tlint  tlitir  Hcliomv  liail  (aiM 
in  every  way,  rxoept  prrlmps  m  ii  clcfi'iiee  In 
South  (,'amlliia.  ami  whon  the  limit  <if  tlii'  charter 
wu«  reachi'd,  tlirv  tunicil  tlii>  lolniiy  ovit  to  the 
Crown.  .  ,  A  ii^rnx  of  guvcmini'nt  wait  f«tab- 
liihinl  similar  to  tliimo  of  th»  other  myul  prov- 
inci-a,  and  Cjiptain  .lolin  licynoKU  wait  wnt  out 
lu  tlir  I1r»t  (liivirmir."  The  a<imini»tratiim  of 
Kivnolii!)  priNlurni  wide  diseontent.  and  in  1T57 
he  was  n'callcd.  iK'ing  " Hiiciei'chii  liy  Henry 
Kllisas  Lieutenant  governor.  Theehange  proved 
fortiinute,  ami  l)n>UKht  rest  to  the  eojimy.  EIIIh 
ruled  |H'a('eal>ly  and  with  gi'neral  reiipeel  for  more 
than  two  years,  and  wan  then  pnimoted  to  the 
governorship  of  Nova  Srotia.  In  the  mime  year 
his  suicessor  arrived  at  Savannah,  in  tlie  person 
of  .lames  SVriglit,  wlio  omtinued  to  govern  the 
provime  until  it  was  severi'd  from  Knglnnd  by 
tlie  Itevolution.  The  feeliieness  of  (ieorgia  had 
prevented  lier  taliing  part  in  the  union  of  tlie 
eolonies,  and  siie  was  not  re-pres4>nted  in  ttieC'oii- 
gress  at  .Vlliany.  Georgia  also  eseaped  the  rav- 
ages of  tlic  Kreneh  war,  partly  hy  her  distunt 
situation,  and  partly  liy  the  pruilenee  of  (iovernor 
Ellis:  and  tlieeonelusionof  that  war  gave  Florida 
to  England,  and  relieved  the  colony  from  the  con- 
tinual menace  of  Spanish  aggression.  A  great 
Congress  of  southern  Governors  and  Indian  cliiefs 
followed,  in  whieh  Wright,  mo.v  active  than  his 
predecessor,  t<">k  a  prominent  part.  Under  his 
energetic  and  tlrm  rule,  the  colony  l)cgan  t(.'  pros- 
per greatly,  and  trade  increased  mpiclly ;  but  the 
Ouvemor  gained  at  the  same  time  so  nr.icli  In- 
fluence, and  was  a  man  of  so  much  atldress,  that 
lie  not  only  held  the  colony  down  at  the  time  of 
the  Stamp  Act,  but  seriously  hanifiered  its  action 
In  the  ;,ear»  whiui  leil  to  revolution." — II.  C. 
Loilge,  Short  Hint,  of  the  Kiiff.  Colonies  in  -4w. , 
eh.  9. 

A.  D.  1760-1775.— OpenioK  eventi  of  the 
RcTOlutioo.  See  L  mtku  Statks  ok  Am.  :  A.  D. 
1760-1775,  to  177."». 

A.  D.  1775-1777.— The  end  of  royal  goTcrn- 
ment. —  Constitutional  organization  of  the 
itate. — "The  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington 
reached  Savannah  on  the  niglit  of  the  lUth  of 
May,  1775,  and  produced  intense  excitement 
among  all  chusses.  On  the  niglit  of  the  11th, 
Noble  Wiml)erly  Jones,  Josepii  Habersham,  Ed- 
ward Telfair,  and  a  few  others,  impres.sed  with 
the  necessity  of  securing  all  military  stores,  anil 
preserving  them  for  colonial  use,  t<K)k  from  the 
King's  magazine,  in  .Savannah,  alnnit  500  pounds 
of  powder.  .  ,  .  Tradition  assirts  that  part  of 
this  powder  was  si'nt  to  Boston,  and  uscil  by  the 
militia  at  the  battle  of  Hunker  Hill.  .  .  .  The 
activity  of  the  Liberty  party,  and  its  nipiil  in- 
crease, .  .  .  gave  Governor  Wright  just  cau.se 
for  alarm:  and  he  wrote  to  General  Gage,  ex- 
pressing his  aina/.enient  '  lliat  these  southern 
provinces  should  he  left  in  tlie  situation  they  an', 
and  tlie  Governors  and  Kings  ollieers.  and  friemls 
of  (Joveniment,  naked  and  exposed  to  the  resenl- 
iiieiil  of  an  enraged  people.'  .  .  .  The  assistance 
Rii  ear;ie<ily  Hnlicilod  in  these  letters  would  have 
been  promptly  renden-d,  but  that  they  never 
reached  Ilieii  destination.  The  Coiumittee  iif 
Safity  at  Ciiarlestim  withdrew  them  from  tlieir 
envelopes,  as  iliey  pas-sed  through  the  port,  ami 
substituted  olliers,  stating  that  Georgia  was 
quiet,  and  then-  c.visied  11,1  n(C(i  eiiiii  r  of  iroi.p.s 
or   vessels. "     Tlie  position  of  Govenmr  Wright 


OKOItOIA,  I8t«l-1H1N 

sfKin  iH'came  one  of  complete  JMlwer]es^Ill  s>  ,11,) 
hu  Ix'gged  to  bo  recalled,  in  .laniian  i:;i) 
however,  he  was  placed  under  arnsl.  In  ci.i.  r  if 
the  Council  of  Safely,  and  gave  his  par. ,|r  n  1  |.i 
leave  town,  nor  comiiiunicale  wiili  tlie  u     1  nf 

war  which  had  Just  arrived  at  T>  1 :  n  .i  viil, 

standing  whieli  he  made  his  escape  to  nm  nf  \\„- 
King's  ships  on  the  1 1 th  of  February  "  ri,iHrsi 
elTective  organization  of  the  friends  ef  lilu  rtv  in 
the  province  tisik  place  among  the  di  imiii ..  fmni 
Bi'veral  parishes,  wiio  met  in  Savariiiiili  .11  ili,. 
l!4th  January,  177.5.  and  formed  uliai  ll;l^  !»in 
called  'A  I'mvincial  Cnngn'ss.'  Guiiled  li\  ilii. 
action  of  the  oilier  colonies,  a  '  (oiitieilnf  >if,iv' 
was  created,  on  the  '2'Jd  June,  1775.  to  whom  w'a* 
confided  the  general  direction  of  the  im  asiires 
pMper  to  Ix^  pursued  In  carrying  out  resistamc 
to  the  tyrannical  ilesigns  of  the  King  ami  I'.irli.i 
incnt.  William  Ewen  was  the  first  I're-ilrMi  i,( 
this  Council  of  Safety,  and  Seth  J..hn  Ciiiiiliirt 
was  the  Secretary.  On  the  -Itli  .liilv.  ihe  Pro- 
vincial Cimgress  (now  proiu-rly  ealleil  sm  li,  us 
every  parish  and  district  was  reiiresenlull  n»\  iu 
Savannah,  and  elected  as  its  presiding  oilmr 
Archibald  Bulloch.  This  Congress  (niifcrriil 
upon  the  'Council  of  Safety,'  'full  powi  r  upon 
every  emergency  during  the  recess  of  ( 'oM;;ri  ~s ' " 
Soon  dudiug  tlie  need  of  a  more  ilellnite  onli  r  of 
government,  the  Provincial  Congnss.  on  the  l."pth 
of  April,  1776,  adopted  provisionally,  U>r  six 
months,  a  series  of  "  Kiiles  and  UegulaiionH." 
under  which  Archibald  Bulloch  was  ele<  ted  I'n  si 
dent  and  Commamler-ln-chief  of  Georgia  and 
John  Qlen,  Chief  Justice.  After  the  l)e<  lanition 
of  Independence,  steps  were  taken  toward  llie 
settling  of  the  government  of  the  stale  on  a  per 
man.Tt  basis.  Un  the  proclamation  of  rn-.i'ltnt 
Bulloch  a  convention  was  elected  whieli  iii>  i  in 
Saviinnah  iu  October,  and  which  franuvl  a  inn. 
stitiition  that  wasratifleilon  the.5tliof  Feliniary, 
1777.— W.  B.  Stevens,  llitt.  of  i!,„riji,i.  hk  I.  fh 
a,  and  bk.  5,  eh.  1  (p.  '2). 

A.  D.  1776-1778.— The  war  in  the  North.- 
The  Articlei  of  Confederation.— The  alliance 
with  France.  See  L'.mtki>  States  ok  .'.m  .V  D 
1776,  to  1778. 

A.  D.  I778-I779.— Savannah  taken  and  the 
Itate  lubjunted  by  the  British.  See  I Mikd 
Statksok  Am.  :  A.  I).  1778-1771). 

A.  D.  1770.— Unsuccessful  attack  on  Savan- 
nah bjr  the  French  and  Americans.  Sei  IMiku 
States  ok  Am.  ;  A.  D.  1779(Skitk.miikii  -1  ii  i' 

BKR). 

A.  D.  1780.— Succeiies  of  the  British  armi 
in  South  Carolina.    Sec  United  Static  "i  Am 
A.  I).  1780(Fehi(Iakv— AuoisT) 

A.  D.  1780-1783.— Greene's  campaign  in  the 
South.— Lafayette  and  Washington  if.  Vii- 
ginia.— Siege  of  Yorktown  and  surrender  of 
Cornwallis.— Peace.  See  United  Si  vn  "i 
Am,  ;  A.  I).  1780,  to  1783. 

A.  D.  1787-1788.— The  formation  and  ,idop- 
tion  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  s.r  l\:ii!i 
States  OK  .Vm.  :  .V.I).   1787.  ami  17s;  1;-' 

A.  D.  1802.— Cession  of  Western  lar..l.!.i'n:s 
to  the  United  States.  See  'mhomi  1 
Am  ;  A,  I).  1781-17sti;  .-in.'  Mi,ssis:ii!  i  .\  \\ 
1 7118- 1.804. 

A.  D.    1813-18:4.- The   Creek   W,u       -  r 
Unitei>  States  ok  A.m.:  .\   l>.   ls|:;-l-li 
oisT — Af  nil.). 

A.  D.  1816-1818.— The  First  Sc:r.:.-.c:-.-  ' 
See  Floiiiua:  A.  D.  1810-1818 


XT' 


i;60 


OEORQIA,  IMt 


OKRMAN  EMt'IKK. 


A.  D.  iS6i  (Jaauary).  —  Stetuion  from  th* 

Uoioa.     8«'t'l"NITKI>  HTATEIOf  Am.  :    A.I)    IWIl 

(Jani  ARV— Fkuki.aky). 

A.  D.  lS6i  (October— December).—  Savan- 
ub  threatened.— The  Unios  forcei  in  potiei- 
lion  of  the  mouth  of  *h«  river.  Hee  L'nitkii 
States  or  Am.:  A.  I>.  1H«1  (Octobbh- Dbikm- 

BKIl:   .SolTTIt  CaIIOI.INA— OKOIKIIA). 

A.  D.  iS6a  (February  —  April).—  Reduction 
of  Fort  Pulaiki  and  tealinj;  up  of  the  port  of 
Savannah  by  the  National  force*.  Hci'  I  nitkd 
Statkhok  Am.  :  A.I).  l»()2(F'EiiKrAnY— .Vphii,: 

OtOHllIA— FUIUIUA). 

A.  D.  1864  (May  — Septembcr).—Sherman'a 
ctmpaicn  a^ainit  /.  '^ta.— The  capture  of 
the  citT.  Sm  I'nitk  .  rATKK  ok  .\\t.:  \.  1). 
1W4  (HAT:  Oeoiuiia),  anil  (May- Skptkmiikk; 
Or.oitiiiA). 

A.  D.  i864(September— October).— Military 
occupation  of  Atlanta.- RemoTal  of  the  in- 
habitant!.—Hood'i  Raid  to  Sherman's  rear, 

Siv    iNITKll  «TATK»  OK   AM.  :    A.  D.    IHfti  (SkP- 
TKMBKIl— OCTOllKU:    UKOKOIA) 

A.  D.  1864  (NoTembcr— December).— De- 
itruction  of  Atlanta.— Sherman'i  March  to 
the  Sea.    Sie   I'NiTKn  Statkh  ok  Am.:  A.  1). 

lt*l  (N'OVKMBKll— Deckmhku:   OKnlllllA) 

A.  D.  1865  (March— Mayi.— Wilton'*  Raid. 
—End  of  the  Rebellion.  Pee  Vnitko  Statk* 
OK.\M.:  A.  I)   IMil.-,  {Ai'iui.— Mayi. 

A.  D.  1865-1868  — Reconatruction.  81c  I'.vr 
TEi)  Statks  of  .\m.  :  A.  I).  1H«.')(.May — .Iri.vi, 
and  after,  to  IHIIH  IHTd 

GEORGETOWN      UNIVERSITY       See 

Ei)i  rATiiiN,  .Mookun:  Amkiiica:  A.D.1769-1KHI 
GEOUCEN,  The.  Sec  TuHus :  6tu  ("km  y 
GEPID^,  'The.  See  Ooms:  Obioin  of; 
Ilisa;  Ia)mbaru8:  Early  History;  ami  Avahb. 
GERALOINES,  The.-  The  UeraUline!)  of 
Irish  liistory  were  descendants  of  Maurice  and 
William  Fitzgerald,  two  of  the  first  among  the 
Anglo- Nomian  adventureni  to  engage  In  the  con- 
quest cf  Ireland,  A.  D.  1189-1170.  Their  mother 
was  a  Welsh  princess,  name<l  Nest,  or  Xestn, 
who  is  r-  d  to  have  been  the  mistress  of  Henry 
I.  of  En  .and,  and  afterwards  to  have  married 
the  Sorman  baron,  Oerald  Fitz  Walter,  who  be- 
came the  father  of  the  Fitzgeralds.  ' '  Maurice 
Fiugcmld,  the  eldest  of  the  brothers,  twcame 
the  iineestor  both  of  the  Earls  of  Kild'ire  and 
Desmond;  William,  the  younger,  obtained  an 
imnnnsc  grant  of  land  in  Kerry  from  the  Mc- 
Carthys.—  indeed  a.^  'inie  went  on  the  lordship 
of  tlu'  I>eainonil  Fitzgeralds  gri'W  larger  and 
larL'i  r,  until  it  covered  nearly  as  much  ground  a.t 
mimv  a  small  European  kingdom.  Noi  was  this 
all  The  White  Knifht,  the  Knifflit  of  Glyn, 
and  ihc  Knight  of  Kerry  were  all  tliree  Fitzger- 
alds, :ill  (hweniled  from  the  sjime  root,  and  all 
oam.l  large  tracts  of  country,  Tile  position  of 
tlie  <it'riil<line8  of  Kildure  was  even  more  impor- 
tant, iti  account  of  their  dosi^  pro.ximity  to  Dub- 
lii.  Ill  later  times  their  great  keep  iit  j?avn(«)lli 
dimiiiiated  the  whole  I'ale,  while  their  (oilnwers 
8w;irmid  everywhere,  each  man  with  a  O  em- 
brcii.ltri'd  upon  his  l)rea.st  in  ti>ken  of  his  nllc),'!. 
am.  IJy  the  beginning  of  tin-  lOtli  century 
Uiiir  powir  had  reached  to,  perhaps,  the  liifrliest 
piiiiit  ever  attained  in  these  islands  tiy  any  sul)- 
jcit  Whwver  might  tx'  called  the  Viceroy  in 
if-'::;.!  it  w:tstiic  Eariuf  Kiiiiurc  *.viniiinutic;iiiv 
governed  the  country.' —  Hon.  K.  Lawhss,  The 


Stiirji  iif  Irelnnit,  M.  14. —  See,  also,  Irclahd: 
A.  I)  t.*>|,'i;  anil  for  iomo  account  of  the  aubse 
iiuent  rebi'llion  and  fall  of  the  Uemldiuea,  see 
lRKi.ANl>:  A.  D.  '..'U1.V1.V18. 

CERALDINES,  Leacue  of  the.  See  Irk- 
I.ANO:  A   I)    l.'1.5»-1803. 

GERBA,  OR  jERBA,  The  disaster  at 
(1560).  See  Barhahv  States:  A.  U.  I,'i4»- 
I.'MIO. 

GEREFA. — "  The  must  general  name  for  the 
flseal.  administrative  and  executive  otHeer  among 
the  Anglusiixona  was  (lerefa,  or  as  it  la  written 
in  very  early  diM'umeu's  geroefa:  but  the  pecu- 
liar functions  of  the  Individuals  comprehended 
under  it  were  further  delineil  by  a  prefix  com- 
pounded with  It,  as  scirgerefa,  the  reeve  of  the 
shire  or  slierilT:  tungerefa.  the  reeve  of  the  farm 
or  liailifT.  The  exact  meaning  and  etymology  of 
this  imine  have  hitherto  eluded  the  researches  of 
our  best  scholars." — J.  .M.  Keinble,  The  Suoiu 
IH  Kiii/!iin<l,  bk.  2,  ch.  ,'5  (r.  2). — See,  also,  SlilHK; 
and  Ealimih.man. 

GERGESENBS,  The.— One  of  the  triUs  of 
the  Canaanites,  whose  territory  is  believed  liy 
Lenormant  to  have  "included  all  Decapolis  and 
even  Galilee,"  and  whose  capital  he  places  at 
Oerasa.  no'  Djerash.  In  Peres. — F.  Lenormant 
and  E.  C'lievallier,  Mnmiat  of  Anrient  IIM.,  bk. 
6,  -•/(.  1  (r.  S). 

CERGITHIAN  SIBYL.    Sec  Cdm.s. 

GERCITHIANS,  The.  Sec  Troja;  and 
Asia  Minor:  Tiik  Ureek  Colonies. 

GERGOVTA  OF  THE  ARVERNL— "The 
site  of  Oirgovia  of  the  Arverni  is  supposed  to 
be  a  hill  on  the  bank  of  the  Allier,  two  miles 
from  the  moilern  Clermont  In  Auvergne.  The 
Romans  seem  to  have  neglectetl  Uergovia,  and  to 
have  founded  the  neighbouring  cuy,  to  which 
they  gave  the  name  Augustonemetum.  The 
liiminii  city  became  known  afterwards  as  Civitaa 
Arvrnorum,  in  the  midille  ages  Arverna,  and 
then,  fn>m  the  situation  of  itscastle,  elarus  mons, 
Clermont." — C.  Merivale.  lliiif.  of  the  Rrnnant,  eA. 
I'J  {r.  3.  />.  'iO,  foot-niile) — For  an  account  of 
Ciesar's  reverse  at  Oergovia  of  the  Arveml,  lee 
OAir.:  K  V  ,W-.'J1. 

GERGOVIA    OF    THE    BOIANS.       See 

BOIANS. 

GERIZIM.— "The  sacred  centre  of  the  Sa- 
maritans is  Oerizim.  the  '.Vuunt  of  Blessings.'  On 
its  summit  a  sacred  rock  marks  the  site  where, 
nceonling  to  their  tnulition,  .loshua  placed  the 
Tabernacle  and  afterwards  built  a  temple,  re- 
stored Isti'r  by  Sanliallat,  on  the  return  of  the 
Israelites  from  captivity."  C.  H.  Cornier,  Syrian 
Stone  hiri\  ell.  4. 

GERM  THEORY  OF  DISEASE,  Origin 
and  development   of  the.     Sir   MEori  al   Sri- 

E.M'K  :    IT-IHTU  CkSTIUIK".   Hllll  KtTII  CeNTIUY. 

GERMAN,  High  and  Low.—Tliidistiiiition 
mil.  'ii'twern  lli:;h  (terinitnand  Low  (tennan  is 
that  I.  .nlliiiu' fi"""!  ililTiTi'iiiTS  of  hingiiatre.  etc., 
liitwiTii  the  (icnn.iiiii'  in'.iplrs  which  dwelt  an- 
liintly  in  the  i.'W,  ll.it  iiiunlries  alonir  the  tier- 
man  Ocnin  and  tlie  H.illii  ami  those  which  oei  \i- 
piiil  the  hiirlnr  ii.u'i.ms  of  the  uppir  Itliine. 
Kllw  and  l):iniibt'. 

GERMAN  EAST  AFRICAN  AND 
WEST  AFRICAN  ASSOCIATIONS.  S. , 
.Vhiua:   a.  I).  Isit-lMiil. 

GERMAN  EMPIRE,  The  Con'stitiition  of 
the  new.     See  Co.nstiti  thin  ok  Gekmany 


'Hi 


1461 


I 


( ? 


i 


I;- 


Jr 


i:/''^f' 


!=rr 


GERMAN  PLATS. 

GERMAN  FLATS:  A.  O.  I7<S— Trtaty 
withthdndisnt.  Nc  L'nctkd  HTATKaor  An.  : 
A   l»  17«.Vi;«H 

A.  D.  1778.— Oettruction  by  Brant.  Mrr 
Tnitkii  Mtatbh  UK  Am.  ;  A.  I».  17TS  (.k»it-No- 

VKVItKII). 


GERMAN  NATIONS,  Tht  wandtrlnf  of. 

«(c(tciTiii«;  FmNK«;  Ap.kmanm  .  MAHiiimssi. 
yiAW  ;  (iKriD.K;  Saxonk;  Axiir.K";  Hriiuis- 
UHM«;    VajidaI.k;   Sikvi  ;    biMIIAIIIM. 

GERMAN    SOUTHWEST    AFRICA.- 

Tlii>  wliiilf  ri'itlcin  oil  tlii'  wi'slcrn  coiKt  of  S 
Africn.  Ix'twfin  ('ii|i«!  Ciilimv  Hiiii  I'lirtutfiicHi' 
I'rritnrv.  1  iiiii|irl»iiii:  Oniil  S'iiitiii(|ii:iliiii(l  mill 
Ditriuimlanil.  I'xci'pl  \Vnlll'<h  Itiiv  (wlilcli  KiiKltti") 
liril<lr<i.  \vii»  liikin  lip  liv  (iirmii'iiv  In  IW!l-.l. 

GERMAN  UNIVERSITIES.    Hie  Erne  a 
TION.   Mki>i.kv\i,:  Okiimaxv. 


OERMANY. 

GERMANIA.  "The  mnnliiK  nr  ihr  m 
may  Im  cltlMir  '  Roiid  nhimti-rii '  KIrliiiiu'. 
an  unllngUi  other  wrlt«ni,  '  Eaat  iiirii.'nr  '  ni'i 
iMmm.'"— W.  Htubba,  Utiut.  tltBt.  of  Hi.fjhm 
1,  I.  17,  iiotr. 

GERMANIC  CONFEDERATION,   ' 

Firat.  HeeUiciuiANT:  A.  D.  1H14-1hv>(i " 

Second.    Mti'  Okhxiant:  A.  I).  IxTn  iSiii 

HKR— Dki'KHHKII). 

GERMANIC  DIET,  Tht.    Hit  Him   1; 

"  GERMANIC  PEOPLES  OF  THE  Al 
MANNIC  LEAGUE.    Hee  Ai.kma.nm    A 
21:1 
GERMANICUS,  Campainiof.    Hull 

MANN       A     1»    14-lfl 

CERMANTOWN,  BattU  of.    Sor  Ini 
Htatkk  or  Am.;  A.  D.  1777  (jAMUAnY— Dei 

HEH). 


GERMANY. 


The  national  name. — "The  imtionH  of  the 
Oermaniii  huil  no  ciimmon  name  recinjnlwil  by 
theniMlvi'!!,  mill  wire  iiinli'nt,  when,  ii^es  nfter, 
they  liiiil  ri'iiliiH'il  their  unity  of  tonKue  iiiiil  ile- 
scent,  to  xptak  of  llirir  luiiKiiiiKe  aimiily  iiit  tlie 
I.inBiiii  TliiotiKiii.  Ilie  liinKimne  of  the  people 
(tliiiHl).  .  .  ,  Winnie  the  nume  '  Oeiitmh.'  Zeii.s-i 
(leriviH  it  rutlier  from  the  root  of  '(lciUen,'to  ex- 
plain, so  that  'theoti.so'  shnulil  nieiin  'si);nitl' 
cant.'  Hill  the  ri«>t  of  'theoirBnil  '  ileiiten  '  is 
the  same.  .  .  .  The  genenil  niime  liy  which  the 
Uoniaiw  knew  tliiiii  [(leriimni|  wiw  one  wlihli 
thev  hail  nreiveil  from  their  (liillic  iiei;;lilKmrx." 
— \V.  Stublw,  r«iMi/.  Hint,  iif  Kntjlami,  t.  1.  cA  H, 
ami  fiiiit-iuitr. — "In  (inthic  we  Imvc  'tliimla,' 
lieoptr;  '  lliiililiMkH.'  lieloiiijinK  to  the  peiiph'. 
.  .  .  The  Ili^li  (Jirmiin,  which  h)ok»  upon  Sun- 
»krit  'I. '  anil  Ootliic  'th'  as  'il,'  poss»'8»is  the 
auuie  woril.  a.s  'iliot,'  jK'ople;  'iliutisc,'  poiiii- 
luri.s;  hence  l)eut»cli.  Oermiin.  anil  'ileuten,  to 
explain,  liteniliy  toOerinanize." — F.  .Max  .Mailer. 
lArt».(iii  the  Srienre  i>f  hiH^miije,  'iti  nrrieit,  leet.  .'>. 
— The  iiceounl  wliiih  Tiicituu  fjiviHof  the  oritfin 
of  tlie  name  Oerniany  U  this:  "Tlie  name  Oer- 
many  .  .  .  they  [the  Uermimi)]  fuiy,  is  niiMlern 
anil  newly  liitnHluceil,  from  the  fact  that  the 
trilies  which  Urst  cros,seil  the  Uhinc  anil  drove 
out  the  (Jauls.  anil  arc  now  called  Tungrians, 
Wi're  then  called  (Jerinans.  Thus  what  was  the 
name  of  11  tribe,  and  not  of  a  nice.  );railuully  i>re- 
vailid.  till  all  I  allid  themselves  by  this  selfin- 
vented  name  of  (iirmans,  which  the  conquerors 
had  first  employed  to  inspire  terror,"— Tacitus, 
freriimiit/;  tntrm.  fit/  ('fuirrh  anil  linntrittb,  rh.  2. 
— "  It  is  only  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kllie  tliat  the 
(Jcrinuny  of  the  really  historical  periml  bejrins: 
and  lliis  isatiermany  only  in  the  eyes  of  »<liolars, 
antii|ii:iri,iiis.  and  m'nerali/.iiii;  ethnologists.  Not 
one  iif  the  piipulations  to  whom  the  name  is  here 
exti'iiih-d  would  have  attached  any  nieaniiii;  to 
the  word,  except  so  far  as  they  had  Imm'II  iii- 
stniitcd  bv  niin  who  had  studied  certain  Latin 
writers,  'i'liire  was  no  name  which  was,  at  one 
and  till'  same  time,  native  and  general.  There 
wen-  native  names,  but  tliey  were  limited  to 
spi'i  iai  populations.  There  was  a  general  iiaine, 
but  i!  w:; ;  t;:n-  v;!:tch  w;is  applied  liy  stniiii^ers 
and  enriiiii's.  Wliat  this  name  was  for  the  north 
eni  ■iUtrirl>.  we  know  beforehand.      It  was  that 


of  HnxoncH  and  Haxonia  in  Latin;  nf  Saili 
and  Saehsenland  In  the  onlinary  Oerinaii  1 
ilence.  however,  that  any  Oerman  pnpulii 
ever  so  namisl  itsi'lf  Is  wholly  wantitit;,  iIm" 
it  is  not  imiHMsiblv  that  some  iinini|>ortaiit  ti 
may  have  done  so:  the  only  one  so  called  I" 
the  Haxons  nf  Ptolemy,  who  places  tluiii,  ali 
witli  several  others,  in  the  small  district  b<  ih 
tlie  KIIm'  and  the  Eyder,  and  on  llim-  of 
islam  Is  olT  the  ronst.  .  .  .  The  Franks  (;av.  il 
ciirn'iioy  and  ({eiieralily ;  for,  in  the  i>>i  'i 
Frank,  Haxony  ami  Frieslaud  eontainid  all  ili 
parts  of  Oerniany  which,  partly  from  ll.i  ir 
ference  of  dialect,  partly  from  their  ruilm 
partly  from  their  pui;anism,  and  partly  frniu 
obstinacy  of  their  resistunce,  siimhI  in  1  i>iiir;i< 
tlie  Empire  of  Charlemagne  and  his  sik  1 ,  -x 
A  SttXim  was  an  enemy  whom  the  Franks  hu 

coerce,  a  heathen  whom   they  had  to  i v 

What  more  the  term  meant  Is  iincertain."-  It 
liatham,  Intrml.  tn  KenMe't  "  Hont  F,r,i!,.i. 
Hee,  also,  TuiTTOSF.s. 

Al  known  to  Tacitua. — "  flennany  is  st 
rated  from  the  Qalll,  the  Kha'ti,  and  I'lini" 
by  the  rivers  Rhin'>  and  Daniilie;  m.iuni 
ranges,  or  the  fear  which  each  feels  tor  tin' , ill 
divide  It  from  the  Harmata'  and  Daei.  KUi  » I 
ocean  girds  it.  embracing  broad  peniiwiil.s 
islanilsof  unexplored  extent,  when'  cirinin  tri 
and  kingdoms  arc  newly  known  to  us.  ivm; 
by  war.  The  Uhine  springs  from  a  pmipii 
and  inacces-sible  height  of  the  Unatini  .V 
Ih'IiiIs  slightly  westward,  and  mini:'  s  wiili 
Northern  Ocean,  The  ItanulH,"  poursih..v:i  li 
the  gradual  and  gently  ri>ing  slope  pi  M  ' 
Abnoba,  and  visits  many  naiions,  to  Ire 
way  at  last  through  six  channels  into  ili.  I'm;: 
a  seventh  mouth  is  lost  in  marsla  s.  '\'v  < 
mans  themselves  I  should  regard  as  ali.ri-Mi 
and  not  mixed  at  all  with  otiier  rac.  s  tin  1 
imniignitionorintercouPM'.  For,  in  forim  r'in 
it  was  not  by  land  but  on  sliiplioaiii  ih..t  il. 
who  sought  to  emigrate  would  arrive;  ;i»l 
boundless  and,  so  to  speak,  hostile  oce;in  !■■  yi 
us,  is  seldom  1  iitered  liy  a  s:iil  fmin  cur  u" 
And,  beshles  the  perils  of  rougli  mid  :ii.k:i' 
seas,  who  would  leave  Asia,  "r  SWu-.i  .  r  It 
for  Germany,  witli  its  wild  country,  its  i.  .inn 
skies,  its  sullen  manners  and  asiieit,  ii!;:.5j 


1462 


K  <>t  'Ih'  iijuui' 

(drillMlli.    nt 

iifii,'  (ir  '  rii'i(!h 
of  KitijLthU,  V, 

ATION,    Tht 

lN;ti  .    .    The 

Sir  l>in     lo.H 

?  THE  ALE- 

KMA.VM      A    il 

I  of.      Hii(;kii 

f.      SiM'   I'vlTtll 
f  AUY  — l»E(  Vt 


n;  of  S.'iclncn 
(Icnnaii.  Kvi 
iitii  pii|mi.iii<iij 
iiiitif)^'.  liiHiii;h 
iii{M)rtiiiit  IritH' 
Ml  cullc'l  l»  ini; 
rM  tlicrn.  iilniii^ 
llMtrin  l..n>,rii 
II  llmr  .il  1||.> 
UllkH|;:l\<    it  \ii 

tilt'  fw  H  of  a 
tniiii'il  all  \\v^' 
friiiii  il.i  II  ilif 
their  rihl'  mi>s. 
[iiirtly  fi""i  tlic 
(I  ill  coiiiri.-t  lo 

Ills   HU<  n  -^"M 

■  KiaiikH  h.nl  Ici 

Ittil    til   rniiv.n. 

■ertaiii."-  I!  Ij. 


Tiiiaiiy 
mill  I 
I  III' 

\»  fur  I 
iH'i.  K: 
|>t-iiiii' 
ri'  I  iTi 

til   IH. 

Ill  a  I'll 

Ullil'li: 

iiii;'  ■•< 
iHirsti 
ilopi'  I 
IH.  to 
iitii  III' 
iliiv 
il  ai*  !il< 

ill  funii 
lalil  II 
irrivc ; 

I'  (ttt':t' 

roiii  '■■• 

I    IIM'l    ' 

Vfri.a 

•y,  its  i, 
iii'it,  II 


pii- 
'aiiiii'liii, 
luiiiiliiin 
li.'.iil.,r, 
Ui  «li'-rc 

lll;'<  illl'l 

till  rrilit'i 

IVMMlftl 
lipil-'IH 

111  Ali'S 
with  III'' 
'■■Ml  lr"lll 
I  Mi'itl.l 
t-i"  It-. 
I'..::'il-. 

P..  i;,r- 

n.ll-ll.l!, 

it  r:iiii'i. 

llt'iSt' 


Italy 

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GERMANY 


Hoiimn 
Campaif/tia. 


QEHMANY. 


■  '41 


(ii)ii,  H...1  "'M"  'Lij-c!  lire  genuine 

!,o  iiu.'U'  (it 'in  ui_\    ■,     the  other 

is  in  rt!.'r;»  jiiui  new'v  ,  .triMluced." 

..'  ..   Iiii,'i.  h;i  A.     .  Church  and 


(Iccil  it  'vcrc  hin  himie  t  In  their  ancient  songs, 
tlieir  only  wiiy  of  reiiienilHTing  or  n'coriling  llie 
piist,  they  celelinite  iin  eurlh  liorn  gnil.  Tiiisco, 
and  his  son  Miiuuus,  us  tlie  origin  of  tlieir  race, 
as  their  fonndent.  To  Maiiiius  they  assign  three 
wins,  from  whose  names,  iliey  say,  the  coitst  tribes 
lire  called  Ingievones;  those  of  the  in'erior,  Iler- 
niinuiies;  all  the  rest,  Islievoms.  Some,  with  the 
fninlom  of  conjecture  periiiitted  by  antiquity, 
ussert  that  the  giwl  li  .!  •everal  descendants,  and 
the  nation  »ev"-:.  ;.  ■:;',',:■■'.  -..s.  as  Jbirsi.  Oiim- 
brivii.  Suevi, 
old  names. 
hand,  they  sa' 
—Tacitus,  O, 
W.  J.  Brudril 

3.C.  12-9.-  C'-mjiaigiis  of  i^rusus. —  The 
first  serious  advance  ol  li.t  K  in  in  arms  beyond 
the  lUiine  was  made  in  the  reigu  of  Augustus, 
by  the  emperor's  stepson,  Drusus.  C'lesiir  had 
crossed  the  river,  only  to  chastise  and  terrify  the 
trilx's  on  the  right  bank  whicli  threatened  (iuiil. 
Agrippa,  some  years  later,  npeated  tlii'  opira- 
tion,  anil  withdrew,  as  Ciesiir  hud  done.  Hut 
Drufus  invaded  Oerniaiiy  with  intentions  of  iiin- 
qiii'St  and  occupation.  Ills  tirst  ninipiiigii  was 
undertaken  in  the  spring  of  the  year  12  H.  (,'.  He 
(Tnssed  the  Rhine  and  drove  the  I'sipetes  into 
thiir  strongholds;  after  which  he  enibarkiil  his 
it-i^ionson  transport  ships  riid  moved  them  down 
Ilie  river  to  the  ocean,  thence  to  const  northwards 
til  the  mouth  of  the  Ems.  and  so  peiictnite  to  the 
hiart  of  the  enemy's  country.  '1  o  facilitate  this 
l)(il(l  movement,  he  had  caused  n  channel  to  be 
(lit  from  the  Rliine.  at  moilern  Arniieiin.  to  the 
Ziiyikr  Zi  '■.  utilizing  the  river  Ys.sel  The  e.\- 
pedition  w;m  not  successful  and  retreated  overland 
friiiii  the  Frisian  coast  after  considerable  dLsastir 
and  loss.  The  next  yi'iir,  Urusus  returned  to 
llic  attack,  marching  directly  into  the  German 
(uiintry  and  ailvancing  to  the  banks  of  the 
Wiser,  but  retreating,  again,  with  little  to  show 
(if  substantial  results.  He  established  u  fortified 
outpost,  however,  on  the  Lippe,  and  named  it 
Aliso.  During  the  saiiie  summer,  he  is  said  to 
have  fixed  another  post  in  the  country  of  the 
Cliatti.  Two  years  then  passed  before  Drusus 
was  again  permitted  by  the  emperor  to  cross  the 
Itliine.  Un  his  third  campaign  he  pas.sed  the 
Wcscr  and  penetrated  tlie  llercynian  forest  as 
far  as  the  Elbe. — the  Germans  ileclining  every- 
ttliire  to  give  him  battle.  Erecting  a  tropliy  on 
tile  bank  of  the  Elbe,  he  retraced  his  stejis,  but 
sullcred  a  fall  from  his  horse,  on  the  lioniew  ard 
m:;rch,  which  caused  bis  death.  "If  the  Ger- 
mans wert^  neitli'T  reduced  to  subjection,  uor 
■  (rn  overthrown  in  any  decisive  engaiicincnt.  as 
tin  Komans  vainly  pri'tcnded.  yet  tlieir  spirit  of 
AiTLTcssion  was  tinatly  checked  and  from  tlicnce- 
fiirlli,  for  many  genenitions.  they  were  fully  oc- 
(iipicdwith  the  task  (f  delcndiiig  llicmserves. " 
— ('.  Mcrivale,  Jtint.  of  tin  l{"iii,nix,  ,'h.  'M. 

B.  C.  8— A.  D.  II.— Campaigns  of  Tiberius. 
—Tlie  Work  of  Uotnaii  it  iipicst  in  Gcrinaiiy.  left 
'I'liiiiished  by  Drusus.  was  taken  ii|)  liy  his 
liriithcr  Tilierius  (afterwards  emperor)  under  the 
ilirci;i()n  of  Augustus.  Tiberius  cros.sed  the  Kliine. 
fiT  the  first  time.  11.  t'.  «.  The  frontier  tribes 
made  no  resistance,  but  olTercd  submission  at 
I'nic.  Tilierius  sent  their  cliiets  to  Auirustiis, 
'Inn  holding  his  court  at  Liigdunum  (Lyons),  to 
iiiike  terms  with  tlie  emperor  in  persmi.  and 
AuL'usius  basely  treated  tlieui  as  captives  and 


threw  them  into  prison.  The  foDowIng  year 
found  the  German  tribes  again  under  arms,  and 
TilM'rius  again  crossed  the  Rhine;  but  it  was  only 
to  ravage  the  country,  and  not  to  remain.  Then 
followed  a  peritnl  of  ten  years,  during  which  the 
emperor's  step-son,  dissatisfleil  with  his  position 
anil  on  ill  terms  with  Augustus,  n'tired  to  Rhixles. 
In  the  summer  of  A.  I).  4.  he  returned  to  the 
command  of  the  legions  on  the  Rhine.  Mean- 
time, under  other  generals. —  Domitiusand  Vinl- 
cius. — they  had  maile  several  campaigns  beyond 
the  river;  had  momentarily  crossed  the  iMx; 
had  I  instructed  a  road  to  the  outposts  on  the 
Wesir;  liiul  fought  the  Chcrusci,  with  doubtful 
results,  but  had  not  settled  the  Itoman  power  in 
Germany.  Tiberius  inviuled  the  country  once 
more,  with  a  powerful  force,  and  seems  to  have 
crushed  all  resistance  in  the  region  between  the 
lower  Rhine  and  the  Wcscr.  The  following 
spring,  he  repeated,  with  more  success,  the  move- 
ment of  Drusus  by  land  and  sea,  sending  a  flo- 
tilla around  to  the  Ellie  and  up  that  stream,  to  a 
point  where  it  met  and  co  operated  with  a  column 
moved  overland,  througli  the  wihlerncss.  A 
single  battle  was  fought  and  the  Germans  de- 
fiat((l;  but.  once  more,  when  winterapproached, 
Ilic  Rinnans  retired  and  no  permanent  conquest 
was  made.  Two  years  later  (A.  D.  6),  Tilierius 
turned  his  arms  against  the  powerful  nation  of 
llie  Marcomanni.  which  had  removed  itself  from 
the  German  mark,  or  border,  into  the  country 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Boil  —  mo<lcrn  Bohe- 
mia. Hen',  under  their  able  chief  Marlmd,  or 
.Marobisluus,  they  developed  a  formidable  mili- 
tary organizutidu  and  became  threatening  to  the 
Roinan  frontiers  on  the  Upper  Danube.  Two 
converging  expeditions,  from  the  Danube  and 
from  the  Rhine,  were  at  the  pointof  crushing  the 
Marcomanni  between  them,  when  news  of  the 
alarming  revolt,  in  Punnoniu  and  Dalmatia.  called 
the  'Batoniau  War."  caused  the  making  of  a 
hasty  peace  with  XIarobiMluus.  The  Batonian  or 
I'annonian  war  occupied  Tilierius  for  nearly 
three  years.  He  had  just  brought  it  to  a  close, 
when  intelligence  reached  Rome  of  a  disaster  in 
Germany  which  tilled  the  empire  with  honor 
and  disiuay.  The  tribes  in  northwestern  Ger- 
many, iK'tween  the  lower  Rhine  and  the  Elbe, 
supposed  to  be  cowed  and  submissive,  hiul  now 
found  a  leader  who  could  unite  them  and  excite 
them  to  disdain  the  Roman  yoke.  This  leader 
was  zVrminius,  or  Ilemianu,  a  young  chief  of  the 
Chcrusci,  who  had  been  trained  in  the  Roman 
military  service  and  admitted  to  liomau  citizen- 
ship, but  wild  hated  the  oppressors  of  his  coun- 
try with  implacable  bitterness.  The  scheme  of 
insurrection  orcranized  by  Arminius  was  made 
easv  of  execution  by  the  insolent  carelessness  and 
the  iii(apa(  ily  of  tlie  lioinan  commander  in  Ger- 
many. I.,  ijuinliliiis  Varus.  It  succeeded  so  well 
that  Varus  and  his  army,— three  entire  legions, 
liiusc,  foot  and  au.viliaries,  —  probablv 20,IKH)  men 
ill  all, — were  ovcrwheluied  in  the  'rcutoburger 
Wald,  iiorlli  of  tlie  Lippe,  and  destroyed.  Only 
a  few  skulking  fugitives  readied  the  Rhine  and 
escaped  to  tell  tlic  fate  of  ilie  rest.  This  was 
late  in  tlie  suniiiu  r  of  A.  I).  1).  In  the  foUir.ving 
spriiiir  Tiberius  was  sent  again  to  the  Rhine  Inin- 
tier,  with  as  powerful  a  levy  of  men  and  e(|uip- 
monts  as  tlie  empire  coiUd  collect.  He  was  ac- 
companied by  Ids  iie|iliew,  Germanicus,  son  of 
Drusus,  deslincd  to  \k  his  successor  in  the  lieKl 
(It  (jeriuan  comiuest.     But  dread  and  fear  were 


m 


1463 


^^' 


ji',. 


n 


H' 


OEHMANY. 


v/  the  A'atiuHM. 


GEHMAXY,  3D  CENTUUV 


In  the  lioman  heart,  ami  the  ciimpaiKn  (if  TUk'- 
riii<i,  ililayrMi  niKithcr  iwflvi'  months,  until  A.  I). 
11,  was  ciiniliictcd  loo  caiitioiisly  to  accomplisli 
any  ini|iortant  result.  Iletriiverseil  :iii  I  nivaKe(l 
a  ronsideralile  rej,'ion  of  the  (iernian  ccMintry.  liut 
withdrew  a){ain  aeross  the  Hhiiie  and  left  it,  ap- 
parently, HtKKeupied.  This  was  his  last  lani- 
paiiin.  lietumiuf;  to  I{onie.  lie  waited  only  two 
years  lonsrer  fur  the  imperial  sovereiKn'ty  to 
which  he  sueeeeded  im  the  death  of  Aujtustus. 
who  had  made  him,  liy  adoption,  hi.s  son  and  hi>« 
iH'ir.— C.  Merivale,  Hint,  of  the  ItiniMiui,  eh. 
86-IW. 

Ai.»o  in:  T.  AIonims<>n.  Hist,  nf  /.'.,(;»■,  hk:  H, 
eh.  1.— Sir  E,  Creasy.  h\fte(it  Ihanire  Uittfrs  vf 
tht  WorUt,  eh.  5.  — T'  Smith,  Arminiim,  lit.  I.  e/i. 
4-6. 

A.  D.  14-16.— Campaigns  of  Germanicus. — 
Gcrmanieus  —  the  .sr)n  of  Drusus  —  was  given 
the  euinmand  on  the  Khine  at  the  iK'giiuiing  of 
the  year  13  A.  D.  The  follow  ing  year,  Augus- 
tus died  anil  Tiberius  became  emperor;  where- 
upon (Jermanieus  found  himself  no  longer  re- 
strained from  crossing  the  river  and  assuming 
the  olfensive  against  Arminius  and  his  tribes. 
His  first  movement,  that  autunm,  wiis  up  the 
valley  of  the  Lippe.  which  he  laid  waste,  far 
and  wide.  The  next  spring,  he  led  one  column, 
from  Mentz,  against  the  Chatti,  as  far  as  the 
upper  branches  of  the  Wcser,  while  he  sent 
another  farther  north  to  chastise  the  Chcrusci 
and  the  Marsi,  surprising  and  inas.sacring  the 
latUT  at  their  feast  of  Tanfana.  Later  in  the 
same  year,  he  penetrated,  by  adoulileexpedition, 
—  moving  by  sea  and  by  land,  as  his  father  had 
(lone  Iwfore. — to  the  country  iKtween  the  Ems 
and  the  Lipiw,  and  laid  waste  the  territory  of 
the  lirucleri,  and  their  neighbors.  lie  also"vis- 
ite<l  the  spot  where  the  army  <.f  Varus  had  per- 
ished, and  erected  a  monument  to  the  ilead.  On 
the  return  from  this  e.xpdlition,  four  legions, 
under  CiEcina,  were  bes.  n  the  same  maiuier 
that  Varus  had  been,  and  under  like  difficulties; 
but  their  commander  was  of  difTirent  stuff  and 
brought  them  safely  through,  after  punishing 
his  pursuers  sj-vcnly.  But  the  armv  had  been 
given  up  as  lost,  and  only  the  resolute  opposition 
of  Agrippina.  the  wife  of  Cermanieus.  had  pre- 
vented the  Koman  commander  at  Vetera,  on  the 
Uhiui',  from  destroying  the  bridge  there,  and 
abandoning  the  legions  to  their  supposed  fate. 
In  the  spring  of  A.  1).  16,  Germanicus  again  cm- 
barked  his  army,  80,000  strong,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Rhine,  on  Ixiard  transports,  and  moved  it  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Kms,  where  the  Ihet  remained. 
Tlienc('  be  marched  up  the  Ems  ami  across  to  the 
W'.ser.  and  was  encountend,  in  the  country  of 
the  I'herusci.  by  a  general  levy  of  the  German 
tribes,  led  by  Arminius  and  Int'uiomi  rus.  Two 
great  b.iltles  were  fought,  in  wliieh  the  Romans 
were  vidorinus.  Rut.  win  11  nturning  from  this 
c:irn|i,ML;n.  the  tleel  encountcTed  a  storm  in  which 
so  niui  h  iif  it  peri.^hed,  with  the  triKips  on  board, 
that  tlir  dis:i>ti'r  threw  a  heavy  cloud  of  gloom 
ovir  Ih''  triumph  of  Germaniiiis.  Tlie  yuung 
general  was  .soon  afterwards  reialleil.  and"  three 
year-^  l.il,  r  he  dii  cl.  — ul'  poison,  as  is  supposed. — 
at  .\iiljn(h.  "The  ciniral  government  ceased 
from  this  time  to  take  any  warm  iiilen  »t  in  the 
BUbjULMtion  of  tlieCerm.-i'ns;  .■iiid  the  dissensions 
of  their  slates  and  princc's.  w  iiiih  pc  ace  was  not 
shiw  in  devi'lopiriu'.  attra<ted  no  lioniaii  enwssa- 
ries  lo  liie  bariiarian  eam|>s,    iiid   rarelv  leil  the 


M-'ii.] 


■•  life, 
'  n-iia- 


legions  beyond  the  fnmtier,  which  wa^  1  >  ,1 
lowed  to  reccih'  finally  to  tiie  Rhine  -  1  \I,  r 
vale,  /lint,  of  the  liniuiM.  eh.  42. 

Al,HO  IN:  T.  .Mommsen.  //i«<.  oflt,,,,.      (    s 
eh.  1.— T.  Smith.  .Irmiiiiiin.  jit   1.  r'/    ; 

3d  Century.— Beginning  of  the  "  Wandcrinr 
of  the  Nations."— "Towanis  the  niidl!  1  11,7. 
third  century.  ...  a  change  becomes  p.  r. 
in  the  relaticms  and  attitude  of  tin  1 
peoples.  Many  of  the  nations,  whii  h  lin 
celebrated  in  the  annals  of  t'  e  classii  al  \' 
disjippcar  silently  frimi  histo  ;  new  nn 
couibmations  and  confederacies  st:irl  in: 
and  the  names  which  have  achieved  an  imp 

l)!e  notoriety  from  their  connection  « iili  11 

decay  and  the  overtlmiw  of  the  Roman  r.n,|  in^ 
come  forwanl,  and  still  survive.  On  iin  w,ii 
whereon  the  .sigambri,  Marsi,  t'liam  i.  ;inil  Cl.e 
rus<'i  had  struggle<l  to  preserve  a  ru.le  iii,|.|„.n. 
deuce,  Franks  and  Sa.1ons  liveil  free  and  r.rniil 
able;  Alenianni  were  gatlieml  iilnng  tli,>  i',„,i  ..f 
the  Rimian  wall  which  connected  tie'  Dnml,,- 
with  the  Rhine,  and  had,  hitherto,  pn  ^  rvi  ij  in 
viohite  the  Agri  decumates;  while  1  :i-i.  rn  (I,  r- 
many,  allured  by  the  hope  of  spoil,  or  imji.  11.,] 
by  external  pressure,  precipitated  itsi  If  lunlir 
the  collective  term  of  Goths  upon  the  shrinking 
settlements  of  the  Dacia  and  the  Danulie  Tli" 
new  appellations  which  appear  in  western  (i.  r 
manv  in  the  third  century  have  not  unTi:iinmllv 
given  rise  to  the  presumption  th:it  unknuvii 
peoples  had  penetrated  through  the  laiil.  iii,.| 
overpowered  the  ancient  tribes,  and  iiisi'iiai 
vanity  has  contributed  to  the  delusion  .\s  ih.^ 
Burgiindians  .  .  .  were  flattered  by  hein,-  inll 
they  were  descendants  of  Roman  "eol.mi-N.  «a 
the  barbarian  writers  of  a  later  peril »1  Iium.  I 
their  imaginations  in  the  solitude  if  ne.ni~iii 
life  to  enhance  the  glory  of  their  counirvin.  n.  In 
the  invention  of  what  their  inkling  of'.iiv-u:il 
knowledge  led  them  to  imagine  a  more  illn-iri.us 
origin.  .  .  .  Fictions  like  tliest;  may  be  ri  f.  rnd 
to  as  an  index  of  the  time  vhen  the  vonni:  liir- 
barian  spirit,  eager  after  fa  -le.  and  incapiile  "t 
balancing  probabilities,  flr.t  gloiited  n.r  tlic 
marvels  of  classical  literature,  though  ils  n  linij 
and  delicate  beauties  eluded  their  grus^,  r  1  i^n-: 
but  they  require  no  critical  examinalin;  ili.  n; 
are  no  grounds  for  believing  that  Frink^,  ? 


or  Alcmanni,  were  other  than  the  oriiiin  il  i 
tants  of  the  country,  though  there  is  :i  n 
dilUciilty  arising  from  the  want  of  wriii-  :i 
temporary  evidence  in  tracing  the  tran-iii 
determining  the  tribes  of  which  the  in  u 
federacies   were   formed.     At    the    s  nnr 
though    no  immigration  of  strangers  u  i- 
siblc.  a  movement  of  a  particular  trilie  u  : 
unfrequcnt.      The  cimstant  intern:il  dis. 
of  the  Germans,  combini'd  with  Ihrir  ■;  ; 
warlike  enteriiriie.  led  to  fri'iiuentdiinn  -' 
and  the  vanquished  sometimes  chose  rail, ■  ■ 
an  asylum  fiir  from  tiieir  niitive  .snil,  wi-  -. 
might  live  in  freedom,  than  enntinue  :i-  |. -^ 
or  tributaries  to  tlie  iiini|Ueror.    (If  sni  h  ■! 
were  the  tt;inderinirs  of  the  l\i|iiii  s  a  ,  1   ; 
teri  [Teiichleri)  inl';es;ir'slime.  tlieivni  i'. 

riiii  fnmi  Nas.siui  to  the  neiL'hboiirl I  •  : 

andX:inthen:  and  to  this  iniisl  be:i-': 
a|ipear;incc  of  the  liuru'iiiidians,  win.  h  : 
beyond  the  Oder,  in  Ihe  vie  inity  of  il.  ^: 
the  Xeeker.     Anoth.  r  el:i~s  (.f"n:iti  : 

ti.ills.   wen*  those  u!i!.I[    iMinli..!    i  liri.' 

meni  of  tlie  native  (iermanv  uiili  iln    1 


al.i- 
i;ril 


1464 


N 


I 


i 


GEKMANY,  3D  CENTUHY. 


Wan'iering 
of  the  yations. 


GERMANY,  A.   D.  481-768. 


Hiking  a  new  svttleincnt  amon^  the  possessiuus 
of  the  ainkiDg  empire.  Those  of  tlie  Ooth.^i.  Van- 
dals, Alans,  Sueves,  the  second  movement  of  tlio 
B  a'undmns,  may  be  inelmleil  in  thia  category; 
tl  iivasions  of  tlic  Frunksi,  Alemanul,  and  Sa.x- 
oi  ou  the  contrary,  cannot  be  called  national 
eniiKnitiona,  for  tliey  never  abandoneil, with  tliiir 
families,  their  original  birthplace;  their  outwan- 
dcrings,  like  the  eTnigrations  of  the  present  day, 
were  partial;  their  occupation  of  tlie  enemy's 
territory  was,  in  cimractcr.  military  and  progres- 
live;  and.  with  the  exception  of  tlie  Anglo-Sa.von 
settlement  in  Britain,  their  connection  wit li  the 
original  stock  was  never  interrupted.  In  all  the 
migrations  of  Gennan  peoples  spoken  of  from 
Ca-sar  downwards,  the  numbers  of  the  cmigranl.s 
appear  to  Ikj  euormoualy  exaggerated.  The 
Isipites  and  Teuchteri  are  estimated  by  Ciesar 
at  4:!i),000  souls.  IIow  could  such  a  multituile 
And  nourishment  during  a  three  years'  wander- 
in;;?  If  80.000  Burgundian  Wehrmen  came  to 
the  Rhine  to  the  assistance  of  Valentinian,  as 
Cissiixlorius,  Jcn>mc,  anil  other  chroniclers  state, 
the  numl)ers  of  the  whole  nation  must  have  ap- 
pniaclied  400,000,  and  it  is  impossible  to  believe 
that  such  a  nia.ss  could  obtain  support  in  the 
narrow  district  lying  lietween  thi;  Alenianni,  the 
Ilrrniunduri,  and  the  t'hatti.  In  other  case.-*, 
vaL'iie  expressions,  and  still  more  the  wonihrful 
adiievement.s  of  the  Germans  in  the  course  of 
their  emigrations,  have  led  to  the  supposition  of 
enormous  numl>crs;  but  Germany  could  not  lind 
nourishment  for  the  multitudes  which  have  Ix'on 
ascrilK'd  to  it.  Corn  at  that  period  was  little 
cultivated;  it  was  not  the  fiKMl  of  the  people, 
»h"<e  chief  support  was  llesh.  .  .  .  The  cou- 
quots  of  the  barbarians  mav  l)e  ascril«d  as  much 
to  llie  weak-  i  of  their  adversar  -.  to  their 
wiuit  of  ene..  _  and  union,  as  to  their  own 
stringth.  There  was,  in  fact,  no  enemy  to  meet 
tlicMi  in  the  tleld;  and  their  domination  was,  at 
Ica'.t,  as  acceptable  to  the  provincial  inhal)itants 
a.s  that  of  the  iml>eeile,  but  mpacious  ministers 
oftheUoman  government.  .  .  .  It  w.as  not  the 
lust  of  wandering,  but  the  influence  of  external 
circumstances  which  brought  them  to  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  Danube:  at  first  the  aggressions  of  the 
l<i>tiians.  then  the  pressure  of  the  Huns  and  the 
Sclivonic  tril)es.  The  whole  intercourse  of  Ger- 
many with  Uomc  must  be  considered  as  one  long 
w:ir.  which  began  with  the  invasion  of  I'asiir: 
wliicli.  long  restnuued  by  the  superior  power  of 
tiie  1  nciny,  warmed  with  his  growing  weakness, 
and  only  ended  with  the  extinction  of  the  Uoinan 
nuMic.  The  wars  of  the  third,  fourth,  and  tifth 
riiituries,  were  only  a  continuance  of  the  ancient 
liosiility.  There  might  l)e  p.irtial  truce,  or  oeca- 
si"ii:il  intermission;  some  tribes  might  l)e  almost 
c.MirjBited  by  the  sword  ;  some,  for  a  time,  bou^'lit 
iilT  ''V  money;  but  Home  was  the  universal 
till  iiiy,  and  nuich  of  tin  internal  ri'stlessuess  of 
till' lirnuans  was  no  more  than  the  natural  niove- 
nii'Ui  towards  the  hostile  borders.  As  the  inva- 
siuii  of  northern  Germany  gave  rise  to  the  first 
pn.it  northern  union,  so  the  ennciuest  of  Dacia 
br."i!;ht  Goths  from  the  Vi.stula  to  the  soutii, 
wiiiir  the  erection  of  the  giant  wall  naturally 
gaiiiired  the  Suevic  tribes  along  its  limits,  only 
w.iiiiiig  for  the  opportunity  to  break  througli, 
St(  p  by  step  this  battle  of  centuries  was  fought; 
fnnii  the  time  of  Caracalla  the  fiood  turned,  wave 
fi.liiiuci!  w.ive  like  the  encr(>achi!i!:  tide,  an'!  the 
aui  imt  landmarks  receded  bit  bv  bit,  till  l{ome 


itself  was  burieil  Iwneath  the  waters.  .  .  .  Threa 
great  confederacies  of  German  Iriljes.  more  or 
loss  unite, 1  by  birth,  position,  interest,  or  lan- 
guage, may  be  discerned,  during  this  period,  in 
iinmeitiat«!  contact  with  the  Komans — the  Ale- 
nianni, the  Goths,  and  the  Franks.  A  fourth, 
the  Saxons,  was  chiefly  known  from  its  maritime 
voyages  oil  th"  Coast  of  Gaul  and  Britain.  There 
were  also  many  independent  peoples  w  Inch  can- 
not be  enumerated  among  any  of  the  jiolitical 
confedenicies,  jut  which  acted  for  theinsi  Ives, 
and  pursued  their  individual  ends:  such  were 
•  he  Burgimdians,  the  Alans,  the  Vandals,  and 
the  Lond>ards.  " — T.  Smith,  Anniiii uh,  pt.  'i,ch.  1. 
Ai.sDiN:  H.  G.  Liithnm, yntioiuililifnofKiintpe, 
r.  'i.rfi.  ai.— Sec,  also,  Ai.kma.nni;  .Makcom.4«''>-i; 
QiADi;    Ooriis;    Qkpiu.k;    Saxons;    AN'  '.ks, 

FltANKS;  BlROU.NDH.NS;  VandaI.S;  SiTEVI;  LoM- 

UAKDS;  and,  also.  Appendix  A,  vol.  5. 

A.  D.  277. — Invasion  by  Probus. — The  vigor- 
ous emperiir  Probus,  «  ho,  in  the  year  277,  drove 
from  Gaul  the  swarms  of  invaders  that  had  rav- 
aged the  unhappy  province  with  impunity  for 
two  years  past,  then  crossed  the  Wiine  and  har- 
ried the  L  untry  of  the  marauders,  as  far  as  the 
Elbe  and  the  Neckar.  "  Germany,  exhausted  by 
the  ill  suc(  ess  of  the  last  emigration,  was  aston- 
ished by  his  presence.  Nine  of  the  most  consid- 
erable princes  repaired  to  his  camp  and  fell  pros- 
trate at  his  feet.  Sutdi  a  treaty  w-is  liumi)ly 
received  bv  the  Germans  as  it  pleased  the  con- 
queror to  dictate. "  I'ndms  then  cai..ied  a  stone 
wall,  strengthened  at  intervals  with  towers,  to 
be  built  from  the  Danube,  near  Xeustadt  and 
Hatislion,  to  Winipfen  on  the  Xeckar,  and  thence 
to  the  IJli'ie.  for  the  protection  of  the  settlers  of 
the  "  Agri  Decumaies.  "  But  the  wall  was  thrown 
down,  a  few  years  atierwards,  by  the  Alemanui. 
— E.  Gibbon.  Dtrliue  tr  -'  F<i/(  nf  t\e  li'niutii  Em- 
piiY,  cli.  13. 

Sth  Century.— Con.  on  of  the  Franks. 
See  ClIItlsTIAMTY:  A.  \>.  ii)G-800. 

A.  D.  481-768'.— Acquisition  of  supremacy  by 
the  Franks. — The  original  dominions  of  t'iovis, 
or  Chlodwig  —  with  whose  reign  the  career  of 
the  Franks  as  ,»  consoliilated  people  began  —  cor- 
ri'Si>onded  nearly  to  e  miKlcrn  kiugdoiuof  Bel- 
gium. lIishrst(i'H)Uests  were  from  the  Romans, 
in  the  neighboring  irtsof  Gaul,  and  wlien  those 
were  linislieii,  "  the  king  of  the  Franks  iK'gan  to 
liKik  round  upon  the  ofherGerman  nations  settled 
upon  its  soil,  with  a  view  to  the  further  exten- 
.si.m  of  his  power.  A  quarrel  with  the  Alemanni 
supplied  tlie  first  opportunity  for  the  gratification 
of  his  ambition.  For  more  than  a  century  the 
Alemauni  had  lieen  in  undisturbed  possession  of 
Alsace,  and  the  adjoining  districls;  Mainz, 
Worms,  Speyer,  Strasburg.  Basel,  C'cmslanz,  Bre- 
genz.  lay  within  their  territory.  .  .  .  The  Vose- 
gen  range  was  a  bulwark  on  the  side  of  Gaul, 
waste  lands  separated  them  from  the  Burgun- 
iliam,  who  were  settled  about  the  Jura  and  In  the 
s.>uth  west  part  of  Hi  Ivelia,  and  the  .Moscdle  di- 
viiieil  them  I'rom  the  liipiiariau  Franks.  It  is  un- 
known whether  they  formed  a  state  distinct  from 
their  brethren  on  the  right  of  theUhine;  prob 
ably  such  was  the  case,  for  the  Alemauni,  at  all 
limes,  were  divideil  into  separate  trities,  lietween 
which,  however,  was  generally  a  common  imiou; 
nor  is  it  certain  whetiier  the  .Vlsatiau  Alemanni 
were  under  one  or  several  Adelings;  a  single  king 
;  nenti'ined  as  liavini:  fallen  in^tho  battle  with 
Chlodwig.  who  may  have  been  merel  ■  an  elected 


?.■: 


1465 


~.U  I 


OFUMANY,  A.   D.  4«l-768. 


The  I'rankM. 


GERMANY,  A.  D.  4n1-76s 


f   .  '  ■   ' , : 


■  .ii: 


military  Uiulir.  Kiiually  olisciirc  Is  tlip  caus*'  of 
tlieir  niir  with  (liliHlni);.  th(>ii);li  it  liiis  Ihm-h 
aasiimwl,  piTlmps  Iihi  liusiily,  by  all  riucnt  liis- 
torinns,  tliat  the  Knmk  kiiiK  birami'  involved  in 
it  lis  iin  ally  of  the  liipiiariau-^  Tlic  liipiiurian 
?^ranks  wcro  scttk-tl,  as  the  naiiio  imports,  upon 
till'  luinks  of  the  Kliinc,  from  llii'  Most'llu  ilown- 
warcls;  tlifir  iliiif  sial  wivs  lln'  clly  <'f  Colou.u'. 
It  is  probalilc  tliiit  ti«*y  i-imsisti-il  of  thi'  rrni;.ins 
of  till'  anrii-nt  Thii,  strcnjrtlu'ni'il  bv  the  ailven- 
timTswho  rrosscil  over  on  the  Ilrst  Invasion,  anil 
the  name  implies  that  Ihev  were  reL'hnliil  by  the 
Komans  as  a  kinil  of  limltaiiean  sohlii  ry.  For, 
in  the  eoninion  parlance  of  the  Homans  of  that 
piTioil.  the  traet  of  land  lyinij  aloii^;  the  Uhine 
was  ealteil  Hipa.  in  an  absoliHo  si'iise,  and  even 
the  river  itsilf  was  not  iinfreiiuently  ilenominateil 
bv  the  same  tille  Kiptiarii  are  Hipa  wehren, 
llreop,  or  llrepa  welmn.  defeiiihrs  of  the  sliori'. 
About  theeloseof  Iheliflh  eeiiliiry  thesi'  Kipiiarii 
were  iiniler  the  government  of  a  kinf,  named 
Siirebert,  usually  called  'the  lance.'  The  story 
told  bv  iiuhIi  rn  w  rilers  is,  that  this  SiifiUrt.  liav 
ir.R  fallen  into  dispute  with  the  Alemanni,  called 
upon  (  hlmhvi';  for  assistance,  a  rail  which  the 
yoimj;  kini;  willinjily  listened  to.  The  Alemanni 
bad  invaded  the  liipiiarian  terriliry,  and  ad- 
vanced within  a  short  distance  of  Cologne,  when 
ChlislniK  and  his  Franks  joined  the  Itipuarii;  a 
battle  took  place  at  ZiUpich,  about  Hveiity  two 
Kn.i^lish  miles  from  (  ologne,  which.  aftiT  a  lierci: 
strugfrle,  ended  in  the  defeat  of  the  Alemanni. 
.  .  .  ChliMlwij;  Wiisfolluwing  up  hisviclorv  over 
the  Alemanni,  perhaps  with  unnecessary  feroci- 
ty, when  he  was  stopped  in  his  course  by  a  Matter- 
ing I'mbassy  from  the  great  Theodoriih.  Many 
of  the  Alemanni  had  snbniitted,  after  the  death 
of  their  chii  f,  on  the  tield  of  battle.  '  Spare  us,' 
they  cried,  'for  we  are  now  thy  peoiile!'  but 
there  were  many  who.  abhorring  the  Frank  yoke, 
fled  towards  the  south,  and  thn'W  themselves 
under  the  proteclion  of  the  Ostrogothic  king, 
who  had  possessed  himself  of  the  ancient  Kluetia 
and  Vinilelieia." — T.  Smith,  Armiiuim,  jit.  'i,  c/i. 
4. — Tilt?  sonsot  Clovis  pushed  their  conquests  on 
the  Germanic  as  well  as  on  the  Gallic  side  of  the 
Hhine.  ThciHhiric,  or  Theuderik,  who  reigned 
at  Metz,  with  the  aid  of  his  brother  Clotaire.  or 
Chlolher,  of  Soi.ssoni-.  subjugated  the  Tliuriu- 
gians,  bdween  A  D.  ■>{■>  and  5','8.  "How  he 
[Theiiderikl  aciiuired  authority  over  the  Ale- 
mans  and  the  Kavarians  is  not  known.  Perhaps 
in  the  subjugation  of  Thuringiii  he  had  taken 
occasion  to  extend  his  sway  over  other  nations; 
but  from  this  lime  forth  we  tinil  not  only  Ihiiw, 
but  the  Sa.vons  more  to  the  north,  rega'nled  as 
the  associates  or  tributaries  of  the  l!lastern  or 
Kipuarian  Franks.  From  the  Elbe  to  the  Meuse. 
and  from  the  Xortheni  Ocean  to  the  .simrces  of 
the  Uhine.  a  reiriun  i-ompri-ing  a  great  part  of 
ancient  Gerniany.  the  ascendeney  of  the  Franks 
was  praitieally  acknowledged,  and  a  kingdom 
was  Inrnied  |  .\iistiasia  —  Uster-riki  —  the  Kast- 
ern  Kiiigiloml  which  was  drstini'd  to  overshadow 
all  llic  iiilier  .Meidviimiaii  stales.  The  various 
tribes  which  loinposid  its  Germanic  accretions, 
reniiile  and  e.\elllpl  from  the  illllllences  of  the 
Homaii  civilization,  retained  their  tierce  customs 
and  their  rude  superstitions,  and  continued  to 
be  governed  liy  their  hereditary  dukes;  but 
their  wild  ina.,ses  marched  under  ilie  standanls 
of  the  Franks,  and  conceded  to  thos,-  formidable 
coiuiuerors  a  certain  degree  of  political  suprem- 


i" 


i.k>. 


,  111. 


ary.  "     When,  in  .I.Vl.  Clotaire.  by  the  .1   , 
his  brothers,  iK'rame  the  sole  king  of  the  Kr 
his  empire  rmb'^       '     I  Koinnn  (!aul.  i  \>i  pt  Si  p 
timaoia.  still  I  i  lie  Visigoths,  and  ISriiiint 

but  slightly  cd;  "while  in  ancient  i;,r 

many,  from  i  .>iiine  to  the  Wiser,  i! 
fill  durhies  ot  me  Alemans.  the  Thuriii 
Davarians.  the  Frisons.  and  the  Sa\'>iis.  h,  n  n 
garded  not  entirely  is  subject,  and  yet  a-  ii.lju 
tary  provinces.  "  During  the  next  cciitiiri  .md 
a  half,  the  feelileness  of  the  Merovinninis  ],,^i 
their  hold  upon  these  German  tribiitarii  s  \, 
early  as  the  time  of  Chlolher  II.  III.  I.arr.-.ili  ,i,U 
had  recovered  their  freedom;  tiiidrr  |)i".l.,n 
[«i'2-fl;W].  the  Saxons;  under  Sighebert  II  li;;',s. 
CM)],  the  Thnringians;  and  now,  iluriiu;  th,'  lit,- 
broils  [6TtMW7].  the  Alemans,  the  liavari.iiis  mi,] 
the  Frisons."  Hut  the  vigorous  Mayors  of  th-' 
Palace,  Pepin  Ilerislal  anil  Kaii  Muriel,  aipli.il 
themselves  resolulelv  to  the  n'Sloralinii  uf  the 
Frank  supremacy,  in  Germany  as  will  as  in 
Ai|Uilaine.  Pepin  "found  the  task  tmirly  im 
possible.  Time  and  again  heassaih'd  the  Kris,.];. 
tlie  Saxons,  the  Bavarians,  and  the  .Vhiiiiii- 
but  could  bind  them  to  no  truce  nor  p!  in  fur 
any  length  of  time.  No  less  than  i.  n  iinii> 
the  Frisons  resumed  their  arms,  while  tlie  r.  v,,li< 
of  the  others  were  si>  incessant  that  lie  win  ,  mn 
pelled  to  abandon  all  liopi'  of  recuviriiii;  ttii- 
southern  or  Hotnan  part  of  Gaul,  in  onitr  In 
direct  his  attention  exclusively  to  the  Gi  riiiins 
The  aid  which  he  received  from  the  (jiri-iiaii 
missionaries  rendcn'd  him  more  successful  :iiii..n; 
them.  Those  intrepid  propagandists  pi-rmi 
where  his  armies  could  not.  .  .  .  The  Vrxik- 
and  the  Popes  of  Rome  had  a  eonimon  innn-^i  in 
this  work  of  the  conversion  of  the  Geriiiaiis,  iln 
Franks  to  restrain  irruptions,  and  the  Pnprs  ii. 
carry  their  spiritual  sway  over  Kiiro|u  '  Prpiii 
left  these  unfinished  Gennan  wars  to  his  son  Knl 
the  Hammer,  and  Karl  prosecuted  thiiii  witii 
charaeterislic  energy  during  his  tirsi  vi  urs  of 
power.  "  Almostevery  month  he  was  forinl  iiii  ■ 
some  expedition  beyond  the  Rliimv  .  Tin 
Alemans,  the  Havarians,  and  the  Frisons.  In-  s  n 
leeded  insubjeetiniftoaformal  confession  a!  I,  asi 
of  the  Frankish  supremacy;  but  the  Iiiiliiilriit 
and  implacable  Saxom  batlled  his  most  siivni! 
ous  efforts.  Their  wild  tribes  had  Ihiihim-,  uitliiii 
a  fi'W  3'ears,  a  powerful  and  numerous  n.iti  'n, 
they  had  appropriated  the  lands  of  the  Tlinrin 
giansand  llassi.  orCatti.  and  joined  to  thnn-  Ua- 
other  confederations  and  tribes;  and.  sIniihiaL' 
from  the  Rhine  to  the  Elbe,  olfered  Ilnir  ni.ir-ia  - 
and  f  rests  a  free  asylum  to  all  the  piTs  .  .iir  1 
sectarci'sof  Oilhinn.  to  all  the  In  vers  of  nui  v.  a 
savage  Independence.  Six  times  in  s.n  1 1  -- 
thearmiesof  Karl  penetrated  the  w  ihl' iii' >- il 
calleil  their  home,  nivagiugtlieir  liilds  anl  ^  . 
ing  thi'ir  cabins,  but  the  .'^axon  war  « a-  - 
renewed.  He  left  it  to  the  emrgitic  lii  i- 
other  conquerors,  to  Christian  niissioii.iri' s 
to  break  the  wayof  civilization  into  those  rii'  a 
darkened  realms."  Karl's  sons  Pepin  an  I  K  ar 
man  crushed  revolts  of  the  A U' mans,  or  >.; ,'-  . 
and  the  Havarians  in  74'J.  and  Karloinaii  Iriia' 
the  ,S:ix,uis  in  a  great  campai'.:n  iTlli. »  omj  . 
them  in  larire  numbers  to  sutmiit  to  i  ;.::  " 
baptism.  After  that.  (Jermany  Wiiiti  d  for ::-  ■ 
I'litire  master  —  Charlemagne,  —  P.  Goil\*iii.  /.' 
of  Fi'if I'O' :  .{uriint  (iinif,  rh.  l'2-l,"i. 

-Vi.si)  in:   W.  C.  Perry.  Tl„-  I-'ninLi.  ■•',.  ■'.-■'• 
See,  also.  Fb.\nks.  and  Aistk.^sh 


.1 


14G0 


OERMANV.  A.   U.  887-800.       The  Oirulmgmm.      OEUMANY,  A.   D.  887-800. 


A.  D.  687-800.— Rite  of  the  Carolingiant 
aod  the  Empire  of  Charlemagne.— "Tnwurcls 
the  fliwc  of  llie  Mon)vlngittu  piriiHl,  .  .  .  I  lie 
kingdom  of  iln'  Franks  .  .  .  was  iliviilcil  intii 
four  gn-at  ilisiricta,  iir  liinBdoms  n»  tliey  were 
nllr<l:  Auatnigia,  or  tlie  eastern  ItiuEdoni,  frnm 
tlie  river  Khinc  to  tlio  Mcuse,  witli  Metz  as  its 
principal  citv;  Neustria,  or  tlie  western  Iving- 
(lom,  exteudfng  fniiii  Aiiatrasia  to  tlie  ocean  on 
llie  west,  anil  to  the  Loire  on  the  lioutli;  Aqtii- 
taine,  soutli  of  tliat  river  to  tlie  foot  of  the  I'vre- 
m«i\  and  Burgiimly,  from  the  Hliop'-  to  the 
Alps,  imluding  Switzerland.  These  four  Iciiij; 
doms iR'eame,  l«fore  the  extinelion  of  the  Mem 
ringian  race,  consolidated  into  two, —  vi/,.,  Ails 
truiuaud  Neustria.  E^iaU'maiid  Western  Fraiuia, 

—  nuslern  Germany  and  moilern  Franee,  roughly 
tpcaking. — of  wlileli  the  tlrst  wa.s  to  giiin  the 
preeminence,  as  it  was  the  seat  of  the  power  of 
that  race  of  Charleiiiugiie  which  ge>i/ed  upon  the 
kingiioiiis  of  the  Merovingians.  IJul  in  these 
kingdoms,  while  the  family  of  Clovis  weupieil 
ihcni.  the  royal  power  became  more  and  more 
feeble  as  time  went  on,  a  condition  which  is  illiis- 
trateil  by  the  lille  given  in  historv  to  tliesi'  kings, 

—  thai  of  '  rois  faineants. '  .  .  .  The  most  power- 
ful (illlcer  of  a  Frankish  king  was  Ids  stewanl, 
or,  tt.s  he  was  called,  the  mayor  of  his  palace. 
...  In  Aiistrasia  the  olllce  had  iK'Conie  lieredi- 
tarv  in  the  family  of  Pepin  of  Ijuitlen  (a  small 
village  near  l.ii'ge),  and  under  its  giiiihiiice  the 
degenerate  children  of  Clovis  in  that  kingdom 
fought  for  the  supreniacy  with  those  ecpially  tic- 
generate  in  Neustria.  at  that  time  also  uiidir  the 
real  control  of  another  mayor  of  the  palace, 
called  Ehroin.  Tlie  result  of  this  struggle,  allir 
much  hhxMlshed  and  mi.sery,  was  reached  in  the 
year  tW7  at  tlii>  battle  of  "Testry,  in  which  the 
Austrasians  completely  defeated  the  Neustriaiis. 

.  .  The  Merovingian  princes  were  still  nomi- 
nally kings,  while  all  the  real  power  was  in  the 
hands  of  the  descendants  of  I'epin  of  Lanilin. 
mayors  of  the  palace,  and  the  poli<'y  nf  govern- 
ment was  as  fully  settled  by  them  as  if  they  had 
been  kings  de  jure  as  well  ns  de  faito.  This 
family  produceil  in  its  earlier  days  some  persons 
who  have  become  among  the  most  conspicuous 
liifurcs  in  history:  —  Pepin,  the  founder;  Pepin 
leOros.  of  Ilerislal;  Charles,  his  win,  cimmonlv 
called  Slartcl,  or  the  Ilammerer;  Pepin  h'  Bref, 
uniitr  whom  the  Carlovingian  ilynasty  was,  liy 
aid  iif  the  Pope,  recognized  as  thi'  lawful  suc- 
ccs.s<irof  the  Merovingians,  even  before  the  e.\- 
tinctiun  of  that  race;  and,  lastly,  Charies,  .sur- 
namc'd  the  Great,  or  Charlemagne,  one  of  the 
tew  men  of  the  human  race  who.  by  common 
fiinsenl.  have  occupied  the  foremost  rank  in 
history.  .  .  .  The  oliject  of  Pepin  of  llenstal 
was  l«o  told. — to  repress  the  disposition  of  the 
turlmiint  nobh'i  to  encroach  upon  the  royal  au- 
thi'riiy.  aiul  to  Ining  again  under  the  yoke  of 
the  Franks  those  trilies  in  Germany  who  had  re- 
volted against  the  Frankish  rule  owing  to  the 
■.voakiK  ss  of  the  Merovingian  government.  He 
miasurably  accomplislie<l  both  (ibjccts.  .  .  .  lie 
Miiiis  t<i  hiive  hail  what  perhaps  is  the  best  test 
at  :in  times  of  the  claims  of  a  man  to  be  a  real 
slalc^inan:  some  consciimsnessof  the  true  nature 
lit  lii- mission. —  the  estalilishmcnt  of  order.  .  .  . 
llisNihand  successor.  Charles  Marlcl.  was  even 
mon  nMi>pieuous  for  the  possi'ssion  of  this  genius 
"t  siiti  snianship.  but  lie  exhibited  it  in  a  soinc'- 
■.i:;ar  ,';i;Ttrint  direction.      Uc.  Uk;  .sIi..,,   1.1  huid 


the  nobles  in  (heck,  and  to  break  the  power  of 
the  Frisian  and  the  Saxon  trilH's;  and  he  fought 
besides,  fiirtumitidy  for  his  fame,  one  of  the  llf- 
tccn  decisive  liattres  in  the  history  of  the  world, 
that  of  Poitiers,  in  733.  by  which  the  Sarac-ens, 
who  had  con(|uered  Spain,  and  who  had  strong 
hopes  of  gaining  possession  of  the  wliide  of 
Western  Europe,  witc  driven  back  from  North- 
ern France,  never  to  return.  .  .  .  His  son,  Pepin 
le  Href,  is  e(|imlly  conspicuous  with  the  rest  in 
history,  but  in  n  Boniewhat  iliflerent  way.  He 
'imtinued  the  never-ending  wars  in  Germany 
and  in  Gaul  with  the  object  of  securing  peace 
by  the  sword,  and  with  more  or  less  success. 
Hut  his  career  is  noteworthy  principally  because 
he  completed  the  actual  depo^ition  of  the  last  of 
the  Merovingian  race,  whose  nominal  8(?rvant8 
Imt  real  masters  he  and  his  predeces.s(irs,  mayors 
of  the  palace,  had  been,  anil  because-  he  sought 
and  obtidiied  the  sanclion  of  the  Church  for  tills 
usurpation.  .  .  .  The  Pope's  position  at  thi.»tlm»; 
was  one  of  very  great  embarrassment.  Har- 
assed by  the  Lombards,  who  were  not  only  rob- 
bers, but  who  were  also  Arians.  and  who  admit- 
ted none  of  the  Catholic  clergy  to  their  councils, 

—  with  no  succor  from  the  Eniperors  at  Constan- 
tinople (whose  siilijcct  lie  nominally  was)  against 
the  Lombards,  and.  indeeil.  in  open  revolt  against 
them  because  as  liishop  and  patriarch  of  the 
West  he  hail  forbidden  the  execution  of  the  de- 
cree against  the  placing  of  images  in  the  churches, 

—  for  these  and  many  such  reasons  he  sorely 
needed  succor,  and  naturally  in  his  necessity  he 
turned  to  the  powerful  King  of  the  Franks.  The 
coronation  of  I'cpiu  \v  Href,  first  by  St.  Boni- 
face, and  then  by  the  Pope  himself,  w"as  the  first 
step  in  the  fullilment  of  thealliance  cm  his  part. 
Pepin  was  soon  called  upon  to  do  his  share  of  the 
work.  Twice  at  the  bidding  of  the  Pope  he  dc- 
.scended  from  the  Alps.  and.  defeating  the  Lom- 
bards, was  rewarded  bv  him  and  the  people  of 
Home  with  the  title  of  Patrician.  .  .  .  On  the 
death  of  Pepin,  the  Lombards  again  took  tip  arms 
and  harassed  the  Church's  territory.  Charle 
niagne.  his  successor,  was  called  upon  to  come 
to  ilie  rescue,  and  he  swept  the  Lombard  power 
in  Italy  out  of  existence,  annexing  its  territory  to 
the  Frankish  kingdom,  and  confirming  the  gmnt 
of  the  Exarchate  and  of  the  Pentimolis  which  his 
father  had  inailc  to  the  Popes.  This  was  iu  the 
year  TT-t.  .  .  .  For  twenty-five  years  Charle 
hiagne  ruled  Home  nominally  as  Patrician,  under 
the  supreniacy.  ciiually  nominal,  of  the  Emperor 
at  Con.stantinople.  The  true  s.ivcrcign,  recog- 
nized as  such,  w.is  the  Pope  or  Hishop  of  Uome, 
Init  the  actual  power  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
mot),  who  at  one  lime  towards  the  dose  of  the 
century,  iu  the  absence  of  both  Emperor  and 
Pitrici;in.  as.saulti  d  the  Pope  while  conducting 
a  procession,  and  forced  him  toabandon  thecity. 
This  Pope.  Leo.  with  a  fine  instinct  as  to  the 
((Uarter  from  which  succor  could  alone  come, 
hurried  to  seek  Charlemagne,  who  was  then  in 
ttermany  engaged  in  one  of  his  never-ending 
wars  against  the  Saxons.  The  appeal  for  aid 
was  not  made  in  vain,  and  Charles  descended 
once  more  from  the  Alps  in  the  summer  of  791), 
with  his  Frankish  hosts.  Un  Christmas  dav, 
.V.  1).  !<00.  in  tlie  Church  of  St.  Peter  .  .' . 
Pope  Leo.  during  the  mass,  iiml  after  the  reading 
of  the  gos|iil.  placed  ii|)on  the  brow  of  Cuarle- 
niagne.  who  had  abandoned  his  northern  furs  for 
the   dre.^s  uf  .1   Huluall   l>,ll rii.iiiu.  tile  liiaueUi  01 


iMii 


U67 


i. 


GERMANY,  A.   U.  687-800.  charUmai^t-t Jl,,lora.  GERMANY,  A    D.  HH-HUi 
(ion  ()/  ihs  Kmpirt. 


I    ■  • 


■tif 


J.- 


•I  ! 

.i  f 


I  sir 

^  III: 


1,  ; 


the  Ccssra.  and  hailed  him  Imperatnr  Semper 
Augustus,  while  the  multitude  shouted,  '  C'itn>l«. 
Au);u!ito  a  Den  cornnnto  miignn  ct  paritlro  Im- 
neratori  Vita  et  Vittoriii. '  In  t!mt  »liout  and 
from  that  moment  one  of  the  most  fruitful  epochs 
of  liislory  begins."— C.  J.  Stille.  Sludirt  in  Me- 
dinml  itiitury.  eh.  3.— See,  also,  Franks:  A.  D. 
768-«14. 

A.  O.  Soo.—  ChartemaEne'i  reitoration  of 
the  Roman  Empire.— "Three  hundreil  and 
twenty-four  years  had  passed  since  the  last 
CiBsar  of  the  West  resigned  his  power  into  the 
hands  of  the  senat"  and  left  to  his  Eastern 
brother  tlic  sole  headship  of  the  Roman  worlil. 
To  the  hitter  Italy  had  from  that  time  b«'eii  nom- 
inally subject;  but  it  WHS  only  during  (me  brief 
interval.  l>et\vecn  the  ileath  of  Totila  the  last 
Ostrogothic  king  and  the  descent  of  Alboin  the 
first  Lombard,  that  his  power  had  been  really 
effective.  In  the  further  provinces,  Gaul,  Spain, 
Britain,  it  was  only  a  memory.  But  the  idea  of 
a  Roman  Empire  as  a  necessary  part  of  the 
world's  order  hail  not  vanished:  it  had  tioen  ad- 
mitted by  those  who  seemed  to  be  destroying  it; 
it  had  Ix'cn  cherished  by  the  Church ;  was  still 
recalled  by  laws  and  customs;  was  dear  to  the 
Biil-jeet  populations,  who  fondly  looked  back  to 
the  days  when  slavery  was  at  least  mitigated  by 
peace  iind  order.  .  .  .  Both  the  extinction  of  the 
Western  Empire  in  [A.  I->.  476|  .  .  .  and  its  revival 
in  A.  n  800  have  been  "ery  generally  misunder- 
stiKMl  in  moilem  times.  .  .  When  Odoacer 
compelled  the  abdication  of  liomulus  Augustu- 
liis.  he  did  not  alM)lisli  the  Western  Empire  as  a 
separate  power,  but  cuiisi'd  it  to  be  reunited  with 
or  sink  into  the  Eastern,  so  that  from  that  time 
there  was,  as  tliere  had  been  before  Diocletian, 
a  single  undivided  Itoman  Empire.  In  A.  D. 
800  the  very  memory  of  the  separate  Western 
Empire,  as  it  had  stoiKl  from  the  death  of  Thco- 
dosius  till  Oiloacer,  had.  so  far  as  appears,  been 
long  since  lost,  and  neither  Leo  nor  Charles  nor 
any  one  among  their  advisers  dreamt  of  reviving 
it.  Tliev.  too,  like  their  predecessors,  he'd  the 
Roman  fempire  to  bo  one  and  indivisible,  and 
proposed  by  the  coronation  of  the  Prankish  king, 
not  to  priK^laim  a  sevennce  of  the  East  and 
West,  but  to  reverse  the  .ict  of  Constantino,  and 
make  Old  Rome  again  tli  ?  civil  as  well  as  the 
ecclesiastical  capital  of  'he  Empire  that  bore  her 
n;ime.  .  .  .  Altlioiiu;li  therefore  we  must  in  prac- 
tice speak  during  the  next  .seven  centuries  (down 
till  A.  I).  Witi,  when  (\mstuutinople  fell  iK'fore 
till!  Mohammedan)  of  an  Eastern  and  a  Western 
Empire,  the  phrase  is  in  strictness  incorrect,  and 
wa-i  one  wliicli  either  court  ought  to  have  repu- 
diated. The  Byzantines  always  did  repudiate 
it;  the  Latins  usually:  although,  yielding  to 
fuel"  they  sometimes  condescenueil  to  employ  it 
fhi..:  elves.  But  their  theory  was  always  the 
Siiiiie.  Charles  was  held  to  be  the  legitimate 
siiicessor.  not  of  Romulus  Augustuliis,  but  of 
Bxsil.  Ileraclius.  Justinian,  Arcailius.  and  all 
the  Eastern  line.  .  .  North  Italy  and  Rome 
ccxsed  for  ever  to  i,wn  the  supremacy  of  Byzan- 
tium; anil  while  the  Ea.stern  princes  paid  a 
shami'f  111  tribute  to  the  Mu.ssulman.  the  Prankish 
Empiror  -  -  as  the  recogniseil  head  of  Christen- 
dom —  received  from  the  patriarch  of  Jerusalem 
the  keys  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre  and  the  banner 
of  Calvary;  the  gift  of  the  Sepulchre  itself,  says 
Egiuhani.  friMii  .\anu:  kiug  uf  tlie  Persians  [tiic 
Caliph  tlaruun  el  Rashidj.  .   .  .  Four  ccnturiei 


It  f  inW 

Uu-  „| 

.  p-  Mr,l 

I  .■III 

-f  tliin 
!■  iAv.vz 
I  '  liivi 
|irjz( 


later,  when  Papacy  and  Empire  had  lie 
into  the  mortal  struggle  by  whiili  tli 
tioth  woa decided,  three  distinct  lliinrii 
ing  the  eonmation  of  Charles  will  In  f 
vocated  by  tnree  dilTercnt  parliis.  nil 
plausible,  all  of  them  to  gome  extent  uw-l 
The  Swablan  Emperors  held  the  irovMi 
been  won  by  their  great  predece8.*ir  a^  il 
of  conquest,  and  drew  the  conelusiiiii  ilni  tli 
citizens  and  bishop  of  Rome  hail  im  ri.hu  it. 
against  tliemsclves.  The  patriotic  pari\  iiiini:! 
the  Itomans.  appealing  to  the  early  histniy  .  i  iln 
Empire,  deelariHl  that  by  nothing  but  iln-  t.  ici 
of  their  senate  and  people  could  an  Kiiii'i  n.r  Ik 
lawfully  created,  he  bc'ing  only  their  i  Im  f  nini; 
istrate,  the  temporary  depositary  of  tluir  iiutliur 
ity.  The  Popes  pointcil  to  the  indispiiiilili  fuel 
that  Leo  impxietl  the  crown,  and  iir;,'iir<l  iint  ;i! 
GikI's  earthly  vicar  it  was  then  his,  ml  iiii;si 
always  continue  to  be  their  right  i"  u'lvr-  if 
whomsoever  they  would  an  olHee  win.  h  wiu 
created  to  be  the  handmaid  of  their  .  »!i  0| 
these  three  it  was  the  last  view  that  i  idiiuallv 
prevailed." — J.  Bryce,  The  Holy  Itm.i.i,,  h'<ni,i't, 
eh.  i-r,. 

Also  in:  J.  I.  Mombert.  IIM.  ff  '/„/,.  ih, 
Great,  eh.  14. — See,  also,  Franks:  .V  I)  7iw  sU 

A.  D.  805.— Conquest  of  the  Avars.  -Crea- 
tion  of  the  Austrian  March.  S<>e  .\ \  ve.'^  mi] 
Austria:  A.  D.  80.5-1346. 

A.  O.  814-843.—  Division  of  the  Empire  ol 
Cbarlemaene. — "There  was  a  manifisi  i..niliit. 
during  his  later  years,  in  the  court,  in  il 


i:..i 


1  Id 

thf 
itiiie, 


i.vi-r 


cils,  in  the  mind  of  Charlemagne  [nii 
814],  between  the  King  of  the  Franks 
Einpenir  of  the  West;  l)etween  the  ili^s 
independent  Teutonic  principle,  ami  tin 
principle  of  one  code,  one  dominiiiM,  m 
cign.  The  Church,  though  Tcuinnie  in  Icm  . m, 
was  Rr  nan  in  the  sentiment  of  unity.  Tliit 

unity  had  been  threatened  by  the  pr.  1 1  linidl 
division  of  the  realm  between  the  sun-  f  1  ii:ir 
lemagne.  The  old  Teutonic  usage  of  c,  1  il  lis 
tribution  seemed  doomed  to  prevail  ovi  r  tin'  m- 
gust  unity  of  the  Itoman  Empire  U'lnt  in;iv 
appear  more  extraordinary,  the  kingilm 
was  the  inferior  appanage:  it  carrii'l 
it  the  Empire,  which  was  still  to  niiin  1  < 
supremacy;  that  was  reserved  for  tin  1. 
sovereign.  It  might  seem  as  if  thisui  h'  ' 
continuation  of  the  Lomliard  kiniiilnM. 
Charlemagne  still  held  by  the  riglit  nf  1  .'ii 
It  was  bestowed  on  Pepin;  after  lii<  i'  1 
trusted  to  Bemhard,  Pepin  s  ilIeL'iii:ii  1: 
only  son.  Wiser  counsels  prevailiil  11 
elder  sons  of  Charlemagne  diiii  with  iit 
Louis  the  third  son  was  suininiinul  I 
kingdom  of  Aquitaine.  and  soleniuh 
[8131  at  AixlaChupelle.  as  suhvn-  r 
whole  Empire." — H.  II.  .Milniiin.  //c' 
Vhrittianity,  bk.  !5,  eh.  2  (c.  ■.!1  —  ■  I  -  ■ 
being  preoccupied  with  the  care  of  k'  ; 
empire  united.  Louis  divided  it  in  ilr.  » 
by  giving  kingdoms  to  his  tliree  Mm-  i 
est  IiOtliaire,  had  Italy;  Lmiis,  Itiv  ir  ; 
Ai,  i'jiine.  A  nephew  of  the  eiiipiT  r  I: 
imagined  himself  wrongiil  by  tliis  pn: 
t(K)k  up  arms  to  hold  Italy  V;ini|i;i  '  1 
out  striking  a  blow,  he  delivenii  lii:'.i  ' 
his  uncle,  who  caused  his  eyes  to  1..  1 
He  expired  under  that  torturi'.  Liiiii<  r;  ' 
himself  later  for  tiiat  cnii-1  tieittli.  ■■.•••\ 
it,  subjected  himself  to  a  public  \n::  •■-<■' 


f  Ilalv 

1  wiib 
iTt.iin 
\'."'.\W 

iril-.i 
;v;,irli 


III  \\\i 
..Mini 
..  till' 
l.iliii 
i.i  ..! 

ir   S17 


:.pl, 

m.l 

l!ll- 
].  til 
■  lilt. 

lll'li 


,  TZ     I 


1468 


OEllMANY,  A.  D   »14-84i>. 


IHvunnn  of  the 
Empirr. 


GEHMANT.  A    D.  Otl 


82.).  Ilioro  WB»  liom  to  liiiii  h  fourth  tii>n.  Tn 
Diftkc  liliii  a  Blmrcr  of  IiIk  inhoiilancc,  tlii'  iiii 
IHTcir.  ftiiimlliritf  in  SSU  the  |iiirtllioii  of  817.  f^ntv 
liiiii  (icnniiny.  iIiiim  ilcpriviii);  \i\*  clihr  sons  of 
pirl  i>f  thi'  Inhirilancc  previously  a-saiKntd  tin  in. 
This  jirovokfd  the  rocnlinrnt  of  thotw  priurcs. 
thiy  n)se  in  rclH-llion  a^'ainHt  tliiir  fallicr,  ami 
the  rest  of  tlie  rciijn  of  \mu\*  was  only  a  sue 
cession  of  impious  contests  witli  his  turhulent 
Bon.s  In  8;)3,  he  ilejMiseil  IVpiri,  and  )in\v  his 
liiuL'iloni  of  Aiiuitanu'  to  his  youiiKesl  iKirn, 
ChurUs.  Twice  deposed  himself,  ami  twice  re 
lUirecl.  Louis  only  emerged  from  the  cloister,  for 
wliiih  he  was  so  well  fitted,  to  repeat  the  same 
fatilus.  When  Louis  the  Good-natured  died  in 
WO,  it  was  ■.  hiseausi  only  which  he  had  lost 
llirnu)!h  his  weakness,  lint  "that  of  the  empire. 
TluM'  intestine  quarrels  presaged  its  dismemher 
mcnt,  wh'ch  ere  Ion);  happened.  The  sons  of 
Louis,  to  serve  their  own  nml>ition,  hail  revived 
the  iwitional  antipathies  of  the  dilleAnt  races. 
Luhuire  placed  liiniself  at  the  head  of  the  Ital- 
ians; Louis  rallied  the  Germans  round  him,  and 
C'lmrles  the  llalil  the  Franks  of  Oaul,  who  were 
bcneeforwanl  called  Frenchmen.  Tliiw  tliree 
pcciplcs  aspired  tohrcak  up  the  union  whose  liond 
ClurlcTimKne  had  imposed  upon  them,  as  the 
llir.  .■  brothers  aspired  lo  form  eac  h  for  himself  a 
kin;:iloMi.  The  (picslion  was  decided  at  the  great 
battle  of  Fontanel,  near  Au.verrc.  in  M41.  Lo- 
tlmire.  who  fought  therein  for  the  preservation 
of  the  empire  and  of  his  authoritv.  was  eon- 
quireil.  By  the  treaty  of  Venluii  [Ml:!  — see 
VKiiinx,  TiiK.\TV  ok|  it"  was  decided  tliat  Louis 
shiMiM  liave  Germany  to  the  east  itt  tlie  Uliiiie; 
Charles.  France  to  the  west  of  the  Sclield,  the 
Mcuse,  the  Saonc,  and  the  Uhone;  tlnallv.  Lo 
tliaire.  Italy,  with  the  long  range  of  countrv  coni- 
prisfcl  'H'tween  the  Alps  and  the  Cevennes.  the 
Juni.  tlie  Sttone,  the  Uhine,  and  the  Meuse,  w  hiih 
from  his  name  was  called  Lotharingia.  This 
designation  is  still  to  lie  traced  in  one  of  the 
nccnily  Fn^neh  provinces.  Lorraine." — S.  Men 
zies.  Ilift.  of  Kurojte  fnim  thr  Drrmleiii'f  <'f  the 
llf»((T;i  Empire  to  the  lliformiitinii,  r/i.  i:!.  " 

A.  D.  843.— Accession  of  Louis  II. 

A.  D.  843^2.— Treaty ofVerdun.— Definite 
«ep»ratioii  from  France.— The  kingdom  of  the 
East  Franks.— The  partition  of  the  empire  of 
Clurhinagne  among  his  three  grandsons.  Iiv  the 
Tnaiyof  V'enlun,  A.  I).  843(see  Vebdin,  Tii'i^.tTV 
OK:  iiiso,  Fii.\NKS:  A.  I).  814-Sm2).  gave  to  Cliarlcs 
the  lialil  a  kingdom  which  nearly  coincided  witii 
Frani  e.  as  afterwards  existing  under  that  name, 
'bcf.irc  its  Burgundian  and  German  annexations. 
It  also  founded  a  kingdom  which  roughly  nn- 
swiri'd  lo  the  later  Germany  liefore  its  grea"t  ex- 
IcDMcia  lo  the  Ea.sl  at  the  expenseof  the  Slav„iiic 
nalioMs.  And  as  the  Western  kingilom  was 
forme.l  hythe  addilionof  A(|Uitainc  lo  the  Wesl- 
fm  rraricia,  so  the  Eastern  kingdom  was  formed 
by  till-  iiildilion  of  the  Eastern  Franci.i  lo  Bavaria. 
Lewis  of  Bavaria  [surnamed  'the  German']  he-  , 
lariic  king  of  a  kingdom  which  we  are  lenipleil  ; 
Ii'ciil  the  kingdom  of  Germany.  Still  it  wciuld  '] 
m  \i-{  1h'  premature  lo  spcak'of  France  at  all. 
or  ivin  lo  speak  of  Gennanv.  except  in  the  ■ 
g«'.'r;i|iliieal  sen.se.  Tlie  tw'o  kingdoms  are  ; 
sj'virilly  the  kingdoms  of  the  Kaslcrn  and  of 
tlif  U',si,.rn  Franks.  .  .  .  The  Kings  hail  no 
Eixiul  litles.  and  their  <h;m!«io!-.s  ha:!  r.r.  >;;ic  c:  ' 
iiami>  n-cognized  in  formal  use.  Kverv  kiiit: 
*liu  ruled  over  any  part  uf  the  ancient  Fruncia   1 


was  a  king  of  tiie  Franks.  .  .  The  East 
ern  part  of  the  Frankish  dominions,  the  lot  (if 
Lewis  the  (ierman  and  his  successors.  Is  thiu 
ealhil  the  Eastern  Kingdom,  the  Teutonic  King- 
<lom.  Its  king  is  tlie  King  of  the  East-Franks, 
sometimes  siniiilv  the  King  of  the  Eastern  men, 
sometimes  the  King  of  Germany.  .  .  .  The  title 
of  King  of  Germany  isolien  found  in  the  ninth 
(ciitury  us  a  (hseriplion.  Imi  it  was  not  a  formal 
title.  The  Eastern  king,  like  other  khigs.  for 
the  most  part  simply  calls  hinwlf  •  Hex,'  till  the 
time  came  wlien  his  rank  as  King  of  Germany, 
or  of  tlie  East  Franks,  liecai  .e  simply  a  dli'p 
towards  the  higher  title  of  Emperor  of  the  Ito- 
mans  .  .  This  EasieriM.r  German  kingdimi.aa 
iteameoiitof  the  division  of  887  (after  the  de- 
position of  Cliarlcs  HI,  called  Clmrles  the  Fat, 

«lio  <a lo  the  throni'  in  881,  and  who  hud 

momenl.irily  reunited  all  the  Frankish  crow  ns,  ex- 
cept that  of  ISurgundyl,  liad.  from  nortli  tosouth, 
nearly  the  same  extent  as  the  Gennanv  of  Inter 
limes.  It  stretched  from  tlie  Alps  to  the  Eider. 
Its  soiitliern  1  iiindaries  were  soinewhat  lluctimt- 
ing.  Verona  and  .\i|iiileia  .11  e  soinetimes  counted 
as  a  German  inarch,  and  the  iHiumlary  Ulwecn 
Germany  and  Burgundy,  cros.sing  tlie  iiiodem 
Swit/.erhind.  ofic  n  (hanged.  To  the  north-east 
tlie  kingdom  h-ndly  streli  lied  hevond  the  Eltie, 
exii  pt  in  the  small'  Saxoii  land  hetween  the  Elbe 
and  the  Eidir  |i  ailed  '  Saxiuiy  lieyoml  the  Ell)e' 
—  modern  llolsieiii  |.  The  great  extension  of  the 
German  power  over  the  Slavonic  lands  beyond 
the  Elbe  had  lianlly  yet  begun.  To  the  south- 
east l.iy  the  two  bonier-lands  or  marks;  the  East- 
ern .Mark,  which  grew  into  ih,-  later  duchy  of 
Oeslerreich  or  the  miKlern  .\usiria.  and  to  the 
soiiih  of  it  the  mark  of  Kilrnlhen  or  Carinthia. 
But  the  m.iin  pari  of  the  kingdom  consisted  of 
the  great  ducliies  of  .Saxony.  E.islern  Fiancia, 
Alemannia.aiid  Bavaria.  Of  lliese  the  two  names 
of  Saxony  and  Bavaria  must  be  carefullv  marked 
as  having  widely  dilTennt  iiie.inings  from  those 
which  Ihev  bear  on  the  modern  map.  AncU'iit 
Saxony  lies,  speaking  loiighlv.  between  the 
Eider,  the  Elbe,  and  the  Uhine,  "though  it  never 
actually  touches  the  lasi-named  river.  To  the 
.south  of  Saxony  lies  the  Eastern  Francia,  the 
centre  and  kernel  of  the  German  kingdom.  The 
.Main  and  the  Neckur  both  join  the  Uhine  within 
its  borders.  To  the  south  of  Francia  lie  Alc- 
manniaand  Bavaria.  This  last,  it  must  heremem- 
irrd.  iHirdersi  11  Iiily.  Willi  Bi'itzen  for  its  fmn- 
tiir  town.  All  inaunia  is  the  land  in  wliicli  both 
the  Uliiiie  and  the  Danube  take  their  source;  it 
slrelehes  on  both  sides  of  the  Bodensee  or  Lake 
of  Constan/,  wiihthe  Itetian  Alps  as  its  southern 
liounilary.  For  several  ages  to  eonie,  there  is  no 
(lisllnelion,  national  or  even  provincial,  between 
the  lands  north  and  south  of  the  Bodensee." — 
E.  A.  Freenian.  I/i»toru-<it  (nog.  of  k'uivjie,  eh,  0, 
»<'■^  \. 

Also  in:  Sir  F.  I'algrave.  IlUt.  of  Xnriii,tniiy 
ivnl  h'/o/tiiio/.  r.  l-2._()n  the  indelinitene.ss  of 
I  he  name  of  the  Gerniani'-  kingdom  in  this  period, 
see  Fu.^Nct;:  Uril  ('KMTitv. 

A.  D.  881.— Accession  of  Charles  III.  (called 
The  Fat),  afterwards  King  of  all  the  Franks 
and  Emperor. 

A.  D.  888.— Accession  of  Arnulf,  afterwards 
Empero'-. 

A    D.  «99.— Accession  of  Louis  III.  (called 
The  Child). 
A.  D.  911.— Election  of  Conrad  I. 


'■■m 


H69 


.  ! 


» 

- 

"  ,'-.■■' ' 

'5 

•i 

OERMANY,  A.  I>   011-936.        1»»  Soxor.  (i«        OEIIMAXY,  A.  D    0:ifl  97 ! 


i 


•    ■-  i  » 


:  ( 


1^ 


i 


A.  D.  011-936.— Conrad  the  Franconici  and 
Henry  the  Fowler.— Beginning  of  the  Saxon 
line,— Hung;arian   invaiion.— T he  building-  01 
towni.— In  111  I.  on  the  clciitlmf  LoiiU,  siinmiiu'il 
the  Chilli,  till'  (icrmuii  (ir  Ka»l  Kniiik  linincli  of 
the  (lynaatv  of  (  ImrlcniHttiir  Im'l  iH'ciimi'  cxtinrt. 
"ThiTC  rciimiiHil  iiiilccil  Clmrlis  Ihi'  Siinplc.  «c 
knowli(lj;i<l  n«  kliiK  I"  wmii'  |mrts  of  Kmiur.  liut 
Ifjictcil    in  nliiiTK,  and    pmunssln);   no  piTsoniil 
cliilms  to  ri'sjici t.    The  OiTiniins  thcnforc  wise- 
ly (htennineii  to  chose  11  sovereiitn  from  iinii>iiK 
itieniselvea.     Tliey  were  iit  this  time  ilivided  iiito 
five  iiatioiiH,  eaeh  under  ilHowii  diilie.  and  di»liii- 
gidshed  1)V  ililferince  of  laws,  as  well  as  of  oriiiin ; 
the  Franks,   whiw  lerrilory,  eoinprisiiiK    Fran- 
conia  and  the  nKnlern  I'iilalinale,  was  considered 
aa  the  cradle  of  the  empire,  and  who  seem  to  liavo 
arrogated  s4,nieNiiperlorityovir  the  rest,  the  Sua- 
hians,  the  Ilavarians,  the  Sa.xons  .   .   .  and  the 
Ijirrainers,   who  occupied   the  left   bank  of  the 
Rhine  as  far  as  lis  terininaliou.     The  choice  of 
these  nations  in  Ihcir  ^tnerul  assemhly  fell  upon 
('onnid.  duke  of  Franconia.  according  to  si>ine 
writers,  or  at  least  a  man  cjf  hl^'h  rank,  ami  de- 
scended   tlirout.'h    fenmles    fnmi    I'liarleinagne. 
Conrad  ilvini;  without  male  issue,  the  crown  of 
Oeriuanv'was  bestowed  [A.  D.  UHI)  upon  Henry 
the  FowliT,    duki'  of  Saxony,    amestor  of    the 
three  Ollios.  who  followed  Idhi  in  direct  succes- 
sion.   To  Henry,  and  to  the  tlrst  Otho  [A.  I).  »36- 
973).  Oerinany  was  more  Indebted  than  to  any 
sovcrei(;n  since  Charlemajine. "—11.  llallam.  T>ie 
MiiUUf  Aijif.  rli-  ■">.—■'  Inl)J4.  the  Ilungarians.who 
wetv  B»  niueli  drea<leil  lus  the  angel  of  ilestructlon. 
re  appeared.     They  came  from  the  grassy  plains 
of  Hungary,  inimiited  on  small  and  ugly,  but 
strong  horsi'9,  and  swept  along  the  DanulK;  like 
a  hailstorm.      Wherever  they  came  they  set  tire 
to  farms,  hamlets,  ami  towns,  and  killed  all  liv- 
ing creatures  or  carried  thiiu  oil.    And  often  they 
bound  their  prisoners  to  the  tails  of  their  horses, 
and  drugged  them  along  till  they  died  from  the 
dreadful  torture.      Their  very  "llguri'S  inspired 
disgust  anil  terror,  for  their  "faces  were  bn)wn, 
and  distlgured  by  scars  to  absolute  liideousness ; 
their  heads  were  shaven,  and  brutal  ferocity  ami 
rapacity  shone  out  of  their  deep-set  eyes.     And 
though  the  Germans  fought  bnively.  these  ene- 
mies always  overmatchid  thcTU.  l)e< ause  they  ap- 
peared now  here,  now  there,  on  their  fleet  horses, 
and  fell  upon  isolated  districts  Ix'fore  they  were 
cxpecleil  or  could  be  stopped.   .   .   .  When  on  a 
sudden    the   terrible  cry,     The   Hungarians  are 
cominir.  the  Hungarians  an'  coming,'  resounded 
through  the  land,  all  fled  who  could,  as  if  the  wild 
legionsnf  hell  were  marching  through  Saxony  and 
Tiiurini;ia.    King  Henry,  however,  would  not  fly, 
but    encountered    them"  in   combat,  like   >»  true 
kr.ight.     Yet  he  lost  the  battle,  either  because  he 
was  ill.  or  because  bis  soldiers  were  too  few,  and 
unarcustomed  to  the  enemy's  miNlc  of  flghting, 
wliieb  enabled  them  to  ciiii'nuer  wMIe  they  were 
tleeini;.     llenrv  was  olili:;eil  to  r,ioit  him.self  up 
in  the  roval  palace    it'  Werla.  near  (ioslar,  which 
he  bmvilv  ilcfi-nded.     The  Hungarians  stormed 
It  airain  and  at'ain,  but  they  could  not  scale  the 
walls;  wliile  Henry's  men  by  a  daring  sully  took 
a  HuiiL'arian  cliiefiain  prisoner,  which  .so  tcrrilicd 
the  liesiegers  that  they  coniludid  a  true  for  nine 
Tears  cai  condition  that  their  clnef  should  be  re- 
leasi'd.  and  llat  llenrv  s!i...u!d  ensriiire  1..  pay  a 
yearly  triliute.    Henry  siibmilted  to  the  dislionoiir- 
able  sucrirtce  that  he  might  husband  his  strength 


■  lu.'i 


I"il. 


..f  111. 


III! 


Hilt-    till 

IJ:iri.lll,. 
Mil!!,    lll( 

\i.r„l,.,l 
II  lurlr 


for  iHlter  times.  .  .  How  imporlani  " 
have  fortifled  places  which  could  nm  I™  - 
liy  cavalry,  and  Iherefon'  alTorded  a  ^ii, 
to  the  neiglilHiuring  peasimtry,  Henry  1. . 
In  U20,  when  the  Hungarians  man  In  I  1 
llavarift  and  Sualiia  to  Lorraine,  plmirl,  1 
time  honoured  monastery  of  St  liiill  il 
the  suburlis  of  Constance,  but  coitld  ii,  i  ) 
fortilled  town  itself  Heey,  an,,  in.  1 
lished  an  onler  thnuighoul  the  IhimI  ,|j  ,! 
abh'  placis  large  forln's.ses  should  I.,-  I. 
which  every  ninth  man  from  the  tui.'hl 
district  must  taki' garri.sou  duty.  t'ii!:ii 
Ing  in  towns  was  contniry  to  the  ciislnn,- 
North  <lcrman»,  and  here  and  then'  tlj, 
much  resistance;  but  they  soou  m  i-n, 
wisilom  of  the  roval  order,  and  worUnl  in 
day  with  8U<  h  diiigeni-e  that  then  s.,n 
thniughout  till'  land  towns  with  slih  l\ 
and  slnmg  walls,  behind  whose  b.iiil. m, 
armed  burghers deflanlly  awaited  llie  llun; 
Hamburg  was  then  fortifhd,  It/ili,'i  In 
walls  of  Magdeburg,  Halle,  anil  Kifuit  i  \ 
for  these  towns  bad  stood  since  the  lii 
magne.  Quedlinburg,  Merseburg,  Mi  i—  ii  Wit 
tenlHTg.  (Ioslar.  Soest,  Nordhauscn,  lin,],  r-i.ujt 
Gmnau,  I'lllde,  were  rebuilt,  and  iniin  liilnrsc 
which  the  old  ehnmiclers  say  nolhiiii;  i'lm* 
who  dwelt  in  the  lities  were  callid  inii  l;Iii  r-  nm 
in  order  that  they  might  not  be  idle  lli,  v  l»  l-;ii 
to  pnictise  many'kiniis  of  industry,  imi  i"  Imrli 
their  gi»»ls  with  the  peasants.  l*hi- 1  in|ii  rnr  in 
coiiragcd  tlie  Imihiing  of  towns,  nml  ;;r:infi 
emancipation  to  every  slave  who  n  |  nir,  ,1  t.i 
town,  allowed  the  tow'ns  to  hold  f.iir-  :i:i  i  iini 
kets.  granted  to  them  the  right  of  coiniiiL'  iii'iii; 
and  levying  taxes,  and  gave  thiin  in mv  1  imlii 
estates  and  forests.  L'niler  such  t'lirmir  i-'rnnn 
town  life  mpidly  developed,  and  tin  .  iii; ,  n  r  i 
his  disputes  with  the  lawh'ss  nobilin  in  n-n 
ceived  loyal  support  fnim  his  disi  iplim  1  !,  iruli 
ers.  After  a  few  centuries  the  towiiv.  v  Im  !i  Ira 
now  genenilly  Ix'come  n'publics,  uinli  r  Hi,-  imra 
of  'free  imperial  towns,'  became  tin  >,  iN  ,  f  111 
perfection  of  European  trade,  .scii  in  ,  ml  m 
ture.  .  .  .  These  incalculable  Isni  lit- , 11,  'I'll' 1 
Henry's  onler  to  biiihl  towns'— .\  \V  ilriiin 
Ilrrnnt  of  IlUtory  and  /x.'/f/n/,  ''/i  "  -\'  lin  •' 
piralion  of  the  nine  vears  trine,  thr  III'  jiriai: 
ri'sumed  their  attacks,  and  were  'I,  i'  I'll  1' 
Henrv  in  two  bb  siv  battles 

A.  D.  936^73.— hestcration  of  tin 
Empire  by  dtho  I.,  called  the  Great 
the  Great,  son  and  successor  of  lliiiiy 
the  kingdom  of  Italy  to  the  coni|iii-sisili 
and  prixiired  also  tin"  Imperial  digiiin 
self,  and  his  successors  in  tiermiiiv. 
liecome  a  distinct  kiiigdoni  since  tli. 
which  Imppeni-d  (888)  at  the  dealh  of  t! 
Charles  the  Fat.     Tin  princes  in  >  " 
cupied  tie  throne  during  the  spn  1 
three  years.     Sevcril  of  these   priiii 
Guy.  Lambert.  Arniilf.  Louis  of  Urn. 
Ili'rengcr    !.,  were   invested    wi'li    i!j 
dignity.     IJerengcr  l.liaviiii:  Ini  i 
(9'.i4).  this  latter  digiiiiy  ceasid  ra;.; 

city  of   Home  was  even  disiiniiil 

kiiigdom  of  Italy.     The  soveniL'n'.' 
was  seized  by  the  f:inious   Mam/i  1 
nobletuan  named  Alberic.     Sherii~, 
Iheponlilic-ilehy  tlielilleof.liihll  .\1 
terto  establish  ju-r  dominion,  she  1  -,■ 
Kinii  of  Italv  (032),  who  becanie,  in  • 


Rcma 

-    ml, 


nil. 


]■, 


li:l 


laliiT, 

-ii.n  '11 


1470 


fl''       < 


OEHMANT.  A    D   936-973 


lyif  realorrd 
Hi'tnan  tlmptrt. 


OEUMANY,  A    D   988  973 


of  llil«  msrriiiKr.  iiiimtcr  of  Home      But  AllH-ric. 

iniiilicritonof  Maro/lii.  wmii  ntlrri'il  up  ilii- 1 pic 

tpiiisl  tliiit  iispiriii):   priiKi'MM  nnd  In  r  linnlmriil 
lliiKo      Having  ilriviii   Hu^o  from  iljc  ilirorir. 
ucl  »lnil  up  hU  iniitliiT  In  prlsDn,  he  iLssumid  to 
himself  the  sovereijiii  nulliorilv.  utiilir  the  title 
of  I'lilrlcliin  of  the  Itomiiii*      ,\l  liis  deiitli  (»51) 
be  trnnimllted  the  (sovereignty  to  IiIk  soiiOela 
riin.  who,  thounh  only  nitieleen  yeiint  of  mre. 
niiseil  hlmiself  In  Ix-  ele<  ted  pojH',  l)y  toe  title  of 
Joliri  XII.     Thin  ep<Hli  WHS  one  most  di«jiatroin 
f(ir.liily.     The  weakncsnof  the  Kovernmeiil  ex 
cildl  fiietioMs  lunoni;  the  nohilin ,  ){i'*<'  hirth  to 
iDJirihy,  iinil  fresh  opiiortunitv  for  tliedepreda- 
tlurisof  the  Hungarians  and  Arahs,  who.  at  this 
ptri.«l.  went   the   neourKe  of    Italy,  which  Ihiy 
ravau'cd  with  imimnity.     I'avia.  the  capital  of 
the  kingdom,  was  taken,  and  liiirnt  hv  the  llun 
pirians.     These  truuhles  increased  oii  the  neccs 
«i(in"f  Berrnper  II.  (O.-.O).  ^'rundson  of  Uercn^er 
I     Tiiat  prince  nssin iated  his  son  AchlUrt  with 
him  in  the  royal  difinitv;  nn<l  the  pulilic  voice 
tccusiil  them. if  havin;,'  caused  thiMleathof  King 
Liillmire.  sou  anil  successor  of  Hugo.      Lothaire 
left  1  young  wiilow,  namcil  Adelahh',  daughter 
of  liixlolph  II.,  King  of  IlurguiKlvand  Italy.    To 
«V(iid   the   imjiortunitii-s   of    Her'euger   II.',  who 
wishid  to  compel  her  to  marry  his  sou  AilellMTt, 
this  [iriiicess called  iuihe  Kingof  Oermany  to  her 
«ld.    ttllio  compliid  with  the  solh  itations  of  the 
(li»tres.sed  (lueen  :  und,  on  this  occasion,  undertook 
his  tirst  expedition  into  Italy  (O.')!)      The  city  of 
Pavia.   an(l  neveral  other  places,  having  fallen 
Inlii  his  hands,  he  made  himself  he  proclaiine<l 
King  of  Italy,  anil  iimrried  the  young  ipieen,  his 
prciligif.     Ben'Hger  and    hi.s   lion,  iH'iiig  driven 
Inr.sliilter  to  their  st'ongholils,  had  reeoupw  to 
Di'i'iK  iiition.     Thev  succeeded  m  olitaiuing   for 
thimselves  a  coutirinalion  of  the  royal  title  of 
llaly.  on  condition  of  doing  homage  for  it  to  the 
King  of  Germany.  ...   It  niipears  that  it  was 
Dot  without  the  regret,  and  even  contrary  to  the 
wisii  of  Adelaide,  that  Otho  agreed  to  eiiter  Into 
ttrms  of    accommodation   with    IVri'nger. 
Afterwards,  however,  he  lent  a  favonrahle  ear  to 
the  complaints  which  I'ope  John  XII.  and  some 
Italian  noblemen  had  addressed  to  him  against 
Bercngcr  and  his  son;  and  took  ocea.sion,  ou  their 
account,  to  cimduet  a  new  army  into  Italy  (i«il) 
Iter(?Dg(r.  too   feeble    to  oppose   him.  retired  a 
(fcomi    time    wii!    ■:    his    fortitieations.      Otho 
mardiid  from  I';.        to  Milan,  and  there  made 
him!«If  be  crowned   King  of  Italy;  from  thence 
be  p.ivsi  i!  to  Rome,  about  the  coiiimencement  of 
the  full,  wing  year.     I'ope  John  XII.,  who  had 
hmisilf  invited  him.  and  again  implored  his  pro- 
twium  against    Herenger.  gave   him,  at    tirst.  a 
very  linlliant  reception ;  and  revived  the  Iinpirial 
dignity  in  his  favour,  which  had  been  dormant 
for  liiirty  eight  years.     It  wa.s  on  the  ■,>il  of  Feb- 
mary.    'M\i,    that    the     I'ope    eon.sccraled    and 
fP.ivLitil  him  Eniiiernr;  but  he  had  soon  cause  to 
ti'pini  of  this  proceeding.     Otho.   imiuedialelv 
after  Ins  eoron.ation    at    Koine,    uiidcriook    the 
Mra-    'f  St.   Leon,  a  fortress  in  Lnihria,  wlieii; 
Beriti-.riind  his  queen  had  taken  ivfuie.    While 
cii?;i;(.|  in  the  siegi',  he  received  frcipient  in- 
lmiaii..iis   from   Uonie,  of   the    misconduct   and 
mjm.inlities  of  the   I'ope.     The  remon,tranc,s 
'li'ili  l.c  thought  It  his  duty  to  make  on  this 
»u  !'    I.  "ITended  the  young  pontilT,  who  resolved. 
••■  • ;;:    ,;;u.ie,  to  liieiik  oiT  union  witii  the  Km- 
l*ror      111.  lied  ou  by  the  impetuosity  of  hlachar- 


1471 


alter,  lif  entered  into  a  negoclathm  with  Adelbert; 
anil  even  iiirsuadcd  him  to  come  U)  Home  in 
order  to  com  erl  witl|  him  measurei  of  defence 
<  )u  the  tirst  news  of  this  event.  Otho  put  himwif 
111  the  head  of  a  large  detachment,  with  which 
be  nil  n  hed  directly  to  Itime.     The  Pope   how 
ever,  did   nn>  think   It  advisable  to  wait  his  ap- 
proach, but   lied   with   the    King.  Ills  new  ally 
«)iho.  on  arriving  at  the  capital,  exacted  a  nolemn 
oath  from  the  clergy  and  the  peoph',  that  hence- 
forth  lli.y  would  ehct  no  pope  without  his  conn 
sel.  and  that  of  the  Kinperor  anil  his  siicCT-Bsoni. 
Having  then  assembled  a  council,  he  caused  Tope 
John   XII.    to   Ih'   deposed;   and   U'O  VIII    wiw 
ilected   m    his   place.     This    lattir   Pontill  wa» 
nmintained    in  the  papacy,    in   spite  of   all   the 
elTorls  Willi  h   his  adversary   made  to  regain  It. 
Heieni;(.r  1 1. .  after  having  sustained  a  lon(f  sU'ge  at 
M  Uon.  fell  at  length  (WM)  Into  the  hands  of  the 
(oinineror.  who  sint  him  Into  exile  at  UamlH'rg 
and  lompelled  his  son.  AiIcIIktI.  to  take  refuge 
in  the  court  of  Constantinople.     All  Italy,  to  the 
f  Vi""  V' ""' "'"'''"  kingdom  of  the  I^imbards, 
fell  under  the  ilomlniou  of  the  Oermaus;  only  » 
few  maritime   towns  In    Lower   Italy,  with  the 
greater  part  of  Apulia  and  Calabria,  still  remained 
In  the  power  of  the  (ireeks.     This  kingdom,  to- 
gether w-ith  the  Imperial  dignity,  Otho  transmit- 
ted to  his  successors  on  the  throne  of  Qennany. 
trom  this  time  thc(i,ruians  held  it  to  be  an  In- 
violable principle,  that  as  the  Imperial  dignity 
was  strictly  uniiid  with  the  royally  of  fialy, 
kings  ilected   by   the  (Jerman  natlori  should,  at 
the  same  time,  in  virtue  of  that  election,  become 
kinL's  of  Italy  and   Emperors.     The  practice  of 
this  triple  coronation,  viz.,  of  Gennany.   Italy, 
and  Home,  continued    for  many  centuries;  and 
fi;om  Otho  the  Great,  till  Maximilian  I.  (ITiOH).  no 
king  of  Germany  took  the  title  of  Emperor,  un- 
til after  he  hail  Isen  formally  crowned  by  the 
I'ope  ••— C.  W.  Ki«  li,  TU  /trr<'luti,ms  of  Kurope. 
periijil  3.— ■'  At  the  first  glance  it  would  seem  u 
If  the  relation  in  which  Otho  now  sUioil  to  the 
pope  was  the  same  as  that  occuplcsl  by  Charle- 
magne; on  a  clos*T  insiHction,  however,  we  find 
a   wide    dilTeri'nce.      Chariemagnc's    connexion 
with  the  st'c  of  Home  was  proilueed  by  mutual 
need;  it  was  the  result  of  long  epiKhs  of  political 
combination  embracing  the  development  of  vari- 
ous nations;  their  mutual  understjwidlng  rested 
on  an  internal  neeis.sity,  before  which  all  oppos- 
ing views  and  interests  gave  way.     The  sover- 
eisnty  of  Otho  the  Great,  on  the  contrary,  rested 
on  a  principle  fundamentally  opposed  to  the  en- 
eroaehmeiit  of  spiritual  inlluences.     The  alliance 

"iw  i"<" ntary;  the  disruption  of  it  inevitable. 

Hut  when,  siH)n  after,  the  .same  pope  who  had 
invoked  Ids  aid.  John  XII.,  placed  him.sclf  at  the 
head  of  a  n-la  lliniis  faction,  Otho  was  compelled 
to  cause  him  to  be  forin:dly  detioseil,  and  to 
I  rush  the  faction  that  sup(>orted  him  by  ri'peaa-d 
exertions  of  force,  liifore  he  could  olmiiu  perfect 
obcdienre;  he  was  obliged  to  raise  to  the  papal 
chair  a  pope  on  v  hose  co-operation  hecimhl  rely. 
The  popes  ha.e  often  assirted  that  they  trans- 
ferred liie  inipiie  to  the  Germans;  and'lf  lliey 
conliiiiil  this  a.sscrtiou  to  the  Carolingian  race, 
they  arc  imt  entirely  wrong.  The  coronation  of 
Charlemagne  was  the  result  of  their  free  deter- 
mination Hut  if  they  allude  to  the  German 
emperors,  pronerlv- so  caUc'.!.  the  pontrarvof  jl-.cir 
siatemeut  is  just  as  true;  not  only  Cariiimnn  and 
Otho  the  Great,  but  their  successors,  constantly 


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71U  rw*rtr#rf 
RuMan  Kmpir* 


nGRHANY,   A    I»    B7;i-ll2i 


liml  ii>  nmiiiier  llie  impcriitl  (liMnr.  ami  i<> 
cli  fi'iiil  it,  when  i'iini|<ii'ri'>l.  Kv\i>ril  In  liriml  It 
liuH  iM'on  wild  llml  tin'  Ucriniiin  wmilil  liuvi'  dniif 
niorc  wiM'ly  If  ltny  hml  ma  imilillnl  witli  Ihi' 
eniplti';  or,  iit  li'iwt.  If  lliiy  liml  Hr-t  wurkiMl  mit 
tlii'irowii  liiltTiittl  |H>litli-Hl  iiiHliliitlMiiii,  unit  tlirii, 
with  innliinil  iiiIihIk,  tnitrri  piirt  In  the  K<'" 
r,n\  HiTHlrH  lit  Kiiri>|M'  lint  tin'  lliinKx  »f  tl>li« 
wiirlil  nrc  not  wiint  to  lU'viiop  tlii'niwlvin  n> 
nietliixlirHll).  A  nation  Is  often  coniiiilli'cl  liy 
rlrcumstanrcntolnrri'iiso  lt»  lirrlloriiil  ixiciil,  1k'- 
fore  lt«  iiitiniiil  itrowlli  l»  rompli'lrd  For  wait 
it  of  ullKlit  lin|Mirt«niT  to  IIh  Inwiird  proRn'Sfi 
that  (tcrnmnv  llois  nnmlni'd  In  unlinilicn  con 
ni'Xion  Willi  lliily  t-  llic  ilciMwil  iry  of  all  timl 
rcnmlncd  of  nniii'nt  civilitntinn,  'ii'  winrir 
whi'nw  all  llio  forma  of  ClirlHtiiinii  had  Urn 
derlvitl  Tlw  mind  of  (leriniiny  lian  always  tin 
folded  itw'lf  liy  (ontad  witli  tlic  spirit  of  an- 
tii|nilr,  anil  of  the  iiatloiiHor  Uoiniin  origin 
The  German  ini|iiTial  jroverninrnl  revived  the 
I'ivili.slni;  and  ClirHlianlHiiii;  leiidiMiriea  whiih 
had  illstinKuisheil  thi^  niL'iw  of  fharles  Mnrtell 
and  Chnrlenuiv'ni'  Ollio  Ihi'dreal,  In  follo«lnj; 
llie  iiiiirsi'  marked  ocil  liy  hin  ilhislrio\n  pre 
deicssor'),  ).MVe  il  ii  fri»h  national  importance 
liy  planllni;  (ierrnan  <'iilonieHin  Slavonian  conn- 
trim  BiiiinllaneouHly  with  the  dilTnsion  of  I'hrlH- 
tliinity  He  (Jernmniwil  hm  well  as  converted 
the  popnlHtion  he  had  Hiilidiied.  He  con 
tinned  hiH  fathers  comine.stH  on  the  .Saale  and 
the  KllM',  liy  the  e>talilislinient  of  the  liUhopries 
of  Meijwen  and  Osterl.ind.  After  having  eon 
ipiered  the  Irilii  s  on  the  olher  side  the  Kllie  In 
tliiise  loll!;  and  perilous  eanipiik'iis  where  he 
cominaiidid  in  person,  he  eslalili»hed  there,  to<i, 
t  -!■•■  Iilshopriex,  whieh  for  a  lime  ^ave  an  ex 
ti  .1, Unary  Impulse  lo  the  prou'ress  of  conver 
»i  .r  .  And  even  where  the  project  of  (Jer 
in.iiitsini;  the  population  was  out  of  the  question, 
the  aupremaey  of  the  (ierman  name  was  llrmly 
and  actively  maintained.  In  llohemia  and  I'o 
land  liishopries  were  erected  under  (Ierman  mil 
ropHlitans;  from  llamlinrKl'hrislianily  found  <ts 
way  into  the  north;  mksionaries  from  I'assaii 
traversed  llnnuary,  nor  is  it  improhalile  that  the 
infliii.ice  of  these  vast  and  sulilime  ellorls  ex- 
tended  even  lo  Itiissia.  The  (Jerman  empire  was 
the  centre  of  the  conipierinjj  religion;  as  itself 
advanced.  It  extended  the  eielesiasiii  ci militMry 
iStiUe  of  which  the  Chun  h  was  an  intet'ral  pari , 
it  was  the  i  hief  representative  if  the  unity  of 
western  ('hrislendom.  and  lienee  arus4-  the  iieces 
ally  under  which  it  lay  of  anpiiring  a  deeidi  d 
ascenilaiKy  over  the  papacy  This  secular  and 
Oermanic  principle  loriL:  relaim  d  the  prednmi 
nanev  it  had  triumphiinlly  n<  <|uiri-d.  .  .  .  How 
inai:nilicent  wim  the  po,^itiIlll  now  occupied  Ity 
the  German  nation,  reiiresented  in  the  persons  of 
Iheniinhliest  princes  of  Kiiropeand  united  undi  r 
their  .sceptre;  at  the  head  of  an  .■idvancinj.' <  ivi 
ILsation,  and  of  the  v\' hole  of  western  <'hri'>tendoin  . 
in  the  fullni'vs  of  youthful  aspirin!;  strrn!;thl 
We  must  here  Iiowimt  leniark  and  eonl'ess.  that 
Oermany  did  not  wholly  undi  rsl.ind  Inr  po-iiicin. 
nor  fullil  hi  r  mi^.sion.  .VhoM-  all.  she  did  nni 
sncciid  ill  uivini;  cuinplete  reuliiy  to  the  idea  of 
a  wevii  rn  empire,  such  as  ajipearrd  ahoiit  to  he 
estalilisherl  nndir  <  liho  I.  Independent  ai.d  often 
hii-iilr.  thoiiL'li  Christian  power',  ani-e  thriiui;h 
all  the  illlrdl'^^  ol   tti-rmany:  in   HuiiL^ary  and  in 

i'olall'i.  in   tile  noil  lit-lll  as  wrii  <l^  ill   llie  ^' lilt  Iter  II 

possessions  of  the  Normans;  Kn:;lanilund  Krance 


werr  anatched  aftain  from  (hTinan  mtlintiu' 
Hpaln  lau»;hed  at  the  Oernian  claiins  |.,  ,  i,n| 
MTHal  aiipreinacy:  her  klni^s  Ihoiiiihl  ihiiuMlvn 
emperors;  even  the  enterprliW'H  Heart  si  h-mi..  , 
thnsoncrowi  the  Kllw  — were  for  aimiest  itiuniirj 
or  retrognide  If  wewek  for  the  ciu-  .  •■!  the* 
unfiivoumhle  results,  w«  heed  only  luni  .itir  ■  vi- 
on  (he  lutenial  cimditlon  of  the  eiiipir<  n  h.n 
weHiiil  an  Ino'usant  and  lem|M'stuons  «ir>i  ■;!.  i. 
all  the  force*  of  the  nation  I'nfi.rtrMh  Iv  ilii 
eslalillshment  of  n  lUed  rule  of  siiei  i  s,i  ,1,  { ,  iiii 
iniperhil  crown  wua  eimtlnually  ppni'.  |  hj 
events"—!,.  Itiinke,  //i«f  nf  tfif  llif.rm.it,  ■;  „ 
(Ifrmnni/,  inlrfl  —^'r,  also,  Irvt.v:  ,\  l>  lull 
10.10,  and  HoM\N  Emimhk.  Tiik  Hoi  v 

A.  D.  955,— Great  defeat  and  repuljp  of  thi 
HunKarianibyOtho  I.  .Si-*' Hi'nimhmv~    \ii 

A.  D.  971-1 1  ja.— End  of  the  Saxon  line  - 
Election  of  the  Franconians,  -Reformation  0 
the  Papacy,— Conteit  of  Henry  IV.  with  thi 
Head  01  the  Church. — The  question  of  Invetti 
tures,  — "  Olho  II.  had  a  short  and  trnnMi  -I  n  ii-n 
97:MW:t  .\.  I),,  having'  to  repress  the  Slul  tin 
D.ines.  the  Oneksof  Lower  Italv.  and  tn,|.  f,.,, 
Iiorraine  against  the  Krem  h  lie  ill.  >1  ii  U.nn 
111  Ids  twenty  eighth  year.  iw:i  A  D  lei,,  ll| 
(ai^ed  three  years)  siicceci led  undt  r  tin  e^.nt) 
of  Ills  mother,  Theophania  (a  (ireek  prei,,..i 
who  hail  to  contend  with  the  nlielliiMH  i:  ■'<]<■■> 
the  Slavl,  the  Poles,  the  Iloheniiiii-..  n 
France,  whieh  desired  to  conipn  r  l,"ir  liri' 
aide  ladv  died  IHtl  A.  1)  <»tli  1  III  iiu 
cxiM'ditions  Into  Italy,  and  In  IHH  A  !>  p 
the  repulilicof  Itoinc,  whirh  h  id  In  1  n  1  h 
the  piiiriciaii  Cn'sceiitlns  Tlie  n  .1-! 
Crescenlliis  had  Imth  pardoind  tie  i' 
year,  Init  on  this  occasion  he  was  p  i!il 
headed  on  the  hattleinents  of  Uuiiii  .  inv.iw.t 
the  nrinv  and  of  the  |ieople  In  IW'.i  A  1'  llili' 
placed  his  liitiir  (Jerlii'rt  In  the  pi|'o  iliiir  i 
Sylvestir  II,  The  tutor  and  the  nnp.  rr  u.r 
lnnd\aneeiif  their a^'e.  The  former  hid  _!■  ai' 
from  Saracen  translations  from  th.- tin  rU  a-wi 
;i.s  from  Latin  literature,  and  wi-  iii.i-i.  1  nf  i;. 
science  of  the  day.  It  is  suppo-ed  ih  ;t  lie  j  Im 
planned  to  remove  the  sealof  empin  li  Itiiir- 
a  project  wldch,  had  he  lived,  he  v 
have  lieen  aide  to  carry  out.  for  the 
pMlilieal  power  had  loin;  moved  ii'itl 
iliid  at  the  early  a','e  of  twenty  two.  I 
lliiirv  II.  (the  Ilolvl,  Diike'of  Uiv 
.l.eii'd  emperor,  uiiii  had  to  lutlle.  hi. 
decessors,  with  rellellioits  llol.les,  Willi 
and  lioheniians.  and  the  Slivi,  lie  u  , 
ltal>,  and  died  10-^4  A.  1).  -I'lrhip- 
siuKle  exieption  of  St.  Louis  l.\  .  tin 
other  prince  of  the  middle  aires  s' 
swayed  hy  justice'  Conrad  II  (ihi 
Francimia  was  elected  emperor  in  a 
plains  liitween  .Mentz  and  Worms  H' 
lieim,  which  was  atteieied  hy  I'immi 
and  ."lO.IK)!)  pciple  alloL'ether  Hi. 
remarkahle  for  the  jii.stin'  and  im  !■  > 
alw  lys  kept  in  view.  The  Uinjl  ;■ 
and  iiuPiinndv  was  unilid  to  ihr  .:: 
A.  I).  He  (hecked  the  I'oles.  Ii,.'  II 
and  the  Lomliards,  and  lmvc  Si  h!r-  ' 
mark  as  a  lief.     In  1IW7  A.  I),  lie  -T' 

lower  vassals  of  (1 nipire  tlie  \: 

cession  to  their  olllees  and    e-i  ii^  ■ 
tinned  tne  priviiiL-is  of  lii.    •ju  .1 
make  them   ulinost    iiid.  peii.l'  ui    •  ;    ' 


uitl 


lilt 


K     lir 


■ill 

11^ 

■iitr. 
,.  1 

1, 

irt 

I» 

i  1 

wi 

hi- 
■■  p. 

■  re 

llll  111 


lll.,,l, 

h.lJv' 
ijll  ivi 
■In,  llll 
■1     .\Mi 

:■  hi;l 
.■  iri  HI' 
■  ,|i.i 
II. .11 


1472 


■  '11  ■ 


■■"'"  *■ J  umii  N.  tiriii(k'i-(i  iiie' »  nurcii  mil 

till' kliiii^li  it  liiiil  fiilliii  iiilii  [.u'l'  Udmk     a 
96.!-l(iS7| V  fiw  yiurn  Ixforc.  In   lii;|.| 


III 
Urrat  8iii.s 

Were  I'spt'c  i.ijly 

I.  tlie  iniimagc'  (if  |irli.<ls  and  siiiimiy,  iir 


OEHMANY,    \    U    OT.i-im       rt.  Win,K^,  , 

Henry  III.  lurCMKled.  1038  A.  I) .  uii,|  ■  .ial)ll»li..,| 
Ihi'  linprrliil  iiiiwcr  Willi  u  lii>.'li  liaii.l  '  — \V  II 
lliyic.  liilru<(iieti„n  l,<  t),r  Sl'i,lu  ,.f  ll„i„ru  m, 
aai-WI -••II.Miry  111  war  iih  „,ver,lv.n  iil'l'. 
unriulil.  ami  n'noliii...  ami  liin  iiirly  di'iilli  — fur 
lil«  niifii  wiwriU  nlmrt  liy  ili«a»li  ri  lint  priyiil 
ufxiti  liii  livaltli  —  Is  „iif  iif  tlir  lalaniitii  s  iif  IiIh 
fury  Tlir  ( auHt'  of  the  Idiiiiaii  (  nurl  lie  Jii.Iki-,! 
Willi  viKiir  and  kikhI  wiisc  IIIh  Mruni;  liaiid 
more  tlian  any  iiiann.  draifircd  tlii>  Clmn  li  nut  i.f 
'       ■ ■  I) 

cUild  ti'ii  viMint  old.  Koii  „f  nni'  i.f  ilii."  ni.lili' 
hmiMTi,  Imil  Ih-ui  iiiii  on  th,'  |ia|Ki|  i|ir„ii,'  iinil.r 
llic  iiHine  of  Ik'ni-dirt  IX  ;  and  \ni,  nsiond  to  it 
by  fiini  of  arms,  llvf  \iar«  lat<  r.  hIhh  ho  li.id 
(rroviii  Inio  a  l.wd,  vlol.iii.  and  wilful  hoy  of 
Itftiin.     At  lli»'  aire  of  tw.nly  lan'  lii'  wai  wi  ary 

I.f  llii'  Hlrii«Klr,  and  sold  out,  for  a  lar«r  »ii f 

miiiiiv  nald   down,  lo  ii  rich  ininhaHi  r.  — Ilrst 
liluiiilcrlnK  (III-  |>a|ial  trriwury  of  all  Ihr  fun  's  hi' 
r.uld  lay  hilt  lianiU  on       IIIh  sinccHMor,  Or  u'ory 
VI  .  niiturally  <'i>iii|ilaini'd  of  his  hard  liarjfaln 
wliicli   wna  nmili'   hanlir   liy  aiioihi  r  i  laiinaiii 
(SUvi'Kter   III  ),   ili'ilcl    In    a  diirinnt   parly 
Willie  no  law  that  could   powiblv  1h'  (piol.d  or 
liiv  lilted  would  make  valid  the  piirehase  and  sale 
III  llii!  Kplrilual  HovereiKiilv  of  the  world,  wliiih 
111  ilieory  the  I'apaey  siill  wan.     tireijory  appear* 
111  have  Ix'en  n  ri'speetalile  hiiiI  even  ennseienlioiis 
iiiUKistrale,   hy  the  '.laiidard  of  that  evil  lime 
Bui  his  open  piircliaw  of  tlio  iliKiilly  not  only 
nave  a  nliiM-k  to  whatever  ri;rlit  feelinif  then'  w-.in 
lift,  hilt  it  made  the  extraordiiiarv  dili  niiiia  and 
Kuiiilal  of  three  popeit  at  onee.  — aknol  which 
tlie  (iermaii  king,  now  Kmpcror,  was  called  in 
Ui  lilt.  .  .   .  Tlie   wortlileM    Ikiiedict   was  ills- 
nii«d.  as  Imvliii;  iKtriiyed  liU  cllllr^'e.     The  iin- 
potent  Sylvester  was  not  ncoKni/.eii  at  all.     The 
n's|iii lalile  Gri'Kory  was  duly  convinced  of  his 
iliip  nuilt  of  Simony,— iHiaiise  he  hail' thought 
llml  tile  gift  of  (Iml  could   he  purchased  with 
mimiy,— and  wa.s  siilTered  iis  a  iK'iiitent  to  end 
hisihiys  in  peace       A  fourth,  a  (lirman  ecclesi 
iislii.  who  was  clean  of  all  tiiese  inlricu.s    was 
«t  ill  the  chair  of  I'lter.  where  he  reiitncd  right. 
«iii>ly  for  two  years  iiiiiler  the  name  of  ( ■lenient 
II.  —J.  H.  Alien,  ('liri^linii  llinlniji  in  it.i  'Ihrrt 
Oruil  I'lriinln:  Seciinil  irri'ul.  /i/i.  r,i-ra.  —  "  With 
the  popes  of  Henry's  appointment  u  new  nnd 
most  powerful  force  rosj.  to  the  lontrol  of  the 
piipiK y  —a  strong  and  eanict  movement  for  rcf- 
miiiilion  which  had  aris<ii  outside  the  oinleof 
paiiil  iiillucuce  during  the  d.irkest  days  of  its 
iltitniilation,  indeed,  and  cnliielv  independent  of 
till  TMipm'.     This  had  started  from  the  mmias- 
'  ry  of  ijiiny,  founded  in  !)I0.  in  eastern  Franio 
«aa  .1  furmatioii  of  tlie  inonastic  III,.,  hut  it  iii- 
Ti.lvifl  uradiially  ideas  of  a  wider  reformatii 
llir"iii:iiuiit  the  whole  eliiirch.     Two 
of  ihr  lime,  as  it  regardi'd  them 
«Uui  ■ 
till' 


UKIIMANY,  A    D   tn-llfi 


the »trlct«'«t  Ideiu of  Clunv,  kiul  Ixiii  a  mipri«rl.r 

of  tiregory  VI  ,  one  of  the  three  rival  |m«|m>s  ile 
po»..|  liy  II,  iiry,  who,  iiotwilliHtnndlng  liU  out 
■  Ight  pun  has.'  of  the  (ia|iiiiy,  n'presentcil  tha 
new  reform  di mand.  and  liiul  koiiii  wl  i,  lilm  into 
'■»ile  on  his  .leposltion.      It  diieii  not  uppenr  that 
lie  enerci'Md  any  decinlvc  Inllurnce  (luring  tha 
reign  of  I/O  IX  .  |„it  w,  great  wiM  hl«  nliilitr 
uiid  sill  h  111,'  powerof  hU  pfTwnBllty  thnl  very 
m-iii  hi    ;k     line  the  directing  uplrit  in  th<(  papal 
policy,  ihough  his  Inlliience  over  the  papacy  Iw- 
fore  liH  own  ixintlllcate  was  not  ao  great  nor  M 
constant  us  It  has  dometlmes  lieen  atlil  to  liave 
Ixi  n      .So  |„ng  II,  Henry  lived  thn  balance  of 
power  was  d  cliledly  in  favor  of  the  emperor 
liiit    n    ll).Vl    hapiiened    that  illnutrouii  event 
wdi  (h  iM'curn'il  so  many  timii  at  critical  puinU 
of  Imperial  history,  ttitm  Amulf  u>  Henry  VI 
the  pninature  death  of  the  emnenir.      Hlii  aon' 
ll'iiry  1\      wan  only  »|.<  yearn  old  at  hi*  fatlieri 
III  alh.  and  a  minority  followed  Ju«t  In  thu  crislii 
of  liiiie  nwded  to  enahle  the  feudal  princes  of 
(iinnany  to  recover  and   utrengthcn  their  Inile- 
penili  111  e  against  the  central  governnient.  ami  U> 
give  free  hands  to  the  papacy  to  carry  out  iu 
pl.ins    for   throwing  olT    the    imperial   control 
.-Never  aga  II  did  an  eniiMror  occupy,  in  re»pe<'t 
cither  to  Uirmanv  or  the  papacy,  the  vanUie 
groiiiid  on  which  (lenryllMiadsliHKl.   .   .   .  The 
Iniiiuph  of  the  reform  movement  anil  of  Iu  ecclr 
mast ii:i I  theory  is  es|H'cially  connectcfl  with  the 
nam,'  of  1  lildebmiiil,  or  (Jregory  VII.,  8«  liecalle.1 
hiiiisi  r  when  poiic,  and  was  very  largely,  If  not 
entirely  due  to  his  iiidomitable  spirit  and  inm 
will,   which    would   yield    to  no  persuasion   or 
threats  or  actual  force.      He  Is  one  of  the  most 
interesting    pi'rsonalilies    of    history  The 

three  (liief  points  wlilcli  the  reform  party  at 
tiinptid  to  gain  were  the  inilependence  (if  the 
Chun  h  fnmi  all  oiiiside  control  in  the  eh'cllon  of 
the  pope,  the  celiliacy  of  the  clergy,  and  the  nix., 
lition  of  simony  or  the  niirchase  o'f  ecclcslastlcnl 
preferment.  1  he  founilation  for  the  first  of  these 
was  laid  iiiider  Nieliolas  II.  hy  assigning  tlw 
selection  of  the  pope  to  the  college  of  rartllnals 
In  Uonii,  though  It  was  only  after  some  consid- 
erable time  that  this  reform  was  fully  secured 
'I  he  w-coiid  point,  the  celibacy  of  the  i'lergv,  had 
long  Im'ii  ilemandcd  bv  the  chiinh,  but  the  re 
•luircm,  lit  had  not  Ixen  strictly  enfoned.  and  in 
many  parts  of  Eun)|M;  married  clergy  wen'  the 
',"-'''.  ,  ,  A**  ""icriireted  by  the  n-forincrs,  the 
t l.;ril  of  tlii-irdeni.inils,  the  suppression  of  simony 
w.is  lusgieai  a  .ste|)  in  advance  and  as  revolution^ 


ary 

sill 


as   the   lirsl. 
if 


'eiliiiically,  simony   was  the 


inirihasc   of  ccelesiastical    pn-ferment"  for 
nii.iiiy,  including  also  appointiiieiits  to  chiinh 

ollu-phytemponilruhrs.   .       .   T irnest  spirit 

01  M.riry  111.  was  not  out  of  svni|p:iihy  with  the 
ilemaiul  forareal  n-forination.  and  wiiii  tlu-tliir.l 
P"!*'  "f  his  appnintment,  l,co  IX.,  i,,  liM.s  the 
Wilis  of  Cluny  obiaiiii'd  the  din'elion  of  alfiirs 
•line  apimreuily  insiiinitii-ani  net  of   I,,.,,-, 

M  !ni;.irt:,„t  cons..i>H-.iccs.      Hr  hr.,:;4i.t  k 

witu  l,i,„  to  u„|„e  tiie  monk  llilililiruid  He 
n*l  I".  11  Imiught  up  in  a  mouasterv  in  Itomc  in 

9S 


1473 


I  of  si'i  iiring  an  ecclesiastical  olllce  by  brilwry 
uaiiii'd  fnimthc  incident  reconleil  in  the  eighth 
chaiiter  of  the  Acts  concerning  Simon  Magus 
Hut  at  this  tune  the  desire  for  the  complete  in- 
depcndince  of  tlic  chiinh  ha,l  given  to  it  a  new 
and  wider  meaning  which  made  it  Include  all 
apiioiniment  to  |)osiiions  In  the  church  by  lay 
men.  including  kings  and  the  emperor.  .  Ac- 
cording to  tlie  conce|)tion  of  the  public  law  the 
liisliop  was  an  ollicer  of  the  state.  He  bad  In 
the  gnat  majority  of  cases,  political  duties  |o 
perf.,rni  a.s  important  as  bis  ecclesiastical  duties 
riic  lands  which  formed  the  endowment  of  his 
olllce  had  always  lieen  considentl  us  being  still 
more  din'Ctly  than  any  other  feudal  I'lnd  'he 
pro|,ei-|y  of  tile  slate.  ...  It  wa,s  a  matter  of 
vital  importance  whether  ollicers  exercising  such 
important  functions  and    -outrolUQg  »o  large  .> 


m 


I  ^J 


_    i  > 


i  i 


h  ■. 


'4   ■\- 


l|. 


yRKMANV.  A  n  ir»-iiv>i     „J';,-,aUX.». 


GERMANY.  A    D   »T3-1IJ 


part  <if  lu  urea  —  pmlnlily  iviTywIi.n-  iw  iiiui  li 
M  i>in«  llilnl  of  llii'  lirrltory  nhi.ulil  l«  »•  Inliil 
by  llii'  utiiU'  cir  by  mmiv  fip|ri>(ii  ixmir  !•.  voml 
fU  riBc'i  mill  bikvbiK  H"  "•"  |"'iulUr  inU  r<  ■.!»  |i> 
wrk  Hut  till*  iiikwIImii  iif  Uv  liiviilitiin'  wiw 
M  vilclly  lm|i<>rliuit  for  the  tliiircli  lU  for  tlu' 
•tnU'    .  It  w««  iw  micuKsry  I"  tlio  ii'iilnillw 

Uun  wmI  biib'iKiiiliiiii'  .if  till'  ihiirili  llml  It 
(himlii  ihimsii  Ibiw  Dlllcrrt  im  Hull  il  »liimlil  I'lint 
thulu'itil  iirall  -thi'  |>ii|M'  Tliln  wiiMiinl  miui'n 
ttiin  for  (liTiiiniiv  hIoi"'  Kvfry  mirili.  rii  xliili' 
hill  to  f»if  till' mimiilillliHlly  TlMnlriiKiili' 

WIW  m>  imirli  iimrf  lilltir  iiiiil  olwllimlr  with  llir 
einiMTiir  tliuii  wllli  imy  "Ibir  snnnlmi  Ixniiiw 
of  till'  <li"«'  nUlliin  of  till'  two  iH.wcM  1)111'  to 
■niitlicr.  mill  Ih'cuium'  tlir  wlinlr  i|ui'»tloii  of  tliilr 
mlittlvc  riKbt*  Willi  ImiiiiiiI  up  witli  it      II  wiia  nii 
act  of  n'lu'llloii  on  llii'  imrt  of  H"'  piipmy  iitfiiiii'-l 
till'  M>vi'n'i|{ii,  will)  liiwl  niiitnilli'it  It  witli  iiliiioi.t 
kliwiliiti'  iMiwtT  for  »  ri'iitiirv,  iiiul  It  wii»  risliii; 
liitii  nil  t'i|iiiil.  or  I'vi'ii  piiiiH'rior,  p  ui   Ixxiilr  llii' 
fiiipiTor  of  wlml  Willi  pnirllnilly  ik  lii'W  iMiwir.  11 
riviil  for  Ills  imiMTiiil  |Ki«liloii    .  .  .   It  wiw  vliso 
li'U'ly  liiiiKiMlblii  tluit  It  loiilUit  with  thiiituiiiw 
dsinw  iihoiilil  Im'  iivoUlcil  an  bikhi  ««  Henry  IV 
■rrivi'il  lit  iin  iiKi-  to  tiiki'  Ihi-  Kovi'rnmini  Into 
hl»  own  Imnilii  ami  iittcinplril  to  <'Xi'nliM'  bin  im 
prriiil   rii!htii  as   In-  niiilimt^M"!   Iliim  "— <I.   H. 
Ailanu,  fVn/iMfi"'!  Ihiniin  Ihf  Miilillr  A'jeJi.  cA. 
10.  —  "At  Ori'iforv  mmnwlon,  III'  (lli'iiryl  wii«  11 
yotniK  miin  of  liviiily  llirtr      Hit  lioliiiri'  liml 
alri'ulr  ilrivcn   .1    wii'oli-  ilinlrld  into  nlMllion 
.       'flic  l'o|H'  niiliil  with  till'  iiiMirni'ii'*      111' 
■uminoiieil  llii'  youiiK  kiiiK  to  liU  jiidifn      1  ti'iil 
at  Ibinic,  tlircnUMHKl  Bt  '  '.n  rrfiimil  to       ,1  him 
affaniinitti'nliinb';  anil  piuwcil  on  him  tin  iiwfui 
wntt'uccof  I'xconimuniiiilion     Tln'  iloiibli'  tirror 
of  rrlM'llion  at  homo  iiiiil  tlic  C'himh'ii  lurw  iit 
IcnRlli  liroki'ilown  Ilir  piisMloniiti'  priileof  Hinry 
lliinililcil  ami  hilpliiw.  In'  rrowK-il  till'   Alpn  in 
miilwinU'r.  proping  among  Ihi'  liliiik  priiipircs 
anil  ici' llclihi.  — tin'  iMiwinli  piistliiK  iiim  In  a 
ruilc  sleili?!'  of  hlilc  ilown  Ihosit'  ilriinlful  hlopcs.— 
and  wi'nt  to  \»-g  aliMolutlon  of  (iri'Kory  at  llic 
moiinUtin  nisllc  of  Cahosmi.      History   hiti  few 
u-TDi'S  inori'  ilriiiiuitii'  than  that  wliirh  mIiowh  llic 
proud.    IriLscilih',    rrcst  falirii    youiiK   Miirniun 
cnnfnmti'il  with  the  tliry.  littli ,  imloniltiilili'  "lit 
man.     To  iiuolc  Un'Rofy's  o»n  worils;  — '  IIiTr 
he  came  with  few  atttmlaulH,  ami  for  thri'i'  iliivn 
before  tlie  Kate  — his  royal  apparil  laid  asiili'. 
barefoot.  Hail  in  wool,  and  weipins  aliiinilantly 
—  he  iii'Vir  iciuK'd  to  implore  the  aid  and  com- 
fort of  apo8t»lic  ineriy.  till  all  there  present  wi  re 
moved  witli  tiily iindeompuHsioii.  insomuih  lliat. 
IntercedinK  tor  him  with  many  prayers  and  tiars 
they  all  wondered  at  my  »tnin(;e  severity,  and 
some  even  cried  out  tliat  it  waa  not  w>  much  tlie 
•evere  diijuity  of  an  apostle  a»  tlie  cruel  wrath  of 
a  tyrant.     Overcome  at  lenttlh  liy  tlie  urKeney 
of  hi.i  appeal  and  the  entreaties  of  all  present.  I 
relaieil  the  liond  of  anathema,  and  received  him 
to  tlie  favor  of  communion  and  the  Imisoiii  of 
our  holy  Mother  the  Church  '     It  was  a  Iruee 
wlii.li  one  party  did  not  mean  nor  tin'  otiier  1iii|h' 
to  keep       It   was  liolicy,  not  real  lemr  or  con 
Ticlion,  that  had  leil   Henry  to  hiimlile  himself 
before  the  rope.     It  was  policy,  not  contrition 
or  compo.'ision,  that  h.iil  led  (IrcKory  (iii?aiiist  his 
betur  juilKment.  it  i.s  suldi  to  accept  his  ,>>over 
eigii  a  peuaiice.      in  till-   will'  *>[  poluy.  Ill*    iii.ir* 
of  the  worhl  prevailed      Freed  of  the  Clmrch'.'. 
curse,  he  iiuiekly  wimi  back  the  titrcQgth  he  had 


lir>r 

llt'i 


loat.  He  overthrew  In  Imllle  (he  m  . 
•  Jn-ijory  upheld  He  nwepi  his  n  l»  Ih  . 
Willi  aword  and  llame  lie  ■  iirriid  hi<  >  1  hi 
army  to  llome,  and  wa»  then'  irown.  I  I  . fr. 
by  a  rival  I'opi'  [KIWI  tlreur,rj  Inm..  1  «„ 
only  laved  by  bin  fermloiw  «ilie«.  N'  fiii.n  ,1, 
Haracrn,  at  co*t  of  the  devuiiiuiliiii  "(  1.  f  ih 
tapluil,— that  broad  l"lt  of  ruin  win  '.  -n 
covern  the  half  mile  iM'tweeii  Hie  t  oh-,  nn  III 
the  jjileran  ({ate  Tiieii.  b^irilly  ri-.n.i  fm 
Hie  (lopular  wrath,  he  went  away  I'l  ili'  !■  i.  iii 
and  heart  broken,  at  Siilerno,  wiih  Mi.  ..Im,,, 
ilespairinK  wonls  on  his  lips  I  lin^  I  .. 
riKliteoimness  ami  hatiil  liiliiullv.  iiiel  iIht.  li 
1  die  in  exiU'!'  Hut  'asplrll  lialli  n  1  II.  ,1, . 
Imnes,' iia  a  iMsly  liatli.  and  no  II  \mI!  i.  i  -i.i 
miuiKli'd  and  bruisi'il  The  vli  li.n  lu  ,li. 
all,  with  the  comlmliiiit  who  coiiM  ij  1 .  .1  1 
fiinatlcliim  aa  well  as  force."—.!  II  \\U  1'  ' -, 
fidtt  lliMtitrj/ in  l7«  Tlirrf  tlr,:il  /'.  1.'.  ..  ,., 
Iirri'tl,  I'll.  litt-7'J.  — "  Meanwhile,  lln'  Sii.  im  I.i 
n-coKiiUed  Heriniinii  of  I.iuenil.iirL'  1-  ili. 
KhiK.  but  in  |IW7  he  resigned  Hie  rr..vvii.  m 
nii'ther  ( laimant.  KcklMrl.  Marirran'  of  MrU«ii 
wasinurdereil.  The  Saxons  were  imw  ili  r.  iji 
weary  of  strife,  and  as  years  iiii.l  Inn,  r .  \|.ii 
ence  had  wifteiied  the  cliiinii  ler  nf  II.  hriih. 
were  the  more  wUliuiC  to  relurii  '.i  ili.  r  .11 
Ijiance.  I'eiice  was  therefore,  foi  .1  liin.  r.  1  .n 
indermimy.  The  I'apiicy  did  n..!  f..r.'u. 
He  WHS  ixcommuniciited  m  vend  liiii. » 
lUUl  Ills  sou  Coiinul  was  excilid  to  r.  Ii.  I 

lilm.     In  1101  aniorew  rlousri  Im  II «  1 

by  the   KmiMror'a  wcoiid  son    ll.nii     v 
been  crowned  Klntf.on  proinl^iiii;  11.  >i  1  . 
({overnment  during  liis  fiillurs  lif.'im. 
The  Kniperor  waa  treated  very  1  riu  llv . 
to  si^n  Ills  own  alKlicatlon  at  Iiil'i  Hi.  m. 
A  last  ellort  waa  made  cm  his  Isliiilf  l.>  t 
of   Lotharingla;    but   worn  out  l.y   lii> 
and  strUKKles,  Henry  died  in  .Viii:"-'    1 1 
Isidy  lay  In  a  stone  cotlin  in  an  uii.  <>i. 
ihaJK'l  at  W|Hyer  for  live  years      N"'  ' 
when  the  wnience  of  exconiniutii.  :iii.  11 
moved,  waa  it  proiM-rly  Inirieil       II.  nr 
not  sooU'dient  to  the  fhureli  iis  III.  I'li 
had   hoped       He   utoutly   nmiiiiiiiii'  I   ' 
point  which  had  brought  so  mm  li  ir  "ii. 
father     The  right  of  investiture.   1.    . 
Iiad  always  belonged  to  his  pri.liii— ■  i 
wiia  not  to  give  up  wlmt  they  liii.l  h  .1. 
him      In  1111)  he  went  to  U..1111'.  m  .  ...i 
a  large  army.      Next  yi  iir  I'.ipe  I'l..  I, . 
forced  to  crown  him  Kiiipen.r;    l.i.'    1- 
the  (terinans  had  crossi'd  the  .Vlp^  i-'  lin 
renewed  all  his  old  demands       Tin  >ir.i 
spread  to  (lermany      The  Kiiip.T..i    »- . 
miinicated;  and  tlie  dlsconl.  iiii.l  pni.. .  - 
as  ever  to  break  the  royiil  p..«i  r.  -i  1'  1 
I'ope  against  liliu.     I'ein  e  wiis  11.  ■    1 
ir.'2,  whenCalixtus  II.  was  l'..p.       I 
in  a  Diet  lield  at  Worms,  both  p  ir 
a  compromise,  called  the  ('..nc  ..ni  n  ' 
—J.    Nime,    Uinlnry  ■/  H,m, •:,;/.      '     - 
long  desired   reconciliatiim   "us 
form  of  tlic  following  loiiconlni 
renounced  the  right  of  inv.  slitiir. 
and  crosier,  and  conceded  licit  ;ill  li' 
empire  sliould  be  tilled  by  caii..nic  .1 
tnv  ronsecrati.iii;    the  electi.m  ot 
:;ijhi:p;   (ni:t   ■■'.     '■'■■•■•    !■  .!■  •"    ••''■■ 
shoul.l  be  held  in  iiresence  ..f  tli.  . 
bishops  elect  should  receive  invc-.iii 


II.  iir 


I.  .  Ii: 
1/.  Il 
■;  I'l^l 
I.I  h. 
Il  11" 
.  Ilili 
.  TP.l 

•;    il 

.  1  ril 

li  Hi 

^\  ■■  \ 

\  .1 

,1  |Mr 


l',-.l 


\v 


I'l 


1474 


llfr 


'"^  Iva 


OBHMANY,  A    I>   rT»-im 


IIKHM.V.NV.  IIM  l-.'7a. 


of  thflr  flrfu  ami  n>Ksllii.  hy  lh<'  Mi'plri'  In  tier 
■iiirjr  lirfiirr.  In  Italy  nnil  hi  lliirKUiiiiy  ndir. 
Uirir  nimciTitlliin,  fur  IIkiv  icrikUU  lliry  »liiiiil<l 

Sm.iilM  tlili'llty  III  Ihr  i'iii{M-rur,  riintculi')!  i^kr 
imn  tluMilit  1m*  ilrrlilnl  liy  th<' i*ni)NTnr  In  fiivitur 
a(  liltn  who  uliiiiilil  \m  iiiunliliri il  liy  tli<'  iiro- 
tId''  nyniKl  III  ihmwu tliK  Initirriirlil  Klimllv 
boi.  .ul(l  nHiliirv  tn  tlir  Ibinmn  t'linnli  nil  ihi' 
piiMnakiiu  noil  ri'icitllit  uf  Hi  I'lirr  TtiU  nm 
trillion  HCiirifil  III  llic  Cliiircli  nmny  thltiKn.  nml 
(Imvi'ill,  the  fri'i'iliMii  of  <'<i  linluKiUal  i'liii|iiii> 
llliliirtn,  thr  ititTiniit  (liiinli)'*  IihiI  Ihiu  cnni 
prill  >l  III  iclvi- tlit'lr  riuiMiit  III  clri'tliinii  lliut  liitil 
Brrn  nnwlv  liy  llir  kinir.  Ii»t  now  tlii'  kliii;  Hita 
dUiIki'iI  to  t'onm'nt  In  llw  ilriilnnii  mmli'  liy  tlii' 
Cbunlir»;  itml  •UIiihikIi  IIhm'  I'liitlonii  took 
pU"'  In  Ilk  prt'itrnci'.  hcroiilil  not  rifiim'  lilmon 
iriit  mill  liivi'iitlliiri'  wltlmut  vIoIhiIiik  IIii'  Irmly, 
In  wlili'li  lii>  liail  prtinilM'il  Hint  (or  ilir  diiu'ri' 
clntlima  alioiild  lie  mriirilliiK  to  Ilir  ranoim 
Tliia.  nml  tlii'  (treat  ilHTerenri',  that  Hie  kinit. 
wlH'n  he  gave  the  rInK  nml  ctimUt.  Inveiiteil  Hie 
blnliop  eirrt  wllh  lila  rhief  illKnItv,  imniely,  IiIh 
blulinprle.  hut  now  Kranteil  him  ^ly  Invexliliire 
Willi  Ihe  iM-eptre,  only  the  ncreMorlea,  rmnielv 
till'  ri'irnlla,  wnn  fill  fiy  l,olhain'.  Ilie  HiioeiMo'r 
nf  llinry,  when  he  n'<|iilreil  of  poju'  lnni«enl  II 
thr  nutoratlon  of  ilie  rlifht  of  Invenllliire  I  pon 
one  iiupiirtaut  |Hiliit,  the  hoiiiiiKe  hIiIiIi  wiih  In 
be  iiwiirn  to  the  kini;,  the  enneoriliit  wnn  nlleiil 
lly  nut  iiieaklnv  of  il.  (Hlixliin  M'enieil  lo  loler 
tie  II.  anil  the  Itimuin  lue  therefore  pernillleil  It, 
tlllionith  It  hiul  iH'in  prnhlliileil  by  I  rluin  unil 
("nil  lint  It  in  certain  iliiit  Culixtiia  wa.s  h.i  fully 
riinviiieeil  ux  hln  pitileeeiwirK.  that  the  lomlillon 
of  vn««al«.  111  which  lilahiipn  anil  iililoLs  wi  re  re 
duKil  liy  their  oath  of  hoinuKe,  eoiilil  liunlly  In' 
reinmileil  wllh  the  niiliin'  nml  illuiiily  of' the 
(■pi-cnpacy,  or  wllh  the  fneilom  of  the  Cliiinli. 
but  he  iMrhana  foreiiaw,  that  by  inslslliiK  too 
itMiiglv  upon UniliHcontlniiauee,  he  nilKht  awaken 
agiin  the  unholy  war,  ami  wllhout  any  hopin  of 
bini'lll.  InHlet  nmny  evils  uiMin  the  ('liiirch. 
Simii'iime  later  Ailrian  enileavoiind  to  free  the 
Ilnlliin  lilKlmpa  from  the  liomuge.  Insteail  of 
whir  le  eni|ieror  waa  to  lie  eonlent  nilh  an 
i:ali  II.  .lelily  :  hut  Kreilerick  1  woiilil  nut  re- 
iiiiunie  Ihe  homa^je  iinlenn  lliey  reslKneil  Ihe  n- 
KuVm.  The  gnaitent  coucesnlon  innile  liy  Ihe 
|iapiil  see  in  thin  concorilat,  wan.  Hint  liy  iln 
Mlfiiii-  it  api>earr<l  to  have  ailmllleil  the  foViiii  r 
pn  liri'.iiinH  of  the  empirors  In  take  a  part  in  the 
fldti'iriof  the  Kunian  ponim.  In  ilu-  fnl- 

l">viii|t  year  the  concorilat  wa.s  ratitieil  in  Iln- 
grt;ii  I  nuneil  of  three  hunilreil  lilshops.  the  iiinlli 
gi-iirril  cniineil  of  the  Church,  which  wa.i  con 
VfU.ri  liy  Calixliis  in  Home  "—.I.  J.  I.  I)(llliiii;er, 
//i,.(','V  ,,/  Ihf  Churi-h.  r.  :).  /i/i.  34.'i-;U7.— See. 
«L*'.  i'Ai'.tCY:  A.  I).  I0,"i«-ll','2.  Camiwa;  Homi-. 
A  I)   1(W1-1IW4;  anil  Haxiinv:  A.  D.  |m7;|-I07,"i 

AiMi  IS.  A.  F.  Villeniain,  t.tfri.fiir,ii:>rii  VII , 
M  ,'  <'omtc  C.  F.  Mimlalenihert.  'I'/ir  Miinkni'f 
th^  11, ^  hk.  19.-11.  n.  Milinan,  Hint.  ..f  hilu, 
ri,r.,t,.„nly,  hk.  »-8.— W.  R  \V.  Sleplieils.  //,/ 
it'  :■  1 11,1  nml  Hit  Tinut. — K.  F  lleiiilerson,  Srtrtt 
Uul    IhH-:  of  Ihe  Sfiddle  Aiie;  hk.  \. 

A.  D.  iioi.  —  Disaitrous  Crusade  under 
Duke  Welf  of  Bavaria.  Sie  Ciuhaiiks:  A  I>. 
lliil-IKI',' 

A  D.  1 125.— Election  of  Lothaire  II.,  King, 
afterwards  Emoeror. 

n.  u  1125-1272.— The  rise  of  the  College 
of  Electori.— The  election  of    Uithain-  II  .in 


WVt.  »li'  n  ri  ifriat  anwnilily  of  niililei  anil  churi'il 
ilmi.  I,  »ai  I  OHM  mil  at  .Mini/  nml  when 
I'lTlii.  of  till'  I  III!  I'h  maiie  a  ai  In  lion  of  1  niiill 
iliii  »  III  In'  voli-il  |,,r  |mi>  liieii  nxuriUil  hy  wiiim 
hi-ioniiiH  -  llalliiii  (  oniyn  nml  Munlinm,  for 
ekaiiipii'  —  iin  Imlii  atliiif  Ilii- orit.'iii  of  Ilie  In  rninn 

I  111  iiii  il  iiiliiifi-  Tiny  lin>i'  liilil  llial  i  ii|;bt 
of  pn  hi»aiioii  ■  or  pri  lliiilnnrt  1  Imii  1 .  wan 
)(riii|ii:illy  ini)iiirii|  Iv  nrlinii  prim  en.  which 
Kri'W  iiiio  the  ilicliv  HI  iilnl  ell  ctoral  riithl  Milt 
lliiH  \iiw  l»  iiort  loiikiil  upon  ii>  inoi-e  than 
i|ili">n>iiialile.  I'lnl  11  lint  xilppiirlcil  liy  the  lie«t 
aiilhoriliei  "  Ai  Ilie  elii  tioii  of  Itmloliih  |  l'.>7y 
iir:|  'I  we  milt  for  the  tlr«i  lime  ihe  fully  ile- 
vilopiil  lolli'ire  of  eliclorn  a-  a  ►Incle  1  lulotnl 
Ipmlv  ,  iln  ■iicoii.liirv  niallir  of  a  ilohlit  reiraril- 
111.'  nil. II  iii.|iH.|.i,ilH  i..i>,p.,.iil  it  Will,  ilclliillily 
■«  nliil  111  fori-  Kmlolplrn  n  ivn  liml  1  nme  to  an 
mil  ilow  iliil  Hie  inllctre  of  ilii  li.r.  ihvelop 
iNilf?  The  proliletii    In  niiiili    iniiri'  ilillli  nil 

II  till-  oul-iel  from  Hie  f  11 1  llial  In  llii  olihr  lorm 
of  L'on  rnrinril  in  Ueriiiaiiy  ilnnian  In  iioi|iie« 
lion  at  all  of  a  liiiipli'  1  lei  imnl  ntihl  In  a  nioilern 
-«-i|,.e  Till'  I  li'i'tural  rit'lil  wan  iinialv'iinititeil 
«itli  a  liereilMarv  rli.'lit  of  llial  fnniily  « liii  li  hail 
happi'tii'il  111  iiinie  10  till'  Hiri'iie  if  wa^i  milv  a 
riitlil  of  neli'i'tiiiii  from  Hnioiii.'  Ihe  In  ir«  availaiilo 
within  Ihii  liiiiiily  IiiaNiiitii  II  now  i\s  mich 
wl.i'lion  I  I  il,|  ~  a«  xi'll  lii'iii  Hie  \<lio|i'  1  li:,nii - 
tir  ot  Iti-i  III  111  kin)(ilii[i  111  III  I  oiim  ijiii  nee  111  its 
aniiLMinaii'iM  wiih  thr  cinjiiri' -  lake  place  a|- 
reatiy  iliiriiu'  Hie  lifi'iinii'  of  Hie  riilliitf  iiicmla'r 
of  Ilie  [aiiilly.  Il  il  I'a-v  lo  iiiiil.i'st'inil  that  In 
airi'S  in  wlitrli  tie-  ruling'  rai  e  tiiil  not  die  out 
iliiriiu'  m.iiiy  iriniraiioiH.  tin  ri^hl  came  to  he 
at  I. lit  alnio,4(  a  mere  form  finally  the  kin^r. 
with  Hie  eoiKi'iil  of  thiw  who  hail  the  rijilit  of 
eli'iiinn,    woiiM,    already     ilurink'    hln    lifetinie. 

di'Hii:ii  ill'  )!■*   Ill-*   itlici'H^or   01 f  llin  lieirn.  —  if 

po>iilili'  lii»  oldi'Hl  .on  Surli  Han  Hie  rule  in  Ihe 
titnt'  of  llii'  (lifoH  and  of  Hie  Salliin  einperorn.  It 
wai  a  mil'  vvliiili  roiild  not  lie  iiillnrid  lo  In 
Iln-  tirsi  half  iif  Iln-  I'Jili  leiiliiry  aflir  Ihe  ex- 
thii-noii  of  till'  Saliiii  line,  when  free  1  lii'tionn, 
rini  di'terniini'd  lii'forrliaiid  hy  d-siciuilioii.  timk 
plai  ■'  in  the  years  1  rj.'i,  li;i»and  ll''iV>  Neien- 
Marily  Hie  eli'iiii'iil  of  ilri  lion  now  preilominiiled. 
Hut  had  any  tlxi'il  orilir  of  priKidnre  nt  1  lei  lions 
lii'i'ii  liaiidi'd  down  from  Hie  pa»l  ?  The  very 
prineiple  of  I'lei'tion  ha  vinu' lii'in  ilii^reL'arilcil  in 
Ihi'  naliiral  cursi'  nf  rviiits  for  riiitiiriin,  was 
il  am  woiidiT  Ihit  Ihi'  nnlirnf  |inM  idiire  slioiild 
al-ui  loiiie  1(1  he  half  furnoiti'ir;  ,\iiil  had  iml  in 
Ihi'  nieaiiiimi*  *Ki;il  riadju^tnienln  in  the  elee- 
tor.il  liiHly  s<i  distiirhiil  ihii  order  ol  prin'idure, 
or  siK  II  p.irt  of  it  a',  had  bei  11  inipoManl  eiiouxh 
to  111'  pri'-rf  rvi'd,  a*  .if  e^sarily  to  make  il  seem 
I'liliri'ly  aiitiij'iati  d  '  Willi  these  i|Uestions  the 
I'lii'toral  a'i^i'iii  iln-  if  tin  yeai  I12,"i  as  well  an 
of  He  year  I  oW  uire  liroUL'hl  face  lo  fin  e.  anil 
Hii'V  found  Hi.it  pr.ii'tii'ally  only  llioie  i>riculi'iiN 
Could  111'  taken  fioiu  what  mi  nnd  to  have  been 
the  foriuir  i'U-iomar>  nioile  of  elections  which 
pi'ovidi'd  that  the  ari'hhisliop  of  Main/,  a."  cliail- 
1 1  llor  of  th'  I'liipire  should  lirst  soli  t-uily  an- 
nounce tin-  iiaiiii'  ot  the  person  elirtnl  anil  tliB 
iliclors  preseiil  should  do  honuii;i'  to  the  new 
kiln;.  This  was  at  Hie  end  of  the  «  hole  eleclion. 
after  the  rhoice  had  to  alt  inleiils  and  purjiosi'S 
been  already  niaile        For  the  inateiial    part  of 

preceded  this  iitinouncemenl .  they  foumi  an  ap- 
parently new   expedient.       A  cummittve  was  to 


UVo 


*iJ 


am 


■  t^zuwt^ 


GERMANY,  1135-1372.      Ue  CoUtst  of  lliclon.      OEKMiVNy,  1135-1373 


i; 


iri: 


ill' 


■U'' 


m 

■.i4- 

5     a  j ' 

^H^ 

.ji.j     J.    . 

H 

1  ■_ ,  'j    ^  f . 

^^^B  1 

i.^.    <  , , 

■  1 

i^\- ■■■■'■  ■ 

draw  up  an  n,?n'fment  as  Id  the  porajii  to  be 
chiM'n  ;  in  the  two  iiwes  in  iiucstioii  tlie  nmiiiuT 
of  lonstitiiliiiK  this  coruiiiitiee  iliirered.  ISoiiie- 
thiiiu  I'SueiitiiiT  h;i<l  now  been  done  towanln  es- 
Ul)li»hing  It  iniHle  of  priH-eilure  at  elections 
which  slioiiM  mcoril  wi'li  the  chiingcd  circiim- 
Htiiiicis.  One  eiise  ho.  ver  hail  not  been  pro- 
vidcil  for  in  these  still  »i  iiifonniil  iinil  uncertain 
re;{ulutions ;  the  ciis<'.  niimcly.  timt  those  tiikiiiK 
pint  in  the  ele(-tion  could  come  to  no  ujjreeiiient 
at  all  with  ri';;iini  to  the  person  whosi-  choice 
was  to  be  solemnly  aiuionneed  by  the  archbishop 
of  M.iinz.  And  how  eonlil  men  have  foresc^en 
Buch  a  casi-  in  the  llrst  half  of  the  13tli  <vntury  ? 
Up  till  then  double  dictions  hiul  absolntely  never 
taken  place.  Ami  kinfjs  there  had  been,  indeed, 
but  never  two  opposing  kin^s  elected  at  the 
Siiine  time.  In  the  year  lUW.  however,  this  con- 
lini{eni7  aro.se  ;  I'hilip  of  Suabia  ami  Dtto  IV. 
were  cimtemporani'ously  elected  anil  the  tinal 
uninimily  of  choice  that  in  ll.VJhud  still  been 
counted  on  as  a  matter  of  course  iliil  not  come 
about.  As  a  consei|ui'nce  (iiiestions  with  rejranl 
to  the  imler  of  prmedure  now  came  up  which 
had  hardly  ever  iK'en  timehed  upon  before. 
First  anil  foremost  this  one  :  can  a  licttcr  rijjht 
of  one  of  the  elected  kinu's  bi'  founded  on  a  ma- 
jority of  the  votes  obtained?  And  in  connec- 
tion with  it  this  other  :  who  on  the  wholi'  has  a 
rii^iit  to  <a<l  an  I'lectoral  vote?  Kven  though 
men  were  inclineil  now  to  answer  the  lirst  nues- 
tion  in  the  alHrmative,  the  second,  the  pnsiip 
p.isiiioii  fur  the  practinil  application  of  ihi-  prin- 
ciple that  had  ln'cn  laid  down  in  the  tirst,  olTi-red 
all  the  irrcater  dilllcnlties.  Should  one.  after  the 
elfctinns  of  the  years  1I3.~»  ai]d  ll.">3  and  aft^'r 
the  development  since  1I*<0  of  a  more  <'ircum- 
scrilu'd  class  of  princes  of  the  realm,  aenpt  the 
e.\isien<'e  of  a  narrower  electoral  i'ommittee? 
Did  this  have  a  riiiht  to  elect  exclusively,  or  did 
It  only  have  a  simple  right  of  priority  in  the 
matter  of  caslinir  votes,  or  perhaps  only  a  cer- 
tain precedeiiee  when  the  elcctiiiii  was  Ix-inij  dis- 
cus.sei|  V  And  how  were  the  limits  to  be  tlxetl 
for  the  larirer  cii .-Ic  of  electors  below  this  elec- 
toral commitlei-  ?  Thesi'  are  (lUeslions  wliii  li  the 
German  eltn-lors  pul  to  themselves  less  soon  and 
Ic'S*  ilearly  than  did  the  pope,  InniKent  III., 
whom  thev  had  called  upon  to  Invc.stiL'ate  the 
diiiibli' elei  lion  of  the  year  llllH.  .  ,  .  He  speaks 
repfatislly  .f  a  narrower  electoral  body  with 
wliieli  re^ts  ehielly  the  election  of  the  kitiiT.  and 
he  knows  only  princes  as  the  memlrrs  of  this 
bmly.  And  I'leyorid  a  doubt  the  repeated  ex 
pre-isioiis  iif  opinion  of  tlii>  pope,  as  well  .as  this 
whole  matter  of  bavins;  two  kiiitfs,  at  tlie  lieirin- 
ninii  "f  tlie  |:lili  i  entiiry,  Rave  men  in  Omiiany 
cause  for  retleiiiim  with  re^'ard  to  these  weiiihiy 

l|UeslioIls  e<nieerilint;  the  cnllstilul  inlial    f'lnns  of 

II nipire.     Due  of  the  most  impuit.int  res  ilts 

of  this  rellei'tinri  on  the  subject  is  to  ii<'  found  in 
tile  solution  1,'iven  by  the  Saelis  .nspie^'el.  «  liieh 
wa<  cuinpiled  about  I'.'^iO.  Kike  von  Kep.'.nv 
kii'iws  in  his  law  bt^ik  only  of  a  pneeileiiee  .-it 
elections  of  a  smaller  committee  of  princes,  but 
im  nlhi'is  .-IS  lieloiiirin:.'  to  this  coniniiltee  ccrlaiii 
p  irtie'ilar  princes  :  the  tlini'  Khenisli  arc  Ii 
lii^liops,  till'  count  i'alaiine  of  the  Kliine.  the 
dike  of  Saxony,  the  mari:rave  of  lirandeiibur;,' 
iinii  -hisri_'ht  lieiii;;  (pieslionabic  indceil — the 
kill','  ol  liiiliemia  .  .  So  far,  at  all  events,  did 
the  .|uesii,in  wiilirei;ard  to  the  limitatiun  of  the 

r-'ti  !■■•-  -eviii  t-r  have  ailvtillte*!  t.-w,ird-:   it^  s,>lc,- 


n\ 


tion  by  the  year  13:iO  that  an  especial 
collc^^e  of  particular  piTsons  was  look,  .i  |„,i, :,, 
the  nucleus  of  those  clccliniii;.  Hut  siil.  I\  -i,it 
with  this  view  the  old  theory  still  In  Id  ii-imn, 
that  (rrtainly  all  princi-s  at  hast  hud  an  i,|ii,ii 
rlnht  in  the  ehstion  I'uder  Enipei..i  I'n  .ii  r'u  k 
li.,  for  iiislance,  it  was  still  enern.  lii  ,ill\  ii|i 
held.  A  ilecision  one  way  or  the  iiilai  I  i,l,| 
only  be  reaihed  according  to  the  way  in  ul.nii 
the  next  elections  should  actually  lie  ran  it. I  nut 
Henry  IlasiX' was  elected  in  the  year  I'.Mi'i  aim .«! 
exclnsivelv  by  ecclesiastical  princes,  iiiniii,'  iln  in 
the  thn-e  ({hcnish  archbishops,  lie  wa-  lie  iii«i 
'priest-king'  (I'falleiikiiiiig).  TIicmi mnl  piir-j. 
king' was  William  of  Holland.  He  »:iv  1 1,<  s<ii 
by  eleven  princes,  among  whom  uas  i,i;U  uw 
layman,  the  duke  of  Hrabant.  The  nileis  uiri' 
bishops;  among  them,  in  full  fene.  ih,  an  h 
bishops  of  the  Hliine.  Present  were  aU.i  ii,,,My 
counts.  Hut  William  causid  himself  siill  i,,  i,',, 
snbseipieiitly  elected  by  the  duke  of  S;i\..riy  miil 
the  margmve  of  Hrandiaiburg.  while  tie  kinj.jf 
Bohemia  was  also  not  iH-hiiidhand  in  in  ktmivt- 
tslging  him  —  that,  tis),  willi  special  emiilia-is 
What  transpirisl  at  the  ilouble  eleetii.ii  i.i  .VI 
phonsc  and  Ulchard  in  the  year  I'J.'iT  In-  nni 
been  banded  down  with  perfict  Inistuniiliiin  s, 
Kichanl  claiinetl  later  to  liave  been  iKi!.!  In 
Main>:,  Cologne,  the  Palatinate  and  ILlmiiii, 
Alphonse  by  Treves,  Saxony,  Hrandenliurj  :ii»i 
Iloheinia.  Itut  in  aildilion  to  the  piiiu,^,.! 
these  lands,  other  German  primes  also  i.w.k  iiit, 
—  according  to  the  popular  view  by  as.nii  i  .', 
according  to  their  own  view,  in  part  iil   im-i.  ij 

actually    electing.       All    the    saiiie    the    1 n 

taught  by  all    these  elections   is  cleai  u l:Ii 

The  general  rii:ht  of  election  of  llie  priii  .s.is 
appears  almost  alti>'.:etlier  ;  a  deliniie  r!.,  i..i;il 
colli'ge.  which  was  looked  tipon  as  pus" -^.i  _- 
almost  exclusively  the  sole  right  of  ilmii. 
conies  into  prominence,  and  the  coinpi.m  m  |],,r!- 
which  made  it  up  correspond  in  Mili-laiu.  i.,il.. 
theory  of  tlii'  SachscnspicL'il.  And  hIi  iieiir  in 
the  yi'ar  13."i7  is  not  cstMblislied  tiriiil\  ;e  •!  i  "in- 
pletely  anil  ill  all  directions,  stands  ih.n  :isi:i 
controvertible  at  the  election  ol  llinl  pli 
electors,  and  they  only,  now  cleii  ;  all  -li 
others  in  the  election  is  done  a«av  wih 
though  in  place  of  t)tti«-ar  of  liulicnii.i,  «  h 
at  war  with  Kiidolpli,  Bavaria  xeiiis  i..  li;i\. 
given  the  eUstoral  vole,  yet  befoie  1!  ,1 
reign  is  out,  in  the  year  I'J'.l'i,  Bolenra  :. 
attains  lo  Ihe  digidty"  «hicli  the  Sai  h-.  ii-i 
even  if  with  some  hesitation,  had  assi^'iie  I 
One  of  the  most  imporiant  fcvnliiii'iis  ■ 
German  form  of  government  »as  le  i^  > 
complislnsl.  From  among  the  arisi  .. :  .■ 
of  the  princes  an  oligarchy  had  raisni  - 
a  representation  of  the  princely  jirov  i:  ,  '  ;> 
as  opposi-d  to  Ihe  king.  I'luoii-i  :..ii-' . 
were,  had  it  come  into  being,  n.i  e\  .i  i  ■-  I 
bv  any  one  as  a  whole,  nor  \et  the  i. - 
ti.xed  purpose  even  as  reganl'd  i'- 
parts.  It  must  clearly  lia\e  e.ini-p  ■ 
deep  and  i  lemcntary  and  gradiiiilh  1 
need  of  the  time  i'niloiibtedl y  I've;  ,  . 
poini  of  view  it  denotes  proirn  ss  ;  |e  ■  .  : 
at  elections  the  datiL'er  of  -tnany  I'  . 
minds'  was  avoided  ;  the  era  of  dn':! 
wiLS  practically  at  an  end.'-- -K  I 
Ikuturlir  (l,.v!ii'r/ili  tIniiiK.  I'nmi  t/'  '■ 
i.  pp.  •-•.■l--,;x  — In  l:!Vi  the  Mar.'r.if  !  i 
burif  was  n'cot-riii/.exi  In  the  liuldeii  !• 


Till 


1476 


GERMANY.  1125-1272. 


C«<,M,of     GERMAN  Y,  12-13TH  CENTURIES, 
Dmnliynuum. 


of  the  Kurfnrsits.— tluit  Is  as  "one  of  the  Seven 
who  have  a  right  ...  to  vboosc,  to  'kiiTen' 
the  Ilomish  Kuiser;  and  who  are  tlicrefore  oaMwl 
Kiir  Princes.  Kurfarste,  or  Electors.  .  .  .  FUrst 
(Prince)  I  suppose  is  equivalent  originally  to  our 
noun  of  numlHT.  '  First.'  The  old  verb  •  kieren' 
(participle  'erkoren' still  in  usi',  not  to  mention 
'Viilkyr' ami  other  instances)  Is  essintially  the 
lamc  word  as  our  'ch(K)se,'  being  written  •  k'ieseu' 
IS  well  as  •  kieren.'  Nay.  say  the  etymologists, 
it  i«  also  written  '  Kilsacn'  ('to  kiss,'  —to  clioose 
with  such  emphasis  1),  and  is  not  likely  to  fall  ob- 
siiletc  in  that  form. —The  other  .six  Electoral 
Dignit.iries.  who  grew  to  Eight  by  degrees,  and 
may  be  worth  noting  once  by  the  readers  of  this 
biH)k,  arc:  1.  Three  Eccle3ia.stical.  Mainz,  t'ijln, 
Trier  (Mentz,  Cologne,  Treves),  Archbishops  all. 
...  3.  Three  .Secular.  Sachsen.  Pfalz,  Hohmen 
(Saxony,  Palatinate.  Bohemia) ;  of  which  the  last, 
BOhinen,  since  it  fell  from  being  a  kingdom  iii 
itself,  to  iHMng  a  province  of  Austria,  is  not  very 
vocal  in  the  Diets.  These  Six,  with  limndeii- 
biirg,  are  the  Seven  Kurfilrsts  in  old  time  ;  Sep- 
temvirsof  the  Country,  so  to  speak.  Hut  now 
Pfiil/..  in  the  Thirty- Years  War  (under  our  i'rince 
Kiipcrt's  Father,  whom  the  (Icrmans  call  the 
•Winter-King),  got  abrogat/'il,  put  to  the  ban, 
so  far  as  an  imlignant  ICaisercouhi ;  anil  the  vote 
mill  Kur  of  I'falz  was  given  to  his  Cousin  of 
Uaiern  (Bavaria),  —so  fur  as  an  iiidigniint  Kaiser 
omiil  (see  Cir,UM,tNY:  A,  I),  Irt-Jl-I(i2;)|.  How- 
ever, at  the  I'eacc  of  Westphalia  (I64H)  it  was 
found  incompetent  ti>  any  Kaiser  to  abrogate 
I'falz.  or  the  like  of  Pfal'z.  a  Kurfllrst  of  the 
Empire.  So.  after  jaigoii  irieotueivable,  it  was 
settled.  That  Pfalz  must  be  nMnstated.  though 
with  territories  much  clipped,  and  at  the  bottom 
of  the  list,  not  the  top  as  formerly:  and  that 
Baiirii,  who  couki  not  stand  to  be  balked  after 
twenty-years  possession,  must  Ih'  made  Kii;hih 
Eleitor  [seedKRMANv:  A.  D.  184H].  The  Ninth 
wi-  saw  (Year  1(!»2),  was  Gentleman  Ernst  of 
Hanover  [see  Gkiimany  :  A.  D.  l«lH-iro,")1 
There  never  was  any  Tenth,"  — T  Carlvie  h'ml- 
mrk  the  Great,  M:  2.  r^.  4.  —  ••  All  therulesand 
requisites  of  the  election  were  settled  by  Charles 
till'  Fourth  in  the  (Joldin  Bull  [A,  I),  i:r)(i  — see 
Ix'l.nv  A.  D.  1.'!»7-I4H:1|.  tliencerorwiini  a  fun- 
damental lawof  the  Empire.'—,!.  Bryie,  j'/ie 
ll"tti  U'fiiiiit  Emitin,  eh.  14. 

I2-I3th  Centuries.— Causes  of  the  Disinte- 
gration of  the  Empire.— "The   whole  dilTer- 
eniv  between  French  ami  (Jermau  constitutional 
history  <  an    be  summed   up  in  a  woni :  to  the 
ilural  power,  al'ier  its  fill,  the  crown  fill  heir  in 
Frame :    the  lesser  powers,  which   hail  been  its    j 
OKU  allies,  in  Orniany.    Tlie  event  was  Ihisame,    | 
the  results  were  (liiri'rerit :  in  Frame  ceiiiraliza'-    ' 
tiira,  in  (k-rinany  disinteirration.     The  fall  of  the    ! 
piiHiT  of    the  .stein-duchies  is  iisuallv  traced  to    j 
the  suliiug.iiiou  of  the  mightiest  of  "the  dukes 
Hiiiry  Ihi'  Lion  (si'C  S.AXONV:    A.  I)  UTS -llH:t|^    \ 
Willi    refused    niiliLiry   service  to  the    KiupiTur   | 
Fri-li-iiek  l!arbariis*i' just  when  the  l.itler  most 
Dii-iiiil   him    in    the  stnig;,'le  agiiiiisl    the  l.oni- 
Imr.ls.  .  .  .  The    emperor   not  uiilv  biiMiieil  ihe 
iliike,  he  not  .  -ly  tinik  away  hisiliu-liv  to  be-    ! 
»i"w    It  elsewhere,   but   be    eiitinlv    .lid  uway    i 
with  tliis  whole  form  of  rule      The  wi-.i,  rn  p  iri,    ' 
»ist|ihalia,  went  to  the  arclil>isbops  of  Culngne:    ' 
in  tile   East  the  ditTerent  margraves  were  luni-    ' 
pli'iily   fri-ed  from  the  last  remnants  of  ihpen     j 
denie  iliut  niiL'ht  have  ciintiiiiseii   to  i-iUt      \;, 


1477 


the  intervening  space  the  little  ecclesiastical  and 
secular  lonis  came  to  be  directly  luider  Ihe  em- 
peror without  a  trace  of  an  intermediate  power 
and  with  the  title  of  bishop  or  abUrt,  imperial 
count,  or  prince.  If  one  of  these  lords,  Bernard 
ofA-scauium,  received  the  title  of  Saxon  duke, 
that  title  no  longer  Ixtokened  the  head  of  a 
stem  or  nation  but  simply  an  honorary  distinc- 
tion above  other  counts  and  lords.  \<'hat  hap- 
pened here  iiad  already  begun  to  take  place  in 
the  other  duchy  of  the  Oiielphs,  in  Bavaria, 
througli  the  deUieliment  from  it  of  Austria ; 
sooner  or  later  the  same  priKcss  came  about  in  all 
parts  of  the  empire.  With  the  fall  of  the  ohi 
stem  duchies  those  lesser  powers  which  had  been 
under  their  shadow  or  subject  to  them  gained 
evi'ry  where  an  increase  of  power:  partly  by  this 
acquiring  the  ducal  title  as  an  honorary  distinc- 
tion by  the  ruler  of  a  smaller  district,  partly  by 
joining  rights  of  the  intermediate  powers' that 
had  just  been  removed  to  their  own  jurisilii  tiona 
and  thus  coming  into  direct  dependenie  on  the 
empire.  .  .  .  Such  was  the  origin  of  the  idea  of 
territorial  supremacy.  Tlie  (liiminus  tcrrac' 
conies  to  feel  himself  no  longer  as  a  person  com- 
missioned by  the  emperor  but  as  lord  In  his  own 
land.  ...  As  to  the  cities,  la^hind  their  walls 
reniiiants  of  old  Germanic  liberty  had  been  prc- 
.served.  Especially  in  the  residelices  of  the  bish- 
ops hail  artisansaiid  merchants  thriven  and  these 
elasws  had  griulually  thrown  ofT  their  bondage, 
forming,  bolhtngelher,  Ihenew  ( iviecnmmnnity. 
.  .  .  The  burghers  tould  liiid  no  better  way  io 
show  their  iiidepenilenee  of  Ihe  princes  than  ihat 
Ihe  communily  it.self  should  exercise  the  rights 
of  a  territorial  lord  over  its  members.  Thus  liiil 
the  cities  as  well  as  Ihe  prineipalilies  come  to 
form  separate  territories,  only  that  the  lattiT  had 
a  miiiiarchlcal,  the  formir  a" republican  form  of 
goveriinient.  .  .  .  It  isanaluial  iiucstinn  toask, 
on  the  whole,  when  this  new  fornialion  of  terri- 
tories was  completed.  .  .  .  The  i|uestii)n  ought 
really  only  to  Iw  put  in  a  general  way:  at  what 
periiHl  in  German  history  is  it  anestiiblisheil  fact 
that  there  are  in  the  enipin'  mid  under  the  em- 
pire separate  tcrritoriiil  powers  (principalities 
and  cities)?  As  such  a  period  we  can  ilesiirnatc 
approximately  the  end  of  the  12ih  and  beginning 
of  Ihe  13th  centuries.  From  that  time  on  the 
double  nature  of  imjierial  power  and  of  terri- 
torial power  is  an  esliiblished  fm  t  and  the 
mutual  relations  of  these  two  make  up  the  whole 
internalhistory  of  later  limes.  .  .  .  Thelnst  ruler 
who  had  spread  abroad  Ihe  glory  of  the  imperial 
name  had  been  Fnderiik  II  "Fur  a  long  time 
after  him  no  one  had  worn  the  inipiriiil  irimu 
at  all.  and  of  those  kings  who  leiirmd  during  a 
whole  quailerof  aeentiiry  not  mie  siieeeecleij  in 
making  binisi'lf  generally  reenmiizid.  There 
came  a  time  when  the  duties  nf  ihe  state  if  tliev 
were  fiilliileil  at  nil,  were  fullilled  by  tlie  terri- 
toriiil  powers.     Tlio.se  are  Uie  vears' which  puss 

''V  'he  iia of  the  interregiiiini      ,  .  liuclolpli  of 

Ilapsburi.'  ami  his  siuces^ors,  eliosin  from  the 
most  ililTeniit  houses  ami  pursuji,:.-  ij,,.  ,|„,^t 
ilitTerent  polieies,  b,ive  quite  tlie  siinie  position 
in  two  r.giinls:  ..n  the  one  li:iiiil  ilu- crown,  in 
the  weak  slate  in  which  it  had  eiiier!.'iil  from  Ihe 
iiiler.-egnutii,  saw  iisilf  eonipell.d  to  nuike  per 
nianenl  coiiecssions  lo  ihe  lirrilorlal  powers  in 
onlcr  III  maintain  ilsclf  from  one  moment  to 
anolher:  on  Ihe  olh.r  band  it  linils  no  refuge  for 
::5i!r  but   in  the  v.iiistaLt  oliiviug  to  found  its 


'        1 


IH 


1^^; 


1 


U'i:^, 


'}    i- 


GKUMANY,  12-13Tn  CENTl'IUEi*.   Th, 


HohifUtnufm 
dyna$tjf. 


GERMANY,  1138-1368. 


iiwii  p.)\MT  OH  just  such  privili't^ii  Icrritorii's. 
Wlieii  till'  kiiiKs  strive  t<>  iimkc  the  princes  and 
citiia  more  powerful  by  givinj;  them  numerous 
privileges,  und  iit  the  simie  time  by  brliiKitig  to- 
gotlier  a  dynastic  uppHnaj.'<'  to  piin  for  tliem- 
selves  an  iiirtucntiul  position;  this  is  no  policy 
that  wavcrsbctweiii  concedinj;  and  maintaininp. 
.  .  .  Till-  crown  can  only  keep  its  place  above 
the  territoriis  by  lirst  rccofini/.ing  the  territorial 
powers  and  iliei'i,  throupli  just  such  a  reciignl/,e<l 
territorial  power  liy  creating  for  itself  the  means 
of  upholdini;  itsriiihts.  .  .  .  The  next  po'at  step 
ill  llie  onward  progress  of  the  territorial  power 
was  the  c(xliHcatioii  of  tlie  privileges  which  tlic 
chief  princes  liiid  olitiuncd.  Of  I  lie  law  called 
the  'Golden  Bull'  only  the  one  provision  is  gen- 
erally known,  that  the  seven  electors  shall 
chiHjse  till' eniiieror;  yet  so  completely  does  the 
document  in  <|iiesti(m  draw  the  alTairs  of  the 
whole  empire  into  the  range  of  its  provisions 
that  for  centuries  it  couhl  pass  for  that  empire's 
fiindamenlal  law.  It  is  true  that  for  the  most 
part  it  did  not  create  a  new  system  of  legislation, 
but  only  sanctioned  what  already  cjtisli'd.  But 
forthe  position  of  all  the  princes  it  was  signifi- 
cant enough  that  the  si'vcn  most  considerable 
uiiiong  them  were  granteil  an  independence 
which  c(mipris(il  sovereign  rights,  and  this  not 
by  way  of  a  privilege  but  as  a  part  of  the  law  of 
the  land.  A  sharply  defined  goal,  and  herein 
lies  tlie  deepest  signi"H<ance.  was  thus  set  up  at 
which  the  lesser  territories  could  aim  and  which, 
after  three  centuries,  tlicy  were  to  attain.  .  .  . 
Thi.s  movement  was  greatly  furthered  when  on 
the  threshhold  of  moiiern  times  thi'  burning 
question  of  chiirih  reform,  after  waiting  in  vain 
to  be  tiiken  up  by  the  emperor,  was  taken  up 
bv  the  lower  eliissi'S,  but  with  revolutionary 
eiiesses.  .  .  .  The  niiglitiest  intellectual  move- 
ment of  German  history  foun<l  at  last  its  only 
political  mainstay  in  the  territories.  .  .  .  This 
whole  development,  finally,  founil  its  political 
and  legid  completion  thnmgli  the  Thirty  Years 
War  and  the  treaty  of  peace  which  concliided  it. 
The  new  law  which  the  I'eice  of  Westphalia 
now  gave  to  the  empire  prot  laiinnl  expres.sly 
that  all  territiiries  should  rebiiii  their  rights, 
especially  the  right  of  making  alliances  among 
themselves  and  with  foreigners  so  long  as  it 
could  be  doni!  without  violating  the  oath  of 
allegiance  to  the  eiii|ieror  anil  the  empire,  ifere- 
with  the  territories  were  proclaimed  .  .  .  states 
under  the  empirt!." — I.  Jastrow.  (htchichtr  tUr 
tif'itxi'hrn  Einhfitttrmim  iiikI  u-iiier  ErJuUiiiiij 
itiiifir.  from  the  lleniinii).  pp.  3l)-;(7. 

A.  b.  1138-1268.— The  house  of  Suabia,  or 
the  Hohenstaufen,— Its  strugeles  in  Germany 
and  Italy,  and  its  end. — The  Factions  of  the 
Guelfs  and  Ghibellines.— Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  Frederick  the  Second.— On  the 
death  of  Henry  \'  .  in  W'i't.  the  male  line  of  the 
liiMKc  of  Knincoiiia  Ix'came  extinct.  Frederick, 
duke  of  Siiabia,  and  his  brother  Conriul,  duke 
of  the  Pranks,  were  granddiililren  of  Henry  I\'. 
on  their  mother's  side.  and.  inheriting  the  piitri- 
moni^il  estates,  were  plainly  the  heirs  of  the 
crown,  if  the  crown  was  to  be  recognized  as 
heri'ditary  and  dynastic.  But  jealousy  of  their 
hiHi-e  and  a  desiri'  to  reassert  the  elecli''e  dc- 
peniience  of  the  imperial  ofllcc  prevailed  against 
their  claims  and  lliiir  ambition.  At  an  election 
which  was  ilenounceil    as   irregular,   the  choice 

fr'li  li|;01J   !.-''ll  ::i-    "r    SaX-HiV.       Tlie  Olri  impC-riHl 


family  was  not  only  eet  aside,  but  its  Mttoni 
enemies  were  raised  over  it.  The  cniisei|iiencc 
were  a  feud  and  a  struggle  which  i;ri  w  an 
widened  Into  the  long-lasting,  far  rea(  luu;:.  hi 
torical  cnnnict  of  Guelfs  and  Ghilidlinis  isi 
OuELPS  AND  GiiiBBLLtNEs;  also,  SaXoSV:  I)[ 
SOLOTtON  OP  THE  OLD  DccHT).  The  Savciaen 
peror  Lothaire  found  his  strongest  siippnri  in  ll 
great  WOlf,  Welf,  or  Guclf  nobleman,  llinrv  ll 
Proud,  duke  of  Bavaria,  to  whom  he  {LnHLiin 
now  gave  his  daughter  in  marriaL'e,  t  >;;itb 
with  tlie  dukedom  of  Saxony,  and  wli,  mi  he  ii 
tended  to  make  his  8Ucce.s.sor  on  llie  i:i.perii 
throne.  But  the  scheme  failed.  On  I.nihaire 
death,  in  1138,  the  partisans  of  the  Sualia 
family  carried  the  election  of  Conraii  dlie  (n 
sader  —  see  Crusades:  A.I).  1147-lll'.ii,  an 
the  dynasty  most  commonly  called  llulu  n^iaufc 
mse  to  power.  It  tmik  the  name  of  llulu  11,1  info 
from  its  original  family  seat  on  tlie  Infiy  hi 
of  Staufen,  in  Suabia,  overlooking  the  valley  i 
the  Items.  Its  party,  in  the  wars  aud  fac  ii<piis  ( 
the  time,  received  tlie  name  of  the  \Vailplini:ii 
from  the  birth-place  of  the  Sualiian  iluk.  Fm 
crick  —  the  little  town  of  Waiblin^jen  in  Krir 
conia.  Under  the  tongue  of  tlie  Italians,  whe 
these  party  names  and  war-cries  wen-  c  irrie 
across  tlieAIps,  Waiblingen  became  (iliih.niu 
and  Welf  became  Guelf.  During  the  lir-t  |ja 
century  of  the  reign  of  the  Ilolieiisiaul.  n,  ili 
history  of  Germany  is  the  history,  for  tie  niu! 
part,  of  the  strife  in  which  the  Guelf  duke! 
Henry  the  Proud  and  Henry  the  l.inn.  at'  tii 
central  figures,  and  which  ended  in  the  iTeikin 
up  of  the  old  powerful  duchy  of  Saxiuiv  lii 
Italy  was  the  preat  historical  flehl  of  lie  1  iMr!:ii 
and  the  ambitions  of  the  Ilohenstaiifeiif  in|n  run 
There,  Frederick  Barl)aro8sa(Fn'deri(  k  Ii.  .Ih.  an 
as  the  Italians  called  Inm),  the  second  nf  ihe  Ijm 
and  Frederick  II.,  his  adventurous  i;riiilsot 
fought  their  long,  losing  battle  with  the  \h  i|«s  an 
with  the  city-republicsof  Lombardy  and  I'um  anj 
— U.  Balzani,  The  I'optt  mui  the  /f-i.'m.'i.viffr 
—  Frederick  Barbarossa,  elected  Knip'r.r  i 
1153,  passed  into  Italy  in  \l!H.  "Ileeuie  ihei 
on  the  invitation  of  the  Po|)e,  of  the  I'niae  1 
Capua,  and  of  the  towns  which  had  In  <  n  Mil 
jectcd  to  the  ambition  of  Milan.  He  mari  !ed  s 
the  head  of  his  German  feuihitories.  a  snl.  jidi 
and  imposing  array.  His  first  ulijeet  was  i 
crush  the  power  of  Milan,  and  to  exalt  iliatf 
Pavia,  the  head  of  n  rival  leai:ue  N  thin 
could  stand  against  him.  At  Viterlio  he  wi 
compelled  to  hold  the  stirrup  of  the  l'^  !»■  an 
in  return  for  this  submission  he  rei . , 
crown  from  the  Pontiff's  hands  in  the  lii 
St.  Peter.  He  returned  northwards  liy  1 1 
of  the  Tiber,  dismissed  bis  army  a'  .Vm  • 
with  difflculty  escapeil  safely  into  liav  n 
passage  left  little  that  was  solid  and  I  .1 
hind  it.  He  had  elTccted  notliini;  aj  ,1  .-t  tli 
King  of  Naples.  Ilis  friendship  wiili  fin  i'"r 
was  illusory  and  short-lived.  Tin'  di--  ii-i'ii- 1. 
the  North,  which  had  btin  hushed  f'T  .1  r.,  mi 
by  his  presence,  broke  out  again  as  ^  ■•.  ■.>  Ii 
back  was  turned.  He  had.  howevi  r  i'  iv 
the  crown  of  Charles  the  Great  frotn  ili.  h  .  1  is. 
the  succes.sor  of  St.  Peter.  But  Kr.,|.  •  .  ^  'V; 
not  a  man  to  brook  easilv  the  miseiiri  1,'  "f  h 
designs.  In  11,58  he  collected  auoihii  array  : 
Ulm.  Brescia  was (piicklysulnlued;  L.i.li.  wlii' 
had  been  dcstniyed  by  the  Milanese,  w is  r'lmil 
and   Milan   itself  Was  riHiuced  <0  ••-?-.-      T- 


III 


II 


1478 


GERMANY,  1138-1868. 


Frederick  liarhnroua 
and  h^edfriik  II. 


GERMANY.   1138-1368. 


peace  luted  but  for  ii  short  time ;  Milan  revoltiHi. 
and  was  placed  under  the  bun  of  tlie  Empire. 
The  fate  of  Cn-nioiia  tauKlit  tlie  Milunew^  what 
they  littd  to  exiwet  from  tlie  clemeney  of  the 
Emperor.  After  a  desultory  warfare,  regidar 
liege  was  laid  to  the  town.  On  Marcli  1,  I1C'.2, 
Milan,  reduced  bj-  famine,  sum'niiered  at  dison ■■ 
tion,  and  a  fortnight  luterall  the  inlialiitants  were 
ordered  to  leave  the  town.  Tlie  circuit  of  tlio 
walls  was  partitioned  out  among  the  most  piti- 
les.s  enemies  of  its  former  greatness,  and  the  in- 
iiabitants  of  Lo<H,  of  Cremona,  of  I'uvia,  of  No- 
Tar»,  and  of  Como  were  encouraged  to  wreak 
their  vengeani'e  on  their  defeate<l  rival.  For  six 
days  the  fniperiiil  army  laboure<l  to  overturn  the 
walls  and  piitilie  buildings,  and  when  the  Em- 
neror  left  for  Paviu,  on  Palm  Sunday  1163,  not  a 
mtieth  part  of  the  city  was  standing.  Tliis  ter- 
rible vengeance  pro<iuce<l  u  violent  reaction. 
The  liomeless  fugitives  were  received  by  their 
ancient  enemies,  and  local  jealousies  were  merged 
in  common  hatred  of  the  common  foe.  Fre<lerick 
had  already  been  excommunicated  by  Pope  Alex- 
ander III.  as  the  supporter  of  his  rival  Victor. 
Verona  undertook  to  be  the  public  vindicator  of 
discontent.  Five  years  after  the  destruction  of 
Milan  the  Lombard  league  numtiered  fifteen 
towns  amongst  its  members.  Venice,  Verona, 
Vicenza,  Treviso,  Ferrara,  Brescia,  Bergamo, 
Cremona,  Milan,  Lodi,  Piacenzii,  Parma,  Mixlena, 
and  Bologna.  The  confederation  solemnly  en- 
g;ige<l  to  expel  the  Emperor  from  Italy.  The 
towns  on  the  frontier  of  Piedimmt  aske<l  and  ob- 
tained admis.sion  to  the  league,  and  to  mark  the 
dawn  of  freedom  a  new  town  was  founded  on 
the  low  marsliy  ground  which  is  drained  by  the 
Biirniida  and  tlu;  Tanaro,  and  whicli  afterwards 
witnesscil  the  victory  of  Marengo.  It  was  named 
by  its  founders  AI('S.sandria,  in  honour  of  the 
Pope,  who  had  vindicated  their  independence'  of 
the  Flmpirc,  .  .  .  The  Lombard  league  bad  un- 
fortunately a  very  imperfect  constitution.  It 
hail  no  common  treasure,  no  uniform  rules  for 
the  apportionment  of  contributions;  it  existed 
solily  for  the  purposes  of  defence  against  thc^  ex- 
ternal foe.  The  time  was  not  yet  come  when 
self  sacrifice  and  self-abnegation  could  lay  the 
foundations  of  a  united  Italy.  Frederick  spent 
six  years  in  preparing  vengeance.  In  UT-i  he 
laid  siege  to  ilic  new  Alexandria,  but  did  not 
sueo'ed  in  taking  it.  A  severe  struggle  took 
place  two  years  later.  In  1176  a  new  army  ar- 
rived from  Germany,  and  on  Mav  2S)  Frederick 
Iiarl)arossa  waa  entirely  defeated  at  Legnano. 
lo  1876  the  seventh  hundri'd  unniversiiry  of  the 
battli;  was  celebrated  on  the  spot  where  it  w.is 
rained,  and  it  is  still  regarded  us  the  birthday  of 
Italian  freedom." — O.  Browning,  Onelphu  ami 
iltiiMlinrii.  c/i.  l.—  ikv.  also.  iT.ti.v:  A.  I).  ll.")l- 
116','  to  1171-1183.— "The  end  was  that  the  Em- 
penir  had  to  make  peace  with  Ixith  the  Pope  and 
the  cities,  and  in  1183  the  rights  of  the  cities 
wc  n-  aeknowleilged  in  a  tnaty  or  law  of  the  Em- 
pirr,  passed  at  (,'onstanz  orCon^tanie  in  Swabia. 
In  ilii'  list  years  of  liis  reii:n,  Frederick  went  on 
tlie  tliinl  Crusade,  and  died  on  the  wav  [s»e  Cui  • 
B.VDKs:  A.  D.  1188-119.;].  Frederick  was  suc- 
ci(il,<i  by  his  son  Henry  the  Sixth,  who  hud  .il 
re  ily  been  chosen  King,  and  whoin  Ilie  next  year, 
II'JI.  was  crowned  Emperor.  The  chief  event  of 
liis  reign  was  tlie  conipiest  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Wiilv.  which  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  wifi' 
(.instance,  the  daughter  of  the  tirst  King  Wil- 


liam. He  died  in  1197,  leaving  his  son  Frederick 
a  young  child,  who  had  already  been  chosen 
King  in  Germany,  and  who  succeeded  as  lieredi- 
t.iry  King  in  Sicily.  The  Norman  Kingdom  of 
.Sicily  thus  came  to  an  end.  except  so  far  as  it 
was  continued  through  Frederick,  who  was  de- 
scended from  the  Norman  Kings  through  his 
mother.  On  the  death  of  the  Emperor  Henry, 
the  election  of  young  Frederick  seems  to  have 
Ix'cn  quite  forgotten,  and  the  crown  was  dis- 
puted iM'tween  his  uncle  Philip  of  Swabia  and 
Olloof  Saxony.  He  was  son  of  Henry  the  Lion, 
who  had  luen  Duke  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria,  but 
who  had  hMt  the  more  part  of  bis  dominions  in 
the  time  of  Frederick  Barbarossn.  Otto's  mother 
was  Matilda,  daughter  of  Henry  the  S<'cond  of 
England.  .  .  .  Both  Kings  were  crowne<l,  and, 
after  the  death  of  Philip,  Otto  was  crowned  Em- 
peror in  1201).  But  presently  young  Frederick 
was  again  cliosen,  and  in  V2iO  be  was  crowned 
Emperor,  and  reigned  thirty  years  till  bis  death 
in  l^.W.  This  F'rederiik  the  Second,  who  joined 
togi  tlier  so  many  crowns,  was  called  the  Wonder 
of  the  World.  And  he  well  desi'rveil  the  name, 
for  perhaps  no  King  that  ever  reigned  had 
greater  natural  gifts,  and  in  thought  and  learn- 
ing he  was  far  above  the  age  in  wliicb  he  lived. 
In  his  own  kingdom  of  Sicily  he  could  do  pretty 
much  as  be  pleased,  and  it  flourished  wonder- 
fully in  his  time.  But  in  Germany  and  Italy  ho 
had  eimstanily  to  struggle  against  enemies  of  all 
kinds.  In  Germany  he  had  to  win  the  support 
of  the '  inees  by  granting  them  privileges  which 
dill  niiii'h  to  undermine  the  royal  power,  and  on 
the  other  band  he  showed  no  favour  to  tlie  rising 
power  of  the  cities.  In  Italy  he  had  endless 
strivings  with  one  Pope  after  anotlier.  with  In- 
nneent  the  Third,  Honorius  the  Tliinl,  Gregory 
the  Ninth,  and  Innocent  the  Fourth;  as  well  as 
with  the  Guelfic  cities,  which  withstiHxl  him 
nuiili  as  they  had  withstooil  his  grandfather. 
He  was  more  than  once  excommunicated  by  the 
Popes,  and  in  104.")  Pope  Innocent  the  Fourth 
belli  a  Council  at  Lyons,  in  which  he  professed 
to  depost!  the  Emperor.  More  than  one  King 
was  chosen  in  opposition  to  hiin  in  Germany, 
just  as  had  been  done  in  the  time  of  Henry  the 
Fourtli.  and  there  were  civil  wars  all  his  time, 
iMitli  in  Germany  and  in  Italy,  while  a  great  part  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Burgundy  was  lieginning  to  slip 
away  from  the  Empire  altogether,  "—E.  A.  Free- 
man, Gfiunil  Skiichof  fC'iriiii,,iu  Ilixt.,  eh.  11. — 
"It  is  prnbalile  that  there  never  lived  a  human 
Ixing  endowed  with  greater  natunil  gifts,  or 
wliiise  natural  gifts  were,  according  to  the  means 
atforded  him  liy  his  age,  more  sedulously  culti- 
vated, than  the  last  Emperor  of  the  House  of 
Swabia.  There  seems  to  Im  no  aspect  of  human 
nature  which  was  not  developed  to  the  highest 
degree  in  bis  person.  In  versjitility  of  gifts,  in 
wliat  we  may  call  manysidedness  of  character, 
he  appears  as  a  sort  of  meiHa'val  AlkibiadCs, 
while  he  was  undoubtedly  far  remuved  from  Al- 
kiliiailes"  utter  hn-k  of  principle  or  steadiness  of 
any  kind.  Warrior,  statesman,  lawgiver,  scholar, 
there  was  noiliing  in  the  lompass  uf  the  political 
or  intellectual  worhl  of  his  age  which  be  failed 
to  grasp.  In  an  age  of  change,  when,  in  every 
corner  of  Europe  and  civilized  Asia,  old  king- 
doms, nations,  systems,  were  falling  and  new 
ones  rising.  Frederick  was  emphatically  the  man 
of  change,  the  author  of  things  new  and  unheard 
of  —  lie  was  stupor  mundi  et  immutator  mirabiiis. 


1479 


■ 


GERMANY,  1188-126K 


t-rtderick  II. 


GERMANY,  1188-1388 


m- 


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A  Riispcctcfl  heretic,  a  suspected  Mahometan,  he 
waa  the  subject  of  all  kimls  nf  uIkuiiI  uikI  self 
cuatriiilictory  c'litrgeM;  hut  thechnrgcs  miirk  real 
fctttiiri'i  in  "tlie  clmrttcter  of  the  ninn.  lie  wiis 
loinetliin^  iinlild.'  iiny  otlicr  Emp<'ror  or  any 
otiieriniin.  .  .  .  Of  iillmen,  FreileriolitlieSeoond 
miglit  liiive  l)een  expected  to  be  tlie  founder  of 
iomctliiiii;.  tlie  U'ginner  of  some  new  cm,  politi- 
cal iir  intellect  Mill,  lie  wasu  niiin  to  whom  some 
f[rc:it  iustitutiim  might  well  have  l(K>ked  back  as 
t»  cri'ator.  to  whom  some  large  iKxIy  of  men, 
•oi.ie  sect  or  parly  or  nation,  miglit  well  have 
looked  haik  iih  lliiir  pri>pliet  o-  fo\mder  or  deliv- 
erer. But  the  most  gifled  c»f  the  sons  of  ntrn 
has  left  Ix'hind  liiin  no  such  memorv,  while  men 
whose  gifts  cannot  bear  n  comparison  with  his 
are  ri'verenceil  as  foumlers  by  grateful  nations, 
churches,  political  and  philosophical  parties. 
Frederick  in  fiict  founded  nothing,  and  he  sowed 
the  secils  of  tlie  <lcstructioii  of  many  things.  His 
great  charters  to  the  spiritual  and  temporal 
princes  of  Oermaiiy  dealt  the  deatli-blow  to  the 
lm|)erial  power,  while  he,  to  say  the  least,  liHikwl 
coldly  on  the  rising  power  of  the  cities  and  on 
those  conimercial  Leagues  whii'li  were  in  his 
time  tlic  best  element  of  German  political  life. 
In  fact,  in  whate%er  aspe<t  we  Iisik  at  Frederick 
the  Second,  we  linil  him,  not  the  first,  but  the 
last,  of  every  series  to  which  he  belongs.  An 
English  writer  [('a|>grave],  two  hundred  years 
after  Ids  time.  Iiad  tlie  peiutmtion  to  see  that  he 
vruA  really  the  last  Emperor,  lie  was  the  last 
Prince  in  whose  style  the  Imperial  titles  do  not 
seem  a  mockerv;  he  was  tlie  last  under  whose 
nile  the  tliice  tinperial  kingdoms  retained  any 
pnu'ticil  connexion  with  one  another  and  with 
the  ancii'Ut  capital  of  all.  ...  lie  was  not  only 
the  last  Ktnperur  of  the  whole  Ein|)irc;  he  might 
almost  lie  called  the  last  King  of  its  sevcnd  King- 
doms. After  his  time  Uurgundy  vanishes  as  a 
kingdom.  .  .  .  Italy  too,  after  Frederick,  van- 
ishes as  a  kingdom;  any  later  exercise  of  the 
royal  authority  in  Italy  was  something  which 
came  ami  weiit  wliolly'by  tits  and  starts.  .  .  . 
Ocrmany  did  not  utterly  vanish,  or  utterly  split 
In  pieces,  like  the  sister  kingihmis;  but  after 
Frederick  c.ime  the  Great  Inlerregiium,  and  after 
the  Great  Interregnum  the  Mynl  power  in  Ger- 
many never  was  what  it  had  lieen  before.  In 
his  hereditary  Kingilom  of  Siiily  he  was  not  ab- 
solutely the  last  of  his  dyn.isty,  for  his  son  Man- 
fred ruled  prosperously  and  gloriously  for  some 
years  after  his  death.  Rut  it  is  ncmc  the  less  clear 
that  from  Frederick's  time  the  .'Sicilian  Kingdom 
was  doorni'il.  .  .  .  Still  more  cimspicuously  than 
all  was  Frederick  the  last  t'liristian  Kingof  Jeru- 
sjiliin,  the  last  baptized  man  who  really  rilled 
lie-  lloly  Land  or  wore  a  crown  in  tlie  Holy 
I  i:y.  .  .  In  the  world  of  elegant  letters  Fred- 
erick has  soiue  claim  to  br  looked  t*n  as  the 
foiiuiliT  of  tliat  iiKHhrn  It.ilian  l.iiiguage  and  lit- 
erature vvliitji  lirst  assuiited  a  distinctive  shape 
at  hi-.  .'siiiH.iu  court,  liut  ill  the  wider  tield  of 
politic. il  history  Frederick  appears  nowhere  as  a 
creator,  but  r.itlii  r  everywhere  as  an  iuvolunt^iry 
d''stroyer.  .  .  .  L'nder  Frederick  the  Empire  and 
aviTyiliin;;  connected  with  it  seems  to  crumble 
and  decay  wliile  im'serving  its  external  splen- 
dour. Assoori  as  iisbrilliaut  posM'ssorisgone.  it 
atoiice  falls  asuniler.  It  is  a  significant  fact  that 
one  wlio  ill  iiir  re  genius,  in  mere  accomplish- 
ments, was  surely  tin-  Lrreati-st  princi'  who  ever 
wore  a  crown,  a  prince  who  lulil  the  greatest 


place  on  earth,  and  who  was  concerned  iliinn>;  .^i 
hing  reign  in  some  of  the  greatest  transai  11,",^ 
of  one  '  the  greatest  ages,  seems  nevi  r. ,  vt  n 
from  hi.,  own  flatterers,  to  have  receivni  iiin 
title  of  Great  which  has  been  so  Invishlr  lHNt..wii| 
on  far  smaller  men.  .  .  .  Slauy  causes  i  nnif  imil 
to  produce  this  singular  result,  that  a  mun  cf  tin- 
extraordinary  genius  of  Frederick,  and  po,^i  >seil 
of  every  advantage  of  birth,  ofllee.  and  epiinr 
tunity,  should  have  had  so  little  ilircet  illcct 
upon  the  world.  It  is  not  enough  to  iiltrihiiie 
his  failure  to  the  many  and  great  faults  nf  hij 
moral  character.  Doubtless  they  were  otn'  luuw 
ainim^  others.  But  a  man  who  intiueiiiis  fuinri' 
ages  IS  not  necessarily  a  goisl  man.  .  .  Tlic 
weak  side  In  the  brilliant  caricrof  Frelirirk  in 
one  which  seems  to  have  been  partly  inlicn  nt  in 
his  character,  and  partly  the  result  of  ihi'  1  ir 
cumstances  In  which  he  found  himself.  (':i;.il.Ie 
of  every  part,  and  in  fact  playing  every  purt  bv 
turns,  he  had  no  single  dctlnite  objei  t.  pnr-iicil 
honestly  and  steadfastly,  throughout  his  wljulo 
life.  Witli  all  his  powers,  with  all  his  lirilliiiiii  v, 
his  course  throughout  life  seems  to  have  h<'(  m  in 
a  manner  determined  for  him  by  others  He  was 
ever  drifting  into  wars,  into  schemes  of  pdliov, 
which  s<>em  to  be  hanlly  ever  of  his  own  rhfxis. 
ing.  He  was  the  mightiest  and  most  clanL'rniis 
ailversary  that  the  Papacy  ever  had  lint  he 
iloea  not  seem  to  have  withstooil  tlic^  l':ijiii(y 
from  any  person.il  choice,  or  as  the  volnntary 
champion  of  any  opposing  principle,  lie  lio 
came  the  enemy  of  the  Papacy,  he  ihiiinil 
schemes  which  involveil  the  utter  ovirllmnv  ef 
Papacy,  yet  he  did  so  simply  iMcause  lu'  fnuml 
that  no  "Pope  wimld  ever  let  him  aioni'  . 
The  most  really  successful  feature  in  Freli  ri.  k's 
career,  his  ae(|.iisition  of  .Jeriisalitn  (-i.'  fur 
SAPES:  A.  D.  lJIO-123!)],  is  not  only  a  inrre  .pi- 
sode  in  his  life,  but  it  is  something  tli:it  wus 
alisolutely  forced  upon  him  against  his  will 
With  other  Crusaders  the  Holy  War  was.  in  smnc 
cases,  the  main  business  of  their  lives;  in  all 
cases  it  was  something  seriously  iindertikeii  n,  ,1 
mattcreither  of  policy  or  of  religious  duty  Hut 
the  Cruswlc  of  the  man  who  actually  diiln  c.iver 
the  Holy  City  is  simply  a  grotcsipie  e|ii~«!c  in 
his  life.  Excommunicated  for  not  guiiiL'.  ix 
commiinicateil  again  forgoing.  ex<'oiiiiimni(atod 
again  for  coming  back,  threatened  on  ev.  ry  sili-. 
he  still  went,  and  he  succcerled.  What  ritliirs 
had  failed  to  win  by  arms,  ho  conirivid  to  win 
by  adiln-ss,  and  all  that  came  of  his  smn-^s  \i;i. 
that  it  was  made  the  ground  of  fresh  an  i^itins 
against  him.  .  .  .  For  a  man  to  intliirnir  Im> 
age,  he  must  in  some  sort  Im-Ioii;;  to  bis  airr 
sliould  be  alMive  it,  before  it,  but  he  >\f<  ;!■ 
Iw  foreign  to  it.  .  .  .  Rut  Frederick  Ini  :i, 
no  age;  intelle<'tually  he  is  jiImivc  his  own 
alsjve  evi'ry  age;  morally  it  can  harily  li.'  '!i 
that  he  was  Ik'Iow  his  age;  but  in  noihini; 
he  of  his  age." — E.  A.  Freeniiin.  77<.-  r 
tWih-rirk  the  Strnu'l  {tltHt'irirnl  AVf-/'/^.  '• 
mill  ID). — For  an  account  of  Fnsli'rirks  I 
Sicilian  court,  and  of  some  of  thedisiiii' 
features  of  his  reign  in  SoiithiTii  Italy,  a^ 
of  the  end  of  his  family,  in  the  tragical  .h 
his  son  Maiifri'd  and  bis  irrandson  r 
(12«S),  BcelTM.v:  .\.  I).  1  IH:i-l'.'.-,i) 

Also  IN:  T.  L.  Kinglon.  Ili.il.  of  Fr.'i- 
fimrnl.—.].    Rrvee.    T/„-   Iloh/    linn 
.•A.  i(i-i:t._u.  H.  Milman.  Ifi^t.  ■■'' 
tiamty,  bk.  8.  ch.  7,  nnd  bk.  9. 


lie 

I  not 
:s  to 

ML'C. 

nicl 


I.  K< 


I  his 

-  of 

I'liii 


/; 


1480 


GERMANY,  1143-1153. 


Tht  great 
tnterrtgnum. 


GERMANY,  1350-1373. 


A.  D.  1142-1153.— Creation  of  the  Elector- 
•te  of  Brandenburg;.  !:k'e  IiHANDK.Mii:ii<i:  A.  I). 
1142-1153. 

A.  D.  1 156- —The  Marcravate  of  Auitria 
created  a  Duchy.  S»'c  .Icstkia:  A.  I>.  8U.>- 
1248. 

A.  D.  1 180-1314.— Bavaria  and  the  Palati- 
nate of  the  Rhine  acquired  by  the  house  of 
Wittelabach.     S<f  Hwaiiia:  .{.  I).  1180-13.')8. 

A.  D.  1196-1197.— The  Fourth  Cruiade.  St-c 
Cbusaoks:  a.  U.  1100-1107. 

13th  Century.— The  rise  of  the  Hanteatic 
League.    Sec'  Ha.nsa  Towns. 

13th  Century.— Cause  of  the  multiplication 
of  pettT  principalities  and  states.—"  Whilo 
the  liucliii's  and  coiiiitifs  of  Qcnnany  rclained 
their  original  cUaraclcr  of  olHcea  or  governments, 
they  were  of  cournc,  even  tliouch  considered  as 
hereditaiT,  not  subject  to  partition  among  chil- 
dren. When  they  acquired  the  nature  of  flefsi, 
it  was  still  consonant  to  the  principles  of  a  feudal 
tenure  that  the  eldest  son  should  iuherit  accord- 
iDg  to  the  law  of  primogeniture:  an  inferior  pro- 
vision or  appanage,  at  mo.st,  Ixdng  reserved  for 
the  younger  children.  The  law  of  England  fa- 
voured the  t'dest  exclusively;  that  of  France 
gave  him  great  advantages.  But  in  Oennanv  a 
aiflerent  rule  began  to  prevail  alM)ut  the  thir- 
tecmh  century.  An  equal  partition  of  tlie  in- 
heritance, without  the  least  reg.ird  to  priority  of 
birth,  was  the  general  law  of  its  principalities. 
Sometimes  this  was  effected  l)y  undividecl  pos- 
session, or  tenancy  in  <()nuniin,  tlii'  lirotliers  re- 
siding togcllur,  and  reiiiiiiig  joinllv.  This 
tended  to  prestrve  the  integrity  of  .lominiim; 
but  as  it  was  frecpiently  inconunwlious.  a  more 
U.Mial  practice  was  to  divide  tlie  territory.  From 
such  partitions  are  derived  those  nunuTous  inde- 
pendent prim  ipaliiies  of  tlie  same  house,  many 
of  wliich  still  subsist  in  Germanv.  !n  V>H'J  tliere 
were  eight  reigning  priucesof  tlie  Palatine  family ; 
and  fourteen,  in  lliT"),  tf  tliat  of  Saxony.  Origi- 
nally these  partitions  were  in  general  absolute 
and  without  reversion;  but,  as  their  ellect  in 
weakening  families  became  evident,  n  practice 
was  introduced  of  making  compacts  of  reciprocal 
succession,  by  which  a  lief  was  prevented  from 
eselieating  to  the  empire,  until  all  tlie  male  pos- 
terity of  the  first  feudatory  shouM  lie  extinct. 
Thus,  while  the  German  empire  survived,  all  the 
priiios  of  Hesse  or  of  Saxony  had  reciprocal 
contingencies  of  succession,  or  what  our  lawyers 
call  cross  remainders,  to  each  other's  dominions. 
A  .liffirint  system  was  gmdually  adopteii.  By 
the  Golden  Bull  of  diaries  IV.  the  electonil  ter- 
ritory, that  is,  the  particular  district  to  which  the 
elt'i  loral  suffrage  was  inseparably  attached,  be- 
came incapable  of  partition,  and  was  to  descend 
lu  the  eldest  son.  In  the  l.'itli  <(iitiirv  the  pres- 
ent liuiise  of  Brandenburg  set  tlie  lirst  example 
of  1  si;ililishing  primogeniture  by  law ;  the  princi- 
palilies  of  Anspach  and  liayreulli  were  disniem- 
I'i'Kd  from  It  for  the  benetitof  younger  brandies; 
but  il  was  declared  tiiat  all  the  other  dominions 
of  till'  family  shouhl  for  tlie  future  belimg  ex- 
clusively to  the  reigning  elector.  Tlils  politic 
miM^ure  was  adopted  in  several  other  families; 
but.  even  in  the  Kith  century,  the  prejudice 
«;i^  not  removed,  and  some  (ierrnan  princes  de- 
iniinei'd  curses  on  their  posterity,  if  they  should 
Ui'.r.icbiee  the  impious  custom  of  primogeniture. 
Weakened  by  these  Riil)(livlslons,  t'le  princi- 
pa;,:,.  .  .,r  Ceiiuany  iu  tiie  14th  and  l.itb  centu- 


ries shrink  to  a  more  and  more  diminutive  size  la 
the  scale  of  uation.s."— II.  Ilallam,  TVio  MiddU 
■i;/c'.  cli.  5  (r.  2).— See,  also,  C'itiks,  Lmferial 

A.ND  KnEE,  OF  GeKMANV. 

A.  D.  I3I3.— The  Children's  Crusade.  See 
Chcbades:  a.  U.  1312. 

A.  D.  1331-1315.— Relations  of  the  Swiss 
Forest  Cantons  to  the  Empire  and  to  the 
House  of  Austria.  See  Switzebland:  Tkb 
TUREB  Fokest  (,'antoss. 

A.  D.  1350-1373.— Degradatinn  of  the  Holy 
Roman  Empire.— The  Great  Interregnum.— 
Anarchy  and  disorder  universal,— Election  of 
Rudolf  of  Hapsburg.— "  With  Frederick  [the 
Second]  fell  the  Empire.  From  the  ruin  that 
overwiielnied  the  greatest  of  its  houses  it  emerged, 
living  iiidwd,  and  destined  to  a  long  life,  but 
so  sbattereil.  crippled,  and  degnided,  that  it 
could  never  more  be  to  Europe  and  to  Germany 
what  it  once  li.id  iH'cn.  ,  .  .  The  German  king- 
ilom  broke  down  iwneath  the  weight  of  thelioman 
lOmplre.  To  be  universal  sovereign  Germany  had 
sjicriticed  her  own  political  existence.  The  neces- 
sity which  their  projects  in  Italy  and  disputes 
with  tlie  Pope  laid  ti,e  Emperors'  under  of  pur- 
chasing by  concessions  the  support  of  their  own 
princes,  the  ease  with  which  in  their  absence  the 
magnates  could  usurp,  the  dillkulty  which  the 
mcmarch  returning  foiiiid  in  resuming  the  priv- 
ileges of  his  crown,  the  temptation  to  revolt  and 
set  up  preteudirs  to  the  throne  which  the  Holy 
Sec  belli  out,  tliese  were  the  causes  whose  steady 
aetlim  laid  the  fciiindatlnn  of  that  territorial  in- 
dependence which  rose  into  a  .stable  fabric  at  the 
era  of  the  Great  Interregnum.  Frederick  II.  had, 
by  two  I'rngrnatic  Sanctions,  A.  U.  r220nnd  1233, 
gninted,  or  ratlier  conlirnied,  rights  alnatly  cus- 
tomary, such  us  to  give  the  bishops  and  nobles 
legal  sovereignty  in  their  own  towns  and  terri- 
tories, except  when  the  Emwror  should  be  pres- 
ent; and  thus  his  direct  jurisdiction  became  re- 
stricted to  his  narrowed  domain,  and  to  the  cities 
immidlatcly  dependent  on  the  crown.  With  so 
much  less  to  do.  an  Emperor  became  altogether  a 
less  neeessary  personage;  and  hence  the  seven 
magnates  of  the  realm,  now  by  law  or  custom 
sole  electors,  were  in  no  liaste  to  fill  up  the  place 
of  Conmil  IV.,  whom  tlie  supporters  of  his  father 
Frederick  had  aeknowledged.  William  of  Hol- 
land [.V.  I).  12.")4]  was  in  the  liehl,  but  rejecteu  by 
theSwabian  party:  on  his  death  a  new  election 
«|as  1  for,  and  at  last  set  on  fcmt.     The  arch- 

bisbo,  Cologne  advised  his  bR'thrcn  to  choose 
some  o  rieh  enough  to  supjiort  the  dignity,  not 
strong  enough  to  be  feared  by  tlie  electors:  lioth 
riMjuisiies  met  in  the  I'lantagenet  Richard,  earl  of 
Cornwall,  brother  of  the  English  IlCiiry  HI.  He 
received  three,  evintually  four  votes"  came  to 
Germany,  and  was  crowned  at  Aadicii  [A.  D. 
li.lli].  But  three  of  the  electors,  flniliug  that  his 
bribe  to  them  was  lower  than  to  the  others,  se- 
ceded in  disirust.  and  cliosc-  Alfcm.so  X.  of  Castile, 
wild,  shrewder  than  his  competitor,  continued  to 
w.itch  the  stars  at  Toledo,  enjoying  the  splen- 
dours of  his  title  while  troubling  himself  about 
it  no  further  than  to  issue  iiiiw  and  then  a 
proelamalliin.  Meantime  the  condition  of  Ger- 
many was  frightful.  The  new  Didlus  Juliamis, 
the  chosen  of  princes  baser  than  the  pnetorians 
whom  they  copied,  had  neither  the  diameter 
nor  tlie  outw.inl  power  and  n'sources  to  make 
himself  respeetnl  F.vi'ry  tliuutgate  of  anarchy 
w 03  o|Kned :  prelates  and  barons  extended  their 


^  ^  s"    .f'i 


1481 


•K 
f . 


hi 


GERMANY,  1250-J873. 


HwMf 
It/  Hapaburg. 


OKHMAXY,  1373-1,J08. 


ilomBinii  )>y  wur:  roI)lx'r-knij;litsinr>'8lnl  tlic  lii^'li- 
ways  iiml  the  rivers;  lliu  inisn'ry  of  tbe  Wfuk,  llic 
tyninny  aixl  violiiicv  of  tlit^  strong,  were  auch  its 
bad  not  iMiti  M'cn  for  rciitiirica.  Things  wrn- 
even  woriM'  tliuii  iimlir  tlic  Huxon  ami  Fruncnniim 
Eniprrors;  for  tlic  petty  nobles  wliu  had  then 
been  in  some  iiieasure  controlled  by  their  diilies 
were  now,  after  the  extinction  of  the  great  houses, 
left  without  liny  feiidiil  sii|>erior.  Ot^'y  '"  "'c 
(Cities  was  shelter  or  [K'nce  to  1k'  ftnind.  Those  of 
]the  UhiiM?  Iiiid  already  Icunued  themselves  for 
imutiinl  defence,  and  maintained  a  struggle  in  the 
interests  of  commerce  and  onler  agiiinsi  universal 
'brigandage.  At  last,  when  Itiehard  hud  been 
■onie  time  dead,  it  was  felt  that  such  things 
could  nut  go  on  for  ever:  with  no  public  law.  and 
no  courts  of  justice,  an  Emperor,  tlio  emlxKliment 
of  legal  government,  was  the  only  resourte.  The 
Pope  himself,  having  now  sulBeiently  improved 
the  weakness  of  his  enemy,  found  the  disorgani- 
zation of  Germany  beginning  to  tell  u|>on  his 
revenues,  and  threatened  that  if  the  electors  did 
not  appoint  an  Emperor,  he  would.  Thus  urged, 
they  chosc,ln  1272  [1273?],  Rudolf,  countof  Haps- 
burg,  founder  of  the  house  of  Austria.  From 
this  point  there  begins  a  new  era.  We  have  seen 
the  lloman  Empire  revived  in  A.  I).  8U0,  by  a 
prince  whose  vast  dominions  gave  ground  to  his 
claim  of  universal  monarchy ;  again  erected,  iu 
A.  D.  062,  on  the  narrower  but  firmer  basis  of  tlic 
German  kingdom.  Wo  have  seen  Otto  the  Gri'ot 
and  his  successors  during  the  three  foliuwing  cen- 
turies, a  line  of  monarchs  of  unrivalled  vigour 
and  abilities,  strain  every  nerve  to  make  good 
the  pretensions  of  their  otllce  against  the  rebels  in 
Italy  and  tlie  ecclesiastical  power.  Those  efforts 
had  now  failed  signally  and  hopelessly.  Each 
successive  Emperor  had  entered  the  strife  with 
resources  scantier  than  his  predecessors,  each  had 
been  more  decisively  vanquished  by  the  Pope, 
the  cities,  and  the  princes.  The  Roman  Empire 
might,  and,  so  far  as  its  practical  utility  was  con- 
cerned, ought  now  to  have  been  suffered  to  ex- 
pire; nor  could  it  have  ended  more  gloriously 
than  with  the  last  of  the  Hohcnstaufen.  That  it 
did  not  so  expire,  but  lived  on  600  years  more, 
till  it  became  a  piece  of  antiquarianism  hardly 
more  venerable  than  ridiculous  —  till,  as  Voltaire 
said,  all  that  could  be  said  about  it  was  that  it 
was  neither  holy,  n'T  Roman,  nor  an  empire  — 
was  owing  partly  indeed  to  the  belief,  still  un- 
shaken, that  it  was  a  necessary  part  of  the  world's 
order,  yet  chiefly  to  its  connection,  which  was  by 
this  time  indissoluble,  with  the  German  king- 
dom. The  Germans  had  confounded  the  two 
characters  of  their  sovereign  so  long,  and  had 
grown  so  fond  of  the  style  and  pretensions  of  a 
dignity  whose  possession  appeared  to  exalt  them 
al)ov(}  the  olher  peoples  of  Europe,  that  it  was 
now  too  late  for  them  to  separate  llie  liK-al  from 
the  universil  nioiiareli.  If  a  (ierinau  king  was 
to  In'  niainlaiiK'd  at  all.  he  inuht  be  Roman  Em- 
peror, and  a  (iennaii  king  there  must  still  lie. 
.  .  .  That  head,  howfver,  was  no  lor^irer  what  he 
hud  been.  The  n  Litive  position  of  Germany  and 
Franei'  was  nou- evaetly  the  reverse  of  that  which 
tliey  lii'l  oci  iiiiid  two  centuries  earlier.  Rii- 
ilnlf  «;is  as  eiiiisiiicuously  a  weaker  sovereif.'n 
than  I'liilip  111.  of  France,  as  the  Fninconian 
Kinpc  ror  Henry  HI.  had  been  slron^'er  than  the 
Capetiun  I'hilip  I.  In  every  other  state  of  En- 
ropi.  <!i<-.  t.-.n.t-n.'v  --f  •v.-ri'-i'efl  Tiee-i  Iv  tfiilra! 
Ize  the  Hdmiuistrutiuii  and  iiiirwise  the  power  of 


the  monarch,  even  in  England  not  to  diniinivhit 
iu  Germany  ulone  huil  political  union  li.i,,tiip 
weaker,  ami  the  iiide|ieiiih'iiee  of  the  priiu'  -  Minrf> 
contlrmed."— J.  Brvce,  T/if  Ilnly  It'i'mu,  /.■,,.,, 
(•A.  13.— 8ee.  ttlsu).  1t.\i.V:  .\.  I»    12.VI  l,",.'ii 

A.  O.  1373-1308.— The  first  Hapsbur^kingi 
of  the  Romans,  Rodolph  and  Albert.— iin. 
choice  mode  (A.  I).  1273)  liy  theGeriniiii  l.lidi.ra 
of  Rodolph  of  llupsburg  for  Kini;  "f  n,,.  j;,,. 
mans  (sec  Austria:  A.  D.  1346-r,'H-,'i.  w.i.,,iii|y 
approved  and  contlrmed  by  Pope  (ircL.  rv  X  , 
who  silenced,  by  his  spiritual  adinnnin.'i,,  i|„'; 
rival  claims  of  King  Alfonso  of  (  asiil.  itm 
Rodolph,  to  secure  this  papal  conlirniijti  n  uf 
his  title,  found  it  necessary  to  pniniise.  llir.unh 
his  amiiassadors,  a  renewal  of  the  ('a|iiiiiliti.in 
of  Otlio  IV.,  respecting  the  temporalii;.  s  ..f  the 
Pope.  This  he  repeated  In  person,  on  nu  iiny 
the  Pope  at  Lausanne,  in  1375.  On  that  oo.i^inn. 
•'an  agreement  was  entered  into  whi<  li  :i!tir 
wardsratiflcdtotheChurchthclongdispiit.il  aih 
of  Cliarlemagnc,  comprising  Ravenna,  .Kiiiil>:i, 
Ilobbio,  Cesena,  Forumpopoli,  Forli.  F u  nzi. 
Iinola,  Bologna,  Ferrara,  Comacchio.  .^iliii.  lii 
mini,  Urbino,  Montcferctro,  and  the  territory  cf 
Bagno.  Rodolph  also  bound  himself  to  prltnt 
tlie  privileges  of  the  Church,  and  to  m  lintaia 
the  freedom  of  Episcopal  elections,  ami  ilir  rii;lii 
of  appeal  in  all  ecclesiastical  causes;  ami  liavin;- 
stipulated  for  receiving  the  imperial  emwu  in 
Rome  he  promised  to  undertake  an  cxpi  litimi  u 
the  holy  land.  If  Rodolph  were  since  r.  in  iljiai' 
lust  engagements,  the  disturbed  state  ot  liis  (i.  j. 
man  dominions  afforded  him  an  apology  furtluir 
present  Don-fulfllment:  but  there  is  gocHi  nasnn 
for  believing  that  he  never  Intended  t"  visit 
either  Rome  or  Palestine;  anil  his  indilTiri  uc  e  to 
Italy  has  even  been  the  theme  of  pane;:>  rie  with 
his  admirers.  The  repeated  and  mortityiui;  n- 
verses  of  the  two  Frederics  were  before  iiisiycs; 
there  was  little  to  excite  his  sympathy  witii  tbe 
Italians;  and  though  Lombardy  seemed  roady  to 
acknowledge  his  supremacy,  the  Tuscan  1  ities 
evinced  aspirations  after  independenre.  Pur. 
ing  the  early  years  of  Rodolph's  rei  gn  lie  wa,  era 
ployed  in  establishing  his  authority,  as  iL-ainst 
the  contumacy  of  Ottocar,  King  of  lioln  inia. 
and  the  Duke  of  Bavaria  (see  Aistiu.v:  .V,  1) 
1246-1383).  Meantime,  Gregory  X.  ami  tlirfe 
short-lived  successors  in  the  papal  0III1  c  passed 
awa}',  and  Nicholas  III.  hud  come  to  it  (U'T'i 
That  vigorous  pontiff  called  Rodolph  to  ucdimt 
for  not  having  yet  surrendereil  the  states  .f  the 
Church  in  due  form,  and  whispered  a  hint  uf  1 1- 
communication  and  interdict.  "  Uoil"lph  was 
too  prudent  to  disregard  tliis  admoniiiHii:  he 
evaded  the  projected  crusade  and  journey  'i> 
Itomc;  but  he  took  care  to  send  thither  111  einis 
sary,  who  in  his  name  surrendered  to  il.  I'-pe 
the  territory  already  agreed  on.  .  .  .  |n;ii:.'liis 
entire  reign  RiHlolph  maintained  liis  iinlii!'  p  lue 
towards  Italy."  His  views  "were  ralliri  ,;:n  t.l 
to  the  wilds  of  Hungary  and  (Jerniany  tl;  11  t  1 
the  (h'lirious  regions  of  ilie  south.  .  .11  i" 
pelled  Pliilip,  Count  of  .Savoy,  to  -iir  -ir 
Moral,  Paycriie,  and  Guminen,  wiiii  h  hi;  !"  ri 
usurped  from  the  Kinpire.  liy  a  siicei  -  '  1  ■  \ 
pedition  acniss  the  Jtira.  he  brou;:l!t  '  ■  •  '" 
olierlicncc  Otho  IV.  Count  of  IbirL'i;.  '  •' '| 
forci'd  him  to  renounce  the  allcL-iii' ■  -'■' 
prolTcrcd  to  Philip  III.  Kint' of  I'l  >■  • 
He  cni-'hcd  an  it:surn-r!:--:i  \:r:v\--\  '  ■ 
tor,  who  had  persuaded  the  infatiiaii  u 


;  i.de 


US'. 


GEKMANV,  12:a-1308. 


lUnru 
of  Ltutmhurg. 


GEHMANY,  1308-1313. 


to  believe  that  he  was  the  Emp<'ror  Fmlcric  H. 
And  lie  freed   his  dominions  from   nininc  unil 
dfwilation  by  the  dratnict Ion  of  sevcrKl  ihhIIcs, 
wliodc  owners  infested  tlie  coiintrv  witli  tlicir 
predatory  Incursions. "    Before  liis  deiitli.  in  liUl, 
Kodoli)h"9rew  anxious  tosecure  to  his  son  AllHTt 
the  succession  to  tlic  throne,  and  his  nominalion 
by  the  Electors  ere  the  grave  closed  upon  liimiH-lf. 
.  .  .  But  all  bis  entreaties  were  unavailing;  he 
was  coldly  remindwl  that  he   himself  was  still 
the  'Klnjf,'  and  that  the  Empire  was  to<i  p.»ir  to 
support  two  liings.     Itodolpli  mijrlit  now  repent 
his  nr«lert  to  assume  tlw  imixriul  crown:  luit 
till' clianictcr  of  Alln'rt  seems  to  have  U'lii  tlie 
niil  obstacle  to  his  elevation.     With  many  of  llie 
in'at  qualities  of  his  father,  this  prince  was  (h'- 
Sclent  in  his  milder  virtues;  and   his  iwrsonal 
bravery  auil  iHTseveninc-e  were  tainted  with  pride, 
haughtiness,  and  avarice."    On  Itodolph's  death, 
the  lilcctors  chose  for  his  successor  Adolphus, 
Count  of  Nassau,  a  choice  of  which  they  soon 
found  reason  to  re|H'nt.      By  tailing  pav  from 
Edward  I.  of  England,  for  an  alliance  with  the 
Utter  against  tlie   King  of  France,  and   by  nt- 
tenipta  to  enforce  a  purcluijed  claim  upon  the 
Landgravlatc  of  Tliuringia,  Adolphus  bnmght 
himself  into  conU'mpt,  and  in   )21«  he  was  sol- 
emnly deposed  by  the  Electors,  who  now  con- 
ferred the  kingship  upon  Albert  of  Austria  whom 
they  had  rejected  six  years  liefore.     "The  de- 
posed   sovereign  was,    however,    strongly  sup- 
ported; and  he  promptly  collected  his  adherents, 
and  marched  at  the  head  of  a  vast  army  against 
Albert,  who  was  not  unprcpareil  fur  liis  recep- 
tion.    A  great  battle  took  place  at  Gelhiini,  near 
Worms;  and,  after  a  bloody  contest,  the  troops 
ef  Adolphus  were  entirely  defeati'd,"  and   he 
himself  was  slain.     But  Albert,  now  unopposed 
In  Germany,  found  bis  title  disputed  at  Home. 
Boniface  VIII.,  the  most  amjgant  of  all  popes, 
refused  to  acknowledge  the  validity  of  his  elic- 
!ion,  and  drove  him  into  a  close  alliance  with  the 
Pope's  Implacable  and  finally  triumphant  enemy 
Philip  IV.  of  France  (see  Papacy:  A.  I).  12«4- 
134'i).    He  was  soon  at  enmity,  moreover,  with 
a  majority  of  the  Electors  wlio  had  given  the 
crown  to  him,  and  they,  stimulated  by  the  I'ope, 
were  preparing  to  depose  him,  as  tlicy  had  de- 
posed Adolphus.     But  AllxTt's  energy  broke  up 
their  plans.     He  humbled  tlicir  loader,  the  Arch- 
bishop-Elector of  Mentz,   ami  the  rest  liecame 
submissive.     The  Pope  now  came  to  terms  witli 
him,  and  invited  him  to  Home  to  receive  the  im- 
perial crown;  also  offering  to  him  tlie  crown  of 
Frame,  if  he  would  take  it  from  the  head  of  the 
eio.mmunicated   Philip;   but   while  these  pro- 
posals were  under  discussion,  Boniface  suffered 
humiliations  at  the  hands  of  tlic  Fn'ncli   king 
wliidi  caused  his  death.      During  most  of  his 
reign.   Albert  was  bu.sy  witli   undertakings  of 
«ml>iiion  and  rapacity  whicli   hail   no  suicess.    , 
He  .itlemptcd  to  seize  the  counties  of  lli>ll:ind,    [ 
Zoaliricl.  and  Fricsland,  as  fiefs  reverting  to  tlic    I 
I,  on  the  death  of  John.  Count  of  Holland,    ', 
'■I'X     He  claimed   tlic   liolicmian   crown  in   i 
wlicn  Wenccslaus  V.,  tlic  young  kin;:,  w;is  | 
inaied,  and  invaded  the  co'untry;  but  only   : 
iHutcn  back.     He  was  ihfeateil  at  I.ucka, 
ill  I :;ilM,  when  altemptini;  to  gr.isp   tlie  inlicri-   | 
taiir.  ijf  the  Landgrave  of  Tliuringia  —  under  the   i 
vir\    transaction    which  had  cliiillv  caused   his   i 

r?"--rss;)r  Adolphll.s  t..lM<i.|.u>,,i;uil.l  iivllilll-    i 

Klf  invested  with  the  Homaii  crown.     Fiuallv,    I 


CTliW 

in  1, 
1:!<W, 

t(i  1., 


he  was  in  hostilities  with  the  .Swiss  Forest  ('an- 
ions, and  was  leading  his  forces  against  them.  Id 
May,  13(W.  when  hi'  was  nssassitmted  by  several 
nobles,  including  his  cousin  .lohn,  whose  enmity 
(■  had  incurreil.— Sir  H.  Comyn,  Iliit.  of  tht 
nrtlern  Kmiiire,  fli.  U-17  (r.  I). 

Ai.W)  in:  W.  Coxe,  llhl.  vf  the  Hohk  of  Aut- 
tri'i,  eh.  ,'.  (p.  1). 

A.  D,  laSa.—  Acquiiition  of  the  duchy  of 
Auitria  br  the  House  of  HapaburE.  See  Aus- 
TKIa:  a.  f).  l'.>4»-r,'H3. 

A.  D,  1308-1313—  The  reign  of  Henry  of 
I.uxemburK.—  The  king  (subsc(iucntly  crowned 
einiieror)  chos<'n  to  succeed  Alliert  was  Count 
Henry  of  Lu.vcmlmrg,   an   able  and   exceUent 
priiirc.      Tlic   new  soveriigii    was  crowned    as 
lliiiry  VH,    "Henry  did  not  make  the  extension 
of  his  private  (hmiains  his  object,  yet  favoring 
fortune  brrnight  it  to  him  in  the  largest  measure 
Since  the  ihatli  of  \\,n/.,l   III.,  tlie  succession 
to  the  tlironc  of  Bohemia  liad  been  a  subject  of 
constant  struggles.     A  very  small  party  was  in 
favor  of  Austria ;  but  tlie  chief  power  was  in  the 
hands  of  Henry  of  Carintliia,  husband  of  Anna, 
\\ enzels eldest  daugliter.     But  he  was  haU-d  by 
the  iK'ople,  whoM'  liojies  turned  more  and  more 
to  hlizalieth,   a  younger  daughter  of  Wenzel; 
thougli  she  was  kept  in  close  confinement   by 
Henry,  who  was  about  to  marry  her,  it  was  Bup- 
p<ised,  IhIc.w  her  rank.     She  escaped,  fled  to  the 
emperor,  ami  iniplond  his  aid.     lie  gave  her  in 
marriage  to  his  young  son  John,  sencling  him  to 
Bohemia  in  eliarge  of  Peter  Aichspalter,  to  take 
poss<'ssion  of  the  kingdom.     He  did  so,  and  it 
j   remained  for  more  than  a  century  in  the  Luxem- 
I   burg  family.     This  King  John  of  Bohemia  wai 
I  a  man  of  mark.     His  life  was  s|)cnt  in  the  cease- 
less pursuit  of  adventure  — from  tournament  to 
tournament,  from  war  to  war,  from  one  enter- 
prise to  another.    We  inc-et  him  now  in  Avignon, 
and  now  in  Paris;  then  on  the  Rhine,  in  Prussia, 
Poland,  or  Hungary,  and  then  prosecuting  large 
plans  in  Italy,  but  hardly  ever  in  his  own  king- 
dom.   Yet  his  restless  activity  accomplished  very 
little,  apart  from  some  important  acquLsitions  in 
Silesia.     Henry  then  gave  attention  to  <lie  public 
peace ;  came  to  an  understanding  with  Leopold 
and  Frederick,  the  proud  sons  of  Albert,  and  put 
under  the  ban  Everanl  of  Wirtemberg,  long  a 
foinenter  of  disturbances,  sending  against  him  a 
strong  imperial  army.  .  .  ,  At  the  Diet  of  Spires, 
in  .September,  IIIDO,  it  was  cheerfully  resolved 
to  carry  out  Henry's  cherished  plan  of  reviving 
the  traditional  dignity  of  tlie  Koman  emperors 
by  an  expedition  to  the  Eternal  City,     llcnry 
expected  thus  to  renew  the  authority  of  his  title 
at  home,  as  well  as  in  Italy,  where,  in  the  tradi- 
tional view,  the  imperial  crown  was  as  impor- 
tant and  as  necessary  as  in   Germany.     Every 
thing  here  had  gone  to  confusion  and  ruin  since 
the  llolienstaufcns  had  siiccumlsHl  to  the  bitter 
hostility  of  the  popes.     The  contending  parties 
still  calleil  themselves  Giielphs  and  Gliiliellines, 
though  they  retained  little  of  the  original  char- 
acteristics attached  to  these  names.     A  formal 
embassy,  with   Matteo  Visconii  at  its  head,  in- 
vited Henry  to   Milan;  and   the   parties  every 
where  anticipated  his  coming  with  hope.     The 
great  Florentine   pm't.   Dante,   hailed  liim  as  a 
saviour   for  distracted    Italy.     Thus,    witli   the 
pope's  approvnl.    he    crossed    the    .\lps   in    tlii' 
aiiiiiiiiii  of   l.iio.  attenileil  hy  a  splendid  escort 
of  princes  of    the   empire.  "  The  news  of    his 


.--iVffl 
'i5.'"'l 


1483 


.-* 


4! 


.M.' 


V 


Hi* 

I- 


i 


I  #1^ 


■M 


GERMANY,  13U»-1318.        J>«rt  oi«J  *>»<J«rK*.        OEKMANY,  1814-1347 


•pproachexrlleilifrnoni!  wnmli"riinilrxp«tiitli)n, 
*n<l  lii«  n'c'eptiiiii  at  Miliiii  in  Dot'iiilHr  was  liki; 
a  triuiiipli.  lit'  wu.t  <  rowncil  Kiiii;  nf  Ijoinlianiy 
witliimt  oppositiim.  lint  when,  in  llii'  true  ini- 
pt'riul  Hplrit,  lie  aniiniincLHl  timl  lie  Inul  come  to 
■crvt' till'  nation,  nnil  nut  oni'  or  unolliir  party, 
ami  provcil  hi-,  HJnrrrity  liy  tn-iitinK  IhiIIi  purlii'S 
Alil«-,  all  \vlios4>  M'llltili  hopes  wrn*  (Ifci'ivcd  c«>n- 
■plri'il  ai;iiiisi  him.  Itri'M'laondiiri'il  it  friKhtfiil 
tU'K<'  l^or  lour  months,  showing  timt  the  national 
Imtri'd  of  (icrnian  ruh'  si  ill  siirvlvwl.  At  linv'th 
a  union  of  all  his  ailvirsjirii!*  was  formed  under 
KinK  ItolKTt  of  Naples,  the  Krumlson  of  Charles 
of  Anjoii.  wlio  lint  Ciinnnlin  to  (h'ath.  Mean- 
while ilcnry  VII.  went  to  Uonie,  May  1312,  and 
reeeived  the  erown  of  the  Cii'sars  fniin  four  car- 
dinals, pleiiipotenliariesof  the  po[H-.  in  tliechureh 
of  .St  .lohii  Latenm,  wiulh  of  the  Tilnr,  St. 
Peter  s  heinir  oeeupieil  by  the  Neapolitan  troops. 
But  niaiiv  of  his  (lermaii  HoMiers  left  liiiii,  and 
ho  retired.  «illi  a  small  aniiv,  to  I'isa,  after  an 
nnaneees  "■  il  elTort  to  take  l''lorenee.  From  the 
faithful  of  I'i^a  he  prm  hilmed  Kini;  HolnTt 

under  tin  iiii.  and,  in  eoiieert  with  Frederick  of 
Hicily,  jirep.ired  for  war  by  land  and  si-a.  lint 
the  pope,  now  u  mere  tool  of  the  King  of  Franee, 
romminded  nn  arniistiee:  and  when  Henry,  in 
an  indeiHiident  spirit,  hesitated  to  obey,  Clement 
V.  proiiouneed  the  ban  of  the  Church  against 
liiiii.  It  never  reaelied  the  emperor,  who  died 
suddenly   in  the  iimnasiery  of    liuon-Conveiit<i: 

roi-oned,  as  the  Uirmaii  annalistH  as.siTt,  by  ii 
>nmiiiiean  monk,  in  tlii'  sacramental  cup.  Ail- 
RusI  ','1.  i:ii;t.  lie  was  burieil  at  IMsa.  .\lean 
while  his  army  in  lioliemia  hrid  lieen  complet<'ly 
successful  in  establishing  King  John  on  the 
thmne. ■' — ('.  T.  Lewis.  .1  Jlitt.  of  Oermnim.bk. 
3,  rh.  10.  — See.  also,  Italy:  A.  1),  i:il(t-i:ii;i. 

A,  D.  1314-1347, — Election  o(  rival  emperors, 
Lewis  (Ludowici  of  Bavaria  and  Frederic  of 
Austria.— Triumph  of  Lewis  at  the  Battle  of 
Milhldorf. — Papal  interference  and  excommu- 
nication of  Lewis,— Germany  under  interdict. 
Jnrelenting  hostility  of  the  Church.— "The 
death  of  lleiuric  [Henry]  replunged  Germany 
Into  horrors  to  which,  since  the  extinction  of  the 
Swabian  line  of  emperors,  it  had  been  a  stniiiL'er. 
Thc^  Austrian  princes,  who  had  never  forgiven 
the  elevation  of  the  Luxemburg  family,  espoused 
the  Interests  of  Frederic,  thelrhcad ;  the  lioheinl- 
ana  as  naturally  oppoMil  llieiii.  From  the  acces- 
sion of  .lolin.  the  two  houses  were  of  necessiiy 
ho.stili';  anil  it  wiis  evident  that  there  could  lie 
no  i>eaii'  in  tiermany  until  one  of  them  was  sub- 
jected to  the  other.  The  liolieniians.  indeed, 
coulil  not  hope  to  place  their  king  on  the  vacant 
throne,  since  their  project  would  have  found  an 
insurmountable  olistacle  in  the  jeahinsy  of  the  elec- 
tor; but  they  were  at  least  resolved  to  support 
the  pretensions  of  a  prime  hostile  to  the  Aiis- 
trian.i.  ,  .  .  The  diet  being  ennvoked  at  Frank- 
fort, the  electors  repaired  tliilher,  but  with  very 
dillereiit  views;  U'V,  as  Iljeir  suirniges  were 
alreidy  iigagid.  wliili  Tie  more  numerous  parly 
priH'laimed  the  tluk*?  of  l>av;iria  as  I.udowii;  V.', 
anoiler  no  less  ea:;erly  proclaimed  Frederic. 
Altliougli  l.udowi';  was  a  nieinber  of  the  .\ii.stri)- 
Hapshurii  family  —  his  mother  being  a  (laughter 
of  Hod"ir  I.  —  he  had  always  lieen  the  enemy  of 
the  .\ii-.irian  princes,  and  in  the  same  degree  the 
ally  of  Ihe  Lnxemliurg  faction.     The  two  camli- 

d.ll*  .^    lHili<      le>|..  .  Ii  ,.  1*      <  lovMied     killliS    of    the 

Boman.s,    Ludowic    at    Ai.\la  (.'hapclle.    by  the 


archbUlinp  nf  Mentz  —  Frederic  at  IIoiim,  In  the 
melropoliutn  of  I'ohigiie,  n  civil  war  wms  uh  vit 
able:  neither  had  virtiio  enough  to  sairiiur  hi^ 
own  rights  to  the  ginid  of  the  stale  .  .  n,,. 
contest  would  have  ended  in  favour  of  il,.  .\ii, 
trians,  but  for  the  rashness  of  Kreilerir,  »||,,  ,„ 
HeptemlMT  VM'i,  without  waiting  for  the  iitrii.i,' 
of  his  brother  U-opold,  assitiled  Ludowii  l.m,  ,1 
■Mahlihirf  anil  Kttingen  In  liavitria.  .  .  .  Ihi  l.u 
tie  was  maintained  with  eipial  valour  fiuni  ilie 
rising  to  the  si'ttlng  sun;  and  was  evii|<iii<v  in 
favour  of  the  Anstrians,  u  hen  an  iiim\|ui|i| 
charge  In  Hank  by  a  iMsly  of  cavalry  iimlir  ihe 
margrave  of  Nuremburg  decided  the  fi'iiiim  ,,f 
the  day.  Ilelnric  of  Austria  was  iir>.t  i.ikni  |,ri<. 
oner;  and  Fnileric  himself,  whodisdaiin  I  lu  il. , . 
was  siHiii  ill  the  same  condition.  To  Iih  cmt. 
lasting  honour,  I/iidowlc  received  Frediiiruiili 
the  highest  assurances  of  esteem:  ami  Umhil'Ii  th.' 
latliT  was  I'oiiveveil  to  the  strong  l"riri~.  i,f 
Trapnit/,,  in  Ihe  I'pper  Palatinate,  he  w.i^  in  iii,| 
with  evcrv  iniliilgeiici*  consistent  wiih  tiK  v.,f,> 
cusKmIv.  liul  lliecontestwasnotyetildiilc  <l.  ilie 
valiant  Leopold  was  still  at  the  head  ol  1  .,  p. 
anite  force:  and  pope  .John  XXII..  the  11, mi,! 
enemy  of  the  (IhilH-lins.  inceiisi'd  at  SMiur  >ii< . 
coiirs  which  Ludowic  sent  to  that  party  in  l.iiiii- 
bardy.  excommunicated  Ihe  king  of  llie  Ii.  ih;i1]s, 
and  declared  him  deposed  from  his  di.'iiity. 
Among  the  ecch'siasticsof  the  empire  ilii-  i;ii.|iii. 
tolls  sentence  had  its  weight;  but  had  imiI  i.ili.r 
events  been  disastrous  to  the  king,  lie  inii'h!  Imo 
Kiifely  despised  it.  Ily  Leopold  he  wii~  .-il'tmIIv 
defeated;  he  had  the  inortitlialioii  lo  see  ilie  ii|. 
constant  king  of  liohemia  join  the  parly  .f  Aii- 
tria;  and  theslill  iieaviiTmisfortuiieioli  .mi  Mi  it 
the  ecclesiastical  and  two  or  three  seciila;  1 1.,  inrs 
were  priKTcding  to  another  choice —ili  it  ,,f 
Charles  de  Valois,  whose  interests  were  ^vii'iilv 
supported  by  the  pope.  In  this  eiiieri:i  in  \,  iii^ 
only  cli.ance  of  safety  wjuiareeoiieili.il  ion  w  iili  lii< 
enemies:  and  FnshTie  was  reh'ased  on  1.. 11. ini  .a 
of  his  renouncing  all  claim  to  the  eiii|.in  liit 
though  Frederic  sincerely  resolved  lo  I  :;;,!  his 
share  of  tin?  compact.  Leopold  and  tli<  u-jnr 
princes  of  his  family  refused;  and  tie  ir  e  iivil 
wasa|iprovedhy  the  pope.  With  the  jii.i_ii  iiiiiii- 
ity  of  Ills  character,  Frederic,  iinalile  lu  1  \, ,  mc 
the  engagements  which  he  hail  made,  vilimi  irily 
surrendered  himself  to  hisenemy.  Hut  Lu  !>  aii', 
who  would  not  be  outdone  in  pe:]ern..it;. .  rr- 
ceived  him.  not  as  a  prisoner,  Inil  a  [rienl  11  ■  y 
•lie.'  savs  a  contein|H)niry  writer,  'al  tin  -nne 
table,  slept  on  the  same  couch ;' and  wlnn  the 
King  left  liavaria,  the  ftdiiiini.'<lration  1  I  rhal 
dueliv  was  cnnllded  to  Frederic.  Tu-'"'.!!  !i  im  a 
could  not  king  remain  even  poliiic:ilI\  i:  -iili'; 
and  bv  another  treaty,  it  was  agreed  llni  'lify 
shouhl  exercise  conjointly  the  goveriiiin  :.■  -  ■  ilii' 
empire.  When  this  arrangement  wasi":!  :■  himiI 
both  by  the  pope  and  Ihe  electors,  Liidou  ■..  |,m. 
posed  to  take  Italy  as  his  scat  of  srovenin,'  1/  ni'l 
li  ave  (jlerinany  to  Frederic.  liut  tlieihir  ■.;,'i;| 
of  the  war-like  LeopoM  —  the  irreiit  si;  ■■  nf 
the  Austrian  cause  —  and  the  eonhMtn!  ;  -i- 
ti.in  of  the  states  lo  any  ciiiii|.roiii:  .  , :!  i 
Ludowic  to  retain  Ihe  seepire  of  lie-  >  .  : ''ii: 
and  ill  i:l-.".i,  that  of  Fiederie  sir  n-i!.  .  :  Lis 
party.  Hut  his  reign  was  desiiiied  t'>  \  •■  ■  -  "f 
troubles.  .  .  .  His  open  warfare  airaiii-' ■  I  '.  '1 
of  Ihe  chiireli  did  not  miieh  iiiiprove  In-  ,1  i  ■', 
the  \  illdielive    pope,   in   aduilioii    |..    li.  ■•  r 

seuteuce,  placing  all  Uermany  under  an  ;  .'  r  IilI. 


1484 


OEHMANY.  1314-1847. 


n«  0<^dfn  Hull 
of  Ulutrlu  If. 


OEKMANY.  1347-1403 


.  In  IRaS  tlic  diet  of  Frankfort  IiwumI  »  <l.r. 
hntiun  for  cut  iiit'iiioriibli'  in  tlif  uiiimliior  fn  i 
(ium.  That  llir  liiipiriiil  iiiiiliorirv  ili|)«iiil(il  mi 
Uial  nione;  lliut  tlii'  tin|H'  hud  iii.  t('iii|Hirid  hi- 
Iti'-iHf,  dlmt  iir  Imlinct.  withhi  llie  iiiipir..; 
...  it  foiicliidi'd  hy  iiii|Mi\v(  liiitr  the  iiii|Mri>r 
(I.iiilowie  whiU'  ill  Iliily  (xi  lnn;  A.  I).  I'M'.)- 
IXKi]  hml  mcivcd  tliciiiipiriul  imumi  Irciii  tlic 
«nli'|iii|K>  wIkiiii  he  hud  cnulid  in  iip|ii»iiiuii  in 
Jcihii  XXII.)  to  r.iiv.  of  Ills  own  iuiilioiiiy,  Hi,. 
inlinllctwhiih.  diiriiiK  f'^iir  viiii>,  lia<l  op|iri»,<c«l 
lliidpuntry.  Aiioilnr  lii,  t.'li.  Iii  llir  f,,lliiwiii,{ 
jiiir,  nitifli'd  tills  lioidilfdaralion.  .  .  .  lim  this 
iiimluit  of  Ihc  dill  wusalMur  the  rnnipriliiiisiiiii 
of  thf  vulvar,  »lio  hlill  nuanlcl  i.iidoHic  m 
uniliT  th(Murs<()f  (JikI  and  lliri  hiiri  li.  .  .  .  I  ri- 
forliiimtilv  for  tiic  nalional  iiidciMiidcncr,  l.iido- 
wif  hinisflf  coniradii  iiil  ihc  li  ii..r  of  his  hiiiiirlo 
ipiritcdioiidiK  t,  hy  iiiiaiiMiiiiiiissinns,  liv  hiiinili- 
sting applicalioiiM  foruliMiliiiion  riicv'wirc  un- 
nutvewful;  and  lie  had  llie  m.^niliialion  lo  .m  c 
the  king  of  Ituiicinia,  wlio  had  alua\s  arlid  an 
unaciountulilcpart,  licKiinehisliiiti  reiiiiiiy.  .  .  . 
From  this  inoiiient  the  lale  of  l.iidi.wir  was  de- 
lidfd.  In  (•oiijiinction  wiili  the  pope  and  llie 
Friiich  kliiK.  Charles  of  Iti.lieniia.  who  in  |:!lil 
juiceedeil  to  his  lalluTH  kinndoin  and  anlip.iilu, 
coiiiinenced  a  eivil  war:  and  in  llie  inid-t  of  llii>i. 
tnaibled  seenes  the  emperor  lirealhed  his  la^t 
lOitober  11,  i;)47].  TweKe  nionlhs  liefiire  the 
deciane  of  Liidowie,  Charles  of  llnlieiiiia  [son  of 
John,  the  lilind  kiuir  of  IJoheiiiia.  w  lio  fell.  Ii|;lil- 
Ing  for  the  Fieiieh.  at  the  lialtle  of  (  reevj.  assisted 
by  t'leinent  VI.,  was  eltoted  kiiii;  of  the  Itunians. " 
— S.  A.  Dunham,  J/inl.  at'  the  Uvrmniif  h' 
W.  I.  eh.  4(c.  I). 

Al.soiN:  .1.  I.  Vim  l)i>lliu«er.  ««(/i<j<  ih  K'in.. 
p/ith  Jlintorn.  r/i.  :,.—.].  f.  Kiibertson.  JHhI.  „f  i/„ 
i'hrintiiin  Ch'iich,  bk.  rt.  i7i.  i,  r.  '.  —  M.  Creiirh- 
ton.  Hint.  <if  the  J'lipftci/  darinii  l/n  I'ni.Ht  i,f  the 
Bt/uniiiUiun,  iiilrufl.,  ch.  2. 
/..*••  °'.„'347:i493.— The  Golden  Bull  of 
Charlei  IV.— The  Lu; 


zmjtirt , 


uxemburg;  line  of  emper- 
on,  and  the  reappearance  of  the  Hapsbures. 
-The  Holy  Roman  Empire  as  it  was  at  the 

end  of  the  Middle  Ages.— ••  John  kiii«  of  Hi, 
hmiiii  did  nut  hiuisulf  wear  the  imperial  irowni 
but  three  of  his  descendants  possissed  it,  wilh 
less  niterrnption  than  eonid  have  ken  expeeted. 
llb!s..n  CharlealV.  .sueeeeded  I,ouis  of  Uuvaiia 
m  i:i47;  Hot  indeed  without  opposition,  for  a 
doulile  election  and  a  eivil  war  wea'  matters  of 
oiiirse  ill  Germany.  (  liarles  1 V.  has  U.  n  treated 
Kith  more  derision  liv  his  lontemporaries.  and 
eons.-,  1  lien tly  by  later  writers,  than  ulinost  any 
prime  in  history;  yet  he  was  reinarkublv  sue- 
iTssfiil  in  the  only  objects  that  he  seriously  pur- 
nuiil.  Detieient  in  personal  eourat'c,  insi'nsilile 
of  liiiiniliation,  bending  without  shaiiie  to  the 
\«'Pi'.  to  the  Italians,  to  the  electors,  so  piMir  and 
»>  lillle  reveanced  as  to  be  arrested  by  a  biitelier 
at  Wunm  for  want  of  paving  his  demand. 
l-liarlesl\.  affords  u  pnsif  that  a  certain  de.\- 
Icnty  unci  told-bloixled  ixrsevcrance  mav  mca- 
Hcraally  supply,  in  a  sovereign,  the  want  of 
nmrc  respectable  (lualitiis.  He  Ikis  Ih'cii  re- 
pnm.  lied  with  nej;lectin!,'  the  ciiipire.  Hut  ho 
II' vir  deiv'iied  to  trouble  hiiii.self  about  the  ein- 
pm  except  for  his  private  ends.  Me  did  not 
ii|irlut  the  kinjidoni  of  Hohcinia.  lo  which  he 
aliiiust  seemed  to  render  tiermauy  a  province. 
■  ••■:":;:u  had  bicli  i.,nK  >,.ii»i.iele'd  a>  il  lief  of 
Uii;  empire,  and  Indeed  could  pretend  lo  an  elee- 


148 


toral  vote  hy  no  other  title.    Charles,  however 
uave  the  states  by  law  the  riifht  of  ehiMiainK  a 
kinjf.  onthe  extinction  of  iIicmvuI  family,  wliieh 
s<enis  deroiratory  to  the   iin|H"rial    preruKatlve. 
.       .   lie  cdiistanlly  reshled  at  l'ra((iio,  where  liu 
t"iindcd  a  ceh  bniled  universilv.  and  einlHllished 
the  <ilv  with   buildings.      This    kingdom,    aug- 
n»  iiled  also  diiriuK  his  reii;n  by  the  HCqulsltion 
••f  .^ileshi,  he  lu'i|iieathed  to  his  son  Wenceslaiis, 
forwhian,   by  pliancy  towanls  the  electors  and 
llie  court  of  Uoiiie.  he  hud  prinuri'd.  uxainst  nil 
ricciit  e.vaiiiple,   the  ini|>eriul  §ute(»,slon.      The 
re  iL'ii  iif  Charles  IV.  is  distinguished  In  the  con- 
Mitiitional  hist,  ry  of  the  empire  by  his  Oolden 
Hull  [i:)."i(l|;  nil  instrument  w hit h '(inully  ttscer- 
liiuied  the  pri mitaiivcs  of  the  ilecloral  iollege 
I    l-calsive:   A    l>,  lir.-ll.V.'].     The  Uidden  Bull 
leiiiiinated  the  disputes,  w  hich  had  arisen  iHtween 
diircrcnt  niciiibers  of  the  same  hoiiHe  us  lo  their 
riHlu  i.f  siilTrau'c.  which  was  declared  Inherent  In 
lertaiii  detinite  lerrilorii  s      The  numlHT  wus  ub- 
soluiily  icstiained  to  seven.     The  place  of  legal 
liii|Mii.il   ehclions   was   ti.xej   at   Frankfort;  of 
coionaiiuns.    at  Aix  lafliapelle;   and  the  latter 
cen  niiiiiy  was  to  !«■  p.rformed  by  thearch-bisbop 
of  Cloirne.      These   regulation's,  though  conso- 
iiai;i  III  Biuieiil  Usajre.  had  not  ainavs  been  oil- 
s' r\id.  anil  their  neglect  had  soiiieliines  excited 
ijuesiinns  as  to   the  validily  of  elections.     The 
diiiniiy  i,f  elector  was  enhanced  by  the  Golden 
Hull  us  highly  as  an  imperial  edict  <".iiild  carry  it; 
tiiey  were  declared  ecpial  to  kings,  and  conspiracy 
against  their  persons  incurred  the  peiiultvof  high 
treason.     .Many  oilier  privileges  are  granted  to 
render  them   more  completely  sovereign  within 
lliiir  dominions.      It  seems  cxtniordinury  that 
Charles  should  have  voluntarily  elevated  an  oil- 
gall  hy.  from  wlmse  prctenshins  his  predecessors 
ba.l    livi|ueiilly  suffered    injury.       But   he   had 
iiioie  1.1  apprehend  from  the  two  great  families 
of  Havaria  and  Austria,  whom  he  relatively  de- 
prcs.sed  by  giving  such  a  preponderance  to  the 
seven  electors,   than  from  any  inenilx'rs  of  the 
college.     Hy  bis  lompacl  with" Brandenburg  [see 
Hn.v.MiKNniiio:  .\.  I).  llti.'H-1417]  he  had  a  fair 
prospect  of  a.lding  a  .second   vote  to  his  own. 
.   .  The  luxt  reign,  nevertheless,  evinced  the 
danger  of  investing  the  electors  with  such  pn- 
p.'nderating  authority.      Wencesluus  [elected  in 
i;i7M|.  a  supine  and   voluptuous  man.   less  re- 
spi-cled.  ami  more  negligent  of  Germany,  if  pos- 
sible, that,  his  father,  was  regularly  deposed  by 
amajoriiyof  the  electoral  college  In  1400.   .   ." 
They   clio.se    ItolH'rt  count   iialatine   instead   of 
\\eneeslaus;  and  though  the  latter  did  not  eeaso 
to  have  some   adhen'nts.  Hobert  has   generally 
been  counted  among  the  lawful  cinperora.     Cpon 
his.leatb  (1410)  the  empire  returned  to  the  house 
of  Luxemburg;  Wenceslaus  hiinstdf  waiving  his 
rights  in   favour  of  his   brother  Sigismund  of 
Hungary."     On  the  death  of  Sigismund.  in  14!i7. 
the  biiiise  of  Aii^lria regained  the  imperial  tlinme, 
in  the  person  of  Allx'rt.  duke  of  Austria,  who 
lia.1    married   Sigismund's    only  daughter,    the 
iiueeii  (if  Hungary  and    Bohemia.      "  He  died  in 
two  years,  leaving  his  wife  pregnant  with  a  son. 
Ijidislaiis  I'oslliiinius.  who  afterwards  reigned  in 
the  two  kingdoms  just  mentioned;  and  the  choice 
of  the  electors  fell  upon  Frederic  duke  of  Stvria. 
second-cousin  of  the  last  emperor,  from  w"ho8e 
posterity  it  never  departed,  except  in  a  sin«:!e  in- 
stance, upon  the  extinction  of  his  male  line  in 
1740.    Frederic  III.  reigned  53  yeare  [1440-1493], 

5 


yM 


m 


m 

■J 

4 

I  it 


■■  J, 


'  i 
it 


u 


11^ 

III 


•I,'. 


OERMANY,  lM7-t4»S 


TV  HohtnMolUms. 


OKRMANT.  I41T 


•  lonjrr  period  than  «ny  nf  hU  pmlcrrMnn :  nnci 
IiIh  ihtwiiiiiI  rhiimrtpr  wh*  mort'  lniili(nlt)riint. 
.  .  Knsli'rir.  nlways  poor.  «ti<l  wiiniTv  »l>l''  lo 
prolwt  liliiiMir  III  Aiintrin  from  tin-  willtlonK  of 
hin  niiliji'clH,  or  till'  Inronils  of  ilii'  kiiiK  i>r  Mini 

fiiry.  wiixyi'  iiiioIIht  foiimlrrof  hla  fiiinlly,  iiiiil 
'ft  lliilrforlimin  iinoimmnilil>  iiion'  ppi»|«'roii» 
lliiiii  lit  liU  iint'iutlon  Till'  iimrriiiKr  of  IiIh  miii 
Miiiliiillliin  with  tlip  hi'lri'wt  of  lliiruunily  |im'i' 
Nktiiiiii.amw    a   I)    t477|  Wif:in  Ihiit  iiiinin 

ill/.i' Ill  of  till'  hoiiHt'  of  Aii'<trli»  whiih  Kri'iliTlr 

Mi'inn  lo  hiivi'  iintlclpAli'it  Tlii'  I'Irrtopt.  who 
hiiil  lost  Ik  eoiHl  ili'iil  of  thi'lr  foniirr  Hplrit.  uml 
wire  L'rown  wikIIiIi'  of  tlii'  inn  iKity  of  rhooiilii|{ 
a  powrrful  >*ovi'ri'ltfn.  tninli'  no  opptwitloii  to 
MiixiniiliiinN  iN'romliiK  klni{  of  thi'  Koiiiiiiw  In 
hi*  futli.  ri*  llfi'limi'."— II  lliilliim.  T/i-'  »Mllf 
.1r;,..  ,'/,  .")  (/■  ','1— "It  U  Important  to  ri'inark 
tliiit.  for  iiiori' than  a  iintiiry  afti'r  Cliarli'ii  IV 
liail  llxi'il  lilt  wat  In  Uohi'niia,  no  imp^ror  np 
pciiriil.  I  n.lowi'il  with  the  vigour  ni'ii'Hsiiry  lo 
iiphiiM  ;iimI  irovirn  tlir  cniplri'.  Tin"  liari'  fart 
tliit  Ciiiirlvis  MucccsBor,  VVVncfulan,  wiw  a  prin 
(HUT  in  till'  haiiiU  of  the  Hohiinlann,  rcniaini'il 
forali'iii;  time  unknown  In  Germany:  a  Hlmph' 
ilirriiof  tile  (•li'i'''ir»  mifflnil  to  iletliMne  hlni. 
Uupi  rt  till'  I'lilatlne  only  ewara'il  a  nimihir  fate 
liy  ilialli.  When  Si)ff»munil  of  Luxemburg, 
(who.  after  nianv  iUHputiil  flections,  kept  po**;'* 
»lon  of  the  tielil  )  four  years  after  his  eleetioii. 
entered  the  territory  of  the  empire  of  wliieh  he 
Wiw  to  Im'  erowneil  Koverei>;ii.  he  found  ho  little 
»ynip:itliy  that  he  wan  for  a  moment  inellned  to 
return  to  Hungary  without  aeeompllxhlnK  the 
object  of  his  Journey.  The  aetive  part  he  tiMik 
In  the  iillalm  of  Holieinia.  and  of  Kunipe  ([ener 
ally.  liiiH  j;lven  him  a  name;  hut  in  and  for  the 
empire,  he  did  nolhintf  worthy  of  note.  Ili'tween 
the  years  1 42'J  and  UliO  he  never  made  his  ap 
pi'aranee  iM-yoiid  Vienna;  from  the  aiitiimti  of 
U:il  to  that  of  HIM  he  was  (M'ciiiiied  with  his 
eoMiiation  journey  to  Home;  and  during  the 
three  years  from  1434  to  his  death  he  never  got 
lieyond  liohemia  and  Moravia;  nor  did  Albert 
II..  who  has  iK'en  the  Hiibjeet  of  siieli  lavish 
I'Ulo^'V.  ever  visit  the  dominions  of  the  empire. 
Knilerie  III.,  however,  far  outdid  all  his  pnih'- 
lessors.  During  si'Ven  and  twenty  years,  from 
1444  to  1471,  he  was  never  seen  within  the  Ihuiii- 
iluries  of  the  empire.  Ilenee  it  happened  that 
the  central  action  mil  tlie  visilile  manifestation 
of  sovereijynty,  in  us  far  as  any  sueli  existed  in  the 
empire,  fell  to  the  share  of  tile  princes,  and  more 
especi.illy  of  the  prince  eU'ctors.  In  the  nlyn  of 
Siiiismmid  we  tinil  them  convokinj:  the  iliets. 
and  leadiiiir  the  armies  into  the  tietd  against  the 
Hussites:  the  opcnitions  against  the  Hohemians 
weri'  attributi'd  entirely  to  them.  In  this  man 
ner  the  empire  Iscame,  like  the  papacy,  a  power 
which  actetl  from  a  distance,  and  rested  chietlv 
upon  opinion.  .  .  .  The  emperor  was  reirardeil. 
ill  the  tirst  place,  as  the  Biipreme  feudal  lord, 
who  conferred  iin  pni|Mrty  its  highest  and  most 

sacH'd  sanction Mtiioiii^h  he  was  regarded 

as  till-  lic.-id  anil  source  of  all  temporal  jurisiiic- 
tion.  yi't  no  tribiin:il  f"und  more  doubtful  obcdi 
t'Urv  tlcin  his  own.  The  fact  that  royalty  ex- 
isted in  (iermany  li:td  almost  been  sulfcrcd  io  fall 
intooblivion  ;  even  the  title  had  lieeii  lost.  Henry 
VII.  tliuu^'hr  it  an  alTront  to  be  called  Kin.i;  of 
(.tcniiany.  and  not.  as  he  had  a  rii^ht  to  Ih'  callisl 
hi  r-jn-  ;uiy  ccrcmiiny  tii  cornniiiiiiu,  King  of  liic 
Homans.     In  the  l.'ith  century  the  emperor  was 


reifnnled  pre  eminently  M  the  •ueee««Mr  i.f  i 
ancient  |{oiiMn  ('irs«ni,  whow  rlKhta  nn  i  ,{i;.'i 
tieii  hail  Ut-n  tntnafem-d,  Hrat  to  the  lim  ks  n 
then  to  the  Oennitna  in  the  persons  ff  ili  o 
maxne  and  Otho  the  (treat,  ss  the  trie  ..ml 
lieiul  of  Chrtsteniloin.  .  The  opini'Hi  u  i.i., 
tlilently  entertainni  In  (Iermany  that  tin  iili 
soveri'lKiis  of  Christendom.  esiM'ci.illv  thnsc 
HnKlaml,  Spain,  and  Kranee,  wereli'i.Mll>  siliji 
to  the  crown  of  the  empin*:  the  only  controv  r 
was,  whether  their  disoliedience  was  vmiil 
oU)(iit  lo  Ih'  ri'itanled  as  sinful  "-I,  \Mn  Itml 
Iftff  of  the  lifformtiiiitn  in  tlrnmnn/,  i  I  y 
.V'-.Vl 

Also  in:  HIr  H.  Comyn,  Ifitt  „f  tl„  \\.,i, 
Kiiijiirf,  rh.  'H  (r  11.  — E.  F.  Ilindersi.n  s', 
//<V.  /*«••«  vf  the  MiiMU  Ag,;  M  '.'.  /.  Ih 
f*i'e.  also,  AisTHn:  AD.  HMO  i:Ml(.  t..  117 
I  till. 

A.  D.  1363-1364.  —  Tyrol  acquired  by  t 
HouM  of  Auitria,  with  tht  rcTcrsion  of  t 
crowns  of  Bohemia  and  Hungary.  Sic  .\i  -mi 
A.  I)   liiao-li«M. 

A.  D.  1378.— Final  lurrcndcr  of  the  Areli 
to  France.    See  Hunoi-Jinv :  \   I)   ll.'T  ;:i> 

A.  D.  1386-1388,— Defeat  of  the  Austria 
bj  the  Swill  at  Sempach  and  Naefels.    > 

■SWITZKHI.ANH:    A.    I».    i:)N<H;)HH 

A.  D.  1405-1434.— The  Bohemian  Reform 
tionand  the  Huiiite  wars.  SeclloiiiMn    \ 
140.-.  141. V  and  14H»-I4;14. 

A.  D.  1414-1418,- Failure  of  demands  I 
Church  Reform  in  the  Council  of  Consttni 
See  I'AI'Arv:  A.  I)    1414-I41H 

A.  D.  1417,— The  Electorate  of  Brandi 
burg  conferred  on  the  Hohenzollerns.  I' 
Manli  of  ItmnilenbiirK  is  one  of  Ihos,  disirii 

which  was  tIrst  |H'opleil   by  the  adv if  t 

tlerman  nation  towanis  the  east  iltiriii.:  1 
twelfth  and  Ihlrtwnth  centuries.  It  \\:i-  in  i 
be^innln);.  like  Hilesia,  Meeklenburi;.  I'lmu  riii 
I'riisHia,  and  Uvonia,  a  Oermaii  colony  xitl 
upon  ail  almost  unciiltlvateil  soil:  from  ili''  t' 
tirst.  however.  It  si'ems  to  have  niven  the  'jr*  .iti 
jiromisi'  of  vii^our.  .  .  .  I'ossession  w.is  t.iktti 
the  soil  upon  the  ground  of  the  ri^rhis  "f  ' 
princely  .Xscanian  hoiiw  —  we  know  ii'ii  uliiti 
these  ri);hts  were  founded  upon  iiilnrii  iim  pi 
chase,  or  ccKsion.  The  priM'css  of  o.[ii|i:ili 
was  so  Kriulual  that  the  mstiliilioiis  i>l'  ilir  ' 
(ierinan  provinces,  like  those  C"ii-iiiiiiiii_'  1 
northern  march,  had  lime  to  take  tiriii  r".!  in  1 
newly  aei|uired  territory;  and  owiiii;  I"  'he  " 
slant  necessity  for  unsheathing  the  -I'-nl.  t 
cohaiists  iici|Uired  warlike  habits  »lii<  h  ti  ii'l 
to  Hive  them  spirit  and  ener;;v.  .  I'll'    ' 

canians  were  a  warlike  l;iit  ciiltiv;ili'l  rm. 
ce.ssanllv  acipiiriiiii  new  pos.scssions,  Imt  i;riii 
0113  ami  openhanded;  and  new  life  fnll.iiviil 
their  fiKitstcps.  They  si'nii  l.sik  iip:u'  iiii|ii'ri.i 
political  position  anioiii:  llic  (oriniii  piinn 
houses:  llieir  jiossi'ssioiis  extcmlcd  ov.  r  1  i:n 
part  of  Tliurinnia.  Monivia.  I.ausii/.  :iiiil  *il  - 
the  electoral  ilii;iiily  which  tiny  :i~sinni  I  1:1 
lo  them  and  to  tlui'r  country  :i  lii^'li  rcik  in  ' 
Kllipire  III  the  N'eiiniark  :ill'l  ill  I*"ini  '■  t  'i  t 
I'nlcs  retreated  before  them,  ami  on  'li  I'  n 
raiiiaii  coasts  they  prntectcd  the  town-  t  'inii 
by  the  Teutonic  order  from  the  iiivii-;  n  '  I  ' 
lianes.  It  has  Ih'cu  asked  wlicllni  iln-  f 
miitht  not  have  Rreally  exiendcd  its  imM  1  I 
they  were  not  destined  even  to  ni:;k'-  ■'■■  ■■■■  =■■ 
Jt  is  said  that  at  the  beginning  of  tin  f.mr'.n 


-.J 


I486 


'ik 


-^: 


GERMANY.   UI7 


ttunththuk 
iN«t*rrr)  ftoHfl 


OKRMANY.   U»»-1SI» 


crnlury  nlnrlfrn  minilH-n)  of  tliia  fumilr  wcri' 
MMmtilitl  nil  till'  MiirKnivi 'i  lllll  ni'iir  l(iit)ii'Miiii 
III  the  yi'iir  lll'jl).  nf  nil  tlii'W  iiiii  mu'  ririitiiiiiii. 
iir  liiul  cvi'ii  lift  itii  lii'Ir.  .  .  Ill  llritiiili'iiliurK 
.  It  rcHlly  ii|>|H'iin'il  114  ir  III)' I'diiK'tiiinnr  ihi' 
mlliiK  fiimlly  wmilil  iniail  ruin  ii|hmi  tlii'  iniiii 
try.  It  liiiil  fiirtiii'l  »  i  liw  ulliumi'  with  liii'  im 
|i>tI«I  |miwit  —  »hii  Ii  III  thai    iiiiiiiiiiit   was  tin- 

•Ulijllt    nf    rnllll'lltliui     )•      wcin     |||r    m,,    (rrinl 

fu.iiillca  nf  \Villi'i»l>iii  li  iiiiil  l.imiiilmrir  -HUH 
inviilvi'il  ill  llic  <|ii!irri'l>i  uf  llmiu'  (wn  riiii*. 
inj.inil  liy  iili  llii  ir  ailiTiuiliitiiH  nf  fi  rtiiiii.  iiini 
»"( rillci'il  in  llicir  ilnnii>lir  ami  fnriiuii  pnlirv. 
which  wiiH  Intiiily  lit  variiiiiii'  wilii  llif  iniirintH 
(if  llniiidciiliirir  Al  tlir  vi  ry  lHL'liiiiiii){  of  tin- 
•IniKlfh'  till'  Miinh  nf  llni'iiiliiiliiirx  Imt  Kh 
(li|«iiili'nili  ■» Vt   liimtli  till'   Kiii|M'rnr  Sii; 

mllllil,  lllt'lllat  nf  thi'lliMIM'nf  I.IIXi'llllluri;.  fnlllhl 

liiiiiiK'lf  «i  fully  iH'('>i|iii'ii  Kiih  the  ilixMirliaiici'i 
in  llii'  Eiii|iir)'  and  tin'  iUhmiiiIoiih  in  llir  Cliiinh. 
tliat  III'  roiilil  no  h>ii|,'i  r  iiiuiiilaiii  hiii  [Miwir  in 
till'  MhitIi.  ami  liilriislt'il  thr  Ia«i4  In  lii«  frirml 
nnti  ri'liitlnii.  Kri'di'iHi  k,  lliiri;nivi'  nf  MlriilMri;. 
til  wlinm  he  lay  iiiiilcr  htv  ifniit  nliliifalimm.  anil 
will!  hixl  ii«<i'<lt'd  him  wtth  ninnty  at  hiit  mid. 
It  wiw  a  jfirat  iMiint  k"'1'i<<I,  iiftir  wi  ImiK  a 
pirinil  of  aiiuri  hy,  to  liml  ii  imwrrfiil  and  |iru- 
iliiil  |irlmi'  nady  tn  iindirtaki'  llir  (tnviTniiiint 
nf  till'  iirovliui-.  Ill'  iniild  dn  nnthiiiif  in  Ihi- 
iilM'n  tii'ld  a^fainsl  tiir  ri'vnltid  nnlihu.  hut  he 
uwiiliil  and  vani|iiislii'd  Ihini  in  lliiir  hltlnrtn 
lm|in'Knal)li'  strnntj  hnhls  ■.iirniuiidid  with  walls 
flflrin  fiTt  thick,  whh'li  he  dcinnlli>hi'il  with 
Ills  cluiiwy  hut  cITi'ctlvc  artillery  In  ii  few 
yi'iim  he  hail  so  far  nucceediil  tlmt'he  wiw  nlile  tn 
pnnlainia  Ijiiidfriede,  nr  pulilie  |Maee,  aecnril 
mg  In  whii'li  each  and  every  niie  who  was  an 
enemy  tn  hlin.  nr  In  llinw  ci>"ni|ireliendei|  in  tlie 
peace,  wild  ennHhlered  and  treatid  im  the  enemy 
ufiill.  But  the  elTect  nf  all  this  would  have  lieeii 
liiit  transient,  had  not  tlie  Kni|H'Mr,  wlm  Inul  mi 
Km.  mill  who  was  wmi  hy  Kreih'rIi  ks  niiinernus 
nrvicesHml  hy  his  tahiils  for  aetinii,  iniide  the 
Elcitomte  hert'ditary  in  his  fainilv.  .  .  The 
mciHt  im|Mirtant  day  in  the  history  (if  the  .March 
of  KranilenliiirK  '""1  'he  fiiinilv  of  Zolhrii  was 
the  IHih  of  April,  UI7,  when  in 'the  niiirket  place 
()'  Constiince  the  Knipemr  Si^tmund  forinallv 
invested  tlie  Hurjfnive  with  the  dijtuity  of  Klee 
I"r.  placed  in  his  liumls  the  llai;  with  the  arms  of 

till'  March  unci  n'celved  fr him  the  oath  of 

iillei;ianc'e.  From  this  moment  a  prosiM'ct  was 
alTiinled  tn  the  territory  nf  Itriincleiihiiri.'  of  re- 
iiivi  rim;  its  former  prosperity  and  iiu  reasinj;  its 
iiniHirlaiice,  while  tn  the  house'  of  Zollc  rn  a  career 
(if  L'liiry  and  usefulness  was  npened  wnrtliv  nf 
powi-rs  which  were  thus  called  into  ac  linn."— I,, 
vim  Itanke,  Mfmnirit  nf  the  U.iun,  „f  llnimlrii 
*'"•.■.  M'.  1.  r/i  ',' — See.  also.  lin\M)KNUI'itii 
A  II  lltW-UlT:  and  IIoiikn/.cii.i.i-min.  Uisk  ok 
Till-;  llnrsK  OK. 

A.  D.  1467-1471.— Crusade  against  George 
Podiebrad,  king  of  Bohemia.  See  Hohkmi.v: 
A  II   M.-1H-I47I. 

„  A-  D;  1467-M77  —  Relations  of  Charles  the 
Bold  of  Burgundy  to  the  Empire.  Sic  Hi  u 
'•iMiv     A.  I).  14117.  and  117(1-1177. 

A.  D.  1491-151^.— The  Bundschuh  insurrec- 
tions of  the  Peasantry.— ScM-nil  risinirs  of  ihe 
'ii  1111:111  iM'a.sanlry.  in  llie  later  iiart  of  ilie  l.'illi 
aii'l  I  iirly  part  nf  the  Wth  eentiirv.  were  nameil 
■■■■•".  iiu-  iiunii.sihiiii,  .,r  ik.i.-v.hU' li.ig.  wiiiih 
Ihe  insurgenU  tiore  u:)  tlu  ir  emblem  or  pictured   j 


i  nil  their  Imnncn  "While  Ihe  iieasitnlii  In  the 
Kliii'tinn  .\l|w  wen-  gradually  llmminif  ntT  thr 
vnke  of  the  tiolileit  nnil  fnniiihf{  the  '(irauliuiid  ' 
Iwe  SwiiiKHI.AMK  A  l>  l;tWi-Um»|.  a  «lriikt>rle 
was  Kdinij  nn  iMlwein  the  lielithlMiiiriint  peas 
aniry  nf  Kempleii  (In  the  eital  nf  Lake  Cniinlaneel 
and  Ihilr  feudal  Innl.  Ihe  Ahlsil  nf  Kemplen 
ll  Is'Kiiii  In  U'.':|.  and  came  In  an  opii.  n  hel 
linn  ill  UlCJ  It  was  a  nlielliiih  aualiisl  new 
deiiianils  not  Minctiiuied  liv  ancieiil  1  iislniii. 
and  ihiiiitrli  ll  was  crushed. 'and  emied  in  lillle 
itinmI  loihe  peas.iiilrv  imanv  nf  wlinni  lied  liitn 
Swil/erlandl,  yet  it  is  wnriliy  nf  nnle  iMiaiis.- 
In  il  for  the  first  time  apiwars  the  luiiiiier 
nf  Ihe  lliiiiilsdiuh  The  next  rising  was  in 
Klsjiss  (Alsace),  in  I  IlKI.  Ihe  peasanls  lindinK 
allies  in  till'  liiirifhers  i.f  (lie  iimiis  aloni;  the 
Ithiiie.  who  had  their  i.»ii  (jrievaiiees  The 
lluiidM'huh  was  aitaiii  their  lianner.  and  it  was 
tn  Swil<erliiiid  that  Ihiir  anxious  eyes  were 
(iiriied  fur  help.  This  mnvement  alsn  was  pre 
iiiaturely  di-senvcri'il  and  |iut  down  Then,  in 
l'"i(ll_.  nther  iH'asaiits.  dns.'  m  inhliours  In  thnn' 
nf  Kempteii.  caiinht  the  infecli.iii,  and  in  IVri, 
airaiii  in  KIsass,  Imt  Mils  time  further  nnrtli,  in 
the  rejtinn  alHiiii  Sisyer  and  the  Neckar,  Inwer 
dimn  the  Ithine,  nearer  Kraneniiia,  the  Hunil- 
scliiih  was  raisi'd  aifaln.  ll  numls'ncl  nn  itH 
recriiil  rnlls  inanv  tiinusiinds  nf  (Hasaiits  from 
the  iniinlry  inund,  alniit;  the  Xeckar  and  the 
Illiine  The  wild  nntinn  was  tn  rise  in  arms.  In 
make  tliemselves  free,  like  the  Swiss,  liy  the 
swnrd.  In  ai  knnwledjte  no  superior  but  the  Kin- 
iM'ror,  and  all  (iermany  wiin  to  join  the  I/caKue. 
They  were  to  pay  im  taxes  nr  dues,  and  eoni- 
iiiniis.  fonsts.  anil  rivers  wen-  to  Im'  free  tn  all. 
Ileri'.  attain.  Iliev  mixisl  up  religion  with  their 
demands,  and  'Only  what  is  Just  Is'fnre  Oisl" 
was  the  motto  on  the  banner  c/ the  Itundschiili. 
Tliev,  t(Hi,  V  ere  iM'tniyed,  and  in  savajfe  triiiiii|ili 
the  Kni|«r(ir  Maximilian  ordered  their  proisrly 
tn  Ik'  cnntlscatiil,  their  wives  and  children  to  he 
banished,  and  themselves  to  !«■  c|iiartereil  alive. 

Few  .  .  .  really  fell  victims  to  this  cruel 
onierof  the  Emiienir.  The  rinjfleaih'mdisiM'rswl, 
tteeiiij,'  some  into  Switzeriand  and  some  into  the 
Itlack  Forest.  For  ten  years  now  there  was 
silence  The  liiindschiih  banner  w  iis  furled,  but 
only  for  a  while.  In  l.lli  and  l.'illl,  on  Ihe  east 
side  of  tile  Khine.  in  Ihe  Hliu  k  Forest  and  the 
neiKhlsiiirinif  dislrictsnf  WttrtemlK'rK,  the  mnve- 
ment was  apiiii  nn  fcsit  on  a  still  laryer  scale. 
It  had  found  a  leader  In  Jnsu  Fritz.  A  soldier, 
witli  enniinandini;   presence  and  great  natural 

cloiliieiiie.   .   .   .   he  liiiled  his  time \iraiii 

(lie  League  was  Is'tniyecl  ,  ,  .  and  .loss  Fritz, 
wilh  tlie  banner  under  Ills  ehithes.  had  to  tlv  for 
his  life  to  Switzerland.  .  .  .  He  returned  after  a 
while  to  the  Itlack  Forest,  went  alHiul  his  secnl 
errands,  and  a>rain  bided  ids  lime.  In  |.">U  Ihe 
peasantry  of  the  Oiike  Ulricli  of  AVtlrlenilH'rK 
rose  to  resist  the  Ivninny  of  their  lord  [in  a  coni- 
Irnatioii  called  'the  League  of  I'onr  Cnnracrj. 

The  same  year,  in  the  vaUevs  of  the  Aus 
Irian  .Vlps,  in  Carinlliia.  Slyria.  and  (rain,  simi- 
lar ri>ini,'s  nf  the  peasantry  tisik  place,  all  of 
llic  III  eiidini;  in  tlie  triiiniphcif  the  nobles  "—  F. 
Secbohm  —  T/i,-  h'ni  of  the  l'nit,>.l.ii,t  I!,  i:.hiii„i,, 
l>l-  I.  '■/'.  4— See,  alsn,  belnw;  A.  I)  1 -V,' 4  - 1  ."I'J.'i! 
A.  D.  1493.—  Maximilian  I.  becomes  em- 
peror. 

A.  D.  1493-1519.- The  reigu  of  Maximilian. 
—His  personal  importance  and  his  imperial 


-  -1 .1 


1487 


irn' 


ornMANY.  14Kl-l»l» 


Maslmautn  I 


UKKMANV.  lim-ltIO 


1H' 


i  r 


■■■•{ 


■ii  '- 


i      ,  J  ! 


riwcrUsintii.  Coatlltiitienal  rtformi  in  Ih* 
mpirt.  Th«  ImptrUI  Ch>mb«r.  The  Clr- 
cUi.  -Th«  Aulic  Council. -Kn'hrii  lili.' 
Tlilnl)  <lliil  111  1 IIM.  »flir  11  pnilnn  li'.l  uihI  In 
(Tlnrliiii*  rilifri  of  Vl  vi'iipt  .  .  On  tin- ilnilli  i>f 
lilo  Tilliir,  M;i\iiiiilinii  liml  Ih-iii  m-vi'ii  .vi'«r«  kliitf 
nf  llu-  HiHiiiiii-^.  iiihI  lit"*  iirfi-Mlitii  til  lh«-  iiii 
pirliil  ir>i»ii  I  iMiMiiiii  nil  im  ii|i|umiiliiii 
(*riir(ilv  liiiil  li"'  iiMiiiiliil  111!'  Iliniiif,  wliin 
('luirliH  VIM  .  Iiiiiir  iif  Kriiiiir,  |m«».'.l  lliroiiuli 
till'  Mihini'iM  Into  tluiniilh  nf  ImI>.  iiml  m  i<nl  <>ii 
NripliH  Willi,. HI  ii|.|iimitii.|l  Imi"  lr»i.v  A  li 
1I1»I   IIIW|       M:i\iiiiiliiiii  I  iiili;iv(iiinil  to  mil-"' 

till    111  rillllll    Ililll'HI    to   It  Kl  IW  lif    Itit  lllinu'l T.    lllll 

In  v.ilii  ,    Willi  iltllli  iillv  Uv  wii«  ill  li'  til  ill- 

•  liiltrll  IIIMMI  MirtI  tiiiljil  llli'  liMirilr.  ulu'  li  S|iiiIm. 
till'  piiiii'.   till'   Mlliiiii'if.  ami  till'  Villi  'iiiii'.  liil 

fiiniiiil  ■  111  I  \l>i  I  till'  ninliitiiMH   liiiniilir«  fr 

itiilv  T'l  niiHiit  lil»  iillliimi' Willi  Kiriiiiiiilii  till' 
Ciillinlir,  111'  miirrli'il  liU  wm  l'liili|i  tii  .Iimnii.  tin' 
iliiuirlili  r  I'l  till'  H|iiiiiliiril  Tlii' nuifriliriii'V  Irl 
iiinpliiil.  ii"l  llinniiili  111!' ifT.'rtH  iif  Miixinillluii. 
Inn  IliriiiiLili  till'  liiitri'il  of  llir  lliilliiiiit  t<i  tlir 
Oiilll.'  ».ik.'  l.imU  XII  .  whiii.ii<iiii|i'cl  III 

Clhirli'ji  lUlNi,       .       f.iriiil  I'hllip  to  ilii  iKiiiniiti' 

for  Kliiniliri,  •nirrinilrrl'i:.  Iinl I.  Ilin-i'  linoii 

Hiiliriilili'  t.iwii«.  iliiit   hi'  hilKlit  1k'  lit  lllHTty  u> 

riniw  tin'  ili'Hiiriii  nf  lih  I m-  mi  Lninlwrilv  iiinl 

Niipli  «.  Till'  Kniii  h  Iniil  llttli'  tlllllciilly  In 

rfprllini;  i.inliit  irii  .Minn,  thn  iisiir|H'r  nf  Miliiti. 
mill  III  n  lainliit' j>n«i«-<»inii  nf  tin'  rmintry  iliirlnu' 
tin'  liitli-r  part  nf  MaxiiiiiliaH'*  niiiii  \vf  IiM.v: 
A  l>  mm  |."iiHi|  l.niiii.  Iinliril.  iliil  Ininiaiii' 
fur  till'  ilin  liy  til  llin  liirmiiiiii'  liiiiil;  Inil  Mn  li 
Imniai,'!'    wai   iinrily    iininiiuil;    It    iiimUiil    im 

liitniti',  nn  ili'|"iii|i'ini'      Tli 'iiipiill f  llii'< 

tini'  prnvinrc  liy  tlir  Kn mil  inaili'  ini  liii|iri'si.iiiii 
nil  the  (li'riimn«;  liny  rrj-anliil  It  iH  ii  lli  f  nf  tin 
liiiiiHi'nf  .\ii«lri,i.  inii'nf  tin-  iiiiplri':  Inil  i'MH  if 
it  Innl  •Iniiil  in  till'  latlir  nlntlnn.  liny  hmiiM  lint 
liavi' nniviil  nnn  iii.iii,  nr vnind  nnn  llnrin  i.iaviTt 
itt  fati'  That  tin'  Krrin  li  iliil  not  nlitain  ^iiiiihir 
pn»'«i  ">«inii  of  Nipli'S,  and  tlnri'liy  I"  i  mm'  I'ti- 
iilili'il  tonpp.'H'  Miixiniiliaii  willi  'uri  atrr  ilfi'd, 
wuHnwinir  to  tin' valour  nf  the  Spaiiixli  trnopt, 
who  rrlaini'il  tlir  rmw  n  in  tin'  Iioiim*  of  ,\riiifoii 
His  ili-ii'iiii  H  Willi  thi'  Viinlian'<  wirn  InKlorimis 
to  his  arm..:  liny  ili  fialnl  his  iiriiiiis,  iiiiil  lu- 
rroinlii'il  rmiviili  ralily  nn  his  Italian  pnH.m'ssiim«. 
Ill'  was  I'ipially  iiiisiirnssfiil  with  the  Swiss. 
whom  hi'  vainly  piTsiiaili'i!  to  ackiinw  Icilgi'  the 
siipri  iiiaiy  of  Ills  Innisi'  .  .  For  iimirj- of  his 
failiiri'S  .  .  hi'  is  not  to  U' lilaimil.  To  I'arry 
nn  his  vast  I  ,iii  rpris<'s  hi'  cnuM  <  oinmiiml  only 
Ih"  ri'siiiirirs  nf  Austria;  had  In'  Ix'in  ulili' to 
wii'ld  llios<'  of  till'  iinpiri',  his  niiini'  would  havn 
linn  inorr  foriniiialilr  to  his  ciii'ii  iis;  anil  it  Is  no 
sliirht  praisi',  that  with  ini'aiis  so  tsmtrut'ti'd  hi' 
1  mild  pri  scrvr  III'  Nrtlnrlamls  a;;ninst  the  oi«'ii 
vi.ili'iKi',  no  li's,  than  tin'  siihlli'  duplicity,  nf 
FriiMi'  lint  till'  inlirnal  Iransartinns  nf  .Maxi 
inilian  s  riii;ii  iiri'  llinsi.  only  to  which  the  alien 
tioii  of  Ihc  riaiii  r  can  l»'  ilini  led  with  pleasure 
III  1  lli."i  wi' wiiiiess  till'  entire  nlKilitinii  nf  the 
riu'ht  of  iliilidatioii  [private  warfare,  sic  I, ami 
kiukiik;  — a  riirlil  w  liii  h  from  time  linnicmorial 
had  lii'cii  tile  curse  of  thecinpin'.  .  .  .  The  pa.ss- 
inirof  thedrcrce  which  for  ever  wcured  thepuliiic 
pi  ai  c.  liy  placiiii:  under  the  liau  of  the  empire, 
and  liniiii;  .il  '.'.(HKI  iiiarlis  in  (.'old,  every  city, 
every  iiniiv  iiliial   that   should  hereafter  send  or 

.i.c.j.t     .j    .)..t\A;:.'-i.     v;-^-i    Tt.-^ir!y    -.'.r.r.niini.-.is        In 

regard   to  the    hmj;  prn|H)Sed    tribunal    [to  tal<e 


counltiinci'  of  all  vlnUtloiia  of  the  puliln  irn 
ipilllllvl.  which  waa  to  retain  the  naim  i  n, 
liii|M'r(al  chaniln'r.  .Maximilian  ^la\l'l  n  m 
from  till'  pri'lt  nsioiin  nf  his  father  li   i  , 

snleiniily  ileirnsl  that  Ilii'  new  court  shmiM  i  ,i 
Hl»t  of  oin' tf  ninil  Jiiil^e.  and  of  1*1  asMsm.t^  mIi 
were  pn'wniisl  Ity  the  Htati'H.  iiiid  ii'iiiiiniu.  I  I' 
the  emiM'rnr  riiiiujrh  ii  new   triliiiiiil  « 

fnniH'd.  lis  <'om|M't4'iicy,  its  niM-ratton,  ii'.  -  ,j 
port,  its  I  oiistitutiiin.  the  enforcement  i.f  in  .|. 

clHlons,  were  left  tiicli.iiice.  and  niait\  mi jv 

diets  —even  many  jfetieratinin*  -  wi  re  pj^vi  i  hi 
fnri' nntthlnir  like  an  ortfatilsed  si-icni  i  mil  I  I 
InlnsluVcd  Into  It  For  the  iMiiiiii'ii  .■!  I' 
decris'M  the  Swaliiiui  Ica^nie  was  H.»iu  i  mi|.'<<\.. 
then  aiinlher  new  authority,  the  ('•.uiiiil  <l  U. 
(Tcney  .  .  .  Hut  these  iiutliorilics  win  in-iiMii  h  i 
tiieli'fnrce  tin'  I'Mciitinll  of  the  di  i  n  i  -  i  n,  im 
liu;  from  the  chainU'r;  and  il  was  foniMl  n. . . 
wirv  to  restore  the  pniiMmitimi  of  ihc  i  it.  I. 
w  lilcli  Innl  Ih'cii  ai:ilated  in  the  n  iu'ii  "t  AU'iii  I 
.  .  ,  Oriitliially  they  (nmprlsni  mili  i  i; 
varla.  'J.  Fnincimia.  S.  Haxniiy,  I  ihe  Hlini- 
Swahla,  ami  II  VVestlihalla;  thus  exi  liilinw  il 
siati'snf  .Viistriaaiiil  tiieelcctorales.  I|iii  ihi-i  < 
elusion  w.is  the  M limitary  act  of  the  cli  i  i.'r^,  «li 
were  Jealous  nf  a  triliuiial  which  ini.'lii  i  n.  r  ii 
•II  their  own  privilcires.  In  l-M'.V  howinr  Hi 
.ippositionof  most  apiH'ars  to  have  h-i  ii  r.  nin\" 
for  four  new  circles  wen'  inlileil  7  Thr  i  in-i 
of  .V list riacnin prised  the  heicliiary  iliiiiiiiiinnsi 
that  liiiusi',  M,  That  of  Itur^undy' c.nii  niu'l  il 
slates  inherited  from  ('li.irli's  the  Itash  in  i'luu  In 
I'ointe   and   the    Netherlamis       II     Ih  il   .1    il 

I.IIWI  r  Ithine  conipreln'inlcd  the  llir l.-n 

thai  eleitnnit<'8  and  the  I'ahitinali       |o    '|  h  ,i  . 
I'piaT  Saxony  exteudeil  over  Hie  1 1. 1 1'fiti   , 
that  iiaine  ami  the  inarch  of  Hiainli  id'ui,' 
llohi'mia   and    Prussia  .  rcliisid    i  i  Im    iln 

partlthitn'd.      Knli  of  these  circles  h.n  I  IN  ml. hi: 

(irtfanisalions.  tl h'lnents  of   nliicli  "in    pi' 

iniilitalisl  in  l'"ir.'.  hut  which  «as  i  on-lli  1 1' 1 
imliroved  liv  .icci'edlnv'  diets.  Kai  h  lia'l  IN  Ik 
ri'diiary  president,  or  director,  and  iu  leri'liiir 
princi'  I  ..ii\  oker,  IhiiIi  otiices  iM'inu'  tO'i'i'Mi! 
vesied  ill  the  name  individuiil  .  .  .  Kn  ii.in 
hud  its  military  chief,  elected  hy  the  !■  •  .1  «'  ii. 
whose  duty  it  was  to  exi'cilte  the  di  i n  ■  ^  "f  II 
Imiarial  C'liamlier  (lencrally  lliisolllcc  u  iilu 
hy  the  prince  director.  .  ,  "The  csi.il,li,l,ii„  i 
of  the  lin|u'rial  CliamlH'r  was  .  .  liivii;!..  il' 
to  Ihc  ciiipernr.  Til  resiue  from  its  jiirivii.  ij. 
^ui  li  causes  as  he  cnnsidered  lii.\  nmre  pi-  utiir 
uiihiii  the  raiiKe  of  hU  pn'ronalive.  mil  t" 
iniacli  hy  decrees  on  the  jiirisdii  ii"ii  ■!  'li 
inlhiiis  triliiiinil.  Maximilian.  In  I'l'd  >>>'  'I 
foundation  of  the  ceh'lirated  .\ulic  <  ."i"'  "  H 
the  C'nmpetemy  nf  this  trihiinal  w.n  -  ' n  ' 
lendi'd:  from  pnlilhal  alTalrs.  inve-iinirf .  iln 
ters.  and  the  niiinernus  matters  wliii  li  i  ■  '..i  rn. 

the  Im|M'rial  chancery,  it  imnndiaii  ly  |  i I 

judicial   criuM's.   .   .   ."  Hy    an    iiiipi-riil   •  li'' 
I'MS,  the  Aulic  Council  was  to  ci.ii>i-t  .'f  Isip'I 
licrs.  all  iniminateil  by  the  empcrnr      I'm  >  h 
wen'  to  U'  chosen  fniin  tin-  slati  s  of  il" 
the  rest  from  th'tue  nf  Austria.     .Vlmn!  I 
legists,  the  nther  half  nnbh'S.  lull  ail  'I' 
nil  their  chief.   .       .    When  he  [Mimih 
bniired  tn  make  this  council   as  arl.iir.i 
I'mpirc  as  in  Austria,  he   mil  with  :'r'  i' 
tion.   .   .   .   Hut  his  piirpiisi' was  till!  .'  ■ 
mer.t  no  h-is  than  of  defence:  ;;!:'!   I''- 
was  so  well    imitated    bv  his  mhh — r 


il'ir 


wi^'i 


1488 


OEHMANV     14W  IM» 


rtefarnutlum 


OEHMAN'V,   I.M7-IIWS 


mml  rura  llii-  Aiillr  CourMll  wi-  ii  li  nitid  m- 
kiowlriliri'il  I.,  hitvt'  i>  ctiruiur.  hiriiHlli  i|..n 
with  IIh-  liii|H'rinl  <  liniiilaT,  in  iii„i  I,,  rlnhi  nf 
pw»pntt..n  i.v.r  ll>  rlv»l  "  -S   .\    liiinrmin.  Ih.l 

i^lKt  IhniMillf  Klliinre,  Ilk   11,  M     I  (r    '.'I  —■■Till' 

r»rrlvri|  opinion  which  r.-.  ii){nl«.«  In  |  Mn«linllliin| 
thiMTmiivi-  foiinihr  ..f  the  liiti  r  iiinniiiiiiloii  of 
Ibr  rnipln',   nitial   In'   nliHriiloiiiil    .         H.    li;ii| 
mil  Wu-  |Miwir  of  knplnir  IIm'  |irin<  iii  i,f  thr  ,  m 
plrf  toKiihir,  on  llii'  nuiinirv.  i  \i  r\(hiriit 

iilHiut  him  KiilU  liilo  imrlli-n  li  f.i||,,»,,|  ,,f 
m'li'Mlty  thai  hIimuiI  hr  riillicr  lo.t  ih,>ii  u,ihi,  r| 
(ffiHinil.  Thr   ffh.ry    whlrh    mirrouiiiU   tin' 

nirmciry  of  Matlmllliin.  the  hi ^h  rfnownwhldi 
he  cnloywl  I'vrn  amonK  hU  iriniiiniMirurin,  wirv 
IhiTifon-  not  won  hv  the  «iii  1 1»»  of  hla  .nl.  r 
prim-*,  hilt  hy  hlx  iMTMinul  (iimllih't  Kn  rv  it.mmI 
(Ift  of  nntiin'  hwl  iMin  lai'lshcft  ii|i<iii  lilm  hi 
pr(pfii«lon.  ill'  wa«  a  man  .         f<iriii<'i|  |o 

rirlti'ailnitrat Ion.  anil  li>  Inaplri' inthiiKlniilir  iii 
Urhmcnl;   fonnril  lo  la'  thi'  roniiintii- hen.    Ilir 
rihailslh-Mthi'imof  Ihr  (icoplc  "  — I,  von  Hiuikr. 
Hill  nf  Ihr  llif.niiiilinn  in   ilrrnumu,   r    I     „n 

Al*)  trt  TIm'  name,  lliil  „f  Ih,  /iilin  ■iml 
Trtitonif  Xaliim,  from  UIM  to  iSIl,  M  1,  ,•/,  H. 
.ok/ 4*.  3,  fh.  au/xM —>»«',  aluo,  Ai  oriiK  A  I) 
U77-14B.V 

A.  D.  149^1499.— Tht  Swabimn  w»r.  Prac- 
tical aeparation  of  tha  Swiaa  Confadcracy 
from  tlia  Empire.  Nr  .•^wit/khi  *M'  A  l> 
I3INV-UW. 

A.  D.  isoa- 1509. -The  League  of  Cambrai 
acainat  vanict.     .><<'i'   Vi^mi  t      A     1>    i.vim 
\m 

A.  D.  1513-1515.— The  emperor  in  the  pay 
orEnfland.— Peace  with  France.  S.i  Kii\n\> 
A   I)   |.1i:i-|.M.V 

A.  p.  1516.— Abortive  inTaaion  of  Milaneea 
by  Maximilian.      .s,'i-  Kkamk:    A    I)    ir.iH 

*•  '':i5'7-«5»3.—  Beginning;  of  the  move- 
mcnt  of  Rellcioua  Reformation.-  Papal  Indul- 
rencea,  and  Luther'a  attack  on  them.  -  Tlh 
Hi'fonnatlon,  llkr  all  other  fnnX  wiclal  lonviil 
Hi'iiu,  waaloiiKlii  pn'|)«mtioii  (w  I'm-aiv  i.Vrii 
mill  t'KMii(i|.>|  Ii  wii,  ,„„.  ,,„rt  ,,r  iiint 
itiniral  proKri'ss,  coinplcx  in  itsc  haraitir.  whiili 
Miiirk'il  Ihc  .  .  piriixl  of  Iraimilion  from  the 
Vli.l.lii-  Ages  to  iii<Kl«rn   livijizmioii  Hut 

Willi'-  the  Hi'fornmtion  »«s  one  pan  of  it 
Willi.'.'  extemliiiK  oTer  the  »li.ile  .,pheri'  of 
niiiniin  knowleiltfe  and  adivlty,  It  hail  its  .i«n 
"IB.  illr  origin  anil  i.i;;nitliiiiin''  These  are  .still, 
I..  Willie  entent,  11  siiliject  of  eoiilronrsv. 
On.'.'f  iu  lauiM'-i.  as  well  as  one  of  the'sotirees 
of  iis  ureat  i>ower.  was  the  iiierea'-iiitf  .liseonl.'nt 
with  the  prevalllni!  lorriiption  an.l  iiiis>;overn- 
miiit  in  the  Chiireh,  an.l  with  pupal  inti  rferenei' 

In  livi:  iilTalrs.    .  The   niisi lint   of    the 

IHipi's  In  the  last  half  of  the  tifteenth  eentiirv 
»:i«n.it  more  flagrant  than  that  of  their  pred," 
(WM.rsin  the  tenth  lenlurv  Hut  the  tifteenth 
Wilury  was  an  a^e  of  lltfhl  What  wms  ilone 
by  the  iiontills  was  not  ilone  in  a  e.irner  hut 
1111.1.  r  the  eyes  of  all  Europe,  Ih  si.les.  Iluiv 
was  now  a  ileep  seated  eravini;.  espeeiallv  in  the 
rent. .nil-  i«'oples.  who  had  so  l.mif  laen  under 
till  tutelage  of  a  legal,  ludai/.inL'  form  of  Chris- 
li.-iiiitv.  for  a  more  spiritual  type  of  religl.m. 
Ihe  lleformatlon  may  Ih'  viewed  in  iw.i 
--;~--:s.  On  th*  oil!  haii.I  il  is  a  leii^i.ms  revo 
luiiou  affecting  the  lifliefs.  the  rites,  the  ectlosi- 
U4 


astleal  ortfanllalion  of  the  Chiirrh,  and  the  f.irm 
of  ClirUiliin  life  On  the  other  Imiid,  Il  Is  a 
Kreal  niovinieiii  in  whli  h  xin-relKiin  and  nathina 
at.  Iii\. lived,  the  is'asi.iii  of  wars  aii.l  trealh's 
Ih.     il.i 


if 

a   iii^v,    {mtIim* 
.  it  Ill/all. .11      ( 
liiitds  ami    t<»\\, 
lie    id  toriniiil..n 


and  till'  liilrislnrthiii  of 
history  of  eiiltiiri  and 
liii  hidliiif  the  N.-llii-r 
.  was  the  >.ir..iiijh.ili|  of 
It  wan  natural  thai  sin  h  a 
iii'.v.  mint  sh'.iil.l  sprlntj  up  an.l  risj'  to  Its  hl«lii-l 
I'.'",  r  anioiufa  |Mopl..  In  whom  a  love  ..f  in.l, 
p.iiihiiie  was  iiiliiifl.  .1  with  a  vearning  for  a 
more  >plriliiiil  t.,rm  ..f  nllghm  llian  was  eneoiir 
Btfi.l  I'V  mi.liaval  ei  ehslaslh  Ism  Hegel  has 
dwell  wllh  il..i|uenie  u|H>n  Ihe  fiietthat  while 
the  rest  of  til.'  world  was  irone  out  to  Ainerlea 
or  1.1  Ih.  Iii'lii  ..  In  i|iii  •,!  of  rii  Ins  and  a  doinin 
ion  Unit  sh.iul.l  i-neirelethe  glols'.  a  simple  monk, 
lurniiiif  away  fr..m  enipiv  forms  and  tlie  things 
of  s<  ii»e.  was  tlndlng  hl'in  whom  the  dis<-lples 
onee  S4iiit'lit  in  a  sipiilelin'  of  .tone  riiiiuis 
tionahlj  the  hero  of  Ihe  Keforniaiion  was  .Martin 
l.iillier  As  ail  Kngllsh  writer  has  |Hiinteil 

out.  I.uther  s  whole  nature  was  l.leiilllled  wllh 
his  great  Work,  and  wnlle  other  leaders,  like 
.Melaiiithon  an.l  even  Calvin.  <  an  Is-  separali-il 

In  thoiiuhi  fr the  Ueformatlon.  '  I.uther.  apart 

froiinhe  Heforiiiiithin,  woiiM  eease  lo  Ih'  I.uther' 
.  .  In  I'lir  .l.'lin  Tetzi-I.  a  hawker  of  Indiil- 
ireiiies.  the  proit-i-ils  of  uhhh  Wfre  lo  help  pay 
f.ir  the  liiiil.llng  ,,f  St.  Peters  Cliiireh.  ap|Mared 
ill  the  neighlsirhiHid  of  Wlttinls-rg  To  |M'r- 
siiade  Ihe  |Hop|e  to  liiiy  his  spiritual  wans,  he 
lolil  them,  as  I.utherhiniBi'lf  testllhs.  that  itamsm 
as  till  Ir  money  elinke.l  In  Ihe  iHiti.tm  of  the  ehest 
thes<iiil»,,f  lhelril.(tiis.,|  friends  fort hwltli  went 
up  to  heann.  I.uther  was  so  striiik  wllh  the 
enormity  of  this  Iralll.  that  he  determined  I.,  stop 
it  He  preaeheil  au'aiiist  It.  an.l  on  Oetols  r  ill, 
l"ilT.  hi'  p..steil  .in  Ihed.s.r  of  the  Chun  h  of  All 
.Silnts.  at  WlltenlH  rg.  his  ninety  the  thesi's  (for 

the  full  text  of  tli,-„  ,   |'»l'»(  V:   A.  I)    I'll'], 

relatiiu;  to  the  dis  trine  and  praitiie  of  w-IIIng 
induli,'eiii-i-s  Indulgeiiees  .  .  wen'  at  llmt 
eomiiiutatioiis  of  peiianee  liv  the  payment  of 
money  The  rlt'ht  to  Issue  tliem  had  gradually 
iKiipuie  till-  exilusive  prerogative  of  the  (sipes. 
The  eter.i.il  piiiiishnieiit  of  mortal  sin  iM-ing  rv- 

"litled   ..r  ( ut.sl   hy   the  uliM.liiti.in  of  the 

priest.  It  was  op.  n  t.i  till'  jiope  or  his  agents.  Iiy 
a  grant  of  Indulgi  111  es,  i.i  remove  tin'  leniiHirul 
"I-  lirminalile  penalties,  wlii.  Ii  mijfht  extend  Into 
imri-Mtory  For  the  Ihih  lit  of  the  n.  e.ly  heeould 
.li-:nv  upon  Ihe  treasury  of  merit  stored  up  hy 
(  lirist  an.l  the  saints,  .\llliougli  it  wasexpressly 
deelared  hy  I'op,'  Sixtiis  IV..  that  souls  are  de- 
livired  from  purgatorial  tires  In  a  wavanahigoiis 
to  till'  (till  a(  y  of  prayer,  and  nllhou^ii  eonlrition 
was  theoreti.ully  i-.-.piire.l  of  the  rei-iplent  of  an 
In.liilL'i'iiee.  it  often  a|ipear.'.l  1.1  the  people  as  a 
simple  li.irirain.  neeordiiig  to  wlih  h,  on  pavinent 
of  a  sii|iij|ate.l  sum,  the  jiidiviilual  ohtained  a 
full  ilisiharge  f mm  the  penalties  of  sin,  or  pro 
euie.l  Ihe  release  of  a  S.111I  fnun  the  llanirs 
I.uther  sihes.siisHaile.1  Ihe  doctrines  which  made 
Ihis  liaiieful  Irallii-  possihle.  .  .  .  I'lieonselously 
lo  their  auth.ir.  tlii-y  slrueU  a  Mow  at  the  u.i- 
tliorily  of  Uoiiie  aii.rof  111.'  priesIhoiHl.  I.uiher 
had  no  thought  of  throwing:  ..IT  his  allesiiaiiee  to 
the  Uoman  Chun  h  Kv.-u  his  liases  were  only 
liroiiositions.  prop.iuiideil  f.ir  aea.hiiii.-  .j.'lm'e. 
aei  :  iii:  to  the  I  nstoin  iu  inediaval  universities. 
He  .       lulled  them  with  the  solemn  declaration 


Si 


m 


1489 


■>^ 


i 

i  * 

1                   ! 

'            1 

t! 


(If    a  > 


::11 
1 


It;  .\    ( 
.If     :    ' 


I  f'i^ 


tl 


GERSIANY,  1517-1328. 


tht  Ditt  uf  H'ormj. 


GERMANY,  1519 


that  he  afflrmed  nntliing,  but  left  nil  to  the  juilg- 
ment  of  the  Churcli.  .  .  .  The  theses  stlnwi  up 
■  roniiiiution  all  over  Germany.  ...  A  contro- 
versv  MWM-  iH'tween  the  new  ehampion  of  reform 
and  "tlie  defenders  of  indulgences.  It  was  during 
this  dispute  timt  Luther  began  to  realize  that 
human  autliority  was  against  him  and  to  see  the 
nceessity  of  planting  himsi'lf  more  distinctly  on 
the  Scriptures.  His  clear  arguments  and  reso- 
lute attitude  won  tlic  respect  of  the  Elector  of 
Saxor.y.  vho,  tliough  he  often  sought  to  restrain 
his  veiunience,  nevertheless  pn)teeted  him  from 
his  enemies.  Tliis  the  elector  was  al)l(^  to  do  Ix'- 
cause  of  liis  iiolitical  importance,  whicli  becami^ 
still  greater  wlien,  after  the  death  of  Maximilian, 
he  was  made  regent  of  Northern  Germany." — 
O.  V.  Fisher,  lliitory  of  the  Chrittinn  Church, 
pp.  287-29a.  — '•  At  first  neither  Luther,  nor 
others,  saw  to  what  the  contest  ulMiut  the  indul- 
gences woulil  lead.  The  Humanists  iM'lieved  it 
to  Ih'  only  a  scholastic  disputation,  and  Ilutlen 
laughed  "to  see  theologians  engaged  in  a  fight 
with  each  other.  It  was  not  till  the  Leipzig  dis- 
putation (1519).  when-  Luther  st(KKl  forward  to 
defenil  his  views  against  Eek,  that  the  matter 
assumed  a  gravi'  aspect,  took  another  turn,  and 
after  the  appearance  of  Luther's  appeals  'To  the 
Christian  Nobility  of  the  German  Nation.'  "On 
the  Babylonian  Captivity,' and  against  Church 
abuses,  that  it  assumed  national  importance.  All 
the  combustible  materials  were  ready,  the  spark 
was  thrown  among  them,  and  the  flames  broke 
out  from  every  quarter.  Huiidri'ds  of  thousands 
of  German  hearts  glowed  responsive  to  the  eom- 

Plaints  which  tlu  \Vittenl)erg  monk  flung  against 
apal  liimie,  in  a  language  whose  sonorous  splen- 
dour and  iron  strength  were  now  first  heard  in 
all  the  fulness,  force,  and  beauty  of  the  German 
idiom.  Tliat  was  an  imperishable  service  ri'n- 
dered  to  his  country  by  Luther.  He  wrote  in 
German,  and  he  wrote  such  German.  The 
papal  ban  hurled  back  against  him  in  15'j0  was 
disregarded.  He  burnt  it  outside  the  gate  of 
WitlenlHTg  by  the  leiier  hospital,  in  the  place 
where  the  rags  and  plague-stained  garments  of 
the  lep<'rs  were  wont  to  Ih,'  consumed.  The  no- 
bility, the  burghers,  the  ix-asants,  all  thrilled  nt 
his  call.  Now  the  moment  had  come  for  a  great 
emperor,  a  second  Charlemagne,  to  stand  forward 
and  regenerate  at  once  religicm  and  the  empire. 
There  was,  however,  at  the  head  of  the  slate, 
only  Charles  V.,  the  grandson  of  Maximilian,  a 
man  weak  where  he  ought  to  have  lieen  strong, 
and  strong  where  he  ought  to  have  la'en  weak,  a 
Spanish  Hurgunilian  prince,  of  Komance  sl(M'k, 
who  despised  and  disliked  the  German  tongue, 
the  tongue  of  the  |H>ople  whose  imiK'rial  crown 
he  Iwre,  a  prince  whose  policy  was  to  combat 
Krance  and  hunilile  it  It  was  convenient  for 
him,  at  the  time,  to  have  the  (mpe  on  his  side,  so 
lie  l<M>keil  with  dissatisfied  eyes  on  the  agitation 
in  Germany.  The  noblest  hearts  among  tlii^ 
primes  tKumdeil  with,  hope  that  he  would  take 
the  lead  in  the  new  mov<'nienl.  The  les.ser  no- 
bility, the  cities,  the  |H-asanlry,  all  ixpecteil  of 
till'  emperor  a  reformation  of  the  empire  i>oliti- 
«ally  and  rcligioMsly.  .  .  .  Hut  all  hopes  were 
<lasli('(l.  rbarles  Y.  as  little  saw  his  (H'casion  as 
had  .Maximilian.  He  t(M>k  up  a  hostile  |Hisition 
to  the  new  movement  at  once.  He  was,  however, 
bn>ught  by  the  influential  friends  of  Luther, 
among  whom  first  of  all  was  the  Elector  of  8ax- 
uny,  ,,)  hear  what  the  reformer  had  to  say  for 


himself,  Iwforc  he  placed  him  under  thi'  Imn  ,i( 
the  empire.  Luther  recelvi-d  the  iinpirisl  sufe. 
rcmduct,  and  was  summoned  to  the  Hiit  nf 
Worms,  there  to  defen<l  himself,  lie  went,  nut- 
withstanding  that  he  was  warned  anil  niniiKliil 
of  the  fate  of  lluss.  '  I  will  go  to  Worms,'  H\\i\ 
he,  '  even  were  as  many  devils  set  against  im  ^u 
thercare  tiles  on  the  rix>fs.'  It  was  probaliiv  .ni 
this  journey  that  the  thoughts  enten'il  his  I'liimi 
which  afterwards  (1530)  found  their  ex|iiissi.ia 
in  that  famous  chorale,  '  Eine  feste  KiirL'  i>i  iiiisir 
Oott,'  which  became  the  battle-song  of  I'mtcs 
tants.  Those  were  memorable  days,  Ww  17ili 
and  18th  of  April,  1531,  in  which  a  poor  iiiunk 
sto<Hl  up  before  the  emperor  and  all  thr  i'>i:iti's 
of  the  empire,  undazzled  by  their  tliriutniinif 
splendour,  and  conducted  his' own  cise.  ,\t  ilmt 
moment  when  he  closed  his  defi'iiee  with  ilic 
stirring  words,  '  Ia-I  me  Im-  omtradii  led  ,.iii  uf 
Holy  scripture  —  till  that  is  done  I  will  imi  re- 
cant. Here  stand  I.  I  can  do  no  other,  s.i  h.  Ip 
me  G(mI,  amen!'  then  he  had  reached  tin-  piiiun 
cle  of  his  greatness.  The  result  is  well  kiiii«ii. 
Tlic  emperor  and  his  papal  adviser  n'maiiutl  iiii 
moved,  and  the  ban  was  pronounced  ti^Miiist  the 
heretic.  Luther  was  carried  off  by  his  prnii-i  lur, 
the  Elector  of  Saxony,  and  coiuialiil  in  tlie 
Wartburg,  where  he  worked  at  his  tnuisliiiion 
of  the  Bible.  .  .  .  Brandenburg,  Hesse,  mul  Sax- 
ony declared  in  favour  of  refiirin.  In  Vdi 
Magdeburg,  Wisinar,  Rostock,  Sleltiii.  Dauiii;, 
Kiga,  ex|K'IIed  the  monks  and  priests,  ami  a|i 
pointeil  Lutheran  preachers.  NUrnlMrg.iinl  lins- 
lau  hailed  the  Reformation  with  ililiuMit.  — 
S.  Baring-Gould,  The  Chiireh  in  (liriii.iini.  rh. 
18.— See  Papacy:  A.  I).  1316-1517,  1..  l.VJJ- 
15-25. 

Also  is:  L.  von  Ranke,  IIM.  nfthe  lt,f,'r:i,.i 
Hon  in  Gtnniiny.—L.  Hftusser,  The  I'l  ri^nl  i,i' th/ 
Kefornuition. — J.  H.  Merle  d'Aubigne.  //^^^  ./ 
the  Refornuitinn.  —  yi.  J.  Spaulding.  Ilii-t  •>!'  the 
I'rotettnnt  Uefonnntion. — F.  Seelmhm.  Th,  Km 'if 
the  Protentant  IlertAiitinn. —  V.  Bayiic.  Mirtdi 
l.uther. — C.  Beard,  Martin  Luther  niid  thf  lltf 
urmntion. — ,1.  KOstlin,  Life  of  Luther. 

A.  D.  1519.— Contest  h>r  the  imperial  crowa. 
—Three  royal  candidates  in  the  field. -Elec- 
tion of  Charles  V.,  the  Austro-Spanish  mon- 
arch of  many  thrones,— In  his  last  years,  Ma\i 
milian  made  gn-at  efl'orts  to  si'cun'  tin-  Imperial 
Crown  for  his  gnmdsim  I'harles,  who  had  aire  I'ly 
inherited,  through  his  mother  .loanna.  of  Isjiain. 
the  kingdoms  of  Castile,  Aragon,  and  tlie  Twi 
Sicilies,  and  through  his  fatheiC  Philip  of  AiiMria, 
tile  duchy  of  Biirgundv  and  tlie  iiianv  loril>liip> 
of  the  Netherlands.  •"'  In  1518  he  oliiaine.l  the 
consent  of  the  majority  of  the  elidors  to  tlu  Hu 

man  crown  lieing  Ix'stowed  on  Ihal  pri The 

electors  of  Treves  anil  Saxony  alone  i>|i|i"-e.l  tlie 
])roject,  on  the  ground  Ihal. "as  .Ma\iiiiili  111  \a<i 
never  received  the  Imperial  crown  [bu!  «as 
styled  Emperor  Elect]  he  was  himself  s!ii!  Ivin:; 
of  the  Romans,  and  that  c(ins<c|iieutly 
could  not  as.sume  a  dignity  that  was  not 
To  obviate  this  objeetioii,  Maxiniiliin 
IjCO  to  send  the  golden  crown  t<i  Vienna;  1 
plan  was  defeateil  by  the  intrigms  of  ili< 
court.  Francis,  who  inti'iided  to  becom  1  in 
didatc  for  the  Imiu'rial crown,  intre.-it.  .1  lie  I'fe 
not  to  eimimit  himself  by  suili  an  ai  I ;  an  I  "liile 
these  negociations  were  |Hiidinit.  Maxiimli  iiniieil 
at  Wels,  in  UpjK'r  Austria,  .lanuary  l-'tli  1''19 
.  .  ,  Three  candidates   for   thv   Iiiii'-r:.!  er:e.'.!i 


Cll.irleS 
\aeatlt. 
|,r.s~e,l 
itit  tills 
I'lell.  Il 


1490 


J-/  • 


OEKMANY,  1519. 


GERMANY,  1580-1521. 


appeared  in  the  flclil :  the  KiDKoof  Spnin,  Franrr, 
ukI  EoKlnnd.  Kraueis  I.  [uf  PrauceJ  was  now  at 
the  height  of  his  repututioii.  His  eutrrpriM.'^  IihiI 
bitlierto  Ix'tn  crowui'il  witli  suc'ccss,  tlie  (Mipuliir 
toitof  ability,  ami  tlie  world  uccurdingly  gavi-lilm 
credit  fur  a  political  wisdom  which  lie  wan  far 
from  posaewiog.  He  appears  to  hav<-  );uiDud 
tlirre  or  four  of  tlie  Electors  l)y  the  lavish  distri- 
bution of  his  money,  which  his  ai;ent,  Honnivct. 
was  obliged  to  carry  tlirrtugh  Oirmany  on  the 
links  of  horses ;  for  the  Kuggers,  the  rich  liuult- 
ers  of  Augsbiirx,  were  in  llie  inten^st  of  Charles, 
and  refused  to  give  the  Fnncli  any  acrommodii 
tion.  But  the  Ixiiiglit  votes  of  tliese  venal  Elec 
tors  could  not  t)ede[H'nded  on,  some  of  whom  sold 
tlu'inselves  more  tlian  imce  to  <lillerent  [lartiis. 
The  infamy  of  Alliert.  Elwtor  of  .\Ienlz,  in  tliese 
tnuuactioDS,  was  purticidarly  notorious.  Tlie 
cliances  of  Henry  VIII.  [of  England]  were 
throughout  but  slender.  Henry's  liolK'S,  lilie 
those  of  Francis,  were  chietly  founded  on  the  cor- 
ruptibility of  the  Electors,  and  on  the  expectation 
that  both  his  rivals,  from  the  very  magnitude  of 
their  power,  might  Iki  divmed  ineligible.  Of 
the  three  candidates  the  claims  of  C'harles  seemed 
the  beat  founded  and  the  most  deserving  of  suc- 
cess. The  House  of  Austria  had  already  fur- 
nished six  emiicrora,  of  whom  the  last  three  had 
reigned  eighty  years,  as  if  by  an  hereditary  sue 
cession.  Charles's  Austrian  possessions  made  liim 
a  German  prince,  and  from  their  situation  consti- 
tuted him  the  natural  protector  of  Germany 
against  the  Turks.  The  pa'vioiis  i':<nvuss  of 
>faJiimlliau  had  lieen  of  some  s<>rvict;  to  lis  cause, 
anil  all  th  -  advantages  he  seconded,  like  his 
iiiiiipelito  the  free  uscof  liriliery.  .  .  .  Leo 

X.,  the  Wi  .  .  of  whose  authority  was  sought 
Uith  by  Charles  and  Francis,  though  he  seemed 
tofavoureach.  desireil  thesiin  rssof  neither.  He 
aecretly  advised  the  Electors  i.  liiMise  an  emperor 
frum  among  their  own  budv ;  and  as  this  st.'enunl 
an  easy  solution  of  the  liiftlculty,  thev  unaui- 
mou.sly  ofTeri'd  tlii^  crown  to  Fre<lerick  tlie  Wise, 
Elector  of  Saxony.  But  Frederick  magnani- 
mously nrfuseil  it.  and  siu-ceeded  in  uniting  tlie 
sullniges  of  the  Electors  in  favour  of  Charles; 
principally  on  the  ground  that  he  was  the  sover- 
eign N'st  i|Ualltliil  to  meet  the  gieat  danger  im- 
pending from  the  Turk.  .  .  .  Thenew  Empiror, 
now  in  Ids  20tli  year,  assumed  the  title  of  Charles 
\" ..  .  .  He  was  proclainieil  as  '  Eni|H'nir  Elect,' 
the  title  Isiriic  by  his  grandfather,  wliicli  he  sub- 
sequently altered  to  that  of  '  Emperor  Elect  of 
the  liomans.'  a  designation  adopteti  by  his  succes- 
sors, with  tlie  omission  of  tlie  woril  'elect,'  down  to 
theilissolutiimof  Ihecmpire." — T.  II.  Dyer. //i»<. 
of  Mmlirn  6uri>i>e,  hk.  2.  r/i. '.'  (c.  1). — On  his  elec- 
tion to  the  Imperial  tlirouc.  Charles  ceded  to  his 
yomiser  brother.  Fenlinand,  all  the  German  pos- 
KSMiiiisof  the  family.  The  latter,  therefore,  ln' 
came  Anhduke  of"  Austria,  and  the  German 
bramh  of  the  Hoiis<'  of  Austria  was  continueil 
tbtoiighhim;  while  Charles  himself  Ucniiie  the 
fiiiincier  of  a  new  lirauch  of  the  House  —  the 
Spanish.— See  AisTIin:  A.I).  UWl-l.lit} 

.\isoin:  W.  UolM-rtson,  Hint,  of  thf  lieiijn  uf 
Cluirlef  r.,  bk.  1.— ,1.  S.  llrewer.  The  ilrii/n  ,f 
llruni  VIII.,  ch.  11  (c  li — I.  Van  I'raet,  Kmuiyn 
"'•  th,  lU.  Hint,  if  t/u  l.-iM-lT/A  Ceiitiirie;  ch.  2 
If.  ll. 

A.  D.  1530-1521.— The  Capitulation  of 
Charlea  V.— His  first  Diet,  at  Worms,  and  its 
political  measures.— The  elertioii  .if  Cliarii-s  V 


"  was  accompanied  with  a  new  and  essential 
alteration  in  the  constitution  of  the  empire. 
Hitherto  a  general  and  verlial  promise  to  contirm 
the  Germanic  privileges  had  been  deemed  a  suf- 
ficient security ;  but  as  the  enormous  power  and 
vast  possessions  of  the  new  emperor  reuden.'d 
him  the  object  of  greater  jealousy  and  alarm 
than  his  predecessors,  the  electors  (ligesttsl  into 
a  formal  ileeil  or  capitulation  all  their  laws,  cus- 
toms, and  privileges,  which  the  andiassadors  of 
Charles  signed  iH'fore  his  election,  and  which  he 
himself  ratified  iR'fore  his  coronation;  and  this 
example  has  been  followed  by  his  successors.  It 
consisted  of  :iO  articles,  partly  relating  to  the 
Germanic  Ixuly  in  general,  and  partly  to  the  elec- 
tors and  states  in  particular.  Of  those  relating 
to  the  Germanic  Issly  in  general,  the  most  promi- 
nent were,  not  to  confer  the  escheated  fiefs,  but 
to  re  unite  and  consolidate  them,  for  the  iH'iieflt 
of  the  emperor  and  empire;  not  to  intrust  the 
cliari,'es  of  the  empire  to  any  but  Germans ;  not  to 
grant  dispensations  of  the  common  law ;  to  use 
the  German  language  in  the  pnHee<ling8  of  the 
chancery ;  and  to  put  no  one  arbitrarily  to  the 
ban,  who  had  not  iK'cn  previouslv  condemned  by 
the  diet  or  imperial  chamber.  lie  was  to  main- 
tain the  Gernianii^  iKxIy  in  the  exercise  of  its 
legislative  powers,  in  its  right  of  declaring  war 
and  making  immcc,  of  pas.sing  laws  on  commerce 
and  coinage,  of  regulating  the  contingents,  im- 
posing and  directing  the  perception  of  ordinary 
coiitriliutions,  of  establishing  and  su|)erintending 
the  superior  tribunals,  and  of  judging  the  iier- 
.sonal  causes  of  the  states.  Finally,  he  promised 
not  to  cite  tlie  niemliers  of  the  Germanic  body 
liefore  any  tribunal  except  those  of  the  empire, 
and  to  maintain  them  in  their  legitimate  priv- 
ileges of  territorial  soveri'ignty.  The  articles 
wliiili  reganleil  the  electors  wen'  of  the  utmost 
imi>ortauce,  becausi!  they  contirmeil  the  rights 
wliich  hail  been  long  contested  with  the  em- 
perors. .  .  .  Ik'sides  tliese  concessions,  he  prom- 
iseil  not  to  make  any  attempt  to  render  the  im- 
perial crown  hereditary  in  his  family,  and  to 
reestablish  the  council  of  regiyicy,  in  conformity 
with  the  advice  of  the  electors  and  great  princes 
of  the  empiri'.  On  the  6th  of  January,  LVJl, 
Charles  ass<'inbled  his  first  diet  at  Worms,  where 
he  presided  in  person.  At  his  proposition  the 
stales  passed  regulations  to  terminate  the  troubles 
which  had  already  arisen  during  the  short  in- 
terval of  the  interregnum,  and  to  prevent  the  re- 
vival of  similar  ilisonlers.  .  .  .  The  imperial 
chainlier  was  re-estjiblisiied  in  all  its  authority, 
and  the  public  |>eace  again  promulgated,  and  en- 
forced by  new  |)enalties.  In  order  to  direct  the 
alTairs  of  the  empire  during  the  absence  of 
Charles,  a  council  of  regency  was  established. 
.  .  .  It  was  to  consist  of  a  lieutenant-general,  ap- 
IMiiiited  by  the  emperor,  and  'XI  as-sessors.  of 
whom  IS  were  nominated  by  the  stales,  and  four 
by  Charles,  as  pos.ses.sor  of  the  lireles  of  Htir- 
gundy  and  Austria.  .  .  .  .Vt  the  same  time  nil  aid 
of  1>0,(HK)  foot  and  4,(K)0  horse  was  gmnled,  to 
ai'company  the  emperor  in  his  expedition  to 
Kome ;  but  the  diet  eiiileavoured  to  prevent  him 
from  interfering,  as  Maximilian  had  done,  in  the 
alTairs  of  Italy,  by  stipulating  that  these  troops 
were  only  to  la-  employed  as  an  e.scort,  and  not 
for  the  purpose  of  aggression." — W.  Coxe,  Hut. 
if  tlie  llouiie  if  Autlria.  en.  28  (c.  IV 

.\i*j  IN :  L.  von  Uanke,  llitt.  of  the  Rtforma- 
tiim  t;i  ({er!!i,t!ty    !:.':.  2.  eh    4  Ir.   I). 


<'!    H 


"ill 


l''l  .^1 


..I    'i\ 


1491 


■ 


i 

i,  j.  . 


.:\W 


GERMANY,  1523-1525. 


The  f^atantM'  War. 


GERMANY,  1524-1525. 


A.  D.  1523-1535.— Sjritematic  organization 
and  adoption  in  northern  Germany  of  the 
Lutheran  Reformation.— The  Diet*  at  Nurem- 
berg.—The  Catholic  League  of  Ratiibon.  S-e 
P.\i>.*;y:   a.  I).  |.V,'e-l.-c'.'>. 

A.  D.  1S34-«52S— ThePeaianti'War.— ■' A 
poliliiiil  firinciil.  very  (lilTtTciit  from  tlmt  pri>- 
iliicrd  liy  thc(ii>s|M'l.  hud  loiiji  Im'i'II  troubling  tin- 
cnipm',     Thi'  iicciplc.  wciirluil  down  nndcr  civil 
ami  i'(ilcsi:i.sti(al  oppression,  iittiirhcd  in  miiny 
pl.icis  to  tho  lands  belonging  t<i  the  lords,  anil 
sold  with  thfni,  tlircatcni'il  to  rise,  and  furiously 
burst  their  chains.     In  Holland,   at  the  end  (>f 
the  pn'eeding  century,  the  p<>a.santsliad  mustered 
around     standards    "inscriUii    with     the   wonis 
bread  '  and  '  cheese,  to  them  the  two  necessaries 
of  life      In  l.'itKUlie  ■('obt)Icrs'  Lcairue'  [•  Hund- 
schuli    —see  above.  A.  I).  U1I2-1.')14]  had  burst 
forth  in  the  neii;hlH)urli(H>d  of  Spires.     In   l.'ilii 
this  was  renewed  in  Hrisjrau.  and  encounigcd  by 
the  priest.s.      In  l."d4  Wurtendiurg  had  witnessi'd 
'till'    l.eai;ue   of    poor  Conrad,'   the    object   of 
which  was  to  uphold  'the  Justice  of  OchI    by  re- 
volt.     In    \'>l'>  terrible  commoli(ms   hail  talti'ii 
place  in  Carinthiu  and  Hungary.     Tlns<'  Insur- 
rections were  stilh'<l  by  torrents  of  blcHid,  but  tin 
relief  had  lycn  niventothe  peoples.     A  political 
reform  was  as  iiuk  h  wanted  as  u  relii:ious  one. 
The  people  had  a  riirht  to  it.  but  they  were  not 
ripe  to  enjoy  it.    Since  the  cimuncncement  of  the 
Itefoi'hiatiim  these  popular  agitations  had  lieen 
suspended,    the   minds  of  men    liein);  absorbed 
with  other  thoughts.  .  .  .  Hut  everything  showed 
that  peace  would  not  last  Ioul'.   .   .   .  The  main 
ilykes  which  had  hitherto  kept  tlii-  torrent  back 
were  broken,  ami  nothini;  could  restrain  its  fury. 
Perhaps  it  must  !«.■  adniillcd  that  the  movement 
communicated  to  the  people  bv  the  Iti'form  gave 
new  force  to  the  discontent  which  was  fermenting 
in  the  nation.  .  .  .  Knisnuis  did  not  hesitate  to 
siiy  to  Luther:   '  We  are  now  reapini;  the  fruits 
of  the  seed  vou  have  sown.'.   .   .   The  evil  was 
aui;meiited  i>y  the  pretensions  of  certain  fanati- 
cal men,  who  laiil  claim  to  celestial  inspirations. 
.   .   The  most  distinguished  of  thcs«;  enthusiasts 
was  Thomas  .Mllnzer.  .  .  .   His  Hrst  app<'arancc 
was  at    Zwickau.       He   hft    WittenlMTg    after 
Luther's  ri'turn  [from  his  coneealnient  at  Wart- 
burg.  I'ii'il,  dissatisrted  with  the  inferior  part  he 
liaii  playecl,  and  he  became  pastor  of  the  little 
town  of' Alstadt  in  Tliuriiigia.     Then'  lie  <ould 
not  long  be  at  rest,  and  !»•  accused  the  reformers 
of  founding  a  new  jiapacy  by  their  attachment 
to   the   letter,    and   of  foiining  cliiirclies  which 
Were  not  pun-  and  holy.     He  regarded  himself 
as  called  of  (IimI  to  liear  a  remedy  for  sogreat  an 
evil.   .   .   .   He  maintained   that  to  olHy  princi  s. 
'destitute  of  n'asiin.'  was  to  serve  Oisl  and  liclial 
at  the  same  timi-.     Then,  marching  at  the  head 
of  his  parisliioners.  to  a  chapel  w  liicli  was  visited 
by  pilgrims  from  all  iiuarlers,  he  pulled  it  to  the 
ground.      .Vftcr  this  exploit  he'  was  obliged  to 
quit  the  country,  waiidenil  over  Oermany.  and 
lanii'    to   Switzerland,    spri'adiiig   as    he  "went, 
wherevi  r  |M(iple  would  hear  him,  his  plan  for  a 
universal  revolution.     In  every  place  he  found 
elements  ready  for  his   purposiv      He  threw  his 
powder   upon  the  burning  coals,  ami  a  violent 
explosion  siHin   followed.   .   .   .   The  revolt  com- 
men<(il  in  thosi'  regions  of  the  Black  Fon'st,  anil 
the  sources  of  the  l)aniibe.  which  were  so  often 
the  scene  of  popular  disf..,ances      On  the  IStli 
r.f   ,luly,   !.%?-»,    tliv  Thitfguvi-m  pt;asar.try  rose 


against  the  Abbot  of  Reichenau.  who  woiil,!  „u 
grant  them  an  evangelical  preacher.  'rii,„i^,:ini|> 
sism  gathered  around  the  little  town  of  r,  in.-,  i, 
to  liberate  an  ecclesiastic  who  was  ituprivmn 
there.  The  revolt  spn'iul.  with  ini  on, ,  jvaMi 
rapidity,  from  Siiabia  to  the  Uhine  coiuilriis  \' 
Franconia.  to  Thuriniria,  and  to  Smsohv  Ii 
.lanuary,  l.'iS.'i,  the  whole  of  these  coimtiir^  «,  r. 
in  insurrection.  Towards  the  end  of  tlmt  iii.,iii|, 
tlie  peasants  published  a  declaration  in  ivi,  ji, 
artich'S,  asking  the  liberty  to  chiKise  iln  ir  .mn 
pastors,  the  aliolition  of  pettv  tithes,  s,  rM.irn 
the  duties  on  inheritance,  and  liberty  to  linm^ 
tish,  cut  wood,  i&c. ,  and  each  dcinaml  wis  Mip' 
ported  by  u  passage  of  Scripturi'  " — I.  ||  M,.r|,. 
h'.Vubigne,  The  Ht'iry  of  the  lUfnnii.iti.i,  j,i  :( 
rh.  X  (l/int.  <f  the  Itefor'miUiun,  hk.  In.  ,/,  in  lli' 
—  ■'  lliwl  the  feudal  lords  granted  pmpi  rnml  fair 
reforms  hing  ago,  they  wouM  never  liiui-  lnunl 
of  tlies<'  twelve  articles.  But  they  li^i.l  n  tiiM.l 
reform,  and  they  now  had  to  men  riM.liiii,.n 
And  they  knew  of  but  one  wav  of  iim  liiiL-  it, 
namely,  by  the  sword.  The  lonl'sof  the  Swihiaa 
League  sent  their  army  of  foot  and  iinrsi  111.  n, 
under  their  captain,  th-orge  Trllehsl■^s  Tii,. 
lioor  pi'iisiints  could  not  hold  out  againsl  triiiniil 
soldiers  and  cavalry.  Two  battles  on  Ihe  Dm 
uIh',  in  which  thousands  of  peasants  were  -liin. 
or  drowned  In  the  river,  and  a  tiiinl  e.|ii,illv 
bloisly  one  in  .VIgau,  near  the  Hislen  See.  eni^ln  .1 
this  rebellion  in  Swabia,  as  former  rein  Hi  iin  \a<\ 
so  often  iM'cn  crushed  iH'fore.  This  was  i  arlv  in 
April  l.Vi.'i.  Hut  in  the  meantime  the  n  vi.lnti'n 
had  spread  further  north.  In  the  valli  v  c.f  iht> 
Xeckar  a  IsHly  of  (I.IKK)  peasants  had  onie  le 
gether.  enraged  by  the  news  of  the  shm-liter  of 
their  fellow  pciusilnts  in  the  south  of  Swihia 
Tliev  stormisl  the  castle  of  the  yoiinu'  I'mim  v.m 
Helfenstein,  who  had  recently  cut  the  ilin.inef 
some  iK'asants  who  met  him  on  the  road,  nnl  |.nl 
the  Count  to  death,  with  («)  of  his  loini.ini.iiK. 
"A  yell  of  horror  was  raised  through  liirininy 
at  the  news  of  the  peasants'  revenge  X.iyiil 
had  risen  when  the  Omnt  cut  peasants'  tlir.als. 
or  the  Swabian  lonis  slew  thoiiKinils  of  pi  isant 
relicls.  Europe  had  not  yet  Icirned  t"  nu  le  (.ni 
the  same  meiwureof  justice  to  noble  ami  1 1  nimnn 
bhxvl.  ,  .  .  The  revolution  spread,  and  till  rriCT 
of  tirror spread  with  It.  North  ami  imsi  c.f  ilu' 
valley  of  the  Neckar,  among  the  little  i"»iis  of 
Franconia,  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Maim  .  i.iIiit 
bands  uf  peasants,  mustering  by  tliinisiimis  ili 
stroyed  alike  cloisters  and  castles.  Two  liumlrei! 
of  these?  lighted  the  night  with  their  tlann siturinL' 
the  few  weeksof  their  tem|)orary  triiimph  .\vA 
here  another  feature  of  the  ri'voliitiin  Imami' 
prominent.  The  little  towns  were  aln  alv 
passing  through  an  internal  revolulion  Tin' 
artisans  wen'  rising  against  the  we.iltlmr  luirL'li- 
ers,  iiverluriiing  the  town  councils,  and  1  Ii  1  iin; 
commillees  of  artisims  in  their  place,  making 
sudden   changes  in  n'ligion.  putting  ciowii  the 


^lass,  unfriK'king  priests  and  monks,  aii-i 
in  the  inten'sts  of  what  they  thought  \« 
gospel,  turning  all  things  upside  .lown 
was  during  the   Franconian  lebellinn   il 
iH'a.sants  chos<?the  nibl«T  knight  flm  tz  \ 
iichingen  as  their  leaiier.     It  did  tlnin  11 
More  than  a  robber  chief  was  iieedel   ! 
with   sohliers  used  to  war   .  .       While  ; 
was  going  on  in   the  vallcvs  of  the  Miii.-, 
n'Volutiim  hadciossed  the  lihine  '  ito  Kls;-~ ; 
I>-ithriiigen.  uud  the  t'ujaliuate  atiuul  ^|':.^  - . 


fel. 


Il 

•he 


t'.l'l' 
I  lliis 
,-  the 
..  ;,n.l 


1492 


GERMANY,  15i4-l,-.25. 


»/  Umalkaldt. 


OEUMAXY,   1530-ir,3-.'. 


Wornu,  and  in  the  month  i>t  May  liud  Imch 
iTushed  in  bl(io<I,  an  iii  Mwuliiu  nnd  FnuRoniii. 
South  and  east,  in  Iliiviiriii,  in  the  Tyrol,  iind  in 
Carinthia  also,  castles  and  nionustcrits  went  up 
in  flames,  and  tlien,  wlien  the  tide  of  victory 
turned,  the  burning  liouses  and  f:irnis  of  tlic 
peasants  lit  up  tlic  nijflit  and  tlnir  1)Ich«1  llowed 
freely.  .Minnwhile  .Mllnzer,  who  hail  done  so 
mueli  to  stir  U|>  the  peasantry  in  the  south  to 
reliel,  had  ^'one  north  into  Tliuriniiia,  and  lu'aded 
a  revolution  in  the  tov\n  of  MUlliausen.  and  Ik- 
came  a  sort  of  Savonarola  of  a  madder  kind.  .  .  . 
Hut  the  end  «as  eomin/j;.  The  princes,  with 
their  di.scil>lined  troops,  nimc  nearer  and  nearer. 
What  could  MUu/.er  ilo  with  his  S.(MJ()  peiisanis? 
He  pointi'd  to  a  niinlM)W  and  expected  a  miracle, 
but  no  miracle  came.  Tin;  balth'.  of  course,  was 
lost;  S.OOO  jKasjints  lay  dead  upon  the  Held  near 
the  little  town  o.'  Fm'nkenhausen,  where  it  was 
fought.  .Mnnzer  tied  and  concealed  him.silf  in  a 
1k'(I,  but  was  found  and  taken  ia^fore  the  princes, 
thrust  Into  a  iltingeon.  and  afterwards  Ixheaded. 
So  ended  the  wild  career  of  this  niisginded.  f.i 
natical,  self  deceived,  but  yet,  as  we  must  think, 
earnest  and  in  many  ways  heroic  spirit.  .  .  . 
The  prioces  ami  nobles  nov.  everywhere  pre 
vailed  over  tlie  insurgmt  pea:»ints.  Luther, 
writing  on  June  21,  IM.'i,  says :  —  •  II  is  a  certain 
fact,  that  in  Franconia  I l.tKK) |M'asiuils  have  laen 
slain.  Markjiraf  Casimir  is  cruelly  severe  upon 
liis  pea»ant.s.  who  have  twice  broken  faith  with 
liirn.  In  the  Duchy  of  AVurtemlnrg,  «,(KH)  have 
been  killed;  in  diHereut  places  in  Swabia,  10,(tiH». 
It  is  said  that  iu  ALsace  the  Duke  of  Lorraine 
has  slain  20,(KI0.  Thus  everywhere  the  wretched 
pasants  are  cut  down.'.  .  .  Hefore  the  Peasants' 
War  was  endi'il  at  least  KW.OOO  iR'risbed,  or 
twenty  times  as  many  as  were  put  to  death  in 
Paris  during  the  Iteign  of  Terror  in  ITICI.  .  .  . 
Lutlier,  throughout  the  IVasjints'  AVar,  side<l 
with  the  ruling  powers.  .  .  .  The  reform  he 
sought  was  by  means  of  the  civil  power;  and  in 
onler  to  clear  himself  and  his  cause  from  all  jiar- 
tieipation  in  the  wild  doings  of  the  peasantrv. 
be  publicly  exhorted  the  princes  to  crush  their 
ri'hi'llion.'— F.  ,SMlH>hm,  The  Era  nf  the  /'/v,r,«- 
Iflnt  lientliiti"ti,  jtf.  'i,  rh.  5. 

Also  in;  I,,  von  lianke,  ///.»/.  ./  the  Ittf'iniKi- 
tiuii  in  (JennHNi).  hk.  'A.  eh.  (i  (c "ii.— 1'.  Uaviie, 
Martin  Lut/ier:'  J/in  Life  (iiid  Work;  hk.  11  (i-  2.' 
—J  KOstlin,  Li/ei'f  J,''ith,,;  jit.  4,  ch.  ,1.— C.  \V. 
C.  Oman,  TIte  (renimn  I'liimiiit  W:ir  of  VviTi 
[Em.  Hint.  llec.  r.  :,). 

A.  D.  i525-is39.~League  of  Torgau.— The 
Diets  at  Spires.— Leeal  recognition  of  the  Re- 
formed Religion,  and  the  withdrawal  of  it.— 
The  Protest  which  gave  rise  to  the  name 
"Protestants."     Seel'AfAcv:  A.  D.  I'li'i-l.-iiil. 

A.  D.  1529.— Turkish  invasion  of  Austria.— 
Siege  of  Vienna.  See  Hinchrv:  A.  I),  l.ljli- 
156" 

A.  D.  1530.— The  Diiit  at  Augsburg.- The 
signing  and  reading  of  the  Protestent  Con- 
fession of  Faith.— The  condemnatory  decree. 
—Breach  between  the  Protestants  and  the  em- 
peror.    fSeel'APACV:  A.  I>.  \r,:ii>  l.Wl. 

A.  D.  1530-1532.— The  Augsburg  Decree.— 
Alarm  of  the  Protestants.— Their  League  of 
Smalkalde  and  alliance  with  the  king  of 
r  ranee.— Pacification  of  Nuremberg  with  the 
emperor. -Expulsion  of  the  Turks  from  Hun- 
K»rT.— The  derm-  isxtied  !>y  •,'.:i-  Ovtst  A■•i^- 
burg  was  condemnatory  of  "most  of  the  tenets 


peculiar  (o  the  protestants.  "  forbidding  any  per 
Sim  to  protect  or  tolerati'  such  as  taught  them, 
enjoining  a  strict  obsiTvaace  of  the  established 
rites,  and    prohiliiting   any   farther  innovaiicm, 
under  seven!  penalties.      All  onh  rs  of  men  were 
reiiuired  to  assi.st  with  their  persons  and  fortiuics 
in  carrying  this  decree  into  execution;  and  such 
as  refusiil  to  obey  it  wire  declared  incapable  of 
acting  as  judges,  or  of  iip|>earing  as  parties  in 
the  iinpiriiil  cbamlKr,  llie  su|)reme  cotirt  of  judi- 
cature in  the  empire.     To  all  wliich  was  sub 
joined  a  promise,  tliiit  an  application  shoidd  la: 
made  to  the  p<ipe.  ncpiiring  him  to  tail  a  general 
iciuucil  within  six  months,  in  order  to  terminate 
all  controversies  by  its  sovereign  decisions.     The 
severity  of  this  decree,  which  was  <onsideri'd  as 
a  prelude  tollie  most  violint  j)crs<<ution,  alarmed 
the  protestants,  and  convinced  them  that  thi'cm 
peror  was  resolved  on  theirdestruc  tioii.  "     I'nder 
tliesi'  circumstances,  the  protestant  princes  met 
at  Smalkalde,  December 22,  l."i:!0,  and  there  "('(m- 
cluded  a  league  of  mutual  defence  against  all 
aggressors,  by  which  they  formed  th(!  protestant 
sl.ilesof  the  empire  inlo"one  ri'gular  bealv,  and, 
beginning  already  to  consider  I  hemsi'lves  as  such, 
thev  resolved  to  apply  to  the  kings  of  France 
and  England,  ami  to  "implore  them  to  patronise 
and  assist  their  new  confiileracy.     An  alTair  not 
eoimected  with  religion   furnished  the  in  with  a 
pretenee  for  courting  theaiil  of  foreign  princes." 
This  was  the'  cleetion  of  the  emperor's  brother, 
Fe'nlinanil,  to  la-  King  of  the  Homans,  against 
which  they  hael  prote.sted  vigorously.       ■When 
the   prolotaiits.   wlio  were  a.sse'ml)le"il   a  seconel 
time  at  Smalkalde  [February,  IMl],  reeeiveel  an 
aee-ount  e)f   this  transaction,  aiid   heard,  at  the 
same  time',  that  preise'eutions  we're  coinmenceel  iu 
the  imperial  chamber  against  some  of  their  nuin 
Iht.  on  aceouut  of  their  religious  principles,  thev 
thought  it  nece'ssary,   neit  eeidy  to  renew  their 
former  cemfceleracy.  but  imme'efiately  toele'spaleh 
their  ambassjiileirs  into  Frame  anil   Knglanel" 
The  king  of  Franee  "listened  with  the  utmost 
e'agerni'ss  tei  the  eoinplaiuts  of  the   protestant 
prince's;   and,   witliout  .se'e'ming  to  ce)uuteimiice 
the  ir  religious  eipinii>ns.  elete'rmined  secretlv  to 
eherish  theise  sparks  eif  political  diseord  which 
might  Ik."  afte'rwanis  kindle-d  into  a  thime.     For 
this  purpose  he'  sent  William  elc  Uellay,  one  ejf 
the  able'st  iu'gotiate)rs  in  Franee'.  into  Germanv. 
who.    vLsiting    the   eourta   eif    the'    malee'e)nte'Ut 
princes,    and    heightening   the'ir   ill-humemr   by 
various  arts,  eemelueled  an  allianee'  betwi'en  tliein 
and  liis  master,  whieh.  though  e:onceieled  at  that 
time,   ami   preHluctivc  of  no  immieliate  elTecLs, 
laid  tlH'  foundation  eif  a  union  fatal  on  manv  oe'- 
easionstoCliarle's'sambitioiis  preeje'cts.   .   .   .'The' 
kin/j  e)f  England  j Henry  VIII.].  highly  inee'iise'd 
against  Charh'S.  in  complaisance  to  whom,  the 
po|H'  hail  long  re'tardcil.  and  now  o|ii'nlv  opposcil. 
bis  ilivorci'  [from  Catharine  of  Arago'n].  was  no 
U'ss disposed  than  Fraiuis  to  strengthen  a  league 
which  might  Iw  rendeiid  so  formidable  to  the 
emperor.     Hut  his  favourite  project  of  the  ilivore'e 
led  him  into  such  a  labyrinth  of  seliemes  and  ne- 
gotiations, and  he  was."  at  the  same  time,  so  in- 
tent on  a'.)oli8hing  tlie  i)apal  jurisiliition  in  Eng 
land,  that  he  hail  no  leisure  for  foreign  atTairs. 
This  obliged  him  te>  rest  satislieil  with  giving 
gi'iiend  pnimises,  together  with  a  small  suiijdy  in 
money,  to  the  ce)nfeelerate8of  Smalkalde.     Meau- 
wiii'f.    iiiany    ctfCUtnsU-iiiccs   conviricid    (^iLiriis 
that  this  was  not  a  juncture  "  in  which  he  lould 


- 1*.'  i 


'  n 


149i 


?9^ 


M 


■.'L.i\ 


GERMANY.  1530-1588. 


PnparaHonM 
for  War. 


GERMANY.  158S-1546. 


afford  to  let  hi*  Zf»l  for  the  church  push  lilm  to 
extrciiiilic«  with  the  protegtants.  "  Negotiatlong 
were,  utconliiiKly.  earricil  on  by  liis  ilire<'tion 
witli  the  elector  of  Saxony  and  his  wwociates: 
after  many  delays  .  .  .  terms  of  pacitlcation 
were  iiRreed  upon  at  NurenilwrR  [July  i3).  and 
ratitieil  miU'nuiiy  in  the  iliet  »t  liutlBlxiii  [AuKUHt 
3|.  In  this  treaty  it  was  Htipulitted:  tliiit  univer- 
sal peaee  1h'  eslalilisheil  in  Oerniany.  until  the 
MicetinL'  of  a  jreneml  council,  the  convocation  of 
wliicli  within  six  months  tlie  eni|>eror  shall  en- 
ileaviiiir  to  pns  lire;  that  no  person  shall  Im-  mo 
tested  on  I  j'couni  of  religion ;  tliat  a  stop  sliall  Iw 
put  to  all  priK'esscs  lH'i;un  by  the  imperial  cliant' 
Imt  against  protestants,  and  the  sentences  already 
passed  to  their  detrimen'  .hull  l)e  de.'lared  void. 
On  their  part,  the  pniti  lanis  en);a!;ed  to  as.sist 
the  enii«'ror  with  all  their  forces  in  resistini?  the 
invasion  of  the  Turks,  .  .  .  The  protestants  of 
Oerinany,  who  had  hitherto  Is'cn  viewed  only  as 
a  reli^rious sect,  ciuiie  hinceforth  to  l)e considered 
as  a  political  bisly  of  no  small  conwipiencc.  The 
iutellincnce  whicli  I'harles  reci'ivwl  of  itolyman's 
hiivinjt  entered  Iliuiuary,  at  the  heail  of  30<),000 
men,  l>n>UKht  the  delilMrations  of  the  diet  at 
Rjitislsm  to  a  pcriisl.  .  .  .  The  protestauts,  as  a 
testimony  of  tlieir  jcratitude  to  tlie  emperor,  ex- 
erted themselves  with  extraordinary  zeal,  and 
brxMight  into  the  tielil  forces  wiiich  ex-eeded  in 
number  the  quota  imposed  on  tlieni;  and  the 
catholics  iuiit«tin/  '!'."ir  example,  one  of  the 
greatest  imd  U'st-Ui-p"  nted  arnues  that  had  ever 
been  levied  in  (Germany,  assembled  near  Vienna. 
.  .  .  It  amounted  in  all  to  IW.0O()  disciplined  foot, 
anil  :t0,(HK)  horse,  liesiiies  a  prodigious  swarm  of 
irrj-jrulars.  Of  this  vast  army  .  .  .  tlie  emperor 
tiHil<  the  command  in  person:  and  inanltind 
waited  in  suspense  the  issue  if  a  decisive  battle 
between  .he  two  greatest  monarchs  in  the  world. 
But  each  of  them  dreading  the  other's  power  and 
goixl  fortune,  they  both  conducted  their  oper- 
ations with  siicli  excessive  caution,  that  a  cam- 
paign for  which  such  immense  preparations  had 
bei-n  made  eiidiil  without  any  memorable  event. 
8olyman,  timiing  it  imiM>s.sililc  to  gain  ground 
u|ion  an  iiiiniy  always  attentive  and  on  his 
giianl,  marched  back  to  Constantinople  towards 
the  end  of  autumn.  .  .  .  About  the  Is'ginning  of 
this  campaign,  the  elector  of  Saxony  died,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son  John  Freilerii'k.  .  .  . 
Immediately  after  the  rct".'al  of  the  Turks, 
diaries,  impatient  to  revisit  Spain,  set  out,  cm 
his  wav  iliitiirr,  for  Italv." — \V.  l{ols'rt,s<m,  llinl. 
of  the  lltiijn  III' ('I'll rlet  )'.,  hk.  Tt. 

Also  in:  L.  vim  Itanke,  Hint,  iif  lln-  Itifuriiui- 
lion  ill  Ihrmiutii,  hk.  «,  ch.  1-8  (r"  31.  — H.  Steb. 
biiig.  Hint,  of  the  Itejiirmitiiiii,  eh.  ^,•-13(<^  L'). 

A.  D.  1532-1536.— Fanaticism  of  the  Ana- 
baptists of  MUnste  -Siege  and  capture  of 
the  city.     See  Anvii.miists  ok  MI'nstkk. 

A.  D.  1533-1546,— Mercenary  aspects  of  the 
Reformation.— Protestant  intolerance. — Union 
with  the  Swiss  Reformers.— The  Catholic 
Holy  League. —Preparations  for  war.—"  I>iir 
ing  till-  next  few  years  (after  the  |H-acecoiicliiiieil 
at  NiiniiilsTgl  there  was  no  open  hostility  be 
tweiii  the  two  religious  parties.  .  .  .  Hut  tlieri' 
was  dissension  enough.  In  the  Hrst  pl:iee  there 
wiu  iiiueli  ilispiitation  as  to  the  meaning  of  the 
articles  eoncliideil  at  Nuri'inlH-rg.  The  catholi<' 
princes,  under  the  pniixt  that,  if  no  man  was  to 
lu.  ilistiirlud  f..r  !!■■'  faith,  or  for  thinirs  depem! 
lug  on  fuitb.  he  was  still  aiiieuable  for  certain 


ofTences  against  the  church,  whicli  wen'  purely 
of  a  civil  nature,  were  eager  that  the  iiii|ii>ail 
ehamlier  should  take  (!ognisance  of  fiitiin  <  w> 
at  least,  wliere  protestants  should  seek  In  ln\;ii|>' 
the  temporalities  of  the  church.  .  .  .  iSiii  nuih 
ing  was  ctTected:  tlie  tribunal  was  tisi  pmvi  rlis^ 
to  enforce  its  decret-s.  In  l.')34.  the  pmti  stunts 
ill  a  public  assembly,  renounced  all  I'lmliini.  i,, 
the  chamlHT:  vet  they  did  not  cease  tn  :ippri|.ii 
ate  to  themsi^lves  the  property  of  sm  h  iiKmiis 
teries  and  churches  as.  by  the  :  uivi  isi.in  ,,f 
catholics  to  their  faith  —  and  that  f.iilli  v.;is  1  .n. 
tiniially  pn)gres.sive  —  lay  within  their  juiisili, 
lion.  We  iieeil  scarcely  observe,  that  the  prii-. 
pect  of  spoliation  was  often  the  most  puwi.riul 
inducement  'viththe  princes  and  nobles  to  rliuii:;i' 
their  religion.  When  they,  or  the  manisinc  >  nf 
any  particular  city,  rcnounceil  the  faith  liiihi  n» 
establisliiil.  the  people  were  ex|M'<teii  In  l..l|,,w 
the  example:  the  moment  [jitheraiiisiii  wis  is 
tabli.sheil  in  its  place,  the  ancient  faitli  w^is  ali.l 
islied;  iiolssly  was  adoweil  to  profess  ii .  unci. 
with  one  eominon  accord,  all  who  had  aiiv  pms 
(H'ct  of  benefiting  by  the  change  threw  tin  iiis,  Ivm 
on  the  domains  of  thi'  expelled  clergy.  'I'liii  ilic 
latter  should  complain  iK'fore  the  only  triliiiiiul 
where  justice  couUl  be  expected,  was  inilunil. 
nor  can  we  Im-  siirpriseil  that  the  pluiidinrs 
should  siMin  tleny,  in  religious  atTiiirs,  tin-  juris 
iliction  of  that  tribunal.  From  the  dep-irtiinnf 
the  emiH'nir  to  the  year  ISItS,  some  hiiinlri'ls  nf 
domains  were  thus  si-izcd,  and  some  liiiinlrni-  nf 
complaints  addresseil  to  liiin  by  parties  \\!in  iv 
solvtni  to  interpret  the  articles  of  Xun-iiilHTi;  in 
tlieir  own  way.  The  protestants  declan  il.  in  a 
letter  to  him,  that  their  consciences  would  ii-il 
allow  them  to  tolenite  any  papist  in  tin  ir  sl:itis. 
.  .  .  Hy  espousing  the  cause  of  the  exilfl  liukt- 
of  Wittcmlierg,  they  priMiiri'd  a  powirful  :ill\ 
.  .  .  liiit  a  greater  advantage  was  the  iiiiinii  .f 
the  sacranientarians  [the  .Swiss  refnriiurs.  hIid 
accepted  the  doctrine  of  Zwingli  respi  i  liiii:  ihc 
purely  svmbolii'al  signillcance  of  the  eniiinit-iiiu- 
rationof  the  Lonl's  SupiH'r  —  see  Switzkki.ami: 
A.  1).  i:)a8-t531]witli  the  Lutherans.  Ofsuih;! 
result,  at  the  diet  of  Augsburg,  there  was  iml  tin- 
least  hope;  but  Bucer.  bting  deputed  by  IIk  iiii 
penal  cities  to  ascertain  whether  a  uiiinii  iiiiilit 
not  be  ellectetl.  Iab<mred  so  zealiiiisl\  at  tin  iisli 
tliat  it  was  effected.  lie  consenti  ■!  tn  nmilifv 
some  of  his  former  opinions ;  or  at  least  tnwnip 
them  in  language  so  equivisal  tliat  tlii->  iniclit 
mean  anything  or  nothing  at  tlie  pli  asiin  <  f  1)11' 
holder.  The  Swiss,  indeed  espeii:illy  ilmv  nf 
Zurich,  ri'fiised  to  Sjinetion  the  iirticli-s  nii  y\lnr\i 
Luther  and  Uueer  bad  agreed  Slill.  !v 
union  of  all  protestant  Oermaiiy  iiiider  \i\i-  ^ 
banners,  much  was  gained.  ...  In  tii''  nii  in 
time,  the  di.s.sensions  Is'tweeii  tlie  two  1:1.  1!  pir- 
ties  augmented  from  day  to  liay.  'i'n  p  n  ify 
them,  Charles  sent  fruitless  eiiibassiis  l!iis..i| 
by  the  apparent  danger,  in  Li:!.'',  tin-  icihilii' 
lirincis  fonned.  at  Nuremlierg,  a  miiiiti  r  1.  uliu- 
to  tliat  o'  Siiialcald  [calling  it  the  llnl.v  1..  ..jui  1, 
.  .  .  The  death  of  Lutlier's  old  eiii-m> .  tii  li:''. 
liiikc'  of  Saxcmy  [1539|,  Iransfirr.-d  tin-  .Injiiinimi 
of  thai  prinei-'s  stales  into  the  liaiiiN  nf  jliis 
brotlii-r  ileiiryl  a  Liitlienui.  Iliiirs .  d  .ki  "f 
Itnin.swiek,  was  now  the  only  great  sii  ular  irini  i- 
in  the  north  of  (lermany  who  udliiTiii  in  iln- 
ISoman  caiholu'  faith.  .  .  A  truce  "i^  mn 
cludeu  at  Frankfort,  in  l-WS:  !>"'  it  """"1  »"< 
remove  the  existing  animosity,  which  was  hiiy 


111.' 
iint' 


1494 


GERMANY,  l.WS-l.Mft 


Brffinning  of 
IKor. 


OEKMANV,  1546-1532. 


(Ugmentol.     Both   piirties   wen-  in  the  wroinr. 
...  At  the  fliw  of  l.'MO,  Wortiia  was  ilie  M'eiii' 
(if  s  conference  very  dillcrent  from  th»t  where,  -"O 
yciim liefore,  Liithcr had  Ixtn  nroscritied.    There 
wa«aninU'rniimil)letheolo){icalili»putution.  .  .  . 
A»  little  Koo<l  resulled,  Cliarles,  who  was  liustcn- 
ioK  from  the  Low  Countries  to  his  (iermun  do- 
minions,  cvolied  llie  uUair  licfnrc  a  diet  at  Itatis- 
km,  in  April,  l.MI.  .  .  .  The  diet  of   HatlBlnm 
w»»  well  attended;   and  never  did  prince  exert 
hlnwelf   inon>  zealously   than  Charles  to  make 
[Wttce  l)elwecn  his  anirry  suhjects.     Hut.   .   .  all 
that  could  Ik'  obtained  was,  tliat  thinKs  should 
be  sufTemi  to  remain  in  their  present  state  until 
a  future  iliet  or  a  jrenend  council.     The  reduc- 
tion of  Huila,  however,  l)V  the  Turks,  rendered 
kiDK  Ferdinanil.  his  lirotiicr.  and  the  whole  of 
Ocrmauy,  eafrer  for  an  ininu diale  settlement  of 
the  dispute.   .  .  .   Hence  the  <liet  of   Spin's  in 
IU'2.    it,  in  n'V'ard  to  religion,  nothing  di'tlnitive 
was  arranged,  c.xeepi  Jie  stOection  of  Tri'iit  as 
the  place  most  snitalile  for  a  j;eneral  coumil,  oni' 
(jcxkI  end   was  secured  —  su|>plies   for  the  war 
with  the  Turks.     The  campaijrn,  however,  which 
paisiil  without  an  action,  was  inglorious  to  the 
Germans,  who  appiar  to  have  Ikhii  in  a  lamen- 
table state  of  discipline.     Xor  was  the  public 
satisfaction  mucii  iiiereasiHl  bv  the  disputes  of 
tlieSmalcaUl  league  with  Henry  of  Ilrunswiek. 
The  duke  was  angry  with  his  subjects  of  liruns- 
wirk  and  Breslau,  who  adhered  to  the  protestant 
l('af.Mie;  and  tliougli  he  had  n'asoii  enough  to  Ih' 
dissatislled  with   both,   nothing  could  l>e  more 
vexatious  than  his  eimduct  towards  them.     In 
revenge,  the  league  of  Sinalculd  sent  Ii».(H)0  men 
into  the  field,— a  formidable  display  of  protes- 
tant power!  — and  Henry  was  exiHiled  from  h's 
hereditary  stall's,  wliicli  were  seized  bv  the  vie- 
ters.     He  invoked  the  aid  of  the  imiierial  cham- 
ber, which  cited  the  chiefs  of  the  leagin';  but  as. 
in  l.»38,  the  eoni|H!tency  of  that  tribunal   had 
txen  denied  in  religious,  so  now  it  was  denieil  in 
civil  matters.  .  .  .  The  following  years  exhibit 
on  Inith  sides  tlie  same  jealousy,  the  same  du- 
plicity, often  the  same  violence  where  the  mask 
wa.s  no  hmger  n'tpured,  with  as  manv  inelTectual 
attempts  to  pnicurt' a  union  la-twecntheui.  .  .  . 
The  progress  of  evi'nts  continued  to  favour  the 
reformers.      They  had  alreadv  two  votes  in  the 
eleet'iralcollege,— Ihowiif  Sa'xonvand  Uranden- 
Imrg;  they  were  now  t<i  have  the  i)repondcr,ince ; 
for  the  elector  palatine  and  Herman  archbishop 
of  Cologne  abjured  their  n-ligion,  thus  placing 
at  the  command  of  the  reformeil  party  four  votes 
aiiaiust  three.      Uut  this  numeriial  superioritv 
dill  not  long  rt'main.   .  .   .  The  poiie  excommuiii 
cati'd  the  archbishop,  deposed  him  from  Ids  dig 
nil),  and  ordereil  the  chapter  to  prcKei'd  to  .i 
new  election ;  and  w  hen  Herman  nfused  to  oIhv. 
Chiirles  sint  troops  to  I'xpcl  him.  and  to  in.<t"al 
the  archbishop  elect.    Count  Adolf  of    Xas.siiu. 
Ihrmaii  n'tired  to  his  pairiinordal  estates,  wliere 
li'ilied  in  the  profe.s,sion  of  llie  refornic-d  religion. 
Tli.vc  I'vents  mortilied  thi'  members  of  ilic  Smal 
cail  Icigue;  but   iliev  wen'  mhui   p;irli,illv  con- 
»ih-.l  by  the  capture"  of  Henry  duki    of  Kruns 
wiik   |l.">4tij,    who   hail  the  temerity  to   ccdlecl 
tr.«.|,«  and   invade   his   patriuionial   dominions. 
Till  ir>uccess gave  umbmge  to  the  cmi«Tor.  .  .  . 
Ill  knew  that  the  eonfedirates  had  already  ilMMMt 
iiiiM  loider  arms,  and  that  thev  were  a'ctiveU, 
li.p«,.v..r  s,.,.n.t!y,  aH^mcntire  thiir  fr.r.-..-      ifis 
Ursl  Hire  was  to  cause  troops  to  be  as  secretly 


collected  In  his  Iiereilitary  slates:  his  second,  to 
seduce,  if  posaible,  some  leaders  of  the  protes- 
taiits.  With  Maurice  duke  of  Naxony  he  was 
soon  successful;  and  eventually  with  the  two 
margraves  of  Hrandenburg,  who  agreed  to  make 
preparations  for  a  campaign  and  join  him  at  the 
pro  >er  moment.  .  .  .  HisconviHationof  tliediet 
at  Itatisbon  [l.">4fl],  winch  after  a  vain  parade 
endi'd  in  notfdng,  was  only  to  Inile  his  real  de- 
signs. As  he  l)egan  to  throw  olf  the  mask,  the 
reformeil  theologians  preeipitatciv  withdrew; 
and  botli  parlies  took  the  Held,  but  not  until  they 
iiad  each  published  a  manifesto  to  justify  this 
exinnie  priKeeding.  In  each  there  was  much 
iriith.  and  inort'  falsehissl."— .S.  A.  Dunham, 
///»/.  iif'  the  tlermiDiii-  h'lii/iire.  hi.  ;(,  ch.  3  (r.  3). 
A.  D.  1542-1544.— W«r  with  Francii  I.  of 
France.  —  Battle  of  Ceriiolet.—  Treaty  of 
Creipy.     See  Kka.nck:  A.I).  l.WJ-l.'HT. 

A.  D.  15*2-1563.— The  bepnning  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  reaction.— The  Council  of  Trent. 
See  I'.^r.icv:  A.  I).  l.WT-l.'itia 

A.  D.  1546-1552.— War  of  Charlei  againit 
the  Protestants.- The  treachery  of  Maurice  of 
Saxony.— The  battle  of  Muhlberg.— The  em- 
oeror's  proposed  "Interim"  and  its  failure.— 
His  reverse  of  fortune.— Protestantism  trium- 
phant.—The  TreatT  of  Passau.—  "  Luther's 
death  Iwliich  iKcurred  in  LMOJ  made  no  changu 
in  the  resolution  which  Charles  hiA  at  last  taken 
to  crush  the  Heformation  in  his  German  dominions 
by  force  of  arms;  on  the  contrary,  he  was  more 
than  ever  stimulated  to  carry  out  his  purpose  by 
two  occurniiees:  the  adoption  of  the  new  re- 
ligion liy  one  who  was  not  only  an  Elector  of  the 
Kmpire.  but  one  of  the  chfef  prelates  of  the 
"hurch,  the  Prince  .Vrcbbishop  of  Cologne.  .  .  . 
The  other  event  that  inlliicnced  him  was  the  re- 
fusal of  the  I'rotes.ints  to  accept  as  binding  the 
decn'cs  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  which  was  com- 
posed of  scarcely  any  members  but  a  few  Italian 
and  Spanish  prelates,  and  from  which  they  ap- 
pealed to  cither  a  free  general  Council  or  a  na- 
tional Council  of  the  Empire;  offering,  at  the 
sime  time,  if  Charles  should  pri'fer  it,  to  subndt 
the  whole  question  of  religion  to  a  joint  Commis- 
sion, composed  of  divines  of  each  party.  These 
remonstninces,  however,  the  Enip«Tor  treated 
with  contempt.  He  had  Ik'iii  for  some  time  se- 
cretly raising  tnsips  in  different  quarters;  and, 
early  in  l.">4«,  he  made  a  fresh  treaty  with  the 
Pope,  by  which  be  l)ound  himself  instantly  to 
conitni  nee  warlike  operations,  and  which,  though 
it  hail  been  negotiated  as  a  s<'cret  treaty,  Paul 
instantly  jiublislied.  In  prevent  any  retmction  or 
delay  on  his  part.  War  therefore  now  iH'gan, 
tli.iiii;li  Charles  professed  to  enter  upon  it,  not 
fur  the  purpiwof  enforcing  a  particular  religious 
belief  on  the  ncusanls.  but  lor  that  of  re-estab- 
lishing the  Imperial  aiithorilv,  which,  as  he  af- 
lirmeil,  many  of  the  eonfeilerate  princes  had 
disowned  Sin  li  a  pretext  he  expeirted  to  sow 
disunion  in  the  l..sly.  some  members  of  which 
were  far  from  desiroiis  to  weaken  the  great  con- 
!  federal  y  'f  tiie  Empire:  and.  iu  elTect.  it  did  pro- 
i  dine  a  hi-itation  in  their  early  steps  tliat  had  the 
I  most  important  consequences  on  the  first  cam- 
I  paign;  for.  in  spite  of  the  length  of  time  during 
]  which  he  h:id  secretly  been  ]ireparing  for  war, 
j  when  it  came  they  were  nion'  readv  than  be. 
They  at  once  took  the  field  witli  an  army  of 
.  9ii  it:!i!  ,-.t^.;-t  ^Q,|  'i*»Oj;titi:?,  wldleiie,  for  tile  rir-^i' few 
I   weel^:i  after  the  declaration  of  war,  had  hardiv 


m 


1495 


GERMANY,  lM»-lMa. 


fritlrHanliam 
tUtimfalUn. 


GEUMANY,   !M«-1.W2 


\    ,■' 


^♦v. 


1^ 


'I  . 


M 


10,000  mm  wiili  liiin  in  l(iiliiiU>ii.  .  Kiit  the 
lulvitutuKc  of  u  »in>;l(*  ov^r  ii  ili\i<li'tl  riiiimiuixl 
wiiri  |H'riiapH  ui'VtT  iiiort-  clfitrly  (*\i-iiiplilU*il  ttmn 
ill  the  lirHl  o|H-r:itii>iH  of  tlit'  t\vi»  lU'inifi*.  lie, 
aa  tlie  wciikir  piirty,  Ii«.l4  ii|i  ii  dcfiiisivc  |M)si 
tiiiii  mur  liiKol'-ilaill ,  lull,  tli<>ii);li  iIk y  lulvuuitil 
wiUiiii  Hi^lit  iif  lilH  lints,  llicy  roiilil  not  iiKrci,'  on 
the  iiKHle  of  iiltiU'k,  or  evi'ii  on  the  prudence  of 
uttaekini;  iiiiii  at  all.  ...  At  l:i><t.  the  eoiifeder- 
ales  arliiallv  ilrew  olT,  and  C'liarlen,  ailvamin)!, 
made  himself  iiiaNler  of  ni,-iny  iniporl,-int  towim, 
wliieh  llieirirreooliition  aloni'  hail  I'liaMi-d  him  In 
approai-h."  .Meanwhili*  the  Kinperor  hud  won  an 
important  ally.  This  was  Duke  Maurice,  of  the 
Alliirlii.e  line  of  the  IIousi'  of  Saxony  (set'  Svx 
OSY:  .V.  I).  llKII-|.V>;i),  111  whom  several  oppor 
tune  deaths  had  ^iven  the  ducal  seat  iinexpei't 
ediy,  in  l.Ml,  uini  whosi'  ainliition  now  hungered 
for  the  Klectorale,  whiih  was  held  hy  the  other 
(the  Krnestine)  hmneh  of  the  family.  He  coD' 
ceived  the  idea  of  prolltiii^  liy  the  tmublesof  the 
time  to  win  possession  of  it.  "Willi  this  vhw, 
though  he  also  w^us  u  I'rotesliinl,  he  teiiilered  his 
•crvices  to  the  Kmperor,  who,  in  spile  of  his 
youth,  discerned  in  him  u  proniiio'  of  very  su 
perior  iiipaciiy,  gladly  uccipted  his  aid,  and 
priMnised  to  reward  him  with  the  territories  which 
he  coveted.  The  advantages  which  I'rotestuut- 
ism  eventually  derived  fnim  .Maurice's  siiicess 
has  blinded  some  hi.storiaim  ti)  the  infamy  of  the 
conduct  by  which  he  achieved  it.  ,  .  .  The  Elec- 
tor I  John  Kri'ihriikj  »'a,s  his  [Mcond]  cousin^ 
the  Lindjfrave  of  llrs.se  was  his  futhiT  in  law. 
Pleading;  an  unwillingness  wliile  so  yoiinji^  (he 
was  barely  21)  to  engage  in  the  war,  he  volun- 
teered to  undertake  the  proleclion  of  his  cousin's 
dominions  duriui;  his  absence  in  the  field.  His 
offer  was  thankfully  aii-Dted;  but  he  was  no 
nKiiier  installed  in  his  cliar);e  than  he  be^an  to 
net;otiute  with  the  enemy  to  invade  the  territories 
which  he  hod  bound  liim.si-ir  to  protect.  And  on 
receiving'  frimi  t'lmrles  a  copy  of  a  decree,  called 
the  lian  of  tlie  Empire,  whhli  had  just  Ih'CD  issued 
against  bolh  the  Elector  and  the  I.and);rave,  he 
at  once  raised  a  force  of  liis  own.  with  which  he 
overran  one  portion  of  (tlie  Ehitor's]  dominions, 
while  a  division  of  the  Impirial  army  altJtcked 
the  rest ;  and  he  would  probably  liave  sueceedeil 
at  once  in  sulxluini!  the  whoh^  Electorate,  had  the 
main  IxHly  of  the  Protest  ants  Iwn  able  to  maintain 
the  war  on  the  Danulie.  "  But  Charles's  succes-scg 
there  brousht  alwut  a  suspension  of  hostilities 
which  enaldcd  the  Elector  to  return  and  "chastise 
Maurice  for  his  treachery:  to  drive  him  not  imly 
from  the  towns  and  distriits  wldch  he  had  seized, 
hut  to  strip  him  also  of  the  greater  part  of  the 
territory  which  belonjjed  to  him  by  inheritance  ' 
Cliarli  was  unable,  at  first,  to  )rive  any  as,sis- 
tance  to  his  ally.  The  Elector,  however,  who 
was  the  worst  of  jrenerals,  so  scattered  his  forces 
that  when,  "on  the  iM  of  April  (l'i47],  Charles 
n  ai  he  d  the  Ells'  and  pnpared  to  allack  him.  he 
liad  no  advantafre  over  his  a.ssailant  but  that  of 
position.  That  indiH'd  was  very  stronj;.  He  lay 
at  .MuhllxTg.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river, 
which  at  that  point  is  3uO  yanls  wide  and  more 
than  four  feel  deep,  with  a  stream  so  rapid  as  to 
render  the  passage,  even  for  horsemen,  a  task  of 
great  dilHcully  and  danger.  "  Against  the  re- 
monstrances of  his  ablest  general,  the  Duke  of 
Alva.  Charles,  favored  by  a  heavy  fog.  led  his 
arniv  aero.,.,  tin  rivcr  and  WA\y  ntUickcil.  The 
Elector  attempted  to  retreat,  but  his  retreat  be- 


came u  nmt.  Many  fell,  but  many  m.  w  v 
taken  priwmers.  including  the  Kicctor  ami 
Eaiidgrave  of  Hesse.  Tlw  victory  was  li.ij. 
for  the  time,  and  ( 'liarles  usid  it  willioiii  ni'nli 
tionoreeneriisity.  He  ih'i'lared  a  forfi  iiiin  if 
whole  Eh'cli irate  of  Saxony  by  .lohii  I'n.l.  r 
and  conferred  it  upon  thi'  Inaclnrous  >l mr 
and, "though  Maurice  wasson  in  law nf  ili<  l.:i 
grave  of  Hesse,  he  strip  [Mil  that  princi'of  lii>i, 
lories,  and.  by  a  device siarcely  ri'inoveil  fmin 
tricks  of  a  kidnapiHT.  threw  him  also  into  yt'w 
Charles  seemed  now  to  lie  coinplelily  n  i.iii 
the  situation  in  Oermany.  and  there  u  is  liiil. 
position  to  his  will  in  ailiet  which  he  cmi 
at  Augsburg. — C.  I).  'H'onge.  /'/dm  c,  „r,,,, 
Mmlern  llintorn,  c/i.  4.  —  "Hi'  opcmd  tin-  Hi. 
Augsburg  (Septemlsr  1,  1.">4T),  in  Ih.  Ii,.|« 
tlnally  bringing  alKiut  the  union  .so  Ioml.'  ilr.i 
and  so  fn'i|uently  attempted,  but  wliiih  In 
spaired  of  efTecting  through  a  (oiiiu  il  wlii,  |i 
I'rotostants  liad  rejected  in  advaiice. 
the  famous  '  Intiriin  '  of  Augsburi;  —  ihi  j. 
pnNluction  of  Julius  von  PHiig.  liishopol  No 
iHTg:  Micliiud  Helding,  coadjutorof  M<mi/.  . 
tlie  wily  and  subtle  John  Agricola.  pn  k  In  i 
tlie  Elector  of  lirandenburg  —  Prolcsiuiil- « 
permitlcd  to  rcceivi'  the  itoly  Em  liari^l  iin 
IhiHi  kinds;  the  Pnitcstantclergv  alnady  min 
to  retain  their  wives;  and  a  tacit  apprn'vil  ;;i 
to  the  retention  of  property  aln'udy  inkiii  ii 
the  Church.  This  instrument  was.  from  li-i 
ning  to  end,  a  miLsterpiece  of  duplicity.  ukI 
such  satisfied  no  party.  The  Cathnlii^  nf  i 
many,  the  Protestants,  and  the  Court  <f  ilui 
each"  took  exception  to  il.  .  .  .  .Maurin.  tin  t 
Elector  of  Saxony,  unwilling  to  give  the  laii 
an  unconditional  approval,  consulted  u  iili  .i  iii 
Iht  of  Protestant  theologians,  headed  In  M.  l;i 
thon,  as  to  how  far  he  might  accept  its  pnni^i 
with  a  safe  conscience.  In  reply  lliivilnw 
what  is  known  as  tlie  U'ipsig  Inuriiii  il."i|si 
which  they  stated  that  i|iiesiions  of  riiuil  i 
ceremonv,  and  others  of  minor  iinportaiui'  »li 
they  designated  by  the  gi'iieric  woiil  adi  ipli. 
might  be  wholly  overlooked;  and  even  in  pui 
of  a  strictly  doctrinal  character,  tin  y  i  \|iirs 

themselves  favourable  toconcessinn  :i'iid  i ij 

miso.  .  .  .  Such  I.ulheran  pnai  hi  rs.i>  I  I  fi- 
to  be  faithful  followers  of  thiir  ma^t.  r  mil 
det4-rmineil  opposition  toihe  '  Intrriiu.  ihl  Ik  • 
a  vigorous  as.s,'iult  upon  itsadiaphori^iir  i  l.iii' 
The  Anti-adiaphorists,  as  they  were  callnl.  « 
headed  by  Khuius  Illyricus,  who  I"  iiu'aiiinl 
dis4>iple  of  Luther's,  and  possessing  sunn. wh.ii 
his  courage  and  energy,  repaired  to  .Mat'li  Im 
whose  l)ol(l  citizens  were  as  dctiaiit  of  imiii 
power  lis  they  were  conti'inpluotis  of  pnul 
thority.  But  in  spite  of  this  spirited  ii|i|.  -i 
the  Interim  was  gradually  acciptid  liv  -H' 
Protestant  countries  and  cities  —  a  fai  t  «  Nii  li 
coiiraged  theeniperor  at  the  Diet  of  .Vuir^lniri: 
VtM.  tumakea  final  cITort  to  have  the  I'l  .i.  ~i,i 
attend  the  sessions  of  thi'  Council  of  Trent  n.- 

op<>nHl by  Pope  Julius  III ^fteri^h  ri 

lay,  deputies  from  Brunilenburg,  WiiriiMilie 
and  Saxony  l«gan  to  appear  at  Trent ;  at;  1  '■' 
the  Witt»>nb<'rg  theologians,  heiidid  hy  Mi  i 
thon,  were  alreaily  on  tlieir  way  In  the  (  i  iii 
when  Maurice  of  Saxony,  having  seeun  <\  .ii 
advantages  he  hopetl  toobtjiiii  by  an  alliaiue  w 
the  Catholic  party,  and  ri'ganiiess  of  tin  "I'ii 
tious  bv  wiiichhe  wasbiiund,  priK-eedeii  leiKi 
both  the  emperor  and  his   country,     llav 


it 

flit. 


149C 


GERMANY,   Iwe-l.-iSS. 


Prote»tanti*m 

rrcttvrrtd. 


GERMANY.   1.M2  I.-.«I. 


received  a  conimliwion  to  carry  Into  <frci't  the 
ban  of  the  empire  piiitwil  upon  MaBilcliiirir.  he 
wti  in  a  position  to  nwM'inhh'  a  large  IhmIv  of 
troop*  in  Germany  without  exrltlnff  siispicUm, 
or  revealing  his  ulterior  i>ur|«iHes.  Ik-slilea  unit- 
ing to  himself,  as  eonfeileriili's  in  lijs  plot.  ,I„lii, 
AllHTt.  Hulie  of  Meeklenhurg ;  AllMTt.  Margrave 
of  liranih'nliurg;  anil  NVIiiiani.  Unilgrave  of 
Hesse,  eldest  sou  of  Philip  of  llcss<'.  he  entered 
into  a  8»'ena  treaty  (<X-t.  \  ITM)  wJUi  Henry  II.. 
King  of  Frame,  who,  as  was  pretended,  coming 
into  Oerinany  as  the  saviour  of  the  country 
seized  (he  eilies  of  Metz.  Toul.  and  V.rduii.' 
Miiurice  also  hild  out  to  Henry  t  lie  prospect  of 
KTUring  the  imperial  crown.  Everything  be- 
ing in  readiness  for  action.  Maurice  'advancing 
through  Thuringia,  s<'ized  the  city  of  Augshurg, 
aud  suddenly  nia(h'  his  appearance  Iwfore  Inns- 
pruelt.  whence  the  emperor,  wlio  lay  sick  of  a 
severe  attack  of  the  gout,  was  hastily  conveyed 
en  a  litter,  through  the  pusses  of  the" mountains 
toVillach,  InCariuthia.  While  Maurice  was  thus 
making  liiiiiself  master  of  Innspruck.  the  King 
of  the  French  was  carrying  out  his  |mrt  of  tlie 

Erograiiime  hy  ai-tiviiy  prosecuting  the  war  in 
orraine.     Charles  V  .  now  destitute  of  the  ma 
terial  resources  ui'cissary  to  ciirrv  on  a  success 
ful  campaign  again.st  the  ( omhiiK^i  annies  of  tlie 
French  king  and  the  German  princes,  and  d.- 
spairing  of  putting  an  end  to  the  obstinate  con 
Hict  tiy   his    personal    ■  ndeavours,   resolved    to 
re-establlbli.  if   possible .  his  waning   power  bv 
peaceful  negotiations.     To  tills  end.  he  coinmis- 
sioiied  bis  brother  Ferdinand   to  concluih>  the 
Treaty  of  Passau  (July  3(1.  l,Vi2),  which  provided 
that  Pliilip  ..t  Hesse  should  be  set  at  liUrtv.  and 
gav(.  pledges  for  the  sjieedy  settlement  of  "all  re 
ligiDUsund  political  differences  by  a  Diet,  to  lie 
nuimnoned  at  an  early  <hiy.     It  further  provide.1 
that  neither  the  emperor    nor    the    Prot<'staiit 
princes  should  put  any  restraint  upon  freedom  of 
iimscience,  and  that  all  qui-stions  arisinir  in  the 
inUTval  between  the  two  parties  shoiihl   l«'  re 
fem-d   for  gettleiuent   to  an  Im|H'rial  Conimis 
»ion.  composed  of  an  equal  numl)er  of  Catliolii  s 
and  Protestanu.     In  (imsequenceof  the  war  then   I 
twing  carrie<i  on  by  tlie  empire  against  Knnce   I 
for  tile  recovery  of  the  three  bishopries  of  |,or- 
Rvine  of  which  tlie  French  ha<l  taken  po*«>ssion 
the  Diet  diii  not  convene  until  Febriiarv-  .1.  l.'i.Vi  " 
—.1.  Alzog.  .Viinital  of  UmrermU  Chiirfh  W^lnni 
r.  :l.  pp.  276-279. 

XiMtin:  W.  Robertson.  //iW.  ./  M,    ll,ir/„  „f 
^'".','''f..''-  **•   *-'0  ('■    2-;i)--L.    von   Hank,'. 
Vml^  Wan  ami  Moruirehy  in    /■'nine:   eh.    tl._ 
E.  K.  Crowe.    Vurdimil  braurrlle  and  Mmri,-^ 
of  S,tj)tny  {Eminent    Furtifin   Sluletmin     r     I) 
-L  lUusaer,  Vie  Peri-xt  of  t/u  l{>-f,im„'H;i,  eh 
'.  '.'"i^'-   ''•  'P'^*^^^'-   lli'l   "f  "•>■'  ltri:;-mi,lio„ 
«.  ■>.— F.   Kohlrausch.    ///»<.    of  C'roonni.   r/i. 

,  A- D.  1547 —Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles 
v.,  changing  the  relationi  of  the  Netherland 
provinces  to  the  Empire.  See  Nktiikiii.ands 
A.  I).  1.'547. 

liP-  '5Sa-i}6t.-Battle  of  Sievershausen 
and  death  of  Maiince.— The  Religious  Peace 
of  Augsburg.— Abdication  of  Charles  V.— Suc- 
cession of  Ferdinand  I.— The  halting  of  the 
Reformation  and  the  rally  of  Catholic  resis- 
Unce.-By  the  treaty  of  Paasau.  .Maurice  of 
^-^:'"y  bound  himself  to  defend  tlie  luioiru 
•gainst  the  Fiench  and  the  Turks.      •  He  accord- 


ingly took  the  Oeld  against  the  latter,  but  with 
little  siicci'ss,  (he  imperial  (oniinaiider  Castaldo 
contravening  nil  his  efforts  bv  iiluiidiriiiir  Hun 
garyand  drawing  upon  himst'lf  the  haired  of  tlie 
people.  Charles,  iiieaiiwliile.  nuirclied  against 
the  Fn'neh.  and,  wilhoiil  hesitation,  anuiu  de 
Posiil  the  corporative  govermnenis  n  insiaieil  by 
-Maurice,  on  his  way  tliroiii.'li  Aiiu'vljiirg  llrn 
I-.s.slingen.  etc.  Metz,  valiMiillv  defeiideil  bv  the 
Duke  dc  Guise,  was  v.iinly  b"i-siei;id  lor  some 
months,  and  the  Krnpen.r  was  at  ji-nmli  forced  to 
ntreat.  The  Fniii  b  were,  ueverllieless.  driven 
out  of  Italy.  The  aired  epiiper.>r  now  sii.-lied  for 
jieace.  Ferdlniiud.  avers.-  loopi  n  warfare,  pl.iced 
Ins  hoiH'Son  tie-  impiT.  r|,iil,|,.  elTeet  of  aeon 
sistenlly  pursued  system  of  Mippres^-ioii  and 
.lesuilical  obsiuranlisiu  Maiiiiie  was  iiiiNwer 
able  for  the  conliiiuaiiee  of  the  pi-.-u-e   the  terms 

'''.."';''■''    '"•   '""'     preserilied \lbert    the 

"lid  (of  Ilraiiileiiburi;]  was  the  i.n!,  one  among 
the  princes  who  was  slill  desirous  of  w.ir.     Iii- 
(liffirent  to  aiiiilii  els,-,  he  mareheil  at  the  lieail  of 
some  thousand    followers  tliroui;li   leiiinil   (Jer- 
many.  muMeririg  and   pliinileriiig  1;,  in-  passed 
iiloiig,  with  the  intent  of  once  mori-  laving  tlie 
l-r.-iiieoniun  and  .Saxon  bishopries  waste  in  the 
name  of    the    gospel.     The    princes    at    length 
lormed  the  Heidelberi;  <  (.rifeilerai  y  against  this 
inonslerund  the  emperor  put  him  iinder  the  baiin 
of  the  empire,  which  .Maurice  iiiiderti»ik  to  e.vi- 
cute,  although  he  had  iHen  his  old  friend  and 
companion    in   amis       Albert    was   en'aged    in 
plundering    the    arelibislioprie    of    Magiieburg. 
w  Inn  .Maurice  came  up  with  liim  at  .Sievershaus- 
en.    .V  murderous  engaiieiiieiii  tcsik  |vl.-u-e  (.V    D 
1-Vi:!).     Three  of  the  princes  of  lirunswii-k  were 
slain.     AilH-rt  was  seyerely  Wdundecl.  and  Mau- 
riit:  fell  at  the  nionieiit  w  lien  victory  declared  in 
Ins  favour,  in   the  :!.!d    year  of  his  age.  in  the 
midst  of  his   promising  career.   .   .       Kvery  ob 
•stacle  was  now  removed,  end  ,1  peace,  kuown  as 
the  religious  peace  of  Augsburg,  was  concluded 
by  the  diet  lielil  in  that  city.  A.  D.  l.Vw.     This 
peace  was  natiinilly  a  mere"  poliiical  a-reemeiit 
provisionally   entered    into    by    the   princes   f,,r 
tlie  la-netit.  not  of  religion,   but  of  themselves 
1  opular  opinion  was  diinili.  kniirlils.  burgesses 
and  iH'iLsants  bending  in  lowly  suluuissioirto  the 
mandate  of  their  .soycriiiriis"     Uy   this   treaty 
branded  in  history  as  the  most  lawless  evircoii- 
ceried  in  Gi-rmanv.  tlie  prineiple  •eujus  regio 
ejus  ivligio.'the  faith  of  the  prim'e  must  be  Ihal. 
of  Ih,-  people,  was  laid  down.      »y  it  not  only  all 
the  Uelonned  subjects  of  a  Citholic  prince  wen- 
ex  pos<-d  to  the  utmost  cruelty  and  tynniiy.  but 
the  reliu'ion  of  each  si-parate  Country  was  re lidered 
dependent  on  the  caprice  of  the  reigning  iiriiiee 
of  this  the   Pfalz  offered  a  sa.l  example,  the  re- 
li.gion  o|   the  pi-ople  bi-iui;  ihusl',)urli s  arbi- 
trarily (lianL'eil.   .   .   .   Freedom   of    belief,   i-on- 
tineil  ti>  the  immediate  subjects  of  the  empire, 
for  instance,   to   tlie  reiL'iiing  princes,    the  free 
nobility,  and  the  city  councillois,  was  monopo- 
lized by  at  most  20,(H)()  privileged  jxTsoiis. 
The  false  pt-ace  concluiled  at  Auirsbiirg  w.is  iin 
medialely  followed  by  diaries  V.'s  alslication  of 
Ills  numerous  crowns  |see  NETiiKlti..\.\i)S:  .\    D 
l-jVif.      He   would  willingly  have  resiirned  that 
of  tlie   empire   to  his  son   Pliilip.  Imii   not   the 
Spanish  education  of  that  prince,  his  ghioiny  and 
bigoteil  character,  inspired  tlje  (termans  wp.!.  ,iu 
av.'rsion  as  unconquerable  as  that  with  whiili  he 
lieheld  them.     Ferdinand  had.  moreover,  gained 


fi; 


.11 


1407 


.-  ,11 

•-1    It  t 


m 

:^l! 


Ilit 


i: 


.1- 


OEUMANY,  ISSa-lMl 


Oeofnemrn  of 
Iht  Ite/ormation- 


OERMANV,   I5S8-1S0U 


the  f»Toiir  of  the  Of rman  prin(-<Hi.  Chiirlci, 
nevcrthtlrHn.  iDtiiicnrtil  by  afipctlon  towiinU  his 
■nn,  bratownl  iipun  him  one  nf  tlii'  flnot  of  the 
flvrman  nrovincis. thcNcthcHnnilii. lK>iiiil('sHpaln, 
Milan.  NaplcH,  iiml  the  Wi'st  Imlli'ii  (AmiTini) 
Fonliniinil  rccriviHl  the  ivitt  of  the  (h-muiii 
hcn'ditary  piMWHiiionx  of  hi«  lioum',  U'liidfit  Ho- 
hernia  »n(l  liiiii|;ury  .  .  .  FiTilliianil  I.,  oii|k>iu'iI 
in  Ilia  liiTcilitary  provinces  l)y  a  prcdomlnatliiK 
I'roteslaiil  party,  whicli  he  wa»  «omiM'lle<l  to  tol- 
i-ratc,  wan  politically  ovcrlialanced  hy  hi:*  nephew, 
Philip  II.,  in  Spain  ami  Italy,  where  ratholicism 
flntirlKlietl.  The  prepomleriinee  of  the  Spanish 
over  the  Auslilan  Itnincli  of  the  hoiiw  of  llnlm 
burg  exercised  the  most  pernicious  influence  on 
the  whole  of  Germany,  by  securinu  to  the  Catho- 
lics a  support  wliicli  remlend  reconeilialion  im 
possible.  .  .  .  The  n'lijfious  ilispiitcs  anil  |K'»ty 
egotism  of  the  several  estiites  of  the  empire  hail 
utterly  stirt<>il  every  s»nlinient  of  patriotism,  ami 
not  a  ilissentient  Voict'  was  rais<'il  against  the 
will  of  Charles  V.,  which  bestowed  the  whole  of 
the  Netherlands,  one  of  the  linest  of  the  prov- 
inces of  Germany,  up<m  Spain,  the  division  and 
conse(|tient  weakeninR  of  the  powerfid  Iioitsc  of 
ilalmbiirg  being  regardtnl  by  the  princes  with 
delight  At  the  same  time  that  the  power  of  the 
I'rofi'stant  party  was  shaken  by  tlic  peaie  of 
Angsl)urg,  Carifinal  CarafTa  mounted  the  pontif 
leal  throne  as  I'anl  IV.,  tlie  Hrst  |«)|)e  wlio.  fol 
lowing  the  plan  of  the  Jesuits,  al>an<loned  the 
syHt<'ni  of  defence  for  that  of  altAck.  The  lU'f- 
ormation  no  scuuier  ceaseil  to  pmgress.  than  a 
pri'ventive  movement  In-gan  [see  Papacy:  A.  I). 
l,WT-l,Vi;t).  .  .  .  Ferdinand  I.  was  in  a  difficult 
position  Paul  I\'.  refused  to  acknowledge  him 
on  account  of  tlie  peaie  coneludtKl  l>ctwwn  him 
and  tli<>  Protestants,  whom  he  was  unable  to  op 
pose,  and  whose  tenets  he  refuseil  tocmbrace.  not 
withstanding  tlie  expressed  wish  of  the  majority 
of  his  subjects.  Like  his  bnither.  he  intrlgueil 
and  diploinatir.ed  until  his  Jesuitical  confes-sor, 
Bobadilla.  ami  the  new  pope,  Pius  IV..  again 
placed  hini  on  gixsl  terms  with  liome,  A.  P. 
1559,  .  .  .  Augustus,  elector  of  Saxony,  the 
brother  of  Maurice,  alarmc'd  at  the  fresh  alliance 
between  the  emperor  ami  pope,  convoked  a 
meeting  of  the  Protestant  leaders  at  Nuumlwrg. 
His  fears  weri'.  iiowever,  allayed  by  the  peaceful 
proposals  of  the  emiHTor  (A.  I).  l-'iBU.  ...  A 
last  attempt  to  save  the  unity  of  the  Ucrinan 
church,  in  Ihi'  event  of  its  separation  from  that 
of  Uonie.  was  made  by  Ferdinand,  who  convoked 
the  spiritual  eleilnml  princes,  tlie  archbishops 
and  bisliops,  for  that  purpose  to  Vienna,  but  the 
consideration  with  which  lii'  was  com|H'lli'd  to 
treat  the  pope  remlercd  his  elTorts  weak  and  in- 
effecHial.  .  .  .  Tile  I'roteslants.  l)lin(l  to  llie  unity 
and  sireniilli  resu'liiii:  from  tlie  polici  f  the 
Calholiis.  weakened  tlieni.selves  more  i.i  1  more 
bv  division." — \V.  .Menzel.  //i»(.  "f  (lermiiiiy, 
tecl.  H<T-lli'<(r  -^i, 

A.  D.  1556-1558.  —  Abdication  of  the  em- 
peror, Charles  v.,  and  election  of  his  brother, 
Ferdinand.     See  N'ktiikki.a.nms:  .\.  I>    I.I.m. 

A.  D.  1556-1609.— The  degeneracy  of  the 
Reformation. —Internal  hostilities  of  Protes- 
tantisn  Tolerant  reigns  of  Ferdinand  I.  and 
Maximilian  II.— Renewed  persecution  under 
Rudolf  II.  -The  risings  against  him.— His 
cessions  and  abdications. —    (iennany  was  ex- 

Uiii.ni*    .»!    i>»-.itr,       \\  lu'li  liie    peacv   >v.ls    i't'ikell 

in  I'rotesliciit  slates,  the  Protestants  themselves. 


that  Is.  a  part  nf  their  dlTlDet,  were  the  cauii  ,.| 
the  disturbance.  Thesi'  were  'frantic'  l.iiiii.r 
ans.  The  theologian  Flaclus,  at  Jenii.  "i.mlv 
Bllneke<l  Melancthon  as  a  '  tntitJir  to  tin- 1  liiin  \i; 
on  aciiiunt  of  his  strivings  for  peuei-  I'ln  ri> 
ligioiia  controversies  in  the  Isisoni  of  tin  nllur 
ents  of  the  Augsburg  Confession  had  In  in  .iiKe 
Luther's  death  inttamed  to  madness  li\  usirirt 
Lutheran  party,  by  slaves  of  tlie  leii.r  »||, 
raged  not  only  against  the  Zwingliuii  mikI  i  ,| 
vinistic  rvformatiims,  but  against  M<  liimii.n 
and  those  who  svmpHthi/ed  with  liiin  Tin 
theological  piigilfsis  disgraced  Prntr-liiiii-m, 
and  aroused  suih  a  siiirit  of  persii  iitinn  i|,,| 
Melancthon  died  on  the  IHtli  of  .\|iril  l.Vm. 
•weary  and  full  of  anxiety  of  soul  «li..iii  iiij 
future  nf  the  lii'formation  and  the  (MTniniim 
tlon.'  Ills  foMowers,  'Lutheran'  pn-in  In  rs  iokI 
professors,  were  pirsecuted.  bani-lml,  mtyn^ 
oned,  on  account  of  suspicion  of  Ih  iiiu'  im  lim,! 
to  the  'Keformeil"  [Calvlnlstic]  as  disiiiii;iii,iii,| 
from  ' Kvangelical '  views;  prayers  fur  ilie  ex 
tirpation  of  heresy  '  were  olierecl  in  tlie  1  hun  iici 
of  Saxony,  and  a  medal  struck  tn  eomniemcraK 
the  victory  of  Christ  over  the  Devil  ami  Hi, nun. 
tliatis,  over  Melancthon  and  his  nuMieniii  pirty 
.  .  .  Each  parson  and  professor  lielil  hiiiisi  If  \i 
lie  a  divinely  inspiretl  watchman  of  /.inn,  win 
had  to  watch  over  purity  of  diMtrine  Tin 

universal  prevalence  of  'trials  for  wit.  Innifi '  ii 
Protestant  districts,  with  their  chaniU  r^  nf  tnr 
ture  and  burnings  at  the  stake.  imirlMil  llu  nm 
priestcraft  of  Lutheran  Pnile^taiiiism  in  its.li- 
basement  Into  a  dogmati/.inu'  eloinli  Dii! 
<|uickly  degenerating  PMteslant  Clinnli  loiii 
prised  a  mass  nf  separate  churches.  Ihi-.-hisi'  iIk 
vanity  and  selfishness  of  the  lourt  <  Iitlm  i:  m  rj 
court,  and  the  professors  of  every  nni\irHity 
would  have  a  chun'h  of  their  own  Kn  f; 

misfortune  to  tlie  'Keformeil'  clmrelies  1  iiuseil  1 
malevolent  Joy  in  the  Lutheran  canip  imd  1  ,ir} 
common  measure  against  the  eiiinnion  1  inmj 
was  rejected  by  the  Lutheran  cleri.'y  fmni  hiilric 
to  the  '  lleformed. '  .  .   .  The  emperor  I'lrlliunt 

I.  hiul  long  bi-en  convinced  that  siime  1  II  iml."  khi 
reiiuired  in  tlic  Church  of  Itome.  .\s  1m  unli 
to  his  ambiuisador  in  Trent.  '  If  11  n  f.irni  "f  ilii 
Cliurch  did  not  proceed  from  llii'  (  liur.  Ii  lirrv  If 
he  would  undertake  the  iliarge  of  it  in  <  irrni.iny 
I le  never  ceas*Hl  to  oiTer  his  meilialimi  U.Iwci-r 
tlic  two  religious  parties.  lie  lliciii:;lit  mv 
thought  Justly,  that  a  compromise  h:i-  p'"i«iili 
in  (Jermany.  .  .  .  The  change  wliirh  :.-i:ii|ii:i!l\ 
took  place' in  the  head  ami  lieurl  of  F.  r.iiii.iin 
had  not  extended  to  those  wlio  sat  in  s;  I'.ii  r; 
chair.  Fenlinand  1..  to  improve  tlie  mm nl  >i  iii 
of  tile  old  Church,  insisted  mo-t  slrnnirli  n  ilu 
alxilition  of  the  celibacy  of  the  ileri:\  ,  i:ii-ihi 
Pope  declared  the  most  imiispeiisalrii  |  .'  |.  n 
tlie  Papacy.  As  thus  his  pniposal^  ■  \''.\-  n 
naught,  heatlenipled  to  inlroduee  ih.   !.i,i|,.i.n 

refornialion   into   Ids   hinslitary   di 11       'm 

just  as  he  was  Is'iriiining  to  Is-  llir  i;,  '   :■ '.'  1  " 
these  jirovinees.   deatli  removed    1 
world,  on  the  iMi  of  July.  1.J64 
.son  and  .succes-sor.  Maximilian  II.. 
and   out   German.       Growing   op 
movement  of  tiie  tiini'.  tlie  Kniprn 

II.  was  warmly  devoted  to  the  m  " 
hated  the  Jesuits  and  tiie  Papac  v 
niained  in  the  middle  iKtweiii   Prm 
Caliioliis.    oil!    re.iiiV   liiiiivi    :...::; 
vored  tlie  lleformation  in  his  Ausirlaii 


il  -  .,1.- 


M  1 


\i 


II- 


1498 


GERMANY,  1IVMH609. 


OKKMANY.   1608-1818. 


kt  the  Tery  tlmp  whrn  Plilllp  II.  of  Spain,  llir 
■on  of  C'harirt  V.,  Iinil  cuninii'ni'cd  tlic  IiIikkIIci 
ncrwciition  agniniit  the  |{i'riirim'cl  (■liiinli  in  tln' 
Nflherlanils  ;  «t  tli..  vitv  time  wli.ii  ilir 

Frrnch  court,  rulod  an<l  led  iiy  .1.  siiit».  put  into 
ripTUtlnn  Ihi-   lonR  nri'piirid  Von»pini<v  of  SI 
Burtbniomcw.   .  .  .   lie  ncvir  ciiiwd  to' .nil  tlic 
Ung*  of   Knin.c  nnd   Spain  to  k.hiIc  ni^s  und 
toleration.  .   .        I  imvc  no  power.   Miiil  ilii' cm 
pemr.  'over  conmlcmTs.  iiml  nmv  Minsiraln  no 
man's  faith.'    Thr  prinicn  ununiinouslv  ilcctiij 
thf  mn  of  .Maxiiniii.in  aH  Kintt  of  tin-  "lloiniuii.. 
and  .Max  rccilvcd  unotliir  (fnilillnition    he  wmi 
elotol  Iting  I'y  ihi'  Kidlant  nation  of  ilie  I'oU.s. 
Thuit  the  liouw  of  .\ustria  was  ai;»iii  powirfullv 
•tnnjftiiened.      Ilunitiiry.  P(.lai.i|,   Ilolii  iniu   anil 
Oeriniiny,  united  under  one  ruler,  formed  ii  power 
which   could   meet   Turki'y   ami    Uu«.ia.      Tlii' 
Turlia  and  the  Kmuianx  were  preiwin^  forwanl. 
The  Turkish    wars,    more   than   anvthinj?   elxe. 
prrvente<l  .Ma.x  from  earrvini?  out  h(»  ionc  elier 
i«lie<l  plan  ami  sivinR  a'.i,n»tltuti(m  to  the  em 
pire  and  church  of  tlie  Oerinans.     He  who  tow 
crwl  hl^h  alH>ve  the  Papal  parlv  and  the  niisiTalile 
oontnivereles  of  I>n>te!tlant  dlvlncH.  and   wlicKe 
clear  mind  miw  what  the  times  n^ipiireil.  would 
tove  liml  every  i|ualitiiation   for  such  n  task. 
But  in  the  inld«t  of  Ills  jrreat  prr)jeet)i.  .Maximilian 
II.  die<l,  in  his  41»th  vcar,  on  tlie  12tli  of  Oetolsr. 
1576;  as  em|H'ror,   honest,   mild  ami  wis<>.  anil 
elevated  alM)vc  all   n'lijrious  contmversii's  to  a 
dfitree  that  no  prince  has  ever  reaeheii.      He  had 
•Iways   been  a  rmk  of  olTenee  to  the  Catholic 
party.  .  .  .   Hut  Kudoif  [son  of  .Maximilian  II  I 
when  he  Ucame  enip<Tor  [I.ITH),  surroumhd  liy 
Kcrrt  JesuiU  whnhiul  Uvn  his  teacliers  and  a(l 
vitcrs,  be(»me  the  humblest  slave'  of  the  order 
and  let  it  do  what  it  would.      Kudoif  Imd   Inin 
lent  by  his  fatlier  for  the  interests  of  Ins  „wn 
house  to  the  SpanLsh  court;  a  terrible  punish 
ment   now   folhiwed    this  selfseekiii),'.      Kudnlf 

conHmuKl  lll>erty  of  conscience  onlv  to  tin bles 

not  to  tlic  citizens  or  imisants.  lie  forbaiie  tlie 
two  lattcrclB8.ses  to  visit  tlie  KvanKelicalilmrelies 
he cIos«h1  their  schools,  ordcnnl  tliem  to  freiiin-nt 
Catholic  churches,  threatened  disolH<lienee  wiili 
banishment,  and  even  in  the  case  of  nobles  lie 
(iismis«»il  from  his  court  eharKes  alt  who  were 
not  strict  panists.  The  jN'ople  of  Vienna  and 
Austria  hated  him  for  tliese  orders.  .    Will,, 

out  any  judicial  iuve.stii,'ation  he  tlinatened  fne 
cities  with 'ex.-cution.'  Aix  la  Chapelle  expelled 
his  tr(K)p«.  (Jebhanl.  the  elector  of  (.'olojine 
marned  a  Countess  von  .Mansfeld  and  went  over 
lol'mlestjintism.  .  The  Pnitestantssupported    > 

bun  luwily;    I.uthemns  und    Calvinists  were   al    ' 
hitler  lend  with  eacli  other  [see  P.^i'ACY  .   A    l> 
l.">Tii-i.-,<)7|,   .   .   ,    li    ,v;h  „  eroakin-'  of  ra'vl'us' 
and  a  t'rcat  Held  of   ih.'  deiul  was   not  far  oil' 
The    Kni|xTor    Itudolf.  ...  on    u    return 
Jirurmy    from    U(uiie.    vowiil    to   Our    I.udy   of 
I^Ti-rto.  'his  (Jenerali.ssima,'toextir|iale  berelies 
at  tlie  risk  of  his  life.      In  his  lieredilarv  estati^s 
liei;nlere<l  all  who  were  not  papists  to  (cave  ilie 
tirriMry.     Soon  afterwards  !ii'  pulled  down  (lie 
f-i  in.'riical  ehiirclies.  and  <ii.s|.erseil  llie  eiii/eiis   : 
h.v  nrms.     He  intended  soon  to  be-in  the  K.iiiie    ! 
pr<«eedin):3  in  llun-ary  .■iiid   liolieniia;    but  in 
liiiTurary  the  nation  rose  in  defence  of  its  liliertv    i 
■■"■■1  luilh.     The  receipt  of  the  iulelli^ence  tlia't    • 
I'll'    Hungarian    nialconteiils   were    prouressini.- 
■:;■:  .ri,.;i,ly    pnsiueeii  — w  jiat    iIiitc'  liail     lieeii 
s.vniptoms  of  before  —  in.sanity.     The  members   : 


"1,"";,''"'"^  "'  Austria  asuemhied.  and  declared 
I  he  Kniperor  Kiiilolf  can  Ih'  no  hmger  head  of 
the  hoiis...  I».cau«..  unforluiiatelv  it  is  Us.  plain 
that  his  Ihinian  Iin|H'rial  .Majesty  .   ,   .   was  not 
competent  or  (It  to  govern  the  kinitdoms.'     The 
Arilidiike    Matthias    [ehhst  brotlier  of  Uii.lolfl 
was  elected   h(  a.l  of  ilie  AuKtriaii   lious<- [16<WI 
lie  eolleete.1  an  arniv  of  '.'(I.IMSI  men.  and  made 
km.wn  that   he  wi.uld  depose  the  inipenir  from 
the  L'overiiment  of  his  heredilarv  domains      Ku 
ilolfs.hsuilicalllatterersliad  named  him  tlie  ■  Ho 
heniian  Solomon  '     He   now,   in   terror,  without 
drawing  sword,  eel,.,!  lliiugury  and  Austria  to 
Matthias,  ami  gave  him  also  the  government  of 
Moravia      .Matthias  gimranleed  religious  liliertv 
o  the  Austrians.     Kudoif  <lid   the  same  to  thV 
Hohemiansand  Silesians  by  tlie  '  Letters  of  Ma 
Jesty       Kudoif,    to  escaiH-   depcftition    by  .Mat 
thias,  alslicuted   the  thnme  of   Uohemia   '— \V 
/iniinermau,  l'oi>i,l„r  IIM.  nf  )!frm<,„u.h'k  T,  eh 

'i  {f.  ^\, 

Alh.  IN:  V     Kohlrausch.    Ili.t    „f  thrmauv, 

.„^".?'   i.*!!:'.'";-''"'"  ETangelical  Union 
and  the  Cathohc  Le>Eue.-The  JUhch-CleTe 
conteit. -Troubles  in  Bohemia.— The  beein- 
ning;  of  the  Thirty  Years  War.-'  Many  Prnt 
estanis  wen.  alarmed   bv  the  attmiipts  Kudoif 
had  iiia.h'  to  put  them  down,  and  cstHciallv  by 
Ins  allowing  the  Duke  of  Ifcivaria  to  s<m7.,."  the 
free  city  of  Donaiiwilrth,  formerly  a  Bavarian 
to»-n,  ami  make  it  Catholic.     In  Ifltis  s  niinilH-r 
of  I  rolestants  joimd  together  ami  formed,   for 
ten  years, a  hagiie called  The  Tnlon.     Its  foriiin- 
t ion  was  due  diietly  to  the  exertions  of  Prince 
(  hristian  of  Anhalt,   who  had  busily  intrigued 
with  Henry  IV.  of  France;  Imt  its  head  was  the 
Kleelor  Palatine.     As  the  latter  lHlong«l  to  the 
Keformed  Church,  tlie   I.iilhemns  for  the  most 
part  treated  the  I  niim  cohlly ;  and  the  Kh'ctorof 
Saxony  woiiM  have  nothing  to  do  with  it      It 
sism  had  an  opportunity  of  acting.     Duke  Wil- 
liam of  .Illlicli.  who  |„.|,l  Julieli,  Cleve,and  other 
liiiids  .lied  in  HXHt.     .lohn  Sigmiind,  Kleitor  of 
HniiKhMibiirg,   and  the   Palsgrave  of    .NeiilKTg 
both  niemlsTs  of  tlic  fiiion,  claimed   to  Ir.   his 
liiirs.   and    tis.k    possession   of  his   lands.     The 
Kniperor  Kudoif  sent  his  brother,  the  Archduke 
Leopold,    Bishop  of  Pas.saii.  to  drive  out  these 
princes.     The  Union  thereupon  formed  an  alli- 
ance villi   Henry    IV.  of  France   [see   Fu.t.MK: 
A    I>    l.-ii)l)-H(l(l|.  ami.  loining  to  the  aid  of  its 
meiiilHrs,  Mattered  the  forces  of  the  Archduke 
in    1(110.     The   Calliolies   now  took   friixht    anil 
haslened  to  form  a    League  whiili  slioiilil  hold 
the    I  iiion    111    eheek.      It  was   formed   for  nine 
years,  ami  th,.  supreme  coniiiiand  was  giv.u  to 
Maximilian,    Duke  of    Bavaria.      The  death   of 
Henry  l\     i,H,k  awav  from   the  I'liioii   its  eliiif 
s,.uree  of  sireiigih.  so  tbut  it  shrank  from  a  gen- 
eral war       The  two  primes,  liowever,  who  liad 
L'lveii  rise  to   the   i|uarn  1,  kept   for  a  time  the 
.liUieli  (  leve  territory.      In  lilll  [Kilsj  the  power 
ot  ihe   Llei  lor  of  Hranileiiljurg  was  further  in- 
ereasi'il  by  his  succeeding  to  the  Duchy  of  IVus- 
sia.       l-'rom  11,1,^  time   Fast   Prussia  \vas  always 
joiiiei!  to  Kraniieiiburg.      It  was  now.  ilierei,.,"e 
thai  TtiehoiNeof  Brundeiibiirg  laid  the  loiiiida 
tii.iis    of   its    future   greatness    [see    I'uissn  j 
Matthias,     in     onler     to     pacify     the    Austrian 
st.o,.s.  granted   them  f:i!l  r  li^Lvo^   !i!"-ii,       h; 
I'iol'  the  liolieiuiaii    States   also   obtainisi"  froiii 
Kudoif  a  Itoyal  Charter,  called   ■  The  LctUfr  of 


-$ 


%  \\ 


1499 


OKUMANY    180H-I6IH 


OKHMANY.   lfll«  l«W 


il 


iu 


!;■  ■;' 


M*jn>ty.'    ronri'cllntt    lo    iii>lillll\      kniirlilrt   aikI    i 
liiwiK  iiirdri  fntiliMii  In  riliiinnH  niiillfm.  iiml   j 
111!' rliflil  i.iliiillil  I'rniiHiitiit  1  linn  liiminilwliiioU   1 
on  lliilr  own  iiml  on  Ilir  fviil  liiiiilt      Uolii'inln 
nhowiil  ii.iirritiliiili  fiirllilH  fmcnir     Suiii«c  llii.' 
his  iliHlifii!..  till'  lliilHiiiliiiiMH  II  "lull  Kmliilf  u|> 
III  111!.  1  untie  at   I'niiruc  111   11)11,  iiml  iwkcti  Mm 

llilii»i  I (■  !■'  till  Ir  iilil      Ml'  ■llil  wi.  :>"'!  wlziil 

the   Hii|iriiiir    luiwir      Ni'«t   yiiir    Iiml   if  ilh  il 
Miilthiiii  Wilt  cMwi.i-il  at    l-'riiiikliiri  with  (tn-il 
I».iii|..  hut  hf  «a«  till  iHllir  llttcil  for  tliv  Ihniiii' 
than  lii«  hr.ilht  r       Mr  was  i  oiniwllril    to  yhlil 
liiii.  hl.i  the  I'riiliHlanls.  yit  fai.ninil  tlii'.(i»iiltH 
ill  Ihilr  r.MilinnicI  ilTort's  lo  lorivi  rl  Oiriiiuny 
Ills  jroviriitiiint  was  so  f«  lih   iliit   Ills  hrolhiTs 
Ml  hiitflh  iiiaih' hiiii  ai'l'l   K.     linaiiil,  Itiikf  of 
Stvria.  as  his  roailinlor       In  liil  7  Kinliimnil  »a 
iliTliil  as  limlolf's  siiiiiKsor  to  the  (Towns  of 
Uiihiinia  anil   lliiiii-'arv,  iinil  from  this  tiim    all 
real    powir    In    lh<-    llalishnii;    |>osn  ssions    was 
wiilihil  hv  him      Finliiiaii.i  was  ajounif  man. 
lint   hail  alriailv  itivin  ppsif  of  -•riat  c  iiirtfy  of 
iharaili  r  ."  Tin-  I'rotistanis  l.sik.  il  hirwanl 

with  (li>-ail  to  his  niirn  if  iie  shonl.l  ncrlvc  the 
IniiM-riui  crown.  Slvria  h  hI  hei  oine  alinosi 
wholl\  I.iithinin.  W'lnn  Ki  nliiiaml  siueiiihil 
liiM  fiiili.  r.  he  liiul  ilriven  out  the  rrotiHtaiit 
families,  and  niaile  the  laml  altogether  Ciitholie 
NoCalholie  prime  hail  ever  shown  liiins4lf  more 
n-eklesH  us  to  the  iiu  aiis  hy  whieli  he  wrvtsi  his 
chiireh.  The  I'roiislants.  therefore,  hail  Kioxl 
reason  to  fear  that  if  he  lMC«me  Km|)<ror  he 
woiilil  renew  the  iioliev  of  Cliarles  V.,  anil  try 

10  l.rliiK  liiuk  the  iilii  -•  lie  of  ihlnifs.  In  which 
there  was  lint  one  Cliiirch  as  there  was  liiil  one 
Knipire.  Kvents  pnneil  that  these  feant  were 
well  foiiiiihil.  The  last  days  of  Matthias  were 
verv  tronliled  ''"«o  I'mtesi  int  chiirehes  were 
huih  in  llohemia.  one  in  the  territory  of  the 
Areliliislio|i  of  I'raitne.  the  other  in  that  of  the 
AhlHit  of  llraiiiiaii  These  prime».  with  per 
mission  of  the  Km|Hror.  pulled  down  one  of  the 
churches  and  shut  up  the  other  The  I'rolestatits 
lomplained;  hut  their  aiiiH'al  wiisniet  hy  the  re 
plv  that  the  letter  of  Majesty  did  not  permit 
th'ein  to  liiiild  chiinhes  on  the  lands  of  ecclesias- 
tics This  answer  exiited  iirvM  indiirimtion  in 
IJolieinia;  and  a  nimiiiir  waH)tot  up  that  it  had  not 
come  from  the  Kni|ieror.  lint  had  iM-en  written  in 
Pnitfiie.  On  May  ill.  I'd"*,  ii  nnnih' r  of  I'roteit 
tunts.  headed  hv  (onnl  riiiirn.  tnari  hid  to  the 
(oiincil  Hall  of'the  Koyal  Castle,  unil  ilenuiiided 
to  Ih-  told  the  real  facts  When  the  conneillors 
hesilaled,  two  of  tlieiii.  with  tJie  private  s4i  re 
tarv,  were  seized  and  thrown  out  of  the  winilow 
[sie  ItollKMIV:  A  It  Hill  llllMl  The  I'rote. 
tanis  then  tisik  pos.srssion  of  the  |{oyal  Casth  . 
drove  the  .lesiiits  out  of  Holiemi.i.  and  ap|Miinted 

11  council  of  thirty  nobUs  to  carr.\  on  ihepivern 
inent  "  These  en  nts  formed  the  iK'iiinnini:  of 
the  ■'Thirlv  Years  War.  —.1.  Sime.  Ili'l.  -f 
(Imiutuii.  <■/(.  It.— •The  Thirty  Yearn'  War  was 
the  last  struuKli' wliicli  marked  the  pronri'sti  of 
the  Uel.rmation.  This  war,  whov  direction iiiid 
ohjeel  wereeiiually  umleterniined,  iitay  1h'  divi- 
ded into  four  distinct  |ioriion«,  in  wliiili  the 
Ehctor  I'ahitine,  Dentnark,  Hweileu,  and  ^'rttncp 
played  in  succession  the  principal  part.  It  lie- 
ciiine  more  and  more  complicated,  until  it  s|inad 
over  the  wlioh' of  Eiirope.  It  was  prolonu'ed  in- 
iletinitely  hy  various  causes.  I.  The  intimate,' 
union  l«tweeii  the  two  hranches  of  the  house  of 
Austria  and  of  the  C'atUolic  party — thuir  oppo- 


nents, on  the  other  hand,  were  not  hoinnifeiiiiiiiii. 
II  The  Inaction  of  KuKland,  the  tardy  inn  r\iti 
lion  of  Kraiiei'.  the  (Mivirty  of  Ihiniiirk  iinl 
Hweilen.  Ac.  The  nriides  which  to<.k  loi  in 
the  Thirty  Yi  an'  War  were  no  loin-ir  I.  1 1  il 
niilltiiw,  they  wen' |M'rniiuient  arnik's  1 1„  t 

lived  at  the  eitpense  of  the- couiitrirs  wliK  II  ii,,  ^ 
laid  wusle        ,1,  Mlchelft,  Sumnuini  ■■/     1/  . . 
Ili'l  .  rh.  I  J 

.Vi.sni.s  A  Diiiilely.  //i»f.  "f"M.  VA,-/,  l.r, 
».(/•.  fli.  \-:\  w  ll— T.  Carhle.  Ilitl  i  /  ,,i. 
eni-k  th,  liri,il.  H    :l.  cA.  14  (f    li 

A.  D.  lAia.  Election  of  the  Emperor  M*t- 
thiai. 

A.   O.    1A15. -The    first    newspaper.     >.r 

I'tllMIMI   AMI  I'llKHS;    A.    I>     Itirj    lli'ill 

A.  D.  l6l8-l6jo.-The  Tl-irty  Yf«tsW»r: 
Hoitilitiei  in  Bohemia  prc<  pitated  by  Ferdi- 
nand.—Hit  election  to  the  imperial  throne  and 
bii  depoaition  in  Bohemia. -^  Acceptance  of 
the  Bohemian  crown  by  Frederick,  the  Pala- 
tine Elector.-  Hia  unaupported  aituation,  - 
The  Treaty  of  Ulm.—  '  Tlie  emperor  «  i~  u.  1  ;i 
little  dliMoncerted  when  he  reielvid  th.  ii.w>.il 
what  was  passing  |lti  Ikiheinia|  For  Miniiir 
...llld  he  receive  the  aid  llecessiiry  to  ptll  lunii 
these  nvolulioiiary  acts  and  restore  ord.  r  m  ll-i 
lieniia ','  Disconuiil,  indee.l,  was  ...cari.l\  1. -a 
formidalily  expresmil  even  in  his  .Vustnni  Ic  rri 
lories,  whilst  in  llnnicary  its  d<  inoiislraii'iii  «  1- 
ei|iially  as  nerlous,  ('oiiciliatioii  ap|H'ar.d  1..  t» 
the  only  ineHiiH  of  pn'serviiiu'  '"  ll"-  limw  .1 
.Viistriu  that  importunl  coiiiilr\  ami  .  i.ti  ih. 
confessor  and  usual  counsellor  of  ili.  .  nip.  r.r, 
('arilliml  Khsel.  the  most  /.eiUous  ..ppoii.  iii  ..I 
111.-  I'rotcslants,  advisisl  thai  fiiirsi-  lint  .  h  li 
eonsidemtlons  were  most  strenuoiisU  "|.|i....| 
liy  youiitf  Kenliiiand.  .  .  .\t  his  insiiv  Hi  ii  .iii.l 
that  of  the  other  anhdnkes,  hacked  li>  ilw  i.'.|'e. 
the  piidtlc  Canlinal  Kh'sel  was  nnevp. .  1.  .|l\ 
arn'Steil,  und  charKed  with  a  variety  ..f  .  niii.-. 
The  intention  wiislo  remove  liiip  from  ili.  pn  ^ 
ence  of  the  ohi  and  weak  etnpi  r  r  win.  »  .»  1,  n 
without  support,  and  ohllKed  1..  r.  «ii!ii  ill  in  tin 
archdukes.  Knim  llils  inoment  th.-  iiii|'  iii.  \ 
of  the  emiK'nir  was  com|ileU'.  and  all  li'|ns  il 
I  an  ainicalile  liiicillealion  of  lloheiiiii  I..-1  Tin 
Hoheinlnns,  likewise.  Iis.k  to  arms  iinl  |...^-.  ss..: 
till  inselvi-sof  every  city  ill  their  country  a-  lira' 
Hiidwcis  a. el  rilsen.  which  were  still  o,,n|iir. 
liy  the  iin|H  rial  trisips.  They  olitaim  .la^>i~i.iin  ■' 
iiniteunliMikiil  for,  in  the  jxTsonof  one  wiii.in.i) 
!»'  riifarded  us  one  of  the  most  r.niarkal.l.  InM." 
of  that  day.  .  .  '  oiint  Krinst  of  Maii-m  M.  : 
warrior  from  his  voutli.  was  of  a  lol.l  ami  .  nii  r 
prisinir  spirit ;  he'had  aln'iidy  en.  ..iiiil.  n  .1  111  im 
dan^rers.  and  had  just  Is'cn  raisini.'  -"im  'r  •  I' 
f..r  the  Iluke  of  .Savoy  aitainst  the  -^piiu  iri- 

The  duke,   who  now    no  longer  re.iiiir.il  ! 1 

(rave  him  iM'rmission  lo  serve  in  the  i  aii~'    "I  i!" 

Kvancelical    Union    in    IJerinany.   ,iml    l'»    ili. 

Isidy    he    was    . lespatched    with   ;i.i"»>  me"   ' 

llohemia.  118  having  appaniitly  niiiv..!  I.isap 

i   p..iiiiiiient   from    that    country      Ih'    ■'! 

there  i|iiite  unexpi'i'tedly,  and  iniiii.  .li  H' 

I   from  the  iiniH-rial  armv   the  iniporian!     :') 

■    I'ilsen  [Sovemlii'r2l.  liilMl    .   .       rin    r.iii|. 

i   Matthias  died  on  the  Ulth  of  Man  li.  'M'* 

I  and  the  Uohcmians.  whoacknowleilL'.'l  i'i~ 

!   ercignty  while  livinif.  now  re.s.ilved  to  in,.: 

I   his  successor  Kenllnanil.  whose  hoslili  m'  ■■•■\ 

j    wen'  already  tisi  eiearly  e.\pns.s».l.     : 

attained  the  thruue under circuiustami"- 


1....I 


llies 


1500 


OKHMANY.   Ifl|»-ifl3» 


TSr  rrrttit  in 
hohwrnut 


UKHMANY,   taw. 


MrplfiiiiK      tJiilirinItt  In  srnin.   md  llir, atinliix 
Vl''im»  ii'M'lf  Willi  irivtMiiiii,  Mllisia  !m,\  Mi>m\ in 
In  ullliiriii- wi  h  llH'rii.  Aimiria  mml.    II>|h>ih'iI  ti< 
»u':\v  Willi  lliiMii;   llunuiiry  liy  ri<i  in.iiii!.  flriiily 
iiliu  iiiil,  iiiifl  i'»tiriiiilly  Mm  huii  •!  Iiy  till  Tiirkv 
hfiili-t  wlilrli,  iiiriii    itirlii);  In   tvirv  ilinrllnii 
thi' h.ilml  of  Ihc  I'mli-Mnntii,  ni;aln.st' wl,„m  hU 
«<ul    \\m   iinili«((»l«<l.         .  ((Hint    Tlmrn   ml 
vmKT.lupon  \  irnnn  wllliii  lli.liinihinnniiv. 
Ill' nunc  iK'fiiH'  Vliniwi,  nml  hU  inrii  lln'il.  inn 
u|Hin  till!  lmp<Tiiilni!.ili'  li»<  If.  whin-  Kinllnniiil, 
•nrrtHimlfil  liy  oiHn  uiiil  mi  rit  fiics,  ii  ul  lukiii 
11(1  lil»  qiittrtim.     Up  ilar  .1  nut  Iriivc  liU  i  npli.il 
liif  by  MiiloinK  Aniitriii.  hikI  witli  It  llif  priMT 

»alliiii  of  II nipllt'  II.K  If.  mint  liiivi'  Ihiu  luiiri 

tliiil.  Hilt  liUtnimli'H  I  Likiil  iipi."  Iilin  ih  Insi . 
•oil  till  I  ulri'iiily  Kpiik'  iif  iiiiillr  ,if  hi,,,  |„  i, 
cunvi'nt,  anil  iiluciiiihi;  IiIn  ihlliln  in  ih,.  I'nn 
Htiint  fallli.  CiMint  riiurii  wiis,.li||j,'iilsiKih 

to  rt'timi  til  Ili.liiinU.  m  I'niKui-  wiw  iiiiimiTil 
bv  the  nrnilcH  nf  Aii-irhi,  nml  tVrilinuiiil  iiviiIIimI 
blnmelf  nf  tlih  innniint  in  iinliT  to  umli'ttiiki' 
tnitlu-r  ImuiriloiiH  imil  lUring  prnji'cl    .   .   ,   II|. 
.  .  rcMilviil  to  priHiiil  1. 1  Kriinkfort  to  utlriiil 
iherlratliiii  of  i'iii|i<riir.     Tin-  splritiiul  iliiinrH 
h»ill«eD|{»in.-iliviT;  Siijonyulsniiilliiri'ilclimi'ly 
Ui  the  liouw?  of  AiiKtrl:     llrunilrnliurK  wuh  not 
UDfriendly  ;  iH'iire  the  iippiMltloii  of  ihr  pulutlniiti' 
»lmi«  agHlimt  lilm  coulil    ttiTomplinli   uothliii; 
ifconlliigly  FcnllDanil  wa*  iinanlnioiiHir  chinicn 
eraptTiir  ou  the  28th  of  Aiijriml,  lOIM"      Jum 
twoJuVD  prrviously.  on  tlif  ■,'tllli  nf  Aoifiisl.  tlif 
Rohrmianii,  at  ii  lii'mrai  a.-wmlily  of  tlir  Htiitis 
luwl  fiirmally  ilrpimwl  Kcrilinaiuf  from  tlif  kin« 
ihlpof  tliflr  uuliiin.  unil  priH fiilril  to  ili-ct  an 
othiT  king  In  liu  plan'.     ■  The  Ctttholii..   pro 
p««l   the    Duke   of  Savoy  nml    Maximilian  of 
Btraria,  whilst,   in  the  l'riilf»lunt  interi'st    ihe 
Elector  John  Ocor«e  of  Saxony,  anil  Frvih  riik 
\  ,  (if  the  palatinate,  wire  put  forwanl.     The 
Ultir  oblaineil  the  eleetion,  iH-inif  a  win  in  law 
of  King  James  1.  of  England,  from  whom  they 
npirteil  aiwiataiiee.  ami  who  pimonally  was  re- 
ginleil  a*  ri'wijiiti-.  nm>fnanimoua,  ami  generous. 
The  iniiirponiteil  provinees  of  Moravia,  Silesia 
•nd  I.usiatia  nupporteil  the  eleetion,  anil  even  the 
C«tbiilii-  utateit  ol   IJoheniia  pleilgeil  their  tlilelitv 
Mil  olH-Uienee.     FreilericU  was   wameil  agaiiii;t 
»'iTpling  »o  dangerous  a  erown  bv  Saxony,  Hn 
vnria.  and  even    by  his    father  in  law;  but  hi.H 
flupl.iin.  Seultetus,  and  his  own  eonsiirt,  Kliia 
bftli,  who  aa  the  dauifhti  r  of  a  kini;  aspired  to  a 
reyal  rrown.  persuaded  him  with  all  their  intlu 
en"i-  to  aeeepl  it.     Frederiek   was  aceortlingly 
ruliil  by  them,  received  the  ri'gal  dignity  in  Ho 
Bcniia.  and  was  crowned  at  I'raijtie  with  en-'t 
pomp  on  the  'J.-ith  of  OcIoImt,  KIIU    .  .   .  Fenli 
nand  in  reluming  from  Frankfort   piLs.ieil  on  to 
M'lniiii,  and  there  concluded  with  the  Duke  of 
Bnvaria  that  im|mrtant  tnatv  which  secured  to 
liim  llie    possession    of    Hol'ieiiiia.     Tliesi>    iwo 
pnniis  liail  b«>en  companions  in  voiiili.  and  the 
lvan;:ili;al  Union  had  bv  .severarincaiitious  pro- 
iTOti.'i.-s  irribited  ilie  duke.     Ma.\iniilian  uiulcr- 
took  ihe   chief  loinmand    in    the   cause   dI  the 
ratlinli,  party,  and  .stipulated  with  llii  house'  of 
•\usln.i  iliat  he  should  1m'  indemnitieil  for  every 
"I'lii.v  and   li.ss  incurred,  to  the  i  xleul  even,  ff 
un:vs,sary.  of  Ihe  surri'iider  of  the  territories' of 
Austria  luself  into  his  hands.     With  Spain,  also, 
'"',  ;;"'1>V™'' .»y><<filt'd  ill  fonniiig  an  alliance. 
--1  :■.:■:  -panish  ^1  niitti,  Hpiuoia.  nceiveii  oniirs 
lo  invade  the  countries  of  the   palatinate  fnim 


llii     Nelherlamis      Sulwiiuently  the  Elector  of 
Mcnlz  arranged  a  lonvenllon  at  MnllMUiH  n  with 
llie  Klector  John  (George  of  Hiixony,  the  Kleeloi 
'I  Cologne,  and  the  Landgruve  l,i'wl»  of  Darrn 
I    •'     It,  wlieriiii  II    HI,  ileirrinlned  lo  ri'nder  all 
I"  wible  :.~.i»ianci  I  .  the  emper.r  for  tin-  main 
li  nance.,!  i,is  kliigiliin  and  tile  iniiHrlal  dignity 
I    Krederiik,     !ie    new    llohendiiii    king,  was   now 
I'll  with  no  ..ihrraiixlllarv  but  Ihe  Kvangellcal 
I  nion;    for  Ihe   Tninsvlvmiun   prince,    Ihihlen 
•iaiKM    wan,  mitwithstamlinu  all  his  pnimlsi's,  a 
w  ry  iliibloiis  and  uncertain  ally,  whilst  Ihe  trisips 
le  sinl  Into  Muruvl .  and  Hohemln  wire  not  un 
lilve  a  li..rde  of  saVHce  baiidilll.      Meanwhile  the 
iih.in  ciiiniiiiccil    :s   iireparatloMs   for   war  as 
wi  11  as  the  league      Tlie  whole  of  (i, miany're 
mmblid  a  grniiil  depot   for  rci  riillinK       Kvery 
eve  was  directed  to  llie  Snabiau  dlalrii  I    where 
Ihe  two  armies  weri'  to  men  ;  tliere.  however,  at 
1  111!,  on  the  :iril  of  Jiilv,  lllJO,  thev  unexweUdly 
intend  Into  a  coinpail,  in  whlcli  the  foreea  of 

['"'  "" engaged  lo  lay  down  their  arms,  and 

iH.lli  parties  pledged  each  other  lo  preserve 
|>eai  e  ami  Iraniiulllily  The  iiiiionisia  felt  lliem 
selves  list  weak  to  maintain  the  contest,  since 
Saxony  was  now  likewis.'  against  them,  and 
Spliiola  Ihreateiieil  them  from  the  Netherlaiida. 
It  was,  however,  a  great  advantage  for  the  em- 
peror, that  Ikiheiiili  was  exeliidiil  from  this 
Inaty,  for  now  the  tunes  ,,f  the  league  were  at 
lilMTly  lo  aid  him  in  subluguting  his  royal  ad- 
versiiry  .Maximilian  of  IJavaria.  tlierefore,  Im- 
iMediately  tiMik  his  departure,  and  on  his  way 
reduced  the  states  of  Ipiier  Austria  to  the  obedi- 
ence due  lo  Fenliuaiid,  joined  the  imfierial  army 
and  made  a  spirited  iittaek  upon  Bohemia.  On 
llie  other  side,  the  Elector  of  Saxony  took  poa- 
sesalon  of  l.usatla  In  the  name  of  the  emperor  "— 
v.  Kohlrauseh,  IlinI  I'fdirniiini/,  ,'    ii 

Al.»..  is:  S.  H.  (Jafdiner,  lAliI  r  Knglaml. 
I60a-1842.  ■■/,.  •.'»-33  (r  U,._\V.  Cm;  Uut  of  t/,^ 
lliint  of  Auttriii,  eh.  4«  |h  xr   2) 

A,  D.  i6i8-i70O.-The  Riie  of  Pru»»i«.  Hee 
I'M  ssia:  a.  D.  1918-1700 

A.  D.  i6ao.— The  Thirty  Yewi  War:    Dl»- 
appointment  of  the  Bobemiaos  in  their  elected 
kinK.— Frederick!  offensive  CalTinitm.— Oe- 
wat  of  his    armjr  before    Prague.— Loss    of 
Bohemian  liberties.— Prostration  of   Protes- 
tantism.—■  The  dcfcition  of  the  I'nion  acccler 
alcd  the  downfall  of  Frederick;  but  its  cordial 
support  could  scanrly  have  hindered  it.    For  the 
Holieniiaiis  had  In  i  n  diaappiiinted  in  their  king 
ilisjippointcd  in  the  strength  tliey  had    xpedeii 
tnim  him  llinuigh  his  connexions.  eipiHlK   dis 
appointed  ill  tlie  man,  and  in  the  Iio|h'S  ■■'  pni 
teiti.-ii  and  sv  mpalliy  which  thev  had  ex|      'ed 
fniiiilMmintliciMrciscof  theirreligion.     Williiu 
;  nioiuliof  hisi .  rniiallon  the  nietmiMililan  church 
w.is  s|Miiled  ol    its  images.   Ihe  crucilix   cut  in 
pieces,  the  st.ilii.  >  of  llie  saints  ca-st  out,  broken. 
and  liurnt.  Ilii    •rnaments  used  in  divi  e  service 
and  venerable  in  llic  eyes  of  Ca'  i.,|j,.s  and  l.u- 
theraiis  alike,  sealtenil  inreaml        n',  nml  turned 
upside   down    with    .    iilempi      md    execration. 
The.si-   pniceedini.'s.   w.iuli   wen-  presumed,   not 
witliout  nason.  lo  have  Ih     king's  authoritv  — 
for  during   Unir  eiiactniih:    the  court  ehap'lain 
aildnssid    llie  people   in    prai.se  of  this    purga- 
tioii   of    the   temph' —  calleil    forth    loud    com- 
plaints and  incri'iisiMl  tin-  MisaffeciioM  «.!;    h.  more 
than  any  external   fon .    brought  agaii,  t    Frinl- 
erick.   produced  his  ruin.     Early  in  Novembvr 


■  "'Ml 
til 

-I 
I 


dll 


\l 


1-301 


OKHMANY.   Hl»> 


I 


h'  - 


'■t 


K  S£t''-  '  'f ■ ''''  ""* 


M. 


1:1 


\x'\ 


"■'If- 


t  - 


Mmiiiilllrin  ii|.|Miir.-.|  Uf.irr  I'ngnr.  miil  fimiiil 
III)  Ikiliiiiihiii-  iiiMlir  (  lirl»iliiii  villi  Aiiliiili,  "kll 
fiilU  iiiil  «ir.Minl\  iHHti'il  (III  till-  W  linmiilBru 
[Willi.  M."iiii.iiii|'l.M.IIi'r  liHllli'  Till'  niutlmw 
IIiii<|uhI  wuiiM  liiivo  ilirllni-il  Itu' i'lTir,  itiiil  itt 
iiiiki.l  111.  lin  fn.iii  iimillMr  |i.iliit.  lull  nil  in 
lliu^iM^ilr  friiii    wh.i  hniki-  In  ii|kiii  iIh'  iimfir 

rllc     .'f    111.    IrlillTK.   Illlil     l'\llll>illll>:    It    llllltilHl.'ll 

iiiiiii:i-  iif  111!  VIriilii,  npri«»i  liiil  IImiii  willi  Iji'ir 
h.  ■•itiili.'ii  |ml  I"  lllijlil  i'll  tiiiiiil  (iMiiwN  Till- 
Imltlr  Ik  i;.i"  111  l»i  luMMl.nk  It  win  ii  Siiiiilay , 
III.'  .«  iiiM  ..|  llii'  (i-itiviil  iif  All  Siiiiil.  INnniii 
Ik  rx.  Mi'.'iil  111  111..  Culli'illi- iiriiiv  Hiliyi"! 

w  i«  ill  111.' h.ii.l  .if  111.'  liii|M  rial  ilhNf.iii      Tilly    : 

i.iiiiiiiiiii.li.l  111  .111.  f    I   1"!   ""■  ff""'   '"  ""' 

haul.-      II.'  Hill  n.i'h.'l  wlUi  »  li.in  v  tin-,  ami   : 

f,.r  Imlf  iiii  1 r  llii'  vlii..ry  Iniiilili  .1  111  Ihi-  Iwl-    ] 

mil.'  111.  11  111"  lliiiiK'"'iitii'''  "'"'  li""'  '"■''"  ■'"■ 
fi'iiliil  l.v  ih.  rriiiitii  111!'  .lay  iH'f.m'.  Ili'il.  »li.l  | 
all  Ihi'  .'iriirN  .if  llii'  Diik.'  .if  Has.'  Wilnmr  In 
rullv  tliriii  jir.iU'.l  friiilli'M  S.kiii  tlir  wlmlr  H.i 
hi'iiiiaii  ariuv,  lli'riiiuii.t.  KiikHkIi.  Imrx'  uii.l  f."il. 
fli.l  ill  .li»>r.lir  Oiir  Kalhiiil  Hill.'  Iwi"!  nf 
M..nt\iaiiH  .ailv.  iiii.lir  tlir  ('.luiii  .'f  Tliiirii  anil 
llif  y.miiK  <'i'iiii!  I'f   Si'lilli'k,  iiialnlaiiii'd  lliiir 

iHmil'i.in  ttii.l.  Willi  llir  i-xn-pll f  llu'ir  li'inliTn. 

fill  aliii.wl  III  a  niiin       Tin-  lialili'  la>ti-il  .mlv  iin 
Iniur.  lull  111.-  vlil..ry  wan  ii.it  llir  l.-m«>mpl<l<-. 
A  hiiiiiln-.l  luiiini-ri.," Irn  i;iiii-«,  ami  it  rili  ii|i<iil 
fi-11  into  tin-  liaii.l*  nf  llii-  vi.t.ir-      K.mr  lli.iil 
Mtii.l  .if   III.-    Itiili.  iiilaii    army,    lull    w-ari.-ly  a* 
iiniiiv   liiiiiilri-.lH  (.f  ili.-ir  oii|)<>ii<-nt<|if  ».■  niav 
U'li.'vi'  llii'ir  air..iinli.  lay  ilia.l  ii|>'m  ll»'  fli-lii 
l-'ri'.li-riik  lia.l  n-liifnr.l  friini  lln- army  Ilii- 
.lav   lnf.ir.',    vtilli  tin-  intillitfi-m.'  Ilial   lln'   Ila 
va'riaiH  vm'H'  nnlv  liltlil  (KiikIIhIiI  mil<'H  ilislaiit; 
Imt  r.'lvinu  nn  lin-  'JM.IKMI  imn  wliii-li  lie  liail  l.i 
ciiviT  liiit  niiillal.  In-  Ml  llwl  nlijht  ii.i  iiin'ii!.i 
ni'wt.   .  .   .    Ill-  li'wl  Inviii-.l  till'  KnglUli  ainliiiH 
Miil.irH   t.i  liinr;    ami  In-  riiiialncil   to  t-nlcrlain 
tli.'iii.     .Vftirillmiirh.'  imninti'il  liU  liiirm' t.irl.li' 
t.i  till'  Star  I'ark:  lint  iH-fnri'  hi' iimlil  g>t  .ml  .if 
111.'  illy  (fall-,  In'  vtiw  nirt  with  llii'  iii'wn  nf  llir 
total  oviTthrow  .if  Inn  uniiy.      Ili»  in-({iitiati.iiiH 
v»ltli  Maximilian  failing,  or  rfi-civliiu  im  aiiswir. 
tlif  iii'Xt  inoniint;  In'  pri'pariil  for  HI-  1-' 
Ai'i-onipanii'il   liy   lii»  iiui'i-ii.   Van   An      i.   tin' 
I'riiK-c.if  ll.ilnnl.iln',  itinl  tin'  Count  of  Tlinrn. 
Ill'  inaili'  a  pri'iipinitr  ri'iri'itt  from  l'ni(?i"''  '' •'*' 
injf  iH'himl  lilin  tin'  insiunia  of  that  unman  liy 
whirh  111'  ha.l  not  tin' wisil.im  to  llrmlvrHlalilii.li. 
nor  rcwiliitloii  to  ilifi'inl  tn  the  last.     It  mii>l  Ix- 
i.inf.'SM'.l,  h.iwi'vi'r.  that  hin  poxitlon.  afur  llii' 
ilifi'itl  at  1'r.tKin',  was  not  alto)ti-thi-r  ho  promiH 
inif,  anil   i-.inwiiin-iitly  hi"  al  tiiiloumi'iit  of  his 
capltitl  not  alloni-lhcrHo  pusillanimous,  as  sonif 
hav.'  n'pri'sinlv.l."— H.  Chapman,  IlinI  ■•/  tS"'- 
UiniH  .I.W/</ii(«.  rl,    .").  —  ■' Knilirick  lliil  for  his 
lift'  lliroiiifli    North  (Irrmauv,   till   ht-    founil  u 
ri-fuKi-al  I  hi'  llairui'     ThiTi-tKnof  tin'  liohi'inian 
arist.n-nti-v  wasut  an  iinl     .   ■   .  Tin-  i-hiifs  per 
isln-.l  .III  tin'  si-alT.ilil.     Tlnir  lan.ls  wrri'  I'onlis- 
i-ati'il.  ami  a  ni-w  (ti-rman  ami  Catholii-  noliilily 
arose.   .   .   .   Tin'  H.iyal  Charter  was  ili'<-lari'.l  to 
•  liavi'  Isfu  forfiitiil  liy  nlH'llion.  ami  tin-  I'rotcs 
lant   I'liiirrhrs  in   tlii'   towns  ami  on  thr  niyiil 
(■states  hail  nothini!  to  ih'iHii.l  on  hut  the  will  ..f 
the  I'omiiieror.     Tile  ministers  of  one  (frtnit  Issly 
—  the   liohemian    Brethrfn  —  were  exiielleil    at 
onee.    Th"  I.uthemnii  werv  spanil  for  a  time."— 
8.  U.  (ianliner.  The  Thirty  Yeiirt'  Wnr.rh.  ;i,  met.  I. 
Ai.Mii.%:  (-'.  A.  Pi-m-hek,  Ilrf->!--i't>i--i  -I--'!  ,ir.li- 
Sefiiriiuitiim  i«   Hihrmiii,   c.  1,  ch.  9. —Sec,  also, 


•  IKItMANV    \K\  t«a 


A   l>    l«'.M    HV*".  aii.llli  -si'ini     \ 


IblllKUl  V 

IHIM   ItWUI 

A.  D.  I6ai-l6l],  -Th*  Thirty  Vr*r<  Wi 
Tht  ElMtor  Palatial  plactd  undir  thr  k«n 
Dittolutlon  of  tht  E*aii|*lickl  Union  | 
T«iienan4coo4U«lo(th*Palatmair.  Trai 
ftr  of  th*  tUctoral  dianity  to  the  Dukr 
Bavaria. —  "  K.rilinaml.  III.. null  Hrni  p.-  , 
ri'iliiiM'.l  in  ailvi'r«ily.  wii«  si'-rn.  t.m  sii  . 
.ivirlH'ariiiK  in  iimsjh  rily  II.'  wi-"  urj.  i 
many  in. .lives  "i  n'wnlmeiit.  poll,  i  iii-l  /.  .1 
i-.iniplete  the  nilii  of  llie  i  li-i  i..r  l';il  nn:.  -.uA 
ili.l  mil  |»iiwa'<w  Klllllrient  lliaiflialiliiill  \  to  r. - 
■  he  t.mplalion  llaviiiK  s.|iiaii.l.  r.  .i  >  <  .i  i 
I'oiiAai ali.l  proixrlv  ainonu;  liU  .l.-m'.  i 
fav.iiirlli's.  he  liitti  still  iiiant  .ilti.  -.  tiii't  n'lli.  r> 
whose  tl. Lilly  111' was  ih'siriiiiH  I.,  r.  «  irl  h.  v 
anxi. Ills  1.1  r.i'.iver  Ipper  Aii'<lria.  wlii.  li  In  I 
iii<irti;iit;.'il  to  the  .liike  of  Itmarja.  h*'  i  ['I.- 
for  th.'  i'\|M'iiHi's  of  the  war;  li.'  wUli.  I  t"  i.  ,' 

poMcssion   of    l,ii«atia.    aii'l    li.'    h:i>    ) i 

lionoiir  to  sallsfv  lli.'  el.-el.ir  ..I   S:i\<.ii\    '.   r 

Th.'M'     I11..IU,-    n> 


,.|     |, 


.ip|Sirtlllle  aMhistatlee 
Is'ariiiv  all  r.ilisi.iirati.ins  of  jiihI 
ileme.  Kenlliiaml  piililisln.l  th.'  Iiaii  .t  ili 
pin'  (.laniiary  ti.  Wi\\.  of  his  own  iiiitli  ri 
iitfalii^t  thi'.'leet.ir  Piilallne  ami  his  ii.lli.  r.  hi-. 
prime  of  Anhall.  tin'  eoiinl  of  il..li.  iil.li.  ; 
the  link.,  of  .Iiieisemiorf.  I'll"' ex.-.  iiii.n  .f  i 
inf.iniial  sentenee  he  intnisli.l  In  lli.'  ir.  Ii.h 
AlU'rt.  as  iMwsettHornf  tlii'  eircl.' ..f  lliiriruhi 
ami  to  tlip  iliike  ..f  liavarla.  . iiniiiiiiiiliiiir 
f.irm.r  to  iH-iiipy  tin'  Lower,  aiirl  il..  Iiii.r 
IpiH'r  I'alatinate.  This  vla.ir.ni',  1. 1  «  k 
staiilly  followe.l  hy  the  most  di'i  i»it.  .  iT-  i~, 
the  I'riiieslahts  were  terrilliHl  liy  lln-  pi— |h'.i 
sharlmt  tile  fall-  of  the  unfurl iiimli' .  I.'i  it 
iiu-mlM'rs  of  the  union  now  felt  tli.  fiiil  i.i 
HUeiieesof  their  own  imleeisi.in  ami  win!  "f  I. 
sijflit     .   .   .  Thn-atent'il  at  on.'.' Ii\  -ipiii.ili  I" 

manilinKtlie  Spanish  auxiliaries  fr tli.  N.  il 

lanils]  ami  the  iliike  of  Havariii.  ami  ."iif i 

hy  Ihe  (jniwing  jMiwer  .if  the  imp.  r.T.  Hi'  >  \ 
in  itlianilonini; a i-onfeih  raiy  w hi.  h i-vp. •■.. .1  il 
to  his  ven({eame.  (In  the'  I'-Mli  .if  April.  H 
tliey  coiM'iinhsl  al  Mint/,  a  tn-aly  i.f  niuini 
liy  wliieli  they  proinijs.l  not  to  iiiu  r|.  i.  in 
anaim  of  tin' I'alatinale.  aLTieil  to  .li-.!.  ,ii  1  I 
tnsips  within  a  month,  ami  t.ieiil.  r  iiH"  i.'.  i 
eonfeih-ntiy  to  the  ilLsailvaiilai;.'  of  tin  .  inp. 
This  ilish.inoiinilile  tnaty  was  f..ll  hm.I  !> 
liiswiiiition  of  the  union,  whi.  Ii.  .m  iu.  vpiiii 
wait  not  renew-Ill.  Diirini;  tli."u-ev.  iii~.  >i  ;ii 
liavini;  completiHl  the  reilinlioii  of  tli'^  I  " 
I'alatiimti'.  was  iK-eupieil  in  the  si.  _•.•  of  Fr  ml 
ilalil.  wliieli  wits  on  Ihe  point  ..f  -iimii.l.  r: 
ami  its  captun' must  hav.' luin  f'.ll.>«"l  l'> 
sulimission  of  HeiilillMTi;  ami  .MmiiIh  "n 
iliiku  tif  Ihivaria  hail  Isin -lili  ni..n'^i  '^ 
in  the  I'pper  I'alatinate.  ami  lia.l  ripi  I'  ■  i' 
;tate.l  the  whole  provinie,  to^'.-tlnr  "iili  H" 
iriet  of  Cluini.  The  elei-tor  I'alaiin.  'l'-< 
l>y  the  Protestant  union,  ami  alini-i  I'-.i'l 
tiv  his  n'iatives,  the  kinirs  of  Kiiirl  H'i  ml  I 

iiiark,  owetl  the  first  revival  of  hi^  li.-i f 

toTOtion  to  Mansfelil,  an  illi'ititiniai.'  :i'K'  mi 
with  no  other  n-soiini's  than  plun.ii  r  mi-l  il. 
tttlion.  Christian  of  Hriinswi.k.  iilmiiii-iri'' 
llallientaill.  (Iistin(?ulslie.l  imli.'ii  1.^  il!  i-'r 
hirth,  Imt  ei|UBlly  an  inlventunr.  mi.I  ■  i'i 
destitute  of  terriuiry  or  nsouries.  i-p 
,..j..j;j.  ^.1  well  from  tit'5  "f  urtliiiiv  lli'-  wii-^ 
ruusln  of   ElizaU'th,  the   eliTtriss   I'.iLiiiui. 


.1 


1502 


GERMANY,  mi  lil-.':l 


'.I-    «»•(  ,./  Ill, 

t^italiiuil. 


OKHMANY,    l«3l   urn 


quera  <if  Bohrniia,  »•  »Im'  prifi  rnil  i..  U  ,  uIIkII 
u  fnnn  ■  <'lilv«lri>ii>  Hitiu  liiiM'iii  ii>  hu  IkhuiKhI 
nHWiit,  iiimI  (l-nrKi'  Knilird .  nmniniir  ,.f  |l,i 
ilrn,  rTcii  nUlliitlril  lila  ill^nlH    t.i  i|i  t.,i,    him 
■rir  1(1  hia  mipiHirl    '      Mnn.fidl.  »lii>  h:>.|   hi  |.| 
hia  KDHiml  In  lliihi'iiilu  f.ir  imirlv  ;i  \,:,r  ufri  r 
Ihf  \»H\r  of  Ihx  Whil.'  MiMiiilahi'   h,.»    I.,  uiiii 
h»ril  pn'aMil  IhiTf   hy   Tllh.  iiihI   -mlilinlv  .» 
npMl  liv  fon'nl  nutn'ruatihiulor.  HIJI  liniMihr 
Ui»iT  ['aUtinHtc       ■llin-  hi'  f.Miml  u  iii..r.   fu 
viiiinihir  Hilil  of  kiiIuii.  fi,r  Spiiinhi  Ik  in,{  n- 
<»ll«l  Willi  thf  Kri'mrr  purt  c.f  ilir  Spmilsli  f..r(i<. 
luul  lift  till'  ri'iiiiiinihT  li>  l><iii/.iili"<  cl<- ('onl<ivii 
win.,  afUT  rnliirliig  at'Vi'riil  inliHir  f.irlri..«<»  wn, 
prraalDK  tin-  *lrgv  iif  Kriiiikciiiliihl      TIk'  iiiini- 
iif  till-  lir«vc  mlvi'niiiD'r  ilrtw   in  IiIh  ahuiihinl 
milllltuili'aiif  Ihi'triMipa.  wlioh.nl  lai  iiilMuiii.h  .1 
by  till-  l*rc)li-alMiit  uiil.iu    iiml  h<'  wiia  Ji.liiiil  \<\  -., 
pirty  of  Kiiitllah.  wlm  hiul  Ihcii  miiI  for  ihr  '.i 
fcncT  of  llic  l'Hl»tlimti-.     KiiKliiiK  hiiiis)  If     • 
hi-*!  of  'Ht.lMnt  iiifii,  hi'  I'li-ari'il  tlir  <  .Miniry   , 
luuwHKc  it'llcvitl  Kmnki'iiikhl.  nixl  pn>vi'     <  i 
lhia«frtyof  Hihli'llM'ricaiiil  Miiiih.tin       ' 
bowpver,  to  Milwlat  in  »  iliairtcl  m,  ri'r  ■, 

•cat  of  wiir,  hi'  liirncil  into  AUtif.  »!■ 
crraMHl  hia  fonva;   fniin  thciiii'  hi-  '.  i 

DFiKhlamrinK  hlalioprliaof, Spire  HU''  - 
lining  lii-avy  conlrllmliona,  uiiil  „ 

riih  domHJna  of  Ihiaic  ai'i'a  to  llif  i'    .    .,  ,       , .  ,,( 
hia  tnaiiw.      Kiiroiir»itii|  hv  lliia  >;         .  ,,f     ,.i 
tlM'  ch'rtor  I'lihitlni'  i|iiitt«'i'i  hia  ■  ji,   i 

Unil,  piiaai'il    in   ilia);iilw'   Uinpiv  f 

Alaiiri-,  Joliiiil  MHIiafi'hl,  himI  gn\,        .  „      .  „ 
(iiiiiili'nnmi'   to  thia    pri'ilutorv   limn         V 
frill.  n'l'nwainK    llif   lUiini'.  iltiiiiil  ',i    .    ,,  ,„ 

»lih  the  niiiritriivi'  of  Hmlcn;  aiiil  Chrlai,. i 

Brunawhk.  iifli  r  plllii)rli.K  the  rh  h  wtaof  b,  , 
8»xony.  wiia  on  hia  wiiv  with  a  ronaiiln, 
fiirri'  to  iinlti'Hllh  laitlr  'At  tin-  mtmv  tim. 
Ihi'  ilnkiMif  Wirtinila'rK,  ttii'  liimljfnivi'of  lli»«-, 
•oil  other  IVotiatant  princea,  U-jriin  to  iirni,  nnii 
kii|Ha  were  even  enterlHilieil  of  the  n'viviil  of  the 
Prolealunt  union.  Tilly,  whohml  f  iHoweil  Miina 
(fill  from  Uolieiniii.  luul  in  vuln  en  ;  iivoureil  to 
pnvent  hia  Juiution  with  the  iniirifriive  of  Hinhn 
Difeittiil  lit  MlnKelahelm  liv  Miinafelil.  on  ihe 
Mill  of  April.  Wii.  he  hail  iaen  niliiiiil  to  the 
Jifi  naive,  ami  in  thIa  aituation  anw  a  powerful 
conibiiialion  rising  on  every  aiile  a/.'aiiiHt  the 
hoiw  of  Austria.  He  waileil  Iherefon-  for  an 
"IM'orlnnily  of  attaiklnc  thiwe  eneniiea  aiiiirh 
wli.iin  heniuhl  not  realat  when  uniteil.  anil  ihiil 

opportunity  waa  imaeiiteil  liv  Ihe  aeparalii f 

tile  iimrgrave  of   llaihn  from  .Manafelil.  anil  hia 
•tliinpt  to  penetrate  into  Uavaria.     Tilly  siiil 
dtnly  ilnw  together  the  .Spani.-.li  tnaipa.  aiiil  with 
thi>  lueeaaion  of  foree  ilefeatiil,  on  the  Itth  of 
Ma.v   Ihe  nmrgnive  at  AYinipfen,  with  the  losa  of 
half  his  army,  anil  tia.k  hia  whole  train  of  anil 
Ifry  anil  military  ehest.      I^-aving  Mansfelil  em 
pleyeil  in  Ihe  aiege  of  Ijiilenhurgli,  he  next  ill 
mteil  his  attention  to  Christian  of  Hrunswiek 
rimliil   him   on    the   '.IMh   of  .June,  at    ll.aeliai 
ll'«  list],  as  he  waa  eroaalni:  the  .Main,  pnrsueil 
liim  nil  his   junelion  with  .Mansfehl.  and  drove 
tliiir  uniteil    foreea  Uyonil  tin    Ilhine.  again  to 
wk  a  n'fuge  ami  aulwistiiice  in  .\lsnee.     Tlies<" 
sutiisaea  revlvinl   the  eaus.'  of  Fenlinanil :   Ihe 
margrave  of  Bailen  retiri'il  fnim  the  ronlest;  the 
ilulii-  of   Wirtemlierg  anil  the  other   I'mtestant 
pnuiessuaiK'nileil  their  armaments ;  anil  although   ; 
.H3::;:ri,!  ,in,i  irhiialiau  of  Bruuawii  k  iaiii  siege    ■ 
to  .>«averne,  and  evinced  a  resolutiuu  to  luaiutaiu   ', 


■  \-, 


I 


[111  1  onteai  to  the  laai  ettri'mily.  vet  Ihe  eleiior 
I'lilalliie  again  g.ne  way  lo  that  w'eaktu'aa  whieh 
IimI  alnaily  I. ml  hini  «  ,  n.wn  "  Me  waa  imt 
►iiu.l.il  liy  his  will,  ^,  falliir  In  law.  .lames  I  of 
Knglanil.  to  trust  his  laiix'  lo  negoilallons  in 
Hhl.li  ihr  lallir  Wiis  iN'ing  iliiiail  hy  the  em 
juror  lie  loiisi'iii,.,!.  aiiorilliigly,  "linliaavow 
his  iiilnpi.l  ilirinilirs.  lo  iliaiiiiaa  them  from  hia 
siriiii.  to  niire  again  into  llollaml,  ami  wall 
llie  ni.ru  of  the  einiuror.  Hv  Ihiailisuvowal. 
Mniisfil.l  an.i  Chrisliiin  were  hfi  willioiit  a  name 
I..  I. .lint,  name  their  .i|H'rat|.ina.  ami  after  viirl 
..us  iieg..ilaii.ins  f.igiie.l  or  nal.  for  i  ni.rliig 
111'..  111.'  ».'r\ire.if  ihi'  .in|».n.r,  Spain.  ..r  Kninee, 

tliey  ai'.epiiil    || vertima   of   ihe    I'rime  of 

Orung.'aii.l  f.ir.eil  Ihiir  wav  through  Ihe.Spanish 
uriiiv  whi.  Ii  Mll.Mipl.,|  III  opiMiai'  Ihelr  p,i.Mge 
o  j.'iniit  lln.la  Ilie  tr.».paof  the  I'nile.l  I'n.v 
s  rill'  pill,  .s  ill  AlsiH'i  anil  the  lilahoprle  of 
wliiili  hill  lueii  oil  iipieil  liv  the  iiieiny 
..  e  ne.i  .  I  \.y  the  ari'lliluke  f,iolMili|  .  mil 
"        ''  'l.'teil    Ihe   i'..n.p»'al   of    ihe 

ipliire   of    llehlellM'rg   and 
s  ailai  ks  against  the  foreea 
liri.iian  of  llriinawlek  had 
'er  a  short  eoiiiiiiiiaiiee  In 
Voveinlar,    hail    hil   hia 
■  rli  h   provlnee  ..f   Kaat 
'    ■ '"  '     '"  •  till'   prini'ipiil    fori ri'ama, 

''"'      uoi         .    r.i  .     IIS  eontriliull.iiis   from   the 
"'         •     '■'    .'lianee  with  .Spain.     On  the 
'    •> '     .    '    .  I  '.   .1.  passing  Into   Lower  .Sa.\ 
'■'''   I   ll       tales  of  Iheiirele  t.i  isillii't 
'.    ''      '■  T\     ion  amounting  to  r.'.iNKI  men, 
'■' ■  '    "  •'    '        >vith  ihi' eoinmaml;  ami  he  aiMiD 
"'    's'  ■    y  to  alin.Mt  iloultle  that  niim 

I  ■     i;..     Us    ll    ini'ilemenls   of    pillage   and 
'  r      '1  I  levies  altraeting  the  allenllon 

'    ''   .■     ..  Ills  llin'ats.  together  wlih   the 
ailvanee  of  Tilly.  ii.m|N'lli'il  the  Saxon  states  to 
dismiss  Clinsibin   and   his  army.     Thus   left  a 
si'i'ond  lime  w  lihout  aiithorilv.  he  pushed  towarila 
Westphalia,  with  the  hope  '„!  joining  .Mansfehl 
and   renewing  hoslilitlea  In  the   I'alatinale;   his 
design   was  however  anlleipaled  by  Tilly    who 
overlook  him  at   I.m'H  [or  .Siadtlolin|.  In  the  dia 
trii  I  of  .Munsler,  and  defeiilnl  him  with  the  haw 
of  II.INNI  killed  and  4.l)0t»  prisoners,  in  Aiigiiat, 
IILM.     The  vii'iorbiiia general  tlientiiriieii  lowanli 
Kast  Kriealand ;  but   Mansfehl,  who  had  hitherto 
maintained  hinisilf  in  that  eoiintrv.  avobled  an 
une.|iial   eontest  by  disbanding    his  triaips   and 
willidniwing  into   Holland.    In   .lanuarv,    llli4. 
Having  despoiliHl   the  eleelor  I'afiitine   of 
all  his  dominions,  and  delivered  himself  from  hia 
emniies  in  (iermany,  Ferdinand   had  priKieded 
to  I arry  his  plans  into  e.xeiuiion,  by  transferring 
the  elei'loral  dignity  lo  the  duke  of  Havana,  and 
liiviiiiiig  the  ii.miuered  territories  ainoiig  his  ad- 
herents.     .      He  gaineil  tli.'  "lei  lor. .f  Sax.my, 
by  promising  him  the  revi        s  and  larbaps  the 
lession  of  I.usalia;  and  tie       'idgrave  of  Ileam! 
Dannstailt,  by  olTiring  lo  f        .r  liis  pretensions 
to   tlie   siieee.s.sion  of    .Marbii.  z\i.  wliieh  he  waa 
I'ouU'Kting  with  the  landgrave' of  Hesse  Caaael. 
Having  thus  gained  lliiwe  whosi' opposition 
was  most  likely  lo  frustraie  his  design,  lie  paid 
little  regard  to  tlie  feeble  tliri'iits  of  .laiiiis,  and 
to  the  reinonstrances  of  the  king  of  Di'nniark. 
He  siimnioni'il.  on  the  iMi  of   February, 
a  meellnir  of  the  ebjctors  and  prinees  uhn 


102.1 


1^1 

:|J| 
'<  1 1 


wen'  moat  devotesl  lo  hia  eauae  at  liatishoo.  and, 
in  euucurrence  with  the  majority  of  thU  Irregular 

1503 


(iH 


mi 


OEHMANY.   ie21-18»3. 


GERMANY,   1634-16a» 


M 


111: 


i 


13  :''■ 


!,)) 


sawmblv.  trnnsfprred  tlie  Palfttini'  cliTtomtc, 
with  till  Its  hiiiours.  privilogci*,  ami  oIHith,  to 
Maxlniilmn.  iluko  of  H»viiri».  To  kit'P  up.  how- 
ever, till-  hopes  of  thf  elector  I'aliitliic  ami  Ills 
Billirn'DtB.  aiul  not  toilrlve  his  family  anil  roniiec- 
«ions  to  (lespenitloii,  the  whole  extent  of  the  plan 
was  not  ili'Velo|K'<l ;  the  partition  of  his  territories 
was(h>fernil,  the  transfer  of  the  elcetonite  was 
made  only  for  the  life  of  Maximilian,  and  the 
rights  of  the  siins  and  collateral  heirs  of  the  tin 
fortunate  elector  were  expressly  reserved.  " — \V. 
Coxe.  Hill,  of  Ihr  Unite  nf  Aiittriit.  rh.  49  (r,  2). 

Ai.s<>in:  A.tiindelv.  iHtt.  of  the  Thirly  Ynirt 
W„r  r  1.  rh.  7.-R  "Srhiller.  UM.  of  the  Thirtji 
V(,ir>  W.ir.  U:  i—V.  11.  Markham,  The  Fight- 
ing Virm.  I't.  2.  rh.  3. 

A.  D.  I6a4-i6a6.— The  Thirty  Years  War : 
Alliance  of  England,  Holland,  and  Denmark 
to  support  the  Protestant  cause.— Creation  of 
the  imperial  armr  of  Wallenstein,  and  its  first 
campaigns.—"  ifiid  the  KiuiKTor  !)<■<•»  as  » ise  as 
he  WHS  resoli'.te.  it  is  prolMible  that,  victorious  In 
everv  direction,  he  might  have  lieen  able  to  eon- 
clilili'  a  iHrnianeiit  pence  with  tlie  Protestant 
Parlv.  But  the  liigotry  which  was  a  very  part 
of  his  nature  was  spurriil  on  by  his  easy  triumphs 
to  refuse  to  sheathe  the  sworcl  until  hcresv  had 
iM-en  riK>ted  out  from  the  lanil.  In  vain  diil  the 
i'mtestant  [iriiu'cs.  who  hail  maintained  a  selHsh 
anil  fiBilish  neutrality,  nmonstrate  aRainst  the 
oonlinuani'P  of  hostilities  after  the  avoweil  ob- 
jeit  for  which  those  hostilities  were  undertaken 
liail  Ix'cn  irained.  In  the  opinion  of  Ferdinand 
11.  the  real  object  still  n-inained  to  Ix'  acconi 
plislicd.  I'nder  these  critical  cin-umstances  the 
emigrants,  now  crown  numenms  [see  IU)1IEMI.\: 
A.  I)  1<121-1(IIH|,  and  the  awakened  Pri>te»Wnt 
princes,  carncslly  iM'sought  the  aid  of  a  foriMgn 

flower  ll  wiu*  their  representations  which  at 
eiittli  iiiiluced  tlirie  nations  of  the  reformed 
faith- Kiiu'land.  Holland,  and  Denmark  — to 
nllv  Iheniselvcs  to  assist  their  oppn'ssed  lirethrcn 
(see.  alM>.  Fli.\NCK:  A.  I».  1624-1620].  Enirland 
agreed  to  send  subsidies.  Holland  to  supply 
triKips.  The  coinnianil  of  the  ileliverliit;  iirniv 
wascontideil  to  Christian  IV..  Kiii^  of  Denmark 
<162'>)  lie  was  to  111'  supported  in  (Sermany  by 
the  partisan  .Maiisfi-ldt.  by  Prince  t'hristian  of 
Brunswick,  and  by  the  Protestants  of  I^iwer 
Saxony.  »  iio  had  arni<sl  themselves  to  resist  the 
exactions  of  the  Kinperor.  Kerdinanil  II.,  after 
vainly  eiidcavourinj;  to  ward  iilT  hostilities  by 
net'oiiaiions.  despatched  Tilly  to  the  WesiT  to 
meet  the  enemy  Tilly  followed  the  course  of 
that  river  as  far  as  Miiiih'n.  eaiisini;  to  Iw  occu 
pied,  as  111  man  lied,  the  places  which  I'om 
muiiilcil  its  passage  Piirsuiiii;  hiscoiirx'  north- 
w.irds.  be  croswd  the  river  at  Neubur);  iniidway 
Ih'Iwi'i  n  Mindi'ii  and  Hreiiieni.  and  oiciipicd  the 
pririci|ialily  of  Kalenbcri;.  The  Kini;  of  Den- 
mark was  mar  at  hand,  in  the  Din  by  of  Hruiis 
wii  k,  anxious,  for  tlie  iiioiiieiil.  to  avoid  a  battle. 
Tillv,  superior  to  him  in  iiiimlH'rs,  was  as  anxious 
to  ilL'lit  one  .\s  Ihoujrh  the  position  of  the 
Kill);  I'f  Denmark  were  not  alreaily  siillicieiitly 
<'iiiliurrassini:,  the  Kinperor  pris-ecdcd  at  this 
periiHl  to  make  it  almost  unendurable  by  launeli- 
iiiL'  upon  liiiii  likewise  an  imperial  army.  . 
I  p  to  ihe  |.i  riod  of  the  complete  ovirthrow  and 
fximl-ioii  Ironi  Ihe  Palatinate  of  Ki-ederic  V  . 
«'X  Kinj;  of  liolienila.  Kerdinanil  had  Ihcii  in 
ilelited  for  all  his  successes  to  Maximilian  of  Ita 
varia      It  was   .Maximilian  who.  as  head  of  the 


Holy  League,  had  reeonqucreil  IVihemia  fnriln' 
Kni|K-rur:  it  was  Maximilian's  general  lillv. 
who  hiul  driven  the  Protestant  iinnies  from  liie 
Palatinate:  and  it  was  the  same  general  nlm  n!i.s 
now  opposing  the  Protestants  of  the  iiorlli  in  the 
lands  waten'd  by  the  Weser.  Maxiiiiilim  liul 
Iki'U  n-wanled  by  the  cession  to  him  of  ili.  |';,hi 
tinale,  but  it  was  nc  advisable  that  .so  iii-;ira 
neighiMiiir  of  Ailstri,.  .iiimhl  Is'  made  Iihi  sinmi; 
It  was  this  feeling,  this  jeahiusyof  Maximilini 
which  now  prompted  Fenllnand  to  rai>e.  fi,r  ihe 
first  time  in  this  war,  an  imperial  army.  ainI  in 
send  it  to  the  north.  This  army  was  raiMd  by 
and  at  tlieex|M'nseof  Alliert  Wenzcl  Kiisi  hius  (if 
Waldstein.  known  In  history  as  Wallcnslcin  A 
("zech  by  niUlonalily,  born  in  l.W;lof  iiolik  pa 
rents,  who  behinged  to  one  of  the  most  ailv;iriml 
sects  of  the  refonners  but  who  died  whiUi  iliiir 
son  was  yet  young,  Wallenstein  had,  wlim  yil 
n  child,  lieen  comtnittod  to  the  care  of  lii-.  inu'li.. 
AllH'rt  Slavuta.  an  adherent  of  the  .lesniis,  uikI 
by  him  educated  at  OlinUtz  in  thestrii  li<i  latlvi 
lie  faith.  "  By  marrying,  first,  a  rich  wi.lnH, 
who  soon  died,  and  then  an  liemss.  daiiL'liii  rof 
Count  Ilamich.  ami  by  purchasing  with  ihi'  f,.r 
tune  thus  acquired  inanv  contlscated  istati  ^,  In- 
IiimI  iK'Come  pos,s<'s,s4*d  of  enormous  wruhli.  Hi' 
hail  already  won  distinction  as  a  soldier  Knr 
his  faithful  services,  Ferdinand  in  lil-.':l  n.iiiii 
natisl  Wallenstein  to  !«■  Prince,  a  title  clmii!;ci|. 
the  year  foHowing,  Into  that  of  Duke  of  Fri.-il 
land.  At  this  time  the  yearly  inconie  he  ilr 
rived  fniin  his  various  estates,  all  ecnn"iiiii  illy 
managed,  was  calculated  to  1k'  ;ii).()0(i.iniii  il,)riin 
—  little  short  of  i'2,,5(K),(KM»."  Walleiisl,  in  ii.w, 
In  I62.'i.  "divining  his  ma.ster's  wishes,  ami  ^tii 
mated  by  the  ambition  Isirn  of  naluril  aliiliii. 
offered  tii  raise  and  maintain,  at  his  own  c  im.  in 
army  of  ,'iO,0<K)  men,  and  to  lead  it  hlt  iiii~i  ilii- 
cneiiiy.  Ferdinand  eagerlv  accepted  tin-  "llir 
Xanicd  ()eiieralis.sinio  and  t'ield  Marshal  in  luly 
<>f  the  same  year.  WaUenstein  man  hi  d  :it  tlie 
head  of  30,tKiO  nun.  a  numln'r  wliii  h  im  r.  ;i-iil 
almost  daily,  tlrst  to  the  Weser,  tlniui'.  ;iftrr 
noticing  the  positions  of  Tilly  and  of  KiiiL'i  hris 
tian,  to  the  banks  of  the  E1Ik\  where  he  w  iMin.l 
.  .  .  Inthespring  .  .  .  .Mansfeldt.  wiiliiln  \ii« 
to  prevent  a  junction  between  Tilly  and  Willi  ii 
stein,  marched  against  the  latter,  and.  ilimu'li 
his  trisips  were  fewer  In  niiiiilsr  lonk  up  a 
position  at  Dessau  in  full  view  nf  llic  iiii|i.  ri:il 
camp,  and  there  Intrenched  hiiiisilf  lb  n 
lenstein  attacked  (2.'i  .\pril  1626i  iiinl  ci.i 
defeated  him.  Not  discourageil  lo  llii- 
lliro  and  still  Is'aring  in  iiilnil  <lie  in  iii. 
of  campaign,  Mansfeldt  fell  back  in  ' 

deniii.rg,  recruited  there  his  army.  caHi  i  ■■ 
.silf   the  Duke  of  Saxe  Weimar     iml     1.' i 
deiilv  dashiHl,  bv  forced  marches.  tow:inl-  ' 
and  Sloravia.  with  the  iiiteiilion  "f  n-m  hiiu- 
garv.  where  Itcthlen  lialmr  hid  proiiii-i-,1  i. 
hini.  ■     Wallenstein  followed  and  "  pn^M 
so  hard  that,  though  Mansfildt  did  elfn !  i 
tioii  with   Belhhii  (tabor,  it    was  witli  ! 
skeleton   of   his   army.      Despairiiiir   "'    - 
azainst  numta'rs  vastly  superior.  Ililliln 
withdrew  from   his  new   <olleagur.    )iii  I 
feldt.  reduced  to  despair,  disliaiuled  In- i- 
ingsoldiers.  and  .sold  hiscaiiip  cipiip;!'-"  '■  — 
hiiiisclf  with  the  means  of  lliirht  iS.  pi.  in!  ■ 

HlNUAKV:      .\      D.     imKi-llitml  lb-      I      ' 

after   CJOtli    No.emben.   .       .    Wallin-n  n 
retraced  his  steps  to  the  north      .Mi  aim  Ini' 


\V:ll 

Iv 


-l:(>ia 

llmi 

.  lIl.Tl 

I  tiiiii 
•  ni' 
n  till' 


Mills 
nniil 
:,|,ply 


liih. 


1504 


GERMANY,  1634-1626. 


il'aUetulein. 


UEUMANY.  1627-1629. 


left  to  deal  with  riirintion  IV..  Iiiul  followetl 
that  prlniT  into  liower  Mrtxony,  liad  caught,  iit 
uckeil.  am!  -  i  plptely  ilefctiU'd  him  at  Luttcr 
(am  BarcnlHTgi  \  tlie  27th  July  1«2B.  Tills  vie 
tory  gave  liim  coaiplctc  posntssion  of  tliut  iis- 
ifffH'tol  pnivMKc.  ami,  ilcKpitiMi  vigorous iilicnipt 
made  by  tlic  Miirgmvc  Ocorgi'  FrcdcricMif  llailc'ii 
to  wrest  it  from  liim.  he  held  it  till  the  return  of 
Wallensteiu  from  the  pumuit  of  Maiisfeldt.  As 
two  stars  of  so  gnat  a  magnitude  could  not 
shine  in  the  same  luMnisphere,  it  was  then  ih'- 
ciiled  that  Tilly  shouhl  carry  the  war  into  llol- 
lanil,  whilst  to  Wallenstein  should  !»•  left  tlie 
honour  of  dealing  with  the  King  of  Denmark 
and  the  Protestant  princes  of  the  north,"— O.  U. 
Malleson,  The  liiilll,  fielilmif  (leniuinii.  i-h.  1. 

Al.s«>iN:    \V.   Zimi'nermann.   I'lipuhir  /lul.   „f 
Oermaiiy,  hk.  .'>,  r/».  2  ( ".  4). 

A.  0.1637-1639.— The  Thirty  Years  War: 
Wallenttein's  campaign  againit  the  Danes.— 
His  power  and  his  oppression  in  Germany.— 
The  country  devoured  by  his  army.— Unsuc- 
cessful sieee  of  Stralsund.— First  succor  from 
the  kinr  of  Sweden.— The  Peace  of  Lubeck. 
—  The  Edict  of  Restitution.— "  Wallenstein 
opened  the  campaign  of  1B27  at  the  head  of  a 
refreshed  and  well  eiiuipped  army  of  40,i»(K)  men. 
His  tirst  effort  was  (lirected  against  Silesia ;  ami 
the  Danish  tnKips.  few  in  numl«'r,  and  ill  coin 
manded,  gave  way  at  his  appnuich.    To  prevent 
the  fugitives  from  infringing  on  the  iieutralilv 
of  Urandenbiirg,  he  (H-eupied  the  whole  elc<tor 
»te.     Mecklenburg  and  I'oineraiiia  soon  shared 
the  same  fate.      Itemonstmnces  ami  asi.'.ininces 
of  [K'rfect  neutrality  were  tri'ated  with  alisolutc 
worn;  ami    Wallenstein   declared,   in    his   usual 
haughty  style,  that '  the  time  had  arrivid  for  dis 
p.'nsing  altogether  with  electors;  and  that  (ier 
many  ought   to  lie   governed   like   France  and 
Spain,  hy  a  single  and  absolute  si.vercign.'     In 
his  nipiil  march  towards  the  frontiers  of  IIoIsKmu, 
he  acted  fully  up  to  the  nrinciplc  he  had  laid 
down,  and  natur.illy  exerciseil  d<'si>otic  power. 
OS  the  rcpre.sintative  of  the  absolute  monarch  of 
whom  he  spoke.  .  .  .  He  .  .  .   followed  up  the 
Danes,  defeated  their  armies  in  a  8<riesof  actions 
near  lleiligenhaus«'n,  overran  the  whole  peninsula 
of  .hitland  liefore  the  end  of  the  campaign,  and 
(ori-e<l  the  unhappy  king  to  seek  shelter,  with 
the  wntcks  of  his  army,  in  the  islands  iMvond  llie 
Belt.  .  ,  .   Brilliant  as   the  campaign  "of    I(f.>7 
proved  in  its  general  result,  few   vcrv  striking 
feats  i>f  arms  were  performed  during  its  progress. 
Xow  it  was  that  the  princes  ami  states  of 
Liner  Germany  began  to  feel  the  conscipienei's 
of  their   pusillanimous  I'omluct;   and  the  verv 
provinces  whicli  hail  Just  iK-fore  refusi'd  to  raise 
triKips  for  their  own  protection,  were  obliged  to 
submit,  without  a  inuriiiur,  to  every  species  of 
insult  and  exaeticm.     Walli'nsiiin's  armv.  au^' 
mciilcl  to  10t),(KK)men,  iK-ciipicd  the  whole  coun- 
try; and  the  hmlly   leader  following,  on   a  fiir 
ifniiir  scale,  tlu'  principle  on  which  .Mansfeld 
bad  acted,  made  the  w.ir  nuiintain  the  war,  and 
tMinpled  alike  on  the  rights. .<•  sovereigns  and  of 
suliji-its.     .Vnd    terrible  w;is   I  lie    piiuiliv    now 
paid  fir  the  sliort-siglit  ..1  policy  which  avarice 
and  ( dwrirdici'  hiui  simge^ied.  and  wbicli  i  iinning 
li.id   vainly    tried    to   dis:..||is,.    beneath     ilTeeleii 
philanthropy,   and   a    ltihtuus    love   of    |.e:u'e. 
Hrnided   with   imperial  amliorilv.    and  at    the 
hi-i.l  uf  H  force  that  c.uilil  11,1  loniii-r  be  resisted. 
\\;i!lc'nstein    made   the  empire   mtvc  as  a  vast 


atorehnuso,  and  wealthy  treasury  for  the  benefll 
of  the  imperial  nriny.     He  forbade  even  sover- 
eigns and  electors  to  mi«<'  supplies  in  their  own 
countries,  and  was  iustiv  termed   'the  princes' 
scourge,  and  s<ildiers  iihil''   The  svstem  of  living 
by  contributhms  hail  completely  (Icmonilised  the 
tnsips.      Honour  and  discipliiK'   were  entirely 
gone;  and  it  was  only  bi'iuath  thi^  eye  of  the 
stern  and  tinreh'iiting  conunandcr.  that  anything 
like  order  ciaitinued  to  be  observed.    Dissipation 
anil   protligacy  reigned   in  all   ranks:  bands  of 
dissolute   persons  aeeompaiued  every  regiment, 
and    helped    to  extinguish    the    last   sparks  of 
morality  in  the  breast  of  the  soldier.     The  gen 
ends  levied  arbilrarv  ta.xcs;  the  inferior  ollicere 
followed  the  example  of  their  superiors;  and  the 
privates,  .sisin  ceasing  to  olsy  those  whom  they 
eea.s<il  to  respect,  plumlend  in  everv  direction; 
while  blows,  insults,  or  <leath  awaited  all  who 
dared  to  resist.   .   .   .  The  sums  extorted,  in  this 
manner,  prove  that  (iermanv  must  have  been  a 
wealthy   country  in   the  17lli   century;  for  the 
money  pris.scd  out  of  .Mime  di-tricts,  bv  the  im 
I«Tial    triMips,   far  exceeils  anylbing  whi<  li    the 
same   quarters  could  now  lK'"mude  to  furnish. 
Complaints  against    tlie  author    of   such   evils 
were,  of  (ourse,  not  wanting;  but  the  man  coni- 
plained  of  had  rendereil  the  F.niperor  all-|iower 
fill  in  (Jermany:  from  the  Adriatic  to  tlie  Hallic, 
Ferdinand  reigned  absolute,  iLS  no  monarch  had 
reigned  since  the  days  of  the  (Jthos.     This  su- 
premacy  was  due   tii    Wallenstein    alone;    and 
what  coiildthe  voiceof  the  humble  and  oppresstsl 
effect  against  such  an  oiTender?     Or  when  (Mil 
the  voiceof  suffering  nations,  arrest  the  pnigress 
of  power  and  ambition  V    During  the  winter  that 
followed  on  the  campaign  of  l(ii7,  Wallenstein 
repain'd  to  I'rague,    to  claim  [and  to   receive] 
from   the   Emperor,    who   was   residing   in   the 
Holieniian  capital,  luhlitional  rewards  for  the  im- 
portant services  so  lately  rendered.     The  bisin 
soluited   was  nothing  hss  than  the    Dm  hv  of 
Mecklenburg,   which  was  to  W  taken    froni   its 
legitimate  princes,  on  the  ground  of  their  having 
joined  the  King  of  Denmark,  and  bestowed  («i 
the  successful  general.  .  .   .   Hitherto  the  (Mean 
had  alone  arrested  the  pMgress  of  Wallenstein: 
a  tleet  w:is  now  to  lie  formed,  which  should  en 
able  him  t.    give  laws  beyond  the  Ihlt.s.  :ind  per 
haps  iR'yoml  the  IJaltic  also.     Kviry  seaport  in 
.Mecklenburg   and    I'omcrania  is  orilcred    to  be 
taken  possession  of  and  fortified.   .   .   .   The  siege 
of  .Stralsund,  whicli  was  resolved  upon  early  in 
1628,    eonstitu.cs  one   of   the    most    memorable 
o|MTitU)ns  of  the  war.     Not  merely  U'cause  it 
fiirnislies  an  additional  proof  of   w'hat  nniy  be 
effected  by  skill,  courage  and  resolution,  against, 
vastly  superior  forces,  but  iM'caiise  its  result  in 
tluenced,  in  an  eminent  deirrie.  some  of  the  most 
important  events  that  followed.     When  Wallcn 
stein  ordered  the   seaports  along   the   ciaist  of 
I'omcrania  to  lie  meupied,  Stniisiind,  claiming 
its  privilege  as  an  imperial  and  llanseatic  freo 
town,  refused  to  admit  his  triHips.   .   .   .   After  a 
good  deal  of  negotiation,    which  only  cost   the 
people  of  Slralsiiiid  some  large  sums'of  nionev, 
paid  aw;iy  in  presents  to  the  imperial  olllcirs, 
.\riihiini  invested  the  phicc  on  tlie  7th  of  Ma\ 
witli  S.OiHimen.   .   .   .  The  town  ....   unablet'.. 
obtain  assistance  from  the  Duke  of  l>omeiani:i. 
the   lord    superior  of    the   pniviiicc.   who.   how 
ever  willing,  had  no  means  of  furnishing  relict, 
phued  itself  uuder  the  protection  of  Sw  eileu :  anil 


m 


1505 


'^Ma 


GERMANY.   1827-1629 


OERMAXV.   1«30 


1:1 


n 


\ 


IP  J 


m- 


! 


t  , . 


OuaUTUS  Adolnlnm.  fully  •uiisihlc  of  tlii'  inii"'r 
tanr<!  of  tlic  pliKr,  imniiKlititily  diapalihrcl  ilic 
rrlcliraUsl  David  l^slic,  iit  tliclii'iulof  WMinicn.  Ii. 
■Ill   in   iU  (loftiicf.     Cimiit    llralic.    witli    l.iHH) 
more,  WHin  followed;  w>  tliiit  when  Wiilli'iistc  in 
reni'liril  llic  iirmv  iin  tlic  27tli  t>f  .Innc.  In-  fmind 
himwlf  iipi>i)M'(l   liy  a  unrrison  "f  ixpiTiciicid 
soldii-n.   wlio  lind  iilri'iidy  nliiliin  all   tlii'   "ill 
works  wliirli  Anilicini  Imd  (aptiinil  in  lIu'  tlt^t 
instance.  .  .   .   Ridn  iK'pui  tn   fall  in  siiili  tcr 
nMitA  tluit  tlie  tniiehes  weri'  entinly  rtlli-d,  and 
tile  flat  niiK>r  K<'"»"<l.  "■■  "lii'li  llie  army  was 
eneani|M"d,    lieraine    roiiipletely    iniiniliited    and 
unlenalile.     The  prmid  spirit  of  Frieilland.  un 
tiM'd    to   yield,    still    [Mrseveo'd ;    lint    sii  kni^ss 
attarked  the  troops,  and  the  Danes  liavinir  landed 
at  .lasniiind.    1m>  was  ohliifed  to  niareli  aiiainst 
thimwith  the  In'st  |iui1  of  liisforics;  and  in  fait 
to  raise    the    siege.    .     .     .    The    Danes   havhiLT 
efTectril  their  olijeet.  in  niiisinK  the  siiL'e  of  Stral 
snnd  to  1k'  raised,  withdrew  tliiir  troops  from 
Jasmiiiiil.   and    landiil   lliem  .itfain  at    \Vol_'ast 
Here,    however.  Wullenstein  surprised,  and  de 
feateil  them  with  jrri'at  loss.   .   .   .   There  hi  in^' 
on  all  sides  n  willinjrness  to  lirinir  the  war  to  an 
end,    |>ettee    was  .   .   .  eoneluded   at    r,uiM'ek    in 
January    lfl2».     By   this    tn'atv   the  Dams   re 
rovereii,  without  ix'serve  or  imlemnity.  all  their 
former    possessions;    only    pledu'inir   themselves 
not  agiin  to  interfere  in  tiie  alTairsot  the  Kmpinv 
.   .   .   The  [xwe  of  l.ulH'ik  left  Wallenstiin  aliso 
lute  master  in  (iermany.  and  without  an  i  ipial 
in  greatness:  his  spirit  si'imed  to  hover  like   a 
»ti>rm  iharged  eloud  over  the  land.  irushinL'  to 
the  earth  every  hope  of  lilnrty  and  suiiessful 
H'sistanee.    Mansfeld  and  (  liristianof  Bruhswii  k 
hail  disappeand  from  the  siene;    Krederiik  V 
had  ri'tired  into  olisiiirily      Tilly  and  I'appen 
heim.    his   former   rivals,   now  eondesiended  to 
reeeive  favours,  and  to  solieit   pensions  and  re- 
wards throiiiih  the  inediiiin  of  his  intereessinn. 
Even    Maximilian    of    lijivaria    was   sirond    in 
greatneKS  to  the  all  ilreadid  Duke  of  Frieilland: 
Europe  held  no  unirowned  head  that  was   his 
equal  in  fame,  and  no  erowned  head  that   siir 
passi'il    him    in    power.   .    .   .    Kerdinand.    elated 
with  sueiTss.    had    negleiled   the   opporluidly. 
again  allonled  him  liy  the  |M'aie  of  l.iilH'ik.  for 
restoring  tranquillity  to  tlie  empire    .  Instead 

of  a  general  peaee.  Kerilinand  signed  the  f;ital 
Ediet  of  Uestitiition.  liy  whiili  the  I'rotestanis 
were  lalled  U|H>n  to  restore  all  the  Calholie 
Cliureh  pn)|Hrly  they  had  sequestrated  sinei'the 
religious  paeitieationof  l.'i.Vi:  siieh  si-questritinii 
lieing.  aeeonling  to  the  KnilM-ror's  interpretation, 
ei.iitrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  treaty  of  I'assau. 
The  right  of  long  estalilished  possession  was  here 
entirely  overlooked:  anil  Kerdinand  forgot,  in 
his  zeal  for  theehureh.  that  he  was  aetually  si-t- 
ting  himsi'lf  upas  a  iudire.  in  a  lasi'  in  wliieli  he 
was  a  party  also.  It  was  farther  added,  that, 
aeeonling  to  the  same  treaty,  friedom  of  depar 
ture  from  Catholie  eoiintries  was  the  only  privi 
lege  wliieh  I'rotestanis  had  a  right  to  i  l.iini  from 
Calholie  primes.  This  deiTeeeaine  like  a  thunder 
hurst  over  I'rotestantt  iermany.  Twoarehliishop 
rieks.  I'J  liishoprieks,  and  a  eounlless  nnints-r  of 
eonvents  and  elerieal  domains,  wliiih  the  I'rol- 
estanis  h;id  eontisealid,  and  applied  to  their  own 
purposes,  were  now  to  Im'  surrenderi'd.  lm|HTi:il 
eoinmissioniTs  were  appointeil  to  earry  the  in;in 
date  into  etfeet.  and.  lo  s,M-un'  iminediate  ohedi 
enee.  triHips  were  phiii-d  at  thedtS|iosal  of  thetiew 


offleials  Wherever  theso  funrtlonaries  :ippi  inil 
the  l'rotest:int  wrviee  was  instantlv  su«|,vii.leci 
the  ehurehes  deprived  of  their  liells;  iili:irs  :iiii| 
pulpits  pulled  down:  all  I'Mtesiani  h.-.k* 
hililes  and  enleehisms  wen'  seized;  and  iril.!.,], 
wrr^'  ereeted  to  it.rrifv  those  who  iniiM;''  1"  Mi-. 
posed  to  resist  .Ml  I'Mtestnnts  who  n  fiis.-.|  tu 
eliant'i-  their  ffliuion  were  expelled  from  ,\ti._'s 
ttiifL'  suiniiiarv  proeeiiiiiurs  of  the  s;iiiit-  kinit 
Were  resorted  lo  in  other  plaees.  .Vrnied  will,  ali 
solute  [lower,  the  eominissioners  soon  prtMf..lc.| 
from  rerlaimiiiL'  the  property  of  the  i  liun  h  t.. 
-I  ize  thai  of  individuals.  The  estates  .if  ;i||  |i,.r 
^ons  who  had  siTVeil  luiiler  Mansfilil.  IIhIhi 
Christian  of  Itriinswiek;  of  all  who  hul  ;iii|i'.| 
Kri'deriek  V..  or  renden'd  themselves  .Jaioxiuiis 
to  the  EmiKTor.  wen>  seized  and  cmiIm  n.-d 
The  Duke  of  Frieilland.  who  n"W  rulnl 
with  iHetalorial  sway  over  (iermanv.  Iii.l  li.-i-a 
onh'red  to  earry  the  Kdiet  of  Hestiiuiidi  iiiiu 
elTeet.  in  all  the  eoiintries  (Veupied  hy  hi-  ir-ipi 
The  task,  if  we  tM'lieve  historians,  was  .Nri  iited 
with  unls'tiding  rigour." — F.  .Mileliell  I  if.  .,f 
W,iil,„>l,in.  <■//.  2-:!. 
Also  IN:  I,,  lliliissrr.  7Vie  I'rri.Hl  ,,f  t>,,   l;,r',r 

iii.iii.n,.  i.-dT  ^•  Iti4«.  r/i.  ;t:t, 

A,  D.  i62>i63i.— War  of  "he  Emperor  and 
Spain  with  France,  over  the  ••iccession  to  the 
duchy   of  Mantua.      Si,     1-.  ■••.■:   A    D     in;: 

A.  D.  1630.— The  Thirty  Years  War :  Uni- 
versal hostility  to  Wallenstein.— His  dismis- 
sal by  the  Emperor.— The  rising  of  a  new 
champion  of  Protestantism  in  Sweden         \\  1 ! 

lensieiii  had  ever  shown  gn-at  loleniioi  i:;  lii- 
owndomains.  hut  il  is  not  to  Iw  denied  ttj:ir 
he  aided  to  earry  out  the  iiliet  fof  Kesiiitiii.i'i' 
in  the  most  liarliaroiis  and  relentless  m:niit<  r 
would  lie  as  tedious  as  iiaiiifiil  to  dwell  ii|  - 
the  eriielties  whieh  wen-  eoinmilled.  :ind  il,. 
pression  that  was  exereisi'd.  hy  the  iinpi  rit!  > 
missioners  :  hut  a  sjiiril  of  resisianee  w:ts;o-" 
in  the  lie:irts  of  the  tornian  people  wlii.h 
w;iiled  for  opportunity  to  display  i(-rll 
was  it  alone  air.-iinst  the  ein|n  P'r  thiii  wr.oti 
indignation  «;isr\eiled.  W  :illensiein  .lo  «  .1  .«t 
upon  his  he:iil  even  more  ihingeroiis  ciiniif  \  'in: 
that  whieh  spruni;  up  airainst  KirdiiMi.'i  Ih 
ruled   in  lierinany  with  almost   despMti'    -u  i\ 

for  tl inperor  himself  seemed  at  this  liii..  lioli 

more  than  a  tiMil  in    his   hands       His  in.inair' 
were  uii]Hipular.    stern,   reserved,    ;iMd  hIi'mhiv 
,   ,   ,    Prinees  were  kept  waitinirin  his  am 
lnT;  and  all  petitions  and  remonsiriin  ■  s 
his  stenideerees  wen-  treated  wiih  lie'  in  > 
seorn  whieh  adds  insult  to  injury        11 
nilieenee  of  his  tnin,  the  splendor  of  In-  ii"'-' 
hold,  the  luxury  and  profusion  that  -pn  el  •  ^'fy 
where  anuiiid  him.  allonh'd  eotitinieil  -   ii'  •  •  •( 
envy  and  ie:iloiis  hate  to  ihe  aiieii  III  ii"'  ]'"^  "f 
lhe"empire.       The    I'roleMtanIs   tlirou::! 
land  wiTe  his  avowed  unil  iinpl:irihle  • 
and  the  Uoman  Catholie  primes  viewnl  1 
fear   and    siispieion.       Nl:ixiniilian    "I 
whose  star  had  waned  under  the  irniwi:' 
of  Wallenstein's  renown,  who  had  h-i  1 
tliority  in  the  empire  whieh  he  km"  i  . 
to  his  si-rviees  and  his  irenius,  solely  I'v 
and    inlliienee  of    Wallenstein.  :iiid  u !; 
Iiitioiis  desiL'Tis  of  rulini.'  liennaiiy  ilir 
emperor  dependent    upon    him    l"r  )  ■-  > 
tieen  frustrated    entinly    hy    ilie    .'iiii-. 
plaeed    the    im|>erial    tliMiie    ii|ioii    i    ' 


It 


Iv 


11.1 


rlia 


!\  iliu' 

II!  I.' 


II  til. 


Ill 


.!„,. 


I.l'l 

I     llrl 


luOC) 


•^M' 


T' 


OEHMANY,   16:W> 


Thr  rumin\ 


ng  of 
aulphu 


GERMANY,   1830-1631 


iiM 


indemndent  hui*.  took  no  paitm  to  coihihI  liis 
hnntllity  to  till' DiikiMif  Friiiihind  .  .  Thoii^rii 
thf  noldlfry  mill  Brnrmlly  lovfd  him,  tliiir  oftl 
lire  Imtnl  tlir  liiiiul  tliiil  put  ii  limit  to  tlii'  op 
prfdsion  by  which  thi-y  tlirovf.  iiml  wmiiil  fain 
liavi' rrainlVil  it»  powir.  .  .  Whili-  tliiM'  fiil 
iiiK!i  were  KuthiriiiK  ntri'iitfth  in  Ornimny  :  u  liilc 
Walli'nstt'in.  with  no  fiitmls.  thoiit'li  miiny  sii|i 
porters,  miw  hiiiiM'lf  iin  ohjrrt  of  jfutoiisy  nr 
l..tri'd  to  till'  li'Hilrrs  of  I'ViTv  piirty  tliroii^flioiii 
till' empire ;  and  while  tlie  siippn'ssi'd  lint  I'lier- 
islied  indignation  of  all  I'roteHtant  (ierniany  was 
pn'psrinjt  for  the  em|H'rrir  a  dreailfiil  ilily  of 
n'i'koninK.  events  weir  lakint;  plaee  in  other 
coimtriea  wliiili  hurried  on  rapidly  tlie  lianKer^i 
that  VVallenstein  had  forewen.  In  Kraiiee,  a 
weak  kini;,  and  u  |Hiwerful,  poliiie.  and  relent 
leas  miuiHUr,  apiM'areil  in  iindiH.seiiilili'd  hoslilitv 
to  the  house  of  Austria;  iinil  the  famous  ('a,ili 
nal  lie  Uichelieii  busied  hinisi'lf,  hiieeessfully.  lo 
raise  up  enemies  to  the  (terman  liraneli  of  that 
family.  ...  In  I'oiand,  .Si|;;isniiinil,  after  vainly 
cnntendinK  with  (lustavus  Adoll>lius,  and  re 
ceiviii^  an  inellleient  aid  from  (lemiany,  was 
anxious  to  roneluile  the  disastrous  war  witli 
Sweden.  Kiehelieii  interfered;  O.xeiistiern  ne- 
gotiuU'd  on  the  part  of  (iii.stavus;  ;iiid  a  Iruee 
of  six  years  was  eoneluded  in  Aumisl.  ItCJil.  by 
wliieh  the  veteran  and  vietorioiis  Swedish  tnsips 
wen'  set  free  to  act  in  any  other  direetion.  A 
gn'at  partof  l.ivonia  was  virtually  eeded  to  (iu> 
tavus.  toirether  with  the  towns  and  territories  oi 
Memel,  liraunslKr^  and  KIbinKen,  and  the  strong; 
fortrewi  of  I'illaii.  At  the  same  time,  Uichelieii 
impressed  upon  tlie  mind  of  (Justavusthe  honor, 
the  advantage,  and  the  necessity  of  ri'diicini;  the 
iiniiiensepowerof  the  eiupenir,  and  delivering;  the 
I'roteslant  states  of  Germany  from  the  oppnssion 
miller  whieli  tliey  groaned.  .  .  .  Contident  in 
lii.s  own  powers  of  iiiiiid  and  warlike  skill,  sup 
ported  by  the  love  and  adininttion  of  his  jieople. 
H'lyin^  on  the  valor  and  discipline  of  his  troops, 
auil  fon'seein^  all  the  iiiii;lity  combinations  which 
win'  certain  to  take  place  in  his  favor.  Giistavus 
hi'<ilaleil  but  little,  lie  consulted  with  his  min 
liters,  indeed  lieani  and  answered  everv  objec- 
tiim  lliat  could  la'  raiseil;  and  then  applied  to 
the  Senate  at  StiH'kholm  to  insure  that  his  plans 
wen-  appnived,  and  that  his  elTorts  wouhl  !«• 
weondiil  by  his  |H'ople.  His  enlerpnsi'  met  with 
the  most  enthusia.stic  appnibation  ;  and  then  sue. 
iwleil  all  the  bustle  of  active  preparation.  .  . 
While  this  storm  was  i;atherin);  in  the  North, 
while  the  towns  of  Swiden  were  brisllinir  with 
amis,  and  her  |Mirts  tilled  with  ships,  Fenlinanil 
»:is  ilriven  or  persuaded  to  an  act  the  ii'ost  fatal 
lo  hinisilf,  and  the  nmst  favomlde  to  the  Kinir  of 
Swiilen.  A  Diet  was  summoned  to  meet  at 
HttlislKin  early  in  tin'  year  KWO;  and  the  chief 
nhjeit  of  the  em|Mror  in  taking  a  step  so  danirer 
mis  lo  the  isiwer  he  had  really  acquired,  and  to 
the  projects  so  Ikihlly  put  forth  in  his  nanie. 
Willis  to  have  lieen  lo  eaii.se  his  .son  lo  Im'  elected 
Kini:  of  the  Uoinans.  .  .  .  The  name  of  the 
an  liiluke,  Kinjr  of  Ilunpiry,  is  pniposed  to  the 
Hill  for  election  as  King  of  the  lioinans,  and  a 
Ml  lie  of  indescribable  confusion  and  miiriMiirini; 
t:ik(  ^  place.  A  voice  demands  that.  In  fore  any 
Mil  h  ilcction  is  coiLsidered,  the  complaints  of  the 
in. .pic  of  Germanv  against  the  imperial  armies 
sliall  Is'  lieani ;  and  then  a  [HTfect  slorni  of  aceu- 
siiiiuiis  jHiursdown.  Kvery  sort  of  tyranny  and 
"lipressiou,  every  sort  of  cruelty  anil  exaction. 


every  sort  of  licentiousness  and  vice  is  attrihuteil 
to  the  emperors  tnnips;  liiit  the  haired  and  the 
charges  all  concentrate  themselves  ii|)on  the  head 
of  the  great  coniniander  of  the  imperial  forces, 
and  there  is  a  slioiit  for  his  instant  dismissal.  .  .  . 
Ferilinand  liesilated.  and  alleiieil  miicli  Mir|iris( 
at  the  charges  brought  against  his  general  and 
his  armies,  lie  yielded  in  the  eml,  iiowcvei  . 
und  it  is  said,  upon  verygmiil  aiilliorily.  thai  his 
niinoUH  decision  was  bniiight  alK.iii  iiy  ihe  arts 
of  the  siune  skillful  politii  Ian  wlm  had  conjured 
up  the  slorni  which  now  iiienaieil  Hie  einpire 
from  ilie  iiorllL  Itichelieii  had  .sent  an  enibas.sa 
dor  to  itaiisbon.  .  ,  .  In  the  train  of  the  embas- 
sador came  the  well  known  inirlL'iiiiig  friur, 
Kallier  .loM'pli,  the  most  iinscriipuloiis  and  I'un- 
ning  of  the  cariliiiarseniissaries;  end  he.  wean' 
assured,  found  means  lo  persiiade  the  emperor 
that,  by  yielding  lu  the  deinaiiil  of  llie  eh-ctors 
and  removing  Wallenstein  |..ra  lime,  lie  might 
oliiain  the  election  of  the  Kiiiiiot  lliiiig;iry,  and 
then  reinslate  the  Duke  of  Frieillaiiil  in  his  com- 
iiiaiii)  as  soon  as  popular  anger  had  subsided. 
However  that  might  Ih'.  Kerilinand.  as  1  have 
said,  yieliled,  openly  expressing  his  regret  at 
the  step  lie  was  alioiii  to  i.ikc.  and  the  appre- 
hensions which  lie  eniertaineii  for  llie  eonse- 
i|ilclices.  Coiiiil  (jueslelilH-rgalid  aliolhcr  nol'le- 
man.  who  had  Is'i-ii  long  on  iniimalc  terms  wiih 
W'allensleiii.  were  sent  to  llie  camp  to  iioiil\  to 
hiiii  his  n'lnoval  from  loinnianil,  and  l.i  sufleii 
Ihe  disgnice  liy  assuring  liim  of  llie  emperor's 
gratitude  and  a'lTeetion.'— (J.  1'  It.  .lames.  Durk 
.S',  /„»  ,f  llij-l'irji :    \\',ill,,.^l,i„.  rh.  :M. 

Ai.soiN:  S,  i{.  liaiiliner.  A.  Tlail,/  W.irn 
U'.ie.  rl,.  T,  ^,,-1.  ;)._-A.  liiiidelv,  lli>l.  •■!  Ihe 
Thiilii  }',,(,/.■  W.ir.  i\  ■>.  ,/,.  1 

A.  b.  1630-1631.— The  Thirty  Years  War: 
The  Coming  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.— His  oc- 
cupation of  Pomerania  and  Brandenburg. — 
The  horrible  fate  of  Magdeburg  at  the  hands 
of  Tilly's  ruffians. —  I'li  .lime  -,'4.  KCiu.  one 
liunilred  years,  to  a  day,  after  liie  ,Viigsliiirg 
Conlessioii  was  pniniiitgal''il.  (iuslavus  Adol- 
phus landed  on  the  eoasi  of  I'omcrania.  iii'ar  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Pceiic.  wiili  lil.oim  men.  vet- 
eran troops,  whose  rigid  discipline  w:is  siislained 
by  their  piety,  and  who  were  siinpli-  niinded. 
noble,  and  glowing  with  the  spirit  of  ihc  baltle. 
He  hail  reason^  eiiic.igli  for  declaring  war  against 
Fenlinanil.  even  if  lii.iHKIof  Walleiislein's  trisips 
had  iio(  iM-eti  sent  to  aid  .sigismunil  against  liiiii. 
Hut  the  conlrolling  inoiive,  in  his  own  iiiinil.  van 
to  succor  Hie  imperiled  cause  of  religious  fnedom 
in  (fcrmany.  t'omiiig  as  ihe  protei  lor  of  ihe 
evangelic  Cliunli,  he  cvpei  inl  lo  be  joined  bv 
the  I'rolesiaiit  princes.  Itut  he  wasdisappointeil. 
■>iily  the  Iraiiipli'il  and  tortured  people  of  North 
Germany,  who  in  their  despair  were  ready  for 
revolts  and  conspiracies  of  their  own,  welcomed 
him  as  their  ileliven-r  fniiii  llie  bandits  of  Wal- 
lenslein  and  the  League,  (iuslavus  .Vdolphusap- 
peari  d  before  Sletlin,  and  by  threats  com[a-lled 
the  old  duke,  Itogislaw  XIV.,  to  open  to  him  his 
capital  city.  He  then  took  measun'S  to  .si'cure 
possession  of  Pomerania.  Ilisariiiy  grew  r:ipiilly. 
while  ilial  of  the  emperor  was  widely  ilispersi'd, 
so  that  he  now  advanced  into  linindcnburg. 
(ieorge  William,  llic  clceior.  was  a  weak  prini-e. 
thoimli  a  rrolf>iaiil.  and  a  biolher  of  the  liuccn 
of  swcdiii.  he  was  guiiled  by  lii^  I'alholic  iliaii 
eellor,  Scliw arzenlsTg.  and  had  painfully  striven 
to  keep  neutral  throughout  the  war,  ucilher  side. 


1507 


GERMANY,  1030-1631. 


■/VHw'f  Capturf  I 


\iadgtburf/. 


GERMANY,  1881 


;»•, 


■  ..  J  ■  .    : 


i  i 


•I 


howrvrr,  rc»p«Ttln(j  his  nputrslity.  In  rtrrnil  of 
the  plnns  of  OustaviiH  Ailolphim  nmct-rnin); 
I'omcmniii  niid  I'msniii.  he  held  almif  from  luiii. 
Mriunvhili'  Tilly,  Ki'ncr«lln  chief  of  the  tnH)|iH 
(if  tlii'  iiniMTor  unil  the  I^'jiiriie.  ilrew  near,  hut 
KUiMi'iily  luineil  ii»lile  to  Niw  ItniiKliiilHirtf,  ill 
the  Micklriiliiirc  territory,  miw  iK'ciipieil  liy  the 
Hwcili'N.  cHpliirc'il  It  iift4'r  llirie  iiwtiiiiltH,  aixl  put 
111!' ).':irri>oii  lo  ihe  »worcl  iHWt).  lie  then  liilil 
sirife  ti»  Mimiiehiir^.  trimtjiviiH  A<lolplm^t  t(Mtk 
Kniiikfort  (Ml  the  Oiler,  where  there  was  an  liii- 
pcriul  L'arrlson,  anil  trentiil  it.  in  retaliation,  with 
the  ■laiiie  severity.  Thence,  in  the  spring  of 
HUH.  he  set  out  for  lierlln.  ...  In  I'otsilani  he 
heani  of  Ihe  full  of  Mairihlmr)'.  lie  then  inareheil 
with  Myiiii;  lianners  Into  lierlln,  anil  coiiipclleil 
the  I'lerlor  to  iH'conie  Ills  ally.  MaKileliuri,;  was 
the  stninjf  refiice  of  ProtestantlKin.  iiiiii  the  niiwl 
imporlant  Irailiiii;  cenlri'  in  .Norlli  (lirniany.  It 
hail  n'sisiiil  ihe  .\iii;>liiiri;  Interini  of  l.MN,  ami 
now   resisleil  the   IMiei   of  Keslilntion,   rejecleil 

the    newly    a|>|i<iinle.l    prince    hisliop,    I polil 

Williaiii,  .-^on  of  the  emperor  himself,  anil  refiiseil 
to  rccehe  the  emperors  garrison.  The  city  was 
then  f on-  Ipanncii  liy  Ihe  emperor,  anil  was  Ik'- 
sietr'  il  for  many  weeks  by  I'appenhelin,  a  gen- 
eral of  the  I.eairnc.  who  was  then  reinforeeii  hv 
Tilly  hiin.self  with  his  army,  (.tiistaviis  Ailoi- 
phiis  was  iinahle  to  make  an  ailvanee,  in  view  of 
the  ciinivocal  attitinle  of  Ihe  two  jiri'at  Protes- 
t.int  I  lectors,  u'ithoiit  exposing'  his  n  ar  lo  j;arri- 
soneil  fortresses.  Kroni  liriinilenbiiri;  as  well  as 
Saxuiiy  he  a.->ke(l  in  vain  for  help  to  s;ive  the 
I'roii  -lant  city.  Thus  Maifilelmri;  fell.  May  HI, 
KWl  The  citizens  were  ileeeivnl  In  a  prelenileil 
witliilrawal  of  the  enemy.  Hut  siiililenly.  at 
early  ilaw  11.  the  hailly  ;.'inirileil  fortilications  were 
Htorineil." — ( ',  T.  Lewis.  Ilint,  of  tltrmnnij,  ch. 
^IM,  A, ,7  :l-l.  —  Two  ^Mtes  of  the  citv  havini:  heeii 
opeiiiil  hy  llic  storminif  parly,  "Tilly  inareheil 
ill  wiih  pari  of  his  infantry.  Imineiliately  oi ni 
pyiiii;  the  priiici|ial  >Irreis,  he  ilrove  Hie  citizens 
with  pointeil  laniion  inio  their  ilwellin:,'s,  there 
to  a^^■ait  their  dotiny.  They  were  not  Ion;;  lu'lil 
in  suspense:  a  wonl  from  Tilly  ileeiileil  the  fale 
of  Mairiiehiirir.  Kveii  a  more  humane  jreneral 
would  in  vain  ha\e  rei'ommended  mercy  to  such 
HoMiers;  hut  Tilly  never  m.ide  Ihe  attem'pl  l.,ef! 
hv  their  ^1111  nil's  silciici'  masters  of  Ihe  lives  of 
a(l  Hie  cilizeiis.  Hie  soldiery  hroke  into  the  houses 
to  siliate  their  nio>i  hrulal  appelilis  The 
pr.-iyiTs  of  InniH'eiice  i  xcilcd  some  compas.sion  in 
Ihe  he.arls  of  the  (iermans.  Imt  ncpia*  in  Hie  rmle 
breasts  of  I'a|ipenheiiii's  WallcHins.  .S-arcily 
had  till  savaire  cruelty  commeiHt.d,  when  IIiV 
othrr  irates  were  Hirowil  I. pin.  and  Hie  cavalry, 
Willi  Hie  fi  arfiil  hordes  ,,!'  Hn  Cioai-,.  pounil  in 
upon  Hie  ilevutcd  iniiiibitanls.  Hire  i  oMiineiiceil 
a  .SCI  lie  of  hormrs  Inr  w  iiich  liisior\  li.is  no 
laiiL'iciL'e  —  (loelry  no  pi  ncil,  Neilhir  innocent 
eliildlioi>d,  iinr  hc'lpliss  1.1,1  aire;  ncilher  youth. 
siA  rank,  nor  bcauiy,  ..udd  disarm  lie-  fiirv  <>f 
lie-  roiKiucrors.      \\'i\(*^  were  abused  in  the  arms 

of  Ilieil  liu.-.b.lllds.  dallL'lller-  al  Hie  I'eet  of  Hiiir 
palem>.   and  Ih>    clefiniile>-,   seV   ivpo^ed    lo    Hie 

doiilile  siciiiieei.f  \irliieanil  lifi'.      No >ii nation. 

hoHiM  r  olp^i  ure,  or  however  >.lered,  oeaped  Hie 

rapacity  ..f  Hie  enemy.      In  a  sin;.'!i   c  liiin  li  \\U\ 

Ihree  woineli   were  ttiund  beheaded        The  Irii.lN 

aniiiM-d  Hieinvlv,  >  «iih  Ihrouiic  .  uildnn  iiiio 
Ihe  llaiiie>,  rappeuhrim's  WalipHin-  with  stab 
biiiLT  iiifanis  al  Hie  inother's  breasi.  Some  olli- 
vers  of  till-  I.eaL'iie,  horror  sinn  k  al  this  dreadful 


nlJlie 

Mill., 
■"\\    ill 

ii!..ir 

M.u. 

.  r  li„. 


«rene,  Tontiirrtl  tn  remind  Tilly  that  he  Imd  ii  {, 
his  |M)Wer  to  stop  tin-  eamuife.  ■  Heiurii  in  ;„ 
hour,' was  his  answer;  '  I  will  sis'  wlnil  I  i.ii,  ,1,, 
the  siihlier  must  have  some  n'wuril  for  his  dan 
per  ami  toils,"     Thesi-  horrors  lasied  «iili  m, 

abated  fury,   till  at   last   the  s ke  ami  tlmii. 

proved  a  ehiK'k  to  the  plunderers.  To  aii::iii.  m 
Ihe  I'onfiision  anil  to  divert  the  resi^lanee  of  ii,, 
inlmbilants,  the  Imperialista  had,  in  tlu  i  en, 
mencement  of  Ihe  asMaiilt,  tircsl  the  town  ii,  mi 
erul  places.  The  wind  risiiii;  rapidly,  spnal  iln 
Haines,  illl  the  hiaze  U'came  universal.  I'c  iilil 
indeed,  was  Ihe  tumult  amid  clouds  of  mi,  il,, 
heap.s  of  deail  IhmIIcs,  the  olash  of  sword-,  ili, 

crash  of  fallini;  ruins,  and  streaiiisof  bl |      |'|„ 

atmosphere  glowed;  and  the  iniideralile  lirat 
forced  at  last  even  the  iniinlerers  lo  take  n  fin;!' 
in  their  camp.  In  less  than  Iwehe  licair^,  tliis 
sIronK,  iKipiiloiis,  and  tloiirishini;  city,  one  ef  i|„. 
linest  in  Oerinany,  was  reduced  to"  a-lie^,  uiil, 
Ihe  exception  of  two  churches  and  a  few  hnu.i . 

.   .   .   The  avarice  of  the  olliiers  had  .sa\eil  I ( 

the  richest  cilizeiis,  in  the  hope  of  .  \toriiii:.'  frnni 
tliein  an  exorbitant  ransom.  Mm  Hii>  hiim  min 
was  conllneil  lo  Ihe  oIlleiTs  of  Hie  l.e.ii:ii,  ul,,,!!, 
the  ruthless  barbarity  of  the  Imperiali^li  iuim,; 
to  Im-  rc^arih'd  as  guardian  anirels.  SeareeK  \^x\ 
the  fury  of  Ihe  tlanies  abated,  whe.i  ihe  Im 
perialists  returned  lo  renew  Hie  pillau'e  a 
ruins  and  ashes  of  the  tow  n  .Many  wer 
ealeil  by  Ihe  smoke;  many  found  rich  I 
the  cellars,  where  Hie  citizens  had  cone  eal 
more  valuable  elTeels.  On  the  Hltli  o 
Tilly  himsilf  appeared  in  Hie  Io»  n.  al 
streets  had  lieen  cleared  of  iisiies  and  dead  l-'di, ,, 
llorrinle  and  revoltinit  lo  hiinianitv  w.i^  ilw 
scene  that  presented  itsilf.  The  livin'i;  ira«li;ii.' 
from  under  the  dead,  children  wanderiiiL'  aiieu 
wilh  heart  rendini,'crie.s,calliii!;  fortheir  |i,ireni., 
and  infanls  still  sinking  the  brea.sis  of  liieir  lilV 
less  mothers.  More  than  II. IKK)  IkkIii^  w.n- 
thrown  into  Ihe  Kibe  lo  charlhe  streels.  a  laiieli 
irreatcr  iiumUr  had  Ix'cn  consumed  by  Hie  tlann  v 
The  whole  niimlKT  of  Ihe  slain  was  reckomd  ii 

less  than  3IMMH).     The  entrance  of  Hie  -.  n 

eral,  which  tisik  place  on  the  I4lh.  put  a  siep  i., 
ihe  plunder,  and  savisl  the  few  w  ho  had  liitliir',, 
conlrivcd  to  e.scupe.  About  a  thousand  [»■. 
were  taken  out  of  Hie  cathedral,  win  re  Hiei 
ri  inained  Ihree  days  and  two  niirliN.  will, 
fiMsl.  and  in  momenlarv  fear  <d'  dtaili 
Srhiiler.  tlUi.<'fth,   ThirUj   )'..ir..'   H',",  ':    : 

.Vi.siiix:  Sir  E.  ('list,  Lina  ■•)' Ih,    11'         ■    >' 
/'•    /7o>^/  )',.(/■»■  Wiir.  lit.  1. 

A.  D.  1631  (January). —  The  Thirty  Years 
War:  The  Treaty  of  Barwalde  between  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  and  the  king  of  France  >  1:1 
Hie  i;!ih  of  .laiiimry,  Hi:)l,  Hie  Tnaii  i  ;  ll,r 
walde  was  concluded  be'.weeii  l-'iMitK  Illl 
Sweden.  Hard  cash  hail  bi  eii  Hie  piici  ii  .'  :'• 
jcct  of  the  neiroH.ilion.  11111I  Louis  Xlll  ni 
airreed  lo  pay  <  Jii^tavus  a  lump  sum  of  .s"  :<i  uei, 
in  con.^idiTalioii  of  his  recent  c.xpeiidit  u-  a 
fiirllier  sum  of  .'StOiloiBi  a  Mar  for  -i\  >■  n-  i- 
come.      I'liiil  Ibal  time,  or  iiiilil  a  irii;'  :  .    :    .■ 

if  "-nch  sliould  Mipervi  lie  earlier.   S.\ed.  ■;  '■■■ 

keep  in  Hie  lield  all  army  of  :i0.lllHi  loMi     I,  .  '.  "1 

horse.        Tlieolijeel    of    Hie     alliaiiee    U  .1  .    ..       ::I.'l 

lo    be    ■  Hie    |irolieli. f    Hieir   eoMiii 

the  security  of   Hi,'    UalHe.   .Ill     fre,  ,1. 
ineree,   Hie  ll>tillltioli  of   Hie   opple,.~i 

of  Hie  Lnijiire.  thedihtriicl  ion  of  Hie  i.- 
fortresses  in  the  IJalHc.  the  Nurtli  Sea 


1.1 


[■ 


■ii>. 


Jit 


15U8 


*^rT^^#^>5U^  '^^■X.T 


GERMANY,  I«ai. 


Victoriet  of 
(tuMtavut  A'lolphu 


OERMANY,  1831. 


Ori«oii»  tfiTilory,  so  that  all  nliniild  tx-  left  in  the 
■Utc  in  which  it  was  liefori'  the  Ooriimn  wiir  hiid 
begun.  Hwfdcii  was  not  to  '  violulc  tli-  hnpirliil 
con»tiliition' wlivrt-  she  CDnqufred;  she  was  U< 
l«-«vc  the  Cuthiilic  rcliginn  iimlistiirlH'd  in  iilldis 
tricw  wlierc  sIk-  found  It  cxistinjf.  Slic  was  to 
olwervi'  towards  Hiivariii  and  the  I^ai;iic— the 
ilM.ilt  darlinifs of  Kirhflicirsanti  Austrian  polirv 
—  fiiendship  or  neutrality,  so  fur  as  tin  y  would 
observe  it  towards  hrr.  If.  at  the  inif  of  six 
years,  tlio  ohjccls  wi'rc  not  arconif>lislii.d  ih.. 
treaty  was  to  be  niicwcd."— ('.  U.  ],.  Klitcliir 

Ouitatiit  AilolplDin.uiil  tlieSlriKjylfof  l'i;,l,,l,ii,i 
urn  fur  Ktitt,  i(,-i',  eh.  0. 

A.  D.  i6ji.-The  Thirty  Years  War:  The 
elector  of  Brandenburg  brought  to  terms  by  the 
king  of  Sweden.— The  elector  of  Saxony  fright- 
ened  into  line.-Defeat  of  Tilly  at   Leipsie 
(Breitenfeld).— Effecti  of  the  great  victory. -- 
"  Loud  were  the  (Tics  ajjainst  (Juslavus  far  not 
liavin^'  relieved  MiigdehurK.     To  answer  I  lieiu  he 
felt  himself  iHUind  to  |iulilish  a  eariful  apolojjv 
In   this    document    In-    de<lared.    amoiijj    other 
Ihinjfs,  that  if  he  could  hav.'  olitained  from  tlie 
Elector  of  Hrandenliurit  the  pas.saire  of  Kilstrin 
he  niittht  not  only  have  raised  the  siii;e  of  .Mai; 
de'iurg  hut  have  destroved  tlie  whole  of  the  Im 
|)prml  army.      The  passaije,  however  had  Ihcii 
ilemed    him:     an<l  tlioutdi   the    pris<rvalinn    of 
Mardeburi;  so   much  concerned   the  Kleelor  of 
Sii.vony,   he  <-ould   olxain   from   him  a  pas,sau'e 
towani  It  neither  by  WittemlK'rif,  nor  tlie  Hridt'c 
of  I)i-ssau.  nor  such  assistance  in   provision  arid 
shipping  US  was  n<i.ssiiry  for  tli<-  success  of  the 
iiilcrprise.   .  .   .   .Sonieihing  more  than  mere  pir- 
suasion  had  induced  tlii'  Kleetorof  Brand.'nhur" 
after  the  capture  of  Kraniforl,  to  (;rant  (iusl.iMH 
possession  of  Spaiidau  for  a  month.     The  inonili 
expire<l  on  the  Hth  of  .lune:  and  the  I'lector  d. 
maiideil  back  his  stronghold.     The  kirn;  filiend 
hy  Ills  promise,  surrendered  it :  hut  vhe  next  d;iv 
having  map-lied  to  H<rlin  ami   pointed    his  guiis 
SRainst  the  pai.  ce  the  ladies  came  forlh  as  medi 
•tors,  and  theel'i  tor  n.risented  Ixitli  to  sur.-einlcr 
Spandau  again  and  to  pav,  for  the  mainieiiance   ' 
of  the   Swedish    tr(K>|,s.  a   inonthlv   suhsidv  of 
*MHK)  ri.x-do'iars.     At  the  end  of  Mav  Tillv  re 
moved  from  .Magdeburg  and  the  KIIk^-  "to  Asi-lar 
Whii      This  enabled  the  king  to  lake  Werliiii  on 
theeontluenceof  theKllMaiiil  MaviLwIare  after    '. 
the  ri-duction  of  Tangerinlin  !e  .mil  llavellperg     I 
he  established  his  celebrated  i  .inp.  ■    In  the  latter 
part  of  .lul^-.  Tilly  made  two  attacks  on  the  kings 
camp  at  WitIhii.  and  was  repulstd  on  bothiHci 
SI..11S  with  heavy  hiss.    "Ill  themiil.lleof  Au"us't 
OuMavus  broke  up  his  camp.     Mis  force  at  that 
tim.'.  according  to  the  miisterrolls,  amounted  to 
...iH«l  f,„,t.  and  N.M.-,(|  cavalrv.     lie  drew  towards 
l.iilisig.  then  threatened  bv  Tillv.  wh,i    Imvin" 
li;'ii   joined   at    Klsh'U'n    bv  l.Vimo  nun  under 
tiistenburg.   now    possessed    an    ;irmv    Hmnki 
jir.i.i;  toenfori,-  the  .  iM[i<Tir's  li:ui  ai;ain,t  Ihe 
.1  ]|,sig  dccri'cs  (or  resolutions  of  a  congres-'  ,,r 
I  n  ii  >tant  jirinces  which  had  iissianliled  iu  1  liii 
M-M!i  Kebruary.  l(i;l|,  moM-d  i,,  some  organi/ed 
i-.;iimi,,n   action    by    tlu-    I'.die;    of    Hestitulionl 

»'!!im  Ilio  limits  of   the  eleelorMle.       The  Klector 

"f  >i\ony  was  almost  fni;iiteni.,l  ,,ui  ,,r  |,is  wiis 
ny  !:"■  impending  danirer  .  .  .  His  grief  and 
f-i:."  II  the  fall  of  Mairileliur:;  lu.l  bi ,  n  so  i;reat 
tll.■l^  hrlwo  days  after  receiving  the  news   h,. 

*'"''''  ■"""It  11 le  iiilo  his  pres.  ni  e.      liiii  (hat 

Hir,    event    only    :idd<tl    to    his    perplciilv:    lie 


1509 


cmihl  nsolve  neither  upon  submission,  nor  upon 

vengeamc.      In    .May,    indeeil,    tcrritied    by  the 

threats  of  Ferdinanil.  he  discontinued  his  levies 

and  disbanded  a  pan  of  his  tnxips  already  en- 

lisled:  bill  in  .Iiine  he  s.nt  Arnlni  to  Oustavus 

with    such   overtures   that   the   king   .Irank  his 

heal  h.  and  se.nied  to  have  grown  sanguine  in 

the  h-pe  of  his  alliance.     In  .luly,  bis  courage 

still  rising,  he  p<rmiiied  (Juslavus  to  r.'cruil  m 

his  donunions.     In  .August,   his  courage  falling 

I   again  at  the  afiproai  h  of  Kilrslcnburg,  he  gave 

i   him  and  his  troops  a  free  passage  through  Tim- 

I    ringia.       Hut  now,  later  in  Ihe  same  luonlh,  he 

sent  word  lofiusiavus  Adolphus  ••that  m,t  only 

:    \\  illeiiiberg  but  the  whole  el.  elorate  was  open  to 

him:  that  not  .miy  his  son.  but  hiinsell.  wouM 

sirve  under  the  king:  that  he  w.add  advance  one 

inonlhs  payment  for  the  .Swedish  Insips  iinme- 

I  diately.  and  give  .security  lor  tH< ,nthly  pay- 

I  meiits  more.  .  .  .  t.uslavus  ri  joiced  to  lliid  the 
Duke  of  Saxony  m  this  temper,  and,  in  pursuance 
ot  a  league  now  entered  inio  with  him,  and  Ihe 
i  hieetor  of  Hraiidenburg.  cross,.,l  ih<.  Kibe  at  Wit- 
tembei-g  „n  lie-  4i|,  ,,f  s,-ptemlier.  Tli,.  .Saxoiis, 
from  l(i,i«Kllo'.>i(.()iHI  strong,  moving  simuliane^ 

ously  fronf  lorgaii.  the  ■ fedeniteil  armies  met 

I  at  Dulsn  on  the  .Mulda.  three  leagues  from  [..-ip. 

sig.      .Vt  a  conference  held  Iher.-,  it  was  (h-bated 

whether  It  would  lie-  iH-iier  to  protract  the  waror 

j   to  hazard  a  battle.     The  king  took  the  former 

side    but  yicMed  to  the  strong  repr(-s<.nlationsof 

he  Duke  of  Saxony.  .  On  the  (illi  of  SepKm- 

I    her  till' allies  (ame  wiihiii  six  or  eight   miles  of 

I   the  cnemv.  when,  ihev  hailed  for  the  ni-bt 

1  rcitenf.-ld.  the  place  at  wliicli  Tillv,  urgcii  by 
I  the  iniporiunily  of  I'appenheim.  had  chosen  U) 
j  oiler  l.alUe.  was  an  extensive  plain,  in  part  re- 
cenlly  plniighed.  about  a  mile  from  l.i'ipsig  and 
n.-ar  the  cenieli-ry  of  that  city,  f.eipsig  hail  siir- 
rcn.ler,  d  to  fill  v  two  da>  s  la  fore.  The  Imperial 
army,  csiimaied  at  It.fMH)  men,  .K-cupied  a  rising 
ground  on  Ihe  plain,   .  .   .   The  army  was  drawn 

."I' ',"  ' '""■  "f  -"■••"'  'li-|'"'-  baviug  the  infantry 

111  the  (-enire.  Ill,-  cavalry  on  the  wings  aeci.rd- 
ing  to  the  Spanish  order  of  batOe,  The  king 
siilslivided  his  army,  aliout  -JO.IKM)  strong  11,1") 
I  enlrc  ,iiid  «ini;s.  cai-h  ,.f  which  (onsisled  of  two 
Im.-s  and  a  reserve.  .  .  .  To  this  disposliioii  is 
attributed.  Ill  a  great  degree,  the  suee.-ss  of  the 
day.  .  .  .  '1  he  liles  Ixing  so  comparatively  shal- 
Jow,  artillery  made  less  bavis-  among  them 
I  bell.  aL'aiii.  the  division  of  the  arniv  into  small 
maniples,  wiih  considcnil.le  inlerv.-ils  between 
.-acb.  gavesp:iee  for  evoliiiions.  and  lb.-  power 
ot  Ibi-oHini;  Ihe  troops  with  raphlitv  wherever 
iheir  si-rvices  or  support  might  be"  found  re- 
'luisile.  .  .  Till' battle  bi-ir.-in  at  r.'o'eloik  ••  It 
oiil.i  .  ndi-d  with  the  s.  .-iiur  of  the  sun:  but  long 
belor,  that  ii„„.  ||„.  i-,.,.,  armv  of  Tillv  was  sub- 
sl.iiiluiliydesiroyed.  It  had .se'ali.  red  t'be  Saxons 
•a.-ily  emiiiirli.  .uid  sent  them  lUint'  with  their 
woilbhss  I  l.-,i,,r;  but  (lushivni  and  bis  .liM-i- 
piined.  I.rin,  powerfully  liandleil  Swedes  had 
■  roki-n  and  iioiird  ibe  stout  but  elumsv  imperial 
lines.  -■  It  IS  M.ircly  |„,ssible  to  exat'gerale  ihe 
llnportaii.  c  of  i|,i,  siieeess.  On  the  event  of  that 
day.  :is  l.uslaviis  liiiiis.ir  said,  the  whole  (I'roles 
l.inljc.iusc.  ■summa  rei.' depended.  The  sii,  ei  ss 
w.is  L-reat  in  itself.  The  numbers  enL'ag.d  on 
either  side  bad  been  nearly  cipial.  N,.|  so  their 
loss  Ibe  Imperial  loss  in  killed  and  wounded 
.leconling  to  Swedish  computation,  was  from 
M.iHHl  to  loijiK):  uccordiug  to  the  cueiuvs  own 


.5. 


;-'.  :l| 
<l 


i  m-t  -ft 


t 

0 


Am 


M  i 


*  !   • ; ;», 

•  /     't 


i   ■ 


I-.- 


■     .      .  T 

"'V.  '" 


r.KIlMANY,   1631 


n'ttUfn»tein' » 
KrcatI 


OERMANY,  1831-16;J2 


Rrrniiiit,  tx'twccii  n.(HH)  imdT.OIKI:  wlillp  all  wt-m 

til  uii">'  "">'  ""'  I"*"  ""  ""'  "'''''  "f  ""'  ""'i**''" 
only  i.iOtt.  of  wliiih  '.'.iHKI  wcri'  Suxon.  "ml 
Kwi'ilca.  IV'siili's.  (liistHVUH  won  the  whole  of 
till'  i>m-mv's  urlilliTv,  iiml  iiion'  timii  UK)  Mkii 
iliinN.  'I'lii'ii  the  iiniiy  of  'I'illy  Ihmiib  uiinlhilnti'il 
Iffi  him  frcr  to  <1mh>'«'  hi»  nr\t  |>iiliit  of  »ttack. 
uhiiiist  his  next  viclorv.  "— II  »  lm|imiiii.  HM.  <if 
llii^lanm  .{:l,Jiihiit,  'rli.  H  —  •■  The  baltlr  of 
Hriili'iifilil  WHS  an  rpiH li  in  war,  ami  it  wan  an 
ipoi  h  ill  history,  ll  was  an  cporh  in  war.  lie- 
cause  tirst  in  it  was  ilisplayi'il  on  u  irreat  mule 
tin  superioriiy  of  nmliilily  over  weiirht.  It  wait 
an  ipiKh  in  iiistory.  iMoanse  it  liroke  the  fone 
upon  which  the  reViveil  Catholicism  hail  nUi'il 
for  the  c.vtcnsiiin  of  its  empire  over  Kunipe.  .  .  . 
•(rernmnv  ini^lit  lc;ir  herself  ami  \n-  torn  to 
pieces  for  vet  another  half  ircneration.  hut  the 
ttclual  result  of  the  'I'liirtv  Years'  War  was  as 
(TikkI  as  achieveil.'  "— ('  ll  I..  Fletcher,  Owtn- 
fiiK  .{ili'>li/iii'  'I'll!  Ihe  Stnii/i/lf  of  I'mtmlmitiflii 
for  hri'',  nn.  ,■/,.   11. 

Also  IN:    (i.   H.   Malleson.   /Ae  IMIlejUlih  ,'f 
(Itriii'iiii/.  fli.  1. 

A.  D.  1631-1632.— The  Thirty  Yean  War  : 
Movements  and  plans  of  the  Swedish  kine  in 
southern  Germany. —Temporary  recoTery  of 
the  Palatinate.  -Occupation  of  Bavaria.— The 
Saxons  in  Bohemia.— Battle  of  the  Lech.— 
Death  of  Tilly.  — Wallenstein's  recall.— Siege 
and  relief  of  Nuremberg.— Battle  of  LUtzen, 
and  death  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.— "This  liatt  le. 
SI  inetimisi  alleii  Itri  ilenwahl  |Hreitcnlelil|. some- 
times the  First  Haltle  of  I.eipsic.  .  .  .  was  the 
tirst  victory  on  the  I'mtestaiit  siile  that  hml  iM'in 
achieved.  "  It  was  Tilly's  llrsl  defeat  after  thirty 
liiittlcs.  It  tilled  with  joy  tlios<>  who  had  hitherto 
lieen  depressed  and  Impeless.  Cities  which  liad 
dreaded  to  declare  tlicmselves  for  fear  of  the  fate 
of  MaL'deliiirir  liei.'iiii  to  lift  up  their  heads,  and 
vacillitinn  princes  to  think  that  they  could  s:ifely 
take  the  p.irt  whicli  tliey  prefcrnd  (Juslaviis 
knew,  however,  that  he  must  let  the  (termans  do 
lis  iiiiich  as  possilile  fur  theinsi  Ives,  or  he  should 
arousi'  their  national  jealousy  of  him  as  a  foreiirn 
cc'vuieror.  So  he  siiit  the  Klectiir  of  Saxony  to 
a  >  iken  the  old  spirit  in  liolieinia.  As  for  him 
s-  his  j.'nat  counsellor.  1  •Miislieriia.  wanteil 
I  to  niarcli  straiL-lit  on  \  ieiina.  hut  this  was 
pis  oliject.  III-  wanled  primarily  to  deliviT 
.  .'<riliern  states,  and  to  encouniire  the  mer- 
•!i  I  lilies,  riin.  .Xii^'sliurL'.  -NiirenilsT!;.  w  liich 
,  ill  aloin:  Ueen  IVotestant.  and  to  deliver  the 
i'alatinate  from  its  oppressurs  And.  i>ut  of  innr 
titieation.  a  slraiiL'e  ally  otTend  liiinself.  namely. 
Wallinstein.  who  wanted  revein;e  on  the  Catho 
lie  l,eu_'ui\vhicli  liad  insisted  on  his  dismissid. 
and  till  KnipiU'r  who  had  yielded  to  tlieiii  .  .  . 
lie  saiil  lliat  if  (iustavii-  would  trust  him.  he 
would  so. .11  trei  lii^  old  army  loL-eilier  auain.  and 
chase  Kirdinand  and  ihe  .lesuits  lieyniid  the  .\lps. 
Hut  (iiist.ivii^  did  111. I  trust  him.  ih.'H:;li  he  sat 
ipiiet  a"  I'raL'ue  while  the  Saxons  were  ill  p'ls 
se^sii.Ti  .f  ilii-  cit\.  pliinderiii:;  everywhere,  an.l 
til!'  V.'.i '  IT  M  lelini.'  .'IT  1.1  lir.sdin  fifty  wai."-'oii- 
lo'i.l^  lilli'.l  Willi  Ihe  treasur.s  of  the  Kmperor 
Ui..|..lfs    iiiux:iiii.  .    Many    exiles   returned, 

aii'l  there  was  a  L'.'iierai  resumption  of  the  IIuss 
ite  f'.rin  of  worshi],  liustavu-'  had  manlied  to 
Krfur:.    and    then    lurned    towanU    the     Maine. 

wll.  re  tliere  Wa-.  a    \  't\'S  ruw    nt    th-.^.'  prillre  llish 
Mjiries  est.lhlished    .111  !llr    tnnitiii    liy    the    p..lie\ 

iif  Charleiua-.'iii —  VS  urt/.huri;    llamheri,'.  Kulda, 


Knln.  Triers,  Mentz.  Wiirms,  Spiers.  Tliesi-  hail 
never  U't-n  wciilarised  and  were  |HipuIarly  1  allnl 
the  I'riests'  Ijine.  They  luid  (liven  all  lliiirf..riis 
to  the  Catholic  U'aKue.  ami  OiiHtaviis  ini  ant  i.i 
tepay  hims<'lf  iijiam  thi'tn.  lie  permiii..|  n., 
cnieltlca,  no  |H'rseciith>ns;  hut  he  h'Nied  In  .n  \ 
cnntrihiitions.  and  his  triKips  made  merry  wiiliihe 
giMNi  lihenish  wine  when  he  kept  his  (  liri>ti[i.i> 
at  .Mentz  He  Invited  the  illspos.ses.s<il  l:i,  iir 
Palatine  to  join  him.  and  Kreileriek  stariil  t  r 
the  camp,  after  the  ehristeniii);  of  his  thin. .  mli 
chihl  .  .  .  The  suite  was  iiiimeroiis  enmiL-li  to 
till  forty  coaches,  escorted  hy  seventy  li..r-,.-  - 
pretty  well  for  an  exiled  prince  depen.li  ni  uu 
the  iMMinty  of  Holland  ami  Kniiland  .  Tin  n- 
was  the  utmost  enthusiiu4m  for  the  Swnle  in 
England,  and  the  .Manpiess  of  llainiltonoliiiiiiiil 
permUsUMi  to  raise  a  Innly  of  volunteers  i..  |,  in 
the  Swedish  Hlandards.  and  in  Ihe  .\imnsi  if  ii;:ii 
hroui,'ht  e.lNH)  KiiKlish  and  Scots  in  r..>ii  ^iiall 
regimeutu;  hut  they  pnived  of  little  iisi'  la my 

dying.  .  .  .  Su  far  as  the  Kin;;'s  plans  1  an  Im' 
understood,  he  meant  to  have  formed  a  iiuniluT 
of  Protestant  principaliths,  and  uniteil  iljiiniii 
what  he  calliKl  'Corpus  Kvaiiifelhoruin  anuiul 
the  Baltic  and  the  Kllie,  as  a  balance  In  ili..  .\iiv 
triau  lioman  Catholic  power  in  sonthi  rn  (er 
many.  Frederick  wanted  to  raise  an  army  if  his 
own  iK'Uple  and  take  the  command,  hiii  i.itlii'i 
Gustavus  would  not  consmit,  having:  pr.'l.alily 
no  gn'at  contldence  in  his  lapaeily  .Ml  tlw 
I'alatinate  wiw  free  from  the  enemy  exu  pi  tlie 
tliriM'  fortrew«'S  of  IlcidenM-rir.  Franketilli.il.  aii-l 
Kn'U/.narh,  and  the  liust  of  these  was  iiiinn  di  ii.  ly 
lH'sieg|.d.  ...  In  the  midst  of  the  1  Mili.iti.ni 
Frederick  was  grieved  to  learn  that  his  lir  miifiil 
home  at  HehlellK'rg  had  Isen  ravaged  'n  lire. 
proliahly  hy  the  Spanish  garrison  in  e\pi  1  lati.ii 
of  having  to  abandon  it.  lint  as  Tilly  w  i^  i..| 
lecting  his  forces  again,  Ouslaviis  woii!.l  11.1 
wait  to  master  that  place  or  Fraiikenlli  il.  ami 
recrossi'd  the  Uhine.  Sir  Harry  Vane  hal  Imii 
sent  as  amhassaihir  fnim  Charies  I.  to  armu'i- 
for  the  nstorathin  of  the  Pahitinate,  tlie  Ki":: 
olTering  i'lO.iMH)  a  month  for  the  expeiisi  i.f  ilj, 
war,  and  pniposing  tliat  if,  as  was  only  Iih.  prl. 
able,  he  should  l)e  prevented  from  pi  rfirnniii; 
this  promise,  some  of  the  fortn'sses  sh..tiM  !..■ 
left  as  guarantees  in  the  hands  of  tin  mvi.1.» 
Frederick  took  great  and  petulant  oITi me  it  llii- 
slipulation,  and  complaini-d,  with  tears  in  iiis 
eyes,  to  Vane  and  the  Maniuess  of  llainil'  ii 
.".  .  lie  iM'rsuadetl  them  to  suppress  thisariii  il 
though  they  warned  him  that  if  tin-  inan  1  lil..! 
It  wouM  In'  by  his  own  fault.  It  did  in  t  n  '.  'i\\, 
for.  as  usual,  the  Knglish  money  was  in  i  i  .rrli 
coming,  and  even  if  it  had  Iseii,  (iust.n  1-  ■>• 
cl.inil  that  he  would  1k'  no  man  s  si  rvaiii  I  r  i 
few  thousand  pounds.  Frederick  als..  nfis..! 
the  King's  own  stipulation,  that  Lutheran 
enjoy  eiiual  rights  with  Calvinisis  M 
the  Swedish  success  had  been  eoMsidmi' 
than  wiLs  desired  by  his  French  allies 
XIII.  was  distresst'd.  but  Hichelieii  sili  m 
onlv  attempting  to  make  a  treaiy  .'. 
Swedes  bv  wllieh  the  Kleetor  of  liav all  i 
Calholii-  l,eague  should  be  neutral  ..n  . 
of  the  restorathm  of  the  bishops.  T"  :ii 
ever,  (fiistavus  could  not  fully  cons.  ni. 
piisi'd  conditums  which  the  ('.iiliuli.  -  - 
accept,  Tilly  was  collei  iimr  hi-  fori  ■  -  ii. 
eninL'  NureinlxTj,',  lint  ihe  -wi.l.s  ,.: 
and  lie  wito  lorced  to  retreat,  so  tli.ii  ii  ■' 


ImuM 


-1, 


IjlO 


Iri        ^        -It 


m^^'- 


OKKMANV,   10.11   IfW'.' 


Iirntli  „f 


OKHMANV,    1B;13-16:I4. 


(IrllveriTtlmt,  on  the  Slut  Miirrli  [1832],  fliist.iviiH 
wan  n-wivi'd  in  iK'iiiilifiil  uliI  NiiniiilMTif  with  a 
rapture  of  welcome  .  .  .  Tilly  Imi'.  tiilieii  \„ml 
on  the  Lech,  iinil  .Miixluillliin  wnn  collcelinv  an 
amiy  in  llavuria  The  i.lijiet  of  (JiimIhuis  vm» 
now  to  iM'at  one  or  otiiir  of  them  Ixforc  thiv 
could  Join  loijether;  wi  he  murehi'd  forward, 
took  Donauwerth,  a.id  trieil  to  lalie  Int'oldKladt. 
h'lt  found  It  would  (k  -upy  tiM>  much  lime.  and. 
Ilioujjh  all  the  pnemis  vcri'  of  a  c<iniri>ry  opin 
Ion.  miDlved  to  attack  Tilly  ami  force  liie  \my 
mfe  of  'he  Lech.  The  Im|HTialists  liail  fiprtiiieil 
it  to  the  utmoMt,  but  in  their  very  teeth  the 
SwiilcK  ducceeih-d  in  tJikin^  advanlajjp  of  a  In  iid 
in  the  riviT  to  play  on  them  with  their  fi.rmid 
«hle  artillery,  eonstruit  a  pontoon  lirid;:( .  and. 
aflerBdesp<rate»truK«le.  elTecta  pas.«jii.'i'  Tillv 
was  struck  hy  a  cannon  shot  in  the  knic."  anil 
liieil  rnxm  afterwanln.  "(»n  went  (instuvus  Id 
Au(.'sburK  .  .  .  where  the  Kni|H>ror  hail  expi'lled 
the  Lutheran  pa.stor?t  anil  clean'd  llii'  municipal 
council  of  I'roicKlant  lMiri;oma.siers.  In  resior 
Ini;  the  former  slate  of  things.  (lustavus  tin.k  a 
fresh  Htep.  niakinj;  the  niucislnites  not  onlv 
swear  tldelily  to  him  ax  an  ally  till  the  inil  of 
the  war,  hut  a.s  a  sovcrei),'ii  Tills  niuih-  the  (nr 
mans  bepin  lo  woikIit  what  were  his  ulterior 
views  Then  he  niarehcd  on  upon  Havaria.  in 
tending  to  liridiie  the  DaniilK'  and  lake  Ualislmn. 
hilt  two  Ktronir  form  pnvenlcil  tliis  .  .  .  He. 
however,  made  his  way  into  the  country  l«twecii 
llie  Inn  and  lh<'  I.rf'ch.  Maximilian  rctriuliiitf  lii' 

'"filiim Vt  Munich  the  inhaliitanis  lircpuirlit 

liini  Ihiir  kiys  As  they  knelt  he  saiil.  ■  liiw, 
worship  <tod.  not  man  ' ."  .  .  To  ((im|HiiMite  tin- 
soldiers  for  not  pliiiidcrini;  the  litv.  tlie  Kini; 
(rave  them  each  a  crown  on  the  day  "of  ilieir  eii 
trance.  .  .  Catholic  (termaiiy  was  in  (hspair, 
Tliire  was  onlv  one  jiciicral  iii  whom  there  was 
any  ho|M'.  anil  that  was  Ihe  ilis.anled  WaMi'ii 
»''iii  .    He    made   himself   In-   i..iirtcd.      He 

n"wUI    not    come   to  Vienna,  only    to   Zn.iim    in 
M'iravia.  where  he  made  his  terms  like  an  inde 

|«iicleiii    prince \t    last    he   iinderto.,k    to 

colliit  an  army.  Iiiit  refused  to  take  tlu'  com- 
manil  for  nion-  than  three  months.  His  n.iriic 
wa..  eiioiiiili  to  hriiitf  his  b'riedlanders  tlockini;  to 
tii-  >tanc|ard,  Nol  only  Catliolics.lmt  Protestants 
cam.',  yiewin;,'  (JiisLivus  as  a  foreign  invad.r, 
Wallcnstrin  received  siilisidies  not  onlv  from 
Il»-  Kniper.ir.  Imt  from  the  I'opi-  .and  the  I\ini.'  of 
Spiiin.  towards  Icvyini;  and  ei(iii|ipiii){  them,  and 
t'V  liie  end  of  the  three  months  he  had  the  full 
4iMHH)an  in  full  .irder  for  tie-  m.irch  Then  he 
n-i.-neil  the  command.  ,  .  lie  alTccled  to  lie 
l»ni  only  on  jfoinj:  hack  to  liis  tower  and  his 
.'^til^^  ii!  I'raK'iie  |tlie  stiidv  of  astrolou-v  lieini;  his 
f.n.rii,-  occupation |.  anil  to  yield  slow  Iv  to  the 
prM[..,>:,ls  m.-ide  him  He  was  to  be  (ii'rieralis 
sim.,  n.ithi  r  Kmpiror  nor  .Vrchdukc  was  ever  to 
••nlT  his  cam|i:  he  wa.s  to  name  all  his  ollicers. 
Hiid  have  alisoliite  control,  .  .  .Moreover,  he 
iinL-iit  levy  contribulions  as  he  chose,  and  dis 
|HiM  as  he  plex-ed  of  laiiils  and  prop,rtv  taken 
fr^'iKtlie  enemy  .  Mci  klinliiiri;  was  ,o  lie  secured 
t"  liiin.  toL'rlher  with  further  rewards  yet  uii- 
M"'"liid;  and  w  lien  ISohcniia  was  freed  from  the 
'■n>  i.'iv,  the  Km|K'ror  was  to  live  there,  no  doulit 
'iiii'T  his  control.  .  .  .  There  was  no  help  lor  il. 
iiii  1  ^\allenstein  thus  la'came  tlie  i  iiief  power  in 
'l!'  ijiipin-.  in  fact  a  dictator  The  po»,T  was 
loiif.  rrisl  on  him  in  .Vpril.  The  tirst  tllill^' he 
ili'i     lis  t,,   turn    ilie    Saxons   out  ..{  |!,,lieinia. 


which  was  an  easy  matter."  At  E^ra.  Wallen 
Nliin  wiLS  joined  by  the  Khctorof  Havaria.which 
nisei!  the  <  athohc  force  to  HO.tHIO.  'The  whole 
army  marched  upon  N'un'mlH>rK.  »»il  Oiistaviw, 
witlioidy  -JiLiiilO  men.  dashed  back  to  Its  defence. 
Wallenstein  liail  inlreiii  lied  liiiiiM  If  on  an  end 
iieiice called  Kiirth."  As  XiiremlH'rK  was  terribly 
ilisiressed.  Ids  own  army  sulTerini;.  and  Isinc  in 
felted  wilh  tile  law  less  habits  of  (ierman  warfare, 
(luslavus  found  il  iiecessarv  to  attempt  (August 
'.'41  the  storming  of  the  IniiMTialists'  camp.  He 
was  rcpuls.ll.  after  losing  H.IHKI  of  his  Swedes 
and  thrice  as  many  (iermans.  lie  then  ntu.ned 
to  Bavaria,  while  Wallenslciii.  ali.indoning  his 
hopeof  taivini;  Nuremberg,  moved  into  Saxony 
and  In  gan  ravairing  the  country.  The  Swedish 
king  bpllowed  him  so  ipiii  kly"  that  he  had  no 
tune  to  establisli  the  fortilied  camp  he  had  in- 
tended, but  was  forced  to  take  iiji  an  intrenched 
position  at  l,llt/.i  u.  There  he  was  attacked  on 
the  mil  of  .NovemlK-r.  l<!:|-,>.    and   di  Icaled  in   u 

iles|Hrale  battle,  w  liich  Ikcmm le  of  the  mem 

imihle  conlliets  in  liistorv  iHcaiise  it  'iroimht  to 
anenil  ilie  gnut  and  spT,  n,;id  career  of  (Justavus 
Adolpliiis.  the  Swede  II,,  king  fell  as  he  wiis 
leading  a  cliarire.  and  the  lien  c  light  went  on 
over  his  bisly  until  the  cnemv   liad   Imiu  driven 

from  Ihe  Held  —(■  M  Vonu'e^  (••lm,,mfr„ii,  Ku;- 
l,~/i   lli.t'.rii.  HM  */•,.».  .•     lit, 

.\i.s<>IN:  (;.  U.  Maliesoii.   nittit  fi,l,h  nf  (;,t 
iii.iiifi.  ,■!,.  •.'-:i.  — I{.  (•  Tn'iich,  (i'lftiinm  Ai'Uiihin 
i,i   i,.rm,u,t(.—.]    I,.  Stevens,    Ifirt.   „f  UuKLiniM 

.i'l-Jli/flH.    <•/,.    1.-,    IM. 

A.  D.  1631-1641.     The  Thirty  Years  War: 
The    war    in    Lorraine.— Possession   of    the 
duchy  taken  by  the   French.     See    I.hukvivk 
A,  II    Htt4-liifi:i 

A.  D.  163a.1634._The  Thirty  Years  War : 
Retirement  of  Wallenstein  to  Bohemia. —Ox- 
enstiern  in  the  leadership  of  the  Protestant 
cause.-Union  of  Heilbronn.— Inaction  and 
suspicious  conduct  of  Wallenstein.— The  Ban 
propjunced  against  him.— His  assassination. 
Tlie  account  of  the  battle  (of  Lliizen)  trans- 
mitted by  WaMenslein  lo  the  Imperia;  Court  led 
Kenlinand  to  think  that  he  had  gained  the  day. 
Hut  the  reputeil  conqueror  was  gliiil 

to  shelter  himsilf  behind  the  mountains  of  the 
Hoheinian  fnintier  .Vfter  tlie  battle.  Wallenstein 
found  it  iieces.sary  lo  evacuate  Saxonv  in  all 
haste;  and.  leaving  garrisons  at  Leipsic." I'laucn, 
Zwiik/iii  Ch.innilz.  Kreilwrg.  .Meis.sen.  anil 
Kratienstein.  he  reached  Itohcmia  without  further 
Ifiss.  and  put  his  army  into  winter  quarters. 
Aft  r  his  arrival  a!  I'msiuc.  he  caused  many  of 
Ills  ollicers  to  lie  executed  for  their  conduct  at 
l.iit/i  11  anioiiL'  w  honi  were  several  w  ho  belongril 
to  families  of  distinction,  nor  would  he  aliiiw 
them  to  plead  the  Kmperor's  pardon  .V  f'w  he 
rewarded  The  harshness  of  his  pr  H'cedings  in- 
creased the  Hatred  ain'ady  felt  for  liim  by  many 
of  his  ollicers,  and  1  sin-cially  the  It  ilian  "portion 
"f    I '"111  Axel    Oxenstiern.     die    Swedish 

Chaiicrllor.  sucicednl.  on  the  deatli  of  Oustaviis 
Adolphus.  to  the  siipremi  directum  of  the  affairs 
of  Sweden  in  (iirmany.  anil  wa^  invested  by 
the  Council  at  St.Hki.olin  with  full  powers  both 
to  direct  the  ariiiv  and  to  negotiate  with  the 
lornian  courts  1  >ukp  liernhanl  of  Saxe-Wci- 
m.ir  retained  tlir  niilitary  commaml  of  the  Swed- 
ish (ierman  armv    divisions  of  wbicli  were  can 

' I   from    the    Baltic   to   the    I;anulM'      Afler 

driving  the  Imperialists  from  Sa.xonv.  Bernhanl 


'•.'Ml 


X  ,3 


U 


1511 


r:i^  - ' 


GERMANY     1832  Ifl34 


WfiiUnttriH 


(JKHMAJJY    l»m-l«l». 


I  i 


^♦l-i::. 


I!:/V 


if 

1  >. 

1 


111 


!'.;.• 


r:(.i.. 


l': 


lirf=i;» 


hiiil  hMtcnicI   inl.i    Krnniniilii.  Ilic    htshciprics  of  I  <i>nitt«nlly    iiK'n    iihiIvim  nl      Tin-  iin|..  n.r  .\;i, 

wliicli.  II.  i.Tiliiii!  I"  i>  pn.cniwi.f  tiiiKlaviH.  wrn-  aiixliui»  Im  !«■  ri.l  c.f  liliii  wllhciiit  iimkiii;  In  n  ,!, 

I..  U'  rnri.,1   in  his  fimuir  iiiln  .i  iliicliv  .  lull  |  t-m-iin  ,  iiml  «i»lii-il   In  «;ni- 111  liU  nwi:  ,,.i     ii,, 

iilli-i  liikicit;  UiiiiiliirL',  IM^  iiw-iilaiKi' Willi  mviiknl  j  ynir.i-  Kiin; -I    lluntfiin  ,  th.' i-imm i  in  .  h..  • 

i,v  li.'H' ril  H"rii.  .Ill  til.,  t  pp.  r  Kmiiilic      Uiii' .if  I  lliil   ilir  iliiiii;.  r  .if  In-iiii!  Iii<  pliiir  ilriiv.-  U 

ilii'  tlr»i  iiiris  ..f  OxcnstiiTii  WHS  In  roiiwilliliili'  j  liiiKi.iii  i.i  In.i.lir  <«liiim-.      Al   iiiiiiiiiip  ,i   p 


Mis.,1  (if  111.-  MM-il.-.  «..  Imn- lis  tlif  will  ■.liiiiilil       pl'Vnl  by   I'iri'.il.imiiii." — ('   T    !■ 


till'  Oirinmi  .illimiri- .  iml  in  Miirrli  KtU,  lii' 
mimm.iricil  ..  imTiiiii;  m  lli  illir.niii  ..f  IIh-  Sliiii-n 
i.f  til.,  f.iiir  (  inlfMil  111.  I'piHT  1111.1  I.I1W1  r  lUiim-, 
h'ruiir..|li  I.  ali.l  Sililliiii.  ili«  will  iH  ilrpillli^  fr.illl 
Niiri'iiilK  r.:  ■ilrunlniii;.  Kniiilvf.iii,  I'Jiii.  Aiiiin 
liiirt:.  iiii.i  ..ilHT  .iii.s  ..f  III.-  .-iiipiri  Th.  ui 
tu'iiitiiv  vvii-.  iiIiMi  .-iiii-fnli-'l  liv  aiiiliuMwi.i.irw  fnini 
Kniii..'.  Kiii.-laii.l.  anil  llullaii.l.  anil  mi  Apnl  IMIi 
wai  clTi-.-iii  (111-  riii..n  .-!  Iliilliriinn  Umtnliii 
VniTii  anil  ■'ax.iiiv  -i.hnI  jii.--f.  ii.ir  «as  Kniiii.  . 
t(i..iii;li  ^l.f  ri-ii.-»i-.l  tin-  alliani-.- «  nil  s«.-,li-ii, 
in.  lii.li-.l  111  Ihi'  liiimi  Tin  Kr.nrli  niint^li-r  al 
Ili-illir.iiiii  assi»ii-ii.  linw.Mi-  in  tin-  liiriiiaiinii  .if 
111.' liinni.  allli.iilL'li  111- I  mi.  ai.iilli-il  m  limit  tin- 

p.. WIT  ■■'    ()\i-ii«iii  in.   ii.  wl 1  111'-  I. 111. Inn   nf 

till'  «ai   will,   inllii-li-ii         Al   tin'  -iiiii-  linn-,  llic 

Sw.'ili-  ills..  I liiili-.l  n  iri-iit>    .Mill  till   I'ul'iii 

nal.-.  11  "«  );ini  rii.-.l,  ..r  raili.-r  .  laii.i.'l  I'l  Ik-  i;iiv 
(-riH'.l  iiy  l.iiuis  Philip.  liroiiiiT  "I  tin'  Kl.'rt.u- 
Kr.-.l.-rick  \'  ■'-  ^'iinrilian  ami  n-iji-lil  fur  lln- 
liili.  I  -  viniililiil  S.II1  (  harli-s  l^iiiis  'I'hr  iinfnr 
tiiiiai.  Vn-.L-n.  k  Ini.l  .-^i.inil  at  Mini/,  in  liis 
;iTtli  I'lir.  nut  inaii>  ila>s  all. -r  till- ili-aih  III  tins 
taviis  A.liilpliu-  'sw,.,ij,h  i::irris.'iiM  wi-ri-  tn 

Ik-  iiKiiiitaiiH'l  ai  Frank,  iiilial.  Itarliaiai-h.  Kaiil.. 
anil  .iIIht  pla.-.-s.   Maniiln  iiii  was  I"  In-ill  ihi'.l 

lasi  . Ml.  r  III.'  pin.  11.111  (if  Miikr  II. niiiar.l 

will!  ll.irii,  till'  >«(-ilisli  army.  fur  s.i  «.  shall 
i.i'tliniii-  ti.  <  ai!  il.  tiiiiiii:)!  i-i.nip.isi'.l  in  ::rt'al 
p  .:i  of  1..  rinati^  -i-n.lra\.Miri-il  lo  pi'ii.  Irate  intn 
liavariu,  I. Ill  ilii'  Imperial  Oeiienil  .\llriiii:i-r. 
111. led  liy  .liiliii  4"ii  Wertii.  1  .  iitniiuiii.li-r  nt  .lis 
t  ncti.iii.  siui'i'istc.l  Ml  i-'iv.  riiii;   Vliinii  li.  ami  en 

lIiIciI  Masimilian  i"  n-iiirii  I"  his  i-apilal  Th.- 
^wcilisii  j'-n.-Mils  wi-ri-  als.i  .  nihai'ra»M*ti  Ity  a 
•iiiitiiu  "i  their  inereetiiirtes.  as  \M-il  as  li\  ilu-ir 
.'rt'n  inisiiiiili-rMtainliliUH  .-mil  ipiarrels.  ami  all 
ll-.'it  Diiki  Hrrnhiiril  was  ali!.-  1.)  a.  .-nnipiisli  in 
the  raiiipaiirr  it  !i».'l:i.  Ii.-siilt-s  stinii-  fiiravs  inlti 
Havana,  wa>  the  lapuiri-  .'t  ICilislKin  in  N.iv.'iu 
lur  T  II  Ky.r  lli-i-  -i  M-leru  A'.."./..  I.k 
4.  ,-',-  I'll'  '.i  — U  jilli-iisiein.  nieaiitiitu'.  had  been 
il'iiii::  liliti-  ■■.\ft.r  a  lull::  p.-riiii|  nf  inaetinn 
in  Uiiln-mia.  Ill'  mariiiid  .liiriiii!  the  hiimni.  r  i-l 
llliUi.  with  iinp.riiil  pump  and  splendnr.  ini.i.'sil.- 
sia  Then  hi-  ti.niul  a  mixed  ariin  nt  Swi-il.-s. 
Sav.ms.  ut  Krandcntiin-c.-t-s.  willi  .Matthias 
Tliiirn.  will.  iii-::,-iii  ili.-  war.  am.iui;  them  *.Vai 
li'Msli  in  lttiall\  simi  in  lli-.sarniy  i  .il  Meinaii|  >.. 
thil  111-  iiuL'lii  liaM  lapiiir.-'l  11  .  bill  ill-  111  il  .:.■'>. 
anil  Weill  I'ai  k  !  -  It. iti.-liiia.  ^vli.-re  h.'  lieiran  t" 
la  .'■iliilli-  with  .^a.\<ill\  f.ir  p.-ace.  ^f.'an^vhiit' 
Ihi'  alliaiM-.  i'liiieil  at  lli'ilhriinii  lia-i  lirimLrhl 
Maximili.iii  ■  :  I',  n.iri.i  ;iii"  lt.- it  ,li-iri«-  U. 
.-.-nsiiiir-   i  lt.iii-ii.ini.  Iiitlu-rli.  ■■•  i 'ii-n 'I  I"  liiiii. 

11.1  r.'LMidi  -!  a-  .III  lint  A.ili>  "t  iiav  -iri.i  an-.  .Vii-- 
Ttii.    he;    i"  en    :,.ki  M      i\'    li' rn.ti.l    "I    Wiiiiiai 
lint  \V  iilen-i'-n,    u  11.111  111.- .iiiper.ir  sent   -  ,  m.- 
r.-s.  in      .nc,    w.ni  tni--  ;  la- I  [.p.-r  I'alatinat.     nul 
il„n  p  >-,r-i  .1  li'.le  n.i.i       lb-  s,-.-iii,-a  :••  i..iik 

iP'-n  tin'  -"Hi.  r\    ;i-    -    simiiL:    rinti   .'"lliliianiiiii.; 

M'.s|li"n  tr -'.1.1.  11  i       ii'iii.i  .ill  lal.'  p.'.i.  .         11. 

larrie.;  I  :i  -.j  .t-it  !  '-L'i'M.tll"1is  with  l-'r-uui- 
S\veiti-ll.  :ill'l       ,  till- .-tll|H-r.'r  s  eiieinl.-s        11'    '.III. 

iniiet'tt.  III'-  t-'rt.-r  I-  '1"  tills  liiitit'r  his  e'aiitiii- 
siiin     'Hi;  ai-  -.nnuil'   Iowa:  i  hia  laiiiat*.-!-  hi'  aiii' 


I    sen.  ;i)l  his  prim  i[.al  oltli'.Ts  wen-  iiidin  ..1  l-v  i.mi 
'    III  iinite  in  a  w  rilieii  r.-ipii'si  thai  he  -h-'uM  \u  n  , 
1  iiHi'  di-wri   itierii  —  a  step  wlin-li  -. 'iii.'t  nei.  :i 
like  a  I  .iiispiriiry       lint  wmii'  "f  lln    u'li-'iil-    .- 
(lllllils.    .\l.lriili;i  r.    and    l'l(-(-iil.illlini     »...',    ,'  ,i 
dmied  Wiilieimliin.    ind  fuM-  wariiu.^'  n-  il"  .  i; 
ii.-ror       11'-    Ki-irelU    sii:in-il    a    p.ii.iii   ■!' pi.^u.^ 
i    VSalli  iisti  in.  and  plai-i'd  it  In  llie  I.  ui.l- .1  I'i.k. 
^    I'liiiini  and  Oiilliis.  .Iiiiiimry    '.'t.  Ii.:ll.   I'mi    i  !i.| 
'    with  the  i.r.if.'iiii. list  ilisslniiilaii. -II  iiiiiii   '.:■    Kil 
!    .iiad.-    sun-   of    most    .'f    111.-    eotnin.in.i' I-    .i!,- 
i   -i-rvi-d  under  him      Then,  sudilenly.  "ii  F'l-r-.ii. 
1"*.    Wiilli'iisteln.     his     li|-oih.-r  in  1 1"      1 
Mow,  N.'iimaiin.  an. I  Kliisky  were  ).iii  u 

iiiin.  an. I   the    i:eneriil  s    p.issi'ss^oiis  u.  i 

i-iileii       Now.  ill    li'licth,  Wulli  n«t.  in  "i  ■   .iv   ' 
volte. i    and  ti.-ir  111  to  treat  wiiti  Hi.-  >'..-!.  s  i 

il.-si  riMii  lo  II ,  I. Ill   ihey  .lid    not    f'il!\  itu 

linn      ,\tli-n.l.-il  only  by  live  Si  huoim  r.  _'iin.  i. 
who  r.'iiiaini'il  laithfid  to  him    he  weni         I 

i     when-  111-  was  to  llli'et   IriNlps  nf    llerilii 

I    liial      bill  befor.'   he.oldil  join   111.  in    : 

;    IrieiiiU  iiiiiin-ii  alM.v.' w.-re  assas-inaii -.    1 

■J.'i   !iv  tniilor-  who  lunl  rcinaiiii  'I  in  ' 

I  oiiipHtiiiiiiHliip.  and  whom  he  triisn        r   . 

..'Miimiiid   of    I'oloiiil    Hiitler.  an   li-innn,     III 


//.. 


I,,rih,inil.  .A     I",  fi-t    111, 

Al,Hi'iN     K.  S.'hill.-r, //mr  ef'/.'..   /■',,"■/;  ,,ini 

W.lr.l.k.    I      -.1     .Mitl'hell,    l.ifr';!     I'-    ''■•''  ' 

--ID—Sir  K,  t'llsl.    I.inm  „ltin    ■■  •,  -  ''. 

null/  )■■■'.  ici,-,  j,i  I 

A.  D.  163^-1639.-  Tfce  Thirty  Yeats  ^Var 
Successes  of  the  Imperialists  Their  ctorj 
at  Ndrdlingen. —  Richelieu  and  France  rpcomf 
active  in  the  war.  — Dnke  Bernoard  s  nuiqnrst 
of  Alsace.— Richelieu's  appropriation  uf  iht 
conquest  for  France.  -  \Vai;  .t  itn  'in  :i. 
till-  Priiieslaiit.H  pn-vi'iiii'd  them  itoin  il.  1  Miii  :iil 
the  benilil  wliii'h  lln-v  had  ;  lir-l  :i':i  11  ip  ili '1 
from  Walli'iisteins  .Oath  Tin-  Kin  1  Ibm 
trarv  iissiiin.'.l  llir  eomiimiul  ot  ifi.'  ,iiii> ,  u- !  I'.i 
iheai.l  of  iniiney,  wnu'h  was  |.l.  ii'iin.  ;.  .ii-tri'i 
ilteil.  the  sohliers  wiTf.  willi"ill  .iilll-nlti  s- j-' 
in  oU'dienie,  not  tin- hlij«liti -'  iiiti-ini  '  "1-  111; 
when-  made  lo  resi-i  the  Kmoeror  -  nl.  1-  "ii 
till',  tiler  liaiiil.  liernliard  1-  Uiiiii-raii-l  I'l' !.l 
Mun.liul  Horn  wen  imisier-  1  Uu 
|li:U.  lliey  naiueii  ,1  .  "iiipi.  o-  m. 
slii.i.  over  (ieiieri;  .\llrin.  r.  w  h, 
till-  aelioli.  .  riie  Sw. -I'-s.  wii 
In.  11  vii-iorioiis.  M'ri'.  in  1  n-ii  tin 
la-li'  Ihi  liilleriii  —  of  .li-l.  il  1 ".  ' 
iiii.l.'r  the  Canliiial  Infan  -..11 
.  :ii.'ri"l  tiermiitn  jse.' Nl  i  tiKiinNiis  \ 
'1...:.  ami    li>:i.'i    Hi:l,s|,  a    i   :,pin 

111-  imp. -rial  arnu.  iind.  i  'ii'-  Ki  .  .1  H 
:iii|  M.-L'i'  to  Noiilliiii:.  -  i'i'i-  Mir-'ii 
iiid  li'-rnharil  1  !  Weini;.     nurti'      1  ■ 

tie    piaie       I  i-.vini,'    t"     :"'    >;•■    I 

iii'iii.  who  was  iH'si.l.  -  -troni,;', 
■swt'.li-li  1  ..mn.alidi-rs  i- I'l  no  n  ''■]:' 
.1  liaiili  II.  l-re  Ihi'  iri'.il  -  : 
I  "lint  ( itli",  .nil  ano.  n.-r  dr-  ^-i"i' 
■alii.  !i  was  :.ireailv  i  '  --.-  al  I'lli-l 
lietno-itv  o;  die  'Dn  ot  Wruu 
Iliii._       'llor-     lilld   si:   leed.-.l    :ii   .  .ni'-, 


I' 


llllV 

,lllli 

II  ill 


i.idi 

.n. 

l.pi, 


11 


,  hill. 


i;i2 


OERMANY     1084   IrtlW 


KifArlii-u  I 


UKRMANY.    t»m-l<W» 


raUf!  Ihc  AmiJwTK,  :i  ulntnu  pojtii  wUu  h  j.irt<*r(l 
littii  in  rolliltttlhii-illiiili  »tlh  (III-  lovvn.  .iihI  iillih'>t 
-tiiirol  llic  virion  llrriilmril,  ihiiikiiii.'  Iliiil  ». 
riviMiriiblf  UN  iijH'iiiii^  !*li>Hi|<l  niii  III'  iM-^liM'N'H 
hiirriiil  on  til  till' iillai  k  of  aniilliiT  |>i»<i  |i\ins 
Irikcll  Bllil  ri'li(l%in.  Iiolli  iiriiili  ,  miti'  truluiillj  , 
llliil  wllhoiil  nii'thiMl.  ilr.iwil  ililo  Ihr  rohihal. 
»liic'll.  iilliT  .  ii;lil  h'liir-.  .Iiiriilion,  cinli'.l  in  tlir 
..iiii|ili'ti'  ili't.:ii  of  III,'  Swi'ili'^  Horn  Hii»  inuili' 
|iri«iiiH'r.  tiiil  Ki'riiliiiril  rm-iipiil  on  u  liorroui'l 
lioriM'  .   Till-   ill  li'iil    of     Ndplliiii.'iii    uliiio^i 

riiinril  ilii'  MH'iii>li  I  iiiiiu'  III  111  riniiiu  .  Ilir  ^|mI1 
.'f  iliiiii.  iliilll\  »:i>  i;..rii',  anil  Ilir  iltiiH  of  ihi 
}•  tliir  fir  ^iir|iii^^i'il  t!nw  «  Imli  ihr  ^worij  hiiil 
prixliiriil,  Siioiiu'  foriri'»M'»  «irr  iili.iiiiliinr ! 
iH'fiip'  the  iiiriii\  1  mill'  in  -lirhl .  |iio\  illl■l■^  w,,  • 
.  viiciiiilril.  ami  .'irniii's.  iliat  liail  licni  iIiimmiI 
.■iImio»I   inioniinrralili'.  iIi'mtIiiI  liii'ir  i  liuf^   ami 

hriikr  IlllolialnlHof  lawli'KS  nilllilTl.  «  llo  |illla|.'i'il 

llii'irwav  111  I'liry  ilin'rlimi  Ita\  ariii.  Mi  iliia 
aii.l  KrHllronla  «i'rr  losi  ;  anil  il  was  onlv  In  hiiiil 
Ilir  Uliini'  llial  nii'Malliri'il  fiiL'itivrii  oiMil  a-aiii 
In'  hriiiiiilii  iiii"  sniiH'iliini:  likr  imli  r  Thi' 

Knipcr.ir  nfii-.  4  In  >;raiil  Ilir  SwrilrH  anv  iiilicr 
iimisof  priirr  ihaii  iHrini-i-ion  lo  rrlin'  rioni  liir 
iMipip'.  Till  Klirlor  of  S»xoii\.  forni  iful  of 
•>hat  wii»  iliir  to  his  n  liirinn,  anirfor«i'lfiil  of  all 
•llat  >Hril('ii  hail  ill  Ilir  for  Ills  riillnlrv.  i  nllrliulril 
I  I'rai-iir,  a  si  pariitr  iMacr  with  llir  Kinprriir , 
Mill    sonii    aliirwiinls    joinril    the    liii[»'rialisis 

•Kallisl    IiIh    lormrr    llllirs       Till'    fnrlllllis  of    till- 

Hroiisiaiits  woiilil  havr  sunk  Inni'iilh  this  uil,|i 
tiiiiiai  liliiH,  hail  iioi  Kniiirr  loinr  to  llirir  iiiil 
Itii  lirlirii  hail  iM'foir  only  iioiirishi'il  ihr  war  liy 
liiraliH  of  siilisiitji's,  allil  liail,  III  onr  liinr,  lii'ionir 
marly  as  jruloiis  of  Ihr  Swrilrs  as  of  ihr  Alls 
trians;  hut  no  sooiirr  was  Ihrir  powrr  hrokrn. 
than  till'  iriiftv  prirst  liKik  an  arilM'  sharr  In  ilir 
.  'litrst,"  -.1.  Milrhrll.  /.if,./  W,iI;,mI,i„.  r/i  111 
-  Klrlirlirii  rntrri'il  n'solutrly  into  tlir  lontrsi, 
mil  in  IHH.'i  ilisplayril  niorinoiis  iliploiiialir  ar 
Mvjly.  Mr  wislinf  not  only  to  rrilinr  Aiisiria, 
lint,  at  Ihr  siiiiir  tiiiir.  Spain  .'Spanish  soMirrs, 
Spanish  In'iisurr,  ami  Spanish  i:i'nrrals  iiiailr  in 
i;rv:it  part  Ihr  strrimlli  of  ihr  iiiiprrial  arniiis, 
mill  Spain  iH'siilrsiirvrr  rrasril  to  frrnirni  intrrnal 
tnnihlrs  in  Framr,  Itirlirlii  ii  si^-iiril  tin  trralv 
"f  Conipiri-nr  with  tlir  Swrilrsanaiiist  Finlinanil 
II.  Hy  its  roniliiions  hr  ^.Taninl  llinii  roiisiilrr 
iililr  siilisiiliis  in  orilrr  thai  llirv  shoiilil  loniiniir 
till  rtar  in  (irrinaiiy  Mr  niaili'  Ihr  trralv  of  St 
iliriiiaiii  in  l.ayr  with  lirriiaril  of  Saxr  U'riniar. 
ti'  '.v  lioni  hr  proniisi'il  an  annual  allow.imi'  of 
iii'iipyas  wrll  as  Alsarr.  proviilnl  that  hr  shoiilil 
iiiiiain  in  arms  to  wrrst  Fraiii  In  I 'oinir  froMi 
I'iiilip  IV.  Hr  iiiailr  Ihr  trralv  of  I'aris  with 
Ilir  l>iiU'li.  who  wrrr  to  hi|p  ihr"  Kins;  of  Fr.ini  r 
I"  ioiii|iirr  Flaiiilrrs.  whiih  was  to  1m'  iliviilnl 
txiwrrn  Franrr  mill  tlir  Initril  I'rovimrs.  Mr 
iii.rlr  till'  treaty  of  Uivoli  «iih  Ihr  .liikrs  of 
Sn'i.of  I'uriiia,  anil  of  Maniua  w  h..  \vi  rr  to 
iKili  itakr  in  lonrrrl  w  ith  Frim  r  thr  iii%a-.ion  of 
till- trrriturirs  of  Milan  ami  lo  r.nivr.i  portion 
rf  ihr  spoils  of  Spain.  At  Ihr  sallir  liliir  hr  ili 
i!:inil  war  aL'aiiisI  thr  Spanish  liovrnniirnt 
»!iiilihail  arrrsiril  ami  iinprisonrcl  ilir  larrtor 
"f  Trrvi'S.  Ihr  ally  of  Framr.  ami  nfiwl  to 
-iiMi'iiilrr  hiiii  whrn  ilnnanilril  llostilitir  im 
m.'lialrly  hrjran  on  tivr  ililfrrriii  tliiairis  of  w.-ir 
—  ill  the  I,ow  Counlrirs  on  tlir  Hhiiir  in  East 
'Til  ilrrmany,  in  Italy,  ami  in  Spain  Thr  aniiv 
'f   'ii"    Uhinr.   roinniaiiilril    In    I'anlinal    ilr    I'l 

V.il.tlr 


...rps  iif  Idnianl  of  -ur  Wiimnr  a)nln.«  tlie 
lliiprriali-ls  roiniiiamli'l  hy  I  oillil  Oallas  To 
tills  arinj  Tiiirnni  «as  attaihr.)  It  rniiHiNtiil 
of  iilllli)  iiifanlry  "iINiii  ravalr\  ami  14  g\ni» 
This  was  Ihr  aririv  iiiinn  «  hii  h  Itii  In  llrii  mainly 
Irlinl  Valillr     i\as    to    annoy    Ihr    rnclliy 

"ith \p..-ini:    hiinsi'lf,  ami   was   not   to  ap 

pro  11  h  the  iihiii  ■     irii  imliiri'il  hy  ll<'rMaril.  who 
Il  rl  .1  i'  .  1  ir      .pirii  anil  wislinl  to  ii'ioniiiirr  all 

hr   I 


I" 


,'iiii  .iiio   iiiniif-ii  lo  ii-i  I'liiiiirr  all 

oiiriltril  l,y  thr  trrror  of   Ilir    |ni 

■    rals  f|    thr  sirfr  of    Mayrinr,   hr 

opasst!'.   rivir       Ilr   was  not  lonij 

■:   of    that    sti  p       Ilr   rstal.lishril    hU 

rl  .Mayriirrainl  rrvii'tiiallril  this  |ihi('<>, 

~   iH'i'iipiisI    hi    a    Swrilish     uarrisoii. 

all  thr  siipplir,  of  uhiih  Ihr  lown 

iilati'd 


Thr  sroiirtfciif 

it  was  nrri'Hsiiry  to 

lo  pass  III.'  SaVrr. 

Frw   rrirrals  Imvr 

Thr  arniv  was  in 

th« 


'    liurnl    to   stay   tin- 
I  prrMiii  rij.'  wrftolH'il 


11.       , 
tr.~', 
w  liirli 

llil-oWil    _ 

II  III  nriil       Thr  Imp!  liali^u,  «  ho  hml  ,. 
on  this  iinprihlrni  r.  iniinniiatrlv  took  to  .  iittlni{ 

otT    his   -iippiir-,   -o  lint    s i' rvrrythinir  »■»» 

w  allliliif  in  tlir  Frrni  111  amp 
faiiiinr  Ihrralrnnl  thr  Fri  mil 
rrlrrat.  to   irrross   thr    lihinr 
anil  silk  a  ri'fii(;r  at    Mil/ 

III  111  -o  ililllriilt  ami  ...  h.1.1 
sill  h  a  pltiahlr  lonilltlon  that  roiiniil  .Mayriii 
iiirii  hill  III  hr  fill  wlili  risiis  .mit:  irrrrn  graiM'K, 
anil  thr  horsrs  with  hraiirhrs  of  isrrs  Tlici 
silk  ami   ihr  wrary   wrrr   ahanilinwil,   thr   (tim.H 
wrrr    hiiriril.    villaL'rs    \vi 
piirsiiil  of  Ihr  riirinv.  ami  I 

soliUrrs  who  w.iiilil  fall  oui  of  thr  rank.H  fnmi 
takiiii:rrfiii;r  in  tlinn.'-ll.  M  lloziir  Tiir-i,nr, 
lA.  i  -  "  .Mranwhili,  .Saxony  hail  ronrliwlril  willi 
thr  Kmprror  al  I'iriia  at  till'  rlos..  of  1»1!I4.  a  riill- 
vriitiiin  whiih  ri|ii'iiri|  int..  a  trralv  of  allianri', 
to  uhiih  almost  all  thr  prim  rs  of  Northrrii  (irr- 
mans  siilisiriUil.  at  I'mijiir.  in  Hir  niiinlh  nf 
May  following-  Thr  F.lrrtors  of  ilnMiny  ami 
liranilriilmn.'  wrrr  thus  rhaiiunl  into  rnrn'iirs  of 
Sw.iirn  Thr  Swrilish  (icnrral.  Kaniirr  |i>r 
iliiirr|.  who.  at  thr  prriiHl  of  thr  liattlr  of  N'r.nl 
liiiL.'.'ii,  hail  hrin  I'lirainpnl  si.lr  liv  siilr  with  lh>- 
Savon  army  on  ihr  Whitr  Hill  nrar  I'raL-ur,  litul. 
on  III.'  first  imliration  of  wavrrini.'  on  thr  part  of 
Its  Klrrtnr.  niananril  skilfully  to  withilraw  hJH 
troops  from  thr  ilaii.itrroiis  proximity  i  m  thr 
■JJliil  (lilolirr  |ll;l."i.  hr  ilrfratril  thr  Siixon  annv. 
at  IXlmilz  on  Ihr  Klhr.  thin  invailnl  nrandrii- 
liiiri:.  took  llavi  111! Tj;.  ami  i  vrn  thrratrncil  U»t 
liti  ('.iinpi'llril  hy  thr  approarli  of  a  .Saxmi  'iivl 
Imprrialist  army  to  i|iiii  his  pn-r .  hr  liirnnl 
ami  liral  Ihr  rotnliinril  armv  at  Wiilstni  k  r.'4ih 
Srptrlnla'r  ItWIil  Afirr  that  hattl-  .  hr  ilrrw  ihr 
ri  infori'i'il  Imprrialists,  rommainl.'il  hy  (iallas. 
aftrr  him  iiilo  romrrania  .  Ihrrr  hr  i  ausnl  thnn 
i.'ri'al  lossrs  liy  rniiim;  .,ir  thi'ir  siipplirs.  thru 
foriril  ihrm  hark  inio  Saxony,  ami.  followinii; 
thrill  11].  rlosrly.  atlarkril  ami'  In  at  thrni  liailly 
ill  (■hriniiit/  lilli  .\pril,  |li:liir  In  thr  south. 
Dukr  liirnliaril  Inn!  .iiaiiinl  inrantiinr  sonir  solid 
surirssi  -  .\firr  his  rrtrrat  from  .Mavriirr.  iu 
I<;;ri.  in  ha.l  .■.ilirlllilril  his  srrrrl  Irr'alv  with 
Uii  hrliru.  pl.iiins,'  liiinsrlf  wholly  at  thr  sirvici- 
..f  Fran.-.',  ami  i.  rrivini.'  ihr  ]iroiiiisi' of  4.IHKI.IHH) 
fr.iiirs  \rarl\.  t-.r  thr  support  of  his  armv,  anil 
thr  uliiniai."  sox.ri'imiiy  of  Alsarr  for  lii'msrlf 
■■llaMiii;  I  oiii  rri.-.l    inrasurrs  with    I. a  Valrtlr 

I  liioii].  hr  im  ailril  l.orraiiir.  ilrovr  thr  rnrinv 

ill. 'til.'.    laUiiii:    Saarhiiri:    ami     I'falzhurg.    anil 
ihi'ii.  riiirrini;  .\ls:i.r.  look  SaviTHr       His  rarrrr 

of  I pirsl   ill    Ai-«i.r  was  1  h.rkcil  liy  ihr   in 

sasionof  liiiri:uml     tiy  (iallas.  with  an  armv  nf 


was  III  oprratr  in  ronjunrtion  with  thr        tiiniKi  mrii       Dukr    LK'Tiilianl  marrhnl   with'  all 

1313 


(IKUMANV,   inJM  1«30 


Ihikf  JirntJWnl 


OKKMANY.  1<M»-1»4.V 


1 
■'■•, 


'■ 


i 


liAkti'  tci  nijnn.  mill  forii'tl  nitllKn  to  full  l«rk. 
with  Kniii  liw".  Iit'viriiil  till'  !4aiin<-  (Niivprnlwr 
I6IIM1  I'lirmiliiii  lilit  ailvaiitHKi'D.  i-nrly  Ihi'  ful 
Itiwiiitf  yi'Rr  lit'  (nmil  llii'  pwinMiti' of  llii'  Smmr 
m  dmy'  ilrnpllr  llii'  vivlil  rcHUlmin'  of  I'rliMr 
(liHrliii  iif  l^irrninr  (.hiiic  IMIIT1,  nml  piirKiiiil 
thiit  iiimiii.'iiiilir  »  (nr  »-  ll<'i>iim,'i>ii  lii'lnrnrciil 
iliirliiir  llx'  niiltiiiiii.  he  iiiKIH  Ih'iI  towiinU  tlii< 
l'|>|n'r  Kliitii'.  nnit.  iiihlrrtttklnv  >i  Hiiilir  cjirn 
piiltrii.  niptimil  l.uiilTi'iiliurK.  »<<<'  »  itklniiHli 
wlih  John  or  WiTth.  tlun  HAiklnifi'ii  iiml  Wiihl 
kliiii.  mill  liitil  nli'ei'  !•'  Klii'lnfi'liii'ii.  Till  liii 
111  riiiliHl  Hriiiy.  Ii'il  li)  .l..mi  of  Wcrtli.  mirccfiliij 
inilii'il.  iifliT  »  very  lioi  imoiiiiliT.  I'  rfllcvinc 
tliiit  pliHi'.  Iiiit  lliri'i' iliiyit  liiiiT  |)iik>  IkTiilinnl 
iiilui'ki'il  mill  ronipli'tcly  il<  riMltil  li  'iUt  Kili 
riiiir\  IICIM),  tiikiiitf  priiioii*  rs  not  only  Jiilm  of 
Wirili  hliiiM'If.  lull  till'  t:t  III  mix.  r^vtlll,  Kiiki- 
furl,  mill  S|xrr<'iiti'r.  Tin- riini«'i|iicin'i'«  of  IIiIm 
viriory  win-  llu-  (hII  of  Ulii'iiifi'lilin.  Unitcln. 
NriiriilNTK.  mill  Kri'iliiir>!  Diiki' llcnilmril  tlun 
liiiil  Hinri'  to  llri'iivK'li  (July  ItWi  .  .  .  Tin'  Ini 
piTiBi  irriicml.  (iiUi.  lulvHiiDil  lit  tlif  Im'iiiI  of  a 
forri'  roiiiilitiTiiM\  oiitniimlHrinK  tlint  of  Diikr 
III  riiliuril  1^  iiini;  >i  imrtlon  of  lii«  nriny  iH'fon- 
till'  pliKi'.  Iliikr  Ikrnlmril  tlun  ilrrw  l.i  lilnwif 
I'lin'tiiif,  who  wiiH  lyiii>;  in  llic  vli'inlty  wilh 
H.iKKi  ini'ii.  fill  iiiMin  till'  IniiM'iiiillHiH  lit  \Villi'ii 
willicr  cmili  Julyl,  lomplitrly  drfi  utnl  llii'in. 
mill  captiiri-il  tlirlr  whulr  convoy.  Anolhor  Ini 
IHiHiilim  iiriiiy.  Iril  l>y  tlii'  l)iik<'  of  Lornilnc  In 
[Hrson,  tilian'il  11  iiimiliir  fiiti'  a'  Tliiinn.  In  thi' 
Siinilpiii.  on  the  4th  OctoUr  f' i  •wlnit,  Uiil/.. 
who  wiiH  liiiHtinini;  with  n  HlnnKilirniil  iirniy  to 
support  till'  Diiki'  of  Lorriiiiir,  iittmki'il  iMiki' 
Ittrnlmril  tin  iliiyi  liitrr,  Inn  wiiHn'pnl-'l  wilh 
^ri'iit  losM.  hrrivii'h  ninitiiUli'il  on  till  .ilil>i' 
iinilKT  Diiki-  Iti'rnliHnI  ti«ik  |Hi!«<"«iiiii  of  it  in 
Ills  o»ii  iiaiiii'.  anil  foih'il  all  tlir  I'lTorti  f  Uirlir 
III  II  to  wriirr  it  for  Francr.  Iiy  jjarri-.inin)r  it 
willidrrniansolilii'M.  To('oni|M'nnHti'tln'  Fnnrli 
Canlinal  .MinUtrr  for  HrriitiK'h.  Diiki'  Ik'niharil 
iiiKlirtiiok  n  wiiittr  lanipaiiiii  to  ilrivi'  thi'  Iiii 
pi'riallsts  from  Kniiichc  ( 'oiiiti'  Kiitirinif  tliul 
provinri'  at  tlir  mil  of  I)i  irniU'r.  hi'  Hpiiillly 
inaili'  hinisi'lf  inuHliTof  its  lii  lii'Mt  part.  Ilr  tlii'n 
rclnrni'il  to  Alwni'  with  tin-  ri'soliitlon  to  cronn 
till'  Itliini'  ami  larry  thr  war  onii'  at'ain  into 
liavaria,"  ami  lliin,  in  iniiilion  with  llanncr,  to 
Viinna.  "  lli'  liiul  niiuii'  all  thi>  ni-ci'ssary  pri'p 
aratioiiH  for  tliis  inlirpriM'.  lunl  actually  muI  his 
army  across  the  Kliinc.  when  lie  iliiil  very  syd 
lUnlv.  not  without  susphion  of  imison,  at  Niu 
iM'rK  am  |{lii'in(Ntli  July.  ItCliii  The  laml"  lie 
hail  coniiueri'il  he  iHiineatlieil  to  his  liroti  .  r 
.  .  liiit  liiehi'liiil  paiil  no  attintimi  to  the 
wishes  of  the  ileail  jfeneral  llefore  any  of  ll"' 
family  roiiM  Intirfere,  lie  hail  s<i  iireif  all  the 
fortresses  in  Alsace,  even  Hreisacli.  which  was 
Its  key,  for  Kraiice  "— <}.  H  Malleson,  T/ie  ll,iir', 
firl'ln  ,f  (IriDui,,;/.  rh  T,  — "  DnrinK  I  lli;«»l  I'i.  1 .1 
lomini.  at  the  lieailnf  Ilie  IiniMrialist  ami  Spanish 
triHips.  );av)' liatlletotlic  Kn-mh  it  IMeilenliofen. 
The  huttle  tiMik  place  on  the  Titi  of  '  .lie,  anil  the 
Krcmli  were  iM'aten  anil  siillcreil  irnat  lossi  s  " — 
A Oimlely,  Hint  ■•ftlii   Tl.irt,,  Warn'  W.ir.rl,    s 

Also  in:  SirK.  Cii-I,  /.ifn  ■•)'  tht  H'lirn"'  / 
tUi  Thirlii  Yr.irt  II. ir,  pi.  2  — S.  R  Gariliiier, 
The  Thirln  Yniri    11 /ir.  fh.  ».  kcI   .1. 

A.  D.  1635-1638.— The  Thirty  Ye»r»  W«r  : 
Campaigns  in  the  Netherlands.— The  Dutch 
and  French  against  the  Spaniards.  See  Nktii 
KUHMis    A  r»   ltl:t.')  |(I:K 


A.  D.  i6]6-i6t7.--  Diet  at  Ratisbon  At 
lemptad  BcreliaiMHii  of  paaca.—Ocath  of  thi 
Emperor  Ferdiaaad  n.--"An  ilnn.r,!  .|„ 
was  niuM'RiI'ltsI  at  KAtlslion,  liv  the  i'nip<r..r  it 
(•eriion.  on  the  IMh  of  Sipleinl..  r,  KtUl  1  r  il„ 
osteiisilile  piir|HMe  of  res(orln>(  |h*iici',  f<<r  uhi.i 
wiine  va^iie  neKotliitions  liiut  Ut'ii  npi'inil  iih.iii 
the  iiKilUtiiin  "f  tin  pii|H'  anil  the  kiin.'  "f  lii  n 
mark,  ami  n  irv»m-*  appolnleil  al  lluml  ir-l 
Hiiil  ('ohi(rne;  i  Ml  with  (111  real  view  nf  in...  nr 
in)t  the  ehcllon  "f  his  wm  Ki  nlinaml  as  l^m.'  ..! 
the  l^>mans  Frrilinanil   was  ilnii.i  win 

only  I  lie  fruitless  priitesl  of  tile  I'alall'ii  f  uiiiU 
anil  the  illiwnliiijf  voice  of  the  ehi  lor  i.t  t'rc  i. . 
.  ,  The  i'in|M'ror  illil  not  Ioiik  siir\|v)  il,i 
liappy  event  lie  iliisl  on  the  l.Mli  of  Ki  Itu  ir\ 
lAil7  .   Feriliniinil  .   .   .  msuih  to  Ikim    inu 

the  tirst  who  furinally  estalillshcil  ihe  rii:lii  o\ 
prinioktenitiirein  alUiiiihenslltarv  terrilMrii^  i!t 
Ilia  tesiainent,  ilati'l  May  UHli.  iH'.M.  Ii.'  ..rlir. 
that  all  his  Austrian iloniinionashonlil  iir\.l\r..i 
his  elileHt  male  ilesi-eiiilant,  ami  tlxeil  tlic  in  i]"riT\ 
at  IH  years.'  W.  <"M',  II„I  „j  iI„  If  .. 
.|i(«(rt.'i.  cA.  .W  (r  ',>. 

A.  D.  1637.— Election  of  the  Emperor  F«r 
dinand  MI. 

A.  D.  1640-1645.— The  Thirty  Yeari  W«i 
Campaigns  of  Baner  and  Torstenson.  Thi 
second  Breit  «nfeld.— Jankowiti.  ~  Mergent 
hcim.  —  Allerheim.  War  in  Denmark. 
Swedish  army  in  Austria.  -  Sasooy  forced  t< 
neutraJity.— "The  war  still  went  on  1  r  ,i:;iii 
yearn,  liut  the  only  intliii'nie  ihal  il  e\irii<l  ii|i<ii 
the  HulM<'i|Uent  I'eare  was  ilutt  it  oven^init  llu 
last  iloiilita  of  the  Int)H'ria1  i-onrt  nn  to  lie  imh^ 
pensuhle  princi|i|es  of  tie-  Peace  .  .  .  Tlu'  lir- 
cveiil  of  imiiortance  on  the  tin  aire  of  Wir  1  1 
lU'riiharil's  ileath  was  lUner's  attempt  lo  ]■  in 
army  of  Weimar  In  central  Ocrmany.  N- 
conilition  to  pans  the  wlii'i-r  in  ll<'li<  min.  ,!•■ 
tlireateneil  in  Saxony  anil  -^ilcsia.  he  .  n'ln 
nieiiceil  (.March.  IftUII  a  ri  mat  ainiil«i  farlii 
ilevastations.  crossiil  tlie  HIIm'  at  UciiiniTi'/,  ;iii 
arriveil  April  :inl  al  Z»  i'  l<aii  He  siiimii  I  11 
joining  wilh  the  inern  m  .ri.  s  of  Wiliuar  am]  llu 
triHipsof  I.l^nelMir);  and  llessi'  at  Saalfi  1.1 .  '  liu' 
no  Joint  action  w as  fouml  possilite.  rmil  1>' 
renilwr,  the  war  on  Isitli  siiles  r-m^i't.  i  ■! 
marches  liilher  anil  thither,  accmiii'iiiii  1  «i'l 
horrible  ilt-vastaiion;  but  nothiiit:  iln  i-i\i'  ." 
curn'il.  In  SepIeiniHrtlie  Diet  iiii  t  iil  li,ili-l"  n 
While  wearisimie  al<<  uipts  were  liiirii.'  iiiml'  t. 
Is'iiil  the  obstinacy  i>(  Austria.  Ham  r  rivhi  1  I' 
comiM'l  her  to  yielil  by  a  Isihl  slml,! .  i.i  iiutuli 
the  l'p|M'r  I'alatlniite.  to  surpris.-  Uiii^luii,  ani 
to  put  an  enil  to  the  Diet  uml  Kinp 

.   .    Not  witliiiutililllciilty(!uebri;i 
inir  the  French  in  Alsaii'|  was  imlii 
anil  to  join  Iluier  at   Krfiirt 
priseiif  Ifati-  on  wiis  a  fiiliin 
now  separattsl  aKain.     lianiri  \liaii.-i'il  i.i-  !"■ 
ers  of  persuasion  in  vain  '  ■  iieiucc  liie  '  'ici' 
eo  with  him.    The  Freiidi  "cut  west  wan  i     lli 
pressi'il    himself,    Uaner    pris  eciliil    !■>     (  rr 
man  I. IS  towanls  lioheniia.  ami  by  tl"    'i"l 
March  reached  Zwickau,  where  he  im  1 
ant  airain.  anil  they  hail  a  aliarp  cmiilii  1  v       il» 
Impcrialista  on  the  Saal      There   I'viur.i.    1.  "i 
the  '.'N!  of  May.  IWl.  leaving  hi-     run  ii    .  11.  - 
criiiial  1  onilltion.     The  warfare  i.f  tin-  >".  Ii-li 
French    arms  wa-s  come  to   a   stamlslili      it"'' 
annii-s  were  ne!irilis.solution,  when,  in  N"\ '  in'"  r 
TorsU'iison,  the  last  of  the  (iustavu-  .\  '  Iplm 


r  1.' 

jiili.r 

iiii.iiiii 

i  h< 

1   .11. .IV 

111  ' 

-.ir 

ri. 

, 'Illil 

l.ri 


1514 


GERMANY,   l«40-l»4n 


>>/  llu  SindrM. 


OEHMANV,   l«4.T-l«44 


trbool  nf  grnrnU,  *ml  Ihr  nm>  wlin  miMl  ninrlv 
riiunlkil  thi'  iiiiuilrr.  itt>|H'iirr<l  wllh  llii'  S\Mil|t>)i 
trniy.  itnil  li>  n  fiw  vl|tiin>u>  mmkiii.  wlili  h  fnl 
Itiwpii  t'ai'li  iiltiiT  with  iinrxiimiiliMl  rit|<lillty.  n 
tlomi   the   «iii>rfniiu  y  nf   Im  iimiii.  Aft^r 

Ibrre  mnnlliii  nf  rot,  wliii'h  h<'  nminlrilcvniiil  to 
the  rp<irKiinl/.»tl<m  hikI  (mymi'iit  <>f  liU  »rnij-.  Iiy 
the  mlilillc  of  .lAtiiiiiry  110431  lie  ImhI  ailvniii-il 
t4iwi>nli<  the  KIIn'  hihI  iIii'  AltniiiH  nml  as  >  >' 
Im|>«"ri«l  forctn  wcri'  wcakincd  l>y  m  mlliiK im<i|.» 
to  the  Hlilni'.  lie  foniicil  llii'  (tnni  pnijict  of  pro- 
(mlliiK  llirouiili  MiliKiiHollif  Aii«triiiti  liiTnliliiry 
(lonilnloQii.  1)11  A|>rll  ilnl  lii'  rrtmat'il  tlii'  Klla'  nl 
Wcrlirn,  iM'lwctti  the  Iiii|H'riiil  tr<«>|i»,  iiiiniuH'il 
hia  army  to  '.hiikn)  men.  aloriiu'il  OIokiiii  on  Miiv 
4tb,  •tiMxl  U'forr  Hthwciilniti:  on  llw  Witli.  iiml  ili' 
fntmlFmnriit  AllK'Hof  |jtiit'nlMirK;^')iwi'li|iiit2. 
NpiMr.  mill  Oppcln  fill  Into  IiIh  linmlii.  Mi'iiu 
while  (lii('l>rl»nt.  iifii  r  milHliiini;  thi'  ili'lUnt  ninl 
mutlni>ii»  iipirit  of  lii>  triNipn  liy  nii'nnH  of  moni'V 
anil  pnmilHia,  hml,  onjiiniiiiry  17tli.  ilrfiiitxl  ilii' 
lni|<<Tliili«tii  ni'iir  Kiinprii.  not  fur  from  infilil 
[at  lliilatl,  for  wliii-h  he  niw  lionniirMl  wlili  ihi' 
illxnlly  of  miinihul.  Kiit  tlila  wiih  ii  short  liviil 
(tleain  nf  lixht.  aiiil  waa  WNin  followiil  hv  ihirk 
(laya,  <KiH«ioni'il  liy  want  of  nionry  anil  ill.irori 
triit  In  thf  ramp.  .  .  .  Ill' hail  tiiriiiil  I'aiitwiinl 
from  tlif  Khini'  to  wrk  iiiinrtira  for  liin  niiimiur 
Ine  triHipa  In  nclhi'r  Oi'miany.  whin  Torsti'nwm 
fm><-t«"<l  a  ili'i'iHion  in  Saxony  Aftrr  nlli'vinir 
(iloi;aii,  anil  having  in  viiin  ifiril  to  I'nii'r  Hohr 
mill.  III' had  jolmil  thi'  ili'tnrhini'iilK  of  KHniu" 
mark  anil  Wraniti'l,  anil  on  (litohir  .'tilth  hi-  ap 
IHariil  U'fon'  I.<'ip/.lK  ""  NoviiiiIkt  2nil  tin  ri' 
wa.1  a  battle  ni'iir  Hriitinfilil.  whi' h  cmii'il  in  a 
disaatroiia  dc'fiiit  of  the  Imp<'riHli>ts  and  I^ip/.li; 
Burrt'ndcreil  to  Tor-tciiMon  thni'  wi'iks  afirr 
wiinU.  Id  apifi'  nf  all  thr  iidvnntiip'i  whiih 
Torsti-niMm  ^.  dncil  for  hiniMlf.  it  ni'ViT  rainr  in 
a  imitiil  wtion  with  Ihi'  Krcnch:  and  tin-  tir<t 
vli-tnry  won  tiy  thi'  Krmi  h  In  the  NethirhindH.  in 
May,  i(M:i,  did  hot  nltir  thixHtatenf  thin^K.  Tor 
HtenM>n  .  .  .  wita  widili'iily  rulh'd  to  a  n'Uioti 
M'lne  of  war  in  thr  north  KiiiKChrlHiiun  IV  of 
Dinniark  had  lain  ixTHinidid.  liy  imans  of  llii- 
old  Danish  jialoimy  nf  Sweden,  to  take  up  arms 
fur  the  Kin|M'Mr.  lie  deelared  war  jii-.t  as  Tor 
■^lenaon  was  priH-eedin^  to  Aii-^tria.  Vienna  was 
now  aaveil ;  lint  an  iniU'li  the  wnrsi-  for  Di'innark. 
In  fnrct'd  nuirehi'H,  whieh  were  justly  adrniri'd, 
Torstenwin  nl  out  from  Silesia  towards  l)iii 
II  rk  at  the  end  of  ()etolMr,  enndilited  n  masterly 
r^oiiliaiirn  a^rainst  the  Danes,  laat  IlieMi  wherever 
III'  met  with  Ihein,  roininen'd  llolsteinand  Sehlis 
wiC,  pushed  on  to  Jutland,  then,  while  Wran^ril 
Hiid  Iloni  carried  on  the  war  (till  the  peace  of 
Itriiinsehro,  August,  ItW'-i).  he  returned  aiidav'ain 
Mnk  up  the  war  against  the  IiniHTialists,  every 
wlit'O'  an  unvani|iiisheil  Renenil.  The  linperial- 
{■■is  under  the  ineoin(«'tent  (iallas  intended  to 
;■  ■  !■  Denmark  linalhing  time  liy  ereatint;  a  diver- 
II.  hut  it  did  not  save  Denmark,  and  hroii^ht 
another  defeat  ii|Mm  themselves,  (iallas  diii  not 
lirinjt  hack  mori'  than  2.0(X»nien  from  Macdeliurj; 
1"  Itohemia,  and  they  were  in  a  very  dianrgani/.ed 
Ktiiii'.  He  waa  puraiied  tiy  Torstenson,  while 
KaL'iK'zy  thn'atened  Hungary.  The  Emperor 
liii'.iily  collected  what  forces  he  could  command, 
and  resdlveil  to  give  hattle.  Torstenson  had  ad- 
viiMced  as  far  a.s  Olattau  in  Fehruary,  and  on 
Mui-i  h  6th,  1645,  a  battle  waa  fought  near  Janko 
»!•/  three  miles  from  Tabor,  ft  was  the  most 
t"    iant  victory  ever  gained  by  the  Swedes.   The 


lm|irrlal  armv  waa  out  to  plrcea;  aeviril  of  its 
leailem  ImprtaoiH'il  or  killed  In  a  fin  weeka 
ToralenKin  eoni|iierei|  Moravia  and  .\iistrla  iia 
'a r  a*  the  Danula'  Not  far  from  t lie  laiiilal  it 
«'lf  he  took  iHWM'uliin  of  the  W.ilfslirQeki-  .\a 
ill  lAlH,  Vteriiia  Has  In  gnat  dinger  lint  the 
III  siiecenaof  ilie  Kn  mil  ■alwaysenuiili  rlmhinrid 
llie  ''Wiilea' advantages.  Kilherthey  «i  re  iMaten 
just  as  tlH'  hweiles  were  victorious.' or  could  not 
turn  a  victory  tn  accoiinl.  So  it  was  during  this 
year  |lfl4.^)  The  west  fmnller  nf  the  empire 
Haa  guardiil  on  the  lm|H'rlal  side  liv  Mercy,  tn 
gelhcr  with  Jnhn  nf  Wirlh.  after  he  »  iia  lilH'raled 
I  fMin  pri'uin.  On  '.itlth  March.  I'lin  iine  criMMil 
the  IthliM',  and  advanceil  towards  Kraiicnnia. 
I  Till  I.  lie encamiMil  near  Mergi'iillieinninil  Kosi  n- 
i  Isrg  On  fVth  May,  a  battle  near  .Mergeiilhi  Im 
ended  with  the  entire  defeat  of  the  Kreni  h.  and 
;  Tun  line  eseaiKil  with  the  greateat  dillleully  by 
i  way  of  Hammelliurg.  tow  arils  Kiihla  The  vie 
I  tors  pushed  on  to  tin  lihlne.  To  avenge  this 
defeat,  KnL'lilen  was  st  iii  from  i'arls.  and,  at  the 
j  U'glnnlng  of  .Inly,  arrived  at  S|iin'M.  with  li.OtK) 
men.  Ills  forces,  together  with  KlVilgsmark'a, 
the  ri  iiiiiant  nf  Tim'nne's  and  the  HcHsiana, 
amnuntcil  t"  HO.iaK)  men.  At  first  .Mercy  dexter- 
ously avoided  a  liallle  under  unfavourable  clr- 
cumstanees,  but  nn  August  M  the  ennli  st  was 
inevitahh'  A  lilcnnly  liatth'  wiui  fought  U'twi-en 
Nitrdlingen  and  Dnllauwi^^th,  near  Allerheim 
Icnlli  il  the  battle  of  NiVrdlingen,  by  the  French), 
which  was  long  doubtful,  but,  after  ircmeinhiiis 
lossis,  resulted  in  the  victory  of  the  French. 
Mcnv's  full.  Werlh  s  imprudent  advance,  and  a 
tliial  lirave  assault  of  the  Hessians,  decided  the 
day.  Hut  tin  victors  were  so  weakened  that  they 
cniihl  not  fully  take  advantage  of  it.  Condewas 
ill;  and  in  the  autumn  Tiirenne  was  compelled, 
not  without  perceptible  damage  to  the  cause,  to 
nireat  with  his  army  to  the  Neckar  and  Ihe 
Uhlne.  Neither  had  Torstenson  lain  able  lo 
maintain  his  position  in  Austria.  He  had  iH-en 
obliged  to  raisi'  the  siege  of  Urunn,  and  learnt  at 
the  same  time  lliat  Kagm-j^y  had  just  made  |ieuce 
with  the  KmiM-ror.  Obliged  liiri'tiretii  Ilohemia, 
he  found  his  forces  considerably  diminished. 
Meanwhile.  Knnlgsmark  had  won  an  im|inrtant 
lulvantage.  Whih'  TiirHlcnson  waa  in  Austria  he 
gainnl  a  llrm  fisiting  in  Saxony.  Then  came  the 
news  of  Allerheim,  and  of  the  (teace  of  Krlimse- 
bm.  Except  Dresilen  and  Knnigatein,  all  the  iin- 
[Mirtant  points  were  in  the  hands  of  the  Hweiles; 
so.  on  Ihe  «th  of  Si'pteml«'r  [1«4'5|,  the  Elector 
.lohn  (ieorge  coneluded  a  treaty  of  neutrality  for 
six  mouths.  Itesides  muncy  and  supplies,  the 
Swedes  received  Ix'ipzig,  Torgau,  and  the  right 
of  jiassage  tlinnigh  the  country.  MeaDwhile, 
Torstenson  had  retrcateil  into  the  north-east  of 
liohemia.  and  wvere  phvsical  sulTerings  cotn- 
IH'lIed  him  to  give  up  tile  command.  He  was 
siiceeiiled  by  Charles  Oustavus  Wraiigel." — L. 
llilus.si'r.  77/e  I'lriiHt  nf  the  liej'urimilinu,  l.Tl?  to 
llMH.  ch.  ;i«. 

Also  ix  .  W.  Ciixe,  Ui»t.  of  ttif  Iluiite  of  Ant- 
trill,  ell.  'iX  (r  'i). 

A.  D.  1643-1643.— The  Thirty  Yeari  War  : 
Coodi's  victory  at  Rocroi  and  campaign  on  the 
Moselle.  Sec  Finxi  k;  A.  1).  1642-1643.  ami 
l«4:t 

A.  D.  1643-1644.— The  Thirty  Years  War: 
Campaigns  of  Turenne  and  Cond<  against 
Merci,  on  the  Upper  Rhine.— DUtlingen. — 
Freiburg.— Philipsburg. — "  After  the  death  of 


i 


%i\ 


151.3 


MtaOCOfY    lESOlUTION    TI$T    CHART 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHAOt  No    2 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


t!f  IIS 

12.0 


1^ 

M    III  1.6 


^     APPLIED  INA^IGE 


t 


\  >,' 


1  1 


J'?*' 


t  ■ 


ft 


GERMANY,   1643-1644. 


Tur^nne  and 
ContU. 


GERMANY,  1646-1648 


HiTimnl  of  Siixe  Weimar,  Miirslml  Gutbriaiil  Imil 
Ih'cii  ptiu'i-d  ill  (-oniniitnii  of  tlu'  troops  of  Wi-i- 
iiiiir  He  li;i<l  lH'Hicj;iil  anil  taken  Holtweil  in 
S.ialila.  Imt  lia<l  there  liiiii  killed.  liitnt/.aii,  wlio 
sueeeiileil  liiiii  in  coninianil  of  the  Weiniiirariny. 
man  lieil  (•>4-2.*>  Nov..  I (i  1^1)  upon  DlUliniren  |or 
TiitllinKinl.  on  the  Upper  Uliine,  was  tliere 
beaten  liy  Merev  ami  made  prisoner,  with  the 
loss  of  inany  olVuers  and  T.fHK)  ,>.oldier.s.  This 
was  a  LTeal  triiiiiiph  forlhe  Bavarians;  a  terrihle 
ilisasier  for  Kranee.  The  wliole  of  tlie  (ieniian 
infantry  in  tlu'  Kreiieh  serviee  was  dispersed  or 
taken.  Ilie  eavalry  retre.ited  as  they  heat  loiild 
upon  the  Khine.  .  .  .  ('ireunistauees  reipiired 
n<'ti\e  measures.  Plenipotentiaries  had  jnsl  us- 
semliled  at  Mhnsler  to  lieiiin  the  negotiations 
whieli  ended  with  the  peaee  of  Westphalia.  It 
was  desired  that  the  French  Government  should 
support  the  French  diplomatist  by  (piick  suc- 
cesses. .  .  .  Turenne  was  sent  to  the  Rhine  with 
reinforcements  .  .  .  Here  establishi'd  discipline, 
and  breathed  into  (the  aniiv]  a  new  s|iirit.  .  .  . 
At  the  same  lime,  by  ne),'oli.itioiis,  the  prisoners 
wlio  had  been  taken  at  l>iltlini;en  were  restored 
to  France,  the  pips  in  the  ranks  were  filled  up, 
anil  in  the  sprinirof  1G44  Tureime  founil  himself 
at  the  head  of  it.lWO  men,  of  whom  ,'),0(K)  were 
eavalry,  and  was  in  a  position  to  take  the  field." 
He  "pushed  throHi;h  the  Black  Fon.st.  and  near 
the  source  i>f  the  Daiiiitio  jiained  a  sm-ccss  over 
a  Bavarian  ('ctachment.  For  .siune  rciisiai  which 
is  not  clear  he  threw  a  carrison  into  Freiliurfr, 
and  retired  across  the  Uliine.  Had  he  remained 
near  thi'  town  he  would  have  prevented  Mercy 
fri>m  investin!.;  it.  So  soon  as  Tureime  was  over 
the  river,  .Mer<*y  besieged  Freiburg,  and  although 
Turenne  advanced  to  relieve  the  phc  ",  a  stupid 
error  of  some  of  his  infantry  inaile  him  fail,  and 
Freiburg  capitulated  to  .Mercy." — II.  M.  llozier. 
TurfiiHf.  rh.  'Siimf  .'i.  — "  Alfairs  iM.'ing  in  so  bad 
a  state  aliout  the  Black  Forest,  the  Great  Conde. 
at  that  time  Due  il'Enghien,  was  brought  up, 
with  lO.iNH)  nieii ;  thus  raising  the  French  to  a 
numlHt  above  the  enemy's.  lie  caiue  crowned 
with  the  immortal  laurels  of  Hocroi ;  and  in  vir- 
tue of  his  birth,  as  a  prince  of  the  hltMHl  ntyal, 
t(K>k  precedence  of  thtt  highest  ollieersin  the  ser- 
vice. Merii.  a  capable  ancl  daring  general,  aware 
of  his  inferiority,  now  posted  himself  a  short 
distance  from  Freyburg,  in  a  position  almost  in- 
aeccssiblc.  lie  garnished  it  with  felled  trees  and 
intrctichmcnls.  mountains,  woods,  and  marshes, 
which  of  thcnis4-lves  deJied  atlack."  Turenne 
ailvoc.iird  a  llank  movement,  instead  f»f  a  dire,  t 
assault  upon  .Merci's  position;  liutConile.  reek- 
less  of  his  soldiers'  livis,  persisleil  in  leading 
them  aL'ainst  the  enemy's  works.  "  A  terrihle 
action  »  nulled  i.Vugust  Ji,  1014).  Turenne  inaile 
a  long  delour  through  a  ihliic;  Comic,  awailini; 
his  .arrival  on  the  ;:rnund,  poalpcaied  the  assault 
till  three  hours  before  sunset,  and  then  aseendid 
the  sleep.  Merci  had  the  wor~e.  :ind  retreated 
to  ;i  fri'sh  position  on  the  Itlaik  .Mount.iin,  where 
he  -.ucce^NlHily  rcpuKi-d  for  one  day  t'onde's  eol- 
UMins  i.VuL'u-t  .")),  In  lliis  action  Gaspard  Merci 
was  killed  Conde  llciw  ;idopled  the  ll;ink  move 
inent.  uhich,  originally  reiciinmi'iideil  by  Tii 
reniie,  wnuld  have  ^avcll  much  bloiuKhcii;  and 
Merci.  hanl  pressed,  esiapi-d  by  a  rapid  relnat. 
le:iviiiL'  hehiiel  him  his  arlillcrv  and  baggage 
(.\ug,  1»|.  These  iin-  the  'three'd.iys  of  Fri'y 
buri;  '  To  retake  the  captured  Freyb.irg  after 
their  victory  .    was   the   natural    suggestion 


tlr^i  heard.  '  But  Turenne  persuaded  Conde  I  h; 
the  reduclioii  of  Hhilipsburg  was  more  irn[i" 
tiuit.  "I'hilipshurg  wastakenaflerashort  vieL't 
and  its  fall  was  aeeompanieil  by  the  sulmii^vi, 
of  the  adjacent  towns  of  Germersheim,  Spi  ie 
Worms,  .Mentz,  Oppenheim  and  l.andan.  ('..ui 
at  this  conjuncture  left  the  Upper  Uhim  m 
took  away  his  regiment.s  with  him." — '1  i 
Cockavne,  Life  I'f  tuniiiie,  jip.  '.'(>-■,'','. 

Also  in:  G.   B.  Malleson,    '/■//,    H.iltl,ji,!>. 
(if'ri/ni'it/.  eh.  6. 

A.  0,1646-1648.— The  Thirty  Years  'Wat 
Its  final  campaigns.— The  sufferings  of  B. 
varia. — Truce  and  peace  negotiations  initiate 
by  the  Elector  Maximilian, — The  ending  i 
the  war  at  Prague. — "The  retreat  of  the  I'n  m 
[after  the  battle  of  Allerheim]  enabled  llie  ei 
emy  to  turn  his  wliole  force  upon  the  Sued- 
in  Bohemia.  (Jiistavus  Wrangel,  no  unwinh 
sui'ccssor  of  Banner  and  Torstensohn.  li.id,  i 
Itild.  lieen  appointed  Ccanmaiulerin  chief  (.f  ili 
Swe<li»h  army.  .  .  .  The  Archduke,  after  ivii 
fon-ing  his  army  .  .  .  moved  ag.aiiist  \Vr;uiL'e 
in  the  ho|«>  of  being  able  to  overwhelm  him  h 
his  superior  force  before  Koenigsmark  coul 
join  him,  or  the  French  effect  a  diversion  in  li 
favour.  Wnmgel,  however,  did  not  await  hiiii. 
He  move<l  through  Upper  Saxony  and  He^^e,  t 
Weiinar,where  he  was  joined  by  "the  flying  cri 
of  Koenigsmark.  Finally,  after  much  di  lay.  h 
was  joini'd  likewise  by  Turenne  and  the  Fremt 
"The  junction  took  place  at  Gies.sen,  and  the 
now  felt  fhemsi'lves  stnmg  enough  to  meet  ih 
enemy.  The  latter  had  followed  the  Sue,|. 
into  Ilesse,  in  order  to  intercept  their  coiami 
sariat,  and  to  prevent  their  union  with  Turenne 
In  liotli  ilesigns  they  had  been  unsueeessful.  an 
the  Imperialists  now  saw  tliemsidves  cut  off  fmi 
the  .Miiine,  and  e.vposed  to  great  scarcity  .in 
want  from  the  loss  of  their  magazines.  \Vr;niL't 
took  advantage  of  thcar  weakness  to  e.veeuie 
plan  by  which  he  ho(H'd  to  give  a  new  turn  t 
the  war.  .  .  .  Ileilelermined  to  foHon  the  1  "i;r- 
of  the  Danube,  anil  to  break  into  the  .Vuvtii;! 
territories  through  the  nddst  of  Bavaria 
He  moved  hastily,  .  .  .  defeated  a  B.ivuia 
corps  uiiir  Donauwerth,  and  piusseil  tlnit  river,  :i 
well  as  the  Lech,   unopposed.     But  by  wa-:iin 


his  time  in  the  unsuccessful  siege  of  An 
he  gave  opportunity  to  the  Imperialists.  M"!  1 
to  relieve  that  city,  but  also  to  repulse  hiii 
far  as  Lauingen.     No  sooner,  however,  iiad  1 
turned  towards  Sualiia,  with  a  view  to  rim 
tile  war  from  Ba\aria,  than,  seizing  tie'  om 
liinily,  he  ri'passeil  the  Lech,  and  giianlc  il 
passage  of  il  against  the  Imperialisls  tliem^i  ; 
liavaria  now   lay   open  anil   defencele-      ''. 
him;  the  French  and  Swedi'S  quickly 
and  the  soldiery  indemiiitied  thcmseisi^  ,.  1 
dangers  liv  frightful  outrages.  rolilierie>.  an  i 
tortious.     The  arrival  of  the  Imperial  trooj-  ■ 
at  last  succeeded  in  pas^ing  the  I.ei  h  at   T! 
haupten.  only  incre:ised  the  mi^erv  nt  ihi^  ' 
try.  which  friend  and  foe  indiscri:;iin:ilel\  1 
dered.     And  now.  for  the  first  time  ihiTJ;;: 
whole  course  of  this  war.  the  courai:e  '\ 
inilian,  which    for   eight-anil  twenty    u  .' 
stoiwl  unsh;ikeii  amidst  fearful  ilanijer>.  ti' 
waver.      Ferdinan.l  II.,  his  school  coniieu 
Ingolst.adt,  and  the  friend  of  his  youtli   \* 
more;  and,    with    the   death   of   his    frien- 
lienefactor.  the  strong  fie  was  dissolvd 
had  linked  the  Elector  to  the  House  of  A 


InifL 


M   \ 


Ed:  •; 


iju; 


OEKMANY,  1646-1648. 


Thirty  Years  War. 


OEKMANY. 


.  .  Acconiingly,  the  mntivcH  which  the  artifices 
of  Fnince  now  jiut  in  opemtlon.  in  onlci  to  ililacli 
him  fron'  tlic  Ausiriun  iilli:iii<c,  ami  to  iniluce 
him  to  lay  down  lii.s  arni».  were  lirawn  entirely 
from  political  considcritions.   .   .   .   The   Kh'ctor 
of  IJavariii  was  iinfortiinatclv  liil  to  iHlieve  that 
tlje  Spaniards  alone  were  ilisinclined  to  peace, 
and  that  niiihiii!;  Imt  SoanLsh  inlliiiiice  had  in' 
duccii  the  Knipcror  so  lonjj  to  ^l■si^t  a  ces.sation 
of  hostilities.    Ma.\iinilian  detested  the  Spaniards 
and  could  never  for^'ive  their  having  opposed 
his  application  for  the  I'alatine  Eh(  torate. 
All  <l(mlits  disappean'd;  and.  convinced  of  the 
necessity  of  this  step,  he  tlionirht  he  sh.mld  siif- 
ti<'iently  dischari.'e  Ids  (jliliiralions  to  the  Kmperor 
if  he  invited  him  also  to  shan  in  the  henetit  of 
the  truce.   The  deputies  of  the  three  crowps  and 
of  Bavaria,  met  at  I'lm.  to  adjust  the  eondit'ions 
But  it  was  soon  evident,  from  the  inslru.-iions  of 
the  Austrian  amlia^sailor.  that  it  was  not  the  in- 
tention of  the  Emperor  to  .se,(,i,d  tin.  conclusion 
or  a  truce,    hut   if  p,.ssihle  to  prevent  it 
The  ko(hI  intentions  of  the  Elector  of  Havana  to 
include  the  Euip<ror  in  the  lienetit  of  the  truce 
haviujr  l)een  thus  nmlered  unavailing,   he   felt 
hiinstlf  justith<l  in  providinj;  for  his  ow  n  safety 
.   lie  a.t'recd  to  the  Swides  e.\tendin.i,'  tlii'ir 
ipiarters  in  Suahia  and  Francimia,   and  to  hit 
own  heinv  reslricle<l  to  Bavaria  ami  the  I'alati- 
mite.      The  eonc,u<'sts  which   he   had    made   in 
Suahia  were  ced,-d  to  the  allies,  who.  on  their 
part,  resloreil  to  him  what  tliev  had  takin  from 
Havana.     CoLi^'ne  and   Hesse"  Casscl  were  also 
iiKlude<l  in  the  truce.     After  the  conclusion  of 
tins  treaty,    upon    the    14th    March     l(i4T     the 
French  and  Swedes  left  Havana.   .       .   Turemie 
.•leeordiu),'  to  afireement,  marchni  into  Wurtem' 
liiirjr,  where  he  forced  the  l.andjjnve  of  Darm- 
stadt and  the  Elector  of  Meiit/.  to  imitate  the 
e.vample  of  Havaria,  and  to  emhraee  the  neutral- 
ity.    And  now.  at  last.  France  seemed  to  have   i 
attained  the  great  object  of  its  policv.  that  of 
(lepnving  the  Enipen>r  of  the  .supp.Irt  of  the   ' 
League,  and  of  his  I'rotestaut  allies.  .  .      But 

after  a  liriefcrisi.s.  the  fallen  power  of' Aus-   i 
tria   rose  again  to  a  formidalile  streui;ih.     The   ' 
jealousy  whiih   France  entertained  of  Sweden 
prevented  it  fnmi  pennittiug  the  total  rui.i  of 
the  Emperor,  or  alhiwing  the  Swechs  to  olitain 
such  a.  preponderance  in  Germany,  which  mi'ht 
have  heen  destructive  ro  France  hirsilf.    Ac<'or(l 
ingly,  the  French  minister  declined  to  take  ad- 
vantage of   the  distresses  of  Austria:  and  the 
army  of  Tureune,  sepaniting  from  that  of  Wrang- 
e.  retired  to  the  frontiers  of  the  Xetherlands 
Wrungel.  indeed,  after  moving  from  Suabia  into 
Iranconia.  taking  Schweiufurt.  .   .   .  attempted   ! 
t"  make  his  way  into  Kohemia.  and  laid  sieire  to   ' 
Ki-Ta.  the  key  of  that  kingdom.     To  relieve  this   ' 
fortress,  the  Emperor  put  his  last  aniiy  in  mo-   t 
li'iii.  and  placed  himself  at  its  head      But  ' 

en  his  arrival  Egru  was  alreadv  taken  ■'     Mean-    ' 
till!.-  thi.  Emperor  hud  engaged" in  intriirues  with 
till'  liavanan  olHcers  and  had  nearlv  si'dueed  the 
wlioleanny  of  the  Elector.   The  latter  discovered    ' 
till.-  c(aispira<T  in  time  to  thwart  it ;  but  he  now 
nM(l.nly,  on  his  own  behalf,  stniek  hands  with   - 
'111  l-mperor  again,  and  threw  over  his  late  agree-   J 
n«  nts  with  the  Swedes  and  Fremh.    •'lie  had  not   I 
iliTived  from  I  he  I  nice  the  advantages  he  expected     i 
I'.r  from  tending  to  accelerate  a  general  peace,  it 
liail  a  peruicious  influence  upon  the  nciriKiutions 
»l  .Muuster  and  Osuaburg,  and  had  luaile  lue  allies  i 


bolder  in  their  demands. "   Maximilian,  therefore 
renounced  the  truce  and  began  hostilities  anew! 
"This  resolution,  and  the  assistance   which  he 
immediately  despati  lied   to  the  Emperor  in  tjo- 
hernia, threatenc  il  materiallv  to  injure  the  Swedes 
and  Wrangel  wasdmipellid  in  haste  to  evaluate 
that  kingdom.      lie   retireil  through  Thuringia 
into  \\istphalia  and  l.uui-nhnri.',  in  the  hope^of 
forming  a  junction  with  the  Fri  nch  armv  under 
1  iireiin,.,  while  the  Imperial  and  H.ivaria'n  armv 
fi.llowe,    hini  to  thi.  Wcser.  under  Melamler  anil 
(.roiislelil.     His  mill  was  inevitable  if  the  enemy 
-liould  overtake    him    bef.ire  his   |uiiction   with 
liirenne;  bin  th,.  same  coiisichTit'ion  which  hud 
.pist  saved  the  Kmiiemrnow  prov.d  the  s.alvaficm 
ottheSwedev   .   .   .  The  Elect. .rofHavariaconld 
not  allow  th,.   Erii|i.r.ir  to  ..htaiu  so  decisive  a 
prepniehTaner.  ;i,.   by  th(.  su.ldiu  alleraliou   of 
alfairs.  might    delay    tlii.   <  haiices   of  a    .'encral 
peace.   .  .      Now  that  the  power  of  the  Emperiir 
threatencl  (,M,-,.  more  to  attain  a  danirerous  su- 
i    periority.  .Maximilian  at  onee  censed  to  pursue 
;    the  Swedes.   .   .   .  ,M,  lander,  prevenled  I, v  the  li.i- 
i    varians  from  furl  her  pursuing  WraiiL'i'f  cro.ssed 
by  Jena  and  Erfurt  into  II,  >.„..   .   .   .   In  this  ex- 
I    hausted   ciuntry.   his  aniiv    was   oponsM-d    by 
want.whil,.  WraiiLiel  was  ri'iruitiiig  his  stnio'th 
I   and  reinounliui;  his  cavalrv  in  l.uinnliurg.     Too 
'    w,-ak  to  maintain  his  wn'tch,.,!  (piarters' against 
the  Sw,ilish  giniral.  w  hiii  h,.  op,in.,l  th,-  cain- 
paign  in  the  winlir  of  Kils,  ;„„|  uianlid  airain^t 
Hesse,  he  was  .iblig,.(l  to  relir,.  with    dis-race 
and  tak,-  refug,.  ,.ii  Ih,.   banks  ,,f  th,'  Danube! 
.  .   .   Tureiin,.    ii'ciiveil   i),.rini,ssi.>n    lo   join   the 
Swedes;  and  thr  last  caiiipaiL'ii  of  this  cvi'iitful 
war   was   now    op,  iiid    bv    the    uiiil,-,!    armies 
Dnving  .Melainhr  bifnre  them  along  the  Danube 
thi-y   threw  supplies  into  Eura,  which  was  be- 
sugeil  by  the  Iinp,rialists,  and  di.featcl  tiie  Im- 
Jicnal  an,l  Bavarian  anniis  on  the  l)aiiube,whieh 
vi-ntiiri^il     to  oppose    them   at    Susmarshaus,.n, 
whiT,.  .Melander  wasinonallv  wounded."     They 
then  forceil  ■'.  passiue  ,if  tin"  I,,ih.  at  the  p,)int 
where   Uiistavus   Ailolphus    f,,nni.rlv  overcame 
lill.y.   and    rav.iged    Bavaria   oiii'e  liiore;  while 
nothing  but  a  prolonged  rain-stiinr.,  which  thioded 
the  Inn,  saveil  Austria  from  a  similar  devasta- 
ticm.      Kocnigsm.irk,  with  his  fiving  c,)rps,  en- 
ti.n-d  Hoh,.|nia.    penetrated  to  Fni.nie  and'sur- 
jirLscl  and  captun-il  th|.  less,  r  si.!.    .)f  the  eitv 
(the  Kleinsite).  thus  acpiiring  ilii.  r     utation  o"f 
"chising  the  Thirty  Years'  War  bv  Ih,-  last  bril- 
liant achievement.     This  dcisive"  stroke,  which 
van,|Uished  the  Emperor's  irresulutiou,  cost  the 
Swcles  ,inly  the  loss  of  a  single  man.     Hut  the 
old  town,   the  larger  half  of  I'lau'iie,  which   is 
diviiled    into   two    parts   by  the  M,il,lau,  bv  its 
vig,irous  r,'sisi.ime  wearieii"out  the  elbirts  of  the 
I'alatine.    Charles   Gustavus,    the    siicci-ssor    of 
Chrisliim  on  the  throne,  who  hail  arriveil  fr,mi 
Sweden  with  fresh  troops.   .   .   .   The  approach  of 
winter  at  hist  drove  the  bi'siegers  into  their  ipiar- 
tirs,  and  in  the  meantime  the  intelligence  arrived 
that  a  piiii  e  Icnl  bien  signcl  at  Muuster.  on  the 
^4lh  Oetobir."— the  ••solemn  and  ever  ineiieir- 
ahle  .•111,1  sacreil   treaty  which   is  known  bv  the 
name  of  the  I',ace  of  Westphalia."— F.  Schiller 
y/(V.  ,.ft/u'  Thirty  i\,ir«' War,  l,k.  .'>. 

Al.so  in:  (;.  H.  Malkaou,  Tlw  l},itlt,fi<hh  of 
iirnnitiiu.  rh.  7. 

The  Thirty  Years  War:  Its  horrors.— Its 
destructiveness.— The  state  of  the  countr;  at 
its  close.— 'The  materials  of  which  the  armiea 


1\ 
il 


1517 


, 


I 


^■i-. 

:i'' 


1    < 


li 


>i: 


;:l 


L'.  V   vf' 


,    -^ 


GERMANY.  ll«rro 

Tkirly   r 

were  rcmposed  passed  Inrvltably  from  bmi  t.' 
wcirw.  Tlii«,  which  had  been  ii  civil  war  at  tlic 
HrKt.  (lid  iiiit  c(iiiiiniie  siieh  fur  Imii; ;  nr  rathiT  it 
iiniti'd  imscntly  all  tbi;  ilriMiilfiilnisH  of  a  ( ivil 
war  anil  a  foriiirri.  It  was  ni>t  Ion i;  before  the 
hosts  which  trampled  the  (Jernian  .<oil  had  in 
larL'c  part  ceasiil  tn  he  (iiTinan  .  every  rcKiiai  i>f 
Kur'ipe  Mridini:  ol  its  children,  and.  as  it  wonld 
seem,  of  those  whom  it  must  have  been  iilaiUh'st 
to  be  rid  of.  to  swell  the  ranks  of  the  destroyers. 
.  .  .  Krotn  all  ipiarters  thev  came  troopini;.  not 
sinirly,  but  in  whole  battalions.  .  .  .  All  armies 
di-iw  after  them  a  tmin  of  camp  followers  ;  they 
are  a  plai;ne  which  in  the  very  nature  of  things 
is  ineviialile.  Hut  never  perhaps  did  this  evil 
rise  to  s*:  enonnoii-.  .-i  heiirht  as  now.  Towar*! 
the  closi'  of  this  W.iran  Imperial  army  of  4(l,(NHt 
men  was  fonnd  to  be  attrnded  by  tlic  URly  ac- 
companiment of  UII.IKH)  of  these.  The  conflict 
had  in  fact  by  this  time  last^'il  so  lone  """  'be 
soldiery  hail  iKcome  as  adistinct  nation,  ramping 
in  the  I'uiilst  of  another.  ...  It  is  a  thought  to 
make  one  shudder,  the  passage  of  one  of  these 
armies  with  its  foul  retinue  through  some  fair 
and  smilinR  and  well  ordered  region  —  what  it 
found  and  what  it  must  have  left  it,  and  what 
its  doings  there  will  have  been.  .  .  .  When  all 
in  their  immediate  neighbourhood  was  wasted, 
armed  tKinils  variously  disgiii.sed.  as  merchants, 
as  gipsies,  as  travellers,  or  sometimes  as  women. 
wiiuUl  penetrate  far  into  the  land.  .  .  .  Nor  was 
the  condition  of  the  larger  towns  much  better, 
...  It  did  not  need  actual  siege  or  capture  to 
make  them  acipiainted  with  the  miseries  of  the 
time.  With  no  dniuglitcattle  to  bring  firewood 
in,  there  was  no  help  for  it  but  that  abandoned 
houses,  by  degiees  whole  streets,  and  soraetitnes 
the  greater  part  of  a  town,  should  be  pulled 
down  to  prevent  those  of  its  inhabitants  who  re- 
mained from  perishing  by  told,  the  city  thus  li"- 
ing  upon  and  gradually  consuming  itself,  .  ,  , 
Under  conditions  like  these,  it  is  not  wonderful 
that  the  fields  were  left  nearly  or  altogether  un- 
tilled  ;  for  who  would  sow  what  he  could  never 
hope  to  reap  ?  .  .  ,  What  wonder  that  famine, 
thus  invited,  should  before  long  have  arrived  ? 
,  .  ,  Persons  were  found  dead  in  the  fields  with 
grass  in  their  mouths;  while  the  tanners'  and 
knackers'  yanis  were  bcst-t  for  the  putrid  car- 
casses of  bea;4ts;  the  multitudes,  fierce  with 
hunger,  hardly  enduring  to  wait  till  the  skin  had 
been  stript  away.  The  Inxlies  of  malefactors, 
broken  on  the  wheel,  were  secretly  removc<I  to 
SJTve  for  food  ;  or  men  climbed  up  th<^  gibbets, 
and  tore  down  the  l)odies  which  were  susp<'nde(l 
there,  and  devoured  them.  This,  indeed,  was  a 
supply  which  was  not  likely  to  fail,  ,  ,  ,  Pris- 
oners in  .\lsace  wen'  killed  that  they  might  be 
eati'n  Children  witc  enticed  from  hom<>.  .  .  . 
Putting  all  together,  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  crowning  horrors  of  Samaria,  of  .Jeru- 
salem, of  Saguntum,  found  their  parallels,  and 
often  worse  than  their  parallels,  in  Christian  Ger 
many  only  two  centuries  ago.  I  had  thought  at 
one  time  that  there  were  isolated  examples  of 
these  horrors,  one  here,  one  there,  just  enough 
to  warrant  the  iissertion  that  such  things  were 
done;  liiit  my  lonvietion  now  is  that  they  were 
very  frrt|uen*t  inileeii,  ;tnd  in  almost  every  ptrt 
of  the  land.  .  ,  Districts  which  had  for  I'l'nlii 
ries  heen  in  the  iK'cupation  of  civilized  men 
wen*  repossesseil  by  foH'Sts.  ...  Of  the  popula- 
tion  it   was   found   that  three-fourths,  in  some 


■«  I'/ the 
-<iri    IVar. 


OEHMANY,  1648, 


parts  a  far  larger  proportion,  had  piri^lml  , 
not  having  perished,  were  not  less  elTiituii 
lost  to  their  native  land,  having  fie<l  to  >hii/ 
lanil,  to  Holland,  and  to  other  countrii  >  >.i,  \ 
to  return  from  them  again  Thus  in  om  .m,, 
of  twenty  villages  which  had  not  I'vci  piimi:, 
sulfered.M.'i  per  cent.,  or  more  than  four  llfih, 
the  inhabitants.  Iiad  disappeared.  .  .  .  i  it  i 
hous*'s.  three- fourths  were  destroyiHl.  .  .  (a 
fill  Gernmn  writers  assure  us  that  then  im  i| 
tricts  which  at  this  present  day  |1^T','|  liim-  p 
attained  the  population,  the  agriciiltiinil  \\f:i',] 
the  priKluctive  powers  which  they  had  vxlii  n  i 
War  comnn-nced." — H.  C.  Trench.  i<>!»t.i. 
Aitiilphux  ill  (rirniaiiff.  iiiiif  "ff'i  r  /."-/'.x  ,,;,  i 
Tltirtjf  Ytnrii  W'lir,  Urt.  '.inml't.  -"•Tlii-rr  i-i 
other  example  of  a  ilcst  ruction  of  eivili/;iii'ii>ii 
as  the  Thirty  Years  War  in  (iernuiny  )iriKliiii 
There  is  mi  other  case  where  a  hImiIi  pi,,| 
in  all  parts  of  the  land  was  uniformly  ixpn. 
to  such  severe  losses,  so  that  in  niinibi  r^  it  u 
reduced  to  one  half;  where,  from  riclies.  liixin 
and  abundance  such  as  had  iindoiiliiiilly  p 
vailed  at  the  beL'tiiningof  theienlury  im  n  li 
come  to  poverty  and  to  th"  want  of  iv.n  t 
neeessarii's of  life,  .  Beggary  had  Ion;:, .,. 
to  be  a  cause  for  shame;  the  war,  wliirli  li 
brought  down  to  it  in  a  short  time  even  ih< 
»  ho  had  been  formerly  the  richest,  causi  il  iv 
the  most  dishonorable  trade  to  be  held  in  Imn 
Whoever  by  dailv  labor  could  earn  his  da 
bread  might  think  himself  fortunate.  In  i 
place  of  the  horses  which  war  hail  larrinl  aw; 
human  beings  to<ik  to  dragging  carts  in  tin- stn 
.  .  .  With  the  ruin  of  the  trade  and  of  'he ; 
industrv  of  Germany,  which  in  the  111th  ei  nti 
would  for  so  many  objects  have  probably  mi il 
to  fear  no  rivalry  and  which  was  only  surp;i- 
by  that  of  It.aly".  went  hand  In  hand  the  rise  n 
increa.sj's>f  French  i..dustry.  .  .  .  Thus  diil  i 
industrial  triumph  of  France  suppleimut 
political  supremacy:  thus  did  Germimy- ii; 
fortune  become  the  cause  of  enriching  In  r  wi 
em  neighbor." — H,  von  Zwi>  lineek-ynileiilinr 

DfUttehf  UetfhiehU,  1648-1740  {trnim.  Jr 

German),  r.  1.  pp.  45-49.— See,  also.  Hdiikmi 
A.  n.  1621-ltl4H. 

A.  D.  1648.— The  ?e«ce  of  Westphalia 
Cession  of  Alsace  to  France.— Separation 
Switzerland  from  the  Empire.— Loosening 
the  constitutional  bondiot  the  Empire.  '  I 
opening  of  the  peace  negotiations  bet  won  t 
Emperor  and  his  enemies  was  ,  ,  .  tixeiifnri 
2.">thof  March.  1642,  and  the  cities  of  Mlinsii n, 
Osnabriick  as  the  places  of  the  sitting';  1 
neither  in  this  year  nor  in  the  next  did  i'  M 
place.  It  was  not  until  the  year  1«41  tli:it  in  t 
former  of  these  cities"  were  a.s,sembleil  tin  f 
lowing:  "The  Papal  Nuncio  and  the  envoy  ..f  I 
Hepublic  of  Venice,  acting  as  meili;ilnr<  I 
imperial  ambassadors,  two  represiiit;iti\i~ 
France,  three  of  Spain,  and  the  Catholic  KN 1 1" 
later  came  alTO  the  Catholic  Princes.  T..ii<i 
briick,  Sweden  sent  two  anibassnilors  anil  I'nit 
three,  while  the  Electors,  the  Gernmn  I'nm 
and  the  imperial  cities  were  represinteil 
tionsof  eti(|mtte,  which  demaniieil  pii"! 
ment,  iK-cupied  montlis,  and  serious  niiiit, 
reached  were  dealt  with  slowly  iiiid  ,i' 
with  mnnv  interruptions.  It  was  not  n 
'24th  of  (I'ctober.  IMS.  that  the  nrtii  li  •  - 
forming  tli,'  two  treaties  of  .Miin-t'  r  :i! 
Iirdck,  and   known  together  as    the   l"' 


(In 


I" 


1518 


m 


M      .M.,U|, 

>llMll:ilJv 

llflllM.f 

111  111- 
(ill-. 
iiri'  ills 
i;i\.-  ju-i 

irlll, 
1  Ihr 

.  Il„ 


m 

m 

.  '1    »*     1 


i;-: 


i  S: 


I 


!    t 


.!:. 


»-ti'l".i    -'4.. 


OEHMANY,   1648. 


»»/  WeMtfthatin. 


GERMANY.  1M8. 


WcKtphiilla,  wcro  slitncil  tiy  hII  tlic  ncKntlator-i  iit 
.Mllniilcr.     Till-  mnrf  imptirlHiit  nf  tlii'  iirovlHions 
iif  till'  two  iiiiitnitni'nl!i  wcri'  llio  followlnn:   ■Tn 
Krinci' WHS  wciin'd  llii'  piriKliiiil   luihscHxiiin  nf 
till'  HIsliopriiHdf  .MiMz,  Tniil,  mill  Vinliin.  iisiiK.i 
Mojinvlc  iinil  I'ii;n<Tiil.  wlili  ilir  riulii  ti.  kiip  ii 
t;:irrison   In    I'liilipslmrK'.  iiml   lln.illj    Itni-arli, 
.Miiirc.    with    its   ti'n    imixriul   ciliis.    iiiiil    thi' 
.Siiiiclpiii.     Till'  Kmt«riir  IhmiiiiI  liiniMlf  in  umIh 
till- iiiwiit  nf  till'  .\nliiluki'  F'lnliimiiil,  nf  '1  yrnl 
iiml  Spain,  tn  tliis  liiht  numril  cisMion.      Kranir 
iiiailr  );ikkI  In  llii'  .\n  liiliikc  this  Inss  hv  thi'  pay 
mint  of  ;i.(KHP,(KN)  fraiiis.     Alllinnirh  it  wiisimt 
ixpn's.Hly  pinviilcil  that  tlii'  in   inciinn  witli  thi- 
Kinplrt'of  the Ocrinun  pnivinri'sciijiil  tn  Kranri' 
sliouM  1k'  (lissnlviil,  yet  thi'  Bcpunilinn  liiianii'. 
88  It  nialtir  nf  fact,  a  tiinipliti'  nni'.     Tlir   Km 
piTor  dill  not  sumniim  tlii'   Kini;s  nf  Kranri-  tn 
till'  lliclsnf  till'  Enipin',  ami  thi'  lattir  nia'h'  nn 
ilrnmtiil  fur  miili  stiinmnns.  ...   In  rilitinn  tn 
Ilulv,  the  Kri'nrh  tnatv  prnvliliil  that  ilii'  |iiari' 
(imrliiilcil  in  1(1:11  (we"  Italy;  A.  I>.  I(l'i7-1H.11) 
slicaiiil  rt'inaiii   in   fnrri'.  I'Xicpt  tlir  part   rclat 
iuR  t.>  I'lL'iii'rnl.     [•I'liurnln  was  di'tinitilv  put 
imilirtlH'  French  ovcrlntiWiip.'— (i.  W.  Kitihin. 
Hut.  of  Fniiirf.  r    3.  /).  1»H|.     Mwil/.i'rliind   was 
made  independent  nf  the  Uemian  Empiri';  hut 
the  Circle  nf  HiirKundy  [the  .Spani.sli  Xetherlands 
and  KnincheCnmti]  was  still  to  fnnn  ii  part  nf 
tlie  Eniidre,  and  iifter  the  chise  of  the  war  he 
twien  trance  and  Spain,  in  which  the  Emperor 
and  the  Empire  were  to  take  no  part,  was  tn  lie 
iniluded  in  the  peace      No  aid  was  to  Ik-  ren 
densl  to  the  Duki-  nf  f.nrraine  apunst  France, 
although  the  Empemi    iml  the  Empire  were  left 
free  to  mediate  for  him  a   peace.     Sweden  re- 
ceived Hither  Pomorania,  im  ludinjf  the  Ishind  of 
RnL'in,  from  Further  I'omerania  the  Island  of 
Wollin  and  several  cities,  with  their  surround 
inKS,  amnng  which  were  Stettin,  as  also  the  ex- 
pectancy of   Further  I'omerania  in  case  of  the 
extinction  of  the  house  of  Bmndenhiirg.     Fur- 
thennore.    It   received   the   city   of   Wismar,    in 
Mi-cklenlmrg,    and    the   Bishoprics  of    Bremen 
[secularized  and  inaiie  a  Orand  Duchv]  and  Ver 
den,  with  reservation  of  the  rights  and  immuni- 
ties of  the  city  of  Bremen.     Sweden  was  to  hold 
all  the  cetleil  territory  as  feudal  tenures  of  the 
Empire,  and  be  represented  for  them  in  the  Ini 
perial  Diet.  .  .  .   Brandenhiir);  n'ceivcil  for  its 
IDS?  of  Pomeninia  the  Bishoprics  of  llallM'rstadt, 
Miiiilcn,  and  t'aiidn,  and  the  expcctancv  of  that 
I'f   Magdeburg  as  siK)n  as   this  should'   U'ltome 
vac:ail   by  the  death  of   its  Administrator,   the 
SaX'Mi  Prince,  although  the  four  bailiwicks  sep 
aratcd  from  it  were  to  remain  with  Saxonv  as 
provided  in  the  Peace  of  Prague.   .  .  .  The  ln"mse 
I'f  lirunswick-I.llnelK'rg  was  to  rennuuce  its  right 
t(i  ilie  coailjutorship  of   .Magih'burg.    Bremen. 
llalli.rstadt,  and  Ititzi-liurg,  and,  in  return  for 
tlii-  nnuneiation,  was  to  alternate  with  a  Catho- 
lic pri-latc  in  the  pos.session  of  the  Hishnpric  of 
•iMi.hrikk.   .   .   .  To    Duke    Maximilian   of    lia 
vari.i  was  conveyed  the  Eli-i-tnrate,  tngcllicr  willi 
til,-   rppcr   Palatinate,  to    be    hiTeditarv  in    his 
f.iiiiily  of  the  line  of  William,  fnr  which  lie.  on 
111-  .-ilii  r  hand,  was  to  surrender  to  the  Kiiiperor 
■1"-  .iriount  of  the   i:!.(«IO,i)i.MI  llorins  which   lie 
li:i'i    made   for   the  cxccnlion    of    tlie    sentence 
:ii;.mi-t    111!'    Palsi;rave    Frederic.     To  the  Pals- 
.    Charles    U'wis.    son    of    the    proscribed 
ir  [Krederic,  who  had  died   in   \KV2\.  was 
back  the  Lower  Pal.ilinale    while  a  new 


i;i,, 


Electorate,  the  eighth,  wan  created  (or  him,   .  .  . 
There  were  niimeroiiH  provisions  relating  to  th« 
restoration    if  the    Dukes  of  Wllrtemlnrg.   the 
.Margraves  of  llailen,  and  the  Counts  of  Nassau 
and  Ihns,'  nf  llanaii  to  several  parts  nf  the  terri- 
tories  which  either  belonged  to  them  or  wem 
eontesled      A  general  aiiiiiestv  was  indeed  pm 
vided    and  every  one  was  to  be  restored  tn  the 
posMssion  of  the  lands  w  hii-li  he  had  held  Isforc 
the    w.ir      This   general   article    was,    linwever, 
liniiled  by  various  special  provisions,  as  that  in 
nlalion  to  th  •   Palsgrave,  and  was  imt  tn  Ik'  ap 
jihed  to  Austria  a'  all.         .  SiMcially  important 
are  the  sictions  »  hicli  relate  to  the  s<'tt!enient  of 
religious  grievanees.     The  tn'iiiv  of  Passaii  ami 
the  Augsburg  ri-llginiis   peace  were  contlrmeil; 
the  1st  of  January,  UV'i.  was  tixeil  as  the  time 
which  was  to  govern   mutual  reclamations  be- 
tween  theCathollesand  Prolistanls,  both  |iaitie« 
wen-  seeunil  the  right  to  all  eechsiastleal  foun- 
dations,  whether   in  mediate  or  iiniiiediati'  con- 
nection with  the  Empire,  wliicli  they  si'vcrally 
held  in  |iossessicui  on  the  first  ilav  of  .lanuary, 
Ifiil;  if  any  such  had  Ih-ch  taken  from  them  after 
this  date,   restoration    was   to   lie   made,   unleM 
otherwise s|H'cially  pro'-idcd.     The  Eielcsia-stiial 
Ili'scrvation  was  acknowledged    by  the   Protes- 
tants,   and   Protestant   holders  of"  ecclesiastical 
iiro|i.  rty   were  freely  admitted  to  the  Imperial 
Diets.     The  right  of  ri-formation  was  conceded 
to  the  Estates.  uliI  permission  to  emigrate  to  the 
subjects;  while  it  was  at  the  same  lime  provided 
that,  if  in  I(t->4  Protestant  subjects  of  Catholic 
Princes,  or  the  reverse,  enjoved  freedom  of  re- 
ligion, this  right  shouhl  not  in  the  future  lie  di- 
minished.    It  was  s|)eeiallv  granted  for  8ile«i» 
that  all  the  concesaions  which  had   Ix'en  made 
Iwforc  the  war  to  the  Dukes  of  l.iegnitz,  .Man- 
sterburg,  and  Oels,  and  to  the  city  of  Breslau, 
relating   to  the   free  exerci.se  of  tlie  Augsburg 
Confession,  shouhl  remain  in  force.   .   .  .  Finally, 
the  Informed  — that  is,  the  adherents  of  Calvin- 
ism—wen;  placed   upon  the  .same  ground  witii 
those  of  the  Augsburg  Confession;  and  it  wa« 
provided  that  if  a  Lutheran  Estate  of  the  Em- 
pire should  iK-eome  a  Calvinist.  or  the  reverse, 
his  subjects  should  not  lie  forced  to  change  with 
their  Pnnee."— A.  Oindelv,  HM.  nf  the  Thirty 
Yearn'  War,  r.  •>,  rh.  P).  — "The  eiiiperor,  in  his 
own  name,  and  in  iK'half  of  his  family  and  the 
empire,  ceded  the  full  sovereignty  of  Upper  and 
I»wcr  Alsace,  with  the  prefecture  of  llaguenau, 
or  the  ten  towns  [llaguenau,  Schelestadt,  Weis- 
semburgh,   Colmar,   Landau,  01)en'nheim,   |{os- 
licim,  Munstcrin  the  Val  deSt.  'Jregoire,  Kaiser- 
berg,  and  Turinglieim),  and  their  dependencies. 
But  by  one  of  those  contradictions  which  are 
common  in  treaties,  when  both  parties  wish  to 
preserve  their  respective  claims,  another  article 
was  intriHliiced,  binding  tlie  king  of   France  to 
leave  the  eeclesixstics  and  immediate  nobility  of 
those  provinces  in  the  iinmediaey  which  tlieyhad 
hilhcrto  jxisstssed  wilii  regard  to  the  Homaii  em- 
pire, and  not  to  pretend  to  any  sovcreigntv  over 
thcin,  but  to  remain  content  with  such" rights  as 
belnnged  to  the  house  of  Austria.      Vet  this  was 
again  contradicted  by  a  declaration,  that  this  ex- 
ception should    not  derogate  from  the  supri'nie 
sovereignty  before  vielcled  totlie  kingof  France." 
—  \V.  C.ixc.  /n.^l.  .;>•  th,  /[oiixeaf  A'cilria.  rh.  59 
I/'.  2i. — ■•  Ucspecting   the  rights   of   sovereignty 
due  to  the  jirinces  and  the  relations  of  the  states 
of  the  cinpire  with  the  empirur   file  P:  a:r  of 


'1'-.'   : 


loll) 


»»«!( 


UEHMANV.   IM8 


OH  tkr  Khtptrr 


URIiMANY,  I«4M-I7(tt 


r-'i- 


,h 


I    '.'  .        •■     ! 


|i: 


1:i 


!'i: 


Wrulplmllit  ronliiliii'il  mirli  riKiiltitliin*  iwi  iiiiiNt 
In  till' iiiiirw  iif  lliiif  imKliiri' II  »lill  Knulir  rr 
laxtttlon  of  tliiiw'  iIik,  iilriiiily  piirlliilly  Iihi-mihiI. 
wlilcli  lii'lil  totfcllK'r  till'  riii|ilri'  ill  mil'  i  iitinly. 

.        .    At    till'    I'l'lU'l' llf    Wl'Stplllllill    tlir    lllllt'pi'll 

ileni'r  of  itir  |irlii<-<-ii  wim  iiiiitir  n>in|tlct«>ly  lri;itl. 
They  ri'ciiveil  llif  cntlri'  ri^lit  of  mmnluiily 
over  llii'lr  trrrltorv,  toi;illirr  willi  lln-  puwi  r  of 
milking  wiir,  loiii  liiilinit  ihuii'.  uml  foriiLiiii,'  :illi 
■nri'ii  uinonit  llii'iniu'lvr'),  as  Hrll  iik  uilli  fonluii 
powen,  pnivliliil  Mill  li  iillhiiiri'4  wirr  iioi  lo  iln' 
injury  of  tin'  iniplri'  lliil  wlmi  ii  fii'lili'  oli 
Mjiili'  iiiii»t  llii!!  rluiim'  liiivv  pri Miiii'il »  K.ir 
lii'iirrforniiril.  if  ii  prime  of  tliiiMipirr.  Imviiii; 
(ormi'il  an  iililanii'  with  a  forriirn  iiowir.  iMciinr 
liiwtilc  to  till'  I'lnpirir.  hr  roiijil  imiiii'<liai<  ly 
Hvail  liiiiiMlf  of  till'  nti'Xt  lliat  it  was  forllM' 
iNni'Ht  of  till'  i'ni|>lrr.  Ilii'  iiialiiliiiani f  of  IiIh 
riclitif,  ami  lliv  lilK-rty  of  (oriiiaiiy  Ami  In 
unti'r  that  tlii'  xaiil  pri'ti'XI  iiiiiilil,  »llh  sonn'  a|i 
p<'arani'i'  of  riu'lit,  Ix'  niaili'  availalilr  on  I'Vrry 
ocniHion,  fori>i|;ni-rM  i"*lalilishnl  thriiiM'lvcs  as  tin- 
j^uunliaii'i of  tlioi'inpirr,  ami  arrorilini;ly  Fratico 
Mml  Swi'ilin  tiMik  upon  thciiisclviM  the  rrsponsi 
billty  of  li'dlhlatinir  a»  K'lanintrrH.  not  only  for 
the  Oi'rmanii'  ronsliliilion,  Imt  for  I'vcryiliinif 
else  that  was  roiuliiiii'il  in  tlii' I'raro  of  W  isl 
plinlinut  MUnsliranil  Osnaliiiri;  Aihliil  to  iliis, 
in  nffrinci'  to  Ihe  iiniH-rial  riliis.  whoso  ri;;lils 
liail  liitlurto  lU'ViT  U'i'n  ili'tlnilivt'ly  llxi'il,  it  was 
now  iliilanil  that  liny  shiailil  always  Im'  in 
eluili'il  uiKkr  tlii'  licail  of  tlio  otliir  stall  s,  nnil 
that  thi'y  slioulil  roiiiiimml  iiilcrisivi'  voii  r  in  tlio 
ilk'ta;  thi'nri'fortli,  tlH'rifori'.  thiir  votes  ati'i 
tbiwc  of  thi'otliirHtali'S  —  tlio  cli'itoral  ami  otiii  r 
priniis — slioiild  hi'of  ripial  vaiiility."  -  K.  Ki'lil 
Tausi'h.  //iV.  <;f'(/(r»i.i(o/,  <•/(.  'Jtl  —  I'lini'  liitwrin 
Wpain  anil  tlii'  Vniti'il  I'rovinii'swasiinliodlnl  in 
a  Ht'paniti'  tri'aty.  Imt  ni'Kolhiliil  at  Mllnstcr, 
anil  I'onrliiili'il  aiiil  sl^niil  a  fi'W  in>>nlhs  larliir 
In  till'  Kami'  year.  Tin-  war  U'twerii  Spain  ami 
Franco  wiiit  on.  Soe  Nktiieklands;  A  M.  1«4(I 
-164C. 

A.  D.  1648.— Effects  of  the  Peace  of  West- 
phalia on  the  Empire.  —  It  becomes  a  loose 
confederacy  and  purely  German.— '  It  may  .  . 
bi'  salil  uf  this  famous  poari',  as  of  tin*  other  so 
calli'il  ' fumlaniinlal  law  of  tin-  Kmpiri','  llio 
Qolili'n  Dull,  that  it  iliil  no  inori'  than  IcKali/i'  a 
romlltlon  of  things  alnaily  in  existcnii',  lint 
wbii'h  by  iH'ini?  lopilizoil  ar(|uiriil  now  inipor 
tunci'.  .  .  .  Whilu  the  politiral  situation,  to  uso 
a  rnrri'nt  phniso.  bail  than^'iil  within  tlii'  last 
two  hunilri'il  years,  the  eyes  with  wliieh  men 
reganleii  it  hail  elianiriil  still  more.  Never  by 
their  liereest  enemies  in  earlier  times,  not  om  i- 
by  the  I'opi's  or  Lomliaril  repiiblieans  in  the  heat 
o^  their  strife  with  the  Fnineoniau  ami  .Swabian 
Cipsars.  hail  the  Kmperors  la-en  reproaelii-il  as 
meretierman  kincs.  or  their  elaim  to  be  the  law 
ful  heirs  of  Koniedenieil.  Tlie  Protestant  jiiri.sts 
of  the  Itltb  or  ratlier  of  the  ITlli  century  were  the 
first  persons  who  ventureil  to  seolT  at  the  pretend 
cd  lordship  of  the  world,  and  declare  their  Km- 
pire  to  lie  notliini;  inon-  than  a  tterman  monarchy, 
in  dealin!;  with  which  no  biiperstitloiis  revercnie 
need  prevent  il^  subjects  from  inakiiiK  the  best 
terms  they  (oiild  for  tliemsi-lvi  s,  and  eontrollinira 
Kovi-reiirn  whos<-  reli);ioiis  predili  1  lions  made  him 
the  friend  of  their  enemies.  ...  It  was  by  these 
views.  .  .  that  the  states,  or  r.-o  her  Frtiiee  ami 
HweilenaetinK  on  their  iH'half.  werejfuided  in  the 
neeotiatious  uf  Osnabrllek  and  .Mllnster.     Bve.v 


II 


M,|.|re 
lull  r* 
n  i\  ir 

l-liOl 


•  I'. 


tortiiiKafiill  reeo|{nltlonof  the  Moveri'lifntv  .f 
the  jiriiiees,  Catliolles  and  I'nitestaiitH  :tlilv'     la 
tin  ir  re»|Melive  lerrllorlin.  Iliey  iHiiind  il,.    \.[„ 

laror  from  any  direct  Inlerferi-me  wit  lit  In   1,1 , 

1st  rat  ion.  either  in  parlleular  districts  or  ilir  .,1 -li 

out  till-  Kiiipin-.    .Ml  alTiilrsiif  pnlillr  impcrri 

incliidiiii.'  Ilie  ritfhlsof  niakiiit;  »ar  or  p< f 

le\\iti>f  eotitribtitioiis.  raisin;;  troopt.  ImiiIImi-: 
foriress«-s.  passing;  or  interpret  im;  l;i«  .  \\.n- 
liemcforth  to  Ik-  left  entirely  in  the  li.in.U  ..I  il,,- 
l>iet.  .  .  .  Ilotli  l.iitberans  and  Ciilvini^N  »i  n- 
ileilan-d  free  front  all  jurisdiction  ot  lli--  l'->|n-..r 
any  Catholic  prelate.     Thus  the  l:i«t  link  Mhirli 

I ml  (lermany  to  Uoiiie  was  snappi-l.  'li-    lot 

of  the  prim  iples  by  virtue  of  wliirhlln  IjHi-in 
had  i.xisteil  was  aliandoned  For  tin  I 
now  contained  and  recoi;iii/.ed  as  lis  m. 
persons  who  formed  a  \lsilili'  IkhIv  at  ii|  . 
with  the  lli'ly  Itoinan  <linreh;  iind  iisi.. 
lion  admitted  schismatics  to  a  full  slian- 
those  civil  riL!ht.s  which,  aecordini;  t-i  lli 

trines  of  the  early  Middle  .\i;i-.  could  Ih-  i \,.| 

by  no  one  who  w'as  out  of  the  oimmuiiion  .-I  tin- 
Calholic  Churi-h.  The  Peace  of  Westphili  1  ni* 
therefore  an  abrouatioii  of  the  soveret.-[ii\  nf 
Home,  and  of  tin-  tlieorv  of  fhunli  mimI  m  iti- 
with  which  the  name  of*  Uoine  was  ii>si.rl  |i<  I 
.\ml  in  this  linlil  was  it  reirarded  by  I'm|..  |i;-,(i 
cent  .\.,  who  commanded  his  IclmIc  In  pi  -l.^l 
against  it,  and  KUbseipn-ntly  deetiired  it  \'>i<l  liv 
the  bull  'Zilu  ilomus  Del''.  .  .  Tlie  P.  e.  ,',t 
Westphalia  is  an  era  in  iinperial  hismry  ihi  I- si 
clearly  marked  than  the  coronation  of  Oil"  ilie 
(Jn-at.  or  the  death  of  Frederick  II  A^  In-in 
the  days  of  MaNimilian  it  had  borne  a  inivi  i|  nr 
transitional  charai  li-r.  welle\pressi-d  liv  ilieinun' 
Itomano  (lermanic,  so  henceforth  il  1-^  in  •  u  rv 
thing  but  title  purely  and  solely  a  forniiti  Kim 
piri'.  I'roperly.  imiei-d.  it  wm  no  h-n-.r  nii 
em|>ire  at  all.  but  a  Confederation,  and  iln!  •<< 
the  l(Mise-st  sort.  For  it  liail  no  (-oinmon  tr-  oin. 
no  I  tlicient  eomnion  tribunals,  no  iie-ins  ..i  <> 
erciiig  a  refractory  memla-r;  its  stales  «■  n-  i-f 
dilTi-rent  ri-liuions.  were  Koverneil  iiei.inlin.'  !-■ 
ililTerent  forms,  were  ndmlnisten-d  jii  liciilly 
and  llnaneially  without  any  n-irard  toeuli  M'!„r 
.  .  .  Then,' were ;i(XI  petty  prineipiiiilies  lie  I UMii 
the  Alps  and  the  Haltie,  eaeli  wiili  ilsi-uii  li"- 
its  own  courts,  ...  its  littleariniis,  its-.  ;.  iniii' 
coinage,  its  lolls  and  custom-houses  on  tie-  t'r- 11 
tier,  its  crowd  of  meddlesome  ami  |.i -laiitir 
olHcials.  .  .  .  This  yicious  system,  which  i-in 
ly/.ed  the  trade,  the  litemture,  and  IIm  i-nliiinil 
thought  of  (Jermany,  had  been  formiiiL.-  ii^i  If  f^r 
some  lime,  but  did  not  becoine  fully  r^!  iti  ;v!i,',l 
until  the  Peace  of  Westphalia,  by  emiin  ip::'i:i:; 
the  princes  from  imperial  control,  li.id  in  1  .  'In  111 
despots  intlieirown  territories.  —  .1  llr\.-  /'" 
//"/.V  li'niiiiit  Kiii/n'rr,  I'll.  111. 

A.  D.  1648-1705. -After  the  Peace  of  West- 
phalia.—French  influence  in  the  Empire.  - 
Creation  of  the  Ninth  Elector.  \t'  -  ir 
Peace  of  Westphalia,  the  remainder  "I  il--  ri  i_'u 
of  Ferdinand  ill.  "  pas.si-il  in  triminili;'; 
lie  causi-d  Ids  son  to  Ih-  elected  kin^'  "f  '1  It- 
mans,  under  the  title  of  Kerdinami  1\       '  1' 'In- 

young    prinei-.    already   kinir   of    llol i.  wA 

lliingary.  preeisied  him  to  the  loinli.  a: '!  '  '-'  ii't' 
(pu-stion  of  the  succession  to   be  ileiii-  1  t-_v  ;i 
diet.     Fenlinaiid  III.  died  in  li'ii; 
terregnum,  and.  indeed,  the  century  «iii 
lowed  the  death  of  Ferdinand,  sliowed  ili- 
Ing   preponderance  oT   the  intlueuce  l':i,i 


f-1- 


1  liv 


1520 


<iKUMANV,  IMH-IM:. 


.liM'Mit.    titrm>i 
nn*l  f'mncw. 


(IKUMANV.  Ifl4»-17|» 


Frnnn"  In  ll«'  utTttlrii  of  iliiMnipIri'  iim<I  tin-  i>iri 
M'i|uvut  rrliiilii.iliiy  iif  till'  ririhi ,  »  uh,,  ||,„|  tlrm 
inrukp<l  tlie  >i»iiiiiniT  ..f  tiiiil  |i,i»,r  Hit  re 
ornl  vlrloriii,  li.r  rlmrm  ti  r  us  J,,lnl  ifiiuruiitic 
i)f  till'  liciil)  cif  \\i',i|ili,ili„   ,111,1  111,    .iiilinullv 

cif  luT  llilwM'Uiiill'i  In  llll'  i%|jili  H  iif  111,.  i'|i||i|r,.    ,  ,j 

loiirnKiil  liir  mliiUtirn  ti.  iliiimiid  tin  liiii«.rhil 
imwii  fur  llic  >(iiitlifiil  |,,M<i«  XIV  Siill  iii,,r,. 
pIlriionlliMrv  l>  llii'  rmt  t!mi  Iniir  .pf  Ih'- ,  lti!,,r-, 
wiTf  Kuliiitl,  liy  tliiii  miMitin  lis  (.-.,1,1,  to  i  sp,,in,. 
Iili  vU'Wa  Pi'riiiimlciv  f.ir(i(riiiain  !ir„l  r..r 

Kuriipi',  till'  cli^itoM  of  rii  v.«.  Hruinl.iil.iirir 
■ml  S«»iiii\  «.r<'  tini  pulri'ilir  l.i  »,riih.,n  tliis 
inhtimtcl  |ir.ip,,„il ;  i|„.v  ihnnli wsl  Ui  1 1,  ,1  ,i 
ii«llv«iiriMriMit  llicir(i«iiuulli.piilv.  >i  rin  iiaii 
wlllih  ciiiixsl  III!  rest  to  cii  lip.  nil.'  «  illi  iliini 
Ml  lllwl,    HlliT  son.,'    frilillcss    lli';;,,ti:,lliill^     l.fi.-' 

|H)lil.  mm  (if  till'  III niiM'rur.  kliiu'  ..f  ll.i'li.iiiin 

iiml  of  lliliiKitrv.  uiiH  niisi'il  to  ili,-  vumnl  ihi; 
iiltv.     Hit  rclKii  wiis  oiii'  of  Kriui  liiiiiiiliation  to 

liiH  bouK  anil  to  il mplrc.     Wiihoiii    lali'iiia 

fur  fovprniiii'iit,  witlnuit  ni'iicriMltv.  fiilil,'   hli: 

oti-d.  anil  imsllWinii i  .  hr  win  litili.,|,ialiiiii|  i,, 

•unment  till' (tl'iry  of  llll  I'oiiiitrv.  .  Tlimmtli. 
out  hU  lonit  n'i^'ll  |ltl.-iT  17o.-)|,  hi'  hail  tin-  m.irli. 
Hcatlou  to  witiii'HM,  on  tin.  part  of  l.oum  XIV  ii 
wrieitof  till' inimt  iiiipiovi.kiil,  wiiilon  aii.j  iiii 
principlul  ii«iirpiillon«  I'vir  riionli.l  in  |ii>i,,rv 

Intprnully,    the   n'lRn   of    I polil   aiTonls 

norar  Inferrstlnn  pr  liciiliir»  .  .  Not  ili,.  l,.„si 
In  the  ciitatilisliiiu'iit  of  a  ninth  clc,  ti.iul  ilii;i,iiv 
In  faviiur  of  Knii'm  Aii){ii»tU!i.  Duke  of  Hriins 
wiric  Lumnlmrg.  who  Uii-n  hiTaini'  (Itlll'.'i  tin- 
tint  elpctor  of  naiiovir.  Thl«  »as  ihi'  an  of 
l/'op<ilil,  in  return  for  im|HirtHiil  itiil  in  iimih'V 

ami  troop.*  from  two  pri -h  of  ihat  hoiisi'    hiii 

il  could  mil  In.  I'fri'ctiHl  will i  Mir  loiiriirri'iiii' 

nf  the  elei'lonil  IhhIv,  who  Iouk  n-»is|<Kl  it 
The  establishment  of  a  pernmnintilii-i.  atlemli'il 
not  by  the  I'li'ciors  in  piTwiii,  lint  liy  lliiir  np 
ri'wntatives.  is  one  of  the  most  strikiiii:  piiullari 
Ill's  of  Keopohls  relirn  '-S  A,  Diinliani,  lli.l. 
'i)  the  ttVniiiiiiir  Kiiijiire,  hk-   :i.  ,'/,   :|(,.   .'ii  _s,,. 

DiKT    TlIK  (iKIIMAMC. 

A.   D.    164ft  1715 


-  ■.^'   -    -Rel»tioni   of    Austria, 

Germany  and  France  after  the  Thirty  Years 

war.  — "The  whole  Hhanii'fulni'sa  of  this  ilisin 
teirration  of  Oirmai'-.  showeil  itself  in  the  ile- 
fenceless  Hiale  of  the  empire  ,  .  .  Ui^ht  muter 
the  sn'eily  haiiiU  of  Knime  lav  the  weakest  the 
most  iiiiKiiarilisI  inemlMrs  ^f  the  enipip.  '  \M 
slon);  that  priest  avenue  the  Khine,  from  Mini 
■t<'r  and  OsnabrlUk  up  to  Constance,  stntehi  ;  a 
fonfiiae.1  mass  of  tiny  states.  Incapable  of  in  any 
way  seriously  arming  tlieniselves,  rompelliil  t',, 
hctray  their  eoiintry  throutfh  the  feeljn^'  of  ilieir 
"wn  utter  weakness.  Almost  all  the  Uhenish 
eimrts  held  pensions  from  Versailles.  Kullv 

"lie  lliird  of  Germany  serviil  in  the  wars  of  the 
inipire  as  a  deail  bunlen.  .  .  .  The  weakness  of 
le nnan^v  was  to  blame  for  the  new  irrowlh  of 
pmviT  in  Austria  and  France  ;  .  .  .  the  for 
I'lL-ners  laushi'd  at  the  '  i|iierelles  allenmniles  ' 
«n.l  the  'misire  allemanili'- ;  the  Frenchman 
llonhours  miK'kinirly  askeil  the  iiuestion  if  it  was 
possible   that   a   flerman   could    have    intellect 

As  the  liorn  nn'aijonist  of  the  old  ,,r,Kr  of 
Ihines  in  Kurope,  the  basis  of  which  was  Oe-- 
nuiiy  «  weakness.  Hrus,sin  sIimhI  in  a  woHd  of 
oiiniies  whose  mutual  jraloiisies  formni  her  only 
siifiLMianl.  She  was  without  anv  natural  ally, 
fiTthef^-rman  nation  had  not  vet  come  to  under- 
S,i:il  this  budding  power.  .  .  .'justasihe  House 

96 


of  Nivoy  was  abh'  to  tread  Its  way  thronirh  the 
»u|virlorlty  of  the  llapsbiiriihs  on  the  one  hand 
and  of  the  lioiirlhiiis  on  the  oiher,  «o  did  I'mssia, 
alili.iin,'li  Inimiasurably  hunlir  prissisl,  have  u'l 
tlml  a  path  for  hersi'lf  iHlween  Aiulrla  and 
Kraiiie,  lutween  Sweden  and  rolaiid,  iH'tHien 
llie  iiiiirllinii'  p,iwer»  nnil  the  inert  inasa  of  the 
til  riiian  eniplre  she  had  to  use  everv  means  of 
ri  niorsi  li  s^  I'lfolsui.  always  nailv  toclmiiKe  front. 
iil«a>s  Willi  two  strinxs  to  herlsiw  The  elec. 
lorali- of  Hniiiilenliiirjt  felt  to  Ihe  very  marrow 
of  Us  beiiiit  how  llll  ply  forelcn  ideas  bad  eaten 
iiitolii  rinaiiy  All  Ihe  ilisorKnnlxeil  In 
wliii  h  opposiil  ihi  sirong  lead  of  the 
uriliv  plan, I  iheii  laith  In  foreiirn  help  lliit,  h 
L'arris.iiisH,  1,.  stalloni'don  the  f.owi  r  Hliiiie  and 


I'rii's      .   . 
new  nion- 


fiivoriil  the  sin. (Title  of  Ihe  CleM'  estales  apiiiisl 
llMir  (il  rniaii  lonls  The  dli  is  of  .Maifilibiir|{ 
and  of  thr  electoral  Mark  counted  on  Austria 
Krederl,  k  William  breaks  down  the  barriers 
of  the  Niilierlanders  in  Ihe  Oerniuii  Nortliwest ; 
111  drives  their  Insips  from  Clevc  iind  from  Kast 
ril'slaml  Then  he  calls  out  t,     the   deaf 

Million  his  warniiut  words.  '  Kenienilier  tlml  Mi" 
arc  (Jermans.'  and  seeks  to  drive  the  Swedes 
Iroin  Ihe  soil  of  the  empire.  Twice  did  the  ill 
will  of  Knince  and  Austria  suecisd  in  riilibiii({ 
the  HranilenliurK  prince  of  tne  rewanl  of  his 
vii  lines,  of  the  rule  in  I'omerania  :  the  fame  of 
the  day  at  Fehrliellin  |sce  Hn  vsiiKNiiino  A  I) 
ltl4().|(l»<]  ll„.y  ,.„„|,1  ,„„   ,„,j,.  f^„„|  iiiiii 

When  the  re|iiiblicof  the  NetlicHiinils  Ihreatened 
to  fall  before  the  attack  of  I,ouisXlV  ,  lirnnden- 
burir  canifht  the  ralsnl  arm  of  thcconiineror  Isee 
NK1IIKIII..4M1S:    A     1».    1H-4-l«TN|       Fnilerick 

\\  llliam  carried  on  111 |y  serious  war  that  the 

cniiiiri'  ventured  on  for  Ihe  recovrrv  of  Alsaci' 
|s.e  AisTHiA:  A  I)  In72-I7l4|  .  ."  .  With  the 
rise  of  I'russia  liegan  the  hmg  hliKsly  work  of 
freeing  (Jertniiny  from  fori  iiiii  rule  In  this 

one   state  then'  awoke  amin,  still   half   iincon 
scions  as   if  drunken    with    lonn  sleep,   the  ohl 
heaity  pride  in  the  fallii  rlanil.  .  .   .  The  l|oiis<' 
of   IlapsbnrL'h  rec.iL'iii/isI  .  ariier  than  the  Mo. 
hen/ollerns    did    tlieinscl  v,  s    how    hostile    this 
moileni  .North  (Jerniaii  slalc  was  to  the  old  con- 
sliiulion  of  the  Holy  Knipire.        In   Silesia,  in 
roineranla.  in  tlie  .liilicb  Cleve  war  of  succession 
-- every  when'  Austria   stoml    and    lisjked   with 
dislrust    on   its  danireroiis   rival.      .   .   Kipiallv 
ilanireroiis  to  Ilaiisliurirh  and  to  the  (icrnian  eni 
pire  were  the  French  and  the  Turks  ;  how  iialu- 
nil  was  it  for  lla|>sliuiiih  to  sii  k  su|i|iort  from 
liermany.  to  involve  the  empire  in  its  wars,  to 
use  it  as  a  bulwark  towards  Ihc  west  or  for  di- 
versions   ajjainst      France    in    case    the    Turk* 
tlinalened   the   \,alls  of    Vienna.   .   .   .  Onlv    it 
cannot  lie  denied  that  in  this  conunon  nclioii  the 
Austrian  policy,  under  a  more  ccntnili/ed  «uid- 
aiiie  and    backed    by  a  tirnier  iRiditi.iti.  looked 
out    for  its  own  adVantaire  better  than  did  the 
(iernian  enipire— loose,  heavy,  and  without  con- 
sistent   Icailersbip.     When    the    nii(;lit    of  I.oiiia 
.\l\    tM'uan  tooppriss  (icrmanv  the  policy  of  the 
Mapsliurirlis  was  to  reninin  for  a  lonp  titne  luke- 
warm and  inactive.     This  policy  led  Austria  in 
denl   even    to  make  a  league  with  Franiv  and. 
when   she   did   at  last   deiiile  to  lielp  the  j:n'at 
elector  of  Hrandcnburc  airainst  tlie  enepiv  of  Ihe 
empiri'.  this  happened  so  charily  and  iipiivocally 
as  to  Rive  rise  to  the  doubt  whether  the  ?  nsirian 
army  was  not  placet)  then,  to  keep  Hat!!i  over 
the   Hrandenbiirg  forces  or  even  to  positively 

1521 


H. 


':    11 


UKKy.iNY,  IM8-I719.      A»Mn»  »od  tK,  fmfir,         ObllMA.NV,  tMM  tTwi. 


•'  r 


■    H  - 


;  <       ' 


hinilpr  llH'ir  wUniii  i>      An  Aiialrlitii  writer  lilm- 

orir     HH«liri'M    U«    tllllf     MiMtllTIM'llll     WtM    ill  M-rrt't 

I'liiiiiiiiiiili'il  only  I.I  iihiki'  n  •hiiw  iif  iialiiK  liU 
wi'ii|H)ti4  iit/itliiHt  tlif  Kri'iit'li  Kor  tt  ItHi^  time 
Aii'iirlii  nl'ital  liv  liiitrlivi'  whili'  'lir  Kriiniirdi 
Hon..  |«T  Kh*m».     a    I>   IH'lt  IH^^Il  WW' itnliix 

OH.  .  .       The  »  hull' wiirii ii<liiiti.il  by  AiiKtrlii 

(HI  till'  llliiiir  mill  III  III''  W<>l   |iHi<  ArxTitiA:   A. 

II  HIT.!  I'lll  Hiixliiiiifiililiinilali'i  |>.  IlK'ifiiiilri' 
iiiMllinllviiliiiil  Hiirlikr  {111111  !'•  Hill  li  fl  III  jirii 
Nil  Ihi  iii»i'lvi'<  VVIiiit  Hii  I'lillii  Iv  .IllTi nut  ili< 
|ilii>  III  iRimrillil  AiiMlrlii  iimkr  >>liiii  It  wna  it 
i|Ui-«Iinii  .if  n>;litiiii;  fur  IIh  iiwn  .tyim^tir  liiti'r- 

•  hIh'  — II  v.iii  I'n  iNi  likr,  Ik'il'l''  liinrhifhtr 
tm  WUt  n  J<ihi/ii4iitt*  rt  ititiiti.  from  fht  Urnuiln), 
r    1/1/'    '.'1    M    —  "  .\»  ill  till' wiirx  ml  ill  lllrililllii 

iiiiilir  mtl'iliiilioiM  llii'o'p«riiliiiii  of  ;lii' Aiixlriiiii 
ilviiiialii   liili'rr<la  friiiii  llii-  itilviiiititxi'  mill  iii'i'iU 

•  if  I  111    lirrillillUllipiri'  iifll  llr  liMU'll  I  IIIIIV  tiilitili' 

It  l»  iiiily  niii'wuiry  to  nurt  tn  tlii'  Hitiliiili' 
»liirli  I  111'  i'iii|H'riir'iiili|iliiiiiitry  tmikut  NIliii'KUi'ii 
iiii.l  ItvHwiik  [•»i'  NiMkiii  KN  .  iiiiil  Khame: 
A  I)  Iitil7|.  .  Wlwii  ill  till'  riiiifirimi'H  Hi 
(iirlriiiilnilinri;  ilTI'ii  Liirin  XIV    wmt  rmlmril 

III  iN-liiic  willini;  nut  mily  In  jrlvr  up  tUi;  '  |(i'- 
niiiii-\:itiiiii)i'  iiitil  str;i<.'*ttMrif  liiii  fvi'ti  to  rmtori' 
ANiiir  mill  tlii'  furinwi  iil  Viilniiii'nniii,  It  wiw 
ul«i  nut  IIh'  lull  ri'.t'<  uf  llir  I'liiplrt'  Init  iMilily 
tliiMi'  of  till'  lloiiw  uf  lliiiiiiliiiriili  wliii'li  It'll  III 
111!'  ri'jiHtion  of  tlii'^ic  otltTs  uiiil  to  the  run 
timmrui-  of  u  witr  by  wliicli,  tut  it  tiirnffl  out 
<  viiituiilly.  not  oiic  of  tlii'iK'  ili'iimiiUii  wb» 
^iiiiii'il."'  -L  lljlim-irr.  ihnlKfht  lifatfu'rhtf  (triiiii. 
Ir-mlh,  ll.rm.in).  r.  1,  p.  'JM.  —  "  l^mii.  XIV.  ri' 
^iinlinl  hiiiiw'lf  not  I'Siirilv  hk  ini'iiiy  of  tlii-  Oit 
iiiuii  I'liipiri'  mill  of  till'  fnipiriiil  (xiwir  of  thr 
lloiiiu'  of  lliipMburK'li.  but  mtliir  tM  a  pri't^'iiilniit 
III  till' tlinini'.  Ah  Ik- I'xpliiiiiH  It  In  the  |Militirnl 
iliri'ciioiiH  iiii'.'iiit  for  liis  son,  tlii!  rnipirr  of  tlii' 
\Vr«t.  till'  hrritiiKu  of  I'liiirlcH  tlic  (trial,  b«lun);s 
mil  of  rifflit  to  the  (icriimnH  but  to  the  kiii^swhii 
liri'  (TownnI  iit  Uluiiim. "'— 7*  i/f*-.  thurhifhte 
(ItUx  IT40)  {Iniifiitril  fnm  thr  Hermiin).  i:  I. 
/.  .vm. 

A.  D.  1648-1780.— The  Auitri'n  incubui.- 
"  Hi'fori'  tin-  Tl.iity  Yi-iirt'  Wiir  the  tcrriloricn  of 
till'  lliriimn  llapKburghii  wort-  iioi  very  onsiiU'r' 
iiliii'  Till' (iri'iitifit  part  of  lluiiptry  Witn  in  the 
hmiil.!  of  till'  Turks;  thr  Tyrol  bilunifwl  to  a 
I'lillutiml  line.  anil,  in  tbi'  otiii'r  provinci  .,  tlii' 
inilcpi'iiiii'iK'c  of  till'  Nobility  was  much  stn  n^cr 
I'  .11  till'  sovcrriirnly  of  tlu'  An  liilukis  Tin' 
N.'t'li-'*  wi're  all  zmlmis  priiti'stants,  so  that  a 
ni.'ii  irili!  Ill  powiT  r.MiIil  iinlv  I"'  rnati'il  aftrr  a 
viiiiit»  of  till-  ('albiilii-  f.iitb,'  For  tlii'  first  tlnu' 
Hiiu'i'  ill'Jl.  tlii-i'rown  »a.*  m'I'II  in  tbi'si-  rririons 
to  a»l^llIllt•  a  ri-allv  iluininant  (HMition.  KtTorts  in 
tl.'-i  iliri'i'tiiin  liiul  bi'i-n  /riilously  currtcil  on  sin<-i' 
111  •<  ;  till'  Tynilr.«'  Kstati'S  now  lost  tin  Ir  mint 
iiii,..iriaiit  privili'ni's  ;  anil,  aliovc  all.  Ilic  Km- 
|ii  I  ir  -11.  II  I'lli'il.  by  till'  blip  of  Polish  anil  (J.r 
iiian  triHip*.  in  ilrivin;.'  mil  tlic  Tiirk^  from  lliin 
uary.  anil  at  I  In-  sunn-  liinr  iriHliini;  tlic  national 
fri'i'ilnni  111  til.'  .Mairyars  Hiib  friirblful  blo'iil 
nIhiI.  By  tlii'si'  \  iiinrirs  ilir  Munan-by  i^aiiml, 
ill  till-  tir-t  |il;iii'.  a  laiL'i'  iiii-n-asi'  of  ti-rriliTy — 
wliicli  plari'il  it  ii.'Milv  nil  a  b'Vi'l  with  Fniiiir. 
In  the  st'i'iiiiil  pl;i.  f  !i  1.  .|iiiiiil  at  lionii'  tin' 
|Hiw«'r  of  r.'ii^iiit:  MS  iniiiiy  taxi's  anil  solilicrs  us 
wcri'  nicrssary  to  iinn-i-...  tin-  army  totbccxtcnt 
■  )f  its  wislii's:  anil  i.f  .|i>trilMitini.'  its  otllrials anil 
trii'ips — witlioiit   liistinctinii  of  nation — as  iin- 

jM-riiil  si.rvniits_  tliriiiiixlii.int    its  ijoiuiuiotis.      AcJ 


II,.' 


thus  it  s4.runs|  aiiliMilwlim  at  himir  hihI  ill-p, 
abb'  aln.iiKlli  for  ll»  oiMrallons  ubnwl      II.  1. 
stoplH-il  sliiirt.      ,\iiltliai'  no  nalioiial.  aiul    .  > 
iMipirntly.  no  warm  aiul  iniliiial  n  lall.ni  <..  |. 
of   lis   provinri's— itliirb   «in    1111  n  ly    11...! 

Imssivr  loiiU  to  proinoti'  Ibi-  lofty  aims  ..| 
lalMbiiriih  family  -tlii'  Hum  rii  .11  nt  bail  i> 
ti-nlliin  of  iisiiitf  Its  (HiHrrat  bom*'  fur  th'  tur'h.  r 
am  ■'  of  Ibi'  pMiilir  tsouil  ur  Hit'  biilliiiiii;  u|.  .  I  ■ 
Kiinrally  inu-fiil  .VilmlnUlmtion  Tin  N  .l..i:iv 
li.ul  nil  l.inKir  tbi'  strinittb  to  rrsisi  tin  ili  iii;,!,.|, 
of  till'  CroHii  fill  ini'ii  anil  inunry,  but  it  .iill  1, 
taini'il  iii'inpliiiii  from  tatrs.  Ilii'  juiiulii  i:.,ii 
anil  puliri'  aiiioni.'  its  own  piasmits,  urnl  u  iniiUi 
liiiii'  of  finilal  ri)jbt«,  whii  b.  oftiii  muiith  .1.  ■ 
urailril  till'  |H'nsanl  In  tin' ronilitiun  of  a  >.  il  .ii.| 
i-vi  ry  wliiri'  IxhiihI  ilowii  airririiltiin  in  tin  u.^i 
Kallliitf  iKinila.     Of  nianiifartiirrstbi'ri' win  hi'li' 

or  noiii' .  trat'i' was  larrinl  on  on  tbi-  s\.ii f 

tfiilbU.  Till'  Slnti'  otilrials  ixin  iscil  Imi  Intl.- 
Iiillui'iii'i'  oTir  till'  Inlrriial  alfairs  of  ibi  (  ..in 
mun<'i>,  or  l*rovln<'<s< .  ami  tin-  priv  ili'ui'il  "nli  rt 
liHil  full  lila'rty  111  proxi'riiti' tin  ir  ..un  im.  r.  <n 
nnioiiu  tlii'ir  infi'riors  with  imoiisiili mi.    .i:i,.|| 

uess.     In  tbia  armtiH'mty,  Ihi'  Cliunli,  fi its 

W'i'ulth  ami  its  cloM'  inli'rnal  unity,  assnmnl  ih.' 
Hrnl  place;  ami  llssn|ierior  lm|iortaiicc  w.i-.  -nil 
fnrtlier  cnhamist  by  the  fait  of  lis  In  ini..  i|„. 
chief  iKiml  of  uniiy  Istwisn  tin  utliiiwi-.  <i 
liNMcly  com|mclisl  |HMlliiiis  uf  the  Kiiijiin 
Thii  (  hiirch  attailnil  the  Ni.liililvto  the  li.iMrn 
nient :  for  we  rnuat  not  forvit  iW  a  mh  ...u 
■idcrablc  ixirtlon  of  the  CKlates  of  the  Nublr.  hnl 
pasmsl  Into  the  ImiiiJa  of  new  |>ossessiirs  \\  li..  Ii:iil 
reis'ivcil  them  aa  a  rewaril  for  lainir  hukI  .  iili.i 
lies  The  Church,  Iihi,  taught  all  tin'  \.>uih  if 
the  Kinplrc  —  In  all  Its  illlTercnt  laiuiiiii'. - 
ulx'illcncc  to  the  House  of  llapsburiib.  aiil  r.  • 
is'lvtsl  from  the  Crown,  In  return,  cxrlii«i\i  1 .  n 
tnil  of  the  national  islncation.  It  I'uniinl  in 
apite  of  the  resistance  of  nalionalitii  >  a -..  ri  .[ 
public  opinion  in  favour  of  the  unity  ul  iln  \'.m 
pire  ;  anil  the  I'niw  n,  in  return,  enclinl  .1  mII  nui 
citlhollc  iipinionsfroin  llies<'h(N>ls,  froii.  litirjtiiri' 
anil  n'llKiiin.  Austria,  therefore,  loiitinin. I  Ii.Ik- 
catholic,  even  after  ItHW;  anil  by  tbk  «i-  imaii, 
not  only  that  its  Princes  wire  pir«uiuill\  il.  v     1! 

—  or  that  the  Catliollc  cb'riry  were  sii]ip.iii,  I    ii 
the  is'rforinance  of  tliiir  s|iiiitual  film  ti.  11-       ir 
that  the  institiitiuns  of  the  C  liiiri  b  wiri'  Iil.. 
s;i|i|Kirt(si— but  also  that  th.'  Slate  iliri.i. 
policy  acrorillni;  to  eeclesiasiical  vIch*.  mi. I 
if  the  Chiircb  for  ixilitlcal  pur|iiis<'s,  ami  .  i  . 
every  niovinient  hostile  to  il  in  all  olli.  r  -[•< 
of  the  national  life      In  Austria,  then  lui.     i 
lint  merely  ai|iiestion  of  thi'oloi:ii'al  liilT.  !• 
lull  of  tbi'ilci  |H'st  and  most  comprebi-ii-iv.  i' 
of  ilistinrtiuii    Is'twei'ii   the    ineilia'Val 
niml'rii  wurlil.      .\wHtria  was  still,  in  ii-  1 
iiatiir.-.    a    Meiliieval   Slate   or    ('..iifrii.  1  i. 
States.     The  consci)iieiU'esof  tlii^  luniliii.  r 
most  slrikiiitfly  seen  in  its  rilalion  tu  (I.  11 
III  the  rtrst  place,  tlicri'  was  a  i-.imi|i|iI.    m 
tion,  inrcKaril  to  all  mental  ami  spiritual  n.  1 
betwis'n  tlie  gri-nt  lii«ly  of  tin    Kinpin     . 
powerful  Kiistern  inemlHr.     This  was  Iln    | 
ill  which  (icnminy  was  awakiiiir  tu  a  m  \\ 
lectiial  life  in  miHlern  Kiirope,  anil    layii 
founilation  of  its  miMlcrn  science  in  iv .  r> 

—  In  Mistiiry  and  Statistics,  Clicnii^lry  :r  : 
OK.V.  .Illrispfililcnccanil  I'liil.  .supliy  —  an  ' 
in^  by  its  IJteratiin'.  an  I'ljual  rank  wiM. 
nations  in  natiuiia!  rcfincmc!:!    am!  ci\:!:.' 


lilV 


■  l.'.l 


;.i      !|.. 


Il 


1522 


•p-51 


UUtMANY.  IMN-ITm) 


Br  thr  wurku  <>t  Kiniim  whii  h  lliin  ihtIihI  |>rii 
iliirnl  AiinlrU  li'iiiiiliii'il  iniihly  iiriiiiMiiiiiiiil. 
tnil  it  liw  iHvn  Mkl.  Ihut  Wirlliir  liiiil  oiilt  Ini  ii 
nuuli'  kniiwn  In  Ui«  Vlriini*!'  In  ilir  rorm  ul  tin 
wiirk*  In  tliM  Prttrr  Tlii'  lltinirv  ihiIIi  v  uIIhwiiI 
no  x*!!  iif  iiiiHirm  rulliirt'  l<i  iiiiir  llii'  Kinpiri'. 
tml  III)'  Jmill  M'hniilii  linil  ri  iHliriij  iIk'  mill  imiii 
fiir  itii  rirt'|iti<in  All  tin'  pnii/rr^H  nf  (iiritiuii 
dviiiziilioii.  lit  IhU  imtIihI,  Kill  liiM'il  nil  III!'  prill 
cipir  of  till'  iiiili  .  iiili'iii  I'  iif  III)'  iiiliiil  III  urt  iiihI 
•iriiiT.  Till'  I'liiiiillnii  iif  i|ii<  JmilU.  nil  Ihi' 
nmlrHry.  lliiMijfli  iiiiHiirpiiniM'tl  vxlnri'  thf  uhjcrt 
U  til  pnpari'  iiiiii  for  i>  »im  i  liil  piir|u>M',  miii 
nii-ni'i'ii  liy  ilUmnliii;  liulh lilmil  pit  iilhirlllin  imt 

thf    riKllt    of    n    lllllll    lo    iIkkix'    IiU    mtii    nih.r 

Tlicrv  wiw.  Ill  Ihi*  timi'.  ii<i  nllur  >  liam  h  riollr  of 
tn  Aiinlriiiii  timii  iiii  ititirr  i^lniiigi  ninii  frnin 
IhrpruKri'HHiif  tlii'Oi'riiiiiiiiiiliiil  TInprnK 

im  of  till'  iH'iipIc  ill  M  linir  mill  an.  In  ihiIUIih 
ukI  mllltitry  kId-iikIIi,  wiikohIv  niii  in  llii'  hirKir 
■nilliir  trrVilnrlcii.  wlilrli.  iifti  r  ItitH.  iiijoviit 
llicir  own  Mciv.nlirniy ;  iin<l  fvftx  iliiw  witi' 
clMTktil  In  tliiir  iiioviiiii'ntH  at  tviry  ulrp  bv  tlu' 
rrmnanu  of  tin-  IniixTial  Coimlitiitlon  '  Tlic 
Mrmlicn  of  till'  Knipln-  uloiu',  in  wlioin  tlii'  iti' 
cayiDK  rrnmiiiA  of  MiiIIh'ViiI  i-xiKti'iirc  ulill  ||n 
«er«l  on  — till'  KiclciiiHiilU'Hl  I'rimi'H  — tin' wimll 
('iHinta— till'  lin|M'riiil  KnlKlitn  iinil  the  IniixTial 
TiiWDs,  — rliuiK  to  till'  Knipcnirund  llii'  liiipiTiiii 
Dii't.  Id  tlii'M'.  piirtly  froiii  tlicir  mimll  I'xli'iit  nf 
Irrritory.  piirtly  fmiii  tin-  iiM'lHcii'niy  of  iliiir  In 
•titutioiu,  iii'illiir  iirilvi'  iniliiHtrv,  nor  iitililii' 
uiirit,  iiiir  nitlliiniil  priili',  wiri'  to  Fk'  fniiiul.  In 
ill  wliicli  triiili'il  to  I'li'vitlc  till'  imliiiii,  anil  miiu' 
Itu  luipfi  for  till'  fiitiirv,  tliiy  liKik, at  tlila  ihtIinI. 
u  little  iHirt  an  Aiistrin  lunHlf.  .  .  .  Tin'  liii 
prriul  I'diiHtiliitlon,  tlirn'fori',  wan  inwunlly  ilv- 
cayiil,  «ii(l  HtiNHl  in  uo  relHtion  to  llii'  inti'riml 

Srowth  of  till'  niilion.  .  .  .  Tlii'ri'  was  tin-  Mtmi' 
iviTgrnci-  iM'twciii  Aimtriii  ami  Ot'rmany  with 
niiiicct  to  tlii'ir  foreign  intrn'Ktii.  an  wi'  Imvi'  oli 
irrvnl  in  tlirir  inliTnal  ri'lalions.  Aftir  tlie 
Turku  liiul  iMt'n  ilrlvin  from  lliinKary.  unt  the 
Sweden  from  tlie  half  of  I'onicrania,  (kTiiianr 
hail  only  two  neiKlilmiini  whom  it  wiih  a  inaltiT 
uf  vital  iniportuniH'  to  watch,—  the  I'oli-s  ami  the 
Freiieh.  In  the  ^^ollth,  on  thi'ioutmry,  It  hail  no 
inti'rentii  in  oppoxitiiiii  lo  Italy,  exript  Ihe  pro 
tiition  of  it*  frontier  by  ti.e"  poKin'ssioii  or  the 
neutmlity  of  the  Alpine  "passes.  .Viiil  yit  it  was 
lust  townrilii  Italy  that  the  eyes  of  the'lloiisi'  of 
ilapsbiirg  liiul  Uen  iiiiiiilerriipliilly  liireetnl  for 
rcniiirie*  past.  The  fa>oiirile  traililions  of  the 
fmiiily,  ami  tli:'ir  ixilitical  and  eerlesiiislical  in 
Icpat  iu  sei'iiriiiK  tlie  mipport  of  the  Tope,  and 
tliireliy  that  of  the  Clergy,  coiistaiilly  iin|ielli'd 
III'  in  to  eousolidate  and  extend  Iheirdoinlnion  in 
lli^it  niunlrv.  All  oilier  eonsideralions  yielili  d 
to  tills;  aiiif  this  is  h'.tellii;ibie  enoiiirh  ffoiii  an 
Austrian  (Miiut  oi  view;  liiil  it  was  not  on  that 
aiioiiiit  h'sa  injurious  to  ilie  (Jirnian  KnipiO'. 
Iliiw  sirikinKly  was  this  opposition  of  interests 
di>playi'd  at  tile  end  of  tlie  ^'lorious  war  of  the 
^pani.sh  siieiessioii,  when  llie  Kinperor  iTJeeted 
u  iieace  which  woi..,l  have  restored  Striisbiiri; 
mid  Alsaw  Ui  the  Knipire.  Is'iaiise  only  Naides. 
anl  not  Sieily  also  was  oiTt  red  to  .\us|rial  How 
5hir;ily  detineil  do  the  same  ri  lalioiis  presint 
tliini.silvcn  to  our  view,  in  Hie  last  years  of  the 

Ua|isburg  dynasty,  at  the  jxaie  of  Vie i  in 

loW  —  on  whieh  oecasion  the  Kinperor  —  in  or 
der  at  least  to  jtain  Tuscany,  lis  a  eoiiipeiisatiou 
f'-F  Uh:  !o35  or  Xaplts,  —  gave  up  Lurraiuo  lo  the   ,' 

15: 


Knmh. 
whhli  III 


OKILUANY.  IftM 

lillioiil    even    eonsiillInK    the 
had  •Irairifed   Into   the   war 


Knipire, 
Austria 


I  thus  iiiainlalnid  a  I'ri-'loiniii.tnt  iiitliieiife  in  Italy, 
!  but  the  Kinplre.  diirlnu  Hie  »lio|.  1 1  iilMi  V  after 
the  I'eaie  of  Wislplialla.  did  not  obtain  a  sinKln 
noteworthy  advantnite  over  Kranie  How  inoih 
more  was  this  llie  nw  with  n  spei  I  to  I'  >ud. 
whirli  il  irlntf  the  whole  pirl'sl  of  the  n  iuioiin 
Wiirs  had  Ik  in  the  most  /ealoiis  ally  of  Kpuln  and 
till-  Hapsbiirifs.  iiiiil  whieli  subsi'i|iieiitly  in-enied 
to  ihrialen  no  danger  to  .Vustrliiii  Interests  '  — 

II  VoiiNvIkI,  lli'l'irii  .if  th,    th  It'll  liif^'liili'in. 
'.X    ■.•,  ,•/,    1    ,•    1 1 

A.  D.  i6sl.  EUction  of  tht  EmMror,  Lao- 
pold  I, 

A.  D.  1660-1M4.  Rcnrwcd  war  with  th« 
Turkt. -Victory  of  St.  Cothard.  -  Trantjrl- 
*ania  libtratcd. -A  twenty  year»  truce,    Hee 

III  MivMV     A    I)   IIWO  HltM 

A,  D.  i67a-i67o.  -The  war  of  the  Coalition 
afainit  Louli  XIV,  Se  Nktiikiii..\ni>s  iMoi. 
I  AMI)      A     I)     lIlTi  |tl74.    and    1074-ltlTH.    ulao 

NiMKOI  KN,  I'l-  \l  K  of- 

A.  O.  i675-i67(,  -  War  with  Sweden.— 
Battle  of  Fehrbcllin,    See  IliuMiicNni  no    A  l>. 

ltl40-|tlHH.  and.Sc,\.\DIN*VH.N.ST.\TKIt(SwKIl|iM»: 

A    II    l«4l-l«B7. 
A.  D.  1679-1681.— The   ffnal   absorption   of 

Alsace  and  Les  Trois-ETich<s  by  France, 
I  with  boundaries  widened.— Bold  encroach- 
i  ments  of  the  French  Chambers  of  Reannesa- 

tion.— Theseisureof Strasburgr.    SeKinMK 

A.  I)   1«:»-HI>" 

A.  O.    1686,— The    League    of    Augsburg 

•gainst  Louis  XIV.— "The  Duke  of  llrleans, 
j    Hie  Kreiieh  Klnit's  brother,  had  married  the  sister 
j   of  the  Kleetor  I'alallue.  the  last  of  the  House  of 
j   ,'<lniniern,  who  died  In  .Mav  IB»*."i.   when  his  next 
\    nlatlve,    the    Count    I'aliitine    I'hilip    William, 
Duke  of  Neiilx'rir.  Iixik  posNiwion  of  the  Klec- 
torale.    The  Duchess  of  Orleans  had  by  her  mar 
j    riaite  contract  renounced  all  her  feuilii)  riuhls  lo 
.    the  i'ala'inate.  but  not  her  claiiin  lo  the  allisllal 
:    Jiroperly    and    the    movealiles  of    her   faniilv." 
riiese  latter  claims,  taken  in  hand  by  Loulii  XlV. 
on  Ixlialf  of  his  sister  in  law,  were  made  so  for- 
midable that   the  new  Kleitor  appeahd   to  the 
Kiiipin'  for  protecilon,  "and  thus  n  ioubled  the 
nneiisiness  fell  in  tiennanv.  and  indeed  through' 
out    the  greater  part  of  Europe,  ri'spectinK  the 
scliiniesof  Louis.     The  Prime  of  Oranire  availed 
himself  of  these  suspicions  to  forwanl  his  plans 
aitainst  Louis.     He  artfully  Intlaii.ed  the  Keuerul 
alarm,  and  at  length  siucieiUd  in  inducing'  lh>; 
Kmpi  ror    Leopold,    the    KiiiKs    of    Sjiaiii    and 
,Sweilin,  us  primes  of  the  Kmiiire,  the  Klectors 
of   Su\oiiy  and    Hiivaria.  the  circles   'if  .Siiabia, 
Krancoiiiu,  Ipisr  .Saxony,  ami  Havana,  lo  enter 
into  Hie  ci  leliraled    Liai;ue  of  AujtsburK  (.luly 
WHi    KWiti.       I'lie  object  of   this  league  was   to 
iiiainlaiii  the  Treaties  of  .MUnster  and  Xinieiruea 
and  Hie  Truce  of  Ualisbon.     If  any  of  the  mun- 
isrs  of  it  was  alt.ickeil  he  was  to  lie  assisted  by 
the  whole  confederacy  ;  Oi».(liH)  men  were  to  be 
raised,  who  were  to  Ik-  fn-ipieiitly  drilled,  and  to 
form  a  camp  diirini;  some  weeks  of  every  year, 
and  a  common  fund  for  their  support  was  to  be 
established  at  Frankfort       The  League  was  to 
Im'  in  force  only  for  three  years,   but  miirlil  lie 
proloni.'ed  at  the  expiration  of  that  term  should 
the  public  safely  reiiuire  il.     The  Elector  Pala- 
tine, who  was  iu  fact  the  party  most  directly  inter- 
tsleil.  aicedeii  lo  Ihe  League  early  iu  September, 


-'    if 


1^ 


GEUMANY.  16«6. 


n-  liril 
Kinga  of  iVujwiu. 


GKHMANY,  1700-1740. 


■Ill 


■  n:.- 


lis  well  us  till-  I>iiki'  of  HiilMU'in  (Inllorp  "— 
T.  II.  DviT.  IIihI  i.f  }f,„l,n,  Hnrcii,.  hk.  .".  .h.  T^ 
(r  :i) — "Til  .Mailainc's  cri'Ul  iiinjcr  France  set  up 
a  I'lairii  til  llii'  I'alalinalt' dii  liir  liclialf,  I.<jiivi>is 
IHTMiailiiiir  llii'  Kill!.'  ami  the  Mval  family  thai 
«itli  a  U\\  \ii;iirmis  inra.siir('S  the  I'alalinalc 
woii'-l  lie  aliaiiilnni-il  liy  Ihc  N'ctilHMir^s  and  an 
lu'Mil  til  Kraiiii'  a'^  part  of  .Mailaiiiv's  iliiwrv. 
Tlii-iliil  liiilir  il'  ..istaiiuiiiif  'lie  slati'H,  tii  wliiHi 
Mailaiiii'  [Cli-  .li.iir  i;ii/.iliitli.  Ilic  Din.lii-s.s  nf 
Orliaiiv]  sii  iifti'ii  anil  mi  liillirly  alliiilis  diiriiif; 
till'  iiiAt  till  years.  Olili:-.!!  l"iy  l.niiiH  XIV. s 
piiiiey  til  represent  herself  as  deslrnus  to  reeover 
lier  ritjlits  over  lier  father'saml  lirotlier's  siieces- 
sii'ii,  in  many  lioeumrnls  whieh  she  was  never 
even  sliiiun.  .Mailaine  protested  in  all  her  private 
h'tters  a:.'aiiist  rranee:'  letion  in  the  matter,  and 
made  every  one  at  eoiirt  thor<>ll^dlly  aware  of  her 
frric  f  and  disa|ipr.ival  of  what  the  king  was 
doini;  on  her  lulialf  "—/.(>;■  utid  htfrm  of  C/i,ir- 
t:tt,    l-:i;:„:ili.   /';,■„.■, A.,  r.il.tHnr.  ,-li.  •.'. 

A.  D.  1689-1696.— The  W«r  of  the  League 
of  Augsburg,  or  Grand  Alliance,  against  Louis 

XIV.  Se-  Kn.\N<K:  .\.  I)  lflNlt-l(i!((l  til  ItWr,- 
Ki'.H). 

A.  D.  1690.— The  second  Devastation  of  the 

Palitinate.     See  Kk.xm  1::  .\.  I).  l(>M«-itii»(l. 

A.  D.  !■  90.— Interest  in  the  question  of  the 
Spanish  ouccession.  See  Si-.mn:  \.  I),  kmh- 
IT'io 

A.  D.  1700.— Prussia  raised  to  the  dignity 
of  a  kingdom.     See  I'mssi.v:  \.  I)    ITdK. 

A.  p.  1700-1740.  -The  first  king  of  Prussia 
and  his  shabby  court. — The  second  king,  his 
Brobdingnagian  army  and  his  extraordinary 
character.— The  up-bringing  of  Frederick  the 
Great.— Tile  "  (ireat    Kleetor"  of  Hrandenlnirg 
•'left  to  his  son  Kiederie  a  prineipality  as  ron- 
siihralile  as  any  w  liieh  was  not  tailed  iikintrdom   I 
[sic  liiiANDKNm  1111:  .\.  1>.  1()4(I-I«HS]      Krederie   i 
aspired  to  the  style  of  royalty.     Ostentivtioiis  and 
profuse.   ncLdiireiit  of  his  true  interests  iiml  of   ! 
his  hiirh  duties,  iiisati  dily  easier  for  frivolous  dis- 
tine'iiins.  he  added  iiothini;  to  the  real  weijrht  of 
the  Kt.ite  whieh  he  iroveriied:  perhaps  lie  trans- 
mitted  his  inlierilanee  to  his  ehildren  impaired 
rather  th.in  augmented  in  value;  liut  liesneeeeded 
ill  Kuinini:  the  jireat  olijeet  of  his  life,  ti.e  title  of 
Kini;.      In  the  ye.ir  1 7IHI  he  assumed  this  new  dij;- 
nity.      lie  had  on  th.it  oeeasion  to  iinderiro  all    ^ 
the  inortitiealions  whieh  f.ill  to  the  lot  of  amhi- 
tiousuiistarts.   Compaiid  with  the  othererowned    ; 
heads  of  Kiirope.  he  made  a  figure  resemhlinj;   I 
thai  which  a  Xalioli  or  a  Commissary,  who  hail    | 
l«iUf.'ht  a  title.  Would  make  in  the  company  of   ' 
I'eers    whose   aneestors   li.ad    lieeri    attainted"  for 
treason  apiinsi  the   I'laiitaiienets.     The  envy  of 
the  class  which  Krederie  ipiitted,  and  the  civil 
scorn  of  the  (lass  into  w  liieh  he  intruded  himself, 
were  m.irked  in  very  siiinitieaiit  ways.   .   .   .   Kn  d 
eric  was  siiccceiled  liy  his  son.  Frederic  William, 
a  prince  who  must  lie  allowed  to  have  p()S.se.s.seci   j 
some  talents  for  ailmlnistr.'itiiin.  hut  wliosi^  char-    ; 
aeler  was  distijrured  liy  odious  vices,  and  whose   i 
eccentrieitiis  were  such  as  had  never  hefore  U'en    I 
seen  out  of  a  madliouse.      lie  wius  I'.vact  and  dili-    j 
irent  in   the  transactini;  of  liiisiness;  and  he  was   I 
the  tii^st  who  formed  the  desifrn  of  ohlaininir  for   j 
Prussia  a  place  anioni;    the   Kiiropean    powers, 
alloL'ether  out  of  proportion  to  her  extent  and 
popiihition,  hy  me.iiis  of  a  stronir  military  oritani- 
zation.     Strict  economy  enahled  him  to  keep  up 
a  peace  .-sialili'-htii:  nt  of  (Ki  iliifi  trc.r.s      Theac 


IriMips  were  disciplined  in  such  a  nianm  r.  ilm 
placed  beside  them,  the  househohi  regiments  i,| 
VersjiiUes  and  St.  .lames's  wiiuld  have  app.  ami 
an  awkward  sipiad.     The  muster  of  sm  h  a  Inrie 
eonid  not  lint  he  regarded  liy  all  his  iicii;ld«iiirs 
as  a  forniidahle  eiieinv  ami  11  valiialile  alh       lim 
the  mind  of  Frederic  \Villiam  was  so  ill  rci;iil;iin| 
that  all  his  inclinations  heeame  pa.ssimis.  iiinl  M 
his  pa.ssioiis  partook  of  tlieihanieliTof  moral  :iiif| 
inlelleetiial  disease.      Ills  paisimoiiv  ileL'cn.  r;iii.l 
inlo.sordid  avariie.     His  taste  for  liiiliiarv   |».ih|i 
and  onlcr  heeame  a  mania,  like  that  of  ,1   Diui  || 
hiiriiomaster  for  tulips,  or  that  of  a  nicnilii  r  of 
the  UoxlinrKhi'  Cluli  forCaxtons.      While  the  m 
voysof  the  Court  of  Hcrlin  were  in  a  stalcof  siul, 
sipialid  poverty  as  moved  the  laughter  of  Ion  iL-ii 
capitals;    while    the    foml     placed     hefon     ih,- 
princes  and  prinees.ses  of  the  blond  royal  of  I'ms 
sia  was  too  scanty  to  appea.se  hiini-er!  and  s.i  Imil 
that  even  hunifer  loathc'd  it,  no  price  was  llion:;|ii 
too  extravagant  for  tall  recruits.     The  aniliiiicn 
of  the  kiriK  was  to  form  a  lirii,'adi^  of  j;iiiiiis.  ;,mi1 
every  country  was  ransacked   liy  his  at'iiils  f.ir 
men  tilMive  the  ordinary  Ktiiture.   .   .   .   Thoiu'li  his 
dominant  pas.sion   was  the  love  of  miliiatv  dis 
play,  he  was  vet  one  of  the  most  pacillc  of  piim  1  > 
We  are  afraid  thaMiis  aversion  to  war  was  imi  iln- 
eflect  of  hunianity,  lint   was  inerelv  one  ol  hi, 
thousand  whims.   '  His  feeling    ilioiit   his  ti,..i|,, 
.siTiiis  to  have  resemhled  a  misv  r's  feeliiiL'  iitmut 
his  money.     lie  lOved  to  collect  them,  to  (uiiiit 
them,  to  see  them  inereiLsi';  hut  he  could  not  lind 
il   in    his   heart    to  break   in  upon  the  prnioiis 
hoard.     He  hHiked  forward  to  some  future  lime 
when    his   I'atapaiian    hatlalions  were  In  ilriie 
hostile  infantry  before  them  like  sheep:  Imi  this 
fiilnre  time  was  always  reei n        :  and  il  i-  pinli 
aide  that,  if  his  life  had  been  pioloni;ed  :|il  >i,irs 
his  superb  army    would    never   have   .si  en   uu 
harder  service  than  a  sham  tijiht  in  the  lield,  n,  ,ir 
Herliii.     Bui  the  great  iiiilitaiy  means  w  iiii  h  he 
had  cone<ted  were  di'stined  lobe  emplovid  1>\  ,1 
spirit  far  more  daring  mil  invei-'ive  than  liisnni, 
Krederie,  surnamed     lie  (ireal,  son  of   Kml.iii 
William,  was  born  in  January  171'.'.    It  m:\\  siirlv 
be  priinouiiced  that  he  had  received  froni  iiiiui, 
a  strong  and  sharp  understanding,  and   ,1  i.iii- 
tirmness  of  temper  and  intensity  of   will      \^  \n 
the  other  parts  II''  his  1  li.iraetcK  it  is  dillii  ult  li 
say  wdielher  they  ;re  to  U'  a.sirilicd  to  iianiri .  .t 
to  the  stranL'c  training  which  be  iiiiderwcni      Tin- 
history  of  his  boyhiMKl  is  painfully  inl. n  -lii.j 
Oliver  Twi.st  in  the  parish  work  lioiise.  Sniii,.  ns 
DiitlielMiys  Hall,  wen'  pelted chililreii  win  11  1  .111 
pared    with   this    wretched    heir  appaniii    1  !    a 
crown.      The   nature   of   Frederic  William    u  is 
hard  and  had,  and  the  habit  of  excreisiii:;    nM 
trary  |iower  hiid  made  him  frightfully  s.hul'i- 
His  rage   constantly  vented  itself  to  Vighi  .iiid 
left  in  curses  and  bliiws.     When  his  .Majesty  i  •■  k 
a  walk,  every  human  U'lng  tied   hefore  liiai.  m 
if  a  tiger  had   broken  loose  from  a  inrn.iL"  ri' 
.   .   .   Hut  it  was  in  his  own  house  that   lie    vis 
most  unreasonable   and    ferocious       llispii,.. 
was  hi'll,  and   he  the  most  execrable  ol  I'm  mis 
.   .  .    Karly  in  the  year   174(1.   Krederie  WrMiMi 
met  di'atli  with  a   tirmness  and  diL'iiily  "■    "li;- 
of  a  better  ami  wiser  man;  and   Kndi  rii ,    ^ll'' 
hail  ju.st  eompleled  his  '.'Hth  year,  bci  miii.    kiii^ 
of  1'rus.sia.  "— Lord  Macaiilay,  /•Wihrii- t/,.  >■  ■■it 
(/■Ji»i,V«l. — "Frederick   William   I.    bee.iiii' 
the  founder  of  the  first  mmlern  State  in  (ierin  luy 
His  was  a  rir.turc  in  whicli  the  repuisi'.;  .;■;  ■ 


II 

:  S-     ■ 


lo24 


i'-S-- 


m 


OEnMANY,  17nn-1740. 


NlMHiah  Succrttirm. 


(JKKMAXV,  ITo:) 


ImpoKJnf;:,  IIh'  uncoutli  and  the  adminihli^,  were 
closely  united      In  liis  manners  a  ii>ii«li  ami  un- 
reflned  peanant,   In  his   faniilv  ii   Ivrant,  in  Ills 
/rovernmcnt  adespot,  chdlericiilnKwt  tn  madness, 
Ills  reJKn  W(nild  have  Inen  a  curse  to  the  countrv 
had  he  not   united  with  his  iiidimited   piiwer"a 
rare  executive  aliiiitv  and  an  incornipiilile  tiilclitv 
U>  duty  ;  and  from  first  to  last  he  <  onsecmted  all 
Ilia  powers  to  the  common  weal      Hy  him  efec 
tlve  llmitjiliona  were  put  upon  the  indi'pendcnt 
action  of  the  provinces,  and  U|)on  the  overgrown 
privih'gesof  the  cslates.      lie  <|i<|  ,|,,t  ,|„  awav 
with  the  guilds  of  thedilTcnnt  orders,  but  placid 
them  under  the  strict  control  of  a  stronftly  cen 
tnilized    superintendence,    and    compelled'  their 
inemhers   to  make  every  iiicesMrv  sa<rilice  for 
the  sake  of  as,sistini,'  hiin   in   his  effurls  for  the 
prosperity  and  power  of  I'l  iis^iu.     It  is  astonish 
iiigUi-see  Willi  what  pnciic  al  judi;menl  he  recoi; 
nize<i  a  needed  measure  both  in  general  and  hi 
detail;  how  he  trained  a  \xx\y  of  otllcials,  suited 
in  all  Rrades  to  the  rei|uiremeiits of  their  position ; 
how  he  disciplined   them  in  activity,  priidiiice. 
and  rectitudi',  by  strict  inspc<tion,  by  encimrai; 
ing  instruction,  and  by  brutal  piinishnienls;  how 
he  enforced   order  and  economv  in    the  piililic 
tinances;  how  he  improved  the  adniini-traliim  of 
his  own  domains,  so  that  it  bicaiiie  a  fruitful  ex- 
ample to  all  proprietors;  and  how,  full  „f  the  de- 
sire  to  make  the  peasiuits  free  owners  of  the  soil 
althoiijih  he  diil  not  yet  venture  on  such  a  radii  ai 
measure,  he  nevertheless  constantly  protei  led  the 
|KKir  a.irainsi  the  arbitr-'iness  and  oppressiiui  of 
the  higher  ilasses.   .   .   .    i  liere  was   no  de|iaM 
inent  of  life  to  which  he  did  not  jiive  encoiirat'e 
nient  and  assisumce;  it  is  also  true  tliat  there  was 
none  which  he  did  not  reniler  suliservicnt  to  his 
own  will,  and  the  priKliicts  of  wiiicli  he  did  not 
make  conducive  to  the  one  f;real  eml.—  the  inde 
ivendence  and  airgrandi/.ement  of  the  Stale      So 
that  hewhowastheruliTof.  at  most,  t line  niillidii 
people,  created,  without  cxliaustlni;  the  ccainlrv 
a  standing  army  of  eiglilv  lliousand   men:  a  re 
inarkably  skilful  ami  ready  arniv,  which  he  dis 
ciplined  with  barbarous  si'verilv  on  the  sliiilile^t 
iK-cashm,  at  the  same  time  tlial  he  looked  out  lor 
the  welfare  of  every  soldier  even  in  the  smallest 
detail,  according  to   his  saying,  that      a  king's 
warrior  tuiist  live  In'tter  than  a  genllenian's  ser 
vant.'     What  he  had  in  his  mind,  almost  a  liiin- 
ilred  years  before  Scharnhorsl.  was  llie  universal 
obligation  of  niililary  service;  but  it  fared  Willi 
him  ill  regard  to  this  as  in  reirard  to  the  freedom 
of  the  peasants:  slidng  as  he  was.  he  could  not 
turn  the  world  he  lived  in  upside  down;  he  eon- 
li'nteil  hiluself  with  beipicathiiig  his  best  ideas  lo 
a  more  propitious  fulure.     The   foundations  ,if 
Ihe  government  resleil  upon  the  esiali'S  in  spile 
of  ail  monarchical    reforms       Thus,    liesiile  ihe 
federative  Kmpire  of  tlie  llapsliiirirs,  arose  Ihe 
small,  conijiact  Pru.ssian  Stall',  which,  liv  reason 
of  the  concentration  of  ii»  forces,  was  a   match    . 
for  its  live  times-larger  riv,il    '— II    Vou  Sybel 
Tlir  Fiitiuiliii;/  nf  (lir  HeriKKii  Eu.nin  Ini   Wi'l/i.nii 
A.  '■/■.  1,  <•/(.  •>  (r.  1). 

.Vi.so  IN:  T.    CarlvU',  J/,,1.   ,.f  r,;,h  nrk-   //. 
'••I'M  the.  Gmil.  H:  :),  ,■/,.  19,  U    .-.-HI,,-    l-'Ji     ' 
A.  L.  iToa.— The  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession: Siege  of  Landau.— Battle  of  Fried- 
''"Ben.— On  the  part   of   the    Imperialists,   the   ' 
"  ir  of  the  Spanish  Succession  was  opened  on 
Ihi  Khine  frontier  in  June  170-',  by  a  movement   ' 
:  ■  tiic  ariuy  tumiuandni  by  liie  .Miirgrave  l.ouis   j 


of  Haden,  which  ■eanieover  the  Hliine  and  l.iid 
siege  to  the  important  forliessof  I.andau,— the 
liuhvark  of  .VIsace  as  it  was  iheii  rcL'arded.  The 
.Margrave  was  siibseipienlly  joined  by  the  Kin- 
peror'selde-l  son.  the  young  Kin^'of  the  Uonians, 
who  desired  In  share  in  the  glory,  though  not 
in  the  toils  of  the  expected  compresi.  .  .  .  The 
Marechal  de  Calinat,  one  of  Ihe  soldiers  of  whom 
France  has  niosl  reason  lo  be  pioinl,— the  virtu- 
ous C'alin:ii  MS  Itoiisscau  terms  him  — held  com- 
mand at  this  period  in  .Ms:  i  e.  So  inferior  wi  re 
,  his  niimliers  tli.il  In-  could  iiniUe  no  ailenipl  lo 
relieve  Landau.  liiil  .-ifier  its  reduction  an  op- 
portunity appiMi-ed  in  wliiili  by  ilelacliing  a 
poriion  of  his  army  he  iniirhl  relrieve  the  for- 
tunes of  France  in  :lMother  i|U;irt.r.  The  Klector 
of  Havaria.  after  nun  li  iiTeM.liiii,,n,  h:id  openly 
espoused  the  ciiuse  of  l.ouis.  Me  SI  i/eil  upoli 
the  cily  of  t'liu  and  issnnl  a  |iioel:iniiilioii  in 
favor  of  his  new  ally.  To  support  his  move- 
ments aj.  •  .iterprising  and  :inilpitious  ollicer.  Ihe 
Manpiis  de  Vill:irs,  w.is  sent  across  Ihe  lihini- 
with  part  of  the  army  of  .\ls;iee.  The  declara- 
lion  of  the  Klecior  of  H:ivari.i  and  the  advance  of 
Villars  into  (Jernucny  di.s.|uieiei|  in  no  slii;lit  de- 
gree the  I'rince  l.iaiis  of  Hadeii.  I.ciiviiig  a 
sulllcieni  garrisiai  in  l„.nd:iu.  he  iilso  pas.sed  the 
lihine.     The  two  armies  met  at  FrieilliiiL'-en  on 

the  Uth  ofOelober.      l.ouis  of  Haihn.  :i  p ler- 

oiis  taclieiau  bred  in  the  w:irs  against  Ihe  Turks, 
might  out  ni.inienvre  some  Grand  Vizier.  Iiul, 
was  no  ni;ilcli  for  the  ipiick-wiiied  Frenchman. 
He  was  signally  defeated  with  the  loss  of  :!,(HK) 
men;  soon  after  which,  the  s<'asou  bi'ing  now  far 
ad\;iiiced.  Villars  led  b;ick  liis  army  to  winter 
cpiarters  in  Fnini  e.  His  victory  of 'Friedlingen 
g;iiiied  for  him  at  Versailles  the  rank  of  .M:iri:ilial 
lie  Frame.'  — K:irl  Stanhope  (Lord  Mahon), //i'»<. 
■  ■f  Hii;i.:   Iliifiii  "f  Q'oeii  .\>iiif   i-h.-i. 

.\i.so  I.S-:  W."  Coxe,  IIM.  „f  the  House  nf 
A'l^lri.t.  eh.  C.Sir  a).— See,  also,'XKTiiKiii..\Ni)s: 
.\.  I).  17UJ-17(I4.  and  Si'.us:  A.  I).  17()'J 

A.  D.  1703,— The  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession :  Campaigns  on  the  Upper  Rhine  and 
in  Bavaria,— -Early  in  .Iiine  |A.  I).  17o;t], 
.M:irslial  Tallard  assumed  the  eoinmand  of  the 
French  forces  in  Alsace,  .  .  .  took  I'rissac  im 
Ihe7tli  of  SeplemlKT.  and  invesled  Landau  on 
Ihe  Itiih  of  ();tolKT.  The  allies,  under  the 
I'rince  of  Hesse,  atleinpteil  to  raise  the  siege, 
but  Wire  defeated  with  considerable  loss;  aiid! 
soiin  after.  Landau  surrendered,  thus  terniin:iting 
wiih  disa.ster  the  campaign  on  the  I'piicr  Uliine. 
Still  more  considerable  were  the  losses  sustained 
in  H;ivana.  .Marshal  Villars  comni;indeil  there 
:ind.  al  the  he:id  of  thi'  French  and  Havari.ins! 
defe;iteil  (Jeneril  Sliruni.  who  headial  the  Im- 
perialists, on  the  -20111  of  September.  In  De 
leinher.  .Marshal  Mar.sin,  who  had  succeeded 
Vilhirs  in  the  conun:ind,  made  hiinsilf  master  of 
Ihe  important  city  of  Augsburg,  and  in  January. 
1701,  the  Havariiins  got  posse.s.siim  of  I'assaii.' 
.Me:inw  Idle,  a  formidable  insurrection  had  broken 
out  ill  Hungary,  which  so  dislracted  the  (-;iliinet 
of  Vienna  that  the  lapital  seemed  to  be  threalened 
by  the  combined  forces  of  the  French  and  Hava- 
rians  after  the  f:ill  of  I'assau.  .  .  .  Insleiul  of 
contiiiing  the  war  lo  one  of  posts  and  sii-L'es  in 
Flanders  and  Italy,  it  was  resolved  [by  the 
French]  to  throw  the  bulk  of  their  forces  at  once 
into  Bavaria,  and  operate  against  Austria  from 
the  heart  of  Oennanv.  by  pouring  do-.vii  the  val- 
ley of  the  Danube.      Tlie'  advanced   post  held 


il 


X 


Hi 


152i 


ozo 


n^i:: 


GERMANY,  1703. 


U-or  o/  thr 
Spanish  Hucctuion. 


GERMANY,  1704. 


tlicri'  by  the  Elector  of  Uiivaiia  In  fiDnt,  forming 
tt  sHiicnt  lUigle,  peiietrutiiiK.  lu  it  were,  into  the 
liniH-riiil  (l(>niiiiif>n8.  tlie  iiienueiii^;  asiK'ct  of  the 
Huiii,'HriHii  insurrection  in  tlie  reitr,  promised  tlie 
most  successful  issue  to  tliis  decisive  o|ieriilion. 
Kor  this  purpose,  .Murslml  Tiillurd.  witli  tlie 
Freui-li  army  on  the  Upper  Rhine,  rci'eivcii  orders 
to  cross  tlie  Illack  Fonst  unci  advance  into  Swa 
l>iu,  anil  unite  with  the  Kli'ctorof  Itavaria,  which 
he  accorilinKly  '"''  ''t  Uonuwcrlh,  in  the  iH'gin- 
niiitf  of  .luly.  Marshal  Villcroy,  with  forty  liat- 
talions  and 'thirty-nine  s<)Uadrons,  was  to  break 
olT  from  the  army  in  Flandt-rs  and  support  the 
advance  by  a  movement  on  the  MoscUc,  so  as  to 
l>e  in  A  condition  to  join  the  main  army  on  the 
Danube,  of  which  it  wdulil  form,  us  it  were,  tlie 
left  w'inj;;  while  Vendonie.  with  the  army  (if 
Italy,  was  to  penctnite  into  the  Tyrol,  and  ail- 
vnnie  by  Innspruck  on  .Sulzbnrj;.  The  united 
urinies,  which  it  was  calcuhdcd.  ufter  deducting; 
ull  till*  losses  of  the  campaign,  woulil  muster 
HO.IKK)  cornliutants,  wus  then  to  move  direct  by 
Lint/,  und  thevullcyof  the  I)anul>e  on  Vienna, 
while  a  lar>;e  detjichmeut  peuetr.itcd  into  Hun- 
gary to  len<l  u  hand  to  the  ulreuily  formidable 
insurrection  in  that  kim;<>  nn.  The  plan  wus 
gnmdly  c(niceivcd.  .  .  .  MarllHirougli.  I)y  means 
of  the  scent  information  whicli  he  obtained  from 
the  French  licad-(iuarters,  ha<l  pit  full  inlelli- 
Scnce  of  it,  und  its  duugers  to  the  allies,  if  it 
succeided.  struck  him  as  mnch  as  the  c'lunces  of 
jrreat  udvauta):e  to  them  if  ably  thwarted.  His 
line  was  instantly  taken." — .V.  Alison,  Vilitari/ 
Life  of  M,irllM-i,iiiih.  eh.  2,  nn-t.  30-:i:!.— The 
inea-surcs  taken  by  MarllHirongh  to  defeat  the 
plans  111  the  Frenib  in  this  <'umpui,!:;n  ure  brielly 
stuted  in  the  uccount  of  his  first  cain|)aigns  in 
the  Netherlands.  See  XliTiiKKL.VNDS:  A.  I). 
1702-1704. 

Ai.sii  IN;  II.  Martin.  Hint,  nf  fhinn- :  Age  of 
]An,iH  Xl\:  Ur.  /•>/  M.  I.  lliM.th).  r.  2.  ch.  .V  — W. 
(.•(IXC,  llUt.  ,//  the  //-/'/.<(■  <f  Ani-tria.  rli.  09  (r.  2). 

A.  D.  1704.— The  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession :  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene  on 
the  Danube.— The  Battle  ofBlenheim.— "Marl- 
borough, with  his  motley  army  of  £ni;lish.  Dutch, 
Danes  and  (Germans,  concealing  his  main  piir- 
po.se,  wus  marching  south  along  the  Rhine,  with 
a  design  to  strike  his  critical  blow,  by  atUicking 
the  Frencli  urmies  that  wire  forming  for  the  cam 
paign  of  till'  Danube,  and  thus  protect  the  Em- 
peror ami  Vienna,  and  punish  the  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia, whose  tiTritories  would  be  then  exposed. 
On  the  route,  MarllHtrough  was  jiiined  by  I'rince 
Eugene  und  the  Margrave  of  Itailcn:  fmt  as  a 
new  Frenih  force  was  up|iriiaching.l'rince  Eugene 
wus  sent  to  keep  it  in  che<k.  Jturlliorough  and 
the  I'rinie  of  lluden.  with  united  forces  of  ulioul 
(iU.iHMl  men,  then  udvunceil,  in  rapid  marches, 
und  tiMik.  Iiy  gallant  uss;iult,  the  fortitic.-itions  of 
the  .Shellenberg  in  liuvuriu.  und  tlie  old  town  of 
DonuuvvDrth.  acritUal  and  commanding  position 
on  the  Duniibe.  The  allies  were  now  musters  of 
the  iiiuiii  pass.iges  of  the  Danube  —  and  hud  u 
slioii;;  place  as  u  basis  of  uctiiin.  The  allied 
leudiis  Iheri'iipon  sent  troops  into  the  he.irt  of 
liuvariu,  anil  dcv.istuted  the  country  even  to  the 
vicinity  of  .Munich  —  burning  and  ilcstroying  as 
they  marelieil.  und  taking  severul  minor  for- 
tresS4's.  .Marlliorough's  forces  und  those  of  I'rincc 
Eugene  were  distant  from  each  other  wime  forty 
miles,  when  came  the  news  of  the  murcli  of  a 
I"lciitli  uiiiiv    of  2.j,000  iiieu    under   Tallard,    to 


form  a  junction  with  the  others,  to  succor  tin 
Elector,  and  take  revenge  for  the  defeat  of  ila 
ScliellenlHTg.  Two  French  .Murshuls.  Tallaii 
und  Marsin,  were  now  in  commund:  their  iloi;.'! 
wus  to  uttuck  Murlburough  and  Eugene's  annii  ^ 
indetuil.  Uy  niphl  nmrches.Murlboniugh  i  ihsm  1 
the  Danulie  iiiul  joined  I'rince  Eugene  near  lion 
uuworth,  and  thereupon  iM'cnrred  one  of  the  iiiii>i 
importunt  and  decisive  contests  of  niiHlem  linus 
fought  iM'twecn  the  old  town  of  Ilochstailt  :iiiii 
the  village  of  Ulenheim,  ulxiut  Hfleen  miles  miiiI 
of  Donuuworth.    Tin'  skilful  tactics  of  the  iillii  1 

fcnerals  pn-cipitateil  the  buttle  Thi'  .cllin 
'rench  and  Ravarians  numlK'red  (10,000  |."i(l  iioii 
Mallesonl  men  —  the  English.  Dutdi  uml  llir 
mans  ami  other  allies,  alaiut  .53,000  [.'■2,0011;  .M:il 
leson|.  The  allies  were  allowed  to  cross  an  iu 
terveiiing  briKik  without  opposition,  and  firn 
their  lines.  A  great  cliurgc.  in  fidl  force,  of  tli. 
ullies  wus  then  made;  they  broke  the  eneniv  , 
cxtendi'd  lini';  aiul  an  ensuing  charge  of  ca\alrv 
scattered  his  forces  right  and  left,  und  di'Vi 
inunv  into  the  DunuU'.  More  thun  14,000  Kri  iii  I 
und  liuvarians,  who  had  not  struck  u  blow.  1  \ 
cept  to  defend  their  position,  cutreiiihed  .011: 
shut  up  in  the  village  of  Ulenheim,  wuiiini;  tni 
orders  to  move,  were  then  surrounded  by  llu 
vit^torious  ullies,  and  compelled  to  siirreiult  r  a. 
prisoners  of  war.  The  scattered  remnants  of  tin 
French  and  liavuriun  army  either  dishanileil.  m 
wcredrivenoverthe  Rhine.  The  garrison  ut  I  In 
cupituluted,  and  the  Elector  tied  into  France"— 
.1.  \V.  Gerard,  The  I'atee  of  Vtter/U.  rh.  11.  - 
"The  armies  of  Murchin  and  of  Max  Einainii; 
[of  Buvariu]  liud  lieen  defeated;  that  of  Talhcnl 
liad  been  annihilated.  Whilst  the  loss  of  tin 
victors  in  killed  and  wounded  reached  K'.iiiH 
men.  that  of  the  French  und  Ravarians  c\i eedcii 
14,000.  In  addition,  the  latter  lost  la.OOO  1111  ii 
taken  prisoners,  47  pieces  of  cannon,  2.'i  si;ii) 
durds,  und  !K)  colours.  Such  was  tlie  b;iitle  nl 
RIenheim.  It  wus  one  of  the  decisive  b;itili  ^  il 
history,  and  it  changed  the  character  of  ilie  »;ir 
Up  to  that  moment,  the  action  tif  Fninee  a;:ain^l 
Germany  had  been  aggressive;  tliencelor»:inl  it 
liecume  purely  defensive.  RIenheim,  in  tail. 
du-'hed  to  the  ground  the  hopes  of  I.ouis  .\l\ 
und  Max  Emunuel  of  Riivuriu.  It  saved  llu: 
house  of  llabsburg  in  Germuny,  und  lirli",!  it 
greatly  in  Hungary.  It  showeii  likewise  iliai  it 
wa.s  possible  to  inflict  a  crushing  ilefiut  cii  ihu 
urmies  of  Louis  XIV." — Col.  G.  Ii.  M;ilii«'i;. 
I*rince  Eu'jtite  of  Stipotf,  ch.  6.  — "  .Murlli-'rii.^'li 
|ufler  the  buttle"],  having  detached  pari  nl  lii> 
force  to  besiege  I'lm.  drew  near  with  the  bulk  .if 
his  army  to  the  Rhine,  which  he  iia.sM  .1  1.  ir 
I'liilipsburg  on  the  (ith  of  September,  an. I  ~."ii 
after  commenced  the  siege  of  Eaiiilau.  ..ii  ili. 
French  side;  I'rince  Louis,  with  20.000  in.  11. 
forming  the  besieging  force,  und  Eiigrii.'  iiii.l 
.MurllMirough.  with  ;iO.0OO,  the  coveriiiL'  army 
Villeroi.  with  the  French  army,  ub;iii.l..ii.  i  an 
intrenched  cuiiip  which  he  had  eoiisnu.  '.  .1  i.> 
cover  the  town.  .MurllMirough  folhiwnl.  an.i 
made  every  elTort  io  bring  the  French  in  ir^i.  .1 
to  battle,  but  in  vain.  .  .  .  I'lm  surreii.l.i.  '1  "i. 
the  Itith  of  Scptc'inlier.  .  .  .  wliiili  g.i-.'  i^i" 
ullies  ;i  solid  founilution  on  the  Daiiiili.'.  .ml  .1 
fectually  crushed  the  power  of  the  Lli.i  ."f 
Ravaria,  who,  isolated  now  in  the  midst  .1  l.i- 
eiieinies,  had  no  alternulive  but  to  aliand..'.  I  i^ 
dominions  and  seek  refuge  in  lirussels.  « la  r.- 
iie  arrived  iu  liie  end  of  September.   .   .   .    ii..- 


152C 


itftfc::.4    k-; 


GERMANY,  1704. 


Wor  of  tSe 
Spanish  Succeuion. 


OERMAXY,  1711. 


Elfctress  of  Bavaria,  who  had  been  left  reirpnt  of 
that  »tate  in  the  abgencc  of  the  Elector  in  Flan- 
ilera,  had  now  no  resoun-e  left  but  siil)niission ; 
and  a  treaty  wg»  accordingly  concluded  in  tlie  l>e- 
gmninf-  of  November,  hy  which  she  agreed  to  dis- 
band all  licr  troops.  TrSves  and  Tmerbac  li  were 
talten  in  the  end  of  DeceinlKT;  the  Hungarian 
insurrection  was  suppressi'd ;  Ijindau  <:apitulated 
in  the  bej^inning  of  the  same  month ;  a  diversion 
which  tlic  enemy  attempted  towani  Treves  was 
defeated  by  MarlborouRh's  activitv  and  vigi- 
lance, aud  that  city  put  in  a  sullicien't  posture  of 
defense:  and,  the  <ampaiKn  iK'ing  now  flnislieil, 
that  accomplished  cimimander  nturiied  to  tlie 
Hague  and  London."— A.  Ali.sou,  Mililary  Life 
of  Sarlhuruiifih,  rh.  2. 

Also  in  :  G.  B.  Malleson,  liittlr-JiMn  of  Ger- 
many, eh.  10.— \V.  Co.xe,  Memoiniif  ytnvllxiroiiqh 
eh.  22-26  (c  1).— J.  H.  Burton,  ll'Ut.  of  tlie  lieigi 
of  queen,  Aune.  eh.  6  (r.   1).— H.  Martm,  IIM  of 
Frante:  Age  of  h:iii»  XIV..  i:  2.  eh.  .5. 

A.  D.  1705.- The  Election  of  the  Emperor 
Joieph  I. 

*•,"*•  '705— The  W«r  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
ceMion:    The  dissolution  of  Bavaria.— "The 
campaign  of  1705  wa.s  destitute  of  any  important 
evenU  on  the  side  of  Germany.  .  .  .  "In  Bavaria 
the  peasants,  irritated  by  the  oppressions  of  the 
Austrian    governmtnt,   rose  in  a    l)ody  in   the 
autumn,  and,  could  they  have  been  supported  by 
France,  would  have  placed  the  Emperor  in  grea't 
danger;   but  without  that  aid  the  insurrei-tiim 
only  proved  fatil  to  themselves.     Tlie  insurgents 
were  beaten  in  detail,  and  the  Empenir  now  re- 
solved on  the  complea-  dissolution  of  Bavaria  as 
a  state.     The  four  elder  sons  of  Maximilian  were 
carried  to  Klagenfurt  in  Carinthia,  to  W  tbvTv. 
educated  under  the  strictest  inspection  as  Counts 
of  Wittelsbach.  while  the  younger  sons  were  can 
signed  to  the  care  of  a  court  lady  at  Municli,  and 
tlie  daughters  siMit  to  a  convent.     The  Electress, 
who  had  In-en  on  a  visit  to  Venice,  was  not  per- 
mitted to  return  to  her  dominions,  ami  the  Elector 
Maximilian,  as  well  as  the  Elector  of  Cologne 
was.  by  a  decree  of  the  Electoral  College,  placed 
under  the  ban  of  the  Empire.    The  Ipper  Palati- 
nate was  restored  to  the  Elector  Palatine. 
The  remaining   Bavarian  territories   were  ciiu- 
liscated,  and  divifled  among  various  princes  "— 
T.  H.  Dyer,  Jligl.  of  Mmleni  Eiivoiie.  U:  .5,  eh    6 
(r.  3)  — W.  Co.xe.  JfM.  of  the  llmw  of  Anttria. 
til.  72  (c.  3).— The  campaign  of  170.>  iii  the  Xi  tli- 
crliinds  was  unimportant;   but  in  Spain  it  had 
lirilliant  results.      See  Si-.vin:    A.  1).   170.">     and 
Xktiikkl.\nd«:  A.  I).  170."). 

A.  D.  1706-1711.— The  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession  :  Successes  of  the  French.— fturing 
1.i»i,  little  was  attempleil  on  .illier  sidi'  iiv  the 
tones  which  watched  each  other  along  the  liliine. 
In  1707  V'illars,  the  French  coiiimander.  olitained 
lltK'ny  to  act.  "The  Em|)erc.r,  gri'atlv  precuru- 
pud  with  Hungary,  had  furnished  biit  inditfer- 
ent  resources  to  the  new  general  of  the  arinv  of 
tlic  Uhine,  Brandenburg  Haircut h ;  the  tii  rinan 
nriiiy  was  ill  paid  and  in  bad  condition  in  its  iiu- 
njiiise  lines  on  the  right  bank,  which  e.xt.Muled 
»■■'.'.£  the  Uhini'  fr.jui  Philippsburg  as  far  as  SIdI- 
li"l'  11.  then,  in  a  scjuare.  from  Stolhofen  to  the 
lilt,  k  Mountains  by  BUhl.  .Mav  22,  the  lines 
Wire  attacked  siinultaneimsly  a"l  four  points. 
■  The  success  was  cciinplele;  the  etieinv  tleil 
into  the  mountains,  aliamlnning  artillerv."  bag-  1 
g-.'i ,  and  iiiuiiillous.  and  did  not  stop  tillbi'vond   j 


the  Xeckar.    The  lines  were  razed ;  Swabia  and 
a  part  of  Franconia  were  put  under  contribution. 
Villars  marehed  on  Stuttgart,  crossed  the  Neckar. 
and  subjected  the  whole  country  to  ransom  as 
far  as  the  Danube.     The  enemies'  in  vain  rallied 
and  reinforced  themselves  with  tardy  contingents 
of  the  Einpin^;   they  could  not  prevent  Villars 
from  laying  under  contribution  the  Lower  Neckar, 
tliiMi  the  country  lietwcen  the  Daniilie  and  Lake 
Constance,  and  fioin  maintjiining  hiinsi'lf  Ix-vond 
the    Rhine  till    he   went    into   winter-ciuafters. 
French  parties  scoured  the  country  as  conouerors 
as  far  as  tlie  fetal  field  of  Hoehstadt."     At  the 
beijiniiing  of  the  campaign  of  170f).  it  was  the 
plan  of  the  allies  to  make  their  chief  attack  on 
!■  ranee  "by   the   way  of    the    Rhine  and    the 
Moselle,  with  two  armies  of  60,000  men  each, 
under  the  command  of  the  Elector  of  Hanover 
aud  Eugene,  whilst  Marlborough  occupied  the 
great  French  army  in  Flanders.       But  this  plan 
was    changed      "Eugene    left    the   Elector  of 
Hanover  in  the  north  of  Swabia,  behind  the  lines 
otEtlingen   which  the  allies  had  raised  duringthe 
winter  to  replace  the  lines  of  Bllbl  at  Stolhofen, 
and,  with  24.000  .soldiers  collected  on  the  Moselle, 
he  marched  by  the  way  of  Coblentz  towards  Bel- 
gium (.June  30).     The  French  forces  of  the  Rhine 
and  the  Moselle  followed  this  movement."    The 
campaign  then  ensuing  in  the  Netherlands  was 
that  which  was  signalized  by  Marlborough  and 
Eugene's  victory  at  (Judenarde  and  the  siege  of 
Lille.     In  1709,  "the  attention  of  Europe,  as  in 
17(W.  was  chiefly  directed  to  Flanders;   but  it 
was  not  only  on  that  siiie  that  France  was  men- 
aced.    France   was  to  be  encroached   upon  at 
once  on  the  north  and  the  eiust.     Whilst  the  great 
allieil  army  penetrated  into  Artois.  the  army  of 
the  Rhine  and   the   army  of   the  Alps  were  to 
penetrate,  the  latter  into  Bresse  by  the  way  of 
Savoy,  tlie  former  into  Franehe-Comte  by  the 
way  of  Alsjice,  and  to  combine  their  operations. 
.  .  .  The  Germans  had  not  taken  the  oilensive  in 
Alsace  till  in  the  month  of  August.      Marshal 
Harcourt,  with  over  20,000  men,  had  covered 
himself  with  the  linesof  the  Ijiuter:  the  Electorof 
Hanover,  who  had  cros.sed  the  Rhine  at  Philipps- 
burg with  .superior  forces,  did  not  attack  Har- 
court, and  strove  to  amuse  him  whilst  8,0<H)  or 
•J.IMK)    Germans,    left   in    Swabia   with   General 
Mirci.  moved  nipidly  ou  N(  ulierg  .  .   ,  and  es- 
tablishecl  there  a  tete-du-pont  in  order  to  enter 
I'pper  .\lsace.  '     By  swiftly  sending  a  sulfleient 
force   III  attack  and   defeat  Merci  at  N.'ulKTg, 
.\ii^'.  2(t.   Ilaridurt  completely  fru.strated   these 
plans.      "The  Elictor  of  Hanover  recrossed  the 
river  and  ritircd  tu  hind  the  linesof  Etlingen.  ' 
During  the  two  following  vears  the  French  and 
Giniian  forces  on  the  side  of  the  Rhine  did  little 
iimre  than  observe  one  another- H.  .Martin.  Hint. 
of  Fniiiee:    Agi  of  hoii^  A'/T,  r.   2.  eh.  .'i-O.— 
.Meantime,  I{aniillies.  Oudeuarde  and  Malplaqui  t 
had    bifii    fought   in   the   Netherlands;    I'nn  •• 
Eugene  had  won  his  victory  at  Turin,  and  ilie 
contest  had  Im'cii  iiracticallv'decided  in  Spain,  at 
-Vliiian/a.     See  Xktheui..vsds:  A.  D.  1700-1707 
170>'-170!».    1710-1712;  It.m.v;   A.  1).   1701-1713- 
Sr\iN:    A.  I).   !7lHi,  1707.  and    1707-1710;    and 
E.N.,',  ixu:  A.  D.  1710-1712 

Also  i.N:  W.  C.ixe.  IIM,  of  the  Uohi«:  of 
A'lttria.  eh.  7.>-79(i'.  3).— F,  P.  Guizot,  Popoln'r 
Ilixt.  of  yen  lice.  eh.  4.5  {i\  .'o. 

A.  b,  1711.  — Election  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  VL 


OERMANY,  17it. 


FrnUrirk  the  fireat. 


GEUMANY,  1748. 


i   .   . 


'  f 

t : 


fill- 
it  "' 


A.  D.  171 1.— The  War  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
ceiiion :  Change  in  the  circumttancet  of  the 
war.     S<'eAr»TKiA:  A.I).  ITU. 

A.  D.  1713-1719.— The  Emperor's  continued 
difference!  with  the  King  of  Spain.— The 
Triple  Alliance.— The  Quadruple  Alliance. 
S«r  .Spun:  A.  I),  17l;l-172."> 

A.  D.  1714.— Ending  of  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession :  The  Peace  of  Utrecht 
and  the  Treaty  of  Rastadt.  S<c  L'thkciit: 
A.  I).  lTl-,'-lTI4. 

A.  D.  1732-1733.— Interference  in  the  elec- 
tion of  the  King  of  Poland.       Sir    I'oi,.\nii: 

A.  1).  iT;«-i7;i;i. 

A.  D.  1733-1735.- The  War  of  the  Polish 
Succession.— Cession  of  Lorraine  to  France. 
See  FiiAN(  K:  A.  1).  ITlCt-lTa"). 

A.  D.  1740.— The  question  of  the  Austrian 
Succession.— The  Pragmatic  Sanction.  Sec 
Aihthia:  ad.  171H-17:iH.  mill  1740. 

A.  D.  1740-1756.— Early  years  of  the  reien 
of  Frederick  the  Great  in  Prusbla.- The  War 
of  the  Austrian  Succession.— When  Kri'dcriik 
II.,  known  ii«  Fn'iliTick  tlie  Great.  sikcitiIciI  liis 
fatlur,  in  174(1.  "ndlxidy  liwl  the  leu.st  suspicion 
timt  II  tyriint  of  extmonlhmry  inililury  anil  po- 
lilieal  talinls.  of  imlustry  more  extnionlinary 
still,  nitliiiiit  fear,  without  faith,  anil  without 
merry,  hail  aseeuih'd  the  throne." — Lord  Maeau- 
lay,  h'rfilerir  the  (Irmt  (Kmii/n). — The  reif^n  of 
Frederick  II.  "  wa.<  cvpected  to  1k"  an  elleniinate 
one;  hut  when  at  the  aire  of  twenty-nine  he  be- 
came kinv'.  he  forgot  his  pleasures,  thought  of 
nolhinL'  Init  irlnry.  and  no  longer  employed  him- 
W'lf  but  in  attention  to  his  finances,  his  army,  his 
policy,  and  his  laws.  His  prttvinces  were  scat- 
tered, his  resources  weak,  his  power  pn'carious; 
his  army  of  seventy  thousand  soldiers  was  more 
remarkable  for  hanii.somi'nes.s  of  the  men.  anil 
the  elegance  of  their  appearance,  than  for  their 
discipline.  He  augmented  it,  instructed  it.  exer- 
cisi'il  it,  and  fortune  iH'gan  to  open  the  field  of 
glory  to  him  at  the  nimnent  he  was  fully  pre- 
pared to  enjoy  her  favours.  Charles  XII,  was 
dead,  anil  his  station  tilled  by  a  king  without 
aulliority.  Uussia.  deprived  of  Peter  the (Ireat. 
who  hail  only  rough  hewn  her  civilization,  lan- 
guished under  the  feeble  gDVeriiment  of  the  Km- 
nriss  .\iuie.  and  of  a  cruel  and  ignorant  nilnistiT. 
Auguslus  111.  King  of  I'oland  and  Eh'ctor  of 
.Saxony,  a  I'rinic  di  void  of  character,  could  not 
inspire  him  with  any  dread,  l/iuis  XV.,  a  weak 
ami  peaceable  king,  was  governed  by  Cardinal 
Fleuri.  who  loveil  peace,  but  always  by  his  weak- 
ness sutTercil  himself  to  be  drawn  into  war.  lie 
presented  to  Frederic  rather  a  support  than  an 
obstacle.  The  court  of  France  had  espoused  the 
cause  of  Charli!  '"  against  Francis  I.  Maria 
Theresa,  wife  ■*"  's.  and  (Jueen of  Hungary, 

saw  hersilf  tl  by  England.  Holland,  anil 

France;  and  wn,.  iie  leul  but  little  reason  to 
lioiM'  1  lie  preservat  inn  of  her  hereditary  domiinouf, 
thill  arrogant  princess  wished  to  place  her  hus- 
band nil  the  Im|M'rial  Throne.  This  ipiarrel 
kiinlli-d  the  tiames  of  war  in  Eiiro|ie;  the  genius 
of  Fnclerie  saw  by  a  single  glance  that  the  mo- 
ment was  arrived'  for  elevating  Prussia  to  the 
second  onler  of  powers:  he  muiie  an  elTer  to 
Maria  Theresa  to  defend  her,  if  she  would  cede 
Sile>^ia  to  him.  and  threatened  her  with  war  in  case 
of  refusal.  The  Empress,  whose  firmness  noth- 
ing could  shake,  iinpiillticly  n  fiisi-d  that  prop- 
osition; war  was  declared,  and   Fri'ileric  enteri'd 


Hi'esia  at  the  head  nf  eighty  thniisaml  hhh 
This  first  war  lasttnl  elghti'cn  mimllis  [see  .\is 
tbia:  a,  I).  1740  to  17411.  Fri'deric.  by  g!iii,in: 
five  liatth'S,  shewed  that  Europe  would  reio;."ii/. 
one  great  man  more  in  her  bloody  annuls  lU 
had  iK'gunthe  war  from  ambition,  and  imitrin 
toslrict  Justice;  he  concluded  it  with  ability,  luii 
bv  the  aiiundiaiment  of  France  his  ally,  wiiljcm 
giving  her  information  of  it,  and  lie  thus  pm  {i 

practice,  when  ho  was  seated  on  the  tlir ih. 

principles  of  Machiavel,  whom  he  had  reliiin 
before  he  aseeniled  it.  Men  judge  aciordim;  ii 
the  event.  The  hero  was  absolved  by  vii  1,  ri 
from  the  wrongs  with  .liich  justice  re|iro:uliii 
him;  and  this  brilliant  example  si'rvestoioiiMrii: 
men  in  that  error,  too  generally  and  too  ligjnlj 
adopted,  that  ability  in  politics  is  iiiioiiipuiilifi 
with  the  strict  rule  of  morality.  Four  M-ir; 
after,  in  [1744],  Frederic  again  took  up  amis  Uii 
AtsTlitA:  A.I).  174;(-1744  to  1744-17l-.|  lb 
invaded  Bohemia,  t'pper  Silesia,  and  .Mttniviii, 
Vienna  thought  him  at  her  gates;  but  the  ili  fie 
tion  of  the  liavarians,  the  retreat  of  the  Frem  li, 
and  the  return  of  I'rincc  Charles  into  Drhemiu, 
rapidly  changed  the  face  of  afTairs,  The  pnsiiiun 
of  Fn'derie  became  as  dangerous  as  it  bud  lin  11 
menacing;  he  was  on  the  point  of  iH-ing  lc>^l,  iiiul 
he  saw  himself  coinpell.d  to  retire  wiiii  as  nm,  li 
precipitation,  as  he  had  advaneeil  with  buldin  ^> 
The  gaining  the  battle  of  lloheii  FriedlKru'>iiv.il 
liiin.  That  retreat  and  that  victory  fixed  ilii 
seal  to  his  reputation.  It  was  after  this  ailimi 
that  he  wrote  to  I.oiiis  .\V.  'I  have  just  ilis 
charged  in  Sili'sia  the  bill  of  exchange  wliidi 
your  majesty  drew  on  me  at  Fonleiioy,'  .\  I'ln  1 
so  much  the  more  inoilest,  as  Frederic  li.ui  i  ni, 
quereil,  and  Louis  hail  only  Ih'cii  wiiiu-sslti  a  \  ic. 
tory.  He  displayed  the  same  genius  ami  tin 
same  activity  in  tl'ie  campaign  of  174."i.  and  emi 
more  abandoned  France  in  making  his  sep:ii;iii 
l)cace  at  Dresden  By  this  treaty  Frain  is  ":i< 
peaceably  assured  of  the  empire,  and  tin  ie^>iiiii 
of  Silesia  wasconfirmed  to  Frederic.  Fnini  e  iliir 
ing  this  war  committed  some  wrongs,  wlii.  Ii 
might  palliate  the  abandonment  of  Prussia  Tin 
French  did  not  keep  Prince  Charles  Hiiliii! 
bounds,  they  made  no  diversion  into  (iiriiiaiiy, 
and  fought' no  where  but  in  Flanders  Ii! 

17."»6,  Europe  was  again  in  a  flame.  Knii;.  -.■  an  1 
England  declared  war  against  each  oili.  r.  nil 
lioth  sought  alliances;  Frederic  ranged  liiiii-.  II 
on  the  side  of  p^ngland.  and  by  that  l«  1  am 
the  object  of  the  unretlectiiig  viiigi  aine  nf  tin 
Frcnih,  and  of  the  alliance  of  that  power  will 
Austria;  Austria  also  formed  an  alliance  wlili  iln 
Court  of  Petersburg  by  means  of  a  Saxnii  >.  1  re 
tary;  Frederic  discovered  the  pmjeei  •>'  the 
Courts  of  Petersburg.  Dresilen,  and  Vii  1111:1,  tf 
invade  the  Prussian  dominions.  He  »:is  !■.  I.p' 
hand  with  them,  and  began  the  war  by  -  iiii 
eonipiests." — L.  P.  Segur.  the  elder.  ///>'  '  ''> 
Priuriiial  Kri iiIh  nf  t/w  liiitjii  nf  t'lvil,  ri'-  M'.  "//'•, 
//. .  Kill'/  nf  J'nimn.  r.  \,  I'/i.  --0. 

A.  D.  1742.— The  Elector  of  Bavaria  crowned 
Emperor  (Charles  VII. ).     SeeAisriin    ,\   H 

1741  (OCTOBEH). 

A.  D.  1745. — The  consort  of  Maria  Thtresi 
elected  Emperor  (Francis  I.).— Rise  of  the  iiii' 
perial  house  of  Hapsburg-Lorraine.  S. ,  .\i  - 
TtiiA:  A.  D.  174.')(Skit,— Oct):  also.  1711   ill"' 

A.  D.  1748.— End  and  results  of  the  War  0 
the  Austrian   Succession.      See  Aixla'ua 

rEI-I-E.    TlIK  CONIIRKBS. 


1528 


OKHMANY,   IT.VVIT.M 


.S>i-e?i  Yea>4  t\'ar. 


OEUMANV,    1T.'>« 


A.  D.  1755-I756.-The  Seven  Yean  War: 
Itf  causes  and  provocations.-  " Tin'  t'nut  na 
tlonul  (luiirril  Imiw.-cii  KiikI.ukI  anil  tlic  pnwcrs 
which  ri'stminccl  her  frcT  iiinvcincnts  on  tlii'  s<ii 
and  litT  uxtinsiim  of  colonics,  liad  never  cciiscd. 
Entflund  would  have  the  freedom  of  the  sea:  and 
on  land  she  imslied  population  unil  plnut'lis  where 
France  panuhd  soldiers.  In  »n(  lia  siruu'i-'lc  war 
must  conii'.  liut.  liy  law.s  invarialiie  as  the  luws 
jf  nature,  the  |«ipulation  hIII  win  in  the  end. 
After  much  hie  kcrin^.  Mows  iH'jfan  in  17.")1.  and 
at  the  iH'Binniii);  of  17."i.')  Kniiland  despatchiil  the 
ill-fated  Bra(hlock  with  a  small  force,  whi(  li  was 

destroyed    in   July \»    vel.  however,   the 

quarrel  wa.s  only  colonial.     Knyland  emliiltered 
it  hy  seizing  French  ships  without  any  de<  hira 
tionof  war.      Hut  whyilid  Frederick  |c.f  I'russiul 
strike  In,  if  iiiiUrd  he  desired  peace?     In  truth 
there  was  no  choice  for  him.     As  early  as  IT.V,'- 
53  his  st'cret  a^fenls  had  discovere<l  that  .Vustria. 
Uussia  anil  Sa.vony  were  hatching  u  plot  lor  the 
destruction  of  Prussia,  and  such  a  partitioi.  as 
afterwards  Ixfcll  imliappy  I'olaml.      In   IT.")!!  a 
Saxon  oHIcial,  .Mcnizel  livname,  lieiran  to  supply 
the  Prussian  agents  with  copies  of  secret  doi'u"- 
ments    from    the   archives  at    Dresden,    which 
proved  that,  during  the  wlmh' of  the  piiice,  ne 
gotiatioiis   liad    Imth  proceeding    for  a  sinndta- 
ueons  atta(k   on    Fn'ilerick,  though    the  astute 
Brtthl  [Saxon  minister],  mindful  iif  former  de- 
feats, objected  to  playing  the  part  of  jackal  to 
the  neighlHjuring  lions.     In  sliort,  by  the  end  of 
1755  the  king  knew  that  preparations  weri'  al 
ready  on  foot  in  Austria  and   Russia,  and  that 
he  would    probably  Iw  attacked  iu;,t  year  cer- 
tainly, or,  at  latest,  the  year  after.     A  gri'at  war 
was  (•oniing   betwem  England  and    France,   in 
which  the  continental  power  would  attack  lian- 
over,  and  triail  clostdy  on  the  skirts  of  Prussia. 
Tlie  situation  was  dangerous,  ami  iH'camc  terri- 
bly  menacing   when   England    bargaini'd   with 
Uussia  to  subsidi.se  a  Muscovite  army  of  .'"m,|)(((I 
Tnen  for  defence  of  Hanover,     Uus.sia  con.sented 
with  alacritv.     .Money  w;is  all  that  the  czarina 
iiee<led  for  her  preparatifHis  against  Frederick, 
and  in   the  autumn  of   17.15  she  a.sseml)led.  not 
55,000.  but  70,000  men  on  the  Prus.sian  frontier 
nominally  for  the  use  of  England.     Hut  through!   ' 
out  the  winter  all  the  talk  at  St.  Petersburg  was   : 
of  Fr.'dericks  destruction  in  the  coming  .spring     ' 
It  was  time  for  him  to  stir.     His  tirst  movi'  was   j 
one  of  policy.     He  nifered  England  a  ■  nentnditv   ' 
convention  '  by   w  hich  the  two  powers  jointlv 
.should  guanuitee  the  German  Heich  against  all 
foreign  intervention  during  the  coining  war      On    i 
the   IBth  of  January.  17.'i(l,  the  convention  was 
signed  in  l-oiiilon,  and  tin-  Uiissian  agree  mint 
tlirown  over,  as  it  could  well  bi-,  since  it  had  not 
Isen  ratiticd.     Europe  was  now  ranking  herself 
for  the  struggle.     In  preceding  years,  tlie  .Kus 
trian  diplomatist,  Kaiinitz,  had  .so  managed  the 
French  court,  especially  through  the  nieilium  of 
.Miulame  de   Pompa<h)ur,   that   l.miis   XV.   was 
now   on   the   side   of   JIaria  Theresa,  who   liad 
ii'iwed  her  neck  so  fur  as  to  write  to  the  French 
king's  mistress  as  '  Ma  I'ousiuc,'  while  Frederick    ■ 
f'Tgot   polity,  and  spoke  of  the  Pompadour  in 
slighting  terms.     '.le  ne  la  couniiis  pas,' said  he 
once,  and  was  never  forgiven.   .  .  .  The  agree 
imut  with  Russia  to  partition  Prussia  liiul  already 
lnt  n  made,  and  Frederick's  .iiiarp  tongue  hail 
Irttrayed  bim  into  calling  the  czarina  that 'In     I 
.a.nc  tatiu  liu  lioid  ■     Sa.xouy  wailed  for  the  ap-    j 


pearance  of  her  stronger  nelghlioiirs  in  order  to 
join  them.  England  alone  was  Frederick's  ally." 
—Col.  ('.  ».  linickenbury,  l-'ni(,  rirk  the  Urtat, 
ill  It,  — ■'  The  secret  sources  of  the  Third  Silesian 
War,  since  called  '  Seven-Vears  War.'  go  back 
to  1715;  nay.  we  iniiv  sav,  to  the  First  Invasion 
of  Silesia  in  1710.  t'or  it  was  in  .Maria  Theresa's 
ineiinible  sorrow  at  loss  of  Sih'sia,  and  her  in- 
(Xtingiiishable  hope  to  reconquer  it,  tliat  this  and 
all  Friedn'chs  oiher  Wars  had  their  origin.  .  .  . 
Traitor  .Menzel  the  Saxon  Kanzi  Hist  .  .  .  has 
been  busy  for  Prussia  ever  since  'the  end  of 
17.TJ.'  (Jot  admittance  to  the  Pressis;  sent  his 
tirst  Excerpt  about  the  time  of  E.islcr-Fair 
17.">:t.'— time  of  Voltaire's  taking  wini;.  And 
has  Ih'cu  at  work  ever  since.  Copving  I)es- 
patches  fro-ii  the  most  secret  .saxon  Uepositories, 
ready  always  on  Excellincy  .Maltzahns  indicat- 
ing Ihi  Piece  wanted  |  Maltzalin  being  the  Prus- 
sian Minister  at  Dresilen]  .  .  .  .Menzel  . 
lasted  in  free  uelivity  till  17-57;  and  was  then 
put  iiiidi  r  lock  and  key.  Was  not  hanged;  sat 
prisoner  for  twenty  seven  years  after;  over  grown 
j  with  hair,  Icl's  anil  arms  chained  together,  heavy 
I  iron  bar  uniting  both  ankles;  diet  bread-aud- 
I  water;  — for  the  rest,  healthv;  and  died,  not 
[  Very  mi-inibh'  it  is  said,  in  17W  "— T.  Carlyle, 
Hint. .;/'  Fiirihiih  If.  of  I'rnm.i.  t,k.  17,  eh.  1  (r.  7).' 
Ai.sii  IN:  Due  lie  Hrogiie,  Thi'  Kimi'i,  Seirf 
-li.  \-l  (/■.  U.— Fri'ileriek  II.,  Hint,  of  tliv  Srn'u 
Yiiini  \\',ir  (I'oMiimnii,  Work',  r.  2),  ch.  \\.—\\ 
Tiiltle.  Hist,  iif  /•/•'(««'.(.  174.5-17.5ti  (f.  ;i),  rh.  (V- 
!•.  — F.    Von    Haunier,    foutrilnitioM   to   .}fi,iUrii 

i    lli'l  :    Finlirirk   II.  unil  hin    Tiniin,  eh.    •i\--}». 

See.  also,  EN(ii,.\Nii:  A.  I).  1754-17.55;  and  Afs- 
riii.v:  .\.  D.  17.5.5-17li;i. 

A.  D.  I756.-The  Seven  Years  War:  Fred- 
erick strikes  the  first  blow.— Saxony  subdued. 
—  "  Finding  tlial  tlie  storm  was  wlioTlv  inevita- 
ble, and  must  burst  on  him  next  'vear,  he 
[Frederick],  with  ImiIiI  sagacity,  deterinincd  to 
forestall  it.  First,  tlien,  in  August,  17.56,  his 
ambasiiador  at  Vienna  hiul  onlers  to  demand  of 
the  Empress  Queen  a. statement  of  her  intentions, 
to  announce  war  as  the  alternative,  and  to  de- 
clare that  he  would  accept  no  answer  '  in  the 
style  of  an  oracle. '  The  answer,  as  he  expecti'd, 
was  evasive.  Without  further  il<'Iav  an  army 
of  (iO.iHKt  Pri'ssia:is.  headed  bv  Frederick  in  per 
son.  poured  into  Saxony.  Tlie  Queen  of  Poland 
w;is  taken  in  Dresden:  the  King  of  Poland  [Au- 
gustus III.  Elector  of  Saxony,  and,  by  election. 
King  of  I'olaml]  and  his  troops  were  bliH-kaded 
in  Pima  Thus  did  Frederick  commence  that 
mighty  striiirgle  which  is  known  to  Germans  by 
the  name  of  the  Seven  Years'  War.  'Hie  tirst 
object  of  the  Prussian  monarch  at  Drisilen  was 
to  oliiaiu  possession  of  the  original  documents 
of  the  coalition  a.,  liiist  him.  whose  existence 
111'  knew  by  means  of  the  traitor  Menzel.  The 
Queen  of  Poland,  no  le.ss  aware  than  Fred 
crick  of  the  importance  of  these  papers,  had  car 
ried  them  to  Inr  own  bcd-chanilKT  She  sat 
down  on  the  trunk  which  contained  the  most  ma 
terial  ones,  and  deilared  to  the  Prussian  otlicer 
sent  to  seize  them  that  nothing  but  force  should 
move  her  from  the  spot.  [Tlie  otlicial  account 
of  this  oociirrenee  which  Carlyle  prixluces  repre- 
sents the  Queen  as  'standing  before  the  diKir' 
of  the  archive  apartment 'in  which  the  com- 
promising documents  were  locked  up.  she  hav- 
ing previously  sealed  the  door.]  This  officer 
was  of  S<'otti3h  blood.  General  Keith,  the  Earl 


IVJO 


i  f 


-I  ^iV 


If  IH 


GERMANY.  1758. 


.Vtvn  Yeart  War. 


GERMANY.  1757 


Marisrbal'B  brother.  'All  Europe.'  mill  the 
Qiifpn.  ' would  rxclulm«piiinst  this  c>uln>);i';  iiml 
then.  sir.  you  will  lie  the  victim:  depend  upon  it. 
vour  King  la  a  man  to  aHiritlee  jcui  to  his  own 
lionourl'  Keith,  who  knew  Kredefiek'selmriieter. 
was  startled,  and  sent  for  further  onlers;  hut  on 
reeeiving  ii  reltiriitlon  of  the  tlrMt  he  illd  his <luty. 
The  pajiers  were  then  ninde  puiilie,  Hppenile<l  to 
a  nmnifesto  in  vindieiition  of  Fri'(hriek's  con- 
due;  iiiiil  lluy  convinceil  the  world  that,  al- 
though the  appannt  aiKn's,sor  in  his  invasion 
of  Saxony,  he  had  only  acted  on  thi'  priniiplcs 
of  self  (h'fence.  Meanwhile,  the  Prussian  army 
closely  tilm  kailed  the  .Saxon  in  I'irna.  hut  the  Aus 
trian.'undir  Marshal  Brown,  an  oltlcer  of  Hritish 
extraction,  was  advancing  to  its  relief  through  the 
mountain  passes  of  Hoheniia.  F^rederick  left  a 
stilllcicnt  force  to  maintain  the  hhK-kade.  marched 
ajrainst  Br()\vn  with  the  remainder,  and  irave  him 
battle  at  I.owfwitz  (or  Lobositz]  on  tiie  1st  of 
October  It  proved  ahardfoucht  day :  thc>  King 
no  lonfrer  found,  as  he  says  in  one  of  his  letters, 
the  old  Ausirians  he  remembered;  and  his  loss 
in  killed  and  wounded  was  greater  than  theirs 
[3.3<)8  against  2.BH41;  hut  victory  declan'il  on 
his  side.  Then  retracing  his  steps  "towards  I'irna 
he  compelled,  by  the  pressure  of  famine,  the 
whole  Saxon  army,  17,(KKI  8tn)ng,  to  an  un- 
conditional surrender.  Tlic  officers  were  sent 
home  on  parole,  hut  the  soldiers  were  induced, 
partly  by  force  and  partly  by  persuasion,  to  en- 
list in  the  Prussian  ranks,  and  swear  fldelity  to 
Frederick.  Their  former  sovereign.  King  Au- 
gustus, remaiiieil  securely  perched  on  his  castle- 
rock  of  KOnigsteIn,  hut,  becoming  weary  of 
confinement,  solicited,  and  was  most  readily 
granted,  passports  to  Warsaw.  During  the  w  hole 
winter  Frederick  Hxed  his  h<ad  (juartersat  Dres- 
den, treating  Saxony  in  all  ri'spects  as  a  cim- 
quered  province,  or  as  one  of  his  own.  Troops 
anil  taxes  were  levieil  throughout  that  rich  and 
populous  land  with  unsparing  rigour,  and  were 
direiteil  against  the  very  eausi"  which  the  sover- 
eign of  that  land  had  embraced.  "—  1-ord  Mahon 
(Ijirl  Stanhope),  Jli't-  "f  Eng..  1713-17X3.  eh.  33 
(r.  4) 

Also  in  :  T.  C'arlvlc,  llir'  ../  fYiedrich  If. .  I>lc. 
17,  ell.  4-H(r.  7).— I/)rd  Dover,  Life  nf  hWilfriek 
II..  r.  'J,  ch.  1. 

A.  D.  1756-1757.— The  Seven  Years  War: 
Frederick  under  the  Ban  of  the  Empire.— The 
coalition  against  Frederick.— "  All  through  the 
winter  Austria  strained  every  nerve  to  consoli- 
date her  alliances,  and  she  did  not  scruple  to  use 
her  position  at  the  head  of  the  Kmpire.  in  onlcr 
to  drag  till!  iHsly  into  the  ipiarri'l  tliat  had  arisen 
between!  oof  its  uicmlHTS.  Onhisown  nspon- 
sibilily.  withu  .1  consulting  the  electors,  prince;., 
and  cities,  the  Emperor  passed  sentence  on  Fred 
crick,  and  condenined  him.  iinhiitrd.  as  a  dis- 
turber of  the  peace  Many  of  the  great  cities 
altogether  refusi-d  to  publish  the  Emperor's  de- 
cree, and  even  among  the  states  generally  sub- 
si-rvient  to  Austria  there  were  some  that  were 
alarini  d  at  so  flagrant  a  disregard  I'f  law  and 
precedent.  It  may  have  seemed  a  siirn  of  what 
was  to  he  expelled  should  Prussia  iH'anniiiilateil. 
and  no  state  remain  in  (Jcrmany  that  dared  to 
lift  up  its  voice  au'ainst  Austria.  Nevertheless, 
in  spite  of  this  feeling,  and  in  spite  of  the  o])po 
sition  of  nearly  all  the  Protestant  states,  .Viistria 

siir-f di-iiiii  indiieine  the  Kmpire  to  esiHiuse  lii-r 

cause.     In  all  three  colleges  of  electors,  princes. 


and  cities  she  obtained  a  majority,  and  at  a  ilii  1 
held  on  Jan  17,  17.'")7.  it  was  resolved  tli;il  u 
army  of  the  Empire  shoidd  Ik>  set  on  fiKit  firih 
nurposeof  making  war  on  Prussia.  Sonic  innnili 
later  Frederick  was  put  to  the  ban  of  tlie  Enipit. 
Hut  the  use  of  this  antii|uated  wea{ii>n  str^.i 
rjither  to  throw  ridicule  on  those  who  cmj'li'\i , 
it  than  to  injure  him  against  whom  it  «i 
launched.  ...  It  has  been  calculaliil  lliii  il. 
population  of  the  States  arniyed  ai:aiii>l  I'r.  .i 
crick  the  Oreat  amoiuited  to  im.fKXI.iMio.  :i,mI  Hi  , 
they  put  43f1,U(H»  men  into  flic  field  in  llic  \.  , 
17.'i7.  The  |io;iulation  of  Prussia  was  4.."iiio'ihiii 
her  army '.ifHI.iMK)  St  rung;  but.  after  iliduci  in  u'  iln 
garrisons  of  the  fortresses,  there  riniainiil  liiil. 
over  l.lO.tKK)  men  available  for  s<  rvice  in  il, 
field.  The  oilds  against  Frederick  wi  n  irn  ,11 
h!it  thev  were  not  absolutely  ovcrwinliiiinir 
His  territories  were  scattered  and  ililllciilt  of  di 
fence,  the  extremities  hardly  defeiisilili  ;ii  :ill 
but  he  occupied  a  central  position  from  «  liii  li  In 
might,  by  rapidity  of  movement,  be  able  to  lak 
his  assailants  in  det4dl,  unless  their  plans  uir 
distinguished  by  a  harmony  unusual  in  tlieelLirt 
of  a  coalition.  "—  F.  W.  Ijonj^man.  FruUri'lc  Ih 
iireiit  and  the  Sriii   YettrtC  }i<tr,  ch.  H.  tt'-t.  3 

A.  D.  1756-1758.- War  of  Prussia  with  Swe 
den  in  Pomerania.  See  S<  ANi>iN.\vt\.v  Sivtk 
(SwKtJKN):  A.  I).  172()-17«'J. 

A.  D.  i757(April— June).— The  Seven  Year 
War :  Frederick's  invasion  (f  Bohemia. 
Victory  at  Prague  and  defeat  at  Kolin.  .\ 
the  cinnmencement  of  17.")7.  the  gniiid  r.nilMi 
eraey  against  the  king  of  1'rus.sia  was  (■■n-uli 
dated  by  the  efTorts  and  intrigues  of  the  1  nuii  .. 
Vienna.'  The  French  had  drawn  together  ^o,iii» 
men  on  the  Rhine,  under  the  command  of  nmr 
.shal  d'  Etrees;  the  army  of  execution  was  ii~«i m 
bling  in  the  empire;  the  Swedes  were  pn  p.irin; 
topenetrat*'  Into  Pomerania.  and  (id.iHMi  Itiis-iaii 
were  stationed  on  the  frontiers  of  Livoni:i,  "^lit 
Ing  the  season  of  action  to  burst  into  the  liiiii; 
dom  of  Prussia.  With  this  favourable  a<i)irl  1 
affairs,  the  empress  prepared  for  the  canip:iii;i 
by  augmenting  her  forces  In  Hungary  and  Hi 
hernia  to  l.'iO.flOO  men;  the  main  army,  slaliniin 
in  the  vicinity  of  Prague,  was  loninnimli  d  li 
Prince  Charles,  who  was  a.ssisted  by  the  ^kil!  n 
marshal  Brown,  and  the  other  corps  iiiini-i.i 
to  count  Daun.  Frederic  possessed  too  iimi : 
foresight  and  vigilance  to  n'main  inactive  uliil 
his  enemies  were  eonecting  their  forces;  In  i  Inn 
foreresidved  to  carry  the  war  into  the  In  art  ■■!  in 
Austrian  territories,  and  by  a  decisive  sir -K'  I 
shake  the  ba.sis  of  the  confiHleracy.  lie  .10. m 
this  plan  with  consummate  address;  lienlTnii' 
great  trepidation  and  uncertainty,  and.  I"  ili 
eeive  the  Auslrians  into  a  belief  that  In-  "nU  in 
tended  to  maintain  himself  in  Saxony,  pu!  I";..- 
den  in  a  state  of  defence,  broke  down  tin-  lini.!"- 
and  markeil  out  various  camps  in  tin-  vi.  i:.i;v 
In  the  midst  of  this  ap|iareiit  alarm  tlin.  I'l'i- 
sian  colunins  burst  into  Bohemia,  in  .\pni.  ii;i 
rapidly   advanced    towards    Pnigiie.  Hi 

Austri'ans.  pressi-d  on  all  sides,  retreatr 
preeipitatiiai  under  the  walls  of  I'riigtir, 
southern  side  of  the  .Moldaii.  wliil,  tin-  I'l;;  : 
advancing  towards  tlieeapit;il  formed  lu.i !  •  ■;: 
one  under  Siliwcrin  remaining  at  .Inn;;  I'ei;  ■■ 
and  the  other,  headed  by  the  king,  criii!:  ■. 
the  heights  iK-twecn  the  Vloldau  and  tin-  i\  •  ■ 
berir.  Expecting  to  be  joined  liy  mar^li.i'  !>■ 
who  was  hastening  Iroin  Moravia,  iln-  -v  1-  - 


I    ull 

.-n   Ih 


1530 


? 


GERMANY.  1757. 


Srvtn  Yeart  iVar. 


OEHMANY,  1787. 


ifmKlnpil  nn  the  (ii'fcinlvr;   hut  prinrp  ('liarloti 
Uiok  m>  Ktronit  h  piwliion  na  sfi'iiii'd  to  <My  hII 
«|)prchcnsi(iii.H(if  nriiittiick.   .   .  .  These  olisliiilia, 
however,  weru   ingutlleiciu  to  arrest  Ihi'  iliirin); 
uplrlt  of   Kn-deric,    who  remihed   lo  uttiiik  the 
Aiistriims  Ix-fore  thi- Birivnl  of  Dauii.      I.eiivinn 
a  eorps  iii.ih'r  priiiec  Miiiiri( c  iiIkhc  I'rairiie    he 
rrossed  the  .Moldaii  ni'iir  Uost(M  k  and  I'lslalK^  mi 
the  .-ith  of  May.  with  IH.INNI  men.  and  on  th.'  fd 
lowing  mornlni;  at  hreiik  of  ,iav  was  johied  hv 
the  (■(  rps  unchrniarnhal  Schwerin.   .  .  .   V  it  lory 
di'chired  on  the  side  of  the  I'mssiuns,  Imt  was 
niirrliased  liy  tlie  ]os.s  of  thiir  l)esl  triM)ps.  not 
lesw  tlian  1N,(NM».  even  l)y  tln'  avowal  of  Hie  kini;. 
N'in>t  killed,  with  nianv  of  his  hravesl  olllci  rs. 
anil  Sihwerin.   the   father  of  the    I'riissian  dis 
ripline,  anil  tin'  Kuide  of  Freilerie  in  the  career 
of  victory.     Of  the  .Vustrians  H.ihii)  were  killed 
and  wounded.  ».(ltH)  made  prisoners,  and  an.OiK) 
shut   up   within   the   walls  of   rni^juc.   ...   A 
column  of  Itl.(KK)  Austrian^  made  sixxl  their  re 
treat  alouB  the  Moldau  to  join  tlie  iirmv  of  mar 
shal  Daun.      I'mRuo  w«.s  instantiv  hliM-kaded  hv 
the  victorious  army,  and  not  less  than   KHI.IKNI 
»oul»   were   contine.l    within   tlie   walls,    almost 
without  the  means  of  subsistence.      Thev  were 
«oon  reduced  U)  the  greatest  extremities.   .".   .   In 
thia  disiwlroiis  moment  the  house  of  .Vuatria  was 
preserved   from  im|)endin)f  destruction   hv  Hie 
skill  and  caution  of  a  general,  who  now.  fiir  the 
first   time,  appeared  at  the  head  of  an  army. 
This  general  was  I-eopohl  count  Daun,  a  native 
of   Bohemia.  .  .  .   Daun  had  marched  through 
Moravia  towards   Prague,  to  elfect  a   junction 
with  prince  Charles.     On  arriving  at  Hoehniiscli- 
grod,  within  a  few  miles  of  Prague,  he  w.is  ap 
prised  of   the  recent  defeat,  and  hailed  a  few 
days  to  collect  the  fugitives,  till  his  corps  swelled 
so  consiilerahly  that  Frtnleric  detached  again  .t 
him   the   prince  of  IJevern  with   'MMOO  men." 
Daun  declined  hattle  and  retreaU'd,  until  he  had 
collected   an  army  of  ttO.CHK)  men  and  restored 
their  courage.     Jle  then  advanced,  forcing  hack 
the  prince  of  Bevem.  and  when  Frederick,  join- 
ing the  latter  with  reinforcenieiits.  attacked  him 
at  Kolin.  on  the  18th  of  June,  he  inHicted  on  the 
Prussian    king  a  disastrous   defeat— the    first 
which    Frederick   had   known.      The    Prus,sian 
troops.  "  for  the  first  time  defeated,  gave  way  to 
des|)ondency.   ami  in  their  retreat    esdaimed. 
■This  is  ourPultawa.'     Daun  purchased  the  vic- 
tory with  the  hiss  of  9.(HX)  men;  hut  on  the  side 
of  the  Prussians  not  less  than  14. (MK)  were  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken  prisimers.  and  43  |>ieies  of 
artillery,  with  22  standards,  fell  into  the  hands 
of  the  Aiistrians.     .Maria  Theresa  .   .   .  conveved 
in  p<rr8ou  the  news  of  this  important  victorv  to 
Hie  countess  Daun.  and  instituted  the  military 
onler  of  merit,  or  the  Order  of  .Maria  Theresa, 
with  which  she  deconitid  the  coniniaiider  ami 
officers  who  luid  mo.st  signalised  thiin.selves,  and 
dated  ita  commencement   from  Hie  leni  of  that 
glorious  victory.     To  give  repose  to  the  troops, 
uiil  to  replace  the  magazines  wliieh  had  heen  di- 
slniyed  liy  the  Pru.ssians,  Daun  rerniiiiied  .sevenil 
il  lys  on  the  field  of  liatllc;  and  as  .le  advanced 
("Prague  fmiiul  Ihal   Hie   Prussians  liiid  rai.sed 
Hie  siege  on  the  20lh  of  .lime,  and  were  relreating 
Willi  precipitation  towards  .Sa.Muiv  and  i.iisatia." 
~W   t'oxe.  JIM.  if  the  H"iiw  ,>f'Aniitri,i.  rh.  112   ! 
(f-  :!).  j 

Al.so  IN:    Col.  C.   B    Brackenlmrv     hW^Urirk-   \ 
I'lr  ureat,  c/i.  11-12.— F.    Kugler.   I'irl.  H„l.  „f 

15 


It^i 


(Irrmiiny  iluring  the  Reiffn  of  PreiUriek  the  Oreat. 
eh   ••:, 

A.  D.   I7S7  (July-December).— The  SeTen 
Year*  War:    Darkenine  and  brightening  of 
Frederickt  career.  —  CToster-SeTen.  —  Roti- 
bach.— Leuthen.— The  enemies  of  Hie  King  of 
Prussia  •■  were  nowclnsiiig  u|>i>n  him  from  every 
side.     The  provinces  Inyond  the  Vistula  iK'iamc 
the   prey  of  Kussian  hordes,  to  which  only  one 
division  of    Prussians  under   .Marshal    Lel'iwald 
■    was  opposed.     In  the  result,  however,  theirown 
devasiations.  and  the  consei|uent  want  of  sup- 
plies, proved  a  check  to  their  further  prognss 
diiH'ig    this   lampaign.       In    Westphalia   alKive 
WP.IMH)  elTeilive  French  soldiers  were  aiivaiiiing, 
comnianded  hy  the  .Maresehal  d'Estreis.  .i  grand- 
son of  the  famous  minister  Kouvoi.s.     The  Duke 
,   of  Cumherland,  who  hail  uudertaken  to  defend 
his  father's  electorate  against  them,  was  at  the 
head  of  a  motley  army  of  scarce  .W.tHKt  men. 
.   His  military  talen:s  were   not  such  as  to 
supply  his  want  of  niinilHrs  or  of  comhiuation; 
he  allowed  the  Fn'nch  to  pass  theihrpand  rapid 
Weser  unopposed;  he  gave  them  no  distiirhance 
when  laying  waste  great  part  of  the  Klectorate; 
he  only  fell  hack  from  position  to  position  until 
at   length  the  enemy  came  up  with  him  at  the 
village  of  Ilastenhack  near  Haniidn.     There,  on 
the  28th  of  .luly.  an  action  was  fought,  and  the 
Duke  was  worsted  with  the  loss  of  several  hun- 
dred men      The  only  resource  of  His  Koval  High- 
ness was   a   retreat    airo.ss  the    wide   Lllnelierg 
niiKirs.  to  cover  the  town  of  .Stadc  towanls  the 
mouth  of  the  Kllie,  where  the  archives  and  other 
valuahle  effects  from  Hanover  liad  Uvn  already 
de|Misited    for  safetv.  "      Intrigue  at  Versidlles 
having  n'called  DEstrees  and  sent  the  Duke  de 
Bichelieu  into  his  place,  the  lattc  i   press-d  the 
puke  of  CumlxTlaiid  so  closely,  hemming  him 
in  and  cutting  off  his  comnuinications,  that  he 
was  soon  glad  to  make  terms.     On  the  8th  of 
SiptemUr  the  English  Duke  signed,  at  Clostcr- 
Seven,  a  convention  imder  which  the  auxiliary 
triMiiis  in  his  army  were  .sent  home,  the  Hanove- 
rians dispersed,  and  only  a  garrison  left  at  .Stiulc. 
•After  the  hattle  of  Kolin  and  the  Convention 
of    Cluster  .S'ven.    the  p<isition  of  Frcilerick, — 
hemmed  in  on  almost  every  side  hy  victorious 
enemies.  —  was  not  only  most  dangerous  but  well- 
nigh  desperate.     To  his  own  eves  it  B<'emeil  so. 
He  resolved  in  his  thoughts,  aiid  discussed  with 
his  friends,  the   voluntary  death  of  Otho  as  a 
worthy  examjile to  follow.'     Fullv n'solved never 
to  fall  alive  mto  the  hands  of  his  enemies,  nor 
yet  to  survive  any  decisive  overthrow,  he  carried 
about  his  person  a  sure  poison  in  a  small  gla.s8 
|ihial.      Yet      .       he  could  still,  with  iiidoinilahle 
skill  and  energy,  make  every  preparation  for  en- 
countering the  Prince  de  Soubisi\     Ho  marched 
against  the  French  commander  at   the  head  of 
only  22.iKKt  men;  but  these  wcR'  veterans,  traineil 
in  the  strictest  discipline,  and  full  of  conlidence 
ill  Heir  chief.     .Soubise,  on  Hie  other  hand,  owed 
Ills  appointment  in  part  lo  ids  illustrious  lineage, 
,is  head  of  the  Mouse  of  Uolian.  andslill  more  to 
Conn  favour,  as  Hie  minion  of  .Madame  de  Pom- 
padour, but  in  no  degree  to  his  own  cxperiiiweor 
abilities      He  had  under  his  orders  nearly  4I>.(NK) 
of  his  count r;. men.  and  nearly  2l).(HH)  troops  of  the 
Empire;  for  the  (Jermanic  diet  also  had  been  in- 
duced to  join  the  league  against  Frederick.     On 
the  .">ih  ..f  Noveinber  the  two  snnie-s  csh-m-  >•>  a 
battle  at  Itosbacli   (or   Ilossbach],   close  to  the 

31 


1  ' 


OKH.MANV    1717 


Sfvrn   Year»   War, 


GEHMANY,  1758 


plain  nf  I,ni/i  ii.  wliiTf  In  llir  priri'ilitiit  (iiiliiry 
diisliini"  A.lciipliiit  riiiii|mriil  anil  till  Ity  tlu' 
hkilfiil  niiinn  uvns  nf  Knil.  ii<  k  Ilir  Kriiicli  wiTi' 
lininttlil  I"  luliivi'  ilial  Ihi-  1'riiHi.lain  inli-nili'd 
niithini;  ImiI  rrlrfal,  and  Itifv  atlvanct-tl  in  liiLTii 
)<piril'<  ai  if  I'rily  I"  pursue  tiic  liiuilivi  ■..  <  if  a 
Miclilin  till  >  (.uiihI  IlirnisilMt  atliii  kfl  wiili  all 
Ilii'  I'iMiip  II  Inr"- I'f  ilisri|iliiir.  and  all  llii'  cnur 
a>;i-  iif  (Itspair.      'rin-  lri«ips  id  llic  Knipiii',   a 

tliy  (  nw.  Ilid  ai  Ihr  llr-t   lire    ,   .       Su  nipid 

was  till  vii  ti.ry  llial  lln  riL'lil  wini:  nf  the  I'riH 
sians.  iindi T  rrinie  I'l  nlinand  nf  llriiii««ii  k, 
was  ni'MTi  Mi;aL.'eiI  at  all  (inal  Mundiers  i.f  the 
Kirnili  wire  eiii  iliiwn  in  tin  ir  lli;;lit  li\  tiie 
I'nissian  eavalrv,  nut  a  lew  perished  in  liie  waters 
id  tile  Saale,  and  lull  7.1""'  were  made  pris 
liners,  with  a  lar-'e  aiuiinnl  uf  liairi.'aL'e,  artillery 
and  slandarils     .  Tiie  lialtle  id'   Ui.sliaeli  was 

nut  iniiri'  rernarkalde  fur  its  niiiil)iry  resulls  than 
fur  its  iniiral  inllueme  li  was  haili'd  thriiiit.'li 
nut  (ierinany  as  a  triiiniph  id  the  ■reiiinrde  nvir 
the  (iailie  race  ,  ,  .  Ni  preeariiais  whs  ninv 
FrederieU's  pi.sjtiiin  that  tlie  hatlleid'  Knshaidi. 
us  he  said  liirnself,  uaineil  liiin  nnlhini;  hut  leisiiri' 
III  tlirhl  aiaither  liattle  elsewliere.  Durini;  his 
ahsirae  nn  the  Saale.  tla-  Austrian  armh's  had 
pnured  ii\er  tla'  niian)t!iiiis  into  Silesia  :  they  had 
defeated  the  I'm-siaiis  uialer  the  Uukenf  liei-crn  ; 
they  had  takeu  the  main  fortress.  Sehwcidnit/., 
ami  the  capital,  lireslaii  nearly  thi'  whole  prov 
inee  was  already  :iieirs.  .\  llyin<:  dilaeliinent  of 
4.IHKI  eavalry.  under  ( ieneral  lladdiik.  had  iven 
puslad  iiilo'liratidenliur!.',  and  levied  a  eontrilm 
lion  from  the  eily  of  llerlin  |enterin>,'  oih'  of  the 
suliurlis  of  the  Prussian  e:ipital  atnl  holdlni;  it 
for  twelve  |jMurs|.  The  advaneiiiv'siason  seemed 
to  require  w  intiT  (jnarters.  Init  Frederi<-k  ne\er 
dreamed  of  rist  until  Silesia  was  retoveri'd.  He 
liasteiiid  tiy  forei  d  inanhes  from  tlie  Saaii'  to 
tlie  Oder,  .uatherini:  n  inforeements  while  he  went 
lilona.  As  he  drew  ne.-ir  Hreslau.  tlie  Imperial 
eomniander.  Priin-e  ( 'liarles  of  Korniim-.  Ilnshed 
witli  rcceiil  victory  and  conlldcnt  in  superior 
iiumliers.  disreirardcd  the  prudeiil  advice  of  Mar- 
^hal  Daun.  and  ileseeiideil  from  an  almost  inae- 
cessihie  position  to  ;;ive  the  Kinn  of  I'russia 
battle  on  the  open  plain.  .  .  <  In  tlie  "it h  of  He 
cemlier.  oia-  month  from  the  liatth'  of  Uoslmch. 
till'  two  armies  iiat  at  Leuthen.  a  sniall  vii 
la^'e  near  lireslati.  Krederiek  with  40.IHHI.  I'rinee 
Charles  of  Lorraine  with  heiween  till.lKHI  ami 
7ii.il'lil  men.  For  several  lioiirs  did  the  contlici 
rairc  doiihlfiilly  and  tierrely.  It  was  deeided 
iii.iinly  liy  tlie  skill  and  the  spirit  of  the  Prussian 
iiionareh.  'Theliatllc  of  I,i  utheii.' says  Napo- 
leon, "was  a  masterpiece,  jliil  it  even  stand 
alone  it  would  of  itself  entitle  Krederiek  to  im- 
mort.'il  fame.  In  killed,  wounded  and  taki'U.  tlii' 
Austriaiis  lost  no  less  than  "JT.iloo  men;  above  "jil 
idards.  iibove  liifl  cannon,  above  4.IMHI  was: 
iK'ciime  the  spoil  of  the  \ictors;  linslau 
.Ills  taken.  Si  hwcidnilz  bloekaibd.  Silesia  re- 
covered; the  remnant  of  the  Imperial  fon-cs  lied 
liack  across  the  mountains;  ;tnd  Frederick,  after 
one  of  the  |iiu;:est  and  most  glorious  campaiirns 
lli:il  llislory  records,  at  Icnv-th  allowed  hiinsilf 
and  his  soldiers  some  repose.  " — Lord  .Malion 
iKarl  Stanhupei,  Jli>l.  "f  Kifi.  17i;!-17«:i,  <•/..  li-l 
II'.  4 1. 

Al.s«  i.N;  'I'  (  arlyle,  UM  nf  Fricdnch  II.. 
ik.  lis,  ch.  o-ln,  —  Lord  Dover,  Life  of  h'ndirirk 
ir,r.'i..-l  :'_4  — Sir  F  Cu-t  ,l.-;:....'i  .-iff.'.'.- ll'.-.-s 
of  the  Wth  Cent'iry.  r.  2.  />/j.  •,'17--J4i) 


st;ini 


W';l 


I      A.  D.  iTjS.— The  ScTcn  Ye«r»  War ;  C»rn- 

I   paign  in  HanoTcr.— Sieg;t  of  OlmUtz     Hat- 

•   lian  defeat  at  Zorndorf.— Pruiiian  defeat  at 

'<    Hochkirch.  — "  llefori' till- ciiil  of  I7."i7.  Liii:l md 

i    Im-i!iiii  to  mkiMi  more  active  part  on  the  ('.,aii 

I   milt.     Liiril  ('liittham  broiiKlit  itlunit  theri  in  li.n 

i   of  the  Convention  of  Clonter  Zi'ven    by   i'lrii.i 

j    iiieni,  and  llii>  rciall  of  CiinilMrlaiid  by  the  kin:; 

i    The  ellii'Iciit  Prime  Kcrdiiuiiid  of  lirnnswii  k  »  is 

propoM'd  by  Frederick  and  made  comniaiujir  uf 

!    the  Kntflisli  and  tlanoverian  birecs       Hi-  ii|iiiii| 

the  eampiiii.'n  of  I7.>  in  the  w  inter       The  Fo  m  h. 

!    under  Cleriiiont.  iMdii!;  without  iliscipliin  iriia 

trot,   he  drove    tlicni  in  beadtont:  DiLdit    out  nf 

their  winter  <(UarterH  in  Hanover  and  Wcsiplialia. 

to  the  U'line  and  aerosH  it;  and  on  .liim    '.';'  de 

fcaled  ilieiii  lit  the  battle  of  Crcfi  Id       A    Kn  m  li 

I    army  under  SoiibU'  afterward  crossed  tin   llliiue 

liiu'liir   up.  anil    Ferdinand    retreated,    but    sue 

ceedid  in  |irolectliii!  Ilie  west  as  far  as  the  \\  i  ^  r 

airainst  Qiiienil  Contades.      Frederii  k  lirsi  ii  i.ink 

Schweidnil/,  April  Itl.     lie  then,  in  onh  r  In  |iie 

vent  the  Junction  of  the  Itiisaians  and  Austri;uis, 

ventnreil  to  iittack  Austria,  and  invaded   Mi-ra 

via.     His  brother.  Prince  Henry,  had  but  asiii.ill 

force  in  Saxony,  and  Kn'ilerick  tlioui;lil  thai  Iw 

could  iH'Ht  cover   that  country  by  an  aitai  k  mi 

Austria,     lint  tlie  sii>i;e  of  (llmlll/.  dct.iiiinl  iiini 

from  May  until  July,  and  bis  |irospects  jinw  nuire 

donbifiif     The  AiHIrlans  laptnreil  a  cnnv.-i  of 

:(IMI   watfnnM   of   niilltury   stnrcs,   which   /iiilieii 

was  In  have  escorted  to  bim.     [Insiead  nf   UK). 

the  convoy  comprisi'd  H.IMH)  to  4.IHMI  w;,^-.,ii,  ,,f 

whieli  only  ilH)  reached  the  Prussian  cani|i  ;>iiil 

its  destruction   bv   Oenerul   Loudon   coinpteti  Iv 

frustrated  Freilerieks  plan  of  campaiL'ii  |     Freii 

crick  raised  the  sieve,  iiml,  by  an  admiralile  re 

treat.  Iiroiiifbt  liisurmy  tlirou^b  lioliemia  liy  »;iy 

of  K(inijri:rilt/.  to  l.andshut.     Here  he  inriviil 

bad  news.     The  UuHsians,  under   Ferninr,  wire 

au'ain  in  Prussia,  occupying  the  eastern  pnoime, 

but  tre.ilini;  it   mildly  "as  «  coni|Uered  (ouiiiiy. 

where  the  empress  already  received  the  hnni.'iL'ii 

of  the  people.     They  then  itdvaiieed.  w  iih  friiiiit- 

fiil  ravBi;es,  throUL'li  Pomerania  and  Neuiii;irU  to 

the  Oder,  and  were  now  near  Kilstrin.  wl  ii  li  ilny 

laid   in  ashes.     Frederick    made    haste    lo  iimt 

them.     Ho  was  so  iiidi).'ni>>it  i>t  Ihe  dcsiiLiiinn    if 

the  country  and  the  sutTcrinu;  of  his  pi  opli    iiiai 

he  forbade  ipiarter  Id  Ik.'  jrivcii.     The  n  |ii.ri  nf 

tliis  fact  also  embittered  tlie  Hiissi;ins      .\i  /.  rn 

(birf,   Fnileriek   met    the  enemy.  oO.iKmi  sIii  ni. 

August   25,    n.V.     They    were    drawn    up  in  a 

^reat  sipiare  or  plialanx,  in  the  aiieh'iit.  Iiall  tmr 

barons  manner.      A  frij-'htfiilly  bloody  lii;ln  fnl- 

lowed,  since  tlie  l<us.siuns  would  not   yii  Id    iml 

were  cut  down  in  heaps.     Seidlitz,  tiie  viiir  nf 

Uossliach.  by  a  timely  chariie  of  his  cavalr^    nip- 

turcd  the  Uussian  artillery,   and   crushed    llnir 

riiilit  wine.      ••»   "'«  second  ilay  the  l{ii>-i  iin 

were   driven   back,    but   not    without    intliiiiaj 

heavy  loss  on  the  Pru8.»ians,  who,  thoui;h  ilny 

sulfered  niiieli  less  llian  llicir  enemies,  li  It  ni-ru 

tlian  one  third  of  liieir  forei'  on  tiie  tii  1  I       I  ia 

Uiissianswerc  compelled  to  witlidraw  from  i'riis 

sia.     Frederick  then  hasteneil  lo  Saxony,  v\  Im  n' 

I    his  brother   Henry  was  sorely  pressed  by  Huun 

]   and  the  imperial  army.      He  eiaild  not  (■%>  iMi.iit 

to  relieve  Silesia,  where  Neisse,  his  prim  i|i:il  f  ir 

1   tris.s,  was  threatened.     Daun,  liearin«  oi  lo  ap 

I    pniaeh,  took  up  a  position  in  his  way.  I.iiu'in 

■  I'.autjrn   and    (li'irii!?        Kut    Fred.erick     "  I'-i 

■  couteinpt  for  this  prudent  and  slow  (.-eiier.;!  «;i» 


1532 


H-  f-- 


OEHMAXV.   I7,W 


Srfrn    Vnirt   War 


•  iEHMANV.   nsu 


rxrrulvp.  .MTupicd  ii  rnmji  In  h  w.ak  «nil  ojiiii^d 
IHwIlliiii,  111  ItiM  liklrili,  iiiiiliT  Diiiins  virv  .vi'S 
HKuliiMt  llii'  priili«l  111  Iji.Hiiwii  t;,ii.riiN  lie'  n' 
inaliu-il  thirr  llinr  ■luvs  iinni..!.  sti  i|  Imi  ,,ii  Uc 
tdlMT  It.  ihi'  chiy  flxi.l  r.r  .i.lvaii,  irii:  il„.  Am 
trlnns  uiiiu  kirl  him  with  («i,,.  hj,  niiinlu  ri  \ 
dcniMTiit.'  tliilii  i,,,.k  |>l:ii  r  in  llii'  liiirniiii;  vill',ii;r 
the  I'riKiiaiis  «,rr  driMM  mil.  nmi  |,„|  many 
jriiiiH.  Krni,  Ii,  k  liliiiMilf  Mas  ill  iiiin,ii„.|||  ,|.,„ 
p-r.  iin<l  Ills  Iriihils  Kiiili  an. I  jliilu'  Ktanri<  ,,( 
llninHHick  r.ll  at  lii,  M,  \.{  ii„,  „riiiv  ill, I 
uiit  liiwll><s|.iriti.rilsiii»,i|,iiiMv  Wiiliin  ,1,  v.n 
ilavs  Kndifirk.  Him  l,i,|  I,,,  n  j,,ii„.,|  1,^  i,;, 
lirotliiT  llinrv.  was  in  Sili-,ia.  ami  r.li,  vi  .1  N',  i,,,. 
and  Kiiscl.  TIiih  IIic-  raiii|.ai;;n  c.f  K.Vs  (ndi  I 
favoralily  Id  I'Vclrrick.  Tlir  |h.|,,.  ^.ni  Daun  a 
ronsc'cnui'd  lial  and  xwonl.  as  a  li  siinimiii  f..r 
Ills  viiUir.v  111  lliiciikirdi  _r  T.  I,,  wis  //,.,/  „/■ 
(}rniiiiiiii.  hk.  .'i,  ,■/(.  •,':!,  »..•/,  7- 1| 

Al.M<>  in:  (1.  II,  M.illrscn.  Milit.irit  I  if,  „/• 
hiwloli.  r/i.  7-H— F.  Ku;:lif.  /'„(.  IHhI  „f  (l,r- 
iwiiiit  iliirii,!/  !/„■  /.',  /.//,  ,./■  /•■/■, ./,  ,■„■/,■  !/„■  tln-.il  fh 

■-;*:•",■,7'■■'■'■'''■'''^."■   '"'"'    •■fll"'S.r,„    JV,,,., 
.ti(r(/WM'///i..v»    l|..//»,  ,..  •.>)    rh.  N 

A.  D   I7S9  (April --August). -The  Seven 
Ye«r«  War:  Prince  Ferdin«ndi  H»noveri«n 
campaiKn.-Defeat  at  Bergen  and  victory  at 
Mmden.  — III  tlii'  llaiKivirian  tiild  i)f  war,  wliirc 
I'riiKT  Ferdinand  nf  lirnn.swii  k  held  lomniand 
llii'iiimpaiKii  nf  17.")1»  «a.<  liii|>Mrlant.  and   iirns- 
piniiw  in  till'  end  fur  the  ulliis  nf  Prussia.      •  He 
►idfs  Hie   llaiiiiveriaiis  anil    Hessians  in   liritisli 
Iiay,  he  [I'rinee  Ferdinand |  liad  under  his  dine 
tuin   1(I,0(K)  or   li.(NH)  Hrili.di  siildiers.  nnnmi-st 
whom,  since  the  death   (if   the  Dnku  i.f  .Mirl 
liorough,  Lord  (ienr^je  Sai  kviMe  was  the  seni.ir 
ertleer.     The  Prenili.  on  tin  ir  part,  were  inakin" 
trmit  exertions,  iiinler  the  new  iidniinistrution  id 
the  Hiike  de  Choisenl;  lart'e  reinforeenienls  were 
sent  inU)  tJerniany,  mid  early  in  the  year  tliev 
surprised  hy  striitjiKeni  the  free  city  of  Fraiikfoit 
and  mude  It  the  plaee  of  arms  for  "their  southern 
anny      No  oliject  eoiiM  Im-  of  greater  moment  to 
tirdiiiaiid  than  to  disl,Ml>;e  them  from  this  ini 
portent  post."     Mareliini;  <niieklv.  with  ailHN) 
nriiisarmv.  he  iillaeked  the  Frei'ieh.  iiiider'the 
I)iike  de   ltroi;lie.  at  IJergen,  on  the   Xidda    in 
front  of  Frankfort,  April  i:t.  and  was  repulsed 
alUT  heavy  li'^'htiiij;.  with  a  lo.ss  of  2,(«MI  men' 
■'This  reverse  would,   it   was  supiMi.snl    reiluee 
1  rinee  Ferdinand  to  the  defensive  durini;  lii    re- 
mainder of  the  eam|iaii;n.      lioili  |)e  IJro.die  and 
I'ontaih's  eairerly   pushed   forward,    tliiir  oppo- 
ii'-nts  -iviiiK  w.iy  helore  them.    (  ..inl.iiiini.'  Hair 
l"Tces.  thev  re,lueed  Cass,  I.   .\lini-l,  r.  ami   Min 
'Icn.  and  they  felt  assiir,-,|  thai   II,.   wli,>|e  I;|,.e.    - 
liniti' must  s.i.iii  airaiii  he  thiirs.      Alnadv  hi,| 
III'  arehives  aii,l  ih,'  most  valualil,'  propirlv  liivn 
Mill  oir   from  llan,n,r   to  St.ul,..     Alrea.iv  diil 
a  new  Ilastenl),rk  — a  mw  (  l,ist,r  Si'veii  —  ris,. 
"1  vuw.     I!ut  it  w.is  1111,1,  r  su,  h  liiltl,  ,ilii,.,s  ||  -it 
tlie  .iri'iiius  of  F,T,linaii,l  shoii,'  forlli.     With  a  I'lr 
iiif.rioruniiy  (for  thus  inueli   is  .•ieknowl,.,|.',,l 
"tlionnh    I    do   not   timl    Ih,-    Fr,,,,!,    „,„„?„. ^^ 
<i;:irly  or  pn.iseiy   state,h.  h,'   siill    iiiaiiiiain,,l 
liw  L'roiiiiil  ,111  ih,.  1,-ft   ,,f  Ih,.  \V,.s,r  aii.l  siip- 
111  devi-iy  defi^el  liy  his  sup,  ri,.iiu  of  ta.lies 
II.  ietl  a  ill  laihment  of  ."i.iKKi  iimmi  I'xpo.ed    ■inil 
f.'Muiii.'ly  uniiuanh'd,  us  a  hail  I.,  lure  De'cm     , 
tii.l.  s  tr.aii  Ills  .sironi;  ixisiiion  ai   .Miinliai      The 
frini'li  Miire.sihal  was  de,eive,l  l,y  th,.  f,.int,  and    ' 
(.!;■■.■:■!.■■,,(!■„,  |>r,k,.-  iV  Hn),:;!!,  ;.•,  m.ir.  i,  I,.i«ai-,i 
"U,!  prodt  by  the  blunder,  as  he  ,le,-nie,|  it  to  be. 


On  the  Isi  of  Auitusi.  aeiorilinKly.  Di'  BroKlle 
iMlvaneed  inl,i  the   plain,    his    furee   divhhd    in 
i   ei-ht  eolniiMiM  '■     liisi,  a,|  of  the  small  corps  ex 
i    pel  till,  he  f.Minil  III,'  whole  army  of  Ihe  allies  In 
I    front  of  him.       f>i.  Conlades  liiirri.  ,1  to  his  asnl« 
tame,  ami  the  Freiii  h.  fori  i  ,1  t,,  a, , ,  pt  ImtMe  In 
an  iiiifavoral.l,'  |Hisiii..ii.  were  overeome.      ,\t  the 
ileiisive   moment    of  Hair  r,tr,al.    ■'the    I'rime 
s,nl    his  ordirs  t,,   l.„r,l  Ceorce  SaekviM,'    who 
i,iiiiman,|i',l  the  wliol,.  r.iii;lisli  and  sometiirman 
e.ivalry  on  ih,   riirht  wini;  ,,f  the  Alll,s.  ,uiil  who 
ha, I   huh,  II,,  bien   k,  j.t  back  as  a  reserve.     The 
or.l.  rs  wi  r.'  i,,  eliar-e  ami  ov,Twhelni  the  Knneh 
in   Ihiir   r,lr,.it.    b,l,,re    ihey    eoul.l    r,aeh   any 
el,ar  t-roiiml   i.i   rallv.      ll.i.l  Has,-  or,l,Ts  been 
.luly    liillill.,1.    ii    is   a,kiiowl,.lu',,|    l,v    French 
writers  thai  Ihiir  armv  must   lia\i'   b,  en    utterly 
disiniyed;  but  Lord  ()eori:e  either  c.ml.l  not  or 
woiilil  not  unilerstaiiil  what  wax  enjoined  on  him. 
.1  iidiTsueheireiiinsiancestho  vidorv  of  Min 
!   den  Would  not  have  been  signal  or  comphlebut 
f..r  a  previ.ius  ami  most  hii;li  spiriud  pm  aiition 
of  I  nniv  1-,  rdiiiaiid.     He  had  sent  round  In  the 
rear  of  the  French  a  IhhIv  of  lO.ixK)  men    under 
his  nephew  — and  also  tlie   Kini;  of  l'r.is»las- 
the  Hereditary  I'riiiie  of  Hriinswick.   .   .   .  Thus 
l-enlinaiid  becume  master  of  the  passes,  and  the 
hreiich  wen'  constrained  to  continue  their  retreat 
in   disorder.     l|Mm    the    whole,    their   loss   wan 
x.m)  men  killed,  wounded,  or  taken,  30   pieces 
:   of  artillery,  and    17   stan.lanls.    .   .  .  Great    wa« 
I    the  rej.iieini;  In  Kn^■lan,l  at  the  victory  of   Min 
den";  but  louil  the  oiiliry  ntrainst  Lord  Ocorife 
Niekville,  who  was  recalled  anil  dismisseil   from 
all  his  employmenls— Lord  Mahun  (Karl  Stan- 
hope), ihtt.  ,;/AV.  I7i:i-i7s;i,  fh.  ;iii(p  4) 

Ais,)  IN:  Sir  K.  fust,  .\„i„iU  of  the  War$  of 
l!.r  \^t'i  <\hI;,-,,.  ,:  2,  ,,,,.  -.ii^-.m  ^ 

A.  D.  I7S9  (July-November).- The  Seven 
Years  War :  Disaiters  of  Frederick.-Kun- 
ersdorf.-Dresden.-Maxen.-"  Three  viars  „f 
the  war  Wile  jroiie  ami  Ih,.  ardour  of  Fnalerlek'a 
111.  lilies  showiil  no  si;;nsof  abaliii^'.  The  war 
was  uiipo|,ular  in  the  Itussian  armv,  but  the 
<  /anii:i  tii,.ii:;lit  no  sa,  liii,,.  too  ^rreat  for  the 
i.'raliliiali.,n  of  her  li.iii,.,l.  Frame  was  sick  of 
It  too.  ami  totterini:  ,.n  the  ver-e  of  uational 
liankrupliy.  but   I.ouis  was  kept  true  to  his  en 

iraireiiieiils  by, I sii,-  intluences  ami  by  the  un 

beiiiliii.,'  il,  lermination  of  .Maria  ThiTcsa  never  to 
ay  ,|,,wn  arms  until  Prussia  was  thorouRlilv 
Ininilil,-,.  .  Already  Frederick  wa.s  at  hfs 
wiis  emi  for  im-n  ami  ni,,n,v.  <  )f  the  splendid 
inlanlry  "  In,  h  h,i,Utorim-,l  ih,hei,;litsiit  PraLMie 

■""'  -.'"»n'"i  Ihe  r,,ut  of  K., v,.ry  lilile  now 

ieiii,iiiie,l.  .  .  .  .Moreov,  r.  Austria,  "relvini,'  on 
h.  r  v:isi.y  :.,r-.r  p.,piilalion.  ha,!  c,a.s.-'il  |,>  e\ 
eh:iiiL'e  [insomrs,  ami  afler  the  .  n.l  of  17.VJ  Uus 
sia  l,.|l..wedh,.r  example.  .  .  .  Frclericks  ja..  u- 
imii-y  .lilhciillii's  were  ivi'u  i;reat,-r  still  IJut  f,,r 
111.'  l.n-lish  subsiily  he  coiihl  hanllv  have  sub 
sisii-,1  at  all.  .  .  .  The  summer  was  half  ijoiie 
ie!,,r,lliere  wasany  -seriiais  tii;hiinir.     Frederick 

h.id  ^r,,i   t,,,.,.,|„.r  l',>.-).oo.)  men  of  s e  s.,rt    lie- 

si.lis.carnsoii  ii-,„,,,s,  |„„  j,,, „„  i,,m_r,.rfelt  stronit 
cn.,u-li  I.,  lake  111,'  initiative,  ami  the  Austriaiis 
w,Ti.  e,|ii;illy  imiisposci  to  attack  with, ml  the 
(o  ,.perali,,n  of  their  allies.  Towards  the  iniddh' 
ot  .July  Ihe  l{u,ssia..s.  iin.ler  Count  .Siltikoir.  is- 
s!ie,|  tr,.in  Po.sin,  advanced  to  the  Oder,  and 
aller  dcleatiiiL'a  weak  Priis..iini  crps  ne-ir  Kav' 
i.iok  possession  ot  I'ranklort.  It  now  became 
uecessary  for  the  king  to  march  iu  person  against 


'    Il 


Ooo 


■"  J^  i 


i     ;  1 


•    ■    if 


■I 


?■;• 


1; 


n  :\ 


flKRHANY.  17» 


Vwr*  H'nr 


OKHM\NY.  17«0. 


Ihfin.  thr  moir  <'«pi<l«ll.v iw  Ijiiiilon  (or  l^niiliml   ! 
fllli   IN.INIi)  .\n<iilnn»  huh  im  liln  wnv   li>  Join 
H<illlknlT        WfUitr    hi'   iiHil.l    niirli    tV«nkfiirt. 
Uiiicliiii,  iliiillni;  with  iiniili  dcjliTlty  tlii'  vl>[i 
liimi-  nf  hU  cniiiii.a.  rlT(<t<il   lil«  Jiimliim,  hihI 
Kri'iliritk,  Willi  4N,iHKl  null.  riMiiid  lilin>Mlf  ciui 
(niiiliit   liy  mi  iiriiy  Th.imki  Mmtii:      Tin-    Uih 
uliiii"  win' i'mimi|Mil  cii  llii'  liilKlil«"f  Kumrx 
iliirf,   i'u»l    ipf    KniiikfMri  "      Kmliiiik   allmkiil 
thi'iii.  Aiiir    r.V   Willi   lirlllliuit   micirss  nt   llrsl. 
nMilliii:  tliilr  Ic  fi  wlnj;  uml  takliii;  70  miii«.  with 
iMVcnil  tliDiiHiiiiil  iiri»<MitrH      '  Tlii'  l'rii»«inn  ([cii 
crtil*  llii'ii  lH'iuiiii.'lit  Ihi'  klii^  Id  rist  lonlint  wlili 
till- iiilviuilHKi' 111'  lijul  (.'uliHil      'I'Ih' ihiy  »ii»  In 
t<'iii<cly   liiil.    hit  HiiliHrrH  liiiil   Ihiii  mi  (ix'l   fur 
twflvi'  liiiiirs.  mill  wiri'  milTirinif  mviri'ly  frmii 
thirst  mill  cxliiiimi'iiii;  iiinriiivir.  il  iliv  HiiHi.iuiii< 
wiTc   lit    nliiiir.    Iliry   wiiiilil    prolmlily    (t"    ntt 
tiuictly  111  the  iiiirht.  un  llity  liiiil  ilnnf  i«n<r  Zurii 
(Inrf      l'nhii|i|iilv  Krcilirlrk  rffimi'il  tiitukiMiuin 
ml        llr  wiinliil  til  lUstriiy  thf  UushIhii  iirniv. 
nut  liicrilv  111  ilifiiit  il ;  hi-  liml  wizi'il  tin'  Kriiiik 
(nrt  lirlil«Vui.il  iiilniT  Its  ntriiit.  ■     llr  |wr«l«liil 
In  hia  iiltiick  iinil  wiw  ImmiIi'Ii  iilT.     ■Tin'  I'nm 
ninnii  wiri'  In  full  nlmit  wIhmi   Ijuulun  nwipt 
down  ii|iiin  tlirni  wllli  iljtlitrcn  fn  »li  iii|imdriin». 
The  ri'triiit  Ihiiuiii'  ii  rmit  iniin-  ili»iinlirly  tli.iii 
iniinv  Imttlr  of  till' wiir  I'Xiipt   Umwlmrli.      Tlii' 
kinK," stiipi'fii'd  Willi  hlx  illsiiiitir.  iiiuld  Imrdly  1m' 
Induri'd  tn  quit  thi'  llild,  iind  wiis  lii'iinl  to  iniit 
tir.  ■  N  tliiri'  tlirn  im  iiirwd  tmllit  tlmt  run  mnh 
nil'?'     "Till'  ili'fi'ut  «un  iivirwhilming.      Had  it 
iH'i'n  proprrly  followrd  up.  it  niuHt  Imvi'  put  iiii 
ind   to   I  hi'   war,  and    KuiuTMliirf  would   havo 
raiikril  amonif  tin' dicisivi'  Imtlk'sof  thr  world. 
Ikrlin  lav  opi'U  to  till'  rni'iny;  the  Myal  fmiilly 

lii'd  to  Mapli'li'ir):.     For  the  limf  (and  hint)  tl 

ii.  his  lifi'  Kridiriik  pivo  way  utterly  to  di'spair. 
'I  havi'  no  ri'sour,  is  li'fl,'  In-  wriitw  to  tlii'  min- 
ister Kinrki'iisli'iii  t.w  i-vinlnK  aflir  the  liattli', 
'and  to  till  till'  truili  I  liold  all  fur  lost.  I  shall 
not  Mirvlvi'  llii'  ruin  of  my  lountry.  Kariwill 
for  I'Vir.'  Till'  saiiu'  niRlit  hi'  ri'siitni'd  thr  roni- 
iniinil  of  till' army  to  Oiniral  Kinrk.  Ki>tlilirn 
thousand,  tlvi'  huiidri'dof  his soldii'rs  wi'rt'  killid. 
woiinili'd.  or  prisomm.  and  thr  ri'st  wctv  wi  wat 
tiri'd  that  no  iiiori'  than  It.lMHI  ri'inuini'd  iinilir  his 
foninianil.  All thi' artillrrv  wasliwt,  and  miwtof 
his  Ix'st  (icmrals  win-  killiil  or  woundi'd.  . 
Hv  di'L'ri'is,  howi'Vi'r,  thr  prii8|M'it  liri);litrni'd. 
Tlip  fui:itivi's  kf|it  lomini;  in.  and  the  I'liiinv 
ni'L'li'cli'il  to  Kive  tliii  tlnlshinir  stroke.  Frederii'k 
shi"ik  otT  his  despair,  and  resumeil  the  eommaiiil 
of  his  army.  Artillery  was  ordered  up  from 
Berlin,  andthe  triMips  serving  against  the  Swedes 
were  reealled  frmii  I'onienniu.  Within  a  wiek 
of  Kuiiersilorf  he  was  at  the  head  of  SI.IHK)  nun. 
.".mi  in  a  position  to  sind  relief  to  Dnsilen.  wliieli 
wiLs  lii'siei;ed  l)V  an  Austrian  and  Imperialist 
armv.  The  relief,  as  it  happened,  arrived  just 
tiKi  late.  "  Dnsilen  was  Kurnndered  liy  its  eoin- 
manilant.  Srlimettau.  on  the  4lh  of  SJit..  to  the 
great  wrath  of  Kn'ileriek.  Ily  a  wonilerfiil 
tnanh  of  lifty  eight  miles  in  lift'y  hours.  I'rinre 
Henry,  the  liruther  of  Krederiek.  pnvinli  il  the 
Austfians  fnmi  gainini;  the  wliiile  eleotimile  of 
Saxony.  The  Hus-sians  and  the  Austriuns  ipiar 
relliii.Ihe  former  complaining  that  they  were 
left  to  do  all  the  lighting,  and  presently  they  with- 
drew into  I'olaml.  "  With  the  departun-  of  the 
Russians,  the  campaign  would  prolinlily  have 
i  -ndwl,  h;«l  r.e.t  Kredi  risk's  desin-  !ii  ilose  it  with 
a  victory  led  him  into  a  fresh  diauster.  hardly 


Iru  M>riiiii>  Knil  fii'  miin-  iliitKnirrfiil  thnn  thai  ef 
KiinerMlorf  vVlth   the  view    of    ha»ti  iiIhk 

the  retn'al  of  the  .Viistrlana.  and  of  drivliii/  iluni, 
If  ihimIIiIi'.  Iiilii  (he  dilllenlt  limn  eounirs  he 
iinlenil  (triieral  Finik  Intake  lunt  with  lii>i'.r|i« 
at  .Maxen,  to  liar  their  direct  line  of  lominiihira 
tionitwilh  lliilieinia  "  As  the  n'sillt.  Fliii  k  Hiih 
his  whoh'  corps,  of  r.'.lKm,  were  on  r«h.  Iim,! 
and  taken  prisoners  ■■Theinpilulatioiiiil  M  im  n 
was  no  h'ss  deslriictl'e  of  Fnderlck's  plmi'.  ih m 

falling  to  his  pride  The  .Vustriiins  now  niiiiiu.l 
Insilen.  a  place  of  great  Btralegiial  ini|..ir 
taiice.  though  the  king,  in  the  hoiM  nf  ili-iiKlL' 
lug  them,  expiiwil  the  wrecks  of  his  arini  in 
the  ruinous  hardships  of  a  winter  i  iiiiip.iik'ii.  in 
weather  vf  uiiiisinil  si'Verltv.  and  iNirK'Hul 
I;i.lNN)  men  of  Fenlinand  of  Itriinswick  Ihkimf 
his  tiank  whih'  so  engaged.  The  lew  ,\'iir  In. I 
comnicnci'd  Isfon'  he  allowed  his  lianisMil  imii|is 
to  gii  Into  winter  ipiarters." — F.  W  l.i'niiii:iii 
h'rriUrirk  Ihr  (Irrilt  iliitl  Ihf  Sr,n  l.ii/>  II  !.■ 
eh.  10,  »rl.  i. 

Alsii  IN:    T.  IJarlyle,   Hist,  nf  h'rinlnri,  // 
At.  19,  fh.  -J-T.— Fnsleriok  11.,  Ilut.  nf  il„  .•>/,;. 
r«i-«  \\'(tr(l'i»thiiiHiniii  Witrk;  r.  it),  r/i,  \i) 

A.  D.  1760.— The  ScTcn  Yean  War:  Sax- 
ony reconqucrtd  by  Frederick.— Dreiden  bora- 
bnrded.— Battlet  of  Lieffiitz,  Torgau  and 
Warburg. —  'The  campaign  of  17."it»  luiii  1  muhI 
I'll  far  into  tlie  winter,  and  Fn'derick  cniii  1  i\M| 
t'le  iMild  idett  of  renewing  it  while  the  vigiliin.e 
of  his  enemies  was  relaxed  In  winter  ipiiirii  r\ 
and  of  making  anotln'r  elTort  to  drive  th.' .\ih 
trians  fnmi  Saxony.  His  heiul-iiuarters  «i  n  iit 
Fn-ylierg.  Having  receiveil  reinfonemeiil-  Iniii 
Prince  IV'ttlinand,  and  lieen  joiiiid  liv  1.'i«hi 
men  under  the  lierislltary  prlnii'.  he  li  II  ilio 
latter  tu  keep  guard  Isliind  the  Alulile.  uml  in 
January  I7<t<l,  at  n  time  when  the  snow  lay  ilri-p 
UJMin  the  gniiiiid,  he  niaile  a  llerce  sprini;  iii'D 
the  Austrians.   who  were   posted  at   l>ip|i"Mi> 

walde;   liut  (leneml  .Muguire,  who  con mIhI 

there,  baffled  him  by  tlie  vigilance  and  skill  "iili 

ttliieh  he  guanleil   every    iiass,   and   cnini"  llnl 

him  to  retnice  his  steps  to  Jnyls'rg      W  In  "  iln- 

winter  had  passed  and  tlie  n'gulariampaiL:ii  li:iil 

opened.    Ijiudolin   |Loudon|,    one   of   'In    iii"^t 

active  of  tlie  Austrian  generals  — tin-  khu    bIio 

i    had  iMinie  a  great  part  in  the  vieturies  of  lluli 

'    kinhcn  and    Kunerwiorf  —  cnten'd    Silesi:i.  viir 

prisi'd  with  n  greatly  su|M'riiir  fime  the  rru-i m 

tJenenil  Foiiipie.  compillisl  him.  with  sune  ilimi 

sands  of  soldiers,  to  sum'nder  [at  l.anilsliiil,  .iimh- 

T2].  and  a  few  davs  later  reduced  the  iiii|i"ii,iiil 

fortnss  of  (ilatz  '[.luly  'JB].     Fnilirii  k,  ,ii  il.i' 

llrst   news  of   the  danger  of   Fouipie    iii:in  li   1 

rapidly  towanls  Silesia,  Daun  slowlj  fiillM«iiiL'. 

while'an  Austrian  corps,  under  liiiuiil   l.:ii.v, 

impeded  !iis  march  liy  lnces.sant  skiriiii-ln-     H" 

h'arning  the  surnnder  of  Finniue.  Kn  di  ri.  k  :ii 

once  tunieil  and  ha.steiied  towanls  I in-d' pi      Ii 

was  .lulv,  and  tlie  heat  was  so  interi^i-  Hiii  '•"  :i 

single  diiy  mon-  than  a  hundred  iil   his  -"Miits 

dmpped  "dead   upon  the  inanh.     lie  linl'i'l  11 

gain  some  days  upon  Daun.  who  was  still  I'ur 

suing,  and  to  iH'Conie  iiiustiT  of  Dresden  Im  tnrL' 

1   sucToura  arrived.     As  he  ex|iecteil.  he  mmhi  inl 

1   stripped  the  Austrian  general,  and  the  iniiliniN 

for   the  siege   were   collected    with   ast'iii-liint' 

'   rapidity,  but  General  Maguin',  who  coiiimi  m  I"I 

at  Dresden,  defended   il  witli  compli  ti    -m..* 

!    til!  the  appnwh  of  the  Austrian  arnu  ■  lliLriil 

I   Frederick  to  retire.      Haltied  in   Ins  ili-i::ii    m 


1534 


OERMANY,  ITdO 


Sfvrn   Vt»r$  Wftr 


GEUMANY,  1M1-I7W 


look  «  rh*nirtrriitir  vriiKcanrr  liv  iKitiiluinlinK 
that  hp»iillfiil  illy  with  r.-.!  In.i  \m)\n.  xliiiiKliKr 
Ing  iniiltltuilr*  of  Ita  (iriuviililr'  Inlmliilnnta.  Htiil 
rMludnK  wIidIi-  i|iinrt<'ni  to  win  a;  iiml  hi'  thrn 
d«rt«l  iiK*ln  upon  Ml.nlii,  kiIII   foll,.%M-,|  l.v  ihr. 
Auitrlitn  K<'nfml      Ijuniolin  limt  jn.i  niriwlth 
liU  tint  n'vrnw,  Imvinji  fiiiltil  In   ilu-  »li  ,:i.  of 
Brvalmi  [»a  Htti'mpliil  anrprlM'  nml  u  hrlif  ixitn 
ImrdmcntJ ;  ou  Aiiuu.i   \\  wlun  Dmui  wim  ■ill! 
fur  (lit.  I' ri' Icrii'k  fi'll  upon  hlni  nml  Ihih  hlrn 
In  the  Iwttlc  of  l.l.itnllj:.     (Th.'  «tiiii mint  thm 
'  l>itiin  WH«  itllll  far  olT'  ttii|Hiira  to  Ih'  iTMncoiH 
Ixmilon  Mill   Itiiiin  Imil   roriiiiil  n   |nnri|on  four 
<l»yi  iM'forc,  Huil  liml  plunmil  n  roii, irii .1  miiirk 
on  PnKlt-rli'k'a  mmp.    l,i>u<lon  wii«  .irink  iiihI 
ilrfcatPi)    wli'li'   nmkinK   Hh'   niovimiiii   nirn-iil 
upon,  sail  l>HUn  wii»  only  ii  fiw  niiliii  mmy  ul 
the   tlmr  |     (*oon   «flir,    liomvi  r.    tliU   Miii  i  ■„ 
WMruuntcrlmlnnccil  liy  Ijuv  nml  TotjilK-n,  who 
■t  tiM'  hrinl  of  Minii'  Ai'iKlrlniiii  nml  Uiisiiliinn,  hmi 
marchnl  upon  IkTiln,   wlilfh,  nfti-r  ii  limvi-  rr 
•latiinn'.  wan  onir  more  I'Hptiiriil  nml  nithli'HHiv 
plunderi^l;    hut  on  tin-  appnuti  h  of  Krcihriik 
Ihi-  enemy  «|M'cillly   ri'trfiitiil      Kndirlik   llirn 
turned  aKtin  li>w»nl»  Sinouv,  whli  h  wui.  iit;aln 
occupied   liy    Daun.  nml  on  ■.NovenilMr  ;i  he  nt 
tackeii  hlHold  rnemy  In  lilm<lron(f  I'litrcnrlimrnln 
at  Torifau.      I>aun.  in  HiMltlon  to  Ihi-  udvantatfi' 
of  poaitiiin,  had  tlui  lulvanladi' of  grvHt  nuniirl 
c»l  aupcriority.  for  hla  army  wan  rii  koncil   at 
M.0OO.  while   Ihiit  of  Frtilerick  wan  not   mori' 
tli»n  44,(HHI.     Hill  the  «.<ni-raliihlp  of  Fri'diTiik 
gulned  the  victory.     (Jcneral  Zlclhi-n  »ii(ii-.mIc(1 
in  stUckloK  llie  Aimtriana  In  tin'  nnr.  iraininK 
the  hclffht,  and  thn>win|r  Ih'in  iiiio  ronfuRlon 
Daun  wan  wounilnl  and  disahldl.  and  Oininil 
O'Onnm'll.  who  waa  next  In  coinmand,  was  iin 
able  to  restore  the  AiiHtrian  line.     The  day  wan 
consDlciioua   for  lis  carnaKe,    ev.'n   luiionK   the 
MiKidy  iMittleaof  the  Siven  Venn   Uar:  iO.l^lN) 
Auatrtana  were   kllleil,  wounded,   or  prisoners 
while    U,00<»   PrumlanB  were   left  on  the   Held' 
The   hattle   closed   the  cainpaiKn    for  the   vear 
kaving  all  Saxony  in  the  iMis»<s»lon  of  the  I'ru'i 
alana,  with  the  exception  of  Dreaiien,  which  wiis 
•till  held  by  Matfuire.     The  English  and  Oerniaii 
army,  under  Prince  Kerdinand,  suicieded  in  the 
meantime   In   kwiiing  at    hay   a   verv  .suiMTior 
French  army,  under  Marshal  Hroglio';  and  wv- 
enil  alight  akinniahes  took   place,  with  various 
reaulls.     The  battle  of  Warburg,  which  wiw  the 
moat  ini|M)rtant.  wa.s  won  iliiellv  bv  the  Hritish 
cavalry,  but  I'rincc  Feniinand   ('ailed  in  his  at 
tcnipUti)  take  Wesel  and  (Jottlngen ;  ami  ut  the 
close  of  the  year  the  French  tiK)k  up  their  iiiiar 
U"raatra<wl.---\V.  K.  H.  Leikv,  ///«/.  „t  kiig      i 
Wlh  retitiirj/,  <■/,.  H{r.  2).  '  "  ' 

Al,W)  IX:  \V.  foxe,  /{„t  ,.f  the  ll.>m  ,.f  .Ut,. 
Irfi.  rh.  UE  (r.  3).— (i,  B.  .Malle.son,  Mitury 
Life  of  h,ua.m.  eh.  1(1.— T.  Carlvle,  Ilitt  ,)f 
hhetlHe/i  II..  M-.  20,  i-h.  1-rt 

A.  D.  1761-1762.— The  Seven  Years  War: 
The  cloaina;  campaigns.— •All  Fndericks  ex 
ertinns  proifuciil  him  onlv  itfi.iHKImen  for  defence 
I'f  Sileaia  and  Saxony  this  year  [17«I].  I'rince 
Henry  hml  to  face  Daun  in  .Saxony;  the  king 
Inrnself  gto<xl  in  Silesia  again.st  Uiudon  and  the 
Kussians  under  Biitterlin.  Ij)udon  opened  the 
campaign  by  advancing  against  Ooltz.  near 
N  hweidnitz.  In  April.  (}oltz  had  only  l.'.OtH)  to 
Ills  a<lversary8  30,000,  but  posted  himself  s.i 
'^—■1  thai  I.oudnn  coui.i  ii„I  atlatk  him.  Kein-  ■ 
forcemenu  came  gradually  to  I^oudon.  raising  his  | 


1535 


army  to  72.000.  hut  onlera  fMm  Vhnna  obllgeil 
I  him  to  remain  Inactive  till  he  i-oiihl  U'  Joliwd 
j  mar  Nclmi' by  Ihe  Kumlauawllhao.iHNI  (ioltx, 
nmiiieiivrlng  agniiiNt  the  Kmuiani.  wmt  taken 
prliMiiier.  The  king  hiiniu  If  delaytil  iln'  Jiim  lion 
of  his  enemlea  for  noiiie  lime,  biit  coii|,|  not  now 
(•Her  baith'      The  Jiiiii lion  took  plai.    >lie  IHth 

of  AiigiiHl       lie  till  ti  Kiriick  at  Loiidoiia  1 imu 

iiliHtlons.  bill  Ihe  ihriiat  was  »•  11  parried  ,iimI 
on  Ihe  '.'Oih  of  Aiiu'ii.t.  Frederick,  for  the  tlr^t 
lime,  was  rediiii d  lo  an  atllliiile  of  pure  ili  fem e. 
He  formed  an  liiln  iichnl  camp  at  llun/i  Iwiu, 
and  lay  Ihn.  IiI.h  king  the  wav  to  .Hehwi  idnlli. 
bullion's  liiinatles  loiild  not  persiiiide  Ihe  Idia- 
Hlana  lo  join  him  In  full  force  to  allack  Ihe  |hi»1 

•l"ii,   and  he  liih  of   HipiiinlKr  Htiiterlln'a 

army  fill  hai  k  iirross  Ihe  Udir,  leaving  u'O,0(H) 
of  his  mi  11  to  ai  I  iindi  r  Loudon  Freihrhk  re- 
nmlned  a  fortnight  loiit-.r  In  Ihe  <  anipof  lluii/el 
wit/,  bill  was  then  fom  d  In  go.  as  his  army  waj 
eating  up  Ihe  maga/.liies  of  Schweidniti.  .L'liin 
he  moved  against  Loiiilons  magazines,  bin  iho 
Austrian  general  iHihlly  iiism  bed  for  .S  hweld- 
nllz,  and  captured  he  pin,,  bv  assault  on  the 
night  of  Ihe  WHh  S,'plemtMr  -  Isl  IIiIoImt.  No 
tight  liHik  place  iKlween  Loudon  and  the  king. 
They  both  Went  Into  winter  i|uarlers  In  Deiein- 
her— I'rusaians  at  Slri'hlen,  Auslrlans  al  Kiln- 
zemlorf.  and  Kussians  alsiul  Olalz.  ...  In  the 
wisiern  theatre  Feniinand  ilcfeatcd  Hroglio  and 
Soiibisi'  at  Velllnghauaeii  [or  Welllnghausen,  or 
kinh  Denkeni,  as  the  battle,  fought  July  l.'i,  is 
ililTirenlly  called),  the  English  contingent  again 
Ixhiivlng  glorloiislv.  .  .  .  I'rlme  Henry  ami 
Daun  inanuMivrcd  skilfully  throughout  the  cam- 
paign, but  never  came  lo"sirii  1  s  Idows.  Fnd- 
crick  Is  desirilKMl  as  lu'lng  'Hiiiiy  In  mind 

this  winter.     The  end  of  11  left  him  with 

but  flo.lNH)  men  In  .Saxony,  SI  .  and  the  north, 
Kiigiiic  of  Wurtemburg  hail  ,  Ht  to  hold  back 
the  Swedes,  I'rince  Henry  iyim)  in  Saxonv,  the 
king  hliiiMlf  30,000.  But  the  ngouv  of  J'rance 
was  Inireaslng;  .Maria  Tlien-sa  had  to  disihargc 
•-•D.OOO  men  from  want  of  inoncv.  and  Frederick's 
bluer  enemy,  •  celtc  Infame  Ciuin  du  Xoril '  [the 
czarina  Elizala'th).  was  falling  fast  in  health,  A 
worse  blow  to  the  king  than  the  loss  of  a  Iwttlo 
had  iMin  the  fall  of  Pitt,  In  Ociolier,  and  with 
him  all  hope  of  English  aubaldies.  Still,  the 
incinles  of  Prussia  were  almost  exhausted.  Dne 
more  vear  of  brave  and  slublwrn  resistance  and 
Prussia  nuist  Is'  left  In  peace-.  By  cxtnionllnary 
exertions,  and  a  power  of  admlnlstrallve  organi- 
sation which  was  one  of  his  greatest  qualities, 
Fnderick  not  only  kept  up  hi»|iO,(HK),  but  doubled 
Ihel.  numlHT  In  the  spring  he  hiul  70,(MK)  for 
his  Silcslan  armv,  40,(H)0  for  Prince  Ilenrv  in 
Saxony,  and  10,1)00  for  the  Swedes  i.r  other  pur- 
poses. Best  new,s  of  all,  the  czarina  died  on  the 
.')tli  of  .lanuary,  1764,  and  Peter,  who  succeeded 
her  — only  for  a  short  lime,  poor  l>ov— was  an 
anient  admirer  of  Ihe  gnat  king.  tVderick  at 
once  n'lea.seil  and  sent  home  his  Uiissian  pris- 
oners, an  act  which  bmught  back  his  Prussians 
fniiii  Kiissia.  On  Ihe  23rd  February  Peter  de- 
clared his  intention  IoIk.'  at  jM-act  and  amity  with 
Frederick,  concluded  peace  on  the  3th  of'  May, 
and  a  tn-alv  of  alliance  a  month  later.  The 
Swedes,  followiiig  suit,  declared  iwace  on  the 
22nd  of  .Mav,  and  Frederick  could  now  give  his 
sole  attention  to  the  .\ustriar«  "  For  a  few 
weeks,  only,  the  Prusshtn  king  hail  a  Russian 
contingent  of  20,000  in  alliance  with  him,  but 


*  .! 


aCKMANY.   I7«I-IT63 


/Viuv  iiiwi  AmiM« 


UEKMANY    17«3-I7»l 


^i 


I 'A 


«i- 


l"! 


r-5  h 


1  ;t 


oniikl  nwhi-  nuiiM  of  it     It  wm  nialW'il  In  July, 
by  III*  ri'viilulliiti  »l  HI,  IVliT«l>iiri(,   wlilili  iff 
|Hiw'<l  IIm'  ynut  vmr.   IVtir,    In  (ivoiir  of  liU 
■ml>itli»i<  riitixifi.   CatlH'rliii'       Kmliriik   mk 
(iTiliil   III  iiiiHtulliiu    Itie   flirt  limit  •■"■'iitrli   I" 
frlifliiiii  Ihiiiii  liy  It  »lii>w  i>f  |iri'|iiiriillii"«  I'T  iil 
liu'khit;  lilKi.  Hitli  llii'  UiimIhii  lriM>|ia  liiilmlril 
in   lii»  iiriiiv.  ttiiil  tin-  Aunlriiin    kcihtjiI  nilml 
III    lilul/   iiiiil    IWilicnilu      Krilirirk    lliiii   ti"ik 
H<  lini  iiliill/..  Hill!  Minnlii'il  III!  Dri'uirn      "  I'miii 
f,,ll..»i.l  hiiivilv       I.iki' II  prl*r  llirhiir  kh.Hki'.l 
lint  of  tiiiH.  hr  liml  111!  iiii'i^Huht  In  lilm      I'riiiri' 
Iliiirv   li.iil   l»ii  iilTiilrit  »llli  III!'    Ililili'it  iiriiiy 
nml   li«  Ait'iriiiii  niiilliiKriii      Kurn'il  In  ntiri' 
friim  Kri  vlniri{  mi  llir  IVli,  lii-  iifiirwiinln  iit 
Imkiil  lliiiii  nil  tlir  '.MMIi  iif  <  •<  IuImt  iuhI  iIiIihIiiI 
tliiiii  liy  11  Iiiniliiit  iiinviiiirrl      Tin  y  liml  10  INHI 
lii'illi.iMKi    Tlir  .\iiKlrliinriiiitinir<'»t  HiilTirnl  nnwl 
III  tlir  »i-iirii  tliriitn'   Kirilliiuiiil  lirlil  liU  nwn 
Hiiil  liiiil  liH  II4IIIII  >iiir('i'«<H'>     IIIk  purl  in  Hit'  witr 
wii«  to  ilrfrnii  Hilly,  Hllil  111'  liivi  r  flllllil  III  ulliiw 
liiiil  i|imlilirn  in  li  Kimnil       Tlinii.  iiiiwliiri'  liml 
Kii'iliriikit  iiutiiiiH  KiK  ni'iliil   in  i  riii.liln){  lii* 
<ii'f('iii I n      For  M'M'ii  yiirH  the  liltli'  kinKilimi  of 
I'riiiwiii  liiiii  liilil  liir'nriiii-iil  iiKiiiniil  Hit-  llini' 
lima  iiiilltiiry  iHiKim,  Kranir.  Aimlrln.  iiml  Hii« 
•in.     All  wiri- now  inimlly  culmnstril     Tlir  inn 
lUiity,  ciiiiriiui'.  mill  Hliillly  iif  Knilirli  k  wrri' 
rcwanlcil  ut  liiM :  on  tlic  llilmf  Kitiriinry,  17«;l, 
llio  iriHty  of  lliil>irl«l)iirK  whhuIuiii'iI.  Iiv  wlilrli 
AuHtiia  iimi'  nmrr  aifrpcil  I"  llii'  ri»«ion  nf  Mili'itlii. 
I'rinniii  wii«  now  11  llniit  I'imir  likr  llii'  ri'xl,  lii'f 
grrittnrMi  rrntintfoii  iniHliiiiUit,  iimmIii'  liml  provrtl." 
—  Col.  C   H,  Urufkinliiirv,  Finlerirk  the  limit. 
th.  IN. 

AI.W1  IM:   Sir  K     Cll-.t,    .l/./i«l'»  -/  thr   ll'.iM  '/ 
thr  Wli  I'riilury.  r  :l,  /i/i.  57-H7  — 'Krnliriik  II  , 
llitl.  iiflh,'  Srein  Veiim  Wiiril'iiMlfiiiiiu"!'  ll'i-r* 
r.  :l).  .•>!    U-lfl. 

A.  D.  1763.— The  end,  reiuitt  And  cotti  v.t 
the  Se»eii  Ye»ri  W«r.— The  Peace  of  Hubcrti- 
burg  and  Peace  of  Parii.  «<•<•  Kkven  Vkakh 
Waii 

A.  D.  176V1790.— A  period  of  peace  and 
progress.—  Intellectual  cultivation.  —  Acces- 
sion ul  the  Emperor  Joseph  II.— His  character 
and  his  reforms.— Accession  of  Leopold  II.— 
'Till  |Miir.  of  nriirly  llilrly  vi  irn  wlii.li  fol 
liAM.i  till'  Si  V.  11  Yiiifii'  War  iri  (JiriiiHiiy  wiw  a 
tinif  of  riili  111.  iiiiil  iiitivlty  lUul  (rrowlli.  (diirt 
lifi'  iisilf.  If  iiH  vuiiiiirs  wiTi'  Hot  iilioliHlii'il.  still 
iiri|iiirri|  II  iiiori' inliirlili'iii'il  nml  luiiiuiiii'  toni'. 
Till' (irrri*  piiHi*ioni*  of  ilii'  prinrrs  no  Ioiil'iti'V 
cliiNiMlv  niiilrollril  it;  Ilirrc  WHS  somi'lhiiifr  of 
nu'iiril  for  iiliiiiitiiiii,  for  iirl  iinil  Miinn'.  iiml  for 
tlir  piililic  wilfari'.  Tills  is  piirtiiiiliirly  tnii'  of 
coiirls  wliiiii  wi'rt"  iiitiniutrlv  ((inm'i'lril  willi 
l'nis>iii;  iiH  tliiit  nf  Urwnswii  k.  wliiir  Diikr 
<'liurlis,  Kriileriik  I!  k  liriilliir  in  l:iw.  Ilioim'li 
iiirsoiiuUy  an  ixlravai;ant  prinrr.  foniiiliil  iin 
instilution  of  liarnintf  w  liii  li  limiinlit  lo>;iIli(r 
inanv  of  tin'  Im-s1  inli-lli-rl.<  of  (!i  riiiany  (1740  to 
ITtiiii.ortliat  of  .VnliallI>i'S>.iii.  «liiTrtiii'  faninns 

•  I'liilanlliropinwin'  wan  r>I.ililislii'ii.  Si'vrral 
priiui'S  iiiiilatiil  Kriilcric  k  s  military  a'lministra 
tio!i,  ami  that  soiUftinit-M  on  a  nialt*  so  small  as  to 
Ik-  IniliiToiis.  I'riiiii'  William  of  l.ippi'  Scliaiini 
liiiri;    foiimU'il   in   his  litlli'   tirritory   a   forlriss 

jiMil  a  sil I  of  war.      Hut  this  kcIiooI  i-iliicatnl 

!<<liarnliiirst.  ami  thf  prinrr  hiinsilf  wn  fiiini'  in 
ilintant   lands.     Hi-  inviliil   lliriliT  to  his  little 

•  oiin  at  hiM  Uilinrt,'.  Wfimar.  too,  iinitatiii 
FreiU'rirk's  .  .\aniple,  where  the  Uucbeiw  Amalie, 


■luiiKhtrr  of  Chnrli'i  of  Ilnitiawirk  ami  liir  Ini'  I 
Irrliml  win,  Ihitrlia  Aiii(<>>li«,  ininU'  lliiir  liir. 
rlth'S  Wvlniar  siiil  .IcnH  plana  of  Ki>ll'">'iw'   lor 

llu'   rriDliat  nun  of  K'liloa  of  iIh'  iIiih'       .\ n.; 

till-  (.I'llyTliiirlnKlaii  priniraof  ihU  iMr|.«l  iluti 
win-  iillirra  of  iiolihi  1  harartir  In  17'lt  llu 
Muton  tlifoiiii  waa  »•!  rmliil  liy  Kriilrrirk  Vnu'.. 
Ilia.  Kraiiilaiin  nf  AilKnalna  III  .  lint.  In  in^  ,1 
nilnor,  lii'  roiilil  not  Ih'  ihrtnl  kliiK  of  I'ol  h<,| 

Tlila  pill  an  itiil  to  thr  nni> f  tin' Ino  iiil,  . 

whhh  liiiil  l»i  n  till' raiiai' of  Iniii..  aaiiraMr  .  ul 
to  Saxony  anil  to  llirinan)  Wlini  llif  v.. una 
rh'iior  atialiiiil  hl»  iiiajorliy,  llir  KoviriniMiii  .1 
Samiiiy  waa  itnath    ItnproMil    iiml  a  piii'«l     I 

proa|«'rllv    followiil       llnki'  (hiirlra   1,iil'i I 

WIrlinila'rtf  (I7;t7   ITimi,  ilnriiiK  hia  iarl>  M  ,1, 

rUalril  Liiiiia  .\V   in  i  >travai;anrr  ami  Inn il 

ll\,  hut  In  uftir  ilaya  was  itriatl>  rhanirnl  Ih 
foiiniliMl  till'  Charlia  N  hiail,  at  » lili  h  Mihiilir 
waa  ciliirntiil  Kaihii  rnjowil  n  lilifli  i|>  k'X'  '■< 
priw|MTlly  iiiiihr  (  liarha  KniliTlrk  iKIH  l-lli 
Kvin  till'  apiriliial  hinla,  on  tlir  wholi.  ilin  » 
llii'ir  Inlliii'nt'i'  In  fiivoi-  nf  iiilluhti  iimi  lit  imj 
iiroKri'aa  .  Tlir  pnlatra  of  Coloitiii'    Iri'ii  <, 

Miiyi'iii'i'.  anil  Sal7.liiirK.  atranui'  to  any,  mlti  i  .1  it 
Ktna  In  l7Mt  In  rinnutuT  thi'  niipn'niiii  y  of  II., m. 
Htiil  tn  foiiinl  MM  InilfiH'nili'nl  Urn. inn  (  iilholi, 
Cliiirrh.  lint  li.  plan  waa  lirokin  ihiwn  In  lb. 
ri'aiataini' of  tlii.  infirior  rhrifv  ami  of  tin'  Km 
IMTiir  .loai'pli  II  Sonii'  of  tli<.  lirrniaii  »l:ili< 
wrri' ahiw  to  laki'  part  In  tin'  urmral  prot-n  ~» 
liaviirlu  waa  roiiatantlv  nWnlnl  liv  thr  inllnni.  .■ 
of  thf  .li-aulta,  .  Yhf  I'ttlntlimtf.  I.k.  «  „ 
uniliT  liixuriona  anil  lilh'  rnli'ra,  inostlt  in  tin' 
pay  of  Kninif.  In  ai.nii-  li'rritnrli'a  llii'  Ilhii'IIi  ..s 
fxiravaKiiiiri' of  llif  priuiiawaa  n  Irrrililf  Imnli  11 
n|inn  tliiir  aulijiTla.  .  .  .Mrn  wlin  pioi.s^^l 
inlixhli  nniint  anil  linmanity  wirr  ofliii  aliainr 
fully  t\  rannlral.  The  riiurta  of  (.'aasil  ami  Wir 
IinilHTji  aolil  tlii'ir  |«'opl<'  liv  n'Kliiniita  to  Knv 
lami,  to  tliiht   aitalnat   thf  Inili- |ifiiilfiii  f  of  iln' 

North  .Vlllfrinin  Cnlonlra  |s<t  iNnKtlSTATKioK 

Am.:  a.  I>,  177«  (.Iam  \hv— .It  nki  I  Aiim 

tria  aharcil  in  thr  Ki'tiinil  iiitillfi  iual  awaki  iiiiii; 
of  (ifriiiany.  Maria  Thfri'sa  was  a  linn  sir.nj 
fharaftfr,  with  a  fliar  niiinl  anil  sinri  r.'  i|r>iri' 
for  the  pfiiplf's  Wflfarf.  Slif  fouml  An-lrii  in 
ilii'ay,  anil  wan  alilf  to  inlriHliiiT  many  nlorni'- 
Hhf  uUfviBtfil  thf  fonilitlon  of  thf  pia«:iiit-  "I. 

wfrf  Btlll  mostly  nfrfa,     Thf  imlilis  li,'iil  In  I 

livfil  muinlr  forshow,  hul  »!»•  jinniihil  iii-iiin 
tions  for  thftrfiluiatioii.   .      ,   It  was  a  loii.liii,  n 
of  thf  I'laif  of  llularl.aliurif  that  Krul.riik  II 
shonlil  itivf  his  flfftnral  votf  for  tlif  1  I'll -t  -  n 
of  Kranfis  I.     Nniifnf  thr  olhfr  ilfflorsohji  c  mI 
III  thf  fhniff,  anil  nn  .Marili  ■il.  17IH,  ili.i  i-i 
formiil  thf  fiTfinnny  of  rlioo..ini.'  .losiph    Ki..; 
nf  thf  llntnans,' hut   without   powir  to  ini.  iMi- 
with  thf    L'ovfrnnifnt  iliiring    his   faihci-.   !  '■ 
Franiis  I.' ilifil    Anu'u.st   IH,    KIm.    ami   In^  -  11 
Josipli    II.   il7tl.1- 171MI1  was   thin   irowm-l  ■ 'ii 
piror  in  thf  traililioiial   fashion,      llf   ».i-  a'-i 
as.siK-iatfil  with  his  niolhi-r  in  thf  ,t;o\iriHn.  iit  .f 
Austria;  Inil  sin-  rilainiil  tin-  royal  powi  r  in  inl.v 
in  llf  r  nwn  lianiis,  asNii,'iiii:i;  to  hir  son  tin- .  v.  1  -i 
tivf  ronlrol  of  military  atlairs.      .lo.-ipli  II     >  >^ 
an  iiniiftunusamlintfllfftualfharailiT.  ail  .       ■■'■ 
with  ilif  tifw  iilias  of  fiili:.'liti'nnii'nt  nn.!  p^   - 
rfss,  anil  was  pfrha|is   inorf   ih'f|'ly   lini'i^-  1 
liy  thf  f  xamplf  nf  Fri'iU'riik  II.  than  mn     ■  ii 

lirinof  of  thf  ai;f \t  tlir  sanif  tiin 

II.  was  faiii-r  In  a^gran»li/.f  .\n->;ii.»,  .ii- 
to  obtain  an  equivalent  for  Milfsia       i 


-,  |.ii 


11! 


153G 


^ 


OKKMANV.   l7flS  I7M) 


jitittfth  //, 


UKKMANY.  I»1-I7M 


tliw  Aiiatrin  hail  tiwii  Innfflntf  In  ii<'i|iilri'  lln 
**rlii.  mill  lliin'  now  xfimil  in  Ik'  umii'  rruaoii 
Ki  hip|M'  fur  niiiri'M      Tin-  mull  111  lliu'  of  iliri.in. 
of  llH'huiiM'iif  WItli'Mmrliihiil  mil  in  I777«llli 
MaxlmllUn.l<>w'|ili(li<'ii'MilHr:iili      Tliiiiikt  hi  Ir 
WM  llii-  Kill  liir  i'lilnlliii'.  (  hiirli'ii  ThriNJi.ri'   hUi 
Diiki'iif  .liillrliiiiiil  Itirit.  Willi  HiKiK'i  I  iiL'i  riiMil, 
Uln  liaviirlii.  .tiiii'.  Iiy  Ihr  I'liui'.if  VVi«l|iliiilla. 
tw  iniint  tlii'ii  fiirri'll  III!'  I'lnii.Mii'  iif  ihi   I'liliiii 
hall'    .      .    I'liilir  ilii'M  I  In  iiiii«tiiiiir'<  .li»x'|ili  It 
mwli'   :iii    iiiirniiiiili'il  I  liiliii   1. 1    Liutir   lltiMirlii. 
"nilrr  n  |.ri  limliil  Knnil  nf  lln-  Kin|ii  mr  McU 
iiiiiMil  III  I  Hn      A  HI  iTi'l  In  lilt  UMi  iiiiilr  hy  liliii 
Willi  <'liiirlrt  'I'liiiMlnn',  hy  wlili  li  Ih    «;i^  lii  |my 
lliat  prliiii'  II  lnr«i'  mim  nf  niniiiy  for  l.nwi  r  Ilii 
vnria:  nml  iMaiii  iifh  r  Miixlrnllhiii  .Iiihi  |>Ii  niliiith 
Jiiai'Iili  II  iHiiipliil  lln-  Iniul  Willi  inKi|w      yr,  ,\ 
itIi  k  II  ,  who  wiw  inr  Ji-iiliiii«  nf  thr  uniwil  ..f 
Auatria,  n'wilxiil  in  imviiii  llila  iiiiiniHiiinii  Isii' 
lUvAHiA    A    l>    1777  I77lt|  Tim.  ihr  »ur 

of  thi-  HaviirUii  Mihii'mIoh  Imik il  (I77>t  7l»i 

.  .  By  llif  ilnilli  nf  Miirlii  'I'liinmi,  Nmi  mlnr 
29.  17HI(.  hir  »nii  .InM'pli  II  Ih'Cuiiii'  Mill'  iiioimnli 
(if  Aimtrlii  .liiM'pli  II.  wiHii  iiiHii  nf  liiriti- 

mliHl  anil  imhli'  aUm  Mki'  Knili  rlrk.  hi'  »»« 
unwrarjrInK  in  lalHir,  iircimillili'  loi'vi  ry  niii',  iiiiil 
rairrr  In  ii'i'oinii'  hiit  iiliiin' nf  wnrk  nr  n'spoiml 
lilllty.  Till-  iKHikii  mill  III)' iHiipliH  niininrv  an> 
full  of  ani'iiliitis  nf  liiiii,  iliniii;li  111'  »ii!«  fur  fnini 
pnpiilnr  il'irinK  hU  lifi'.  Hut  hi-  liirki'il  tin'  ninmi; 
prHctlnil  MiiHt'  anil  ('iilciiliitiiii;  fon'nivlil  nf  ilic 
vplcmn  l*niH..|iin  klnir  In  '  U  jfchI  for  nlnniH 
lie  liaHti'mil  In   lii'>i|>  iini'  iinilur  In  rmi 

fiiaioii.  Tnrliin'  wits  hIkiIIhii  hihI  for  ii  liini' 
pvfn  thi!  iliiilli  piniilty.  HI  i  i'i|iiiilily  Infnn' 
the  law  Will  IntnKimi'i"!.  nnil  »liivirv  lini'ii'  iimiy 
fiee  Hi.AVKHV,  Mkoi,«vai.;  Okiimany].  Hi ,  n' 
fornia  in  lln'  Chiircli  wm'  mill  iiinri-  awi'cpln).'. 
He  ckmil  nioro  than  half  of  thr  iniinaxti'rii'H.  uml 
devntt-d  their  ratulcii  to  piililii'  Inmriirll'in :  hr 
intro<lni'<il  Ui'rnmn  livninaof  pnilw' ami  lliilnr 
man  Bible.  Hy  hlx  hlilit't  of  Tnlimllnii.  Jiiiii'  '.'■.>. 
17NI,  he  M'Ciin'il  to  all  I'mti'stuiilH  llinniiflimii 
the  Austrlitn  Mali's  tlii'ir  civil  rlj-his  anil  fn-i  ilnni 
(if  wonhip,  'in  Imuin'it  of  pravi'r  wiihimt  InlNnr 
towen.'.  .  .  He  nealoinly  fnllowiil  up  Maria 
Thereau's  tMilicy  nf  cimHolii'lalin);  AiiHtria  iiiln  nin' 
•Utc:  ami  it  waa  thia  niunu-  whiih  maih'  him 
I'Dcmiea.  Kv  (iffciuliil  lln-  ixnnrfiil  nnhiliiv  nf 
Hungary  by  alMiIishiiiK  wrMnni  (Nnniiih.  r  I. 


1781),  anil  tlie  whole  iM'opIc  liy  ilir  ima.un's  hi' 

tn  iiroinole   ' 
In  the  S'l'llu'rlaniln.  he  uliiiialcil  fnmi  him  Tlu' 


tiHik  tn  promote  the  une 


H'oplc  liy  I 

L-'  of  the  Irl' 


nii.-in  laniriia^'i' 


powerful  eler>ry  by  his  iniinvalinns;  anil  Ihiy 
Klirreil  up  axainst  him  tlie  people,  alnailv  iiir 
jrrieveil  by  the  Inns  nf  wmie  nf  tlieir  anc  iiiit  lib 
I riies.  A  revobiiion  bmke  out  ainnriir  ihini  in 
17S«,  mill  was  threi.i  "linj;  tn  e.xicnil  lo  Ilunirarv 
and  Bohemia,  when  lli.  •  mpenir  suiidenlv  liieil, 
»lill  in  the  full  vi^or  nf  niaiilioi«l.  at  llieaire  of 

fnrly  nine,    February   '.'O,    17WI \fier   his 

ilcalh.  the  pMi,'ress"()f  n'fnrni  w.is  i  hii  kid  in 
.\iislrla;  but  he  hail  awakened  new  and  ^l^l^l; 
f'lnes  then',  and  n  cnmplete  ntiirn  In  the  am  i.  nl 
M'.lem  was  inipiissibh'.  .  .  .  Lenpnlil  II  ilTlHI- 
179',').  who  smieided  his  brnlher  .IiiMpli  II  .  Imih 
in  AUBlria  and  as  empemr.  was  a  self  indiiiireiit 
liut  pnidonl  ruler  '—('  T  Lewis,  llifl  "f  ilii' 
'mny,  hk.  Tt,  eh.  'i4,  sert.  H-IK. 

A.  D.  J77a-'773-— The  first  Partition  of  Po- 
land.    Sec  Voi.ANi):  A   I)    l7ii:!-17T:t. 

A.  D.  17S7.— Prussian  intervention  ir.  Hoi-   , 
land.  -  Restoration  of  the  expelled  stadtiiolder. 
97 

15: 


»«■    NicTiiiEiii.ANna   (lloi.i.ANhl      A    f)     I74«- 
17M7 

A.  D  t79i.— The  formlat  of  the  Coalition 
■ninat  'ranch democracy.  Sie  Kikmii  A  U 
I'lNi  I7IM  .  mill  ITiM  i.h  i.v  -  <4Ki>^ri'Mii».iii 

A.  D.  1791-1792.  The  question  of  war  with 
France,  and  the  question  of  the  Partition  of 
Poland.  Motives  and  action  of  Prussia  and 
Austria.  Afii  1  lln-  aieepianie  of  the  ('nn-.il 
lulinli  li\  [...111,  XVI  ISepleinlHT  Hie  KnAM  k: 
A    II    1,111    (.h  i,v-Hi.i-Tf;»iHKHi|,  llie   Kni|ienir 

Ind.ikid   for  a  III 1   iniilldent  impe.  Ihal  the 

Kn mil  iimHiinii  was  ».hid.  and  lliat  he  was 
n  Mend  Irninali  fi  arofiniuble  fmin  ihal  ciiiarliT 
lie  had  lans  etiiMii.'li  upon  him  in  tn  ike  him 
he  arlily(nni;ralulali'  hliiiHilf  mi  ihls  n-iill  . 
In  I'.nlu-n  alTalrs.  the  I'i.HhIi  ,|ii,'Hilnii  the  ii.m 
in  imjinrlanieto  the  Kniii  h  -  wasHiill  iinsetil,  ,1. 
and  iliilly   iinsanled  fn-nli  dillh  iillh  s  .   The 

,  fai  t  Ihal  liiiula  Ih'it  'i  lo  almw  llie  (fn  iiIihI  fa 
vnur  lo  the  KiuluTeH.  ami  to  pnai  h  at  Hi  rlin  and 
Vienna  a  eriiHaile  au'ainst  the  whked  .liienhlns. 
only  wrved  Ininnllriii  llii  Kmpi  mr  In  his  peai  e 

I    fill  sent bneiits      He  rl);lilly Iiided  Ihal  I  alh 

arlne  wUInd  loenlanKle  Ihelieiiiian  Powers  in  a 
slriixiile  wilh   Kranee,  that  she  inlKht  have  her 
own  way  in  I'nland  ,  mid  he  was  not  at  all  in 
( lined  lo  he  ilie  ilnpe  nf  Ml  shallnw  an  artiHee. 

.   .Vlthesa tl he  set  aliniit  brinidnn  his 

allianie  with  I'mnsla  lo  a  dellnile  cniiilimhin.  In 

nnler  to  seeure  tn   hlniHilf  a   ||rm   siipfMirt  fnr 

eiery  cnierKcney      On  the  I7lli  of  Nnniiils'r — 

a  week  after  the   enaelnient  nf   the    first   edlet 

against  the  Kniitfres  — I'rinie  Keiiss  iimileaenin 

mnnieallnn  nn  this  subleet  to  the  I'riissian  .MIn 

isiry,  and  on  this  iKeaslon  ileelared  himself  em 

powend  loeommeneeal  any  moment  the  formal 

ilrafi   of  an   alliance     ,   .      'We   are    now   eon 

vineeil,'  wmle  the  .Ministers  In  their  HmbiiMador 

at  V'ienna,    that  Austria  will  undertake  nothlnjf 

aitainst  Krance.'   This  persuasion  was  wsin  after 

I    wards  fully  eniitirmed  by  Kaiinilz.  whoilescanled 

In  Ihe  sevinsl  terms  on" the  liitrli!iies,,f  the  Eiiii 

irres  nil  the  Hhine,  which  it  was  not  in  theintenst 

nf  aiiv  I'nwer  lo  siipjiorl.     It  was  riillculnus,  he 

said.  Ill  the  Kreiieh  I'rinces.  and  in  Uuiwla  anil 

'    Spain,  tn  ih'clan' Ihe  iieieplance  nf  the  eimstltii 

linn  by  the  KInjt  coiiipiilsory,  and  Ihen'fon'  Told. 

and  still  more  so  to  dlsiiiile  the  riitht  nf  Lnnis 

XVI    In  allir  the  cniislltullnn  at   all.      He  said 

Ihal  they  would  vainly  endei.voiir  In  Kimil  Alls 

tria  inin  a  war,  w  hii  h'  could  only  have  the  very 

worsl  1 seipi.'iices  fnr   I.nuis  ami    the  Jinsent 

pndominanee  .f  Ihe  mislenite  parly  in  France 
\  ■  ■  ■  Here,  airain,  we  si'e  that  wiilimlt  the  machi 
naliniisof  Ihe  (iiroiidisls.  the  'evolutionary  war 
would  never  lia\e  Is'en  cnmmenc. d.  It  is  true, 
indeed,  thai  at  Ihls  lime  a  verv  perceptible chanife 
tnnk  place  in  Ihe  opininns  nf  the  secniid  German 
pnlenlale  — Ihe  Kini,'  nf  l'ru->ia.  Immeiliiitelv 
after  Ihe  Conijnss  of  I'illnllz.  cn'at  numlsrs  lif 

French    Kmisires.    who   had    I ti   driven    fnun 

Vienna  by  Ihe  coldness  nf  Leopold,  had  Is'takcn 
Inenisi  Iveslollerliii.  At  the  I'riiHMan  Coiirl  Ihev 
mil  Willi  a  hospilalile  n'ceplion.  and  amused  in 
till'  KiiiL'  by  Ihi  ir  L'raphic  descrlplions.  a  warm 
inl(Te>l  for  Ihe  vielims  of  Ihe  licvoliiii,,ii. 
lie  Inailid  Hie  Kmifri-s  wilh  marks  of  favour  of 
every  kind,  and  Ihereby  excited  inlheni  Ihe  most 
exaL'.L'eraled  hnpis.  Vet  Ihe  Kini;  was  far  fr,.ni 
inlendiiii:  to  ri^k  any  imporiant  iiit,r,.^i  nf  ij... 
Mate  t'lr  111"  sake  of  his  pnileijC'S:  he  had  nn  idea 
of  pursuii't;  an  aggressive  policy  towards  Frinn  . 


-ijM 


OERMAXY.  1791-1793 


Th*  quf*tion  ttf 
War  witli  /VrtHCc. 


GERMANY.   1791-1793. 


II 


■•. 


and  the  nnly  pniiit  in  wliicli  lio  dllTcrcil  fmm 
Leopold  was  in  tlir  fcclini:  with  wliicli  lii'  rcgiiril- 
<'<1  llio  (l('V(li)|«  iiiiiil  of  iIlc  wiirlilic  tiriilcnrics 
of  till'  Kniicii  {\i*  MiniMiTs,  niorcoviT.  wirr. 
uitlioiit  cxiviilicin.  posscssnl  liv  tlif  siinii'  idi'ji  iis 
Prime  Kuunil/:  tlial  ii  Krrnrii  war  would  la-  a 
tnisfortuiii-  to  all  K\jro|>c."  .\s  tlii'  vi'ar  17111 
(Irr-v  towards  it"  cIo-m'.  ••  iinfavoiinil>Ic>  iicwh  ar- 
rivi'd  from  l'ari>.  Tljr  altcuiplsnf  tln'  Ki-iiillaiits 
liadfaili'd;  Lalavittc  had  Mpanitcil  himself  from 
them  and  from  the  Conn  ;  and  tin-  zeal  and  con- 
fldenee  of  victory  .■iimoml'  the  Demoerals  were 
en  .iler  tliaii  evir.'  The  Kmiiiri's  in  Herlin  were 
jiihilant;  Ihiv  h;el  always  declared  that  no  im- 
pression was  to  Ik-  maile  iipim  the  .lacohins 
except  liy  the  eilire  of  the  sword,  and  that  all 
hopes  foiiiidid  on  the  staMlity  of  a  nioihrati' 
nnddli'  party  were  futile.  The  Kim;  of  I'nissia 
ujireed  whh'  lliem.  and  deti  rinine.l  to  lie-in  the 
iinavoid.ilile  sirULTL'le  as  ipiiekly  as  possihli'.  lie 
told  his  Minisiirs  that  war  was  certain,  and  tliat 
niseholTsw.  rder  oiiu-lit  to  iro  orici'  more  to  the 
Kmperor.  ,  .  .  HisehotTswerder.  h.iviiii;  receive<l 
inslnn  lions  from  the  Kin^'  himself,  left  lierlin. 
and  arrived  in  Vienna,  after  a  speedy  journey, 
on  the  '-'Hill  iif  Kehruary,  But  he  was  not  des- 
tined HfTain  t.i  discuss  the  fate  of  Kurope  Willi 
his  Imperial  pair  ■;  for  on  the  2!tth  the  small- 
pox showed  ilsilf.  of  which  Leopold  died  after 
three  d.iys  sickness.  The  L'rcalest  nmsternation 
and  confusion  reii.'ned  in  Vienna.  .  .  .  No  one 
knew  towiioin  the  younir  Kinu'  Francis  —  he  wa.s 
as  yet  luily  kini;  I'lf  llunL'ary  and  Holiemia  — 
woi'ihl  irive  his  iimlidence.  or  what  coursi'  he 
would  lake;  nay.  his  weakly  and  nervous  eon- 
siitulion  rinden-d  it  doiilitful  whether  he  ciuild 
hear  —  I'Veii  for  a  sliort  iwri-Hl  — the  liurdens  of 
his  ollice.  Kor  the  [ireseni  he  contirmed  the 
Ministers  in  their  jdacis.  and  e\press<il  to  them 
Ids  wish  to;idhere  to  the  [lolilical  system  of  his 
father.  .  .  .  lie  .  ,  .  ordered  one  of  Ids  most  ex- 
perienced (ieiarals.  I'rinee  llohenlohe-KirclilHTjr. 
to  lie  summoned  to  Vienna,  that  he  misjlit  tak<' 
council  with  Hisi  liotTswerder  respeetin;.'  the  war- 
like measures  to  he  adopteil  hy  both  Powers,  in 
case  of  a  Krem-li  attaik.  At  the  sami'  time, 
however,  the  I'cdish  (|uesiion  was.  if  possihle.  to 
Im'  lirouiiht  to  a  decision,  and  Leopold's  jdan  in 
all  its  details  was  to  he  cale'.'orieally  reeoni- 
meiKled  for  adoption,  hot h  in  Ilcrliii  and  I'eti'rs- 
iMirg.  .  .  .  Tlie  .\usirian  .Minister.  Spielmann, 
had  prcpareil  the  memorial  on  Poland,  which 
Princi-  Hcuss  pnsented  at  lierlin.  .m  the  lllth  of 
Marih  It  represented  that  .\ustria  and  Prussia 
had  the  s:imi'  inierest  in  sloppint;  a  .source  of 
<'ternal  emharrasstnent  and  discussion,  hy 
stren^'ihiauiiL'  the  cause  of  |H'ace  ami  order  in 
Poland.  That  herein  lay  an  especially  powerful 
motive  to  make  the  (Town  of  that  country  he 
re.litary:  that  for  hotli  P.. wits  the  Klcdor  of 
Saxony  would  he  ilie  most  acceptahU'  wi.-ircr  of 
that  crown  .   The  impcTtaiil   point,  the-  me 

miTial  went  on  to  say,  was  this,  that  Poland 
should  no  loniri  r  !»■  dc'pciiihiil  on  the  predomi 
li.-mt  inlliii  ncc-  of  any  ora-  niinhliourim;  Power. 
.  .  .  U  hc-n  the  Kiu'i  had  read  this  memorial,  in 
which  llie  Savon  Pcciish  iniiccn  was  hrouirht  for- 
ward, not  ;is  an  idea  of  the  fiehlc  Lie  ctor.  hut  as 
a  proposal  of  powerful  Ausiri:;.  he  ctIccI  out. 
•  \Ve  must  never  i;ive  our  cons<'nt  to  this.'  Ui. 
•■iL'reed  with  his  Ministers  in  the  conclusion  that 
nothim;   we.td'i   he   more  dantrerous  to  Prussia. 

;iia:;  !!;!■  forma!::.::  o(  -;::c'i  a  I*e:wer  ;1K  weculd  n- 


suit  from  tli"  proposed  lastins;  union  of  Poland 
imd  Saxony  —  a  Power,  which,  in  alliance  with 
Austria,  could  ImnKKliately  overrun  Silisia,  and 
in  alliance  with  Uassia.  iiiiirlil  l)e  fatal  to  Last 
Prussia,  ,  ,  .  In  the  midst  of  this  unury  inel 
anxious  excitement,  which  foraiiioinent  alien  ilnl 
his  heart  from  Austria,  the  Kiiii;  receiveel  a  In  s|i 
and  no  li'ss  important  ilespatcli  from  Pelerslmii; 
Ccmnt  (folz  announced  the  tirst  direct  comniiiiii 
lation  of  Russia  respectinii  Poland.  Slu'iild 
Poland  '  [wrote  the  Russian  Vice('liancellor|  lie 
tirndy  and  listinglv  united  to  Saxony,  a  Power 
of  till'  Hrst  rank  will  arise,  and  oni'  wliii  h  w  ill  tii> 
ahle  to  exercise  the  most  sensihie  pressure  upua 
each  of  its  neiKhlHiiirs.  We  an-  );really  ciii 
eenied  in  this,  in  con.s<'cjuenee  of  the  exle-nsjetii 
of  our  Pedish  frontier;  and  Prussia  is  no  less  sn. 
from  the  inevitahle  increase  wlii*'h  would  ensiii- 
of  Saxon  inllnenec  in  the  (ierman  Kmpirc  We 
tlicreforc  susnest,  that  Prussia.  Austria,  and 
Russia,  shoiihl  cemie  to  an  intimate  uncle  rsiaiid 
ini^with  one  anotheroii  this  mos*  important  siih 
jeet.'.  .  .  This  cimtmunication  soiiiuhcl  diihr 
ently  ill  the  ears  of  the  King  from  that  whic  h  he 
had  received  from  Austria.  The  fears  which 
airitated  Ids  own  mind  and  those  of  the  Uussinn 
chancellor  wiTc  idi'ntii'al.  While  .\iistria  e  allecl 
upon  tiim  to  commii  a  ]>oliticaI  suiciete,  liussia 
otIiTi'el  her  aid  iu  averting  the  most  harassiin; 
dange-r.  and  cvenopi'iied  a  prospect  of  a  coiiside  r 
:ihle  territorial  imTcasi'.  The  King  had  no  d.iulit 
to  which  of  the  two  Powers  he  ought  to  inc  line 
lie  wendd  have  conie  to  terms  with  Hnssia  cen 
the  spot,  had  not  an  insuriii<iiintahli>  ohstacle-  e.v 
isted  in  the  new  path  which  was  opened  lo  itie 
Hggrindizement  of  Prussia. — vi/.,,  the  polisli 
treaty  of  1790;  in  which  Prussia  had  cvpn  ssly 
hound  licrsi'lf  to  proteci.  the  independence'  and 
integrity  of  Poland.  .  .  .  He  dccieled  Ihaiihcrc' 
was  no  middle  course  In'tween  the  Russian  ainl 
.\  list  rian  plans.  On  the  one  side  was  his  I'clUli 
treaty  of  17U<),  the  iimiu'diate  consecjue  nee-  of 
which  would  he  a  new  hreacli.  anel  perhaps  n 
war.  with  Russia,  and  the  tinal  resiill  sci.li  a 
strengthening  of  Pcdiind,  as  would  thrccw  hack 
the  Prussian  State  into  that  suhordinaic  pn-i 
tion,  hotli  in  Gi'tmuny  and  Kurope,  whic  li  it  liuci 
occupied  in  the  seventeenth  century  On  ilic- 
other  side  there  was,  indeed,  a  manifesi  hr-acli 
of  failh.  hilt  also  the  .salvation  of  Prussia  froin 
a  perilous  dilemma,  and  perhaps  the  exten-i'n 
of  her  boundaries  hy  a  gocMlly  Polish  Province' 
If  he  wavered  at  all  in  this  contlict  of  fee  limr. 
the  Parisian  complications  soon  put  an  cm!  M 
his  douht.s.  In  quick  succession  came  ihc  .m 
nounccments  that  Dclessart's  pi'acefiil  Mim-iry 
had  fallen;  that  King  Louis  Inid  sulleied  ihc 
deeiH'St  humiliation;  and  that  the  helm  of  tie' 
State  hacl  pa.ssed  into  he  hands  of  the  (lit'iilist 
Wicr  party.  A  declarati...i  of  war  on  the  ,'iri"l 
Kraiiee  iigainst  Francis  II.  might  he  cliil\  cv 
pected,  and  the  Russian- Polish  contest  i\. niil 
then  only  form  the  less  important  inoii-ly 
Kuropea'n  catastrophe,  Austria  woulcl  mov 
occupied  for  a  long  time'  in  the  West;  tin 
I'oulcl  he  no  more  eint-stion  of  the  forinatioii  - 
Polish-Saxon  State;  and  .\ustria  could  no  1-  c;; 
be  reckoned  upon  to  pnite-ct  the  eonsiitiiii'-:i 
17'.M.  or  even  to  repel  a  IlLssian  inv  ,-i  n 
Pohmd.  Prussia  was  bound  to  aid  Ilie  .\i,-i': 
against  Fnmce.  and  for  many  moni  hs  I  he  K  i  ii  _  i 
cherished  no  more  ardent  vvisli  than  to  ful-  !  ' 
i:!il!L'ation  with  a!!  his  power.     Sinoili mc .  i. 


'f    llic 


11 : 


1538 


GiSRMANY.  1791-1793 


Prare 

of  Luneviite. 


GEKMANY.  1801-1803. 


to  oppose  the  EmprpBH  Catharine,  wa«  Dut 
of  the  c|iu'8ti()n.  .  .  .  The  Kin^t  wrote  mi  tlie 
12th  of  March  ti>  liix  Ministers  ii.s  follDWH:  .  .  . 
'Kiissiuis  noi  far  n'lniived  fnmi  tliiiu>;lits  of  a 
new  |iartitioii;  niicl  tliix  would  iiuleed  1m'  Die 
most  etTeetiml  means  of  liinilini;  tlie  iiowcrof  a 
Poiisli  KinfT.  wliethcr  lieredilary  or  eleelive.  I 
doulit.  Iiiiwever.  wlii'ther  in  tliis  ease  a  suilalile 
roinpensation  eoidd  lie  found  for  Asiilria;  and 
whether,  after  sueli  a  enrtailment  of  iIh'  |io\v.r 
of  Polaml.  the  Kleetor  of  Saxony  would  ai  icpt 
the  erowM.  Yet  if  Austria  could  Ik'  coiiipch>ali'il. 
the  Russian  plan  would  he  the  most  advanta 
geouslor  Prussia,  — alwaysprovidcd  that  Prussia 
received  the  whole  left  Jiauk  of  the  Vistula.  I>y 
the  acquisition  of  which  that  distant  frontier  — 
so  hard  to  he  th^fendeil  —  would  In'  well  rouniled 
olt.  This  is  my  judmnent  respeclinj;  I'l.lish 
affairs'  This  wa  Poland's  senlence  of  death. 
It  was  not.  as  we  have  si-en.  the  result  of  a  loiii; 
existing  gn-cd,  hut  a  suddenly  seized  ex|Hdicht. 
which  scenii'd  to  In- accompaiiicil  with  Ihi'  least 
evil,  hi  the  inulst  of  an  unexampled  Kuro|iean 
crisis.  ...  On  the  UMtth  of  April  the  Kreneh 
National  Assenilily  proclaimed  war  against  the 
King  of  Hungary  and  Bohi'mia.  A  fortnight 
later  the  ■•rince  of  llohenlohe  Kircliherg  ap- 
peared in  Herlin  ti;  settle  some  common  plan  for 
the  c»  npaign;  and  at  the  same  time  Kaunilz  di 
reeled  Prince  lieu.M  to  enter  into  negociatinus  on 
the  political  (juestiim  of  expenditure  and  com- 
jiensatioii.  Count  .Schulenhurg  .  .  .  iuuuedlatc 
iy  sent  a  reply  to  the  Prince,  to  the  eireet  that 
Prussia  — as  it  had  uniformly  deelareil  since  tin- 
previous  siimmiT —  I'ouUI  only  engage  in  the  war 
on  condition  of  receiving  an  adeiiuate  compensa- 
tion. Both  ('atesnien  well  knew  with  what 
secret  mistrust  each  of  these  Powers  (onlini- 
plated  the  uggrandi/.ement  of  the  other;  their 
deliherntions  were  therefore  conducled  wiiii  slow 
and  anxious  caution,  anil  months  pa-ssi'd  hy  he 
fore  t'leir  respective  demaniis  weie  reduced  to 
any  detinite  shape  "—II.  von  Svliel.  //(.<^.»v  ..;' 
the  French  Hrndutinii.  tik.  4.  rh.  1  {r.  -Ji. 

A.  D,  1793.— Accession  of  the  Emperor 
Franci.^  II. 

A.  D.  1752-1793.— War  with  Revolutionary 
France.— The  Coalition.  See  Fuanck:  .\.  D. 
1791-17«2;  17l»'.>  (Afilii.— ,Iii,v).  an.l  iSlitkm- 
BEK— DiirKMiiKiO:  l79'.J-17S):t  (Dkckmiu  11— Kkb- 
HL-ABV);  17«H  (Fkuki  Aitv— ,\i'Kii,>.  (.Maiuii- 
SeptrmhkiO.  and  ('i'l.Y- I)k(  kmhkiii. 

A.  D.  1791-1796.— The  second  and  third  Par- 
titions of  Poland,  tve  Poi.a.vd:  .\  I)  iTtil- 
179-J;  anil  17:W-17!(K 

A.  D.  1/94.— Withdrawal  of  Prussia  from 
the  Coalition.— French  conquest  of  the  Aus- 
trian Netherlands  and  successes  on  the  Rhine. 
SeeFnA.MK:  A.  1>.  17(t4  (Mauc  11— .li  i.vi. 

*•  D-  •79S-— Treaty  of  Basle  between  Prus- 
sia and  France.- Crumbling  of  the  Coalition. 
SicFkanck:  .V-D.  l71M-cr!).'>  ((hroiu  u  — -M  vvi. 

A.  D.  1796-1797— Expulsion  of  Austria  from 
Italy.—  Bonaparte's  first  campaigns.—  Ad- 
vance of  Moreau  and  lourdan  beyond  the 
Rhine.— Their  retreat. —Peace  prehniinaries  of 
Leoben.  Sic  Kkanck:  -\  I)  I7!lti(-\i'i!ii.  -Or 
■loHKRi;  and  17!«)-17»7  l()iToiu;ii— .VruM.i. 

A.  D.  i797(Octoberl.— The  Treaty  of  Campo 
Formio  between  Austria  and  France.— Aus- 
trian cession  of  the  Netherlands  and  Lombardy 
and^ac()uisition  of  Venice.  Si-,.  Fuanck;  .V  I> 
'-T97  illij— UfrujJ!;u;.  , 


A.  D.  1798.— The  second  Coalition  SKainft 
Revolutionary  France.— Prussia  and  the  Em- 
pire withheld  from  it.  See  FuANcfc;;  A.  D. 
17«H-171)U  (.\|  (iisT— Ai'KIl,). 

A.  D.  1799.— The  Congress  at  Rastadt.— 
Murder  of  French  envoys.  SeeFiiANCE;  A.  D. 
17'.l!l  (.\'  ■      — Skitkmiiku). 

A.  D.  .  JO  (May— December).— The  disas- 
trous campaigns  of  Marengo  and  Hohenlinden, 
Sie    litVNiK;    A.   II     l-<0t»-IS01    (May— Fehuu- 

AKVI 

A.  D.  1801-1803,— The  Peace  of  Luneville. 
—Territorial  cessions  and  changes.— The  set- 
tlement of  indemnities  in  the  Empire.— Con- 
fiscation and  secularization  of  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal principalities.— Absorption  of  Free  Cities. 
—Re-constitution  of  the  Electoral  College.— 
••  By  the  lre;ity  of  l.iiniville,  which  the  Kmperor 
Fra!:cis  was  oliliged  to  siiliscrilie,  'not  only  as 
Kmperiir  of  Au.stria,  hut  in  the  name  of  the  (Jer- 
man  empire.' Belgium  and  all  the  left  bank  it 
the  liliine  were  again  formally  ceded  to  Frame; 
l.oiiiliarily  was  ereeieil  into  an iiidepeiident  state, 
and  tlie  .\diL'e  declared  the  boundary  betwixt  it 
and  the  dominions  of  Auslria;  Venice,  with  all 
its  territorial  possessions  as  far  as  the  Adige,  was 
guaianlcd  to  .\ustria;  the  Duke  of  Minlena  re- 
ceived liie  Brisu'au  in  exchange  for  his  duchy, 
wliiih  was  annexed  to  the  Cisidpine  repiililie;  the 
(irand  I tiike  of  Tuscany,  the  Kmperor's  brother, 
gave  up  his  dominions  to  the  infant  Uuke  of 
i'arnia,  a  liramli  of  the  Spanish  family  [whowas 
llienupon  raiMil  to  royal  rank  bv  the  flat  of 
Bonaparte,  wlm  Iriinsfornied  the  graud-duchv  of 
Tuvii.oy  ini.i  till'  kingdom  of  Etruria],  on'the 
promise  ot  an  infiemnity  in  (Jermanv;  France 
aliandoned  Kihl.  Ca.sMi,  'and  Khrenbrcit.stein,  on 
1;  ;(litio,i  that  iliise  foris  should  remain  in  the 
siiuaiion  in  which  liny  were  when  given  up;  the 

princes  dispos.sesseil   by  tin ssion  of  the  left 

liank  of  the  Uliine  were  promised  an  indemnity 
]ii  ilie  bosom  of  the  Kmpire;  the  independence  of 
llie  Uatavian,  llelvclie,  Cisalpine  and  Liguriau 
ri  piiblies  was  L'uaranteed.  and  their  iuhabitants 
declared  'to  have  the  power  of  (boosing  what- 
evir  fiirm  of  g.iMTnment  they  pref.rred.'  These 
(ondiiioris  did  not  dilTiT  nniteriailv  from  those 
I  outained  in  ihe  irealy  of  Campo  Formio.  or  from 
those  olTered  by  Napoleon  previous  to  the  re- 
newal of  the  war.  .  .  .  The  article  which  com- 
IM-lleil  the  Kmperor  to  siihscribe  this  treaty  as 
head  of  the  empire,  as  well  as  Emperor  of  Aus- 
tria, irave  rise  in  the  seipiel  ...  to  the  most 
painful  internal  divisiiuisin  Germany.  By  a  fun- 
damental law  of  Ihe  empire,  the  Eiiipenir  couM 
nut  bind  the  I'lectors  and  states  of  which  he  was 
the  he.iil,  without  either  their  concurrence  or  ex 
press  powers  to  thai  elTect  previoiislv  conferred. 
.  -  The  emperor  hesitated  lonir  before  he  sub- 
scribed such  a  condition,  which  left  the  seeds  of 
interminable  di.scord  in  the  (lermanic  bixiv;  but 
the  conqueror  was  inexonilile,  and  no  means  of 
eva-ion  loiilil  be  found,  lie  vindicated  himself 
to  t  lie  electors  in  a  diirnitied  letter,  dated  Mth  Feb- 
ruary I'sill.  the  day  b,  ,ore  that  when  the  treaty 
was  sii;ned.  .  .  .  The  electors  and  princes  of  the 
empire  felt  the  force  of  this  touching  ap|M'ai; 
they  coimiusenited  the  situation  of  the  tirsi  mon- 
arch in  Chrisiindom.  compelled  to  throw  him 
self  on  his  snlijeels  for  forgivenes.s  of  a  ste|> 
Hliicli  he  eoiild  not  avoid;  and  one  of  the  lirst 
steps  of  the  Diet  of  the  empire,  assembled  after 
the  treaty  01  Luucville  was  signed,  was  to  give 


-'•ll 


HI 


1539 


k 


i  J 


GERMANY.   1801-1803. 


Reconntnictum  of 
Germany. 


GERMANY.  1805-1806. 


f    * 


'   i 


•■  iH; 


H  their  solemn  ratiflcntlnn.  grounded  on  the  ex- 
trnorcliniiry  sitimtion  in  whicli  tlie  Knipcror  wiis 
thin  [iliiccd.  But  tlic  ((iiestion  iif  inclcninitie:*  to 
till!  (li.spossetiscd  primes  wii.s  long  iinil  warmly 
agitated.  It  rontinned  for  alMive  two  years  to 
distract  tlie  (iermanic  liinly  ;  tlie  intervention  Ixitli 
of  Krauee  and  Uiissia  was  re(|niri'd  to  prevent  the 
sword  lieing  drawn  in  these  internal  disputes; 
and  liy  tlie  magnitude  of  the  (  hangis  whieh  wire 
ultimately  maih',  anil  the  haliit  of  looking  to 
foreign  protection  \vlii<li  was  aci|nired,  the  foun- 
dation was  laid  of  that  h'ague  to  support  s<'pa- 
"ale  interests  which  afterwards,  undir  the  name 
of  the  Confederation  of  the  Khine.  so  well  served 
the  purposes  of  Krencii  ambition,  and  broke  up  the 
venerable  fabric  of  the  (ternian  empire." — Sir  A. 
Alison,  //(V.  i;t'  Kiiroiif.  ITHD-lSl.-,,  rh.  ,Vl  {r.  7). — 
"Girmanv  lo.sl  by  this  treaty  aUiut  24.(HK»s(|uare 
miles  of  its  best  territory  and  3,.')00,tXKl  of  its 
people  ;  while  the  princes  were  indemnified  by  the 
plunder  of  their  peers.  But  the  Imnlest  task',  the 
satisfactory  ilistribiitionof  this  plunder,  remained. 
While  the  Diet  at  Hegensburg.  after  much  enm- 
plaint  and  management,  assigned  the  arrange- 
ment of  these  alTairs  to  a  committee,  the  princely 
bargainers  wen;  in  I'aris,  employing  the  most  dis- 
gnicefid  means  to  olitain  the  fe'  -  of  Talliyrand 
and  other  influential  diplomat. -is.  On  the  S.llh 
of  February.  1803,  the  flnal  decision  of  the  dele- 
gatiim  or  committee  of  the  empin;  wiui  lulopted 
by  the  Diet,  anil  promulgated  with  the  approval 
of  the  emperor,  Francis  II.,  and  of  Prussia  and 
Bavaria.  It  confiscated  all  the  spiritual  princi 
palities  in  Girmairj'.  except  that  the  Kli'ctor  of 
MayiMKc.  Charles  T hecxiore  of  Dalbcrg,  received 
Regcnsbnrg,  AschalTenburg,  and  Wetilar,  as  an 
indemnity,  ami  retained  a  seat  and  a  voice  in  the 
imperial  Diet.  Of  the  4«  free  litiisof  the  em- 
pire. si\  only  remained  —  Ilamlr.irg.  Bremen,  I,u- 
beck.  Frankfort,  Nuremburg,  and  Augsbu.-g. 
Austria  obtaincil  the  bishopries  of  Trent  and 
Bri.ven;  Prussia,  as  a  compensjition  tor  the  loss 
of  l.ObS  square  miles  with  122.000  inhabitanis 
west  of  the  Rhine,  received  4.87.')  .scpiare  miles, 
with  .'iH0,O(«)  inhabitants,  including  the  endow- 
ments of  the  religious  houses  of  llihiesheim  and 
Paderl)orn,  and  most  of  Mllnster;  also  Krfurt  and 
Eiehsfeld,  and  the  free  cities  of  Xordhausen, 
-Mlilhausen,  and  Goslar;  Hanover  obtained  Osna- 
bruck  ;  to  Bavaria,  inexcliange  for  the  Palatinate, 
were  as.signed  Wllrzburg,  BaniUrg,  Frcisingen, 
Augsl'urg.  and  Pa.ss;iu,  beside.sanumlKTof  cities 
of  the  empire,  in  all  aUiut  O.l.TO  sipiare  miles, 
to  compensate  for  4.'J4o,  va.stly  increasing  its  po- 
litical importance.  WirtendMTg.  too,  was  richly 
compensated  for  the  loss  of  the  .Milmpclgard  by 
the  conliseatiori  of  mon.istery  endowments  anil 
free  cities  in  Su.iliia.  Hut  Baden  maile  the  best 
bargain  of  all.  receiving  aliout  1.270siiuari' miles 
of  lami.  funnirly  belonging  to  bishops  or  lo  the 
I'alatinate,  in  exchange  f.ir  170.  .\fler  this  ac- 
(piisition,  liailen  c.xlendi'd,  though  in  p.itehes, 
fn)!ii  the  Neckar  to  the  .Swiss  border.  By  build- 
iuL'  up  these  three  Soul  li  (ierman  states,  Napoh'on 
snu.:ljt  lo  erect  a  barrier  for  himself  aL'ainst  .\us- 
tria  !ind  l'rus>.ia.  With  the  same  design,  Hesse- 
Darin^ta'lt  and  N':iss;iu  were  much  enlargcil. 
There  wi  re  multitudes  of  smaller  chaUL'es.  uniler 
the  name  cf  '  eiMupen-atiims  and  indemnities.' 
Four  n  -.v  lay  eleelonlis  were  estalilished  in  the 
place  of  the  ihree  se(  ularized  prelacies,  and  were 
given  to  Itiiden,  Wirtemljerg,  Hes.se-Cas.sel.  and 
aaizr^iirj.     But  they  ncvef  had  octusiuu  lo  Uive 


part  in  the  election  of  nnompcn)r."—C.  T.  Lewis 
JIM.  ".fdiriimiii/.  eh.  i-x  met.  2«-a7. 

Ai.soiN:  A.  Thiers,  IIM.  oftht  CniixiiUle  ,f,„l 
the  KminiY.  hk.  7  itnd  l.T  (r.  1).— J.  H.  Seeley,  /,r^ 
uuil  Tiiiiea  of  SItii).  pi.  1,  eh   4  (r.  1). 

A.  D.  1803. —  Bonaparte's  leizure  of  Han- 
over in  his  war  with  England.     8eu  Knwn 
A.  D.  1802  1803. 

A.  D.  180S  (January  —  April).  —  The   third 
Coalition  against  France.— Prussian  Ne-jtral- 
ity.      See   FK.\.NrK;     A.    I).    180.">    (,I.vm  .iiiv 
.Vrtiii.). 

A.  D.  iSosiSeptember— December).-  Napo- 
leon's overwhelming  campaign.— The  catas- 
trophes at  Dim  and  Austerlitz.     See  Fiiwm 
A.  D.  180.5  (M.Mi(ii—DKri-:MBKH). 

A.  D.  180S-1806.-  The  Peace  of  Presburg.- 
Territorial  losses  of  Austria.  —  Aggrandize- 
ment of  Bavaria  and  WUrtemberg,  which  be- 
come kingdoms,  and  Baden  a  grand  duchy.  - 
The  Confederation  of  the  Rhine.— End  of  the 
Holy  Roman  Empire. — "On  the  8lh  (pf  D.c m. 
Iht,  hostilities  ceased,  and  the  I{us.sians  mind 
by  way  of  Galicia.  but  in  accordanci^  wlih  ihe 
terms  of  the  armistice,  the  Freni-h  troops  ei.ji- 
linui'd  lo  occupv  all  the  lands  they  hail  invaili  il. 
Ausiria,  Tyrol,  Venetia,  Carniola,  Carinlhia.  ami 
Slyria;  within  Hohemiii  they  were  to  have  the 
circle  of  Tabor,  together  with  Brno  and  Zmuniii 
in  .Moravia and  F'ozsony  (Pres.sburg)  in  llimg'ary. 
The  Morava  (March)  and  the  Hungarian  fmniilr 
formed  the  line  of  demarcation  betwiin  tin-  two 
annies.  A  definitive  peace  was  signed  at  I'ress- 
Inirg  on  the  '28lh  of  December,  180.5.  .\u^lria 
recognized  the  eompiests  of  France  in  Hollniid 
and  Switzerland  and  the  annexation  of  tii  ima. 
and  ceiliil  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy  Friuli.  Kiria! 
Dalmatia  with  its  islands,  and  Ihe  Boci  li.  di 
CattJiro.  A  little  lati  r.  by  the  explanatorv  .\i  t 
of  Fontainebleau.  she  lost  "the  last  of  her  pn^^i  s- 
sicms  to  the  west  of  the  Isonzo.  when  shi'  ex- 
changed those  portions  of  tlie  counties  of  (Joriro 
and  (iradisca  which  are  situated  on  the   ri:;lit 

bank  of  that  river  for  the  county  of  Monlifaii 

in  Istria.  The  new  kingdoms  of  Bavaria  ami 
Wilrtemtx-rg  [brought  into  existence  by  this 
treaty,  through  the  recognition  of  them  in  llie 
Kmperor  Francis]  were  aggrandized  at  tin  i\ 
pense  of  Austria.  Bavaria  obtained  Vnrarllii  rj'. 
the  county  of  Hohenembs.  the  town  of  l.iinliii. 
and  the  whole  of  Tynd.  with  Brixeii  and  Trml. 
.\ustrian  Suabiawas  given  to  Wtlrtemherg.  wliik 
Brei.sgau  and  the  Ortenau  were  bestowed  on  ilie 
new  grind  duke  of  Baden.  One  coiupi  11- i:.'ii 
alone,  the  duchy  of  Salzburg,  fell  to  .Vuslri  1  1  ir 
all  her  sacrilices.  and  this  has  nanained  in  hiT 
possession  ever  since.  The  old  bishopric  of  W  ;iiv 
liiir!^  was  created  an  electorate  and  graiUidm 
Ferdinand  III.  of  Tu.scany  and  Sal/bun.'.  .\i'i 
gethirthe  monarchv  lost  abou'  2"i.400  s,|ii,ri' 
miles  and  nearly  3,(HK).0(K)  of  inhabitanis.  ."-in' 
lost  Tyrol  with  its  brave  and  loy.-il  iiili:ihi!:ii]:s 
and  the  Vi^rlande  which  had  assured  .\iisl!i;iii  in- 
fluence! in  (lermany;  every  possession  on  ::h' 
Hhine>,  in  the  Black  Fon-.st"  ami  on  ihe  l.mv  r 
Danube;  she  no  longer  tiaiched  either  Swii/rr 
lanil  or  Italy,  and  she  cea.scil  to  be  a  ni;tti!:nii- 
power.  Bi-sidis  all  this,  she  had  to  |'n>  f  mv 
millions  fur  the  expenses  of  the  war,  Mlii!r  -iie 
was  exhausted  tiy  contributions  and  reipii-in.ins 
Vienna  had  snflered  much,  and  tin-  Frnnli  imiv 
had  c:arrieel  olT  the  2.000  cannons  aiiel  the'  lo'i  "iO 
guns  which  iiad  been  conlaiueti  iu  iter  .osolu.^ 


1540 


ll- 


GERMANY,  1805-180«.  End  o/ 

Kvman 

On  the  16th  of  January,  1806,  the  cmpornr  Fran- 
cis returned  to  liis  cHpltal.  Ilr  was  tntliiisiasti- 
cally  received,  ami  the  Vlcniicar  rctiirncil  Id  tin- 
luxurious  ami  easy  way  of  life  wliicli  lias  always 
cbaractt'ri/eil  them.  .  .  .  Austria  seemed  mi  loiijicr 
to  Imve  any  pari  to  |ilav  in  Oernmn  polities. 
Ba/uria.Wllrlenilierjjaud  liailenliad  liceii  formed 
Into  a  separate  leaKr;,'  — ilie  Coiifedeniiidn  of  llie 
Rhine  — under  French  pmleelion.  On  the  Isi  of 
August,  1806,  the.se  states  annouiueil  to  the 
Keiehstjig  at  Hatislion  that  they  looked  upon  tlic 
cmpin'  as  at  an  end,  and  on  the  tith,  Knineis  II. 
formally  resijinecit lie  empire  alto),'ither.  iiiid  re- 
leasc<lall  the  imperial  otlieials  from  IIm  ireiijiaite- 
mcnU  to  him.  Thus  the  seepire  of  CliarlenKm'ue 
fell  from  the  hands  of  the  ilvnastv  whieli  iiad 
held  It  without  interruption  "from"  14:W."— L. 
Leger,  Ilitl.  nf  Aiitlnijfuni/iin/.  rli.  ■,'.">.  —  ■'  Every 
bond  of  union  was  dissolved  with  tin-  i|i,.t  of  the 
empire  and  witli  the  imperial  ehamlier.  Tlie 
barons  and  counts  of  the  empire  aii(l  the  petty 

J)rince8  wen'  mediatised;  the  primes  of  Iloheii- 
ohe,Oi'ttin(.'en,Sihwiirzenberi.',Thurn,andTa.\is, 
the  Truchsess  von  W'ahllmrf;,  FUr.steiilier);,  Fiij;' 
ger,  Ix'inlngen,  LOwenstein,  Holms,   Ilesse-IIcmi- 
burg,  Wied  Uunkel,  and  OraiiL'e  Fulda,  lieeame 
subject   to  the  neijjhlioiirintt  Ithinish  confeder- 
ated princes.     Of  the  remainini^  si.x  imix'rial  free 
cities,  Augsburg  and  Nuremberg  fell  to  Havaria; 
Frankfurt,  under  the  title  of  grand  (liichy,  to  the 
ancient  elector  of  JIayence,  who  was  .igain  trins- 
ferrcd  thither  from  Riitisbon.  Tlie  ancient  Ilaiise- 
towns,   Hamburg,   LUbeck,  and   liremen,   alone 
retainetl  their  freedom."— W.    .Menzel,   IUmI.  i,f 
Oermmy,  eh.  2.53  (c.  «).  — "A  swift  succession  of 
triumphs  hail  left  only  one  thin;;  still  preventing 
the  full  recognition  of  the  Corsiean  warrior  as 
sovereign  of  Western  Europe,  and  that  one  was 
the  existence  of  the  old  Komaiio  Oermanic  Em- 
pire.    Napoleon  had  not  long  assumed  his  new 
title  when  he  began  to  mark  a  distinelion  between 
'la  France'  and  TEmpire  Fraiii/aisi'. '     France 
had,  since  A.  I).   ITO'J,  advanced   to  the  Rhine, 
and,  by  the  annexation  of  Piedmont,  had  over- 
sU'ppcd  the  Alps:  the  French  Empire  included, 
besides  the  kingilom  of  Italy,  a  ma.ss  of  depen- 
dent stjiU-s,  Naples.  Holland,  Switzerland,  and 
many  German  principalities.  i\u:  allies  of  France 
in  the  same  sense  in  which  the  'siK-ii  populi  Uo 
mani' were  allies  of  Rome.     When  the   last   of 
Pitt's  coalitions  had  been  destroyed  at  Austerlilz. 
and  Austria  had  made  her  submission  liv  the 
peace  of   Presburg,  the  compieror  felt  thra  his 
hour  was    jome.     lie    had   now    overcome   two 
E.nperors,  those  of  Austria  and  Uu.vvia,  claiming 
to  represent  tlie  oM  and  new  Rome  res|iectively"i 
and  had  in  eightei  a  months  created  more  kinL'S 
than  the  iKcupants  of  the  Germanic  throne  in  as 
many  ceiitiiries.      It   was  time,   he  thoiiglit,    to 
sweep  away  obsolete  pretensions,  and  claim  the   : 
sole  inheritanceof  that  Western  Empire,  of  which    ! 
the  titles  and  ceremonies  of  his  court  presi'ntecl  a   i 
grotesque  imitation.     The  task  was  an  i  a.sy  one   i 

after  what  had  been  already  air plished.  "  Pre-   I 

vioiis  wars  and  treaties  liad  so  reiliMriliuted  tlie  i 
territories  and  dianged  the  e  .nsiitiitinri  of  the  . 
OiTinanic  Empire  that  it  coiilil  lianllv  lie  .sii.l  t  i 
exist  in  anything  but  n.iiiic.  .  .  .  The  I'.inpir  ir 
Fnincis.  partly  forelnMling  tlie  events  that  wire 
«t  hand,  partly  in  order  to  meet  Napoleons  as- 
sumption of  the  imperial  name  liy  depriving  th.at 
name  of  its  poculiar  meaning,  "began  in  .V.  I). 
rA-3  to  style   hiniovl/   •Ilcrediluiy   Kiiiperur  of 


tht   Holy 
Empire. 


GERMANY.  1806. 


Austria,'  while  retaining  at  the  same  time  his 
former  title.  The  next  act  of  the  drama  was  one 
in  which  we  may  more  readily  pardon  the  am 
bition  of  a  foreign  com|ueror  tlian  the  traitorous 
seltishness  of  the  German  princes,  who  broke 
evirv  tie  of  ancient  friendship  ami  duty  to  grovel 
lit  his  throne.  Hy  the  Act  of  the  Confedera- 
tion of  the  Rhine,  signed  at  Paris,  Julv  13lh, 
IHim.  Havaria.  WhrtemlMrg,  Raden,  and  "several 
other  states,  si.xteen  in  all,  witlidrew  from  the 
bixly  and  repudiated  the  hiws  of  the  r,nipin> 
while  on  August  1st  the  French  envoy  at  Ite- 
gen^liiirg  .iiinoiuiced  to  the  Diet  tliiit  his  master, 
who  had  consented  to  become  Protector  of  the 
Confederate  princes,  no  longer  recognized  the 
existence  of  the  Empire.  Francis  II.  resolved  at 
once  to  anticipate  tliis  new  Odoacer.  and  bv  a 
declaration,  dated  Aiigu«l  (ith,  IHOti,  resigncil'ihe 
imperial  dignity.  His  deed  states  th.it  timliug 
it  unpossible.  in  the  altered  state  of  tilings,  to 
fultil  the  oblig.itions  impo.scd  liy  his  capitula- 
tion, he  considers  as  dissolved  the  bonds  which 
attached  him  to  tlie  Germanic  liodv,  releases 
from  their  aMegiance  the  states  who  ■formed  it, 
and  retires  to  the  government  of  Ids  liereditnry 
dominions  under  the  title  of  'Emiieror  of  Aus- 
tria.' Throughout,  the  term  'German  Empire' 
(l)eut.sclies  Reicii)  is  employed.  But  it  was  the 
crown  of  Augustus,  of  Constantine,  of  Cliarles,  of 
I  .Maximilian,  that  Francis  of  Ilapsbiirg  laid  down, 
and  a  new  era  in  the  world's  history  was  marked 
by  tlie  fall  of  its  most  venerable  institution. 
One  tliousand  and  six  years  after  Leo  the  Pope 
had  crowned  the  Frankish  king,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  fifty  eight  years  after  Ciesar  had  con- 
quered at  Phars^ilia.  ,Iolv  Roman  Empire 
came  to  its  end." — I  ''vcc.  The  Holy  limnan 
KiiHtin',  ch.  20. 

A.  D.  i8o6  (Janua. ,  -August).— The  Con- 
federation of  the  Rhine.— Cession  of  Hanover 
to  Prussia.— Double  dealing  and  weakness  of 
the  latter.— Her  submission  to  Napoleon's  in- 
sults and  wrongs.- Final  goading  of  the  na- 
tion to  war.— "The  object  at  which  all  French 
politicians  had  aimed  since  the  outbreak  of  the 
Revolutionary  War,  the  exclusion  of  both  Aus- 
tria and  Prussia  from  intliience  in  Western  Ger- 
many, was  now  completely  attained.      The  tri- 
iiiii|ih  of  French  statesmanship,  the  consumma- 
tion  of  two  centuries  of  German  discord,  was 
seen  in  tlie  \vt  of  Federation  subscribed  by  the 
Western  German  .Sovereigns  in  the  summer  of 
l><iHi.      liy  this  Act  the   Kings  of  Bavaria  and 
Wintenilierg.  the  Elector  of  Haden.  and  lU  minor 
[irinees.  united  themsi'lves.  in  the  League  known 
:;s  the  Rhenish  Con fedemcy.  under  the' protection 
of  the  French  Emperor,  ami  undertook  to  fur- 
nish (outingeiits.  amounting  to  (i:i.(M)0  men.  ic  all 
wirs  in  which  tlie  FriMich  Empire  should  engage. 
Tiieir    connection    with    the    ancient   Germanic 
Hn.ly  was  eoiiiphtely  severed;  tile  very  town  in 
wliii  h  tlie  Dirt  of  the  Empire  hud  held  its  meet- 
ings was  aiuiexed  by  one  of  the  members  of  the 
Confrilrracy.      The   Confederaev  itself,  with   a 
populatiun  of  S.OOO.OltO.  became' for  .ill  purposes 
of  war  and  foreign  policy  a  part  of  Fr.ince.     Its 
ariiiiis  were  orixaiiisi'd    by  French  ollirers;    its 
frontiers  were  fortified  by" French  enirineers;  its 
treaties  Were  inaile  for  if  fit  Paris.      In  the  domes- 
tic chanires  which  took  iilace  within  these  .States 
the  work  of  eoiisolidalioii  bei:iin  in  1801  was  car- 
ried  forward  with  increasi'd  vigour.     Scores  of 
liny  principalities  which  had  escaped  dissoiution 


Hi 


i    t 


VAX 


ki 


GERMANY.  ISOO. 


Sapoltan'a 

intolencf. 


GERMANY.  1806 


"i. 


u  ■ 


111  ' 


•  r 


^i 


In  the  onrliiT  movciiitnt  were  now  aljsorbfil  In 
their  Klriinjfi'r  iiei){lilH)iir».  .  .  .  Willi  llie  esluli 
lialiiiient  of  tlir  Itlienisli  Coiifedenuy  unci  tlie 
roDijiieat  of  Niiples,  Nii|«)li(m'«  empire  rcaelied. 
1)Ut  iliil  ni>t  civerimtw,  tlie  liiiiitH  within  wliieli  tlie 
sovereignly  of  f  nince  niiglit  proliiiMy  liiive  liein 
long  inuintaincil.  .  .  If  we  iniiy  jniige  from 
tlie  fielinij  willi  whirh  Xiipolcnn  Wiit  rcgiirileil 
in  (lernmny  liown  to  the  miildle  of  tlii>ye:ir  IHIH), 
iinil  in  lliily  down  to  ii  niiuli  liiur  dale,  the  Hni 
pirc'  then  fipiiniied  might  hiive  lieen  pirinnnently 
upheld,  if  Nap<ileon  hait  uhstuined  from  utlurk- 
ing  other  ."'lilies  "  Itiiriiig  tlie  winter  of  IWIIi, 
Count  lliiiigwil/.  Ilie  Prussian  minister,  had  vis 
itcd  I'liris  "for  the  piirpoi*' of  obtaining  some 
miHlitJeation  in  the  treaty  which  he  had  signed 
[at  the  paluee  of  SchiUilirnnn.  near  Vieiina|  on  hi - 
half  of  Prussia  after  the  liattle  of  .Viisltrlil/.. 
The  principal  feature  in  that  treaty  hiiil  Inen  the 
grant  of  Hanover  to  I'rnssia  liy  the  French  Km 
peror  in  return  for  its  alliance.  This  was  the 
point  whicli  alMive  all  others  exc  it.'d  King  Fred- 
erick William's  fears  and  scrupl(^.  lie  desired 
to  acipiire  Ilanover.  hut  he  also  di  sired  to  derive 
his  title  rather  from  its  Engli-.h  owner  (King 
George  III.,  who  was  also  Klector  of  Ilaiiovcr| 
than  from  its  French  invader.  It  was  the  ohjei  l 
of  llaugwitz'  visit  to  Paris  to  obtain  an  allira- 
tion  in  tlic  tenns  of  the  treaty  which  should 
make  the  Prussian  occupation  of  Hanover  up 
pear  to  l>e  merely  provisional,  and  reserve  to  the 
King  of  ICnglaiid  at  least  a  nominal  voice  in  its 
ultiuiale  transfer.  In  full  contidence  that  Napo- 
leon w<iuld  agree  to  such  a  change,  the  King  of 
Prussia,  on  taking  poss»ssion  of  Hanover  in  Jan- 
uary. 18(Mi.  concealed  the  fact  of  its  cession  ti> 
hiniself  by  Napoleon,  and  published  an  untruth 
ful  proi'himation.  .  .  .  The  hitter  truth  that  the 
treaty  iMtween  France  and  Prussia  contained  no 
single  wonl  reserving  the  rights  of  the  Klector. 
ami  that  the  verv  idea  of  ipialifying  the  abso- 
lute lession  of  Ilanover  was  an  afterthought, 
lay  hidden  in  the  conscience  of  the  Prus.sian 
Government.  Never  had  a  (ioverninent  more 
completely  placed  itself  at  the  mercy  of  a  pitiless 
enemy.  Count  Haugwitz.  on  reaching  Paris, 
was  received  by  Napoleon  with  n  storm  of  indig- 
nation and  contempt.  Napoleon  declared  that 
the  ill-faith  of  Prussia  had  made  an  end  even  of 
that  miserable  pact  which  had  been  estor'ed 
after  Austerlitz.  and  insisted  thai  1'rus.sia  should 
openly  defy  (ireat  Britain  by  closing  the  p.irts  of 
Northern  Germany  to  Hritish  vessels,  and  by  de 
daring  itMlf  endowed  by  Napoleon  with  Han 
over  in  virtue  of  Napoleon's  own  right  of  con- 
(luesl.  Haugwitz  signed  i  second  and  more 
biiiniliiUing  treaty  [February  l.'i]  embodying 
thise  conditions;  and  the  PriLssian  Government, 
now  brought  into  the  depths  of  contenrit.  but 
unready  for  immediate  war.  executed  the  orders 
<pf  its  master.  ...  A  decree  was  published  ex- 
cluding tlie  ships  of  England  from  ihe  ports  of 
Prussia  and  from  those  of  Hanover  itself  (.March 
i8.  18(IB).  It  was  piomplly  followed  by  the  seiz 
ure  of  411')  Prussian  vessels  in  Hriiish  harbours. 
and  by  the  total  extinction  of  Prussian  mariliine 
commerce  by  Brilisli  ,.  .vateers.  Scarcely  was 
Prussia  commilled  to  this  ruinous  conllict  with 
Great  Britain  when  Napoleon  o[i<'ned  negotia- 
tions fiir  peace  willi  Mr.  Fox  sGovemineul.  The 
first  condition  ni|uired  by  (Jreat  Britain  was  tlie 
res!i!u>i-)n  of  nanover  to  Kiiii;  Georsre  HI.  It 
was  unhesitatingly  granted  by  Xapuleou.     Thus 


was  Prussia  to  be  mocked  of  its  prey,  after  it  hml 
Is'en  roliheil  of  all  ita  honour.  .  .  .  There  vsas 
scarcely  a  courtier  in  Berlin  wliodhi  not  fee  1  ili.u 
Ihe  yoke  of  the  French  had  iK-coiiie  past  einliir 
anee:  even  Haugwitz  himself  now  coiisid*  rnl 
war  as  a  ipiesiion  of  lime  The  |Hilriotie  pirty 
in  the  ca|)ilal  iiid  the  younger  ollleers  nf  the 
army  bitterly  denounced  the  dishonoiiieil  lluv 
crniniMit.  and  urged  thi'  King  to  strike  bir  the 
iredil  of  his  country.  .  .  .  Hriniswick  was  sinn 
moiled  to  the  King's  council  to  form  plan.,  nf  ^ 
lampaign:  and  appeals  for  help  were  hi  ui  lu 
Vienna,  to  St.  Petersburg,  and  even  to  the  li.istile 
Court  of  London.  The  condition  of  Pruv^i;l  m 
this  criliial  moment  was  one  whieli  tilled  »itli 
the  dee|>est  ahirm  those  few  patriotic  slatesiiieii 
who  were  not  blinded  by  national  vanity  or  liy  a 
slavery  to  routine.  .  .  Early  in  tlieyeur  isiiii  a 
paper  was  drawn  up  by  Stiin.  exposing,  in  Imm 
guagesehlom  used  by  a  statesman,  tin'  elninn  h  r 
of  the  men  by  wlioiu  Frederick  William  was  Mir 
rounded,  and  declaring  that  m  thing  bin  a  >|u cily 
change  of  system  cmild  save  the  I'mssiuii  Slate 
from  utter  downfall  and  ruin.  Two  m:a>.iues  of 
immediate  necessity  were  siMcilled  bv  Sli  in.  Ilie 
eslablishiiient  of  a  responsilile  council  of  Minis 
lers,  and  the  removal  of  H'liigwitz  and  all  his 
friends  from  power.  .  .  .  The  army  of  Prus>iii 
.  .  .  was  nothing  but  the  army  of  Fredi  rick  ilie 
Great  grown  twenty  years  ohier.  .  .  .  All  S^iiili 
ern  Germany  was  still  in  Napoleon's  In*.  Tin; 

appeamnce  of  a  Russian  force  in  Ihilina  . .  .f*'r 
that  country  had  been  ceded  by  Auslrii.  ,.  llu- 
Freneli  Emperor,  had  given  Napoleon  a:  .  ,.  iim> 
for  niai'itaining  his  triMips  in  their  positions  lie- 
yimd  the  Kliine.  As  the  probability  of  a  «  ir 
with  Prussia  beiami'  greater  and  greater.  Niip" 
Icon  lightened  his  grasp  upon  the  Coiilerji  rule 
Slates.  Publications  originating  among  the  |i;i 
Iriotic  circles  of  Austria  were  beginning  i.p  :i|i 
jieal  to  tlie  German  people  to  unite  ag;iiii~i  ii 
foreign  oppressor.  An  anonymous  painplilet. 
enlitled  'Germany  in  its  Deep  Humiliation,  was 
.sold  by  various  ixMiksellers  in  Bavaria,  iinviig 
others  by  Palm,  a  citizen  of  NuremUrg.  I'lu  re 
is  uo  evidence  thai  Palm  was  even  aciiuainieil 
with  the  contents  of  the  pamphlet ;  but  .  .  Nii 
poleon  .  .  .  reipiired  a  victim  to  terrify  iIhim' 
who.  among  the  German  peopli'.  niiiiht  hf  in 
(•lined  to  liiiU'n  to  the  call  of  patrii>lisni.  I'uliii 
was  not  t(«)  obscure  for  the  new  (  .larlenni.ne. 
The  innocent  and  unoffending  man.  iniio.  mt 
even  of  the  honourable  crime  of  atteiiipiinir  to 
save  his  country,  was  dragged  before  a  triliuiial 
of  French  soldiers,  and  executed  within  twnny 
four  hours  of  his  trial,  in  pursuance  of  tlie  iin 
perative  orders  of  Napoleon  (August  iiii 
Several  years  later.  .  .  .  the  story  of  I'liin  s 
death  was  one  of  those  that  kindl.d  the  biiiei.^l 
sense  of  wrong;  at  the  time,  it  exerciseil  ii"  in 
tluence  upon  the  course  of  polilieal  ev.niv 
Prussia  hail  already  resolved  upon  war.  '  i  .V 
FyiTe.  I/i»t.  nf  Mmh'nt  Hnrojie,  r.  1.  r/i.  Ii  7 

Ai.so  IN:  Sir  W.  Scott,  Ufr  "/'  .V.i;«''^.' ,  ■■li 
."il-.V,'. — I.  K.  Seeley.  U/eiiiiil  Tiiiiea '■/ Sl-i  .  I'l. 
■J.  <•/(.  4-.')(r.  li.— P'  |j«nfrey,  l/inl  vf  .V//..i»"i. 
r.  'J.  eft.  l,"i. 

A.  D.  i8o6  (Octoberi.  —  Napoleon's  sudden 
invasion  of  Prussia.— The  decisive  battle  of 
Jena.— Prostration  of  the  Prussian  Kingdom. 
—  "The  Emperor  of  Russia  .  .  .  visited  I!,  liin. 
when  the  feelings  of  PnisHia,  and  indeed  ''i  :iil 
the   neighbouring  states,  were  in   this  h  vcr  ol 


lo42 


GERMANY,  1806 


Jena  and 
ita  conaequenctt. 


GERMANY,  180«. 


excitement.     Me  Sftnin  iirited  Krcilcrick  Willlttm 
to  take  iiparnis  in  tlic  cDinniDn  cimm;  iiml  (itlcrcil 
to  l>ack  liini  witli  all  tlii^  forces  of  hi.s  own  Kri-,it 
empire.      The   Kngllsli   covernment,  taking  lul- 
vantage of  tlif  same  orisis,  «til  Lord  Morpeth  Id 
Berlin,  with  offers  of  i>eeuniBrv  supplies  — ul«)nt 
the  acceptance  of  wliieli,  hoCvevir.  I  he  anxiety 
of  Prussia  on  the   sul)Ject  of   Hanover  createil 
some   (lilllcnity.       Lastly,  nuonapiirle,  well   in- 
formeil  of  what  was  pa.Hsin(!  in  Uerlin.  ami  lie- 
airous,  since  war  noist  lie.  to  Imrry   Kredirick 
into  the  Held  iru  the  armies  of  the  Czar  could  he 
joined  with  his,  now  pound  out  in  the  '  .Moni- 
teur' such  abuse  on  the  persons  ami  charaoters 
of  the  Queen,  I'rince  Louis,  and  every  illustrious 
patriot   throughout   Prussia,    that    the    genenii 
wrath  couhl  no  hwiger  be  held  in  cheek.     War 
like  preparations  of  every  kind  tilled  the  king 
dom  during  August  anil  September.     On  the  1st 
of  OctolKT  the  Prussian  minister  at   Paris  prc- 
.sented  a  note  tn  Tallevranii,  (hnmnding.  among 
other  things,  that  tin-  formation  of  a  confederacy 
in  the  north  of  (iermany  should  no  longer  be 
thwarteil  by   French  interference,  and  that  the 
French  tnsips  within  the  territories  of  tlie  Klien- 
ish  League  should  recros.s  the  Rhine  into  France, 
bv  the  Hth  of  the  same  month  of  OctolKT.     But 
Napoleon  was  already  in  person  on  the  (Jemian 
side  of  the  Rhine;  and  his  answer  to  the  I'rus 
sian  note  was  a  general  onhT  to  his  own  troops. 
in  which  he  called  on   them  to  observe  in  what 
manner  a  (temian  sinereign  still  dared  to  insult 
the  soldiers  of  Austerlit/.     The  conduct  of  Prus- 
sia, in  thus  rushing  into  liostilitics  without  wait- 
ing for  the  advance  of  the  Russians,  was  as  rash 
as   her  liolding  back  from    Austria  duritig  the 
campaign  of  Austerlit/.  hail  been  cowardlv.     .\s 
if  determined  to  profit  by  no  lesson,  the  I'fussian 
council  also  directed  their  armv  to  advance  to 
wanls  the  French,  instead  of  Iving  on  their  own 
frontier  — a  repetition  of  the  great  leading  blun- 
der of  tlie  Aiistrians  in  the  preceding  vear.    The 
Prussian  army  accordingly  invaded  'the  Saxon 
provinces,  and  the  Klector  .   .   .  was  compelled 
tt)  accept  the  alliance  which  the  cabinet  of  Uer- 
lin urgtsl  on   him.  and  to  juin  his  troops  with 
those  of  the  power  by  which  lie  had  been  thus 
insulted  and  wronged.      No  sooner  did  Napoleon 
know  that  the  Prussians  had  advanced  into  the 
heart  of  .Saxony,  than  he  formed  llie  plan  of  his 
campaijjn;  and  they,  persisting  in  their  advance, 
and  tjiking  up  their  position  tinally  on  the  Saale,' 
afforded  him,  as  if  studiously,  the  means  of  re- 
peating, at  their  expense,  the  verv  mameuvres 
which  had  ruined  the  Austrians  in  "the  precedin" 
campaign."    The  flank  of  the  Pru.ssian  position 
was  turned,  — the  bridge  across  the  Saale,  at  Saal- 
tield,  having  lieen  secured,  after  a  hot  engage- 
ment with  the  corps  of  Prince  Louis  of  Prussia 
who  fell  in  the  tight,—'-  ihe  Fn'ncli  army  passed 
entirely  round    tlieni;  Napoleon   seized   Naum- 
I'urg  and   blew  up  the   magazines   there.— an- 
ii.uncing,  for  the  first  time,  by  this  explosion,  to 
ilie  King  of  Prussia  and  his  gem  nilissimo  the 
Duke  of  Brunswick,  that  he  was  in  their  rear.    ! 
From  this  moment  the  Prussians  were  isnlmed. 
and  cut  oft  from  all  their  resources,  as  completely 
IIS  the  army   of   .Mack    was  at    llm.  when   the 
French    had    pas.seil    the   Danube   and   oveirui. 
Suabia.      The  Duke  of   Brunswick    hastily  en- 
deavoured to  concentrate  his  forces  for  the  pur- 
p■.^^^i.  of  cutting  his  way  b:H.k  n--jiii  to  the  franiior 
which  he  had  so  rashly  abandoned.     Napoleon 


meantime,  had  posted  ills  dirisiims  soastn  watrh 
the  chief  passages  of  the  Smile,  and  exoected,  in 
confidence,  the  assault  of  his  outwitted  opponent. 
It  was  now  that  In-  found  leisure  to  answer  the 
manifesto  of  Frederick  William.  .   .   .   His  letter, 
dated  at  Oera,  is  written  in  the  most  eiatM)rato 
style  of  Insult.  ,  .  .  The  Prussian  King  under- 
stiHsl  well,  im  learning  the  fall  of  Naumburg, 
the  imminent  danger  of  his  position;    and   his 
army  was  forthwith  set  in  inoticm,  in  two  great 
masses;  the  foriner, where  he  was  in  person  pres- 
ent, advancing   towards   Naumburg;  the   latter 
attempting,  in  like  manner,  to  force  their  pas- 
sage through  the  French  line  in  the  neighbour- 
hiKHl  of  .Jena.     The   King's  march  was  arrested 
at  Auersfadt  by  Davoust,  who,  after  a  severely 
confesfed  acfinn,  at  length  npelled  the  assailant. 
Na|Hili'iin  himself,  meanwhile,  w. is  engaged  with 
the  other  great  body  of  the  Prussians.     Arriving 
(m  the  evening  of  the  i:ith  October  at  Jena,  he 
perceived  that  the  enemy  were  readv  to  attempt 
the  advance  next  morning,  wliile  his  own  heavy 
train  was  still  six-and  thirty  hours'  march  in  his 
rear.     Not  discouraL'ed  with  this  adversi'  circum- 
stance, the  Emperor  lalMiiired  all  night  in  directing 
atidencouragiughissoldiery  locuf  aroml  throui;h 
tlie  rocks,  and  draw  up  by  "that  means  such  light 
guns  as  he  had  at  command  to  a  position  on  a 
lofty  |ili>teau  in    front   of  .fena,  where   no   man 
could  have  expected  beforehand  that  any  artil- 
lery whatever  should   !«■  planted.   .   .   .  "Lannes 
commanded  the  centre.  Augereau  the  right,  Siiult 
the   left,  and    Murat   the   reserve   and  cavalry. 
Soult  had  to  sustain  tlir  first  assault  of  the  Prus- 
sians, which  was  viol,  nt -and  sudden;  for  the 
mist    lay  so  thick  on  the  Held  that  the  armies 
were  within  half  gunshot  of  each  other  ere  the 
sun  anil  wind  ros<  and  disco*,  red  tliem,  and  on 
that  instant  Mnllemlorf  charged.    The  battle  was 
contested  well  fur  some  time  on  this  point;  but 
at  length  Ney  appeared  in  the  rear  of  the  Em- 
peror with  a  fresh  division;  mid  tlien  the  French 
centre    advanred    to  a   general   chiiriie,    before 
which  the  I'russians  were  forced  to  retire.    They 
moved  for  some  sp:  ■e  in  gi»,d  order;  but  Mura"t 
now    poured    his   masses  of  cavalry   on   tlicpi. 
storm  after  storm,  with  such  rapidity  and  vehe- 
mence  that   their   rout   twcaine   inevitalile.       It 
ended  in  Ihe  complete  breakiii;;  up  of  the  army 
—  horse  and  f...it  all  flying  together,  in  the  con- 
fusion of  panic,  upon  the  road  to  Weimar.     At 
tli.it  point  Ihe  fiiL'itives  met  and  ininirli ,1  with 
their  brethren  Hying.  asconfuM'illy  asfheinselves, 
from  Auersiadt,      In  the  course  of  this  disastrous 
day  30.(MK)   Prussians  were  kilhil  or  taken.  300 
guns.  20  generals,  and  60  standards.     The  Com- 
mander in-Chief,  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  being 
wounded    in   Ihe    f.ice   with   a   grape-shot,   wa-i 
carried  early  olT  Ihe  field,  never  to  recover. 
Tlie  various  routed  divisions  roamed  alsmt  tin; 
country,  seekini;  separately  the  means  of  esea]>e: 
they  were   in   eonsei|uence   destined    to    fall    an 
e^'sy   prey.   .       .    The    Prince  of   llohenlohe   at 
length  drew    lou'ether   not    jess   than   .lO.Oiiil   of 
these  wandering  soldiers,"  and  retreated  towards 
the   Oil.r.  bin    «;»   forced,  in   the   end,  to   lay 
down   his  arms  at   Prentzlow.     'Ilis  rear,  con- 
sisting of  about   10. OIK),  under  ilie  command  of 
Ihe   celebrated  (leneral  liluclier.  was  so  far  be- 
hind as  to  render  it  pos.sible  l',.r  Iliem  to  attempt 
escape.     Their  heroic  leader  traversed  Ihe  coun- 
try   ..ilii    til.  Ill    1..I    some    lime    unbroken,    and 
sustained  a  variety  of  a.-'-aults,  from  far  superior 


1543 


m 


y    i 


OERMANY,  180«. 


of  iVuMta. 


OEHMANY.   180« 


r^  'Y 


numtK'n,  with  llio  most  (ilistlnntc  resolution. 
By  ilr^jrees,  liowi'vcr.  the  French,  uncUr  So\ilt, 
hemnu'd  him  in  on  on"  side,  Miinit  on  tlie  otliir, 
Hn>l  IVrniulotte  appeureil  eloM' iM'liind  him.  lie 
W)iH  tliiis  forced  to  tlirow  hiniM-if  into  LtilK'cli, 
wlnri' a  severe  action  wiH  foiik'ht  .n  tile  Btreetn 
of  tlie  Ic'wn.  on  tlie  flili  of  NovemlHT.  Tlie  I'riis- 
lian.  in  tliis  Imllle,  lent  4, IKK)  prisoiurs,  liesiiies 
tlie  sliiiii  ujiil  wiMinileii;  lie  ri'Ireiiteil  toSeliwerta, 
mill  till  ri'.  it  lieini;  impossilile  for  him  to  ^o  far 
tiler  without  violiitini;  the  neutrality  of  Denmarli, 
on  the  inorniDf;  of  the  7tli.  Ulucher  lit  h  iiL'th 
laid  down  his  arms.  .  .  .  The  stronj;  fortresses 
of  the  i*russian  monarchy  tiiade  us  inelfectual 
resistance  as  the  armies  in  the  tleld.  .  .  .  Buona- 
parte, in  person,  entered  Herlin  on  the  'iMU  of 
Octoher;  and  before  the  end  of  Novemher.  ex- 
cept K  nicslMTjj  —  where  the  Kin^  himself  had 
found  iiluu'e.  and  gathered  round  liiiu  a  few 
thousjind  troops  .  .  .  — and  a  few  less  impor- 
tjint  fortres.ses.  the  whole  of  tlie  (tertiiau  posses- 
sions of  the  hi>us<*  of  Hrandenhur.i;  were  in  the 
hands  of  the  eonipieror.  Louis  Btionaparte.  Kin^ 
of  llollaiid.  meanwhile  had  advanced  into  West- 
phalia and  occupied  that  territory  also,  with 
great  part  of  Hanover.  Kast  Kriesland.  Kmliden. 
iin<l  the  dominions  of  llesse-Casael." — .1  (i.  I^oek- 
hart,  Liffof  Sitiitttfon,  fit.  20. 

Ai.w>  IN:  ('.  Ad;ims,  irirat  f''iiitjktigiiii  in 
Enrnjit  fnnii  1796  <i>  IHTO,  rh.  4.  — Haron  jomini. 
Lift'  t)f  XiifHifi'tii,  ch.  ^  [r.  2).  —  Mitmnrn  of  \<ijt<t- 
leihi  ,'tirtiiltil  <it  St.  /Heiia.  r.  n.  pp.  M-'H.—riiT 
A.  Alison.  IfiKt.  "/  E'iroiif.  17H"J-lHir),  eh.  411  (r. 
1(1)  —Duke  of  Kovigo,  .Vemnirii,  r.  1.  jit.  i,  ch. 
21-'.';l. 

A.  D.  i8o6  (October— December).— Napo- 
leon's unrenerous  use  of  his  victory.— His  in- 
sults to  the  Queen  of  Prussia. — The  kingdom 
governed  as  conauered  territory. — The  French 
advance  into  Poland,  to  meet  the  Russians. — 
Saxony  made  a  kingdom. — "Napoleon  made  a 
severe  and  uuiienerous  use  of  his  victory.  The 
old  Miikeof  Brunswick,  nspectable  from  liisase. 
his  achii'vi  incuts  under  th«  (Jreat  Freihrii  k.  and 
the  honounilile  wounds  he  had  recently  received 
on  the  tield  of  liatlle.  and  who  had  "written  u 
letter  to  Napoleim,  after  the  battle  of  Jena, 
recommending  his  subjects  to  his  generosity, 
was  in  an  especial  manner  the  object  of  invec- 
tive. His  states  were  overrun,  and  the  ottlcial 
bulletins  disgniced  by  a  puerile  tirade  against  a 

genenil  who  had  done  nothing  but  discharge  hia 
uty  to  his  sovereign.  For  tliis  he  was  punished 
bv  the  total  contiscalion  of  his  dominions.  So 
virulent  was  the  language  employed,  and  such 
the  ap|ireliensions  in  cousi'iiu.iice  inspired,  that 
the  wounded  general  was  compelled,  with  gre.it 
personal  sutTcring.  to  take  refuge  in  Altona, 
where  he  soon  after  died.  The  tjuecn.  whose 
spirit  in  prosperous  and  <'onstancy  iuadverw'  for- 
tune had  justly  endeand  her  to  her  subjects, 
and  riiiilered  her  the  ailiuiration  of  all  Kurope, 
was  pursued  in  SU'  ressive  bulletins  with  un- 
manly sarcasms;  and  a  heroic  princess,  whose 
only  f:iull.  if  fault  it  was.  had  been  an  excess  of 
patriniic  ardiiur.  was  cotnpan-d  to  Helen,  whose 
faitliiess  vii-es  had  involved  her  country  in  the 
eal.-iniities  cnnsi'ipienl  on  the  siege  of  Troy.  The 
whole  doniiniolis  of  the  K.lector  of  Hesse  Cassil 
Were  iiiM  M'i/.id;  and  thai  prin<'e.  who  had  not 
even  coiiibaied  at  .lena,  but  merelv  permitted, 
when  he  r:}\\h\  w.A  prevent,  the  eutrv  •..•f  the 
I*rus.siau.-3  into  bis  dominions,  was  dcthruned  and 


'    deprived  of  all  hi«  pomieiwions.       .   .   The  Priun- 

{    of  Orange,  hnither-in  law  to  the  King  of  I'rus-ii, 

I    .   .   .  shared  the  same  fate:  while  to  the  nohli  s 

I   of  Berlin  he  iiseil  publi<'ly  the  cruel  cvpres-iin. 

I   more  withering  to  his  own  reputation  than  lln  ir^! 

—  't  will  render  that  noblesse  so  p<H>rili:it  ih- v 

»ll:lll   111' obliired  to  beg   their  bread.'  .    .    .    Mi-i,n 

!    «  Idle  the  French  armies,  without  any  furiln  r  re 

sistance,  toi>k    possession  of   the  wliolc  cimnirv 

I    betw I  the  Uhiin'and  theOder;  and  in  the  ii:i!- 

i  of  the  victorious  bands  uppeanil,  in  scvcriiv  iiu 
preceilente<l  even  in  the  revolutionaiy  :itinic-, 
the  dismal  scour  e  of  eontriliutions.  "lii-.ilv.  I 
to  maintain  the  war  exclusively  on  the  pnivinns 
which  were  to  W  its  theatre.  Napolcm  h:i,|  lak.  n 
only  'J4.IHM1  fnines  in  specie  across  the  liliine  in 
the  military  chest  of  the  army.  It  soon  appi  .in d 
fi'om  whom  the  dcticiencv  was  to  be  suppii..! 
On  the  ihiy  after  the  battle  of  .Icn.i  appianl  a 
priH'lamalion,  directing  the  levy  of  an  I'Mre-r 
dinary  war  contribution  of  l.'ilt.oiNl.ooo  fraiiis 
(itt.lHMt.tHHJ)  on  the  countries  at  war  willi  I'lan.  ,■ 
of  which  1(IO.(K)(I.(X)0  was  to  W  borne  by  llie 
Prussian  states  to  the  west  of  th.-  Vi~iul.i 
2.->.IKKI.(»(M)  by  the  K.lector  of  Saxony  [wli,,  had 
already  detached  himself  from  his  alli:ini'e  with 
Pn;>sial.  and  the  remainder  by  the  hs.ser  sl;iti  s 
in  tilt!  Prussian  confederacy.  This  eiiorninus 
burden  .  .  .  was  levied  with  unrelenting  sever 
ity.  .  .  .  Xor  was  this  all.  The  whole  dvil  ;iii 
thorities  who  remained  in  the  nbandoiiid  prnv 
inces  were  compeMed  to  take  an  oath  of  lidi  Iiu 
to  the  French  Emperor.^an  unprecedeiitid  --ii  |i, 
which  clearly  indicated  the  intention  of  anw  ^ 
ing  the  Prussian  dominions  to  the  grp;it  naiii  ii 
.  .  .  Early  in  Novemlier  there  a|>p(areil  an  elib 
unite  onlinance.  which  jirovided  fortlie  cunipii  te 
civil  organisatiim  and  military  occuiiation  nf  the 
whole  country  from  the  Hliine  to  the  Vi-liili 
By  this  deere(t  the  conquered  states  wen*  ili\  iij.  d 
into  four  departments;  .Imse  fif  Berlin,  of  M:i_' 
deburg.  of  Stettin,  and  of  Custriu;  tlie  niiliiaiy 
ami  civil  government  of  the  whole  loiiiiind 
territory  was  intrusted  to  a  governor  gciurnl  at 
Berlin,  having  under  him  eight  commaiiders  if 
provinces  into  which  it  was  divided.  .  .  Tlie 
same  system  of  govenimeiit  was  cxtendid  tn  llie 
duchy  of  Brunswick,  the  states  of  llis-i-  aiil 
Hanover,  the  duchy  of  Mirklenburir.  an  I  ilie 
Hans<!  towns,  including  Hamburg,  whirh  uis 
speedily  oppressed  by  grievous  eontribuii'Mi^ 
.  .  .  The  EmpcMr  ofienly  announced  liisditir 
mination  to  retain  possession  of  all  tin  ~i-  siaii  s 
till  England  consented  to  his  deniands  on  ti.e 
subject  of  the  liberty  of  the  seas.  .  .  Nb  in 
while  the  negotiations  for  the  conclusion  .1  a 
wparate  peace  between  Fnnce  and  I'russi .  "■  n- 
resumed.  .  .  .  The  seviTity  of  tlie  ti-nns  ,!.• 
nianded.  as  well  as  .  .  .  express  assuraims  I'lir 
no  concessions,  how  great  siK-vcr.  could  lr:td  i  '  :t 
separati?  accommiKlation,  as  N;ipoleiiii  w.is  r- 
solved  to  retain  all  his  comiucsts  until  a  f  w  ^^ 
peace,  led,  as  migiit  have  been  cxpecteit,  ti>  iih 
rupture  of  the  negotiations.  I>espir:ite  ;is  lln- 
fortunes  of  Prussia  were,  .  .  .  the  Kinu' 
declared  his  resolution  to  stand  or  tall  "iili  !!"■ 

Emperor  of    Bussi;i    [who  w:is  vignmiisly  i 

paring  to  fulfil  his  promise  of  help  to  the  strii  '.'  ;i 
nation).  This  refusal  was  anliripaled  by  N  i)  ■ 
Icon  It  reached  him  at  Posen,  wliilher  le-  h  il 
advanced  on  his  ro.-id  to  the  Vistula;  and  ni.tlnri-- 
remained  '..".it,  t<.'  enti  r  vii.'orour'lv  on  th"  !.'.i-i 
cution  of  the  war  in  I'oland.     To  this  peri.  1  '  t 


1544 


;,H 


i.:-i-:  'M 


OEKMANV,  180« 


NapnUon  and 
Huuia. 


OERMAXV,   1806-180T 


the  war  hPlonKR  thi-  fnmnuii  llirlin  drrrco  fsi'f 
Franck:   a.  I).  lN<)fl-lH10|  (if  till'  ilMi   Niivrin 
Iht  Hftuinst  till' nmiinircc  (if  Oriiit  llriluiii    .   . 
Nttpolcdii  .  .   .  »t    I'dsiii,   in    I'nisiiiiin    I'dlaml. 

fave  ftiidiftiro  to  tlic  (l(|iiiii,.«  of  timl  iiiilm|i|iy 
Ingdoiii,  wild  ciiiiia  to  impldn'  his  sii|ip(irt  to 
the  reiiminH  iif  iis  (imv  inichiv  (hiiiiiiijun.  His 
words  were  lahiilatcd  to  (•X(il('  Ijiiims  which  liis 
BUhiH'iitumt  ('(iiidiict  never  nallscd  While 

the  main  ImkIv  of  ihe  French  arinv  was  ailvanc 
Intf  by  rapid  strides  from  the  Oder  tn  ilic  Vis- 
tula, Najidlcdn.  ever  imxious  In  s((  iire  his  eorii 
miiiileulidns.  and  clear  his  rear  of  hosiil,.  Iii.dics. 
caused  twodillcrent  armies  Id  advance  Insiippnri 
tile  rtiinksdf  llie  Inviidini;  fiirce  .  .  Tlie  wlmle 
of  tilt"  niirtli  df  (ierniaiiy  wiis  dverrun  hy  Freia  li 
tr(M)i)s,  wliile  1(MI.(«M»  Here  asseinlilini;' !.■  meet 
tlic  formidalile  le,i;idiis  of  Uiissia  in  the  heart  of 
I'uland.  Vast  as  the  forces  of  Napoleon  w'(  re, 
such  |iro(lit;iiiiis  efTorts.  over  s(i  ftreal  an  extent 
of  surface,  rendered  fresh  snpplies  indispensalile. 
Thu  senate  at  I'aris  was  ready  In  furnish  them: 
and  (in  iIk^  re(|iiisition  df  the  Knipemr  ho.ikio 
wen'  voted  from  the  y.iutli  who  were  to  arrive 
at  the  nnlilary  a^e  in  IHOT  A  Ireatv,  olTcn 

sive  and  defensive,  lietwcen  Saxony  and  Knnce, 
was  the  natural  residl  of  these  suicesses.  This 
ronvention,  arran>,'e(l  by  Tidlevrand,  was  siijned 
at  Pdseii,  (in  Ihe  lath  I)ecemrHr.  It  stipulated 
that  Ihe  Klecldr  of  .Saxiiuy  shoidd  lie  i  levated  to 
the  diirnity  of  kini;:    he  was  admitted  into  the 

Confederation  of  the  Uliine,  and  his  ( tinfjent 

tixed  at  2(),(KW)  men.  Hy  a  separate  arli(  le,  it 
was  provided  that  Ihe  passajrc  cf  foreii;n  troojis 
across  the  kinirdom  of  Saxony  shouhl  lake  place 
without  the  Consent  of  lhesoverei);ii  a  provision 
which  siifflcienlly  pointed  it  (Mil  as  a  mililarv 
outpost  of  the  great  nation—  while,  hv  a  siilisiil 
iary  treaty,  sii^ned  at  Fosen  three  (lavs  after 
wards,  the  whole  minor  princes  of  the  house  of 
Saxony  were  alsoadmitted  into  the  Confederacy  " 
—Sir  A.  Alison,  //i«(.  „/  Kiiri>i>,-.  \'tm-iH\:,  ',/, 
43,  wrt.  b7-«lt(c.  10). 

Ai.si)  IN:    V.    Ijinfrey.  Ifint.  ,•/  Xijmlo'ii.  r.  2. 
rh.  1(1.  — Mrs.  .S.   Austin,  drnniiiii/  fr„m   17(10  tn 
ISU,    ;..   i>M.  „i,.l   „fl,r  -;■■.    Ii:    iludson,    /.iu- 
unit    Tiiiuii  of  Ijiiiiiiui,  Omen  .  f  I'ruhniii    r   'J    r/i 
S-«.  ... 

A.  D.  1806-1807.—  Opening  of  Napoleon's 
campaign  lurainst  the  Russians.— The  delud- 
ine  of  tTie  Poles.— Indecisive  battle  of  Eylau. 

—The  campaij.'!!  a.irain.sl  the  Kussians  ■■opened 
early  in  llie  winter.  The  1st  of  .\oveTiili..r,  the 
Kussians  and  French  marched  towards  the  Vis- 
tula. Ihe  f.prmer  from  lli(.  .M(.mel,  Ihe  latter  from 
tlic.(>d(.r.  Fifty  thousand  Uiissians  pressi.d  for 
ward  under  (leiiend  Heimini;sen :  a  second  ati.l 
ei|U:d  army  follnwed  at  a  distance  with  a  rcs(.rve 
f"rce.  Some  of  the  Hiissiaii  fon  (.s  on  the  Turk 
i-li  frontier  were  n.calli.d.  hut  w(.re  still  remote. 
The  lirst  two  l{ussi:in  armies,  with  the  remaiiiini; 
I'russians,  numbered  about  1','O.IKK).  Ku^'laiid 
made  many  promises  and  kept  few  of  t~heni. 
tliinkin,ij  more  of  eon(Hierinc;  Spanish  and  Diitdi 
iTloni(.'»  than  of  helping;  lur  allies,  Ibr  aid 
w;is  limited  to  a  small  reitiforci. mi.nl  of  tlie 
Suedes  jruardinir  Swedish  i'omcrauia.  tli(.  onlv 
l-ertion  of  N'orlliern  (Germany  not  vet  in  FR.nc'h 
|"'tter.  Ouslavus  II,,  the  viaini;  Kin.i;  of  Swe- 
il"n,  weak  and  impulsive,  ru'slied  iKadlon.i:,  with 
cut  a  motive,  inio  the  .  .  .  alliance  [aL'...lnst 
Niipoleonj.  (h.slined  !o  !»•  -u-.  rsial  ;/•.  Sw. -.!.-., 
.   Eighty  thousand  men  under  .Mural  cro.ssed 


I   the  Oder  and  enli.nd  Prussian  Poland,  and  an 
i   e(|ual    niindiir    stoinl    nadv    to    susbdn    them. 
I    -N'ovemlier  it,    Davout's  division  enlered   Pos<'n, 
Ihe  jiriiK  ipal  town  of  the  Polish  |iroviuces  still 
preservinj;    the   national    senllmenl,   and    whosi! 
people  detested    Prussian  ride  and  resented  Ihe 
treachery  wilh  «hl(  h  Prussia  dismembered  Po- 
land aflir  swcarini;  alliance  w  ith  lar     -Ml  along 
Ihe   road.    Ihe    peasants   hiistened    to   meet    the 
Freiif  Ii;  and  at   Pom  n,  Davout  was  hailed  with 
an  enthusiasm  wliiih  in(iv(.d  (ven  him,  cold  and 
s(.v(.re  as  he  was,  and  he  urged  .Napoleon  to  jus- 
tify the  hopes  of  Poland,  who  looked  to  him  as 
hiT    savior.       Tie.    Itussian    vanguard    reach(.d 
Warsaw  Isfore  Ihe  French,  but  m.'ide  no  ellort  to 
remainlhere.  and  recrosscdthe Vistula.      .Novem 
her  ■.'H.  Davoul  and  .Murat  entered  Ihe  town,  and 
jiulilic  d(. light  knew  no  bounds.     It  would  be  a 
men    illusion   to  f;iricy  that  sentiments  of  right 
and  jusiicc  had  any  share  in  Napoleon's  resolve, 
and  thai   h(.  was  stirred   by  a   desire  to   repair 
gnat  wrongs.      His  oidy  (|"uestion  was  whether 
Ihe   resurredion  of    Poland    would  increase    his 
grealniss  or  not ;  and  if  he  told  Ilie  Sidtan  that 
he  mc.iiit  to  ri.slore  Poland,  it   was  l».causc  he 
thought  Turkev  wdidd  assist  him  the  more  will 
iiigly  against  I{us.sia.      He  al.so  olfered  part  of 
Silesia  to  .\ustria,  if  she  would  aid  him  iu  the 
nsloration  of  Poland  by  the  cession  of  her  Polish 
proviiKis;  but   it  was  iiot  a  sullicient  offer,  ami 
Iherefor,.  not  serious       The  truth  was  that  he 
w;mled  promises  from  the  Poles  before  he  made 
:i'iy  to  them.   .   .   .  Thousands  of  Poles  enlisted 
iiiel(.r    111,.    Freiiih    lliig   and    joined    Ihe   Polish 
li  gions  left  from  Ihe  Italian  war.      Napoleon  es- 
talilislii.,|  a  provisional  goveriirm.nl  of  well-know  11 
Poles  in  Warsaw,  and  reciuired  nothing  but  vol 
iml(.ers  of  thi.  country,      lie  had  si'i/.ed  without 
a  blow  that   line  of  liie  Vistula  which  the  Prus 
sian  ki.ig  would  not  barter  for  a  truce,  and  might 
have   gon(.  into  wintcr-(iuarters  there,    but    the 
Uussians  were   (lose  at    hand   on   Ihe   opposili? 
shor(..  in  two  great  divisions  lOO.tWMl  .strong,  in  a 
woodid  ..md  m.-irshy  country  forming  a  sort  of 
triangle,  whose  point  touches  Ihe  union  of  Ihe 
Narew  and  Ukra  rivers  wilh  the  Vistida,  a  few- 
leagues  lielow  Warsaw.     The  l<us.sianscoinmuni- 
(ated  with  the  sea  by  a  Priis.sian  corps  stationed 
betW(.(.n  them  and  Danlzie.      Naiioleon  would  not 
|p(.i^mit  them  to  hold  this  [lost,  and  ri.solved   to 
strike  a  lilow,  before  going  into  winter-(iuarters, 
wliich  should  (lit    th(.m  ott    from   Ihe   sea   and 
drive  them  back  towards  the  .Memel  and  l.itliu 
aula.      lli.  (.rosM.d  th,.  \  isiiila.  December  ■2:i.  and 
;iit:i(ked  the  Uussians  bi.tw(.(.n  Ihe  .Narew  and  the 
I'kra.     A  .series  of  bloody  battles  followed  [the 
most  import.'int   liiing  at  Pultuskand  Golvmin. 
Dec.  ■-2(1]  in  tlie  densi.  forests  and  de|.p  bcigs  of 
the  thawing  land,      X:ipoleon  said  that   he  had 
discovered    a    tifih   element    ill    Poland.— mud. 
Men  and  liors(.s  stuck  in  the  swamp  and  the  can- 
nons could  not  111.  (.xtricated.      I.uckilv  Ihe  Uus- 
sians W(.re  in  lli(.  inc.impeteiit  hands  iif  (Ji.neral 
K:inieii>ki,  ,.ind  both  parti(.s  fouglit  in  the  dark, 
till,  labyrinth  of  swamps  and  woods  preventiu,!; 
1  'lie. r  army  from  guessing  tin.  other's  movemc.nts. 
The  Uussians  wi.re  tinallv  driven,  with  great  lo.s.s, 
b(.yond  the    Nare'.-.-  towards  the         -sts  of  Hel 
iwtok.   and    a    Prussian  corps   striving  to  assist 
t'lem  was  driven  back  1(1  lli(.s(.a.    .   .   .  The  graml 
army  did   not    long  (.njoy  the  rest    it    so  "much 
.•i-r-led;  fiirthc  Ku-s-sian.-i,  wii...s.  l.,.s.s<-s  w.-ie  more 
tliau  made  up  by  the  arrival  of  their  reserves. 


'^1 
^^1 


1545 


OEUMANY,   I«0«-1H07 


(IKHMANY.   t»OT 


f 


i  i- 

•■  I, 


•iiddonly  rrsiimcil  tlir  nlTcnxlvc  (iincnil  Ifcn 
nin;;M*'ii,  \vlii>  ^;i\i'  it  fnirful  pnHif  nf  lii>4  siiiinUT 
ni<T;r>  hv  Ihc  iniirdrr  of  Paul  1.,  Iiiul  Im-cii  put  in 
roiniuiuxl  ill  K;uiii-ii!il\i'-i  |>lm-r.  MurcliiDi;  rouiitl 
tlic  fort^ls  mill  lriiv(r>iiii.'  Ilii'  liiii'  of  laki*  wliiiii 
iliviilr  llir  tiasin  nf  I'.i'  Nurrw  fnun  lliosi'  wiiirr 
t'durw"*  tl'twiiii:  iljni  tly  to  the  si-u.  In-  rrarlirti 
tlir  iiiaritiini'  |>art  nf  uM  l'ru»-i»,  intiiiiiiiitf  In 
iMxM  llii'  Vi-tiila  mill  ■Irivc  llir  Kniirli  frnin  llicir 
|n>siiinii  ill  I'nianil  III'  Iriil  Impril  lo  mirpriv 
llir  rriiiili  lill  wim;.  luiii;  lirTrtirn  ilic  riisHiiri;i> 
tihil  l.iiwcr  Vistula,  ImH  iirrivnl  Inn  latr  Niy 
Hiitl  HrrMaili>tii'  rii|ii'lly  rnnn-ntra'cii  llicir  fnrn-s 
and  fniit;lit  with  a  lintviTV  wliicli  iirrcstrd  llii- 
HiiNsiaiH  i.lanuary  ■-'.■)  ami  '-'T).  Niiixilnnn  caiiii' 
In  llii'  ri'MUc.  iiimI  liaviii;;  niicc  driven  llir  cnnny 
intn  the  wnnds  and  nian-licH  nf  llir  iiitrrinr.  nnw 
Btrnvc  Inliini  llin.1' hIiii  inriiiit  In  turn  liini.  I>y 
Hii  iiivirsi' actimi  fnnin):  lliriii  tn  Ilic  hi'ii  rnaiit. 
Id  iiiiin;.'si'n  llii'ii  liallcd  iM'yniid  Kylaii.  and 
niasM'd  l|i^<  fnri  I  -  in  n-ci'ivi'  luiltlr  nr\l  day  |  Krli- 
riiiirv  M|  III-  liad  aliniii  'li.mut  nan.  twir.-  tin' 
artill'Ty  nf  Naimlinii  |4IK)  nuns  ai;aiiisl  JlXli.  iind 
hnpi'd  ill  iH*  jnini'il  iH'timr.s  hv  a  Prussian  mrp-i, 
Napnli'iin  I'nllld  nnly  dlspnsv  nf  60.IMMI  nut  nf  Ills 
aiKI.INNI  mill.  —  Nry  ln'iu:;  snnie  li'anms  away 
and  Hi'rnadntti'  nut  nf  niuli.  .  .  .  The  liatllc 
lii'ld  was  a  frarfiil  siijlit  next  day  Twc  Ivr  tlinii 
Hand  Uiissians  and  lil.iKX)  Fri  tirli  lay  dyini;  and 
driid  nn  tlii'  vast  liidds  nf  simw  rciliicnrd  with 
lilnnd  Till'  lliissiai,.).  Iiisiili's.  carrii'dnlT  iri.KIHI 
wniiiidrd.  '  What  an  ini'lTrrtnal  iiiassairr !'  cried 
Ncy,  as  he  traversed  the  scene  nf  carmine.  This 
was  Inn  true;  fnf  ultliniii.'li  Niipdlenn  drnve  l!ie 
Kiissians  In  the  sea.  it  wa.s  nut  in  the  wiiv  he 
desired,  Heniiiiitxsen  succeeded  iu  reacliicii  Kiin- 
IksIhT).'.  where  he  could  rest  and  rein'.orce  his 
urniy,  and  Napoleon  was  nnt  str.>Mf,'  "nnu^ii  lo 
ilriv'e  him  from  this  last  shelter.  "—II.  .Martin. 
I'o/nil.ir  Hilt.   .;/■  Fnim-e  friim   I7H1'    r.  'i.  rh.  11. 

Also  in:  Huron  •I'iniini.  I,iff  "f  SitjutU'iu,  r/i. 
1(1  C.  '-').— I'.  .Invnevilli'.  I.ii'enuii  TiiiitK{f  Ahi- 
aiiiler  I .  r.  1.  rV  H — 1.  ('  Hopes.  Th,-  Fi'n-t  .\ii- 
fu'lriin,  Irtt.  It,  —  Ijiirnn  de  Miirbnt.  Mfmnint,  r.  1, 
rh.  •»,»  3(1 

A.  D.  1806-1810.— Commercial  blockade  by 
the  English  Orders  in  Council  and  Napoleon's 
Decrees.     See  Fii.vM  k:  A.  I).  IMiW-lHlo. 

A.  D.  1807  (February— June).— Closer  alli- 
ance of  Prussia  and  Russia.— Treaty  of  Bar- 
tenstein.— Napoleon's  victory  at  Friedland.— 
End  of  the  campaign. — The  eilei  t  priHluced  in 
Kiirnpe  by  the  doiilitful  liattle  nf  Kvlau  "wiis 
unlucky  for  France;  in  I'aris  the  Puiiils  fell, 
Hinni),'s<'n  boldly  ordered  the  Te  Deum  In  1m' 
suiiir.  In  order  In  cnntiriu  his  victnry,  re-nri^anise 
his  army,  reassure  Franre.  re-esiabiish  the  npin- 
ion  of  Kurope.  eiicouraf^e  the  Polish  insurreclion. 
and  lo  curb  the  ill-will  nf  (Germany  and  Austria. 
Na[inlenii  rein:tined  a  week  at  Kylaii.  lie  ne 
^nlialed;  oil  one  side  he  caused  Talleyrand  In 
write  lo  Zastrow.  ilie  Pri'ssiaii  forei!:n  niinister. 
to  propose  peace  and  his  alliance;  he  sent  llcr- 
Irand  In  .Mi'ini'l  In  nlTer  In  reestablish  the  Kin;.' 
of  Prussia,  on  the  condition  of  no  fnrcicii  iiiler- 
Vetltion,  He  also  tried  to  Ile;rnliale  with  Itcn- 
iiijrsi'n;  tn  whiili  the  laller  made  answer.  'Ihat 
Ills  inasler  had  cliari^ed  him  to  ti;;tit.  and  iioi  11c- 
jioliate. ■  After  some  hesitation.  Prussia  eiidecl 
by  jninint;  her  fortunes  to  tlio.se  of  liussia.  Hy 
the  cnnventinn  of  liHrtenstein  (irjih  April.  1^07) 

tlii    t-A-.'l  s;.-.Vi  r*  i^:>s   c^ini--  tn  ti-nn-  c.n  t};i-  f.".ll..w. 

ini;  points : — 1.  The  re  establishment  of  Prussia 


within  the  limiti)  of  tHO.-i  2  The  dlssnlnti.,.,  ' 
the  (nnfediriilion  of  the  Khine,  :i  VU,  n-iii  i 
lion  lo  Austria  of  tin  Tv  ml  and  Venice  1  '|  1.. 
accession  of   Kiiirland  In  the  enalilinii.  and  il,. 

ii^irrandiwiiieiit  of  llann\er,     5,   Tin    p<  r  1 

lion  nf  Sni'den,  il  The  icsinralinn  of  t|„  [„,,,., 
of  OraiiL'e.  and  indeinnilics  in  the  kinu'sof  Napit  - 
and  .Sardiniii  This  diH-iinient  is  iiiip«irt.iiii  ir 
nearly  reproducis  the  loiidilinns  nlfi  rr.l  t..  N  , 
pnlenii  at  llie  Cnnnri'ss  of  Pra^Mie.  In  |s|:i  |j.,, 
sia  and  Prussia  pmpnscd  then  In  make  a  ni' 1. 
iiressiiiL'  appeal  tn  .Viistria.  Sweden,  and  li  . 
land;  but  the  Kiiiperor  Francis  was  naiiu  iil\ 
undecided,  and  the  Archduke  Charles,  alli  .inj 
the  Ntate  of  the  llnanees  and  the  army.  stri,h-K 
advised  him  against  any  ni'W  iiitervenlinn  s,\, 
den  was  Iimi  weak  ;  and  notwilhstanilini;  hi-  1  11  v 
a-.Mlnst  Napolinn.  (iuslavus  III,  had  jii-l  In .  a 
forced  to  treat  wilh  .Mortier,  The  Kiiulisli  ihIm 
istershnweil  a  remarkable  Inability  loiinicivr 
the  situation;  he  refused  lo  ^'iiaralilee  iIh  1,,  m 
Uussiaii  loan  of  a  hundred  and  tifiv  inilli'iii.  and 
would  lend  hiinsi'lf  In  no  marilirne  iIIm  t-inii 
N'a[>nlenii  showed  the  ^re.-iti'st  diplniii.-tiie  a<iK 
ily.  The  Sultan  S'lim  III.  de<'larcil  war  ii;.',iiii-i 
Knssia;  Oeiiiral  Sebasliani.  the  I'livoy  at  1  -i 
slanlinnplc.  put  the  linsphnriis  in  a  stale  of  .|, 
fc.-ee.  and  repulsed  the  Knnlish  licet  |seeTi  i;h- 
.\.  I>,  ISIKV-IHOT];  (ii'iieraKlarilaiie  left  for  l-|i,i 
ban.  with  a  mission  tn  laiise  a  Persian  oiiil.n;ik 
ill  the  Caucasus.  I<ant/i;.'  bad  capitiilaleil  |  M  iv 
','4.  after  a  huid  siei;('|.  and  I.eft'bvre's  pi  himi 
men  were  therefore  readv  for  service.  Mas>eiia 
tiKik  :m(HK)  of  them  inli'i  Italy.  In  the  spriii:; 
Uenniirsen.  who  had  been  reinforced  bv  in  noo 
re;,'iilar  Inxips.  O.iKHI  Cossacks,  and  the  li   j.  ii;il 

(iiiard.  Ih'."-;  now  at   the  head  of  Urn. nan 

took  the  nlTeii,-ive:  (tnrlchaknf  ( nmmandinL'  Hi' 
ritfht  and  '{a>;ratinn  the  left.  He  tried,  as  in  ihe 
preceding;  year,  tn  s<'i?.e  Ney's  division.  Imi  iha 
laller  fnut;lit.  as  he  retired',  two  b|o,„|y  IlL'his, 
at  (tiilstadt  and  Anki'iidorlf.  lieiiniuseii  ai-  nn 
in  danjjer  of  beim^  surrounded,  retired  mi  lb  1!- 
lierg.     He  defended  himself  bravely  (.hine  i"  . 

but  the  Freni  11.  extending  lliiir  liii 1  liis  ri-lji, 

marcheil  on  Kylaii.  so  as  to  cut  him  "!T  Iran 
KiViiigslier^.  The  Russian  irencr;ilisviniM  n 
treated;  but  beini;  pres,s<,'d.  he  had  tmlraw  u|i  a' 
Frh'dland.  on  the  Alle.  The  pnsi'ion  Ur  li,M 
taken  up  was  most  dangerous,  Allhisannv  v\  a- 
eiicloseil  in  an  an^lcof  the  Alle,  wilh  the  vin  |i  I.,  .1 
of  the  river  at  their  backs,  wliieli  in  case  .il  nn- 
fortiiiii'  left  them  only  one  iiieausc''  reirvai  iVT 
the  three  liriilf;es  of  Friedland.  .  .  .  '  Win  n  .m- 
the  Uussiaus  concealedV  teked  Napoh  on  «  h' ii 
he  came  up.    When  lie  had  noted  their  siiuaii'n 

he  e.\claiine(l.  '  It  is  not  every  day  that  -nr 

prises  Ihei'iiemy  in  such  a  fault,'  He  pir  linm  - 
and  Victor  in  reserve,  ordered  .Morlier  t"  n;>|.  ■». 
Oortchakof  on  the  left  and  to  remain  slill  ..-  ila 
movement  which  'would  be  made  by  the  ii_'!ii 
would  pivot  im  the  left,'  As  lo  Ney.  lir  «i-  to 
co|H.' on  the  rif;ht  wilh  llagration.  wlei  H;i»-lin' 
in  by  the  aniileof  the  river;  he  wastoiniai  ih.ni 
'with  his  head  down.' without  takitiu' any  '.ir.' 
of  his  own  safely,  Ney  led  the  elm  ire  witli  iv. 
sislible  fury;  llie  Itiis.siaiis  were  Idled  i'.  I.i- 
artillery  at  i.VI  jiaces;  he  successiv,  ly  irii-ia 
eha.sseursnf  the  liussian  Guard,  the  Isniajji 
and  the  Horse  (Jiiards.  burnt  Friedlaiid  li\  -i 
and  cannonaded  the  bridires  which  ware 
•".nly  mean-sof  ntrrnt  The  Hus-tia:;  ';1!  ' 

was  almost   thn)wn   into  the  river,    llairra 


|!||.' 


Up 


1546 


OERMANY.   1WI7 


Tieitty  at 
TiUil 


OEUMANY.   IW): 


•-'.  /■'. 


with  tlic  S<'miiiiivHkl  iinil(itliirlrixi|is,  wns  Imnlly 
»l)lc  111  idvtr  111.' ill  fiiii  ilnlhi'  Uiissiiin  rl«lit, 
Oiiruliiikiif.  Willi  liiiil  iiilviiiHi'il  111  iiiiuck  llii- 
ImiiKiviilili'  Miirtiir,  liml  .inly  tl-ii,-  in  f,,r.l  ili(< 
Alio.  ('.Hint  bimlicrl  rrlir.-.!  Aiih  •,'!•  i;uih  liy 
llif  ji'ft  liiiiik:  111.-  ri'Kl  lUii  hv  Hi.'  riiriil  hank. 
cl.uM'iy  iiiintiuil  hy  lli.>  cavalry  M.anHlilli' 
Mural.  I>at.iii«t,  ami  Suilt.  wlm  hail  tak.ii  mi 
|ii»rl  ill  Mil'  lialtlc.  arrhc.l  Im  fur.'  K(ini>ri.lH  ri; 
l,csl.«'i|.  with  .•."iiKKI  null,  irii'il  In  ili-f.'ii.l  it,  lint 
.111  li'arniiiK  111.'  iliiast.r  .if  Kri.ill  iinl  hi'  ha-.lily 
fvaciiat.il  it.  Only  nni'  fiirln-»s  nuw  ri'inaim 'l 
t.i  Kri'ilcriik  Williatii  —  th.'  lilil.'  luwn  .if  Mi  mil 
Till'  UusMianH  liail  Inst  a.  ■'.illaiiil  fnun  1.">.IMI.| 
til  'JIMUKI  men.  Ix'siilcn  H'  ,s  i.lnn.'  It.  IhiiTi 
Alcxan.l.'rlia.l  nil  limu'ir. Ill  army  Onlv  mi.' 
inHn.  Ifcirclay  .IcT.illv.  pmiviMil  inroiitlnii.'  tin' 
war;  Imt  in.inl.'rt.i  .l.ithis  it  wmilil  li.-  mii  s<ary 
U)  ri' int.r  Uimsia.  I.)  iMiutrat.'  inln  tli.^  v.'r\ 
hi'arl  of  th.'  I'lnpir.'.  t.i  Inirn  .•v.rylhin;;  mi  ilu' 

way.  iin.l  .mly  pri'Mnt  a  il.'sirl  Ui  tin my 

Al(!!ianili'r  hnpiil  in  jf.'t  ntr  iiiuri'  .  hiaplv.  Hi' 
wrote  aMcviTi'  l.tt.r  t.i  Il.'nnii;s.'n.aiiil  i:av.'  hini 
powers  lo  treat."— A.  Iliiiiliaii.l,  ///«/  ../■  /,•«»«../ 
r.  2,  rli.  \i. 

Ai,i"11n:   Duke  .le  Hiivij;ii,    !/,//„. 
1,  rh.  in 

A.  D.  l807(June— July).— The  Treaty  of  Til- 
■it.— Its  known  and  its  unknown  agreements. 
— "Alexanil.r  I    imw  ili'lerniini'il  in  ni-i;iitiali'  in 
person  with  the  rival  iinpernr.  .inil  on  the  '.'."ith 
of  .lull.'  the  two  wurri'lu'iis  init  at  Til«il.  mi  .-i 
mft  which  was  imi.iriil  in  tlie  iiiiilill.'  nf  tin.  \ii. 
men.     The  ili'tails  of  ilie  .•i.nf.-r.'ni'.'  are  a  si'int. 
»s  Niipoleon's  siibseiiiii  nt   a.'.'.niiit   nf  it   is  nii 
Iriisl  worthy,  anil  no  witii.".s.s  ».  re  pr.'s.nt.    .Ml 
that  is  certain  is  Ihiit  Alexan.l.'r  l.whn.se  .har 
iieter  was  n  curious  mixtiiri'  nf  nnliility  an. I  w.'.il> 
ness.  was  coinplelely  wnn  nvir  liy  his  eiini|iiiriir 

.  .  N'ap.ili'on.  .  .'  .  insii'a.l  .if  alt.'inpiiiiL'  In 
irnpos.'  evtr.'ni.'  terms  upon  a  cniinlrv  which  ii 
was  impo^silih- t.i  cnniiu.r.  .  .  .ilT.'r.'il  tn  sliare 
with  Uussi.i  the  supreina.y  in  Kurni  c  « liich  liail 
iH'en  won  liy  Fren.'li  arms,  Th.'  mily  cnn.|itin:is 
wen'  the  aliiniilnnment  of  th.'  .ails.'  of  the  oM 
monarclii.'s.  hich  Beeini.l  li.ipel.ss,  ami  an  al 
lianiewith  1' ranee  airainst  Kn^l.iiul  .X.-xamlir 
hail  wveral  jrrievances  aijainsi  the  Kiiirlish  fnv- 
erninent,  esp.'cially  ihe  lukewarm  suppmi  that 
hail  been  Kiven  in  n'ccnl  opiratinns,  anil  niaile 
no  objection  to  resume  the  poliiv  of  his  preile 
r<'S,sors  in  this  respect.  Two  iiit"'rviews  sufflcil 
to  arrange  the  basis  of  an  ai:n'i'tn"nt,  nntli 
soven'iijns  nban.lone.l  theiralliis  without  scruple, 
Alexander  gave  up  Prussia  ami  .><wi'il.'n.  while 
N'apoleon  ilesiTteil  the  cause  nf  th.'  I'nl.'S,  ".hn 
halt  tniste.l  t.ihis  zeal  fni-th.ir  iiiili'iunili'n.'.',  anil 
nf  the  Turks,  whom  his  envny  hail  r.'iently  in- 
.ln.'.'.l  to  make  war  upon  Uiissia,  The  Tn-.itv  nf 
Tilsit  was  spee.lily  ilrawn  up;  nn  the  7tli  nf  .liilv 
peace  was  signed  between  Fnnce  anil  Uussia.  nn 
the  9lli  bi'tween  Fnince  anil  Prussia,  Krnli  rii  k 
William  HI,  ha.l  t.i  n'siiin  the  wlmle  nf  his  kiiii; 
ilnin  west  of  the  Kibe,  iog.'thi'r  with  all  the  m- 
ipiisilions  which  l'riis,sia  hail  mail.'  in  th.'  seconil 
anil  Ihiril  partitions  of  Pnlaml  Th.'  prnvin.is 
that  wen'  left,  amounlinj;  in  lianly  half  nf  wliat 
lie  liail  inheritiil,  were  burlh.n.'.rwiih  Hie  p.iy 
mem  of  an  enormous  sum  as  compensation  to 
t>ance.  The  liistrict  west  of  the  Kibe  was  unite.! 
with  Hesse Cassel,  Brunswick,  ami  ultimately 
"-^i'.h  Haiiuvcr.  to  fann  the  iiia^dcm  of  Wi  .st 
[ihalin,  which  was  given  to  Napoleni.  s  youngest 


brother,  .lenime  (If  I'olish  rriissia,  .me  prov- 
Inc.',  liialystiK'k,  was  a.l.i.'.l  to  Itiissla,  ami  Ihfl 
nsi  was  mail.'  into  the  gnitiil  ilui  hv  of  Warsaw, 
aiiil  traiisf.rnil  In  Saxony.  Dan'/.lir.  with  the 
surrnumlliii.' I.rrit.iry.  was' .li'.lan'.l  u  fn.'  slate 
iimler  Trussian  ami 'Saxnii  pnileelinii.  but  it  was 
nally  siibjei  i  tn  Knim  e.  anil  n  maim  il  u  centre 
nf  Kn'iii  h  p.iwir  on  the  llaliir  All  tnuh'  Im'- 
Iw.'.n  Prussia  an.l  KtiL'lanil  was  i m  ..II.  Ali'X- 
amh'r  I  .  .m  his  siil.'.  n'.'.ii,'ni>.il  all  .S'up.il.'on's 
new  cnalions  In  Kiirope  —  th.'  (■.inf.'.lenition  of 
th.'  Khine.  111.'  kini.'.l.ims  nf  Italy.  Napl.s.  Ilnl 
lan.l.  an.l  Westphalia,  and  iin.|.rii»'k  In  me.lial.' 
biiw.'.n  Frame  .ind  KnL'land  Hut  the  n'allv 
inipnrtant  aL'P'.'inint  bilw.in  Kranri' ,in.l  Uiissi'a 
was  111  Ik' fniiml.  mil  in  the  formal  tr.aliis.  but 
in  111.'  si'.ni  e.iiiv.  nti.ms  whi.li  weie  arranu'.'.l 
by  111.'  two  .nip.'rnrs  Th.'  ex.i.t  1.  xl  nf  Ih.'sc 
has  n.v.r  li.iii  mail.'  piiblie.  ami  It  is  pmbablB 
lliat  sniii.'  .if  the  t.rnis  n'st.'d  iipnii  verbal  rather 
than  on  wriitiu  umlerstandinu's.  but  th.'  u'eiienil 
.Irifl  .if  th.'in  is  uiii|uesliiinabl.'.  Th.'  bribe  of- 
fi  n-.l  111  Al.'xan.l.'r  was  the  alfuramlisi'in.nt  of 
liiissia  in  the  KasI,  T.i  make  him  an  accom- 
pli.-.' in  th.'  a.  Is  .if  Xapol.'on,  iie  was  to  In-  al- 
Inweil  In  annex  Kinlanil  fmm  Sweden,  an.l  .Mnl- 
.lavia  and  Wall  rhia  frnm  Turkey,  With  regard 
to  Knglaml,  Uussia  undertiHik  In  a.lnpt  Napo- 
l.-.iu's  bliM-kailc  syst.'m,an.l  lonbt.iin  the  adhesion 
of  llins..  states  which  still  remaim-d  op.-u  to  Kiig- 
lish  trade- Swe.li-n.  I).'nmark.  ami  Portugal."— 
U.  I.ndge,  lli-l.iif  \tn,l,ri,  AV /-'•/<., --/i. -J t,  »..'(.  S."). 
—  •■'I  thniight.' -aid  Napnlenn  at  St.  Ileh-ua,  'it 
vvnulil  li.'ii.  lit  th.'  wnrld  to  .Irive  th.'-e  briil.-s, 
the  Turks,  nut  nf  Kumpe  Hut  when  1  ntli-cle.l 
what  iinwi-r  il  wniild  giv.-  lo  Uussia,  fnun  the 
numtH'r  of  (Jn-eks  in  th.'  Turkish  doniinious  who 
may  b.'  ennsidi-red  Uussians.  I  refuse.l  to  i-ons<-nt 
to  it,  espe.-ially  as  .Vlexaiider  wanle.l  Constanti- 
iinple,  whii'li  would  have  de.slniyed  the  e.iuilib. 
rium  .if  p.iw.r  in  Kumpe.  France  woulit  gain 
Kgypt,  Syria,  and  the  Islands;  but  those  were 
nciihing  In  what  Uussia  woil.l  liav.'  .iblain.'.l,' 
This  .'ninci,li's  with  Savary's  [Duke  ile  Uovigo's] 
stat.-rm-nt,  that  Al.-xaml.'r  t.i|.l  him  Xa|i.il.'iin 
said  111-  was  under  no  engagements  in  the  iiev^ 
Sultan,  and  tlial  changes  in  the  world  inevitably 
changi-d  tlie  n'latinns  of  slates  to  on.' un.itlier; 
and  igain.  Alex:'.nilei- said  that,  in  th.ir  cinver- 
s.-itinns  at  Tilsit.  Napol.on  oft-  n  told  him  he  did 
mil  n-i(uin-  the  I'va.uation  of  Moldavia  and  Wal- 
lai-hia;  hi-  wniild  p|a.e  things  in  a  train  to  dis- 
p.nsi-  with  it,  ami  it  was  not  [nissible  to  snlfer 
Inng.-rihe  pn-si-neeof  the  Turks  in  Kumpe,  He 
even  left  m.-.'said  Ali-x.-.ndi-r.  'to  entertain  the 
pnije.t  .if  driving  tlii'iu  ba.k  int.i  Asia.  It  is 
only  since  that  he  has  n'tiirni'd  to  the  idea  of 
leaving  Cnnstantinnple  lo  them,  and  some  sur- 
niunding  pmvinc.'s. '  One  .lay,  wh.-n  Napnli-on 
was  talking  to  Al.'xandi-r,  h.'  a'sk.-d  his  si-cr.-tarv, 
M.  .M.i  -il.  for  the  map  of  Turki'y,  .ip.'ned  it, 
llii'ii  rrni  d  the  conversation;  and'  jilaeing  his 
linger  nn  Constaulinnpl.-  s:iid  sev.-ral  timt.-s  t.i  the 
si-.-n-tary,  tlinugh  n.it  Iniid  en.aigh  to  be  heanl 
by  Alexander,  ■('niisiantinople,  Cnnstantiuople, 
never.  It  is  tin- e.ipit.d  of  the  world.' .  .  .  It  is 
very  evident  in  their  cnnversjilions  that  Napoleon 
agreil  to  his  [  Al.'Xander'sl  pn^si'ssing  himself  of 
the  Turkish  Kinpii'.-  up  lo  the  Ralkaii,  if  not  lie- 
yond;  though  Bii.'n.m  denies  that  any  plan  for 
the  acliial  partition  of  Turkey  was  etiiboilie.l  in 
til.  tiial.v  of  Tilsit  llanleubiTg,  not  always 
well  infornieil,  assi'rts  that  it  was,    Savary  says 


lo47 


....  m 


OEUMANY.  xmr 


OERNANY.  10O7-18OH 


¥ 


11^. 


:    i 


■li:. 


i  .r 


lii'  roiilil  not  bi'lli'vc  timt  Niiptilpon  wnulil  linvr 
nluiiiiliiiii'il  llif  Turk*  williniit  it  ri>mpi'iMitli>ii  In 
Miiiir  uthrr  iiuitrli-r;  itittl  lit*  frit  oTtitlii  Ali'X'Ui- 
'liT  Irnil  ntrifcil  ill  nliini  In  Nii|Kiliiiira  pnijict 
for  lliiM'iiiii|iii'st  of  S|ihIii.  'wlilili  llic  KiiilHTor 
liiiil  very  nmi  li  lit  luiirt.'" — I'.  JoyiKVllli*,  /.^fr 
and  TinuM  Iff  AUxiihitt  r  I.,  r.  I,  fh.  H. 

Al.wi  IX:  Sir  A.  Alison.  Hint,  nf  Kuniix;  I'm- 
IHIT).  ,•/,.  4(1  (r,  lOi— Count  MIot  ill'  Millto,  .)f,m 
<>in>.  rli,  '.M— 1'  l.iinfny.  Ili»l.  of  Siiinlritn.i-h.  W- 
4  —I'riiiir  ill-  Tiilliyniiil,  Mrmnirn.  lit.  8(r  II  — 
A  TliiiTH,  i/iMt.  "f'tfif  t'liitsn/ittf  itnii  thf  Eini'irf, 
M   •.'Til-,  -'1 

A.  D.  1807  ijuljr).  -The  colUpie  of  Pruiiia 
and  its  Cauiei.— "  For  tlu'  tlvr  vi'iint  limt  fol 
loniil,  l>rii-<.'<iii  is  lo  111' roiiri  ivi'il.  In  uilililion  to 
nil  liirothiT  liiiiiiiliatioiis.  iis  in  tliii  liiiniis  of  h 
ri'iiiorsili-..H  rri'ililor  wlmsi'  rliiiiiis  iiri'  iln  iilnl  by 
liinisrlf  witluMit  iip))i-;il,  anil  who  wuiitM  niori' 
tliui)  all  111'  ran  ffi-t.  Slir  Is  to  In-  tlioiiiflit  of  as 
i>ii|i|ioriliii;  for  iiiorr  than  a  yiar  aflir  Ilic  run 
I'lii'iioii  III  till'  Trialy  a  Fn'nrli  army  of  mori' 
than  irtO.iNK)  nirn,  ttii-n  as  sii|i|ionin^  a  Kri-in-h 
garrison  in  tlini'  priiiiijial  fortrt's  is,  ami  tinully, 
just  Infori'  tlic  piTiisl  iiiils,  as  having;  to  support 
the  liii^'c  Kus'^ian  cxpi'ilition  in  its  passai:c 
thnmirh  the  couiitrv.  ...  It  was  not  in  fart 
from  till-  Trraly  of  'filsit.  hut  from  the  svsti'in- 
alii'  liriai  h  of  it.  that  thi'  sulTi'riiiBs  of  iViissia 
Ix'twiiM  IMO'anii  lMi;taros<'.  It  isimlii'il  harilly 
liHi  tniii'h  to  Miy  that  tlir  ailvantaKiof  thr 'I'ri'aty 
was  rrnivril  only  liy  Franri'.  ami  tliat  thi'  only 
ohjrrt  Napoleon  ran  have  hail  in  Kiitiiin)^  it  wan 
to  intlii't  more  harm  on  Pru.s.sia  tli.'iii  he  eoulil  in- 
flicl  by  simply  continuing  the  war.  Suili  was 
the  ilonnfull  of  Prussia.  The  tremeniloiisness of 
the  (iilastrophe  strikes  us  less  lieratisi'  we  know 
that  it  waSHi>on  retrieveii,  ami  that  Prussia  rose 
airain  ami  bri-.imt'  >;reater  than  ever.  But  could 
this  reioviry  Im'  nnlicipatel  H  .V  ifri'at  nation, 
we  say,  cannot  Is'  ilis.solvi'il  by  a  few  ilisaslers; 

Iialriolisin  ami  energy  will  retrieve  cvi  rythinif. 
Jut  precisely  these  seemeil  wanting.  The  Stale 
Heeini'il  to  have  fallen  in  pieces  lK>caus<*  it  hail  no 
principle  of  cohesion,  anil  was  only  hi-ltl  toi^etlier 
by  an  anilicial  bureaucracy.  It  hail  Imcu  cH'- 
ateil  by  the  enerjry  of  its  government  ami  the 
elllciency  of  its  soliliers,  ami  now  it  appeareil  to 
come  to  an  enil  iM'caiisi!  its  goveniinent  hail 
ceaseil  to  be  eneritelic  anil  its  soliliers  to  lie  elli- 
cienl.  The  cala-'trophi'  cmilil  not  but  wciii  as 
irnnieili  ible  as  It  was  sinlilcn  anil  complete." 
ThiTe  may  be  iliM-crm-il  "three  ilistinet  caiisi's 
for  it.  First,  the  umh'iiileil  anil  pusillanimous 
IHilicy  pursiieil  by  tl.e  Prussian  irovernment  since 
IHUIl  hail  an  eviili  nt  intluence  upon  the  result  by 
makini;  the  (mat  Powers,  particularly  Knglnnil 
anil  Austria,  slow  to  rcnilerit  a.ssistauce,  anil  also 
by  111  ikini;  tlie  coiunianilers.  espeehilly  Hruns 
wick,  irresolute  in  .action  iH'causi'  they  coiilil  not, 
even  at  the  last  moment,  believe  the  war  to  Ih' 
.siri.ius.  This  iii'liiisiiin  we  li.ivi  obsirveil  to 
liaM'  been  coiuii'i'ii  il  witli  a  mal-orgaiiisition  of 
the  F'iri'i:;n  Deiiarlment.  Secomlly.  the  corrtip- 
lion  of  tlie  military  sy.-^tein,  which  Icil  to  the  sur 
reniler  of  the  fnrtrcssi's.  Thirilly.  a  misfurtuiie 
for  w  liich  I'rus.^ia  was  not  responsible,  its  ile.si-r- 
tioii  by  liuvsia  at  a  critical  iniinieiil.  anil  the  for 
million  of  a  dov  ;iI1iance  Ix-tween  Kussia  anil 
rrame." — I.  U.  Scck-y.  Life  and  Tini't  (f  Stein, 


vl.  -i.  '■/,. 


1). 


A.  D.  1S07-1B0S.     The  grrat  Rfvoliitionary 
Reforms  of  Hardenbcrg,  Stein  and  Scbarn- 


horst.— Edict  of  BnuBcipalieii.— Military  re- 
orcaaiaation.— Bcginniiif  of  local  sclf-Kovcrn- 
ment.— Sttd*  of  a  nttr  oatlonal  life.—  '  I  hi' 
work  of  tliosi'  who  reslsteil  ,Na|Hileon  —  en  n  if 
no  one  of  Iheni  slioiilileverlM'pliueil  In  the  IiIl'Ii 
cat  cUm  of  the  lieuefaeliirs  of  niaiikiml  —  has  in 
noiiie  cases   pnivisl  entlurinK,  anil   nowhere  .0 
iniieh  iiH  in  Oermany.     They  liegan  two  ^ri  it 
works  — the  norganlstttlon  of   I'russia  ami  ihe 
revival  of  the  (lerman  nathmality,  ami  tliiu'  li;i.> 
ilelllierately  ratllled  their  views.  '  Without  nln. 
grsiilon,   wltliiiiit    mistake,  except  tlie   mist  ikr 
which  In  siieh  inatlers  is  the  most  venial  that  1  m 
Ik'  eoniiiiilteil.  that,  namely,  of  over  laiilinn  of 
excessive  hesitation,  tlie  eilltlie  which  was  ihi  a 
foiinihil  has  Is'in  raiseil  hii;lier  ami  liiiilur  lill 
it  is  near  coniph'tlon.   .   .   .    Ilicause  Finliriik 
Williaiu  III.  reiiiaiusi|Uietl>  sialisl  on  llie  tin  tii' 
through  the  whole  periisl,  we  remain  totally  iin 
awan'  that  »  Prussian  revolution  tiHik  plan'  iIh  n 
— »  n'Voliilion  so  comprehensive   that   the  nil 
n  ign  anil  glories  of  Fnih'rick  may  fairly  be  -.M 
to  iH'loiig  to  another  worlil —  to  an  'ainiin  n- 
ginie  '  that  has  utterly  passeil  away.      It   was  a 
revolution  nhieli,  though  It  iliil  not  tom  h  i|ii> 
actual  frainenorii  of  government  in  such  a  »ay 
as  to  substitute  one  of  Aristotle's  forms  nf  i;iiv 
eminent  for  aiiother,  yet  went  so  far  biyoinl  l'hv 
ernnient,  anil  maile  such  a  transformation  Isiih  in 
inilustry  anil  culture,  that  It  ileservcs  tlie  naiiii' 
of  revolution   far  more,  for  instance,  than  mir 
Knglish  Itevoliilion  of  the  ITtli  century.   .  .      lii 
Prussia  few  of  the  most ilislingiiisheil  statesiiun. 
few  even  of  thosi' who  tisik  the  leail  in  her  liln n 
tion   from   Najioleon.  were  Prus.sians.      Hllli  In  r 
himself   began   life    in   the  wrviee  of   ShuIiu. 
Schamhorst  was  a  Hanoverian,  so  was  llarilni 
Ixrg,  anil  Stein  came  from   Nassau.     Nii  Imlir 
was  euliceil  to  Herlin  from  the  Hank  of  ('i.|"H 
bagcn.       IlarilenlM'rg    m'rveil   George    111     m\A 
afterwarils  the  Duke  of  Ilruiiswick  iM'forc  hr  1 11 
tercil  till'  si'rvice  of  Freilerick  William  II  :  .111 1 
when  Slein  was  dismisseil  by  Freilerick  Willi  uii 
III.  in  the  miil.st  of  the  war  of  IMIMI,  tlioiii:li  ln' 
was  a  man  of  property  anil  rank,  he  tisik  im  m 
ures  to  a.seertain  whether  they  wen'  in  waiii  "f 
a  Finance  Minister  at  St.  Peti'rsbiirg    .         Ui 
ini.sapprehenil   the   nature  of  what    took    plm' 
when  we  say,  as  wv  usually  do.  that  soiiie  im 
piirtiint  and  usi'ful  reforms  were  intrinlui  i*'l  iiv 
Slein,  Hardenlnrg,  and  Schamhorst.     In  llir  !ir-l 
place,  such  a  word  as  ri'form  is  not  piopi  riv  :ip 
plied  to  changes  so  vast,  and  in  the  siininl  |  !  n  •■. 

the  changes  then  made  or  at  Icist  <■ innn  I, 

went  far  iKyond  legislation.  We  want  -"iin 
word  stronger  than  reform  which  sliall  imury 
that  one  of  the  greatest  events  of  moilirn  hi-i'TV 
now  tiH)k  place  in  Prus.sia.  Ucvnluiioii  \\"--M 
convey  this,  but  unfortunately  we  apprnpii  it,. 
that  word  to  changes  ill  the  form  of  go\i tiiih  nt. 
or  even  mere  changes  of  dynasty,  proviiinl  tin  y 
are  violent,  though  siicli  ciiangis  arc  cniiiiiMnlv 
ipiite  insignilicant  coinpurcil  to  wliat  tnnv  ii"  k 
place  in  Prii.ssia.  .  .  .  Tlie  fonii  of  ixoMTrntu  hi 
iiiilci'il  was  not  changed.  Not  iiiiri-l\'  di't  'Ii'- 
king  continue  to  reign,  but  no  Parliamiiir  ^\^^ 
created  even  with  |>owers  ever  so  n  <Irii  !•  ! 
Another  generation  had  to  [>ass  away  ln-fni,  thi> 
innovation,  which  to  us  .seems  the  iH'ginniiij  'f 
liiilitical  life,  Iisik  place.  Hut  a  nation  iini-t  \a- 
made  before  it  can  lie  made  free,  and.  asw--  hnr 
;~i:d,  i:.  !*r'.:'i-a:i  there  wa-^  ae.  :i:lmir,j~;r:i!:. :;; 
great  disoriler)  and  an  army,  but  uo  nation     W  s   1 


1548 


ifc.i't 


QERMAXY.  ;M7-1806. 


Tht  fnumtatt 
awakntnt 


QERMANY,   I8W 


Stein  WM  pl»cnl  at  tlie  hfxl  of  nlTiiln  In  tlie 
■utiimD  of  1807.  he  nwniii,  at  tlrit,  tmrdly  to  Iwve 
bi!cn  ■ware  that  Hnvlltlnii  *»»  iHlled  for  lieyond 
tbe  nform  of  tbe  lulniiiiiatration.  awl  tli<'  rt'imival 
of  lomc  abuM-a  in  tlio  army.     AnorclluKly  lii'  tll<l 
nform  tl«j  adiiiiniatratiaa  from  ihr  lop  to  the 
Iwttuin.  rvnuHlelling  the  whole  iii.u  hliary  Loth 
of  central  and  local  Kovvnimi-iit  wliivh  hail  come 
down  from  llie  fiiilwr  of  Krcilcriik  the  Omit 
But  the  other  work  niao  wait  fon-nl  ii|ion  him, 
and  he  began  t«  crcati'  the  nati(m  by  emancipat- 
ing the  pcaaantrv,  whilo  H«li«nihoriit  ami  Qn.lm- 
nau   were  hnxHllng  over  this   hU-ait  which,  (Ivc 
yean  later,  took  shape  In  the  Ijindwehrof  fiint 
Pruula.     Healilca  enianelpiitlnK  "'e  peuwint  he 
cmnnclpaUil   Induatry,— everywhere  iilH>lUhiiii; 
that itrHnp ciwte ayatera  which  divldtd  llii'  |)opii 
latiun  rl<ldly  InW  noble*.  cItUena,  iind  |i.iiHiint». 
and  even   Klanipc<l  every  acre  of   liind   In   the 
country  with  its  own  iinnltemble  nink  iiit  noble. 
or  citizen,  or  peaaitnt  land.     Emancipjilion,  «o  to 
■peak,  had  to  be  given  iM'fore  enfriiniln.teniinl. 
The  lieaaant  mun*  have  aomelhlnir  to  live  for- 
freewill  must  bo  B»akene<l  In  the  tltlzen ;  and  he 
muat  Im)  taught  U>  fight  for  aoniethlinj  l^^fon'  his 
could  reci'lve  |M>lltlcul  UlK'rty.      Of  Hiiih  lilHTty 
«teln  only  pn)vldeil  o"e  mixlest  germ.      By  hm 
Stadteordnung   he  Introiluced   popular  cleetlon 
Into  the  towna.     Thua  Pru.s9la  and  Knince  act 
out  towanla  political  llbiTty  by  different  nwiU. 
PruMta  licgan  miHleiilly  wllh  liM-al  lilMTties,  but 
did  not  lor  a  long  time  iillenipt  a  rurliament. 
t  ranee  with  hercliarte,  and  In  Imitation  of  Krance 
many  of  the  Hmall  (iernuin  Slates,  had  grand  popu- 
lar Parliaments,  but  no  hnal  lilHTtiea.     .\nd  so 
for  n  long  time  Prussia  w;is  regarded  as  a  back- 
ward Stale.   ...  It  was  only  by  incident  that 
stein  stoppeil  short  at  municipal  lilKTlies  and 
createii   no   I'lirlianient,     lie  would  have  gone 
further,  and  in  the  hist  years  of  the  wartime 
ilanlenlierg  did  aununon  ileliberative  iLMemblies 
which,  however,  fell  Into  disus..  again  after  the 
IK-ace.  .  .  .   Inapltehoweverof  all  reaction,  the 
change  Ira'ViKably  made  by  the  legislation  of 
that  time  was  similar  to  that  moile  in  Fnince  by 
the  Kevolullun,  and  cau»i-il  the  ai;e  lafore  .Jena 
to  be  reganled  as  an  'ancien  regime.'     Hut  in 
addition  to  thla,  a  change  hud  been  made  in  mens 
minds  and  thoughts  by  the  shocks  of  the  time 
which  prepared  the  way  for  legislative  .lianges 
which  have  taken   place  since.     How  unpnee 
dcnU'd   In  Prussia,  for  instanc.'.  was  tlie  dicta- 
torial authority  wielded  by  llunic  nlicrg  euriv  in 
1H07,  by  Stein  In  the  latter  inirl  of  that  year  and 
in    18()8,  anil   by  IlarilcnlM-rg  airain  frimi  isio 
onwunls!     Ik'fore   that   time   in   llie   history  of 
Prussia  we  liud  no  subject  eclipsing  or  even"  ap- 
proaching the  King  in  importance.     Prus.sia  hud 
iK-en  made  what  she  wu       'most  eiilirelv  by  lier 
electors  and   kings.      li,     ,ur  and  organisation 
alike  all  had  been  done  by  llie  Great  Eleiiornr 
Kri'derick- William    I.,  or  'Frederick  111.-   (inat 
Hut  now  this  is  suddenly  cliunged.     Kverylliing 
now  turns  on  the  minister.      Weak  ministers  are 
expelled  by  pressure  put  upon  tlie  king,  strong 
ones  are  forceil  uimn  him       lie  is  conipilled  to 
create  a  new  ministerial  power  niiicli  greater  Ihun 
that  of  an  English  Prime  .Minisier.  and  mon.  like 
that  of  a  Grand  Vizier,  and  by  these  diclalors 
the  most  compn'hcnslve  innnyutioiis  an'  made 
I'lie  loyalty  of  the  people  was  not  impuin-d  by 
I  lev  .-infhfooutrary,  Blciu  uk;!  H.inuni..  rg  .si.ved 
lUe  Monarchy;   but  it  evidenllv  traasferrcii  the 


15i9 


Monarchy,  though  aafelv,  to  a  lower  iieileslal. "— . 
J  It  Seeley,  J'rumian  Jluturg  (Slu-mUtan'i  Mag 
r.  aa.  pp.  444-831). 

Al»»>  ifi;  The  same,  l.(ft  and  Times  of  HMn. 
;.«.  8-8  (r.  1-2) -II.  B.  D.  Morler.  Agrariak 
Uf/iMiiUun  of  l^umia  (Suittmi  of  iMnd  Ttnurt: 
CoIkUh  Vliib  Kmiyt,  eh.  8). 

A.  D.  iloS,— Thfl  Awaktninr  oftb*  MtioamI 
ipirit.-Efrtcttof  tin  SpanisE  ritinf,  snd  of 
Fichte'i  AddretMt.— Tlw   lieglnnlnga  of    the 
great    rising    In    Spain    against    Napoleon  (ae« 
Si'AiM:    A.   I).   IHitH,  and  after)  "  were  watclied 
by  .Stein    from    Berlin    while   ho   was  engaged 
In  negiiliallng  with  Darn;  we  can  imagine  with 
what  fi-ellngs!     Ills  cause  hail   Urn,  since  bia 
ndnlsirv  began,  sulMtantially  the  same  aa  that 
of  Spain;    but   he  hail    jierhaps    understiHal    It 
himself    but    dimly,    at    any    rate   hofxil   but 
faintly  to  see  it  prosper.     But  now  he  riiicna  at 
once    Into  a  gn-at   nationality    staU-aman;    th* 
reforms  of  Prussia  la-gln  at  once  to  take  a  mof» 
military  stamp,  and  to  point  more  decisively  to 
a  great  uprising  of  the  German  race  against  the 
fonign  oppn-saor.     The  change  of  feeling  which 
tiHik  plaie  in  Prussia  after  the  In-glnning  of  the 
Spanish  tnmbles  is  very  clearly  nwrkedin  Stein't 
autobiography      After  describing   the  negotU 
tlons  at  Purls  and  Ikrlin,  ...  he  iM'glns  a  new 
paragraph  thus:    'The  popular  war  which  had 
broken  out  in  Spain  and  was  attendeil  with  good 
success,  hail    heightened    the   Irritation   of   tbe 
Inhabitants  of  the  Prussian  Slate  causeil  by  the 
humiliation  they  hiul  sufferi'd.     All  Ihlrated  for 
revenge;  plans  of  insurrection,  which  aimed  at 
exterminating  the    French  siittU'red  about  the 
country,  were  arranged ;  among  others,  one  was 
to  lie  carried  out  at  Berlin,  and  I  hml  the  greatest 
trouble  to  keep  the  leaders,  who  conlided  their 
Inlentions    to   me.  from  a  premature  outbreak. 
n  e  all  watched  the  pn.gn-sa  of  the  Spanish  war 
and  the  commencement  of  the  Austrian,  for  the 
pnparations  of  that   Power  hud  not  remuineil 
a  secret;  expirtation  was  strained  to  the  highest 
point;  pains  were  necessary  to  nioilerite  the  ex- 
cited eagerness  for  n^sistance  in  onler  to  protit  by 
it  in  more  favourable  circumstances.  .  .  .  Fichte'i 
Addresses  to  the  Germans,  delivered  during  the 
French  occupation  of  Berlin  and  printed  under 
the  censorship  of  M.  Bigmm.  the  Intemlant.  had 
a  great  efTect  upon  the  feelings  of  tbe  cultivated 
cla8.s.'  .      .  That  in  the  midst  of  such  weighty 
mutters  be  should  niiiemlier  to  mention  Flchtea 
Aildresses  is  a  ninurkable  teslimonv  to  the  effect 
Iirisliiced  by  tliini  on  the  public  "mind,  and  at 
the  same  lime  it  liads  us  to  conjecture  that  they 
must  have  strnngly  intiiienced  bis  own.     They 
had  been  delivereil  in  the  winter  at  Berlin  and 
of  course  could  not  be  beard  by  Stein,  who  was 
then  with  the  King,  but  they  were  not  published 
till   April.     As  affecting   public  opinion   there- 
fore, ami  iil.so  as  known  to  Stein,  the  iHKik  was 
almost  c.vaclly  of  tlie  .same  dale  as  the  Spanish 
IJi'bellion,  and  it  is  not  unnatural  that  he  should 
menliiin  the  two  inlliiences  together.  .  .  .   When 
the  leiliires  \yere  delivered  at  Ikrlin  a  rising  in 
Spain  wu.s  not  dreamed  of.  ami  even  wiien  they 
were  piililished  it  had  not  taken  place,  nor  could 
cliMrly   lie    foresi'en.     And  yet    lliev    teach   the 
same  lesson      That  doctrine  of  nulionallty  which 
was   laiight  alllrmatively    by   Spain   hud    bi'en 
suggested  to  Kichte's  mind  bv  the  rednitin  ad 
alisiiniiim    which    events    had     given     to    the 
negation  of  it  in  Germany.     Nothing  could  be 


'»d 


OKKMANY,  \mm 


UEKMANV.   lim 


■f     -' 
.J-  I- 


mow  ninvlniliiit  (liiiii   llif   I'l.nciirnmi'  i>f  tin-   | 

two  nil'lllolil  iif    (iMNir   III    tllr   <.inii'  llinlllrlll.  lIM'i 

llic    |>ni|ilirili-    ilimiloii     iif     tlii«'     illwnurw «   , 
(wlilrli  iiinv   Imi\<'  IiiriiUliiil  ii  iiknIiI  In  Ciirlylr) 
witii  will  lIlU'cl  I'l  ilrlvr  Ihf  lt«»iiii  Ih.ini-,   |«i»r     ^ 
Uiiiliirly  111  11  nilii'l  liln'  >li  in'«,  wlilili  wiin  quilf   | 
oupalili'  iif  ImIih  liii|in»-'l  liy  Inrifi'  |iriiiii|ilr»     j 
.   .   .    Kirliti'  »  .\il'lri»«<»  il"  ii"t  pr.ifi'M  In  liiin'    ! 
In  ihn  t1r»l  liiBtiiciii'  n.iiiMiiulliy  <«'  H"''  «iil>J>'i  i 
Tiny   pnifiM    111   liii|iilrc'    wlulhir   Ilirr»'   ixI^Ih   | 
miy  ifriiiiil  rnmiinlirimln'  nimily  for  tlic  ivlli 
Willi    wlilili    iliriimriy    li   iitHirlfil      Tliiy    llinl 
•iirli  It  niiii'ilv    wliiTi'  Tiirifiit  loiiu  In  fun'  li^ul 
Imikril    fur   ilrllvcniiHi'    friim    Ilic  wltlKliiu'M  In 

Willi  h  hi'  inui'il  nil  llii'  iiliiiHin  nf  llir  iilil  ri'itl 

tliut  U.  In  i>  unitiil  >■  'iin  nf  niillnnul  iiliin'llnn 
Klrhlr  ri'lli'mlii  IIh'  fiivmirlli'  iliHlriiii'  nf 
niiMli'rn  MImtiiIUiii.  IImiI  iiluiiillnn  mi  lilllicrln 
roiiiiiirti'il  liy  tin'  I  liiiri  li  li...  i;liiii'it  niily  at 
M'(  iiriii;;  fnr  inin   liii|iplhi'!<i«  in  nimlluT  llfi',  iiinl 

Unit  llli«  Ih  linl  lrln>l^'ll  {lIHinllrll  itt  llliV  llriil 
alwi  tn  Im'  l.lll(.'lll  liniv  In  Uur  III!  Iliwl vil  III  llir 
prr«  lit  lifr  in  111  In  iln  tin  ir  ilulv  In  tin'  •lull-.  Ill 
iilliirii  iiiiil  llii'MisiUi  »  Mr  Ih  iiH  miri- ii«  Tiirunt 
Unit  11  >y«l<'ni  nf  iiullnnnl  iilunilluii  will  wnrli  mi 
imwiTfullv  iiimii  till'  initinn  lliul  in  ii  fi'W  vniM 
thiy  will  init  W  n  rni;iiiHiilil<',  iiinl  lir  i'X|il:i(m  at 
Kniit  U'lijrtll  wimt  ulniiilil  l»'  tin'  niliiri'  nf  lliii 
ByHtcin.    ilwilliiiir   priiiri|i:illv   iiikui   llir  iiii|inr- 

tillicr   nf     'll■.tlllill^'    U    InH'   <>i   llllt)      fnr    ill    nwn 

mki' milnr  tliiiii  fnr  riw.inl      Tin' iinllin'l  In  Ik- 

Hilnpllil  it  tililt  nf    I'l-^tlllnA/.l        Dili    nf    fniirlli  n 

jiiiiirit  llir  llrsi  ilirci'  urc  I'litinly  m  •  npiiil  witli 
iIiIm.  lliil  linn  Iln' hiili^nt  It  i  liiiiit'i 'I.  iiinl  wi- 
tlinl  niirsi'lvi's  |i,;iM|fi'i|  liitn  11  Imm  ilitrinxlnn  i.f 
till'  ■KTuliiir  rli.iniilirlHlii  ■»  whiili  iliHtlMitiilili 
(liriimiiy  fmni  nllnr  iiiiilmn  iiinl  pnrii-  nrly 
ntliiT  nalinns  nf  lliriii.in  nrii;iii.  At  Ihr  siiit 
iliiv  lliitiliHi  ii*>inn,  whirliiHriipii".  fniir  li'.  niii'i, 
M'l'nH  Iniiilly  Hiiti^fin  Inry  ;  Inil  it  it  11  ulrlkiiiit 
<|<'vi:ltinll  frilll  tin-  fililli'llnf  lllll  llL'r  Hill 

iiptiillilH  pniiil  wi'  |iiriiivi ly  llnit  lln'  mili 

Jci't  nf  lii-ninin  imtinTialitv  ni  lupii  s  Kii  lit'- 1  iiiiinl 
viTV  inin-li.  mm  thai  Iln-ri'  wui  iiinn-  »iiinllii  ami- 
tliaii  wi'  lint  rriiiarkiil  In  tin'  tiili-.  Aililn-iw-H  tn 
tln-liiriiiaii  Natinj.  niln  rwi-u-  »r  liavi-  mit  witli 
nnlliiiii;  likrlv  tn  hirm  nf  yriat  impnrtanci' In  11 
slaliMiiaii  flut  tin-  ri:.'liili  l.i-cliirc  pnipniinilH 
the  i(iii'-iinii,    What    i-i  u  Nalinii    in    tin-  hiirln-r 

Bi;;iiiiiiali if  tin-  wnril,  uinl  what    il  palrint 

isinV  It  i-4  In-rc  lliat  In-  di-livi-r^  whit  miirlit 
*-i-in  a  inniim-iitaiy  nn  tlif  .Spanish  lli-vnlnlinn. 
whii-h  had  not  y'l  t  taki-n  pbiii-.  .  ,  l-'irhli' 
prnil.iinH  till'  Nalinii  imt  nnly  In  In-  iliiri-n-iil 
fmrn  the-  Slate,  Imt  tn  In- Kniin-thim'  far  hij{liir 

Hinl    f-'rrati-r \pplii-il    In    IJrriiiaiiy    Iliis 

(I.M-Irini-  wmilil  liad  In  Iln-  prartiial  rnrn  liiainn 
that  11  iiniti-'l  (Irriinill  Stall-  ilii;lil  tn  In- sit  up 
in  whiih  till'  siparali'  (Ji-nnaii  Mati'-i  shmilil  In- 
ulp-ni-l"il.  ...  In  till'  li'ctiirc  Ufnii' us  he  iiin- 
trnts  hinisrlf  with  inlvi.sinu  that  palrintisni  as 
ilistiML'uisin-.l  frnui  Inyalty  In  tin-  St.ili-  shnulil  Im- 

lanfully   ini-iiliali-d   in   tl i-n- i-.lm  uinn,  ami 

Hhnuld  inllmnri-  tin-  iinliviilual  (nrinni  llnvirii 
iiniit-  It  wniild  lint  iinli-ril  liavi-  U-i-n  s.il'i-  fnr 
Fiilii-'  In  prnpn,,-  a  pnliiical  rrf.iiin,  init  il 
riilli-r  appi  ari  that  In- Ilinui.'lit  il  an  a-lvaiita:,'i' 
rather  Ihaii  a  ilisnlvaiitadi-  that  tin-  Nalimi  ami 
tin-  Slitr  slinul.l  111' ilisiinrt  ...  I  slmiihl  iinl 
have  liii!.''  rill  sn  Inni;  nvnr  this  linnk  if  it  iliil  n  it 
Rtriki'  HI"  ill  till'  priiiiln-liral  nr  cannniral  iHiok 
Whirh  aiillnilln-r^  ami  i'.\piains  u  gn-iil  Uun- 
8itiim  in  unHli-ru  Kuropr,  iiud  the  propUeiieb  of 


wliirli  In  iiaii  In  Ih>  fiillllliil  ImmiilUlrly  (ftrr  ii» 
piil.iliallnii    liy    till'    ilaliiK    In   Hpiilii  It  i^ 

this  I^piinUli  '  Id'vnlnlliin  which  whrn  It  li  i< 
I'tli-inliil  III  Iln-  nllH-r  niiintrlrii  wn  mil  Ilin  Ami 
Nii|Hili'niiii<  Ui'vniiiihin  nf  Kiini|H<  Il  iruvi 
Kiirii|a'  yi-arinf  tinpiindlrti'-l  liliMNUIinl.  Inii  ;it 
till'  Ninii-  liini'  yian  nvi  r  wlih-li  lliin-  lirnml-.  1 
lltflil  nf  iiiKlry.  fnr  im  rnnn-pllnn  •  an  Im- nmri- 
prnfniiinlly  pni-lli-al  III  in  thai  which  nnw  »nln- 
up  III  i-nry  li:irl  nf  Kiimpi-.  tin'  ponnpii.n  ..f 
till'  Nalinn  Tlnmi' yiamaiwi  hsi  Ihn  way  |..  II,. 
Krial  nnivi'iiU'iilD  whirh  liavn  flili-il  »n  iinn  li  -  f 

!  Ihn  Mliii'ti'i-ntli  n-nlury.  iinil  liavn  rrarriiiiu'<  I  i>i< 
whnli'  I'l'iitral  pari  nf  Iln-  map  nf    Kiir  .pi mi  1 

'  iiniri-  niiural  nystrin  " — I  11  Sn-li-y,  l.ir,  1 .  ( 
rinun,.!-  Sl.in.'i:!    I.  rh     1  (.     -.') 

A.  D.   i8a<    ijanuaryi.— Kehl,    Cattel    and 
Wcttlannestdto  Frrnce.    Sii-Kii\Nri.    AH 

i     IHIi;    ImiS  iNill  KMIIH'  MlirVKV) 

j  A.  D.  1808  (Apt-  >ec«mb«ri.— The  Tu- 
■tndbund,  and  Stem  •  tUtioni  to  it.  -  '  l:ii.' 
i  nsh  pi-iipli' think  nf  Siiin  aliinnl  (-xiIikImIv  in 
j  rnnm-»lnn  with  land  laws  Hut  tin-  w-mml  iiiij 
luiiri'  warlike  |M-rii«l  nf  ill*  Minlslrv  Inn  alsn  li  11 
I  H  faint  inipri'«lnii  In  Iln-  mlinl«  nf  niiiiiy  aimmi; 
i  iiH.  Willi  arc  In  thn  lialiil  nf  ri'tiardin;;  him  us  tin- 
I    fiiiiiidi-r  lift  111' Tui^i'inlliund     In  .Xiiku'I  and  S.  p 

li-min  r  |IWIH|,  ihi'  vrry  inniilhs  In  whirh  Mi 
I  wiw  lakiii)(  up  his  nrw  pnsiiinn.  mis  wHii  ty  «  i> 
;  Allrarllii'.;  Ki'in-ml  atli'iilinn.  and  an  iirilin:;lv  ihis 
N  Iln'  phni'  In  i-nnsidi  r  SP-ln's  rilalinn  i-.  ii 
That  III'  was  si-rn-tly  nnnnalit:i{  and  uri;iiu,'  il  -n 
iiiust  hiivi' M'l-mi-d  at  thn  Ilnn- inmi-  Ihiii  pmh 
hIiIi-.  alinnst  m-U  i-vidi-iil       II  ainiid  at  Iln-  m  r\ 

nhjc-i  Is 'vhii-li  In-  had  at    n-ari,  it  spnki-  .-I'  I 

with  wariii  admlnilinn.  and  In  ^I'lU'ral  il   u-i 

lanifuau'i-  whiili  ».-i-nnd  an  iilinnf  his  nwii 

\Vliali-»ir  his  rniini-vini.  with  thr  TuL'i-mltniii.l 

i    may  liavi-   lii-iii,  it  laiiiint  havn  (-ninmrini  d  r,ll 

'    .\pVil,  IWW.  fnr  it   was  in  that   niiiiitli  that   lli. 

i    TuKindliilinl   iK-iraii  ils  i-xisli-nn-,  iiiid  llnnf.-ri 

i    nnlliiiif(  lan  In-  iiniri'  alisurd    than  In  n-pr.srn! 

'    Sli-in  »H  hi-i-lnninn  In  ri-vnlutiniiisi'  Iln-  iniuiiri 

,    wilil  till'  Inlp  n'  ihi'  ■"  -'ti'i'.iiln.-ml,  f  -r  his  r-  n.lu 

'   tinnarv  i-ilirt  mm  Im  .        ••  iniiili.'ati  d  mlliiU'i" 

iM-rliifnrc.   .   .   .    Ill  Ills  aulnliin:,'rapliy  .         Sn  in 

|siivs|;   -  .Vn  i-lTi-i'l  and  mil  till' i-aiisi' nf  tills  p.i. 

'    siniiali'  naliniial  IndiKiialinii  at  tin-  drsp.iii-m  .' 

\    Napiilriin  was  the  Tujfi'inlliiind.  nf  whn  h   I  «  .- 

nn  innri' till'  fniiinirr  than  I  was  a  inriiit"  r    t-  I 

,   ran  as»i-rt  nn  my  Inuinur  and  as  is  wi-il  km-iMi  '" 

;    lis  nriijiinii.irs.      -Vlmut  .Inly,    l^iw.    ihir.     n  i- 

fnrmi'd   at    KUnittshir),'   a  »niii-iy   iniisi,! in.-  -I 

si-viral    iiHIcipi,    fnr  i-xampli-.    I'nI.    (iini-iiui 

lirnhnann.  Ai-..  iinu  liarind  imn.  sinli  a^  I'r- 

fi-ssnr  Kriii?.  In  iinli-r  In  rmiilial  Mlli--liiii--  .iii  1 

I.irnusi'lhi'nnlili'r  iiniril  fi-i'lin«H;  and  an  -rlin.- 

to   till'  n-ipiiriini-nts   nf  Ihn  i-,isIiiiL'  liw-  Hi'.i 

i   i-nmmiinirali-d  llii-ir  slalntcs  and  tin-  li-l  '-f  'ii' ii 

mi-inln-rs  In  tin-  KinK'n  .M»j<'»ly.  w  im  >  im  li ;! 

i    till'  fiiriiiiT  williniil  liny  m-tinn  nn   in>    pn'    i 
\    iM-iiin  my   hi-lii-f  in   iii-ni'ral  that    tinrr   ' 
I    in-i-il  iif  any  ntlinr  insliliilo  liiii  In  piu  n- 

Inin  tin' spirit  nf  Clirisliau  palrinii-m,  111     -'' 

i   nf  whii-li  lay  alriailv  in  Ihi- i-xisliim  iii.sliin'i 

i   nf  Stall' iind  Chunfi.     Tin' in-w  Sm  ii  ly  h.  1-1 

mi'i'tiiurs.  lull  nf  tin'  prni'ii-dlii){s  I  km  «■  imtli] 

and  win-n  lalir  it   prnpn-a-d  In  rxiit   an  liili' 

inllin-ncc  upmi  nlinalinnal  and  military  ir-i 

I    liiin.s  I  ri'ji-iti-d  tin-  prn|Misal  as  i-in m.n  imi. 

I    Iln-   di-parlim-nl   nf   tin-   civil   and    (-nli-ii^ 

j    f-..>ituiut(  UmJIls.      .V.-i  I  -.vas  ,iriv::i  ■■■  • 

I    wiutUoutof  the- public  service,  1  kimu  ■     1. 


h: 


1550 


U 


^'^U 


UKHMANY.   INOS 


ffttpf»lfun  a  fttttttk 


OEHMANY,  IM«. 


M  thr  fiirflHT  opmitioni  i.l   iliU  s.k.iIv  '. 
Ilr  I'l-rttiliily  umiiii  In  IiiIiikI  IiIh  niuUr*  Ici  iiri 
■trraUnil  llml  hf  liiwl  not  i>n  n  unv  lii.llfn  l  i.r  uii 
ilrrtmiHt  KiiitMtlciii  wltli  It.  hut  /nnii  tlr«t  l<i  hm 
■tiNMt  iiillr.lv  iiliHif,  .  X  I  |.t   III  Mill.  i„».  will  n  III' 

InU'rfinil  l.i  n'^lrulii  ll^.  mtlMii      It  ii u  f,„% 

•tlik'  lliitl  liy  lillliiK  111  lli.ii  III  IiimI  iiiitlii,  tMili, 
•nil  IIm' mi|i  tiiki'ii  hv  llii-  Kliiif  vOini  h  •  hihu 

Ihiin'il  llH'Uliitiiti'Kiir  lliiKiKlity  III tini  |,>  iiini 

lliitl.  liml  hlmiilvlii' iMiiitjiki  11  111!  ..«  Iii^  w<iii|.| 
nut   Imvi'   Inm'II  rvin      llnwiil   1.1  1X1,1  III,. 

prliu'i|iiil  fml  iiDlrt'ii'il  liy  Sii  in  u  ln.l, ,  ,|  unv  l„ 
yiiiKl  ii.iitnivii^y  ;  Sti  lii  w,n  nrt  liiiK  ii,.t  .  iili,  r 
the  f.iiiii.l.  r  i.r  n  imiiitMr  i.f  Ih.     r.iKrii.lliini.l 

Tlti.   fcHiity    iiimiiiimly    kiii.vMi    l.v   ili.ii    n  t 

wlilrh  lMiwivirili»lniiiili-.|  |t«if  i,i|„.  M,,r„l  iiii.i 
Bcli'iitillr  riih.n.  ».i<  r..iiii.ti'.|  !,»  ,1  ii.iinl.i  r  .  f 
pcnmiK.  .if  will. Ill  iiiiiiiy  wi  ri'  ]•>..  ini^.m  m 
KnalKilK'rt;  in    Ih.-  nu.nlli  .if  April      l'r..fi,~,r 

KrviK.   tiliiini.l    liv  Stiln     wiu  ..n.'   ..f   ili.in, 

(liM'U'iiiiii  uii.l   Driilniiiiin.    »li..iii   In-  nl.,.  nim 
tloiiii,    wiTr  nut  niii.init  lli.'  |lr»t    iiiiiiiIh  ri,   iiii.l 
(inflwiiiiii,  it  w'i'iim,  win  11.  V.  r  ii  nuinln  r      '\'\\v 
•latultw  vii-rv  ilmwii  l.y    Kr.i^'    llir.lil.  hin  ,ii,.l 
Hwracli,  mill  if  uny  iiiir  |mth..ii  .an  li.'  niili-.l  ilir 
Puunk'nif  tlir  Tinfi'ii.lliiin.l.  ilir  wimil  i.f  tliin'. 
Hank'k'lH'ti.  wiiih  U^t  In  ijiiwrv..  tli.'  liili'      Tin- 
OnUr    iif    I'nl.iiiit     hy   wliirli    tlii.   hixIiIv    win 
IkfiiM'il   N  iliiii'.l    KOiiIuhIhtu,  .1.111.'   .Iiiili,   iiMil 
ruiM  iM  fiill.iw^     'Till' rivlviil  nf  iii..r:iliiv.  n  li 
gkm,  wrliiiw  In-li' nml  piitill.' B|iirll,  in  u^iiiri.liy 
minit  r.imiiii'iiiliililr,   luul,  s.i  fur  ui  ih.'  >,...i.tv 
now  Im'Iiik  fiiriiu'il  iMuUr  llir  iiiiiii.'  ..f  it  Virtn'r 
rnloii(TiiKi'iHlviri'ln)l<i«iii|iinl«iili  ihi'.H'iiliiii 
IIh'  liiiiiH  iif  III.'  Iiiw)  nf  llti'  niiintrv  anil  wiili.nii 
»uy  Intfrfiri'iKi'  in  ii.ililii  4  nr  jiulili.'  ii.liiilniHirt 
lion.  lllH  Miiji'siy  till'  KiiiKiif  I'nii'.iii  ii|i|.r.ivi'» 
IIm'  ohk'it  iiihI  riinstiliiiliiii  nf  ihi'  k,k  iiiy  '     .   . 
Priim  Kmili{»lK'r«    iniHidniuirii'H  wiiit  fnrili  wli.i 
nUllllillll'il  limilril  lUMiM  luliiiiin,  I'lllli.l  CIiiiiiiImth 
In  otiiir  Inwim,   tlntt  tli.w.'  ..f   tin.    I'mvlm.'  nf 
FrimHlii,   HriiiiislHrK.  Kll.ini;,  Omii.liiiA.    Kvl.iii 
IIiilH'iiiitciii.  .Mi'im-I.  SliilliipivliniiiMliiniiiAiiu'iKt 
tnil  Scpti'iiilM-r  lliinlili'lNn  iipri'iiil  tlir  ni.iMiiu m 
xltli  grc'iil  Hucii.ss  lliri.intli  Sili-siii      Tli.    ipiril 
wlildi  Hniiiiiitcl  till'  iirw  WK  i,  I ,  .  ...il.l  ..  ,t  liiii  1„. 
•pprovi'illiyi'virvimtrln'.    Tlilv  ll,l.|l,^■.•ll,!,■,■plv 
^lrlK■k  Willi  111,.  ik'Ciiv  nf  till'  iiiiiinii    lis  sli.iHn  iii   ' 
the  iK'ciirri'iiri'n  of  thi'  wiir.  iiii.l  ih.ir  vi.wii  nf  i 
tlie  v'liy  in  whicli  it  niiKlil  li|.  r.viv.il  wiri'  iiimli 
the  ...iiiH'  iw  thowof  Stiin  iiii.l  Fii  111..      Tli.'  niily    i 
ipii-atinii  was  wlii'tlur  tli.'y  wire  Hi^.  In  ..rLMiii..    i 
iiiK  u  iKK'ii'ty  In  nr.lrr  tn  prninulKuti.  ili. „.  vi,.»<    ' 
KliPtlwT  such  II  wK-ii'ty  was  liliilv  tn  .1..  iiiii.li 
pKMl,  HDil  ttls.1  wlii'tliiT  it  iiiiirlil  ii.'it  l.y  |>..ssilii|.   j 
liy  .1.)  inuih  luiriii.     .Sli'iiis  vi..\v.  as  li.''  h:n  j^-iv.ii    | 

il.   «ll»  tlllll   it  wa.s  nut    lik.ly  1.1  <|n   niiicli    >;,i,„|, 

mi.l  Hint  micli  uii  iiriraiii,-.at  1,111  wa-*  in crssary.'    i 

.  .    It  ili.l  lint  f.illinv  lH...aii»|.  lii.l.  ..ir.-.l  Kstal'i-s   ' 
IT  Piirliiiiiii  Ills  llmt  hi- was  p-.pan.l  I.,  saiirli.in   I 
H  ii.ilitiial  i-liili.   ...    II  iii.iv  Will  han'  s....iii|.i|   j 
I'.  Iiim   that   to  sumT  npnliii.al   .  Iiili  i.i  ....m,. 
mio  (.xisti'niT  wim  t.i  all.iw  tin'  f:iii,|.in..|.  ,,f  i|,i' 
li.v.iUiiiim  wliiili  hi'  ha. I  lii-iriiii  i,.  pass  nut  ,,f 
ins  humls.     Thin-  iippiurs.  thin,  wli.n  wr  mn 
ki.l.Tit  clostly.  nolhini;  unnatural  in  tli.' i  ..iir^.- 
«lin-li  Sti'iii  il|.(.|ai('s  himsi'lf  t.i  havi'  lakiii     -.1     I 
It  Svvh'y.  /.iff  mill  J'imm'ir'Sliin.  j, I. -I.i-fi.lti,-  ■>, 

Alj«>iN:  T.  Frost,  Sci'il  Siriiliiii  or'  t/i,  /v(i'„-    I 

;»  in  llrr'i/'ilion.  r.   1,  .•/(,  4  "  ! 

A.  D.  iSoHiSfuteicber-  Qctobrr:      Imperial  : 

conference  and  Treaty  of  Erfurt,     .s,,  rK,vNCK:   i 

A    I>    1W)B  (SKl-TtMUEK— OiliillKll.  I 


'  A.  D.  iS<M  (January  -!■■•).— Oatburit  of 
Auilrian  fetlmg  acalatt  Pranct.  - RtOMains 
of  war.    NapaUorT*  advance  to  Vitnna.-  His 


•riloua  iiluallon. 


,'  and  Huanry.- 

nf  all  till'  .liistrlitiin  who  Tilt  iIm'  h';tat 


Aui- 
Tha 


war,     Napoli 

defeat  at  Aipern  and  par 
Irian  revertea  in  Italy  i 

ni   ■  man  nf  all  Hi.'  Aii.trl 

aiiiniiiit  nf  h.iln'.l  aifnlnsl  Kritmi',  wwi,  |i)'rliii|ii«, 
ihi  i:iii|N.r.ir  All  hi*  family  ami  all  hl»  iN.ipla 
-  1111I1I..S  ami  |.rh.«l«,  tlii'  nil.litir  iIuhmh  mul  the 
pr.isiiniry  -  i.vin.i.l  n  fii'linit  full  of  aii^-r 
ii^alnst  ihi.  iiiitlnii  whli'h  liiiil  iipHi't  kiiM|H' 
Hy  n.ison  ..f  ilir  Kmii  h.  tluj  illHtiirU'rH  mhI 
•|"'ilirs,  tlii'ini'mli'.!  nf  tin'  ■luiiinn  riwi',  ik'nplapra 
nf  iii..r,illiy  an.lrillifi.inalll..'.  I'rini'iii  wi'n>  mifTiT. 
In.,'  ill  llnir  palaris,  w.irkmiii  In  Ihiir  iiliii|M, 
l.i-iiiiss  nun  In  lliiir  niricii,  prlinta  In  Ihi'lr 
I  iiiiri  Ill's,  unLliim  in  Ihi'lr  cjimpn,  piiuunlit  la 
111.  ir  huts  Till,  movement  .if  <'xiiap.'ratl.iii  wiia 
i  irri',i,iilil,'  Kvrryniii'siii.lthitt  II  witsuniiiilaka 
1.1  liiiv.'  laiil  il.iwn  thilr  urms.  that  ihiy  niinht 
atf  liiisi  Knuui'  to  have  fought  on  u>  tin-  lilllef 
111.1  mill  to  have  nai  ritlii'il  the  laitt  iiiiin  unil  th« 
j    last  tl.irin,  that  thiv  liuil  Imth  wronu  in  not  h«». 

Inif  n,.ii.'  to  111,.  ,,„i,uni f  I'riissitt  iift<'r  the 

.li  nil  rainimUn;  ami  that  the  mnnu'nt  hail  ar 
ri\iilf..ralllh.'l',iw.'rsini'n«li'si'i.aifiilnsltliiTom- 
111..11  I  tii'iiiy  .in.l  crush  lilni  All  Kiirn|Mi  hail 

arrivi'.l  »|  ,1  par.i.xysniof  imll)(iiatlnn  What  wiu 
Kh.' wailimj  f,,r  Isfori'  rlsinifY  A  sIkiiuI  That 
siu'iial  Aiistriii  wan  iiIkhii  tn  (five.  Ami  this  lima 
with  what  rhaiiiisnf  lunissl  The  mnttnwiuto 
Im'  '  vlilory  nr.l.'alh  '  Hut  liny  wir.'  curi' of  vic- 
tory Till'  KniiiliMrmy.  wiitlenil  fmin the  (kicr 
to  111  •  Tagiis,  frniii  the  mnuntains  nf  Ikilivmla  to 
ihr  .Sierra  Mor.iia,  w.iul.l  ma  Is-  alih- to n-iiUt the 
n.islaiiKliI  "f  "<>  iiiiiiiv  iiali..nsiai{ir  to  lireak  their 
linii.ls  Vhniia."  in   IWiU,    imluUi'l    In   th« 

same  laiufuair.-,  aii.l  Ml  the  same  pns«l.i-i,  Ihiit 
It.  rliii  lii.l   in    tMiM,         ,    Hie    Ijimlwehr.  then 
niily  <.ri;aiii/eil  a  f.w  montliH.  were  Imputk'ntly 
iiwailiiiit  the   hiiir  when  lliey  Hhoulil    meiuuro 
I  hems,  Ives  a;;aiiist  the  Velemiw  of  the  Krrm-h 
ariny       Vnhinl.ers  tl.H'k.'.l  in  erowils  to  the  eol 
niirs       I'atri.itie   siiliserlpliniis   lloweil    in 
U'M  s  waiKiil  to  le.ive  sehisil  to  ll«ht.     All  elusKca 
nf  S.I.  il    ,     :    I  with  each  other  in  /.eiil.  rmiragc, 
ami  II  ipiril  nf  sacriHie.       When  the  newu  waa 
mail.'  pulili.'  that  tli.-  Arehiliike  Chiirles  hail    on 
I  111-  ;,'Oih  nf  l-'.l.ruary,  IHOU.  In-en  appolnteil  (Jon- 
1  ralissiimi,  tin  r.-  was  an  .lulburst  of  joy  ami  eon- 
liileiiie  frniu  niie  euil  nf  the  Kmpiri'U)  the  oilier." 
—  IiuIm  rtil.'Siint  Aiii..«iul,  .Wrmnirii>ftlu  Kmprmt 
W.  1  riV  I, . ., it,-.  j,r.  I .  fA  i.  —  ■  •  ( )n riHei'ving ileciaive 
int.  Hi.'.  II.'.' ..f  iliise  Imstile  prepnriitioiis,  Napo- 
li..11  ri-liiriieil  Willi  exlraoriliiiaryexiMiliti. in  from 
Spain  In  I'aris.  in  .January,  Idmi,  iinil  Kiive  nnlem 
111  iiiii..mrale  liis  f.irees  In  Oermaiiv,  an.l  eall 
nut  111.- full  e.iiiiinirenlsiif  the  Confeilerilinn  of 
111.-  Uhiiie      Snin.'  runlii  r  time  was  e.irisiimeil  hy 
111.- |iri|i:iiati, ins  nil  either  siile.     At  la.st.  nn  the 
f'lli  nf  April,  Ih,'  Austrian  IriHipscrnssc.l  llie  frnn- 
li.rs  ,it  1111.1-  on  !li.'  Iiui,  in  Uoliemia.  In  tli.'  Tvnil 
ami  ill  Italy      Tin-  wli.ile    liiirilien   nf   ili,.  war 
r.'vt.il  ..II  Aii,tri:ial.ine,  for  I'nissia  n-maim  .1  neu- 
tral, anil  Itussia,  miw- allieil  to  Knuiee,  w. is  even 
l.nuiiil  tn  in.ike  a  sli.iw  at  least,  tli.iui;li  it  were  no 
im.re,  nf  linslility  t.)  Aiisiria.     (In  the  same  liay 
nil  will.  Il  the  .ViKlriaii  fiirei's.  riis.si-.|  the  frnnliem, 
till- T\  r.  .1  Msi.  ill  insurn-etinn  I,..'  li. ;,.  v     \    [>' 
l^'oi»-|S|0(Al•tlll.-I•■l.;^lll  xu;  |.  and  wa     v.   pt 
;  !.  ir  "!  '!,-  -rT..!::y  l:i  f-ur  ::.iys,  -Kki,  ;i.,         .     n- 
Ih.ii  of  a  Hav.iri  111  -.irrisdn.  that  .still  lielii  in 

Kufsteiii       Till-   Kremli  army   was  at  this  limc 


1531 


!  ,  * 


1 


GERMANY.   1809. 


fttJMttttr 


ir> 


,  t 


M  ' 


■t 

,   '.1 


1 

L 


illaporsMMl  over  a  lino  of  forty  \vt\gno»  in  pxUMit, 
Willi  nunicroua  unilefciiilnl  ii|H'rlun'»  lietwccn  tlie 
corps ;  so  that  tlii'  fiiircsl  possilile  opportunity  pre- 
scnU'il  itself  to  the  Austriiins  for  cutting  to  pieces 
the  scatUTcd  (orces  of  the  French,  iinil  nmrchiii;; 
in  triiimph  to  the  Ilhine.     As  usual,  however, 
tlie  archduke's  early  movementa  were  subject- 
c<l  to  most  impolilic  delays  liy  the  Aulic  Coun- 
cil ;  and  time  was  allowed  Napoleon  to  arrive  on 
the  theatre  of  war  (April  17).  and  repair  the  faults 
coiiimitled  by  his  adjutant  tremral.  Iterthier.    lie 
Instantly  extricated  his  army  fn'ni  its  imhIous 
position  — almost  cut  in  two  by  the  advance  of 
the  Auslrians  — and.  iK-irinnint;  on  the  lUth,  he 
iHMt  the  latter  in  ftve  battles  on  tlve  successive 
days  at  Thaun,  AbenslMTj:.  I,aiidshut.  Kcknilllil. 
anil  Katisbon.      The  Archduke  Charles  retired 
Into  Hohemia  to  collect  reinforcements,  but  Gen- 
eral lliller  was.  in  consequence  of  the  delay  in  re- 
pairing tUc  fortitications  of  Linz,  unable  to  main- 
tain that   place,   the  possession  of   which   was 
important,  on  account  of  its  formini;a<onnccting 
point  bel ween  Hohiinia  and   the  Austrian  Ober- 
land      lliller.  howevi.T.  at  least  saved  bis  honour 
by  pushini;  forward  to  the  'I'raun,  and  in  a  fear- 
fully bloody  encounU'r  at    El)erslKTK.  captured 
three  French  eagles,  one  of  bis  colours  alone  fall- 
ing into  the  enemy  s  banils.     He  was.  neverthe- 
less compelled  to  retire  Ufore  thesinicrior  forces 
of  the  French,  and  crossing  over  at  Krems  to  the 
left  ban'!;  of  the  I)anulH\  be  formi-d  a  junction 
with  tiie  Archduke  Charles.     The  way  was  now 
clear  to  Vienna,  which,  after  a  slight  show  of  de- 
fence, capitulated   to   Napoleon  on  the   12th  of 
May     The  Archduke  Charles  had  hoped  to  reach 
the  capital  before  the  French,  and  to  give  battle 
to  tliem  b«meatli  its  walls;  but  as  he  had  to  make 
a  circuit  wbil.^t  the  Freiu'b  pushed  forward  in  a 
direct  line,  bis  plan  was  frustrated,  and  he  ar- 
rived when  too  laU'.  from  Hohemia.  Both  arimes, 
separiitcd  by  the  Danulx;.  st<K>d  opposed  to  one 
another  in  the  vicinity  of  the  imperial  city.    Both 
commanders  were  desirous  of  coining  to  a  decisive 
engagement.     The  French  bad  secureil  the  island 
of  l-obau.  to  serve  as  a  mustering  place,  and  iM)int 
of  transil,  acnws  the  Danube.     The  arcluluke  al- 
lowed them  to  es'ahlish  a  bridge  of  boats.  Iwing 
resolved  to  await  them  on  the  Marchfeld.    There 
it  was  (hat  Uudolph  of  Ilabsburg,  ill  tlie  battle 
against  Oltakar,  hail  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
greatness  of  the  hous«-  of  Austria ;  and  there'  the 
political  existence  of  that  house  and  the  fate  of 
tbi!  monarehv  were  now  to  lie  de<  ided.     Having 
crossed  the  fiver,  Xapolecm  was  nceived  on  the 
opposite  bank,  near  Aspern  and  F.sslingen.  by  his 
opponent,  ami.  after  a  ilreadfiil  battle  [in  which 
Mar'^lial  Udiiies  was  killed],  tlnit  was  carried  on 
with  iirnvearieil  animosity  for  twoday.s.  May  21st 
and  22iid.  IMUU.  be  was  completely  beaten,  and 
compelled  to  lly  for  refuge  to  the  island  of  Lobau. 
The  rising  stream  had,  meanwhile,  carried  away 
the  briilge.  Napoleon's  sob'  chance  of  CM-aiM'  to 
the  opiiosite  bank.     For  two  days  he  remained  on 
the  island  with  his  (Icfeatt'd  troops,  without  pro- 
visions, and  in  houriy  ('.xiH-ctatiou  of  being  cut  to 
pieces;  the  Austrians,  however,  neglected  to  turn 
the  opportunity  to  advantage,  and  allownl  the 
French  leisure  lo  rebuild  the  bridge,  a  work  of 
extre'inedilllcullv.    During  six  wi-eks  afterwards, 
the  two  armies  continued  to  occupy  their  former 
po-;i!!!:r;s  ui'.'.U-r  Uie  w;dN  of  Vienn.i.  on  the  right 
an.i  left  banks  of  the  Danube,  narrowly  watching 
ea<  li  other's  movements,  and  preparing  for  a  linal 


OEHMANY,  1809. 

struggle.     Whilst  these  events  were  In  proL'n 

the  Archiluke  .lohn  had  successfully  peiielri 

into  Italv.  where  he  had  totally  defeated  the  \  i 

roy  Eugene  at  Salice,  on  the  16th  of  April. 

voure'd  by  the  simultaneous  revolt  of  the  Tv 

lese,  ho  might  have  obtained  the  most  deei- 

results  from  this  victory,  but  the  extraordin; 

progre'ssof  Na|)oleon  down  the  valley  of  the  H 

ubi'  rendereil  necessary  tne  concentration  of 

whole  forces  of  the  monarchy  for  the  defeiHc  . 'I 

capital.     Having  begun  a  relre'iit,  be  was  puiM 

by   Eugene,  and  defeated    on   the   I'iavi-,   » 

great  h)ss,  on  the  8th  of  May.     Escaping  iIh  i 

without  further  iiioleslalion.  to  Villacb.  in  (  id 

tliia.  he  re'ceived  intelligence  of  the  fall  of  Vii  ri 

together  with  a  letter  from  the  Archduke  Clim 

of  the  Mtli  of  May,  dirieting  him  to  move  > 

all  his  forces  upon  Untz,  to  act  on  the  ri'.r  : 

communicalioua  of  Napoleon.     Inslead  of  ul 

lug  lliesi-  orders,  he  thought  proiM^r  to  umuh  i 

Hungary,  abandoning  the  Tynd  and  tin-  wl 

projected  operations  on   the  Upper   Danulu 

tlieir    fate        His    disolKnlieuce   was    disa-^lr 

to  the  fortunes  of  his  bouse,  for  it  caused 

fruits  of  the  victory  at  Aspcm  to  be  lost. 

might  have  arrived,  with  5(1,000  men,  on  the  '. 

or  2otli,  at  Lintz.  where   no  one   remained 

Bcrnadottc  and  the  Saxons,  who  were  ineap! 

of  offering  any  serious  re'sistaucc,     Such  a  to 

concentrated  im  the  direct  line  of  Napoleon  s. 

munieatiims,  immediately  after  bis  debat  at 

])em,  cm  the  22nd,  would  have  deprived  liii 

all  means  of  cxtriaiting  himself  i.om  th<'  i 

perilous  situation  in  which  he  had  yet  been  pi 

since  ascending  the  consular  throne.   After  t.i 

defeating  Jellachich  in  the  valley  of  tlie  .M 

Ilugene  desistcil  from  his  pursuit  of  tin-  arm 

Ibilv,  and  joined  Napoleon  at  Vienna.    The  .\ 

duke  John  united  his  forces  at  lliiab  wilh  i 

of  the  Hungarian  insurrection,  under  his  br.' 

the  Pahitine.    The  viceroy  auain  marche.l  a^; 

him,  and  ilefeated  bim  at  Itiuib  on  the  1  li 

June.     The  Palatine  re'inained  with  t'le  llu 

rian   insurrection  in   Koinorn;   Archduke  . 

moved  on  to  Presburg.     In  the  north,  the  .\ 

duke  Ferdinand,  who  had  advanced  as  I 

Warsaw,    bad   been  driven   back  by  tin-    i 

under  I'oniatowskv,  anil  by  a  Uussian  ton. 

by  the  Emperor  Alrvanibr  totheiraMl.  \v in.  1 

this  success,  invaildl   tialicia." — W.   K,   K 

IHkI.   if  Hie   Umtxe  of  Aunlria  {Conliiiii.il' 

t'ujre).  ch.  4. 

Also  in;  Sir  A.  Alisim,  IIM.  of  l:nr;j'. . 
lHl,->,  rh.  ,'>0-.57(r.  12).— I)..ke  de  Uovigo.  .1/. 
r  2  i>i.  2.  cA.  3-12.- Baron  Joinini,  Life  ■  /   ' 
hm'i   eh.  14  (c.   li).- Baron  de   .Marbot,    .1/. - 
r.  1,  i-A.  42-48. 

A.  D.  i8oo  (April-July).— Risings  ag; 
the  French  in  the  North.— "A  general  i 
against  the  French  had  nearly  taken   |m 
Saxony   and    Westphalia,   where  tiie   i »'  ' 
burdens  imposed  on  llu'  people,  and  the  iii' ' 
of  the  French  troops,  bad  kindled  a  de,ell\ 
of  hostility  against  the  oppres-^ors.     Everi  . 
the  Tugendbuml  were  in  activity^  ami  H 
vauce  of  the  Au.s'ri:ins  towards  Franioi:. 
Saxonv,  at  the  beirinning  of  the  war.  1' 
tlie  lla"me.     The  two  tii-st  atU'inpts  at  \\ 
tii.n.    headed  respi'eiively  by   Katt,   a   I'l 
ollicer  (April  '■'    ami  Dornlierg,   a  Wesil'^ 
colonel  (Apri        ,    pr.ived  aliortive;  but  il 
lerprise  of  I  •lel)iuted  a.hiii  V.:-.  ■' 

formidable  I       acter.     Thlseuthusiastn  : 


1552 


1  'n 


GERMANY.   1809. 


Wagram,  anii  thf 
Peaci"  of  SchOnbrunn. 


OEllMANY,   1800 


tisings  against 


then  a  colonel  in  the  Prussian  iirniy.  hml  licin 
compromisid  in  tli(  rcvnll  of  Dor'nlHrir;  ami 
finiiing  liinis<'lf  discovcrwl.  lir  biilillv  raisiil  !lic 
stamliipl  (April  3U)  at  tlii'  lii'uil  of  U(N)  soldiirs. 
Ilis  force  speedily  re<'eived  ui  rvssioiis,  but  failiii!^ 
lo  h\»  Htteinptx  on  WitlenK'r^  and  .Mai.'delmri,'. 
he  inoveil  towards  the  Italtic,  in  lioiie  nf  suicour 
from  tlie  Uritisli  cruisers,  and  a!  last  llirew  liiin 
«clf  into  iSlralsund.  Here  !'i'  was  sfuedily  in- 
vesteil;  ihe  place  was  stori'"  ^  ..-'.■  v  1)1).  and  llie 


gallant  Scliiti  slain 
only  iM-'fore  tli(>  uppea' 
—  the  timely  arrival  of 
the  place,  and  spread  t 
Germany.  The  l)uk. 
his  '  black  band  '  of  v 


■"'!:  a  f'  w  liours 
■  ..f  liie  ..!■:.:  ■>  V  ■  Is 
liii  li  lait'lit  h.'  .1  >!■ 
r-  ■!.■  ouT'ill  N.,i 
f  ',:'u:!sw.k-<  .  ■!■: 
.lit  er...  lia.i  ^i;  tin 


■      .1 

'.•  rn 

Ith 

aine 

lime  inviuled  Saxony  fr  .-■  B  ''emi.'  and  i''oui;li 
then  obliged  to  retreat,  lie  made  a  se  on  '  irn  ur- 
sion  in  .'unc,  occupied  Dresden  ami  Keipsic.  and 
drove  the  King  of  Westphalia  into  France.  After 
the  'lattle  of  Wagram  he  made  his  way  across 
all  Northern  Oernmny,  and  wa.s  ivcntually  con- 
veyed, with  his  gailant  followers,  still" 2, (MH) 
strong,  to  England." — Eiiitome  nf  Alinnii'ii  Itht. 
of  Eiiriipf,  vet.  nan-KO. 

A.  D.  iSoo  (July — September).— Napoleon's 
Tictory  mt  wagram.— The  Peace  of  Schbn- 
brunn. — Immense  surrender  of  Austrian  terri- 
tory.— "  Thcopenitionof  establisliimrlhcbridges 
between  the  KriMieh  camp  and  tln'  left  bank  Of 
the  DannlK'  cimimenced  on  the  night  of  the  ;tOtli 
of  .June:  and  during  the  night  of  the  -ttli  of  July 
the  whole  French  arm,-,  passing  iMtwein  the  vil- 
lages of  Enzersdorf  and  Muhlieute:i.  ilelioiiehed 
on  the  Marchfcld,  wheeling  to  their  left.  N.ipo- 
leon  was  on  horsclKic  k  in  the  midst  of  them  by 
daylight;  all  the  Au.strian  fortilications  elected 
to  defemi  the  former  bridge  were  turiieil,  the  vil- 
lages  (K'cupied  by  their  ariiiv  taken,  and  tli(> 
Archduke  (Jharlcs  was  inenaceil  both  in  tiank  and 
rear,  the  French  line  <if  battle  niipuyid  on  En- 
zersdorf liein^  at  a  right  angle  to  his  left  wing. 
Under  these  circumstances  the  Archduke,  retiring 
bis  left,  attempted  toouttlai  k  the  Fri'iich  right. 
while  Napoleim  bore  down  upon  his  centre  at 
Wagram.  This  village  became  the  rccih'  of  a 
Bunguiuary  struggle,  and  one  house  only  remained 
Rtanding  when  night  close<l  in.  The  Archiliikc 
Dent  courier  after  courier  to  hasten  the  advance 
of  his  brother,  between  whom  and  himself  was 
Napoleon,  whose  line  on  the  night  of  the  ,'ith  e.\- 
tende<l  from  LoilK'rsilorf  on  the  right  to  some  two 
miles  iH'yond  Wagram  on  the  left.  N'ap(j|eon 
passe<l  the  night  in  massing  his  centre,  still  de- 
tinuining  to  manceiivre  by  his  left  in  onhr  to 
throw  back  the  Archduke  Charles  on  that  side 
before  the  Archduke  John  could  come  up  on  the 
other.  At  si.\  o'cliMk  on  tin'  morning  of  tin'  lith 
of  July  he  commanded  the  attack  in  person, 
disregarding  all  risk,  he  appeared  throu^'hout 
the  day  in  tiie  hottest  of  the  tire,  niountiil  on  a 
linow-wliite  charger,  Euphrates,  a  present  from 
the  Shall  of  I'ersia.  The  .\iihdiike  Charles  as 
usual  eoiiimilted  the  error  wliich  .Napoh'ons  ene- 
mies hail  not  even  yet  li'.irued  wiis  invariably 
fatal  to  them;  cxleiiding  his  liiii'  loo  u'rcatly  he 
weakened  his  centre,  at  the  sjiine  time  opetiin;: 
ircinendoiis  assaults  on  the  Freni-h  wiiii.rs.  which 
BUlTered  dreadfully.  Napoleon  onlered  l.auriston 
lo  advance  upon  the  .\uslri;in  eeinre  with  a  liuii- 
ilred  guns,  supported  by  two  whole  divisions  of 
itiraiUty  in  i-oluiuu.  The  aniiteiy,  wiien  wiiiiin 
lialf  cauuouBhot,  opened  a  lerrilic  lire ;  nothing 


98 


eoiilil  withstand  such  a  shock.  The  infantry, 
leil  by  .Maedonald,  charged;  the  Austrian  line 
was  broken  and  the  icntre  ilriven  back  in  con- 
fusion. The  right,  in  a  panic,  retrograded ;  the 
French  cavalry  then  bore  down  upon  them  and" 
deciiled  the  battle,  tin'  Archduke  still  fighting  to 
.secure  his  retreat,  which  lie  at  length  elTecteil  in 
tolerably  go(Ml  order.  Ity  ihmiii  the  whole  Aus- 
trian army  was  abaniloning  the  contest.  Their 
(h'fcat  .so  demoralized  them  that  the  Archduke 
.lohii,  who  came  up  on  Napoleon's  right  In^fore 
the  battle  w.is  over,  was  glad  to  retire  with  Ihe 
rest,  unnolicc'l  bv  the  enemy.  That  evening tho 
Marohftld  and  W'agram  wire  in  pos.s«!8sion of  the 
French.  The  population  of  Vienna  had  watched 
Ihi^  battle  from  the  roofs  am)  ramparts  of  the 
cilv,  and  saw  the  retreat  of  their  army  with  fear 
and  ghiom.  IJetween  300,000  and  400,000  m('n 
weri'  engiigeil,  aii<l  the  loss  on  both  sides  was 
nearly  eipial.  About  '-'0,000  dead  and  30,000 
woiiinhd  strewed  the  ground;  the  latter  were 
conveyed  to  the  hospitals  of  Vienna.  .  .  .  Twenty 
tlioiisand  Austrians  were  taki'ii  prisoners,  but  the 
number  would  have  iK'cn  greater  had  the  French 
cavalry  acted  with  their  usual  siiirit.  Hernadolti', 
issuing  a  bulletin,  almost  a.ssuining  to  hims<>lf 
the  sole  merit  of  the  victory,  was  removed  from 
ills  command.  ^lacdonalil  was  created  a  marshal 
of  the  empire  on  the  morning  after  the  battle. 
.  .  .  Tlie  battle  of  Wagram  was  won  more  by 
good  fortune  than  skill.  Napoleon's  strategy 
was  at  fault,  and  had  the  Austrians  fought  as 
stoutly  as  they  did  at  Aspern.  Napolctm  wontd 
have  been  signally  defeated.  Had  the  Arcli<luke 
John  acti'd  pnimptly  and  vigorously,  he  might 
hav<?  united  wilb  his  brother's  left  —  which  was 
int;ut  —  and  overwhelmed  the  Fnmch.  .  .  .  The 
difeated  army  retire<l  to  Znaiin,  followed  by  the 
French;  but  further  resistance  was  abandoned  by 
the  Emperor  of  Austria.  The  Archduke  Charles 
solicited  an  armistice  on  the  9tli;  hostilities 
ceased,  and  Napoleon  returned  to  the  palace  of 
Scliiinbrunn  while  the  plenipotentiaries  settled 
the  terms  of  peace.  .  .  .  English  Ministers  dis- 
playeil  another  instance  of  their  custonuiry  spirit 
of  procra.stiiiation.  Exactly  eight  days  after  the 
armistice  of  Ziiaim,  wliieli  assured  them  that 
Austria  was  no  longer  in  a  j^osition  lo  profit  by 
or  CO  operate  with  their  proceedings,  they  sent 
more  than  80,(K(0  fighting  men,  iin<I«r  the  com- 
in;ind  of  I.oni  C'hatham.  to  iK'siege  Antwerp  [siH* 
EN(ii..*.M):  .\.  1).  Iwm(Ji'LY— Ukckmhkh)].  .  . 
Operations  against  Naples  proved  e<|iially  abor- 
tive. .  .  .  In  Spain  alone  English  arms  were  suc- 
cessful. Sir  Arthur  Wellesley  won  the  liattle  of 
Talaveni  on  the  'J8th  of  July  [see  Si-mn:  A.  I). 
IhOO  (FKimu.Miv— Ji'i.Y)].  .  !  .  .\  treaty  of  peace 
between  France  and  .Vustria  was  signed  on  the 
14th  of  October  at  Vienna  [sometimes  called  the 
Treaty  of  Vienna,  but  more  commonly  the  Peace 
of  Schdnlirunn].  The  Emperor  of  Austria  ctnled 
Salzburg  and  a  part  of  I'pper  Austria  to  theCim- 
fedcratioii  of  the  Uliiiie;  part  of  ISohemia,  Cm- 
cow,  and  Western  (Jalicia  to  the  King  of  Saxony 
as  tiraiid  Duke  of  Warsaw;  part  of  Eastern 
(.I.ilici.i  to  the  EiniHTor  of  lEussia;  and  Trieste. 
Cariiiola.  Friuli,  Villacli.  and  some  part  of  (.'mati;i 
and  Dalmalia  to  Franiv:  lliiis  connecting  the- 
kingdom  of  It;ily  with  NapoK'on's  lllyrian  pos- 
sessions, making  him  m.-ister  of  the  entire  coast 
of  the  .Vdriatic.  and  depriving  Austria  of  its  last 
seaport.  li  was  compuieii  llnii  ihe  Emperor 
FraiK  is   gave    up    territory   to   the   amount   of 


1553 


.    i 


.  !.  :   , 


;*Hl  ■; 


't 


GEKMANY,  t809-lnli) 


Krvoll  III  Ihr 


OEKMANY,   1800-1«10 


4ri,000  sqimrc  inilea,  with  !i  iMi|iiilati()ii  of  ruiirly   |   (liTstiinillnjj  wiH  iiminlaincd  with  Anslriii anil 


4,iHK),0(H».  Ill-  also  paid  a  larjrc  cDiitrihutiDti  in 
liioBey."— U.  II.  Iloriii'.  /,i/c  ■y'-Vn/w/e-."/,  c/i.  ;i-. 
—  "The  ceswions  inailc  ilircclly  li>  Xapolicni  wc  ri' 
the  county  of  OOrtz.  or  lioriiia,  and  that  of  Moii 
ti'fttlconp,  fonninj;  the  Austrian  I''rinli;  the  town 
•nd  (fovcriinaiit  of  Triistc.  (irniula.  the  ( ircle 
of  Villarh  in  Carinthia.  part  of  Cnialia  and  Dal- 
inatia.  and  the  lonlship  of  Itil/iins  in  the  (irison 
territory.  All  these  pro\inici.  willi  the  exeep- 
tion  of 'lta/.nn».  were  ineorporaird  liy  a  decree  of 
N!ipoliH>n.  with  Dalinatia  and  its  islands,  into  a 
liin>;h!  state  with  the  name  of  the  Illyrian  I'rov- 
inees.  They  were  never  united  with  Kranee,  lint 
»lwaysn<>*'erneil  liy  Najioleon  as  an  independeiit 
State.  A.  few  districts  iMfore  piis.sessi'd  hy  Napo- 
leon were  al.so  incorponUed  with  Iheni;  us  Venc 
tian  Istria  and  Dalniatia  with  the  liiata  <li  Cat- 
taro.  Ilagusa,  and  part  of  the  Tyrol.  The 
only  other  arliehs  of  the  treaty  of  niueh  impor- 
tance are  the  rc(i>i.'nition  liy  Austria  of  any 
Changes  niaile,  or  to  be  made,  in  Sp.dn.  I'ortngal. 
»uil  Italy;  the  adherence  of  the  Kniperor  to  the 
pnihihilive  system  adopted  liy  Kranre  and  Uu. 
»ia,  and  his  eniraKinu  to  cease  all  <orrespondence 
»nd  relati(aiship  with  (Jnat  Britain  liy  a  de- 
cree nnide  at  llatisl April  2tth,  ISO!).  Napoleon 

had  suppressed  the  Teutonic  Order  in  all  the 
States  iH-longing  to  the  Ithenish  tNmfiilcration. 
reannexeil  its  pos.sessions  to  the  doinains  of  the 
prim  e  in  which  they  were  situated,  and  incor|io- 
ralcd  .Mergentheim".  with  the  rights,  dniiiains, 
»nd  revenues  attached  to  the  Crand  .Masiirship 
of  the  Order,  with  the  Kin^'dumof  Wiirlemlieri,'. 
These  ilisp<isitions  were  contirmed  hy  the  Treaty 
of  hichiinlirunn.  The  cirecl  aimed  at  liy  the 
Treaty  of  Schonliruun  was  to  surround  Austria 
with  JKiwerful  slates,  and  thus  to  paralyse  all  her 
military  ellorts.  .  .  .  The  Emperor  ol  Ilussia 
,  .  .  was  very  ill  salislied  with  the  sm. ill  portion 
of  the  spoils  assigned  to  him.  and  '•  augmenta- 
tion awarded  to  the  duiliy  of  W  iw.  Heme 
the  first  oecJision  of  cohlness  lnlur.n  him  and 
Napoleon,  whom  he  suspected  of  a  design  to  re- 
cslalilish  the  Kinsdom  of  Poland. "—T.  II  Dyer, 
Il,.^t   ./  M'Hierii  Ktir<')>f.  hk.  7.  rli.  14  ('■.  4). 

Ai-ois:  Sir  A.  Alison,  Uinl.  cf  E'lri'iu;.  17W- 
IHI.")  e!,.  59-60  (r.  13).— Gen.  lo'niit  M.  Dumas, 
M,m,'ir».  ch.  13  (r  ',').— E.  Haines,  //(..(.  of  th,- 
W.tryf  the  t>iMh  lifr.,l,k.  4,  ch.  U(,',  3)  —.1.  ( '. 
ItoiHS.'  77i,  /■!>»<  A'ii/»./-"H,  hi-t.  4. 

A.  D.  1809-1810.— Humboldt's  reform  of  Pub- 
lic  Instruction  in   Prussia.     See   EurcArni.s. 

MollKltN;       Et  UOI'K.VN       C'OLNTUIKS.  —  I'urssiA: 

A    1>    IHOO 

A.  D.  i8oo-i8io(April— February).— The  re- 
volt in  the  "Tyrol.— Heroic  struggle  of  Andrew 
Hofer  and  his  countrymen.— ■The  Tyrol,  for 
Centuries  a  pos.si's.siou  of  .Vustria.  was  ceiled  to 
Itavaria  liy  the  IVaci'  of  rreshnr^  in  lSo.-|.  The 
]tavariaus  made  many  iiuiovatious,  in  the  French 
(ttyle,  some  ;;ood  ami  some  had;  liut  the  monn 
tanici  rs,  elini;ini;  to  their  ancient  ways,  resisted 
Iheni  all  alike.  They  haled  the  liavarians  as 
fnrciitn  niasl<'rs  fon'cd  upon  them,  undespei:ially 
tlelisUtl  the  military  con.seiipliun,  to  whiiii 
Austria  had  never  sulijecled  them.  The  priestv^ 
had  an  almost  unlimited  intlm  nee  over  these 
faithful  Caiholics,  and  the  Havarians,  who  treated 
them  rudely,  were  rei5arde<i  us  innovators  and 
Sllies  of  revoluiiiinarv  France.  Thus  the  coun- 
try sulimuteii  rcsilis-ly  to  llie  yoke  of  tiie  iliiiue 
Ij-ajrue  until  the  spring  of  IHiil).     A 


Archduke  .John,  and  the  pe<iple  never  aliamli 
the  hope  of  returning  to  their  Austrian  alle^-ia: 
When  the  great  war  of  IHOU  began,  the  Einp 
Francis  summ<iiu>d  all  his  people  to  arms. 
TyrolestMUiswered  the  call.  .  .  .  They  are  a  | 
|ile  trained  in  early  life  to  the  use  <if  arms,  un 
activity,  louragi'.  and  ready  devices  in  hunt 
and  in  traveling  on  their  mountain  paths.  . 
tria could  hesureof  the  f.iithfulne.ssof  the  T> 
and  made  haste  to  (K-cujiy  the  coinilr''  \V 
tht!  first  triHips  were  seen  entering  the  \  sses. 
people  arose  and  drove  away  the  Ilavariaii 
ri.sons.  The  alarm  was  soon  soimdeil  IIjim 
the  deepest  ravines  of  the  land.  Never  was  1 
a  more  united  people,  and  ea<-li  troop  ortoni) 
chose  its  own  olllcers.  in  the  ancient  <!ir 
style,  from  iimong  their  stningesl  anil  lust  r 
Tiu'ir  conimanilers  wire  hunters,  sheplii 
priests:  the  fornu*r  gamekeeper,  Spcckliac 
the  innkeeper,  Martin  Tcimer;  the  liery  {-. 
chin  monk.  Ilaspinger.  whose  sole  weapon  in 
ticid  was  a  huge  elHiny  cruciti.v.  and  many  1 
of  like  peaceful  occupations.  At  the  head  ot 
whole  army  was  a  man  wdio,  like  Saul.  \>\\\ 
liy  a  head  above  all  others,  while  his  liaiiM- 
lilack  heard  fell  to  his  girdle  —  .Vnilrew  Ih 
formerly  an  innkeeper  at  Passeyr  —  .a  net 
hunilile  piety  and  simple  faithfulness,  wlm  f; 
represented  the  people  he  led.  lie  regardi -I 
waras  dutiful  service  to  his  religion,  hisenipi 
and  his  i-ountrv.  The  whole  land  soon  swar 
with  little  hands  of  men,  making  their  vmi 
Innsprlick  (.Vpril,  WM),  whence  the  I'.av, 
garrison  tied.  Meanwhile  a  small  French  c 
came  from  Italy  to  relieve  them.  Thou;:h 
upon  by  the  jica-sants  from  exery  ravine  and 
they  jiassed  the  Urenner,  and  reached  the 
berg,  near  Innsprlick.  Hut  here  they  were 
rounded  on  every  side,  and  forced  tosurrei 
The  lirst  Austrian  soldiers,  under  (ieneral  ( 
teler,  then  reached  the  capital,  and  their  vveK 
was  a  popular  festival.  The  libeiitors,  ;ih 
Tvriilew  .soldiers  regarded  themselvi  ■,  comm 
no  cruelties,  lint  carried  on  their  eutci  prise  ii 
spirit  of  a  national  jubilee.  The  tidings  nl 
di.s;isters  at  Kegensburg  [l{atislion|  now  1 
\ipon  them  like  a  thunderbolt.  The  wiililr 
of  the  Austrian  army  then  left  the  Tyrol  » il 
protection.  Napoleon  treated  the  war  as  a 
tiny,  and  set  a  price  upon  tl.asteler's  I 
Neither  Cha.steler  nor  any  of  the  Austrian 
cers  with  him  nnderstood  the  warfare  if 
Iicawintry.  ThcTyndese  were  leftalmost  wl 
to  themselves,  butthey  resolved  to  defelnl 
mountains.  On  May  II  the  Havarians  11 
Wredc  again  set  mit  from  Salzburg,  eipl 
the  pass  of  the  Siruli  after  a  bloodv  ti-ht 
Iheii  climbed  iiilo  the  valley  of  the  Inn  I 
practiced  frightful  cruelties  in  their  »:i> 
lii-rce  struggle  timk  place  at  the  little  viU.i- 
Sihwatz;  the  Havarians  burned  the  place, 
marched  lo  Iniispriick.  Chasteler  willnl 
and  the  Havarians  and  Frt'ueh,  nailer  Wni' 
l.cfevn',  entered  the  capital.  The  country  :i 
iippeariil  to  be  subdued.  Hut  cruelly  li  e! 
liiilered  the  |ieiiple.  Wrede  was  recalle.l, 
his  corps,  by  Na|ioleon;  and  mov  lloli  r 
his  .South  Tynilese,  recrossed  the  Hrenrnr  I 
,\L'aiu  the  general  uhirin  was  given,  tin-  !• 
called  to  arms,  and  again  every  pa.ss.  cmh 
iif    roik.   ever\    narnm    road    vsas   sci/'-:. 

Till-  1. 


cret  lUl-   I   struggle  took  place  at  the  Isidberg. 

1554 


GERMANY.  1809-1810. 


Thr  fiiaing  ayairut 


GERMANY,  1813-1813. 


riaDN,  7.000  in  niimlKT.  wcrr  dcfcnlfd  with  licavy 
loss.  TIn'Tynii  now  n>riiitini-<l  fnrsfvcnil  inoiitliH 
umlisturliril,  (liiriiiKtliiiiiiii|mi/,Miiirimnil  Vliuriii. 
After  till-  '  iiUh'  of  Asporn.  an  iiniuriul  imiclii 
inution  !'  lully  iissiircii  tlic  Tyrolisi- that  liny 
bIiouIiI  U(  r  Ix.' st'Vcn'd  from  tlir  All^triall  Kiii 
pirt';  anil  lliat  no  pt'Ucc  slioiilil  he  t-ii^iiiil  unless 
tlu'ir  imlissoliililc  union  with  tho  n.iinardiy  wcri' 
recognizi'd.  The  Tyrolcw  quiitly  trusiid  thf 
cmp<T()r'!4  promise,  until  the  arniistiru  of  Znaiin. 
But  in  this  the  Tyrol  was  not  mentioned,  and  the 
Freneli  and  their  allies  prepared  to  chastise  llie 
h>yal  and  itlmndoued  country." — ('.  T.  Lewis. 
jfint.  of  Gernuiny,  e/i.  28.  —  "In  the  inontli  of 
July,  an  army  of  40.000  French  and  Havarians 
uttackcd  the  Tyrol  from  the  Oerniiin  side;  wliile 
from  Italy,  Oeneml  Husca.  with  I8.(HJ0  men,  en- 
tered from  Clagenfurth.  on  the  soutliern  side  of 
the  Tvrolesc  Alp9.  t'ndismuyed  by  this  double 
and  fornudable  invasion,  they  ussa'.led  the  in- 
\ftdei'!>  as  they  ]>enttrated  into  their  fastnesses, 
clefentoil  and  destroye<l  them.  The  fate  of  a 
division  of  10. (WO  men,  iH-longing  to  the  l-'n-nch 
and  Ku7arian  army,  which  entered  tin-  I  pper 
Inntlial,  or  Valley  of  the  Inn.  will  explain  in 
part  tlij  means  by  which  these  viitories  were  oh- 
taiaed.  The  invading  troops  advant  ed  in  a  long 
colunui  up  a  road  bordered  tni  the  one  side  l)y 
the  river  Inn,  there  it  deep  and  rap'd  torrent, 
where  clills  of  iniinense  height  ovi  rliang  both 
road  and  river.  The  vanguard  was  iiermilted 
to  advance  unopposed  lus  far  as  I'riilz.  the  olijeet 
of  their  expedition.  The  rest  of  tlie  army  wire 
therefore  induceil  to  trust  themselves  still  deeper 
in  this  tremendous  pas.s,  wheie  the  |ireeipices, 
becoming  more  and  more  narrow-  as  they  ad- 
vanced, seemed  about  to  (-lose  above  tlK-ir  Ii-  r^ls. 
No  si)und  but  of  111  reaming  of  the  eagli  iis- 
turbed  from  their  .  ies,  luid  the  roar  of  the 
river,  reached  the  ears  of  the  suMier.  and  on  the 
precipices,  partly  envi-lopi-d  in  a  liiizv  mist,  iiu 
human  forms  shinved  themselves.  At  length  the 
voice  of  a  man  was  heard  calling  across  the 
ravine,  'Shall  we  K-ginV'— '  No.'  was  returned 
in  an  autlioritative  tone  of  voice,  by  one  who. 
like  the  tirst  speaker,  seemed  the  inhaliil.int  of 
some  upper  region.  The  liavarian  dctai-linii  nt 
halttnl.  and  sent  to  the  general  for  orders;  whi-n 
presently  was  heard  the  terrible  signal.  'In  Ihe 
name  of'the  Holy  Trinity,  (ut  all  loose!'  Huge 
rm-ks,  and  trunks  of  trees,  long  prepared  ami 
laid  in  heaps  for  the  imrpose.  began  now-  tode. 
sceiid  rupidlv  in  every  direction,  while  the  deadly 
fire  of  the  Tyroli-s<-.  who  never  throw-  away  a 
shot,  opened  from  every  liush.  crag,  or  corner  of 
rock,  which  would  alford  the  shooter  cover.  As 
this  dreadful  attack  was  made  on  the  n  hole  line 
at  once,  two-tliinls  of  the  enemy  were  instantly 
destroyed;  while  the  Tyroli-se.  rushing  from 
their  shelter,  with  swords,  spears.  a\es.  scythes. 
clubs  and  all  other  rustii-  in-trunienls  wliiih 
could  1m.'  converted  into  weapons,  beat  down  aii.l 
routed  the  shattered  remainder.  As  the  van 
guard,  wliieli  had  reached  I'tutz.  w-;is  olili!,'ed  l-i 
surrender,  very  few  of  the  1".(»MI  invaders  are 
computed  to  have  extricated  themselves  fniin  the 
fatal  P11.S.S.  But  not  all  the  courage  of  the  Tyro- 
lese.  not  all  tin- strength  of  tin  ir  country,  could 
po.ssibly  enable  them  to  defend  themselves,  when 
•In-  peace  with  Austria  had  permilled  liuonaparte 
to  I  iig.ige  his  wliole  iinmi-n.se  nnans  for  the  ac 
(luisiiioii  of  these  mouiiiains.  .\uslria  t(H>  — 
Austria  herself,  in  w  hose  cause  they  had  incumd 


all  the  dangers  of  h  Mr.  instead  of  securing  their 
inilemnity  by  some  siipulations  in  the  treaty,  sent 
I  hem  a  (-old  exhortation  to  lay  down  their  arms, 
lii-sislan  -e.  Iherel'oie.  was  abandoned  as  fruitless; 
llofir.  (hiif  (iimmanderof  theTyrolese,  resigned 
his  eoiiimaiid.  and  the  Bavarians  regained  the 
pos.sessioii  of  a  (-oiintry  wlii(-li  they  could  never 
have  won  back  by  ihi-ir  own  elforts.  Ilofer. 
and  about  thirty  chiefs  of  these  valiant  ('efeuders 
<jf  their  ((lunlry,  wer  '  put  to  death  (February, 
lt*IO].  in  poor  revenire  for  the  loss  their  bravery 
had  oc(-asioned.  But  tlu-ir  fame,  as  their  immor- 
tal spirit,  was  beyond  tlie  power  of  the  judge 
alike  and  executioner;  and  the  place  where  their 
bloo,|  was  shed.  beconu'S  sacred  to  the  thoughts 
of  freedom,  as  the  prei-incts  of  a  temple  to  those 
of  reliL'iou."— Sir  W.  Scott  /.it'e  of  Xd/nilrun.  r. 
!i,  r/,.  7. 

Ai-so  IN:  Sir  .V.  Alison,  IIM.  of  Eiirojif,  1789- 
181.').  ,-/(.  .W  (r.  IJi.  — //M*.  ,.f  lloftr  (Qmft.  lier., 
■Iiilil,  lx!7),— ('.  11.  Hall.  /.'(/.'  of  And  re  IP  Ilofer. 

A.  D.  i8io.  —  Annexation  of  the  Hanse 
Towns  and  territory  on  the  North  Sea  to 
France.  See  F"  ..set::  A.  I).  1810  (FKiilifABY— 
Dkcemiucu) 

A.  D.  1810-1812. —  Marriage  of  the  Arch- 
duchess Marie  Louise  of  Austria  to  Napoleon. 
—Alliance  of  German  powers  with  Napeleon 
against  Russia.    .See  Fii.v.Nci;:  .\.  I)   1810-181'^. 

A.  O.  1812. — The  Russian  campaign  of  Na- 
poleon and  its  disastrous  ending.     See  H'-ssia  : 

A      1)       l.'^l-.'    l,Il-NK — SKfTKMHKIl).     (SkI'TKMIiKK). 

.-mil  KicToiihit — Dkckmdkh). 

A.  D.  1812-1813.— The  Teutonic  uprising 
against  Napoleon. — Beginning  of  the  War  of 
Liberation. — All  ance  o7  Prursia  and  Russia. 

—  --lliiring  Nai>oleon's  ni;i:-' h  on  .Moscow-  and 
his  fulal  return.  Macdonalil  remained  on  the 
Lower  l)wiiia.  before  Uiga.  w-  '  *iu  observation 
(orps  of  I'mssians  and  Poles  -  had  !ie  ever 
received   an  order  to  retreat  u    Napoleon. 

Learning  of  the  misfortunes  of  me  grand  ar:iy, 
lie  Went  from  the  Dwiiia  towards  tlie  Nienien. 
As  he  pas.sed  throiigh  t'ourland,  Genenil  'i'ork, 
eommaiidir  of  the  I*:  ussian  troops,  allowcil  him 
to  lead  the  way  with  the  I'oi'S.  and  then  sig.ied 
an  asrreenieiu  of  neutral'i.v  .villi  the  Kussiaus 
(Deeemlii-r  ;!0,  1S12|.  Ti  Prus.sian  ;roops.  from 
a  ii.ilitary  spirit  of  honor,  lad  fought  the  Kus- 
siaus bravely ;  they  retained  some  scruples  rela- 
tive to  the  worthy  marshal  under  whom  they 
si-rvetl.  and  fors<H»k  without  betraying  him.  that 
is.  they  left  him  time  to  escape.  This  was  a 
most  important  event  and  tlie  beginning  of  the 
inevitable  defet-tion  of  tlermany.  The  attitude 
of  t'zar  AUxaiiiler  dei-ided  Geni-ral  York;  the 
lormer  was  compl(-ti  ly  dazzled  by  his  triumphs, 
.-mil  aspired  to  notliing  less  than  to  destroy  Na- 
poleon and  liber:ite  Kurope.  even  France!  With 
iiiiiiLHed  eiitliusiasmund  caleiilalion.  lie  promist^d 
all  lliiegs  to  all  men;  on  reliirning  to  Wihia.  he 
u'ranteii  ;iii  i.inncsty  for  all  acts  i-ommitted  in  Po- 
land ;ii;.iinst  Kiissian  jiiithorily.  (In  the  one 
hand,  he  i  ireuliited  a  rumor  that  he  was  about 
to  m.ike  himself  King  of  Pol. mil.  and,  lai  the 
ollitr  hand,  he  announced  to  the  Prussians  ihat 
he  was  ready  to  "-estore  the  Polish  provinces 
taken  from  them  by  Napoleon,  lie  aiilhoriZLHl 
ex-Minister  Stein  to  take  pos.session.  as  we  may 
say.  of  Old  Prussia,  just  evacuated  by  the 
French,  and  to  liromise  the  speedv  enfninchise- 
ment  of  .  i-rmany.  protesting,  at  the  same  tune, 
that  he  would  not  dispute  'the  h-gitimatc  gri    t- 


.   i 


1555 


OEUMANY,  18)2-1813 


Thr  War 
(if  Librration. 


GERMANY.  1813-1813. 


nil 


■  !">■• 


nen'of  Franie.  Tlip  French  i.riny,  on  hciirinit 
of  York's  defection,  left  KOnigslwrR  with  ten  or 
twelve  tbotiaand  sicl(  men  iind  cif;lit  or  ten 
thousand  iirmed  Innips.  witlidniwini,'  to  llic  Vis- 
tula and  llicnce  to  Wiirtii  and  I'own  OciienU 
Rapp  had  succirdcd  in  (tatlierind  iil  Daiitzic. 
the  (treat  Frcncli  depot  of  stores  and  nsirves, 
Sis.OOO  men,  few  of  wliom  liad  t;one  thMii),'li  tlic 
Russian  canipaifrn.  ami  a  division  of  almost 
e(iual  numbers  occupied  IJerlin.  The  French 
had  in  all  barely  MO.tXK)  m<n,  from  Dant/.ic  to 
the  Rhine,  not  incliulinc  their  Austrian  and 
8axon  allies,  who  liad  fallen  back  on  Warsaw 
and  seemed  disposid  to  fight  no  more.  Munit. 
to  whom  Na[)olcon  contidcd  the  remains  of  the 
grand  army,  followed  the  Emperor's  example 
and  set  out  to  defend  hi^l  Neapolitan  kingdom. 
leaving  the  chief  conunand  to  Prince  Eugene. 
Great  agitation  prevaiUil  around  the  feeble 
French  forces  still  occu)iyiug  (icrmany.  The 
Russians  themselves,  worn  out.  <lid  not  press  the 
French  very  hotly.  Iiut  York  and  Stein,  masters 
of  lvi'iuigst)erg.  orgaiii/.ecl  and  armed  Olil  Prussia 
without  awaiting  authori/.alion  from  tlie  king, 
who  was  not  considered  as  a  free  agent.  Udng 
uniler  foreign  rule.  Paniphleta.  proclamations, 
and  popular  songs  were  circulated  eviTywhere, 
provoking  the  people  to  n'lH'llion.  The  idea  of 
(Jcnuan  union  ran  like  wildHre  from  the  Niemcn 
to  the  Rhine:  federal  union,  not  unity  in  a 
single  IxMly  or  state,  which  was  not  thought  of 
then." — H.  Martin.  Popular  Ilhl.  of  tyn nee  from 
17»9,  T.  2.  eh.  10.— "The  king  of  Prussia  had 
suddenly  almndoned  Rerlin  [January.  1813]. 
which  was  still  in  the  hamls  <if  the  French,  for 
Breslau,  whence  he  declared  war  against  France. 
A  couference  al.so  took  place  iMtwccn  him  and 
the  emperor  Alexander  at  Calisch  [Kalisch].  and, 
on  the  2tllli  of  February,  1813,  an  olTensive  and 
defensive  alliance  wiis  (oncluded  betwien  them. 
The  hour  for  vengeance  had  at  length  arrived. 
The  whole  Prussian  nation,  eager  to  throw  off 
the  hate<l  yoke  of  the  foreigner,  to  obliterate 
tlieir  disgrace  in  I8O0.  to  regain  their  ancient 
name,  cheerfully  h^istened  to  place  their  lives 
and  property  at  the  service  of  the  impoverished 
government  The  whole  of  the  able-bodied  pop- 
ulati<m  was  |iut  under  arvis  The  stamling 
army  was  increased:  to  each  reginu-nt  were  ap- 
pended triHtps  of  volunteers.  Jaegirs,  composed 
of  young  men  U'longing  to  the  higher  chisses, 
wliii  furnished  their  own  equipments:  a  numer- 
ous Ijindwehr,  a  sort  of  militia,  was,  as  in  Aus- 
tria, raised  iM'sides  tlie  standing  army,  and 
measures  were  even  taken  to  call  out,  in  case  of 
necessity,  the  heads  of  families  and  el<l('rly  men 
remaining  at  home,  imder  the  name  of  the  Land- 
sturm.  The  enthusiastic  people,  besides  fur- 
nishing the  customary  supplies  ami  paying  the 
taxes,  tontributed  to  the  full  ixlent  of  their 
means  towards  (hfraying  llie  inunense  expensi' 
of  this  general  arming.  Kiiry  heart  throblieil 
high    with    jiride   ,'ind    hope,    ,  More    louilly 

than  even  iii  IWJ  in  .\ustria  was  the  German 
cau>e  now  discussi'd.  the  great  name  of  tlie  Ger- 
man lUipire  now  invoked  in  Prussia,  for  in  that 
name  alone  could  all  the  races  of  Germany  be 
united  against  their  here<litary  fi>e.  The  cele- 
brated pnKlaination.  promising  external  and  in- 
ternal libertv  to  (Jermanv.  was.  with  thi>  view, 
p::!:|i-|,i.l  at"f;i!i-!i  l-v  |>ni=^i,i  and  Rti^^::  Nor 
Was  tliea|)pi'al  vain.  It  found  an  echo  in  every 
Germau  hiart.  anil  such  plain  demuustratiuus  of 

155G 


the  state  of  the  popular  fei'Iing  on  this  side  ilii 


Rhine  were  madi 
warning  to  Napoleo 
plieil,  '  I'ahl  Girmai 
iurds ! '  With  his  ei 
in   France  a   fresh 


th   •     t>-vou8t   sent   seriniiH 

I  imtemptuously  n 

I   can  iM'Conie  .sp-m 

.rv  rapidity  he  le\i.-i| 

*K).(iOO  strong,  «iili 


vhich  he  so  completely  awed  the  Rlienisli 
ft'ileration  as  to  compel  it  once  more  to  takr  lii*- 
tield  with  thousands  of  tJermans  against  the  ir 
brother  Germans.  The  trmips,  however,  n 
luctantly  olK'yed,  and  even  the  traitors  were  ImI 
lukewarm,  for  they  doubted  of  success.  Mnk 
lenburg  alone  sided  with  Pru.ssiia.  Aiisliia  n- 
mained  neutral.  A  Rus.sian  corps  under  (iemnd 
Tetteul>orn  had  preceded  the  rest  of  the  tri»i|H 
and  reached  the  coasts  of  the  Haltic.  As  early 
as  the  24th  of  March,  1813,  it  appeared  in  Hani 
burg  and  expelled  the  French  authorities  frnni 
the  city.  Tile  heavily  oppressed  people  of  Ham 
burg,  whose  commerce  had  lieen  totally  annilii 
lated  by  the  cimtinental  system,  gave  way  to  iln' 
utmost  demonstrations  of  delif^lit.  received  Iliiir 
deliverers  with  open  anna,  revived  their  aneient 
rights,  and  imr.iediately  raised  a  llanseatic  corps 
destined  to  take  the  field  against  Najiolioii 
DOmlwrp,  the  ancient  foe  to  France,  with  :ui 
other  Hving  squadron  took  the  French  divisinn 
mider  Slomnii  prisoner,  and  the  Prussian.  .Major 
Hellwig  (the  same  who,  in  1806,  liberated  tlie 
garrison  of  Erfurt),  ilisiwrsed,  with  inenly  l.'O 
hussars,  a  Bavarian  regiment  1,3U0  strong  and 
captured  live  pieces  of  artillery.  In  .January, 
the  peasimtrv  of  the  upper  country  had  alreaiiy 
revolted  against  the  conscription,  and,  in  Fi  hni 
ary,  patriotic  priH'lamations  had  been  dis.siiiii 
nati'd  throughout  Westphalia  uiider  the  signature 
of  the  Baron  von  Stein.  In  this  montli,  also, 
Captain  JIaas  and  two  other  patriots,  who  li:iil 
attempted  to  raise  a  rclKdlion,  were  exccutni 
As  the  array  advanced.  Stein  was  nominaiel 
chief  of  the  provisional  government  of  the  siill 
unconquercd  provinces  of  Western  Germany. 
The  first  Russian  army,  17,0()0  strong,  umliT 
Wittgenstein,  pushed  forwanl  to  Magdeburg, 
and,  at  MOkern,  repulsed  40,000  French  wli^, 
were  advancing  upon  Berlin,  The  Prussi:iiis, 
under  their  veteran  general,  Blhcher,  entinil 
Saxony  and  garrisoned  Dresden,  on  the  '27tlp  if 
March,  1813,  after  an  arch  of  the  fine  brilire 
across  the  Elbe  [had]  lieen  uselessly  blown  up  liy 
the  French.  Bltlcher,  whose  gallantry  in  tin' 
former  wars  hail  gained  for  him  the  giiicral  <  * 
teem  and  whose  kind  and  generous  disposiii  n 
had  won  the  alTectiim  of  the  soldiery,  was  inxiii 
nated  gener,dissimo  of  the  Prussian  forces.  Imi 
sulionlinate  in  command  to  Wittgenstein,  wli.i 
replaced  Kutusow  as  generalissimo  of  the  uiiiii- 1 
forces  of  Russia  and  Prussia.  The  Emperor  f 
Russia  and  the  King  of  Prussia  accompanic  .1  \\v 
army  ami  were  received  with  loud  acelaniati 'ii- 
by  the  pi'ople  of  Dresden  anl  Leipzig. '—W 
Menzel.  lli>t.  (f  Gerniatiy.  efi.  'J60  (r.  3).  — Hiriiii 
dotte,  the  adopted  frown  Prince  and  evpiciiinl 
King  of  Sweden,  had  been  finally  thrown  in!.. 
the  arms  of  tlie  new  Coalition  against  Napol.  u: 
by  the  refusal  of  the  latter  to  take  Norway  Ir.  in 
Denmark  and  give  it  to  Sweden.  "  Thcdisa^ln  is 
retreat  of  the  French  from  Moscow  .  .  .  hd  lo  ilif 
signature  of  the  Tn'aty  of  Stockholm  on  ilie  '.''1 
of  .March,  1813,  by  wliieli  England  acccdel  !o 
the  union  of  Norway  to  Sweden,  and  ;i  S^^< '!'■-'" 
force  was  sent  to  Poinenmia  under  General  S  ,i 
dels.      On   the  18th   of   May,   1813,   Bermel.  n. 


GEnMANY,  1812-1813. 


Saxony  humbled. 


QERMANY,  1813. 


hnilecl  at  Stralmiml."— Uilv  Hloomficlil,  ftV*/ 
SketchofHfnmiMle{.V,mininf  l,„rtt  I!l<mnfiei,t 
t.  1,  p.  31).  •       ' 

Al«>  IN:  J.  U.  Spcloy,  I.ifeiiiitl  Tiiiift  ofStfiii 
pt.  7  (n.  ;)).— A.  Tliiers.  Jliit.  ,iflJ„-  r,„i>iii,ih  and 
the  Binpirg,  hk.  47  (r.  4). 

A  D.  i8i3(April— May).— Battle  of  LUtzen. 
—Humiliation  of  the  Kine  of  Saxony.— "On 
the  14th  April,  NhpdUdu  liTt  I'liris  lo  Hs.<iiini'  the 
command  of  the  army.     I'ri'viiiiis  to  liis  iLpur 
ture,  with  a  view,  perhaps,  of  paTiiii;  a  nimpli- 
mcnt  to  tlie  Emperor  of  Aiisiri;i",  tlie  Lriipress 
Marie  Louise  was  appointed  re>,'(iit  in  Ills  alHencc ; 
but  Prince  ScliwarzenlKTg,  wlio  hud  iirrived  on  a 
speehil  mission  from  Vienna,  was  triatc<l  only  as 
tlie  commander  of  an  ntLxiliary  rcirps,  to  wliicli 
orders  would  immediately  be  "transmitted.     On 
the    lOtli    he   readied   Jliiyence,  wliere,    for  tlie 
last  time,  vassal  princes  assembled  conriicr  like 
around  him ;  and  on  the  aotli  he  was  already  at 
Erfurt  in  the  midst  of  his  newlvraised  army. 
The  roads  were  everywhere  crowded  with  tnnips 
and  artillery,  closing  in  towards  tlii'  banks  of  the 
8aale.    From  ItJily,  Marshal  B<Ttranil  jnined  with 
40,(X)0  men,  old   trained   soldiers;    the  Viceroy 
brought  an  equal  number  from  the  vicinity  o"f 
Magdeburg;  and  .Marshal  JIacdonald  having,  on 
the  2«th,  taken  .Mersebiirg  liy  assault,  the  whole 
army,  which  l{a<le,  the  ables"t  and  most  accurate 
of  the  authors  who  have  written  on  this  campaign, 
e8timat<«  at  140,000  men,  was  a.s,sinil)led  for  ac- 
tion     With  this  mighty  force  XapoUon  deter 
mined  to  seek  out  the  enemy,  ami  brini,'  them 
quiclily  to  battle.     The  Russian   and   I'riissian 
armies  were  no  sooner  uniteil,  after  the  alliance 
concluded    between   the   sovereigns,    than    tliey 
crossed  the  E11h\  occupied  Dresilen,  which  the 
King  of  Sa.xony  had  abandoned,  ami  ad  valued  to 
the  lianks  of  the  Saale.     CJeneral  Blllcher  coni- 
mauded  tlie  Prus.sians,  and  Count  Wittgenstein 
the  Kussian  corps;  and,  death  having  clo.sed  the 
career  of  old  Marshal  KutusolT.  .  .  .  the  com 
mand  of  Inith  armies  devolved  upon  the  la.st  men- 
tioned officer.     Informed  of  the  rapid  advance  of 
the  French,    the  allied   monarehs    joined   their 
forces,  which  were  drawn  togetlur  in  the  plains 
between  the  Saale  and  the  EIIh';  their  numerous 
cavalry  giving  them  perfect   cominaml  of  this 
wide  and  open  country.     Napoleon,  always  an.v- 
ious  for  liattle.  determined  to  jiress  on  towards 
I^eipzig,  behind  which  he  e-ViMcted   to  lliid  the 
Allied   army,   who,   as  it   proved,    were    nun  h 
nearer  than  he  anticipated.     At  the  passage  of 
the  Kippach,  a  small  .si  ream  that  bonier-;  the  wiile 
plain  of  LUt/.en,  he  already  cncountcnd  a  Imdv 
of  Kus.sian  cavalry  ami  artilhry   under  Couiit 
Wiu?.ingero<le ;  ami  as  the  Kreiic  ii  were  weak  in 
liorse.  they  hiul  to  bring  the-  whole  of  .Marshal 
Ney's  corps  into  action  before  lljcy  could  oblige 
the  Hussians  to   retire.     .Mar.sharHcssicnN.   tlu' 
commander  of  the  Imperial  Uu.ird,  w.is  killed. 
.  .   On  the  cveniuiiof  the  1st  of  .Mav   Napoleon 
established  his  quarters  in  the  small  town  cpf  I.iii 
zen.     The  Allies,  conscious  of  the  vast  nunierii  al 
suiwriority  of  the  French,  did  not  intend  to  risk 
a  general  action  on  the  left  liank  of  tlie  Kiln-;  but 
the  length  of  the  hoslili'  column  of  march,  which 
cxtende<l  from  liejoiul  N'aumbcrg  almost  to  the 
gates  of  Leipzig,  induced  Scli.irnhnrst  to  projiosi' 
an  advance   from  the  dircciim.   of    lioriia  and 
Pegan  against  the  right  Ilaiik  of  the  enemv.  and 
a  BUiIdeu   attack  on  tile  cenla'  ot  tlicir  line  in 
llie  plain  of  Liltzi  n.     It  was  expeclcd  that  a  de- 


1557 


cisive  blow  might  be  struck  against  this  centre, 
and  the  hostile  army  broken  before  the  distant 
wings  could  close  up  and  take  an  effective  part 
in  the  battle.  The  open  nature  of  the  country, 
well  adapted  to  th<>  action  of  cavalry,  which 
formeil  the  principal  strength  of  the  .Vlli'es,  spoke 
in  favour  of  the  plan.  .  .  .  The  bold  attempt 
was  immediately  resolved  upon,  and  the  imsct 
fixed  for  the  following  morning.  Tlie  annals  of 
war  can  hardly  offer  a  plan  of  battle  more  skil- 
fully conceived  than  the  one  of  which  we  have 
here  spoken ;  but  unfortunately  the  execution  fell 
far  short  of  thi' admirable  cimception.  Napoleon, 
with  his  (iuards  and  Ihe  corps  of  Lauriston,  was 
already  at  the  gates  of  Leipzig,  preparing  for  an 
attack  on  the  city,  w hen  aliout  one  o'chak  [May 
2J  Ihe  roar  of  artillery  burst  suddenly  on  the  ear, 
and  gathering  thicker  and  thicker  "as  it  rolled 
along,  prcKlaimed  that  a  general  action  was  en- 
gaged in  the  plain  of  LHtzen,—  proclaimed  that 
the  army  was  taken  comphtelv  at  fault,  and 
pl.iicd  in  tlie  most  imminent  peril.  .  .  .  The  Al 
lies,  who,  liy  means  of  their  numerous  cavalry, 
could  easily  mask  their  movement,  hail  advanectl 
iinohserved  into  the  plain  of  Liltzen,"  and  the 
action  wius  begun  by  a  brigade  of  HI  tichers  corps 
attacking  the  Freiicli  in  the  village  of  Oreat- 
(.■(Jrschen  (Oross-tJOrscheii).  "  Heinforcemeutg 
.  .  poured  in  from  IkiiIi  sides,  anil  the  narrow 
and  intersected  ground  between  the  villages  be- 
came the  scene  of  a  most  murderous  and  closely- 
contested  combat  of  infantry.  .  .  .  Hut  no  at- 
tempt was  made  to  employ"  the  numerous  and 
splendid  cavalry,  thatstoiKl  idly  exposed,  on  open 
lilain,  to  the  shot  of  the  French  artillery.  .  .  . 
When  night  put  an  end  to  the  comliat,  Or<-at- 
(iiirschen  was  the  sole  trophy  of  the  munlerous 
tight  that  remainerl  in  the  hands  of  the  Allies. 
.  .  On  the  side  of  the  Allies,  2.000  Kussians  and 
8,000  Pnissians  had  l«'en  killed  or  wounded: 
among  the  slain  was  Prince  Leopold  of  Hessen- 
llomburg;  among  the  wounded  was  the  admir- 
able Scharnhorst,  who  died  a  few  weeks  after- 
wards. .  .  .  The  loss  sustained  by  the  Frt'iich  is 
not  exactly  known;  but  .  .  .  Joniini  tells  us  that 
the  lid  corps,  to  which  he  was  attached  as  chief 
of  the  stiff,  had  alone  .lOO  officers  and  12,000  men 
'horsile  cianbat.'  Hoth  parties  laid  claim  to  the 
victory :  the  French,  because  the  Allies  retired  on 
the  day  after  the  arlion;  the  Allies,  liecause  they 
remained  mastirs  i.f  part  of  the  captured  battle 
field,  had  tiiken  two  pieces  of  artillery,  and  800 
prisoners.  .  The  Allies  alle.ged,  or  pretended 

perhaps,  that  it  wa.i  their  intention  to  reiunv  the 
■ic'ion  on  the  following  morning:  in  tlie  Prussian 
army  every  m;in.  from  the  king  to  the  humblest 
soldier,  was  anxious  indeed  to  continue  the  fray; 
and  the  wrath  of  HliUher,  who  deemed  victory 
cerlain,  was  alt..gether  bounille.ss  when  he  found 
the  retreat  ditermined  upon.  But  .  .  .  opinion 
h:is.  liy  (legreis.  ju.slitied  Count  Wittgenstein's 
resolution  to  rccross  the  Elbe  and  fall  back  on 
the  reinforcemenis  iidvancing  to  join  the  army. 
.  .  .  On  the  8th  of  .M;iy,  .N'ap.ileon  held  his  tri- 
umphal entrance  into  Dresilen.  .  .  .  On  the  ad- 
vance ot  the  .\lliis,  the  Saxon  monarch  liaii  re- 
tired lo  Uatislion.  and  from  thence  to  Prague, 
intending,  as  he  informed  Napoleon,  to  join  his 
elTotts  to  the  mediation  of  .Vustria.  Oidirs  hinI, 
at  the  s;ime  time,  been  given  to  General  Thiel- 
inan.  conmianilinir  t!ii>  ><axo!i  troonsat  Torir:'.*.!  to 
maintain  the  most  |MTfect  neutrality,  and  to  ad- 
mit neither  of  the  contending  parties  within  the 


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GEUMANY,   lHl:i 


.Vfi/Mt/rt'iix 
ifl/tlfuaftori. 


GERMANY,   1«13. 


Willis  of  llw  fdrtrcKs  K.\iis|MTiilcil  liy  IliK  ^ll■l» 
of  inilc|ifn(lciiii',  Niipolcnn  liiuscil  t\ir  fullnw  in;,' 
driniiiiilrt  l(«  !«•  Kiilunilli-.l  In  llic  Kinv'.  iillowiiiL' 
liiiii  "Illy  six  himri  In  ililiTiniin'  mi  lliiir  iiccipt 
iiiKT  (ir  ri'fiisiil;  — 1,  '  (liiiiTiil  Tliii'lniaii  iiml  llu- 
SaMui  tri>ci|>s  iri>lurillv  (•\acuut('  'I'drijiiii.  iiiul 
fiirrn  tlir  Till  riir|w  iiiuliT  (iincnil  liiViiiir;  iiiid 
.'ill  111.  nsiiiirii's  .if  llii'  luiiiilry  lo  1m'  at  llic  ilU 
|iii-.;.l  iif  llii'  I'.nipiTur.  in  rni'iforinity  wllli  lln' 
prin.ipii'S  (if  the  Cnnfi'iliniliun  «f  llii-'Kliiiir.'  'J. 
Tlir  S:i\'iii  Ciiviilry  ■— siinii'  nu'liiii'iiN  liiicl  iir- 
Kinipanifil  llic  Kiiii;  — '  rrliirn  iniiiuiliali'ly  to 
DriMlin.'  :i.  ''Ilir  Kini;  iliihin*.  in  ii  IcttiT  to 
llic  Kiiipcror.  Unit  In-  is^iill  n  inciiilKTof  llic  Con- 
fc(lciiili..ii  of  the  Itliinc.  mill  ri;iily  to  fiillil  all  tlic 
olilijialions  whiili  it  inipoMs  upon  Iiim.'  'If 
these  lonilitions  arc  not  ininiciliatcly  conipliiil 
with.'  say.s  Napoleon  in  the  insl  nut  ions  to  hix 
nie.<>eni.'er,  •  villi  will  caii-e  his  Maji-ly  to  lie  in 
forme.  I  I  hat  he  is  i  iiilly  of  felony,  has  forfeileil 
the  Imperial  proleition".  ami  has  leaM.il  tore;:;!!.' 
.  ,  l-'reilerii  k  AiiL'iisliis,  liinllinj  hims.lf  threat 
eiieil  «illi  the  los^i.f  hiscrioMi  In  an  overlicarini,' 
loniiniTor  iilrea.ly  in  possession  of  his  capital. 
.  yii  Lie. I  ill  ail  evil  li.iiir  to  those  imperioiis 
ilenian.ls,  aii.l  retiirne.l  to  Hresileii.  .  .  .  Kortiine 
a|ipeariil  a^-ain  to  smile  iiiion  her  spoilnl  and 
liivoiiriil  iliilil;  and  he  resolved,  on  his  pari,  lo 
leave  iio  i-xpcdient  untried  to  mak.'  the  iiiost  of 
her  reiiirniii:;  aid.  The  medialioii  of  Austria, 
which  fr..m  the  first  had  lieeii  i;allin,t'to  his  pri.l  ■. 
Iie.aiiie  in. .re  hateful  every  day.  as  it  f;radually 
a.ssume.l  I  lie  appearance  of  "an  ariii.d  interfercnee. 
rciidv  t.ieiif..ree  its  demands  liy  military  means. 
.  ." 'riilinu'shavinv' arrived  ilii'ii  Ilie  allied  urniy. 
instead  "f  (onliiiiiini;  I  liiir  retreat,  had  halted  and 
taken  posi  al  l!aul/.eii.  he  iiiiiuedhilely  resolved 
to  sUn...  a  .lecisive  lilow  in  the  Held,  as  the 
liesi  means  of  thwarlim;  tin  paciiic  ellorts  of  his 
father  iiilaw."—l,t. -Col.  J.  Mitchell,  7V<e  F'dl  ,./ 

Ai.s<.  in;  t^ir  a.  Alison.  //iW,  '•/  Kn i;,i,. ,  i:n9- 
181,'j.  ch.  "<  ^r.  i;!).  — l)iiclies.s  d' Aliraiil.s.  .)/,//,- 
oirn  I'f  Xii''l'-")i.  r  'J.  rfi.  41. 

A,  D.  1813  (May— August  1.— Battle  of  Baut- 
zen.—Armistice  of  Pleswitz.— Accession  of 
Austria  and  Great  Britain  to  the  Coalition 
againstNapoleon.  — '■  Whilcihe  Km  luror  paused 
al  Dresden.  Ney  unide  v;iriiMis  dciMousirations  in 
tliedireclioii  of'lierlin.  with  lie  view  of  indueini; 
the  Allies  to  (piit  Hiiutzcn;  hut  it  ioon  iK-iame 
inanifcst  tli;it  they  had  resoUed  to  s;icritiee  the 
l'rii.ssi;iii  capital,  if  it  were  m  ics^ary,  rallier  tlciii 
forcL'o  their  po^ilioii.  .  .  ,  llaviin;  rephicc.l  by 
woodwork  s.inie  anhesof  ihe  m;iu'iiiticeiit  hri.lL'e 
over  the  Klin- at  Dresden,  which  the  Allies  h:iil 
blown  up  on  their  rein  :il.  N.ipoleon  now  moved 
towards  li;iiil/.en,  and  c;ime  in  si^dil  of  the  posi 
lion  oil  the  .'mini'  of  the  '.'Ist  of  .May.  Its 
slrcnijlh  w;is  obvi.iusly  i;re;it.  In  their  front 
w lis  the  river  Sprei  : '  w.«.de.l  hills  supp.irted 
their  ri;;ht,  an.l  cmin.'Uics  well  forlilicd  their 
left.  The  uclioli  lie;i;in  w  illi  an  allelnpt  to  turn 
their  ri^'lit.  but  lianliy  de  '1'.  My  antiiip:il.d  this 
m.iveincnt.  aiel  r.pell.'.l  it  with  smli  vi.r..iir  thai 
a  \\h..|c  column  III  T.unil  ilispersed  ami  tied  into 
the  hills  of  liohemia  b.r  safely.  The  Kmiieror 
thill  deleriniiied  to  pass  the  Spree  in  front  of  Ihe 
enemy.  ;iiid  they  permilleil  hiiu  lo  do  .so.  rather 
than  (ome  down  from  their  position.  lie  took 
up  hi.,  ,pi,.n,  rs  in  tiic  t,.wr.  .if  i'aulzcn,  a:;d  !ii:s 
whole  ;irniy  bivouacked  in  presence  of  Ilic.Mlies. 
T'..    liaille  was  risiime.l  at  .hiybr.Mk  on  the  iM; 


when  Xey  on  the  riiilit,  and  Oiiilinot  on  the  li  fi, 
atlem]iled  Hiniullaiieoiisly  to  turn  the  Hanks  ..f 
the  position;  while  Soiilt  uiiil  Napoleon  himsi  If 
directed  cliar>;e  after  cliii''i.'e  on  the  centre.  Dur 
iiijr  four  liiiiirs  the  slrujrKle  wa.s  luainlttined  wiih 
iiiillincliin.;olislinaey  ;  thewooileil  lieij;lits.  wh.  r.. 
Itluchi  ri  ..inmanded'.  had  been  taken  and  rctak.  11 
several  limes  —  Ihe  liloodslied  on  either  side  ha.i 
been  terribh — ere.  .  .  the  AlUes  pcrccivi  d  the 
neces.sily  cilhiT  of  relirini;,  or  of  conliiiiiin;;  the 
tiuht  iiiainst  superior  nuinlu'rs  on  disadvaiiia 
(leoiis  (;rouniI.  'i'hey  wilhdrcw  iiceordinnly  .  Iml 
still  with  all  the  dcli'ber;ite  cimiIucsh  of  a  parel. 
biiltiiiK  at  eviry  favourable  spot  and  rciieniii,. 
their  cannonade.  '  What,'  c.xclaimcd  >;i|i.iii.iii, 
'no  rcsullsl  not  a  k'""'  ""t  "  prisonerl  —  lli.-.' 
people  will  not  h'ave  iiie  so  niucli  as  a  n.iil 
l>iiriii);  the  whole  day  he  iirircil  the  pursuit  vuili 
impetuous  ra;;c.  reprouchin^  even  his  ih. .mii 
generals  as  'creepiiiir  scoundrels,'  mid  expo-im; 
his  own  person  in  the  very  holiest  of  the  lire  ■ 
His  closi'st  frien.l,  Duroc.  Grand  Master  of  ihr 
ralace,  was  mortally  wounded  by  his  siiie.  I... 
fore  he  (tave  up  "the  pursuit.  ""The  Allies, 
beint;  stroniily  posted  during  most  of  the  iliiy, 
had  siilTered  less  tli:in  the  French;  the  hillri  hiil 
lost  l.">.i«Ki,  the  former  ID.tKHJ  men,  Tlie\  i.m 
liiiiied  their  retreat  into  I'pper  Sihsia ;  ami  linn 
iiapart"  a.ivaneid  to  IJreslau,  and  rehasid  ih,. 
t'arrison  of    (Jlojiaii.      Meanwhile    Ihe  .\iisiii  1:1, 

havinj;  watched  lliesi'  indecisivr.  thouiih  hi ly 

lields,  once  more  re'iewed  hisolVersof  iiicdiiiii.iii 
The  sovereiL'iis  of  Itussia  and  I'russi.i  expr.-s,.l 
g.-eat  willingness  lo  accept  it;  luid  Napo|.  .m 
also  appears  to  have  Is-en  sincerely  dcsii-niis  l.r 
the  momeiil  of  hrin^'iii!;  his  disputes  Ion  pi  ,1, . 
fill  termination,  lie  iiL'reed  to  an  artni-lii  .■  |..f 
six  weeks],  ami  in  arrannins;  its  conditions  a,;i. .  .1 
lo  fall  back  out  of  Silesia:  thus  enabliii;;  lii. 
iillicd  princes  to  reopen  communicalioiis  wiih 
lierlin.  The  lines  of  country  to  be  occiipi.d  l.y 
the  armies,  respectively,  diirini;  Ihe  trine,  uiiv 
at  h.nijth  settled,  .iiid  ii  was  si^'iied  on  the  M  ..1 
,Iuiie  jal  I'oisi  liwil/.,  lllou;.'h  the  lle^'. .ti;ili.  n- 
were  mostly  carried  on  at  IMeswiiz,  w  hi  ni  1  lin 
.Vrmistice  i"s  usually  named].  The  l-'rcm  h  Km 
peror  then  returned  lo  Dresden,  mid  a  l'.  1..  id 
con.i;ress  of  diplonialista  prepared  lo  111.  el  ,il 
I'ranue.  Kn,i;laiid  alone  refused  to  scii.l  an\  1.  p 
resentative  to  l»ra,i,'iie,  allcj;inf;  that  liuomip nir 
had  as  yet  siirniticd  no  disposition  to  rece.l.'  Ii.  111 
his  pretensions  on  Spain,  and  that  he  h;i.l  1 .11 
scnted  to  the  ariiii~lice  with  lliii  sole  \ii  w  ot 
i_':iiiiiii,;?  lime  for  political  iiitrifiuc  mid  fiir'li.r 
inililiiry  prep,ir;ition.  It  may  be  doubted  w  11.  tier 
;iiiy  of"  the  allied  powers  w"lio  took  p;iri  in  il,. 
Con^'ress  did  .so  with  much  hoiH'  that  the  ilisp  iii  s 
Willi  Napoleon  could  tind  a  peaceful  eml  , 
Hut  it  was  of  the  utmost  iuiporlaiice  to  irain  line' 
for  the  advance  of  Uernadotie;  l'..r  the  aiiivnl  yi 
new  rcinf'ircemcnls  from  I{u,s,sia  ;  for  the  1. 111]. i. 
lion. if  the  Prussian  or}.'aiii/.;ition;  and.al...'..  ■:'. 
for  delcrmiiiiiur  the  policy  of  Vienna.  .M.  ".  r 
nicli.  the  Austrian  minisler,  repaired  in  per-.i.  t" 
Dresileii.  and  while  inferior  diplomatists  wi-;. '1 
time  in  endless  discussions  at  l'rai,'ue.  oin'  iiii'  r 
view  lietween  him  and  Napoleon  broiiL'lit  ili" 
whole  question  lo  a  deliiii!,..  i.ssue.     The  Ijiipii-r 

,   ,   .  assume.l  at  e  that  Austria  had  li..  "  i  li 

but  lodrive  a  (.'oo.l  bar;,'ain  for  herself,  ami  n-l,.  I 
linnidk,  '  Wh-i!  !-  y-Mf  price  V  \Vi!!  IHyri:;  -,:' 
isfv  yoii'f  I  only  wish  you  to  Ih'  nei'.lral  — I  .  ;;i 
dcul  with  thesf  Uussians  and   I'russiatis  siii_l. 


1558 


''Ci 


UEKMANY.  IHVi. 


The  new  Coalition 


OEnMANY,  1813. 


hanilt'il.'  McltiTniih  »talr<l  plainly  timt  the  lime 
inwiiicli  Aiislriii  ivmlil  lie  miitral  wan  pa-.t .  that 
the  siluutimi  (if  Kiirnpc  at  lai,;c  iimsl  he  cniisid- 
JTt'il;  .  .  ,  that  fvfiit!*  Iiad  provrii  the  iriipo'H^i- 
l>ility  of  a  stfailfast  pi'ai-i'  niilcsi  the  suvin-iuiis 
i)(  the  t'ontinmit  were  nsiorcd  in  thi'  rank  uf  in 
<k'pcndi'no<':  in  a  wnnl,  iliat  tin'  Uhini-ih  dm 
fi'(l<Tii<y  innst  Iw  brnki  n  up;  that  Fran™  ninst 
bf  ci>nt('nli'(l  with  the  Imunilary  of  tho  llliinc. 
and  pretend  no  loni;iT  to  maintain  her  usnrpiil 
and  uuinitnril  inllm  rnc  in  (Jerniany.  Napoleon 
replied  by  a  );r"'<n  |iirsonal  intuit;  'Come,  Met- 
ternieh,' said  lie,  'tell  mo  honestly  how  much 
the  English  have  ^\\vn  you  to  take  thiir  part 
against  mo.'  The  Austrian  ei>nrt  at  lenijth  wnt 
a  formal  docui'i'Mt,  eont'iiinn^;  its  iiltiin;itum.  the 
ttnor  of  wliii  h  Mellernieli  had  sullieiently  indi- 
cal<'d  in  thidcimversation.  Talleyrand  and  Koii. 
die.  who  had  i.ow  iirrive<l  from  I'aris,  urged  the 
Emperor  to  aeeede  to  the  proTered  terms.  They 
reprew'nteil  to  him  the  madness  of  fu^ini'  all 
Europe  to  conspire  for  his  distruition.  anil  in- 
sinuated tliat  the  progri'ss  of  ilisi'mileiit  waa 
rapid  in  Frinee  itself.  Tlii'ir  ar:.'um,'nls  were 
backi'd  by  intelligenee  of  llie  most  disastrous 
character  from  Sjiain  [see  Si'viN:  A.I).  I^U'- 
im4|.  .  .  .  Napoleon  was  urijeil  by  his  military 
as  well  as  polithal  nilvisers,  to  appreiiate  duly 
the  crisis  wiiicli  his  ulTairM  had  real  lied.  .  .  .  He 
proceeded  to  insult  both  ministers  and  generals 
.  .  .  and  ended  by  nmiouncing  that  he  did  not 
wi.sii  for  any  plans  of  thi  ir;.  but  their  service  in 
the  e.xei'ution  of  lii.s.  Thus  blindi'd  by  arro- 
gance and  self  con  lideiice.  and  incapable  ofwiigli- 
iug  any  olln-r  consideiations  against  what  lie 
considered  as  the  essence  of  his  personal  glnry. 
Napoleon  refused  to  abate  one  iota  of  his  preteii 
sioiis —  until  it  was  too  hite.  Then,  indeed,  .  .  . 
he  did  s'low  some  symptoms  of  concession.  .V 
courier  arrived  at  I'rague  with  a  note,  in  wliii  h 
be  signiticd  his  willingness  to  accede  to  a  consid- 
erable number  of  the  Austrian  stipulations,  liut 
this  was  on  the  11th  of  August.  The  ihiv  pre 
ceding  was  that  on  which,  by  the  agreement,  the 
arinLstice  w;is  to  end.  On  that  day  Austria  had 
to  sign  an  alliance,  oirensive  and  defensive,  witli 
Russia  and  Prussia.  On  the  night  between  the 
10. Ii  and  Uth,  rockets  answering  roikets,  from 
height  to  height  alimg  the  frontiers  of  Uohemia 
and  Silesia,  had  announced  to  all  the  armies  of 
the  Allies  this  accession  of  strength,  and  the  im- 
mediate recommencement  of  hostilities.  " — J.  <}. 
I.ockharl,  Life  of  Siiit,l,nn  It'inmiixirte.  i-h.  .')■,'- 
Xi  — •Onthe  14lli  of  June  Grtat  Urit.iin  had  be- 
eii.'ue  a  party  to  the  treaty  concluded  betwien 
l{ii.s.sia  and  Prussia.  Klie"  had  promised  a.ssis- 
tance  in  this  great  struggle;  but  no  aid  could 
have  been  more  elTcctu.il  th.an  that  whii  li  si"' 
was  rendering  in  llie  Peninsula." — V,  Knight. 
I'iip'itiir  Iliat.  ofKno.,e!i.  WUr.  T). 

Also  IN:  G.  K.  Oleig.  The  hij,.vf  Cain/iin'r/n. 
r/i.  7-lU.— A.  Thiers,  Jlint.  ,f  t/„-  Consul, ite  iiml 
the  Kinptre.  hk.  4S-49  (r  4).— Prince  Metterniih. 
ifemoini.  1773-lHl.X  bk.  1,  c/i.  S  (r.  1).— J.  U. 
Seelc'V,  Life  and  Titnei  nf  stein,  jit.  7,  rh.  4— 'i  ()'. 
3)  — .t.  Philippart.  Xurthern  l',imnii'/ns.  181'i- 
1813,  I'  -i 

A.  D.  1813  (August).— Great  battle  and  vic- 
tory of  Napoleon  at  Dresden,— French  defeats 
at  Kulm,  Gross-Beeren  and  the  Katzbach.— 
■' nr'-lr-n,  diinng  '>,■■  ,tr;ui-iir!-,  bad  beeu  etiii 
verted  by  Napoleon  into  such  a  place  of  strength 
that  it  might  be  called  one  citadel.     All  the  trees 


in  the  neighbourhood,  as  will  ns  those  which  had 
formed  the  ornament  of  the  public  gardens  and 
w.ilks  of  that  iH'aiitifiil  c:ipital.  were  cut  down 
and  converted  into  abattis  and  palisades;  re- 
doubts. Held  works,  and  fosses  had  lucn  con- 
structed. The  chain  of  furtroses  garrisoned  by 
French  triKips  secuo'd  to  Napoleon  the  rich  val- 
ley of  til"  Kibe.  Hamburg,  Danlnic,  and  many 
strong  places  on  the  Oder  and  Vistula  Herein  his 
piisse.ssiim.  .  .  .  His  army  assembled  at  the  seat 
of  waramounled  to  nearly  ;ilMI,iKHI  men,  including 
the  Itavarian  reserve  of  '.'."),(HK)  under  (Jenerid 
Wreile,  and  be  had  greatly  iiicrea"  il  his  cavalry. 
This  powerful  force  was  divided  into  eleven 
army  corps,  rommanded  by  Vani!..mme,  Victor, 
llertnnd.  Nev.  Lauristoii,  Marinont,  Keynier, 
Poiiialowski,  .Nlacdonaid,  Oudinot,  and  8t"  C'yr. 
Murat,  who,  nm.sed  by  the  news  of  the  victories 
of  I.utzen  and  Hautzen,  had  left  his  capital,  was 
madecoinmander-in chief  of  all  the('av;dry.  ,  ,  . 
Davou.st  held  Hamburg  with  Sl.tlOO  im  n.  A'J- 
gereaii  with'.J4,000o((;uph'd  Bavaria.  The  armies 
of  the  allies  wee  computed  at  nearly  4iHI,(K)0 
men,  incliiiling  the  divisions  destined  to  inv;tile 
Italy.  Those  ready  fur  action  at  the  se.it  of  war 
inOermany  were  divided  inlothree  great  masses, 
—  the  army  of  llnliemia,  cunsisting  mainly  of 
Ausirians   cornmanilid    by  Prince    Scliw;irtzen- 

burg;   the  army  of  Silesia mmanded  by  Blu- 

cher;  and  the  t'niops  under  the  command  of  Uur- 
nadotte,  stationed  near  Hirlin.  These'  immense 
hosts  were  strong  in  cav.alryaud  artillery,  and  in 
discipline  and  experience  far  e.xeeeiied  the  French 
snldirrs,  who  wci'c  nearly  all  ynunir  conscripts. 
Two  Krenchmen  of  eininence  were  leaiiers  in  tho 
ranks  of  tiie  enemies  of  France,  —  llernailotte 
and  Mnreau;  .Jumini.  late  chief  of  the  engineer 
department  in  .Napoleon's  army,  was  a  Swiss. 
These  three  men,  well  instructed  by  the  great 
master  of  the  art  of  war,  liireitid  the  counsels  of 
the  allied  Sovereigns  and  taught  them  how  to 
comiuer,  liernadolte  pointed  out  that  Napoleon 
lay  in  Dresden  with  his  guard  of  live  and  twenty 
thousand  men.  while  his  marslials  were  stationed 
in  various  strong  positions  on  the  frontiers  of 
S;ixony.  The  moment  a  French  corps  d'armSe 
was  a! lacked  Napoleon  would  spring  from  his 
cenlnil  point  upon  the  flank  of  the  assailants, 
and  as  such  a  blow  would  be  irresistible  he  would 
thus  beat  the  ailiiil  armies  in  ilelail.  Toobviate 
this  danger  liernadotte  recommended  that  the 
.''•  »  L'lneral  who  aitarkid  a  French  division  and 
':..ii-lil  y.ipol.on  into  the  lii-ld  should  retreat, 
luring  the  Kmpiror  onward  in  pursuit,  when  the 
other  boiliis  of  allied  troops,  simultaneously 
closing  upon  hi-:  rear,  should  surround  him  anil 
cut  liiin  olT  from  his  base.  This  plan  was  fol- 
lowe.l ;  liluchiT  ailv;inred  from  Silesia,  menacing 
Hie  armies  I  if  .Macilonald  and  Ney,  and  Napoleon, 
with  the  activity  e:;pecteil.  issued  from  Dresden 
on  the  lolh  of  Aii^'ust,  raiiidly  reiiched  the  point 
of  il:in;;if,  and  a^sumeil  the  olTensive.  But  he 
wasunahle  to  briiiirlhe  Prussian  ireneral  toade- 
cisive  action,  for  Hliicher.  continuing  to  retreat 
bifore  him.  the  pursuit  was  only  arrested  by  :in 
cslafette  reporting  on  the  i.\n\  that  the  liiain 
boily  of  the  allies  threatened  Dresden.  On  the 
2.">lli.  at  4  in  the  afternoon.  20(1.000  allied  troips 
led  by  Schwartzenburg  appeared  before  that  city. 
Si.  Cyr,  who  had  been  left  to  observe  the  passes 
t:f  till-  Hoiirmian  iiiouniaiu.s  with  CO.OOu  luiii,  ic- 
treated  before  the  irresistible  torrent  ami  threw 
himself  into  the  Saxon  capital,  which  he  prepared 


"'  ii 


1359 


•  i-'.- 


ii 


-  V 


QEKMANV.   1813 


GERMANY,  1H13 


to  (Irfi'tiil  wi'li  Ills  own  fcirris  unci  tlie  trnrrison 
loft  by  tilt'  KmpiTor.  It  vviis  a  wTvict'  of  the  last 
Importunct'.  Willi  Orcsdt-n  NiipoK-ou  woiiUI  liwi' 
his  ri'cniilinK  clcpot  ami  siipplicf  of  every  kiml 
.  .  .  The  Austrian  eoinniumlir  in  rliicf  (Icfrrrcil 
tbc  nttai'k  till  llii'  followini;  <luv.  replying;  tn  llie 
exposiiilutii>hs  iif  Jiimiiii  thitt  Naiioleon  was  <  ii- 

f;a:,'cil  ill  tlieSilesian  piissi>«.  Kiirly  on  the  iiiorn- 
n^of  till'  'JiiUi  till'  nllii'S  ailvaiiii'il  to  the  nssuiiU 
in  <<i\  rtiliiiiins,  iiiiittT  cover  of  u  treinemlous  ar- 
tillery lire.  They  (arricci  one  great  redouht.  then 
anolher,  nnd  ehweil  with  the  diTenil  rs  of  the 
city  at  every  point,  slii  Ms  iinii  balls  falling  thirk 
on  the  houses,  iiianv  of  which  were  on  lire.  St. 
Cyreoniluclcil  the  defence  with  heroism:  hut  be- 
fine  miililay  n  siirniiiler  was  talked  of.  ,  .  . 
Hiiddeiily,  from  the  opposite  bank  of  the  EHic 
columns  of  Koltllcrs  wt-re  seen  hastening  towards 
the  cily.  They  pris.secl  across  the  liridm's,  swept 
through  the  streets,  and  with  loud  shouts  de- 
nmnded  to  lie  hd  iiilo  battle,  although  ther  hud 
made  forced  marches  from  the  frontiersof  Silesiu. 
Napolcim,  wilh  the  Old  OuanI  anil  cuinissiers, 
wus  in  the  midst  of  them.  His  enemies  hiul  cal- 
culated on  only  half  his  energy  and  rupiility,  and 
liuii  forgotten  that  he  could  return  us  ijuickly  us 
lie  left  The  I'riissians  hail  penetrated  the  Uros.se 
Garten  on  the  French  left,  and  so  close  was  the 
Hiissian  tin'  that  Witgeustein's  giinsenllliicled  the 
road  by  which  Napoleon  hud  tu  pass;  conseipient- 
ly,  to  tvAch  the  city  in  safety,  he  was  compelled  to 
dismount  at  the  most  exposed  purt,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Uaron  OdelelK'n  (iineof  his  aiiles-dccuinp), 
creep  along  on  his  bunds  and  knees  (ventre  i 
terre).  Napoleon  halted  at  the  palace  to  reassure 
the  King  of  Saxony,  and  then  joined  his  troo|i8 
who  were  already  at  the  gates.  Sallies  were 
niiidc  by  Ney  and  Mortier  under  his  din'Ction. 
The  aslonished  assuilunts  were  driven  back.  The 
Young  (iuaril  recaptured  the  redoubts,  and  the 
French  army  deployed  on  the  plateau  lately  in 
possession  of  their  enemies.  .  .  .  The  fury  of  the 
flght  gradually  sliickeiied.  nnd  the  armies  took  up 
their  positions  for  the  night.  The  Kreiieh  wings 
bivouacked  tu  the  right  and  left  of  the  city, 
which  Itself  formed  Napoleon's  centre.  The 
allies  were  ranged  in  a  semicircle  cresting  the 
lieighls.  .  .  .  They  liiul  not  greatly  the  advan- 
tage In  numbers,  for  Kleiiaii's  division  never 
came  up;  and  Napoleon,  now  that  Victor  and 
Marmont  scorjisliad  arrived,  concentrated  nearly 
SOO.tHKI  nil  n.  .  .  .  The  next  day  broke  in  a  tem- 
pest of  wind  and  rain.  At  si.x  o'cliK'k  Napoleon 
was  on  horseliack.  and  ordi  red  his  columns  to 
advance.  Their  order  of  battle  has  been  aptly 
compared  to  'a  fan  when  it  expands.'  Their 
position  cimid  scarcely  have  iK-en  worse.  .  .  . 
knowing  that  in  casi'  of  ilis,islir  retreat  would 
be  almost  an  impossibility,  N..poli'on  began  an 
attack  on  bolli  Hanks  of  the  allied  army,  certain 
that  their  ilel'iat  would  demorali/.e  the  centre, 
which  he  could  overwhelm  by  a  siiiiiiltaiicoiis 
coniiiilric  allai  k,  supfmrted  by  the  tire  of  KiO 
puns.  'I'lie  .^tornly  wialher  wiiieh  conc'caleil 
their  mo\t'iiii'nts  favoured  tlicin,  and  Mtiiat 
turning  and  breaking  the  Aiislrian  left,  and  Ncy 
cnni|ili!ely  rollii'g  up  the  Aii.ilrian  right,  the  re- 
sult was  a  di'ci.^ive  victory,  liy  three  in  the 
aflirnoon  of  tiie 'JTth  the  battle  was  ciinciiidcd, 
and  the  allies  were  in  full  retreat,  pursued  by 
till'  Krciici;.  Ttie  roads  to  iiohemia  and  those  to 
the  soiuli  wcic  barred  by  Miirai's  and  Van 
daiume's  corps,  uud  the  allied  Sovereigns  were 


obliged  to  lake  such  rniintry  paths  and  byways 
us  they  could  Hiid  —  which  had  been  reuihrifl 
almost  impassable  by  the  heavy  rain.  They  Iij-,1 
25,000  prisoners,  40  staiidards,  60  pieces  of  cau- 
uon,  ami  many  waggons.  The  killed  and  woiiiil- 
eil  amountetl  on  eai  h  side  to  s«'ven  or  eight  tliou- 
saml.  The  first  cannon  shot  flrisl  by  the  gu.ml 
under  the  diriHtion  of  Na|Mileon  mortally  Wouul 
eil  Morcuu  while  talking  to  the  Ernpero  J,  \ m 
der.  .  .  .  The  French  left  wing,  compost  d  c  f 
tlie  throe  corps  of  Vandamme,  SI.  t'yr,  and  Mir 
niont,  wen'  onlereil  to  march  by  their  left  aling 
the  i'iriia  road  In  pursuit  of  the  fiK',  who  was  n 
treating  into  Itohemia  in  three  columns,  and  hii 
traversed  the  gorges  of  the  Hart/,  Mounlaiiis  in 
wfety,  though  iniicli  baggage,  sevi^ral  animiiiii 
tion  waggons,  and  3,000  pristmers,  fell  inio  iln- 
hands  of  the  French.  The  liiissians,  under  (Is 
tennann,  halted  on  the  plain  of  (.'ulni  [or  Kiiliii{ 
for  the  arrival  of  Kleist's  Prussians;  the  Au>lh 
an»  hurried  along  the  I'rague  route.  Vaudaiiiiin' 
inarched  bolilly  on,  neglecting  even  the  pretaii 
tion  of  guarding  the  defile  of  Peterswald  in  his 
•ear.  Trusting  to  the  rapid  ailvance  of  the  oiIh  r 
French  corps,  lie  was  luretl  on  by  the  hope  of 
capturing  the  allied  Sovereigns  In  their  liea'l- 
quarters  at  Toplitz.  Barclay  de  Tolly,  haviioj 
executed  a  rapid  detour  from  left  to  riglil, 
brought  the  bulk  of  liis  liussiun  forces  to  be.ir  on 
Vanilamme,  who,  on  reaching  Culm,  was  atlai  ki  d 
in  front  and  rear  [August  29-30],  surprised  mid 
tjiken,  hising  the  whole  of  his  artillery  and  be 
tween  7,000  anil  8,000  prisoners;  the  rest  of  hi.< 
corps  escaiietl  and  rejoined  the  artny.  This  dis- 
a.ster  totally  tlcrangcl  Napoleon's  plans,  wliiili 
woultl  have  led  him  to  follow  up  the  pursuit  lo 
wards  Koheniia  in  person.  Ouilinot  was  onlt  nd 
to  inarch  against  Bhiow's  corps  at  Berlin  and  iln' 
Sweiles  commanded  bv  Ilernudutte,  tJtking  wiili 
him  the  divisions  of  Bertnind  ami  Ueynier  —  a 
force  of  80,000  men.  Ueynier,  who  marchcil  in 
atlvuncc,  fell  in  with  the  allies  at  Oross-Been  ii, 
attacked  them  precipitiitely  and  suffered  seven  ly, 
his  division,  chielly  composed  of  Saxons,  taking 
flight.  Ouilinot  also  sustained  eonsitlerable  hisses, 
and  retreated  to  Torgau  on  the  Elbe.  Ginmi, 
8;illying  out  of  Magdeburg  with  5, (KM)  or  li.miu 
iiieii,  was  ilefeateil  near  Leibnitz,  with  the  Inxs 
of  1,000  men,  ami  some  cannon  anil  bagg  O' 
Mactlonald  encounteretl  Blueher  in  the  plaiii-^  l» 
tween  Wahlstatlt  and  the  Katzbach  itnilcr  ilis.ul 
vantugeous  circuinstances  I  August  2H].  aiifl\\.i-s 
obliged  to  retire  in  liisordcr." — U.  11.  II. ri'. 
Ilinl.  uf  Xiijuiltoii,  eh.  ST.  — "The  great  baltli  .'' 
the  Kat/.l)acli,  the  counlcr|iart  to  that  of  lloln  n 
linden,  [was]  one  of  the  most  glorious  ever  g.iiiM  1 
in  the  annals  of  European  fiiine.  Its  lioplii. -. 
were  immense.  .  .  .  Eighteen  thousand  pri^.  n 
crs,  103  pieces  of  cannon,  and  230  caissoii>.  Ih 
sides  7.000  killed  and  wounded,  presentcil  a  I"!  ' 
loss  to  the  Fnncli  of  2.'i.0()0  men."— Sir  A.  .\!i 
Son,  Ili'<t.  of  E'iri'iv.eh.  80,  «,l•^  Oj*  (r.  17).— •(» 
tlie  battle  of  Kulin  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  th  .'. 
it  w;is  the  most  critical  in  the  wlioiu  war  of  te  ; 
man  liberatitin.  The  fate  of  the  cualilion  n.i-i 
delcrmined  absolutely  by  its  result.s.  Had  \m. 
ilamme  been  ;-troii!j  enough  to  keep  his  hoM  .! 
lioliemia.  ami  to  block  up  from  them  Ihemnuiii-' 
.if  the  passes,  the  allied  coluiiitis.  fori.etl  Im'  ^v 
into  the  exliausted  moMiilaiii  district  thmiaii 
wliicii  they  were  rctreaiiii:-'.  iiiiisi  iiave  prri>ii' u 
for  lack  tif  fiKid.  or  tli^solved  lliemselves.  — i."'. 
it.  Gleig,  Tlic  Liipzig  tUmjMii/n,  ch.  27 


r,j 


1560 


M  .i,k 


QEUMANY,  1818. 


GERMANY,  1818. 


Ai.«oiN;  Baron  Joiiiliii,  1,(0  "f  \apolton,  eh. 
•0(1!.  4).^M«J()r<'.  AilaiiiK,  Ornil  I'limiMiiijut  in 
KuTupt,  17tM  to  m7().  <7i    .'> 

A.  D.  1813  (September— October).— French 
reTcrse  at  Oennewitz. —Napoleon's  eracuation 
of  Dreideo.— Allied  concentration  at  Leipiic. 
—Preparation!  for  the  decitive  baitle.— "Tlic 
[alliiMll  Army  u(  tlir  Ndrlli  liml  Ixin  niurly  iilli' 
ilme  !lie  battle  of  (JniwilKiriri       Tin-  I'niHsiiiii 

Seiicruls  wi-ro  txtrcmi'ly  iiidliiiiunt  nixuiiist  liiTiui 
otti'.  whose  8li>wiic's.4  mill  Inuilion  wirr  iiilnliT 
able  to  tliem.  It  took  tlieiii,  iiiiilir  liit  onleni.  11 
fortulKht  to  nilvHiice  us  fur  as  11  i-oiiil  fiMiiniiui 
coulil  munli  in  a  iliiy.  Tliiy  then  iiiiexpiTlcilly 
met  a  new  Freiirli  urniy  uilvuiiiini;  aiijiiliiHt  tliiin 
fmm  »  fortitleil  ('iim|)  at  WitteiilMf);  NapukMUi 
bail  now  as.sii;m'il  lo  MarHJial  Ney — 'the  liravest 
of  the  linive' — the  work  of  UatiiiK  '  the  t'ossaik 
lioriles  anil  the  piHir  iniiilia.' ami  takliii;  Uerlhi. 
Uniler  him  were  Otiiliiiot,  llitfniir.  ItiTtraml. 
and  ArrlKhi.  willi  TO.iHX)  imii.  <  )n  S.  ptiiiiliir  (I 
Tauenziemuettlieir  superior  foreesat  .lniirlMif,'k, 
but  sustnlneil  himself  valiantly  throii^'h  a  peril 
oua  tight.  IleriiHilottv  was  but  two  Imiirs'  inarch 
away,  but  oa  usual  disreganleil  HlUow's  rii|iiisl 
to  brin);  aid.  Out  BQlow  hini.self  liniuiiht  iipliis 
corps  <m  the  rlKbt.  and  tiHik  tlie  liriint  of  tlie 
battle,  extending  it  through  the  villa^'es  sniilli  of 
jHterlxigk,  of  which  Denuewitz  was  the  cinlie. 
The  I*rus»ians  tiKik  these  villages  liy  »lorm.  and 
when  evening  came  their  victory  was  coinpli  le, 
tliougb  lieriiadotte  bad  not  htriti  hid  out  a  hand 
to    help    them.  .   .   .   Klilow   bore   the   name   of 

Denuewitz  afterward  in  In r  of  \m  vicinrv. 

Ney  reportid  to  Ids  master  that  he  was  entirely 
defeated.  Na|)oleon  unwisely  itscrilHii  his  defeat 
entirely  to  the  Saxons,  who  fouglit  well  that  day 
for  him.  but  for  the  last  time.  IJv  his  reproaches 
he  enliri  Iv  alienated  the  people  from  him.  Tlie 
French  loss  in  this  battle  was  10,()(H)  killed  and 
wounded,  and  ID.IMH)  prisoners,  besides  SI)  guns. 
The  Prussians  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  more 
than  5,0()0.  Thus  Ave  victories  had  Inen  won 
by  the  Allies  in  a  fortnigh',  compensating  fully 
for  tlie  loss  of  the  battle  of  Dn.silen.  The  way 
to  the  KUm-  lay  op<n  to  the  Army  of  the  Xorlh. 
But  Bernadotte  continued  to  move  with  extreme 
slowiies.s.  Billow  and  Tauenzien  seriously  pro- 
posed to  Bllleher  to  have  the  Swedish  prince, 
whom  they  oi«'uly  ilcii'Hinced  as  a  traitor.  Hli'i- 
Cher  approached  the  1  across  the  Lausitz  from 
Boheiida,  and  it  woin  .  uave  been  easy  to  cross 
the  river  and  unite  the  two  armies,  threatening 
Napoleon's  rear,  and  making  l)ri  silen  untenable 
for  him.  Napoleon  advanced  in  vain  against 
BlUchiTto  Bausitz.  The  Prussian  general  wisely 
avoided  a  battle.  Thin  the  emperor  turned 
against  the  Army  of  Bohemia,  liut  it  was  too 
strong  in  its  position  in  the  valley  of  Teplilz, 
with  the  mountains  in  its  rear,  to  be  attacked. 
Then  again  he  moved  toward  BlUcher.  but  again 
failed  to  bring  alsiut  an  action.  At  this  lime 
nubile  opinion  throughout  l-hirope  was  undergo- 
ing a  rapid  change,  and  Napoleon's  iiaiiie  was 
losing  its  magic.  The  near  pnxpect  of  his  fall 
made  the  nations  be  had  oppressed  eager  and  iiii- 
patient  for  it.  and  his  (lerinan  allies  and  subjects 
lost  all  regani  and  hope  for  his  eausi'.  On  Oc- 
tober H  the  Bavarian  plenipotentiary,  Oeiieral 
Wrele,  concluded  a  treaty  with  .\ustria  at  Hied, 
bythi  ifmsxf  iviiich  B.ivari.i  lift  X.ipo':,  ,iii  and 
j.i'ned  the  allies.  This  im|>ortant  defection, 
though  it  had  lieen  for  .some  weeks  expected,  was 


felt  by  the  Frenib  enipc'ror  as  n  severe  blow  to 
Ills  prosiHcts.  NaiMileon's  circle  of  movement 
around  l)resilen  U'gan  to  Im'  narrowed.  The 
Itnssian  reserves  under  Benningsi'n,  .tT.IMKI  strong, 
were  al.so  iidvancing  through  Silesia  toward  Bo- 
hemia. l.lUeher  wiig  therefore  not  needed  In 
Bohemia,  and  he  iiressed  forward  vigorously  to 
cross  the  .KIbe.  His  army  ad vaneeil  along  the 
riirht  bank  of  the  Black  Klsterto  its  nioiitlialNivo 
WittenlH'rg.  On  the  opposite  luink  of  the  Kllie, 
ill  the  IhiiiI  of  the  stri'iini,  stands  the  village  of 
Wartenbiirg.  and  .just  at  the  lieiid  BlUcher  built 
two  bridges  of  boats  without  opposition.  On 
October  II  York's  lorps  crossed  the  river.  But 
now  on  the  west  shh'.  among  the  thickets  and 
swam|>s  Ufiire  the  village,  arose  a  furious  strug- 
gle with  a  liiHly  of  2(l,U<ll)  French,  Italians,  and 
Oirmans  of  the  Kliine  League  under  Bertrand. 
York  displayed  eminent  patience,  cinilness,  and 
jiidgnient.  and  won  a  decided  victory  out  of  a 
great  danger.  Bernadotte.  though  with  much 
lii'siiation,  also  crossi  d  the  Kibe  at  the  mouth  of 
the  .Miilde,  and  the  arinv  of  the  North  and  of 
Silesia  wire  thus  united  in  Napoleon's  rear.  It 
was  now  evident  that  thesuccesBcsof  theseHrmiea 
had  brought  the  French  into  extri'ine  danger, 
and  the  allied  sovereigns  resolved  upon  a  con- 
certed attack.  Leipsie  was  designated  as  the 
point  nt  which  the  armies  should  combine.  Na- 
poleon could  no  longer  hold  Dresden,  lest  ho 
should  be  cut  cIT  from  France  by  a  vastly  su- 
perior force.  The  partixincorpsof  the  allies  were 
also  growing  bolder  and  more  active  far  in  Na- 
poleon's rear,  and  on  OctoU-r  I  ('zerniebelT  drove 
.Icronie  out  of  Cassel  and  priM'laimed  the  king- 
dnin  of  Westphalia  dissolved.  This  v»'as  the 
work  of  a  handful  of  Cossacks,  without  infantry 
and  artillery;  but  though  .leromc  sixm  returnecf, 
the  moral  elTect  of  this  sudden  and  easy  over- 
throw of  one  of  Napoleon's  military  kingdoms 
was  immense.  I  )iiOctolKr  7  Napoleon  left  Dres- 
den, and  inarched  to  the  Muhle.  BlQcher's  forces 
were  arrayed  along  both  sides  of  this  stream, 
below  DUIh'II.  But  be  ipiietly  and  successfully 
retired,  on  perceiving  Napoleon's  purpose  to  at- 
t.ick  him.  and  moved  westward  to  the  .Saale,  in 
order  to  draw  after  him  Bernadotte  and  the 
Northern  army.  The  plan  was  successful,  and 
the  united  armies  tiMik  up  a  posithm  behind  the 
Saale.  exteiuling  from  Merseburg  to  .VlslelM'ii, 
Bernadotte  occupying  the  nortliern  end  of  the 
line  nc\L  to  the  Kllie.  Najioleon,  disappointed 
in  Ids  lirst  effort,  now  formed  a  plan  whose  bold 
less  astonished  both  friend  and  foe.  He  resolved 
tocro.s.s  the  Kibe,  to  seize  Berlin  and  the  Marches, 
now  uncovered,  and  thus,  supported  by  bis  for- 
tresses of  Magdeburg.  Stettin.  Dant/ie.and  Ilain- 
biirg.  where  lie  still  had  bodies  of  truoiis  and 
magazines,  to  give  the  war  an  entirely  new 
aspect.  But  the  murmurs  of  his  worn-out  triHipa, 
and  even  of  his  generals,  compelled  him  to  alian- 
d'ln  this  pi. in.  which  was  desperate,  but  might 
have  been  eirectual.  The  suggestion  of  it  terri- 
liiil  Bcrnadinte.  whose  provineeof  Lower  Pome- 
rinia  wouM  lif  threatened,  and  he  would  liave 
withilniwn  in  headlong  haste  across  the  Kibe  had 
leit  Bllichir  persislcd  in  detaining  him.  Napo- 
leon now  resolved  to  inarch  against  the  Bohe- 
mian army  at  l.eipsic.  On  OetolKT  11.  on  ap- 
proaching the  city  from  the  north,  he  heard 
r.^niion  .siiots  r.n  tiic  cpiicKiii  .-side,  h  '.v.is  the 
.iilv.inced  guard  of  the  main  army,  which  was 
descending  from  the  Erz-Gebirge  range,  after  a 


1561 


OEUMANY,  1H13 


UEKMANY,  mia 


t    J 


M 


■n-. 


,*; 


■harp  hut  inilcriiiirr  riivitirr  lialtlc  willi  Miirnt 
ul  lilt'  vilhiiri' of  I.Ii'Ih  rtncilkuli/.  Miiitli  ul  llrcn 
ilrii  III  till'  liriiiiil,  tliirklv  M'llli'il  |ihiliiH  aroiiiul 
I.4'i|Ml<'.  iIm'  iiniiii's  III  Kiirii|H'  imw  iiaxi'tiiiili'il  f.ir 
till'  llllill  anil  itrri.'tiv.'  (-iilllllrt.  Na|>iil(  iili'i  i-oiii 
miiiiil  Imliiilril  I'lirtiicui  »<•.  Spaiiianli.  Niupi'li 
Inns,  mill  lurifi'  ii>iiiiiii.'i nis  nf  (tiriiiaiw  trmn  tlir 
Hliiiii'  Li'ii^'iii'.  iH  wi  II  ixH  till'  lliiwiriif  till'  Kniii'li 
vmitli:  wliilr  till'  allii'H  liri>iii,'lit  ii^'iiiiixl  liliii 
(iiHsiirkH  anil  (aliiiiK  kx.  Svviili's  ami  Mau'Vurs, 
iH'HiitrH  all  till'  rrsoiirrrn  of  I'niMsiaii  piitriiitisin 
ami  AiiKtrian  ilisi  ipliiir  Nru  r  i>inri'  tlir  awful 
Htriitfu'li'  III  I'lialiiiii.  wliiili  xavril  Wi'slrrn  <'lvlli- 
/.aliiiii  fniiii  Ailila.  Iia<l  tin  Tr  In  iii  it  utrifi'  mi  wi  II 
ili^irviiit.'  till'  iiaiiii'  iif  '  till'  liiillli'  iif  till'  iiatliiiiK.' 
Wi-.it  iif  till*  lity  nf  l.^■l|l•^i^  iiiiiH  till'  Plri-^iw',  anil 
niiv\M  iniii  till'  KtsiiT  nil  llir  niiriiivM'nl  kIiU'. 
AIhivc  till  Ir  jiiiirtiiiii.  tlii'  twn  hinains  run  for 
tminr  ilistanri'  iirariuii'  iiiuitlii-r,  iiirliisin^  a  Hliarp 
aiii^li'iif  hwaiiipv  laiiil.  Tlii'  gtiM  liiu'liway  In 
I.iiiilriiaii  fniiu  l,ii|i«ir  criis»i  s  tlii'  KlntiT.  ami 
tliiii  riini  KiiiiiliHi  siirly  In  l.lll/ni  ami  Wi'lsscn- 
fcN.  Siiiiili  nf  till'  lily  ami  last  nf  llii'  I'll  isw 
lie  a  nuiiilirr  nf  tillap'H,  nf  wliicli  Wailiaii. 
IJrlHTlwolkvvii/.,  anil  Pnilihlliiiila,  nriiri-r  llii' 
city.  wiTO  iiiipiirtaiit  |iniiil.H  iliiiiiif;  tin'  lialtlr. 
Till'  littli'  rinr  I'artlia  «|i|iri«irlii's  tlii'  lity  nii 
thr  ia>t.  unil  lliin  runs  imrtli,  nai  liini;  tlir  KMrr 
at  (ii'lilis.  N:i|iiili'(Mi  nniipii'il  the  villai;rs  nnrtli, 
I'list  mill  smith  nf  tlii'  rily.  in  a  Kniall  lirrli'  arniiml 
It,"— ('.  T.  I.i'wi'.,  //iW.  iif  lltnniiiiii,  rli.  ;iO.  Kft. 
7-11 

Ai.Mi  IN;    K.  Haiiiis,    //iW.  ../'  iltt    \\''ii:<  -;'  the 

/V,  i.Wi  lur.,  i,k,  4.  M.  ',':!(''.  ai' 
A.  D.  1813  I  October  1.— "The  Battle  of  the 

Nations." — "Tin-  town  nf  LtipNit'  tuui four iiiiti'M 
anil  fniir  gratis.  On  tin'  unulh  is  llii'  rising 

(triniiiil  rallnl  th  -••.H'lli.-.li  (amp,  ami  anntlirr 
fallnl  tlirSlii'ip  -A  ,:  ,  liiirili'rinj;  nn  tlni  lianks  <if 
till'  I'liissi'.  'In  iiiisiinarter  tlii'  (iraml  Army  nf 
till'  Allirs  was  si-i'ii  ailvani'iiiL;  on  tlit'  Va\\  of 
(iilohcr.  liiinnaparto  inaili'  liis  nrriingrnicnts 
an  onliii:;!;. .  lirrtraml  ami  I'oniatnwski  ili'fi'nil- 
iil  l.iiiilinaii  anil  tlir  rust  kIiU'  of  thr  city,  liy 
ftliiili  tin-  Kri'iii'h  must  ri-trrat.  Aiii^rrraii  was 
Ii.istiil  fartlnr  In  tho  lift,  on  tlir  ili'Vatiil  plain 
of  Warhaii.  amlnn  tiio  amitli,  Virtiir,  Liiiiristiin, 
anil  Maciloualil  cnnfrniitiil  tlii'  ailvaiiii;  of  tlic 
Allii'S  with  tliL'  Imperial  (iiiarilH  plariil  as  a 
rt'StTvi'.  On  iIr'  nnrtli,  Mariiiont  was  plat-nl 
bitiviru  Miiiktrn  ami  Knlirist.  tn  make  luail 
nuMinst  liliii'lii'r.  slioiiM  lir  arrive  in  tinic  to  take 
part  ill  the  liattlc.  On  the  n|>positi'  quarter,  the 
Miilim  Is  nf  thr  two  armies  were  within  miisket- 
sllnl  nf  eai  h  ntller,  wlli'II  evening  fell.  .  .  .  The 
niimlier  nf  men  who  eni:ai;ei|  the  iie.\t  niornini; 
was  esliniatiil  at  i:t(). 1)1(0  Kremh.  ami  '.'iiO.OIH)  on 
the  part  of  the  .\llies.  .  .  .  Najioleon  remained 
all  nii.'lit  in  the  rear  of  his  nwn  (iiianls,  lieliimi 
the  eeiitral  pn^iiioii.  faeini;  a  villaf;e  ealleil 
<i.iss:i,  (xeiipieil  liv  the  .Viistrians.  .\t  day- 
liri  :ik  on  the  lijth  of  Oilolier  the  battle  liei;an. 
The  Friiii  h  position  was  assaileil  uloni;  all  the 
»niitlierii  front  with  the  L'realest  fury.  .  .  .  The 
Allies  liaviiiL' ma'le  six  ilesperate  attempts,  ,  . 
all  nf  ih<  in  iiiisiieeessfiil.  Napoleon  in  turn  as 
siiiiieil  the  olTctisive.  .  .  This  was  about  noon. 
The  V  illaL'e  of  (ios.sa  was  earrieil  by  the  bayonet. 
.Mae.lnnahl  iiiaile  himself  m,i>ier  of  the  Swedish 
Camp,  and  the  eminenee  ealled  the  .Sheep-walk 

w  1;  n.  ;ir  !"  ill.;  ;  ikvii  iii  tie-  siiiii"    lietli!ifr.      Tin; 

impetuosity   nf   the    French   had   fairly    bniken 
through  the  eentre  nf  the  .Vllies.  and   Napoleon 


wilt  the  IlillnKi  of  hln  •iirrrM  to   the    KhiL;  of 
Sittiiny.  whoonhred  all  'he  Ih'IIh  in  the  iti\    n, 
be  run^-.    ,   .   .  The  Kinn  nf  Naples,  with  Ijiiiiur 
MnuUi'tiif  anil  Kelhriiiunn.  poiinil  lhriiut.'h  Ha 
I   »lap  in  rlieeneiiiyM eentre  at  the  headnf  the  wlml,. 
iMKly  of  eavalry.  and  Ihundireil  fnrward  as  fara- 
.MuijdeburK,  a  village  In  the  rear  of  Ihe  .\llir.. 
iM'arin^'  down  Ueiaral  Kayelskni  with  the  (in  iia 
diers  nf  the  Hiissian  resi  rve      At  this  ninniein 
while  Ihe  Krelieli  were  ilisnr.ltred  by  their  o»n 
nileei-HH.    Alexander,    who   was  presi-nt,   nnhred 
fnrwanl  Ihe  Cnssaeks  of  his  (Jiianl.   wlin,  «iih 
their  InuK  laiiees.   Iinre  bai  k  the  ihiiHe  bnil\  n| 
lavalrv     that    had    so   marly    earrieil    the   il;u 
.Meantime,   as  had   been   aiiprihemleil,    llliii  In  r 
•    riled  liefnre  the  eily,  ami  niiildenly  eanie  iiiin 
I.,  linn    with    Marmniil,    IhIiik    three   tiims   lii> 
iiiinilH'rs.      lie   in   eniisei|iienee    iilitaiiied    gri  ai 
and  ilei'ideil  iiilvanlaKes;    and  liefnrc  iilifhl  fall 
had    taken    the    viMa;;e   nf    .Miei  kern,    ln):rlliir 
Willi  'JO  pieies  of  artillery  anil  i.OOl)  prison,  r^ 
Hut   on  Ihe   miuIIi    side    the    eontesit    eiintiiiin  <l 
iloiibtfiil.     (iiwsa  was  still  disputed.   .   .   .   li,  n 
I  ml  .Mehrfeldt  fell  Into  the  hands  of  the  Krem  h 
The  buttle  rilled  till  ni^dit  fall,    when   it  eea-i  il 
by    mutual   lonsent.   .   .  .   The   armies  shpt  mi 
the  ^{roiinil  they  had  oeeiipiid  ilurin)(  the  dav 
The  French  on  ihe  Miiitliern  niile  had  mil  riliii 
i|iii.sheil    one    fmit    of    their    nri^'inal    pnsilinn 
though    uttaekeil    by    huiIi    superlnr    iiiimlier^ 
.Murmnnt  had  indeed  bieii  fori  eil  back  by  Ida 
clier.  and  cnm|H'lli  d  to  crowd  his  line  of  ih  b m  e 
nearer  the  walls  of  lA'ipslc.     Thus  pressed  on  all 
sides  with  doiilitrul  is.sui's.   Uiiiina|iarte  availed 
liimsilf  of  the  capture  of  Oenenil  .Mehrfeldt  I" 
demand  an  urinistlee  anil  to  signify  his   niee|ii 
aiice  of  the  terms  pmpnsed  by  tile  Allies,    hiii 
whieli  were  muv  fniiml  In  Im'  ton  miHlerate    . 
Napnleim  received  no  aiisiver  lill  his  tioo|is  had 
recrossed  the  Khine;  and  the  reason  iissi^ned  i- 
tliiit  the  Allies  had  pledged  theniMlves  solemnly 
to  each  other  to  enter  into  nn  treaty  with  hiiii 
'  while  a  single  imlividual  nf  the  Freneh  ariiiv 
ninaiueil  :n  Uermaiiy.' .  .  .  The  17th  was  spiiii 
in  preparation'',  on  Imlh  sides,  withnut  any  aiiiiil 
hoslililh'S.     At  eight  o'elmk  on  the  mornini;  nt 
Ihe  ISth  they  were  renewed  with  tenfold  fiir\ 
N'apnh'on    hiwl    ciinsiderably  cnntnicled  his  1  ir 
cull   of   defence,  and    Ihe    Fnnch  were    pnsod 
nn   an    inner   line,   nearer  to   Leipsie,  of   whii  li 
I'roblsheyda  was    Ihe   central    point     ,   ,   .    Hin 
clay,    Wittgenstein,     and     Kleist    advai .ed    on 
Prolitsheyda,   where     they     wi-re     opi.osed     li\ 
Mural,  Victor,  Augereau,  and  l.aurist<<n.  under 
the  eye  of  Napoleon  hinisi'lf.     On  Ihe  left   .\l:ii 
lionaid  had  ilniwn  back  his  division  tn  a  vitla:.'e 
called    Stin'tteritz,     Along   this    wliole    line   the 
contest  was  maiiilaineil  fininiisly  on  bnih  sides 
mir  I'oiilil  the  lerrilh'il  speclators,  from  Ihe  w;ilU 
and  steeples  nf  Leipsic,    perceive  that  it    eillei 
receded  or   ndvauced.     .Vlimii    tv.n   o'elmk    lin 
Allies  fnreeil  their  way  ,   .   .   into  l'riibtslievd,i 
the  camp  followers  iH'gan  to  tly  ;  the  liimiili  «:i- 
exeessive.      Napoleon  .   .   .    placed  the  reserve  ■>!" 
the  Old  (luaril  in  order,  led  tliem  in  person  I" 
recover  the   village,   and  saw  them  force    their 
entnince  ere  he  withdrew  tn  the  eminence  from 
whence  he  watched  the  batUe,   .   .   .  The  Allien 
at  length,  felt  themselves  nbliged  In  desist   fronT 
the    inurdenius    attacks    nn  the  villages   whiih 
e"sl     i.iierri     a*.;    dear;     arel.     '.'.  l!!idr:tn  itii:     iL.  ;  = 
Iroiips,  kept  up  a  dreadful  tin'  with  their  ariil 
lery.     The  French   nplied    with    equal    spirii 


1662 


UEKMANY,   tt4t» 


SaUm\» 


(iKHMA.NY,   IS13 


tbougli  they  liml  fi'Mir  k«>>".  itixl.  IkhIiIim,  tlicir 
itminunlliim  wuh  litlliiii;  nlii>ri  Slill,  Imwi  vir, 
Nii|H>li'iiii  <'iiiii|il<'l('ly  iimiiiluiiiKl  llir  <Ijiv  <>ii  tli<' 
■outU  of  Ii4'i|>'«it-.  whiTf  tir  ioiiiMitirHlol  hi  |H-r- 
■oii  On  till*  northern  rIiIc,  (lit-  yet  icrt'iitcr  hii 
pcriorlly  of  iiiimlivn  pliu  ril  Niy  In  w  pn  nirloii't 
•itimtion^  uikI.  pn'ui'd  liiml  lioili  liy  IIIik  lir 
itliil  till)  (.'rown  I'rIiK'i',  lii'  »U4  ioiiiikIIiiI  to 
draw  iifiiri'r  tlir  town,  unci  lm<l  iiiimIi'  iialiiml  on 
an  inilnrnii' calli'il  lliitrrlilu  k.  ulnii  on  jt  kiiiI 
di'n  the  Suxonii,  who  wirt'  sliitiomd  In  Ihui  purl 
of  thv  tU'liI,  dt'MTti'd  from  the  Fnni  h  ami  hi  nt 
oviT  to  (he  rni-iny.  In  roiiM'iiiirnri'  of  ilii>  iiii 
exiM-ctcd  illHHHti-r,  Nry  wtii  nnulilc  iiny  lotiurr  to 
dofcnd  hliiiM'If.  It  wim  in  viiiii  ihiil  I'iiionupiirU' 
(Uaputchrd  liii  nifrvcH  of  nivnlry  to  IIII  up  ihr 
chftniil  tliiit  hud  U'i-n  niudr,  und  Nry  dn  w  up 
thr  riMimliidi'r  of  hla  ion im  cIom'  iiiidi  f  llic  wulli 
lit  I^ii'lpslc.  Thf  liuttiv  onrit  niori'  Ka^d  at  ull 
poliitii.  .  .  .  Althoujfh  till'  Fri'iM'li  army  had 
thij4  krpt  ItH  i^roiind  up  to  tin-  last  iiioiiiiiit  on 
tUt'Hi'  two  dayii,  yi't  tluTi.'  w:i-.  no  pro^prrl  of 
tbi'ir  \w\nf,   iihic   to   hold  out    niui  h    lonijir   at 

Lclpair VII    thliiKH   roiin>«  ll'd    a    nlnat. 

which  wus  di'Htlncd  (like  tin-  nsl  oi  l.iti  i  to  lu' 
UDfortuimlo.  .  .  .  The  n-ln-at  was  t  onnni-ni'i-d  in 
thr  ni^ht-tinu;;  und  Napolron  spnit  a  tliird 
luiniiuinK  niKht  in  K'<'>t>){  'I"'  ni  rcssjiry  onli  r»  lor 
theiimrch.     Iluupindnti'd  Maidoimldnnd  Tuniu 

towikl  ...   to  defend  the  rear V  tempo 

niry  bridge  which  liud  lieeii  erected  had  K'*"'" 
way,  anil  the  old  bridge  on  tie-  road  to  Miide 
nau  was  tbu  only  one  that  renuiined  for  the  pas 
»«)?c  of  the  whole  Kreiieh  army  Itiil  Ihe  de 
fence  of  Ihe  siiliiirlm  had  luen  ko  K^illant  and 
obstinate  that  time  wiui  allowed  for  tliis  purpose 
At  h'lijjtb  the  rear  t.'niird  ilwlf  was  ahoiit  to 
retreat,  when,  as  they  approaelied  the  hanks  of 
the  river,  the  bridge  blew  up  liy  the  mistake  of 
a  DcrKeiint  of  u  company  of  s;ip|H'rs  who  .  .  . 
•et  lire  to  the  mine  of  which  he  had  i  har^'e 
before  tlie  projicr  nioinent.  This  ea'aslrophe 
effectually  barrL'd  the  escupe  of  ull  thosi-  who 
still  reniuined  on  the  LelpsU'  aide  of  the  river, 
except  a  few  who  succeeded  In  sw  iinniim;  across, 
amoM){  wliorn  wan  Murahal  .MaidonaM  I'onia- 
toWHkl  .  .  .  wiM  drowned  in  makiii);  the  Mime 
attempt.  In  him,  it  might  be  said,  perished 
the  last  of  the  I'olea.  About  2.">,(HW  Krencli 
were  made  prisoners  of  war,  with  a  gnat  ipian 
tlty  of  artillery  und  baggage." — \V  ila/.litt.  Life 
«f  Sapiileoii.  eh.  .W  (r.  ai.  — 'The  lialtle  of  l,iip- 
sic  was  over.  Already  had  the  ullied  .sovereigns 
entered  the  town,  and  foriing,  not  without  dif- 
Bcnlty,  their  way  througli  tlie  crowd,  passed  on 
to  the  marketplace.  Ilerc.  the  house  in  wldih 
the  King  of  Saxony  hail  hidged  was  at  once  made 
known  to  them  by  llie  uppeanince  of  tin-  Sa.xon 
troops  whom  .Napoleon  hud  left  to  guani  their 
master.  .  .  .  Moreover,  llie  King  bimsi'lf  .  .  . 
stiHHl  ban'dieaded  on  the  steps  of  tlie  stairs.  Hut 
the  Kmperor  of  Hus.sia,  who  appears  at  once  to 
have  assumed  Ihe  chief  direction  of  alTairs,  took  no 
notice  of  the  sup|>liuuls.  .  .  .  The  battle  ol  Liip- 
sicconstituti's  one  of  those  great  liinL'eson  which 
the  fortunes  of  the  world  niiiy  Im'  said  froni  time 
to  time  to  turn.  The  iinporlanie  of  its  political 
eonst-ijuence  cannot  Ih'  overeslimaud.  ...  As 
a  great  inilitiiry  opemtion.  the  one  feature  which 
forces  ilsidf  prominently  upon  our  notice  is  Ihe 
ejiormouseltent  of  !!ie  n'.ea!'.-.  employed  on  lio!ii 
sides  to  accomplish  an  end.  Never  since  the 
days  when  I'ersia  poured  her  millions  into  Greece 


had  nrndes  so  niimerouii  lieen  murahailed  against 
eai  h  iillii  r  Nor  ihss  history  tell  of  tniliiH  of  ar 
titlery  so  vast  having  Is-eii  ut  any  lime  brought 
into  action  wllli  nion-  murderous  etlect.  .  . 
.ViKiiit  i.iUKl  pieces,  on  the  one  side.  Were  an 
swi  red.  during  two  days,  by  llltle  short  of  I,  "0 
<>ntheo;her    .  We  look  in  vain  for  any  niuni 

feslalions  of  genius  or  military  skill,  eiilii  r  In  the 
iiimliinalions  whiih  nndiTed  Ihe  battle  of  l^lp- 
sic  inevitable,  or  in  the  arraiigeinenls  according 
III  uhiih  Ihe  atlar  ami  defence  of  tlie  Held  were 
rniiduiiid  li  was  Ihe  iriumph.  not  of  inlli' 

larv  skill,  but  of  niimUrs." — <)  li  tihlg.  The 
I.I  I  lull''  f  '<nnfti;,ti.  *•/*.  41.  —  "No  more  hi  re  I  hull  at 
.\Ioscow  must  wewek  in  the  failure  of  ihe  leader's 
l.iliiits  the  cause  of  such  depUiruble  results, — 
f'r  he  was  never  more  fruitful  in  nsoune.  more 
hold,  more  resolute,  nor  more  u  soldier,  —  but  in 
llie  illusions  of  pride,  In  Ihe  wish  |o  n  i^ain  ul  a 
Mow  an  immense  fortune  which  he  li,id  lost.  In 
the  diilleully  of  acknowledging  to  liiinsi-lf  his  de 
feat  in  lime,  in  a  word,  in  all  those  errors  which 
we  may  discern  in  minialiire  and  laricuture  in  an 
ordinary  L'ainlili  r.  who  madly  risks  riches  ac- 
ipiiridliv  lolly  :  errors  which  are  found  on  u  large 
and  lerrilile  scale  in  I  his  L'ik'anlic  gambler,  who 
pl,i>s  will)  human  bloisi  as  others  play  with 
iiioriey.  .\s  gamblers  lose  I  heir  fortunes  twice. — 
once  from  nol  knovving  where  to  slop,  and  a 
second  lime  from  wishing  lo  restore  it  atn  single 
1  asl, — so  Napoleon  endangered  his  at  .Moscow  by 
wi:<hing  to  make  it  t  xorbilantly  large,  and  in  the 
ilresilen  I  impaigu  by  seeking  to  restore  it  in  its 
full  exlenl  I'he  cause  was  ulwuys  Ihe  same,  the 
alteration  not  in  the  genius,  but  in  tlii' cbarai'ter. 
by  Ihedeterioniling  intlueiiceof  unlimited  power 
and  siniess. "— .\.  Thiers.  Hint,  of  the  ('•iiuiitlatt 
iiiid  thr  /■.'miiirr.  hk.  ."lO  (r.  4). 

.\i.so  IN;  Dukeile  Uovlgo,  Meiiuiiri,  r.  H,  p(.  i, 
eh.  17  —.1.  V.  Uopes,  The  f'lnt  Saii'ileou. — Uaron 
de  .Marbot,  Mviiioirn.  r.  i,  ch.  ;1H- UU. 

A.  D.  1813  (October— December).— Retreat 
of  Napoleon  beyond  the  Rhine— Battle  of 
Hanau.  —  Fall  of  the  kingdom  of  Westphalia.— 
Surrender  of  French  g^arritons  and  forces. — 
Liberation  achieved. —"Hlucher.  with  l.aiigeron 
and  Sai  ken,  moved  in  pursuit  of  the  Kreni  li 
army ,  which, disorganised  and  dejecleil,  was  wend' 
ing  ils  way  towards  Ihe  lihiiie.  At  the  pas.sage 
of  the  Insiru'i.  at  KreylMrg,  l,(X)0  prisoners  and 
H  guns  were  luptiireil  by  the  Prussian  hussars; 
but  on  the '.%1  the  I'rencb  reached  Krfurth,  the 
I'itadels  aii.i  maga/ines  of  which  atforded  them  ut 
oiue  scv '.irity  and  relief  from  their  privations. 
Here  Napoleon  hailed  two  days,  employed  in  re- 
organising his  army,  the  thirteen  corps  of  which 
Were  now  forinid  into  six,  commanded  by  Victor, 
Ney,  llertrand,  Aui^iTeaii,  Marniont,  and  .>Iuc- 
ilonald.  and  amounting  in  all  to  less  than  Oil.tlllO 
men;  while  twice  that  number  were  li  tl  block- 
aded in  the  lorlres-ses  on  Ihe  Kibe,  the  Oiler,  und 
Ihe  Vistula.  On  the  i'llh.  afler  parlini;  for  the 
last  time  with  Murat.w  ho  here  i|uiiled  him  anil  re- 
turned to  Naples,  be  resumed  his  march,  relrcut- 
ing  with  .sucli  rapidity  llirough  the  i'huringian 
foresl.  that  the  Cossacks  ahine  of  the  pursuing 
army  could  keep  up  w  ith  Ihe  retiring  columns  — 
H  liiie  llie  men  dropped,  exhausted  by  fatigue  und 
hunirer.  or  deseried  Ihrir  ranks  by  hundreds;  so 
llial  when  Ihe  ftigiiiveliost  approached  the  .Maine. 
::::\  ;i:;;te  than  :io.iMM!  re!i;aiiied  c-lleccive  round 
llieir  colours— Ici.iKK)  hiiil  fallen  or  been  made 
prisoners,  and    at    least  30,UUU  were   struggling 


•i      !i 


1503 


OEHMANY,  1813 


OEUMANY.  IH14. 


) 

i'') 


'M 


•i.j. 


m' 


-3. 


In  thr  n-iir  Hut  hiri'  friah  lUnKi'n  •w«lt<'i| 
Un"m  Adir  llir  Inhiy  !•(  ilw  Hih  (>>tiilHr,  by 
wliii'li  lUviirlu  Imil  mo'ili'il  In  tlii'  ^riinil  iillinmi' 
■n  Aiuiro  liHVHrUii  funi'  iiiiiIit  Miiralntl  VVrolc 
hull  iiiiivi'<l  III  III)'  i!''i'i  lixii  iif  Kniiikfort,  iiiulwtw 

(HMti'il.  Ill  ihc  iiiiiiilH'r  iif  -tt.dmi  im  II,  in  tlir  imk 
iirvat  iii'iir  lluniKi  iiiniiM  llii'  itniil  nhul  In  Mny 
fticf.  mill  Itliit'kliiK  ti|>  fiilircly  tlit*  Kri'iu-h  lliii'  nf 
rclri-ul.  Till*  liiiilli-  iiiiitiiirnt-fil  ut  II  A  M.  nil 
tlu'lKMli,  lull  llii'  Kniii  li  viin,  iiniirr  Vii  l<ir  Hint 
Miu'iliiimlil,  nfii  r  tl|{liiliii{  iu  wiiy  llirniiirh  tlii> 
fitn'Mt,  MiiH  iirri'Hti'il,  wticii  iiKi'iiiplini;  In  Inmiu! 
fmni  IM  »klrt»,  liv  llii'  niiircntrii-  llrr  of 'lO  iilnm 
of  ('iiiiiiii'i.  mill  ^ir  fiiiir  limirK  tlir  riimlml  mn- 
tliiiii'il,  till  the  iirriviil  nf  llii'  Kuiirili  miil  niiiln 
IhkIv  rliiiMifi'il  till-  HnjK'it  (if  iilTiilr<  t'nilrr  i  mi  r 
iif  tlir  Irrrilili'  tin-  nf  |lniiiiit»  urillliTy.  Scliuiili 
mil  mill  NiiiiMiiily  I  liiirKi'il  witli  lliiMuvniry  of  Ihc 
Kiiitril,  mill  iivirtliri'W  cvirytliliii;  ii|i|>iiw'il  to 
tliciii,  mill  Wn-ilc  lit  Ifii^th  iln-w  ulT  lilHiihtitti-ri'il 
army  hi'liiiiil  t.it'  Kin/Jtis  lluiuiii  wmitHiiiiliuril'-il 
■ml  takrn.  iiuil  MiiriiiT  mid  Miiriiiniit,  whli  ti. ' 
ri'ar  ilivlaliuH.  iiit  tin  ir  wiy  tliniiiKli  <>n  tin'  fnl 
IiiwIhk  iliiy.  witli  riiiisiilcmlilc  Imw  to  tliiir  up 
ponrntn.  rill'  t'ltiil  Iuhmk  nf  lliv  AIIU'H  uinnnnti'il 
to  lO.IXXI  turn,  nf  wlinin  4, '"Ml  wen-  prinnlliTii; 
anil  till-  \  liiiiry  tlinw  it  purlinir  riiy  nf  glnry  mi  r 
till!  IniiK  I'lin'iT  nf  till'  ri-vntttilnimry  uriiiH  in  (ti  r 
iimiiy.  1)11  tin'  ..'il  nf  XiiviinlHT  llic  Fniirli 
rcBi'lnil  Miiyrin  1',  iiinl  Nii|)nlinii,  iifiir  niiuilniui; 
tliiTc  hIx  itiiys  In  cnlli'i  t  tlit'  ri'iniiiiiH  i>f  liisunnv, 
»«'t  nut  fur  I'liris,  wliiri'  hi'  urriviil  nn  tlii'Utti; 
and  tliiH  thi'  Kn  inli  ciiKlcit  bmlv  ii  tiniil  Hiliiil  In 
till*  Orrniiin  philiix.  In  tliii  iiiian  tiiiii'.  the  Al 
liril  ipmiM.  fnlliiwini;  (Inwly  on  tlio  fnntntipi  nf 
till'  ri'tri'uliiii;  Knin  li.  pniirnl  in  ,  .'oiliKlniiii 
*tn'ni;lli  ilnun  tlic  vulliy  nf  tlie  Malm'.  On  tin- 
5tli  of  NiivtnilM'r  tin'  Kiiiprmr  Alrxiindt'rt'nti'nd 
KMiikfnrt  ill  triiinipli,  ut  tlir  In-itil  nf  'iO.IHX)  liorM' ; 
«nd  nn  till'  mil  the  fnriilitd  post  nf  Ilix-Ulicim.  In 
ailvunri'of  the  tOti' ilu  pnnt  of  Mitycncc  at  Can- 
wl,  was  stornii'd  l>y  (iiiilay.  From  tlip  liclgbtK 
bi'rond  till'  town  thv  viitoriDiiH  urniii'ii  of  Ucrmany 
U'licld  thu  windini;  Htrrmii  of  tlit'  Uliinv:  tt  aliont 
uf  cmhiHiiisiii  ran  fmni  rank  to  rank  iih  tlicy  auw 
lhiMnii;lily  rivir  nf  thr  Kathrrland.  whiih  their 
urni?<  hail  lilKratiil ;  thi»i'  In  the  rear  liiirried  tn  the 
front,  uiiil  tuMin  a  Ituiiilri-d  llioiiiianil  vnireH  Joined 
111  the  eheirM  wliii  li  told  the  world  lliatthe  wurnf 
iiiilependineewa-s  ended  mnl  Germany  delivered. 
NothinK'  now  remained  but  to  reap  the  fruits  nf 
this  mijihty  victory ;  yet  ho  va.'^t  wai  the  ruin  that 
oven  this  wii.i  a  task  of  time  and  dittleulty.  The 
ri(  kely  kingdom  of  Westjilialia  fell  ut  onee,  never 
more  to  ri'*!',  the  revoluiionary  dynasty  In  IJerg 
followed  in  fate;  mid  the  authority  of  the  Kini; 
of  liritiiiii  was  re  established  by  aeelamation  in 
Hanover,  at  tlie  tlrst  appeuninee  of  liernadotte 
and  lteniiiiii{s4-n.  The  reduetionof  Davoust,  who 
lied  been  left  in  Ilambiirx  wilh  'i,"!,!)!!*!  Kreneli 
and  10,IHM)  Danes,  wa.s  an  uin'ertakiiii^  of  more 
diltii'ully.  and  ai^ainst  him  Walniodeii  and  lier- 
nadutie  iiioveil  with  40, (KK)  men.  Tlie  French 
marsli;il  had  taken  up  a  position  on  tlie  Stei-knit/; 
but,  fi  arfui  of  iM'inir  eut  off  from  llanibur^,  he 
nliri'd  iM'liind  the  Uille  on  the  uilvanee  of  the 
.Mlie.s,  separating  himself  from  the  Danes,  who 
w  ent  eom|ielled  to  capitulate.  The  operations  of 
the  frown  I'rii.ce  against  Denmark,  the  ancient 
rival  of  Sweden,  weri'  now  pushed  with  a  viiroiir 
aiel  acTtvily  ^!f"trj;'3  '.'•ri'.ra.";;::;:  Miiri  I::-;  :;:kv 
warmness  in  the  general  cani|iaii;n:  and  the  court 
of  Copeuhai,'eii,  sitiiii;  itsdomiiiioiisou  the  point 


..t  1)1  int'  nil  iriipi  •Imiisl  an  armUtler  on  thu  lHh 
lii-c'iiibi  r,  "11  whtili  was  whin  after  ImimiI  a  [nr 
liinii  lit  Inilly  (of  Kiel  —we  SrANI>l\\\i\s 
M  Ml  ■     A    |i    |Nl:i  |N|||  Whin  Na|»,|,,„i 

(Oil  7i  tiiarelieil  northwanlN  fmni  Dresiten.  In- 
hud  lift  ^>l  Cyr  in  that  city  wlth:;iMliill  men  i.p 
|HiH4il  oiilv  byanewly  raiwsl  liusslanenrps  uimIit 
Tolntot  u  hii'li  St  Cvr,  bv  a  sudden  altat  k.  I'ltiiid 
with  the  liiM  of  tt.mitl  men  ami  10  Konn.  Ilui  no 
WHiner  was  the  liatllv  of  l^ipsic  ilecided  iliui 
Drewlen  was  aicaiii  blm  kiided  by  riHiMDI  nn  ii  uti 
(ler  Kleiiaii  and  ToUtni,  mid  St  tyr,  who  vl.h* 
encumlM'reil  with  a  vast  iiiinilN'r  nf  sii  k  niiil 
wniinded,  mul  was  iiliinmt  without  prnvisloiH. 
Was  oIiIIki'iI,  aflir  h  friillhss  sortie  on  tin  ilih 
Niiveinber,  to  surrender  nn  the  lltli,  on  ciiiiiliiinn 
of  Is-inif  si-tit  with  bis  tnsips  to  France  I  In* 
capitulation,  however,  wasdisulloweil  by  Hi  liwarl 
/ri\\H'tg,  and  the  whole  were  made  prisoners  of 
war  — a  priKeeilinf;  which  llie  Fniicli,  liiil  with 
out  Mime  Justice,  declaim  aifalnst  us  a  xrims  bn in  li 
of  faith  — and  tliiisno  less  than  'M  ^ein  nils,  I.T'l'i 
olMcent.  and  illl.lNNI  rank  and  tlh'.  with  'J40  pit .  <  s 
of  cannon,  fell  Into  the  power  nf  the  Allies  I  he 
fall  of  llresden  ><'assisin  fnlloweil  by  that  of  tin- 
other  forlressi'S  on  the  Vistula  and  the  iiihr 
•Stettin,  w  itii  HIMMI  men  and  II.VI^uiis,  siirn  iiih  r<  d 
on  the 'J  1st  .Novenilsr;  and  TiirKuii,  wliiili  i 
tallied  I  lie  military  Imspitals  and  res<  rve  puik-  , 
artillery  left  bv  the  ^raiid  army  on  Its  retreat  tii>ni 
the  Kits',  yielileii  utdistretum  to  Taiien/eiii  i  Hi  i . 
'.'•I|,  after  a  siege  of  two  nninths.  Hut  siiiliuis 
tile  dreadful  state  <  f  ttie  garrison,  from  the  niv 
ai.'  -  of  typhus  fever,  that  the  Allies  iland  iint 
I  i  r  this  great  |n'st  lioiise  till  the  lOlh  .laiiuiri  , 
111  I  the  terrible  epidemic  which  Issued  from  its 
walls  made  the  ciniiit,  during  the  four  fnllinuri; 
jears,  of  every  country  in  Kuni|H'.  Dmil/ii ,  » iih 
Us  miitlev  garrison  nf  a,->,0<X>  nnii,  had  biiii 
WiKkadeil  ever  since  the  Moscow  nireat,  bur  the 
bliH-kading  corps,  which  was  not  of  gn  .it<  r 
strength,  could  not  conlliic  the  Knncli  « illiiii  llie 
walls;  and  liapp  made  aeveral  sorties  in  fune 
during  the  spring  and  summer,  by  wliii  h  In'  pro 
euretl  abuiKlance  of  pnivlsions.  It  was  imi  till 
after  the  termination  of  the  arinislice  of  I'li  sn  II/. 
that  the  siege  was  commenced  In  form;  and  afiir 
sustalningaseverelKiinbarilnient,  llipp.  di  prnd 
of  all  liii|H!  by  the  battle  of  Ixipsic,  i  apiliil;iii  I 
(.Vov.  '2U)  with  his  garri.son,  now  redmed  by  >'i. 

sword,  siikness,  and  desertion,  to    HI  iXMi  i 

Zamnsc.  with  it.OOO  men,  surreudercii  on  tin    ."I 
IK'cemlMT,  and  MihIIIii,  with  l,'JOO,  on  the  'JVii. 
and  at  the  close  of  the  year,  France  ri  tainid  I' 
vond  the  Uhine  only  Hamburg,  .Magih  buri:.   nid 
NVittenlierg,  on  the  KIIh':  Cuslrin  and  IJIoumu  ••■■> 
tlieOder;  mid  the  citadels  of  Krfurlhaiid  Wuri/ 
burg,  which  held  out  after  the  capilulation  ui  il,. 
towns." — Kftitinm-   of    AliioiiiA    liUt.    "/    /■,'■(      .'. 
Ki-I.    ~:17-T4a  (I'A.  »i,   /■.  17,  III  i-oiniihi,    ir:ik- 
■'  The  princes  of  the  Coiifeileration  of  the  Itliiiii'. 
with  the  exception  of  Ilie  captive  Kinu' of  >i' 
ony,  and  luie  or  two  minor  princes,  ilisiTted  N  i 
po'leoii.  and  entered  into  treaties  with  the  .\l!i>  ■  ' 
— T.   II.   Dvor,  lli»t.  iif  MKltrii  h'tiro/ie.   '     I.  ,, 

Al.B<J  I.N:  >I.  Hoiirrieime,  I'rirntf  Mi-Mtjir.^  ,/ 
.\iilx>U.>n.  t.  4,  M.  Iti.  — 7V„'  )V.i;'  ./  J.,';r,iri-: 
J'liiriuU  "f  the  jMfiiirr  nf  Ihinhnrrjli  —.1.  l'liiii|i- 
part,  OirnfHiif/n  in  (iiritutny  and  tVutif'-.  l>i'K 
r.   1.  ;•;■.  'i'!"   :T'-. 

A.  D,  ltl4,— The  Allies  in  France  and  m 
potseision  of  Paris.— Fall  of  Napoleon,    n« 


1564 


E^l-h 


T 


OiCKMANY.   IMI4 


iirnmtimir 
f'ltn/riteritlum 


UKKMANV,   IHI4  IM'JO 


FMANf'K  A  I»  IHH  (Janiahy  M\i«iii  iiml 
(Mam'II— Ar-HiM 

A.  D.  1814  (M«yi.-Rtadjuttmtnl  of  French 
keundarie*  by  lb«  Trtaty  of  Parii.  ><i' 
KHANrr.     A    If   IH14(\iMtii,    .li  nh 

A.  D.  ili4-ilis.-Tht  Convrtti  of  Vitnna. 
—lit  ttrri»-rial  aod  political  rtadjuatmenti. 

8<f  ViKNN        TlIK  (oMi.KI'xndK 

A.  O.  lll4-llao.-Rtconitructloo  of  Ger- 
many.—Th*  Cermanlc  Confederation  and  it* 

contlitutlon.  -"Ilrnimriy  tviii  now  iillrrlv  ill" 
InU'KmU'il  Till-  llnly  Ki'minn  Kintiln  liail  rViiw  il 
t(if«i«t.  III)'  ('.iiifiiltniili.il  ..f  ilir  HIiliH'  hull  fi.l 
l.iweil  It;  anil  from  Ilii'  llliuk  K..ri'«l  in  thi'  |(ii« 
•Ian  fniiilii'r  linn-  mhk  ii.iiliInK  l.iil  aiiu'ry  iiinl.l 
lliine,  vi'nKi'HiH'M,  »iiil  friirs  If  linn-  «ii«rnr 
t<i  In'  (M'HC)'  njiiiii  ill  all  llii'M'  wlili'  ri-^'iiiiia.  ii  wii> 
rlrnrly  iHTr.«wir\  I.Mrriiti'  winiitiiliitf  iiiw  WIml 
WHit  til  In' rnnliil  whk  11  f.ir  in..r.'  .lilliriili  i|iii« 
tliin.  Iiiit  nlniiij),  .m  lliiliilili  ..f  May  |n|4  ih.. 
p<iwin4  liiiil  niiiir  I.)  Miiiii'  Mirl  of  iiii.irrxtiiiiiliiiL.'. 
If  imt  Willi  n  ){aril  in  llii-  in.  iii>«  1..  Ik   piimui  il,  al 

li'Uiil  with  n  K'trtl  to  tlii' iial  In  l»'  allai I       In 

till'  Tn'iity  of  Paris  ».■  tlml  lliisc  wnnl-  •  I,ih 
iUit»  ill'  I  .VIIiiimKUi'  wroiil  inili'iii'iiiliiiiN  rt  unit 
par  tin  Urn  fiilt'rutif.'  Ilm  li.m'  was  ihU  1.1  \,v 
•■ITrrtiilr  Thin' ucri'iionii' wlioui^ilii'il  iIk-  l|i.l\ 
Itoinnii    Kinplri'  lo    In'  ri  sloriil  (if  iniirKi' 

niillirr  1'rii-i.ia,  Havarla.  n.,r  Wiirli  inln  r;;.  roiil.l 
l.iok  klnilly  iipiai  u  plan  mi  ol.vioiiily  niifavoiir 
iilili'  111  llif'ni.  lint  not  ivm  Aii«iri  i  n'allv  ui-lmi 
il.  anil  inili'i'il  ii  hail  frw  pnui  rfiil  Irii mis  I  In  n 
lliiri'  wiiH  11  prciji-it  of  a  Norlli  ami  S.niih  (iir 
iiuiiiy.  with  llii'  Maine  for  lioiin.lary  ,  Imt  llii< 
was  viTV  mm  h  'he  rrvirsc  i,f  aiiipialilr  l.illir 
minor  priiin  s.  who  hail  iioliliaof  Ih  ini;  lti  iipnl 
likr  so  many  siitcllili's.  soinr  aroiiinl  Aii»lria  am; 
•Mm' iiroiiml  1'riisi.ia  Nixt  rami' a  plan  of  n 
cmmtriirlliiii  liy  <  inlis  Ilir  .(Tn  1  of  «  lii.  li  wonlil 
have  Ih'iii  to  havr  llirown  all  tlir  powi  r  of  (i.r 
many  liiti)  tin-  hamlMof  a  f.  w  of  Ilii'  laru'rr  Malis 
To  this  all  till'  smallir  Iri.lipinilriil  slaiis  win' 
lilllcrly  iip|H>M'il,  ami  il  hrokr  ilown.  a>ilioiii;li 
»iipporti-il  liy  tin-  jrriat  u'llliorily  of  Sli  in.  as«.  II 
as  hy  Oajtcrn.  If  ()irm..iiy  hail  !« 111  in  a  lil.  r 
pliasf  of  p  val  ihvolopininl,  pnlilii-  opinion 
woiilil  iM'rliai  1"*!'  f'>r<'iil  iln- Muniiijns  Ioiom- 
wiiI  111  I  111'  forniationiif  a  nally  unitril  Kallnrlaml 
wilh  11  powirfnl  ixniitivi'  anil  a  nallonal  parlii 
mini  — Imt  Ihc  liiiu'  for  tliat  hail  not  uiriml 
What  wan  the  opposition  of  a  few  humlriil  rlfar- 
sitrhtcil  men  wilh  iniir  few-  thoiisaml  follower^, 
tliat  it  slioulil  privail  iiviTlhc  ina-t«rs  of  .somiiny 
lii,'ions?  What  tliisi'  potintatiHiiinil  most  ahoiit 
weri'  tluir  soviri'i)?ii  ri^'hts.  ami  the  ilnaiii  of 
Girinan  unity  was  very  n  ailily  mi  riliinl  to  tii.> 
ilctcrmination  of  each  lif  Iheni  to  he.  as  f.ir  as  he 
possilily  eoiilil.  alisolute  ina.sler  in  his  onii  .lo- 
mi'iions.  Therefore  il  was  that  il  soon  Oeiaiii.' 
eviileni  that  the  results  of  the  ililiUralion  on  tin- 
fiitm-i'  of  (iermany  wimlil  Iw.  not  a  fiili  rallve 
state.  Imt  a  I'onfeileration  of  states  — a  St.iateii- 
Ilii'i.i,  not  a  l!iimle.s  fitaat.  There  is  no  iloiihl. 
Iiowever,  that  iniieh  iiiisehief  ini:;ht  have  Imi  11 
Bvoiik'il  if  all  the  slroni.'iT  powers  liail  worki.l 
fiinseientioiisly  l(\i,'etlii  r  to  Lriie  this  Staati  11 
Hunil  lis  national  11  iharai  ter  as  possihle,  .  .  . 
I'russia  was  really  h..nesllv  liesiroiis  to  elfeet 
"otnelhing  of  this  kinil,  ami  Meir,.  Ilanlenlurir, 
William    von    llumlmlill.    Count     Mliiisii  r.    aii.i 

Austria,  on  tliv  otiier  hami,  aiiieii  hy  havaria. 
"■iirtt'inl>t'rg.    unU    Uuileu,    liiJ    all  "she   eoul.l 


111  iippiiar  mirli  projei  t«  Thin);'  wniilil  per- 
haps have  m  •eilleil  lulter  than  they  iilll 
111  111  Iv  we,  if  the  return  of  N'lpoleon'  from 
Kllia  linil  not  frli/hteniii  all  f)iirope  fn.iii  lla  iini 
prhty,  anil  Inrneit  ihi  aiieiitioii  of  the  lu'verelirne 
lowanlt  warlike  pre|iaratloim  .  Tlie  iloeii 
mint  liy  wliiili  the  lierinatih'  Cnnfeili  ration  U 
1  reateil  Is  of  wi  min  h  im|H>rtaiiei'  thai  we  i.iajr 
sav  a  woril  iilioiit  the  varloiiH  siauis  lliroiiKD 
wlilih  it  pa«seil  Fir-t.  then.  I'  npisars  a»  a 
paper  ilrawn  111.  hy  Slelii  In  .Manh  1X14.  ami 
siilimitleil  to  llanlenlKr);.  Coiinl  Mhiisli  r.  anil 
the  Kinj«r.ir  Alexamhr  Next,  in  the  month  of 
SepieinlK  r.  It  look  the  form  of  an  ollii  lal  plan. 
hiiihleil  In  llanienlK  ri;  t.i  .M.  Ili  rnl.  ii.  ami  ion 
sisiinix  i.f'fi.riy  one  artli  les  This  pi  in  lonlein- 
pl  iteil  I  hei  nation  of  a  eoiifeileral  Ion  w  hli  h  shoiilil 
iiave  the  I  haraeter  rather  of  a  lliiinh  s  Slaal  than 
of  n  Siaaien  Iliiml.  hnl  II  went  to  pines  in  eon- 
si  ipieni.' of  the  ilillleiiltles  whii  II  we  liave  nolieiHl 
alioM.,  ami  .e't  of  il.  an.l  often  nlhi  r  ollliial  pro 
posals,  imiIm.  arililis  were  siililiniati  i|  hv  the 
rival  I  hinii.try  of  llanieiilMri;  ami  .Mettefniih. 
I  poll  till  si'  twehe  anil  lis  the  ri  pnsi  iitati  Via  of 
Austria.  Prussia.  Ilan.nir,  ami  \\  iirleiiilH'rtf.  ile 
lilK'ratiii,  Till  ir silt inirsw.r.'.  lit  slmrt  partly  liy 
llie  oniinoiis  ap|K.iranie  wliii  li  was  pri  «<  nti'il  In 
llie  aiiliimn  of  1N||  |,y  i|„.  Sixon  ami  Polish 
.pi.siions.  ami  partlv  hy  Hie  ilillii  iiliies  from  the 
siile  of  Il.iv  iria  anil  \Viirti  inln  ri:.  whii  li  we  have 
.ilreaily  iioilml  'i'lie  sprini:  hrimi;|jt  a  project 
of  the  .Viisirian  sialesinan  Wesseiilieri:.  w  lio  pro- 
I'i'seil  a  ><iaati  11  lliimt  lather  than  a  lliimleH- 
Sta.ii ,  atiil  out  of  this  ami  a  new  Prus.sian  imtject 
ilrawn  up  hy  W,  vmi  lIunilnMl.  cnw  the  hwt 
ski  II  h.  whii'h  was  Mihmliieil  on  the  •.':li|  of  May 
I'^l.'i  to  ihi  L'l  III  ral  innlireiiee  of  the  plenipoien- 
tiari.s  of  all  (ierni.iny.  They  iiiaile  short  work 
of  il  at  the  last,  aml'the  Fei'leralAii  (llunilea- 
Artel  U-ars  ilate  .lune  Nth.  Itl.").  This  i,i  till. 
ihaiimeiit  whii  h  Is  iniorporaliil  in  the  prineipal 
aet  of  the  Conirnss  of  Vienna,  ami  placeil  uiiiler 
the  u'liarantee  of  I  i;;lit  lOiiropean  powers.  Iiulnil- 
in;;  Flame  ami  Kiiiilanil.  Wiirtenilieri.'.  Hailen, 
ami  llissi-  ll,.mliuri.'.  iliil  not  form  |iiirt  of  the 
Confeiieraiion  f,r  some  little  time  — the  latter 
not  till  l^IT;  hut  after  they  were  aihleil  to  Ihc 
powers  at  first  eonseniin;;.  the  nunilier  of  llic 
MiviTeiL'ii  slates  in  the  ('onfeileration  was  alto- 
L'.llier  thirty  nine,  .  .  .  The  followinj,'  are  the 
ihiif  stiimlAii.ms  of  tl,,.  Feiieral  Aet.  The  oil- 
.jei i  of  the  (■onfeileration  is  tlie  e.xternal  anil  in- 
Ii  rii,il  SI  I  iiiiiy  of  (il  rniany.  ami  tlie  ImleiHiiilence 
.■iml  iii\iolaliilily  of  tin- "1  onfeilerate  states.  A 
ilirte  feiieralive  lliumhs  \'ers;iinmlnn>:i  is  10  Iw 
I  I' at  111.  ami  its  attrilmtions  are  ski  teheil.  The 
nil  t  is.  IIS  sis.ii  as  possilile  1..  ilniw  up  I  lief la- 
in.nlai  l.iws  of  tile  Coiif. ,'  -ation.  No  stale  is 
lo  make  war  with  a.io  .-i  on  any  pretenee. 
All  feilenil  territori  s  are  iiiuluilly  I'uarantei'il. 
'I'liire  is  to  lie  in  ("eh  s  .He  a  •  l.iinilsiilmliselie 
\'eifa--stiii'.:' — 'il  y  aura  ihs  ass.'iiilili'es  il'etiits 
it. ins  tolls  lis  pa.is  lie  la  ('oi,fe.|enilion.'  Art.  14 
n-^ervi  s  many  ri;;hls  to  the  lueiliatisii  prinees, 
l^inal  liul  mill  poUiiial  ri'_'htsare  j,'uaranteiil  to 
all  Christiaiis  in  all  (lernian  States^  ami  siipnlii- 
tions  are  maile  in  favour  of  the  .lews  Tiir  Diet 
iliil  not  aetui.liy  iisstniMe  Isfore  tin'  .'ilh  of 
Novemlier  IxUI.  Its  tirst  measures,  ami,  aliovc 
all.  its  tirst  worils,  were  not  unpopnhir.  The 
ii'iv  .'\';H;-:..  ir:-,vevrr.  pr,-.i:«ii  v;h\,  ,  .i,  li  sil,  niii- 
iii:;  inoiith  more  heavily  upon  (iermany.  anil  i;ot 
at   last  the  eontrol  of  tlie  Cuufeiltrution  eutlrt'ly 


156: 


OERMANT,  1814-1820.         TK*  Bwrtduntchaft.         (iKKMAMY,  1817-1840. 


»-^1.- 


i 


n  •  ' 


II- 

tfi. 


'«.! 


fato  their  hands.  The  chief  cpoclia  In  thi«  mil 
history  were  the  Congressof  C«rl»bml,  1819 — llie 
resolutiODS  of  which  ngninat  tlie  freedom  of  tlie 
preu  were  pronounced  bv  Oentz  to  be  a  victory 
more  glorious  than  Ix'ipzig;  the  ministerial  con- 
ferences which  immediately  m  ceiled  it  at 
Vienna:  and  the  adoption  by  tin  Diet  of  the 
Final  Act  (Schhiss  Acte)  of  the  Confederation  on 
the  8th  of  .Iiine  1820.  The  following  are  the 
chief  slipnjttlion.t  of  the  Final  Act:  —  The  Con- 
federation i»  iniii»3olublc.  No  new  nicinl)cr  can 
be  ndmitteil  without  the  unanimous  consent  of 
all  the  Slates,  and  no  federal  territory  can  be 
cede<l  to  a  foreign  power  without  their  pirmis- 
sion.  The  regulations  for  the  conduct  of  busi- 
ness bvtlie  Diet  arenniplifled  and  more  carefully 
defined.  All  quarrels  between  members  of  the 
Confederation  are  to  be  stopped  before  recourse 
is  hiul  to  violincc.  The  Diet  may  interfere  to 
keep  onlcr  in  a  state  where  the  goveniment  of 
that  state  is  notoriously  incapable  of  doing  so. 
Federal  execution  is  provided  for  in  case  any 
governniciit  resists  the  authority  of  the  Diet. 
Other  articles  declare  tlie  right  of  the  Confedera- 
tion to  make  war  and  peace  as  a  body,  to  guard 
the  riiihtsof  each  separate  state  from  injury,  to 
take  iiito  consideration  the  differences  In-tween  iu 
mcmlHTsand  foreign  nations,  to  mediate  between 
them,  to  maintain  the  neutrality  of  its  territory, 
to  mat?  war  when  a  state  Ix'longing  to  the  Con- 
federation is  attacked  in  its  non-fe<leral  territory 
if  the  attack  seems  likely  to  endanger  Germany." 
— M.  E.  G.  Duff,  Studiet  •'«  Europtan  I'olidet, 
eh.  5. 

Also  is:  J.  R  Sceley,  Life  and  Timet  of  Stein, 
pt.  8  (r.  3).— E.  HerUIet,  T/ie  Map  of  Kurojie  by 
Treaty,  r.  l,  no.  38  (Tejt  of  Fedrnitire  Conttitu- 
tion). — Shc,  also,  Viksna:  Conorkss  ok. 

A.  D.  1815.— Napoleon's  return  from  Elba. 
—  The  Quadruple  Alliance.— The  Waterloo 
campaign  and  its  results.  Sec  Fkance:  A.  D. 
1814-1815. 

A.  D.  1815.- Final  Overthrow  of  Napoleon. 
—The  Allies  again  in  Paris.— Second  treaty 
with  France.— Restitutions  and  indemnities. 
—French  frontier  of  1790  re-established.  See 
Fhanck:    a.    D.    ISl.l    (.Il'SE),    (.Iri.T-NovKM- 

A.  D.  1815.— The  Holy  Alliance.    See  Holy 

Ali.ianck. 

A.  D.  1817-1820.- The  Burschenschaft. — 
Assassination  of  Kotzebue.— The  Karlsbad 
Conference.— "In  1817,  the  students  of  several 
Universities  assembled  at  the  Wartburg  in  onler 
to  celebrate  the  tercentenary  of  the  Iteformation. 
In  the  cveninir,  a  small  number  of  tlieni,  the 
majority  having  alreaiiy  left,  v,-vn\  carrii'd  away 
by  enthusiastic  zeal,  and,  in  imitation  of  I.nther, 
burnt  a  nimilicr  of  writings  recently  published 
against  German  freedom.  I(ii;ether  with  other 
emblems  of  wlmt  was  cnnsidered  baleful  in  the 
institutions  of  some  of  the  I  ierman  States.  These 
youthful  excess<s  were  viewed  by  the  Govern- 
ments as  symptoms  of  grave  p<'ril.  At  the  same 
time,  a  l;ir'gi-  nunibir  of  students  united  to  form 
one  cnul  Gimian  Hursilienschaft  las.s(Kiatiou  of 
ktnd<iil-*J.  whose  aim  \v:is  the  cuitiv:iiii>n  of  a 
love  of  country,  a  Icive  of  freedom,  and  the  moral 
wnse.  Tlii'teiipipn  incna.sed  anxiety  on  the  part 
of  the  Giivernnieiits,  fullowed  by  vexatious  pn- 
lice  interferi'nce.  .Matters  grew  worse  in  cims*-- 
quence  of  the  rash  act  i>f  a  f.in:ilical  student, 
nanicd  l^:inii.     i:  bccumc  iiuowii  tiial  the  Kusaian 


GoTomment  was  using  all  Its  powerful  inflnence 
t.i  have  lilM-ral  ideas  suppresaetl  In  Oenuany.  anil 
that  the  playwright  Kot/.ebue  had  secretly  sent 
to  Russia  slanderous  and  libellous  n-ports  ..n 
German  patriots.  Sand  travellcHl  to  Mannli.  itn 
and  thrust  a  dagger  into  Kotzebue's  heart.  I  he 
conse(|in'ncTs  wi're  most  disastrous  to  the  cioi-e 
of  freedom  in  Germany.  The  distnist  of  ihe 
Governments  reached  its  height:  it  washehl  Ihiit 
this  bU)ody  do'd  must  needs  l«'  the  result  i.f  a 
widi'spri'ad  conspiracy :  the  authorities  mis. 
pecU'd  liemagogues  everywhere.  Ministers.  ..f 
course  at  the  instigation  of  Metternich,  met  at 
Karlsbail,  and  determini'<l  on  repressive  miiis- 
nres.  These  were  afterwanis  adopted  by  iln: 
Frtlcral  Diet  at  Frankfort,  which  henceforth  be 
came  an  instrument  in  the  hands  of  the  Empemr 
Francis  and  his  Minister  for  guiding  the  intenul 
policy  of  the  German  States.  Accordinglv,  ih'' 
(M'ssion  of  state  constitutions  was  opposnl,  iiml 
prosecutions  were  instituted  throughout  (ii  r 
nniny  against  all  who  identified  themselves  with 
the  jiopular  movement ;  many  young  men  weic 
thrown  into  prison  ;  gymnastic  and  other  soeie 
ties  were  arbitrarily  suppressed  ;  a  rigid  cenwir- 
ship  of  the  press  was  cstablishe<l.  and  the  free- 
dom of  the  Universities  restrained  :  various  pro. 
fcssora,  among  them  Arndt,  whose  songs  had 
helped  to  fire  the  enthusiasm  of  the  Frciheils- 
kllmpfer  — the  soldiera  of  Free<lom  — in  the  re 
ci'nt  war,  were  deprived  of  their  offices ;  I  lie 
Burschenschaft  was  dissolved,  and  the  wearing  of 
their  colours,  the  future  colours  of  the  Gernum 
Empire,  black,  red,  and  gold,  was  forbidden.  .  .  . 
The  Universities  continued  to  uphold  the  national 
idea ;  the  Burschenschaft  s<»)n  secretly  revived 
as  a  private  association,  and  as  early  as  1820  Ihero 
again  existed  at  most  German  Universities, 
Burschenschaftcn.  which,  tliough  their  aims 
were  not  sharplv  definetl,  bore  a  political  colour 
ing  and  placed  ihe  demand  for  German  Unity  in 
the  foreground."  — G.  Krause,  The  Uroirll,  .j 
Oermitii  I'nity.  fli-  >*■  .    _ 

A.  D.  1817-1840.— Tendencies  towards  Ger- 
manic union  and  Prussian  leadership.— The 
Zollverein.— "In  Austria,  in  the  decaili  s  sui- 
ceeding  the  wars  of  liberation,  there  n  igiied 
the  most  immovable  (luiet.  The  much  prai«il 
svstem  of  government  consisted  in  unthiiiliini; 
inactivity.  The  Emperor  Fram  is,  a  man  wiili 
the  nature  of  a  subaltern  ofllcial.  bated  iinythiiii; 
that  approached  to  a  constitution,  and  a  siiy- 
ing  of  his  was  ofti'n  quoted:  Totus  miiiiilus 
stidtizat  et  vult  habere  constitutiones  n.ivi> 
Mettemich's  power  rested  on  the  'deail  nu'li"" 
iessness'  of  affairs.  As  far  as  his  German  puliry 
was  concerniil  his  aim  was  to  bold  fa^t  '0  tl" 
pre|>i)nderaling  intlnenie  of  Austria  iivi  r  itn 
Gcnnan  states,  but  nut  to  undertake  any  ri^|"ii' 
sibililies  towards  them,  .  .  .  As  for  l'ru--ri  in 
spite  of  the  grciil  sacrifices  which  she  hiicl  iiii'i' , 
sill-  emenied  from  the  iliploniatic  neL'nli  i""ii- 
mill  intrigm-s  of  the  Vienna  Con irress  with  'In 
iiinst  unfavorable  disposition  of  territory  iipml'^ 
inable  To  the  five  million  inliiibitants  lliiit  i.;iil 
ninained  to  her  fivi-  and  a  half  millil'n^i  w.n 
Milded    in  districts   that   bad    belongid  I"   ni-n 

than  a  hundred  diffirent  territoriisiind  bad  ^l 

under  the  most  v:iried  laws.  There  U-rm  H'  >> 
for  this  state  a  time  well  tilled  with  iiuiel  «nrl< 
the  aim  and  object  laMUg  to  create  a  wliole  '''H 
of  the  various  paris."— Bruno  Gebhanlt.  /'  '■ 
J,,,,./,  ,;^,,,!^:iti,-hfr,  l.'ruhi^hlr.  Umtii.frovi  "'■  '"  " 


1500 


GEKMAN'Y,  1817-1840. 


Tk4  JSolktni: 


GERMANY,  1819-1M7. 


i  *S 


man), p.  8,  pp.  r>(H-,)04.—"  The  German confedera- 
tioD  wa8,  oa  the  whulc,  provisional  ia  its  charac- 
ter ;  this  fact  conies  out  more  uml  more  plainly 
with  each  thorough  analysis  and  ilhistratioD  of 
itgcon!<tltiitiunnnai>r  itsiustitiiliimH.  .  .  .  Tech- 
nically tlie  emperor  of  Austria  IukI  the  honorary 
direction  of  the  <onfeiliration  ;  pructicully  he 
possessi'd  as  emperor  of  Germany  little  or  no 
power.  ...  In  reality  the  «tr(«ij;e»t  inemlxT  of 
the  Gerraun  confederation  was  the  kinK<lom  of 
Prussia.  .  .  .  Kniy  ttnnlually,  in  the  various 
heaits,  did  the  opinion  bcfiin  to  form  of  the  his- 
torical V(K'atiou  of  I'nissia  to  tjike  lier  place  at 
till"  head  of  the  German  roMrederiilion  or.  poasi- 
hly,  of  a  new  <ierm«n  empire.  Onidually  tliis 
opinion  ripenctl  into  a  lirmir  and  tirmer  lonvic- 
tion  and  gained  more  and  more  supporters.  The 
more  evi<[ently  Impossible  an  actual  ijuidunee  of 
Germany  by  Austria  became.  I  lie  more  con.scious 
did  men  grow  of  thedangerof  the  whole  situation 
lliould  the  dualism  be  allowed  to  continue.  In 
Couseijuence  of  this  (he  idea  of  the  I'russian  hege- 
mony ix'gun  to  be  viewed  with  constantly  increas- 
ing favor.  A  gn;at  step forwani  in  tliisdirection 
wiis  tjiUen  by  tlie  Prussian  government  when  it 
callol  inlolx'ingtheZollverein  [orcustoins-unionj. 
The  Zollvercin  laid  iron  handsiiniund  the sepanitc 
parts  of  tlic  German  nation.  It  was  utterly  im- 
possible tothink  of  formingacustoinsunion  with 
Austria,  for  all  economic  interests  wer<>  as  widely 
dillerent  as  possible ;  on  purely  material  grounds 
the  division  between  Austria  and  I'russia showed 
itself  to  be  a  nec<'S.sity.  On  the  oilier  hand  the 
economic  Ininds  betwwn  Prussia  and  the  rest  of 
till-  German  lauds  grew  stronger  from  day  to 
day.  This  material  union  was  tlie  pn'lu(le  to 
the  political  one ;  the  Zollvenin  was  the  best  and 
most  effectual  preparation  for  the  (leriimn  fed- 
eral state  or  for  the  Gcrnian  empire  of  later 
days."  —  W.  MaurenbriKlnr.  (Inindum/  de» 
deiituchfn  liticht,  pp.  4,.")  — "  Paul  Ptizer  wrote 
In  IMiJl  his 'Corrcspondeuie  of  Two  (ierinans,' 
tlie  Hrst  writing  in  the  German  language  in 
which  liberation  from  Austria  and  union  with 
Prussia  was  put  ilown  as  the  solution  of  the  Ger- 
man ((uestion,  and  in  which  fiiitli  in  Pnissiit  was 
made  a  part  of  such  love  to  the  German  father- 
land as  should  Ik-  no  lonu'iT  a  mere  dream.  .  .  . 
•So  little  as  the  dead  shall  rise  again  this  side 
tlie  grave,  so  little  will  Austria,  which  once  held 
tlic  heritage  of  G<'rman  fame  and  German  glory, 
ever  again  become  for  Germany  what  she  has  once 
been.'"  —  W.  Oncken,  I)ii»  yj-itult, r  iltt  h'liimrx 
WitMm  (traim  fn  III  thr  In'riiniii),  i\  I.  i>p.  (lit,  TO. 
— The  formation  of  the  Zollverein  "was  ilie 
most  important  <H-eurrenre  since  the  wars  of 
libcnitiim  :  a  dii'd  of  peace  of  more  far-reaeliing 
cons<'(iUirues  and  productive  of  more  lasting  re- 
sults than  niiiny  a  battle  won  The  (s'onomic 
bles>ings  of  the  Zollvrn'in  soon  began  to  show 
thi'mselves  in  tlii'  increasing  sum  total  of  the 
amount  of  commerce  ami  ii.  lie  ngularly  grow- 
ing customs  revenues  of  tin-  individual  statrs. 
These  n'veiiues.  for  exiiinpli'.  iiierenscd  I»'l»ien 
ifU  and  IK-li  from  \>  to  il  inilli..n  tlialcrs. 
Foreign  eountrit  began  to  IcHik  with  rispcil 
and  in  part  also  with  envy  "ii  this  eoin!inTei:il 
unity  of  (iermany  and  on  tlie  nsiilis  whieli  <  iiulrl 
not  fall  Ut  come.  .  .  .  .\  s**eniid  event  liapprned 
111  Germany  in  IK:t4.  less  marked  in  its  begin- 
nings and  yet  scarcely  less  importjint  in  its  re- 
sults than  till'  Zollverein.  H<'tween  I.iip/ig  and 
lirt'.>wlou  the  nrsl  mt'^e  railrotwt  iu  Ueniiaiiv  watt 


itarted,  the  first  niesb  in  that  network  of  roada 
that  was  soon  to  branch  out  in  all  directions  and 
spread  itself  over  all  Germany.  ...  A  direct 
political  occurrence,  independent  of  the  Zollver- 
ein and  the  railroads,  was,  in  the  coune  of  the 
thirties,  to  assist  in  awakening  and  strengthening 
the  idea  of  unity  in  the  German  people  dt  mak- 
ing evident  and  plain  the  lack  of  such  unity  and 
its  disastrous  eoiis«f(iuences.  This  waa  the  Han- 
overian 'coup  d'etat"  of  the  year  1837.  .  .  In 
that  year  William  IV.  of  Kngland  died  without 
direct  successors.  .  .  .  Hanover  came  into  the 
hands  of  the  Duke  of  CumlxTland,  Ernest  Au- 
gustas. .  .  .  The  new  king,  soon  after  his  in- 
auguration, refused  to  ret'ognizc  the  constitution 
that  hiui  been  given  to  Hanover  in  18i)8,  on  the 
ground  that  bis  ratillcation  as  next  heir  to  the 
throne  had  not  been  asked  at  tliat  time.  ,  .  . 
ily  |)ersistiiit  elfoits  Kriiest  .\ugustns  ...  in 
184U  brought  about  a  constitution  that  suited 
him.  Still  more  than  this  constitutional  strug- 
gle itself  flid  a  single  incident  connected  with  it 
occupy  and  excite  public  opinion  far  and  wide. 
Seven  professors  of  the  Gottingen  university 
protested  against  the  abrogation  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  18*1.  .  .  .  Without  more  ado  they  were 
dismissed  from  their  positions.  .  .  .  Tlic  bravo 
deed  of  the  Gottingen  profes.sors  and  the  new 
act  of  Tioleiice  committed  against  them  caused 
intense  excitement  tliroughout  all  Germany. 
...  In  the  course  of  tiie  forties  the  idea  of 
nationality  penetrated  mon'  and  more  all  the 
pores  of  German  opinion  and  gave  to  it  more 
and  more,  by  pressure  from  all  sides,  the  direc- 
tion of  a  great  and  common  goal  At  Hrst  there 
were  only  isolated  attempts  at  reform  .  .  .  but 
soon  the  national  needs  outgrew  such  single  ex- 
pressions of  good  will.  ...  A  tendency  began 
to  show  itself  in  the  public  opinion  of  Oer- 
many  to  accept  the  plan  of  a  Prussian  leader- 
ship of  all  un-Austrian  Germany."— K.  Bieder- 
manii,  Ih-Hmig  Jahre  dnittcher  Oetehichte,  t.  1. 
jy/).  9-»l. 

A.  O.  1819-1847.— Arbitrary  rulers  and  dia- 
contented  subjects.— The  ferment  before  rev- 
olution.—Formation  ot  the  Zollverein.— "The 
history  of  Germany  during  the  thirty  years  of 
peaie  which  followed  [the  Congri'ss  of  Carlsbad] 
Is  marked  by  very  few  events  of  importance.  It 
was  a  season  of  gradual  reaction  on  the  part  of 
the  riders,  and  of  im  reusing  impatience  and  en 
mity  on  the  part  of  the  people.  Instead  of  be- 
cimiing  loving  families,  as  tlie  Holy  Alliance  de- 
signeil,  the  states  (except  some  of  the  little 
principalities)  were  dividiil  into  two  hostile 
ela.ss<'S.  There  w,is  material  growth  f  very  where  ; 
the  wounds  left  by  war  and  fon'ign  occupation 
weri'  gradually  healed  ;  there  was  order,  security 
for  all  who  alslaincd  from  polities,  and  a  coni- 
fortiitile  npi>-e  for  sudi  as  were  indifferenttothe 
tut  lire  Hut  it  was  a  sad  and  disheartening 
peiiiid  for  the  men  who  were  able  to  see  elearlv 
how  (iermany.  with  all  the  I'li  nieiits  of  a  freer 
and  stninL'iT  life  existing  in  her  people,  was  fall 
iiii;  behind  the  piililie.il  development  of  otliir 
eouiitriis.  The  tlini'  days'  lievolntion  of  1K!II, 
wl.ieh  placed  Lmiis  Philippe  on  the  thnnif  nf 
France,  was  followed  by  popular  uprisiuL's  in 
some  parts  of  Germany,  Prussia  and  Austria 
were  tix)  strong,  ami  tjieir  people  too  well  held 
in  cheek,  to  be  alTeWcd  ;  but  in  Brunswii  k  tin- 
despotic  Duke.  Karl,  was  deposed.  Saxonv  and 
ll<sM-l"assel    wL-re    obligetl   to  accept   eo Vuli  rs 


11 


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GERMANY,  181>-1847. 


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Uovtrnment. 


GERMANY.  1848. 


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lout  of  their  reigning  families)  and  tlie  English 
Duke,  Ernest  AugnstUH,  was  nmdc  viciroy  of 
Hannover.  These  four  States  alst)  adoptc^d  a 
constitutional  form  of  government.  Tlie  Ger- 
man Diet,  as  a  matter  of  course,  used  what  power 
it  possesied  to  counteract  tliese  iniivenicnta,  but 
its  influence  was  <imite<l  liy  its  own  laws  of 
action.  The  hopi«  and  aspinitions  of  tlic  people 
were  kept  alive,  in  spite  of  the  system  of  repres- 
sion, aiui  some  of  the  snmlli'r  Slates  took  advan- 
tage of  their  independi'nie  to  intrmlucc  various 
mea.«ure8of  reform.  As  industry,  commerce  and 
travel  increasc<i,  the  existence  of  so  many  boun- 
daries, with  tlicir  custom-houses,  tuxes  and  other 
hindrances,  liecame  an  unendurable  burden.  Ba- 
varia and  WrtrtenilMTg  formed  a  cuslimis  union 
in  1828,  I*ru.s8ia  followed,  and  1)^-  lM;ill  nil  of  Ger- 
many except  Austria  was  united  in  the  Zoll- 
verein  (Tariff  Union)  [see  Takikk  1,koi8L.\tion 
(Gkumany):  a.  I).  lH;i3],  which  was  not  only  a 
gn^at  material  advanlaee.  but  helpeil  to  inculcate 
the  idea  of  a  closer  political  union.  On  the  oilier 
hand,  however,  llie  monarchical  reaction  against 
lilH'ral  government  was  stronger  limn  ever. 
Krnest  Augustus  of  Hannover  arbitrarily  over- 
threw the  constitution  he  hiul  acccptiil,  and  Lud- 
wig  I.  of  Havaria.  renouncing  all  his  former  pro- 
fes.sions,  made  his  land  a  very  nest  of  nbsolullsm 
and  Jesuitism.  In  Prussia,  such  men  as  Stein, 
Oneiscnati,  and  Wilhelm  von  Humbolilt  had  long 
lost  their  inHuence,  while  others  of  less  personal 
renown,  but  of  similar  politii  ul  si'iitiments,  were 
subjected  to  conleiiiplible  forms  of  persecution. 
in  March,  183.'),  Francis  II.  of  Austria  died,  and 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Ferdinand  I.,  a  man  of 
such  weak  intellect  that  he  was  in  some  resjM-cU 
idiotic.  On  the  7th  of  June,  1840,  Frederick 
William  III.  of  Prussia  died,  and  was  also  suc- 
ceeded by  his  s<m,  Kn-deriek  William  IV.,  a  man 
of  great  wit  and  inlelligcnce,  who  had  made  him- 
self i«ipular  as  Crown  prince,  and  wlmsi^  acces- 
sion the  iK^ople  haileii  willi  joy,  in  the  cnlliusi 
astic  lulief  that  better  days  were  coming.  The 
two  dead  monarchs,  each  of  whom  had  reigned 
43  years,  left  liehind  them  n  betler  memory 
among  their  people  than  they  actually  deservecl. 
They  were  both  weak,  unstable  and  narrow- 
minded;  had  they  not  Ik'cu  conlnilled  by  others, 
they  would  have  ruinwl  Germany ;  but  tliey  were 
alike  of  excellent  personal  charactir,  amiable, 
ami  very  kindly  dis|H)sed  towards  their  subjects 
so  long  as  the  latter  were  jK'rfectly  olMniient  and 
reverential.  ThiTC  was  no  change  in  the  condi- 
tion of  Austria,  for  Metternich  n'lnaiiied  Ihe  real 
ruler,  as  iM'fore.  In  Prussia  a  few  unimportant 
conc<'ssions  were  made,  an  amiiesly  for  pollllcal 
ofTences  was  declared,  Alexander  von  lIumlKildt 
iK'came  the  kind's  chosen  a.ssoclale,  and  miK'h 
was  dime  for  s< ieiiie  and  art ;  but  in  the  Ir  main 
hope  of  a  lilH'nil  reorg:iiiizalliiii  of  the  govern- 
ment. Ihe  people  were  bittirly  deceived.  Fred- 
erick William  IV.  tiMik  no  steps  towards  the 
adopliiiii  of  a  llonstllullon  ;  he  made  Ihe  (cnsor- 
ship  and  Ihe  supervision  of  the  police  innre 
severe;  be  intirfin'il  in  the  most  arbitrary  and 
bigiili'il  manner  in  Ihe  system  of  religious  in- 
atnii  lion  in  Ihr  schools;  laid  all  his  acts  showed 
that  his  poli(  y  was  to  strengthen  his  throne  by 
the  support  of  the  notiility  and  the  civil  service, 
witlioiit  reirard  to  the  just  claims  of  the  people 
Thus  in  spile  of  llieeslernal  ipiict  and  orihr,  Ihe 
poiiiiciil  almosjihiTe  gradually  iM-came  more  sul- 
try and  ilislurlicd.   .       ,    I'liere  were  signs  of  im- 


patience in  all  qusrten;  vsrlous  local  outbreaks 
occurred,  and  the  aspects  were  so  threatening 
that  in  February,  1847,  Frederick  William  IV. 
endeavored  to  silence  the  growing  oppositlim 
by  ordering  the  formation  of  a  I.£gislative  As- 
sembly. But  the  provinces  were  represcntiil, 
not  the  people,  and  the  measure  only  emboldened 
tlie  latter  to  clamor  for  a  direct  representation. 
Thereupon,  the  king  closed  the  Assembly,  after 
u  short  session,  and  tlie  attempt  was  probably 
productive  of  more  harm  than  good.  In  most 
of  the  oilier  Gennan  States,  the  situation  was 
very  similar;  everywhere  there  were  elements  of 
opposition,  all  the  more  violent  and  dangerous, 
because  they  had  been  kept  ilown  with  a  strong 
hand  for  so  many  years.  —B.  Taylor.  IIi»t.  </ 
Qermany,  eh.  37. 

Also  in:  C.  A.  Fyffe,  //i«t.  of  Modern  Kiiruix, 
T.2,eK.  5and7.— See,  also,  At'sTKiA:  A.  1).  1815- 
1835. 

A.  D.  1820-1822.— The  Congressei  of  Trojv- 
pau,  Laybacb  and  Verona.    Sec  V'kiiona,  Tiik 

CoNOKKSS  OK. 

A.  D.  1835-1846.— Death  of  the  Emperor 
Francis  I.  of  Austria.— Accession  of  Ferdi- 
nand I,— Extinction  of  the  Polish  republic  of 
Cracow.— Its  annexation  to  Austria.  See 
Aisthia:  A.  D.  181,5-1840. 

A.  D.  1830-1840.  —  The  Turko-Egyptian 
question  and  its  settlement.— Quadruple  Al- 
Hance.     Si*  Tvrks:  A.  I).  1831-1840. 

A.  D.  1848  (March).  —  Revolutionary  out- 
breaks.— The  King  of  Prussia  heads  a  national 
movement.- Mistaken  battle  of  soldiers  and 
citizens  at  Berlin.— "Tlie  French  revolution  of 
February,  the  flight  of  l.ouis  Philippe  and  tlic 
fall  of  the  throne  of  the  barricades,  and  the  i)roc- 
laniation  of  a  republic,  had  kindled  from  one 
end  to  the  other  of  Europe  the  enthusiasm  of  the 
republican  jiarty.  The  conflagration  rapliUy  ex 
tended  itself.  The  Rhenish  provinces  of  Prussia, 
whose  near  neighbourhoiKi  and  former  connexion 
with  France  made  them  more  peculiarly  conibus 
tlhle,  broke  out  with  a  cry  for  the  most  extensive 
reforms;  that  is  to  say,  "for  n'presenlative  insli 
tutions,  the  passion  for  which  had  spri'ad  over 
the  whole  of  Germany.  .  .  .  The  reform  fever 
which  had  attacked  the  Rhenish  proviims 
quickly  spread  to  the  rest  of  the  Ixidy  poliic. 
Tlic  urban  populace  —  a cla.s8  in  all  countriis 
rarely  incited  to  agitation  —  took  the  lead.  They 
were  headed  by  the  students.  Breslau,  KOulsrs- 
berg,  and  Berlin, were  in  violent  commotion.  In 
the  month  of  March,  a  great  open  air  meeting 
was  held  at  Berlin:  it  ended  in  n  riot.  Thetnxips 
were  called  out  to  act  against  the  mob.  For 
near  a  week,  Berlin  was  in  a  state  of  chronic  dis- 
turbance. Tlie  troops  acted  with  grc^at  liriiincss. 
The  mob  gathered  together,  but  did  not  show 
much  flght;  but  they  were  dispersed  wiih  dilli 
cultv,  anil  continuedto  offer  a  pas.sive  resisliimv 
to  the  soMlers.  ttn  the  15th,  ten  persons  w>re 
Riiil  to  have  lieen  killeil,  and  over  100  woiimlnl 
At  the  siiine  lime,  similar  sci'iies  were  lieing  m 
aiteii  at  Hreslau  ami  Konigsberg,  where  sever .1 
iH'rsons  lost  their  lives.  .\.  deputation  from  tin' 
Uhinisli  pnivinccs  arrived  at  Berlin  on  the  I'^ili. 
liiaring  a  petition  frimi  Cologne  to  tlie  kinu'  l"r 
reform,  lie  promised  to  grant  it.  .  .  .  Finding; 
he  could  not  keep  the  movement  in  cheek.  In-  !•■ 
solved  10  put  blmsiir  at  the  head  of  it.  ll  "is 
probatily  the  only  course  open  to  him,  if  !»■ 
would  preserve  bid  crow  u.   .    .   .  The  kiu^  u.;;..: 


15G8 


GERMAN  Y,  1848. 


Revolutionary 
MoMWunU. 


GERMANY,  1840. 


have  preTlousIy  had  the  questions  which  were 
igitating  aermany  umlti 


have 

agitating  Qermany  under  careful  consideration ; 
for  he  at  once  published  a  pro<'lamation  enibo<iy- 
iug  the  whole  of  them :  the  unity  of  Oennany, 
by  forminfc  it  into  a  federal  stnte,  with  a  fedeial 
representation;  reprewnliitivc  institui  long  for  the 
separate  states;  a  };('iier»l  military  system  fur  all 
Germany,  under  one  federal  banner;  a  German 
fleet;  a  tribunal  for  settling  disputes  betwee.1 
the  states,  and  a  right  for  all  Germans  to  settle 
and  tra<le  in  any  part  of  Germany  they  thought 
fit;  the  whole  of  Germany  formed  into  one  cus- 
toms union,  and  included  in  the  Zollverdn;  one 
system  of  money,  weights,  and  measures;  and 
tlic  freedom  of  the  press.  These  were  tlie  sub- 
jects touched  upon.  .  .  .  The  |M>puIarity  of  the 
&roclaniation  with  tiie  nuib-feuders  was  un- 
oundc<l,  and  the  mob  sliouled.  Every  line  of  it 
contained  their  own  ideas,  vigorously  expressed. 
Their  delight  was  prii|«)riionale  to  their  astonish- 
ment. A  crowd  got  together  at  the  |Milaie  ti)  ex- 
press their  gratitude;  the  king  came  out  of  a 
window,  and  was  loudly  cheered.  Two  regi- 
ments of  drugoims  unluckily  mi.stixik  the  cheir- 
ing  for  an  attack,  and  began  pushing  them  back 
by  forcing  their  horses  forward.  .  .  .  Unfor- 
tunately, as  the  contlict  (if  coulllct  it  could  bo 
called,  which  was  only  a  bout  of  whidi  could 
push  hardest)  was  going  forwanl,  two  nuisket- 
shots  were  Bred  by  a  regiment  of  infantry.  It 
appears  that  the  nuiskets  went  olT  accidentally. 
No  one  was  injured  by  them.  It  is  not  clear 
tlicy  were  not  blank  cartridges;  but  the  people 
took  fright.  They  imagined  that  there  was  a 
design  to  slaugliter  them.  At  once  they  rushed 
to  arms;  barricades  were  thrown  up  m  every 
street.  .  .  .  Sharpsho'>ters  placed  themselves  in 
the  windows  and  Ix^bind  the  barricades,  and 
opened  u  tire  cm  the  soldiery.  These,  exaspcr- 
ateil  by  what  they  thought  au  unfair  species  of 
fighting,  were  by  no  means  unwilling  for  the 
fray.  .  .  .  The  troops  carried  l)arrieade  after  bar- 
ricade, and  gave  no  quarter  even  to  the  unresist- 
ing. As  tliey  took  the  houses,  they  slawghiered 
all  the  sharpshooters  they  found  in  them,  not 
very  accurately  discriminating  those  engaged  in 
hostilities  from  those  who  were  not.  Horrible 
cruelties  were  committed  on  both  sides.  .  .  .  The 
tight  raged  for  flfti  en  hours.  Either  the  king 
lost  his  lieiul  when  it  iH'gan,  or  the  troops,  hav- 
ing their  blotnl  up,  wouhl  not  stop.  .  .  ,  The 
Bring  began  at  two  o'clojk  on  the  IHtli  of  Slanli, 
and  the  authorities  succeeded  ii;  withdrawing  the 
troops  and  stopping  it  tlie  next  morning  at  live 
o'clock,  they  having  Iwen  during  tliat  time  suc- 
cessful at  all  points.  .  .  .  Tlie  king  put  out  a 
manifesto  at  seven  o'cliKk,  declaring  that  tlie 
whole  business  arose  from  an  unlucky  misunder- 
standing between  the  truops  and  the  |K'ople.  as 
it  unqtU'Stionably  did.  and  the  people  appear  to 
have  Iteen  aware  of  the  fact  and  ashanieii  of 
themselves.  ...  A  general  nnmesty  was  pro- 
claimed for  all  parlies  concenKd.  and  orders 
were  given  to  form  at  onee  a  burglur  guard  to 
•upply  the  place  of  the  udiilarv.  who  wire  to  be 
withdRiwn.  A  new  udni.stry  was  appointed,  of 
a  libenil  character.  .  .  .  The  troops  were  martlieil 
out  of  the  town,  and  were  eheeretl  by  tin;  people. 
.  .  .  It  is  estimateil  thai,  of  the  populace,  about 
200  were  killed:  187  received  a  public  fuiiend. 
No  accurate  account  of  tlie  woiindi'd  can  lie  ob- 
tained. ...  Of  the  triM)ps,  according  to  the  of- 
dciui  returns,   there  fell  ^  oiUeers  uud   IT  uuu- 


commUstoned  officers  and  privates;  of  wounde*) 
there  were  14  ofticers,  14  noa-commlssioned  offi- 
cers, and  23.1  privates,  and  1  surgeon.  .  .  .  The 
king's  object  was  to  divert  popular  entbusium 
into  another  channel ;  he  therefore  aaamed  the 
lead  in  the  regeneration  of  GemuuiT.  On  the 
21st  he  issued  a  proclamation,  enlarging  on  these 
views,  and  rode  through  the  streets  with  the 
proscribed  German  tricolor  on  his  helmet,  and 
was  vociferously  cheered  as  he  passed  along. 
Prussia  was  not  the  first  of  the  German  states 
where  the  old  order  of  things  was  overturned. 
During  the  whole  of  the  month  of  March,  Ger- 
many underwent  the  process  of  revolution 

On  the  8d  of  March  .  .  .  the  new  order  of  things 
.  .  .  began  at  Wurtemberg.  The  Duke  of  Hesse- 
Darmstadt  abdicated.  In  Bavaria,  things  took  a 
more  practical  turn.  The  people  insisted  on  the 
dismissal  of  the  king's  mistress,  Lola  Montez: 
she  was  sent  away,  but,  trusting  to  the  king's 
dotage,  she  came  back,  police  or  no  police — was 
received  bv  the  king  —  he  created  her  Countess 
of  Lansfeldt.  This  was  a  climax  to  which  the 
people  were  not  prepared  to  submit.  .  .  .  The 
king  was  compelled  to  expel  her,  to  annul  her 
patent  of  naturalization,  and  resume  the  grant 
he  had  made  of  property  in  her  favour.  This 
was  more  than  he  could  stand,  and  he  shortly 
after  abdicated  in  favour  of  his  heir.  In  Saxony 
the  king  gave  way,  after  his  troops  had  refused 
to  act,  and  the  freedom  of  the  press  was  estab- 
lislied,  and  other  popular  demands  granted.  In 
Vienna,  tla  Id  system  of  Mettemieh  was  abol- 
ished, after  a  revolution  which  was  little  more 
than  a  street  row.  The  king  of  Hanover  refused 
to  move,  but  was  eventually  induced  to  receive 
Stulic  as  one  of  his  ministers,  who  had  been  pre- 
viously in  prison  for  his  opinions.  However,  he 
was  firmer  than  most  of  his  brother  monarchs, 
and  his  country  suffered  less  than  tlie  rest  of 
(Jermany  in  consequence.  "—E.  8.  Cay  ley,  7^ 
Kurmitan  Retolutions  of  1848,  e.  2:  Qfrmanu, 
ch.  2. 

Also  IN  :C.  E.  Mauric-e,  The  Befolutiimary 
iforemtnt  of  1848-9,  eh.  7. 

A.  D.  1848  (March— September).— Election 
and  meetings  of  the  National  Assemblr  at 
Frankfort.— Resig^tion  of  the  Diet.— Elec- 
tion of  Archduke  John  to  be  Administrator  of 
Cermanv.- Powerlessness  of  the  new  Kovem- 
ment.— Troubles  rising  from  the  SchTeswig;- 
Holstein  question. — Outbreak  at  Frankfort.— 
The  setting  in  of  Reaction. — "In  south-western 
Germany  the  liberal  party  set  itself  at  the  head 
of  the  movement.  .  .  .  "fhe  Heidelberg  assem- 
bly of  March  5th,  consisting  of  the  former  oppo- 
sition lemlers  in  the  various  Chambers,  issued  a 
call  to  the  German  nation,  and  chose  a  commis- 
sion of  seven  men,  who  were  to  make  proposi- 
tions with  regard  to  a  permanent  parliament  and 
to  summon  a  pn'liminary  parliament  at  Frank- 
fort. This  preliminary  parliament  assembled  in 
St.  Paul's  church.  Slarch  3ist.  .  .  .  The  ma- 
jority, consisting  of  constitutional  monarchists, 
resolved  that  an  assembly  chosen  by  direct  vote 
of  the  people  .  .  .  should  meet  in  the  month  of 
.May,  with  full  and  sovereign  power  to  frame  a 
eoiistilulion  for  all  Qermany.  .  .  .  These  meas- 
ures did  not  satisfy  the  radical  party,  whose 
leaders  were  Hecker  and  Struvc.  As  their  propo- 
sition to  .set  up  a  sovereign  assembly,  and  repub- 
lieanize  Germany,  was  rejected,  they  left  Frank- 
furt, uud  held  tu  the  higiilaudsuf  Baden  popular 


^>  tj  I 


80 


1569 


II 


GERMANY,  1848 


IV  Ifanoiuil 
AitmUii. 


QERHANT,  1848. 


r ; 


|:|: 


m 


iS 


i! 


meetings  at  which  the^  demanded  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  republic.  A  IlesaeDarrngtiwIt  corps 
under  Frederic  von  Oagem  .  .  .  was  w^nl  to 
dUpene  them.  An  engagement  took  pUci!  at 
Kandem,  in  which  Oagern  was  shot,  but  Ileckir 
and  his  followers  were  put  to  tllglit.  .  .  .  The 
disturbances  in  Odrnwald.  and  in  tlic  Main  and 
Tauber  districts,  once  the  home  of  the  peasant 
war.  were  of  a  diHerent  description,  There  the 
country  people  rose  against  the  lande<l  proprie- 
tors. de8troyc<l  he  archives,  witli  the  odious 
titlie  and  rental  books,  and  demoli8he<l  a  few 
castles.  Tlic  Diet,  whicli  in  the  meantime  con- 
tinued its  illusory  existence,  thought  to  extricate 
itself  from  the  present  dilSculties  by  a  few  eon- 
cessions.  It  .  .  .  invited  the  governments  to 
send  confidential  delegates  to  undertake,  along 
with  Its  members,  a  revision  of  tlie  constitution 
of  the  confederation.  .  .  .  These  confldentiai 
delegates,  among  them  the  poet  Uhland,  from 
WQrtemberg,  Iwgan  their  work  on  the  30th  of 
March.  The  elections  for  the  National  Assembly 
stirred  to  their  innermost  film's  the  German  peo- 
ple, dreaming  of  the  restoration  (.f  their  former 
greatness.  May  18tli  about  320  delegates  assem- 
bled in  the  Imperial  Hall,  in  the  Itiimer  (the 
Itathhaus),  at  Frankfort.  .  .  .  Never  has  a  po- 
litical assembly  contained  a  greater  numlx'r  of 
intellectual  and  scliolarly  men  — men  of  clmne- 
ter  and  capable  of  self  sacriHcc;  but  it  certainly 
was  not  the  forte  of  these  numerous  professors 
and  jurists  to  conduct  praeticjd  politics.  The 
moderate  party  was  decidedly  in  the  majority. 
...  It  was  decided  .  .  .  tliat  a  provisional  cen- 
tral executive  should  Iw  created  in  the  place  of 
ilic  lllet,  and  createtl,  not  by  the  National  As- 
st^mbly  in  concert  with  the  princes,  but  by  the 
National  Assembly  alone.  June  27tli,  following 
out  tlie  bold  conception  of  its  president,  tlie  lus- 
sembly  decided  to  appoint  an  irresponsible  ad- 
ministrator, with  a  responsible  ministry;  ami 
June  29th,  Archduke  John  of  Ausitria  was  chosen 
Administrator  of  Germany  by  43fl  votes  out  of 
546.  He  made  his  entry  into  Fnmkfort  July 
Uth,  and  entered  upon  his  offlee  on  the  following 
day.  The  hour  of  the  Diet  had  struck,  appar- 
ently for  the  lost  time.  It  resigned  its  uutliority 
into  tlie  hands  of  the  Administrator,  and,  after 
an  existence  of  32  years,  left  the  sta^e  \m- 
mourned.  Archduke  John  was  a  popular  prince, 
who  found  more  pleasure  in  the  mountain  air  of 
Tyrol  and  Styria  than  in  the  perfumed  atmos- 
phere of  the  Vienna  court.  But,  as  a  novice  60 
years  of  age,  lie  was  not  equal  to  the  task  of 
governing,  and  as  a  tliorougli  Austrian  he  lacked 
a  heart  for  all  Germany.  The  main  ((uestion  for 
him  ami  for  the  National  As.sembly  was.  what 
force  they  could  opply  in  case  the  individual 
governments  refused  ol)edience  to  the  decrees 
issued  in  the  name  of  the  National  Assembly. 
This  was  tlie  Achilles's  heel  of  the  German  revo- 
lution. .  .  .  Orders  wett'  issued  by  the  federal 
minister  of  war  that  all  the  troops  of  the  t'mi- 
fedenitioii  should  swear  allegiance  to  the  federal 
administraWr  on  tlie  6lh  of  August:  but  Prussia 
and  Austria  with  the  excepliou  of  the  Vienna 
garrison,  paid  no  attention  totliii.seorders;  Ernest 
Augustus,  in  Hanover,  sue(e».':fully  set  his  hard 
hcjui  agaiust  thtm,  and  only  tlie  lesser  states 
olHyecl.  .  .  ,  There  certainly  was  no  other  way 
out  of  the  dilBculty  than  by  the;  formation  of  a 
parUamentary  ariuy.  .  .  .  Instead  of  tni'etin!: 
these  <laugers  resolutely,  and  in  ii  cummou-sense 


way,  the  Assembly  left  matters  to  go  as  they 
would,  outside  of  F-'iikfort.  One  humiliation 
was  submitted  to  afti  .nother,  while  the  Assem- 
bly, busying  itself  for  months  with  a  theoretical 
question,  as  if  it  were  a  juristic  faculty,  cntereii 
into  a  detailed  consideration  of  the  fundamental 
rights  of  the  German  people.  The  Sclileswig 
Holstcin  question,  which  had  just  entered  upon 
a  new  phase  of  its  exi8t/~nee,  was  the  first  matter 
of  any  importance  to  manifest  the  di-sagreement 
between  tlie  central  administration  and  the  sepa 
rate  governments;  and  it  opened,  as  well,  a  dan 
gerous  gulf  in  the  Assembly  itself.  The  question 
at  issue  was  one  of  successiim  [see  Scandinavian 
8tates(I)knmark);  A.  D.  1848-1862].  ...  The 
Estates  of  the  duehiea  [8chleswig  and  Holstcin] 
established  a  provisional  government,  applied  at 
Frankfort  for  the  admission  of  Schleswig  into 
the  German  confederation,  and  besought  armed 
assistance  botli  there  and  at  Berlin.  The  prelim- 
inary parliament  [this  having  occurred  In  April, 
before  the  meeting  of  the  National  Ass<'mbly] 
approved  the  application  of  Schleswig  for  aii- 
mission,  and  commissioned  Prussia,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  lOlh  army  corps  of  the  Confedera- 
tiim,  to  occupy  Schleswig  and  Holstcin.  On  tlie 
2l8t  of  April,  1848,  General  Wrangcl  crossed  the 
Eider  as  commander  of  the  forces  of  the  t'onfed- 
eration ;  and  on  the  23d.  in  conjunction  with  the 
Schleswig- Holstcin  troops,  he  drove  the  Danes 
out  of  tilt'  Danewerk.  On  the  following  day  the 
Danes  were  defeated  at  Oeversee  by  the  lOtli 
army  corps,  and  all  St'hleswig-Holstein  was  free. 
XVraiigel  enteral  Jutland  an(rimpose<l  a  war  tax 
of  3,5ut»,0OO  thalers  (about  |2,2,')O,0O0).  He 
meant  to  occupy  this  province  until  the  Danes  — 
who,  owing  to  the  Inexcusable  smallness  of  the 
Prussian  navy,  were  in  a  position  unhindered  to 
injure  the  commerce  of  the  Baltic  —  liad  imiein- 
nitied  Prussia  for  tier  losses;  but  Prussia,  toiulied 
to  tlie  quick  by  the  destruction  of  her  coinineree, 
and  intimidated  by  the  threatening  attitude  of 
Uu.s8ia,  Sweden,  and  England,  recalled  her 
troops,  and  eoneluded  an  armistice  nt  Maliiiii,  in 
Sweden,  on  the  26tli  of  August.  All  ineasuns 
of  the  provisional  government  were  pronounc  i  d 
iiivaliil ;  a  common  government  for  the  dui:lii<s 
was  to  lie  appointed,  o:ie  lialf  by  Denmark,  and 
the  other  by  tlie  German  coiifederatiim ;  tlie 
Sclileswii;  troops  were  to  be  separated  from  ilnw 
of  HoLsteiii;  and  tlie  war  was  not  to  be  nneunl 
liefore  the  1st  of  April.  1840  — i.  c,  not  in  the 
winttT,  a  time  unfavorable  for  the  Danes.  This 
treaty  was  unquestionably  no  masU'rpiece  on  the 
part  of  the  Prussians.  All  the  advantage  w:ui 
iMi  the  side  of  the  coni|Uered  Danes.  .  .  it  wx-i 
not  merely  the  radicals  who  urged,  if  not  Ihi- 
final  rejeiiion,  at  least  a  provisiima!  oessation  of 
the  armistiee,  and  the  eounterniHiidinir  of  the 
onlir  to  retreat.  ...  A  bill  to  that  ( ITect.  de- 
niaiided  by  the  honor  of  Germany,  had  si  arci  ly 
been  passid  by  the  majority,  on  tlie  "ilh  of  .Si  p 
teinlKT,  when  tlie  moderate  party  retlectid  IIimI. 
such  action,  involving  a  breach  with  l'ni^>i;i. 
must  lead  to  civil  war  and  revolution,  aii.l  cM 
into  play  the  wildest  passions  of  the  already  i  \ 
cited  iieop'e.  In  consequence  of  this  the  pnii 
ous  vote  was  res<inded.  and  tlii'  arnii.stin  nf 
MalniO  accepted  by  the  Asstnibly,  after  llie  inosi 
excitc'd  debates,  Septeml»'r  I6II1.  This  gave  the 
radicals  a  welcome  opportunity  to  appeal  to  the 
tisu  iif  the  lower  classes,  and  imitate  the  JiiD' 
outbn-ak  of  the  socwl  democrats  in  Pans.  .  .  . 


1570 


QERMANT.  1848. 


7^  Pnunan 
national  A—mbly. 


OERHAMY,  1848-1850 


A  coUUion  CDHUcd  [September  18]^  barricades 
were  erected,  but  were  carried  l)y  tlie  troops 
without  much  bloodslied.  .  .  .  Qeneral  Auers- 
wald  and  I'rince  Lichnonsliy,  riding  on  horse- 
back near  the  city,  were  fullowed  by  a  mob. 
They  tooli  refuge  in  a  ganlcner's  liouse  nn  the 
Bomheimer-beidc,  l)Ut  were  dragged  out  and 
murdered  with  the  most  disgruceful  atrocities. 
Thereupon  tlie  city  wag  decTarrd  in  a  state  of 
siege,  all  societies  were  forbidden,  and  strong 
measures  were  talieu  fur  the  maintenance  of 
order.  The  March  revolution  liad  passed  its 
season,  and  reaction  was  again  beginning  to 
bloom.  .  .  .  Reaction  drew  moderate  men  to  its 
side,  and  then  used  them  as  stepping-stones  to 
immoderation."— W.  MttUer,  lUtlieat  Jlut.  of 
lircent  TiiM»,  lect.  17. 

Also  in:  Sir  A.  Alison,  llitt.  nf  Kiimiie,  181.'5- 
1852,  eh.  53. 

A.  D.  1848-1849.—  Reyolutionary  risinn  in 
Austria  and  Huneary.— Bombardment  of  Vi- 
enna.—The  war  in  Hungary.— Abdication  of 
the  Emperor  Ferdinand.— Accession  of  Fran- 
cis Joseph.     See  AirsTKI.v.  A.  1).  1848-1849. 

A.  D.  1848-1850.—  The  Prussian  National 
Assembly,  and  its  dissolution.— The  work  and 
the  failure  of  the  National  Assembly  of  Frank- 
fort. —  Refusal  of  the  imperial  crown  by  the 
KMg  of  Prussia.— End  of  the  movement  for 
(•<f: manic  unity. — "The  eieotions  fcir  the  new- 
Prussian  Constituent  Assembly,  as  well  ns  for 
the  Frankfort  Parlinmcut,  were  to  take  pluce 
(May  1).  The  Prussian  National  Assembly  was 
to  meet  May  22.  The  Prussian  people,  under 
the  new  election  law.  if  left  to  themselves,  would 
have  quietly  chosen  a  IxKly  of  conipeteut  repre- 
sentatives; but  the  revolutionary  party  thought 
nothing  could  lie  done  without  tne  iix  and  the 
musket.  .  .  .  The  people  of  Ilerlin,  from  .Miircli 
to  October,  were  .  .  .  really  in  the  hands  <.f  the 
raob.  .  .  .  The  newly -elected  Prus-siiiu  National 
Assembly  was  opened  by  the  king.  May  21.  .  .  . 
One  of  the  first  resolutions  iircKTedeil  from  Beh- 
rend  of  the  Extrenie  Left.  '  The  Assembly  rec- 
ognizes the  revolution,  ami  declares  that  the  com- 
batants who  fought  at  the  barricades,  on  March 
18  and  19,  merit  the  thanks  of  the  country.'.  .  . 
The  motion  was  rejecteii.  On  issuing  from  the 
buililing  into  the  street,  after  the  sitting,  the 
memlierswiiohad  voted  against  it.  were  received 
by  the  mob  with  threats  anil  insults.  .  .  .  In  the 
evening  of  tlie  same  day,  iu  eonseiiuenee  of  the 
rejection  of  the  Ikhrentl  resolution,  tlie  urnenul 
was  attacked  by  a  large  IkhIv  of  laborers.  The 
burgher-guard  "were  not  preiiiired,  and  made  a 
feeble  defen.se.  There  viis  a  great  riot.  The 
building  was  stormed  ami  partially  plundered. 
.  .  .  Tile  sketch  of  a  eonstiliilion  proposed  by 
the  king  was  now  lidd  iH-fore  the  As.s<inl)ly.  ft 
pniviiled  two  Chambers  —  a  House  of  Lorils.  and 
a  House  of  Coinnions.  The  lust  to  1k'  elected  by 
the  deiiirM-ralic  eleetond  law;  the  first  to  consist 
of  all  the  primes  of  the  royal  house  in  their  own 
right,  ami,  iu  addition.  CO  meiiiliers  from  the 
wealthiest  of  tlie  kingdom  to  be  selected  by  the 
king,  their  olliee  hereditary.  This  constitution 
Wiis  immeiliately  rejected.  "  On  the  rejeetioii  of 
the  constitution  tin'  ministry  Camplinusiii  re 
signwl.  .  .  .  The  Assembly,  elected  exclusisely 
t«  frame  a  c<mstitution.  instead  I'f  performing  its 
duty  .  .  .  attempted  to  legislate,  with  despotic 
power,  on  subjects  over  which  it  liad  no  juris- 
uittiuii.     As  llie  drauij  dr<.w  uc^rcr  its  ciasc,  the 


Assembly  became  more  open  in  its  intention  to 
overthrow  the  monarchy.     On   October  12  dis- 
cussions began  upon  a  resolution  to  strike  from 
the  king's  title  the  words,  '  Hy  the  grace  of  CM,' 
and  to  abolish  all  titles  of  nobility  and  distinc- 
tions of  rank.     The  Assembly  building,  during 
tlie  sitting,  was  generally  surrounded  by  threat- 
ening crowds.  .  .  .  Of  course,  during  this  period 
business  was  susiiended,  and  want,  beggary,  and 
drunkenness,    as   well   as  lawless   disorder,   in- 
creased. .  .  .  The  writer  was  one  day  alone  in  the 
diplomatic  box,  following  an  excited  debate.     A 
speaker  in  the  tribune  wiis  urging  the  overthrow 
of  the  monarchy,  when  suddenly  the  entire  As- 
si'iiibly  wiis  struck  mute  witlistii|»faction.     The 
Prince  of  Prussia,  the  late  Emperor  Williim  I., 
supposed  to  be  in  England,  in  terror  for  his  life, 
appeared  at  the  d(K>r,  accompanied  by  two  offi- 
cers, ail  three  in  full  uniform,  and  marched  tii- 
rectly  up  to  the  tribune.     The  Assembly  could 
not  have  lieen  more  astounded  lind  old  Barbarossa 
himself,  witli  liisseveu-hundred-yeurs-long  beard, 
marched  into  the  hull  out  of  his  mountain  cave. 
.  .  .  After  a  slight  delay,  the  President,  Mr.  von 
Orabow.  accorded  the  tribui;.  to  the  prince.     He 
ascended  and  made  a  short  aildress,  which  was 
listened  to,  with  breathless  attention,  by  every 
individual  jircsent.    He  spoke  with  the  assurance 
of  an  lieir  to  a   throne  wliidi   was  not  in  the 
slightest  danger  of  being  aliolished ;  but  he  spoke 
with  the  modesty  and  good  sense  of  a  prince  who 
frankly  accepted  the  vast  transformation  which 
the   government  liad   undergone,    and   who  in- 
tended honestly  to  endeavor  to  carry  out  the  will 
of  the  whole  nation.  .  .  .  This  was  one  of  many 
occasions  on  which  the  honesty  and  superiority 
of  the  prince's  ciiarueter  made  Itself  felt  even  by 
his  enemies.  .  .  .  Berlin  was  now   thoroughly 
tired  of  street  tumults  and    the   horn   of    the 
burgher-guard.  .   .  .  The  Prussian  troops  which 
had  been  engaged  inthcSchlcswig-Holstein  war, 
were  now  placed  under  General  Wrangel.  .  .  . 
He  proceeded  without  delay  to  encircle  the  city 
with  the  2.'),(XX>  troops.     At  the  same  time,  a 
cabinet  order  ot  the  king  (September  21)  named 
a  new  ministry.  ...  At  this  moment,  the  revo- 
lution over  all   Europe   was  nearly  exhausted. 
Cavaignac  had  put  down  the  .June  insurrection. 
The  Prussian  fl!(g  waveil  above  the  flag  of  Ger- 
many.    The  Fninkfort  Parliament  was  rapidly 
dying  out.  .  .  .  On  NovemlHT  2,  Count  Bran- 
denburg 1.        '  to  the  Assembly  that  the  king 
had  riipiest..       'm  to  form  a  new  ministry.  .  .  . 
On  the  same    ..y,  Count  Bnindenburg.  with  hla 
colleagues,  appeared  in  the  hall  of  the  Prussian 
National  Assembly,  and  announced  his  desire  to 
read  a  message  from  liis  JIajesty  the  King.  .  .  . 
'  As  the  debates  are  no  longer  free  in  Ik'rlin,  the 
i    .\.ssembly  is  hereby  ailjournid  to  November  27. 
:    It  will  tlien  meet,  and  thereafter  hold  its  meet- 
I   ings.  not  in  Berlin,  but  in  Bnindenburg'  (lifty 
I    miles  from  Berlin).     After  reading  the  mes.siige, 
I   Count  Briindenliurg,  his  eoUeaguea,  and  all  the 
j    members  of  the  Uiglit  retired.   .   .   .   The  Asscm- 
'    bly  .  .  .  adjourned,  and  met  again  in  the  evening. 
.  ."  .  On  Novemlier  10.  the  Assembly  met  again. 
;   Their    di'liiles    were    interrupted    by     General 
i    Wrangel,  who  had  entered  Berlin  by  the  Bran- 
denburg gate,  at  the  head  ot  23,000  troops.  .  .  . 
I   An  ollieer  from  Oeneml  Wnmgel  entered  the  hall 
I   and   politely  announced   that   he    had   received 
1  orders  to  disperse  the  Assembly.     The  members 
'  subuattcd,  aud  left  the  hall.  ...  All  order  waa 


1.-  . ' 


1571 


GERMANY,  1848-18M. 


tlu  RtwttUion. 


GERMANY,  1M1-18M. 


f , 


.! 


H 


■i  I- 


iJ- 


•i., 


BOW  liiuni  dlMolvlng  the  liurgherguard.  On 
the  12tli,  Berlin  whm  lUrlariHl  in  n  fttate  of  Bie^e. 
.  .  .  DiirinK  tlie  state  of  siege,  tlie  Aiwfnibly 
met  agnin  tinder  tlic  presidency  of  Mr.  von 
Unriili  A  Ixxiy  of  troops  entered  tlie  liall.  and 
conininnded  tlie  persons  present  lo  leuve  it.  Pivs- 
Ident  von  Unruli  declari'd  lie  could  not  con^i«• 
tently  oIk'V  tlie  onicr.  There  was,  lie  «ud,  no 
power  higher  timn  the  Assembly.  The  soldiers 
did  not  tire  on  him,  or  cut  him  down  with  their 
ulK'rs;  but  eixxinnturedly  lifted  his  chair  with 
him  in  it,  and  gently  lieposited  both  in  the  street. 
...  On  NovenilKT  27,  Count  Dmndenburg  went 
to  Braniienburg  to  open  the  Assembly;  but  he 
could  not  find  any.  It  had  split  into  two  parts. 
.  .  .  There  was  no  longer  a  quonim.  Thus  the 
Prussian  National  Assembly  disap|)careil.  On 
Deceiiil)er  .1.  appeared  a  royal  ilccree,  dissolving 
•he  National  Ass«nibly.  .  .  .  Tlien  appeared  a 
provisional  octroyirte  electoral  law,  for  the  elec- 
tion of  two  t'liaiiiben.  .  .  .  The  new  ChainlHrs 
met  February  26,  1«40.  .  .  .  I'russia  had  thus 
closi'd  the  n'\olution  of  184«,  as  far  as  she  was 
concerned.  Bisniiirck  was  elected  nienilHr  of 
tlie  Second  ChainlHT."  Meantime.  In  the  Frank- 
fort Parliament,  "the  great  (pieslion.  Austria's 
position  wi  li  regard  to  tlie  new  Girniany,  came 
up  in  the  early  part  of  Novemln'r.  1H48.  Among 
many  propositions,  we  mention  thn*e;  I.  Aus- 
tria should  abandon  lier  (Jernian  provinces.  .  .  . 

II.  Austria  should  remain  as  a  separate  whole, 
witli  all  lier  provinces.  .  .  .  III.  Tlie  .\iistrian 
plan.  All  the  Gennan  States,  and  all  the  Austrian 
provinces  (tiernian  and  noii-(Jerman),  should  lie 
united  into  one  gigantic  iini>ire  .  .  .  with  Aus- 
tria at  the  lieail.  .  .  .  Meainvliile,  tlie  deliates 
went  on  upon  the  (piestions:  What  shall  be  the 
form,  and  who  shall  be  the  chief  of  what  may  !«■ 
called  the  1'rus.sian  (iermany  H  .\inong  tlie  va- 
rious propositions  (all  needed)  were  ihe  follow- 
ing: 1.  A  Diri'ctory.  xm.sisting  of  Austria.  Prus- 
sia, Bavaria,  WrtrteniUrg,  and  Sa.xony.  II.  Tlie 
King  of  Prussia  and  Emperor  of  Austria  to  alter- 
nate in  succcssii.n  every  si.t  years,  as  Emperor. 

III.  A  <liief  inagi.stnicy,  to  whicli  every  German 
citizen  might  aspire.  IV.  Kevival  of  the  old 
Bundestag,  with  certain  improveiiienta.  On  Janu- 
ary '':i.  1H4U,  tlie  resolution  that  one  of  the  reign- 
ing German  princes  sliould  be  elected,  with  tlie 
title  of  Emperor  of  Germany,  w.is  adopt«tl  (2,18 
against  211).  As  it  wiis  plain  the  throne  could  lie 
offered  to  no  one  but  Prus.sia,  this  was  a  breach 
iK'lween  the  Parliament  and  Austria.  .  .  .  The 
first  reading  of  the  constitution  Wiis  completed, 
February  3,  1849.  The  miildle  and  sinalier  (ier- 
nian  .Statesiieclared  themsilvis ready  toaccept  it. 
but  tile  kingdoms  remained  silent.  .  .  .  Tlie  real 
(|uestiiin  Isfore  the  Parliament  Wius,  wliether 
Prussia  or  Austria  should  1h'  leader  of  Germany. 
.  .  .  On  .March  27.  the  heredilabilily  pas.sed  by  a 
majority  "f  four.  On  .M.ircli  2"<,  the  constitutiiai, 
with  the  ilcmiKTalie  eliciurai  law,  universal  suf- 
fraL'e.  Ihe  liallot,  and  tlie  susp<'iisive  veto,  wiis 
voted  and  aeci'pied.  .  .  .  Presidi  iil  Sinison  then 
callcil  the  nauienf  caih  niemlHT  to  vute  upon  the 
i|iii'>ti<in  of  the  Kmperor.  Tliire  were  21ttl  votes 
forKreileric  William  IV.  .  .  .  A  deputation,  con- 
sisting of  <iO  <<f  tlie  most  distinguislied  ineiuiiers, 
was  imnii'diatel y  sent  to  Berlin  to  coininunicate  to 
the  king  liiselection as  Emperor.  .  .  .  Totlieolfer 
of  the  crown,  his  Majesty  replied  he  *could  not  ae- 
fTpt  '.v:!!!!:!:!  till-  fonsfi'.t  of  a!!  tiii'  L'ovtTnnienU. 
and  without  having  more  ciir(>fully  examined  the 


constitution.'.  .  .  Austria  Instantly  reject«d  the 
constitution,  pn)te*t4'<l  against  the  authority  of 
the  Parliament,  and  recalleil  all  her  re|ire9enta- 
tives  from  Frankfort.  The  King  of  WUrtemlHTg 
ac<rple<l;  but  rejected  the  llouseof  Ilohenzollern 
as  head  of  the  Empire.  Bavaria,  Hanover,  Sa.x- 
ony, rejected ;  "8  of  the  smaller  Qemian  States 
accepted.  In  these  were  included  the  free  cities 
Hamburg,  Bremen,  Lulicck.  ...  On  April  28, 
Prusaia  addressed  a  circular  note  to  the  govern- 
ments, inviting  them  to  s<'nd  n'presentallves  to 
Berlin,  for  the  purpose  of  frandnganew  constitu- 
tion. The  note  added :  In  case  of  any  attempt  to 
force  the  Frankfort  constitution  upon  the  country, 
Prussia  was  reiuly  to  render  to  the  governments  all 
necessary  assistanci'.  .  .  On  Mav  3,  an  Insurrec 
lion  broke  out  in  Saxiaiy.  .  .  .  On  May  6,  Priis.sian 
troops  appeared,  ealledby  the  Saxon  government, 
and  attacked  the  barricades.  The  battle  laste{| 
three  days.  .  .  .  The  Insurgents  abandimed  the 
city.  Dresilen  was  declared  in  a  state  of  siege. 
.  .  .  The  Kingof  Ptussia  now  recalled  [from  tile 
Fninkfort  Parlinmentl  all  the  Prussian  ri'pnsen 
tatives.  .  .  .  By  the  gradual  disappearance  of 
most  of  the  moilerate  meiiilH>rs  .  .  .  the  Parlia 
ment,  now  a  mere  revolutionary  committee,  dwin 
dleil  down  to  alniut  KM)  memliers.  A  resolutiin, 
proposed  by  Carl  Vogt,  was  pas.se<l  to  tninsfi  r 
the  sittings  to  Stuttgart.  ...  On  .tunc  0,  tlii> 
Rump  Parliament  in  Stuttgart  elccteil  a  central 
government  of  its  own.  .  .  .  The  Assembly  was 
then  dispersed.  .  .  .  Tlie  German  revolutions 
comiiienced  and  endetl  in  the  Grand  Duchy  'if 
Baden.  ...  By  a  mutiny  in  the  regular  iiniiy. 
it  intrenched  ils»'lf  in  the  Urst-class  fortress,  Ifci's 
tadt.    There  were,  in  all,  three  attempts  at  revolu 

tion  in  ISdden  [and  one  in  the  Palatinate] \ 

large  numlxr  of  the  leailers  were  triiKl  and  slmi 
.  .  .  It  was  for  taking  part  in  this  insiirreetiiii 
that  Gottfrie<l  Kinkel  was  sentence<l  to  iinpris 
onnient  for  life  in  the  fortress  of  Spandau.  Carl 
S<liurz  aided  him  incscuping." — T.  S.  Fnv,  '/"/" 
T/irre  Uermiioyii,  eh.  2.'>-2t!  (c.  2). 

Ai-so  IN:  C.  A.  Fyffe,  lUft.  of  Mutkrn  Kiiri'/.f, 
r.  3.  eh.  2. — H.  von  Sytnl,  The  hhundimj  of  Ih, 
Oeniiiin  Kiniiire,  hk.  'i-T>  (r.  1-2). — Sec,  also,  Cos 

STITITION  OK  PlllSSH. 

A.  D.  1848-1862.— Openia|;of the Schleiwig- 
Holstein  question.— War  with  Denmark.    Sr. 

SCA.MIINAVH.N  ST.VTKS  (DeNMAIIK):    A.   I).    ISf* 

1863. 

A.  D.  1853-1875. — Commercial  treaties  with 
Austria  and  France.- Progress  towards  free 
trade.  See  T.vkikk  I.kuiblatiu.n  (Okii.manvi 
A.  U.  1853-I8U2. 

A.  D.  1861-1866.— Advent  of  King  William 
I.  and  Prince  Bismarck  in  Prussia.— The 
"Blood  and  Iron  Speech."  —  Reopening  of 
the  Schleswig-Holstein  question. ^Conquest 
of  the  duchies  by  Prussia  and  Austria.  —  Con- 
sequent quarrel  and  war. — King  Kredeiiik  Wil 
liani  IV.  [of  Prussia],  iifVer  a  man  of  str"iu' 
head,  liail  for  years  been  growing  weaker  an  I 
more  (H'cen  trie,  in  18.'i7,  symptoms  of  softeiiiT,' 
of  the  brain  Im'!.':iii  to  allow  themselves.  1  li  .i 
disorder  sodeveloped  itsi'if  that  in  October.  l>-"iT, 
lie  g;ive  adeli'gation  totlie  Prinei'ijf  Prussi:i  lii;< 

brotlier]  to  ait  as  ivgeiit  ;  Imt  the  llrst  roi ^ 

siou  was  only  for  tliree  moritlis.  The  I'liiiif  ^ 
conimission  was  renewed  from  time  to  tini''  I  1^ 
it  s(K>u  became  apparent  tli.it  Frcilerick  William  s 
;-:i-ii'  \v:w  hopeles-s.  .aiel  Ills  brother  wa-s  furnuilis' 
iu>taiii'd  asUegent  in  October,  1858.     Ultimattly 


15712 


GERMANY,  1861-1M6. 


tiitmarck. 


GERMANY,  1861-18W. 


the  KInKdIeil  In  January,  1861,  ami  his  brother 
■iicceeiletl  to  thu  tlironv  08  VViUium  I.  In  Srp- 
tember,  1H62,  Utto  von  Ilisniarck  became  the  new 
Kins'a  chief  niinUtcr,  with  Iknural  Kuon  f'jr 
Minister  of  War,  appointed  to  carry  out  a  reor- 
Kanixiition  of  the  I'rutmlun  army  which  King 
Williiim  hiul  (Ictermlnnl  to  effect.  "Utto  von 
RUmarck  Schocnluiiincn,  born  April,  I,  IHl'), 
wiiH  a  .liinker  [«i|uire,  ariatiwrutl  from  top  to  t(x-, 
but  from  the  very  Drat,  as  was  the  case  with  all 
tlie  .Iiirikersof  PriisslH,  t'omerauiauml  the  Mark, 
his  life  hail  been  thoroughly  merged  in  that  of 
the  I'riiHsian  state.  He  iiiul  flrst  called  attention 
to  himself  In  1847  at  the  general  dietlV'ereinigter 
Ijandtag].  In  184tf  he  came  forwanl  in  the 
chamber  of  depnticK,  In  18,'V)  in  the  L'liion  I'Hrlia- 
meiit  at  Knnkfort —always  as  the  goiwl  of  the 
extreme  riglit,  and  eiicli  time  his  appcMnince 
gave  the  signal  for  a  violent  contlic't.  Perfectly 
iins|>aring  oi  all  his  opponents,  very  ami  lilx'ml 
but  very  Prussian,  very  iiatlonulniiuilitl,  in  spite 
of  iH-ing  such  a  Junker,  liisnian'k  Ibtreil  np  » ith 
especial  violence  against  the  demcKTaMc  attacks 
on  the  army  and  the  monarchy.  ...  To  Frank- 
fort Bismun  k  caino  as  the  swor .  defender  of 
the  policy  of  reaction.  ...  In  Frankfort,  too, 
he  IcarntsI  thoroughly  to  know  (ierman  affairs  : 
the  utter  weakness  of  the  Coiifiilcmtion  and  llic 
niisiTV  of  lia.'ing  so  many  petty  stiites.  .  .  .  To 
his  minil  the  goal  of  Prussian  (lolicy  was  to  drive 
Austria  out  of  Germany  and  then  to  brini;  about 
a  subordination  of  the  other  (ierman  states  to 
Prussia.  .  .  .  Nor  did  he  make  the  least  secret 
of  bis  warlike  attitude  t»)ward9  .Vustria.  When 
an  Austrian  arch-duke,  who  was  passing  through, 
once  aske<l  him  maliciously  whether  all  the  many 
decorations  which  he  wore  on  his  breast  hail  Ihiu 
won  by  bravery  In  battle  :  '  .VII  gained  before 
'  J  enemy,  all  gained  here  in  Frankfort,'  was  the 
ready  answer.  In  the  year  1^9  came  the  com- 
plications between  Austria  and  Italy,  the  latter 
being  joined  by  Fmnce.  This  Italian  war  be- 
tween Austria  and  France  thoroughly  rousid  the 
German  nation.  .  .  .  Many  wantiil  to  protect 
Austria,  others  showeil  a  ilisinclination  to  enter 
the  lists  for  Austria's  rule  over  Italy.  .  .  .  Bis- 
marck's advice  at  this  time  was  that  Prussia 
sboiild  side  against  Austria  and  should  join 
Italy.  In  the  spring  of  18.59,  however,  he  was 
transferred  fn)m  Frankfort  on  the  .Main  to  St. 
Petersburg ;  '  put  on  Ice  on  the  Neva.'  as  he  said 
himself,  'like  champagne  for  future  use.'.  .  .  In 
June,  18.59,  in  view  of  the  Italian  war,  it  hail 
beendecreeil  in  Prussia  that  the  army  should  lie 
mobilized  and  kept  in  reailiness  to  ti;;lit  .  .  . 
When,  later,  in  the  summer  of  this  ye.ir.  the 
probability  of  war  had  gone  by.  tlie  Limhvehr 
was  not  dismissed  but.  on  the  contrary,  a  begin- 
ning was  maili'  with  a  new  formation  of  nui 
ments  which  had  already  bii'n  phuiiieil  and  talked 
over  .  .  .  On  February  10,  istto.  the  i|iiisti.in 
of  the  military  reorganization  was  laid  iK'fore  tlic 
diet,  where  doubts  and  oltjerlinns  were  ru'sitl 
airainst  it.  .  .  .  On  the  4th  of  .May.  at  the  same 
time  when  the  law  about  civil  •narri  ig's  was  re 
jerled,  the  land-tax,  by  wliiili  the  cost  of  the 
army  n'organization  was  to  have  Ikimi  covind, 
was  ri'fiisi'd  by  the  I'piHT  IIousi\  The  liberals 
were  disappointeil  and  angered.  The  ministry 
was  soon  in  a  bad  dilemma :  should  it  give  way 
to  the  liberal  opiMisitioTi  and  dissolve  the  newly 
formed  resrinien!"  ?  Th"  exivilient  that  was 
thought  of  seemed  clevtT  enough  but  it  Icil  in 

157 


reality  to  a  blind  alley  and  was  productive  of  the 
most  [wneful  conseijuences.  The  ministry  moved 
a  single  grant  of  U,U(N),UOU  thalers  fur  the  pur- 
iiose  of  comphfting  the  army  and  maintaining 
Its  cfll  ency  on  the  former  footing.  The  mo- 
tion was  cu-ried  on  May  15,  186(1,  by  a  Toto  of 
lit,")  against  i.  .  .  .  Thu  new  elections  for  the 
bouse  of  deputies  In  liecember,  1861,  prixJnced  a 
diet  of  an  entirely  iliflerent  stamp  from  that  of 
18,'58.  .  .  .  The  moderate  majority  was  now  to 
atone  for  the  sin  of  not  having  come  to  any  real 
arrangement  with  the  ministry  on  the  army 
i|Uestion  ;  for  the  new  majority  came  to  Berlin 
with  the  full  Intention  of  crushing  the  amiy- 
refurm.  .  .  .  The  chief  task  of  the  newly  formed 
ministry  of  186*2  was  to  solve  the  military  ques- 
tion, for  the  longer  it  had  remained  in  abeyance 
the  more  complicated  had  the  matter  become. 
The  newly  elected  diet  bod  Iwen  in  session  since 
the  IHlh  of  May.  .  .  .  The  battle  cry  of  the  ma- 
jority of  the  dlit  was  that  all  further  demands  of 
the  government  for  the  military  reform  were  to 
Im-  refuse<l.  ...  By  JSepteinber.  1H6'2.  the  belli- 
gerent and  uncompromising  attitude  of  the  lib- 
eral majority  had  induced  King  William  to  lay 
aside  his  earlier  distrust  of  Bismarck.  lie  al- 
lowed him  to  Ih!  simunoned  and  placed  him  at 
the  head  ot  the  ministry.  Most  stirring  was  the 
tirsl  audience  which  Bismarck  had  with  his  king 
in  the  Park  of  Bals'lsberg  on  September  '23.  The 
king  first  of  all  laid  before  Bismarck  the  deda- 
ration  of  lils  alKlication.  Very  n:uch  startled, 
Bismarck  said  :  '  To  that  it  should  never  be  al- 
lowed to  come  !'  The  king  replied  that  he  bad 
tried  everything  and  knew  no  other  alternative. 
His  convictions,  contrary  to  which  he  could  not 
act.  contrary  to  which  he  could  not  reign,  for- 
bade him  to  relinquish  the  army-reorganization. 
Thereupon  Bismarck  explained  to  the  king  bis 
own  dilTcrent  view  of  the  nuitter  and  closed  with 
the  reijucst  that  his  Majestv  might  abandon  all 
thoughts  of  uhdicatioii.  'fhe  king  than  asked 
the  minister  if  he  would  imdertake  ti>  carry  on 
the  government  witli,)ut  a  majority  and  without 
a  budget.  Bismarck  answind  both  questions 
in  the  afllrmative  and  with  the  utmost  decision. 
.  .  .  The  alliani  e  between  the  king  and  his  min- 
ister was  closed  ami  cemented  on  that  28rd  of 
Si  iilcnd)er  in  Bala  Isberg  to  erdure  for  all  lime." 
— W.  Slaurenbncher,  (Iriiiiihiiiff  dm  deuttrhm 
liiiffiM  (triinn.  from  the  Offtuaii).  p.  I'l. — A 
week  later,  Bisninri  k  nniile  his  famous  "  B1(h»1 
and  Iron"  speech  in  tlie  Prussian  Diet,  when  le- 
•said  :  "  It  is  tt  fai t,  the  great  silf-as.sertion  nl 
individuality  among  us  makes  constitutional 
govi  rnnient  very  hard  in  Prussia.  .  .  .  We  are 
perhaps  tix)  'cultund  '  to  tolerate  a  constitution  ; 
we  are  too  critical ;  the  ability  to  pass  judgment 
on  measures  of  the  governnieiit  or  acts  of  the 
lesrislature  is  too  universal ;  there  is  a  large  n\im- 
ber  of  ■  Catiliiuirian  CbarnrtiTs  '  [cxistiiu'es  in 
the  original)  in  the  land  avIiosc  chief  interest  is 
ill  revolutions.  All  tliis  nuiy  sound  piirailoxical ; 
vet  it  proves  how  hard  coiislituiionai  life  is  in 
Prussia.  The  (leople  are  too  sensitive  about  the 
faults  of  the  iiovernuu  lit  ;  as  if  the  whole  did 
not  sulTer  when  tliis  or  thai  inilividital  minister 
hluniliTs.  PiiMir  o]tinion  ischanireable,  the  [iri  ss 
is  not  public  opinion  :  every  one  knows  how  the 
press  originates;  the  ri  pri'sentatives  have  the 
higher  task  of  directing  opinion,  of  being  above 

it        To    reltirn    once    niorc    lo    our    |wopli>  ;    nnr 

bliHsl  is  too  hot,  we  are  foiul  of  bearing  an  armor 

3 


Ni 


.!   »? 


S  ill 


GERMANY,  1861-18W.      Pnutia  againn  Aiuiria.      OERUAMY,  1861-1 M6. 


r 

I, 


'A  . 

ff  ■ 


'■^r: 


too  iMge  for  our  small  body  ;  now  let  u%  utlllic 
It.  Germuny  does uot  li>ok  nt  I'mnia*  llbcrallam 
I'"*  at  lt»  |K)WPr.  1,1't  iliivaria.  Wllrtcmb«rK, 
Bailen  Iniliilgo  In  lit)<Tull»m.  yet  no  one  will  aa- 
8ii(n  to  them  the  riili'  of  I'niiwitt;  I'riiwiinnust 
<'cni*>lliliiU'  it«  nilRlit  mill  Imlil  it  toKctlier  for 
till!  favorablr  nKimciit,  wliicli  Im^  been  iillowi-d 
to  piw4  iinlii'iMlctl  sb'vcnil  liniis.  I'russia's  lioun- 
darici,  Hsiliiirmincd  by  the  t'ongreiwof  Vienna, 
an'  nut  nindiicivc  to  its  wliohBonic  existence 
as  a  siivcrcinii  state.  Not  by  spi'ccbes  and  res- 
oluliiiiH  of  maiorities  the  niinhty  problems  of 
the  !i:;i'  are  solved  — that  was  t}ie  mistake  of 
ists  ami  |S4»_but  by  Hlood  anil  Iron."— We 
I'tilititrhrn  lieihn  ilf  Fiii-Klrn  niiiwiirl,-  (Iran*, 
from  l/ir  (nniifin)  r.  3.  ;/;i  20.  S^-IK)  — Hismarck 
fonnd  his  llrsi  ii|'l>ortiinity  for  the  ansnindize- 
ment  of  I'nissiii  in  a  reopiiiintf  of  the  SleswiK- 
Holstein  iinestion,  whiih  laine  almiit  in  Novem- 
ber, isrt:i,  wlien  •■  Freilerir  of  Denmark  died, 
and  I'rinie  Cliristian  •in'  iiiiled  to  the  throne  of 
that  kiiiidun  Alreii'  hifore  his  aeeession,  the 
diiiliics  wire  piwses>,  s  iif  the  Danish  mon- 
arehy.  but  had  in  eirlam  n'speets  a  separate  ad- 
ministriitive  existenei'.  This  Denmark.  In  the 
year  of  Ciiristian's  acei'ssion.  had  materially  in- 
"frimed  in  the  e;i<e  of  Sleswij?,  by  a  law  which 
virtually  ineorp.niledtliat  duchy  withthe  Danish 
nioniinhv.  The  tJerman  Confiiliration  protested 
Bijaiust  tills  'Danilieatioir  of  Sleswij^.  and 
having  pronounced  a  decree  of  Federal  execution 
against  the  new  King  of  Denmark  as  Diiko  of 
Holilein  and.  in  virtue  of  that  duchy,  a  member 
of  the  (Jirman  Confederation,  sent  into  Holstein 
Fiileral  tr  lops  bclonirinn  lo  the  smaller  States  of 
the  Confideration.  The  t'onfedemtion.  as  a  col- 
lictive  bmly,  favimriil  the  establishment  of  the 
Independence  of  the  duchies,  and  had  with  it  the 
wislies  probablv  of  the  sreat  mass  of  the  (ierman 
n  ition.  But  tlie  independence  of  Sleswij;  and 
Holstein  scarcely  suiteil  the  views  of  Bismarck. 
He  ilesired  the  annexation  to  Prussia  of  at  all 
events  Hols'.  '  because  in  Ilnlstein  Is  the  great 
harb.nir  of  Kul.  all  impnrtant  in  view  of  the  new 
tiit't  with  which  he  purposed  eipiippini;  Prussia  ; 
If  Sli'swiii  could  be  cinupassed  alon^  with  Hol- 
stein. so  mucli  tlic  betier.  But  tliere  were  two 
ditliiiiltii'S  in  Hisuiarck  s  way.  I'russia  was  a 
cosiirnatory  of  tlic  Tn'aty  of  f.onilon.  If  he 
were  to  u'Kisp  at  the  duchies  sinule-handcd,  a 
host  of  cnerniis  iniL'ht  confront  him.  Kngland 
was  burnini;  to  take  up  arms  in  the  cause  of  the 
fatle  r  of  the  beaniiful  princess  she  Icul  adoptitl 
as  liri  .wn  The  (ierin.m  ConfecliTation  would 
oppose  Prussia's  nakiil  elTort  to  airRranilise  her- 
self.  and  .\ustria.  in  the  double  ehanuter  of  a 
paitv  to  tile  Treat  V  of  l,niid(iii  and  of  a  member 
of  ilii'l'mili  ileratiiin.  would  rejoice  in  the  oppor 
tuiiity  to  strike  a  blow  at  a  power  of  whose  rising 
pr'teu^ioiiH  she  Ii:m1  be:;un  to  be  jealous.  The 
wilv  Hi-^MMrek  leid  lo  ilissi-mble.  He  made  the 
]iroposal  t'l  Austria  that  the  two  states  shouhl 
iL'riore  their  parlicipilion  as  indi.  ii^ial  States  in 
tlir  Treaty  of  London,  and  that  in  corporate 
meiubiTS  of  the  (ierman  ('onfei:"ration  they 
should  constitute  tlieiiiselves  the  (xecutorsof  the 
Fe.leral  decree,  and  put  aside  the  minor  st.'ites 
whose  troops  had  been  charirid  with  that  otHce. 
Austria  acceded  It  was  a  bad  hnur  for  her 
when  she  did.  yet  she  moves  no  compas-iion  for 
the  misfortunes  which  befell  her  as  the  is,sue. 
.  .  .  The  Diet  ii.'iii  tosulimii.  The  Aiistro  Pros- 
8iaii  troops  marched  through  Ilolsteiu  into  81cs- 


wlg,  and  on  the  2nd  of  February,  18A4,  Mrurk  it 
the  DsDei  occupyinR  theUannewerke.  .  .  .  The 
venerable  Marshal  Wrangcl  was  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  coinblned  forces  until  after  the  fall 
of  DDppel.  when  Prince  Frederic  Charles  siic- 
ceede<l  him  in  tliat  iMwitlon;  but  tUrousliout  the 
campaign  the  control  of  tlH^  di«|)uiiUlona  was 
mainly  exercised  by  the  Bed  Prince.  But  neither 
strategy  nor  tactics  wew  very  strenuously 
brought  Into  use  for  the  discomllture  of  the  un- 
fortunate Danes.  Their  ruin  was  wrought  partly 
because  of  the  overwhelmingly  Bup«'rior  force  of 
their  allied  opponents,  partly  because  of  llielr 
own  iinpreparislness  for  war  in  almost  evirytbing 
save,  the  possession  of  heroic  bravery  ;  but  most 
of  all  by  the  Hrc  of  the  neislle  gun  and  the  I'rus- 
sian  ad  vantage  in  the  possi'ssion  of  ritled  artillery 
Duly  part  of  the  Prussian  Infantry  had  used  the 
new'lle-gim  in  the  reduction  of  the  Baden  insur 
reetion  In  1H4S'.  now,  however,  the  whole  army 
was  equipped  witli  ;t.  .  .  .  In  their  retreat  from 
the  Dannewerke  Into  the  Dllp|H'l  position,  the 
Danes  suffered  severely  from  the  Inclemency  of 
the  weather,  and  fought  a  deaperat*  rear  guard 
engagement  with  the  Austrians.  .  .  .  The  Prus 
siaiis  undertiKik  the  task  of  rnlucing  Dhppel  : 
the  Austrians  marclii'd  northward  into  Jutland, 
and  driving  back  the  Danish  troops  they  in 
connterisl  In  their  march,  sat  down  Ufon'  the 
fortress  of  Frislericia.  and  svi'ept  the  Mttle  licit 
with  their  cannon.  The  sieges,  liotb  of  Dlippel 
and  of  Fredericia.  wert>  comlucttsl  with  extreine 
Inertness."  But  the  former  was  taken  and  the 
latter  abandoned.  "  The  Danish  war  was  ternii 
nated  by  the  Treaty  of  Vienna  on  the  iXtth  Octo- 
ber,  1H«4.  uniler  whith  the  ducbies  of  Slcswig, 
Holstein.  and  Lnuenbnrg  were  handed  over  to 
the  sovereigns  of  Austria  and  Prussia.  .  .  .  Out 
of  the  Danish  war  of  1HH4  grew  almost  inevita 
bly  the  war  of  INflfl.  Intwcen  Prussia  and  Ans. 
trfa.  The  wolves  <|uite  naturally  wrangleil  over 
the  carcase.  .  .  .  The  condoniininni  of  the  two 
I'owers  in  the  duchies  produced  constant  frii 
tion,  which  was  probably  Bismarck's  intention, 
es[>ecially  as  Prussia  had  taken  care  to  keep 
stationtsf  in  them  twice  as  many  troops  as  Au^ 
tria  had  left  there.  Relations  were  biconiing 
very  stmhied  when  in  August,  IHA.'),  the  Km 
peror  Francis  Jos«'ph  and  King  William  met  at 
the  little  watering  place  of  Oastein,  and  from 
their  interview  uriginated  the  short  livisl  iir 
ningemi'nt  known  as  the  Convention  of  Gastciii 
By  that  compact,  while  the  two  Powers  pn 
served  the  common  sovereignty  over  the  iluchii  -. 
Austria  acce]iteil  the  administration  of  lloNli  in, 
1'rns.sia  undeitaking  that  of  Sli'swig.  Prii'^>i!i 
was  to  h'lve  rights  of  way  through  Holsliin  lo 
Slcswic.  was  given  over  the  right  of  consinir 
tion  of  a  North  S<'a  and  ItalticCanal ;  anil  wliil.' 
Kiel  was  constitnttsl  a  Federal  harbour.  Piu^in 
was  authorised  to  construct  there  the  rec|ui-iie 
forti  Heat  ions  and  marine  establislimenis,  and  i" 
maintain  an  adei|UHte  force  for  the  protection  of 
these.  .•Vssuniini;  the  arranirenient  to  be  pro 
visional,  as  on  all  hands  it  was  rcg.irili  li.  Pru->i;i 
clearly  had  the  advantage  under  it  .  .  .  Hu' 
the  Oastein  Convention  iiintainwl  another  pi" 
vision  — that  Austria  should  sell  to  Prussia  ;ill 
her  rights  in  the  iliichy  of  Lauenbiirg  (an  "ui 
lying  appanage  of  Holstein)  for  the  sum  ■! 
2,.'iOO.0(K)  timlers.  thus  making  market  of  rii;lii- 
of  wliich  she  wa»  but  a  Iiii»lee  ioi  li„  (iii 
man  Confeilcmtion.     The  Convention  of  Gasteiu 


1574 


I 


Wi 


GERMANY,  1M1-18M. 


Sft^m  HV*fc«  War. 


OEKMANY,  1866. 


piniM'il  noboilv,  liiit  tlmt  mattrral  little  to  Bin 
uiiink.  .  .  .  UiclnTiiigsrtciminirnrwl  b«"fori' till' 
jrt-ar  IM6A  woRoiit.  iinil  uurlyiii  IHMtt  Auiitrittbi'i;iiii 
t(>  linn.  ...  Id  Mitrili.  IMM.  a  aoirct  tri'iity  wim 
formed  bciwei'n  I  tttly  mill  I'riiRniii.  .  .  .  I'fimBiii 
threw  tlie  Convi'iitioii  u(  (luHliin  In  tlir  winilii  l>v 
civilly  but  mHHti'rfiilly  tiiriiiii).'  llu  .\imtriiiii  l>rl 
gadnof occiipaliiiiiDiitiif  llnlsliin  Tlnii  Aiistiiii 
Hi  tbe  Fnli'nil  Hiil,  riiiii|iliiliiliii;  tlmt  liy  tlii^  ml 
PtiiwiU  bull  illHtiirliiil  llif  ihuii'  of  thi'  (iinimn 
Coiifi'di'ratioii.  miivi'il  for  ii  lii'irri'  iif  Fitlrnil 
exi'Hition  iiKainst  tlmt  stiitr.  tn  bf  I'liforriil  liy 
the  ('onfiiliraiionii  armiKl  strinu'tb  On  llic 
14th  June,  Aiistria'H  niDtimi  »iih  i  iirrinl  by  tlif 
Diet,  its  last  act ;  for  I'riixsiu  next  iliiv  wni  kril 
the  tlimay  organination  of  Ibr  (JiTtiiiin  ('niifnliTii 

tion.  by  declaring  «ar  apiiiml  tline  nf  ii<  i 

nonent  menibipi.   llaimvir.   Iliioie.  ami  Su.\(iny 

There  wan  no  fiirnial  ilerliiriilii f  «»r  bitwieii 

AiiHlritt  and  I'niKsla.  only  a  iiotilii-itinn  of  in 
tended  boHtlli-  ailion  dent  by  the  rriissian  com 
■nandem  to  the  Austrian  foo'imsls  On  tlic  17lb 
the  Emperor  Franeis  Josepli  piiMisbi  d  bis  war 
manifesto;  KinR  William  on  the  IHtli  iniitliil 
hia  to  ■  My  People  ; '  on  tlir  '.'ntli.  Italy  ili  rimed 
war  against  Austria  and  Haviiria  "— .\  Korbi's 
VilUamof  (Irniiiitm.  eh.  7-K  —  See.  also.  Sr\s 

DIS.*VIAN  HT*TK.»(i)KNMAKK):    A    I).    |H4H-1N!'J 

Also  in  :  II.  von  Sybel.  The  FfKhiliiiri  of  th, 
(lenimn  Hmjiirr,  hk.  H-lfl  ('■.  .')-4».— C.  Lowe. 
Prince  lliniu}irk.  r/i.  .'i-T  (r.  I),  ilnil  f/ii'  .1.  //. 
('{r.  2).— .1.  (!  I,.  Hesekiel.  I.ifi  '•,(  lUmmiirk, 
hk.  a,  ell.  :i.— Count  von  Heust,  SletmriiK.  r.  \.eli. 
82-2H. 

A.  D.  1863.— First  Sociatitt  Party.  See 
SmiAl,  MovKMKNTs:  A.  1).  1»«2-1»M. 

A.  D.  1866.— The  Seven  Weeks  War- 
Defeat  of  Austria.— Victory  and  Supremacy 
of  Prussia.- Her  Absorption  of  Hanover, 
Hesse,  Nassau,  Frankfort  and  Schleswig- 
Holstein.— Formation  of  the  North  German 
Confederation.— Exclusion  of  Austria  from 
the  Germanic  organization.- "rru.ssia  bud 
built  extrllenl  railroads  throughout  Ilie  lounlry. 
ami  (piieliy  planil  her  troops  on  the  fnintier; 
within  U  davs  she  bad  50().(KH)  men  iindrr  arms. 
By  the  end  of  May  they  were  on  the  frontiers 
ready  for  action,  while 'Austria  was  only  half 
prepareil,  and  her  allies  only  iH'ijinniui;  to  arm. 
On  the  14th  of  .Iiine  the  diet,  by  a  vote  of  nine 
to  six,  had  onlen'd  the  immeilfate  mobili/.ation 
of  a  federal  anny ;  wlienuiion  I'mssia  ilerlared 
the  federal  eoinpiut  dissolved  anil  ixtingui.ihed. 
In  Vienna  and  the  petty  iimrts  men  .said. 
'Within  fourteen  days  after  tlie  outbreak  of 
hostilities  the  allied  linnies  will  enter  liiTlin  in 
triumph  and  dictate  peace;  the  power  of  I'nis.sia 
will  be  broken  by  two  blows.'  The  Legitimists 
were  exultant ;'  even  the  majority  of  the 
democnwy  in  South  (Jeriiiany  joineif  with  the 
Vltmmou'tane  party  in  slioutin^n  for  .Vustria.  1  »n 
the  10th  of  .June,  llismark  liii'd  before  the  Ger 
man  governments  the  outlines  of  a  new  federal 
constitution,  but  was  not  listened  to;  011  the  Mtli 
he  miwlc  proposals  to  the  states  in  tlic  immediate 
neighborbiHxl  of  Prussia  for  a  peace  on  tlicsi- 
foundations,  and  demanded  tliiir  iiiutralily,  add 
ins  that  if  tliey  declined  bis  peaceful  offers  be 
would  treat  tliiiii  as  enemies.  The  cabinets  of 
Dri'Silen  and  Hanover,  of  ('as.sel  and  Wiesbaden, 
declim-d  them.  Immediately,  on  the  night  of 
the  i.ith  and  llitii  of  .Iiiiu'.  Prussian  Ii,h,|i> 
euti'tul   llauover,   Hesse  and  Sa.xony.     In  four 


or  Hve   days   PriiSHln  had  disarniiil  all    North 
Oermany.   and    bMken  all   n'slstanir   fnmi    the 
North  .'^ea  to  the  .Main.     Oil  the  IWth  of  June, 
the  Prussian  p'tieml   Ilayer  eiitenil  Casiiel;    the 
Klector  was  surprisi'd  at'  Wllbelinshftht.       As  ho 
still  refused  all  terms  be  was  arrested  by  the 
illrt'il  iinler  of  the  king  of  I'russia  and  sent  as 
a   prisoner  to  Stettin.      On   the    ITtb,    Ueoentl 
Vogi  I  von  Falkenstein  entered  Hanover.     King 
Oeor'-e  with  his  army  of  IH.IMW  men  sought  to 
esca|)i'    to    South    Ocrmany.       After  a  KoH'^t 
.sinnrgh'  at  Langeusalza  on  the  "Jith,  his  brave 
tnxips  were  surniunded.     The  King  capitiiiatiHl 
on  IlieilMli.     His  army  was  disbanded,  he  him- 
silf  iillowed  to  go  to  Vienna.      On  the  18th  the 
Prlls^i;^IlH    were    in     Dresih'n;    on   the    19tb,    in 
l.iip/ig.    bv    the   2iitb.   all  Saxony  except   the 
lorircss  of  kiinigstcin  was  in  their  hands.      The 
kliii:  and  armv  of  Saxony,  on  the  uppnmch  of 
I  be  I'riis.sians,'liad  left  the  country  by  the  rall- 
loMils  to  Bohemia  to  .'orin  a  junction  with  the 
.\ii-iriaiis.     Tlie  Saxon  army  lonsisted  of  '23,000 
mi  n  ;iiiil  60  cannon.     Every  one  liiul  ex|)t'Ctcd 
.Vustri.i  to  occupy  a  country  of  such  strategic 
value    as   Saxony    iM-fori'    the    Prussians  could 
toui  b  it.     The  .\ustrian  army  cnnsi.sted  of  seven 
corps,     lHii,(MH)    infantry,    24,000    cavalry.    783 
guns.      Tile    popular    opinion   bad   forced    the 
emperor  to  make   IWnedek   the  communderin- 
1  hief  in  IJohemia.     Everything  there  was  new 
to  him.     The  Prussians  were  divided  into  three 
armiis:  tlie  army  of  the  Elbe,  40,000  men,  under 
Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld;  the  first  army,  100,000 
men.  under  Prince  Frederick  flmrles;  the  second 
or    Silesian    armv    under    the    Crown    Prince, 
I  Itt.lMK)  stronir.     The  resi'rve  consisU-il  of  '24,000 
I.aniiwchr.     The    whole    force  In   this  quarter 
iiuinlMred  2><(),(K)0  men  and  800  guns.  .  .   .  The 
Prussians  knew   what   they  were   fighting  for. 
To  the  .Vustrians  the  idea  of  this  war  was  soine- 
tliing  strange.     At  Vienna,  Ik'uedek  had  spoken 
against  war;   after  the  first  Pru.ssian  successes, 
he   bad   in   confidence   advised    the  enipiTor  to 
make  peace  as  sisin  as  possible.     As  be  was  un- 
able,  from  want  of  means,   to  attack,  be  cou- 
centnited  his  army  iHtween  Josephstadt  and  the 
county  of  iJlatz.  "  He  thought  only  of  defence. 
.   .   .  i)n   the  '2:trd  of  June  the  great  Prussian 
army  cominenced  contemporaneously  its  march 
to     Ilobcmia     from     the     Uiesi'ngebirge,     from 
l.iisatia,  from  Dresden.      It  advanced  from  four 
points    to    Jnsi'phstadt  Kouiggratz,    where    the 
junction    wits   to    take    place.      Bismarck    bad 
ordcrtHl,    from    financial    as    well    as    |i<ilitical 
re.isims.     that    the    war    must    be    short.     The 
Prussian    armies   bad   at   all    points  delKiuclied 
from  till'  passes  and  entered   Iloliemia  before  a 
single    .Viistriiin    corps    bad    come    near     tliest- 
iiassi's.   ...   In  a  couple  of  days  Benedek  lost 
in  a  series  of  fights  against  tlic  three  Prussian 
advancing  armies  nearly  :i.">.0<M)  men;   five  of  his 
sev"n  corps  had  Im'iii  beaten.     lie  concentrated 
tliese  seven  corps  at  Ki'iniggriltz  in  tlie  ground 
be  ton-    Ibis   forlress;    he  iletcrmined    lo   accept 
battle  iHlwein  the   Elbe  and   the   Bistritz.     He 
b:id,      bowevir.      previously     reported     to     the 
emperor  that  bis  army  after  its  lossis  was  not  in 
u  londilion  for  a  pitciied  liattle.     He  wished  to 
ri'tire  to  .Moravia  and  avoid  a  battle  till  be  had 
nceived     reinforcements.       This     telegram     of 
Henedek  arrivi  il  in  the  middle  of  the  exultation 
ttliiili  lilli'i  \U<  I'.urt  uf  Viiuna  after  litariug  of 
the  victory  over  the  Italians  at  Custozza   [see 


1 


r'  I 


1575 


OEllMAMY.  1860. 


War. 


UKRMANY.  1866. 


'  {■  ■, 


ii;'''^'"*! 


■!' 


;  'U 


iU: 


;-» 


Till'  I'nipcmr  n-pliinl 
til    k'^*'    Iwttln    i">' 


Itai-T:  a.  I>.  IXflMHfMI 

by  onlfring    lilm    liriilly    ...    ».--    •••• ■• 

medlntcly.      IViUMlfk,  <)»  tlm  tit"'  Jn'y.  »«"'» 
■rnt  w.inl  to  the  t.mii«T.>r,  •  Y.mr  nrnjeitty  mu«t 
coih1u.Ii'  Wiice.'     Yet  on  tiu-w  n|)<.iil';l  wiirii- 
loin  "«'<>'•  tli«  onl*"'  t<>  rtitlit  It  oiH  (..     li.  ii...l.k 
hml  |>ri.viil...l  for  »ii.li  lUl  answer  l.y  hUnrniiitfe- 
menu  for  July  Itie  Jn.l.     lit-  lnwl.  I'li«"l  M*  ■^W 
K(in»  In  the  nioni  f,iv(inihlo  iMwition^,  lui'l  iH'e'i 
ple.1  the  eDiinlry  iHtw.Hii  ihe  IMk-  »ii.I  th.-  litlh- 
river   Hislrit/.    f..r   the  extent  "f  .i  U'aifiie.     AiJ 
Mxn  in  the  PruHxiiin.*  heiinl  nf  this  movement 
Oiey  n.«)lv..<l  lo  iittiu-k  the  .Vii«tri<in»  on  the  M. 
On   the  a.1   the    kln«.    Broomimnl.Nl   liy  t  <mnl 
Bi«m.irek.  Von  lfcN,nnn.l  V..n  Moltke  hii.l  J"  n.M 
the  iinny       lie  ii!imiiin'<l  ei>inmiinil  of  the  thn'C 
•nnii*     ThefDWU  I'lime  iin.l  ll.rw.irth  were 
onlere<l  to  mlvunce  ii«iiin»t  Kiinitfurnt/.     1  iirt  of 
the  Crown  I'rUi.e*  .irniv  were  »till  flvo  Oermaji 
milen  fn>in  Ihe  IntemliMl  buttle  uroiin.l.     rrineo 
KriMlerhk    Chttrlen    uml     Ilerwiirth    hiwl    ulone 
mutaineil    llu!   whole   force  of    Aiistri.v  iu   the 
•tniusle     «roiinil     Siulowii,    which     In'Rim     at 
8  ocl.H-k   hi  the   mornlnit.      Kreilerick  Ciwrh'!* 
attiukwl  in  Ihe  centre  over  i.nninst  rtu.lowii;  Iler- 
wiirth on  the  ri^ht  ut   Scchivnitz,    the  trown 
H-ince  wits  t.i  lulviinee  on  the  left  from  K.^nlgm- 
hof      The    Crown    I'rime    rcreivi..l    onlcr*  »t 
fourocl<Hk  in  the  morni:-.«;   lie  coul.l  not  In  nil 
prolmhilitv  n..icli  tlic  tlel.l   iH.f.ire  one  or  two 
oel.K-k  lifter  imhiii.     All  .Uiieii.l.Kl  on  his  ftrnva 
hi  l'oihI  time.      I'rin.e  Knilerick  Charles  fomn 
the  piuwane  of  the  Histril/,  ami  t<x)k  Mailowii  iiml 
other   places,   but  coiilil    not   take  the  liiiKhls. 
His  troops  sultert.<l  terribly  from  tlie  awful  lln^ 
of   the  Aiistrittii   liatleriM.     The    KinK    liniwlf 
ami  his  stall  came  under  Are,   from  which  the 
earnest  entnalies  of    Bismarck  Imliiceil  liim  t.i 
rvtirc.     AlHiul  one  o'cliK'k   the  ilanifer  in    the 
Hriissian  centre  was  (jreat.     AfUT  Hve  hi>iirs  of 
flijlitiii"  they  coul.l  not  a<lvaiice.  ami  iK'pui  to 
talk  of  "ntreiit.     On  the  rii?hl.  thin),'S  were  Is'tter. 
Ilerwarth  liiul  .lefeateil  the  Saxons,  ami  tlmiit- 
end  the  Austrian  left,     Y.t.  if  tlie  anny  of  the 
Crown  I'limc  di.l  not  arrive,  the  battle  was  List, 
for  the   Prussian  centre  wi«  bniken.     But  the 
Crown    Prince    linintsht    the    expt.ct..<l  succor 
AlMiiit  two  o'cl.xk  came  the  news  that  a  |iart  of 
the  Crown  Prince's  anny  lia-l  bi.en  enifagisl  sin<;e 
one  o'clock.     The  Aiistrians,  altackiNl  <m  tliiir 
riirM  Hank  anil  r.ar.  had  to  irivc  way  in  front. 
Liiilcr  loud  shouts  .if  '  K.irwar.1.'  I'rinco  Jo'il- 
irick  Charles  t.sik  tlu'  WokI  .if  Sailowa  at  tlmv. 
and  the  heights  of  l.ipa  at  four  o'..lo.  k      .U  this 
very  time,   four  o'.lock,    Ikiu.lck  ha<l  alnmly 
Bivcn    orders    to    retreat.  .   .  .   From    the  . 
lirst  tlic  Prussians  were  superior  to  the  Austmns 
in  amniimitiou,  provisions  and  suppliis.     They 
hid  a  lictl.r  .irnani/Jition.    Utter  prepar.ition, 
and  the  iic.dic  nun.  which  pniv.il  very  ilcstrui' 
tive    lo    the    Au^trians.     Tlic    Austrian    Ir.Kips 
foiitrht  with  tiiorough  unllanlry.      .  .   I^'sjHit- 
Inif  this  cainpaii-'n.  an  Austrian  writes:    ■  (tiven 
in  Vi.iiiia  a  powerful  coterie  wliiili  reserves  to 
Itself   all   the  hi^'li  commands  and  rei;ards  the 
army  as  ils  private  .slate  for  ils  .iwn  private 
iKUetil.  anil  defeat  isinevilable.'     The  Auslnaiis 
lost  al  S.iilowa.  aiiorilini?  to  Ihe  olllcial  ai  counts 
at  Vienna   IT^iaiiiioii.  IM.lHIt)  prisoners,  llc.il.irs, 
4  l!H)  killed.  II.IHM)  woundisl,  21.4IKI  inissini,'.  in- 
ciudiu:;  llir  i.ii-.-n"r=      Tin-  Pr.i«.sians  acknow- 
U'lliied  a  loss  of  onlv  lO.IHJO  men      The  result  of 
the  lialllc  wiu  heavier  for  Austria  ihan  the  luas 


in  the  action  and  the  retreat  The  armUi 
which  Bi'iiedek  ask.sl  f.ir  .m  the  4th  of  July  i 
rifune.!  by  the  Prusaliuw  a  icconil  re<iue«t 
the  10th  wa»  alwi  rejectol.  On  the  M\  ot  J 
the  em|K.n.r  of  Austria  lought  the  nieillatloii 
Kmnco  to  nutore  peace.  .  .  All  further  ni< 
menta  were  put  a  atop  to  by  the  five  .li 
armlstlif.  which  Ix'tran  on  the  ■a>\  of  .lulv 
n<«>n  ttiul  wan  follownl  by  an  amilstlee  for  I 
weeks  .   Hontllillea    were     at     an     end 

Austrian  territory  when  the  war  l>i'i(an  on 
Main  at?alniit  the  allies  of  Austria.  The  Bava 
army,  umler  Ihe  agisl  Prliira  Charles, 
tlnKUishe<l  Itaelf  by  b..|ng  driven  by  the 
numeroua  fore.-*  of  Prusahi  under  (hn 
Pulkeiisleln  acroaa  the  Siiale  and  the  Main.  . 
The  elBhth  fislenil  army  corps  of  .W.OOO  r 
comiH>s<sl  of  contingenU  frcm  Baden,  Wtlri 
lK.ru.  Elecbiral  llease.  Himuh. Damwtuilt,  Naa 
and  13,0IK)  Austriana  under  I»rlncti  Alexand. 
Ileaae  was  so  miainanatpsi  that  the  WOrtemi 
eontlnijent  believed  Itself  »ol'l  and  tx'tra 
...  On  the  leth  of  July.  In  the  ever 
Palkenstein  entered  Frankfort,  and  In  the  ii 
of  the  king  of  Pniaala  took  iioaseaalon  iif 
Fivo  City  of  Upper  Hesse  and  Nassau,  rr 
fort,  on  account  of  Its  Austrian  sympathies, 

.  ^     ._ji.. .•!..«    »f  alv    mllllitna   ill    irll 


ion.  Oil  IMI^Iiuiil.  wi    ,13  *»«.,%..«..  "..--,- — •-- 

to  pay  a  eimtribiitlon  of  »lK  millions  of  gv 

to  Falkensteln.  and  on  the  I9th  of  July  a  fui 

sum  of  ninetiK-n  millions  to  ManWuITel,  the 

cessor  of  Falkensteln.     The  latter  sum  wa 

initUMi  when  the  hitherto  Free  City  liecai 

PruHshin   city.     ManteulTcl,    In    several   ac 

from  the  2;il   to  the  36tli  of  July.  drov. 

fiHleml  army   Iwck   to   WUrzburK;    OOber 

feate.1  the  army  of  Baden  at  Werhach,  and 

of  Wttrtemlx'rK  at  Tauberiiischofsheiin ;   h 

this  the  eighth   fi'derul  army  corps  joim-i 

Bavarian  army,  and  on  the  2M\\  and  'JBtliof 

the  uuiUsI  forces  were  defcaU'd  at  Oerscli 

anil  Hoasbrunn.  and  on  the  27lh,  the  cita.l 

Wnrzburg  was  Inv.sUnl.     The  court  of  V 

luul  alMUidonisl  Us  South  Oerinan  al  lea  wl 

concludisl  the  armistice;    it  had  not  includ 

allies  either  in  the  armistice  or  the  truce. 

On  the  2»th  of  July,  the  Bailen  trisips  ma 

off    homewards    In    the    nl«hl,    the    Aus 

marched  to  Btihemia,  the  Bavarians  pure 

an  armistice  by  aurrenderinj?  WUrzburg  t 

Prussians.      Thus  of  the  eightli  anny  corp 

WnrtemlierKers    and    Hessians  alone   kep 

held.     On  the  2d  of  August  thcst^  riinains^ 

elffhth  army  corps  were  included  in  lln'^arn 

of    Nicholsburg.   .         On    Ihe  2:1.1  of    A 

peace  was  sltrnisl  Iietwein  Austria  and  1 

at  Prague.     Bismarck  treated  Austria  with 

consi.lenition,  aii.l demand.d only  twenty  in 

of  thalers  as  war  iiidemniiy ;    WHrtenilieri 

to    pay  eight    millions  of    gulden.    Bade 

millions,  H.sst^-Darnistadt  llirie  inillions.  B 

thirty    millions  of    giildiii.      The   WQrtei 

minister.    Varnlililer,    and   tlie   Baden    nil 

Freyi'orf,  offereil  to  form  an  offensive  ai 

fenslve  alliance  with  Prussia  for  Ihe  pur|i 

saving  the   ruling   families,  and   in  iilari 

Biivaria    and    lles.se-0arinstadl  might    b< 

their   U'rrilories  compensalimi    for    cessii 

Prussia.     Bavaria  al.so  formed  an  nllianci 

Pnis.sia     and    ceiltsl    a    small    district     i 

north        llis.sc  Darmsladl     ceiled     Hesse 

l.iirL'  anil  some  pieces  of  territory,  and  e 

the     .North    Oerman    Confedemtiou.    givl 

Prussia   the    right  of   keeping   a    garrii 


157(i 


The  «rml»Ucc 
III  ii(  July  wa* 
tut  re<nir«t  on 
10  .Mil  of  July 
•  niritUtlon  <>f 
fiirlhiT  movr- 
till'   five  iUy»' 
1.1  i>r  .Inly  »t 
nlntkH!  for  four 
nn    en'l    "" 
lH'i(im  on  the 
Tlif  IJuvurlan 
Clmrli'H,    (ll» 
•11   liy  the  lew 
itiiliT    (l«nfriil 
tilt'  Mikin.  .  .  . 
iif  .W.OOO  turn, 
niLn.  WttrUMH 
utuitt,  Niuwau, 
•V  Ali'xunilfrot 
n<  Wnrti'mlK-rg 
nnil    Ix'traywl. 
1    the  evening, 
nil  In  the  name 
wemtloD  of  this 
'umiuu.     Kntnk 
A-nipotlilcs.  had 
lions  of  KuliU-n 
f  Julv  »  further 
U'ulTi'l,  the  mil- 
;r  «uiii  wtt«  ri' 
City  lierame  » 
M'vcnil   actlonH 
lulv,  ilrove  the 
rg',    Oftben  ili'- 
?rl)ach,  ami  that 
ifskeini;   Jiefore 
iirps  joimil  the 
Mill  a6thof  July 
1  at  Ocrwliheim 
h,  the  i-ltadi'l  of 
court  of  Vienna 
in  allies  when  it 
not  Included  its 
the  truce.  . 
troops  marcbixl 
the    Aust  rianN 
iriiins  purclianeil 
Vi\n\mrn  to  the 
aitny  corps,  the 
alotie   ki'pl  till' 
sc  remuinHiif  the 
1  hi  the  arinistiie 
2:lil  of    August 
tria  and  Pru».si;i 
u.Htria  with  (treat 
y  twenty  milliims 
VllrtenilierK  liad 
Min,    Baden    six 
inillions.  Havana 
'lie   WQrt^-tiilier;,' 
Uadin   tiiinister, 
itlensive  and  de- 
or  the  piir|iose  of 
id   ill  alartn   lest 
I   nii);ht    seek   in 
for    ressions    to 
an  alliance  with 
liislrirt     in    the 
led      Hessi'  Honi 
lory,  and  enteri'<! 
litiou.    giving    W 
g   a   garrison    iii 


(!■ 

'^B 

^': 

* 

1 

\'^  ■ 

'  * 

il 


I 


■|- ; 


■■}"■• 


I 


1  <nn  m  ■■••■•  ar 


" 

AKUOM 

m  iMT. 

s*J»!A*« 

'"*     ! 

N«  rrnit  aumr  ma 

II- 


n. 


1!^ 


I-  J  ■ 


OUKMAKY,  IMS. 


HMflno,., .,/  QEKMANY,  18«e-18m 

PruM  a 


Muiiu  Aiistri:!  rniDunnd  lirr  claims  on 
HcliUswlg  unci  HoUteiii,  luknowlcdRi'il  the  dU- 
•oliilion  of  tilt'  (li'nnun  ConfiHliTiition  und  a 
modilieation  of  Germany  hy  wliioli  Austria  was 
excluded.  It  recognlzwl  the  creation  of  the 
North  Qemian  Confederation,  tlie  union  of 
Venetia  to  Italy,  the  territorial  altentlons  In 
North  Germany.  Pnissia  aclinowledKeil  the 
territorial  pos-sesaions  of  Aiiiitria  with  the  Hole 
exception  of  Venetia;  and  also  of  Saxonv;  and 
undertook  to  olitJiin  tlie  a.Hsent  of  the  Ring  of 
Italy  to  tlie  peace.  Prussia  announced  tlic  in- 
corporation of  SchleswigHolstein,  the  Free  City 
of  Frankfort,  the  Kingdom  of  Hanover,  the 
Electorate  of  Hesse,  and  the  Duchy  of  Nassau, 
lubjcct  to  the  payment  of  annual  im-oini's  lo  the 
deposed  princes.  The  Kingdom  of  Saxony,  the 
two Mecklenburgs,  the  Hanse-towns.  olihnliurp. 
Brunswick,  and  the  Thuringian  sliilcs  enlereil 
the  North  Gcnnan  Confederation.  Prussia  now 
contained  twenty-four  milli(ms  of  Inhabitant.s. 
or  including  the  Northern  Coiifeilcration.  twinty- 
uine  millions.  The  military  forces  of  th(>  Con- 
federation were  placed  under  the  command  of 
Pruuia.  The  states  north  of  the  .Main  were  at 
liberty  to  form  a  Southern  Confi'deralion.  the 
connection  of  whicli  with  the  Northirn  (^on- 
feileration  was  to  lie  a  subject  of  future  ili.s<-uS' 
gion.  Moreover,  Bavaria,  IJaden  and  Wartem- 
berg  had  engaged  'in  cast-  of  war  to  plncc  their 
wliole  military  force  at  tlie  disposid  of  I'russia.' 
and  Prussia  guaranteed  their  sovenigiity  aiul 
the  integrity  of  their  territory.  Saxony  pi  i''. 
ti'n  milfions  of  ''  ilers  as  a  war  indemnity. 
Prussia  rewived  lie  whole,  as  war  indemni 

ties,  eighty  two  Hi.  iis  of  gulden.  Thus  ended 
in  the  year  lf(66  the  struggle  [known  as  the 
Seven  Weeks  War]  iM'tween  .Vustria  nid  Priis.sia 
for  the  leadership  of  Germany."—"  Zimmer- 
mann,   Ihpular  Ifitl.  of  Uirnuiny.  i>k.  0,  eh.  3 

(e.  4). 

Also  IN:  II.  von  Sybel,  Thr  FiiiiiuUini  nf  l)w 
Gtrman  Empire,  bk.'  17-30  (r  .l).— Major  C. 
Adams,  Great  C<imixitgii»iii  Kh m/ie  from  1T9«  (« 
1870,  eh.  10. — Count  von  Beust,  MemmrH,  r.  1, 
eh.  20-»*.— O.  B.  Malleson,  The  litfounding 
(tfthe  German  Empire,  eh.  6-10. 

A.  D.  l866-i8^. —  ForeshadowinES  of  the 
new  Empire. — "We  may  make  tlie  statemiiil 
that  in  the  autumn  of  18*8  the  (ierman  Knipiie 
was  founded.  .  .  .  The  Southern  Slates  wiic 
not  yet  members  of  the  Confederation.  I)ut  were 
already,  lo  use  an  old  expression,  n^lalives  of  tlie 
Confederation  (Bundeaverwaiidte)  in  virtue  of 
the  offensive  and  defensive  alliances  witli  Prus- 
sia and  of  the  new  organization  of  the  TarilT- 
Union.  .  .  .  The  natural  and  inevitable  coiirsi'  of 
events  must  here  irresistibly  break  its  way.  unless 
some  circumstance  not  to  lie  foreseen  should  throw 
down  the  barriers  l«>foreliand.  How  s<Kin  such  a 
crisis  might  take  place  iio  one  could  at  that  time 
estimate.  But  in  n-gard  to  the  certainty  of  the 
final  result  there  was  in  Oeriiiaiiy  no  longer  any 
doubt.  .  .  .  Three  fimrths  of  the  territory  of  this 
Empire  was  dominated  by  a  Government  that  was 
In  the  first  place  erticienl  in  military  organization, 
guided  liy  the  firm  hand  of  King  William,  coun- 
■elled  by  the  rcpresi'iilalives  of  the  North  Ger- 
man Sovereigns,  and  rccognizi'd  by  all  the  Powers 
of  Europe.  The  opening  of  that  Parliament  was 
near  at  hand,  that  should  in  common  with  tliis 
Oovemmcnt  determine  the  limitations  to  l«-  placed 
upon  the  powers  of  the  Confederation  in  its  rela- 


lioii  to  the  Individual  states  and  also  the  functtoM 
of  the  new  lieiclistag  in  the  legislation  and  In  the 
control  of  the  finances  of  the  Confederation.  .  .  . 
It  was,  in  the  first  place,  certain  tliatthefunctioni 
of  liie  future  supreme  Confeileratc  authority 
would  lie  in  general  the  same  as  those  spcciflca 
in  the  Impirial  Constitution  of  1849.  .  .  .  The 
most  radical  difTcrence  between  1849  and  18M 
consisted  in  tlie  form  of  the  Confeileratc  Govern- 
ment. The  former  p<'ri(Kl  aimed  at  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  Constitutional  and  liertilitary  emperor, 
witli  responsible  ministers,  lo  the  utter  exclusion 
of  the  German  sovereigns:  whereas  now  the  plan 
included  all  of  these  sovereigns  in  a  Confiilerate 
Council  (Hundesratb)  organized  after  the  fashion 
of  the  old  Confederate  Diet,  with  committees  for 
the  various  branches  of  the  administration,  and 
under  llie  presidency  of  the  Kingof  Prussia,  who 
sliould  iKCupy  a  superior  imsition  in  virtue  of 
tlie  ci>iid  let,  placet!  in  his  lianils  once  for  all,  of 
the  foreign  policy,  the  army  and  the  navy,  but 
who  otherwise  in  the  Confederate  C<iuncil,  in  spite 
of  the  increase  of  ids  votes,  could  lie  outvoted 
like  every  other  prime  by  adwrecof  the  Majority. 
.  .  .  IVfore  the  time  clf  the  peace-conferences, 
when  all  dellnite  arrangements  of  Germany'! 
future  seemed  suspendi'd  in  the  balance  and  un- 
decided, tlie  Crown  Prince  Frederick  William, 
who  in  general  liad  in  mind  for  the  supreme  head 
of  the  Confederation  a  liigher  rank  and  position 
of  power  than  did  tlie  King,  mainlained  that  his 
father  should  iH^ar  the  title  of  Kingof  Germany. 
Bismarck  reminded  liim  that  there  were  other 
Kings  in  Germany:  the  Kings  of  Hanover,  of 
Saxony,  etc.  'Tliese.'  was  the  reply,  'will  then 
take  the  title  of  Dukes'  'But  tliey  will  not 
agree  to  tiiat.'  'They  will  have  to  ! '  cried  His 
Uoyiil  Highness.  After  the  further  course  of 
events,  the  Crown  Prince  indeed  gave  up  bis  proj- 
ect; but  in  til"  early  part  of  1867  he  asserted 
that  the  King  shoiddassume  the  title  of  German 
Emiwror,  arguing  that  the  iM'ople  would  connect 
no  tangible  idea  with  tlie  title  of  President  of  the 
Confederation,  whereas  the  renewal  of  the  im- 
perial diunily  would  repri'sent  lo  them  the  actual 
imoriMiration  of  tlic  unity  linally  altainetl,  and 
tlie  remembrance  of  the  old  glory  and  power  of 
the  Knipire  would  kindle  all  hearts.  This  idea, 
as  we  liaveexp<'rience<l  and  cimlinue  tocxperience 
Its  n'alizalion,  was  in  itself  perfectly  correct 
But  it  was  evidently  at  that  time  premature:  a 
North  German  empire  would  have  aroused  no 
enthusiasm  in  the  north,  anil  would  have  seriously 
hindered  the  accomplisliment  of  the  national  aim 
In  tlie  south.  King  William  n'jectcd  tliis  propo- 
sition very  decidedly:  in  Ids  own  simple  way  he 
wislied  to  lie  nothing  more  than  Confederate 
Comnianderin-cbief  iiiid  tlic  first  among  Ills 
pi.ers.' — H.  von  Sybel,  T/ie  FmiiuUu^  of  tht 
Gerimin  Km)nre  by' William  I.,  bk.  20,  eh.  4  (r. 
5). 

A.  D.  1866-1870. — Territorial  concession* 
demanded  by  France.— Rapid  progress  of 
German  unification.— The  Zollparlament.— 
The  Luxemburg  question.— French  determina- 
tion for  war. — "The  conditions  of  |H'ace  .  .  . 
left  it  open  to  tlic  Southern  States  to  cliiKise  what 
relationship  they  would  form  witli  the  Northern 
(^>nf^'(leration.  This  was  a  compromise  between 
llisniarck  and  Napoleon,  the  latter  fearing  a 
Uniteil  Germany,  the  former  preferring  to  restrict 
liimself  to  what  was  attainable  at  the  time,  and 
taking  care  not  to  humiliate  or  seriously  to  injurs 


yt 


1.377 


vi 


GERMANY,  18M-1870. 


Pnuua 


GERMANY,  18«ft-1870. 


ih; 


'ii. 


Auitria,    whose    friendabip    he    forenw    that 
Germany  would  ni'wl.     Meanwhile   NapoleoD'a 
intcrfercnre  coutiniied.     Scarcely  bad  Benedetti, 
who  had  followi'd  BiHmarck  to  the  battle-fli-ldg, 
returned  to  Birljn.  when  he  received  orden  from 
hia  Uovernnieiit  to  demand  not  lesa  tlian  the  left 
bank    of    tlie    HIdne    aa    n    compenaation    for 
Pruaaia'a  increaw  of  territory.     For  thia  purpoae 
he  submitted  the  draft  of"  n  treaty  by  wliicb 
Pnis»la  wna  even   U)   bind   lieraelf  to  lend  an 
active  aupiMirt  to  the  ceaaiun  of  the  Bavarian  and 
Ilesaiiin    poHsesniona   west  of    tlic    Rhine!  .  .  . 
Bismarck  would  listen  to  no  mention  of  ceding 
German   territory.      '  Si  voua  ref usez,'  said  the 
conceited  Corsiran,  'c'est  la  guerre.'— 'Eh  blen, 
U  guerre,'  n-|ilieil   Bismarck  calmly.     Just  ai 
little  success  had  Itcnedetti  with  King  William. 
'  Not  a  c1<h1  of  German  soil,  not  a  chimney  of  a 
German   village,'  was  Williuiu's   kingly  reply. 
Napoleon  was  not  disposed  at  the  time  to  carry 
out  his  threat.    lie  disavowed  Benedetti's  action, 
dceliiring  that  the  instructions  had  been  olitained 
from  liim  during  his  illness  and  that  he  wished 
to  live  in  [wu-c  and    friendship  with  Prussia. 
Napoleons  covelousness  ha<l  at  least  one  goo<i 
effect:   it  furthered  the  work  of  German  union. 
Bavaria  and  WUrtemlK'rg,  who  during  the  war 
had  sided  with  Austria,  ha<i  at  Urst  appealed  to 
Napoleon  to  mediate  betwi-en  them  anil  Prussia. 
But  when  the  Mini.Hters  of  the  four  South  Ger- 
man States  appeare<)  at  Berlin  to  negotiate  with 
Bismarck,  and  Benedetti's  draft-treaty  was  com- 
municated to  tliem,  there  was  a  complete  change 
of  dls|K)»ition.     They  then  wislied  to  go  much 
further  than  the  Prussian  Statesman  was  iire- 
pare<l  to  go:  they  asked,  in  onier  to  be  protected 
from  French  encroachments,  to  be  admitted  into 
the  North  German  C^onfederation.    But  Bismarck 
would  not  depart  from  the  stipulations  of  the 
Treaty  of  Nikolsburg.     The  most  important  re- 
sult of  the  negotiations  was  that  secret  treaties 
were  concluded  by  which  the  Southern  States 
bound     themselves    to   an    alliance    with    ihc 
NortlKT'i    Confederation    for    the    defence    of 
Germany,   and    engaged   to    place  their  troops 
under  llie  supreme  command  of  tlie   Prussian 
King  in  the  event  of  anv  attack  \ty  a  foreign 
Power.     In  a  military  sense  Klein-Deutschland 
was  now  one,  though  not  yvt  politically.  .  . 
That  Pru.ssia  was  the  truly"  representative  Ger- 
man State  had  lii^en  olivioiia  to  the  thoughtful 
long  l)efore:  the  f:ict  now  sIikxI  out  in  clear  light 
to  all  who  would  open  tlieireves  to  stc.     I'rog- 
rcss  had  meanwhile   l)een  made  with  the  con- 
struction of  tile  North   Gennan  Confederation, 
wliich  embraced  all  the  States  to  the  north  of  the 
river  Main.      Its  alTairs  were  to  !«■  regulated  by 
a  Heichstaj;   elicled    bv  universal  suffrage  and 
by  a  Federal  ('oiincil  formed  of  the  representa- 
tives of  the  North  Cicrman  Oovi'mmenta.     In  a 
military  sense  it  was  a  Single  Slate,  politically  a 
Confederate  State,  with  the  King  of  Prussia  as 
President.     This  arrangement  was  not  of  course 
regiinied  as  tin:d:    and   in  his  spee<ii   from  llie 
throne   to   the    North  Ocriniin   Beichsta-.  King 
William  I'mphasized  the  ileclaration   that  fJer- 
many,  so  long  torn,  so  long   powerless,  so  long 
the  theatri'  of  war  for  foreign   nations,  would 
henceforth  strive  to  recover  tlii'  greatness  of  her 
past.  ...   A  tlrvt  step  towards  'bridging  over 
the  Main.'  i  e.,  causing  South  and  North  to  join 
hands  again,   was  taken   by  IIk-  creation   of  a 
Zollparlament.    or  Customs    Parlian:ent,  which 


w«a  elected  by  the  whole  of  Klein-Deutichlud 
and  met  Bt  Berlin,  henceforth  the  capital  of 
Germany.  It  wa»  also  a  step  in  advaace  that 
Baden  and  Heaae-Darmatodt  algned  conveotiona, 
by  which  their  militarv  aystem  wm  put  on  tha 
same  footing  aa  tlist  of  the  North  German  Con- 
federation. Baden  indeed  would  willingly  have 
entered  Into  political  union  with  the  North,  had 
the  lame  disposition  prevailed  at  the  time  In 
the  other  South  German  Statea.  The  National 
Liberals  however  had  to  contend  with  atrong 
opposition  from  the  Democrats  in  WOrtcmberg, 
and  from  the  Ultramontanes  in  Bavaria.  The 
latter  were  hostile  to  Prussia  on  account  of  her 
Proteatantiam,  the  former  on  account  of  the  stem 

Erinciples  and  severe  discipline  that  pervaded 
er  administration.  .  .  .  In  the  work  of  German 
unification  the  Bonapartes  have  an  important 
share.  .  .  .  Bv    outraging     the     principle    of 
nationality,   Napoleon  I.   had   re-awakened  the 
feeling  of  nationality  among  Germans :  Nap.)leon 
III.,  by  attempting  to  prevent  the  unification  of 
Germany,  actually  hastened  it  on.  .  .  .  When 
King   William  had   replied   that  he  would  not 
yield   up  an  inch  of   German    aoll,     'patriotic 
pangs '  at  Prussian  successes  and  the  thirst  for 
'compensation'  continued  to  disturb  the  sleep 
of  the  French  Emperor,  and  aa  ho  was  unwilling 
to  appear  baffled  in  his  purpose,  he  returned  to 
the    charge-.     On    the    16th    of    August,    1866, 
through  his  Amlmssaiior  Benedetti,  he  demanded 
the  cession  of  Landau,  SaarbrQcken,  Saarlouis, 
and   Luxemburg,  togetlii-r  with  Prussia's  con- 
sent to  tlie  annexation  of  Belgium  by  France. 
If  that  could  not  be  obtained,  he  would  be  satis- 
9e<l  with  Luxemburg  and  Belgium;  lie  would 
even  exclude  Antwerp  from  the  territory  claimed 
that  it  might  be  created  a  free  town.     Thus  he 
hoped  to  spare  tlie  susceptibilities  of  England. 
As  a  gracious  return  he  offered  the  alliance  of 
France.     After  his  first  interview  Benedetti  gave 
up  his  demand  for  the  three  German  towns,  and 
subniitte<l   a  new  scheme,  according  to  wliich 
Germany  should  induce  tlie  King  of  the  Nether- 
lands to  a  O'ssion  of  Luxemburg,  and  should 
support    Franc*'   in  the  comiuest  of  Belgium: 
whilst,  on  his  part.  Napoleon  would  permit  the 
formation   of    a     feiieral     union     lietween    the 
Northern  Confetleratlon  and  the  South  Germiiii 
States,  and  would  enter  into  a  defensive   ami 
offensive  alliance   witli   Germany.     Count    His 
inarck  tn-ated  these  propositions,  as  he  himself 
has  stated,  'in  a  dilatory  manner,'  that  is  tosav, 
he  did  not  reject  tiiem".  but  lie  took  gwxl  (are 
not  to  make  any  definite  promises.     Wlien  t!i.- 
Prussian    Prime     Minister    returned    from    his 
furlough  to  BiTlin,  towards  the  end  of   IHCiti, 
Bene<letti  resumed   his    negotiations,    but   now 
only  with  n-gard  to  Luxemburg,  still  garri.soned 
b^   Pnissi,   .   troops  as  at  the  time  of  the  old 
Germanic  Confe<leration.     Tliough  the  Ononl- 
Duchy   of  Luxemburg   did   not    U'loiig   to  the 
new    North    German    Confederation.     Bisman  k 
was  not  willing   to  allow  it  to  !«■  annexed  liv 
France.     Moltke    moreover   declared    tli-t    lli'i! 
fortress  louldonlj  lie  evacuated  liy  the  1'nis.sian 
tr(K)ps    if    the    fortlllcations    were   razed.     Hut 
without  it-s  fortifications   Napoleon    would  in.t 
have  it.     And  when,   with   regard  to  the   Em 
peror's  intentions  upon  Ik'lgium,  Prussia  olTen  .1 
no  active  support,  but  cmly  promised  observan.  r 
of  neutrality,  France  renounced  the  idea  of  :r,i 
alliance  with  Prussia,  and  entered   into  direil 


1578 


:.-smmiik4i 


OERMAKT.  18««-1870. 


Qtrmanie 
Con/ederatioH. 


GERMANY,  1871. 


'■Vi 


DcgotUtioim  with  the  King  of  Holland,  a» 
Onuid-Dukc  of  Luxemburg.  Grrat  excitement 
wai  thereby  csuiied  in  Germany,  and,  as  a  time- 
ly warning  to  France,  Bismarcli  Burpri8e<l  the 
world  with  the  publi:uttion  of  the  secret  treaties 
between  PrusHiii  and  tlie  South  German  Htates. 
But  when  it  became  known  tliat  tlic  King  of 
Holland  was  actually  consenting  to  the  sale  of 
his  rights  in  Luxemburg  to  Napoleon,  there  was 
•o  loud  a  cry  of  indignation  in  all  parts  of  Ger- 
many, there  was  so  powerful  a  protest  in  the 
North  German  Parliament  agninst  any  huIc  of 
German  territory  by  the  Kini;  of  Holland,  that 
Count  Bismnnk,  hmisclf  surprised  at  tlie  vii;our 
of  the  patriotic  outburst,  declared  to  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Hague  llmt  tlie  eesnion  of  Luxem- 
burg would  Ix;  considered  a  casus  belli.  This 
peremptory  declaration  hiul  tlic  desired  effect: 
the  cession  did  not  *ake  place.  This  was  the 
first  success  in  European  politics  of  a  united 
Germany,  united  not  yet  politically,  but  in  spirit. 
That  was  satisfactory.  A  Conference  of  the 
Great  Powers  tlien  met  in  London  [May,  1867]; 
by  its  decision,  Luxemburg  was  sepumted  from 
Germany,  ami, —  to  give  some  kind  of  satisfac- 
tion to  the  Emperor  of  the  French. —  was  formed 
Into  a  neutral  State.  From  a  national  point  of 
view,  that  was  imsatisfactory.  .  .  .  The  danger 
of  an  outbreak  of  war  between  Krimce  and  Ger- 
many had  only  benn  wanted  off  for  a  time  by 
the  mternational  .settlement  of  the  Luxemburg 
question.  ...  In  the  early  part  of  July,  1M70, 
Prince  lieopold  of  HolienzollemSigmaringen,  at 
the  request  of  the  Spanish  Government.  Iwcamc 
a  candidate  for  the  Spanish  throne.  Napoleon 
UI.  seized  the  occitsion  to  carry  into  elTect.hia 
hostile  intentions  against  Germany. " —  O.  Krause, 
The  OroictA  of  OeriiuDt  llnitf/,cft.  13-14. 

Also  IN:  E.  Simon,  The  Emjieror  William  and 
hit  Reign,  eh.  9-10  (n.  1).— C.  A.  Fyffc,  IIi»t.  of 
Modern  Europe,  r.  3,  eh.  .5-6. 

A.  D.  1870  (June— July).— "  The  Hohenzol- 
lem  incident." — French  Declaration  of  War. 
.SeeFuAN-CK:  A.I).  18T0  (Jine— .Iii.v). 

A.  D.  1870  (September  — December).— The 
Germanic  Confederation  completed.— Feder- 
ative treaties  with  the  states  of  South  Cer- 
manT. — Su^estion  of  the  Empire.—"  Having 
decided  on  taking  Strasburg  and  )Ietz  from 
France"  Prussia  ''could  only  justify  tliat  con- 

auest  by  considerations  of  the  safety  of  South 
ermany,  and  she  could  only  defend  these  inter- 
ests by  elTecting  the  union  of  North  and  South. 
She  found  it  necessary  to  realise  tliis  union  at  any 
price,  even  by  sonic  concessions  in  favour  of  the 
autonomy  o^  those  Stab's,  and  especially  of 
Bavaria.  Such  was  the  spirit  in  which  negotia- 
tions were  oi)ened,  in  the  midille  of  SeptemlH'r, 
1870,  between  Bavaria  and  Prussia,  with  the  par- 
ticipation of  Baden,  Wurtenilx'rg  and  Hes.si'- 
Darmstadt  .  .  Prussia  asked  at  Urst  for  entire 
and  unreserved  adhesion  to  tlie  NorllK-rn  Confeil- 
eration,  a  solution  acceptable  to  liaiien.  Wurteni- 
berg  and  IIes.st -Darmstadt,  but  not  to  Bavaria. 
who  demanded  for  herself  tint  preservation  of 
certain  rightx,  and  for  licr  King  a  privileged 
position  in  the  future  ('oiifedenjtion  next  to  the 
king  of  Prussia.  Tlie  ncgoti.itioiis  'vitli  Baden 
and  Hcss<*-I>arinsta<lt  eanie  to  a  eoncluRion  011 
the  l,')th  of  Novemlier;  and  on  tlie  iM\,  Wurteiu- 
berg  accept<'d  the  saiiie  arningement.  These 
three  Stut<'s  agnrd  to  the  constitution,  slightly 
modified,    of  the    Northern   C'l.nfeileration;    the 


new  treaties  were  completed  by  military  cooTen- 
tions,  establishing  the  fusion  of  the  respective 
Corps  d'Armee  with  the  Federal  Army  of  the 
North,  under  the  command  of  the  King  of  Prus- 
sia. The  Treaty  with  Boviirla  was  signed  at 
Versailles  on  the  23rd  of  November.  The  con- 
cessions obtained  bv  the  Cabinet  of  Munich  were 
reduced  to  mere  trilies.  .  .  .  The  King  of  Bavaria 
was  allowed  the  command  of  his  army  in  time  of 
peace.  He  was  granted  the  administration  of 
the  Post-Ofllce  and  partial  autonomy  of  indirect 
contributions.  A  committee  was  conceded,  in 
tliv.'  Federal  Council,  for  Foreign  AHaira,  under 
tlic  Presidency  of  Bavaria.  The  right  of  the 
King  of  Prussia,  as  President  of  this  Council, 
to  declare  war,  was  made  conditional  on  its  con- 
sent. Such  were  tlie  Treaties  submitted  on  the 
24lli  of  Novemlier  to  the  sanction  of  the  Parlia- 
ment of  the  North,  assembled  in  an  Extraordi- 
nary Session.  They  met  with  intense  opposition 
from  the  National  Liberal  and  from  the  Pragni- 
sivc  Party,"  but  "  tlic  Parliament  sanctioned  the 
treaties  on  the  10th  of  December.  According  to 
tlic  Treaties,  tlie  new  association  received  the 
title  of  Germanic  Confederation,  and  the  King  of 
Prussia  that  of  its  President.  These  titles  were 
soon  to  undergo  an  important  alteration.  The 
King  of  Bavaria,  satisfied  with  the  concessions, 
more  apparent  than  real,  made  by  tbt  Prussian 
Cabinet  to  his  rights  of  sovereignty,  consented  to 
defer  to  the  wishes  of  King  William.  On  the 
4th  cf  December.  King  Louis  addressed  him 
[King  William]  a  letter,  informing  him  that  he 
had  invited  the  Confederate  sovereigns  to  revive 
the  German  Empire  and  confer  the  title  of  Em- 
peror on  the  President  of  the  Confederation.  .  .  . 
The  sovereigns  imineiliately  gave  their  consent,  so 
that  the  Imperial  titles  could  be  introduced  into 
the  new  Constitution  before  the  final  vote  of  the 
Parliament  of  the  North.  ...  To  tell  the  truth. 
King  William  attached  slight  importance  to  the 
votes  of  the  various  Chambers.  He  was  not  de- 
sirous of  receiving  his  new  dignity  from  the 
hands  of  a  Parliament ;  the  assent  of  the  sover- 
eigns was  in  his  eyes  far  more  essential." — E. 
Simon,  The  Emperor  William  and  hit  lieign,  eh, 
13  (r.  2). 

Ai.so  in:  O.  Freytag,  The  Cronn  Prince  and 
the  Imperial  Croirn. 

A.  O.  1870-187 1.— Victorious  war  with 
France.— Siege  of  Paris.— Occupation  of  the 
cit^. — Enormous  indemnity  exacted.— Acqni- 
aition  of  Alsace  and  part  of  Lorraine.  See 
Fka.nce:  a.  D.  1870  (July— AfocsT)  to  1871 
(J.\.Nf.\RY — May). 

A.  D.  1871  (January).  —  Assumption  of  the 
Imperial  dignity  by  King  V^illiam,  at  Ver- 
sailles.— "Early  in  December  the  proposition 
came  from  King  Ludwig  of  Bavaria  to  King 
William,  that  the  possession  of  the  ;iresidential 
riglits  of  the  Confe<leracy  vestj'd  in  the  Prussian 
monarch  should  be  coupled  with  the  imperial 
title.  The  King  of  Saxony  spoke  to  the  same 
purport;  and  in  one  day  a  measure  providing  for 
the  amendment  of  the  Constitution  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  the  words  '  Emperor'  and  'Empire' 
for  ' Presidint '  and  'Confederation' was  passed 
through  the  North  Gemiiin  Parliament,  which 
voted  als<i  an  address  to  his  Majesty,  from  which 
the  following  is  an  extract:  'The  North  German 
Parliament,  in  unison  with  the  Princes  of  Ger- 
many, appniaelies  with  tlie  prayer  that  your 
Majesty  will  deign  to  consecrate   the  work  of 


1 1 


if 


if^ 


111 

«3 


1579 


GERMANY,  1871. 


The  Hew  Kmptre. 


GERMANY.  1871-1879. 


I  If. 


»{'•'> 


!  . 


nit: 


.'!■ 


\- 


I      1 


r 


uniflcstion  b»  accepting  the  Imperial  Crown  of 
Germany.     1'lie  Teutonic  Cmwn  on  tlic  liead  of 
your  Mnjesty  will  inaugurate,  for  tlie  rccitab- 
lislied  Empire  of  tlie  Oerman  nation,  an  era  of 
power,  of  peace,  of  welllM'Ing,  and  of  liberty 
iccured  umfer  tlie  protection  of  tlic  laws.'    Tlic 
address  o'.  tlic  Oennaii  Parliament  waa  presented 
to  the  Ki'ig  at  Versailles  on  Siindiiy,  tlic  18tli  of 
IXiciiiIkt,  'ly  its  gpenlter,  Ilerr  Simson,  who,  as 
speaki  rol  tlir  Frankfort  Parliament  in  1848,  had 
madi  the  iiliiilioal  proffer  to  William's  brother 
and  pndeci'ssor  [«■«  a'nive:  A.  1>.  1848-1850]. 
.  .  .  Tlic    formal  rutitication  <if  assent   to  the 
Prussian  King's  assumption  of  the  impfrial  dig- 
nity had  yet  to  be  received  from  the  n'''ior  Ger- 
nicnStjitea;  but  this  was  a  foregone     ..illusion, 
and  the  uuiflcation  of  Oemiany  really  ilaU'S  from 
that   18th  of  DcccmlH-r,  and  from  the  solemn 
ceremonial  in  the  prefecture  of  Versailles."— A. 
ForlH'S.  H'i7/(V/i»  (/  Oeni.iiiii,  cli.  1'2.— King  Wil- 
liam's formal  assumption  of  the  Imperial  dignity 
took  place  on  the  l«tli  (jf  .January,  1871.     "The 
Crown  I'rince  was  entrusted  with  all  the  prepa- 
rations for  the  ceremony.     Kvcry  regiment  in 
the  army  of  investment  was  instructed  to  send 
its  colours  in  charge  of  an  olliccr  and  two  iion- 
comnii>K4ioncd  otllccrs  to  Versailles,  and  all  the 
higher  otllccrs  who  could  U'  spared  from  duty 
were  ordered  to   attend,  for  the  army  was   to 
represent  the  tiirman  nation  «•  il.U  memorable 
scene.     The  Crown   Prirae   i.sc.  rt(       his  fatluT 
from  the  Prefecture  to  the  palace  of  Versailles, 
where  all  the  (Jernian  I'rinces  or  their  repn'sen 
tativis  were  assembled  in  the  Galcrie  dcs  Olaccs. 
A  R|Hcial  service  was  read  by  the  military  <lmp- 
'ains,  and  then  the  Emperor,  mounting  on  the 
dais,  announced  his  assumption  of  Imp'rial  au- 
thority, and  instructed  his  Cliaiicellor  to  i-cmcI  the 
Proclamation  issued  to  the  whole  German  nation. 
Then  the  Crown  I'rincc,  as  the  first  subject  of 
the  Empire,  came  forwanl  and  performed  the 
solemn  act  of  homage,  kneeling  down  before  his 
Imperial  Father.     The  Emiwror  raised  him  and 
claspt^d  to  his  arms  the  son  who  hail  toiled  and 
fought  and  borne  so  gn^at  a  share  in  achieving 
what  many  generations  had  desired  in  vain."— 
K   Hodd,  Frederick,  Croini  Prince  anil  Kmjieror, 
cli.  5. 

\.\so   in:    C.    Lowe,   I'rincf   lUmmrck.    ch.  9 

("   1) 
A.  D.  1871  (April).— The  Conititutiou  of  the 

new  Empire.— ftv  a  pro'laination  dated  April 
16,  1871,  the  (iernian  Eiiip<nir  onlereil.  "in  the 
name  of  the  German  Eiiipiie,  by  and  witli  the 
consent  of  the  C^ouncil  of  the  Confederation  and 
of  the  Imperial  Diet,"  that  "in  the  place  of  the 
Constitution  of  the  German  Confcnleration,"  as 
agri'cd  to  in  NovemlxT  1870.  there  ')e  8ul>gtituted 
a  Constitution  for  tlie  German  Em, 'ire. —  the  text 
of  which  appeared  as  an  appendix  to  this  im- 
perial decree.  For  a  full  translation  of  the  text 
sec  Constitution  ok  Okrmany. 

Ai.so  IN  K.  Ilertslet.  T/ie  M>ip  of  Eiiropi  hi/ 
Tn.,!,,.  r.  ;l.  .V.    442 

A.  b.  1871-1873  — The  Gold  Standard.  Ne 
MoNKV  andBankini;:  A.  D   1H7U1N7:'. 

A.  D.  i87i-i879.-Organiz«tion  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Alsace-Lorraine  as  an   imperial 

province.—  'How  to  garner  the  territorial  bar 
vcjilof  the  war  — .\lsace  Lorraine  -v.  as  a  iiucs 
tion  which  greatly  yexcd  the  parlianie.itary  mind. 
Several  possible  solutions  Im.l  pn'si  iitiil  them 
wives     'The  con(iuered  provinces  might  be  made 


neutral  territory,  which,  with  Belgium  on  OM 
side,  find  Switzeriand  on  the  other,  would  thui 
Interpoie  a  continuous  barrier  against  French 
aggression  from  the  mouth  of  tlie  Rhine  to  ita 
source.     But  one  fata!  objection,  among  several 
others,  to  the  adoption  of  this  courae,  was  the 
utter  lock,  in  the  Alsace  Lorraineni, of  the  primary 
coniiitiim  of  '.he  existence  of  all  neutral  Htates  — 
a  detemiiiiatlon  on  the  part  of  the  neutralised 
people  themselves  to  lie  and  n-maln  neutral.    And 
none  knew  lietler  than  Rismarck  that  it  woulu 
take  years  of  the  most  careful  nursing  to  recon- 
cile the  kidnapiied  children  of  Fnrice  to  their 
adoptive  parent.    For  him,  the  only  serious  ques- 
tion was  whellier  Alsacc-Ix>r™inc  should  be  an- 
nexed   to    I'russia,  or  be  made  an  immediate 
lU'iclisland  (Imm-rial  Province).     '  From  the  very 
first,"  ho  said, '  I  was  most  decidedly  for  the  latter 
alternative,  first — because  there  is  no  reason  whj 
dynastic  questions   should   be  niited   up  with 
p<ilitical  ones;  and,  secondly  —  because  I  think 
It  will  lie  easier  for  the  Alsatians  to  take  to  the 
name  of  " German  "  tlian  to  that  of  "Prussian," 
the  latter  iM'Ing  detested  in  France  in  comparison 
with  the  other.'     In  Its  firet  «<«sion,  accordingly, 
tlie  Diet  was  nsKcd  to  piuts  a  law  IncoriMiratlng 
Alsacclxirmine  witli  the   Empin-,  and   placing 
the  annexed  |miviiices  under  a  provisional  dlc- 
L.torsliip  till  the  1st  January,  1S74,  when  they 
would  enter  into  the  enjoyment  of  constitutional 
rights  in  common  with  ilic  rest  of  the  nation. 
Hut  the  latter  clause  provoked  much  contn»  ersy. 
...   A  compromise  was  ultimately  etTecte<l  by 
w  hicli  the  duration  of  the  dictatorship,  or  period 
within  wliich  tlic  Imperial  Government  alone  waa 
to  liftve  the  right  of  making  laws  for  Alsacel-or- 
raine,  was  shorteneil  till  1st  .lanuary,  1873;  while 
the  Diet,  on  the  other  hand,  was  only  to  have 
I  supervision  of  sudi  loans  or  guorantces  as  affected 
the  Empire.     In  the  following  year,  how  ever,  tJie 
l)iet  came  to  the  conclusiim  that,  after  all,  the 
original  term  flx.1l  for  tlie  dictatorship  was  the 
more  advisable  of  the  two.  and  prolonge<l  it  ac- 
conlingly.     For  the  next  three  years,  therefore, 
the  Iteiclisland  was  governed  from  the  Wiihelm- 
strasse.  as  India  is  ruled  from  Downing  Street 
.  .  .  Inthe  beginning  of  1874  .  .  .  fifteen  depu- 
ties from   Alsacc-I>orraine  — now  thus  far  ad- 
mitted within  the  pale  of  the  Constitution  —  took 
their  scats  in  the  second  German  Parliament.    Of 
these    fifteen    deputies,  five   were    out-and-out 
French  Protesters,  and  the  rest  Clericals— seven 
of   the  latter  being  clergymen.  Including    the 
Hishops  of  >Ielz  and  Strasburg.  •    They  entered 
tlie  Diet  in  a  liody,  with  much  theatrical  pomp, 
the  clergy  wearing  their  rolics;  and  one  of  the 
French  I'rotesters — bearingthe  unfortunate  name 
of  Teiitsch  — immediately  tahlcil  a  motion  that 
the  inhabitants  of  Alsace-Ixirraine,  having  been 
annexed  to  Germany  without  being  thcmsclvei 
consulK  d,  should  now  lie  granted  an  opportunity 
of  expressing  their  opinion  on  the  subject  by  a 
plebiscite.  .  .  .  Tlicm  ition  of  French  M.  Teutsch, 
^,  ho  spoke  fiueiit  Ger    an,  w  as  of  course  rejected ; 
whereupon   he  and  several  of  his  compatriot* 
stmiglitwny  retunied  home,  and  left  the  Diet  to 
deal  with  the  lnU>restsof  tlieir  constituents  as  it 
liked.     Thoseof  his  colleagues  who  remained  be- 
hind only  did  so  to  complain  of  tlie  '  intolemble 
tyranny    under  which  Mie  provinces  were  groan- 
ing, and  to  move  for  the  repeal  of  the  law  (of 
Decemlier.  1871)  which  invested  the  local  Gov- 
ernment witii  dictatorial  powers.   .  .  .  Believing 


1580 


JS&i. 


GEKMANY,   1871-1878 


7»»  Culturkampf. 


GERMANY,  1878-1887 


homerulr  to  he  one  of  the  Ix'st  ifunrantees  of 
fctlerni  colie»ion.  Bismarck  (li-temiiiicil  to  try  I  lie 
effect  of  tills  ceineutin»r  iijt''iicy  on  the  newest 
part  ot  the  Imperinl  eilltlce:  nml.  In  the  autumn 
of  1874,  lie  a<lvl»e<l  the  KmiMror  to  grant  the 
Al«a«:e- Lormlners  (not  liy  law.  hiil  liy  onlinanc-e, 
which  could  eaailv  tie  revoked)  a  previous  voice 
on  all  hills  to  lie  siilimilteil  to  the  Iteichstag  on 
the  domestic  nml  H»»-«l  alTairs  of  the  imivlnces. 
.  In  the  foUowinx  suminer  (June.  1875),  there- 
fore, there  met  iit  StrastiiirK  the  Hrst  I-nmicsuus- 
K'huss,  or  Provincial  Committee.  conii«»<il  of 
delegat<!8,  thirty  in  numbiT,  from  the  administra- 
tive District  Councils.  ...  So  will,  indeed,  on 
the  whole,  did  this  iirninKcnient  work,  that  within 
two  years  of  Its  creiilion  tlie  Ijindesaiisschuss 
was  Invested  with  much  hrouiler  powers.   .  .   . 
Thus  it  came  alioiit  that,  while  the  Ucichshinil 
continued  to  lie  (tovemed  from  Hirliii.  the  mak- 
ing of  its  laws  was  more  and  mori'  contined  to 
Strashurg.  .  .  .  The  piir,j  of  the  Irreconcilahles 
had  iHfn  gradually  giving  way  to  the  Autono- 
mi«ts,  or  tliotM^  who  sulMirilinaled  the  ((ucstiiin  of 
nationality  to  that  of  home  nilc.     lljipidly  gain- 
ing in  strength,  this  latter  piirtv  at  lust  (in  the 
spring  of  1H7I»)  petitioned  the  Ueiclistuir  fnr  iiii 
ludeiiendent  (lovernnHnt,  with  it.s  x iil  in  iStnis- 
burg,  for  the  representation  of  the  Ueichslanil  in 
the  Fwleral  C'ouneil.aml  for  an  enlurgenunt  of 
the  functions  of  the  Provincial  Committee.    Xotli- 
ing  could  have  lieen  more  gratifying  to  Uismarek 
than  this  riMiuest,  amounting,  as  it  did,  to  a  re- 
luctant ri-cognition of  the  Tnutyof  Krankfortou 
the  part  of  the  Alsace- Lorraincrs.     lie  tlHreforc 
replied  that  he  was  (luite  willing  to  coiif.  r  on 


e; 


H^ 


the  provinces  't  lie  highest  ilegreeot  imliiKMidcncc 
compatible  witli  the  military  security  of  the  Km- 
pire.'  The  Diet,  without  distinction  of  parlv. 
appiauded  his  words;  and  not  only  that,  but  it 
hastened  to  pasa  a  bill  em'.KKlying  ideas  at  which 
the  Cliancellorhini.-ielf  had  hinted  in  tliepnvious 
year.  Hy  this  bill,  the  governmi  iit  of  Aisace- 
Lorndnc  wa.s  to  centre  in  a  ><latllialter.  or  Im- 
erial  Viceroy,  living  at  .Strasbiirg,  instead  of,  as 
icretofore,  in  the  cliancellor.  .  .  .  Without  lie- 
ing  a  Sovereign,  this  .Stattlialter  was  to  exercise 
all  but  sovereign  rights.  .  .  .  For  this  higliolhce 
the  Emperor  selected  the  brilliant  soiilier  stales- 
man.  Marshal  ManteutT.l.  .  .  .  Cerlainly,  Ills 
Majesty  could  not  possibly  have  chosen  a  b<lter 
man  for  the  responsilile  otlice.  whidi  tlic  .Mai-shal 
assuimnl  on  tho  1st  OctolM-r.  IHTll.  Henceforth. 
the  conquered  provinces  entered  an  eiitinly  new 
phase  of  their  e.vistence.  .  .  .  WlietlicrtheUcichs- 
laad  will  ever  ripen  into  an  inlegral  part  of 
Prussia,  or  into  a  regular  Federal  State  with  a 
Prussian  prince  for  its  Sovereign,  the  future 
alone  can  show."— l^.  Ijiwe,  /Vi'««  nifiihiirk:  ch. 

A.  5.  1873-1887.— The  Culturkampf.— The 
"  May  Laws  "  and  their  repeal.-"  Tlict  ierman 
Culturkampf.  or  civilization-light,  as  its  illus- 
trious chief  promoter  is  said  to  have  iiamcil  it. 
may  eiiually  well  lie  styled  tiie  religion  coinliat. 
or  ediu  ation  strife.  .  .  .  The  arena  i^f  the  Cul- 
turkampf in  Germany  is.  strictly  speaking.  Prus- 
sia and  llesse  Darmstadt- pre  emimntly  the  for- 
mer. Aceonling  to  the  last  census,  taken  Decem- 
ber i.  1880.  the  population  of  Prussia  is  •.•7.278.U11. 
Of  these,  the  Protestants  are  17.04.1.4(tt.  being 
64.7  per  cent,  and  the  Catholics  !».iO.").  136.  or 
84.1  per  c-ent.,  of  the  total  population.  The 
lemaioder  arc  principally  Jews,  amounting  to 


863  79<),  or  1.3.14  p<'r  cent.     It  was  on  the  9th 
of  January.    1873,  that   Dr.    Falk,    Minister  of 
Public  Worship,  first  intrtKluced  into  the  Prtissian 
Diet  the   bills,    which   were  afterwards    to   lie 
known  as  the  Mav  Laws  [so  called  becaus<:  they 
were  geuerallv  p"as8.'d  in  the    month    of    May, 
altliouirh  in  different  years,  but  also  called  the 
Falk  Ijiws,  from  the  M'iiiistcrwho  framed  them]. 
These  laws,  which,  for  the  future,  weri'  to  regu- 
late the  relations  of  Church  and  State,  i)iirp<irted 
to  apply  to  the  Evangelical  or  united  Protestant 
State  Church  of  I'russia  .   .   ,  ms  well  as  to  tlio 
Catholic  Church.     Tlieir  protessid  main  obieeta 
were:  first,  to  insure  greater  lilierty  to  individual 
lav  memlKrs  of  those  chiirelies;  secondly,  to  »•- 
cilre  a  German  and  national,  rather  tlian  an  'l  I- 
traniontane '  and  non  national,  training  for  the 
clergy;    and.    tliirdiv,    to    protect    the    inferior 
clergy  against  the  tyranny  of  their  superiors  — 
wliicii  simply  meant,  as  proved  in  tlies.uiiel,  the 
withdrawal  of    priests  and    people,  m  matters 
spiritual,  Irom  the  jurisdiction  of  the  bishops, 
and  the  8«>paration  of  Catlioiic  Prussia  from  the 
Centre  of   Initv;    thus  substituting  a  local  or 
national  Churcti.  liouud   luind   and  fisit,  under 
State  regulation,  for  a  nourishing  brain  h  of  the 
Universal  Church.     To  promote  these  olijects.  it 
was  provided,  that  all  Ecclesiastical  seminaries 
should  Ir'  placed  under  Suite  control ;  and  tiiat  all 
canilidatcs  for  Ww  priesthooil  should  puss  a  State 
examination   in  thi'  usual  subjects  01  a  lilieral 
education:  and  it  was  further  provided,  that  the 
State  should  have  the  riu'lit  to  contirm  or  to  reject 
all  appointments  of  clergy.      Tlase  bills  were 
readily  pas.se<l :  and  all  the  religious  orxlers  and 
ci.ngrigations  were  sujipressed.  witli  tlie  provis- 
iona'   exception  of   tliose  wliii  li  devoted  tliem- 
sei     s  to  the  care  ot  tlie  sick:  and  all  Catholic 
siniinarics   were  dose.'    .  .   .  The    Bishops   re- 
fused to  obey  the  new  laws,  which  in  conscience 
till  v  could  not  accept ;  and  they  subscrila-d  a  col- 
](■(  live  declaration  to  this  effect,  on  the  ittth  of 
May  1H7;!.     On  the   7th  of  August  following, 
i'ope  Pius  IX.  aildressi'ii  a  strong  letter  of  remon- 
strance to  the   Emptror  William ;  but  entirely 
wiihout  effect,  as  may  be  sien  in  the  Imperial  re- 
ply of  the  "nil  of  SiMilember.     In  punishment  of 
llieir  opposition,  several  of  the  liisliopsand  great 
numlKTS  of  tliiir  clergy  were  fined,  imprisoned, 
exiled,  and  deprived  of  their  salaries.     Especially 
nolalile  among  the  victims  of  persecution,  were 
llie  venerable  Archbishop  of  Cologne,  Primate 
of   Prussia,  the  Bisiiop  of  Jlunster,  the  Prince 
Bishop  of  Brcslau,  the  Bishop  of  PaderlHini,  and 
Cardinal    Unlochowski.    .Vrclibisliop  of  Gnesen 
and  Posen,  on  w  honi,  then  in  prison,  a  Cardinal's 
hat  w:is  conferred  by  the  Pope,  in  JIarch  1873, 
as  a  mark  of  svmpalhy,  encouragement,  and  ap- 
proval   .   .   .  'the   lifteen    Catholic    dioceses  of 
Prussia  coinprisecl,  in  January  1873.  a  Catholic 
aL'v'reu'ale  of  8,71  l,.'i3>')  souls.     They  were  ailiniu- 
istercii  by  4.627  parisli-priests.  and  3,812  coadju- 
tor priests,    or  curaiis,  licing  a  total   of  8.439 
elersry.     Eight  years  later,  owing  to  the  opera- 
tion~ot  the  May  Laws,  there  were  exileil  or  dead, 
wiihout  being  replaced,  1,770  of   these  clergy, 
viz..    l.r.Ti    parish-priests,    and   645  coadjutor- 
priests;  and  there  were  601  parishes,  comprising 
644  6i»7    souls.  (|uite  destitute  of   clerical  care, 
and  ."184   parishes,    or  1., 501, 994  s<iuls.  partially 
destitute  tliereof.     Besides  thes.;    1,770  secular 
priests,  deail  or  exiled,  and  not  replaced,  there 
were  ti.i  regular  clergy  (the  members  of  religious 


1581 


GERMAN  V.   1873- 18»T 


fWdrruk  III 
mil  H'lJIiam  ;/ 


UKKMANY.   1H88. 


I  n 


i*ji.- 


t't' 


)  { 


!! 


\i\ 


i 
t 


f. 


i{'> 


ordcn),  ull  of  whom  hud  Iwcn  rxpcllcd."— J    N 
Murphy,    The   Chiiir  •>/  I'tler.    eh.   29— "Why 
was  the  Kiiltiirkanipr   iimlrrtttkiii?     Thin  is  a 
qufstlon  (ifii'ii  asked,  and  iiiiswtrcd  in  illiriTctit 
ways.     Tliat  I'ltramoniaiiiHiii  ia  a  (ianKir  tn  tin- 
Kmplrc  is  the  usual  <x|)laimll(iii;  l)Ut  pnnif  i:< 
not    pnHiiiiihIr.       .    .   I  Itramniiiauisiii,  a.  It  is 
umlcixlinHl  in  Fniucp  and  lUiniuni,  has  nivrr 
taken  ri»)t  in  (Jirinany.     It  w«»  reprcwntiil  hy 
the   .Iisuils,   and   when   they  were   gut   rid   (if, 
Cathiiliiisni  remained  as  a  rt'li);l(in.  Init  ndt  as  a 
l«)iilirnl    factor.   .   .   .   The   real  jiurpiis.'  of   the 
Kuiturkampf  hnslK'en,  I  eonceive.  centra'i.'ijilion. 
it  hasiK.t  iN-en  watfe<l  apiiiist  the  Honian  Church 
olily.   for  the  same  prmess  has    iM'cn  followed 
wilhliiel'role.stant  Cliurches.     It  w  as  intohnihle 
in  a  MroHK  centralisini;  (Joveniment  to  have  a 
Calvinist  anda  I.utliemn  Chun  li  side  liv  side,  and 
iKiIh  toeall  Ihiinsilves  I'ntteslaiil.     It'inlerfered 
with  systciiiiilic  and  neat  account  kieping  of  puli- 
lic  e.V|Miiiliiure  for  relij;ious  puriiose.s.     Consc- 
qnenlly,  in  iwm.  the  Kin>[  of  Prussia  »uppr..s.sed 
Calvinism  and    I.utheranism.  and  established  a 
new  KvimReliial  Chunlion  their  ruins,  wiilicon. 
Ktitution  ami  liturjiy  chiillv  of  his  own  drawing 
up.     The  l'roIl■^tunt  <  liureliis  of  Baden,  Nassau, 
lles,sc.  and    llic    Havari.in    I'aliitinate   have  also 
licen  fused  and  ori;ani.sid  on  the  I'rus^iiin  ]ullern. 
In  Sehleswij;  llolstein   anil   in   Ilannvir  exisleil 
pure  I.ulhernns,  hut  they,  for  uiiiformilys  sake, 
have  heeii  also  ri-eenlly"uiiilied  and  melted  into 
the  I.andeskirilieof  I'russia.     A  inilitarv  govern- 
mint  I  Munot  tolerali'  anv  sort  of  doiilile  allegiance 
in  ilsMilijeets.     Kdui  aiioii  and  reliirion,  medicine 
and   jurisprudent  !■,    I.  h  i;raph8   and    post  olllce, 
inust  he  underihe  jiiriMiielion  of  the  (slate. 
From  the  point  of  view  of  a  military  despotism^ 
tlie  May  \:\WH  are  reasonable  and  neiVs»ar> .     As 
(ierm.iiiv  is  a  (Treat  camp,  tile  eler);v,  Protestant 
and  Catholic,  niusi  be  military  ehajilains  amen- 
able to  the  i;eneral  in  coniinanil.   ...   I  have  no 
doubt  wliateviT  that  this  is  t lie  real  e.xjilanation 
of  the  Kuiturkampf,  and  tliatull  other  e.\plana- 
tionsan'excus<sand  inventions.  .  .  .  TheChan- 
cellor,  when  he  iH'fran  the  crusade,  had  probably 
no  idea  of  the  opposition  he  woidd  meet  with, 
and   when   the  opposition   manifcsU'd   itself,  it 
irritated  him.  and  nuide  him  nion>  do^rired  in  pur- 
suing; his  siIhuic.  "— S.  Harinjrdould,' (/Vrm<(HV 
/V/«„/  ,„„/  /•„,/,  e/i.    i:t  (/■  2) —••The   passive 
resistance  of  tlie  clertry  and  laity,  standing  on 
their  own  Krounil,  and  aclin);  together  in  com- 
plete  aiireement,   succeeiled   in   the  end.      The 
laity  had  recognised  theirown  priests,  even  when 
suspended  by  Koyerninenl.  and  had  nsolutelv  re- 
fused to  ri'ceive  others;    ami  liotli  priests"aiid 
laily  insisted  upon  theChurcn  regulating  its  own 
theological  education.        Vussia  and  Baden  Ih-- 
caine  weary  of  the  contest.     In  IHWO  and  IWl 
the  ■  May  Laws '  were  suspended,  and,  after  ne- 
gotiation with  Ix'o  XIII.,  they  were  to  a  large 
extent  npealed.     IJy  this  change,  completed  in 
Aiiril.    IH(<T,    the  obligations  of  civil   marriage 
and    the    vesting   of   (.'atholic   proiH'rty   in    the 
hands  of  lay  triistei^s  wen-  retained,  but  the  legis 
lative    interference  with   the   administration  of 
tlie  Church,  including  the  education  reiiuired  for 
the    priestliiHMl,   was  wholly   ubundoned.      The 
1  russian  (iovemment  had  entirely  miscalculated 
its   power  with   the   I'hurch. ■— The   same,  T/if 
(hiiirl^  ,/,  Utrmnny,  rh.  21  —Hy  the  Bill  passed 
in  IHMi.    •all  niigious  congregations  which  ex- 
isted iH'fore  the  jmssing  of  the  law  of  May  31, 


■'f-" 


1582 


\«lf>.   wen:  to  lie  allowitl  to  nTstablish    them- 
selves, pnividisl  their  objectn  wen'  purely  reli- 
gious,   charitable,    or  eont<'mplative.       .   .   The 
Society  of  .lesus,  which  is  a  l4'aching  imler,  wu 
not  included  in  this  permissimi      But  I'rinccBin- 
miirck'sditerniiiialion  never  to  niidniit  the  .lesu- 
ils  is  wi'll  known    .       .  The  Kill  left  very   few 
vestiges  of  the  May  laws  remaining."— ,l"n««<ii 
/{■f/intir,  \HH7,  pi.  1,  .,.  24,-,      See  I'.\p.\cy  ■  A   I) 
Im:(>-1H7-«. 
.\l.so  IN  :  C  r,owe,  I'riiirf  lliniifirrk  ch    12-13 
A.  D.  1 878- 1 879. -Adoption  of  the  Protec- 
ti»e   policy.     See   Taihkk    I.kiiisi.ation  (flKH- 
Mivvi:  A.   I)    lM.-,:|-lMit2 

A.  D.  1878-1893.— The  Socialiit  Partiet.- 
Socialiitic    Meaiurei.      See    .Socui,    .Movk- 

MKNTS:    \.    I)     |S7.-,_1S|(:I;    lNH3-lHHlt 

A,   D.   1882. -The    Triple    Alliance.      .Sec 

TlliPl.K  .\|.1,1\M  K 

A.  D.  1884-1894.— Colonization  in  Africa.— 
Territorial  leizuret.- The  Berlin  Conference. 

See  Akiiica  :  A.  I).  ISKt;  1HN4-1MU1  ;  and  after 

A.  D.  1888.— Death  of  the  Emperor  William 
I-— Acceiiion  and  death  of  Frederick  III.— 
Accession  of  William  11.— The  Empenir  Wil 
ham  died  on  the  l»tli  of  Manh,  IHHU.  He  was 
succeeded  by  his  son,  pnHlainied  under  the  tilh' 
of  Kn'derii  k  III.  The  new  Kniperor  was  then  at 
San  Hemo,  undirgoing  treatment  for  a  mortal 
malady  of  the  throat.  lie  ntiirned  at  once  to 
Berlin,  where  an  uiifavonible  turn  of  the  disea-se 
siKin  appeand.  '•  Consi(|iiintly  an  Imperial  de 
cree.  dai.d  Ihe  21st  of  .Manh,  was  addn'sscd  to 
the  (Yowii  Prince  and  published,  expn'ssing  the 
w ish  of  th"'  Knii«nir  that  the  Primi'  should  make 
himself  conversant  wilii  the  alTairs  of  State  by 
ininiediale  participation  tlieniii.  Ills  Ini|M'rial 
Highness  was  aceonlingly  entrusted  with  the 
preparation  and  discharge  of  such  State  business 
as  the  EniiM'mr  should  a.ssign  to  him.  and  he  was 
empowered  in  the  perforinaiice  of  this  duly  to 
alllx  all  neipssary  signatures,  as  the  representa- 
tive of  the  EniiH'nir,  without  obtaining  an  es- 
pecial authorisation  on  each  iK'casion.  .  .  .  The 
insidious  malady  fmm  which  the  Empi'mr  suf- 
fend  exhibited  "iiiiiny  fluctuations,"  but  the  end 
c.iinc  on  the  l.'ith  of  June,  his  reign  having  lasted 
only  thn'c  months.  He  was  siicceiKled  hy  his 
cMest  son,  who  Iwcanie  Empenir  William  II.— 
Kiiiiiteut  J'irmm:  liii>ijraphie»  reprinleiifrmn  The 
Timeii,  r.  4,  ;»/>.  1  Pi-It."). 

Also  IN:  U.  RtKld,  hWileriek,  Cnnrn  Prineeniiit 
Empirnr.—d.  Frevtag,  The  Crntrn  I'rinre 

A.  D.  1888.— The  end  of  the  Free  Cities.— 
"The  last  two  cities  to  uplioUl  the  name  and 
tmditions  of  the  IIan.seatic  Ix'ague,  Hamburg 
and  Bn'men,  have  been  incorporateil  into  the 
(ierman  Zoll  Ven'in,  thus  finally  surnndcring 
their  old  historical  privileges  as  fn'c  ports.  Ml- 
beek  to<ik  this  step  some  twenty-two  years  ago 
flHB6],  Hamburg  and  Bremen  not  till  Octolnr, 
1888— so  long  had  they  n-sisted  Prince  Bis- 
marck's mon'  or  less  gentle  suasions  to  enter  his 
PniU'ction  league.  .  .  .  They,  and  Hanihurg  in 
particular,  held  out  nobly,  Jealous,  and  rightly 
jealous,  of  the  curtailment  of  those  privileges 
which  distinguished  them  fnim  the  other  cities 
of  the  German  Empire.  It  was  after  the  fotin 
dation  of  this  emjiire  that  the  claim  of  the  two 
( ilies  to  remain  free  porta  was  conceded  and 
ratjfled  in  the  Imperial  Constitution  of  April, 
1871,  though  the  privilege,  in  the  case  of  Ham- 
burg, was  restricted  to  the  city  and  port,  and 


OERMAinr,  1888. 


BiMmarck 
and  WU'am  II. 


OGRMANY,  1889-1880. 


withdrawn  from  the  rc«t  of  the  State,  which  ex- 
tendi to  the  moutii  of  the  Elbe  and  embraci'ii 
■bout  180  Miuant  nilleii,  while  the  free-port  U-rri- 
tory  was  reduced  to  2H  Mjnarr  iiiile«.  Tlilii  waa 
the  first  wrimiii  inlerferenie  witli  the  city'*  liberty, 
aod  others  followed.  iwrhaiM  rather  of  a  wtty, 
annoyiDK,  than  of  a  seriousfy  «KKre«Hlve,  clmmr- 
ter,  but  enough  to  »how  the  direction  in  which 
the  wind  was  blowing.  It  wan  in  1880  that  tlie 
proposal  to  induilc  Hamburg  In  the  Customs 
Union  was  first  p.illtically  discussed.  ...  In 
May,  1881,  .  .  .  was  drafted  a  pr(i|)o«al  to  the 
effect  that  the  whole  of  the  city  and  port  of 
Hamburg  should  be  included  in  the  Zoll  Vcrein." 
After  long  and  earnest  diwusslon  the  projiositlon 
waa  adopted  by  the  Senate  and  the  Hou&e  of 
Burgesses.  "  The  delailH  for  carrying  Into  effect 
this  conclusion  have  (Kcupicil  iieven  years,  and 
the  event  waa  finally  i'elebraicil  with  great  pomp, 
the  Emperor  William  II.  coming  in  person  to 
enhance  the  Boleniiiily  of  the  sacrifice  brought 
by  tlie  burghers  of  the  erst  free  dty  for  the  com 
mon  weal  of  tile  German  Fatliirliinil.  .  .  .  The 
last  and  only  privilege  the  three  imce  jHiwerfiU 
Hanseatic  cities  retain  is  that  (^f  iKUig  entitled, 
like  the  gri'atcst  States  in  the  enipire,  to  send 
their  own  representatives  in  llie  liundesrath  and 
to  the  Iteiihstag,"— H.  Zimmern.  Thf  lliinm 
ToiFim.  iHriml :),  rh.  K.  ti'itf. 

A.  D.  1888-1889,  —  Prussian  Free  School 
taws.  See  Kiiiiation.  Mh.kk.n;  Ktitoi'KAS 
Coi'NTmKs.-1'iiissi.v;  INN.  IHUK. 

A.  D.   1889-1890.—  Rupture    between    Em- 

Seror  William  II.  and  Chancellor  Bismarck.— 
tetirement  of  the  great  Chancellor. — S(  s  m  after 
the  accessiiin  of  William  II.,  signs  of  discord  1m- 
tween  tlie  yimng  Kinpcnir  ami  the  veteran  states- 
man. Chancellor  Hismarck.  iM^giin  to  apiiear. 
"In  March.  1H89,  the  Minister  of  Finance  had 
drawn  up  a  Hill  for  the  reform  of  the  incomi'  tax. 
which  had  iHrn  sami'oiied  by  the  Emperor;  sud- 
denly I'riiiie  Bisnmrck  interfered,  ilecliiring  that 
It  wiis against  the  agmrian  interest,  and  the  Ijind- 
tag,  summoned  expressly  to  vote  that  liill.  was 
dismissed  'reinacla.'  Count  Waldersec,  the  Chief 
of  the  Oenend  Staff,  an  eminent  and  independent 
man,  and  standing  high  in  favour,  hail  fur  years 
been  a  thorn  in  the  Chancellor's  side,  wlui  l(Kiked 
upon  liim  as  a  possible  rival ;  he  had  tried  to  over- 
throw him  under  Kreiierie  III.,  but  had  not  suc- 
ceeded, .Moltke  proa-sting  tlint  the  general  was 
lndis|)ensable  to  the  army.  When  Waldersec,  in 
the  siiininer  of  1889,  accompanied  the  Enipcnir  to 
Norway,  a  letter  apiwared  in  the  Hamburger 
Nachrichten,  to  the  effect  that  in  a  Mim  lir  he 
had  directetl  his  sovereigns  altenlion  to  the 
threatening  ehanicter  of  tlu'  Kiis.sian  armaments, 
and  liad  advised,  in  contnidictionto  the  Chancel- 
lor's policy,  tlie  forcing  of  war  upon  Russia. 
The  Cimni  fr<im  Trondlijem  iiildressed  a  tele 
graphic  denial  to  tlie  paper,  stating  that  he  had 
never  presented  sucii  a  .Memoir;  but  the  Nach- 
richten registiTcd  this  declaralion  in  a  garbled 
form  and  in  small  type,  and  tlic  Nonliliulsclie 
Zeitung,  wliidi  at  the  same  lime  had  piililished 
an  article,  to  the  effe(  t  that  accordiiiL'  to  (ieneral 
von  Clausewitz,  war  is  only  the  ( onliniiation  of 
a  certain  policy,  and  that  Ihcrel'on'  'lie  Chief  of 
tlie  OcniTiil  Staff  miisl  needs  l>e  under  the  order 
of  the  Foreign  Minister,  took  no  notice  of  the 
Count's  protest.  ...  In  tlie  wiimr  ses.sion  of 
the  Iteiclistag  the  (lovernnunt  priMnted  a  Hill 
tending  to  make  tin-  law  against  Social-Democracy 


a  permanent  one,  but  even  the  pliant  National 
Liberals  objected  to  the  clause  that  the  p<illce 
should  he  entitled  to  exiiel  Social  I  )einiKral8  from 
the  large  towns.     They  would  have  been  ready 
to  grant  that  ix'mdsslon  for  two  years,  but  the 
Government  AM  not  accept  this,  and  the  Bill  fell 
10  the  groiuid.     The  reason,  which  at  that  time 
was  not  generally  undersUKal,  was.  that  tlier(M'X- 
isted  alreiuly  a  liiteh  la'tween  the  policy  of  the 
Chancellor  and  that  of  the  Emperor,  who  had  ar- 
rived at  the  conviction  that  the  law  against  S<MiaI 
Democrats  was  not  only  liarren,  but  had  increased 
their  power.     Tills  diltereuce  was  acccntuateil  by 
the  Imperial  decree  of  February  4  in  favour  <if 
the  protection  of  children's  and  women's  lalsmr. 
which  the  Chainillor  had  stea<lily  resisted,  and 
by  the  inyitatiou  of  an  international  conference  for 
that  end.    IMnce  Bismarck  resigned  the  .Ministry 
of  Commerie,  and   was  replaced   by  Herr  von 
Uerlepscli,  who  was  to  pn'side  at  the  conference. 
The  elections  for  tlie  lletchsUig  were  no«   it  hand, 
a  new  surprise  was  expected  for  maintaining  the 
majority  obtained  by  tlie  cry  of  1887;  but  it  did 
not  come,  and  the  result  was  a  cnisliing  defeat  of 
the  Chancellor.     Perhaps  even  then  the  EniiMHir 
had  discerned  that  he  could  not  go  on  with  Bis- 
marck, and  that  It  would  be  difiicuit  to  get  rid 
of  him,  if  he  obtained  another  majority  for  five 
years.     At  least  it  seems  certain  that  William  II. 
iilreiuly  in  the  Ix'ginning  of  February  had  asked 
General  von  Caprivi  whether  he  would  !«■  ready 
to  take  the  Cliancellor's  place.     Affairs  were  now 
rapidly  pushing  to  a  crisis.     Bianiarck  asked  the 
Emperor  tliat,  in  virtue  of  a  Cabinet  order  of 
IS.VJ.  his  colleagues  should  Iw  hound  to  submit 
laforehand    to  him  any  proposals  of   political 
importance  la-fore  bringing  it  to  the  eogni/.ance 
of  the   Sovereign.     The   Emperor  refused,  and 
insisted  upcm  that  order  being  cancelU  d.     The 
last  (Imp  which  made  the  cu)!  overtlow  was  an 
interview  of  the  Chancellor  with  Windthorst, 
The  Emperor,  calling  upon  Bismarck  the  next 
morning,    asked    to    hear  what  had    piLssed   in 
that  conversation;  theChaneellordeclined  togive 
any  account  of  it,  as  he  eoidd  not  submit  his  in- 
tercourse with  deputies  to  any  control,  and  added 
that  he  was  readyto  resign." — The  ChangeofOov- 
frtDftffit   in    Utnnnni/  {h'oriniyfUly  Ilftigtr,  Au- 
gtiHl.  18iM)),  ;>».  :Wl-:il)4.  — "Early  on  tlie  17th  of 
.March  the    Emperor  sent   wool    that    he  waa 
waiting  for  Bisnian  k's  resignation.     The  Prince 
ref  used  to  resign,  on  grounds  of  conscience  and 
of  si'lfrespect.  .  ,  .  The  Emperor  must  disndss 
him.     A  second  messenger  came,  in  the  course 
of  theilay.  with  a  direct  order  from  the  Emperor 
that   the  Prince  should  send  in  his  resignation 
witliiii  a  given  number  of  hours.     At  the  same 
time  Bismarck  was  informed  that  the  Emperor 
intendetl  to  make  him  Duke  of  Ijuienburg.    The 
Prince  responded  that  he  might  have  had  tliat 
title  liefore  if  he  had  wishid  it.     He  wiis  then 
assured  (referring   to  the  grounils  on  wliicli  he 
had  previously  declined  the  title)  that  the  Em- 
fRTor   would    pledge   himself  to   secure  such  a 
legislative  grant  as  would  suftlce  for  the  proper 
maintenance  of    the  diieal  dignity.     Bi.sniarck 
licclineil  this  also,  declaring  that  he  couhl  nut  be 
expci  led  to  close  such  a  eart-er  as  his  had  been 
•  by  running  after  a  gratuity  such  as  is  given  to 
a  faithful   letter  carrier  at    New   Year's.'     His 
resignation,  of  course,  lie  would  send  in  as  B<Mm 
as  possilile,  but  he  owed  it  to  liimself  and  to  his 
tory  to  draw  up  a  proper  memuriaL    This  Iw 


1583 


OKUMAN'Y.  ItttW-IWMI  m  ModtfH  Kmptr, 


UKKMANV,  IttVS. 


1-. 


r? 


1 1 


•i 


1. 1 


took  two  (liijpi  til  wrlti'.  ...  He  Imn  hIiici'  re- 
pt'iitnllyilrnmiKktl  tlic  publication  ot  tliiii  tiiciiio- 
riiil,    but   witliout    HUirrAH.  On    Man  li    '.M, 

till'  Ktiiiunir.  in  ii  uiuhI  vthi'IimixIv  wiiriliil  letter 
Ovliieh  >\uM  ininii-iliiili'ly  ptil)liHheil),  )ieei>i)tett 
Hisiiiririk  •<  ■  nsiu'iiatiiin. '  ,  .  .  The  Innniiliiile 
iioriiination  itt  lii.t  .^ut tt'M.'Mir  [iteiH-riit  m>ii  Cap 
rivi|  fan  111  Kituiarck  to  quit  the  Clmiinllor'-i 
otl><  iai  roicleiiie  in  siu  h   lia»te  that  iii-. 

inarek  hinisilf  iiiiiipariil  liis  i.xit  In  the  expiil 
*h>n  of  11  (irrniiin  family  from  l'ari«  in  IHTll '  '  - 
\ittiofi,  Mitn'fi  '2'*,  IMUl  {nritiriii'/  '  /*f«  ilintM-fii 
Itiii-I'  !'ir  '/.,il   lliniiniiv/i;:  1,1/    In-    llilNt  llhn,,). 

A.  D.  i890.~bettlement  cf  African  claim* 
with   England.— Acquiiition    of   Heligoland. 

S«>e  AKItll  A  :    A.    I)     IHM4    IHIM 

A.  D.  1894.— Reconciliation  of  Biimarck 
with  the  Emperor.  -In  .laniiarv.  I^IM.  the  eoni 
pleteruptnre  nf  frieiullv  relal ions  Ikm  ween  I'rinee 
Hi<*rnari-k  anil  the  Knipi-ror.  arei  the  Kmpiror's 
L'overnillent.  whieh  hail  e.visteil  Hitlee  the  ilislniH 
sal  of  tlH' former,  uai  teriiiinateii  h\  a  ilraiiialie 
rei'oneiliation.  The  tlnipiror  made  a  peine  otTer 
itiL'  upon  the  oeeaslon  of  the  I'rinee'.i  reeovery 
fr  111  an  illmsi,  hy  ii'nilint;  his  eonirnitulations. 
wiih  a  L'ifl  of  wine  I'rinee  Hisinarek  responileil 
aniialilv  ami  was  then  inviteil  lo  Herlin,  to  be 
enti  rtaineil  as  a  irues*  in  the  royal  palaee.  The 
invitation  was  ai  eeptiil.  the  vjsii  promptly  tniule 
on  the  *.'(ttli  of  .lanuary.  aiel  an  enthusia.stie  re 
eepiion  was  aeeonlisl  to  the  venerable  exehan 
eeilorat  thee.'ipital.  tiy  court  ami  popiitaee  alike 

A.  D.  1895.— The  present  organization  of 
the  modern  German  Empire. -"  The  iilea  of 
the  nnitv  of  the  empire  in  its  purest  ami  most 
imailiilterateil  form  is  mont  clearly  typilieil  by 
the  (!ennan  iliet.  Thisassiinbly.  n'siiltinir  froiii 
treiieral  eleetions  of  the  whole  people,  shows  all 
the  eh-fts  anil  seliisms  which  partiM;inship  and 
the  spirit  of  facti.'H  have  simultaneously  bnmirht 
about  amoni;  the  ilitTerent  classi-s  of  tlie  people 
ami  amoni;  their  representatives.  lint  there 
.  .  .  never  has  iK-en  a  sinsxie  ease  where  in 
takinira  vote  North  tlcrnianshave  come  forwanl 
in  a  boily  airainst  South  (iermans  or  vice  versa, 
or  where  small  anil  imilium  staUs  have  been 
pitteil  aL'ainst  the  one  laru'c  state.  .  .  .  llow  in 
ilispiiisalile  a  parliamentary  orijan  wliieli  lutii 
ully  represiMits  the  unity  of  the  people  is  to  every 
state  in  a  eonfeileration  is  liest  sliown  by  the 
eneriy  with  which  the  I'russiuu  iroveriitnent 
ni;ain  ami  aiiain  ileinamleil  a  Oertnan  parliament 
at  the  Very  titne  when  it  fairly  ilespain'il  almiit 
comini.'  to  an  utnlerstamlin;;  with  its  own  boily 
of  representatives  III  the  miiMlc  iM'twitMi  the 
liea'l  of  the  empin'  anil  su<-h  a  iliet  as  we  Imve 
ile^rilii'il  is  the  place  oceupiiil  by  the  Keilcral 
Council  I Hiinih'srath)  not  until  we  have  maile 
this  clear  to  onrsilvis  eim  we  fullv  unilerstanil 
the  nature  of  this  l.itter  institution  Kai  h  of  its 
meniliers  is  the  pleiiipotctitiiiry  of  his  sovereiirn 
iu-i  as  Were  the  ojil  Hci;,  nsbiiri;  ami  Krankfort 
envovs.  Ii  isailuty,  lor  instance,  for  Itavaria's 
re|ir"scntiitive  lo  investiirate  each  measure  pro- 
poxil  ani!  to  si*r-  whethiT  it  is  ailvanta<rci>us  or 
not  f.ir  the  laml  of  Htivaria.  The  Keilcral  Conn 
cil  is  anil  is  meant  to  lie  the  spcakinir  IiiIm'  bv 
which  the  voice  of  tin  •.■■  parale  interests  shall 
rriich  theearof  tlie  Icffis  .or.  Hut  all  the  same, 
h'l.l  to..'etli,r  as  it  i.  by  the  firm  stability  of  the 
siveiitiin  voles  which  it  hnlils  itsilf  titiil  by  the 
liaiancinu'  power  of  the  emperor  anil  of  the'iliet. 
it  is  the    place  where  ilaily  habit  e«hicatrs  the 


reprcsentatlveH  of  the  IndiTliliiat  atateii  to  »ef 
that  by  furthering  the  welfare  of  the  common 
fatherlniKl  they  take  the  limt  means  of  further 
liiK  their  own  IikbI  interent*  Taken  each  by 
hiniM-tf  the  plenipotentiarieM  represent  their  own 
iiiiliviiliial  stales  .  taken  aa  a  whole  the  aiwembly 
represenis  a  eon^'Iomeration  of  all  the  Oeniiaii 
States.  It  is  the  upholiler  of  the  sovereignty  of 
the  empire.  If,  then,  the  feileral  connell  alreaily 
reprewnts  the  whole  empire,  xtill  more  ia  IhlH 
true  of  thetjeiieral  Niily  of  ollli  lain,  conntitiitetl 
throiiKli  appointment  by  the  emixror,  alllioiifth 

with  a   eonsiilerable  ai int  of  10  iitHTation  on 

the  part  of  the  feileral  eininiil  Thi'  imperial 
chancellor  is  the  n>Mponi4ible  minister  of  the  cm- 
jicror  for  the  whole  of  the  empiri'.  \\  his  siile 
IS  the  im|M'rial  eluneery,  a  iHNly  of  ofllciaU  who, 
ill  turn,  have  to  do  in  eiuh  department  with  the 
alTairH  of  the  whole  empire  The  imperial  court, 
too,  in  spile  of  all  its  limitalioim.  is  none  the 
IcsKaeotirl  lor  the  wliohi  inpitc  Not  h'sselearly 
isihe  territorial  unity  expressid  in  the  unity  (if 
Ii  .uislalion.  In  the  circumstaneeH  in  which*  wo 
left  tile  old  empire  there  conlil  scarcely  be  any 
1 1  nest  ion  any  lon^'cr  of  real  imperial  lejislatlon. 
rnilcr  the  confederation  be|;innini:s  were  made, 
nor  were  they  unsuccessful  ;  but  once  apiln 
it  was  jiriniarily  the  stru).'):le  a^'aiiiat  the  striv- 
ing's for  nnitv  that  chietly  impelled  the  princes 
to  united  action.  The  '  Carlsl»ad  OccrecH'  phu'ed 
limits  lo  separate  tciritorial  legislation  to  an 
extent  that  even  the  iin|>erlnl  h');iHlatlon  of 
to-day  would  not  venture  upon  In  iiianv  ways. 
The  empire  of  the  year  1h4«  at  oiii  e  tiHik  up  ihe 
hieaiif  imperial  legislation  :  a  '  Keichs^eset/.blalt ' 
I  itniurial  legislative  /;azette|  was  issueil.  In  this 
tile  imperial  ministry,  after  lirst  passing  them  in 
the  form  of  a  decide,  publisheil  anion);  other 
thinirs  a  s<'t  of  rulen  nfrulating  e\i'hant:c.  The 
plan  was  broaclutl  of  drawing  up  a  eisle  of  com 
menial  law  for  idl  (iernmny  for  the  benetil  of 
that  class  of  the  |M)pulation  to  which  a  iiniforiii 
re);ulalion  of  iislcjral  relationships  was  an  aiiiial 
ipieslion  of  life  and  death.  Si  tlrinly  risitcHl  wiut 
such  lej.'islntioii  in  the  national  neeils  that  even 
the  reaction  of  the  fifties  did  not  venture  to  undo 
what  had  been  done.  Indeed,  the  idea  of  a  iini 
versa!  cisic  of  commercial  law  was  carried  on  by 
most  of  till'  governments  with  the  liest  w  ill  in  the 
world.  A  numlter  of  conferences  w  en'  called,  and 
by  Ihe  end  of  the  decade  a  plan  had  been  drawn 
up,  IhoniiiKhly  worked  out  and  adopte<l.  It  has 
reniainisl  up  to  this  very  di  y  the  hjral  basis  for 
eommereial  intercourse.  It  Is  true  it  was  not  the 
jrcncral  ilccrees  of  these  confererices  that  pave 
leiral  authority  to  this  cisie,  but  rather  its  snbse. 
quint  acci'ptnnn'  by  the  governments  of  the  in 
(lividual  states.  Hut  the  pnictical  result  never- 
tlieic  swas  that,  in  one  ini|Hirlant  bninch  of  law, 
the  s  ;  11  '  cisle  was  in  use  in  all  fiennan  static. 
Never  Is-fore.  so  liinjr  as  (termany  IihiI  had  a 
history,  had  a  emlitleatiiin  of  private  law  Iscn 
intrisluceil  by  means  of  legislation  into  Ihe  tier 
man  states  in  common  :  for  the  first  time  princes 
and  subjects  learned  by  its  fruits  the  bles-sini;  of 
united  legislation.  But  a  few  years  later  thi'y 
were  ready  cmiiiirh  to  irive  over  to  the  newly 
established  empire  an  actual  power  of  lefrisla 
lion  :  only,  inilei'd.  for  such  matters  as  were 
adapteil  for  common  n'lriilation,  hut,  so  far  as 
these  were  conciTniil,  so  fully  and  fn-elv  that  no 
liM'al  territorial  law  can  in  any  wny  interfere 
What   Ihe   lawi;iver  of  the  German  empin'  an- 


1584 


OEUMANV.  imtli. 


Tkt  Xoderm  f.mpir: 


OERMANY,  INM. 


iiouiic<4  ii»  111*  will  mint  he  iirrrplt'd  from  the 
foot  of  till'  Alpi  ti>  till'  wiivi'H  of  till'  (Irrmiin 
Ucvkn.  TliiiA  after  Ioiil'  imtloiiHl  Htrivliiu  tlw 
tIi^w  lioil   miuli'  n  wiiv  for  ituclf  tlmt.  without 

thrrati'iiliii;  till'  I'linti'iii f  ilii'  imliviiliiHl  Htiiirn, 

the  will  of  the  I'liipire  in'MTtlii'leiw  foriiuil  n 
uiiitiii  territoriiil  whole  Hut  nm  only  ihi' »oil, 
itn  liihi»l>ltiiiit'<  hIho  Iniil  to  Im'  wrliliil  tuirither 
into  one  oririiiilZiiiloM  Tlic  oM  euiplrc  Imil  lost 
itll  totirh  wllli  ilt  tiilijiits  — II  very  iiiiii  h  ltiivit 
evil  Ih  III  the  illtiiiiiL'nitioii  of  it^i  iirritory  So 
formiiliihli' nil  iirnu  of  iiileriiniliiili'  powirn  liiul 
Ihrint  itmlf  ill  hctwi  en  the  iinperor  uml  lii'<  «iil)- 
jertu  thiit  at  last  the  eillzen  ami  the  peasant 
never  hv  anv  iliam-e  any  niori  lieuril  llw  voice 
of  their  imperial  masler'  In  three  ways  llie 

Uernian  emperor  now  founil  the  wiy  to  liiii  siih 
Jcets.  Alniuly  as  kiiii;  of  I'nissi  i  llie»mperor 
of  the  fuliiri'  hail  heeii  olu'visl  liy  lit  niilllons  of 
the  whole  (leniian  population  u»  his  immeiilate 
mihjeets.  Hy  the  enlranee  of  a  further  H  millions 
into  the  same  relatioiisliip  on  the  resi;rnalion  of 
their  own  territorial  lords  liv  far  the  majoriiy  of 
all  Herin ms  heeame  iminellate  siili)eeisof  the 
omperor  The  (ieriiian  empire,  seeomlly,  In 
those  lininehes  of  llie  ailministrntion  which  it 
creiitisl  anew  or  at  least  r(siri;anizeil,  mmlc  it  a 
rule  to  preserve  from  llie  very  lieu'iimiiiL'  the 
niiMt  iinmeiliate  contact  with  its  subjects:  so  in 
the  ftriiiv.  S.1  in  the  ilepartment  of  fnreiirn  af 
fairs.  The  ii:ipin'.  Hnally.  even  where  it  left  the 
administration  lo  the  iiiitiviiliial  slates,  cxrnisisl 
the  wholesome  piissure  of  a  supreme  national 
authoritative  oriianizit  ion  liy  seitiui.'  up  certiin 
(feneril  rules  to  lie  oliserveil  The  em|  ire.  for 
Instance,  will  not  allow  anv  ilistinclions  to  1m' 
made  union::  its  sulijects  which  would  interfere 
with  national  unity.  If  the  Swaliian  ionics  to 
llesse.  the  Hessian  to  Bavaria,  tin'  Havarian  to 
Oldenhiiru'.  iiis  inliorn  riirht  of  cllizcnship  irivcs 
him  a  ilaim  to  all  the  privilei;rs  of  one  horn 
within  those  limits.  For  all  Dermaiiv  ihen- is  a 
common  riijht  of  citizeiisliip  ;  ami  tliis  common 
bond  receives  its  true  siirnitlcanee  ihrouirh  nu- 
merous actual  micnitions  from  one  state  to  an- 
other, the  richt  of  clioosini;  a  domicile  tieini; 
Kiiarnnteisl  It  lielonffs  in  the  nature    of  a 

federative  state  that  it  should  not  claim  for  itself 
all  state  duties  hut  should  content  itself  with 
exercisins  only  such  functions  as  demand  a  len- 
trall/.isl  oriranization  In  consicpience  we  si'e 
the  individual  states  iinfolilinL'  L'reat  activity  in 
the  Held  of  internal  ailminislratioii  in  the  further 
ance  of  "liinition.  art  and  seii'nce  in  the  care 
of  the  piHir:  matters  with  which  theempire  asa 
whole  has  practically  m)thinir  to  do,  .Ml  those 
alTalrs  of  the  states,  on  the  other  hand,  which  liv 
their  nature  demand  a  centralized  administration 
have  hwn  taken  in  hand  liy  the  empire,  and  tlie 
unity  of  pulilic  interests  to  which  the  activity  of 
the  empire  irives  utterance  is  shown  in  the  most 

diffen-nt  ways.     There  ar rtain  affairs  adniin- 

Istercil  liy  the  empin-  which  it  has  lirouL'lit  lis 
much  under  a  central  or/aiiization  as  ever  the 
Prussiiiii  state  did  the  affairs  of  the  amalsamatwl 
territories  within  its  limits.  With  rcL'ard  to 
others  the  empire  lias  preserved  foritsi'lf  notliint' 
more  than  the  chief  superintendence-,  with  p'- 
(T'.nl  to  others  still  it  is  content  to  set  up  prim'i- 
ples  which  arc  to  lie  ircneraily  followed  and  to 
exercise  a  riirlit  of  supervision.  It  would  he 
wrone.  however,  to  iiiiai:ini'  that  the  two  last 
mentlontil  jireroiriitives  are  only  of    seoondary 


Importane*       The    siipi'rintendenrf    which  Uif 
•  Icriiinn  einpiTor  enerclses  over  the  nlTalra  of  the 
aniiv,  the  chief  part  ol  which,  indeed,  li  under 
Ills  liircclion  as  kiiii;  of  I'riinsla.   Is  mifflcient   in 
Its  workiiiL'S  to  make  the  land  army.  In  time  of 
war.  as   niiicli   of  a   unit    as  is  the  ions<illdBled 
navy,   .       .  (iisloiiis   hiattei"  lonii  a  third  <iite 
gory,  with  reiiiird  lo  wliiili  the  i  mpirc  |iossi'«He« 
only  the  heu'inniiiKS  of  an  ailiiiiiii«lrati%e  apiia 
ratiis:  all  the  same  we  have  -><n  in  the  last  ycar« 
how  the  riiihl   of  ireneral  »u|»rvision  was  aiilB- 
(lent  in  this  Held  to  hriiiir  aliout  a  ihiinire  In  the 
direction    of    lentrRliziitlon.    the    ini|Mirtance   of 
wliich  is  recoL'iiizalile  from  the  loud  rxprcssloni 
of  miproviil  of  its  Hup|Mirtcrs  mid  iiNo  in  ei]ual 
I   iniasurc  from  the  loud  opposii ion  of  its  iiiita|;(i- 
j    iiists    ,   ,   .   In  the  Hi  Id  of  tiiinnce  the  empire  liaa 
I   advatind  with  caution  and  consideration  ami  at 
I    the  same  lime  with  vicor.     In  ti  nerni  the  sepa- 
!    rule  stales  have  retained   Iheir  »\stenis  of  dinTt 
'    and  iiiilinct  taxation.     Only  lliiil  iinioiiiit  of  con- 
I    solidatioii  «  lihout  which  tlic  unity  of  the  inipini 
I    ii»  a  whole  would  have  liecii  illusory  was  tiriiily 
t    decreed  :  ■  (iemianv  forms  one  custenis  and  <-om- 
I    nicicial  unit  liounded  hy  coninion  i  usionm  lliiiits.' 
I    The  internal  iniir  stale" customs  wire  ubolishetl. 
!    The  finances  that   ninainiil  icnlinueil  to  belong 
I    to  the  iniiiviiluiil  slali  s  -   the  din  it  taxes  In  their 
i    inlirity.  the  iiidirci  t  ton  lmijiI  extent.    The  ad- 
I    niinistriilinn  of  the  cusionis  on  the  borders  even 
:    reniaiiieil  in  the  hanils  of  the  lisal  customs  <ilH- 
I    1  iais.  only  that  when  colhctid  they  were  placed 
to  the  ireneral  Hccoiiiit,     Hut  the  unconditional 
rlulit  of  the  empire  to  lay  dow  n  the  principles  of 
customs  leL'ishition  \in\v  it  more  and  more  of  im 
opportunity  to  crcnti'  tinnnci  s  of  lis  ow  n  and  to 
Income  more  and  more  indcpi  ndcnt  of  the  x  hed- 
ulcil  contributions  Ironi  the  se|iiirale  states.   .   .   . 
.liiiliiial  matters  are  the  affair  of  the  indlridiial 
state      With  his  i  oniplaints  and  with  his  nrcusa- 
li.iiis  llie  citizen  w  hose  riL'lits  hiiTc  been  liifrinped 
turns  to  the  court  established  by  his  territorial 
lord      Hut  already  it  has  Ix'i  n  found  possible  to 
or'-'anize  a  common  niisle  of  piocidure  for  this 
court  thriaijrhout  the  whole  enipiri' ;  the  rules  of 
court,    tlie   fonns   for  criniiiinl  as  well  as  civil 
suits  an- everywhere  thesame.   .   .   .  The  peticral 
ffci-miin  (ommercial  cisie  and  the  exchanire  rejf- 
ulations.  which  almost  all   the    slates   had    pro- 
claiiiied    law   on  the  irroiind  of  the  conferences 
iiiidf  1  the  confederiition.  were  proclaimed  nirain 
in  the  nnmeof  theempire  and  were  supplemented 
in   certain   particulars.       As   to  criminal    law  a 
jreneral  (ierniun  criminal  cisle  has  unified    the 
more  impoitaiit  matters,  and  » ith  recani  to  those 
of  less  imporlnnce.  has  legally  tlx<  d  the  limits  lo 
be  oliservcd  by  the  individual  states.     AVork  is 
consiantly  poinc  on  at  a  livil  cixle  which  is  to 
be    .Irawii    up    much   on    the   same  lines.     The 
ttcrnian  nation  is  busily  enjrnued  in  crcatinii  a 
(terman    letra!    system   accordinc  to   which    the 
I'nissiiin    as    well   as   the    Havarian      Saxon  or 
Swabian  judtre  is  to  n-nder  his  decisions,     Fur- 
thcrmim',    a   centiiry-loni:    development   in  our 
civili/isi  stales  has  brought  it  aliout  that  a  su- 
pervision   itself  in  the  form   of  leiral  decisions, 
sliou!  I  be  exercised  over  the  leijality  of  judicial 
senteiie-s      Here  Birain   it   was    in    commercial 
matters  tliat  the  lurisdiction  of  a  supreme  court 
first  slinwed  itself  to  be  an    unavoidable    neces- 
sity     Then  it  was.  however,  that  after  a  sliimlMT 
of  si'venty  years  the  old  imperial  court  ros<'  ncain 
from  the  dead,  not  entirely  without  limitations. 


158r 


(IKItMANY.  IMM. 


(IKKl'HIA 


■!*'i 


,r 


■'•1  J '  ■ 


but  hImoIiiIi'I)'  without  the  power  tn  make  rx- 
('i'|iil<>iip<  Tilt'  liHiMrUI  t'oiirt  kt  I>i-I|><lt(  U  a 
OMirl  for  I  III'  wlioli'  riiiplrr  aiitl  fiir  one  Mini  all  "f 
ila  Milijit  la  If  wi-  liirii  to  tUi'  iiitcrnitl  wiiulul*- 
tnitloii  it  l>  I  lili'lly  iiiHtliTH  cunc'iTDliig  iritlHi!  mill 
inti'riiiniiuiinlrutioD  whitli  cull  liy  llwir  vrry 
nitliiri'  (or  ri'Knlttlon  uiuli'r  uni'  nynlvm.  Al 
thoiiKh  tlip  iimniiKi'invnt  of  Iin'iiI  iiikI  to  aimii' 
I'XIriit  niso  of  iiriivinrliil  (Hnliil  iilTitini  U  li'ft 
u  fur  n»  ixmitllili'  III  till'  iiiihvliliml  ulati*  tlii'iii 
■•■lull.  Ill'' lliriiwii  1M"I  Ik  iii'virtliiliiw  liiipirlnl, 
nil  llir  liicliir  olDi'liiN  :in'  iipiKiliili'il  liy  till'  I'lii 
pi'riir,  till'  iiiipiTJiil  p'Ml  iimri'  iMweii  It*  riiU'it 
mill  ri'KuliiiiiiiN  mill  .iii'k  tlmt  llH'y  arc  rnrrinl 
out  with  rifiniiri'  i<>  lliv  wlioli;  I'mpin-  .  . 
Whiit  i»  IriK'  of  iIh'  iKwt  In  trill'  alio  of  Ihc  Ifir 
graph,  whirb  has  i-oiiii'  aicain  lo  lie  oiii'  i«lth  It 
.  .  'i'hi'  niilniailH  maiul  iiiMlrr  thi'  ilimtlon 
or  niiprrvlwiry  aitniiniMnitlon  of  llw  iiullvliliial 
iit«tr'<.  Iiiil  iiiilly  wllh  ri'ipinl  to  liiiir  i«li|i «, 
roiini  rtjitiH,  f;irr».  iitiil  ftirwanliiiif  liiw  Imi'II  tn 
Ml  far  pri'mTii'il  Ili:il  ililTiri'nri'n  » liiili  iiiIkIiI 
Inti'rriipl  tralHc  art'  iivoiilcil  as  far  m  posHilili' 
Thi' pivi'riiini'iitii  of  tlii'  i-oiifiiliTaliil  ulalrn  ari' 
iiiiilrr  iililiL-iitlonK  III  aliow  thi;  (iirmaii  rail 
roiiiU.  in  ilir  iiiti'n"4lMof  trcni'ral  coiiiiiiiiiiiration, 
to   Ib'   iiilniiiiiitiri  iI  a*  "in  unliroki'ii   iiitwork.' 


GERMINAL,    The  month.      See  Khamk: 
A.  !»    IT'.t:t  (((iToiii.li) 
CERONA,  Siege  of.    Si-t- Spain:  A  D.  IH09 

(KlillHl    »11V — .ll  M  ' 

CERONTES.  ■'t'  irtiui  wnatom.  ormrnilioni 
nf  till'  (ii  riliill       Sir    Si'AllTA  :    TilK   C'ii.>-nTr- 

'gERONTOCRACY.  .Si'-'Hayti    A  D.  mn 

-IHKll. 

GEROUSIA.    SoctiKiifiA 

GERRY,  Elbridge,  and  the  framinc  of  the 
Federal  Conititution.  Svi'  I'mtkh  .St«tkk  ok 
Ah     a.  I)   1TN7 

GERRYMANDERING.  -  In  Ihi'  rnmposi 
tioncif  till'  lloiKiof  l{i'pr('s<nlrttivr»|iif  ilii'  ton 
)rri'>w  of  till'  t'nili'il  .><tati'ii|  llii'  itali'  li'iriHlatiiri'H 
play  a  very  iiii|><irlaiit  part.  Kor  llii'  piirpowK 
of  till' I'li'i'l loll  11  Htali'  in  illviiliil  into  i|iiitrlrt!( 
riirri"^potiitiiii;  to  tin?  niirnhi'r  of  ri-pri'si'nlativi')* 
till' Ht:ilr  ii  riititliil  to  Hi'iiil  to  Con/ri'M-i.  Tlii'*' 
I'll  Tloral  ilistrii'H  itri'  in:irkiil  out  by  tlii'  li'ijisla- 
tun-  ami  llii' ilivisioii  is  apt  to  In'  iiiaili'  liv  the 
pii'I'iiilrniliiii,'  party  wiihan  iinrairncsii  iIj  it  i.i 
at  oiH-i'  simiiirl'iil  anil  riilicutous.  The  aim.  of 
I'ourm-.  i'l  s-i  to  luy  out  the  ilistrirta  'as  to  sci'iirr 
in  till  kTialiHt  possihlc  niimlu'r  of  thciii  a  ma 
jority  for  till'  parly  wliiih  roniliiits  the  o|)irii 
tiiin.  This  is  ilonu  noiiiriiiii's  liy  thniuini;  tin- 
^rrali'st  pt'ssitili'  niimlivr  of  huslili'  voters  into  a 
ilistriet  whiili  is  iitiyhow  rertiiin  to  lie  hostile. 
Hoiuetinies  !iy  tiiltlintr  to  a  ilistrii't  where  partie" 
are  i'i|ii«ll\  iliviiliil  some  plaie  in  wliii  h  the  nia 
jority  of  frieiiilly  voters  is  siillii  ieiil  to  turn  the 
wale  Tliire  is  a  ilistriet  in  Mississippi  (tho  sfi 
tiilli  il  Sli'»-  •strinir  Distrii  ti  '.'•'ill  miles  long  hy  :i" 
hroiil.  iinii  aiiollii  r  in  I'eiinsylvaiiiii  resemblin;? 
a  ilniiili  Ih'II.'  Tliistrii  kisialleil  eerrynuin- 

lieriri;:.  from  Klliridire  lierry,  of  Miiss]irliii<M'tts. 
,  III  Isl'J,  while  tierrv  was  irovernnr  of  tlmt 
Riale,  till  Itepulilieiin  leuistaliire  reilislriliiiteil  the 
llistrills  in  Slleli  wisi'  that  llie  slinpes  of  the  towns 
foriniri'.'  a  siiiL'le  ilistriet  in  Kssi'X  eounty  ijave  to 
theiiisiriet  )i  some  what  liniL'on  like  eon  tour  This 
wasindieateii  tip'iiianiapof  MassHchnseits  wliieh 
Uenjumin  Uusat'll,  an  ardent  Kederaliat  and  editor 

15 


A  wipsrair  Imperial  llHllnwil  Hurrau  watebea 
over  tbe  fulHIIiiient  i>(  thU  axri'i'nirnt  Nulhlng. 
however.  h»a  llivrn  rleitrer  eipniiaion  to  a  mil' 
ttol  •yiteiii  of  iiitenoniiiiunliatloii  In  Uennaiir 
than  the  ei|iiali/.atkm  of  the  loUiacr.  .  .  .  Htlll 
wone  tliau  with  reiputl  to  eoinrir  money  .  .  . 
did  tbe  want  of  iinltr  abow  itaelf  In  the  mat- 
Ivr  of  pa|H'r  money  Nut  only  did  the  varinua 
•tuli'8  have  dilTi'rent  prinilpir*  on  whirh  Uiry 
issued  II.  ami  a  itilTi  ri'Ul  ayiiti'm  of  Miriiritlni 
111  fiinillnir  It,  liiii  one  and  the  aanie  atatr 
woiUd  I'outlnue  to  iiw^  Ita  old  pajM'r  money  even 
when  IssiiinK  new  on  another  prliiilpl**  ,  .  . 
Koundisl  thus  on  a  nyateni  of  rirm  fliiance*.  on 
the  uniform  adminlstratiofl  of  juitlee  in  all  lundm 
on  an  Internal  ailniiniatnttloii  wbieh,  however 
Tarli'd.  neverMicleia  fiilHlU  tbe  nercamry  de 
marnla  of  unity,  the  Oernian  empire  ibowa  t 
meaaiin'  of  ronaolidatlon.  the  beat  outwani  en 
pri'Mlon  to  whii'b  la  glreii  hy  ita  army  Ainong 
the  two  iiiillioii  men  of  Ti  iitoiiir  IiIimhI  on  land 
and  on  mii  who  are  reaily  to  proteet  the  Kalber 
land  s  iKiuiidarU'x  there  la  not  one  who  baa  nut 
sworn  tklelity  to  lila  ImtH-rial  niaater."— I.  .laa- 
trow.  UrHthifhtf  UtM  ihtHtafktn  KiithiiUtrauineM 
•iikI  neiiitr  h'rfiilln,,'/  ilnii,$.  fnnii  Ihi    llerviiin), 

PI).  '.'8.v;iii:t 


of  the  '('entliiel  liiinK  up  over  the  desk  In  hit 
offlee.  The  celeliraleil  (laliiter.  tiilliert  Stuart, 
lominfc  Into  the  ottlce  one  day  and  oliwrvliiK  the 
uncouth  flKure.  luldeil  with  his  peni  il  a  heiul, 
winKs  and  eliiwa,  and  exriainied,  'That  will  do 
for  a  aalaniander ' '  '  Hetter  aay  a  (jerrymander  ! ' 
Krowled  theiililor  ;  and  Ihe outlandish  name,  thiu 
duly  i-oineil.  aiawi  fame  iiilo  gi'iienil  eiirreiiey." — 
J.  flake,  ririV  tlorl  in  thf  l     S.,  ;-/.  iXtt  i\S. 

Al.aii  IN  :  .1.  W.  Dean,  T7ir  tlrrrnmanilrr  iX- 
Kiu/.  Hint.  II HttHfiiriittigiral  Hi-/  ,  (let  ,  XHVi). 

6ERSCHHEIM,  BattI*  of.  Sis'  OiitMANT : 
A   I>.  IWM. 


GERTRUYDENBERG:  Prince  Maurice'* 
siege  and  capture  of.  See  Nktiikhi.amih  :  A.  D. 
l.'iNH-l.W;!. 

Confcrenctt  at.   Bee  Kham  k  :  A.  D   1710 


GERUSI  A,  OR  GEROUSIA.  The.- '  There 

Is  the  atninp'St  n>aaoii  to  believe  that  anions  the 
Dorians,  as  in  all  the  heroii  •lates,  thert  waa. 
from  time  immemorUl.  a  eoiim  il  of  elders.  Not 
only  is  it  utterly  imrislible  tliat  tbe  Spartan 
I'oiinril  (called  tbe  Kcniala.  or  H'liatei  waa  flrit 
iiistitiiti'd  by  I.ycurBua.  it  Is  not  even  elinr  iliat 
hi'intrialucid  any  ini|Mirtant  alteration  in  its  con- 
st it  iition  or  fiiiielions.  It  was  comtMHusI  of  thirty 
members.  corri'spondinK  to  the  numlxT  of  the 
oIn'M.'  a  division  as  aniient  as  that  nf  the  Irila's. 
.  .  The  nitale  of  election  breathes  a  apirit  of 
primitive  siniplicity  :  the  candidates,  who  were 
reiiuired  to  have  reached  the  aire  of  sixty,  pre- 
sentisl  Ihemsi^IveB  in  succession  lo  tbe  assembly, 
and  were  receiviil  with  applaiw  pniporlioned  to 
the  cstism  in  whiih  they  wen'  hehl  by  their  fel 
low-citizens.  These  manifestations  of  (Hipular 
fis'lintr  were  noted  by  persons  ap|s)iiitiil  for  Ihe 
purpose,  who  were  shut  up  in  an  adjacent  risiin. 
where  they  could  hear  the  i>hi<iJts.  lint  could  not 
si'c  the  coin |M-titors.  He  who  in  tlieir  jndirmeiit 
hiul  been  ^ris-ted  with  the  loudest  plaudits,  won 
the  prize— tbe  hiehest  dignily  in  the  common- 
wealth next  to  the  throne."  — C  Thirlwall,  IIM, 
of  (ireecf,  ck  8  (r.  1). 

8G 


kt<bc* 
hln.. 
t  iiiil- 
mMir 
HUll 

I  nmt' 

iri<iii« 

thry 

irlllis 

iiUU' 

even 

■«,  on 
fund*. 
ireviT 
J  .1. 

)Wt    i 

n\  e% 
MM  ins 
liuiu 
itlhiT' 
M  nut 
.  .Ihm- 
tum*» 


n  hit 

liurt, 

K  till! 

Ilc'iul, 

ill  ll(> 

iler  I  • 
.  tln» 

y."- 

r(JV. 
'.)■ 
ANT  : 


icc'i 
AD. 

10. 

I'lirro 
Kll.c 

WM. 

Not 
urtnn 

flrat 

ilmt 
*  t'on- 
liirty 
r  llic 
rllM'H 
•it  of 
wiTe 

pre 
nliiy, 

C'<l    t4> 

r  f.l 
piiliir 
r  \\w 
ooni. 
I  not 
mini 
won 
nion- 
IIM. 


